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THE

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FARMER'S AND HORSEMAf S TRUE GUIDE,

POi.STING OUT THE

PERFECTIONS AND IMPERFECTIONS

OK THE

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HORSE,

WITH

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CURES FOR HIS DISEASES,

AXD FOR

NEAT CATTLE AND SHEEP;

TOGETHER WITH USEFUL RECIPES IN GABDENING,
HORTICULTURE AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

X

FROM PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE,

WELL TRIED AND APPllOVED BY FARMERS, FAKRIEKS, &C.

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ROCHESTER :

PUBLISHED BY G. W. FISHER & Co..

FOR JOHN M. CLAftK.
1841.

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:X>-:jK^-C--<'-.-''^-'.X

JOHNA.SEAVERNS

■A..

THE

FARMER'S AND HORSEMEN'S TRUE GUIDE,

rOINTIXG OUT THE

rCRFECTIONS AND IMPERFECTIOTs'S

OF THE

HORSE,

WITH

CURES FOR HIS DISEASES,

AND FOR

NEAT CATTLE AND SHEEP ;

TOGETHER WITH USEFUL RECIPES IN GARDENINOf
HORTICULTURE AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY;

FROM PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE,

IVELL TRIED A.VD APPROVED BY FARMERS. FARRIERS, &.C.

ROCHESTER :

TUBLISHED BY G. W. FISHER & Co.

1841.

^^

ADVERTISEMENT.

THIS little work having been published very ex-
pensively in other places, and highly approved, on
account of the correctness and usefulness of the in-
formation it con^tains, it has been thought worthy of a
general circulation in this and other sections of the
country, where, as yet, it is but little known. It i3
therefore presented in a cheap form, that every per-
son may be able to possess himself of it. It contains
n variety of important information, gained by many
years' scientific and practical experience. Besides,
several new discoveries and improvements have been
added, from the memoranda of experienced farriers
and others in these parts ; especially certain cures for
Black Tongue, Founders, Hoof Ails, Botis, CholiCy
and other diseases. It may be confidently relied on as
containing the most correct information to be found at
Sjie present, any where.

THE GUIDE

PLAIN AND USEFUL DIRECTIONS,

TO PERSONS, ON GOING TO PURCHASE A HORSE,
WITH RULES FOR DISCOVERING THE PERFEC-
TIONS AND BLEMISHES OF THAT NOBLE
ANIMAL.

Nothing is more true than the common observation,
that in the art of horsemanship, the most difficult part
is that of giving proper directions for the purchasing
of a horse free from fault and blemish. The decep-
tions in this branch of traffic being numerous, it is the
object of the following remarks, to shew, in a plain
manner, the perfections and imperfections, to which
horses are liable, by nature and mischance.

The persons about to purchase a horse, should not
only keep in mind the color, height, and price of a
horse, but also the usual defects of the country; such
as faulty sight, flat hoof, too brittle, or too soft, and
affections of the lungs.

Those things being well thought of, the purchaser
will look at the horse sideways, at a tolerably distance;
he will choose him as nearly as possible one tenth lon-
ger than he is high, measuring from the breast to the
quarter, and from the withers to the ground, so that if
the horse be five feet high, his length should be five
feet and a half.

Preserving the same situation, he will see,

1st. If the horse has a small head, not too fleshy,
perfectly free from tumors, and well placed, neither
carrying it too high nor too low.

2d. If he has not an ill-shaped neck, with his wind-
pipe hanging too low, or bending.

3d. Whether his withers be either too sharp or too
large ; with fleshy shoulders.

4th. Whether he is not hollow backed.

5th. Whether his chest be v/ell formed ; neither too
round nor too flat.

6th. Whether he he low bellied, with small sheath.

7th, Whether he be touched in the wind,

8th. If his fore legs be not too slender, or his hock
do- not bend forward too much.

9ih. If the tendons or back sinews be not ailing,
i. e. either sore to the touch or else fliff-jointed.

10th. Whether the animal be not either long-jointed
or short-jointed.

11th. Whether he be strained in the pastern joint,
going low.

12th. Whether flat-footed, with low heels.

13th. Whether not narrow at the hind quarters.

14th. Whether he has not spavin, windgall, curb,
ring-bone, or thorough-pin, or is likely to cut.

15th. Examine his sole and heel for thrush, canker
or corn, and if contraction has not taken place.

No foot, no horse. His hoofs must be strong,smoolh,
hard, deep, tough, upright, and hollow for they are
the foundation of his building, and give a fortitude to
all the rest.

Having given these directions, we will next give a
celebrated horse dealer's description of a good horse.
**His head ought to be lean, of good size, and long;
■his jowls thin and open ; his ears small and pricked ;
or, if they be somewhat long, provided they be upright
like those of the fox, it is usually a sign of mettle and
toughness. His forehead long and broad ; not mare-
faced, but rising in the middle like that of a hare, the
feather being placed above the top of his eye, the con-
trary being thought by some to betoken approachin
blindness, his eye t'ull, large & bright ; his nostrils wide,
and red within; for an open nostril betokens good wind.
His mouth large, deep in the wykes, and hairy. His
windpipe big, unconfined, and straight when he is rein-
ed in by the bridle, for if it bends like a bow, or cock-
throttled, it very much hinders the passage of his wind.
His head must be so set on his neck, that there should be
a space felt between the neck and the jowl ,* for, to be
bull-necked, is uncomely to the sight and prejudicial to
the horse's wind. His crest should be firm, thin, and
well risen ; his neck long and straight, yet not loose
and pliant ; his breast strong and broad' ; his chest
deep at the girth, his body of good size and close rib-

a3

6

bed up to the stifle ; his ribs round like a barrel, his
fillets large, his quarters rather oval than broad, reach-
ing well down to the gaskins. His hockbone upright,
not bending ; which some term sickle houghed, and
think it denotes fastness and a laster. His legs should
be clean, flat and straight ; his joints short, well knit,
and upright, especially at the pastern and hoofs, with
but little hair at the fetlocks ; his hoofs black, strong,
and hollow, and rather long and narrow, than large
and flat. His mane and tail should be long and thin
rather than very thick, which some think a mark of
dullness.

HOW TO TELL A HORSE'S AGE.

General appearance bespeaks the age of every ani-
mal ; of the horse, we can make a fair estimate of his
years from his birth to twelve, by means of his teeth.
When we open the mouth of a full grown, or 4 year
old horse, we perceive twelve nipper teeth in front,
and twenty-four grinders behind ; between the two
setts above and below, a space is seen on the gum, de-
signed by nature to recieve the bit, and termed the
bars of the upper or lower jaw, as the case may be.
About an inch behind the last of the front teeth, the
male has tushes at this age, which seldom occurs with
mares. The tushes coming up in the lower jaw some-
times occasions soreness at the bars, when these are
to be lanced, and tushes appear; this the dealers ef-
fect prematurely at times; and having also drawn out
the two front sucking teeth, this causes the "horse
teeth,'' to come up soon, so that the animal may ap-
pear four years old before its time. Pursuing the
same species of deception, they proceed to draw the
remaining sucking teeth, that the animal may assume
the appearance of a four year old. Jockies have then
a pass word, *all up.'

In examining the mouth to ascertain the age, we
leave entirely out of consideration the grinding teeth,
and chiefly rely upon the under jaw ; though when
deception may be suspected, the buyer should refer to
the upper teeth also, as these follow the same course
as the lower, but do not decay so fast by age.

The cuts represent 2 1-2, 3, 4, 6, and 7 yrs. of age.

m/^.

/ftfefii

This first representation shows a
correct view of the appearance
of the teeth, denoting the age at
two years and a half, previous to
which age ihey ai'e smooth and
unmarked. During this age, the
jocky sometimes 'files' 2 or four
front teeth hollow in the middle ;
but compare them with the upper
jaw, etc.

On rising three years old, the
two fore teeth behnv and above,
fall out, and are replaced by horse
teeth, with the hollow mark in
the middle ; they are also larger
and darker color than the sucking
ing teeth. Some time after,before
four years, two more are shed,
and larger, browner horse teeth
appear, with the black mark — j^)^£
the tushes also put forth, and the
horse is full mouthed, as per sec-
ond cut in the margin.

Only the comers now are un-
shed colt's teeth, which remain
imtil the middle of the 4 th year,
when they are displaced by horse-
teeth, and their marks just pei--
teptible. At five years, they be-
come larger, more strongly mark- ^^^^^J^^
ed, and are grooved on the inside,
which denotes the age of five: no
deception can be practiced, nor
as regai'ds the tushes, which are
now curved, ha-s-ing groves inside,
which may be felt in the above
cut for four or five years, and
plainly seen in the annexed cut
for a five years old. At five, too,
the two front teeth begin to ap-
pear worn, principally on the
outer edges ; the wearing goes on
and at six, the sui-face is level,
and the grooves on the comer
tcech fill up, and the curve in the
tushes is diminished, and seven
years, I'epresented by the last cut
annexed, the grooves of the tush-
es^fill up, and become convex in
another year or two.
en, only the two corner

tain the mark, and thatbui. smcLii. i''i^''>'-:Tr^^itf -^^
These soon after likewise become ^^^-j^^IEA^N
smooth . ;^^^g£^^^^^ ,. ^,

This is the slate of the lower — ^-i^ijt'Tis,

jaw ut seven years old.

After seven, the age may be known by the upper
jaw, the teeth of which have the same marks, but
they do not fill up so fust by two years ; so that a
tolerably correct judgment of his age may be formed
until he is twelve years old. The marks in ihe two
from teeth of the upper jaw are not obliterated until
eight years old, and the next two become smooth only
at the tength year ; being each two years later than
happens to the corresponding teeth of the lower jaw ;
whilst the two corner teeth above do not lose their
marks until the twelfth year.

All horses are marked in the same manner. Ar-
tificial ones made by tiie jockey, to imitate six or se-
ven years old must be guarded against. Some throw
down the horse to have him more at command, and
xvith a steel graver, like what are used for ivory, hoi-
low the middle teeth a little, and the corner ones
somewhat more ; then fill the holes with a little rosin
or pilch, or sulphur, or some grains of wheat, which
they burn in with a bit of hot wire, made in propor-
tion to the hole. This is repealed until they give the
hole a lasting black, in imitation of nature ; but in
spite of all they can do, the hot iron makes a little
yellowish circle round these holes^ like what it would
leave upon ivory ; they have therefore another trick
to prevent detection, which is, rubbing the horse's
mouth, lips, and gums with salt, aud the crumb of
bread dried and powdered with salt, from time to time
to make the horse foam at the mouth, v.'hich foam
hides the yellow circle made with the iron.

It may be well to remark, that the tushes are safe
guides, after the marks disappear from the teeth. —

If the tusk be pointed flat, and you can feel with
your fingers two little channels on the within side,
you may be certain the horse is not old, and at the
most only coming ten. Between eleven and twelve
the two channels are reduced to one, which after
twelve is quite gone, and the tushes are as round
within as they are without. When horses are young
also the teeth mest perpendicularly, but grow longer
and push forward with age ; besides, the mouth of a
young horse is very fleshy within the palate, and his
lips are firm and hard ; on the contrary, the inside of

an okl horse^s mouth is lean both above and below,
and seems to have only the skin upon the bones.

The tushes of old horses then, have neither curve
nor groove ; and they wear away at the points as if
they had been broken off and polished again ; the
corner leeth appear long and leaning forward , the
upper teeth project over the lower» and all lose their
oblong shape, whilst the gum recedes and leaves the
roots bare, so that the teeth seem as if grown longer.
When the teeth do not so meet evenly, certain deal-
ers file away the projecting teeth. In a {ew cases we
have noticed deviations from the general rule, which
none have been able to account for, unless it be that
such animals were got by old parents, when the hol-
iowness over the eyes will be found to disfigure
young colts of the most tender years. Some, again,
lose the mark in their teeth, except the corners, as
early as five years ; others have hard mouths and
the bars almost callous ; but all those have the hoi-
low just spoken of. This defect dealers endeavour
to rectify by puncturing the skin and blowing it up.
On the other hand, some horses are so strong in
the mouth, or rather healthy, that the marks of five
years old are retained by them until six or seven-
Further up to ten or eleven years old, the teeth
generally retain their oblong figure and touch each
other. From this period the teeth contract in size,
become roundish, and leave a small space between
them ; which space increases up to the fourteenth or
fifteenth year, when each tooth assumes an angular
shape, and projects forward irregularly. In another
year or two the upper lip hangs down, the jaw becomes
neaped and contracted, the gum recedes considerably
from the roots, and the shape of the teeth is then of
an oblong, but directly contrary to the first. More-
over, the eyes of a horse approaching twenty, wax
yellowish, he winks much, and the inner skin of his
mouth turns outward.

Another Mark. — The age of a horse is knotvn by

little nubs on the large cords of the neck, one of

which nubs may be felt with the fingers at thirteen

years old after which age, one nub comes every year.

At that age, also, a similar nub may be felt on the

10

sides oT his tail ; one of which also comes on each
side every year. Horse dealers rely upon them,, let
the owners or sellers say what they may against it.

We will next point out the defects in the horse's
mouth, which must be attended to, as they may de-
stroy a horse. There are the barbs, the lampas, the
giggs upon the lips, and the gagg-teeth. They tire
described separately as follows :

The Barbs. — For the barbs look under his tongue
and see if he has not two fleshy excrescences on the
under palate like horse bladders. It seems to be a
mere trifle, but these, however, will hinder a horse
from drinking as usual ; and if he does not drink
freely, he eats the less, and languishes from day to
day, perhaps, without any person taking notice of it.

The Lampas. — The lampas is known by opening
the horse's mouth, and looking at his upper palate, to
see if the flesh comes down below the inner teeth ;
this gives him pain in eating his oats, and even his
hay, when it is too harsh ; though he can very well
manage bran, grass or kind hay.

Cure. — Purgatives should be employed ; bran
mashe?, in which an ounce of nitre daily has been in-
fused, may also be given until the pulse becomes
more natural. If the lampas be not lessened by these
means, the projecting part is to be cut with a lancet,
but some persons commence operating with a searing
iron, as the readiest way, and give physic afterwards.
This application never fails,

GiGGS UPON THE LIPS. — Tum Up his lips, both
upper and under, and perhaps you may find several
small elevations like little while blisters, which make
the inside of the lips uneven. This defect may be
felt with the finger, and is what hinders horses from
eating cis usual. This is called gaggs upon the lips.

Gagg-Teeth. — It is a defect that rarely happens
to young horses, and is to be discovered by looking
at the large grinders, which in this case appear un-
equal, and in eating catch hold of the inside of the
cheeks, causing great pain and making them refuse
their food.

11

THE HORSE'S COUNTENANCE.

First, the Eyes. — 'Examine them when he is led
from the stall in the day time ; cause the man who
leads him, to stop at the stable door just as his head
peeps out, and ail his body still within. If the white
of the eye appears reddish at the bottom, or of a color
like a withered leaf, I would not advise you to pur-
chase him. A moon-eyed horse is known by his
weeping, and keeping his eyes almost shut at the be-
ginning of the distemper. Dealers always tell you
that he has got a bit of straw or dirt in his eye, or he
has received some blow ; they also wipe away the hu-
mour, to prevent its being seen. A man must re-
member these things and examine for himself. Ne-
ver examine a horse's eye by the side of a white wall,
or where snow is on the ground, where the dealers
always choose to show a moon-eyed horse. The
moon-eyed horse has always one eye bigger than the
other, and above his lids you may generally discover
wrinkles or circles. Look also and see if you observe
a fleshy excrescence that proceeds from ihe corner
of the eye, and covers a part of the pupil, and is in
shape almost like the beard of an oyster, though
seemingly a mattsr of no great consequence, yet it
is what I call a whitlow in the eye, and if suffered to
grow, it draws away the nourishment of the eye, and
sometimes occasions a total privation of sight. On
the contrary, if the eyes are round, big, black and
shining ; if the black of the eye fill the pit or out-
ward circumference, so that in moving, very little of
the white appeareth, they are signs of goodness and
mettle. The eye that in general is esteemed the best,
is that which is neither small nor large ; but be sure
to observe that the chrystalline be thoroughly trans-
parent, for without that no kind of eye can be said to
be good.

Next take a view of his countenance generally ;
especially with regard to the cheerfulness of it ; this
being an excellent glass to observee his goodness and
best perfections. Be careful you are not deceived by
the marks in his face, as frequently a good looking
star is made of cat's skin. if his ears be small,
sharp, short, pricked, and moving ; or if they are

12

long, but. yet well set on, and well carried, it is a mark
of goodness ; if they are thick, laved, or lolling, wide
set, and unmoving, they are signs of dulncss, and of
an evil nature. A lean forehead, swelling outward,
the mark or feather in his face set high, with a white
star or ratch of an indifferent size, and even placed,
or a white snip on the nose or lip, they are all, signs
of beauty and goodness ; on the contrary, a fat cloudy
or frowning countenance the mark in his face stand-
ing low, as under his eyes ; if this star or retch stand
awry, and instead of a snip, his nose be raw and un-
hairy, or his face generally bald, they are signs of
deformity.

Strangles. — Handle his cheeks or chaps, and if
you find the bones lean and thin, the space wide be-
tween them, the throttle or windpipe big as you can
gripe, and the void pface without knots or kernels,
and the jaw so great that the neck seemeth to couch
within them, they arc all signs of great wind, cour-
age, soundness of head and body ; on the contrary,
if the chops are fat and thick, the space between them
closed up with gross substance, and the throttle little,
they are signs of short wind and much inward foul-
ness ; should the void place be full of knots and ker-
nels, beware of the strangles or glanders, the former
of which may be easily discovered by a swelling be-
tween the two nether jaw bones, which discharges a
white matter. This disorder usually appears about
at three, four, or five years old ; there is no young
horse but what is subject to it either perfectly or im-
perfectly. If the horse has not been properly cured,
he will become languid at work, seem weary without
any apparent cause, and at sometimes it will effect
the foot, leg, ham, haunch, shoulder, breast or the eye,
and may corrupt the pupil of the eye. The cure will
be given under the appropriate head.

MoRFOUNDER is^uothcr disorder to be guarded
against in purchasing a horse. It is much like the
strangles, and is distinguished by a running at the
nose, bnt the swelling under the jaw is less.

Glanders, also, are discovered by a running at
the nose. Feel if he has any flat glands fastened to
the nether jaw, which gives him pain when you press

13 EWJI^

them ; and remember that a running at one nostril is
worse than both.

VivEs. — When the jaws are strait, that the neck
swellelh above ihem, it is a sign of short wind ; but
if the swelling be long, and close by his chops, like a
whetstone, then be sure he has the vives, which is a
distemper most frequent in high mountaneous coun-
tries, especially lo horses that are not used to them.

For a description of other defects and diseases, re-
fer to the appropriate head, where cores and remedies
are also given.

WALK AND TROT THE HORSE.

Take notice, in walking or trotting him whether he
appears to limp or favor either of his legs ; and also
whether the far fore leg and near hind leg, or the
near fore leg and far hind leg, move and go forward
at one and the same time ; and in this motion, the
nearer the horse taketh his limbs from the ground, the
opener, the evener, and the shorter is his pace. If he
takes up his feet slovenly, it shows stumbling or lame-
ness ; to tread narrow, or cross, shows interfering,
or failing ; to step I'neven, shows weariness, and if
he treads long, you may be apprehensive he forges,
by which I mean that when he walks or trots he
strikes the toes of his hind feet against the corners of
his shoes before, which occasions a clattering noise as
you ride, and this proceeds from weakness in his fore
legs. A horse of this kind is not near so serviceable
as one exempt from it. He is never surefooted, any
more than one who has tottering or bow legs. On
his being mounted, see him walk. Observe his mouth
that he pulls fair, not too high, nor bearing down ;
then stand behind him> and see if he goes narrower
before than behind, as every good one will. Take
notice that he brushes not by going too close ; a cer-
tain sign of his cutting and tiring in tiavelling —
Have nothing to do with that horse that thro.Va his
legs confusedly about, and crosses them before. In
his trot he should point his fore legs well without
clambering, nor yet as if he were afraid ; and that
he throws well in his hind legs, which will enable him
to support his trot, and shoot his fore parts forward.

14

In his canter, observe he does not fret, but goes cool
in liis pace ; and in his gallop, he should take his feet
nimbly from the ground, and not raise them too high,
but that he stretcheth out his fore legs and follows
nimbly with his hind ones, and that he cutteth not un-
der his knee, which is called the swift or speedy cut,
and that he crosses not, nor claps one foot on another,
and ever leadeth with his far fore foot, and not with
the near one. If he gallops round, and raises his
fore feet, he may be said to gallop strongly, but not
swiftly ; and if he labor his feet confusedly, and
seems to gallop painfully, it shews some hidden lame-
ness ; for in all his paces, you should particularly ob-
serve that his limbs are free, without the least stiff-
nes«?.

Now that he has been well exercised in those dif=-
ferent paces, it is your time to examine for an infirm-
ity, not easily discovered, and that is what I call tot-
tering legs ; you cannot perceive it till after a horse
has galloped for some lime, and then, by letting him
rest a little you will see his legs tremble under him,
which is the disorder I mean ; however handsome
the legs of such horses may be, he never can stanch
well on them.

5^ -r^ _

HIS DISEASES AND THEIR CURES,

FEVER.
There are two kinds of well marked fever simply
so called ; first, that which arises from the pain an
animal may be put to by the derangement of some
main organ of life, by misusage, hard riding, wounds
&c.: and secondly, that which consists in a general
inflammation of tlie blood, arising from a cold, a chill,
or sudden check, as before described. When the
symptoms come on quick or acutely, the most prompt
measures must be taken ; a mild attack may be ea-
sily reduced if taken in time, but if neglected, it as-
sumes the most alarmingr symptoms. Evacuations
and diluting drinks are the proper means of reducing

15

the patient ; but before purgatives are adniinislered,
see what is said in a few pages onward, respecting
Costiveness, for it not unfrequentlyhappens. that this
is all that ails the animal, except his being worked
too hard while costiveness is upon him.

In either case of accelerated pulse from those cau-
ses, bleeding should presently be had recourse to,
and let the quantity taken be regulated by the ibrce
and quickness of the circulation of the blood : for
this is what constitutes the fever. If the pulsation ad-
vace to above 60, two quarts should be drawn ; if
above 70 in a minute, three quarts of blood would
not be too much to take away at once. If the num-
ber of beats be much more, ascending rapidly* with
the rigid feel of the artery, above described, four
quarts at least must be drawn, and that from a large
orifice. Should this rigidity or hardness of the artery
continue, notwithstanding the bleeding, a quantity
that shall cause t^intness or tottering miaht be taken,
or rather a repetition take place of the same operation
in lesser quantities, until that hardness of the artery
is no longer felt. Some skill, derived from practice,
is required in watching for this last mentioned symp-
tom ; but whatever is to be done, let there be no delay
in the first operation ; twelve hours should intervene
between the two bleedings.

Immediately hereupon, let a mild purgative be ad-
ministered, adapting this as well as the bleeding to
the size of the horse, if he belong to either extreme
of exceeding large or very small. For one of the
moderate coach horse kind, give the following ball:

Aloes, 7 drachms ; Castile Soap, 4 drachms ; Oil of Caraway 6
drops; with mucilage sufficient to form the ball, for one dose.

In all cases of fever arising from accidents, hard
runs, &c., which may be considered as temporary ex-
citements only, the above treatment in its mildest
form will be sufficient to completely reduce symptoms.
But in the fever, simply so called, arising from in-
flammation of the solids, as before described, a repe-
tition of the purgative ball mentioned above becomes
necessary, with mashes, a quiet stable, and attention.
When the fever arises from indigestion, or derange-
jnent of the stomach, or bowels, its immediate cause

16

will be Ibund in hardened focces, in addition to the be-
forementioned remedies, give a purgative clyster of 6
or 7 quarts of water gruel, with an ounce of salt to
e-ach quart. Let it be applied assidiously, and some
assistance given to bring away the first hard foeces
that appear ; the remainder of the dung will come
na.urally. See further under the head of costiveness.

Caster Oil, a pint or more, will open the canal par-
tially only ; but if the bowels yield not to the purgative
balls, other means must be resorted to, tho' I should
never think of having recourse to oil in the first in-
stances. Although the constipation or obstruction be
obstinate, yet very strong diuretic purgatives are inel-
igible, as they might kill the animal, or at least injure
llie intestines materially.

The dung and urine are always good indications of
the state of the body ; if the former fail, lever is the
cause ; it subtracts also from the quantity of the urine,
and if he stale small qunnties at short intervals, some
internal inflammation has taken place. In fever, the
tongue and mouth become drier than ordinary ; and
if any saliva be secreted, it is tough and ropy. These
symptoms as well as the pulse are to be watched atten-
tively; & after you have succeeded in thus repelling the
attack of the fever, and the heat and acceleration
of the pulse properly reduced, the cure is but half com-
pleted. The tone of the patient's stomach and the
whole digestive process require restoration, and this
with a careful hand, that the bowels be not again over-
loaded ; because a second attack would be more diffi-
cult than the first; for the bowels have partly lost
their function of expelling their contents, through the
violence of the disease, if not by the harsh action of
the remedies employed. Hardy working horses, of
course, recover their appetite qs soon as the fever
abates; and no further care is required for such, than
an occasionnl laxative or purgative, according to the
amount of obstruction. The ball prescribed before
may be given at intervals with fever powders; and
subsequently, the fever drink prescribed below for all
other descriptions of the horse recovering from fever.
This is a good cool stomachic, and restores the appe-
tite, at the same time that the disposition to the return

17

0f fever is kept down ; if Ibund of marked service^
the doses may be repeated to three or four times a day
for a week.

Fever Powders, No. 1.
I'owclor nitre, 1 ounce; emetic tartai*, 2 drachms.
IMix, for one close.

No. 2. — Powdei-ed nitre, 6 drachms ; cam]ihor, 2 drachms ; calx
of antimony, 11-2 drachm. Mix.
Give these powders in his food.

Fever Drink.

Cream of tartar, 1 ounce; turmeric, 1 ounce; diapente, 1 ounce.
Mix in powder and add to a pint of warm gniel. To be given once
or twice a day.

LOW FEVER.

Cause. — Of low fever, are nearly the same as in-
flammatory fever. The difference between the two
arises from the condition of the horse at the time of
the attack. As inflammatory fever is more preva-
lent in the spring and summer, owing to the high con-
dition of most horses when first attacked, so does low
fever, or irritation of the animal system of a horse
in low condition, mostly prevail in autumn and win-
ter. We ascribe the latter in a great measure to the
debility or weakness brought on by the shedding his
coat, when the autumnal slorms set in. Being then
much exhausted by the heat of the summer, he sweats
profusely on the least exercise ; then his coat becomes
dry and husky when at rest, and his skin sticks tight
to his ribs, slightly resembling hidebound. The an-
imal having lost much of his natural covering, and
no care being taken to palliate this loss, he is more
liable to catch cold if exposed and still pushed in his
work. If not relieved from its severity, coach horses
in particular become unserviceable in great numbers ;
and too often it happens, that such knocked-up hor-
ses are considered done over, and the owner sells off;
whereas experience has shown that a nourishing re-
gimen would restore them to vigor. The serous or
water part of the blood having been drained cfl' by
the violent perspiration they were exposed to by their
sum.mer work, the muscular fibres become too rigid,
and the blood too thick ior circulation in the finer ves-
sels ; it therefore remains rioting in the larger ones,
di'jtonding their capacity and increasing irritation. —

18

«

Working horses arc then usually deprived of their
corn, because they cannot work ; this onl}'- adds to
the irritation of the viscular system and solids, which
constitutes the low fever.

Syinploms. —The pulse in low fever never mounts
high during an entire minute, but beats quick a few
strokes, and then slow, and so slow as to be scarcely
perceptible ; this denotes, that although fever be pre-
sent, there is not strength enough to bring it to a crisis.
The ariery feels rigid at intervals only, and again be-
comes supple, if not elastic, to the touch ; his flanks
arc agitated more than usual, and his hind quarters
and ears become cool if not cold. As in high fever,
his eyes are dull and heavy, and water will occasion-
ally fall from them. Thougjh in the former species
of fever he evince considerable pain, in this no such
symptom appears, but despondency assumes its place.

Memedy. — Unless his body be already too open,
give him a laxitive draught, made of two drachms
each of aloes and carbonate of potash, and mint wa-
ter four ounces, and as he will stdl feed, diuretic pow-
ders may be mixed occasionally with his food, con-
sisting of nitre and rosin, of each about one ounce.
Should his urine appear turpid, or come off with dif-
ficulty, in small quantities, the diuretic ball is indis-
pensible, which js made of tnrpentine and soap, of
each four drachms, with mucilage to form a ball :
and these vvith good gruel and care, accompanied by
tonics, will restore to the animal a comparitive pro-
portion of health. Time and moderate usage will do
the remainder, Receips for tonics given under ano-
ther head, in a succeeding page.

J. Clark, of edinburgh, says, " The end of autumn
proves very severe to horses whose flesh and strength
are exhausted by hard labor. In this low and spirit-
less stale, many are carried off that good nursing and
feeding with rich boiled food might have preserved.
Carrots and potatoes recover some horses surprising-
ly ; it renews their flesh and the fluids generally*
and promotes secretion ; it operates upon them nearly
m the same way as spring grass, and the effects are
presently visible on their coats." Many stablemen
give oatmeal boiled and made into stiff gruel, and is

19

found to be a restorative, and a smaller quantity ol
oats then sufficeth. A gradual return to hard food
does all for the horse that can be desired. Not unfre-
quer.tly a diuretic is all the animal needs, which must
be determined by the state of the pulse after the med-
icine has operated.

COSTIVENESS.

Symptoms.— 'When constipation or stoppage attends
general fever, it is then a corresponding system of
that disorder, and the reader is referred to inflamma-
tory fever, on the l3th and 14th pages. But when
the pulse is not so high as to pronounce it fever, and
the dung is asceitained to be hard, there is no difficul-
ty in treating it as simple costiv^eness. It may be dis-
tingushed from cholic and from inflammation of the
intestines, by the quiet stale of the animal when he is
down, which is not the case with either of those dis-
orders, in which pain of the bowels is most evident ;
whereas these do not appear to suffer from the cos-
tiveness, though the brain and the whole of the ner-
vous system, become more or less aflected from sym-
pathy with the stomach, and ultimately producing de-
lirium and frenzy. His eyes ofler the earliest symp-
toms, by their dullness, contraction and expansion,
succeeded by sleepiness; he refuses food, he will not
work, ihe mouth becomes hot and dry, the ears cold,
and the breathing difficult or nearly imperceptible.
The pulsation usually mcreases, if he be in tolerable
condition. At length he tumbles down, regardless of
the situation, and the action of the head shows how
greatly it is aflected, until stupor and death ensue, if
he be net relieved.

Remedy. — Purgatives are not always the most eligi-
ble medicines, even in the earliest stages of the disor-
der; for, if the constipation or stoppage has lasted a
considerable time, great injury would be dor^e to the
intestines, by forcing a passage. As soon as it is as-
certained that the animal has not dunged in several
days — when he seems uneasy, a fulness is perceived
towards the flank, the fundament, &c., and unusual
dryness and lightness is discovered at this latter part,

15

20

let the operator strip his arm bare^ and having annoinf*
ed it with soft soap or lard, he will bring his fingers
to a point, and gently introduce the hand and wrist,
and draw forth a portion of the hard lumps of
dung. This may be repeated four or five times, or
more. He will soon give evident signs of rehef.
"When he gets up, plain water gruel as warm as per-
sons might take, may be administered in quantity of
two or three quarts, if he will take so much ,• but if
the animal be exhausted, and does not get up without
difficulty, or without help, one half the drench may be
made of ale. Although he may seem recovered, and
may produce a stool, his bowels must next be emptied.
In order to this, give a

Laxative Draft or Drench — Castor Oil, half pint,
— aloes, two drachma — prepared kali, two drachms,
water gruel, one pint.

Repeat this next day, leaving out the oil, and doub-
ling the quantity of aloes ; or, after an interval, give
the purgative ball inserted in page 14^

Inflammatory Diseases of every sort, leave Jjehind
them a good share of weakness, which full feeding
will not always amend. We must therefore restore
the tone of tlie digestive powers by the aid of medicine,
that may be repeated aLrcording to circumstances, and
the return of strength, as follows :

TONIC BALL, NO. 1, — Jesuit's bark, 7 drachms,
Prepared kali, 2 drachms. Get it of di-uggists,
Mucilage enough to form a ball.

In ordinary cases, one of these per day, for a week,
will be found to have done as much for the animal as
could be desired. Bu"; should the coat still appear
rough and staring, give the following:

TONIC BALL, NO. 2.— Salt of steel, or sulphate of iron,
Columbo Root, and bark, 3 drachms each. IMucilage for ball.

Great precaution must be used to prevent a relapse,
which would render the patient's case more dangerous
than at first. Soft boiled oats, fine hay, clover, a few
boiled carrots or turnips, or potatoes, grass cut from
sloping ground, may succeed each other in small par-
cels, until he gradually gains strength enough to re«

21

ram to oats and hay as usnal. It" the heat return at
intervals, as usually happens towards nightfail, give
him a Cooling Decoction cf

Linseed, 2 quarts, coarse sugar, 3 ounces,
Water, boiling hot, 6 quarts, poured on the seed.

Let it. simmer three or four hours, and pour off the
liquor for use when nearly cold. The linseed or flax-
seed will bear another water, less in quantity ; but
some horses will take the seeds also, which may be
permitted. Give the whole in the course of the day,
at two or three intervals, and repeat the same decoc-
tion once or twice more.

INFLAiMMATION OF THE LUNGS.

The symptoms of imflamed lungs rapidly succeed
each other — shivering, difficulty of breathing, loss of
appetite and sluggishness, with drooping of the head,
become visible in quick succession. In a few hours,
if the animal is in good keeping ; longer, if out of
condition, those symptoms increase, with unusually
quick action of the flanks, accompanied by hot mouth
and hectic cough. Its ears and legs become cold, and
lie cares not to lie down, or being down, he rises lan-
guidly, as if mourning his fate. Sometimes the pro-
gress of this monstrous disease is accelerated by his
previous habits, if predisposed to inflammation.

The cure sometimes is mainly effected by the effu-
sion of water in the chest, which frequently takes
place upon bleeding the patient ; the practitioner has
little more to do than to place himself in the situation
of the handmaid of nature, and all will go en well to
perfect restoration. We may know when this effu-
sion has taken place, by an evident remis.sion of the
desponding symptoms ; his flanks cease to heave so
much as hitherto, and the animal looks more cheer-
fully, he tries to eat a bit, the cough almost ceases,
and the warmth of the ears returns, all in a partial
degree ; but the roughness of the coat, which always
accompanies inflammation, does not so soon return to
it« original suppleness, but assumes the first symptoms
of hide-bound. Minor helps are only necessary.

Dat if relief be not given in that manner, the ani-

22

mal must be bled and physiced until the pulse is redu-
ced to its natural state, in the same manner as direct-
ed on the 13th and 14th pages, for inflammatory fe-
ver, using the purgative ball. In every case of bleed-
ing, a laxative should lollovv, and clysters or water-
gruel be administed in aid of both, at intervals of three
or four hours. Neglect not tolerably hot clothing ;
and by good hand rubbing, beginning gently, for it
is sore, at the neck and chest, and so proceed towards
the hind quarters, endeavor to obtain external heat, if
not perspiration. When these appear, it is a sign that
effusion has taken place, in a greater or less degree,
according to the quantity perspiration. This may be
assisted in some degree, after the laxative and cl\ ser
have well subsided, by administering a sweating ball.

SWEATING BALL. — Take of Tartar emetic and assafcedida,
of each one drach ; liquorice powder and syrup enough to form a
ball,

Repeat the same in twelve hours, unless much per-
spiration has supervened in the mean time, when there
will be no necessity for a repetition. Thin water-gru-
el will assist the expected perspiration ; or if he be
fleshy, a bran mash may supply its place; either must
be given blood warm.

The heat of the lungs, which is the immediate cause
of the disorder, require pure healthy air, unmixed
with noxious effluvia, or confined air. He should be
in a clean warm stable, and not exposed to draught
and currants of air from windows or doors while yet
sweating with the diaphoretic just recommended. In
short, your own judgment will leach you that care
must be taken to prevent taking cold, which can only
be done by a uniform even circulation of pure air, in
a comfortable stable.

The hand rubbing must be continued, particularly
of the legs, which in the worst period of the disease
are uncommonly fine, but should it last him some
time, they swell, and in either case prove they are
the barometer of the disorder, as well as the necessi-
ty of rubbing thera. Should the pulsation increase
and no favorable symptoms appear, bleed him until he
is reduced to a tottering state ; but this necessity will

as

occur but seldom, as ibc above treatment and faithful
rubbing, will in most cases remove the disorder.

Blistering and rowelling for this disease, in addi-
tion to bleeding, are recommended by some farriers ;
but hand rubbing answers as well, if it be not too la-
zily performed ; in which case, blistering will become
necessary to prevent suppuration within. This is as-
certained by the appearance of abscess or soft tumor
under the skin, which seems to invite the adoption of
artificial means to prevent suppuration. The follow-
ing blister may then be put extensively over each side
of the chest, which is preferable to rowelling:

BLISTERING OINTMENT.— rowdered Cantharidcs, Five
Drachms, — Hog's Lard, 4 ounces — Oil Turpentine, 1 ounce. Mix.

A COLD OR CATARRH.
The horse is subject to colds or catarrh at all sea-
sons ; but most frequently when they are shedding
their coats in the spring and autumn, a process of na-
ture attended with more or less debility and general
weakness. Hence it is that the animal sweats pro-
fusely upon the least exertion; and being in this state
suffered to stand, (harnessed perhaps,) in the open air
and storm-", to cool, the sweating is too suddenly stop-
ped, and he gets a cold at least ; which invariably at'-
iect him most in his weaker parts, or parts that have
been diseased before, and is more dangerous and dis-
tressing in its consequences as it approaches the vital
parts, the lungs. A common cold differs from the in-
flammation of the lungs before described, only in as
much as it has not yet centered there ; but it is con-
fined mostly to the head, windpipe, throat and moulh.
If the cold extend no further than a check upon the
mucous secretion of the membrane that lines the nose,
a purulent discharge is first observed in the morning,
his eyes become dull and a little bleared, and in 24
hours a short cough denote that imflammation is creep-
ing onwards, and has reached the epiglottis, which is
the point of conjunction between the throai and mouth.
In proportion as the attack may be more severe, tha
symptonns increase, as does the danger. Passing the
hand down over the windpipe, at the epiglottis, the an-
12

24

imal will shrink if it be sore within, and he will soon
evince difficulty of swallowing, and refuse his food;
inflammation has begun.

Remedy. — When the glands swell, and there is no
doubt it is from a cold, apply camphorated spirits of
wine ; but if the inflammation be of to great degree,
bran |)ouhice may be applied r.o advantage. If those
enlarged glands already contain matter, the tendency
to irritation will thus be reduced ; if merely sordid tu-
mors, either application v/ill effect relief, so that he
may take his medicines with less difficulty. By steam-
ing the head for an hour, or applying hot flannels that
have been steeped in boiling water, it will be tound ser-
viceable, taking care to dry-rub the coat immediately
after, which also assists to reduce the swelling. If
this symptom does :jot give way before those applica-
tions, and the throat is ascertained to be sore, blister-
ing may be resorted to, taking care to extend the oint-
ment directed in page 22, over the whole of ;he parts
aifecied. As in all other inflammatory diseases, bleed-
ing to an amount proportioned to the violence of the
attack and condition of the horse, [see what is said
on that subject, page 14, and about ''bleedidg for fe-
vers,''] with purgatives an 1 clysters, should accompa-
ny the above external applications, [recipes for which
are given in the preceding p^ges,] — thesa, with bran
mashes, and boiled oats, and the u:ver powders pre-
scribed in page 16, will reduce the symptoms. The
same precautions given before for the lung and other
complaints, must be taken to prevent a relapse, to
which which for a time he is daily liable. He will
improve gradually.

THE COUGH

Which accompanies this disorder will freqently re-
main after the o'her symptoms have abated ; in some
cases a cough is the only symptom of catarrhal in-
flammation that the animal suflers under, and in both
we should apply ourselves to reduce the inflammation
of windpipe, &c. which occasions the cough ; for if
not cured at once, it baffles all our efforts for a long
while, and ultimately becomes what is denominated a
Chronic Cough. Therefore should our attention io

26

the first attack be unremitted, and the remedies applied
in tur nto each variation of the symptoms. If these
are accompanied by the swe'.lings and soreness of the
throat and ghinds, spoken of in the preceding page,
the cough will generally cease when those symptoms
are removed by the treatment there di reeled ; but if
not, the cough musi be considered as a simple disease.
We can but imperfectly distinguish between some ca-
ses of ill-cured catarrh, or ihe chronic cough, and the
incipient cough, or a I'lesh cold, the practitioner would
do well, in ca-.es of doubt, when he finds one remedy
to fail to try others.

When animals appear to be unable to raise the
phleghm, bleeding will (^tiect this ; but, when bleeding
is n(jt otherwise necessary, the drenches No. 1 and 2,
below, will afibrd relief. In order to enable the lungs
to dischargee more copiously, give No. 1 :

EXPECTORAL BALLS— No. 1.— Sulphur, half an ounce; .
A3afa?tida, 1 ounce; Liquorice powder, 1 ounce;
Venice Turpentine, 1 ounce.

Mix for four doses, and give one on each of four
succeeding nights. See his exercise be moderate, and
allow him a cooling regimen, boiled oats, bran mash-
es, &c. And give the following once or twice a day:

EXPECEORAL BALL— No. 2.— Powdered Squills, 2 drachms.

Gum Ammoniacum, and powdered epecac, each 4 drachms ;

Opium, 4 drachms ; ginger and alspice, each 1 ounce ;

Balsam of Sulphur, 4 ounces Mix for six balls, with Castile
soap, beaten up with mucilage, molasses or syrup.

If the regimen cannot be attended to properly, bis
bowels must be kept open by mid laxatives ; or if cos-
tiveness prevailed when the cough first came on, sim-
ply opening the bowels will then procure ease, if it do
not effect a cure. This may be attained by giving, in
three or four days, the following:

LAXATIVE BALL.— Aloes and Epecac, 1 1.2 drachms each.
Mix with liq^uorice powders and mucilage, for one dose.

These medicines, and every modification of them,
it is desirable should be tried in succession, as ihe seat
of the disorder is so very various and uncertain, that
the partial good that one may effect, will frequently
be aided by another. To this end, the following ball
and drenches have been prescribed and used with suC"
cess:

26

DIURETIC BALL. — Yfllow Rosin, 2 ounces ; turpeniinp, 4
ounces; soap, 3 ounces; salad oil, 1 ounce; oil ot" anisseed, halt" an
ounce ; powdered g^inger, 2 ounces.

Rub the uvo last ingredients together in a mortar
with a little linseed [)owder. Melt the first three in-
gredients over a slow fire, and then mix in the pow-
ders. Divide the mass into eight balls, and give one
a day until the water is affected.

DRENCH — No. 1. — Vinegar, 8 ounces; squills, 2 ounces ; tra-
de, 6 ounces. Bruise the squills and pour on the vinegar hot ;
simmer these near the fire two or three hours, then strain off" and
add the molasses. Divide into three or four parts, and give a por-
tion two or three times in the course of the day.

DRENCH — No, 2. — Bruised Garlic, 4 ounces. Vinegar, 12 nz.
Pour on the Vinegar boiling hot ; let it simmer four or five hours,
strain it oif and add .5 ounces Honey. Divide into three or four
parts, and give in the course of the day at intervals.

The diet and regimen must be all the while faithful-
ly attended to, and care taken to avoid fresh cold. He
must not be pushed in his work, while the disorder is
virulent, and the above course of treatment will prove
efficacious.

CHRONIC COUGH.

This is also the remains of an ill -cured cold, seated
in the windpipe or its branches, and is often very in-
veterate.

Remedy. — As in the case of broken wind of every
other kind, the horse eats every substance he can
come near, chronic cough being sometimes produced
by over feeding, as well as always producing that
symptom. Theref()re, when a horse has a cough,
occasionally, for two or three; days, his appetite being
good, we had best conclude he is too full and must be
emptied by an alterative or purgative, according to
the emergency of the case ; if he be of gross habit,
or has failed in the proper evacuations ; if his heels
swell of a morning, or his coat stare like hide-bound,
the cough will vanish before the following Purgative
Ball:

Barbadoes aloes, 8 drachms ; Castile soap, 2 drachms ; Ginger,
1 drachm. With mucilage sufficient to form a ball.

Failing to stale properly, the patient's heels swell,
in addition to the cough, and both may be got rid of
by one or two of the above, If the evacuation by the

27

skin be at fault, through cold or otherwise, accompa-
nied by cough, the perspiration will be restored, and
the cough depart, by giving one or two grains emetic
tartar, twice a day in liquorice powder, until its effects
are perceptible on the skin, and the cough then di-
minishes. Form it into a ball, with mucilage ; and
when much heat of body is perceptible, though the
pulse do not indicate inflammatory lever, add to the
ball four or five drachms of nitre.

If the bad habit of body above spoken of do not
appear, then the purgalive should be of a milder na-
ture, and given at the same interval — the following

MILD PURGATIVE.— Aloes, 4 or 5 drachms; Castile soap, 3
drachms; Calomel, 1 drachm; Ginger, 2 drachms ; Oil of Carro-
way, 10 drops. Mucilage enough for a ball, for one dose.

Some horses are more delicate than others, and be-
ing then irritable about the throat and chest, are liable
to contract a periodical cough, which becomes chronic
without due care. Such animtils should be exposed
as little as possible to any violent weather, or sudden
change of the temperature. Neither should such ten-
der animals, under circumstances of chronic couoh,
which generally affects their coats also, about the
chest in particular, be treated with a purgative ball,
even of the mildest form, but with alteratives.

ALTERATIVE BALL.— Aloes and hard soap, 12 drachms
each; emetic tartar, half a drachm ; Ginger, half an ounce ; Oil of
Carraway, 1 drachm ; with mucilage enough to form the ball into
six doses.

Give one every morning, until a loose stool is pro-
duced, which may haj)pen on the third or fourth mor-
ning, as the animal may be conditioned. The animal
should not be turned out of a sudden, as such an one
would on account of its delicacy, more likely acquire
a hectic cough, by neglect.

Frequently it is that a horse has a constitutional
couch, or one which comes on with high feeding, or
a disposition to a slate in which the vessels contain
more humors than is agreeable to a natural state of
health, (called plethora,) will produce the same cough,
which is an effort of nature to relieve itself. In this
case, the administering of nitre and rosin will thin the
blood, and give immediate relief, as follows ;

2S

I)Rr.NCH. — Nitre and yellow resin, half an ounce each, and 2d
droj>3 ul" aniseed. The oil should be Hist well mixed with the resin >
and the whole given in a quart of water gruel.

Recurrence of the same affection may be prevented

in some measure, by giving the same in another way,

namely, as a cough powder, substituting anisseed, 1

ounce, for the oil, and pounding the whole together,

and mixing with the food.

INFLAMMATIOx^ OF THE STOIVIACH AND

INTESTINES.
This is occasioned by colds, which sometimes take
a serious hold there in consequence of some previous
injury or v eakness. When one of these organs is
disordered, the other participates in the effect. Cholic
of long continuance, if the animal is worked while
this is on him, is another prolific source of inflamma-
tion of the intestines, as is the drinking of cold water
copiously, while in a state of perspiration, or after a
trying journey, which is always attended with spas-
modic cholic of the stomach and bowels, at first, and
of inflammation sooner or later, according to the tem-
perature of the individual. The necessity of getting
rid of the lesser attack before it acquires a permanent
and dangerous aspect must be obvious ; and as the
treatment proper for either, is at total variance with
the other, the one requiring warmth and stimulation,
the other a cooling and reducing treatment, our first
care must be to ascertain the exact nature of the at-
tack ; for a mistake in this respect would prove fatal.
Therefore, I have deemed it necessary to give a table
of the symptoms of each :

SYMPTOMS.

A Table distinguishing between the Colic or Gripes, and Infiam'
mation of the Boiocls, by the symptoms that mark each case.

S pasmodic or Flatulent Cholic.

1. Pulse natural, though some-
times a little lower.

2. The horse lies down, and
rolls upon his back.

3. The legs and ears generally
warm.

4. Attacks suddenly, is never
preceded, and seldom accompa-
nied by any symptoms of fever.

5. There are frequently ghorl
intermiiisiuns.

Inflammation of the Bowels.

1. The pulse very quick and
small.

2. He lies down and suddenly
rises up again, seldom I'olling up-
on his back.

3. His legs and ears generally
cold.

4. In general, attacks gradual-
ly, is preceded by, and always
attended with symptoms of fever,-

5. No intcnnissions can be ob-
sened.

29

Remedy for Inflammation oj the Bowels. — From the
rapid progress made by this disorder, when left to it-
self, and its usually disastrous termination, the duty
of attending to the pulse, will be apparent. He will
by this means be apprised of the earliest approach of
the disease, and thus meet it in its mildest form; he
will compare this certain indication of heat — whether
fever of the whole system, or inflammation of any
particular part, with the state of the urine, which will
then be high colored, and the dunging defective. The
TfCtum will be dry, hard, and hot ; the belly, on pas-
sing the hand over it towards the sheath will have the
same feeling; the animal will shrink from the touch,
his eyes appear languid, or partly shut; as the disor-
der proceeds they assume unusual redness, or what
has been termed bloodshot. Up to this stage of the
disorder, the first remedy will be clystering and bleed-
ing freely, if he be not very aged or of spare habit,
immediately after giving the following

LAXATIVE DRENCH.— Powdered aloes, 2 drachms ; sub-
carbonate of potas, 2 di-achms ; water giTiel, 1 pint; Castor oil,
half a pint. Slix. If delay is to be apprehended in procuring^ the
above drench, give castor oil, 1 pint, or in default hereof, salad oil,
2 pints, whilst the drench is preparing.

In ordinary cases, a voluntary stool will be produ-
ced at or soon afler bleeding, occasioned by relaxation
of the tenesmus that constitutes the disease. If the
dung comes forth in small quantity and small hard
knobs, the anus must be cleared by the hand, as di-
rected in a preceding p'^ge, under head of *' Costive-
ness." Let a warm clyster be thrown up that is co-
pious enough to fill the emptied gut, at the least.

CLYSTER. — Water gruel, from 4 to 6 quarts ; Epsom salts, 4
or 5 ounces. Inject warm, with a large syringe, or ox bladder and
long pipe.

A eecond and third should follow, a little warmer
than the first, and after an evacuation, the next clys-
ter may be made without salts, and a little thicker than
at first. Its effect will be to remain and nourish the
parts nearly in the same manner as a poltice does an
external inflamed wound.

MOLTEN GREASE
Is but a variety of inflammation of the intestines
when the subject of attack happens to be very fat, and

do

little accustomed to exercise ; when marked by cos-*
tiveness, it may be treated as directed for that ; or if
attended by looseness, may rather be considered as a
spasmodic effort of nature to relieve itself of an un-
natural load. Let the symptoms be reduced accord-
ing as the state of the pulse may dictate — for which
consult again wliat is said under " Fever" as to bleed-
ing, and under " Co^tiveness" as to treating him for
that. If heat and irritation be perceivable to the touch
and signt about the anus, wiihout high pulse, the first
symptom may be reduced by administering the fol-
lowing

SEDATIVE CLYSTER.— Camphor, four drachms 1 spirits of
wine, 3 or 4 drops ; to promote the solution, add sweet oil, 2 oun-
ces. Mix it well, and then add thin warm water gruel, two or three
quarts.

Molten grease is rather an effect than a cause of
disease, and partakes of cholic in one of its forms and
of inflimmation in the other ; the symptoms which
distinguish one from the other are precisely those set
down at page 28. Allowing somewhat for the fever-
ish symptoms that always prevail wiih such fat and
bloated animals as are subject to this disorder, the
practitioner cannot commit himself to the guidance of
a better test than that referred to. For the treatment
of spasmodic cholic affecting fat animals, see the infor-
mation given under the next head, " Cholic,'' &c,

THE CHOLIC, GRIPES, OR FRETS.
. The causes are the same as for Inflammation of the
Bowels, and differs from that owing to the previous
state of the animal attacked. He has not been so high
kept, and consequently not so irritable in any part of
his system ; but owing to stoppages, is soon troubled
with spasmodic affections of the intestines, iv/iich re-
ceives the name of gripes, or fret, or flatulent cholic,
by different persons.

For the symptoms, you are referred to the table
given in page 28 of this book.

Cure. — Too much care cannot be taken to ascer-
tain the precise nature and amount of the disease ;
for an error in this respect would endanger his life,
which is too often sacrificed by precipitancy and igno-

mnce. In v/hatever shape the horse is attacked with
those disorders, the first and most obvious duty is the
employment of clysters, to be repeated at short inter-
vals, with this single variation, viz : in cases of relax-
ation, where the animal is nlready purged, the clyster
is then to consist of simple water gruel only ; but
when the patieni's bowels are overloaded with harden-
ed dung, the addition of salts, as prescribed in page
29, will be found most effeclual. In the absence of
salts, a? no time is to be lost, four or five ounces of
common salt may be employed. Remove the dung
also with the hand, called back-raking ; and give the
laxative drench prescribed on page 29, or the simple
salad or castor oil in default thereof.

In ordinary cases, when the attack is not of the
most violent kind of either description of cholic, that
is to say, when neither purging nor constipation pre-
vail extremely, let the following be given :

CHOLIC DRENCH. — Epsom Salts, 4 or 5 ounces; Castile soap,
sliced, 2 ounces. Dissolve these in a pint of ale, and. add oil of ju-
niper, 2 drachms, and Venice turpentine, 2 ounces. Mix well to-
gether, and give it wai'm.

Repeat the same in four or five hours, and if the
symptoms do not visibly abnte, repeat once more. —
Tincture of opium is sometimes substituted for the
turpentine, to the amount of 4 drachms, but it is ren-
dered exceedingly nauseous thereby, and should be
given deliberately ; opium is, moreover, least proper
when a tendency to costiveness is discovered to exist.

COLIC DRENCH, No. 2.— Tincture of opium, 2 drachms; oil
of juni?3er, 2 drachms; spirit of nitrous ether, 1 ounce; tincture of
benzoin, 4 drachms; aromatic spirit of ammonia, 3 drachms.

Mix together, and preserve the same in a bottle, and
give in a pint of warm peppermint water. Repeat it
in three or four hours.

When the case is not very alarming, a neater man-
ner of giving opium, in the form of a ball, is best,
viz : 4 drachms ossafcEtida, and 4 drachms ojiium —
make into lour balls with liquorice powder and syrup,
and give one every two honrs. The balls may be
given along with the oily laxative at page 29 ; imme-
diately preceding it, or before it has operated- These
t»alls are very serviceable to travellers on their jour-
C

32

neys, and may be given to horses liable to contract
spasmodic cholic,whicli is the case with heavy, lieshy
draught cattle, with post horses, and the like.

Cholic is not often fatal unless it terminates in in-
flammation, which it will do if not relieved. Delay
to remove the cause is dangerous, and many good
stage horses are thereby lost every year.

If in case of costiveness it is not well removed,
and cold ears and legs come on, let the belly be fo-
mented with warm water, by means of woollen cloth
steeped therein. A horse rug may be used. After
half an hour's application or more, let the coat be well
rubbed with dry cloths, and the animal wrapped in
blankets. The clystering, and other remedies recom-
mended in cases of inflamation, should then be em-
ployed with assiduity. Lastly, employ the tonic sys-
tem and regimen recommended, generally, in all in-
flammatory cases — for which refer to the proper heads
in this book.

LIVER COMPLAINT.^

»S?//n_pio7n5.- -Whenever inflammation, or extraordi-
nary action of the kidneys, or of the diaphragm, has
lasted some time, in ever so small a degree, in the same
degree will heat or inflammation attend the liver. It
enlarges upon the accession of this heat, visibly so
when this has continued a while, but may be previ-
ously ascertained by the feel. The liver extends
much farther back than the last rib, and a little be-
yond the false one. Hero a considerable protube-
rance appeals when the liver is enlarged, and disease
may be ascertained that is attended by the presence
of pain only, which may be known by pressing the
points of the fingers (of the left hand) gently behind
the last or false rib several times, and his flinching
will denote the degree of pain.

Remedy. — Acute inflammation, which comes on
with dangerous strides, when the horse is of vigorous
habits, must be met by bleeding proportioned to the
state of the pulse, and that without delay. For, it
speedily communicates to the intestines, and death en-
sues. A purgative ball should accompany the bleed-

ing, as in all other cases of bleeding ; but if the ani^
mal produce a stool voluntarily, the disorder has ta-
ken a turn, and neither the operation nor physic is
required. After bleeding, let the sides be rubbed with
the blistering ointment prescribed on page 22, and ap*
ply a rowel to the chest. The same treatment, as to
diet and regimen, as for fever, and his pulse and
stools must be watched, and relapse prevented. Cal-
omel is that medicament which more immediately acts
upon the liver, and unless the horse scours, should be
administered in the form of alterative balls.

ALTERATIVE BALL.— Aloes, 9 drachms; calomel, 1 dra'm.
hard soap, half an ounce. jNIix with mucilage and divide into three
laall-^

To be given on three successive nights, unless a
thin stool comes off with the second ball. But in case
of scouring, give the following : .

No, 2, — -Oil uf tu;-peutiue, hard soap, powdered ginger, 1 oz.each

Mix with mucilage to form three balls ; and give one
on each of successive nights.

THE JAUNDICE OR YELLOWS.

Symptoms. — A dusky yellowness of the eyes, bars
of the mouth, and tongue. The dung scanty and pale,
generally hard, and covered with slime ; but in some
i'ew cases the hor.se scours ; that is, when slight in-
flammation of the bowels also attacks an ill-condition-
ed horse. The pulse is that of low fever, and the
same kind of drooping, inactivity, with loss of appe-
tite. Sometimes, however, yellowness comes on
without the other symptoms, after an inflammatory fe-
ver ; an occurrence that cannot fail to be foreknown.
Genuine jaundice may further be discriminated by yel-
low lips, yellow saliva, and dark urine.

Cure. — Young horses and fat ones, are easily cured,
they have indulged too freely in good living, and re-
quire no more treatment than a good physicing, —
Give the purgative ball, page 14, or the alterative ball,
No. 1, prescribed above. Give bran mashes, green
food, or boiled oats, carrots, potatoes, or turnips, ac-
cording to the season. Bleeding is seldom necessary
or proper, which the state of the pulse will show.

The following bal4 may take place of the preceed-

S4

jng, in case of scours particularly when the coat is
staring, which may be given on three successive
nights, unless the first and second have operated,
which with good nursing or attention to diet for a
%yhile, will restore the animal to good health and ac-
tivity.

ALTERATIVE BALL.— Emetic tarlar, 3 drachms ; aloes, 9
drachms, hard soap, 1 ounce ; ginger, 1 scruple. Mix, and divide
iiito three balls.

INFLAMMATION OF TflE KIDNEYS.

SympLo?ns, — Great tension and soreness of the
part; which may be ascerfnined hy passing your
hand along the small of the back» ov-r the kidneys,
when the animal shrinks from the touch, which with or
without bloody urine, iml-cate inflammation of the
kidneys ; another symptom that may bo relied upon
is a stiffness noticed in his hind leg on the side which
may be t^ttficked first; afterwards, when l.oih kid-
neys are affected, the animal becomes stiff of both
legs. This symptom does not occur in inflammed
bladder, and is a good disiinctive mark, when labor-
ing under doubt in some other point of resemblance
between the two diseases. In all singes of this diso.--
der» the horse stands as if he wanted to stale, strad-
dling and making the most exertion when he voids
the least urine (which is generally bloody.) The
consequence is, the kidneys wa.ste away, and the dis-
ease communicates to the 'bladder, untiflhe final ruin,
if i.'Ot cured in time ; therefore early symptoms should
be immediately removed.

Cure — As In all <ases of inflammation, blood ac-
cording to the pulse, until properly reduced, and im-
mediately after, give him 18 ounces castor oil, provi-
ded the animal has not dung(^d during the twentv-four
hours, as commonly hiippens ; less m ly suffi-.-e in
general. Give warm clysters frequently, as prescri-
bed at page 15, for fever ; and for the same rea.son
give him a loose stall, if the paraxysms are so acute
as to cause him to lie down and get up again. Though
his bowels may be in a tolerable stale, give him the
following portion of aloes next da)' :

MILD PURGATIVE BALL.— Aloes,4 drachms, and CastUe
soap, 4 drachms. Mix, with muciliage to fonn a ball.

35

Should ihe symptoms abate nothing in consequence
of this treatment, the bleeding must be repeated and
the purgative too. Rub over his loins the following

EMBROCATION. — Spirits of wine and soap, each 2 ounces '
camphor, 1 ounce. Mix, and nib it on with the pahn of the hand-

Cover the animal up well, and be careful how he is
subsequently exposed to'the air. iMustard embroca-
tion is equally efficacious, being rubbed on soft sheep-
skin, cover the loins therewith. Give the cooling de-
coction in large quantities, as directed under the head
of "Costiveness," in a preceding page. His diet will
require boiled oats, or vegetables, and green food if the
season admits of it.

DISEASE OF THE BLADDER.

Symptoms. — Frequent desire to stale, the bladder
contracting on every drop of water almost that finds
its way into it. A quick sharp pulse, and small, ac-
companies, if it has not preceded inflammation of the
bladder ; yet bleeding would not be proper, as it is the
poorness of the blood which brought on the diabetes
that caused the inflammation. VVhentver this symp-
tom has not preceded inflammation, the pul-^e will be
more full, and bleedmg to an amount proportioned to
the state of the pulse would ihen be necessary.

Remedy- — A slightly purgative ball should of course
follow the bleeding, but employ neither in the extreme.
Giving the cooling decoction recommended in 'Fever,'
page 14 ; administer clyster of the same two or three
times a day. Should great heat of the bladder con-
tinue, notwithstanding these remedies, give the fever
powder No. 2, at page 15, and afterwards No. 2, made
in a ball, daily.

DIABETE OR EXCESSIVE STALING.

Symptoms. — Of course, the most obvious is the dis-
charge whence the disorder derives its name, being
frequent in very large quantities. At first, the water
is colorless, but occasionally comes off like puddle.
Constant craving after water, a staring coat, evident
weakness, and weak quickened pulse, succeed each
c2

86

Other, and increase as the disorder is suffered to pro-
ceed unchecked.

Cure. — Change in the animal's diet, whatever it
may have been. If the horse be laboring under the
remains of some ill-cured disorder, attend to that first,
and by removing it, the excessive staling will cease
also. Give boiled oats or vegetables, grass, water in
small quantities and often. If the pulse be higher
than ordinary, give the fever powders, page 14, and
when the number of strokes per minute are reduced,
let the oats be given dry, and resort to bracing medi-
cines. In slight attacks, as well as for less robust ani-
mals, the various preparations of bark will be suffi-
ciently tonic.

TONIC BALL, No. 1 — Cascarilla and gentian root, 2 drachms
each ; powdered carraways, half a drachm, with molasses enough to
form the ball for one dose. Give Morning and evening.

In more formidable cases, where greater strength,
or more tedious symptoms require to be combatied,
give the tonic ball below.

TONIC BALL, No. 1. — Venice turpentine, 1 scruple; sulphate
of copper, and ginger, 1 drachm each. Mix with liquorice powder
sufficient for one dose, and give twice a day for three or four days.

After this, a return to the use of No. 1, would be
desirable, until the disorder is subdued. Should cos-
tiveness ensue, give a clyster, which will also relieve
the irritation of the parts ; castor oil, one pint, must
be administered, if the costiveness appear obstinate.
Above all things avoid the numerous quack remedies
in this as well as other complaints, as you may ruin
your horse.

Incontinence of urine is the same nature as the last
mentioned, only differing in the discharge being in-
voluntary, and the amount and quantity produced. —
The disposition to stale frequently, or the urine com-
ing away with scarcely an effort, proves that great
irritability of the bladder is the proximate cause.—
The treatment is the same as directed above, and a
run at grass and generous feeding afterwards will
complete the cure.

HOW TO KNOW THE STATE OF HEALTH
BY THE PULSE.

When horses are in health, the pulsation or strokes
are from thirty-six to forty-five in a minute ; those

37

of large heavy horses behig slower than of the smal-
ler ; and of old ones, they are also slower than of
young ones. When either may be just off a quick
pace, the strokes increase in number; as they do if
they be alarmed or terrified, or hear the hound's fa-
miliar cry. Fever, of the simple or common kind,
usually increases the pulsation to double the healthy
number. Hence the propriety of ascertaining the
state of this index of health, while the animal is still
free from disease, goes to prove over again the pro-
priety of closely examining the indications of health
and setting down the same in a book at several differ-
ent times ; so that you would at all times have a cor-
rect record of the natural healthy pulse of each horse,
which will enable you to notice the first approach or
commencement of any disease, ascertain the cause,
and apply a remedy immediately, and thus never en-
danger the horse or be compelled to reduce him very
low to effect a cure.

WHERE TO FEEL THE PULSE.

As fever increases in violence, when the animal is
in great pain from inflammation of the intestines, &c.,
the pulse beats still higher, and reaches to 100 in a
minute, or more. The danger is then great, and less
than three or four quarts of blood, drawn from a large
orifice, would do harm instead of good, by increasing
the action of the blood, and the hardness of the artery
would also be increased. To ascertain either state,
the attendant should apply the points of his fingers
gently to the artery which lies nearest the surface.
Some prefer consulting the temporal artery, which is
situated about an inch and a half backward from the
corner c-f the eye. Others again, and they are the
greater number, think it best to feel it underneath the
edge of the jaw-bone, where the facial artery passes
on under the skin only to the side of the face. In
either case.^too great pressure would stop the pulsation
altogether, though by so trying the rrtery against the
jaw-bone, will prove whether it be in such a rigid state
of excitement as attends high fever ; or elastic and
springy, slipping readily from under the finger, as it
does v/hen health prevails and the strokes follow each
other regularly.

38

The presence of high fever is further indicated by a
kind of twang, or vibration, given by the pulse against
the finger points, resembling much such as would be
felt were we to take hold of a distended whipcord or wire
between the fingers, and cause it to vibrate Hke a fiddle-
string, sharply ; whereas, in health, a swell is felt in the
vibration, as if the string were made of soft materials,
and less straighte.ied ; these are the facts which owners
of horses would do well to practice on their own horses.
Languid or slow pulse, and .scarcely perceptible in some
of the beats or strokes, indicjite- lowness of spirits, de-
bility, or being used up ; if this languor is felt at inter-
vals only, a few strokes being very quick, and then
again very slow, this indicates low fever, in which bleed-
ing would do harm, and he must be treated as directed
for low fever, under that head. Quickness, however,
is the chief indication of the whole class of inflammato-
ry fever, which require bleeding, as also directed under
the appropriate heads.

In all cases of inflammation, whether of the whole
system, or fever, or of particular organs, let bleeding be
resorted to imtTiediately, in quantity proportioned to the
amount of heat, or the number of beats in a minute, to
wit: if the pulsation amount to above 60, two quarts
should be taken ; if above 70, three quarts ; and if the
number of beats be much more, ascending rapidly, four
quarts at least, should be taken ; and if the rigidity or
hardness of the artery continue, a quantity that shall
cause faintness -or tottering may be taken. P.iysic
should in all cases be administered after bleeding.

Always measure the blood taken, that you may cal-
culate correctly the amount of effect produced upon the
pulse, and be able to regulate your future operations in
that respect ; and remember that bleeding too little is
more hurtful than too much in high condition.

EXTERNAL DISORDERS.

CRITICAL ABSCESS is that swelling or tumour
which is occasionally thrown out on the body or limbs,
from no apparent accident, but what may be traced to
that derangement of the system we call fever, and
zs sometimes attendant upon protracted imflammatjon

89

of the livor, when the disease appears on the fascia of
the muscles of the belly, on the jowl, or other glandu-
lar parts.

The cause and the effect thus become manifest to-
gether; and when great tenderness is evinced upon
touching the parts in ordinary cases, noihiog more is
required, tiian to make an opening in the lowest ^dge
o^ the s'A-el ing, and expressing the contests ; ihe cure
is effjcled by me;ins of the comirion *' digestive oint-
ment," which is prescribed under the article " Poll-
evil,"' in a succeeding page. But liie proper ti(ne at
which the opening is to be thus made requiies close
observation. In general, this may appear by a change
in the animal's manner ; he will eat more heartily as
the matter increases ; which proves that the disease
of his habit has accumula'ed at this precise spot.— •
He should nut be allowed long to remain in liiis slate,
lest the offensive matter should penetj-ate inw;irdly or
latteriy. If the disease is thus distinctly known to
have proceeded froiia the remiins oC ill-cured fever or
inflammation, poultices should be applied to bring it
forw.ird to the surface, and the an.in\l receive in-
creased feed of dry oats, of beans, or boiled oats,
accordmg to his former habits, in order to encourage
the access of the matte i ; lor nature exhauoted by the
violence or the continuence o: the disorder, is incapa-
ble o( expelling this last remains of the enemy, and
stands in need of support. Should the horse havo
been lately laid up with fever, or for some time past
shown l:mgo-r in his g'lit, and heaviness about the
eyes, or it may he con<-iiided from his recent haid la-
bor and hard mode of living, that he has been long
ailiag inwardly ; in this ca.>.e the abcess be ng evi-
dently critical sympioms of ihe g ueral bad slate of
the blood, nature must be assisted in getting rid of the
offensive mailer ; and for ihat purpose bring the tu-
mour to a head by means of a poultice. The head is
most commonly the seat of swelled glands.

DRAWING POULTICE.— White bread, the crum of 4 pounds
— Onions chopped, 2 pounds.

Boil the onions in water, and pour the whole on the
bread ; mix to a tolerable consistency, and whilst blood-

4U

V\arm apply copiously to the parts in a cloth. Support
the application by means of a bandage of stout linen
cloth, with ligatures tied over the forehead and across
the mane or neck of the horse in two directions. Some
persons recommend the use of a solution of gum to
render the cloth impervious to liquids. By those means
the swelling will come to a head, when apply the knife,
and the same day, let a mild laxative be given, and
lower his diet.

MILD PURGATIVE— Aloes, 4 or 5 drachms; Castile soap,
3 drachms; Calomel, 1 drachm; Gmger, 2 drachms; Oil of Car-
rovvay, 10 drops. Mucillage enough for a ball, for one dose.

When it so happens that the opening has been made
too soon, before it has accumulated suflTiciently, the ori-
fice may be kept open by means of a seaton passed
through it to the lowest side, and the running continued
several days, until it assumes a healthy appearance, and
the swelling subsides. This plan of applying a seaton
must always be adopted with the slow or sordid tumor,
which will not come forward with the poultice or blister
alone. Deep-seated abscess under the muscles of the
belly arc for want of timely attention, scarcely ever
discovered in time to prevent its bursting inside, and
killing the horse, although if it is discovered in time to
draw outward to be lanced, the horse will get well. —
See to it in time. The horse will flinch at the touch if
one be there.

POLL EVIL.— Next to a diseased habit of body,
as just before noticed, which predisposes a certain des-
cription of horses to contract tumors in various parts of
the body, the poll-evil is frequently occasioned by a
blow, or gall, ©fa very trivial nature, if it do not come
on M'ithout this kind of excitement. The action of the
head is very great with some horses, arising probably
from an itching in the upper part of the clevical ligament,
where it is attached to the vertebrae of the neck ; and
this causing irritation, we need not hesitate long in ac-
counting for the inflammation that affects the muscle
which interposes between it and the poll-bone, in a ca-
vity that is greater with some breeds of horses than
others.

Sijmploms. — At first the animal appears resiles.-*;
throwing his head back and returning- it to the former
position, as it" the eftbrts had occasioned pain. Soon
after, it droops the head, holding it first on one side and
then on the other ; appears dull about the eyes, and be-
comes sluiisish in his movements. In this state it con-
tinues a longer or shorter timp. As it goes on, a dis-
position to flinch from the touch is evinced whenever the
part is approached with the hand ; if the evil be deep
seated the swelling is wide, but not so high ; and when
nearer the surface, it presents a point, is circumscribed
by a well marked circle, and tells by its throbbing at the
point how necessary it is to let the matter out. Again,
to ascertain that the matter is near the surface, apply
two fingers alternately on the sides of the tumor, and
the matter will recede from side to side. Let it out.

Cure. — When not deeply sealed, at an early stage of
the disorder, some persons attempt to carry it oft' thro'
the animal system by embrocations and mild physic ;
but experience has shown that the safest and most eftec-
tual cures are efi^ected by drawing the disorder out ex-
ternally. With this view, as soon as the evil is kiiown
to exist, let the parts be softened and drawn with a poul-
tice of oatmeal, put on luke-warm, twice a day ; if the
effect be not visible to the eye and touch, increase the
powers of the poultice, by the addition of onions chop-
ped and mixed with the poultice whilst warm. The
poultice should be put an inch thick at least, over the
whole swelling, having a small quantity of sweet oil,
hog's lard, or oil of turpentine mixed therewith. When
the evil is drawn near the surface, and the matter can be
felt as before described, an opening is to be made the
whole length of the abscess, a little below its centre,
taking care that the knife do not pass ci^oss-wise, lest
the attachment of the cirvicular licjament to the first
(vertebra?) bone, should be severed ; in which case the
animal would droop his head ever after. On the escape
of the matter, after ascertaining with a probe whether it
runs in pipes, of sinuses, this way and that, or with
small bis of diseased fibre or membrane stretching
across the cavity, so as nearly to divide it into unequal
parts — let each be just touched with the knife. It must
be kept running by means of a seaton, as directed for

4ft

abscess. When the abscess or evil is very deep, reach"
ing to the bone, which may be felt, the matter shouUl be
expelled by pressing gently on two sides of it at once.
Let the lips of the opening be dressed the first time, and
as long as it may be found necessary to keep the wound
open, with any ointment hereafter mentioned, on
which has been strewed sulphate of cop[}er powdered.
Should (he lips adhere together, or appear much diseas-
ed, wash them wiih muriate of ammonia, taking care it
does not run upon the sound parts, nor into the cavity.
In either case wash off the dead parts with warm water,
before each dressing, sponge it clean and dry, after in-
serting the probe on every side into the fistulous sinuses,
and continue this treatment until the parts assume a
healthy appearance.

The seton shou'd never be neglected in bad cases of
either description, but be introduced at the lowest or
most depending side of the abscess, after being wetted
with the following

IRRITATING MIXTURE.— Spirits of wine, 2 ounces; Corro-
sive sublimate, 1 scruple. Mix, and saturate the tape in it daily.

This will keep the orifice open until the offensive mat-
ter run off, and is succeeded by the more healthy issue
of a thicker consistency, and nearly white. On this
appearance, the sf^aton is to be withdrawn, and the parts
dressed with the digestive ointment, the animal physiced
once or twice with a moderate purging- ball of six or
seven drachms of aloes, and the cure will complete it-
self with the usual dressing in a substantial manner.

DIGESTIVE OINTMENT, No. 1.— Yellow wax, rosin, Bur-
gundy pitch, of each 1 pound ; turpentine, 4 ounces ; linseed oil, 20
ounces. Dissolve over a slow fire.

Spread it upon leather or stout linen cloth, sufficiently
large to come over on the undiseased region of the evil,
after the wound has been well cleansed. Fresh dress-
ings hereof should go on daily, but in no case until the
matter assumes a healthy appearance, which it never
can do, unless the whole recess has been reached with
the knife, or by the operation of the " scalding mixture"
below. There are three recipes recommended by dif-
ferent farriers of note.

Scalding Mixture, No. 1 . — Tar, mutton suet, rosin, of each twa
ounces ; bees-wax, 1 ounce ; melt slowly ojid mix in spirits of tur*
pentine, 2 ounces; verdigris, 6 drachms

43

Mix, and pour into the orifice hot, and close it with
stitches. The next two are generally preferred.

Scalding Mixture, No. 2. — Con-osive sublimate, verdigris, and
blue vitriol, 2 drachms each ; green copperas, half an ounce ; honey
2 ounces ; oil turpentine ajid train oil, 8 ounces each ; rectified spi-
rits of wine, 4 ounces.

No. 3. — Oil of turpentine, 2 ounces ; verdigris, 1 ounce ; Oint-
ment of yellow rosin, 6 ounces.

Mix, and apply either, No. 1, 2, or 3, as before di-
rected. In using any of those hot mixtures, a piece of
tow should be placed so as to surround the orifice on
the outside to prevent its running over the sound parts ;
and care also taken to prevent the acrimonious dis-
charge from remaining any time on the sound parts, as
it will be found to corrode and cause ulcers. Let it
remain undisturbed for sixty hours, unless the stitches
burst sooner. Then sponge out the parts with warm
water, cleanse away all filth, and repeat the mixture or
proceed at OHce to the cure — a determination the doc-
tor will come to, according as the rottenness may have
sloughed oflT, and the inside of the abscess may present
a healthy appearance, or otherwise. If it be quite clean,
the adhesion of the parts will follow with very litile fur-
ther care than applying the digestive ointment according
to the preceding recipe, or the following

Digestive Ointmejit, No. 2. — Common turpentine, 4 ounces; the
yolks of two eggs; mix these well, and add myrrh, in powder, 4
drachms ; mastich 2 drachms ; tincture of myrrh sufficient to bring
the whole to a proper consistence.

Should the cure of the wound proceed too fast, the
over luxuriant granulations of new or proud flesh, must
be touched with caustic.

But notwithstanding what has been said above, it
sometimes happens that a totally different course be-
comes necessary, when abscess in the poll is connected
with another disease arising from the same vitiated state
of the animal's system, and the remedy for one of these
will cure the other. Farcy is the correspondent disease
to which I allude, or rather I shall say a tendency to
farcy, visible in certain scanty limips or tumors on the
body and legs ; these will run off*, sometimes, by means
of a copious discharge at the poll. More frequently,
however, the farcy is of too inveterate a description, and

44

proves that the whole mass of the animal's system re-
quires correction, and that it must be treated with medi-
cines proper for the farcy, as well as the local affection
of the poll. See what is said of Farcy in succeeding
pages.

FISTULA IN THE WITHERS.

Although closely rcsembliug poll-evil in so many re-
spects as to seem the selfsame disorder, arising from
precisely the same cause, but differing in situation only.
Poll-evil may be produced without any external vio-
lence; fistula in the withers is always brought on by
external injury, namely, the galling of the saddle. The
symptoms are most obvious to the touch, as in all in-
flammatory tumors, the animal shrinking when the hand
is passed over the shoulder from the mane downwards.

Cure.— x\s soon as the journey can be brought to a
close, remove the cause, and bathe the part well with
the following cold saturnine lotion :

COLD LOTION. — Siibacetate of lead, 2 ounces; white vinegar
4 ounces ; water, 3 quarts. INlix, and apply with a sponge.

If not thus repelled in its earliest stages, suppuration
must ensue. Attend to it in time, however, and if heat
and inflammation continue after the above is well appli-
ed, the following must be applied :

EMBROCATION. — Spirits of wine, half a pint; camphor, two
drachms; extract of lead, one drachm.

Mix, and apply the same two or three times a day, gen-
tly rubbing the part each time as much as the animal
will bear. Give also the following, same time ;

ALTERATIVE BALL. — Aloes, 4 drachms; calomel, half a
drachm; add castile soap, half a drachm. Mix with mucilage and
divide into 3 balls, and given eveiy third day.

If, however, it should have arrived to a state baflling
the above means of carrying it off', it must be drawn to
a head by poultices, and lanced, and insert a whalebone
probe to ascertain the direction that the fistula sinuses
or pipes extend, in order that these may be laid open,
and the whole matter suffered to escape. Then after
it assumes a healthy appearance, heal it in the manner
directed for poll-evil. If the scalding mixture is used,
care must be taken to remove the matter that runs out

45

from the wound, and not let it touch the healthy part at
all, if possible.

Gentian root is employed to keep down the swelling
or thickening of the lips of the sore. The healing is
not to be sutfered to go on too fast, nor until all the of-
fensive matter is expulsed. Blue stone spread on the
digestive ointment will heal it. Or take

Ointment of nitrated quick silver, 3 ounces ; oil of turpentine,
half an ounce.

Mix, and apply as long as may be proper to keep the
orifice from closing, to which it will be ever too much
disposed.

SADDLE GALLS, OR WARBLES, SITFASTS.

The first of these partake of the nature of the disor-
der just above treated of, (fistula,) and are caused in
the same way ; but are situated farther back, and less
scope is allowed for the spreading of the original tumor.
Consequently, the smallness of the affliction renders it
much less formidable, though if suffered to suppurate,
they become most troublesome sores. First try to pre-
vent the accumulation of matter by repellants, such as-
the embrocation prescribed in the preceding page, and
the alterative ball. Or, apply, in the same manner, the-
following :

Cold Lotion. — Vinegar, spirits of wine, each 3 ounces; super-
acetate of lead, 2 ounces ; water 6 ounces. Mix.

Should not these succeed, change your treatment,
bring the tumor forward by poultices, &c., the same as
directed for fistula and poll-evil, and cure in the same
manner.

SiTFAST is an indurated tumor, one that has neither
matter nor motion in it, and may arise from either of two
causes. The first is simply a gall or a bruise, which has
produced no inflammation, and consequently no matter
has been engendered ^ the second comes of an ill-cured
warble, that has closed, leaving a hard insensible swell-
ing behind. Blistering is the favorite remedy with most
farriers, though fomentations and poultices will fre()uent-
ly achieve as much good in very little more time. When
supupration takes place, the cure is to be completed by
dressings of detergent ointment, taking care that tho

'9-*
48

sore does not heal too fast. Should this be the case
put blue stone, powdered, upon the plaster once or
twice, or merely touch it with lunar caustic as often. —
Sometimes the callosity does not come off of itself, tho'
the edges rise up : it is then to be taken away by force,
separating it from the living parts with the knife. The
small portion of blood that comes away with it does no
harm, but the contrary. If, however, any one objects
to the knife, or doubts his skill in this operation, mercu-
rial ointment will effect the same end, as follows :

Ointment for Sit fast. — Oil of tm-pentine, 10 ounces; blue oint-
ment, 8 ounces; gum ammoniacum, 4 ounces. Mix and apply to
these and all hai'd tumors.

QUITTOR is a disease of the foot, at the coronet,
but is so decidedly fistulous, that I choose to treat of it
in this place, rather than in the chapter devoted to the
foot in general. It is caused by a tread which the horse
inflicts on himself, for the most part, seeing that it gen-
erally occurs on the inside of the foot. This tread or
bruise may either be inflicted upon the coronet, or lower
down, by over-reaching, or even at the sole ; by taking
up a stone or other hard substance ; also by a prick or
blow in shoeing. A quitter is also sometimes occa-
sioned by gravel working up into an aperture left by an
old nail, actinii upon the sensible laminatetl .«;ubstance,
separating it from the insensible, leaving a cavity from
the aperture up to the coronet, where it lodges, inflames,
and produces abscess, which is very troublesome and
difficult to cure.

Cure. — The sore is always very small, but admits of
a probe being introduced, by which the extent of the
evil may be ascertained, and this is generally very ex-
tensive and ruinous, according to the time it may have
been allowed to make head. The probe will pass read-
ily forward and backward to the whole course of the dis-
ease, and sometimes it will be found to have penetrated
to the cofiin bone, every where forming sinuses or pipes,
as in fistula of the withers before described. In slight
cases, those which are found not to have penetrated
deep, the simple application of a wash will prove suffi-
cient, and may be employed in this manner : Dissolve
blue vitrol in water, and charge a syringe therewith ; thia

is to be discharged into the orifice, and suffered to re -^
main, as much as can be retained. A pouhice of bread
or oat meal is to cover the part, and the cure will be
completed after two or three days.

But unfortunately fur the owner and the animal, the
disease is seldom taken in hand thus early, but is suffer-
ed to proceed until much stronger means become ne-
cessary. For this purpose take a long narrow slip of
thin paper, and moisten it with muriate of antimony ;
over this sirew powdered corrosive sublimate, and roll
up the paper, so that it may not be too big for the pipe
which it is intended tor. Generally it happens that the
opening requires to be enlarged before this pledget so
charged with the escharotic, can be fairly introduced. —
Take especial care that the pledget reach the bottom of
the pipe, cut it off close, and pass a similar one into as
many sinuses as may have been ascertained forms the
disease. As considerable irritation of the part will
quickly ensue, a poultice sufficient to cover the foot sho'ld
be previously got ready, and applied immediately.

In three or four days, the bandage being removed, the
diseased parts wdl slow off, a considerable opening pre-
sents itself leaving a healthy looking sore. Let this be
sponged off with warm water, and when dry apply tinc-
ture of Benjamin, which will effect a cure. A solution
of white vitrei is used with advantage, especially when
a disposition to secrete unhealthy matter is at any time
perceptible. Physic the patient after the operation, ac-
cordino^ to the actual state of his bowels, the motion
whereof will alleviate the pain necessarily attending the
escharotic quallity of the pledgets apphed to the foot.
If the horse's bowels be found in the ordinary state, give
two balls on successive days, thus :

First Alterative Ball. — Aloes and hard soap, 2 or 3 drachms:
oil of cloves, 6 drops: calomel, 4 dx"achms.

Second. — Aloes 4 or 5 drachms ; soap, 6 drachms ; oil of ajiia-
seed, 10 drops.

Mix with mucilage sufficient to form a ball of each
for two doses ; give No. 2 the day succeeding No. 1.

YIVES. — This is a turn given to swellings of the
glands just under the ear, towards the angle of the jaw,

d2

48

that mostly attack young animals. Nevertheless it
sometimes attacks horses at an advanced age. Swell-
ings similar are common in shedding the teeth ; but they
are not the vives. In some respects this disorder bears
a near affinity to the strangleij. The cause of Yives
may be distinctly pronounced a *'cold," that prolific
source of many other disorders.

Symptoms. — Svvellings under both ears, generally,
that occasion manifest pain when touched ; the animal
coughs more than one which has the strangles, and a
difficulty of swallowing soon becomes evident. Stiff-
ness or aridity of the neck follows, and the patient
makes frequent efforts to swallow the saliva, which it is
the proper function of these glands to secrete, but which
they are soon disabled from doing ; and as they now re-
fuse to perform this office, the watery humors flow from
out the animals eyes, which he partly closes ; inflam-
mation of the mouth and gums next takes place, produ-
cing the Mampers,' which are noticed separately, and fi-
nally they terminate in "strangles" and are to be treated
as such. But timely attention, 'tvill remove them before
they terminate in either the 'lampers' or ^strangles.'

Remedy. — Foment the part with warm water, and af-
ter it has been well dried, clothe the head so as to keep
off the air, upon the principle of 'remove the cause and
the effect will cease.' Follow it up with fomentations
of marsh mallows, or annoint the parts with ointment of
marshmaiiows, and cover the head as before. A bread
poultice affords relief, and bleeding in stubborn cases of
simple vives is often necessary, with purgatives. In-
deed, the body should be opened, whether we bleed or
no : always leave open the main road for such humors
to escape by. To assist nature, however, employ the
following

Lotion. — Sal ammoniac, half an ounce ; vinegar, 6 ounces ; Gou-
lard's extract, 1 ounce. Mix, and rub the parts well twice a day.

Low diet, a plentiful supply of water gruel, and bran
mashes, to which an ounce of nitre may be added daily,
will reduce that thickened state of the blood which ever
attends these species of tumor.

But when the vives are likely to supurate, all attempts
to drive them off through the system, as directed abovA,
must be avoided, and the direct contrary course must be

pursued, to draw it to a head and remove the offensirt
matter as soon as possible, in the same manner as direc-
ted for all other abscess mentioned before, not dieting or
reducing the horse. The degree of heat and inflam-
mation increasing in spite of the fomentations, &c. will
soon indicate whether suppuration will take place or not.
Indeed, that should if possible be known in the first in-
stance.

False vives, or imperfect ones, that are hard and in-
sensible, sometimes cause a good deal of trouble. They
neither come forward nor recede, nor cause pain, but
are an eye-sore and injure the sale. Stimulating em-
brocations are well calculated for reduaing these hard
tumors, and the blistering oiiitment, made of cantharidea
and oil; never fails.

LAMPERS, OR LAMPAS.

Symptoms. — A swelling of the bars of the mouth fol-
lows the rising vigor and heat of the animal ; they then
project below the surface of the teeth, and interfere be-
tween them while feeding. The pain is necessarily very
great on feeding, and the animal ceases to chew of a
sudden ; it afterwards commences anew, with greater
caution , but as the disorder becomes worse, it refuses
food entirely, and starvation would be the consequence
if something did not intervene which is always sure to
happen.

The cure would be effected of itself, if the horse
lived in a state of nature, or more probably in that stata
he never would contract the disease. Overgorging
and consequent fulness of habit having occasioned the
blood to flow luxuriantly towards the region of the head
and throat, so that the disorder is thereby produced, the
reduction of that full habit follows this compulsory ab-
stemiousness which the afHicted animal practices much
against his will, and might teach man himself a monitory
lesson he is usually slow in attending to until too late.
Reducing the system is the neatest method of removing
lampas, and purgatives should be employed ; bran
mashes, in which an ounce of nitre daily has been intro-
duced, may also be given until the pulse becomes more
natural. If the lampas be not lessened, by these means,
the projecting part is to be cut with a lancet, but some
people commence operations with tho searing iion, aa

50

the readiest way, and give physic aflerward;!. This ap-
phcatiou never mils.

STRANGLES.

Symptoms. — A swelling commences between the up-
per part of tho two juw-bones, or a little lower down to-
wards ihs chin, and directly underneath the tongue. A
cough, and the discharge of a white thick matter from
the nostrils Ibllow, with great heat, pain, and tension of
the tumors, and of all the adjacent membranes, to such
a degree that the animal can scarcely swallow. The
eyes send forth a watery humor, and the animal nearly
closes the lid ; this is mostly the case when it happens
that the two larger glands under the ear are affected also
which frequently happens ; but when these latter are dis-
ordered Vv'ithout the nnimal having the strangles, we then
say he has the vives. The .swelling increases and usu-
ally bursts of itself, sometimes without being perceived
by any one. This last happens to colts and fillies at
gras6, when their wants are little attended to, and they
seldom fail of doing Vv^ell. Attacks in the open air aro
milder than those obstinate cases we meet v/ith among
in-door cattle, 'i he horses that are kept in-doors accu-
mulate gioss humors, by living on dry food and lying
on soft beds, without sufRcicnt exercise to carry off the
effects of either.

Frequently, the feverish symptoms run high, loss of
appetite follows with constipation of (he bowels, the
horse can neither drink nor eat, and the pulse increases.
The tumors in these bad cases will bo found to have ris-
en nearer the jaw-bone than they do in a mild attack,
and are longer in coming to maturity than those which
begin more towards the middle. The disorder is seldom
fatal ; but when this does happen, the animal dies of suf-
focation, in which case it stands with the nose thrust out,
the nostrils distended ; the breathing is then exceeding
laborious and difficult, and accompanied by rattling in
the throat.

Cure. — For this last mentioned extreme case, no oth-
er remedy is found than making an opening in the wind-
pipe, through which the animal may breathe. For this
spirited operation, I must refer to Mr. Field, the vete-
fiUi^vy surgion, who has performed it frequently, and says

51

hia practice was to cut an aperture the size of a guinea,
which nature afterwards suppHes in due time. With
this exception, perhaps, I might be justified in saying
that we have htlle or no business to meddle with the
strangles; unless, indeed, unfavorable symptoms arise,
and the previous habits of the horse, his present fleshy
or gross habit of body, with the unfavorable situation of
the tumors near the bone, give good reason for believing
that the disease will turn out a dangerous case. And
yet I should be very loth to recommend purging or that
of bleeding for strangles, as I have seen done with no
good effect ; for, although the symptoms are thereby
lowered, yet the continuance of the disorder is protract-
ed to an unmeasurable length, and I have heard of the
strangles devolving into glanders by this course of pro-
ceeding.

On the contrary, the disorder being constitutional, that
is to say, an effort of nature to relieve itself of some
noxious matters, the strength of the animal system
should be sustained in some degree proportioned to what
it may obviously require. Therefore, horses that may
be in g-ood condition at the time of the attack, and with-
al highly feverish and full of corn, will only require open-
ing medicine whilst a brisk purgative might do harm
by lessoning the access of matter to the tumor, and the
system would still retain a portion of the oflfensive causa
of disease, which would break forth at a future period in
some one or other part of the correspondent diseases,
dependant on tubercular affections. In this case give
the following :

MILD PURGATIVE BALL,— Aloes, 3 drachms, and Castilo
Soap, 3 drachms, and Ginger, 1 scruple. Mix, with Mucilage to
foi'm a ball.

If difficulty of swallowing is already observed, a drench
would be found the most desirable form of arriving at
the same end. Then give the following ;

LAXATIVE DRENCH.— Castor Oil, 6 ounces; water gruel,
1 quart; salts, 6 ounces. Mix.

Meanwhile at the first appearance of the disorder, let
the hair be clipped off close at the part affected, and a
little way round, to allow of greater effect from any ap-
plication that maybe deemed necessary. The head be-
ing clothed will restore as much warmth as hath hereby

52

been abridged. Mild cases will require no more than
this, prol)ably, and the assistance of a poultice and fo-
mentation ofmarshmallows, daily, to the throat, to bring
the ^wel.in^ to a [iroper slate lor opening. This will be
shown by its pointing or becoming soft and peaked in
the middle. IJut a premature employment of the lan-
cet is to be avoided, to give time for the whole rnattey
to collect ; when this peiiod arrives, the whole swelling
will be soft and yielding to pressure, unless the animal
have a very thick skin, with a great chuckle-head. In
these cases, the i)art should be rubbed with a stimula-
ting liniment, and if the tumor is working its way in-
wards so as to threaten suffocation, blistering ointment
may be applied. After each and either of these appli-
cations, the poultice is to be again put on with care ; and
as much of its efficacy depends upon its remaining in
contact with the throat, the adjusting of k property re-
quires great pains and some adroitness for the thing.

STIMULATING LINIxMENT.— Mustard, powdered,- 1 ounce r
liquid ammoaia, 3 drajhins. iMix,_ and apply assidiuusly to the
part.

The suppuration may be further prompted by steam-
ing the head over warm water, or fumigating it as fol-
lows ; give him bran mashes frequently, placing the
vessel that contains this, well secured, in another vessel
larger than the first, into which much hotter water can
be introduced, so that the vapor may rise up all round
the mash, and constantly envelope the head. When the
tumor is a;scertained to be ripe, and not before, and open-
ing is made at its most depending part, and the matter
expressed gently ; wash it ofT clean with warm water,
and if the sore appear healthy, it will heal spontaneously,
or with the application of adhesive plaster.

DIGESTIVE OINTMENT, No. 1.— Yclow Avax, rosin, Bur-
gundy pitch, of each 1 pound; turpentine, 4 ounces; linseed oil, 20
ounces. Dissolve over a slow fire.

Strangles of the gullet. — Sometimes we find
those symptoms of the strangles reduced to one only,
viz. an obstinate running at the nose, which usually
lasts a long time, and occasionally ends fatally, by the
animal wasted away in pulmonary consumption. Many
people mistake this disorder for glanders, but it may be
distinguished from that con'agion by a rattling in the gul-

53

let ; also by the quality of the running, which is neither
so white nor of so much consistency, but watery and
curdled. The animal scarcely ever is troubled with a
coutrh, and then it is very feeble, but to make up for this
exhibits frequent contractions of the larynx.

After the tumor is opened, give gentle physic, for
which purpose, the following laxative ball is recommen-
ded ; or you may add thereto, one drachm of emetic
tartar, and give another ball after an interval of one day,
unless the pulse is low :

MILD PURGATIVE BALL,— Aloe?, 3 drachms, and Castile
soap, 3 drachms, and ginger,! scruple. Mix, with mucilage to fonn
a ball.

Bastard Strangles is a favorite term witli some
persons, who would soften down the real fact of their
horses having the glanders, which it really is, and not
stranirles. But bastard or not bastard, it is alvvavs in-
fectious, and the animal always dies of strangulation,
or the disorder becomes the glanders, producing a sani-
ous discharge from the nose when the cough ceases. —
Apply fumigation.

FUMIGATION. — Tako the leaves and root of marsh mallows,
an arm full, with 6 quarts of water.

Boil them, and put the whole into a nose bag, and hang
it round the head of the animal, to make him inhale the
steam. The bag may be made of stout cloth, but hung
with the upper part quite open, to avoid suflbcation. —
Leave the bag at the animal's nose until no more steam
will arise. This will be found a very proper remedy in
all cases of strangles, the first stage of glanders, and
obstinate colds.

GLANDERS is a contagious disease only when it
has lasted some time. Original glander may be acquired
by horses being shut up close together, in hot damp
stables, in swampy situations.

A sudden transition from cold air to a hot stable, as
well as from heat to cold, will occasion a running at the
nose , or a blow there, as well as a drench clumsily ad-
ministered ; either of those causes being foreknown,
should render us cautious in pronouncing the running
contagious, and thus subject the property to destruction.

54

Almost any running, from whatever cause proceeding,
or however healthy the previous state of the animal's
system, causes the glands to enlarge and inflame ; after
a while, if remaining uncured, they usually adhere to the
bone, when alone we should pronounce the glanders
contagious and incurable. This is " the second species"
of La Fosse, which may be communicated to other hor-
ses, by contact, or by breathing the same air in the
same stable ; though it does not appear until eight or
ten days after the infection, in the enlargement of the
gland, accompanied by running. The third species is
caused by farcy being in the system ; the running at the
nose and swelling of the glands are then symptomatic
of farcy, and must be treated as such. What inference
is to be drawn from all those premises, but that we
should endeavor to ascertain the length of time the pa-
tient has been afflicted ; whether he has received any
external injury to cause it, or he has been in contact
with infected horses, and when? — and out of the an-
swers hereto, we form the resolution of condemning the
animal to solitary keeping, at least, and settling about
the remedies that are likely to restore him to health. —
Crowded towns, posting stables, and the like, are most
subject to contain glandered horses, on account of their
closeness, and the frequent succession of inmates to
which they are liable ; for some horses will bear it for a
good number of years, the discharge almost subsiding
(though the swelling of the glands remains,) upon chan-
ging to country quarters, or to a succession of regular
living and regular work.

Symptoms. — No cough accompanies real glanders in
any of its stages ; and this though a negative piece of
information, shall be taken as a good and safe criterion
that must not be neglected ; a running may make its
appearance, as it does at the left nostril usually, in the
glanders, and the glands under the jaw may adhere to
the bone, as they do in real glanders, but no cough ac-
companies these symptoms of glanders. When cough
supervenes, the disease may be a catarrh, or a consump-
tion, the asthma, or strangles, but these are not conta-
gious, unless they last a long time, and adhesion of the
glands takes place : in these last mentioned disorders,
ihe discharge commonly pror.erds from both nostriU

65

alike ; whereas, the running in incipient glanders fei-
chiefly contined to the left, and the gland of one sid©
only is ihen affected. Of eight hundred case^of glan-
ders that came under the notice of M. Dupuy^.only one
horse was affected in the right nostiil.

As the disorder proceeds, it affects both sides alike.
Ulcers appear all over {he piluilnry membrane, occa-
sioned by ihe corrosive nature of the discharge. This
assumes a different appearance as the constitution of the
individual m-iy have l)«en more or less gross or vitiated ;
the appe;uance or quality of the discharge differs also,
accordmg to the manner in which the disease may have
been acquired ; that is, whether it has been engendered
or caught by infection. If it come of the first mention-
ed, through a depraved system, the glands are harder,
often smaller, and always adhere closer, than in those
cases which are derived from infection, at a time when
the animal is otherwise in comparatively good health.—
Again, with the infected horse, the matter comes off co-
piously ; it is curdled, and may be rubbed to powder
between the fingers when dry.

Rcinedij. — Unless taken at an early period, no reme-
dy has been found to relieve the afflicted animal. As
sojn as a horse is suspected of glanders, he must bo
kept separate from all oihers, and the fumigation direct-
ed in page 54, should be resorted to repeatedly, and a
purgative or alterative ball may be given, according to
the state of his body, and ihe remedies prescribed for
catarrh, continued for a week or ten days. If the disor-
der does not lessen in this time, but the symptoms in-
crease in virulence, the horse must be destroyed.

Stables ihar have been occupied by glandered hor?e«,
retain a louir time ihe taint, and the means of communi-
cating the disorder, which nothing will remove but wash-
ing with soap and sand, and scraping with sharp instru-
menls, every part of the rack, and all other things that
may have ccme in contact with the diseased horse.

FARCY, is caused hy a general bad state of the
blood, vulgarly, but more appropriately tcrm&d corrup-
tion of all the humors of the body.
E

66

Si/m2Jtoms,—ln the first place, the skin tight and drf^
for want of perspiration, when eome swelhng is perceiv'
able about the hind legs, and on the insides particularly.
This symptom increases to a considerable large size in
the course of a night, when the genial heat of the ani-
mal's system, appear to have matured the disease. The
lymphatic vessels and the more perfect glands, that run
in the same direction as the veins, rise above the sur-
face ; and it is easy to be seen that they are sore when
touched, the glands in particular, which feel hot, light^
and hard at first, similarly to the glands of the throaty
as described in the glanders. A few hours confirm the
exact nature of the mischief; the inflammation of those
glands proceeds, they become softer, and each throws
out an ichorous, unhealthy discharge^ They are then,
termed farcy buds. The edges have a chancrous ap^
pearance, which is not possible to heal with ointments..
As the disease advances, a glanderous running at the
nose takes place, with swelling about the nose, lips, and
all over the body nearly.

Cure. — Three stages of the disorder present as many
methods of cure. In the first instance when the glands
only are affected, it may be treated as a local disorderj.
which has not yet found its way into the animal's sys-
tem ; and if appearing on one limb only, the natural in-
ference is, that the system is indisposed to carry on tha
threatened evil. This happens mostly to horses in good
condition, strong and vigorous, and of good habit. The
limb affected is mostly (not always,) the fore leg, which
is generally so to a good extent, and the corded veins
scarcely visible. In this case, give a purgative ball, and
repeat it in three days after ; but should the animal be
a very ffeshy one, and full of condition, with full pulse^
this may be accompanied by bleeding to the amount of
three or four quarts.

PURGATIVE BALL Aloes, eight drachms ;, Castile soap, 1

drachm ; Liquorice powder sufficient to form a ball for one dose.

Prepare the animal with bran mashes ; let his drink bo
chilled, and he may be moved about, under shelter, with
body clothing on that covers the affected limb. Th©
limb should be fomented with warm water, or the cham-
omile decoction, taking care to rub the part dry, and

57

Wrap it up warm. This course usually prevails against
an ordinary attack of farcy ; and the cure is aided, when
it affects the fore leg only, by a rowel inserted under the
chest. But the absorption or taking up of the disorder
into the system and carrying it off by stool, is by far the
neatest manner of managing the cure ; for ihis purpose,
give the following ball, after the animal has been redu-
ced by the foregoing treatment.

ALTERATIVE BALL. — Camphor, emetic tartar, asafostida,
and ginger, of each one drachm.

With mucilage sufficient to form a ball for one dose.
Give one of these for three successive nights ; then
fitop one night between each dose, until the disease is
removed.

If these efforts to absorb the disease prove insufficient
to conquer it, recourse must be had to the use of mercu-
ry, as recommended for the third or most virulent stage
of the disease, which is also the most common of the
three. Meantime, we come to consider of that partio-
ular kind of farcy v/hich is the least common of all three;
and this is wherein the tumors are larger than usually
happens, and not so numerous. The disease then per-
iakes very much of the nature of critical abscess, and
of the strangles, both of which are treated of in the
preceeding pages; they appear to cause nature to make
efforts toTelieve itself of an accumulation of offensive
matter ; and this escaping the cure is effected. In this
i5econd kind or stage of farcy, nothing more is requi-
site than to promote suppuration, as directed in the dis-
ease just referred to, and follow it with the physic pre-
scribed for the strufjles.

The T/ii}d, most common and virulent kind of far-
cy, that which comes on quickest, lasts the longest,
and requires the most powerful means for its removal,
is that which is spread minutely over the body and limbs,
and has penetrated the whole system. In which ever
manner the animal may have acquired the disorder, we
may safely presume that the mass of humours hideously
depraved, & mercury, in one or other of its varied forms
is the only antidote to be relied upon for its extinction.
Previously, however, the farcy buds and ulcers must he
reduced to the state of common sores, by means of the

68*

actual cautery freely applied to each. When these-
•lough off, and the sores assume a healthy appearance,
less of the mercurial preparation will be required ; but
if these retain a livid and therefore unhealthy hue, ac-
companied with a poisonous discharge, that ulcerates
the adjacent parts, a thorough course of mercury is
the only remedy, and this must be managed with
caution.

MERCURIAL BALL, No. l.—.^thiop's mineral, 2 drachms ;.
opium, 10 grains; liquorice powdtr and mucilage to form a ball
for one dose.

(rive twice a day, until the patient's brealh smells very
offensive, aad ihen discontinue the medicine a day or
two, as you should also when the animal is found to
stale inordinately, or the bowels be very much disor-
dered. But when the bowels are only .^lightly affected,
increase the quantity of opium to twenty or thirty
grains.

MERCURIAL BALL, No. 2. — Corrosive sublimate, 10 gi*ains^
emetic tar tni-, and opivim, half a drachm each.

Mix, with liquorice powder and mucilage sufRcient to
form the ball for one dose. Give as befoio night and
■morning.

Feed the patient generously durin^j the operation of
this strong medicine, watch its progress closely, and
lessen the quantity, or discontinue it al'ogcihcr for a day
or two when he is greatly agitated wiihin, pailictilaily
if a kind of sickness or gurglng be discernable, and
the horse is off his appetite. Let him be clothed com-
pletely. Mah mashss, boiled grain, and coarse sugar
mixed with his grain, dry, are good as.-istants to the
proper operation of the meinury. Turnips, carrots,
&c., are at war with its opeiation, and on that account
should not be used.

ANTICOR, consists of an inHamed swelling near
the heart, and is caused by full feecHng without suffi-
cient exercise, similarly to this whole train of disor-
ders just treated of,— hard driving or riding, and a
subsequent exposure to the elements, or giving co'^
water when overheated ; these combined, with a vitia-
ted state of th© blood, produce those extended swell-

59

inga that partake some of the nature of swelled limbs
in grease, and yet lerminnte in abscess when the case
is a bad one.

Symptoms. — An enlargement of the breast, which
sometimes extends upwards to the throat, and threat-
ens suffocation. The animal appears stiff about the
neck, looks dull and drooping, refuses his food, and
trembles or shivers with the inflammation, which may
be felt. Pulse dull and uneven. By pressing two or
more fingers alternately, the existence of matter, or
a disposition to suppurate, may be ascertained, [as in
poll-evil, J by its receding from side to side as the
pressure is withdrawn. On the other hand, if the
disease owes its origin to dropsy, each pressure of the
finger will remain pitted a few seconds after tlie
finger is withdrawn. Consult " Poll-evil," in its two
stages.

Cure. — As in other cases of tumor, that do not
partake of critical abscess after fever, &c. this disor-
der admits of being repressed, readily by the means
before prescribed, or of being otherwise cured, as it
may be allied to somo disorder of the constitution. —
To repress the swelling, bleed the patient copiously ;
give purgatives, and clyster him ; give bran mashes,
and Jet the chill be taken off his water. Foment the
throat and breast with bran mash or marsh mallows
every 4 or 6 hours ; and when these have reduced
the symptoms, give the following

ALTERATIVE BALL. — Emetic tartar, two drachms ; Venica
turpentine, half an ounce. Mix with Liquoi-ice powder to form a
ball.

Give one every forty-eight hours. On the contrary,
if the swelling depend upon dropsy, as aforesaid, let
a fleam or horse lancet be struck into the skin at four
or five places distant from each other, and in the low-
est and most depending part of the swelling. From
these punctures, a watery discharge will take p'acc,
that relieves the patient of his affliction hourly, and
the issue of matter is to be promoted by keeping open
the sores as directed in case of fistula, in a preceding
page; again, when the swelling indicates the collec-
tion of morbid matter, let it be fomented, poulticed,
and opened, ai directed for critical abscegs, in polU
e2

60

evjl, fistula, &c. ; the whole series of those diseases
are of the same nature, but differing principally as to
situation, which some times affects ibe disease mainly.
In this case, for example, the swelling sometimes
ascends along the throat, and goes nigh to choke the
patient; recourse must be had immediately to poulti-
ces, and let these be changed twice a day.

GREASE is another of the diseases that take their
rise in a tardy circulation of the blood, and consequent
indisposition to take up and carry back again to the
heart ;hat which has been sent into the extremities for
their nourishment and renovation, caused by colds or
sudden transitions and exposures.

Sijmptoms. — First perceptible by a swelling at the
heels, mostly of the hind legs. This is occasioned by
local inflammation, and is soon followed by a slight
issue of greasy matter, whence its name ; but it is
sometimes more watery, ichorous, and offensive,
which will depend principally on the constitutional
health of the patient. The swelling sometimes ex-
tends much higher than the fetlock jomt, even towards
the hoof, and occasions stiffness of the limb and indis-
position to move. He cannot lie down, by reason of
the unbending nature of his joints, and therefore
stands to sleep, which renders the disorder more vir-
ulent by the accession of fresh matter to the part : the
skin cracks at various places, and ulceration ensues.
The hair sticks out like furze, the discharge is darker
than originally, is thin, acrid, corroding, and slink-
ing-

Remedy. — The Grease is one of those disorders a-

bout which we should em.ploy our ingenuity, in preven-
tion rather than cure. It being produced entirely by
inactivity, it seems clear that exercise would be the
best preventive of it ; and a horse should also be kept
dry and clean at his hee]s, after work, and rubbed
industriously. The hair on the heels of heavy horses
should not be cut off. But to the cure.

In slight attacks, a wash made of a solution of al-
um, as given below, will correct the disposition to
grease, and a dose of physic set all to rights in a short

61

time, both to be regulated according to circumstances.
When considering these, we should inquire into the
preceding habits of the patient, as to his usual evacu-
ations, and whether these have been stopped ; for it
frequently happens that grease is caused by the sus-
pension of the urine balls, to which proprietors are
so very much addicted, that they give them without
reason, or suspend the giving through the same whim-
sicality. In this latter case, give the diuretic powder,
and the horse will require very litile more physic. A-
gain, if the animal require opening physic, give him
the purging ball hereal'ter directed, and in-door exer-
cise ; but should his debility be then very great, the
commotion this would occasion might reduce him too
much, and therefore the alterative ball will do better,'
with the same attention to in-door exerci&es if he can
bear it. Sometimes, however, the heels are so cracked
and chapped, that every step the animal takes only
makes the matter worse ; we should then assiduously
apply ourselves to keeping the heels clean, with water
of which the chill has been taken off, and wiih a brush
get rid of as m.uch of the running as possible ; and
after drying it well with cloths, use the alum wash of
the stronger preparation ; provided always the inflam-^
mation be not too high at the time, but which the warm
water without the alum wash has a tendency to alle-
viate.

I will now give the recipes for preparing the reme-
dies above directed. Several are given, because the
nature of the disease requires we should always be
doing something for the animal, either of topical ap-
plications, or devising means of carrying off the cause
of the disorder by stool, by urine, or by perspiration.
For, by keeping one or other of these evacuations
going, we enable the animal system to take up or ab-
sorb the watery particles of the lymphatics, which
remainmg indolent, constitute the disease.

Alum Wash, 2\o. 1. — Alum, 2 ounces ; blue 'stone, 2 drachms ;
and water, 1 pint. I\'Iix, and wash two or three times a day. Some
prefer Goulard's extract, and white vitriol, of each, 2 drachms ;
water, 1 quart. Mix — used as above.

Strong Alum Wash, No. 2. — Alum, sugar of lead, vinegar, of
«ach 2 ounces ; water, 1 pint. Mix — use as above.

62

Strongest, or Merev/rial Wash, No. S.— C^onosive 8ubHma,te, ft
•orachma ; muriatic acid, 4 drachms; water, 1 pint. Mix, and ap*
ply in inveterate cases.

Diuretic Alterative Powders, — Nitre and powdered resin, each
2 ounces. Mix, and give in four morning doses. To be continued
until its effects are visible.

Purgative Ball. — Aloes, 9 drachms; hard soap, 3 do^ ; ginger,
1 drachm. Mix, with mucilage, for one dose.

First Alterative Ball. — Aloes and hard soap, 2 or 3 drachms ;
ginger, 3 drachm s%

■Second. — Aloes, 4 or 5 drachms ; soap, 6 drachms ; oil of ania-
■seed, 10 di'ops.

Mix with mucilage sufficient to form a ball of each
and give of the first one ball every morning, until the
bowels are opened ; the second to be used when the
animal is more difficult to physic.

Diaphoretic Ball,

The perspiration must be promoted by the following
Diaphoretic Ball : — Emetic tartar, two drachms, and
Venice turpentine, 4 drachms. Mix well, with liquo-
rice powder sufficient to form a ball into one dose ;
and give one every night for a week or ten days, ta-
king care to clothe the patient, or put a rug on his
body at least, regulating his sweats according to the
weather. Some persons do not think it too much
trouble, to divide the foregoing ball into two parts, and
give one every night for the periods just mentioned,
until all are given, requiring the same amount of
emetic tartar. Be careful to buy it genuine ; and if
the horse be taken care of while in his sweats, it will
mainly contribute to his getting well. He is not to
have his sweating ball whilst he has other physic in
him ; but it may be given alternately with the fore-
going powder of nitre and resin ; and is better admin-
istered thus, when it happens that he requires to be set
a staling, to sweat him at the same time. If the med-
icine makes the bowels grumble, add to the ball, half
a drachm of opium, which some put into the prescrip-
tion whether or no. But it is of a binding nature, and
not desirable unless as above.

Regimen. — A good generous feeding should be al-
lowed, with a few beans for elder patients only ; and
in all ca?>es where the disorder has lasted long, a run

63

at grass is greatly conducive to a recovery if it bs
practicable.

In cases of a tedious ulceration, which causes a
lameness, ho should not be exercised ; but let them be
poulticed with a turnip poultice, or it may be made of
oatmeal and the grounds of stale beer, or both may
be employed alternately ; and then if luxuriant or
thic'K. the parts may be washed with a solution of blue
vitriol in water, or the wa'^h No. 3.

Dress the cracks with the following ointment :

Ointmc7it. — Oil of turpentine, 3 drachms ; hog's lard, 6 evinces ;
litharg^e water, half an ounce. Mix.

This may bo varied by substituting Veniqe turpentine,
and half the quintity of the oil. In these inveterate
cases, a change of medicine is desirable, if but for
the change which it occasions in the digestive powers ;
for this purpose the blue piii has been given as an
alterative, as well as calomel. Both act upon the kid-
neys, and set them in motion for the production of
urine :

Alterative Ball. — Calomel, one and a half drachms ; aloes, 3
drachms; Castile soap, 6 drachms; oil of juniper, 40 drops. Mix,
and, make into 3 balls, and give one daily for a week. If it gripes,
add half a drachm of opium.

SURFKIT— MANGE.

Both of these diseases proceed from over feeding,
or gross feeding. They are different stages of the
same disease.

Symptoi/ s. — Like surfeit in man, small tumors ap-
pear and disappear sudd(>nly upon the surface of the
skin at time?. The annnai is restless, flmciiitig from
the touch, and looking round sharp at the legs and
sides as if he were spurr<'d trivially. Whenever he
can bring the j)arts against the sail or wall, he will
rub violently; until the hair comes off, and the skin is
raw. Instead of tumors that emit a sharp, acrid, and
stinking humor, like grease, a dry scurf appears, re-
sembling scales, and this is mansre ; some animals
however, exhibit no eruption whatever, though every
hair is affected in a small degree, the skin becomes
dry, and he is then hide-bound,

64

Cure, — fiurfeit is easily removed by a cooRng puf'
gative ; but if the pulse be high, he should also be
bled. Promote perspiration by means of the diaplo-
retic ball recommended page 63, with the same pre-
cautions as there set down. If the animal be fat, he
must be reduced ; give bran mashes, boiled oats, and
good exercise ; and should moisture be found lo dis-
charge from the skin, wash it with the

Surfeit Wash. — Blue vitriol, 1 ounce ; camphor, half an ounce ;
apirifs of wine; 2 ouuces. Mix in a quart bottle, and fill it with
water.

Wash with warm soapy water, rub dry, and apply
the above wash once a day, and at the same lime
give one of the diaphoretic balls, as above. Let the
diet be cool and opening, as scalded bran, sodden oats,
and if the horse be low in flesh, mix an ounce of fenu-
greek seeds in his grain daily for a fortnight.

THE MANGE sometimes succeeds an ill-cured
surfeit ; and is moreover an original disease, arising
from filthiness, hard living, ill-usage, and consequent
depraved state of the system. It partakes of the na-
ture of itch in man, is communicable by means of the
touch, by using the same harness, clothing &c. and
probably by standing in the same stall a diseased
horse may have left.

Symptoms. — -.As in surfeit, the horse is constantly
rubbing and biting himself; great patches of the coal
are thus rubbed away, and ulceration frequently sup-
plies the places. Scabs appear at the roots of the hair
of mane and tail ; large portions whereof fall away.

When eruptions appear, they form a scurf, which
peels off, and it is succeeded by fresh eruptions.

Cure. — The cure is to be effected by topical appli-
cations of sulphur, and giving the same internally as
an alterative ; but mercurials are mostly preferred by
•our moderns ; I subjoin the most approved receipes

Mange Ointment. — Hog-'s lard, 2 pounds; sulphur vivum, 1
pound; white hellebore, powdered, 6 ounces.

Mix with oil of turpentine sufficient to make a soft
ointment, rub the animal wherever the eruption and
scurf appear, with hair cloths, or a besom, so as to

65

get rid of the loose filth before applying the ointmenf^
Uub it well every other day, and the following

Alterative for the Mange, No. 1. — Tartarized antimony, 1
ounce; muriate of quicksilver, 2 drachms; ginger and anise seed,
powdered, of each 3 ounces.

Mix, with mucilage sufficient to form the mass ; di-
vide it into six balls, and give one every morning
until the eruption disappears.

Alterative for Mange, No. 2. — Antimony in fine powder, 8
ounce; grains of paradis?, 3 ounces.

Mix, and add Venice turpentine to form the mass
which divide into twelve balls. Give one daily whilst
the rubbing is continued.

HIDE-BOUND.

The cause of hide-bound is commonly the same as
that which produced the last-mentioned disease, viz :
poverty, only that the particular animals may not be
in the same state of general health, and the more de-
praved would incur mange, whilst another would be-
come simply hide-bound. This is less of an original
disease than the effect of some other, and of bad di-
gestion and consequent defective perspiration beyond
all others.

Symptoms. — As the word implies, the hide or skin
seems bound or glued to the bones ; the animal is al-
ways very low in flesh, or we might aver the skin ad-
hered to the flesh. The pulse is low, and great weak-
ness is manifested in every step the patient takes. As
the tightness is first observable at the sides of the an-
imal's body, before it reaches the limbs, and every
hide-bound subject examined by me, proves the fact,
I have no hesitation in ascribing hide-bound to disor-
dered digestion, which includes the negation of where-
withal to digest, or starvation and hard work. Again,
one of two extremes attends the bowels ; they are ei-
ther relaxed greatly, or much constipated — Usually
the former ; which may be the effect of a long fit of
illness from inflammation or fever, and the use of
strong medicine, or much of it.

Cure the animal by the direct contrary conduct to
that which brought on the illness. If its stomach b©

66

empty, as commonly happens, fill it nearly with food,
that is easy of digestion ; if it be too full empty it ;
give alterative laxatives and tonic alteratives after-
wards ; restore the perspiration by tbe diaphoretic ball
recommended at page 63, and let the curry-comb and
brush be assiduously applied to his coat. He may
then be exercised, but not before, as it is ncaily im-
possible without inflicting great pain. )3esides which,
forced exercise, or sweating as hath been strongly re-
comm2nded, wjuldin this c;is>e only aggravate the dis-
ease ; fur if the animal did sweat, it wouid be cau..ed
by internal pain; probably the tuborclos which had
formed upon the membrane, would suppurate and
burst, and thus confirm the disorder iniernally by the
inflammation of ihe particular viscus where the disor-
der began.

ALTERATIVE LAXATIVE.— Aloes, 8 drachms; hard soap,
7 drachms; AnisseedS) powdered, 1 ounce.

Mix with mucilage suOlcient to form the mass in!o 4
balls. Give day after day until ihey effect the pur-
pose of bringing away a giod stool. Then give the
arsc^nical tonic alterative, thus proportioned for a large
horse, with care.

TOXIC, No. 2. — Prepared Arsenic, 10 grains; g-inger, powder-
ed, 1 dra'ohm ; Annisseed, powdered, 4 drachms ; compomid pow-
der of Ti-agacanth, 2 drachms.

IMix with mucilage sufficient for one dose. Give dai-
ly for a week, preceded and followed by mAbhes, and
then give the bark, thus :

TOXIC, No. 2. — Cascarilla, powdered, 4 ounces; ginger, 8
drachms ; sah of tartar, 10 grains.

Mix with mucilage sufficient to form the mass into 4
balls ; give them daily. If the preparation of arse-
nic in i\o. 1, is disliked, substitute the alterative at
page 64, and follow it up with the bark as above,
Ko. 2.

7"'he following b' 11 is calculated to improve the coat,
and will bo found beneficial when the animal is recov-
ering, if given in these proportions fur ten days or a
fortnight :

Alterative Ball — Tartarized antimony, 3 ounces ; powderod
ginger, 2 ounces ; opium 5 drachms. Mix with mucilage -uSoient
>»form the ruass, to be divided into ten balls.

67

DISORDERS OF THE FOOT AND LEG.
RINGBONE.

Symptoms. — Lameness is sometimes the first inti-
mation we have of the existence of ringbone, which is
at first neglected, and only ascertained by passing tho
hand down over the part. As usual with most disea-
'ses of tlie foot, the attendant commonly ascribes the
lameness to a strain higher up — of the shoulder gene-
rally, as ringbones afflict the fore foot oftener than the
hinder one. It consists in the ossification of the car-
tilage in front of the foot, which extends in time to the
lateral parts also.

Remedies. — These may be applied to relieve, but no
cure is to be found for ringbone. As high heel usually
accompanies the short upright hoof, the concussions
of the foot may be lessened by lowering the heels. —
Apply blistering ointment to the seat of the disease,
and firing may also be employed with advantage.

WINDGALLS,

These appear a little above the fetlock, on each
side of the back sinews, and consist of small puffy
swellings, that occasion no immediate inconvenience,
but proves that the animal has been strained in his
work, unless it has been occasioned by his having
been put to it too early in life. They may be occa-
sioned by the sinus of a tumor, pointing towards the
pastern joint, having been cured too harshly, whereby
the joint oil issues forth upon their being pricked.

Blistering and ;»run in the straw yard, are the only
remedies, though experiments are often tried, when
ilis found necessary to sell the animal, with prepara-
tions of muriatic acid, and muriate of ammonia diluted
in water. Saturate a roller bandage herewith fre-
quently, and partial absorption takes place.

THOROUGHPIN

Is of the same nature as the foregoing, arises from
the same cause, and is equally devoid of immediate
consequence to the animal's going. It cons sts of a
«oft flexible swelling on the inside of the hock-joint,
F

68

as well as the outside, immedialel}^ opposite each oth-
er : whence it obtains the name of thoroughpin, be-
ing supposed to go through the joint. When one of
those tumors is pressed it yields, and the fluid it con-
tains is thereby forced into that on the other side ;
when the pressure is removed it immediately returns
to the same state as before.

The disorder has no other effect upon the animal's
going, or value, than its appearance amounts to, as
it conveys the information of its having been worked
too hard, and too early in life, as do all these minor
evils we are now considering. Like unto the other
disorders of this class, blisters and rest are the only-
remedies; apply blistering ointment composed of can-
tharides and spirits of wine.

SPAVIN.

Bog spavin is the more common, blood spavin but
rare. Both varieties, as bone spavin, owe their ori-
gin to hard work in early life, in the same manner as
just adduced in cases of windgall, and thoroughpin.
Bog spavin is caused by the joint oil of the hoof issu-
ing into the membrane that surrounds it, and stagna-
ting under the vein causes this to swell. The old me-
thod of taking up the vein by ligature should be aban-
doned as a long and tedious mode of cure ; the circu-
lation has then to force a new channel, in doing which
irritation of the parts adjacent is the means of cure,
by promoting absorption ; whereas the same effect
may be produced by blistering, as in the two corres-
pondent disorders just named above.

Bone Spavin. — This disorder consists of a bony-
enlargement at the upper end of the shank bone, in-
side of the hock-joint, or a little below it. It belongs
to the hind leg only; and if not undertaken in lime
becomes incurable.

Cure. — At the commencement only it may be ef-
fected easily, by simply blistering the part all round
the hoof, in such a manner as to raise the blister to a
good extent. Generally, in bad cases it would be ad-
visable to repeat the blister; in which event, let the
former ones be first well cleansed away with Goulard's
extract, diluted with water. But should the duration

69

of lameness and degree of swelling give reason for
apprehending that the adhesion is uncommonly exten-
sive, let the part be fired previously to blistering. Be
careful to keep it up whilst the blister is operating,
and subsequently dress with hog's lard ; but do not
use any greasy applications previously to the blister-
ing, as these tend only to harden the skin, and so ob-
struct the perspiration and absorption which promote
the cure.

Making the shoe thin on the out side at the heel
relieves the pressure when the horse is worked; the
contrary form of shoe is conducive to all diseases of
the leg bones.

CURB. — It is caused by an inflammation in the
sheath of the back sinew a little below the point of the
hock, where the sheath is attached to the muscle. —
Like spavin, curb mostly effects young horses of the
cow-hocked built, whose legs stand too much under
the body, and which have been worked prematurely
hard, as in cases of bone-spavin. Indeed the two
diseases bear so much resemblance to each other, in
cause and symptoms, except only as to situation, that
I feel no difficulty in referring the reader to the pre-
ceding page for my description of these only premising
that he cannot discover the coming of a curb, by any
other means than lameness, and comparing the two
legs to each other sidewise, when a diffiised swelling
may be seen, but very li'tle heat felt, by reason of the
disorder being deep-seated.

Cure. — It may be effectually removed at first, by
blistering, as in case of bone spavin ; but when the
disease has lasted a long time, firing must be resorted
to with the same precautions as those before recom-
mended. Ease may be afforded by adding to the thick-
ness of the heels of the shoe.

SPLENT

May be looked upon as a disorder of the fore legs,
though occurring on the hind one, at times,

Cause, — Working of young horses before they
laave acquired sufficient stamina, or on labor which
is much beyond their strength, as in case of spavin,
,curb, &c.

70

Symptoms. — Frequent lameness, that goes ofl and
returns without app:irent causo for either, before the
splent shows itself upon the shank-bone, which it does
above the knee, inside. Similarly hereto, it affects
the bone of the hind leg, and then acquires the nemo
of bone spavin. , Inflammation of the skin is soon felt,
and the horse goes lame until the splent is con)pletf ly
thrown, and afterwards he does as well as* ever, ex-
cept retaining the splent mark perhaps; but severe
cases occur, that do not terminate so favorably. JSuch
happens when the shank bone has received the con-
cussion, that causes the enlargement and rupture,
which constitutes the disease, at the hinder part of
the leg, where it meets with tendons or the suspensor
ligament. The lameness and the inflammation are
then greatest, and the splent requires our careful at-
tention.

Remedy. — But should not the horse throw out the
splent on this last mentioned dangerous part, and be-
come lame, he vill yet suffer much in all ordinary
cases ; for the enlargement of the bone strains the
membrane which covers it tightly. For this purpose
apply a warm stimulating einurocation, which ailbrda
relief in the more favorable cases ; but when the
splent rises under the ligament or tendons, blistering
or firing must be resorted to. The latter however, is
proper only in extreme cases, and only to be adopted
when blistering is found inadequate to the purpose ;
if the swelling is hot and tender, firing would have
the effect of enlarging the whole bone of the leg, and
even the blistering liquid is improper when this symp-
tom is highly prevalent. Rather let the heat subside,
or asiist it in doing so by means of Goulard's extract,
diluted with water, frequently applied. When this
has reduced the heat, employ a liquid blister of four
drachms pulverized cantharides, mixed with sweet oil
to the consistence of treacle, and apply the same twice
through the day, thus : — Let the hair be clipped off
close from the part and all round the leg, and the
blister well rubbed with the hand for five or ten min-
utes. If this does not cause further swelling and a
discharge of a clammy nature, a third application of

ti

the liquid blister becomes necessary. After a day has
elapsed, dress two or three days with hog's lard, and
the patient may be walked about, to get rid of the
stiffness. It may be proper, after this, farther to re-
duce the heat by more applications o£ Goulard's ex-
tract, as above.

Shoeing is supposed to occasion splents sometimes,
it being the practice with most smiths to make the in-
ner heel of their shoes thinner than the outer ; and
the inner heel being also lower than the outer, occa-
sions the splent bone to receive the concussion more
sharply than the outer one ; for, as I before observed,
splents oftener occur on the inside of the leg than on
any other part of it.

STRAIN OF THE BACK SINEW AND LIG-
AMENTS.

Symptoms. — That sort of strain which consists of
relaxation of the back sinews shows itself by the horse
going low upon the pasterns, in consequence of hia
•' carrying high,'' or being trotted constantly in har-
ness. Occasional lameness sometimes ensues in that
fore foot which beats, or has the lead at setting out —
generally the off one ; inflammation of the whole foot
may be felt by comparison with the heat of its fellow,,
which is aptly enough termed " fever of the foot," by
old farriers. This is a very puzzling kind of lameness,
no other symptom than that presenting itself for us to
ascertain the exact cause ; and of course the less ob-
servant persons are very likely to apply the wrong
medicine, and render the horse a disservice instead of
doing him good. The lameness sometimes goes ofT
without any treatment whatever but rest ; it is, how-
ever, more frequently accompanied, or followed, by
some disease of the sole, in consequence of the secre-
tion of horn in the foot being obstructed. Sand-crack,
thrush, corns, are among these evils, arising from su-
pernatural heat.

Whenever it so happens, that the secretion does not
restore to the entire tendons their original motion, it
follows that some part adheres to another ; inflamma-
tion is the consequence, and the horso becomes wors^
v2

72

and worse every day he is put to work, the lameness
never leaving him altogether. When the adhesion
begins extensively, the inflammation and swelling are
eqaaliy so ; the pain is then very great, and the lame-
ness complete and permanent. '1 his denotes the dis-
order called " strain of the back sinews." In very
bad cases, or where a slight attack has continued
some time, the ligament that passes between the back
sinew and the pastern bones becomes greatly diseas-
ed, and conducts the inflammation to the foot, anect-
ing alike the sole, the coflin-bone, and the hoof, with
heat.

" Fever in the foot," is that low state of the symp-
toms which arises from a slight attack which has been
neglected ; the more virulent attack must come under
fiejjaraie notice.

Cure — Rest is indispensible ; foment the entire
foot wiih wnrm bran water, or make the whole into a
poultice sufficient to envelope the foot all over, as
high as the inflammation may extend, which is some-
times as far up as ihe fetlock. When the heat is
greatest at the sole, and the fever extends no higher
than the coronet, a stuffiing of cow-dung will reduce
the heat considerably ; it may be secured by thin
splinters of wood, and changed twice the first day or
two — once a day afterwards. Introduce a strong so-
lution of nitre, and 1ft it be strong, as you cannot em-
ploy much of it. Both legs should be sluffed at the
sole, though the soiind one (if one only be aflected,)
does not require changing. Let the animal have a
loosti stall during any stage of straiu, or disorder of
the limbs. Look alter his evacuations, and cause
them to be regular ; a simple fever, or inflammation,
of the foot depending very often upon nothing more
than one or the other of these being slopped, which
affects the whole aniinal system sometimes, to say
riothmg of a single linib.

Violent sprains or strains, and swelling above the
fetlock joint, when the lameness is very great, require
strong physic ; and the inflammatory symptoms, when
running very high, with a quick and irregular pulse,
should be lowered by bleeding. Apply fomentaliona
of bran, or a poultice of the same, or of oatrae-al, m

r3

which saturnine lotion has been introduced, as much
as it will bear. When the great heat of the part has
caused dryness of the poultice, saturate it externally
with the saturnine lotion, either by soaking cloths in
it, and spreading these all over the part affected, or in
a poultice as above.

After this treatment has reduced the inflammatory
symptoms, but not the swelling and lameness, apply
opodeldoc, which may be made as under, viz : No. 1
tmbrocation. If this dees not fully succeed, in the
course of three or four days, recourse must be had to
No. 2 : and if this does not prove sufficiently stimu-
lating, apply the mild blister No. 3.

Embrocation for strains, No. 1. — Spirits of wine, 6 ounces;
camphor, half an ounce ; and soap, 2 ounces.

Dissolve the camphor in half the spirits ; mix the re-
mainder with the soap, and then put both together. —
Rub the parts assiduously twice or three times during-
the day.

No. 2. — Crude ammoniac, 2 ounces ; Vinegar, 1 quait.

Mix in a bottle, and rob the parts twice daily. Let
a long bandage, dipped in the embrocation just prescri-
bed, be passed tightly round the parts, beginning at
the bottom and making it fast above the knee, or the
hock, as the case may be. Moisten the bandage after
it is on.

No. 3. — Cantharides, in powder, 1 drachm ; spirits of wine, 2
ounces.

Mix, and rub it on the part. Although this acts as
a mild blister, the horses head must be tied up for a
few hours vvhile it is operating.

A course of treatment that has been followed in this
maimer steadily, and with due caution, seldom fails to
restore the animal to a comparative soundness, if not
completely so ; though the swelling may remain after
the lameness has ceased, it generally subsides when
the convalescent animal can be permitted to walk out
for a little exercise, which should take place gradually,
and the use of a loose stall allowed, than which there
is not in the whole catalogue of remedies a more cer-
tain adjunct to be found. Going out too early after
apparent recovery is very likely to bring on a relapse

74

QlS every one knows, is always more difficult to re-
move than the original disorder. Time is required
for the injured parts to recover their former posture
and strength, if that event ever arrive. Firing may
be employed after a while, but is very often resorted
to prematurely, before the tendons and ligaments have
recovered their position, or absorption has reduced
the muscular parts to their former size, and restored
their action. When three, or four, or five months of
moderate labor give reason for believing that these
events have taken place, firing is likely to prove
highly serviceable by bracing the whole together in a
tight skin, much resembling and greatly excelling the
long bandage prescribed, with o mbrocation No. 2,
under this head. The reader of discernment will
pilease to note, that if the said artificial bracing be
found to lessen the lameness in that early stage of
the disorder, no less will the bracing of the natural
skin by firing be t^ound beneficial when healthy action
is restored^ but not perhaps the former strength.

DISEASES OF THE FOOT.

When these cannot be traced distinctly to any spe-
cific cause, they are fairly attributable to aliment of
the whole system dropping in the legs, and *' fever in
the feet" decidedly so, in my opinion, when both are
so afflicted. Therefore it was that I noticed this dis-
ease along with " strain of the tendons,'' to which 1
attribute its origin, as- much as to other causes of gen-
eral heat of the foot. Indeed the whole structure of
the foot of the horse is so peculiarly curious that it
almost deserves a separate study, but we must always
keep in mind, whilst considering its ailments, that the
great irritation kept up by its extreme action is readi-
ly communicable from the one to the other, so that
we cannot intelligibly separate the leg from the foot,
when speaking of the ailments of either, notwith-
standing I have thought proper to begin this chapter
with the disorders that aie situated higher up, and
mean to close it with such as only make their ap^
pegirance below.

75

FllUSH, OR THRUSH.

Symptoms. — The earliest, as just said, is denoted by
tenderness at the cleft, accompanied by sharp, quick-
ened and irregular pulse, as usual in all cases of local
infiarnmation, being at the same time both cause and
etiect. Of course, it follows, that as the disorder in the
sensible frog proceeds towards maturity, the blood feels
and tells of that fact by increased disorder of the pul-
sation. These timely indications being neglected, as
usually happens, if the animal be then put along over
^tony or newly dressed roads, the first discovered
symptom will be his tumbling down through accute
pain. The cleft opens, and an issue of a most offen-
sive kind presents itself.

Cure. — If not speedily taken in hand, canker will be
the consequence of a neglected frush. This disease
frequently depends on some untimely suppressed evac-
uation, as the urine, stool, or perspiration ; then let
these be restored by giving the diaphoretic powders,
purging or urine balls, according to circumstances. A
very much hurried pulse would of course point out the
necessity of immediate bleeding; for the animal so
suffering in the vital function must necessarily contract
disease of some kind or other : and that particular or-
gan or member which may be least able to bear it, is
sure to feel its effects soonest. This is likely to happen
to a horse with a defective fiog, as to it size, texture, or
shape, as to any other part of him. Then let the care-
ful owner examine and find out the least perfect part of
his horse, let him watch it closely in all its weakness,
and endeavor to detect the first symptoms of illness,
that he may aid nature and restore her functions, be-
fore these run riot beyond the help of art.

When the frog has been pared awny, and the filth of
the sore removed, wash it with a solution of vitriolated
copper, and apply a pledget dipped in tar or turpentine
at the opening. If the case be a bad one, the wash
may be made stronger by the addition of a few drops
of vitriolic acid to the solution ; and the tar may be
poured into the opening whilst warm. Place dry tow,
and keep it in position by means of splints. Repeat
this tar dressing every other day, until the injured partii

76

slough off. Purging physic will be necessarj to corei"
pletc the cure.

SAND CRACK.

Sijmptoms.--A split or crack in the hoof, on the in-
side quarter of the fore foot, for the most part, but of-
ten on the front of it, down towards the toe, and occa-
sionally on the outside, and also near the heel. Some-
times it appears on the hind foot, on the front of it, and
prevails with us generally in hot weather. Sand-crack
is either superficial and easily remedied, or deep and
extensive, requiring much attention, and an operation
or two in its different stages.

Cure. —It will he seen that a slight crack may, by
working the animal, become one of the worst species.
Pare away the rotten parts, if such be found, and make
a transverse incision across the upper part of the crack ;
wash cut the sand or dirt, apply daily, tincture of tar,
with a pledget of tow, and give the horse rest. Bind
round the hoof tight with lasting, and stop up the sole
with cow-dung, and this treatment will answer in ordin-
ary cases. But when the crack extends so high, that
there is no room left for making this incision across, to
stop the progress of the crack, the diiiorder has assumed
its worst aspect ; the edges of the crai k internally now
press upon the sensible part, or laminated substance
that holds the coffin-bone and hoof together, and in-
flammation succeeds, if blood does not issue forth. If
the crack affects the coronet, you may draw one side of
it down to the quick about an inch with good effect, but
no farther, as that would occasion the hoof to divide
more readily. Rest, however will restore adhesion to
the upper part of the crack, and when this has taken
place extensively, the operation of cutting across, or of
firing it across with one line only, may be performed,
with every prospect of success ; for as the hoof grows
down, which it does from the coronet, this transverse ar-
tificial crack you have made, intercepts the material
for forming horn, on its inside, and thus contributes
greatly to fill up the chasm below. To increase this
supply of the horny material, let the coronet be anoint-
ed with a solution of tar and tallow and hog's lard, dai-
ly, which should be extended to the horny part of the
hoof.

THE CORN.

Causes. — Distortion and undue pressure on the sen-
sible sole occasions that irritation which brings on in-
flammation of its edge, where the shuttle-bone, or heel
bone, presses down upon it at every step, and causes
the utmost bending that the minute elasticity of the
hoofs alows of; but contraction of the heel, which ac-
companies hot, brittle, and elastic hoof, prevents its
bending duly and truly, and latteral pressure upon the
quartets follows. The sole being thus unduly pent up,
the circulation is obstructed in its passage to and from
the cavuy of the coffin-bone, and a deposite of blood,
whiv^h btjon- becomes offensive matter, is the conse-
quence. Bad shoeing, by which the heels are pinched,
also when the ragged hoof is left, which may have con-
tained particles of sand, and cause irritation, and end
in corn or figg.

Cure.---het the heel of the shoe be cut off on the
side that !« afflicted, or if both sides have corns, a bar
shoe is recommended as giving pressure to the frog.
The heels are then to be rasped away free from any
contact with the shoe ; if they are thick and hard, this
will give them play — if thin and tender, they will thus
be freed from pressure. The thick heel is most com-
monly jiffected, and should be softened by an extensive
poultice that is to cover the whole foot, after the corn
has been pared and treated with butter of antimony.
Tar is then a very desirable application, or Friar's bal-
sam : and if inflammation is again discovered, poultice
the foot once more. Fire is applied by some, but the
hoof is permanently injured by the actual cautery, and
whatever good is achieved is thus counterbalanced by
the evil. Vitriolic acid, mixed carefully with tar, in the
proportion of one tenth of the former to nine tenths of
the latter, will promote the absorption, upon which the
cure depends.

But in some desperate bad cases, the matter has al-
ready formed within, most offensively, and discharges at
the coronet by means of that curious process of nature
which I described above, as affording the coronet the
material for forming new horn, to supply the wear and
tare of the hoof. Upon paring away the horny sole,

7:^

which now becomes necessary, the offensive matter will
be found to have spread itself underneath the sensible
sole, which will ooze forth, and give immediate relief to
the coronet. Let so much of the horny sole as lies
loose from the sensible sole, be pared away, and a dress-
ing of tar, or of Friar's balsam, be applied as before
directed ; and if inflammation is again discovered, aj*-
ply a poultice ; should the growth of horn be found too
luxurient, continue the tar.

STRAIN OF THE COFFIN-JOINT.

Symjjtoms. — Sudden lameness, that is always increas-
ing, and has scarcely an intermission, without any ap-
pearance to acoount for it on the limb; and the persons
who permit - the horse to incur this disorder by their
carelessness, seldom have the candor to acknowledge
that they know the cause to be a tread, a rolling
stone, or a stumble, and the doctor is left lo "find it
out." Almost every one imagines the I&meness to re-
side higher up, as in the shoulder or the hip joint. —
Great heat and tenderness of the part soon come on ;
the latter symptom may be ascertained by striking the
hoof in front with a key or small stone, when the ani-
mal will flinch considerably more than when the corres-
ponding foot is struck in the same manner. When the
horse would stand at ease, he usually does so with the
toe pointing forwards, so as to keep the pastern in a
straight line with the back sinew and ligaments ; the in-
flammation shortly after reaches the upper part of the
sinew, as may be ascertained by passing the hand down
over it, when the patient flinches.

Cure. — Bhstering at the coronet and fetlock repeat-
edly will reduce the inflammation within. A poultice
covering the whole foot, also tends to the same eflfect,
which will be further assisted by paring the sole, if it be
not already too thin; reduce the frog also, and do the
same to the corresponding foot. Formerly they pared
the toe tolerably close, and bled it there, by making a
longitudinal incision ; the usual application of tar, &c.,
then complete the cure. But this is an operation that
is seldom performed with suflicient exactness, the in-
cision being too often made unwisely deep, so that oth-
er diseases were thus generated at some future day. —

79

Others, again, passed a seaton through the heel, to tha^
hollow of the frog, taking care not to touch the sensible
sole.

STRAIN OF THE SHOULDER.

Symptoms. — Decided by swelling upon the chest, or
at the top of the shoulder; but we think it desirable ta
ascertain whether any and what accident has taken place
betbre this symptom becomes apparent. Lameness
immediately succeeding any rude accident, such as a
kick, or being thrown down, or slipping on pavement^
ice, &c., or treading on a loose stone, may cause a
strain of ih i muscles of the shoulder. This may be
distinguished from a strain lower down, by the animal's
drawing his toe along the ground ; but when he throws
out the foot in a semicircle, it shows that the hurt is
chiefly confined to the lower part of the i^houlder near
the elbow. Taking up the foot and bending the limb
will further prove the existence of strain in the shoulder,
if the animal evince pain ; whereas, if it lie in the
foot, and not in the shoulder, the lame leg can be
moved as supple as the sound one. Other methods
are also resorted to by some ; hold up his head high,
and after comparing and finding no diflerence in the
shape of his two shoulders, let go the head, when he
will be observed to flinch upon bringing it towards the
affected side. Let a person rattle some corn in a sieve
at a distance behind, now on this side, now on that,
and he will be observed to evince pain at turning the
neck so as to strain the aflected side ; not so if the
pain be in the foot, of course. As the horse will step
short, and also throw out his leg somewhat in a semi-
circle, when he has received a prick in shoeing, this
latter sign is not to be taken as finally indicative of
'* strain in the shoulder" until the foot has been exa-
mined, and the blacksmith questioned as to his skill
and carefulness.

Cure. — If the injury be considerable, as when he
has been thrown down, he should be bled at once, in
the plate vein when it is local, but in the neck when
the injury has been more general. A laxative ball,
or a purgative, must follow as a matter of course,
proportioned to the actual state of his body at the timo.
G

80

A fomentation of cammomile flowers, or scalded
bran, should be applied largely and assiduously at the
chest and inside the elbow, and these remedies, with
rest from all labor and exercise, generally perfect
the cure.

When the swelling is great, but not extensive, as
in the case of a kick, spirits of wine, in which the
fourth of its weight of camphor has been dissolved,
should bo rubbed in. This will supercede the neces-
sity of walking the horse too early, witii the hope of
recovering the '*usc of his limb," by promoting the
lymphatic absorption, A rowel is sometimes employed,
when the heat and swelling are very high, wiih good
effect. On the symptoms abating, let the convalescent
horse have a loose stall, and m proportion as his ac-
tion may be free from lameness, so should be regulated
his return to walking, to exercise and to work. Be-
fore he can be fit for his former accupation, it gener-
ally is found best to give the horse a run at grass;
but previously be certain that he basso far recovered
as not to be in danger af a relapse.

STRAIN OF THE BACK.

Symptoms, — A kind cf seperate motion of the hind
quarter, conipared to the fore one, of which the exact
perceptible division is the seat of the injury. Some-
times it appears as far back as the loins, but when
further forward than the twelfih s[)ine, it affects the
jespiration, and with it other vital functions, and the
animal suffers in his general liealth.

Remedies applied early may assist nature, but the
lameness never can be cured completely. If the
wrench or sprain has been of a violent sort, as in
'iase of " strain in the shouMer,'' let the animal be
bled to good extent, from three to five quarts, accor-
ding to the quantity or degree of violence he has sus-
tained ; for It usually happens that it has been strain-
ed all over, in various parts. Two dray-hoi'ses,
which were employed in pulling beer butts, being
backed too close to the steps, fell in, the weight of the
hinder horse dragging in tlie fore one upon him. Much
contusion was the consequence, as well of the acci-
dent itself as in dragging them out : they were in fact

81

strained all over, so that they could scarcely stand for
a while. Bleeding copiously, however, to the amount
of six quarts^ reduced the tendency to inflammation ;
and altho'Jgh they might be pro'nounced hurt all over
and the hind horse in particular, both did well after
physicing, and a few days of light work.

1 liave found a fomentation of hot vinegar of very
great service, in a well marked case of recent strain ;
the pian recommended by White, of administering it
by means of a woollen cloth or lug. steeped and loose-
ly wrung out being f Howed. A fresh sheep-skin,
just flayed, was applied immediately, and the lame-
ness sensibly lessened, after two days, applying tlie
fomentation four or live times.

FOUNDER.

Cause. — ITird work, bid shoeing, a^e and ill-usage,
cither of which produce so many other dsorders per-
(aininj; to (he horse, in his domesticated state, precede
founder ; for, we never meet with it unless the animal
has been so treated or kept, and I look upon it rather as
a complication or effect of several diseases of the foot.
Some of these we have seen, are liable to be mistaken
for others ; therefore do they get maltreated, imper-
fectly cured, or retain the seeds of future disease ; and
founder is given to that which is otherwise inscrutable^
has no other origin, and is badly defined by all writers
and talkers upon the subject. Out of this dilemma I
do t»ot attempt to rescue it — I care not for terms, un-
less insomuch as they can assist us to unravel the
character of the disorder. Contracted heel is the slow
cause of most cases of formder, vvhereby the quarters
press on the coffin and shuttle bone, and thus prevent
the action of the latter, wnich is very great at every
step, and is mainly conducive to the proper secretion
of the horny material before spoken of pretty !iiuch at
large. To a '* chill " is generally attributed the im-*
mediate cause of founder ; and indeed the poor ani-
mal which has suffered severely at the hands (or spurs)
of his master, is most open to acquire any ill which
chill or cold may inflict. When this chill takes place,
the attack is sudden and usually violent. Inflamma-
tion always attends the first sytiiptora of founder, if it

83

he not an ijnmediate cause thereof. To this conctu-
eion I am come the mor« positively, by reason of iho
absence of those secretory vessels in the feet of old,
foundered, or otherwise diseased horses ; which secre-
tions were designed to furnish the material for form-
ing new horn and giving elasticity to the tread. What
must follow, but brittle hoof, battered feet, or surbaling,
want of elasticity in the sensible frog and tendon, ac-
companied by inflammation, which is a cause, if not
caused by founder.

But young horses sometimes, while breaking in, by
the violence that is deemed necessary, are foundered
by the rough rider, through the rupture or forcing as-
sunder the connection between the hoof and coffln.
bone, just spoken of. In such cases, the animal being
vigorous and the f >ot replete with juices, the coronet
is greatly affected by oozing out there, in its blood and
lymph state. If youth and general good health should
bring the animal through bis sufferings, its {eet will
ever after bear external marks of the internal injury.

Symptoms. — Curved, wrinkled, or straited lioofs,
ever attend those animals which have been so over-
strained in youih, appearing as if the horn had been
carved or indented; which arises from the coronet
furnishing the horny material too luxuriantly, before it
has received sufficient concoction within the coffin-
bone, as before described.

Lameness in one or both fore-feet, with evident
pain, and great heat in the whole fore foot, attend
founder in every case. At the tirst attack of acute
or violent founder, the horse is observed very restless
in his fore feet, which he endeavors to ease, by altern-
ately changing his position, and lying dow.T when he
should be t'eeding. He brings iiis hind legs far under
his belly for the same purpose, and if he is r«ujsed by
hunger or mandate, he lies down again. Considerable
altcraton takes place in the pulse, which indicates fe-
ver, and the patient breathes short with pain. The
progress of those sytnptofns is very rapid, seldom oc-
cupying more than a day or two.

The slower or chronic founder begins with appar-
ently rheutnatic pains and awkwardness in going, for

83

ivliich he usually receives the whip. After a while,
flattening sometimes appears on the front of the hoof,
and the heels contract ; the older animals have now
short, brittle, shining hoofs, wiih the small pastern
bone deeper sunk than heretofore ; the hollow of the
sole is converted into the convex, or pumice foot, so
that the animal can scarce find fo,ot-hold on ihe ground,
but will slip and slide about. He is then considered
groggy, that is to say, " like a drunkard," and may
last many years ; this is chest founder, and indeed the
whc^le limb is usually affected up to tfie very chest.

Jiemedy. — As soon as discovered, lake off the shoe,
note well the condition of the £ole, the heat, and other
eyiF.ptoms, for according as these vary, so must the
remedies be chauijed. Draw the soles a litile \\ilh the
buttress if found too thick, not otherwise ; rasp the
heels and quarters, which will ease the pain occ.asion-
ed by the binding of the hoof, and give room for the
action of the foot; a fact that may be ascertained by
bending in at the pastern, forwards and backwards,
before the operatior., and trying the same experiment
afterwards. Ayply a bran p tuJtice warm to the wholo
foot daily, but do not add to it any greasy or oily sub-
stances as is too often practiced. The sponge boot
may be employed with advantage, made large. After
three or four days, if the horn has recovered its former
consistency, put on the shoe gently, and walk the pa-
tient to try how much he is now lame ; and if the at-
tack has been a slight one, he may recover with very
little more treatment than a turn in a meadow will af-
ford. Otherwise the feet must be stopped, and kept
moist and cool.

The proper secretion of the juicy elastic substance,
for the formation of new hoof, being essential to the
restoration of the horse, and as the lameness will not
wholly subside unless this process goes on healthi-
Jy, resort must be had to blisterinjO-, provided he still
continues lame any. This should ex'end from the
coronet and quarters to the knee, and be repeated, tak-
ing care to keep the heels open and tho sole stopped.
The good effects to the sole that will be found to re-
sult from blistering, shows the connection or compaij?
ionship that exists between the legs and feet.

84

But, as to drawing the sole, as before recommended
generally, there is one exception; if Jhe lameness and
other symptoms come on after an inflammatory fever
of the whole system, then we ought to look upon it as
an effect of the fever seeking to throw off its dregs
thus critically ; and a swelling and discharge at the
coronet may be expected lo take place that should be
encouraged, and treated as simple abscess, not fistulous.
^Vhen this is the case, the bar-shoe is better adapted
to keep the parts in position, that the discharge may
proceed temperately.

In default of sending the sick horse to the meadow,
he may be allowed to stand on a clay-made floor in an
outhouse by day, or any slip of soft ground ; but by no
means adopt the plan of putting the patient upon litter
that is damp, and is therefore half rotten and heating.
A number of contrivances for affording coolness and
natural pressure to the sole or frog, besides the forego-
ing, have been resorted to, and among these the ad-
mixture of vinegar, a'egar, verjuice, or solution of -
nitre with clay, with the stopping, &c., are well calcu-
lated to answer the purposes intended. Rubbing the
knees with turpentine is also serviceable.

Physic should not of course be neglected at the
early stages of lameness, adapted to the previous state
of the patient's bodily health, and calculated to lower
the access of inflammation, which so much pain must
naturally produce. Either of the three evacuations
being suppressed, or imperfectly performed, must be
restored, and a purgative, a urine ball, or a diaphoretic
powder be administered as occasion requires, and op-
portunity presents itself; of course, neither of those
will be given while the animal is out of doors. Recipes
will be found in preceding pages.

RECIPES

USED WITH SUCCESS IN VARIOUS PARTS
OF THE COUNTRY.

In the preceding pages, we have been particular in
giving the most correct information that is known at
the present day in Europe or America, in relation to

85

the horse, the disease^s of that noble animal, the causes
of and the symptoms that denote the same, with iho
proper cures and remedies, as practiced by Le Fosse,
While, Hinds, and others, who stand deservedly the
highest in the world as Veterinary Surgeons, and
whose indefatigable exertions to acquire knowledge
and skill from scientific researches and practical ex-
perience have gained them many honorary distinctions
in the Veterinary Medical Societies at home and a-
broad. So that t!ie most implicit confidence may be
given to the information contained in the foregoing
pages ; and pains has been taken to give all that is
necessviry to enable the owners of horses to become
good judges and to prescribe with correctness for the
health and preservation of his own animals. We shall
now give a variety of Recipes that have proved effi-
cient in various parts of tlie country, and are relied
upon as infallible cures by those who have tried them ;
but we would recommend the inexperienced, in the
first place to become familiar with the preceding pages,
fio that he may be enabled to form a correct idea of
the nature and extent of the disease, its cause and
symptoms; for the remedies must necessarily vary
according to these particulars. Having thus qualified
himself to decide what disease it is that afflicts his
horse, he may make use of the following Recipes at
discretion, according to the constitution and condition
of the animal. It is proper to remark that none are
given but such as have been tried and are highly re-
commended by experienced men of undoubted veraci-
ty. Many of them are quite simple, and may be tried
without much trouble.

FOUNDER,
Captain Bartlett, whose known eriperience has in-
duced travellers frequently to call upon him for advice,
when in the morning they found their horses unable
to pursue their journey, on account of having been
foundered the preceding day, made use of the follow-
ing remedy, which enabled them to go right on with-
out any further difficulty, and their horses soon be-
came as lively and active as ever, and for which hp
has received their hearty thanks on their return. Ho,

86

intko flrst place, if the shoes did not require re-setting,
bled the horses iti quantity according to their size and
the state of the pulse, from one to two quarts, and then
gave each horse out of a quart bottle a quarter of a
pound of Scotch Snuff in a pint of whiskey, which ope-
rates as a physic, and at the same time going on his
journey, throws him into a freo perspiration, and the
horse with prudent usage soon becomes as well as over.
If the person is not dii-posed to travel immediate!}'', he
should have him exercised, until perspiration takos
place, and after he has been well sweated, he should
be rubbed dry and protected from taking cold.

Another cure for Founder. — Take, on first appear-
ance of founder, two quarts of blood from the neck ;
also bleed in two places, in each foot — in the coronet
or upper edge of the hoof, about one inch each way
from the centre, Tlien give a purge of easier oil, 1
pint, and of calomel, one drachm ; after this, iT possi-
ble, force him to exercise as much as he can bear. —
This is another efficacious remedy by another expO'
rienced person. But in extreme cases, when the horse
cannot be got out of the stable, apply bran poultices
to the feet and legs, after bleeding as before directed,
and keep them wet with cold water. Clysters of warm
water, flax-seed tea, or water-gruel, ought also to bo
given, and repealed, if necessary, with a handful of
fine salt in each. While the stiffness continues^ feed
upon bran mashes, with a small quantity of oats ad-
ded, and allow a little water, and that entirely cold.
Exercise is on nq_ account to be avoided.

Another receipe for Founder. — Take one gill of
turpentine, one pint of hog's lard, two ounces of hon-
ey, one ounce of bees- wax. Sinuner these over a
slow fire till it becomes mixed by stirring. Anoint
the hoof once a week. This is intended to remove the
effects in the i^eet of illy cured founder ; but cannot be
expected to answer without the above remedies of blee-
ding and physicing have first thrown the disease out
of the system and limbs as far as possible. Itmay
then serve to remove any local effects in the feet.
BOTTS AND BELLY-ACHE.

All the symptoms of cholic and grubs or botis in bor*

87

ses, are so nearly alike, that few can tell the differ-
ence. Uneasiness, groaning, looking back towards
his sides, laying down, &c., are sym|)ioms of eilher.—
But there is one symptom said to denote bolls that
does not accompany cholic or belly-nclir,'ind that is,
the horse will be seen to roll up his upper lip, inside
out, in evident distress. As soon as these symptoms
appear, whether botts or not, the following remedy is
recommended as infallible, by many, and we will add
a variety equally esteemed by others :

Remedy, No. 1, for BoitsI — Bleed in the neck, and
let the blood be caught in bottles, which should be im-
mediately poured down the horse. The bottles, while
held to receive the blood, may be immersed in hot
water, to prevent coagulation, and to keep it in a warm
and liquid state ; the horse should be made to swallow
two or three quarts. It is asserted on an experience
of thirty years, that this has never failed to give relief.
Its operation is thus accounted for: the bolts leave
their holds and feed upon the blood, which having
been given in sufficieist quantity to physic the horse^
carries them off; and the bleeding allays a!iy fever
caused by the attack.

The first Judge of this county, has succeeded in
two or three cases in curing his own horses by simply
bleeding them between the second and third wrinkle
of the mouth, and letting them swallow the blood as
physic for the horse and a bait for the botts.

Reme'ly No. 2, f )r Botts. — In the morning, upon
an empty stomach, let two pounds ot molasses be dis-
solved in three pints of new milk, and given ; prevent
the horse from taking any food for nearly two hours,
then add an ounce and a half of laudanum to about
tluee half pints of warm water — after it is given let
him be walked about for nearly an hour and a half,
then let a dose of strong physic be given, and worked
off in the usual way.

No, 3. — Haifa gallon sweetened milk, and in an
hour after, an ounce of calomel. This has been suc-
cessful. Dr. Green, of Mass., says the irritation of
the botts produces inflammation, and renders a largo
bleeding from the neck proper.

BS

No. 4. — Dr. Morgan, N. J. recommends a table,
epoonful of unslacked lime to be given with the feed
of the horses, at night and morning, regularly, for
three, four, or fivo days, and it will completely expel
the botts.

No. 6. — Dr. Loom is, N. C. says — Make a drench
composed of half a pint new milk, a giil of molasses,
an ounce of copperas, two spoonsful of common salt,
and half a pint of warm water. Give this to the horse
once or twice a day for a few days, and it will com-
pletely expel the bolts.

No. 6, for Botts or Cholic. — Take six red p^pperSv.
and boil them m a pint of water; strain them, and put
in half glass gunpowder, half a pint j^in, and mix them
in a pint of molasses, for a dose. Never fails.

No. 7. — Take 1 ounce of assafcetida and one ounce
of gunpowder, with an equal proponion of salt. Mix,
and rub it thickly on a cobb. with which rub the horse's
upper lip until it nearly bleeds. Unaccountable and
absurd as this appears, it is said to have given a spee-
dy relief to the animal, when tried.

No. 8, for Botts or Cholic. — Pour down from three
to four gills of linseed oil, which will physic the horse
and expel the bolts or cure the cholic.

To preserve a horse agaimst Botts. — Take of bees-
wax, mutton tallow, and supar, each eight ounces, put
these into a quart of warm milk, and heat it until it all
melts and mixes, then put the whole into a bottle, and
just before it begins to thicken pour down. Two or
three hours afterwards give him physic.

Another. — Give the horse accasionnlly half a pint
of hard wood ashes, mixed in his grain or drink. Eveo
giving him salt freely, will nine tunes out of ten pre-
serve him from the bolts ; if he is atUcked, give \nti\
a quart of warm fish brine, and it will relieve him.

Physic Jor a Horse. — A strong decoction of moth-
erwort, mixed with Indian meal, or poured down out
of a bottle, is a good physic and an excellent remedy
for worms*

89

REMEDY FOR HEAVES.

Take one pound and a half good ginger. Give two
table spoonsful a day — one in the morning and tha
•other ill the evening, mixed with wheat bran. Thi«
recipe has been sold repeatedly for $o Qt the eastward,
where its efficacy has been proved by the cure of sev-
eral cases of obstinate heaves.

Another for Heaves. — Take four gills of calf's blood
and as much flour of nitre as will lay on a six-penny
piece. Let the blood be fresh. Put it into a boLtle,
and set it into a ketile of warm water, and bring the
blood to a stale not quite as warm as a natural heat. —
Give the horse as much as you can get down, and if at
first you do not give the whole, put the bottle into the
warm water aaain, shake it, and then pour down the
remainder. Give the same every other day until three
doses have been given. This is a sure remedy, and
the person from whom the recipe was procured, ha*
recommendations of several gentlernen of distinction,
whose horses were cured by him, in the manner above
directed.

CURE FOR BROKEN WIND.

Take a shovelful of unslacked lime and put it in a
tub oi vvater. Give your horse a bucket full every day,
and it will effect a cure.

SPRAINS.

The following recipe for sprains in any part of the
tiorse, was communicated by a Circus Groom, who
never knew it to fail; Take one ounce of saltpetre in
half a pint of high wines, and rub the part affected,'
and bathe it in with a hot shovel.

SHOULDER SPRAIN.

This is also communicated by f}ie same ; Cut a
small hole through the skin on the shoulder blade, and
with a quill blow m until it swells ; then rub Jt down
with the hand. Continue thu^ blowing and rubbing
for some time, and it wii! be found an efTectnal reme-
dy. Of course, put a sij-npJe sticking pln^ter, such as
Peleg White's, over th*? wound, if there is danger of
taking cold.

90

BLACK TONGUE.

Symptoms. — Commences wiih frothing at the mouth
or slobbering; pimples next appear upon the longue,
wliich soon become small ulcers, and in a short time
the moulh and tongue become very sore and the tongue
black ; the animal cannot eat on account of the sore-
ness, and must starve to death unless relief is given.

The followinji recipe has proved effectual in every
instance where it was tried, during the prevalence of
that disorder in Western JNew York, in 1833-4 ;

Take half a pint of gin, one ounce of borax, one
ounce of alum, and one ounce of copperas. Mix, and
with a sponge fastened to a stick, wash the mouth and
tongue with the mixture, from time to time until the
disease abates. Physic the horse, and feed him on
bi'an mashes and boiled oats.

The following is highly recommended, and is very
simple. It proved effectual in several cases at Owe-
go, as the pubhsher is well assured by those who used
it.

Take some coarse salt, and add to it enough water
to wet it through ; scour the tongue and mouth well
witi) it, before it is entirely dissolved. Then j)ulver-
ize some salt petre, and blow it into tl.e mouth and
over the tongue. Repent tlie above three limes a day
until the disease is checked ; then oil the mouth and
tongue with Imseed oil. Physic him moderately with
salts every day, and give bran mashes and boiled oats.

The following for Sore Tongue, which is probably
the same disease, is from a Boston publication :

*' By making use of a little tar, once a day, rubbed
on the tongue of the sound horses with a swab, is an
effectual preventive ; fur the diseased horse, lake a
common table spoonful of spirits of turpentine and
pour it on the tongue, as far down as practicable, then
with a swab well saturated with the spirits of turpen-
tine, mop every part of the tongue ; after this make
use ot the tar as in the way above mentioned, as a
preventive. This done once or twice a day, for two
or three days, has never failed to make a cure.''

01

HOOF DISTEMPER.

We are indebted to a gentleman of experience few
the following, which hs has found effectual in every
instance :

Symptoms. — Lameness, and breaking out like the
scratches, and the fro^ npon exaniinaiicn, wil! ho found
affected, which sends forth an unpleas nt ^(nell.

Cure. — Let the shoes ha taken off, and the iioof
shaved dov.'n. th-^'. fvoq; oppned, ^^^i. some spirits of
turpentine appheo, and bathod in with a hot sniivei,
or other iron : then bind oti a poultice made of a plug
of tobacco soaked soft ; wet the same from time to
time with tobacco juice, to keep it moist. Physic the
animal moderately, and a cure will be effected.

Another, practiced also with success : — Take of
verdigris, spirits of turpentine, bees-wax, one ounce of
each, mixed with hog's lard, applied as the above.

BoTTs AGA.IN. — Although we have given several
recipes for this compl&int in precec^ing page?, we are
induced to insert the folio wins, communicated by an
experienced horse dealer in Oneida county :

*^ The best remedy, (says the ge'iuleman alluded to
above,) I ever tried, when the botts are fastened to the
maw or stomach, is to take one quart of milk, 1 quart
of molasses, and mix them together; then give it to
the horse. Let him stand ten minutes, then ride gen-
tly one mile. In thuty or f jrty minutes, give 1 quart
of linseed oil; then keep the horse moving two hours,
and if he is not easier by thiu time, you may repeat the
dose. The botts are fond of this sweet dish, and they
fill themselves so full as to become stupid. Then giv-
ing the oil as a drench, they are carried off with but
little detriment to the horse. I have seen as much as
a pint come from Iiim in 24 hours, by the above means.
They were still alive.

REMEDY FOR GLANDERS.

The same gentleman that communicated the above
has also made use of the following :

*' There is no cure ; hut relief and assistance may
be given: Take one gallon of blood, and give the
horse a drench, made of one pound salts and a quarter
H

92

•fa pound of saU petre; then put a rowel in tlie hor-
§e*s breast. Be careful that the horse does not take
cold. Bleed hini every other day, and be careful to
keep his bowels open. Molasses and sulphur are good
to give the horse an appehte, and serve to combat his
complaint. In oneweek^s time you will see the horse
in better spirits. Assafcelida is a good remedy to keep
this complaint down, so as to be unnoticed by the
jockey."

YELLOW- WATER, OR YELLOWS.

The following is communicated by a respectable
gentleman from Connecticut, who witnessed its efficacy
in several instances :

Pulverized rosin, 2 ounces ; mix that quantity in his
grain once every two days, or oftener in a bad case.
It is beneficial to any horse once a week vvhile he is
continued in the stable. It carries off bad humors and
strengthens the appetite ; gives life and spirit to the
horse.

REMEDIES FOR SPRAINS.

Mason's Farrier prescribes the following reme-
dies :

1. Take of sharp vinegar, one pint; spirits of any
kind, half a pint ; camphor, one ounce ; mix them well
together, and bathe the part injured twice a day ; a
piece of flannel wet with the mixture, and wrapped
round the part, will be very beneficial; take from the
neck vein half a gallon of blood.

2. Take of opodeldoc a small quantity, and rub it
on the part with the naked hand, until the hand be-
comes dry, twice a day. Should the injured part re-
sist both of these remedies, you may conclude the in-
jury a very serious one, which will require time and
atlenlicn to cure.

Another. — Take of camphor 2 drachm?, dissolved
in half an ounce of strong rectified spirits of wine ; ni-
tre, one ounce, dissolved in half a pint of wine vinegar;
ipirits of turpentine, four ounces ; white lead or bole
armenic, in powder, half an ounce ; aqua fortis, one
ounce. Mix, and shake them all together in a bottle
for use. This is an excellent astringent embrocation
for stiains in different parts,

93

CANKER IN THE MOUTH,

Take of wine vinegar, half a pint; burnt alum and
sail, one ounce each ; bole armenic, half an ounce.—
Mix, and shake them together in a bottle for use.

Tie a linen rag on a stick half a yard long, and with
it saturated with the mixture, dress the horse's mouth
every morning and evening, gently touching every af-
fected part ; then leave him to fast for an hour, and
give his food as usual.

The horse's mouth should be examined frequently,
as he is very liable to be injured by the pressure of a
sharp bit, in the hands of a cruel or unskilful rider or
driver.

OINTMENT FOR SCRATCHES.

Take of hog's lard, 1 pound ; white lead, 4 ouncea {
alum pulverized, 2 ounces^ white vitriol, 1 ounce;
sugar of lead half an ounce; olive oil, 3 ounces; grind
all the powders in a marble mortar with the oil, or on
a marble or other smooth stone : then add the lard, and
work vhe whole together till united.

This is a neat composition, and very proper to keep
in a stable during the winter, for greasy and scratched
heels, and for wounds caused by stubs or treads, &c.
Rub ic on parts affected every night and morning, in
slight cases ; but in treads or wounds upon the heels,
it is best to spread the ointment on pledgets of tow,
and secure them with bandages,

WHITE'S BALL FOR GRIPES.

Castile soap, 3 drachms; camphor, 2 drachms; gin-
ger, 1 drachni and a half; Venice turpentine. 6 dra'ms ;
to be made into a ball for one dose. This may be
kept for use in a bladder, by travellers, wlio cannot ev-
ery where prepare liquid draughts, as prescribed under
the head of Cholie and Gripes, in a preceding page.

LOTION FOR BLOWS, BRUISES, or SPRAINS.

Spirits of wine, 8 ounces; dissolve in this, an ounce
of camphor, then add one ounce oil of turpentine, an
ounce of spirits of sal ammoniac, half an ounce oil of
origanum, and one large table ipoonful of liquid lauda-
num. It must be well rubbed in with the hand, for
half an hour, four or five times a day. You will ba
astonished at its efficacy.

04

HORSE OINTMENT.

Melt in a clean vessel, yellow rosin the bize of aa
egg ; add bees-wax, same quantity ; half a pound of
hog's lard ; two ounces of honey, half a pound com-
mon turpeniine, each having been melted before the
others are added ; let the whole boil gently, and keep
stirring till the turpentine is dissolved ; then take off
the kettle and put in two ounces verdigris, finely
powdered ; set it on again and give it two or three
stirrings; then strain it through a coarse sieve into a
clean vessel for use. Throw the dregs away. This
is an extraordinary ointment for wounds or bruises in
flesh or hoof, broken knees, galled backs, bites, crack-
ed heels, mallenders, or when you cut a horse, to heal
and keep the flies away. Nothing takes fire out of a
burn or scald so soon even in human flesii. It should
be kept on hand at all times.

HORSE MEDICINE.

Crocus metulorum, phenegreck seed, salt petre, and
sulphur, of each a quarter of an ounce ; to be found
at the Botanical and other drug shops. This is for
one dose, and is excellent for horses in any situation,
to revive their strength and spirits, and prevent dis-
ease.

BLIND STAGGERS.

Simply physicing and keeping the bowels open is
best in every case ; but when the pulse is high, or fits
occur, bleed in the neck three times a week. Take
an ounce of assafcetida, one toaspoonful of salt petre,
mix them and give them as a drink three times a week
in the morning. Give an injection of meal, water,
molasses, and lard, and if needed, assist to remove the
hard dung with the hand, or some other soft and
harmless instrument. A mash may be given him of
bran, sulpliur, saltpetre, sassafras tea, and assafoeti-
da ; but give no drink for six hours. If all this an.-
swers no purpose after a few days, then take twenty-
five grains of calomel, two drachms of opium, one
drachm of powdered fennel seed, mixed with some
syrup into a ball, and give one in the morning for 3
or 4 days.

It is said that the following treatment, after repeat-
ed trials, has proved effectual :

»5

Take juico of garlic six spoonsful, and pour it down
the horse's throat by means of a horn or bottle, or giv9
it as a drench. If after two or three hours there is
no relief, then repeat it. The juice of the leek or on-
ion, given in a greater quantity, will produce nearly
the same effect,

COUGH IN HORSKS.

Haifa pound of nitre, quarter pound of crocus me-
tallorum, (black regulus of antimony,) two ounces of
antimony : mix well in a mortar, and make it up into
doses of one ounce each. Let the horse have one dos©
in a-cold ma:sh mixed, every night in mild weather,
for three nights ; then omit it for a week. If he does
not get better, repeat it. Gare is necessary that the
horse should not be exposed while warm, to stand in
a cold wind ; otherwise exercise him gently, and heat
him as usual.

TO STOP BLEEDING.

When an artery of a horse has been cut, and it is
found difficult or impossible to stop it, the following,
communicated by the First Judge of the county, is a
never failing remedy :

Take a small quantity of yellow dock, bruise it and
dry it over a gentle fire, without burning it ; then re-
duce it to powder, apply it to the wound, aud bind on
some lint securely, and this will prove effectual.

Paste to stop Bleeding.— Tu.\ie of fresh nettles, one
handful, bruise them in a mortar; add blue vitriol, in
powder, 4 ounces : wheat flour, 2 ounces ; wine vin-
egar, half an ounce ; oil of vitriol, half an ounce, —
Beat them all together into a paste. Let the wound
be filled up with this paste, and a proper pledget of
tow ].•' id over the mouth. It should remain on ten or
twelve hours or more.

PREVENT HORSES BEING TROUBLED
WITH FLIES.

Pour two or three pints of water on a few handsful
of walnut leaves, let it infuse one night, and with the
liquid anoint all the irritable parts of the horse, and
no flies will trouble him where that is applied. ^

b2

96

TO SAVE HORSES AT FIRES.

Blindfold them so that they cannot see the fire, and
you may lead them out without any difficulty. Other-
wise it cannot be done, as has been often proved.

TO PREVENT HORSES FEET FROM BALL-
ING WITH SNOW.

Cleani^the feet and rub the inside well with soft soap.
This is simple and effectual.

DISEASES

PECULIAR TO

NEAT CATTLE.

Before we enter into a minute detail of the cause.«,
symptoms, and cure of diseases generally, it will be
very useful to say a word or two on their prevention^
and at the same time throw in a few ideas on a subject
that ought to be well understood, namely, the causing
or engendering in neat cattle a pre- disposition to dis-
ease.

The prevention of disease in cattle is an easier task
than many people imagine. It consists in nothing more
than taking care, while they are young, that they
have good food, in moderate, but sufficient quantities;
a due allowance of pure and wholesome water ; to be
kept clean and free from impurities both of the stable
and field ; to be protected from damp and unwhole-
some influences ; and to be allowed moderate and free
exercite. All this is very simple — it is merely taking
nature for a guide, and following implicitly her dic-
tates. A sound constitution will thus be formed, and
geneaal good health preserved.

A contrary practice, of slighting them when young,
or of feeding them ind:scrimina*ely ; of suffering them
to drink excessively, cr of drinking standing and im-
pure water ; of allowing them to remain dirty in their
coats and stables ; of subjecting them to all weathers
and influences ; and of restraining them in their ex-
ercise ; all> or any of these practices weakea their

97

constitutions, and lays the foundation of a train of
disorders ; the nervous system becomes depressed, the
digestive organs impaired, and the strength of the
whole body weakened. In this state of comparative
enteeblement, they are susceptible of nervous diseas-
es ; or, in other words, more liable to their attack. —
This is what in medical language is called *' pre-dis-
position to disease," and may be considered the re-
mote caute of almost every complaint to which they
are in after life subject. Cleanliness above all things
should be attended to, and the cattle rubbed down and
cleaned froin all filth as the horses usually are. De-
pend upon it, they will reward you full as much for
your labor. We have seen the most astonishing im-
provements made in cattle thus treated and otherwise
regularly attended to, as above suggested.

' YELLOWS, OR JAUNDICE.

This disorder often occurs to neat cattle, and espe-
cially to milch cows ; it attacks them mostly in the
spring, or autumn ; and consists of a disordered state
of the third and fourth stomachs, and sometimes of the
first.

Symptomso — In the first stage of this disease, the
whites of the eyes appear of a yellow tint, and as it
increases, the whole skin becomes impregnated with
the same yellow hue ; the ears, tail, eyes, and mouth,
are v/here it is most conspicuous to the sight ; after a
while, the bowels become costive, and the teeth loose.
Great debility of the nervous system takes place, they
have an aversion to move, and lose their appetites,
and wander about by themselves. If not attended to,
the udder may burst and other serious injury ensue.

Cure. — In the first attack of the yellows, let the
following drench be given ; and if the weather be
open, turn the animal into a field where there is but
bare pasture :

RECIPE No. 1. — Common salt, 4 ounces; Barbadoes aloes,
half an ounce ; ginger, 1 drachm ; water, 1 quart ; anodyne carmi-
native tincture, 2 ounces.

How to make the Anodyne Carrainative Tincture, mentioned in
the Recipe. — Take of the best opium, bruised cloves, and ginger, 1
ounce each, and a quart of the best brandy. Mix them together in
a well corked bottle, shako it frequently for about three weeks ;
■when settled, strain it through blotting paper, and it will be ready
for Qs« a« wanted. Keep it corked .

98

In very violent attacks of this disorder, the drench
should be assisted by giving the animal whey every
three or lour hours, and throwing up a clyster. The
swollen udder may have some olive oil gently rubbed
thereon. And if the animal be in good condition, two
or three quarts of blood may be taken with advantage;
but it must not be turned oui to pasture the same day.
After this disorder has yielded to medicine, the fol-
lowing is an excellent stomachic to invigorate the sys-
tem :

RECIPE No. 2. — ^Powdered cummin and anisseeds, each two
ounces ; gentian root, 2 ounces ; grains of Paradise, in powdei's,
and salt-petre, 1 onnce each, and a gill of molasses. Mix, either
in a quart of warm water or thin gi"uel, for 1 drink, and give it new
milk warm. Repeat this night and morning for a few days, and
the animal will be restored to health and vigor.

CHRONIC INDIGESTION.

The pre-disposing cause is feeding bad food during
the winter, and exposure to wet and cold weather,
which derange the third stomacii, and weaken the di-
gestive system.

tiymptoms. — The first symptoms, are listlessness
of manner, followed by a gradual disrelish of food ;
the animal appears dull and heavy, and sometimes fe-
verish symptom^ are induced. If the costivenes which
usually accompany these symptoms, be not removed,
an inflammation of the bowels may be expected, and
must be treated accordingly.

Cure. — As soon as you perceive that any of your
neat cattle are affected by cold, or that they are cos-
tive, give the following purgative draught :

RECIPE No. 3. — Glauber's salts, 1 pound ; ginger, powdered,
two ounces ; and molasses, half a pint. Anisseed, powdered, one
ounce, may be added, if you have it. Pour on three pints of boiling
water, dissolve, and give it inilk warm.

In a diy orUvo, repeat the drench, and if it do not
remove the costivencss, administer the following clys-
ter :

RECIPE No. 4. — Warm thin gruel, 3 quarts; common salt, 8
ounces; and sweet oil, half a pint.

Bleeding may also be applied to, if feverish or in-
flammatory symptoms appear. If the animal be af«
fected with a cough, quick pulse, a discharge from tho

90

nostrilg, and soreness of the throat, it has settled into
a catarrh, and must be treated accordingly. See Ca-
tarrh.

DIARRHOEA, OR LOOSENESS.
Cattle are most subject to this complaint in the months
of April or May, especially if the season be wet and
cold; cows after calving, are very liable lo its attacks.
The predisposing cause is also bad food and exposure
in winter. But the immediate or exciting causes, ex-
ist generally in the changreable state of the weather,
and the want of sufficient vigor in the animal to re-
sist liiose changes.

Symptoms. — Frequent and copious evacuations of
their dung, sometimes of a slimy or mucus, and at oth-
ers of a blood}'' appear^mce. As the disease advan-
ces, the beast is reduced in flesh, and loses its appe-
tite, the dung has a glary appearance, and settles into
a dissentary. It may be distinguished from dyssen-
tary by the absence of gripings, which accompany
the latter complaint. ■

Cure. — In the first place if the weather be unfavor-
able, put the animal into the cow-house, or under
shelter, and give the following drench :

RECIPE, No. 5. — Barbadoes aloes, 5 drachms; common salts,
6 ounces; powdered ginger, 2 drachms ; anodyne carminative tinc-
ture [a recipe to make which ^\^n be found on page 97,] 2 ounces (
^nd water, 1 quar: . Mix and give early iR the morning.

If the weather be favorable, turn the animal into
pasture, which has but a bare, short bite. In the eve-
ing, With the following cordial, astringent drench;

RECIPE, No. 6. — Powdered catechu, and powdered allspice, 2
ounce each, carraway, powdered, half an ounce; and good beei*, or
table ale, 1 pint; Simmer the first three ingredients a few minutes
in half the beer, then add the remainder, and give it nearly cold.

These drenches should be continued three or four
days after the scouring has ceased, until the dung re-
sembles that of healthy cows; the feeding, mean-
while should be such as is easy of digestion; if your
hay be very good, give it, a little at a time, and often
with a little fine bran, or pollard; and l°t the water bo
slightly warmed. Hay tea, made by boiling an arm-
ful of good hay, and pouring off the liquid, which is
very nourishing and will pay well for the trouble.

100

DYSSENTERY, SLIMY FLUX, OR SCOUR-
ING ROT.

Cattle kept in low, damp, and swampy situations,
are at all limes subject to the attacks of this danger-
ous disease; but it is most prevalent in autumn. Di-
arrhoea, as stated before, is apt to run into dyssente-
ry<, if not properly treated.

Symptoms^ — Dung thin, slimy, and altered in color;
flatulency, and severe gtipings follow; the cow lies
dovn and gets up often, in evident distress ; and as
the disease increases, the beast becomes reduced to a
weak and debilitated state; its appetite is lost, the dew-
lap hangs down and has a flabby appearance; the dung
runs oti'with a putrid and offensive smell, and as it
falls rises up in bubbles.

Cure. — Timely bleeding, purging drenches, and
clysters. The animal must be put under shelter,and
fed on good hay, ground oats, or crushed beans, giv-
en little at a time and often. If little appetite exist,
^ive stiff gruel in a horn once or twice a day.

As .soon as the disease is observed, give the follow-
ing opening drench:

RECIPE No. 7. — Epsom salts, 1 pound; ginger in powders,
half an ounce ; anisseed, in powders, half an ounce ; solid opium,
cut small, 1 di-achm. I'our three pints boiling water on these in-
gredients, and give it whun milk warm.

■If this does not speedily allay the symptoms, give
the drench No. 4, on page 99 ; and if the eyes be in-
flammed, the tvvitchings of the belly painful, and the
expulsion of the excrements accompanied with se-
vere gri pings, take two or three quarts of blood, and
give a pint of salad oil.

In the worst stage of the disease, the surface of the
body sliould be kept warm with a woollen cloth.

When the physic has operated, the following as-
tringent may be given every other day, fcr 4 days:

llEClPE No. 8. — Prepared chalk, 4 ounces; bole armeuic, in
powder, 2 ounces; anisseed, ajid ginger, powdered, 1 ounce each;
opium, cut small, 1 drachm. Mix in warm gruel or ale for 1 dose.

STAGGERS, VERTIGO, LETHARGY, SWIM-
MING OF THE HEAD, OR PARALYSES
OF THE STOMACH.

This disorder has many names, but the symptoms
are unequivocal, and too evident to be mistaken. It

101

is the highest degree of disease in the digestive sys-
tem, in which the muscular powers of the stomachs
have been so exhausted, that they are incapable of
contracting upon the food taken in by the animal; for
although trom habit the beast may continue to feed,
the appetite is so depraved, that it no longer chooses
its food, but eats, with apparent equal relish, or rath-
er indifference, the coarsest and most indigestive food.
It mostly attacks animals that have been poorly fed in
the winter, and are in the spring turned into a fertile
pasture.

Symptoms. — Heaviness of the head, and constant
disposition to sleepiness, the animal sometimes resting
its head upon or against a gate or hedge, and appear-
ing almost insensible; and if it attempts to walk, it
reels or staggers.
*Cure. — The first thing necessary is to give the fol-
lowing drench, No. 9, and a clyster of salt and wa-
ter, No. 10, must then be thrown up, and three or
four quarts of blood taken away:

RECIPE No. 9. — Aloes, 6 drachms; common salt, 8 otmces;
powdered mustai-d, one ounce ; brandy or other spu'its, half a gill ;
Mix in warm water, and add the spirits, and give immediately.

The following clyster will also be necessary for ex-
pelling any hardened excrement which may be lodged
in the bowels:

No. 10. — Common salt, 8 ounces, and warm water, 4 quarts.

If the purgative drench does not act in the course
of twenty-four hours, give about half the same quan-
tity every eight hours, until the effect be produced ;
and if the complaint does not subside under the united
treatment of purgatives, clyster and bleeding, each
repeated at intervals, let the following be given to
act upon the kidneys, and thereby divert the blood
from the head :

RECIPE No. 11. — Powdered Rosin, 2 ounces ; powdered nitre,
ginger, anisseed, and cream of tartar, 1 ounce each; and molasses,
1 pint. Mix, and give it in a quart of ale or gruel. Repeat tho
same, if necessary, after an interval of two days.

LOSS OF THE CUD.
Rumination, or the chewing of the cud, is, as we
feave before stated, that motion of the rumen, or first

102

stomach, by which the food is forced back into the
mouth to be perfectly masticated. This motion is not
sudden or violent, like that of vomitting; but gradual
and gentle, when the animal is healthy. When, there-
fore, an animal ceases to perform this esi?ential act of
digestion, it is an evident proof that the stomach is
out of order; it may depend on the state oi the first
stomach, or it may proceed from the third. Neither
of these stomachs can remain disordered, and the oth-
ers be free from disease.

Cure. — The drench prescribed for diarrhoea. Re-
cipe No. 5, should be administered. If there be quick-
ness of breath, hot horns, and other symptoms of fe-
ver, or inflammation, the animal should be bled freely
and the following drench administered:

RECIPE No. 12. — Epsom salts, 10 ounces, and whey, 1 quart.

-Afterwards, if the weather be favorable, turn the
animal into a field with a short bite of grass; but if it
be wet keep it under shelter.

MOOR ILL, AND WOOD ILL, OR EVIL.

These, or rather this disorder, for it is merely two
names for the same disease, viz: weakness of the di-
gestive system, is mostly prevalent amung those cat-
tle that are left to pick up a scanty subsistence on
moors or commons; with now and then a small allow-
ance of indifferent hay; and is the inevitable conse-
quence of poor and insufficent keeping.

Symptoms. — Debility and costiveness, succeeded by
pain and stiffness of the joints.

Cure. — Remove the cattle to a better situation,
where the grass is good and sweet, and where good
and wholesome water can be obtained; give the fol-
lowing drink, and it is most likely nothing more will
be necessary;

i RECIPE No. 13. — Powdered grains of Paradise, do. anisseed,
do. carraway seeds, and do. Fenugreek, 2 ounces each. Mix in 2
pints of warm water, and add two spoonsful of treacle, or coarse su-
gar. Or.

No. 14. — Infusion of wormwood, [made by pouring on it one
quart of boiling hot ale, and cover it close,] one quart ; long pop-
per, powdered, 6 drachms; grains of paradise, 6 drachms.

Or, if very costive, you may give the drink prescri'

103

bed for Red-water, Recipe No. 5, or 22. And a few
drenches with ginger given afterwards will serve to
complete the cure, and re-establish a perfect digestion.

CLUE-BOUND OR FARDEL-BOUND, AND
PANTA^.

These are all different names for one and the same
coniplaini; and its origin may generally be traced to a
Bimilar source as the preceding.

Symptoms. — in addition to other symptoms of wood
evil, it is disposed to cosliveness; and when, as is of-
ten the case in the first stage of fevers, the thin ex-
crements force their way through the middle, or on
one side of the more hardended part. When this is
observed, speedy relief must be afforded to the animal
or its life will be in danger.

Cure. — The animal must be removed into a better
situation, the same as recommended in the cure of
wood-evd: and the draught No. 3, page 97, should be
given, and repeated, if necessary.

The following restorative drink will be found very
serviceable in this, as well as in many other disorders,
after the purgative drinks have sufficiently operated,
and the animal becomes reduced by diseases and med-
icine.

RECIPE No. 15. — Gentian, 1 ounce; nitre, half an ounce; salt
X)f steel, half an ounce ; anisseed, carraway, ginger, 1 ounce each ;
molasses, half a pint. Powder each ingredient, and give them in a
quart of warm gruel.

FLATULENT CHOLIC, OR GRIPES.

This, though not a common complaint, is one that
gives the animal much pain, but is easily relieved by
prompt assistance.

Symptoms. — The animal seems in great pain, often
lying down, and getting up again: she turns round her
liead to her hind parts, and endeavors to strike her
belly with her horns, or hind leg ; her appetite fails,
and is indeed lost, being in too much pain to be able to
eat any thing.

Cure. — Give the opening drench, recipe No. 5; a
moderate quantity of whey may be given; and, if ne-
cessary, a clyster of half a pound of salt diluted in 4
quarts of water.
I

^ 104

STOPPAGE OF WATER. RETENTION OF
UllIJNE, OR STRANGUARY.

The stomach and bowels being loaded, and thereby
swollen with air, the animal suffVrs intense pain.

Symptoms. — Bt'injr a part ot' ti;e conipiaiut termed
Hoveu or Uiown, see lliose diseases. \Ve m ly add,
that the animal laboring under this addiiional disorder,
often sirides as if endvavoiing to void its urine — i)nt
witiioul more effect than a ftw drops, and those with
considerable pain.

Cure.—Thti following opening drench may be ad-
ministered:

RECIPE No. 16. — Bai'badoes aloes, 4 drachms ; powdered
ginger, 1 drachm ; table or common salt, 4 ounces ; water, 1 quart.
Two ounces of anodyne carminative tincture, or half an ounce tinc-
ture of opium maybe added to the first dose. A recipe for the car-
minative is given in a preceding page. Or. when the above cannot
be had, take common salt, 6 ounces; a large spoonful of powdei'ed
mustai'd ; a quart of water ; a little ginger, and a gill of gin.

A clyster, similar to that prescribed lor fl:i{ulent chol-
ic, is mdijjpensil)Ie. There is no d.ffjculty with a cow,
in passing t!ie fore finger into the bladder, and leltmg
the urine flow off.

ATROPHY, OR CONSUMPTION.

This is an incurable disease unles:5 taken early, and
the animal kept in a good sheltered pasture, ksorne
stock are tender, and of weakly conslituiions from
their birth; and therefore if placed in more exposed
and much colder situations tlian they were bred in,
will be more liable to consumption, having leas vital
energy.

Symptoms. — Tis disease is first discovered by the
aniujal having a hoose, or cough, and poking out of
the neck ; if it be now exammtd between the jaws,
the glands there are swollen, which, pressing upon the
head of the wind-pipe, cause the beast to poke out its
neck for breath. If the disease be not checked, or if
it does not yield to medicine, the lungs become afiect-
ed, producmg a wheezing and ddficnily of breathing
on the least exertion. When the lungs are once at-
tacked, no remedy can be applied.

Cwre, — As soon as the symptoms of this disease ap-
pear, the animal must be taken from the field, partic-

105

ularly at night, anct kept in a sheltered place; it should
then be bh^d gently, and have adaiinisteied the purg-
incr drink, recipe No. 3. If not successful in this
treatment, set a seaton in the dewlap, and keep its bow-
els gently open, and give it but httie solid food, and
that of the best and easiest digested. The following
drink may assist in the cuie :

RECIPE No. 17. — Nitre, 2 ounces; salt of steel; 1 oz; glau-
ber salts, 4 ounces ; ^injer and anissceds, powdered, each one oz.;
molasses, 1 pint. Mix in a quart of boiling' water. Give it blood-
warm, and repeat the same every third day.

DISEASES CAUSED BY OVER-FEEDING.

In the diseases we are about to describe, the pre-
disposiii<i cause is not always af)parent ; on the con-
trary, they generally have their origin, developement
and lerminiiiioD in sudden causes, as tuo freely indulg.
ing in rich nutricious food, or over-eating after a pre-
vious comparative abstmence. Neat cattle are most
subject to these disorders in spring or autumn j the
fresh spriiigintij grasses, and especially clover, tempt
them to feed more greedily than usual ; and, their di-
gestive ficuhies enfeebled by their winter feed, or oth-
er cause, uje incapalle of the extra exertion required
of them. In such cases the system becomes oppress-
ed, and its action paralized ; the effects are not al-
ways the same, but vary accordnig to the nature of the
disorder. Of these, the most common is, Hoven,
Blown, or Bla.-^ted. There is in that part of the ru-
men which joins the second stomach, a kind of valve,
which during the masiicalion of the food, prevents the
escape of air. Iti this coaiplaint, the animal's stom-
ach being filled by an unusual quantity of food, be-
cotnes distended beyond its capacity ; the tood then
ferments, air is evolved, llie who e body becomes
swollen, rumination is completely put a stop to, and a
considerable pain is produced.

^ymptojjis. — The beast swells, and a difficulty of
breathmg is produced, with much apparent uneasi-
ness : if relief be not quickly afforded, the symptoms
increase, the animal becomes unable to stand, and
generally dies from suffocation.

Remedy. — The best cure is the probang, a flexible
instrument for this purpose, and often sold by saddler*

106

a»d farriers. This being passed into the stomach, the
^ confined air rushes out, and the animal is for the time
relieved. When shis useful instrument is not at hand
a very good substiiute may be made with three small
canes, each about six feet long. Bind them together
with small twine, firmly securing at one end, a ball of
wood, about a pigeon's egg in size. To introduce
this into the stomach, the animal's nose should be held
out in as straight a line as possible with the throat ,
let an assistant hold it very firmly in this posture, and
at the same time let him grasp the partition of the
nostrils with the fingeis and thumb of his right hand;
the operator can then easily force the ball into the
stomach, and let out the confined air.

Some farriers afford relief by plunging a sharp knife
into the distenied rumeu, on the left side, between the
last rib and the hip bone. As soon as the knife is
withdrawn, the air rushes out, and relief is afforded ;
the wound is then closed by a plaster of Burgundy
pitch or Peleg White's sticking salve. This is a bad
practice : a second attack becomes more difilcuU to
cure, as the wound adhetes to the side; and every
repetition increases the danger.

The draught according to reciepe No. 3, may be
given with good effect; or the cordial driuk No. 13 or
14, may be administered ; the beasl should then be
turned into a bare pasture, where it must work well
for a belly full, and a cure will soon be complete. —
The following is an excellenfcordial drink to renovate
the digestive system :

RECIPE No. 18. — Mix ale, one pint; ginger, powdered, a
Bpoon-ful.

CHOKING.

Neat cattle are very subject to being blasted or
hoven, from eating too greedily of artificial grasses, or
succulent roots — in the latter case, also, they are very
liable to have a piece of turnip or potatoe slick in the
throat. When this happens, which may easily be
known by the animars efforts to swallow the obstruct-
ing piece, it should be forced into the stomach — this
may be done by a moderate sized rope, about seven
feet long; by which means also any air coofiDed in
the lumeo will escape.

107

The principal cause of this, which is rather bq acci-
dent, than a disease, is a disposition in the animal to
eat greedily and voraciously, where tempting food
offers. The cure may be completed by giving the
recipe No. IS, and a bare pfisiure for a while, to re-
novate both the appetite and digestive faculties.
FOG SICKNESS.

At the latter end of summer, and in autumn, when
the rainy season sets in, the grass generally becomes
abundant; and shortly after, the mornings are fiosty.
At this season, the digestive faculties, as well as the
whole system, are weakened from the effects of the
summer heat, the appetite becomes morbid and irreg-
ular, and some cattle will then eat voraciously. They
then lie down to ruminate, probably when the grass is
covered with hoar frost; and this together with the
cold and damp of the atmosphere, so depress the
strength of the stomachs, as to put a stop to the
digestive process. The body then swells, the animal
is evidently in great pain, appears stupid, and breathes
with difficulty. Such are the cause and symptoms,
which so far differ from Hoven.

Cure, — The thing to be done, is to bleed freely, the
habit being at this season generally redundent. The
Probang, as used for Hoven and Blown Cattle, should
be then employed, and the drench No. 3, may be giv-
en ; when this has operated, the cordial drink No. 13
or 14, should be administered, and the cure may be
considered as effected. Or the following drench may
be substituted in this case, if more handy than the
other:

RECIPE No. 19. — Common salt, 10 ounces; mustard, powder-
ed, two table spoonsful, or a teaspoonful of ginger ; water, 1 quar^
gin, half pint. Mix, for one dose.

MEADOW SICKNESS.
When cattle are turned into rich meadow pasture
some of them are sometimes found suddenly very ill,
and appear as if they wanted to vomit. Mr. Bromege,
on finding six of his cows ill as above, soon after they
had been turned into a rich meadow, he immediately
drove them into a bare pasture, in which were a num-
ber of mole casts. The sick cows, led by instinct, went
in

108

immediately to the laole heaps, and eat of the earth
very greedily. He did not interrupt them, but await-
ed the effect ; and in a short time, lie had the pleasure
to see them ail recover. He observed also, that the
other cows did not attempt to touch the mole heaps.

Tlii:* circumstance being communicated to Mr.
White, that gentleman was led to an inquiry, the re-
sult of which proved that when animals gorge them-
selves, an acid forms, which passing into the fourth
stomach, causes considerable irritation and pain. This
acidity is corrected by chalk, or carbonate o{ lime.
Under these convictions, Mr. White was induced in
cases of this kind, as well as when cattle were Hoven,
to prescribe either of the following:

RECIPE No. 20. — Common salt, 4 ounces; carbonate of soda,
1 ounce ; powdered aloes, half an ounce ; powdered ginger, 2
drachms ; water, 1 quart ; anod3'ne carminative tincture, 2 or 3
ounces, (recipe for the tincture is given in a preceding page.)

Mix, for 1 draught. Or

No. 21. — Common salt, 6 ounces; carbonate of soda, 1 ounce
and a half; powdei'cd mustard, 1 ounce and a half; ale, 1 pint ;
water, 1 pint. Mix, for 1 draught.

PRECAUTIONS AGAINST OVER-FEEDING.

When cattle ar,e first turned into rich pasture, let
them remain not more than an hour at a time, partic-
ularly if clover, and then drive them into a bare pas-
ture ; by which means they will be gradually inured to
the change, and all diseases arising therefrom prevent-
ed.

Generally speaking, a bare pasture is the only rem-
edy required to renovate the digestive system, when
impaired by previous excess. And to keep it good,
let them fVed well, and but liitle at a time. And
whenever the brain is oppressed by repletion of blood,
which is indicated by heaviness or evincing a disposi-
tion to sleep, bleed freely, or more sparingly, accord-
ing to the emergency.

DISEASES FROM A REPLETION OF BLOOD.
This class of Diseases comprehends the inflamma-
tory, and other similar attacks, which are consequent
upon the whole habit being oppressed by a superabun-
dance of blood. Bleeding, and that promptly and free-
ly, even to faintness, is the general and only cure. —

100

Olhef remedies may be useful, and even essential to
renovate the system ; but it is upon copious bleeding
that tile life of the animal generally depends,

RED AND BLACK WATER.

These two complaints are but different stages of the
same disease; the one proceedinj^ from indigestion,
and the other resulting from a neglect to remove the
early symptoms, and terminating in inflammation of the
kidneys.

The pre-disposing cause may be laid to the account
of bad hay or other indifferent food, upon which the
animal has been kept, perhr^ps, during winter, and
which contained more fibre than nourishment.

These fibrous particles accumulate in the third sto-
mach, and thereby depress and weaken the digestive
system : sometimes they form into cakes of matted
fibre, and altogether prevent the action of the third
stomach. While in this state, the animal feeds greedi-
ly, particularly on grass lands, and drinks freelyj hence
it is that blood is quickly formed ; and the action of
the stomach being impeded, the kidneys are oppress-
ed by an unusual suffusion of blood; the consequence
is, that blood passes off with the urine, sometimes so
copiously, that the animal bleeds to death. In a cow
the milk is soon reduced in quantity, and as the dis-
order advances, becomes discolored ; the beast is fre-
quently so weak, as to be unable to rise when down.

Symptoms. — They have been very generally de-
scribed in the above statemerrt ; in addition, we may
observe, that the excrement is sometimes discharged
with considerable force, but a small stream, watery,
and mixed with hard nobs, forced from the matter ac-
cumulated in the fourth stomach ; sometimes they
stop up the passage of the fundament ; and then the
finger must be introduced to remove the clots, or a
clyster thrown up.

Cure. — A saline laxative medicine is most proper in
this disease, to open the bowels ; recipe No. 5, or ei-
ther of the following, will answer the same purpose:

RECIPE No. 22. — Aloes, 6 drachms ; glauber's salts, 6 ounces;
calomel, 1 ounce and a half; carraways, powdered, 1 ounce; water
1 pint. Mix, and give it milk warm. Or,

Ko. 33. — Epeom salts, C or 8 ounces; water, on» pint; Mittor

110

•r otire oil, 6 or 8 ounces. Ten ounces common salt may b* «ib«
Btituted for the salts, when more handy.

Where the medicine given does not operate freely^
assist it by drenching the animal with whey. Take
two quarts of blood, or more, according to the state
of the animal's habit.

When you succeed in removing the hardened ex»
crement Irom the third stomach, and in putting a stop
to the discharge of blood with the urine, aitention
should be paid to the animal's diet, as the digestive
system is in a very weakened state. Nothing is bet-
ter adapted for this purpose than a field where the
grass is short and sweet, and where it must exercise
itself to obtain a proper quantity of food.

The disease being of an inflammatory nature, bleed-
ing is indispensable; take about two quaits of blood,
and if necessrry repeat it the next day.

Mr. White pursued this practice successfully, and
never lost one through rod water afterwards. If it
be accompanied with looseness, or symptoms of pain,
as a straining or holding out of the tail, give in pre-
feience the recipe No. 5, and afterwards administer
the cordial drink, recipe No. 13.

The following ball being of a more astringent na-
ture, may be administered vvith good effects, after the
costiveness has been subdued.

RECIPE No. 24. — Venice turpentine, 4 ounces; nitre in pow-
der, bay-berries powdered, Armenian bole powdered, two ouncei
each ; alum, powdered, 4 ounces.

Make it into one ball. Slice it into a quart of hot gruel, give it
milk warm. Let it be repeated every other night.

DOWNFALL, UDDER ILL, SORE UDDERS,
INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER.

From the intimate connection between the fourth
stomach and the udder, the reader will be at no loss
to understand that when that is out of order, the ud-
der, and consequently the quality and quantity of the
milk, must be materially affected. These or rather
this complaint, for they are all one, or different stages
of the same disease, of which the pre-disposing cause
is bad feeling, and the exciting or immediate cause, a
cold, or inflammation of the udder, is essential to be
taken in time, and of the utmost consequence to ow«-

ill

er^ of young cattle, who are very liable to its attack ^
especially at the time of calving.

Symptoms. — One or more quarters of the udder be-
comes swollen, hardened, hotter than common, and
painful when pressed ; the milk is reduced in quantity,
and changed to a ragged, bloody, or corrupt appear-
ance. At other times, the secretion of milk is stopped,
and the tumefied quarter proceeds to a state of suppu-
ration- It not unfrequently happens that the hinder
extremeties, at the same time become swollen and in-
flamed, especially about the hip joint, hock, and fet-
lock ; which often disables the animal from rising
when down. Sometimes the symptoms of this disease
assume a different appearance, and the udder is
scarcely or not at all affected ; but the disease appears
confined to the joints ; vvhich is known by their being
swollen and inflamed, and attacking such cows as are
liable to the downfall in the udder.

Cure. — As soon as the disease is discovered, re-
move the animal from the pasture, and take from her
three or four quarts of blood ; especially if the cow
be in good condition, and breathes quickly, and ap-
pears stupid ; do this at night, and the next morning
give her the drink as per recipe No. 5, or No. 3. If
it be damp and cold, keep her under shelter, and feed
her moderately with nourishing food ; but if the
weather be fine, turn her into a bare pasture, where
she will be obliged to exeit herself for her food. The
swollen udder, or rather that part of it which is affec-
ted, [for only one quarter is usually aflected at the
same time,] should have the bad milk drawn from it
three or four times a day ; for if suffered to remain
in it, it will irrhate and increase the inflammation. —
Bathe it also after milking with olive oil, or elder
ointment ; and if the swelling continue, and be not
very tender, the following embrocation will be of
great service :

RECIPE No. 25. — Olive oil, 3 ounces ; oil of turpentiue, 1 oz. ;
, and camphor, 2 drachms. Mix.

Or, No. 26. — Soft soap, 4 ounces ; spring water, 1 pint ; rectified
spirits of wine, and do. turpentine, 2 ounces each. Dissolve the
Boap in spring- water boiling hot ; and when cold, add the spirit of
wine and turpentine.

Let this mixture be well rubbed on the part affected

i]2

night and morning, after the milk has been drawn off;
and if the udder be very bad, repeat the milking in
the middle of the day, and bathe the parts affected
with cold water.

When the purging draughts have operated, give
the following occasionally, which will not only help
to eradicate the disease, but is excellent as a preven-
tive of its recurrence :

No. 27. — Nitre, 2 ounces ; powdered aloes, half an ounce; salt
of tartar, 1 ounce ; yellow resin, powdered, 4 ounces ; juniper ber-
ries, powdered, and ginger do. 2 ounces ; molasses, a gill. Mix,
and give it wann.

BLAIN, OR FEVER, WITH SWELLING.

Called also by the name of hawkes, or gargyse, is
a disease which, ahhough not unfrequent, in general
is not discovered until it has made some progress ; it
then appears with a ssvelling of some part, and in
some lew instances, extends over the whole surface
of the body, accompanied with feverish symj)toms.

Symptoms. — The animal appears dull and languid ;
the eyes red and inflamed, with tears trickling from
them ; swelling in some part of the body, as about
the nose, lip, and under the chops, extending to the
brisket, or even under the belly till the udder is affect-
ed. Sometimes the swelling begins about the eyes,
and appears on other parts of the body; there are of-
ten blisters under the tongue, and back part of the
mouth ; the pulse is quicker than natural ; there is
more or less beating of the flanks, and the bowels are
somotim'.js bound. As the complaint ad^/ances, a co-
pious flow of saliva proceeds from the mouth ; the
beast gets weak, and reduced ; a C(:nsiderable quan-
tity of watery matter congregates in the tumefied part;
which must be discharged by puncturing wiih a
knife.

Care. — Ulecding is chiefly to be depended on in
the cure of this disease ; on its first appearance, three
or four quarts of blood, according \o the size and
strength of the beast, s-hould be takt-n away, and re-
pealed if necessary. After bleeding, administer the
following cooling purging drink :

RECirE No. 28.— Salts, 12 ounces; nitre, 1 ounce ; ginger an^
jinnisseed, powdered, half an ounce each. Pour oa tijree piat* o*
Vwiiljpj water, oai give it warm^

lis

PUERPERAL, OR MILK FEVER, AiND IN-
FLAMMATION OF THE WOMB.

This disease is most peculiar to cows in liigh con-
dition at the tim^' of calving, or is hrought on hy force
improperly used in delivery. It is mo<tnpt to ha;ipen
in the hot months of summer ; and the cows most pre-
dispo«:ed to it, hrwe generally inrge udders very full
of milk several days hefore calving, which are ofien
much inflamed and swelled. It is a dangerous divS-
ease, when severe, and often proves fatal.

Symptoms. — The first appearances of milk fever
are generally perceived about the second or third day
after calving ; the animal refrains from her food,
looks dull and heavy, and walks as if she hid caught
cold ; a cold, shivering fit comes on, accompanied
with debility, so weakening, that the beast commonly
drops, and is often unable to rise, until lelief is affor-
ded. She Lecomes very restless, and appears to feel
in great pain in th^ body, as she often looks towards
her flanks, and kicks with her feet. As the disease
proceeds, t!ie head becomes affected, she loses her
senses, and will knock and bruise her head, and the
pulse is now quick, and the tongue pnrching dry. —
Unless the disease is subdued, fatal consequences will
soon follow.

Remedy. — Tf the feverish symptoms run high, and
are attended with much pain, bleed copiously, and re-
peat it if necessary ; but if the fever be but slight,
the animal should be bled but once, and that only in
propoition to her strength. Let the following? drink
be given as soon as possible, and repeated every 20
hours :

RECIPE No. 29. — Powdered alum, 4 ounces; nitre, 1 ounce;
grains of Paradise and anisseeds, fresh powdci'ed, 1 ounce each ;
solid opium, cut small, half a drachm ; molasses, half a pint. Pour
on a quart of boiling water, cover it tight, and give it when nearly
cool.

If the bowels be not readily moved by the purgative
drink, inject the following clyster :

RECIPE No. 30. — Gruel, thin, 3 quarts ; com.mon salt, 8 ounces;
spirits of turpentine, half a pint ; molasses, 4 ounces ; mix, and in-
flect it warm.

When the bowels are opened, and the animal in

114

low and unable to rise, give the following cordial
drink, and repeat it if necessary :

RECIPE No. 31. — Powdered grains of Paradise, half an ounce ;
ginger, powdered, half an ounce ; anisseed, powdered, carraway
do. and mustard do. 2 ounces of each ; salt of tartar, and oil of tur-
pentine, half an ounce of each ; molasses, half a pint ; and a glass
of brandy. Mix, and give it in a quart of warm gruel.

The patient requires care and good nursing; the
stall to be well littered, and it is fiequeutly necessary
to cover them with a blanket, or some warm covering
when they are cold and sl-iivering. The udder should
be rubbed two or three times a day, for about half an
hour each time, with soft soap, or pipe-clay, and cold
spring water, which will assist in subduing the in-
flammation. The paps should also be drawn occa-
sionally, to encourage the flow of her milk ; and if
the mifk appear, it is a good sign. As they are fre-
quently unable to take nourishment sufficient to sup-
port themselves, it will be essential to assist them. —
For this purpose give the followhig

GRUEL. — 'Make a stiff gruel, of an equal quantity of linseed
powdered, and oatmeal, boiled in water ; sweeten it with molasses
or sugar, a little salt, and give from 2 to 4 quarts tluxe or four-
times a day, warm.

Prevention. — The best way to prevent this disease
is to take four or five quarts of blood from the be-^st,
about eight or ten days before her time of calving ;
let this be done at night, and keep her in a fold yard
till morning. The purging drink No. 29, should be
given before the animal is put to grass ; and this
treatment, together with proper food, and none hut
pure ivater will cool the body, and obviate the tenden-
cy to inflammation in the udder.

MURRAIN, OR COMMON FEVER,
Murrain is a near approach to common fever, at-
tended with local inflammation.

Symptoms, — A shivering, and trembling of the
limbs ; want of appetite ; cough or hoosing, some-
times accompanied with tears ; the mouth affected
with blisters, or white spots ; in a milch cow, the se-
cretion of milk is diminished. In a few days, the in-
flammation extends to the lungs ; the pulse quick ;
about sixty to a minute ; the muzzle dry ; the head,
horns, and breath hot ; the body and limbs cold. As

xxa

the disease proceeds, these symptoms aggravate, and
without prompt and proper care, terminate fatally.

Cure. — House the animal by itself, and bleed it co-
piously ; in general, three bleedings are requisite, one
each day. Set a seton in the dewlap, and keep it
running some time. Give thra purging drink No. 29,
and repeat it occasionally. Keep the beast clean, by
rubbing, and by being well littered, and give it scald-
ed bran, or bruised malt, with a little ground corn. —
On the turn of the disorder, if the animal be low and
debilitated, the restorative drink No. 15, will be very
useful.

Ajter trealmenty or eradication of the disease. — On
the recovery of the animal, the cow house, or place
in which it was sheltered, should be made comfortable
and very clean, but properly ventilated; all the litter
must be burned ; and if the disease was malignant, it
will be necessary to fumigate the house and every
thing in it, with the following mixture :

Fumigating Mixture. — Common salt, 2 pounds ; oil of vitriol, 1
pound. Place the salt into an earthen vessel, in the middle of the
cow-house, and pour the acid gradually on it, stir it well about with
a long stick, and immediately leave the place, and close the door.

This should be done at least twice.

CATARRH, FELLON, COLD, EPIDEMIC. FE-
VER, INFLUENZA, OR DISTEMPER.

All these are the name of one distemper, and that a
cold, which prevails most in spring, when wet and cold
weather prevails. It is also caused by sudden changes
from heat to cold ; drinking freely of cold water, when
over heated. Sometimes it comes on without any per-
ceptible cause, and prevails in so great and so malig-
nant a degree, as to appear contagious.

Symptoms. — The beast appears dull and heavy, with
weeping ayes ; the nose is dry; the coat looks staring,
the hair seeming to stand the wrong way on the animal's
back ; loss of appetite ; and if a milch cow, her milk
is much lessened in quality, or she is said to trick of her
milk. If the hand be pressed upon the chine, or any
part of the back, the animal mostly gives way; it is
then called the chine fellon — at other times, the joints
are raor© particularly affected, it \» then termed the joint

118

fellon. When the cold is more violent, feverish symp-
toms appear ; the breathing becomes more rapid and
difficult ; the flanks work much, the animal hooses, the
pulse is quick, the nose and mouth dry, the breath hot ;
the beast becomes restless ; mooves i'rom one place to
another in evident distress ; and the bowels become
costive. Inflammation of the lungs or bowels may
now be said to be produced.

Cure, — Where the feverish or inflammatory symp-
toms have not yet appeared, a worm cordial drink, as
the following, will, by acting as a stimulant to the stom-
ach, assist the defective digestive energy, and (in the
cow,) increase the secretion of milk; it also restores
the obstructed perspiration, and enables nature to re-
sume her former course :

RECIPE No. 34.— CORDIAL DRINK.— Fresh powdered
sweet fennel seeds, and cummin seeds, two ounces each; powdered
long pepper, turmeric, ginger, and elecampane one ounce each ;
molasses or sugar, two ounces. Pour on a quart of boiling hot ale
or gruel, and cover down tight. Give it when nearly cool. Or,

RECIPE No. 13 — Powdered grains of Paradise, do., aniseed,
do. carraway seeds, and do. Fenugreek, 2 ounces each. Mix in
two pints of warm water, and add two spunful of treacle, or coarse
sugar.

Those drinks will effect a cure, occasionally repeat-
ed, if no feverish symptoms ensue ; but if they do, a
free bleeding must be applied to, and repeated, if ne-
cessary; and the treatment should be the same as for
inflammation generally.

INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH.

It is a serious disorder, and takes place in various
degrees, each varying in its symptoms, but all bearing
sufficient resemblance to each other to determine the
complaint.

Symptoms. — Heaviness, dullness, and loss of appe-
tite , the lungs are affected ; the breathing disturbed ;
and sometimes accompanied by a hoose, or cough; the
milk of the cow is affected, both in quality and quan-
tity ; and the animal is in great and evident pain.

Cure. — Bleeding is the first remedy in this as in all
other inflammations, which must be done copiously, es-
pecially when it has been accustomed to good pasture ;
and then i saline opening drench may be given :

117

RECIPE No. 35. — Epsom «alt§, ten ounces ; carbonate of soda,
12 drachms; water, one quart; castor oil, six ounces. Mix,

When it has arisen from feeding on bad hay, the fol-
lowing is decidedly the best drink:

RECIPE No. 36. — Barbadoes aloes, 6 drachms; powdered
ginger, one and a half drachms; water, one quart; Epsom salts,
two ounces ; carbonate of soda, six drachms ; tincture of opium,
eix do.

Whey, or thin bran meshes, are perhaps the best food,
while the beast is under cure ; drinking freely of water,
slightly warmed, will assist in blearing the stomach, and
a clyster thrown up will be an advantage ; light, good
food, perfectly easy of digestion, must be at first care-
fully observed, and when the stomach is cleared, the
animal may be kept better ; but this must be done cau-
tiously, as it will take some little time to restore the di-
gestive system to its wonted energy.

INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS.

The immediate or exciting cause ofaccute inflamma-
lion m the kidneys, are blows on the loins, strains, or
violent exertions, as by one animal riding another
while in heat, as well as by a superabundant determina-
tion of blood to the region of the kidneys ; and nearly
resembles, in this respect, red water.

Symptoms. — A frequent desire to void urine, and
which is done with difficulty, in small quantities.—
And instead of being transparent, and nearly limped, it
is bloody, or dark colored.

Cure. — Bleeding freely, is the first remedy, and then
the saline opening drench, as per recipe ISo. 16, may
be administered. If the urine continues bloody, or of
a red color, after the pain and difficulty have gone off,
give the astringent drink. No. 6. The slate of the
bowels, however, must be attended to, and costiveness
avoided, or removed when it takes place. Good, light,
nourishing food is also essential to perfecting a cure.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.

This disease is the second or inflammatory state of
the complaint called blasted or hoven, and requires
prompt and efficient relief, or it will prove fatal.

Symptoms. — The animal first appears uneasy, and
looses its appetite; the body swells, mostly on the left

118

side ; as the pain increases, a greater re9tlessne«a
comes on ; the beast now often lies down, but soon
rising again, strives to strike its belly with its hind feet
or horns ; if relief be not soon afforded, the bowels be-
come so greatly distended by confined air from the un-
digested Ibod, that they sometimes burst ; or the in-
flammation increasing, the breathing becomes more dis-
turbed, the pulse quicker, and the pain more violent ;
mortification ensues, and death is then inevitable.

Cure. — Bleed ; if the animal be in good condition,
and the horns hot, do it freely, even till it faints ; then
give the drench as per recipe No. 5.

The following clyster may be added ; and if the an-
imal be turned into a field bare of pasture to exsrcisa
itself, the cure may be considered as effected :

No 37. — Common salt, 8 ounces, and warm water, four quarts.
INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER.

When the liver becomes inflamed, the biliary secre*
lions are diminished, and less bile flowing into the in-
testines, noi only causes costiveness, but the bile being
taken up in the circulating mass of blood, produces a
yellowness of the eyes and other parts of the body;
differing from the yellows, in being accompanied with
costiveness and feverish symptoms.

Cause. — Fat beasts, in good condition, are most sub-
ject to this disease, particularly in the summer ; being
worried and driven about by boys or dogs in very hot
weather ; drinking cold water while heated ; exposed
to cold and heat, the one suddenly succeeding the
other.

Symptoms. — Cold shiverings, alternating with in-
creased heat of the body ; breathing short, indicated
by the working of Uie flanks ; pulse quick ; the white
of the eyes, mouth and other parts, of a yellow cast ;
the bowels costive; and the appetite lost.

Cure. — It would be of little consequence whether
this disease be mistaken for inflammation of the lung!*,
or severe catarrh, which is often the case, from its pe-
culiar characterestics, the yellow tinge of the eyes not
always appearing at the commencement of the com-
plaint, as the bleeding and purging adopted for the cure
of those disorders are equally effective in this ; indeed,
the same curative process may invariably be pursued in
this case as is there described.

119

QUARTER ILL, BLACK LEG, BLACK QUAHTER, SHOOT
OF BLOOD, &c.

The disease known under the above names, is con-
sidered contagious, and is most peculiar to young cat-
tle, from one to two years old, and is a very dangerous
and destructive disorder.

Cause. — It is almost always caused by putting or re-
moving young stock from poor low grounds into rich
pasture : tempted by the luxuriance oF the new change,
they eat to satiety, a superabundance of blood is the
consequence ; and, although the kidneys and other vital
parts resist for a while the influx, the heart and lungs
are at la-t suffocated.

Symptoms. — The approach of this disorder is ob-
served, by the animal separating itself from its com-
panions, appearing listiess, heavy, and rejecting its
ibod ; it ofien, however, comes on so suddenly, that
the owner finds the animal dead before he suspects
any thing amiss. The immediate symptoms of this
disease, are : — a lame walk, as if sprained, with a
swel'ing of the hindquarters, and sometimes of the
shoulders and fore parts. These swellings, when
pressed, make a crackling noise, occasioned by the
air therein being acted upon by a putrid state of the
blood. The moulh, and under the tongue, are some-
times affected with blisters, from the severity of the
fever, and the pulse is quicker than natural.

Cure. — The moment you see a young animal at-
tacked, house it by itself, and bleed it till it faints, —
Two hours after, give the following drink :

RECIPE No. 38. — Ep^om salts, 6 ounces, and boiling- water 1
quart. Give it warm. Common salt will answer, if the salts aro
jiot to be had.

It rarely happens, that a cure is effected in this dis-
ease where the swelling has taken place ; as however
such is sometimes the case, it is well worth the trial,
even in the most desperate case. The tumefied or
swelled parts should have an incision made the whole
length of the sivelling, and nitre put into the opening,
with pledgeis of tow soaked in hot spirits of turpen-
tine, to encourage the formation of matter, and check
the progress of the gangrene. These dressings must
be renewed every dav.

i2

120

PfiBVENTioisf. — We have said this dreadful disease
may be altogether prevented, and perhaps it is more
desirable to be informed how, than to know how to
cure it. Young cattle that thrive best, are most sub-
ject to this complaint, and should be most watched. —
As soon as any one of the herd is attacked, remove
it and put it by itself while under the curative process;
in the evening bring them all into the fold yard, take
about two quarts of blood from each, give them the
drink No. 38, and next morning, turn them out in a
bare pasture. By this means young animals may be
preserved from this ravaging complaint.

STRAINS AND BRUISES.

Where strains and bruises are considerable, bleed-
ing is essential ; afterwards apply a fomentation of
very warm water, and an emolient ointment. In sit-
uation that will admit of it, an emolient poultice is to
be preferred. When the inflammation has subsided,
the following embrocation may be applied, which is
equally good for wounds :

RECIPE No. 39. — Embrocation. — Sweet oil, 2 ounces; oil of
turpentine 1 ounce ; and liquid ammonia, 1 ounce.

No. 40. — Digestive Ointment. — Hog's lard, 4 ounces ; tur-
pentine, 4 ounces ; powdered verdigris, 1 ounce- Melt the two
first ingredients over the lire, and while stirring it add the verdi-
gris ; continue to stir it after taking from the lire till the ouitmect
is cold.

FOUL IN THE FOOT, LOE, or LOW.

It proceeds either from the fulness of habit of body,
or redundancy of blood in the system ; from being on
wet grounds, or from hard driving. Neat cattle are
very liable to this complaint ; but cows of a gross ha-
bit of body suffer most from it.

Symptoms. — It makes its appearance betwixt the
claws or hoofs in the form of a hard crack, attended
sometimes with inflammation ; in a short time, this
discharges a foetid and offensive matter, similar to that
of the grease in horses heels. At other times it makes
its appearance with swelling on the coronet, between
the hair and the hoof, and about the fetlock joint, at-
tended with violent pain and inflammation ; the swell-
i«g sometimes extending all up the le^ and the paia

I'ii

»o considerable as to reduce the beast of its flosh tffl
it becomes a mere skeleton.

Curs, — Bleed copiously, or until the animal faints ;
if sufficient blood can be taken from the toe, by open-
ing the artery going to that |)art, it will quickly and
readily afford relief. If the disease first makes itf
appearance between the claws, wash the part clean
from all dirt and fillhiness ; when dry, rub a tar rope
to and fro between the claws of the hoof, till an evi-
dent glow of warmth is produced; then dress the part
with a wooden skewer dipped in butter of antimony,
oil of viiriol, or nitrous acid. Let them stand dry one
hour after, and then turn them on a dry pasture. —
Do this for two or three days together ; but if th«
parts about the t'ellock joint swell, and appear inflam-
ed, appiy a large pouiiice of linseed meal, bean
meal, or rye- flour, and continue to do so until the in-
flammation and sv/elling bo reduced. The cure of
this disease will be considerably accelerated, if the
following saline purgative be administered ;

RECIPE No. 41. — Glauber salts, 10 ounces; ginger powdered,
two ounces ; molasses, lour ounces. Pour on three pints of boiling
sv&ter, and give it wann.

The following is an excellent ointment with which
the wound in the foot may be dressed ;

RECIPE No. 40. — Hog's lard, 2 ounces; common turpentine,
four ounces; blue vitriol, very finely jjowdered, half an ounce. Mix
the lard and turpentine together by melting, and when removed
from the fire, stir in the %'itritol, and continue stirring till cold, stud
use it.

THE MANGE.

It is seated in the skin, and proceeds, generally,
from scanty or improper food during the winter ; it
makes its appearance early ia the spring. The itch-
ing occasioned by this disease causes the animal to
rub itself against the trees, or gates, until the hair be
rubbed off, and the skin thickened, and drawn into
folds about the shoulders, neck, or cheek. The skin
or hide, appears fast on all parts of the body.

Cure. — The parts affected must be well rubbed with
the following ointment, every third day, for three
times, and forced in by holding a 'hot iron near it. In-
veterate caaes will require it to be rubbed in with a
bard brusk :

122

RECIPE No 43. — Hog's lard, H ounces; spirit of turpentine, 2
•tmcc's ; flower of sulphur, 4 ounces ; sulphur vivum, 2 ounces.

The following drink will by promoting the suspen-
ded secretions, very much accelerate the cure :

RECTPE Nc. 44. — Carraway seeds, aud aniseed, powdered, two
ounces each ; grains of paradise, and nitre, powdered, 1 oimce each
flower of sulphur, two ounces; crude antimony, powdered half an
ounce ; molasses, half a pint. Mix in a qnart of strong ale or
gruel.

If the disease be of an inveterate nature, this dose
must be repeated.

WARBLES, W0R:\IS, &c.

Are small tumors, which, in the spring of the year
and in summer, appear in various parts of the body
of neat cattle. They are occasioned by the bite of a
gadfly, which punctures a small hole in the back of
horned catile, and deposites its eggs. These, being
speedily hatched by the heat of the animal's body, a
small tumour arises, containing a grub, or maggot,
which inflames the part, and thereby causes matter to
form. In process of time, this abscess bursts, and
discharges the maggot, wiiich now soon becomes a
fly ; that, in due time, deposites its eggs on the skin
of the animal, like its parent.

Cure. — The usual way of curing the warbles, is to
pull off the scab that covers the tumor : and pour a
few drops of black od, made according to the follow-
ing directions, into the wound : or where this is not
in readiness, a little spirits of turpentine may be ap-
plied :

RECIPE No. 45. — ^Yellow Lasllicon ointment, 4 ounces ; spirU3
of turpentine, 1 ounce ; oil of vitriol, half a drachm. Mix the two
first, and stir in the vitriol, little at a time.

CANCEROUS ULCERS.

Symptoms. — These ulcers make their first appear-
ance in a hard tumor, seated in some glandulous parts
of the body. Some of these are moveable ; others,
fixed ; some are inflamed, and quickly break out, and
discharge a thin acrid mattor ; others discharge a thin
yellow matter, and the wounds are apt to fill up with
fungus, or proua flesh,

Jlemedi/. — The curative process depends much os

I'M

th6 part of the glands n'here the ulcer is seated. —
There are some parts which will admit of a total ex-
tirpation ; which may be done with a suitable knife, or
if preferred by actual cautery. When the wound i«
thoroughly cleansed from all extraneous matter, let it
be touched all over with lunar caustic, or sprinkled
with red precipitate ; and afterwards dress it with tha
following

RECIPE No. 46. — Egyptiacum, 2 ounces ; compound tincturd
of myrrh, and spirits of turpentine, 1 ounce eaclii sublimate, finely
powdered, 1 drachm ; spirit of salt, four drachms. Mix.

Dress the wound with small pledgets of lint or tovr
dipped in the above mixture, once a day ; and if any
superfluous flesh appear, keep it down with caubtic ;•
or before dressing, sprinkle the wound all over with
blue vitriol.

When the wound has been well cleansed, and th©
acrid discharge has stopped, make a fresh ointment,
composed of Tour ounces of yellow basilican ointment-,
«,nd one ounce of spirits of turpentine. Keep it in a
pot for use. With a wooden spatula mix one ounce
of this well with two ounces of the above ointment No.
46, and dress the v/ound with it once or twice a day
till healed.

A purgative medicine occasionally administered,
will hasten the cure.

BLACK TONGUE.

The same remedy given in page 91, of this book,
for horses, may be used witii equal success for neat
cattle. Indeed, there are also several other recipes
and remedies given for the horse, that are equally val-
uable for the cure of neat cattle. The reader, upon
examination, will perceive the exact similarity of the
causes and symptoms of the complaints of those ani-
mals, in many cases, which require a similar remedy.
SORE TEATS.
Some cows are very subject to sore teats, particu-
larly such as have newly calved ; if this be the case,
in summer, they olten become ulcerated. Take the
root of bittersweet, and simmer it in some lard or but-
ter, and anoint the teats or parts aflected, and it will
be a certain cure. It is also good for ladies' aor»
breast*. The following linament is very useful :

124

RECIPE No. 47. — Ointment of elder, and yellow bastlicRn oint-
ment, 4 ounces each; and spirits of turpentine, 1 ounce. Mix well
together.

With this ointment you may rub the teats well eve-
ry night and morning, after milking. If in the sum-
mer, and the flies are troublesome, add one ounce of
nssafcEtida, or aloes in powders, and dissolve it along
with the ointment.

If the teats be tender only, and not sore, a little
gentle rubbing with weak salt and water will in gene-
eral, be sufficient.

LICE IN CATTLE,
Are troublesone, and in their effects cause the ani-
mal to be poor in flesh and appearance. One or two
washings with the following lotion, applied with a
sponge, at an interval of five or six days, will gener-
ally remove these troublesome visitors.

RECIPE No. 48* — Stavesacre, 4 ounces; tobacco, cut small, 1
otince ; urine, 2 quarts. Boil it till reduced one-third, and it is fie
to use when cold.

If this do not effectually succeed, dust on the ani-
mal some Scotch snuff*, and when a cure is effected,
give it a good rubbing with a whip of straw.

THE HOVEN

in Cattle, [says the Albany Cultivator, edited by Jesse
Buel, Esq. J is caused by their eating too abundantly
of green succulent food, as clover, turnips, &c., and
under bad management, often proves fatal. A pint
of weak lye has been found to give relief. TheNor-
folk practice, according to Marshall, is to give a beast
salt and water ; and, if this fails, a horn of salt and
grease, warm.

The annals of Agriculture directs, as a specific
cure, even in ihe most desperate cases, the following
dose : — Three quarters of a pint of olive oil, and one
pint of melted butter or hog's lard, to be administered
by means of a horn or bottle. As a preventive, cattle
should not be turned into rank clover while the dew is
upon it, nor suffered to continue more than an hour or
two in it al a time, when uncropped. For further in-
formation, the reader is referred to a preceding page,
under the head of ** Hoveq or Blowot"

125

SALT, A PRESERVATIVE OF HEALTH.

Its effects upon the animal system are alike benefi-
cial in man and beast. We prefer it in our daily food.
It would be equally grateful and beneficial if admin-
istered daily to our cattle. If at all times accessible
they will never take it to excess ; at least (says a prac-
tical farmer,) I have never known them to do so in
twelve years' experience ; for during that period I
have had troughs with salt in them constantly under
my sheds, to which the stock have had daily access ;
and no disease, not even the black tongue, has shown
itself among them. General Barnum stales, that salt,
with an occasional admixture of saltpetre, is not only
a preventive, but a cure where it has commenced its
attack.

ULCERS.

They rise on the surface of the animaPs body, of a
flolrid or n^ddish color, small in size, and pointed at the
top ; the discharge white and thick. Mild and simple
ointment, made of oil or lard and bees-wax. will be best
in moderate cases. The following is also recommen-
ded ; one pound goose grease, two pounds hog's lard,
three ounces red lead, one pound pulverized alum. —
Melt the grease, stir in the lead and alum, and keep
stirring till cold. A purgative of sulphur and nitre
should be given.

If the ulcers assume an inflamed state, and the sur-
face is covered with a brown transparent matter, the
following fomentation will prove useful ; Cammomile
flower, half a pound ; a handful of wormwood ; bay and
juniper berries, four ounces each ; beer or ale grounds,
emptins or yeast, six quarts ; vinegar, one quart. Tho
whole to be boiled for a quarter of an hour.
HORN DISTEMPER.

This causes the pith of the horn to be gradually
consumed. It is most commonly confined to one horn
only, but sometimes appears in both. It is discover-
ed by the sluggishness of the animal, loss of appetite
a coldness of the horn, and a disposition to lie down.

To cure the disorder, the horn should be bored v/ith
a nail gimblet in such a manner as to eflect a dis-
charge of the matter which has become purulent. —
Th« hoUow part should be eleangtsd by virtegftr, in

126

which a portion of salt has been dissolved, to be injec-
ted by a syringe. Dr. Deano reccommends the injec-
tion of a mixture of rum and honey, with myrrh and
aloes. Stimulating medicine, such as ginger, spices,
&c., have been given, but these are injurious until
the bowels have been evacuated. Laxatives however
such as sulphur, salts, &c., prove serviceable; and
after the bowels are evacuated, and the horn cleansed,
good keeping will be necessary to effect a cure.

TAIL SICKNESS.
This is a distemper attended with weakness andslug-
"ishness to which horned cattle are liable in the spring.
The end of the tail becomes hollow, and relaxed, but
not, as some have asserted, destitute of feeling. A cure
is easily effected by the amputation of a small piece of
the tail, which will be attended with a discharge of some
blood. But when the tail is but little affected, and near
to the end, a slit of an inch and a half, in the end of the
tail, is preferable to amputation.

USEFUL INSTRUCTIONS.

How TO TELL THE AGE OF Cattle. — Their age
may easily be known by their teeth ; like sheep, they
have no fore teeth in the upper jaw ; it is the lower, there-
fore, by which this must be determined ; the horns also
afford some guide in this respect.

The eio^ht fore teeth of the lower jaw are shed, and re-
placed by others which continue throughout life : the two
middle four teeth fall out at about two years old, and are
gradually succeded by two new ones, not so white. At
three years old, they have two more exchanged, next to
those of the previous year ; and thus, by two more suc-
ceeding years, all the fore teeth are renewed ; they are
then teniied full-mouthed ; and are five years old. At
the sixth year, the row is even, the last two being full up*
Besides these they have ten grinders in each jaw. The
teeth of cattle, also, begin to become loose at about 8
years old, and continue to get more so as they advance in
a<Te till they finally drop out, one after another,, which is
assure guide to judge the age after eight years old.

At the age of three years the horns are smooth and
•ven ; in the course of the fourth year a wrinkle or cir-
cle forma round the basis of the horn, near the head ;

127

this is every year succeeded by another, which always
seems to move the other forward. At looking, there-
fore, at the horns, if the first circle be considered as
three years, it will be an easy task to tell the age at any
subsequent period. An implicit reliance can be placed
in either of the above methods of judging the age, un-
less the vender be an unprincipled knave, and to de-
ceive the buyer, files down some of the teeth and alsro
the wrinckles from the horns — in which case, the coun-
tenance and general appearance, and the looseness of
the teeth after eight years, will be the only guides.

BREEDING. — Heifers should not on any account
be put to the bull before they have passed the second
year ; indeed, if three years be allowed, the much bet-
ter condition of the calves and the health and strength of
the cow for years to come, will amply repay the one
year's delay. Cows may be expected to produce a calf
every year, but if an occasional year be allowed to pass
without breeding, it will improve their condition. The
general rule, is not to put them again to bull before thee
cease to give milk ; and then at the moment they arn
most in heat, as they conceive more readily. Whee
not with calf, they are generally in heat every threy
weeks. They are known to be in heat by the following
signs : — they are continually lowing, and mounting each
other, or upon the bull : they are restless and often run-
ning about ; there is also an elevation of the tail, a
swelling of the genital parts, &;c. After they have taken
the bull, they should be taken away, and not brought to
him again, unless they are again in the heat.

The cow goes nine months with calf j some give
milk during the whole time ; it is, however, advisable,
as a general rule, to cease to milk them at 7 months,
unless the udder should be swelled, and then merely
for relief to the animal than any service to which the
milk can be applied ; as'it is now of little value, and
necessary to the nourishment of the foetal calf.

Cows that are with calf, should be kept in fields
where the ground is nearly level, and where there are
no large ditches ; as abortion is often a consequence
of the leaping over ditches, or slipping on very hilly
or steep ground.

Pregnant cows, and especially such as are near
K

128'

calving, ought to be fed with better and more substan-
tial food than usual. Grain of any kind is now useful,
bat it must be bruised or crushed ; barley and oats are
the best kinds. Some good soft fragrant hay of the
second crop, or skimmings, should be reserved for this
purpose.

When pregnant cows are kept together in the same
pasture, they should be protected from being frightened
by dogs or raced about and worried ; and prevented
quarreling or hurting themseives, as they are more
liable to abortion than any other domestic animals.

x\bove all, give them sufficient gentle exercise, treat
them kindly and soothingly, and feed Ibem with food
that is easy of digestion, and which contains a good
deal of nutriment in a small bulkj giving it them a
little at a time, and that little often. The approach of
calving is known by the cow bellowitig, the enlarge-
ment of the udder, the restlessness of the animal,«and
the falling of the flank and croup. The cow should
then be constantly watched, that she may have assist-
ance if necessary, at the lime of calving.

When the calf is presented with the head and fore
feet first, and its back towards the cow's back, it ii
termed a natural position ; all others are unnatural and
require assistance. When the waters are broke, and
the head is, but neither or only one of the fore feet
presented, lay hold of the calf's head, and wait till
the throes are off, then gently push it back, and rectify
the feet and assist them to come with ihe head, but
use no force to draw out the calf.

When the calf is properly cleaned by the animal's
licking it, or a clean linen cloth, let the naval siring
be tied with a waxed thread several times round, about
two inches from the body 5 secure it with a double
knot, and with a pair of scissors, clip it ofi* a little be-
low the tied part.

Let it suck the first milk — this will cleanse the bow-
els, and prevent costiveness.

Let it suck three months ; let its food be easy of
digestion, and give it plenty of skimmed milk. Keep
it very clean, and let it have gentle exercise.

CONTENTS.

HOW TO KNOW A GOOD HORSE.

Directions to persons going to buy a horse

Page 4

How to know a horse's age, perfections, &c.

6 to 14

DISEASES, FEVER, &c.

14

A Cold or Catarrh,

23

Costiveness,

16

Chronic Cough,

26

Disease of the Bladder,

35

Diabete or Excessive staling,

ib

How to know the state of health by the pulse,

36

Inflammation of the Lungs,

21

" " Stomach and Intestines.

2C

f' " Kidneys,

34

Low Fever,

17

Liver Complaint,

32

Molten grease, symptoms and remedy.

29

The Cough,

24

The Cholic, Gripes or Frets,

30

The Jaundice or Yellows,

33

Where to feel the pulse,

37

EXTERNAL DISORDERS.

Anticor,

58

Critical Abscess,

38

Curb,

69

Disorders of the Foot and Leg,

67

Diseases of the Foot,

74

Fistula in the Withers,

44

Farcy,

55

Frush or Thrush,

75

Founder, general treatise on,

81

Glanders,

53

Grease,

60

Hide Bound,

65

Lampers, or Lampas,

49

Poll Evil,

40

Quittor,

46

CONTENTS Continued.

Ring Bone, I'age 67

Saddle GalLs, or Warbles — Sitfasts, 4-'>
Strangles and Strangles of the Gullet, 50 to 52

Surfeit — Mange, 63

Spavin, 68

Splent, 69

Sand Crack, 76

Strains of the coffin joint, 78

" " Shoulder, 79

'^ Back, 80

•• *' Sinews and Ligitures, 71

I'he Mange, # 64

Thoroughpin. 67

The Com, , 77

Kives, 47

Wind GalLs, ' 67

RECEIPES USED WITH SUCCESS IN VARIOUS i'ARTS
OF THE COUNTRY.

DISEASES PECULIAR TO NEAT CATTLE.

Atrophy, or Consumption, ^ 104

Blain, or Fevers with swelling, 112

Black Tongue, 123

Breeding, 127

Chronic Indigestion, 98

Clue Bound, or Fardel Bound and Pantas, 103

Choking, 106

Catarrh, Fellon, Cold, Epidemic, &:c., 115

Cancerous Ulcers, 112

Dysentery, Slimy Flux, or Scouring Rot, 100

Diseases caused by over feeding, 105

" from a repletion of blood, 108

Downfiill, Udder 111, sore Udders, &c., 110

Dian'hoea, or looseness, 99

Poll Evil, 40

Quittor, 46

Ring Bone, 67

Saddle Galls, or Warbles, Sitfasts, 45
Strangles and Strangles of the Gullet, 50 to 52

Surfeit, — Majige, 63

Spavin, 68

CONTENTS CoNTiNVED.

Splent, ' Page 69

Sand Crack, 76

Strains of the Coffin-joint, 78

do do Shoulder, 79

do do Back, 80

do do Back-Sinevr and Ligaments, 71

The Mange, 64

Thoroughpin, 67

The Corn, 77

Vives, 47
Puerperals, or Milk Fever, and Inflammation of the womb, 113
Quarter-Ill, Bleick leg, Black quarter, Shoot of blood, &c., 119

Red and Black Water, 109

Staggers, Vertigo, Lethargy, Swimming of head, &c., 100

Stoppage of water. Retention of Urine, &jc., 104

Sore Teats, 123

Salt, a presen-ative of health, 125

Strains and Bruises, 120

The Mange, 121

The Hoven, 124

Tail Sickness, 126

Ulcers, 125

Warbles, Worms, &c., 122

Yellow j, or Jaundice, 97

k2 ^^^

#*^

THIS Vegetable prepara-
tion is a sure remedy for most
cases of pain in the stomach,
bowels, breast, back, or pain
in the head ; those pains com-
mon in cases of dysentery,
cholic pains, cholera morbus,
rheumatic, toothache, stitch,
or debility of the back or side,
palpitation, cold chills, bruises,
sprains, recent burns, quinsy,
or swollen throat, common or
violent colds, bites or stings of
insects, wounds, &c.

Directions. — In all cases,
from half a tea-spoonful to a
tea-spoonful or two may be ta-
ken in twice the quantity of
water, and as near the seat of
pain as convenient should be
bathed at the same time. After
bathing tha head, apply the
hand to the nose while moist-
ened with the drops and inhale
the vapor. For toothache, hold
some of the drops in the moutli
after taking and bathing, as a-
bove directed. For palpita-
tion a dose should be taken every morning.

Prepared and for sale, wholesale and retail, by J. M. CLARK,
No. 20, Clay street, Rochester. Price 50 cents.

N. B. — The above will soon be for sale through this and other
States, in all the cities and villages.

Mr. John M. Clark — Dear Sir : Having used in my family for
six years past the " Egyptian Balm," I take much pleasure in re-
commending it as an invaluable medicine for coughs and colds, and
as an external application in cases of sprains, bums, bruises, cuts,
&c. I consider it a medicine which every family ought at all
times to have in the medicine box, for an immediate outward ap-
plication. In almost all cases there is nothing better.

Yours respectfully, STEPHEN COOK-

Rochester, 15th July, 1841.

CLARK'S BLUE FLUID.

A superior article to any now in use; wan-anted not to fade, or
settle, or injure, by standing open, — will be sold at Rochester as
low as can be bought in New York. Orders will be filled to country
Merchants and others, at all times. Address

J. M. CLARK, No. 20, Clay street,

Rochester.

JOHN M. CLARK,

General Travelling Agent for the following

Articles.

Resurrection, or Persian Pills ; Jew David's, or Hebrew Plaster ;
Magnetic Remedies ; Nursing Soi-e Mouth and Canker Remedies ;
also, numerous other popular articles of Medicines, put up in New
York, which he will furnish to Dniggists and others, as he travels
through this and other States : also will fill orders at Rochester, to
any one wishing, where there is no general agent appointed. Ad-
dress JOHN M. CLARK, No. 20, Clay street,

Rochester, N. Y.

Clark's Erasive Soap.

A. newly invented article for extracting oil, grease, paint, tar, &c.
from carpets, coat collars, silks, calicoes, and clothes of every des-
cription. It is warranted in all cases, to extract every particle of
grease, oil, paint, &c. ; if not, the money will be refunded by the
letailer, and be allowed by the wholesaler. The above is also war-
i-anted not to injure the finest texture of any garment ; this article
is now extensively used in the eastern States, where Bullard's Oil
of Soap, and many other articles for the same pui-pose have been in
high reputation, are, since this article has been offered to the public,
fast sinking into oblivion. The Erasive Soap far excels any thing
ever offered in this country for cleaning soiled garments, or paints
about your houses. The above will soon be extensively circulated
throughout the United States. ..

Manufactured and sold, wholesale and retail, by J. M. CLARK,
No. 20, Clay street, Rochester, N. Y.

jJHW ©A^niE)'

OK

HEBREW PLASTER.

The peculiarities of this Chemical Compound, are owing to ite
exti-aordinary effects, upon the animal fibre or nerves, ligaments and
muscles, its virtues being earned by them to the immediate seat of
disease, or of pain and weakness.

However good any internal remedy may be, this, as an external
?ipplication, will prove a powerful auxiliary, in removing the dis-
ease and facilitating the cure, in cases of Local Inflammation, Scrof-
ulous affections, King's Evil, Gout, Inflammatory and Chronic Rheu-
matism, and in all ca^es where seated pain or weakness exist.

A gentleman travelling in the south of Europe and Palestine, in
1830, heard so much said in the latter place, m praise of

JEW DAVID'S, or HEBREW PLASTER,

and of the (as he considered) miraculous cures it had performed,
that he was induced to try it on his own person, for a Limg and
Liver affection, the removal of which had been the chief object of
his journey, but which luid resisted the genial influence of that balmy
and delicious climate. He soon found his health improving ; and
in a few v/^eeks his cough left him, the sallowness of his skin disap-
peared, the pain was removed, and his health became permanently
reinstated. Since that time, he has been recommending it to his
friends and acquaintances, for all fixed pains whatever, such as
rheumatism, gout, hcad-aclie, nervous tooth-ache, pains in the side,
hip, back, and limbs, scrofulous humors, knots, wens, white swell-
ing, hard tumors, stiff joints, ague cakes, ague in the breast, weak-
ness cind jiain in the stomach, vreak limbs, lameness, aflcctions of
the spine, female weaknesses, &c. No female subject to pain or
weakness in the back or side, should be without it.

MARRIED LADIES

in delicate situations, find great relief from constantly wearing this
plaster. The application of this plaster between the shoulders, ha«
been found a certain remedy for colds, -coughs, phthisic, and lung
affections, in their primary stages. It destroys inflammation by
producing a copious perspiration. No physiciaai should be with-
out it.

Gents. — I have been for many years afflicted with a painful dis-
ease in the small of the back and left hip and limb. The flesh swel-
led in ridges on each side of the spinal column, and my limb was
considerably perished. The pain was so intense at times, that it
seemed to me that I could not endure it for an hour. The only po-,

sitioii that I could place myself in so as to endure it, was by lying
on my back on a iiard surface. I advised with several physicians,
and tried all their prescriptions ; one of which was to blister, which
I followed up for weeks, but with little success. Plasters, lina-
ments, salves, and washes, were resorted to, but all proved ineffect-
ual. At last a gentleman sent me a box of Jew David's, or Hebrew
Plaster, which I kept standing in the house for several days, not
having faith in medicine being able to remove my complaint ; how-
ever, at last severe pain made me willing to try something. I put
on the Hebrew Plaster according to directions, and to my surjirise
it helped me, and a continuance of it has so far r-elieved me, that I
am able to do a pretty good day's work. I would advise all to
make a trial of it, that are afflicted with swellings or pain.

E. T. COGSWELL.
Scottsville, June 6, 1841.

For particulars, see bill that accompanies each box and directions.
Each box contains sufficient to spread 6 or 8 plasters. Price fifty
cents. Orders addressed to J. M. Clark, Rochester, will receive
attention. Wholesale and retail, at the office of E. CHASE & Co.,
Arcade Hall, Rochester, N. Y.

For sale by agents in most of the villages and cities in the United
States.

Resurrection, or Persian Pills,

TO THE AFFLICTED.

This is to certify that I was attacked at the age of fifteen, with
what was called a scrofulous affection in my mouth and throat, al-
though it was called by physicians of the first standing, and others,
a kings evil, I called on many physicians for help ; one was Doct.
Thompson of Geddes, the well known Thompsonian ; there I doc-
tored three months and came very near dying. I have now in my
house pieces of jaw bone, from one to one and a half inches in
length, taken from my jaw at that time ; this I thought was suffer-
ing in a severe manner, I finally gave up being helped here, and
coming to the conclusion that it would be best to leave, I did so. —
I then called on the well known Dr. White of Chei'i-y Valley ; there
I doctored for a long time and received a partial benefit, but my
complaint soon came on again, as bad as ever. The disease kept
increasing until my pallet was entii'ely eat out, and my mouth and
the whole inside of my head so eat up that I could scarcely speak
so as to be understood by my most intimate acquaintances; I finally
despaired of ever being any better. I omitted purchasing property
which I should have bought if there had been the least probability
of my ever living to enjoy it. I kept trying every new medicine I
could hear of, amongst the rest Moffit's Pills and Bitters, this in^
creased the irritation, I now came fully to the conclusion that I
must soon be consigned to the silent tomb, unless I could get help
immediately, one more effort was now to be made for the last time,
having tried almost every thing else, and a drowning man will catch
at straws ; the next astonishing medicine that presented itself to me
was the Resurrection Pills; well thinks I, this may be the kind yet,(
on further enquiry as to these pills, I found they had already estab-
lished to themselves a character far beyond my expectations, found

there had been cures performed by the constant use of these pill?,
that was incretlable to be believed. I finally sent and purchased a
box of Messrs Castile & Andrews in Fabius village, and commen-
ced taking them the first of July last, at that time the whole of the
inside of my mouth and head was entirely raw, I have never missed
but one night since that time without taking the pills, my health
soon commenced improving and has continued to get better up to
this date. My mouth and head are nearly as sound as ever. I am
now thirty-one years old, and have been afiiicted beyond description
for sixteen years, and I thank God for the benefit I have received
from the constant use of the Resun-ection or Persian Pills, for they
have raised me when all other medicine had failed, there is no
guess work in this matter. I know the pills have cured me; if any
one wants to see me and hear a more full description of my suffer-
ings, they will please to call on me at my residence in the town of
Fabius, Onondaga Co., N. Y., on the road between truxton and Fo-
bius Villages. I publish this to the world, hoping it may fall into
the! hands of the afflicted.

Fabius, June 20th, 1840. IRA HODGSON.

\

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