I

MASSACHUSETTS
STATE COLLEGE

GOODELL LIBRARY

P.

ev

6ev.3
v:46

No.l, Vol. XLVI.] JULY, 1874. [Third Seeibs.

THE

FARMER'S MAGAZINE

AND

MONTHLY JOURNAL

o?

THE AGEICULTUEAL INTEEEST.

TO THE

FAEMERS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.

LONDON :
PUBLISHED BYROGERSON AND TUXFORD, 265, STRAND.

PRICB TWO SHILLINGS.

WATSON AND HAZBLL.] [PBINTER8, 265, STRAND.

THE FAKMER'S MAGAZIl^E.

CONTENTS.

JULY, 1874.

F THE Highland

Hector George

Growing very

PLATB.--OXFORDSHIRE DOWNS.

Description of Plate ....

Tenant-Right in the House ...»
The Surrey Prize Lease ....

The International Agricultural Exhibition at Bremen
The Norfolk Agricultural Society : Meeting at Norwich
The Commercial Principle ....

Lavenham Farmers' Club : The Economy of Labour .

East Lothian Farmers' Club : The Chemical Department o

and Agricultural Society ...

Framlingham Farmers' Club: Our Expenses .
The Financial Proposals ....

The Diseases of Stock in 1873

The Influence of Cold upon the Production of Wool: By Dr

The London Market from a Foreign Point of View .

The Lumbering Business in Michigan

Manorial Rights .....

Royal Agricultural Society of England

The Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland

The Central Chamber of Agriculture

Tenant-Right. . . . . •

Crop Prospects in America ....

The Composition of Green Crops and the Undesirability o

Large Roots , . . . •

Ixworth Farmers' Club : Labour-Saving Machinery
Lancashire Farmers' Club ....

Ballarat Farmers' Club ....

The Power of the Farmers ....

Clubs for Working Men . . . •

EoYAL Agricultural Benevolent Institution .
The Ulster Tenant-Right Bill: By an East Essex Farmer
The Bath and West of England Society and Southern Counties Association
Meeting at Bristol ......

Devon County Agricultural Association : Meeting at Barnstaple
The Royal Cornwall Agricultural Society : Meeting at St. Austell
The Oxfordshire Agricultural Society : Meeting at Witney .
The Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely Agricultural Society: Meeting at
Newmarket .....

The Horse Show at the Agricultural Hall, Islington

Stock Sales :

Sale of Shorthorns at Blisworth
The Late Mr Blith's Shorthorn Herd
Another Great Sale of American Shorthorns

The Adulteration of Food ....

Agricultural Law Case ....

East Lothian Agricultural Club . . •

The Midland Farmers' Club ....

The Introduction of Superphosphate or Dissolved Bones

The Dorsetshire Down ....

Review op the Corn Tradb During the Past Month „

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13

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p

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

JULY, 1874.

PLATE.

OXFOEDSHIRB DOWNS.

Fkoji the Flock of His Geace the Duke or Maklborough.

The Blenheim flock of Oxfordshire Down Sheep was
established by the late Duke of Marlborough, upwards of
thirty years since, and has been improved by the present
Duke, with the assistance of his able bailiffs, w^ho have
from time to time judiciously selected the best rams,
regardless of cost, from famous flocks of that breed, such
as those of Mr. Gillett of Cote ; Mr. Bryan, Southleigh ;
Mr, Wallis, Old Trafford ; Mr. Drnce, Eynsham; Mr.
Roberts, Caswell ; and Mr. Tread well, Winchendon.

The sheep possess eminently all those qualities which
good breeders so much admire and strive to obtain. The
Blenheim sheep possess such recommendations as hardi-

hood, symmetry, and aptitude to fatten, with close and
heavy fleeces ; while they produce mutton which essen-
tially constitutes them butchers' sheep.

The Wethers in our Engraving took the first prize in
their class at the last Smithfield Club Show; while at
the Show of the Club in 1872 a pen from the Blenheim
flock took the Champion Plate as the best pen of sheep
in the show. They have also been very successful about
the country. We hear, however, that the Home Farm
has been let, and that the stock will be dispersed in the
autumn.

CJ>

CO
CD

J>.3 Old Skries.j

Vol. LXXVI.— No. 1.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

TENANT-RIGHT IN THE HOUSE.

In the Commons the othei' evening, on the resump-
tion of the sitting, an attemjit mas made to count the
House, but " fortunately forty members were found to be
present." Everybody of course knows what this means :
some honourable gentleman has given notice that he
shall speak and move on a subject, iu itself, so dull, dreary
and unprofitable that it is to be hoped no one will care to
listenmuch less to reply. In a word the count-out implies
the most contemptuous indifference to a matter not worth
talking about — and that is a big word,too, in the Commons'
House of Parliament. But as the question was not the
monks and the monasteries, nor the Claimant and his trial,
fortunately forty people were found to be present, and
the debate proceeded, as this turned on so trivial a
theme as English Tenant-Right. Mr. Seely, who opened
the business, proposed that, " with a view to improved
cultivation, the Government should introduce a measure
for giving increased security for capital to be invested
in the soil by agricultural tenants." And having
thus as it were defined the principle, Mr. Seely
proceeded to damage so far as he possibly could
the only means by which this can be really
extended and effectually carried out. His speech was
mainly an attack on Messrs. Howard and Read's
Bill of last Session : " it contained provisions which
were highly objectionable, and amongst them was that
which prohibited freedom of contract between landlord
and tenant. It was clearly the landlord's interest to
give compensation," and so forth. And what warranty
had Mr. Seely for all he said and thought iu this way ?
Manifestly the most direct answer was to be gathered
from the audience he was addressing. From a composite
body of many hundreds of men, where the laud-
owners, whenever they so choose, are suflficiently numerous
to rank as a majority, how many were so far alive to
their own " interest" as even to be present ? There were
in all barely forty people before him, and had Mr. Seely
pressed his motion to a division it would have been seen
that the landed proprietors and county members were as
contemptuously indifferent to their own "interests" as to
the nuns' wrongs Dr Sir Roger's rights. On the face of
it, by the manner in which they met, or rather avoided
the question, it is " clear" that the landlords will not of
their own will take up the principle of Tenant-Right.
Indeed, if they will do so, where can be the necessity for
Mr. Seely's prayer for speedy legislation ? Or, as Mr.
Barclay put it with much force and some sarcasm : " If
the landlords were all as enlightened, just, fair, and
honourable, and the tenants as intelligent, shrewd, and
independent as the honorable member had pictured them
to be, there was no occasion for the interference of
Parliament in the matter. It was, however, a fact that
in a small part of England only was there any settled
arrangement existing between landlords and tenants as to
compensation for permanent, durable, or even temporary
improvements effected on the farms. The conviction of
men practically acquainted with the subject, including the
honorable member for South Norfolk, was that if au Act of
Parliament dealing with it did not in some way interfere
with freedom of contract, it would be worthless." And
Mr. Barclay went on to say " the bill of the honourable
member for South Norfolk and Mr. Howard was a fair
attempt to deal with the question ;" while Mr. Pell, on
the contrary, " did not agree with the bill which the
honourable member for South Norfolk had introduced ;"
and Mr. Disraeli said that '"' in the next session of Parlia-
ment the consideration of the House may be called to the

matter in a manner that may not realise the views which
some honourable gentlemen have expressed to-night, but
which may promise the practical solution of a question of
great national importance."

Now what does this mean? A measure niai/ be
introduced in which the compulsory clause ioill not be
embodied; as this is as clear as if the Premier had said
so much in so many words. On the other hand we have
heard Mr. Sewell Read declare that he " would not walk
across a room to support a bill from which the com-
pulsory clause was struck out ?" As we have already
shown, Mr. Read was actually attacked through his
measure by such agricultural authorities as Mr. Seely
and Mr. Pell, but he sat by and made no sign, although,
as we had understood, Tenant-Right was a question on
which he was " unfettered." At the dinner of the Royal
Agricultural Benevolent Institution last week Mr. Read
said, "having accepted a responsible post, he was bound
as a good soldier to know and carry out the
requirements of discipline and duty. Certain
duties which devolved upon him in his present
■position were extremely pleasant. He liked his
work, he was well contented with his ' wages.' " This is
all very well so far as it goes, but if the "' wages " — the
word is Mr. Read's and not ours — compel him to keep
sUence while men like Mr. Seely, Mr. Chaplin and Mr.
Pell are speaking on subjects of the first importance
to farmers, we should be inclined to think there must be
certain conditions attached to the " present position "
which were " extremely ?wipleasant." In truth, from the
able and zealous advocate of a cause Mr. Read would
look to have ripened already into the mere official, as we
fail to see how he can claim to be unfettered if he cannot
deliver himself on subjects over which his brother agri-
culturists come to turn to him for advice and assistance.

It does not appear that Mr. Seely was acting in concert
with any man, or any body of men ; and from the injury
he contrived to do to a good cause, tve can only the more
regret that Mr. James Howard was no longer in his
place in the House to answer for his own bill. It is very
manifest that Mr. Seely is not qualified to fill the vacant
post, even if the Government, with Mr. Sewell Read
amongst them, should accede to his request, and " intro-
duce a measure."

On the resumption of business at nine o'clock, ia the House
of Comraous, on Friday eveniug, June 19th, an unsuccess-
ful attempt having been made to count out the House,
On the motion for going into committee of supply,
Mr. Seely proceeded to move — " That, in tlte opinion of
this House, her Majesty's Government should, with a view to
improved cultivation of the land, introduce, with as little delay
as possible, a measure for giving increased security for c ipital
to be invested in the soil by agricultural tsuauts." Having
reviewed the unsuccessful attempts which had been made in
\?t¥l and subsequently by Mr. Posey to legislate in the ilirec-
tion of providing that compensation should be (granted to
tenant-farmers for unexhausted improvements, the lion, gen-
tleman observed that Uttle or nothing had been done in regard
to the matter since 1850 until three or four years ago, when
the formation of Chambers of Agriculture led to the subject
being taken up so strongly that it had now occupied a more
prominent place than even the question of local taxation or the
repeal of the Malt-tax. The present state of the law was that
where there was no custom such as existed in Lincolnshire
giving tenant-farmers compensation, and that custom existed
only in a very small degree throughout England, and when
there was no agreement with the landlord when the tenant-
j farmer quitted his holding, he left all that he had put into the
( soil behind him, For instance ,he might Inve Bpent £3,000

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

or £4,000 ill clialkiug bis land, and have derived no benefit
from it bimself, as its good effects would not be felt for the
first twelve mouths ; but as the law now stood, if he quitted
his farm the incoming tenant would reap the benefit of his
expenditure. There were special cases in winch the tenant-
farmer was put to even greater inconvenience and loss. He
might enter iuto an agreement, giving him compensation, with
his landlord, who was the life owner of tlie estate, but if
the life owner died the tenant could not claim compensation
from his successor. Again, if a landowner having the fee
simple entered iuto an agreement with his tenant to give him
compensation, and subsequently sold the estate, unless that
agreement was endorsed on the title deeds the tenant could
not claim one farthing from the purchaser. As two-thirds of
the land of England was under settlement in this way it .miglit
easily be imagined how great a number of cases of hardship
might arise. The results of this state of the law were that
the farmer was deterred from spending money in fertilising the
soil, and he complained that annually he had less profit, and
that when he quitted a large portion of iiis capital was taken
away from him ; the labourers justly complained that the state
of the law prevented them from obtaining that demand for
labour which they otherwise would have, and the public com-
plained that in consequence of capital not being employed
freely in the cultivation of the soil food was less in quan-
tity and higher in price, and that consequently the
local rates were on the increase. The law might be
changed to the benefit ot the farmer, the labourer, and the
pubhc without injury to the landowner, for tlie latter must
be benefited by any law which increased tiie fertility of
the soil, and therefore the value of his property. Lincoln-
shire presented a notable example of the effect of Tenant-
Right in increasing the wages of the labourer ; for, for many
years past, the average rate of the wages of the Lincolnshire
labourer had been 2s. or 3s. per week higher than those of
the labourer in the soutiiern counties, where there was no
Tenant- Right. Tlie hon. member urged in favour of the view
he took the report of the Select Committee on Mr. Pusey's
Bill of 1847, which stated that the system of Tenant-Right
seemed to be highly beneficial, and to tend to a great increase
in the productiveness of the soil, and extended employment
for the rural population. In the debate upon Mr. Pusey's
Bill the late Sir Robert Peel said that to the principle of
promoting the application of capital to land in order to secure
better improvements, and of providing just compensation to
tenants there could be no objection whatever. He (Mr.
Seely) questioned whether there would be any opposition to
the principle of giving compensation to tenant-farmers in the
absence of any agreement to the contrary, and the real point
was how far that principle should be extended. Upou that
there might be a great ditfcrence of opinion. The custom of
granting compensation varied in different counties. But in
the greater part of England there was no custoai or usage
whatever on the subject. It might be said that leases lor
19 or 20 years would be all that was necessary, but there was
this objection — that in the later years of the lease the farmer,
not expecting a renewal of it, would scourge the land. It
was, therefore, in the interest of the tenant, and especially of
the public that compensation should be given in order that
the land might be continued to be cultivated during the last
year of the tenancy. Last year an attempt was made to settle
the question by the lion, members for Bedford and South
Norfolk, and mauy of the provisions of tiieir bill were ex-
cellent, so far as they gave compensation to farmers, but he
objected to that part which prevented freedom of contract. In
any future legislation on the sulyect he hoped notiiing would
be done to interfere with that. Another point — a rather
serious point — in the bill of the member for South Norfolk
occurred under clauses 26 and 27.

Sir G. BowYER asked whether the hon. member was in
order in arguing on a bill that was not before the House.

The Speakek ruled that the hon. member was in order in
discussing matters that were relevant to the question he was
bringing before the house. Mr. Seely said he not only
wished to have a law passed which should alter the present
law in favour of the tenants, but likewise wished to do justice
to all parties, and not to have a law which would injure any
other class. With that view he was calling the attention of
the house to what he considered to be the defects of the bill
that was before the house last year. Another of these defects,
as he conceived, occurred under clauses 26 and 27, by which i

great injustice might be done to the parties who would come
after the tenant for life. He was no particnlar advocate for
the law as it stood, but if the law of entail was to be abrogated,
and the law of settlement was not to be any longer in practical
force, let it be done a May with fairly, manfully, and openly,
and not by a side wind. There was a farther objection he
took to the bill of last year. He objected to the Government
finding money for farming purposes. The plea urged in favour
of that course was that it tended to improve the cultivation of
the laud and increase the production of food ; but, if that
rule were to be acted upou, where were we to stop ? He
objected to that proposal because, araoug other reasons, it gave
to farmers a preference over other classes of the community.
The only other defect in the bill of last year to which he would
allude was an omission. He referred to the case of the
labourer, whose rights ought to be cared for as well as those
of the tenant. The bill as drawn would not have given to the
labourer compensation for his garden produce in the event of
his quitting. All these were defects which he hoped would not
reappear in any future measure. The Government was the
proper party to bring forward such a measure, and the ex-
perience of last year must have convinced everybody of the
difficulties which private members must encounter in attempt-
ing to deal with the subject. Mr. M'LAGAN seconded the
motion. He would suggest that the notice to quit should be
extended to at least two years, because a farm tenant was
not like an ordinary householder, and might require time to
find another farm. He objected decidedly to any interference
with the freedom of contract between the landlord aud tenant.

Mr. Barciay failed to see from the speeches of the two
hon. gentlemen that there was any occasion for the interference
of parliament in this matter. At the present time there was
nothiug to prevent a farmer making contract about permanent
improvements, but nevertheless it was a fact that only in a very
small portion of England did arrangements exist between land-
lord and tenant with respect to permanent or temporary im-
provements. The greater part of the hon. mover's speech was
a criticism of the bill of the hon. member for South Norfolk,
which was introduced last session, and he thought there was
considerable inconvenience in discussing now the details of a
measure which was not immediately before them. The prin-
ciple]of that bill was that tenant-farmers should be compensated
at the termination of their holdings for permanent improve-
ments, and that principle was just and equitable in the interest
of landlords and tenants. The hon. member for Lincoln had
deprecated any interference with freedom of contract, as if
that freedom had not been over and over again interfered
with by parliament. He need only refer to the Track Act and
the Shipping Acts to show that the legislature had again
and again interfered with bargains as regarded labour. The hon.
gentleman had spoken of this question as principally affecting
the tenants on a farm, but it was in reality a question which af-
fected very largely and materially the general public interests
of the nation. The farmer had not beuefUed by the free-trade
policy which had been so advantageous to the landlord and the
public ; and the increase in the prices of produce had not been
at all commensurate with tl:e increased cost of production.
This state of matters could not continue, aud either there must
be a reduction in grants of farms or an increased production
from the soil. The former remedy was undesirable, because it
would be only an alleviation and not a cure, and to efi'ect the
latter the tenant must be given some security witli regard to
compensation for his improvements. Such a course would
stimulate the investment of capital in the soil and would be
productive of highly advantageous results not only to the
farmer but also to the landlord and the public generally. Tlie
tenant-farmers of England looked to her Majesty's Government
for a measure dealing with the question. He supported the
resolution of the hon. member for Lincoln, though he could
not agree with his speech.

Mr. Pell said the hon. member for Luu'olu had given very
little assistance upon the question of the improvement of land,
and had directed his whole efforts against the bill of last year.
He ventured to assert that there was no European country
which approached us in what we got out of laud. Witli regard
to the bill of last year, he objected to the 12th clause because
it restricted contracts and could not be carried into effect.
Where the landlord and tenant were unable to contract freely
all legal impediments should be removed, but that was a law-
yer's question rather than one for the Legislature. He should be
sorry if any Ministry attempted by any central operation to

A 2

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

"■oster or nurse the cnltivation of the land. In the north they
•lad a cry for the abolition of the law of primogeniture and of
entail, and the consequent splitting up of estates into fractions,
but they did not want that. This was a subject which should
be dealt with by the Government at a proper time, and not to-
wards the end of the session.

Mr. C. Garnier said that, as the law stood, the tenant
unless protected by express stipulation or the custom of the
country, could not claim compensation for unexliausted improve-
ments to which it was clear he had a moral right. He thought
it was desirable that the Government should deal with the
question next year on the basis of the measure of last session,
but without the 12th clause relating to freedom of contract.

Mr. Downing said he had come down to make a house for
the member for South Lincoln, but was greatly disappointed,
as the hon. gentleman's speech, so far from being in favour of
his resolution, went directly against it. He had expected, too,
to hear that the English farmer was oppressed, but the English
farmer had been represented as a well-to-do gentleman, who
had a seat in the House, who rode his horse with the hounds,
and had nothing to complain of with respect to his landlord.
We did not deal with the subject in Ireland as they had dealt
with it in Ireland, because here we had manufactures, mineral
districts, and other occupations to which the populations when
turned out could turn themselves.

Mr. DiSRALELi said that lie had come down to help to
secure a House for those members who had motions to make,
and also to hear the speech of the member for Lincoln, but
he did not share the disappointment of the member who had
just sat down with respect to that speech, which he thought
was an extremely sensible one. There were provisions in the
bill of last year, so ably criticised by the member for Lincoln,
of which he confessed that he did not himself approve, but
the subject was not one of such simplicity as some hon. gentle,
men appeared to suppose. It had been before the House
more or less now for a great number of years — during the

long period in which he had sat in that House. When he
recollected it being first discussed there we were told by those
who complained of the position of the farmer with respect to
compensation for unexhausted improvements that there was
only one cure for the existing evils, and tliat was that there
should be a lease, and not only a lease, but a long lease, and
Scotland was held up as a model in that respect ; but the
member for Forfarshire, speaking for the tenant-farmers in
Scotland, had warned the House that the Scotch system was
of all others the one most to be avoided. The contrary
opinions which had just been expressed by hon. members
showed the difficulty of the question, and he must disclaim on
the part of the Government any intention of dealing preci-
pitately with a subject of the kind. The subject, however,
was one which deserved the consideration of tlie Government,
and if they remained upon those benches, as he hoped it
might not be presumptuous to expect, a sufficient time to give
them |an opportunity of fulfilling their engagements, they
sliould give it the consideration it deserved. He objected to
the motion of the hon. member tor Lincoln from his dislike
to abstract resolutions, but he recognised the general concur-
rence of opinion in favour of tenants receiving bond fide com-
pensation for unexhausted improvements, and he hoped that a
measure might be introduced next session which, if it did not
realise all the views expressed by hon. members that evening,
would at any rate offer a basis for a practical solution of the
problem.

Mr. Fawcett said it seemed to him, considering the differ-
ence of opinion expressed even by the supporters of the mo-
tion, that they could scarcely expect anything more than what
had been said by the Prime Minister. He thought that public
opinion had not advanced sufficiently to enable them to deal
with the question at the present moment.

Mr. Chaplin trusted the hon. gentlemen would not press
his motion to a division.

The resolution was then withdrawn.

THE SURREY PRIZE LEASE.

The following are the principal terms in the lease
adjudged to be the winner of the prize of £10 as best
suited for the county of Surrey. The author is Mr. J.
L. Hewett, of Puttenham, Guildford, a partner in the
firm of Hewett and Lee. The judges were two land-
owners, two land- valuers, and two tenant-farmers.

Usual description of land and premises.

Usual Reservation, -where Right of Shooting
IS RESERVED. — That the lessor reserves to himself the
right of sporting over the aforesaid lands ; but the tenant
may enjoy the joint right equally with him of killing or
destroying the ground game from the 1st October till the
1st April.

And, moreover, shall and will, every year during this
demise, fodder his their and horses in the stables,
yards, and gate-rooms belonging to the said demised
premises, and house and stack on the same, and use
and consume on the same so rented as aforesaid all
the hay, straw, haulm, clover, and fodder arising from
the same, save and except that the lessee shall at any
time during the continuance of this term, except the last
two years, have power to sell any quantity of hay or
straw, bringing back an equivalent manurial value in
dung, artificial, or other good manure ; the manure or
compost arising from the last crop but one to be left in
the yards or gate-rooms of the said demised premises,
cast into proper heaps, and to be paid for as hereinafter
mentioned ; and also that all the hay, straw, and haulm
grown in the last year of this tenancy should belong to
the tenant, unless the landlord should elect to take the
same or any part thereof at market price before the ex-
piration of the aforesaid term.

And that the lessor should, at all times, cultivate the
said farm and lands in a good and husbaudlike manner
according to the custom of the conntry and rules of good

husbandry, and will, particularly during two of the last
four years of this demise, and as near as the nature of the
soil and size of the fields will permit, cultivate the said
farm and lands on the four-course system.

Not to underlet without consent.

Agreement to keep in Repair, being found
Materials. — Tenant being allowed to remove any
erections he has himself made at his own expense, if not
taken to by landlord, making good all dilapidations.

And the lessee shall and will find and bestow upon
the said demised premises or on some part thereof for
the improvement of the same all the compost soil, muck,
and dung arising from the crops of the year next pre-
ceding the year of the expiration of the term, being paid
as hereinafter mentioned.

And likewise will at the expiration of the term before
granted leave one-fourth of such arable land in
summer fallow for roots, as hereinafter mentioned, and
one-fourth part in barley or oats, not less than half of
which must be sown with clover or other proper grass
seeds, one-fourth clover ley or peas, or bean rush, pro-
perly hoed and clean, and fit for a wheat season, and one-
fourth wheat.

Landlord's Covenants. — Allow Land-Tax and
Property-Tax. Landlord to find materials for repairs.
That the lessor shall and will allow unto the lessee
such tiles for draining as shall be found necessary, the
lessee doing the labour of draining the land, in a proper
and workmanlike manner, at his own expense, subject to
the supervision of the lessor, but in case of the draining
being done by the landlord, the tenant to pay 5 per
cent, on such outlay.

That the lessor shall and will allow unto the lessee
for the seeds and sowing, fallows, dung, compost, and
manure, and it is hereby understood aad agreed that in

THE FARMER'S MAGAZ^E.

order to maintaifl and continue the improvement of the
land the lessor will pay and allow for the fallows
according to their sufficiency and cleanliness, and
not by the labour professed to be done for the
dung, compost, and manure, whether made from corn,
oilcake, or not, at its market value ; also for all corn or
oilcake fed on the land the two last years of the tenancy,
the manurial value of such oilcake not to exceed 25 per
cent, the last year, or 10 per cent, the last year but one,
on the market value of the oilcake ; for bones, if used
the last two years ; lime, chalk, and marl the last five
years. Draining done at the expense of the tenant within
the last ten years of such tenancy — all the same to be
valued by two competent valuers, chosen iu ths usual
way, at what they consider the unexhausted value of the
same, taking into consideration the nature of the
soil, and whether properly applied or not, the onus of
proof of any or all the aforesaid items to be on the
tenant, and to be clear and undoubted before they are
allowed for.

Provided always, and this covenant is with this
express coudition, that the tenant should be held strictly
liable for ail neglects or defects of cultivation, dilapida-
tions, want of cleanliness, breaches of covenants, on all
or any part of the farm, the same to be deducted from
his valuation, as the valuers in their judgment may
direct, the aforesaid valuers being competent, indifferent
persons — one chosen by the lessor and the other by the
lessee ; and if failing |to agree, to be settled by their
umpire, chosen iu the usual way, whose judgment shall
be binding and conclusive.

Have use of portion of the premises at expiration
of the term for thrashing and clearing off his grain.

Covenant for quiet possession.

Re-entry in case of bankruptcy, &c.

Determination of lease at end of years by giving two
years' previous notice.

THE INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXHIBITION AT BREMEN.

[from our special correspoxdent.]

When the International Exhibition at Bremen was first
started, the provisional committee issued a circular,
stating that the International Exhibition at Vienna was a
universal one, but that held at Bremen would be confined
to the following divisions, viz. :

I. Breeding animals: 1, Horses; 2, Cattle; 3,
Sheep ; 4, Pigs ; 5, Goats and Rabbits.
II. Cattle for fattening— fatted cattle.

III. Poultry and Singing Birds.

IV. Fishery.

V. Rearing of Bees and Culture of the Silkworm.
VI. Management of Forests and the Chase.

VII. Agricultural Products and technical manufacture.
VIII. Cultivation of Gardens, Fruit Trees, and Vines.
IX. Agricultural JMachines and Implements.
X. Results of scientific studies in the above depart-
ments.

The objects of the proposed exhibition were no sooner
made known than the citizens of the Hanseatic town of
Bremen and the landowners and farmers of the neigh-
bourhood very quickly subscribed no less sum than
£15,000 as a guarantee fund, and every encouragement
was given to the project by the Emperor and Empress of
Germany, the King of Saxony, Prince Albrecht of
Prussia, Prince Frederic Charles of Prussia, the Grand
Duke of Oldenburg, and the Grand Duke of ]\Iecklen-
burgh Schwerin, and each ofl'ered a special prize of con-
siderable value.

Bremen is a free city on the Weser, with a population
of about 73,000. It is divided by the liver into old and
new towns. The fortifications have been destroyed, and the
ground on which they stood has been converted into public
gardens, with running water and sheltered roads and walks.
The well-grown trees standing in the grounds are now in
beautiful foliage, and must go a long way in giving a
favourable impression of the place to foreign visitors. The
hotels are large, well fitted, and seem to be well-conducted,
and a really good dinner may be had at the table-d'hote, at
the best houses, for from three to four shillings, including
dessert ; but the dinner-hour is as early as two o'clock.
We may further speak of the admirable arrangements
made for providing visitors with apartments, and such as
might be adopted with advantage to the public at the
towns where the Royal Agricultural Society holds its
meetings. We are aware there are generally lodging

committees, but they do not, as a rule, seem able to keep
the price of lodgings within reasonable limit. We will
give our own experience of lodgings at Bremen, and leave
our readers to form their own opinion as to whether we
ought not to be satisfied. More than a month before the
exhibition we wrote to the proprietor of Hillman's Hotel,
who answered that the rooms at that house had all been
taken some weeks previously, as they had also been at
the other hotels ; whereupon we wrote to the lodgings
committee, and by return of post received a card giving
the address of a room that had been taken for us, and
filled up, with the notice that for a bedroom and break-
fast the charge was to be " five shillings a day." Now
we naturally thought (having in our mind what we have
paid in our own country) that the bedroom would be
dirty and wretched, and the breakfast such as we should
not care to have. It was known that we could not
arrive at Bremen before 3 a.m., and imagine our surprise
when even at that early hour we were kindly received by
a ladylike person, who asked if she should prepare us
breakfast ; but being very tired after two days and two
nights' travelling, we were glad to go to bed. Ima-
gine how agreeably surprised we were to be shown
into a room 21 feet by 15 feet, and at least 16 feet
high, and furnished in a way that any noble-
man attending our English meetings need not be
dissatisfied with, and more particularly (if he had been of
a musical turn of mind) as he could have had the use
of what seemed to be a good piano-forte, which stood iu
the room. The room did not look into a noisy street, the
two French windows opened on to a large balcony, on
which were growing orange and lemou-trees, in pots,
and beyond there was a square, charmingly planted willi
shrubs and fioweriug plants. We are more minute in
our description than may seem necessary, but we want
our home lodging-house keepers to know what the good
people of Bremen did for their visitors. Ours was no
solitary instance, for we heard of others equally well
cared for, and it will be imagined that there were a good
many private lodgings taken when we state that our card
was numbered 3,163, We must do the lodging com-
mittee justice by saying that in all matters they had to
do with they were most kind and obliging — a thing not
always to be found in England with men in authority.
The exhibition was held in the Biirger, or Citizens, Park,

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

comprising about one hundred acres, aud is williiu ilirce-
quarters of a mile of the town. The grounds are ueatly
laid out in roads, grass, water, aud spaces are planted
with forest-trees, shrubs, and llowering phmts. The
buildings for themachiuery, horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, and
horticultural, &c., specimens, are erected at different places
about the grounds, and it is no easy matter getting round
to them all, aud particularly as several of the sheds are
so hidden by the young plantations that it is necessary to
get up one's geography of the place in order to save our
legs by cutting off the corners. A siding has been laid
from the railway, and the cattle, &c., are run quite up to
the shedding. We could not but be struck by the dif-
ference in unloading cattle here and at Vienna last year,
where everything seemed in confusion, and after the
greatest possible noise and gesticulation the poor half-
maddened animals were generally allowed to go
out of the trucks with a rush, and in
several instances getting free from the persons
in charge. At Bremen everything was dift'erently
managed. A troop of infantry, in undress uniform, was
told off for the work, and most admirably they per-
formed their duties, all being done without noise or
confusion. No sooner were the cattle-trucks run down
to the shedding than twelve of the soldiers (six on each
side) placed one end of an unloading ladder on the side
of the truck, and the other end, securely fastened, on
the ground. The door of the truck was then opeued,
and the officer in command gave the word, when in
marched] two or three men, as the case might be, and
took hold of the animal that was pointed out to them.
There seemed no thought or fear in the minds of the
men as to what the animals might do ; and it really
seemed as if the quiet firmness on the part of the men
impressed the cattle with tlie desirability of also taking
things coolly, for there were but few instances of open
rebellion ; and in these cases the equanimity of the sol-
diers' minds did not appear to be the least disturbed, and
when the animals were safely placed in their stalls the
men turned quietly away as though everything was a mere
matter of every-day work with them. The crates con-
taining sheep had to be conveyed some distance from the
trucks, out of which they were no sooner lifted than
they were hoisted on to the shoulders of six soldiers
(three on each side), who marched with a military step to
the spot where the sheep had to he placed, and then,
with what sounded like a kind of one, two, three ! the
crates were carefully placed on the ground, without any
apparent jolt or loss of the perpendicular. There can be
no surprise at success attending the united efforts of an
army composed of men so admirably trained.

The shedding for the cattle, sheep, and pigs, aud the
stables for the horses, are substantially erected, and in
ome respects the plans are good. The entire covered
width of the cattle-sheds is about from thirty-nine to
forty feet, and there is a walk of nine feet wide down
the centre, so that visitors may pass down between the
cattle, which are tied with their heads to the passage. The
faults of these sheds are the centre walk being raised
nearly level with the top of the feeding-troujhs, so that
the cattle are " looked down upon" by the visitors, and
there being no rail in front of the head of the beast there
is every chance of a wild animal attempting to jump over
the trough. All the shcddings are well constructed and
perfectly water-proof.

The sheds for the sheep have a covered width of 34
feet, with a seven- feet passage down the centre, There
are two rows of pens on each side of the passage. The
pens are close boarded, which prevents the sheep seeing
each other aud makes them restless, and it is also objec-
tionable in hot weather.

The stabling for the horses is of an hexagonal form,

and is most admirably constructed. The loose boxes
are spacious and boarded niue feet high, aud to every four
boxes there is an eight-feet passage with folding doors,
aud at the other end of the passage is a lock-up hay and
corn place. The stalls struck us as being too narrow.
They were only five feet in width, while the length was
as much as ten feet. Within the ranges of stabling the
trial-ground was prepared, having spacious and really
good galleries all round, with six divisions raised higher
than the rest, these elevated aud more carefully-
prepared places being intended for some of the grand
people who are expected to visit the exhibition, for the
committee aud representatives of the press. Persons who
had obtained admission to the general exhibition were
admitted to the galleries free of extra charge.

The general exhibition was opened to the public on
Saturday morning, the 13th instant, at six o'clock, at a
charge of ten marks, equal to ten English shillings per head,
and as the awards of the jurors were, with some exceptions,
made on that day, not less, we think,than upwards of from
three to four thousand persons availed themselves of the op-
portunity of seeing the public judging, which in all the de-
partments was going on at the same time. The morning
was an unfortunate one, inasmuch as it was very windy,
with a di-enching rain, which, however, happily cleared
off about 11 a.m., and then became delightfully fine, and
the more agreeable from the rain having settled the
clouds of dust which had previously been flying about.

When we visited the show-ground on the Thursday
previous, it seemed almost impossible that all could be
ready by the morning of the 13th, when, however, every-
thing appeared to be completed, and the numerous flags,
decorations, with plants and flowers gave a varied and
very charming effect to almost every part of the extensive
grounds, which was very much assisted by several small
and handsome erections for seats in many parts of the
grounds.

The exhibition of horses was a grand one, and has
rarely, we were told, been exceeded in Germany, as we
doubt very much whether it could be in any country.
The classes comprised English thoroughbred stallions and
mares, half-bred horses for hunting, riding, and soldiei's'
purposes— there being classes for heavy and light cavalry
— light and heavy carriage horses, and horses for agricul-
tural and artillery work, hackneys, and ponies. The
general character of the horses exhibited was remarkably
good, and, taking them all round, we never saw a better
lot. There was frame, bone, and style, and the action of
some of the horses was really grand to look at. There
was no attempt at equestrian " show-oft'" on the part of
the persons in charge of the horses. All was done in a
sober, business-like way, and the minds of the men ap-
peared to be wholly concentrated upon doing all they
could to develope the powers of the animals which they had
in charge. Tlie judges went about their work in a quiet,
matter of every-day kind of way, and seemed to get
through their heavy duties expeditiously, and we should
think satisfactorily. There were pairs of horses shown in
carriages as well as teams of four. The horses so ex-
hibited were generally beautiful animals, and shown in
fine condition, and did credit to their owners as well as
to the grooms who had charge of them.

There were fewer weedy, worthless animals than might
probably have been expected. The grooms were generally
dressed in light blue tunics, white breeches, and Wel-
lington boots, and wore the Prussian military-shaped
cap. Several of the grooms wore soldiers' medals. We
were struck by the way the military training helped
them in what looked like being a serious affair. A
thoroughbred stallion broke away and made a savage
rush at another horse, and both went away into the
grounds at a furious pace, and were quickly lost to sight

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

amongst the trees and shedding. The grooms at once
threw out skirmishers, and in a very short time the
horses were secured and taken hack to their places, while
the men did not appear at all excited by what had
occurred.

We should like to have given the prize-winners in the
horse classes, but they were not issued before we left the
show-ground. There were no English judges for horses,
so far as we could learn.

To follow the catalogue-numbers of the live-stock
sections is rather a difficult matter as the entries are
arranged, and more particularly is this so to those who,
like ourselves, are not very well acquainted with the
German language, and hence it is we are necessarily com-
pelled to generalise our remarks more than we should
otherwise do.

In many classes a bull and cow are entered together,
and appear in the same class aud uuder different num-
bers. There is a large entry of Holland and Oldenburg
cattle, and many very good animals are exhibited. The
bulls show a good deal of what we may call improved
shape and quality, and the cows while retaining their
milk-producing properties seem to be gaining greater
flesh-bearing qualities. There is a large class of local
cattle, and many really fine beasts are exhibited. It
may be clearly seen where a Shorthorn bull has been at
work by the increased frame and improved appearance of
their produce.

There are classes for Hanoverian, Holstein and Ham-
burg, Schleswig, and Danish Holstein cattle, and many
excellent bulls and cows are exhibited ; while, of course,
there are others with small pretensions for merit in a show-
yard.

The sandy-and-white Swiss cattle are fairly repre-
sented, and amongst the entries there are some fine
specimens of their breed. AtVienua last year the herdsmen
generally appeared in their national costumes, which gave
the exhibition more of an international character. At
Bremen there is no particular peculiarity in the dress of
persons in charge of cattle or sheep. The classes for
English aud foreign-bred pedigree Shorthorns is not very
well filled, and but for the large entry of most excellent
animals made by that spirited aud energetic gentleman
Mr. Edward Liibben, of SUrwiirdeu, near Eodeukirchen
in Oldenburg, who, by the way, was a pupil some years
ago of Mr. Henry Overman, of Norfolk, the Shorthorn
breed of cattle would have been badly repre-
sented. As it was, Mr. l.ubben came to the rescue with
an entry of four bulls of different ages aud thirteen cows
and heifers, and of a character, style, aud quality that
would have been creditable to any exhibition in England.
He deservedly received five first prizes and gold medals,
six second prizes and silver medals, and two third prizes
and bronze medals. The first-prize white four-year-old
bull Snowdrop by Prince Teck is a massive animal, of
good frame and well-proportioned fore-quarters, and
handled nicely. The second-prize white 1 year and 10
months old bull Fairfax by Prince Teck is an animal of
much promise. The first-prize young roan bull. Royal
Mark by Royal Broughton, and dam Castanet 3rd, is a
really good animal, with excellent forequarters
and good skin and hair, and will make his
mark in future showyards, or we shall be much mistaken in
our estimate of his merits. This bull cannot fail to do a
great deal for the improvement of Mr. Liibben's herd.
The first-prize cow, Leila, by 3rd Duke of Geneva, dam
Laura, is a roan of great substance and evidently a heavy
flesh-bearer, and has a good skin ; she is now heavy in
calf. The second-prize cow. Charmer, by Hildebrand, is
shown with her calf by her side ; and although the cow is
low in flesh, having been sent direct from the pasture, she
has much to recommend her. The other prize cows and

heifers have many good points, but time will not admit of
our particularising each animal. In the fat cattle class
Mr. Liibben takes two fii-st prizes for pure-bred steers, and
a first and second prize for cross-bred steers, as well as the
special prize given by the Duke of Brunswick for the best
lot of fat cattle in the exhibition. Baron Magnus, of Drehsa,
Saxony, took a second prize with his useful bull "Bismarck,"
and a first prize and gold medal for a really nice heifer,
which well earned the honour she obtained. There were
two or three other persons who received third prizes, but
their animals had nothing very particular to recommend
them.

There was a class for what is called " common-bred
Shorthorns," in which Mr. John Brown, of Hull, takes a
first prize and gold medal. There were only two entries
for Ayrshire bulls and cows, and both belonging to German
breeders. There was a class for other English breeds,
and there were only five animals to select from, and three
of these were from Mr. Walter Earthing, of Stowey Court,
Somersetshire, and he had the first prize for his sixteen
months-old Devon buD, and the first prize for his seven-
year-old cow of the same breed.

The various classes of Merino sheep are well filled, and
received much attention from persons interested in this
breed. We see an improvement in the general character
of Merino sheep since we first attended an international
exhibition on the continent of Europe. There appears to
be an increase of size, improvement in shape, while the
character and quality of the wool is not deteriorated.
Nothing could be finer than the wool of some of the
animals we examined. The sheep are shown in better
condition than they used to be, and we fancy that there
must be a corresponding increase in the weight of
wool.

The classes for Southdown sheep were also well filled,
there being 32 rams and 16 pens of ewes. It was said
by the German breeders that Lord Walsingham never
sent such good rams and ewes to Germany. Mr. George
Sandy, of Holmepierrepoint, and two German gentlemen
acted as judges for short-woolled sheep, and they awarded
to Lord Walsingham two first prizes and two gold medals,
with two second prizes and two silver medals for rams,
and two first prizes and two gold medals for shearling
ewes. Mr. G. Stahlschmidt, of Canea, in Silesia, received
the two third prizes, and, singularly enoueh, for rams
bred from a Merton ram bought at the Altona Inter-
national Exhibition. Mr. Stahlschmidt's two rams were
really good animals and such as would have done no
discredit to any exhibition in our own country. Lord
Sondes, of Elmham, sent three shearling and three two-
year-old rams, but they were distanced for the two third
prizes by Mr. Stahlschmidt's rams, and failed to receive
even a commendation. But we were glad to see his
lordship get a second prize for his pen of yearlings, and a
third prize for two-year-old ewes, the second prize being
awarded to a nice-matching pen of two-year-old ewes
belonging to Mr. W. L. Wedesneyer, a German breeder.
Lord Walsingham's first-prize yearling ram and
the two pens of prize ewes were sold to
Baron von Schffiuermarck of Silesia, who bought the prize
ewes at the Hamburg International Exhibition some
years ago. The first-prize and gold medal two-year-old
ram was an animal of great substance and of true South-
down character, and was, as well as two other rams,
quickly sold to Herr von Tagow, of Riihstadt, near Wils-
nack. It is worthy of note that the prize ram was not
exhibited last year, aud was hired in a comparatively lean
state by Mr. Henry Fookes, of Whitechurch, Blanchford,
who could evidently see what the animal would grow into.
There were a good many entries in the class
for Shropshire and Oxfordshire sheep. Jlr. T. Fulcher
was awarded the first and second prizes for two really good

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

Oxford Rams, bred by Mr. Charles Howard of Biddenliam,
near Bedford ; while'Mr. J. W. Smidt, who lives near
Bremeu, had the first prize for a pen of matching fine
ewes bred bj' Mr. Henry Orerman of Weasenham, Nor-
folk. Mr. Fulcher received the third prize for a pea of
Oxford ewes, which were very badly matched, one having
a black, another a grey, and the third a terribly speckled
face ; and we were told that the Germans criticised them
a good deal, and facetiously wanted to know why three
different breeds of sheep were showa in the same pen.
This gentleman also sent two pens of Shropshire Down
ewes bred by a Mr. Watson. As specimens of a breed
they had not much to recommend them, and we fear they
would give a bad impression of the merits of Shropshire
Down sheep. la the section for Leicester, Cotswold,
and Liucolu sheep, Mr. E. Liibben takes two first prizes
for some capital rams from Mr. Hugh Aylmer of West
Dereham, as well as the second prize for ewes ;
while the Cirencester College farm, obtains a
second prize for rams and Mr. Fulcher a third.
He has also a first and second prize for Cotswold ewes, and
the College a third prize. With the exception of the
sheep Mr" Liibben had from Mr. Aylmer, we cannot say
the other entries were really good. They were just
passable, and this is as much as we can say. Messrs.
Russell, from Horton Kirby, Kent, sent some useful
Hampshire Downs, which obtained the first and third
prizes for rams and the first prize for ewes. Some German
breeders sent long-wool sheep of considerable merit, and it
is quite clear to us that these international exhibitions are
doing very much for the improvement of cattle and sheep
on the Continent. Mr. J. H.Yeomans, of Stretton-court,
acted with two Germans as judge of longwooUed sheep

There is a good entry of pigs, and Messrs. Duckering of
Lincolnshire and Mr. E. Liibben pretty well sweep off
the prizes. Mr. Duckering has five first, one second, and
one third, while Mr. Liibben receives two first, two
seconds, and a third. The Cirencester College has a first
and second prize. There are many good animals exhibited,
and some of jNIr. Duckeriag's pigs were of enormous
size. We saw a great Hungarian pig at Vienna last year
which was so ugly that we thought it must be the con-
necting link with soraetMng else, but at Bremen there is
a boar which is too terribly ugly to have a connecting link
with anything. It is said to be a wild boar for hunting
purposes. Now if " pig sticking " is an amusement it
must be (in the case of such animals as we taw) i n the
kill required to strike such a shadow with the spear. It
seemed to have two deep sides and no back or belly to
separate them. The brute was savage enough for all pur-
poses, for when a curious person attempted to touch the
animal with his umbrella, it was, although seeming to be
asleep, up in a moment and made a nasty rush at the side
of the high boarded pen in which he was confined, and the
consequence was that the visitor stepped back so quickly
that there was a flooring like nine-pins of some persons
behind him.

The class for goats and rabbits was interesting, so far
as it gave an idea of what extraordinary animals are in
existence. There were many singular varieties, and such
as we had never seen before. The goats were represented
by a male animal of great size and two white females ;
their condition being as wretchedly bad as it could well
be, and the man who could send such things to an exhi-
bition must have queer ideas if he thought any person
would commend him for the way he had kept his goats.

The exhibition of poultry and singing-birds must be
written as a comparative failure. The entries were by
no means large, and the birds in bad plumage. There
were no birds of any especial merit. There were a good
many pigeons, and the carrier variety were good and
seem to be well cared-for.

The section for fishery was found to be so difficult and
impracticable that it was given up.

The exhibition of matters connected with the culture
of bees and the silkworm cannot be called a success. The
articles exhibited were chiefly models of bee-hives, wax,
and specimens of honey obtained from different varieties
of trees and plants ; and as for silkworms, we could not
see any or any of their work, so we supposed they were
" out on strike."

There is a sepai-ata building for articles connected with
forestry and the chase, in which were tastefully arranged
numerous specimens of guns and rifles, traps of various
kinds, and some of enormous size, heads of animals,
polished wood, patterns of inlaid, wood flooring, and
many things of great interest, making altogether an at-
tractive part of the exhibition.

The seventh division — for agricultural products — had
much to recommend it. There were specimens of crushed
bones, artificial manures, feathers, wool, hemp, manufac-
tured hemp, spirits from roots grown on farms, corn and
flour, sugar, tobacco-leaf in various stages of growth and
manufacture, and a large display of peat fuel. There was
peat earth in its soft state and when manufactured ; and
in this state it is comparatively speaking as hard as a stone
indeed, there were specimens which had been polished,
and had a face almost like black marble. The prepared
peat is very largely used for the stoves in the best houses
in North Germany ; and hundreds of poor persons are em-
ployed in getting and preparing the fuel. No wood or
other kind of kindling is used for lighting the hard dry
lumps of peat. A little petroleum oil is thrown over it,
and when a light is applied the flame from the oil
quickly ignites the peat. There were specimens of fuel
prepared from the sphagnum moss. It is a good deal
used, but it burns rather quickly. From what we could
see of the peat fuel at Bremen we think that the system of
preparing it may with considerable advantage be carried
on in England.

The judges in these sections have recommended the
Council to grant honourable mentions for valuable
objects sent to the Exhibition by the President of the Ve-
nezuelan Republic, by Messrs. Gildemeister and Co., oi
Lima, and by the Mercantile Society of Bremen. A sil-
ver medal has been granted to Dr. Ernst, of Caracas, for
his scientific arrangement of Venezuelan produce.

The section for the cultivation of gardens, and fruit,
was very interesting, being in two divisions — one for
the exhibition of preserved fruit and vegetables, and also
for fruit and vegetables in a fresh state ; and the other for
palms, tropical plants, orchids, ferns (tropical and native),
as well as greenhouse plants. The fruit and vegetables
were by no means equal to what we have seen in England.
There were many magnificent specimens of plants, and
amongst others, we especially noticed an enormous plant
of the Miisa Paradisiaca (bread fruit), with abundance
of fruit on it of great size. There was a fine plant of
coft'ee with a heavy crop of berries on it. The gloxi-
nias were remarkably fine, and appeared to be greatly
admired by persons well up in these things. We believe
the committee judged wisely in combining flowers and
other matters with the cattle exhibition, because it is
not everybody who will be content to spend a day ia
looking at horses, sheep, and cattle. As it is now, there
is sufficient to interest most persons, whichever way their
tastes may lie.

There was a very fair exhibition of agricultural im-
l)lements and machines. The German makers were
largely represented, and at many of their stands there were
implements which, in an English point of view, were
more curious than useful. Probably, however, many of
the articles we should not think of using in this country
may have their peculiar advantages on the Continent.

THE PARMER'S MAGAZmE.

9

Certainly some of the ploughs looked stroog enough to
plough up a paved street in any town, and the depth they
must enter the soil is something astonishing to think of,
and it must of necessity take a good many horses to
work them. The following prizes were awarded :

The first prize for the best steam plough and the first
prize for the best steam machinery for ploughing waste
lands to Messrs. John Fowler and Co., Leeds.
Gold medals for agricultural machinery and
implements to Jlessrs. James and Frederick
Howard, of Bedford ; Walter A. Wood, of Iloosick Falls,
New York; Marshall, Son, and Co., of Gainsborough;
Clayton and Shuttleworth, of Lincoln ; Ransomes, Sims,
and Head, of Ipswich ; and Messrs. D. ]\I. Osbone and
Co., of Bremen. Silver medals for the same objects
were granted to the JIaldon Ironworks Company ;
Rennie and Co., Lincoln ; Richmond and Chandler, Sal-
ford ; Aultmann, Miller, and Co., Akron, Ohio ; the
Reading Ironworks; Nalder and Nalder, Wantage ; Gooday,
Stanstead, Essex ; Samuelson and Co., Banbury ; Davy,
Paxman, and Co., Colchester; Woods, Cocksedge, and Co.,
Stowmarket ; James Smyth and Sons, Peasenhall ; C.
Burrell, Thetford ; Willsher and Co., London; Hornsbyand
Sons, Grantham ; E. R. and F. Turner, Ipswich ; and the
Johnston Harvester Company, Brockport.

We were glad to see that the English exhibitors did
not open their stands on Sunday, and we hope they will
be rewarded for this by obtaining good and satisfactory
orders.

The tenth and last section of the original programme
was the " Results of Scientific Studies in the several
departments." We tried very hard to make out what
this was intended to mean, but were unable to do so,
unless it was, as one of the committee said, the good that
persons might derive from well studying the various pro-
ducts they were enabled to examine, and in seeing how
far they could improve upon them.

Taken as a whole the exhibition must be said to be a
success. We find that on Saturday, the 13th inst., when
the price of admission was ten marks (a mark being equal
to an English shilling), 5,000 persons entered the exhi-
bition. On Sunday, the 14th, 15,188 persons entered,
paying two marks each; and on Monday, the 15th,
16,300 paid three marks each. There was a large
attendance on Tuesday, but we could not learn the
number of persons who entered on that day. The price
for admission will be three marks for every day except the
last day, viz., Sunday, the 21st inst., when it is to be
reduced to one mark, .i very great number of visitors
were expected on Friday and Saturday, the 19th and
20th inst., as the Crown Prince of Prussia, the Kingof
Saxony, and other persons of rank are to attend the exhi-
bition on those days, and during their stay at Bremen
they ai-e to be the guests of the merchant prince Herr H.
H. Meier, who has been the moving spirit in getting
up the exhibition. Without the energy and personal
attention he has given to the whole matter from the
very beginning the exhibition could not have been carried
out as it has been. We believe that Herr Meier visited
England twice for the purpose of making inquiries and
for personal consultation with persons who were thought
to be able to give him advice and assistance. We think
however that the persons he consulted shou haveld
impressed upon him the desirability of having the catalogue
numbers so arranged as to enable persons to understand
them, whereas there was as much difficulty in following
out the classes as there used to be at the Essex show, and
this is saying a good deal ! There was also great and
unnecessary delay in putting up the prize cards, and many
had not been fixed when we left the show ground on the
evening of Tuesday the 16th.

Soldiers from the seventy-fifth regiment of the line in

full uniform were employed as police in the exhibition
grounds, and each had a steel plate with a large " P "
pierced through it, hung round his neck and lodged on
the chest, which showed at once that the men were acting
under authority. The men were placed at every entrance
and outlet, in the cattle sheds, and in various parts of the
grounds. The men did their duty courteously and quietly,
and assisted very much, no doubt, in keeping the really
good order which generally prevailed. There were
letter boxes in diff'erent parts in the grounds, and a
telegraph office with military operators ; and we know
from experience that there was no time lost in sending
off messages nor, indeed, in letting one have a reply, for
we bad occasion to send to England and Austria, and
were called up at one o'clock in the morning to receive
an answer to a message we sent late in the day. The
refreshment department was well organised, and most
extensively patronised, and the consumption of food, wine,
beer, coft'ee, aud tobacco was of itself a sight to see, while
the continual and peculiar " sissing " call to the waiters
kept up, as it were, a "phizzing" fire in every "restau-
ration." The good biirghers of Bremen right loyally did
the best in their power to give a hearty welcome to visi-
tors, and, so far as our experience went, there was no
attempt at extortion at the hotels or elsewhere, and we can
only express a hope that foreign visitors to English ex-
hibitions may receive as much fair and considerate treat-
ment as we and other Englishmen received at Bremen.

Sunday, June 21. — The following additional awards, have
bseu announced : Nicholson, Newark, silver medal (or
haymaking machines ; Ruston, Proctor, and Co., Lmcoln,
gold medal for steam engines and thrashing machines ;
Garrett and Sons, Saxmundhara, gold medal for agricultural
machines ; Piatt and Co., gold medal for mowing machines ;
Singer, gold medal for sewing machines.

THE STURDY— AN OPERA.TION.^The disease in
cattle and sheep called Coennrus cerebralis, or more popularly
known as gid, sturdy, turusick, is one of the most prevalent,
but at the same time one of the least understood by breeders
and owners of stock. With regard to the usual form of sturdy,
it depends on the presence of hyatid in one of the hemispheres
of the cerebrum or brain proper. Under its influence the
sheep turns right or left according to the hemisphere affected.
The first severity of the attack seems to pass off, but the rehef
is more apparent than real, the disease becoming more inten-
sified, the cerebral disturbance more marked, causing giddi-
ness, finally paralysis sets in, followed by prostration and
death. Having learned from a gentleman largely interested
in sheep-breeding that Mr. William Hyslop, of Stretton
House Private Asylum, Church Stretton, successfully deals
with cases of sturdy amongst his own and his neighbours'
flocks, we waited for an opportunity of witnessing an
operation for the disease on a sheep of the Stretton
Hill breed. We may premise that the coenurus is in a kind
of bladder, provided with a variable number of exsertile
heads, and it is believed that the nervous substance may be
excited by the heads which protrude from the bladder, and
penetrate the brain substance nearly two lines in depth. The
operation, like that of Columbus's egg, was exceedingly simple,
but very ingenious withal. The sheep being firmly held by
an assistant, Mr. Hyslop felt for the softened part of the skull,
and having iiit upoa the precise spot he wanted, he pierced
the brain with an instrument called a borer. He then drew
off a large quantity of liquid from the cist of the parasite,
through a canula, by means of a syringe. He then extracted
the bladder, which contained the agents of the disease, and
announced that the animal would be entirely well in a few
days. We have been at some pains to explain the disease,
and tlie operation for its cure, in order that those who have
sheep afliicted with it may know where to look for a remedy.
— Shrewsbury Free Press.

10

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

THE NORFOLK AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
MEETING AT NORWICH.

The chief feature of the show was the Shorthorn sectiou,
many of the entries, including Lady Pigot's team, now as
usual on circuit, coming direct from Bristol, while further
interest was given to the awards by Lord Exeter sending
two or three of the Telemachus family the old Burghley
bull now beating off the Suffolk Oxford which so unex-
pectedly was declared the champion bull at the Essex
show of last year. The full prize list will also tell of some
other corrections, more especially amongst the younger
stock, where Mr. How, from Broughton, heat the Branches
herd. There was a strong show of the native red-polled
cattle, where Lord Sondes was still in front, and a fair
entrj' of Southdowns, backed by some capital Cotswolds.
Almost all the pig prizes w^ent out of the county, as did
many of those for horses ; Mr. Garrett's Suffolk three-
year-old, however, of which so much was thought at
Woodbridge in the spring, being beaten by a roan from
Lynn; while another Cup-bearer was the best two-year-
old. On the whole, the horse show was but moderate —
perhaps more especially of hunters and other lighter
breeds.

PRIZE LIST.
JUDGES.— Cattle : J. C. Foot, Beaulieu Wood, Dorchester ;
J. K. Fowler, Aylesbury. Norfolk Caet Horses : J.
H. Plowright, Mansa, Carabs ; J. Wartli, Sutton, Ely.
Cart-uorses of j^y Breed : T. Plowright, Pinchbeck ;
J. Nix, Chatteris, Cambs. TnoROUGHBRED and Hunting
Horses : W. Whitehead, Woollaston ; W. T. Sharpe,
Horncastle. Hackney and Riding Horses and Ponies ;
H. Thurnall, Royston; J.E.Bennett, Rugby. South-
down Sheep : W. Bennett, Chilraark, Salisbury ; H. P.
Hart, Beddinghara, Lewes. Long-woolled Sheep:
W. Budding, Panton, Lincoln ; T. Horley, The Fosse,
Leamingtou. Pigs : J. S. Turner, Cliyngton, Sussex.
Implements : T. Everett, Creake ; C. B. Mason, Beech-
arawell ; H. Overman, Weasenham.
CATTLE.
shorthorns.
Bull, above three years old. — First prize, £10 and silver
medal, and the Prince of Wales' prize of £10 10s., the Marquis
of Exeter, Burghley, Stamford (Telemachus) ; second, £7, C.
Beart, Westhead, Stowbridge (Master Blythe). Reserved, N.
Catchpole, Braniford, Suffolk (Oxford Prize).

Bull, two and not exceeding three years. — First prize, £10
and silver medal, W. Linton, Sherriff llutton, York (Sir
Arthur Ingram) ; second, £7, J. Wortley, juu., Swalield
(Captain Hopeful).

Bull, above one and not exceeding two years, — First prize,
£10 and silver medal, the Marquis of Exeter (Telemachus
6th) ; second, £7, N. Catchpole (Thiers) ; third, £4, G. J.
Day, Horsford, Norwich (Charon). Reserved, Lady Pigot,
Branches-park (Rapid Rhone).

Bull-calf, not exceeding twelve months old. — First prize, £5
and silver medal, N. Catchpole (The Shah) ; second, £3, T.
Rose, Great Melton (Bright Knight).

Cow, in calf or in milk, above three years old. — First prize,
£10, and silver medal. Lady Pigot (Victoria Victrix) ; second,
£7, the Marquis of Exeter (Moll Gwynne) ; third, £!•, J. J.
Sharp, Broughton, Kettering (Julia 9lh). Commended : W.
Crickmore, Seething (Virginia).

Heifer, in calf or in milk, two and not exceeding three
years. — First prize, two premiums of £5 and silver medal.
Lady Pigot (Rose of Wytham) ; second, £7, N. Catchpole
(Bramford Rose) ; third, £4, T. Rose (Brunette).

Heifer, one and not exceeding two years. — First prize, £8,
and silver medal, J. How, Broughton, Hunts (Lady Butterfly) ;
second, £5, Lady Pigot (Princess of Witham); third, £3,
Lady Pigot (Rose of Lincoln). Highly commended: J. J.
gharp (Julia 11th). Commended: N. Catchpole (Whitton

Heifer calf, not exceeding twelve mouths old. — First prize,
£5, and silver medal, R. Parker, North Creake (Daisy) ; se-
cond, £3, Lady Pigot (Moorish Captive). Highly com-
mended: W. Augersteiu, Wecting-hall (Musical 17tli). Com-
mended : R. J. Chaplin, Ridgewell, Halstead (Ridgewell
Rose).

NORFOLK AND SUFFOLK RED-POLLED.

Bull, above three years old. — First prize, £10, J. J. Col-
man, M.P., Norwich (Powell) , second, £7, Lord Sondes,
Elmhara (The Palmer).

Bull, two and not exceeding three years. — First prize, £10,
J. F. Palmer, Wilby (Youug Major) ; second, £7, Lord
Sondes (Edgar) ; third, £4, T. Brown, Marhani (I'lie Beau).
Reserved : A. Taylor, Starston (Sir Edward 1.).

Bull, one and not exceeding two years. — First prize, £10,
and silver medal, Mr. J. J. Colmar., M.P. (Elmham Duke) ;
second, £7, H. Birkbeck, Stoke Holy Cross (Suffolk) ; third,
£4, J. J. Colraan, M.P. (Easton Duke). Highly commended :
J. J. Colman, M.P. (Roy al Duke).

Bull-calf, not exceeding twelve months old. — First prize,
£5, and silver medal, T. Brown (Charlie) ; second, £3, J. J.
Colman, M.P. (Baron Easton). Highly commended: Lord
Sondes (Longham). Commended: T.Brown (Benedict).

Cow, in calf or milk, above three years old. — First prize,
£10, R. E. Lofft, Troston (Minute 3rd); second, £7, B.
Brown .Thursford (Countess) ; third, £4 and silver cup, value
£55s., j. J. Colman, M.P. (Handsome 3rd). Reservedandcom-
mended. Lord .Sonaes (Skelton).

Heifer, in calf or in milk, two and not exceeding three years
old. — First prize, £10 and silver medal, Lord Sondes (Fanny) ;
second, £7, H. Birkbeck (Wave) ; third, £4, B. Brown (Nou-
psriel). Highly commended, Lord Sondes (Kate) ; commended,
H. Birkbeck (Hyacinth).

Heifer, one and not exceeding two years. — First prize, £8,
Mr. Hudson, Castleacre ; second, £5, J. J. Colman, M.P.
(Rosabelle) ; third, £3, Sir Willoughby Jones, Cranmer-hall
(Belle). Highly commended: H. Birkbeck (Spouse) and
Lord Sondes (Theresa).

Heifer-calf, not exceeding Jwelve months old. — First prize,
£5 and silver medal, Sir Willoughby Jones (Graceful) ; second
£3, Lord Sondes (Lady Constable). Reserved, H. Birkbeck
(Wealth).

Best collection of Norfolk and Suffolk Red Polled animals
exhibited in classes 9 to 16 inclusive. — Cup or plate. Lord
Sondes. Reserved : B. Brown.

COWS AND HEIFERS.

Best adapted for dairy purposes, of any breed, not being
Shorthorn, or Norfolk and Suffolk Red Polled.

Cow in calf or in milk above three years old. — First prize,
£10 and silver medal, W. Johnson, WalpoleSt. Peter ; second,
£7, J. Plowman, Great Melton (White Rose) ; third, £4, W.
Johnson. Reserved 'and highly commended, W. Allen, Little
Ellingham (Polled).

Heifer, in calf or in milk, two and not exceeding three years
— First prize, £10 and silver medal, W. Johnson, Walpole St.
Peter , second, £7, W. Johnson. Reserved : J. Smith,
Hethersett (Dolly Varden, cross-bred).

Heifer, oue and not exceeding two years. — First prize, £8
and silver medal, W. Welcher, jun., Ashwelthorpe, Wymond
ham (Lady Jane) ; second. £5, R. C. Rising, Costessey.
Norwich (Beauty) ; third, £3, J. Smith (Nell Gwynne).

fat steers, COWS, AND HEIFERS.

Sicer of any breed, above three years. — First prize, £10
and the Prince of Wales' prize of £10 10s., E. Wortley, Rid-
lington, Uppingham ; second, £7, R. Wortley, Siiffield.
Highly commended : T. and J. B. Freshney, Saltfleet, Louth,
Lincolusiiire (yaltfteet).

Steer of any breed, not above three years. — First prize,
£10 and silver medal, J. How ; second, £7, R. Wortley.

Cow or heifer of any age. — First prize, J. Chapman, North
Walsham ; second, £7, Duke of Grafton, Euston hall (Spot-
less).

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

11

HORSES.

NORFOLK CART HORSES

Brown, Bay, or Black).

Stallion, not under four years. — First prize, £15, H-
Stanley, Bury St. Edmund's (Champion) ; second, £7, J. N.
Waite, Martham (Major) ; third, £1., Rev. J, N. Micklc-
thwait, Taverham-hall (Prince of Wales).

Stallion, three years old.— First prize, £10, C. Marsters,
Saddlebow, Lynn (England's Glory) ; second, £7, T. Brown
(The Orphan) ; third, £1^, J. Newman, Priory, Hiekling
(Samson).

Stallion, two years old. — First prize, £8, and silver medal,
T. Bettinson, Walsoken, Wisbeach (Honest Tom) ; second, £5,
J. Martin, Littleport, Ely (Ploughboy) ; third, £3, G.
Gowing, Ilellesdou (Young Major).

Yearling entire colt. — First prize, £7, J. Tomlinson, Long
Sutton (Concjueror) ; second, £4-, B. W. Ground, Jan.,
Whittlesey.

Mare and Foal.— First prize, £10 and silver medal and cup,
value £5 5s., J. Tomlinson (Beauty) ; second, £7, C. Beart
(Star) ; third, £i, W. Wilson, Scarning (Brag).

Mare, not under four years old. — First prize, £10, the City
of Norwich premium of £10, and Messrs. J. Geldart and
Son's premium of £10 10s., H. Purser, Wellington Manor,
Bedford (Honest Lass) ; second, £7, T. Calver, Burnhara
Thorpe (Blossom) ; third, £1, J. N. Waite (Depper).

Gelding, three years old. — First prize, £7 and silver
medal, 11. Horsley, Ashill (Duke).

Filly, three years old.— First prize, £8 and silver medal, T.
Humphrey, Walpole St. Peter (Dora) ; second, £5, J. Broom,
Moulton, Acle (Gipsy) ; third, £3, H. Little, Wiggenhall,
(Gipsy).

Filly, two years old.— First prize, £8, W. Durrant, Brun-
stead-hall ; second, £5, J. Tingey, Little EUingham (Depper) ;
third, J.Tiugey (Brisk).

Yearling filly.— First prize, £8 and silver medal, H. Purser
(Grand Duchess) ; second, £5, B. W. Ground ; third, £3,
J. N. AVaite (Duchess).

PAIRS or CART HORSES.

Pair of cart horses, whether mare or gelding, without
restriction as to colour, best suited for agricultural purposes
in Norfolk, and wliich have been so uned in the county for
twelve months next before the exhibition. — First prize, £10,
W. How, Tottington (Brisk and Lawyer) ; second, £7, J,
Tingey (Brag and Dodman) ; third, £4', J. Tingey (Doughty
and Depper).

CART HORSES OF ANY BREED.

Stallion, not under four years old. — First prize, £10, R, E.
Lofft (Young Cupbearer).

Stallion, three years old.— First prize, £8 and cup, value
£15 15s., C. Marsters (England's Wonder) ; second. £5, R.
Garrett, Carleton-hall (The Claimant).

Stallion, two years old.— Prize, £6 and silver medal, R.
Garrett.

Mare and foal.— First prize, £10, E. S. Trafford, Wroxham
(Bunny) ; second, £7, J. Brown, Bawburgh (Diamond).

Mare, not under four years old. — First prize, £10, H. Wol-
ton, Newborne-hall (Diamond).

Filly, two years old.— First prize, £5 and silver medal, W.
Wilson, Baylham second, £3, W. Wilson.

THOROUGHBREDS.

Adapted for Breeding Hunters.
Stallion.— First prize, £20, J. Bloomfield, Warham, Fakeu-
ham (The Primate).

HUNTERS.

Mare or Gelding, adapted, equal to 14 stones.— First prize,
£15, W. Hudson, Quarles (Steed) ; second, £8, W. Wright,
Fring (Cock Robin).

Mare or Gelding, adapted for hunting, not equal to carry 14.
stones.- First prize, £10, B. W. Cooper, Euston (Gazette) ;
second, £5, J. G. Nelson, Sparham (Cupid). Highly com-
mended : R. J. Kendle, Weasenliara (Tliree per Cent).

Colt or Filly, three or four years old.— First prize, £10,
Major F. Barlow, Hasketon (Cornishman) ; second, £5, B.
W. Cooper (Grimalkin).

Brood mare, adapted for breeding hunters.— First prize,
£10, and silver medals, J. Tomlinson (Sloughby) ; second,
£5, W. Brandford, Godwick (Phccbe).

HACKNEY AND RIDING HORSES.

Stallion, for saddle and harness.— First prize, £15, and silver
medal, W. Giddens, Walpole St. Peter (Alonzo the Brave) ;

second, £8, J.Griggs, South Creake (The Little Model);
third, £5, J. Grout, Woodbridge (Quicksilver). Reserved and
commended : F. Branwhite, Long Melford (Defiance).

Riding mare or gelding, above 15 and not exceeding 15
hands 3 inches high. — First prize, £10, J. Rowell, Magdalen,
Lynn (Robin).

Hackney mare or gelding, above li and not exceeding 15
liands high, and in the possession of the exhibitor for three
moutlis previous to the exhibition. — First prize, £10, and
silver medal, W. How (Favourite) ; second, £5, H. \V . Allen's
Executors, Saddlebow.

Hackney brood mare, to be certified to have produced a living
foal subsequent to 1st of January, 1871i. — First prize, £10,
and silver medal, C. Cook, Litcham (Bell) ; second, £5, J. W.
Hunu, Hunstanton (Twopenny). Reserved and commended,
W. Mitchell, AVhitlingham (Eva).

HARNESS HORSES.

Mare or gelding, not under 14 hands 1 inch, nor above 1 5 hands
1 inch, to be shown in harness. — First prize, £8, and silver
medal, W. Durrant. Highly commended and reserved, J.
Abel, Norwich.

Mare or gelding, not under 15 hands 1 inch, nor above 15
liands 3 inches high, adapted for single or double harness, to
be shown in hand and ridden. — Prize, cup, value £10 lOs., W.
Giddens (Giddy Girl). Reserved : W. Jex, Burgh St. Peter
(Forty Colours).

COBS.

Stallion, adapted for breeding liigli-steppiug cobs. — Prize,
£5, G. Body, Haveringland (Young Prickwillow). Com-
mended : Major F. Barlow (King of the West). Commended
and reserved : T. and A. Dyball (Little Wonder).

Cob, carrying (while being judged) at least 15 stones,
saddle and bridle included, and not less than 13 hands 3 inches,
nor more than 14 hands 3 inches high. — First prize, £10 and
silver medal, — Charles (Cock Robin) ; second, £7, F. Bran-
white (Pretty Girl) ; third, £4, T. H. Edwards, Keswick
(O'Connell). Commended and reserved : A. Taylor, Starston
(Gay Lad).

PONIES.

Pony, not under 13 nor above 13 hands 3 inches high. —
First prize, £8, C. Beart (Tom Thumb) ; second, £5, F. Low
(Queen of Spades) ; third, £3, S. A. Goodwyn, Lciston-hall
(Quicksilver). Reserved: J. Baly, Hardingham (SirRoger),

Pony, not above 13 hands high. — First prize, £5, B. Hook,
Norwich (Tommy Dodd) ; second, £3, W. Birkbeck, Thorpe.
Highly commended : H. W. Owles, Norwich (Flo). Com-
mended : J. Emms, Thetford (Jenny).

Pony, not under 12 nor above 13 hands 3 inches, to be
shown in harness. — Prize, £5, S. Gardiner, Wheatacre
(Mingay). Commended and reserved: T. Patrick, Suttou
Wymondham (Match Box).

SHEEP.

SOUTHDOWN.

Shearling ram. — First prize, £10, and silver medal, and
silver cup or plate, value £10 10s., J. J. Colmaii, M.P. ;
second, £7, Prince of Wales; third, £4, J. J. Colman,
M.P.

Ram of any age. — First prize, £10 and silver medal, J. J.
Colman, M.P. ; second, £7, Prince of Wales; third, £4, Lord
Sondes.

Pen of five shearling ewes. — First prize, £10 and silver
medal, Lord Sondes ; second, £4, J. J. Colman, M.P. Re-
served : Prince of Wales.

Pen of ten ewe lambs. — Prize, £5 and silver modal. Lord
Sondes. Reserved : Prince of Wales.

Pen of ten wether lambs, bred by the exhibitor from a flock
of not less than five score ewes, size and qii;ility to be taken
into consideration. — Prize, £5 and silver medal, Lord Sondes;
Reserved : J. J. Colman, M.P.

LONG-WOOLLED.

Shearling ram. — First prize, £10 and silver medal, T. Browu ;
second, £7, T. Brown; third, £4, T.Brown. Highly com-
mended : T. Brown.

Ram of any age. — First prize, £10 and silver raedal, T.
Brown; second, £7, T. Brown; third, £4, T. Thornton,
Cavenhara House, Wereliam. Highly commended : T, Brown.
Commended: T.Brown and T. Thornton.

Pen of two ram lambs. — First prize, £8 and silver medal,
T. Brown ; second, £5,T. Brown. Commended and reserved :
F. Ellis, Chesterton, Carabs.

12

I'fiE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

Pen of five shearling ewes. — First prize, £7 and silver
medal, T. Gunnell ; second, £4., F. tllis,

Pen of ten ewe lambs. — First prize, £5 and silver medal,
F. Ellis.

SHEEP OF ANY BRERD.

Pen of ten eve or wether lambs. — First prize, £10 and
silver medal, C. Middleton, tlolkham. Wells; secon'l, £7, C.
Middleton ; third, J. B. Ellis, jun., West Barshara, Fnkenham.
Highly commended and reserved : JMrs. Hudson. Commended :
The Corporation of Norwich, Kirby Bedon.

Pen of tliree shearling wethers of any breed. — First prize,
£7, C. Crawshay, Hingham ; second, £-t. C. Crawshay.
Highly commended and reserved : G. Cooke, Ilorseheath,
Carabs. Commended The Corporation of Norwich.

Pen of ten ewes of any age or breed, from a flock of one
less than five score, having bronght up a lamb or lambs. —
first prize, £10 and silver medal, T. Gunnell, Milton, Cambs;
second, £5, Mrs. Hudson, lleserved : J. B. Ellis, jun.

Pen of ten ewes of any age or breed, not being Southdown
or longwoolled, having brought up a lamb or lambs. — First
prize, £10, and silver medal, Mrs. Hudson ; second, £5, G.
Cook. Reserved and commended, J. P. Case, Testerton.

Pen of twenty shearling ewes of any breed, without restric
tion as to clipping. — First prize, £10, and silver medal, Lord
Sondes : second, £7, Mrs. Hudson.

PIGS.

LARGE BREED.

Boar al)ove twelve months old. — First prize, ^£5, J. Dove,
Bristol ; second, £3, R. E. Duckering and Sou, Northorpe,
Lincolnshire.

Boar not above twelve months old. — First prize, £5, and
silver medal, J. Dove ; second, £3, R. E. Duckering and Son.

Breeding sow. — b'irst prize, £5, J. Dove ; second, £3, R. E.
Duckering and Son. Highly commended : R. E. Duckering
and Son. Commended : G. M. Sexton, Wherstead Hall,
Ipswich.

Three breeding sows not above seven months old. — First
prize, £5, and silver medal, R. E. Duckering and Son.

SHALE BREED (BLACK OR BERKSHIRE).

Boar above twelve mouths old. — First prize, £5, R. E.

Duckering and Son ; second, £3, J. N. Waite. Highly com-
mended : G. M. Sexton.

Boar not above twelve months old. — First prize, £5, and
silver medal, Lord Rendlesham, Reudlesham Hall, Suffolk ;
second, £3, G. M. Sexton. Highly commended: G. M.
Sexton.

Breeding sow. — £5, and silver medal, G. M. Sexton;
second, £3, Lord Rendlesham. Highly commended: R. E.
Duckering and Son ; J. N. Waite.

Three breeding sows not above seven months old. — First
prize, £5, and silver medal, G. M. Sexton.

SMALL BREED (wHITE).

Boar above twelve months old. — First prize, £5, and silver
medal, Lord Rendlesham ; second, £3, G. M. Sexton. Com-
mended : R. E. Duckering and Son.

Boar not above twelve months old. — First prize, £5, and
silver medal, Lord Rendlesham ; second, £3, Lord Rendle-
sham. Highly commended : G. M. Sexton and J. Dove.

Breeding sow. — First prize, £5, and silver medal, R. E.
Duckering and Son ; second, £3, Lord Rendlesham. Com-
mended : J. Dove and H. A. Kilham, Tydd St. Marj, Wis-
beacli.

Three breeding sows, not above seven months old — Prize,
£5, and silver medal, R. E. Duckering and Son.
IMPLEMENTS.

Stacking or elevating machine for straw, hay, or sheaf corn.
— Prize, £10, Holmes and Sons, Norwich. Exhibitors:
Hambling and Son, East Dereham; Holmes and Sons;
Murton and Turner, Kenninghall ; Roby and Co. (Limited),
London ; S. G. Soarae, Marshara ; Wallis and Steevens, Lon-
don.

Turnip hoe or tliinner, for ridge oi flat work. — Prize, £7,
and silver medal to inventor. Holmes and Sons. Exhibitors :
J. W. Branford, East Dereham ; T. Chambers, Colkirk ;
Holmes and Sons ; Hambling and Sons ; Murton and Turner ;
F. Mote, March ; T. F. Salter, Attleborough.

Thrashing machine drum guard, for the most simple yet

effectual plan for protecting the drum against accidents.—

Prize, £3, F. Savage, Lynn. Exhibitors : Garrett and Sons,

Leiston ; Holmes and Sons ; 1\ Savage ; Woods, Cocksedge,

is nd Co., Stowmarket.

THE COMMERCIAL PRINCIPLE.

Ever remembering that in this Journal the business
on the mart and the work in the field receive equal atten-
tion, it may not be out of place to look a little into the
commercial principle as applied to agriculture. There
are well-meaniug men who hope never to see the two
come together, as any such union would only tend to
disturb the good feeling existing between landlord and
tenant. There are others, on the contrary, who maintain
that we shall never hold our position or achieve any
satisfactory progress until the commercial principle is
brought to bear alike upon the investment of the occupier
and the interest of the owner. Thus, at the meeting of
the Central Chamber of Agriculture the other day. Lord
Hampton contended that " the arrangements between
landlord and tenant should be conducted much more on
commercial principles ;" by which of course his lordship
intended to say that the two parties to a contract should
set about arranging the terms " fair and square," neither
possessing in the outset any unequal advantage over the
other. On the face of it this would appear to be Lord
Hampton's argument, but we gather from the context it
is not so : be would have " no invasion of the great prin-
ciple of freedom of contract ;" or, in plain English, he
would not wish to see the farmer in a better position to
deal with the landlord : " Mv. Masfen would like to know
how, if freedom of contract remained, an unwilling land-
lord was to be made to do his duty to his tenant ? That
gentleman, and others, had assumed that the tenant-
farmer was the most helpless being in the world ; and his
reply to the question was that, if farmers had to taks a

farm from such unwilling landlords as he referred to, they
must guard their own interests." There can be no doubt
but the time may come, perhaps sooner than expected,
when tenants may be able to guard their own interests
against " unwilling" landlords, that is by having nothing
to do with such people; but so far Lord Hampton must
know that he is speaking mere platitudes, as ulIcss a
man will do just as the unwilling landlord chooses as to
game, capital, cropping, and so forth, the probabilities are
the applicant will never get into the farm. Lord Hamp-
ton's idea of the commercial principle clearly dates some
centuries back, aad refers not so much to English customs as
those of new countries, where a smart trader could purchase
a small territory for a bottle of whisky, or half-a-dozen
wives for a string of beads. The commercial principle as
interpreted in such a case signilied simply making a bar-
gain on unfair terms, the one side exercising a stronger
power than the other ; as it is thus that Lord Hampton
would maintain the law between landlord and tenant, the
one having everything secured and the other nothing.
Indeed, if Lord Hampton's theory possesses any force
whatever, it is that the " uavvilling" landlord's property
should go gradually out of cultivation.

Then, again, at this same Chamber meeting the
Honourable Mr. Stanhope declared that " the only cases
in which that freedom was now interfered with were those
of children, women, lunatics, and Irish tenants, and did
the farmers of England wish to be placed in the same posi-
tion as those classes of persons ? The Lincolnshire
tenantry were satisfied with tke working of freedom of

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

13

- ontract, and not prepared to go in for compulsory legis-
lation." Of course all this is not merely outrageous
nonsense but at utter variance with facts. So far from
freedom of contract being prohibited only amongst women,
children, and lunatics, there is, as Mr. Sewell Read was
not slow to show, scarcely a class but where the law inter-
feres with or watches over the contracts made between a
stronger and a weaker power, and thus euables the two
to deal on something like terms of equality. Further,
what does Mr. Stanhope meau by the freedom of contract
with which the Lincolnshire tenantry are satisfied ? So
far as we understand it, Teaant-Right in Lincolnshire is
not so much a matter of contract but a custom which has
all the strength of a law, and one which our aim is to
extend. It is a nice question, in fact, whether the
"unwilling" landlord — that is, the man who objected to

the Tenant-Right — could live in a district where this
right was recognised ; and if such an incubus upon the
soil should not be permitted to infest one jjart of the
country, why should his baneful influence be suffered in
another ? It is sufficiently clear how, when Lord
Hampton speaks of commercial principles and Mr.
Stanhope of freedom of contract, that neither of these
honourable geutlimeu knows what he is talking about ;
aud as we said last week of the Escrick steward, who
sneers at Philip Pusey and Sewell Read and James
Howard, and who in the fulness of his heart would not
disturb " amicable relations," it would be well if such
people could be educated up to the times in which they
live. If the Central Chamber of Agriculture will under-
take such a duty it might really promise to be of some
service.

LAVENHAM FARMERS' CLUB.
THE ECONOMY OF LABOUR.

At the last meeting, Mr. R. Hawkins in the chair, Mr.
William Biddbll read the following paper :

It has been the practice at tlie May meetings
ofthis Club to have a little jollification, comprised
mainly in drinking healths and flattering one another,
occasionally enlivened by a good song. The Committee,
after due consideration, have thought it better for
us not to do away with the social tea, but instead of the
usual kind of speechifying afterwards, to have a subject to
discuss. I have consented to introduce one, which, unfor-
tunately, I cannot do but at considerable length ; but the in-
ward man having been made comfortable, I am in hopes you
may sit it out. The subject is one which sooner or later
must have our especial attention, which it has not yet had,
owing to the former state of the law, practically compelling
us to employ labour, whether we wanted it or not. I shall
term it the economy of labour in agriculture. Though I do
not anticipate a scarcity of labour, it is as well to be pre-
pared for it. Indeed, I think it probable that in a year or
two we may have an excess. It is the unexampled prosperity
of the last few years which has created such an enormous
demand for labour, attracting it from the rural districts into
the towns. We always have our ups and downs, and there
are already symptoms that some of the great industries of the
country are commencing the downward movement. Certainly
we now present in our rural districts a very different aspect
to what we did 25 years since. Then could be seen in nearly
every parish one of the most melancholy of all sights — men
able and willing to work, but having no work to do. For
only 8s. a-week good labourers were glad to work, and work
well ; but even at that low wage the farmers were racking
their brains how to profitably employ them, for they them-
selves were losing their capital. Assuming then what I do
not anticipate, that wages are to be materially increased,
where is the money to come from P Under the average of
prices for the last 10 years, the farmer cannot afford to pay
materially more, and what cannot be afforded will not last
long. He will, therefore, take care to have the total sum
paid on Friday night kept down. If no other way presents
itself he will do it by employing fewer men, paying eight or
ten what he has hitherto paid ten or twelve, and adapt his
farming accordingly, leaving undone the least profitable work,
no longer paying Is. 6d. for extracting weeds, which if
suffered to grow would do him only a shilling's worth of
damage. This laudable pride of clean farming would
soon cease. We shall fall back into the slovenly ways of
farming which our continental competitors practise who
pay so much less for their labour. Our rural population has
been declining for some years. What effect a further great
decline produced by emigration would have upon the geueral
trades of the country I cannot now stop to inquire ; but most
certainly it would be the opposite if beneficial. Judging from
the return home of many of our labourers, migration appears
of little benefit to them. The emigrant's lot is often too highly
coloured. We will trace a single specimen. We will suppose

he has attained to the position which appears to be the ambi-
tion of every Englishman — he has become owner of a few
acres of laud far from any town, miles off any doctor of either
mind or body, or teacher of his children, all of which he has
here for pretty well nothing, and are necessary for the well-
being of any society. With an indifferent market for his pro-
duce, he finds his strengtii and the fertility of his land all he
has to depend upon. Either failing, he is undone, and he
comes to the conclusion that this " Crusoe " kind of life is
much better in theory than practice, and that he had better
have stayed at home, lamenting that he cannot tell his mind
to those who on the most superficial information pressed him
to emigrate, and thus render his lot worse. The only speci-
men of an emigrating labourer I am acquainted with returned
home. He (to his credit) left his master on good terms, a
correspondence being kept up betweeu them, iu whicii he at
first pictured his new country (one of the Northern of the
United States, I believe) in attractive colours, but all was
summer then when high wages abounded. Presently the long
winter of seven mouths came, which he found hke the lean
cattle of Pharaoh which ate up the fat of the others, no work
being to be had. Alter a while he, to the great surprise of
his master, turned up on his old farm again and asked for
work, where he is now employed. As it is full time to con-
clude this long preface, I will now proceed to the more prac-
tical part of my subject, first considering it in its connection
with the cropping of land and grazing. At starting I shall
assume what I have no doubt will be correct, that landlords
will assist their tenants to meet the difficulty of dearer labour
by doing away with what to a good farmer is a financial
cruelty— viz., the six months' notice, substituting for it one of
a year and a-lialf or two years, and allowing tenants to farm
8s they please, until either party gives or receives notice of
quitting. Before proceeding further I would remark that the
suggestions I shall make will apply more especially to heavy,
and not to light land. The most extensive crops for labour
are the root crops we cart off. We grow them not for imme-
diate profit, but as indirect feeders lor the corn crops. Full
half the manure we make from them is required to be carted
back to restore the fertility extracted from the land by the roots
themselves. Can we diminish our acreage of these ? I think
we can. The question will arise how we can best manurise
(convert into manure) our straw. Our whole modern system
is I think in fault in carting too much off, and consequently
having too much to cart back to our land . Let us then by leaving
liigher stubbles take less straw off the land, and manurise part
of it by summer grazing. This can be done by green food
consumed in wide sheds and barns. The " Belstead Hall '
and other experiments have shown that manure thus
made under cover is far better than that made in
uncovered yards. The green food would be cut from the
layers, which I propose to let grow for two years. To avoid
growing small seeds too frequently, we should now and then
have to grow sanfoin or lucerne. To prevent loss of acreage
of corn crops, these two-year-old layers would be succeeded by

14

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

a crop of wheat followed by barley. If tlie land is too poor to
have profitable layers upon, then long fallow it for wheat and
follow it by highly artificial manure for barley, making your
manure by store beasts fed on straw and cake, which they
will thrive very well upon. From Mr. Lawes' invaluable
experiments it is conclusively shown that barley can be suc-
cessfully grown from artificial manure. For 20 years he has
grown it upon the same laad, averaging 48 bushels per acre,
and that with an outlay for manure not exceeding £3 per
acre. I question if farmers of good barley lands can show a
more profitable method than this constant barley growing,
especially when we remember it is one of the least costly
in manual labour of any of our crops. Mr. Lasves and
liis experiments appear to me far too little appreciated in
the present day, but the time will come when he will be
referred to as one of the greatest lights in agriculture we
liave ever had. In the tillage of land I am not looking for
any great improvement. Steam cultivation is still too expen-
sive to become general, but steam draining is a decided suc-
cess, promising to supersede on fair soils all old-fashioned
draining. The double plough, the revival of one of our best
implements, is now so well appreciated as to require no
further allusion. Treble ones are now I understand being
made. It is a question whether we could not get our plough-
ing done cheaper by having a man work Uro sets of three
horses on the double plough, keeping going all day. Where
twelve horses are kept, there would be one man's work to
feed and change them. We should require only three men
under that system to feed and work twelve horses. With 10-
inch furrows, ploughing could be done at about Is. per acre
for manual labour, whereas witli single ploughs it costs about
double. The work being put out, the horses would be kept
going, and therefore would not require to be out so many
hours, which is so hurtful to them under our present system.
It would probably be best for each horse to go two journeys.
Harrowing, if done with three horses and 5-yard harrows,
would cost 25 per cent, less for manual labour than it now does.
Of course the land must be on the flat, which is now gene-
rally preferred. If on stctch work, the 4-yard is preferable
to the 3-yard work. Furrows are convenient for horse-
hoeing, drilling, and inasmuch as the horses walk much
easier, for harrowing too. liorse-hoeing both for corn and
roots is greatly on the increase. Roots as well as beans are,
I think, easiest kept clean when on the ridge. Upon the
lighter lands we shall, I expect, eventually see the roots set
out by the horse-hoe, though they cost double for singling.
There would no doubt be much less hoeing required if we
always seeded upon stale land, harrowing it a fortnight before
hand. Drilling upon farms of over 200 acres I recommend
being done with 3-yard drills. Having to slip the drill
through the gates is inconvenient, bat gradually we should
convert our nine feet into ten feet clear gateways, resting the
gate-head on the hut when shut. Wide (say from nine to
ten inches) drilling diminishes considerably the horse-labour,
and in hoeing the manual labour as compared with the old
6-inch drilling. No improvement is likely to be made in
rolls. I have sometimes found it an advantage to attach a
very light harrow behind the light rolls, so that the surface
of the land is somewhat pulverised, the better to keep out
the drought, and absorb benefits from the atmosphere.
As to haymaking wlien cut and made by machines, and
gathered by an American rake or toppl?r, I do not see where
we can economise further. The glevator spares much hard
work, hut it is at present too expensive for small farmers.
Reckoning interest of money and repairs to justify purchasing
they ought to be worth £6 or £7 a-year to a farmer. On
large farms they are probably worth this. For harvesting
the modern self-delivery reaper is a first-rate invention. The
gain is not only in its speedy cutting, but in leaving the corn
so much better for tying. As a gaveller, I think tlie toppler
is too little valued, as it saves so much time and labour at a
critical period. I have used them for eight or ten years, and
hare not observed that if handled with ordinary skill they
knock out more barley in gavelMng than when done by forks
or rakes. If they cost three times what they now do, I should
still use them. My father years back invented a revolving
gatherer with three rows of teeth, which did very well.
Yesterday I saw at Bury one which, carrying two swathes at
a time, and being lighter, is an improvement on his. Thrash-
ing is best put out to men at per coomb, and should be so
arranged that the xaachine comes upon tlie farm only iiall-a-

dozen times a-year, as its removal away often costs in manual
and horse labour from 20s. to 25s. On small farms, it is as
well to place a wheat and barley stack together, so that they
can be thrashed without moving the machine. For root
storing it answers very well to fill a barn once with corn,
thrash out early, then fill it with roots, having so placed a
stack that when threshed the elevator can, through a window,
cover them with straw. It is a good plan to clamp roots near
a cornstack, so that when the latter is thrashed they can by
the elevator be covered with eight or ten feet of straw, par-
ticularly if they be placed close to the root house, so as to re-
quire no further carting. Some farmers (and I am inclined to
agree with them) think that chaif-cutting is now carried on
to an excess. It is supposed the more chaff we, so to speak,
smuggle into our cattle, the better. How so ? Stock will not
fatten upon it, and it prevents them cutting and masticating
for themselves, which is more beneficial ; particularly, I think,
in case of cart horses. From them, where an excess of cut
chaff is given, it can be seen to pass from them merely bruised
and quite whole. I am led to form an unfavourable opinion
of giving much cut chaff, from having observed bullocks do
better on finger pieces of root than on minced. Fences are a
great expense to keep neat and effective, and foul the land,
hence we. should have as few as possible. I am not sure
whether clipped ones are not the cheapest, the clipping being
put out by the score rods. It is best to put out work, but
the changeableness of the weather renders it difficult at times
to do so. Manure filhng and spreading ought always to be
done by the piece and stint. Hay carting and stacking might
also in most cases be done by the acre. Unless men have
been accustomed to take work they are generally indifferent
judges of it, consequently the masters must rely very much
upon their judgment in such matters The suggestions I
have made are rather those arising from recent thought
on the subject than from my own practice. Most of them are
open to discussion, which I now invite,

Mr. Leech thought barley after fallow wheat bad faiming,
but barley after clover wheat was good farming. If they had
three or four layers and ploughed them up just before harvest
they would not want more than half the labour in keeping
land clean.

Mr. BiDDELL asked Mr. Leech for his experience in re-
ference to the two-year-old layers.

Mr. Leech said he had had no experience as to that, but
he was now beginning the system.

Mr. J. E, AVrigut observed that the paper which had just
been read contained many valuable hints, and one occurred to
him as being very important, and that was the use of cut
chaff. He (Mr. Wright) thought there was in the present day
a deal too much used. He this year lost a valuable mare
owing, he believed, to his man carelessly giving it too much
cut chaff. If given at all it ought to be mixed extensively with
other articles of food. With reference to the two-year-old
layers, his experience was that no kind he had ever left on the
land liad answered but sanfoin. When red clover was left a
second year he found the land got very foul. He thought it
possible to economise labour if they reverted back to the old
four-course system, sheep-feeding, &c. ; and if wages continued
to advance they would have to keep less horses and employ
less manual labour. It seemed to him that they vi-ere now
paying what he might term a fictitious price for their labour—
they did not get value for their money. There were some
good men who earned the money which was paid them, but
there were some men who received 2s. 2d. or 2s. per day
whose labour was not worth Is. 6d. to the farm. They could
no more go on at that rate than certain societies could go on
paying men 9s. per week to wear a blue ribbon and do nothing.

Mr. ViNCE remarked that the labour question had assumed
a serious form. Wlien he first went into business he calculated
that 27s. per acre was all that he would have to pay, and he
found he could manage it at that ; but now he found that his
labour cost him £3 per acre, which, upon an occupation of
450 acres, made all the difference, the amount being £900,
whereas, at 27s. per acre it would be only about £600. Some
of it was to be accounted for by the extra cropping. He
agreed with the observation of Mr. Wright, that if they fell
back upon the old four-course system they would be benefited,
though the public might have to pay a little more for the pro-
duce. He (Mr. Vince) also thought that the two-years' green
crop would not answer in anything excepting in ssanfoin. He
tried clover once, and then he found that it would not answer.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

15

^i' they liad more meadow land Iho expenses would be less, and
so they would be if tlie Scotch system of growing three green
crops before ploughing were adopted. He thought labour had
reached its maximum price, and his belief was that there was
a surplus of labour in almost every parish in the neighbour-
hood. He concurred in the remark that had been made, that
farmers did not get the value for the money which they paid to
the labourers. For his own part he did not mind paying a
good man good wages, but it was necessary for farmers to look
closely after their men.

Mr. W. Bakek complimented Mr. Biddell on the manner
in which he had introduced the subject, and said that gentle-
man always brought a vast amount of practical ability to bear
upon every subject wliicli he introduced to the Clnb. As to
the question of labour, he (Mr. Baker) was sure that if they
fell back upon the four-course system they would fiud labour a
much lighter item in their expenditure. He had adopted the
five-course system ; he had taken white straw after white
straw, but lie found in the long-run that he was money out of
pocket. There was extra cleaning and other work to do, but
the land could not be kept so clean as under the old system,
and to that system, he, believed, they would have to revert.
He considered that they had spent a good deal of money that
might have been saved if they had laid down tlie principle
followed by their forefathers. We might pride ourselves in
being in advance of them, but the rules followed by our fathers
were in the main the right ones ; and whatever people might
say about artificial principles it was impossible to make them
succeed. It was possible to force a principle, but in the end
it would not be successful. It had been said tliat the agricul-
tural population was decreasing. In some of the outlying
districts this might be so, but in centres like Lavenham and
Melford there was actually a surplus. It must not be taken
for granted that the agricultural population was diminishing.
There was still ample labour for all agricultural purposes.
He contended that there was greater elasticity in agriculture
than many people suspected, and that if they studied economy
of labour they could, if so disposed, create a surplusage ot
labour. He pointed out that something like 1,000 men who
were in the militia had been called up, and they were not at
all missed from the rural parishes ; and he added, that for his
own part, he did not employ so many men as he did a few
years ago by four or five, and he actually found his work in a
more forward state than when he carried on the five-course
system. If higher wages were paid some men would be greatly
benefited, but it must be at the expense of others, who would
have to walk about in idleness. In the course of further re-
marks on the labour question, Mr. Baker submitted that the
agricultural labourers had benefited as much by the increased
prosperity of the country as any other class, and he instanced
wages which were paid now, as compared with formerly.
With respect to the use of cut chaff, he expressed his belief
that to give large quantities of it to horses was very in-
judicious, and said the saving (if any) by the use of it was
more than counterbalanced by the losses of animals which
would be sure to ensue.

Mr. Leech said he believed he used as much cut chaff as
most ueople. He fed 65 score ewes on it, and a great many
liorses. The plan he adopted was to grind it with one of
Tilaynard's machines, and allowed it to lay a long time, and
mixed it with corn chaff, and if this were done no evil results
would follow. He should like to cut barley straw directly
after it left the machine. If it was left out all night, and
there was any rain, it would be nearly spoiled. If cut chaff
was used directly it left the machine it was then injurious.

Mr. Brand said he did not agree with Mr. BidJell's sug-
gestion as to letting out the ploughing. A good deal de-
p( nded upon good ploughing. If land was not properly
ploughed it cost more to clean it afterwards than if it was well
done at the first. It the men were paid so much per acre
they would hurry over the work, and the horses would be
unfairly taxed. He contended that it was the business of
farmers to use two-year-old horses, and to work them till tlicy
were worth more money, and then to sell thera. It must cer-
tainly be a wrong policy for a farmer to work a horse out —
their business was rather to make them useful, and his
fear was that if men were allowed to use young
horses on piece-work they might spoil them. He agreed
with what Mr. Biddell had saul on the subject of
fences. No doubt tliere were miles of useless fences in
that country; they were a nuisance to everybody, to

master and men. The trees impoverished the land, and thou-
sands of weeds were blown from the hedge-rows and scattered
over the field. Eor his own part he believed it quite possible
to have large fields on heavy land. If it was thoroughly well
drained there could be large stetches, the larger the better.
It was easy to fold sheep by means of iron hurdles, which until
recently could be had at a moderate cost. It was better to
fold them than to place them in a small field with ditches all
round, for the stock were sure to be in the ditch half the
summer time, and all the manure was washed away and
spoiled. Witli regard to the question of leaving higher stub-
bles, he sliould like to know what was the object in doing
that. lie should like to know if that straw which would be
left on the ground was worth as much to t!ie ground as 'it
would be if carted to the homestead. That straw was worth
money, and he could not see the policy of leaving it on the
ground. If they had more straw than they really wanted,
why not sell it? But he did not find that he had more straw
than he could use. With respect to storiug mangolds, the
plan he had adopted was to throw the roots into big heaps,
and then to thatch them, and if kept water-tight he did not
fiud that the frost hurt tiiem. It was well to let the roots lie
a little time before covering them up. In reference to the
subject uf economy of labour, many people seemed to think
that if farmers could let their work the present difficulties
would be overcome. He did not hold with farmers letting
their work. They got more done no doubt, but the work was
generally of a very indifferent kind. No doubt there were many
useless jobs which the men were set to do, and many farmers
kept three men where they had no business to keep more
than two.

Mr. Gardiner said he could never see the policy of growing
mangolds, considering the cost it involved. He knew a gen-
tleman who was as good a farmer as any in the county. He
was in the habit of growing fifty acres of mangolds. He had
to put on twelve loads of manure per acre, beside some arti-
ficial. He had to go to the expense of carting them home,
and to keep thera ; but what virtue was therein them to
make corn grow ? He (Mr. Gardiner) calculated that they
oost ^15 per acre, considering that the land was impoverished
for several crops following.

The CiiAiRiLVN then summed up the discussion, remarking
at the outset that they, as a Club, were greatly indebted to Mr.
Biddell for his interesting and practical paper. There was one
thing, however, that gentleman had omitted to refer to, and
that was as to the use of agricultural machinery in economising
manual labour. He (Mr. Hawkins) did not intend to argue
that the use of machinery necessarily economised labour, but
there was no doubt machinery had done very much for the
farming community. If they could get their grass and their corn
cut quickly it was a great advantage, but as to how far labour
was economised in a financial point of view was quite another
matter. In the course of the discussion which had taken
place, it had been suggested that one way of meeting the labour
difficulty was to revert back to the old four-course system. He
did not agree with this, and for one was not prepared to
advocate the plan of economising labour. They had the public
to feed, and under the four-course system the land would not
produce what it did under the system more generally followed.
Besides, ho did not now consider it necessary. Many landlords
had been very kind, and had given leases to persons who worked
the laud fairly and consistently, enabling farmers to farm just
as they liked. They could grow all they liked, and such
farmers would hardly find it to their interests to economise
labour in the manner suggested. The labourers had very
greatly benefited by the system which had been of late gene-
rally pursued iu the cultivation of the land. They now had
opportunities whicli they had not enjoyed for, he might say,
generations. One-fourth of the land was not now under fallow
as formerly, but almost the whole of it was under cultivation,
giving men the opportunity of being employed. Mr. Hawkins
referred to otiier matters which had been raised in the course
of the discussion, and he s:ud he did not think that farmers
would suffer so much from emigraliuu and migration as many
would lead them to suppose. He also spoke of the happy
position the farmers were in just at the present juncture,
owing to the very favourable season they had enjoyed for
farming operations.

Mr. Biddell then replied. He was very glad to find
so practical a man as Mr. Leech agreeing with his views as to
having two years' green crops and taking two years' corn crops,

16

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

if they had to pay a higher price for their labour, which he
(Mr. Biddell) did not anticipate. One of the greatest argu-
ments against it was the dryness of our climate. The grasses,
ike, would not grow here as they did in those places where
there was more rain ; but at the same time he thought they
might find it to answer their purpose to adopt that system. He
argued that red clover would hardly do to lay two years, but
he imagined that they could have layers composed of mixed
grasses that would. A mixed layer would he thought grow
profitably for two years. Mr. Viuce had referred to the
large increase which had taken place in the cost of labour
since he had been in business. That fact alone must rebut a
good deal that had been said of lale about the labourer not
having shared in the general prosperity of the country. The
returns showed that there had been a decrease in the agricul-
tural population, and this fact, coupled with the other that
farmers paid a great deal more, was conclusive to his mind
that the labourers had got un '" ♦' world. The position of
the labourer had been and might be benefited in this way, but
he had no confidence in those artificial attempts which had
been made of late to force up the rate of wages faster than
was reasonable. Several speakers had recommended that
farmers should go back to the old four-course system. That
was the very thing he was getting tired of. When he recom-
mended the two years' layer and the two years' corn crops, he
did not of course recommend that the whole farm should be so
treated ; but he was convinced they would require much less
manual labour under that system than under the four-course.
With respect to Mr. Brand's remarks, a good deal that gentle-
man said might be perfectly correct provided everybody had
nice level land as he had at Waldringfield, but the case might
be different on the strong heavy lands such as were to be found
in the neighbourhood of Lavenham, He (Mr. Biddell) had
come to the conclusion that good horses were quite as cheap
to work on land as colts. As to letting the ploughing, it should
be borne in mind that the horses would not have to go the
hours they now did, and to his mind the less the number of
hours that horses were out the better, as they were often left
standing about when they were hot, which was their ruin. If
men were allowed to earn a good wage there would be no-
thing of the sort, as the men would keep the horses going, and
they would go fewer hours thau they did now. With respect to
leaving tall stubbles, he remarked that it had been said by an
eminent agriculturist that straw was worth 15s. a ton to plough
in, and if that were so it was hardly right to cart off all they
did, straw being so bulky a commodity that it could not be
taken to a distant market with profit. It was hardly right to
cart lots of straw off the land to make a lot of inferior muck
to cart back again — it was certainly wiser to make better
manure with less straw. The Chairman had charged him with
having said but little on the subject of machinery. He was a
thorough advocate for the use of reaping machines. Last year
he spent something like £70, and as far as he could see the
benefits were shared between him and his men. They had
received just as much benefit from the machines as he had.
How long farmers were to go upon that system he did not
know. A vote of thanks was accorded to Mr, Biddell for his
admirable paper.

THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY'SMEETING
AT BEDEORD.— This, by the entries, will he the largest
show, alike of stack and implements, ever held ; all tlie Cattle
classes being capitally filled, and the nominations in the
several sections of horses being something extraordinary.

THE BATH AND WEST OF ENGLAND MEETING
AT BRISTOL. — Mr. B. St. John Ackers' white bull
Cymbeline was highly commended in the old class of Short-
horn hulls. It is alike discreditable and an act of injustice to
exhibitors that the Bath Society does not issue an official and
intelligible prize-list, after the manner of the Royal Agricul-
tural Society.

AN ABERDEENSHIRE FARMER IN CANADA.— I
have resided forty-five years in Canada. Thirty. five years I
have been a farmer. I began in the woods two miles from a
neighbour, and, I may further state, I am an exception to the
general rule. I paid £100 for a half-lot of 100 acres. I had
£150 in money, a strong healthy constitution, a wife and
three infant children. There was no school or church, and we
were 15 miles to a mill, 14 miles to a store, and I had to
carry my flour on my back two miles, and had to go seven
miles to buy a ham, and that tlirough the trackless forest,
with tlie wolf, the hear, and the deer. I bought a yoke of
oxen, and lost one by death, and was cheated out of the other.
My best cow got her leg broken, and I lost her. My wife
was taken sick, and was so for three years, and could not
wash a cap for her head. I liad almost lost my life when
rolling logs on a heap, had my neck almost broken and my
teeth thrust out by the blow, and for one year was unable to
work. I paid 43 dollars for two visits to an M.D. I have
lost ten cows, besides oxen, sheep, and hogs. I have bad
crops. I have got 30 bushels of wheat to an acre, and at
other times not two bushels. I paid 16 dollars an acre for
clearing and fencing, and many a night have had to work
until nearly morning fighting fire from my clearing. After
all, I am considered one of the most successful farmers. When
I look around, and see how few of my old neiglibours are left,
I am lost in wonder at seeing how many have died. There
are just a few left, and our burying grounds are well tenanted
We had ten children, nine of whom are alive, but the money
bills for medicine are incredible, and to tell you the truth no
pen can do justice or pourtray the hardships of bush life. The
winter is excessively cold, and to-day we may plough, but not
sow. Summer is excessively hot. A labourer with you can
work out off doors at all times. Not so here. We have six
months steady winter, and about four months warm. The
frost a few days ago was two feet deep, and our fall wheat is
badly winter-killed. It won't be half a crop. There is no
hay ; the grasshoppers took it all, and the Colorado beetle ate
all our potatoes. There is nothing we plant which will pay
for the labour, and our youth are leaving and going South to
the United States. And yet we pay idlers to go and tell what
a fine country Canada is. Those who are persuading your
people to come here are not your friends. They are paid to
do so. I am not. I tell you, beware and look ere you leap.
I may send you the report of the Crown Lauds. There are
nearly 70 townships surveyed, but beware, be not too confi-
dent. You gain Uttle by coming to Canada, and lose much.
If I made a mistake in coming here, I hope others may profit
by my experience. I am from Aberdeenshire, and a graduate
of the University. I am now the owner of five good farms,
and would gladly sell to get away. For the farm I live on, I
was offered a thousand pounds twenty years ago, and I cannot
now sell at any price. — Scribendee in the Banffshiie
Journal.

FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE.— A supplement to the
London Gazette of Tuesday contains the following Order,
which may be cited as the Foot-and- Mouth Disease Order of
1874: Article 28 of the Animals Order of 1871 shall extend
to authorize a local authority to make regulations for prohibit-
ing or regulating the movement, as therein provided, of any
animal affected with foot-and-mouth disease ; but nothing in
this Order, or in any regulation of a local authority thereunder,
shall be deemed to authorize the movement of any animal in
contravention of section 57, or of any other provision of the
Act of 1869. Article 5 of the Animals (Amendment) Order of
1873 is hereby revoked. When an animal become affected with
foot-and-mout'i disease wliile exposed, or placed, or being
carried, led, or driven us in section 57 of the Act of 1869
mentioned, it may, notwitstanding anything in that section, be,
with a licence of an inspector of the local authority authorized
to issue the same, but not otherwise, moved for purposes of
feeding, or watering, or other ordinary purposes connected with
the breeding or rearing of animals, to any land or building in
the occupation of the owner of the animal, or for slaughter to
the nearest slaughter-house, or some other sleughter-house
approved by the local authority.

SALE OF THE COBIIAM STUD YEARLINGS.— At
the second sale flie thirty-three lots realised 9,570 gs.,
or an average of 290 gs., which shows a falling off
compared with last year's, when an average of 383 gs. was
obtained for thirty-four lots.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

17

EAST LOTHIAN FARMERS' CLUB.
THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

At the monthly meeting, held at Haddington,
Mr. Gaukrogee (Southfield), in the chair, said : The subject
for discussion to-day is "What should the Highland Society do
in regard to the chemical department in order to confer the
greatest benefit upon the agriculture of Scotland ?" It is not
necessary to refer to the importance o f a scientific education
or of the establishment of an agricultural college for Scotland.
As you will observe our discussion refers only to what we think
the Society should do in regard to its chemical department.
The matter we have to consider is of paramount importance
to every person engaged in agriculture. Let anyone consider
for a moment the amount laid out for artificial manures and
feeding stuffs in this country alone, and he will find that iu
very many cases the sums paid for them is equal, if not above,
the rent of the land. There are many gentlemen in this room
who pay more, year by year, for these articles than they do for
rent and taxes combined. If, then, this subject is so weighty
to us in a given district or a county, it is necessarily more so
to the agriculture of Scotland. I believe, moreover, that the
sums paid by the the farmers of Scotland over and above what
the manures are worth from being deficient in quality is incal-
culable. Farmers do not generally get their manures analysed,
but the facilities for doing so would be considerably increased
and the cost trifling were the Highland Society to appoint a
first-rate chemist, with headquarters in Edinburgh, and, if
found necessary, appoint assistants under him in different
districts. I am not at all clear that it would prove beneficial
to the department or promote the interests of agriculture were
the Society to endow a Chair of Agricultural Chemistry, as is
advocated in some quarters. I have some misgivings in this
respect. What I think we desiderate is a first-rate, active,
energetic chemist, whose whole time should! he devoted to, and
position depend upon, the manner in which he does his duty to
the Society. Supposing the Highland Society were to offer £400
or £500 a year as salary, and £100 each for two or three assis-
tants, this would, with the large amount of fees collected, even
were tlie fees on a very low scale, put this department in good
and thorough working order. The Society is wealthy, and
nobody will gainsay that one of the best purposes to which it
could apply some of its funds is in providing a high-class and
well-appointed chemist. With these few remarks by way of
opening the discussion, I shall now be glad to hear what the
members have got to say.

Mr. Smith (Stevenson Mains) said : Since our last meeting,
when tiiis subject was proposed, a good deal has been said
and written on it. To a certain extent, therefore, our dis-
cussion has been anticipated. However, as the directors have
still to decide what form their efforts are to take, it can do no
harm to talk the matter over here. A good many sugges-
tions have been thrown out for the Society to adopt, some of
which I approve, others I do not. That the Society should
make arrangements and apply its funds for the purpose of
having its elements of agricultural chemistry taught in our
public schools, I do not approve of. I think this is matter
for Government or for the country at large to see to. We
have just had an Education Act passed, an Act tliat will by
the carrying of it out entail great expense on tlie community
at large, but I hope, and have no doubt, it will be the means
of greatly improving the education of the people, and if, as I
have suggested, the elements of agricultural cliemistry are
taught in all our public schools, it will be paid for by the
people, and they will reap the advantage in course of time of
that education being brought to bear on the progress of agri-
culture, which is a nation's wealth. Sir, it seems to me tlie
Society ought to appoint a first-class man as chemist, and one
who would devote his whole time to the interests of the So-
ciety and agriculture, and be paid a fixed salary for doing so.
I would deprecate the Society's chemist being to a certain ex-
tent dependant upon fees for analysis of manures, &c., as part
of liis remuneration. Much harm has been done to the
pockets of farmers by the facility whereby manufacturers of
manures can have a chemist's analysis of the commodity they
wish to sell written out in a form agreeable to their own re-
quirements, and in a way in which they may mislead many

farmers who are not themselves acquainted with analysis. It
is of the utmost importance tliat farmers should have the
means of having the commodities they purchase, whether
manures or feeding substances, tested by analysis, conducted
by an able chemist who is independent of the fees drawn there-
from, and I see no better way of getting at this than through the
agency of the Highland and Agricultural Society. Another
very important duty of the cliemist would be to brinfr the science
of chemistryto bearon practical field experiments. Bythismeans
the cultivation of land may become more of a science tlian it is
at the present day. For this purpose the Society would re-
quire the services of a practical farm.er. These experiments 1
would have carried out on different farms in different parts of
the country, and not on what is called a model farm. I
anticipate there would be no difficulty whatever in securing
ground in different localities for this purpose.

Mr. Paton (Standingstones) said : Before discussing the
subject in question, perhaps we might look for a minute at
what the Society has been doing in the past. I understand
the Society was at first formed for the advancement of agri-
culture generally. At that time farming was not conducted
on such scientific principles as it now is. Then there was no
such thing as guano or nitrate of soda used. What are now
called artificial manures were not even dreamed of. As the
funds and membership of the Society increased, more money
was given for the best animals and implements exhibited, and
to such perfection have these animals been brought that it is
doubtful if much more can be done in that direction. By-
and-by bones and rape dust began to be used as manures.
The former suited light soils, the latter told well on clay. It
was found, however, that by applying acid to the boue they
could be used profitably on heavy soils, as well as on light.
Some farmers, a little more enterprising than others, made
double the quantity they required themselves, and supplied
their neighbours, and by-and-by, finding that supplying their
neighbours paid even better than supplying themselves, made
a business of it and left farming for good. However, after a
little practice, the clever ones found that, with the help of a little
acid and a pinch of guano, they could make artificial manure
of any given thing, and the best of it all, at a handsome profit.
Some, by accident or mistake perhaps, forgot to put in the
bones or guano, and although the honest farmer did not know
any difference, the turnips proved badly. Hence the value of a
chemist to prevent such mistakes recurring. In recent years
the chemist of the Highland Society, as well as many other
cliemists, have been invaluable to the farmers of Scotland.
But is it not just possible that too much reliance may be
placed in chemistry? Can it be trusted in every case that it
takes in hand ? We are almost inclined to think that, if
relied too much upon, in some cases it is apt to mislead.
Chemists tell you that if you apply ammonia and phosphates
to almost any crop they will act like magic, especially if the
soil be poor or the crop sickly, and practice corroborates this.
But, again, chemistry will tell you that rapecake will feed a
bullock as well as oilcake, or that the tops of turnips contain
as much nutriment as the bulbs ; but to this practice decidedly
says, No. Or again, it is found by practice that a manure
composed of dissolved bones and nitrate of soda, analysing
the same as the best Peruvian guano, will not produce effects
equal to the latter. On this account, I fear we have been
trusting too much to theory alone, both as regards cakes and
manures. We know that if we get pure guano, or pure oilcake,
or a well-made manure containing so much ammonia and so-
luble phosphates, it is sure to show good results, if properly
applied under favourable circumstances. To know if we
obtain this, however, is the question, and the Highland
Society's chemist has, at a comparatively moderate charge,
been ready to assist farmers by analysis. Since the appoint-
ment of the late professor, liowever, the business done in
manures and cakes has assumed such a gigantic form, and the
adulteration has been practised, in many cases, to such an
extent, that the Society ought now to have the beat chemist
that can be had entirely for itself. The Society is wealthy.
The question is of the very utmost importance to the country

B

18

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

generally ; therefore let the salary be liberal, and a good mau
will be got, seeing that such an enorraoas sum is spent every
year by farmers on what is called artificial manures and cakes,
and these, in ninety cases out of a hundred, the farmer knows
little himself about. Jlow can he ? I doubt if even the
chemist himself is very sure sometimes what to say about it.
Such being the case, will the Society do what is right if it
does not do its very best to protect the farmer and the honest
dealer, and put down the rogue ? One or two assistants, not
apprentices, paid by tlie Society, would be also requisite to do
the thing well. By attending the principal grain markets
now, and tlien farmers would be able to consult them readily
and get their advice, and by charging a small fee for such
advice I have no doubt but they would make money by their
visits. Farmers as a class don't care to send samples to Edin-
burgh, far less to go there and consult a chemist. Some may
think this impracticable, but I hold that it would do more
good to prevent farmers being victimised than anything that
lias yet been done by the Society. I hold also that by the
chemists meeting and talking over matters with the farmers
both would be greatly benefited ; for how can any one be a
thorough agricultural chemist unless he knows something
practically about farming? The farmer and chemist must
work together to attain the best results. Adam Smith, in his
" Wealth of Nations," says, and I believe it has never been
contradicted, that " no equal capital puts into motion a greater
quantity of productive labour than that of the farmer." Seeing
that since this was first written about three times the amount
of capital is now required for the same extent of land, is it
not to be deplored that the farmers of Scotland still go
about their business in a very haphazard way, groping in
many cases in utter darkness, and investing their capital in
many things not the right ones ? Tarming is in this respect
unlike other businesses. How would a corn merchant or a
butcher succeed if he did not know to a nicety what he was
buying from the farmer ? Still, it is for no want of shrewdness
that the farmer is so much at the mercy of the unscrupulous
merchant. Let any retired successful merchant or trades-
man begin farming, and he finds he is equally at sea
when he goes to invest in manures or cakes for
his farm. Hence the crying necessity for the directors
of the Society exerting themselves to the very uttermost
to secure to the farmers of Scotland full value for their
money. Here I would find fault with the Society in the past.
Cases ot the grossest adulteration came 'o the knowledge of
their chemist, still that was kept quiet, and no names were
given to the public. I ask if that was creditable to the
Society, or was it fair to the farmer or the honest dealer ? It
almost showed a want of moral courage on the part of the
Society. The Royal Society of England does very difi'erently,
and several such cases have been exposed. I hope in time to ,'
corae that ours will do the same. I know the fair dealer }
wishes it, and it would only be a matter of kindness to the
unprincipled dealer himself to be stopped in his ways of wicked-
nes". The profits in many of these manures and cakes are
sometimes tremendous. At all times they are good, and when
an agent can be allowed in many cases from £1 to £3 per
ton, it is not difBcult to imagine what the maker's profits will
be. The whole thing bears absurdity on the face ot it. Go
into any of the principal corn markets at present, and T am
confident I am not overstating when I say that at least every
third man and sometimes a larger percentage is in the manure,
cake, or seed trade. This very circumstance shows that the
trade is profitable. They must all do more or less business or
they could not live. "What we ask the Society to do, tlien, is
to " save us from our friends." And again, I repeat, by
having a chemist authorised by the Society appearing pretty
often, especially in spring, at our markets, it would, I hold, be
the most useful and best thing the Society has yet done for
the benefit of the farmers of Scotland. A great deal of late
has been written about education generally, and not a little
about agricultural education. The other week we had a pro-
fessor of agriculture, aud also a factor, strongly recommending
the appointment of an agricultural chemistry chair. To that
I would just say, wliat might the average attendance be ex-
pected to be ? Surely there are chemistry schools enough
already, and any one wlio has a taste for such things can have
his attention directed to any particular subject in the labo-
ratory. I hold that there is little need for a chair of agri-
culture, and less for one of agricultural chemistry. Fifteen
years' experience has proved what I say as regards the former

to be correct, as witness the very small attendance — not that
there is anything to be said against the professor, very far
from it, but it is found tliat more can be learned as regards
practical farming from a shrewd rent-paving fanner in his
every day work en his own farm than within the walls of a
university. But some may say it is surely a good thing to be
able to analyse your own purchases of manures, &i;. True, but
though some may be able to do that while at the classes, I
doubt if any could trust themselves to do it after being one or
two years busily engaged on a farm. Their chemical stuff get
old, their minds are fully taken up with the practical work of
the farm, and if they are keen farmers they would rather hand
it over to the chemist, who is daily at it, than be bothered, and
perhaps fail in the end. Besides, the merchant would not
take the farmer's analysis. Then, again, an agricultural sta-
tion or farm, under the direction of the said professors, have
been spoken of — and near Edinburgh, of course, it would be.
That might suit proprietors' sons or any who wished to make
themselves a little acquainted with agriculture. I confess it
is very pleasant to attend these lectures, but anyone who has
been brought up on a farm, or who has been a year or two
with a practical farmer, learns very little indeed. I speak here
from experience, and I feel quite confident that for any young
man to spend three or four years at an agricultural college, or
on a farm connected with it, is not taking the best means to
become a thorough practical farmer. Should he have a great
taste for science or agricultural literature, he is almost sure
to turn his attention to that, and when he gets a farm of his
own he does not care for looking after the details, and is no
likely to have a real interest in stock, and therefore will never
farm with pleasure, and his heart will never be in his work ;
or should he not have a taste for liis studies, then he is losing
his time and money, is very apt to get fond of bitter beer and
tobacco, and idleness, and perhaps set a bad example to those
whose intentions were good. But supposing a model farm
were started near Edinburgh, not one of the farmers of that
district would change their prasent style of farming, and any
experiments made there would be of little use to those living
twenty or a hundred miles distant. So far as experimenting
goes, to be worth anything it must be done in different dis-
tricts by some practical rent-paying farmer who has a taste
and a pleasure in conducting such experiments. In a word, I
doubt if chemistry will do much more for some time to come
than it has already done in unfolding the mysteries of the soil
and vegetable and animal world, but it has come to a great
height already, and it only requires that that knowledge be
properly directed and brought to bear practically on agricul-
ture. A farmer knows, or ouglit to know, something about
most of what he buys, with the exception of manures, cakes,
and seeds, but iu all these he is often taken in. Therefore let
us have good chemists always at hand, under the superintend-
ence of the Highland Society. A premium was lately given
by the Society for an essay on " What has Chemistry Done for
Agriculture P" It strikes me forcibly that chemistry has done
a precious deal more for the manure merchant and the lairds
than it has done for the tenants, for were the farmers' profits
not larger some thirty years ago, when £100 went as far as
£200 does now in stocking a farm, when rents were little more
than half what they now are, and when an artificial manure
merchant of the present day would have been looked upon as
a curiosity and a lunatic had he presented himself iii Had-
dington market with his bottles and samples of

Calces o' fossils, earths, and trees,
True Salraarinum o' the seas,
The farina of beans and peas.

He has in plenty ;
Aqua fortes — what you please

He can content ye?

Mr. Shereiff (Saltcoats) paid a high compliment to the
attaimeuts of the late chemist of tlie Society — Professor Ander-
son. How tlie society were to fill Professor Andersoa's place
was a difficult question to answer. He agreed with Lord
Kinnaird's views on this subject, expressed in the letter sent
by his lordship to Mr. Wilson, Eddington Mains, and pub-
lished in the newspapers.

Mr. C. Smith, Whittingham, said there could be no ques-
tion about tlie practical knowledge of agriculture being of the
greatest possible importance. Tiiere could be little question
also that the mau possessed of tlie scientific knowledge bearing
on agriculture, when combined with practical experience, was

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

19

in a more advantageous position, was a superior raau, and was
more likely to be successful than the mere practical farmer.
At this juncture they ought to express their opinions, and look
to the future as well as to the present. No doubt at present
the great interest with farmers was to secure unadultered
manures and feeding stuffs : but, keeping in view what was
desirable for the future he held it was not enough that the
Highland Society should simply procure a chemist of high
standing. They should also endeavour to make provision for,
and encourage the education and training of the young iu the
sciences bearing on agriculture. To tlie young they must
look for the future of agriculture, and while it may have been
that in former times men of ordinary qualifications were
sufficient for developing and carrying through their farming
operations with the then knowledge and the then use of im-
plements and light manures, they were at a very different time
of day now. It would be a retrogade movement altogether if
they were in the least degree to slight anything calculated to
forward or raise the educational and scientific attainments of
all those connected with agriculture. Some men seemed to
think there was no field for the mind in agriculture — that it
was mere clod-hoppers who were engaged in it, and if a man
wanted scope for the intellect he must turn himself to some-
thing else. Tiiat was a delusion. Of course if a man stuck
merely to the practical, there might:'be something in the direct-
tion of the treadmill about it, but if he occupied his mind in-
vestigating day by day and studying the phenomena around
him, he will find plenty of mental occupation about farming.
They should give forth no uncertain sonnd on the question
now before the club. So far as the Society's means and in-
fluence could go, scientific education should be encouraged.
The Society's aid and influence could not be better
bestowed. A man of science was apt to be rather ignored
because he was not practical, but what was wanted was a
combination of the scientific and the practical. If tiiey got
the young farmers thus trained, he was sanguine of great pro-
gress in agriculture.

Mr. ScOT-SiviRvmci said he was glad he had proposed this
subject to the Club, for it had elicited a very interesting dis-
cnssion. The Higliland Society had a capital of about
£60,000 ; but it was not in their power to do so much as had
been proposed. lie would have them first to consider what
chemistry had done iu the past for agriculture. He had a
profound veneration for science, and he might say lie was
profoundly ignorant of it ; but, as a practical man, he pro-
tested against the statements that had been circulated by cer-
tain distinguished parties of late to the effect that science
would increase the produce of the soil by from one half to
one-third. He did not believe chemists or scientific men had
so much to teach them as they said they had. Why, if they
looked at the past, they would find that they were not indebted
to chemistry for the application of bones to the land, which
was one of their greatest improvements. They owed that to
a Yorkshire farmer. He (Mr. Scot-Skirviug) had found out
how to make the grain crops grow, and he challenged all the
chemists in Europe to tell him how to make tiiese crops stand
up. If they applied plenty of good manure they could make
crops grow, but they could not make them stand. As he had
already indicated, he had no wish to slight the importance of
science, but tlie reverse ; and he believed that gradually the
scientific man and the practical man working together would
result in a considerable increase in the produce of this coun-
try. As to tht appointment of a first-class man as a chemist,
he had no hope of getting such under £1,000 a year. Then
the question came to be whether, having regard to the avail-
able funds of the Society, they would not have to fall back on
the second-best class, and perhaps appoint three or four young
men — stationiner one at Edinburgh, one at Glasgow, and one
at Aberdeen, and so on.

Mr. DuilIE : One at Inverness.

Mr. Scot-Skirving : Yes ; perhaps one at Inverness. He
objected entirely to Mr. Smith's proposal that the Society
should educate farmers' sons for them. It was not the Society's
duty at all to relieve the parents of this obligation. To show
how much chemists differed themselves, he referred to a paper
on milk adulteration lately read before the Physical Society,
of which he was president, by Mr. Falconer King, analyst for
Edinburgh, in which the author endeavoured to show that
another man, whose name was longer and better known, knew
nothing about the subject. He did not say which of the two
was right, but the fact was that thi; one was anything but

complimentary to the other's professional worth. The science
schools and colleges on the Continent and in America had
been referred to as producing results far ahead of what could
be found in Scotland. Well, it was only the other day that
Mr. Saddler, an East-Lothian farmer, was asked to become a
professor in one of those American colleges, and an East-
Lothian farm-steward had just been offered a situation as
practical manager of one of these institutions. He had been
in most of the countries held up to them as examples in re-
spect of scientific education, and he failed to see any such
superiority in their agriculture as some recent writers and
speakers would have them to believe. He was rather inclined
to have a professor of agricultural chemistry in the L) niversity.
Because, if they were to be such fools as to make their sons
farmers — to keep them wasting their brains, time, and money
making money for other people — the best thing to do was to
give them a good general education, including everything that
teachers and science could give them.

Mr. SiiEKRiFF observed that Mr. Scot-Skirving, being a
director of the Highland Society, naturally wished to keep
down expenditure. He denied that they were not indebted to
science and chemistry for the successful application of bones
to the soil, and he hoped it would not go forth as the opinion
of this Club that they were not.

Mr. C. Smith said he did not entertain the idea that the
Highland Society was going to educate farmers' sons for them.
Mr. Scot-Skirving had misunderstood him ; he only meant
that the Society should lend its influence and support as far
as possible to the scientific teaching of the young.

Mr. Harvey (Whittingham Mains) thought the Highland
Society should take every available means to put down dealers
in spurious manures — have them exposed. He did not care
much about the appointment of a professor ot agricultural
chemistry. Nor was he particularly in favour of a model
farm. The Highland Society should advertise for a first-class
chemist for themselves, and he thought this Club might send
a deputation to the directors of the Highland Society on the
subject.

Mr. Robertson (New Mains) thought if they gave a man
£1,000 he would have enough to do to spend it. Surely they
could get a good chemist for at least half that sum. Field
experiments should be conducted in different parts of the
country, and these ought to be reported on periodically by a
practical as well as scientific men. They had among the
manure dealers very respectable men, but there were also those
who sold spurious articles. He knew one gentleman who was
offered from 20s. to SOs. per ton commission for selling ma-
nures, the total price of which was only £6 a ton. He knew
also an individual who was selling hundreds of tons of that
very article in a county not far from Haddington.

Mr. DURIE said it was desirable that this Club should come
to something like a finding on the subject. He moved : " It
is the opinion of this Club that the appointment of chemists
in Edinburgh, Glasgow, Inverness, and Aberdeen will be the
greatest chemical advantage to agriculture ; the principal
chemist to be resident in Edinburgh, and small fees to be
charged for analysis."

Mr, Elder (Bearford) seconded.

Provost Brodie (North Berwick) suggested that a
chemist should be apppointed to inspect the manures, and he
had no doubt the agents would be glad to pay the fees if the
farmers would do their duty, and only purcliase from those
who showed the result of such an analysis.

Mr. Stevenson (Gullane) believed the liighlaud Society
would confer a benefit on agriculturists by publishing cheap
reprints of valuable works on agriculture.

Mr. Adam Smith moved : " That the Highland and Agri-
cultural Society should appoint a first-class man as chemist,
who would devote his whole time to the interests of agricul-
ture, and be paid a fixed salary for doing so, any fees charged
for analyses to be paid into the fuuds of the Society, the duties
of the chemist being to make an analysis of manures and
feeding stuffs, &c., and, witli the assistance of an experienced
practical man to conduct field experiments iu different parts
of tlie country, thoroughly investigating and reporting on the
same."

Mr. Christie (West Mains) seconded the motion.
After a good deal of discussion as to whether the discussion

B 2

20

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

should be adjourned or not, a division took place, when 10 1 should have been adjourned. Mr. Smith motion was, how.

voted for Mr. Smith's motion, and 4 for Mr. Durie's. Several I ever, declared carried.

members declined to vote, on the ground that the debate | The Game-law Bills are to be discussed at the nest meeting.

FRAMLINGHAM FARMERS' CLUB.

OUR EXPENSES.

At the last meeting the following lecture was delivered by
the Kev. Henry Hill, of BuxhaU, Mr. E. S. Corrance in the
chair.

The Rev. Henry Hill said : At the time I was asked
by your worthy President to read a paper at Framliugliam,
some letters were appearing on the subject of taking a small
farm ; hence my paper this evening, which I may say is not
yet quite out of date. Perhaps the best advice to be given to
sucli men — presumed to know nothing — would be that given
by Mr. Punch to people about to marry — " Dou't." But it
struck me then, and still does, that the expenses of land are
too heavy in proportion to those of money, as represented in
any other form. I assume that land represents money, and
that mouey in any shape is capital. Tlie Government of a
country is to be carried on by the taxation of tl'at capital,
while interior administration — county, borough, or parochial —
is indebted for fnnds to local taxation, or, what is easier to
understand, by rates, as opposed to taxes. If I am properly
understood, one of the great questions of the day is, whether
we farmers, occupiers — ratepayers in some form
or other — do not pay more than we ought in
strict fairness to be called on to pay, as com-
pared with the other capitalists of the country ? Mr. Read, I
think, remarked that a farmer may get 8 per cent, for his
money, the landlord may get 3 per cent., while the capitalist
in trade or some profession gets 15 or 20 per cent. Not that
I appeal ad misericordiam, but for justice, equity — simple fair-
ness ; for, looking at it in a commercial point of view, there is
HO reason to my mind why farming should be considered a
worse investment than any other calling or profession. If
you have the capital, and can depend on your own skill and
judgment, you may do well, and need not ruin your neigh-
bours. In fact, a farmer failing always reminds me of
the gentleman in the "Ingoldsby Legends," who felt
queer in the morning, after taking too much (Glad-
stone's) claret over night, and said that "salmon always
made him so." I think, as the advertisements say, " there
is many an opening for a young man of talent, with a little
capital, in a gentlemanly profession, without much risk." It is
not the risk so much as the certainty that takes the gilt off the
gingerbread. One recently published letter wanted five rents
for the land divided thus : 1. Landlord and tithe. 2. Labour.
3. Rates, taxes, bills, and sundries. 4. Cake, manure, etc.
5. Time, profit, interest. I do not think I should put it in
that form, but for comparison or argument it will do very
well. And first for comparison : the great Mechi tells us
that in 1873 — a very bad year — that for his farm of 170 acres,
after paying all expenses, lie had very nearly £700 for rent,
interest, and profit — that is for items one and five (because
his time is of course well paid for in Leadenhall-street)— but
that is, or ought to be, one of the best farms in England, and
any of you gentlemen wiU be able to calculate its value from
the figures I give, and on the supposition I mention as easily
as the value of your own farm. Well, gentlemen, No. 1.
Landlord and tithe you will and must allow. 2. Labour is a
difiiculty that has increased since I wrote this paper, but will
eventually settle itself. 3. Rates, taxes, etc., is a real diffi-
culty. 4<. Cake, manure, etc., depends on the man. 5. Time,
profit, and interest is to be calculated according to the bank
rate. No. 1. Rent and tithe are necessary evils of the present
day, though perhaps in the far distant future the latter may
be given up as a sop to the independent landlords of the
country, but rely on it some new imposition will be found, in
the same way that the giant Euucation-rate is now taking the
place of the pigmy Church-rate. Still it is to be remembered
that the tenants — not the owners — fix the rent of the land.
We cannot let if you will not hire. No. 2. Labour is a very
serious item for consideration. As you well know, it varies
with the locality and description of land, so much so that I
doubt if it is to be taken as the same as another rent. But

whatever its price, the amount employed is a sign of the pro-
sperity of the concern. Mr. Walter, M.P., in The Times, Oct.
1, 1873, compared the body politic to the human body, and
called, rightly, agriculture the trunk, and said that while it
prospered, all the branches of trade, &e., would get on. But
if one small wheel in an engine breaks the whole must stop —
not for long — but all is out of gear for a time. So it is with
labour. Every man has a right to ask his own price, but I
need not buy the article. Still, for labourers or farmers to
ask a third party what that price is to be, is opposed to
political economy and common sense. I do not wish to be
called in as an arbitrator, but I advise every man to do the
best he can for himself, " and never mind the rest." The
value of manual labour is variable, just as all engines are not
of the same horse-posver. It always will be money that keeps
the world's engines going. If a fair amount of money is
offered to the labourer, artisan, or mecliauic, working for his
daily bread, and refused, I doubt if after some few weeks in
summer have used up the Union capital they will find the
ratepayers willing to keep them in idleness, or even in work,
for the short hours of winter. And yet it is said higher wages
will reduce the poor-rate. Said, perhaps, by some one who
pays neither the one or the other. The various devices for
reducing farm labour is a subject of great importance ; but I
doubt if our machinists at present have done much more than
hold out great hopes for the future, and if manufacturers'
prices must go up, why flesh and bone will still be the most
economical servant we farmers can use, as it has been since
" Adam delved and Eve span." In short an engine, especially
on small occupations, always reminds me of the boy on a farm
— it takes two men to look after him. Mr. Beach, at the
Highclere Agricultural Association, remarked " that men
would obtain iiigher wages, not by agitation, but by the legi-
timate improvements in agriculture, the most important of
these being the much larger introduction of machinery into
operations" {^The Times, Oct. 1, 1873). That means, in my
idea, the more machinery you have the more money you will
spend in labour. But I hope no one will imagine I think the
farming will be the worse. Some of our would-be instructors
tell us one way to reduce the labour bill is to increase the
permanent grasses. I am not going into the question of
initial loss and ultimate gain in that case, but will merely
remark that leave to plough up grass is no uncommon request
out my way ; and I myself do not believe in leaving a clean
fallow to grow thistles, etc., for the next tenant to keep his
sheep on. One of our leading agriculturists, Mr. Read, M.P.
for Norfolk, gives us very good advice, because he does it by
example, and as a tenant-farmer, lie says, since the rise in
wages he lias reduced his labour expenditure by ^100 a-year
on a 400 acre farm. I can only say it looks as if he did
not think much of his chance of getting compensation
for those improvements, temporary, durable, and perma-
nent, in which he and liis co-operative partner, Mr.
Howard, take so much delight. Following my unknown
friend's letter, suppose we take expenses No. 3, rates, taxes,
&c. (bills and sundries being beneath our consideration).
Again, I say, here lies the difficulty. As I have remarked,
taxes and rates are to be divided into two divisions — imperial,
applying to taxes ; and local, applying to rates. A man with
£10,000 in the Funds pays income-tax on his actual income. A
man with i'10,000 in land'pays on his rent, with no allowance
for repairs, insurance, &c., in which the funds run no Fisk. It
is Schedule A you pay under, whatever your capital consists of.
Is the landlord to take a rack rent, and are the repairs to be
done at the expense of the tenant, perhaps going out nest
year ? Any ordinary mortal might imagine that a tax on land
would be considered as an equivalent to a tax on money, but
no such thing. Land pays right and left always, money once
now and then, when wanted, as a War-tax say. And to prove
the injustice of the Land-tax, any Government will allow you
to redeem it at £8 to £9 below Consols, with an eye to the

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

21

future wlien all is redeemed. It was a happy tliouf;lit to i
imagine the rent of a farm was all income, which could be
taxed for the benefit of the manufacturing districts at the
expense of us agiiculturists. To get Schedule A in the case
of those individuals wlio pay no rent, 15 per cent, is added to
the rateable, or about 4| to the gross value. In this way the
Imperialists (the Londoners) show some sense, for they
assume the local authorities are better judges than themselves
in the Land Question. If you are too higlily assessed you
must blame jour neiglibours at the Union Assessment Com-
mittee, but you must pay scbedule A. Can it be said money,
and land representing money, pay their fair share ot the
expenses ? I do .not tliink I need say any more about
Schedule]! A in a company supposed to be occupiers (strictly
speaking), but 1 may add it is a curious anomaly tbat tliere
should be so many different assessments as to the value of the
same property for ditferenfc purposes. I can only suppose that
as we are gradually drifting into decimal notation, we shall
some day have a fixed set of figures for our assessment, and
merely remove that " cussed" little dot according to the tax
or rate that is being collected. Still, until the education of
the country has become much more elementary than at pre-
sent, we must carry on our dealings as we do our religion, in
language " understauded of the people." Let us then remjve
the dot (I need hardly say wliich way) to Schedule B. I
suppose iu merciful consideration of his other burdens, the
occupier is found worthy of a deduction of one-eighth of rent
and tithe, and so he compounds for good and bad years, his
landlord needing no consideration under SclieJule A. But in
late years it has been found the landlords spend so much
money on the farm houses, that occupiers are called on for
House-tax, as of course every gentleman should be. There is
one tax going to the Imperial Treasury, whicli I hardly like
to mention to a meeting strictly non-political. I mean the
Malt-tax. Tiie great difficulty in its abolition is not the jus-
tice or injustice of its infliction on a class, but the enormous
amount raised for the benefit of everybody else — not belonging
to tl'.at class. And now I may pass froiu Imperial to Local
Taxation ; as occupiers we all — landlord and tenant — feel the
pressure. Schedule A takes a moiety even from the Great
-tiastern Railway stock when you get a dividend. But do the
Three Per Cents., railways, coal mines, ironstone, pay rates or
local taxation like ordinary land. I have read somewhere,
but cannot quote, that ironstone pays no rates. Then do we
farmers pay more than we ought, in comparison ? First I
take Poor-rates. The country is divided into districts, and so
the amount in tlie £ will vary — I was going to say according
tJ the prosperity, but it perhaps ought to be the population
of the land. The vicinity of large towns may liave advantages
to the farmer to make up for an increase in rates. But in
many cases, the Poor-rate falls lieavy on the ratepayer, while
the tax-payer proper is exempt altogether. To show the in-
creasing magnitude of the Poor-rate, Professor L»vi found out
by means of a calculating machine, or some boy educated
under Government, that in 18(53 the Poor-rate was 8s. 4d.
per head, and in 1873 16s. 3>\i., while Imperial taxation in
1863 was £2 8s. ■iJ.,and in 1870 £3 8s. 2d. le., in some ten
years the ratepayer's expenses on one item doubled themselves
wliile the taxpayer's were somewliat reduced. But I doulit if
Professor Levi cauglit the full sura totnl — perhaps he left out
decimals ! " W. ¥.," writing to T/te Times from Lincolnsliire,
December 29, 1873, says they pay high wages (I leave out
the price of labour on purpose), and employ the old men on
the roads. I do not siy that no other county does the same.
In this way a portion of the expense for maintaining the poor
is charged on tlie Higluvay-rate, and the workhouse with
its expensive organization is to a great extent useless. Surely
it shows the Poor-rale does not include everything, or rather
tiiat we rob Peter to pay Paul. It has been remarked that the
Poor-rate is an inheritance devolving on the land, but surely
when it was settled that" each rood should maintain its man,"
no bargain was made that the man should have a wife and
family. Then why with our half-empty workhouses and large
establishments do we keep large asylums with just as large
establishments ? Why do we keep up half-empty prisousto be
filled with military invalids and deserters, to be maintained at
the same expense to the ratepayers, and for the benefit of the
tax-payers of the country ? The question of lunatics is under
consideration in another place, and we will leave it there.
Well, then, we have a surveyor's rate, which I ought now-a-

days to call the highway-rate. The ratepayers— principally
farmers— pay ; and who use the roads ? Why, the capitalists
of the country, who will soon be able to drive the Four-in-hand
Club from John o'Groat's to the Land's Eud, and a return
ticket, without paying a decimal fraction towards the expenses
of maintenance. I sometimes fancy the Highway Boards are
a sort of feeler for the School Boards : if you cannot manage
either yourselves, botli can be carried out for you at your
expense by Government officials. It is by no means a bad idea
that the assessed taxes on locomotion should be employed to
defray the maintenance of the highway roads, but then we
know enough of Government officials looking after expendi-
ture. It is paying a guinea to look after a pound, and yet a
new Government relieves the rich at the expense of the poor
by taking off the tax on horses. Surely a man that can buy
a nag and keep a nig can pay tax for a nag. In Russia there
are local provincial parliaments to control local taxation for
roads and other purposes. We, as a country, are trying this
system in a small way, with what result I leave you to guess
vvho can and do read your county papers, and merely remind
you of tiie proverb of the man who looks after his neighbours'
business being able to take care of his own. But, gentlemen,
I have not done yet, although I own the straws on our back get
lighter as I proceed. There is the County-rate, not very serious
perhaps, but so unsatisfactory that a new assessment in our case
is talked of; so move the dot once more. In 1873 the assess-
ment increased £1,637,354' on the last year, and I fancy the
rate has increased in due proportion. One reason is the bridges
have to be made strong enough for steam engines to pass over
now-a-days. And the Police-rate. Do those ubiquitous
gentlemen in blue simply look after the property of ratepayerf,
or is their leisure time appropriated to the benefit of taxpayers?
The average rate is a mere song, but is it right ? This ques-
tionisalso under consideration iu another place. And then
comes the militia. Why should we ratepayers keep up an
almost permanent militia and the regular army be reduced to
a minimum for the benefit of the taxpayer? Is tlie taxpayer
to have the use of our best sinews of war for a few years, and
then send them back on the ratepayers to support in uselessness
for their decaying years ? And last perhaps at present, but
by no means least, comes a rate I have already alluded to—
the Education-rate— a fine healthy child that does not mean
dying. I fancy our grandchildren will find the labourer just
as anxious that the parson should write his name for him ?it
his wedding as now-a-days, because he can liandle his scythe
easier and oftener than a steel pen— his hand shakes so. I
have said item No. 3 was the difficulty, it remains for you to
say if you agree with me. I now ask a few minutes as to Nos.
4 and 5. No. 4, cake and manure. The man wlio spends a
rent on this proves himself to be well off in this world's goods,
and I sincerely hope he will reap his reward ; for if anyone
deserve two blades of corn instead of one, such a man does.
But I am rather inclined to think it is a case of that rare bird,
the dodo. If that argument is not satisfactory, I hope some-
one better up to it than I am will take "Cake, manures, and the
etceteras," as the subject of some future paper. No. 5, Time,
profit, interest. We farmers are all as greedy as a Co-operative
Association. CKeap articles and large remuneration we want.
A man farming 100 or 200 acres could as easily look after
double ; therefore liis time's cost is to be counted as bailiff's
wages. Piortt is to be counted by what you miglit get in another
concern with the capital you have, or ought to have
invested in your farm, and no bailiff is wanted. If you
have to pay another rent for the capital, you and I
know the profit will go with the interest— to the banker.
Interest- as the great Duke said— small interest means good
security. Let us hope a good valuation, with compensation for
long-forgotten improvements, will make our books look better
than we think of; and remember the capital once put into the
farm is not lost by the cultivation of it. To sum up
all this, gentlemen, both Box and Cox seem to think
Local Taxation requires consideration ; and without even
hinting at the "ways and means" for granting relief to
the ratepayer, I hope something will be done shortly. It your
discussion on the subject should lead to anything, I am content
with having simply drawn your attention to it. Mr. Hill ako
quoted the following figures from a Parliamentary return re-
lating to the several counties of England, showing the valua-
tion for the country and police assessments, the amount in the
£ levied, the amount realised by Her Majesty's Treasury

22

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

subvention, the amount of loans effected on tlie security of the
rates, and the loans outstanding at Michaelmas, 1872. The
following are the figures relating to Suffolk and Norfolk :

Valuation for County Asst
„ for Police

County Rate (in the £) ..,

Police Rate (in the £) ..

Amount of County Rate,.
„ Police Rate ..

Treasury subv. for Police. .
„ „ for Criminals

Fines, fees, &c

Total Receipts

Total Expenditure

Payments in Loans

Outstanding Loans

Suffolk.
East D. West D.

£907,360

£87S,91C

IJd.

Hd.

ae6,62f>

£5,4'JJ

£3,078

£1,102

£1,065

£16,391

£17.16^

£3,49^

£521,441
Ifd.

2id.

£3,802

£5,975

£1,621

£656

£933

£13,250

£13,110

£256

nil.

Norfolk.

£1,994,227

And the following resolution passed by the Lancaster Cham
her of Agriculture : " Inasmuuh as the present operation o
Local Taxation presses unfairly on the owners and occupiers
of land and houses, it is the opinion of this Chamber that
there should be such a revision as will ensure that every de-
scription of property should contribute its fair proportion."

The President, in opening the discussion, said it was his
duty to invite discussion on that matter, of which they all
knew a great deal practically, '< our expenses." It came under
a great number of heads, whicii Mr. Hill had put so ably be-
fore them. There were one or two points, aud prominently
was the question of labour. That was a question that ttiey
must touch upon witli extreme delicacy. It was a subject in
the discussion of which every incautious word would be sure,
he feared, to carry its own punishment. He was almost in-
clined to think that as the question now stood, the less said
about it the better ; nevertheless, it was their duty to put their
opinions before the public. He felt that it was a manifest
injustice to the farmer, who felt that his dealings witii his
labourers had been fair, to be misrepresented, as th(»y had
been in many cases, and they ought to speak out to remove
the false impressions thus raised. He felt tliat all that was
said upon the subject ought to possess some practica value,
derived from experience, because there could not be harm in
stating the truth properly, and in a temperate manner, and it
would be found to be a matter not wholly devoid of interest.

Mr. GooDWYN said the question introduced by Mr. Hill was
certainly a most important one, for they found that their bur-
dens were not lightened, but increased year by year. As they
were all members of one body, he felt that each kind of pro-
perty ought to bear its share of the burdens of Local Taxation.
The question of the education rate was important to them,
but he denied that in opposing this the farmers were actuated
by a wish to keep the people in ignorance. He thought, how-
ever, that if the working-classes were to be benefited by edu-
cation, and if they were to be led on by others to believe that
they could have what wages tliey pleased, it was only right
that they should also be taught to put their hands into their
own pockets aud educate their own children. He would
rather leave the labour question, not because he had no
opiuions on the subject, but because he would wish rather to
throw oil on the troubled waters if he could. He would,
however, confine himself to a denial of what had been said so
often and so strongly— that the farmers were attacking the men.
It should be known whenever tiie question was considered,
that the first attack came from the other side.

Mr. Paul Read denied that the Malt-tax was a burden
upon the farmers. Did the farmers really think that if the
■Malt-tax were lepealed, they would be making such a price of
their barley as at present ? He looked upon the Malt-tax as
one paid by the public entirely to keep up the price of the
farmers' barley. This was the effect of the tax, as it kept out
the foreign barley. As to the reduction of their expenses, lie
advised the farmers to farm their land so as to make it pro-
duce more, and then the expenses would be lessened in pro-
portion. Lord Derby had said that the land of England
would produce double what it now did if farmed differently,
and if they made it produce double, their expenses in rates
and taxes would only remain the same as at present.

Mr. Go;ii\ER would defy Mr. Read to explain how a

man could grow as much upon 100 acres as he did now upon
200.

Mr. W. Kejjt had heard the same quotation from the Earl
of Derby's speeches, but he questioned whether such a state-
ment had ever been made without some qualification. If the
Earl of Derby did say that, he could not have meant acre for
acre, but that the waste lands should be brought into cultiva-
tion.

Mr. Clutten said that there could be no doubt as to there
being some mistake in this, as even the best cultivated allot-
ments did not produce more than one or two coombs per acre
above the pro'.uce of an average farmer.

Mr. GoNNER said tiiat no system of husbandry could com-
mand the season. Tiiey might produce straw, but the corn
must come from a higher Power.

Mr. Paul Read said that all that was talked about was
corn, but they might also produce more meat and poultry.

Mr. GoODWYN agreed with the remarks which had been
made as to the use of artificial manures. He only regarded
them as stimulants. As to the Malt-tax he was one of those
who thought that the repeal of that tax would not be of benefit
to the farmer. He thought they would not have the present
price for their barley if it were not for the tax.

Mr. Robert Garrard must protest against what had been
said about the Malt-tax. He was a strong Malt-tax repealer,
and he had no faith about the Malt-tax raising the price of
barley. He thought that farmers had great interest in the
repeal of that tax. As consumers, the repeal of that tax
would be to them equal to a repeal of the Property-tax. As
to the importation of foreign barley they must recollect that
the Eastern Counties were peculiarly well situated for barley
growing, and therefore they were interested in the repeal of
the Malttax. He lioped it would not go forth to the country
that the Framlingham Farmers' Club advocated the keeping
on the Malt-tax.

Mr. GooDWYN: It will go forth that we are not unani-
mous.

A Member : If barley was down to 30s. a coomb we should
hear plenty about repealing the tax.

Mr. Paterson said he did not agree with Mr. Garrard
about the Malt-tax. He quoted Colonel Brise's letter on the
labour question, and said that he agreed with the opinion
there expressed as to making improvements in the Unions.
The manufacturing interests had not been able to abolish the
Unions, and there was great reason to doubt whether the far-
mers could prevent them. He did not think tiiat the Unions
had improved the condition of the labouring classes where
they had been established.

Mr. Conner said that the Union had caused more drunken-
ness in that town than ever they had before. He did not
entirely blame the men for forming the Unions, and believed
that if the masters had looked properly alter the men in all
cases, they would not have heard of the Union. He main-
tained that the labouring classes had been better cared for in
this country than in any other. He did not say they had been
as well cared for as they ought to te, but was certain that they
were better cared for by the classes above them than the lower
classes of mechanics.

The President, in closing the discussion, said, as a landlord
he could not agree with Mr. Hill's advice not to take small
farms, or with the division of the gross produce into five
rentals. Tlie good old-fashioned calculation was four. He
also questioned the statistics of Mr. Mechi which Mr. Hill
had quoted. Coming to the labour question, he was pleased
with the manner in which it iiad been touched upon. They
as farmers did not approve of the Union. In the first place,
what had been said as to its incompatibility with hired labour of
that sort was right, but there were other reasons which some
excellent gentlemen philanthropically inclined seemed to have
overlooked. The principle of all Unions was an equality of
wages — the worst man to be paid the same as the best, and
the young the same as the old — a principle whicli he would
never agree to. If they affirmed the principle of Unionism
they affirmed that principle. It was useless to talk about rules
which could be altered any day. This was the principle upon
which all Unions had been based. Whether they should pro-
ceed to such extremities as to lock-out was another question
altogether ; but they should do all in their power to discourage
what they believed to be a vicious social arrangement ; one
which seemed to be entirely subversive of the present system
under which England had been cultivated, and to be econo-

THE FARMER'S MAGAZIHE.

raically false and socially mischievous. The labouring classes
hitherto had been socially dependent, and with the poor-rate
and education rate they could never be called independent if
the principles of Unionism were affirmed. Were he in the
House of Commons he would immediately propose the aboli-
tion of the Poor-laws, lie agreed in hoping for a speedy ter-
mination of the dispute, but could not see how, without incurring
many of the difficulties he had mentioned, it could be done by
arbitration. It was a fact that the labourers were the aggres-
sors, and he believed if they withdrew the attack, the farmers
would be contented to take the men back on the old terras
without any reference to the Union. He recommended per-
sistent agitation as to Local Taxation, and, as to the Blalt-tax,
remarked that in tiie face of a recent division it must be con-
sidered to be in abeyance.

Mr. IIiLL, in reply, said, in isfsrence to the education
question, that he was afraid tlie labourer would not take the
trouble to retain what he learnt. Upon the Malt-tax he had
not expressed an opinion. As to the quantity of corn which
could be grown, there was no doubt that the more money
spent on a farm the more crops would be grown, but it must
be done in judgment. He agreed with Mr. Goodwyn as to
manure, and he might say that Mr. Corrv.nce's remarks on the
labour question were most sensible. His advice about
taking small farms was to those who did not understand farm-
ing. A man who knew his business would get on best on a
small farm. Though not responsible for Mr. Meclii's figures,
he harJly agreed with the Chairman's way of putting
them.

THE FINANCIAL PROPOSALS.

At a general meeting of the Wisbech Chamber of Agricul-
ture, the principal business was to consider the financial pro-
posals of the Government so far as they relate to agriculture,
Mr. A. S. Ruston in the chair,

Mr. W. C. Little said that when the Council met some
weeks ago, before the Chancellor of the Exchequer had brought
in his Budget, n was tiiought that tae Chamber would pro-
bably be glad of an opportunity of expressing its opinion upon
the proposals of the Government, whenever they were made
They would observe that they were limited to tlie question so
far as it regarded agriculture. They had nothing whatever
to do with the general political question ; they had nothing
to do with estimates, whether they were inadequate or other-
wise ; but they had simply to accept the opinions of the
Government and the Chancellor of the Exchequer as to the
necessary amount to be speut and as to the means by which
that amount was to be raised. Accepting those opinions, the
question before them appeared to him to be this : What
expectations had they formed before the Chancellor of the
Exchequer announced his plan ? He should like at the be-
ginning to say that tiie agricultural interest, in considering
tiiis subject from their own point of view, had no desire to
take a selfish or a class view ; they had no desire, nor the
slightest hope, that they should be greatly relieved by taxa-
tion, while other classes would have fresh taxation imposed
upon them. The position of Chambers of Agriculture was
this: lliey found that other classes of the community, by
organization and by making a great deal of noise, had suc-
ceeded in getting relieved of taxation, while the agricultural
interest had by means of increased local rates and continually
increasing burdens been unfairly taxed. There was one point
upon which agriculturists were unanimous, viz., that some relief
should be given to ratepayers, and that local taxation was one
of the first qaestions that required to be considered by the
Government, Another subject which was thought of im-
portance by a considerable section of the agriculturists, al-
though it was not thought of so much importance in this part
of the country, was the Malt-tax. He believed the farmers
of England were by no means unanimous upon that point;
for althougli a considerable number of them looked upon it
as a heavy tax upon the producer, there were about as many
who thought it fell upon the consumer. Therefore, so far as
this Chamber was concerned, there would not be any great
disappointment felt that the Malt-tax had not been
dealt with by the Government. In considering the
proposals of the Government they might look
upon them first of all so lar as they affected agriculturists in
common with other classes. The remission of Id. on the in-
come-tax would certainly alTect many classes besides themselves,
but at the same time it would afi'ord them considerable relief.
Wiien they remembered that farmers were assessed upon their
full incomes, and that in no other business was it so ditficult
to arrive at an exact statement of profits and losses, it was
evident that the farmer paid his full share of imperial taxation
to the income-tax, and therefore he would receive his full
benefit from any remission of that tax. The horse duty was
not quite so clear a benefit to the farmer, because farmers'
horses employed in agriculture were exempt from the duty, but
still the farmer would derive some benefit from it, because
there were few of them who did hot keep a horse that paid

the tax. Then the horsedealers' duty being taken off would
remote some restrictions upon trade, and the farmers, as the
breeders and rearers of horses, must derive some advantage
from it. Besides, there were other reasons why they should
accept these proposals of the Government. It was a question
whether farmers who bought horses to graze for a short time
and then sold them again were not liable to pay duty as horse-
dealers, and in some cases tlie duty had been imposed upon
them. They got rid of all liability upon that point, and they
also got rid of a threat once thrown out by Mr. Lowe that he
did not see why horses employed in agriculture should be
exempt from duty. The concession made by the Government
on local taxation was not a very large one, the amount to be
given away being something less than Ij millions ; but they
would observe that it recognised the principle they had main-
tained ever since they had agitated the subject — that Govern-
ment ought to contribute more largely than it has hitherto
done towards those objects that are of national interest.
With regard to the remission for the police, the Government
had hitherto paid nominally one-fourth of the cost of the
police, but practically it iiad been one-fifth. The total amount
which the metropolis, which had an extra grant of one-third,
would gain was £210,000 out of £500,000, the boroughs
would gain £130,000, and the counties £150,000. But al-
though tlie amount to be distributed among the counties was
not v'ery lar^e, it would make a shght dilTerence to their rates
He had obtained from the Treasurer of the Isle an account o
the sums paid by the Government on account of the police, and
it seemed that the average for the last four or five years had
been slightly under £900 a year. They might assume that
this amount would now be doubled, and that the county-
rate would thereby be reduced ^d. in the pound per
annum. With reference to lunatics, the Government pro-
posed to contribute is. per head per week. The figures for the
Wisbech Union gave an average for the last three years of 41
lunatics, who were maintained at a charge to the county of
£1,163 a year. The Government allowance of 4s. a week
would amount to about £418, or nearly |d. in the pound, so
that by these two Government contributions their rates would
be reduced very nearly Id. in the pound. That was not a very
large remission, but, as he had said before, it accepted the
principle they had for years contended for. AVhile on the
subject of lunatics he should like to point out that the aver-
age cost of maintenance throughout the country was 10s. a
week. The Wisbech Union sent lunatic to two asylums — the
one in Norfolk, where the average cost of maintenance was
9s. 6d., and the other at Cambridge, where the cost was lis.
Id. He should like to draw the attention of the visitors of
the Cambridgeshire Asylum to the fact, which was wortliy of
their attention, that the cost of maintenance in their asylum
was Is. Id. a week more than the average throughout the
kingdom, and Is. 7d. more than that of the asylum at Thorpe,
in Norfolk. But the remissions of taxation to which he had
referred were not all that the Government proposed to do.
They were the only definite proposals that had as yet beea
made, but every one who had read the report of the speech of
the Chancellor of the Exchequer must have seen there was a
desire on the part of the Government to examine into the
question of local taxation, with the object of atfording them
substantial relief. There were some great sources of expen-

24

I^HB FARMER'S MAGAZINE!.

diture not dealt with at all, as, for instance, the administration
of justice. That was a question of imperial interest, and
one upon which no additional contribution was made. The
Chancellor of the Exchequer stated in his speech that the
subject was receiving the attention of a lloyal Commission,
and that he did not feel it would be ri^ht at present to make
any proposal respecting it. Then there was the question of
highways, upon which they thought they were entitled to ask
for some relief, but it had not been dealt with by the Govern-
ment at present. Therefore, taking the proposals of the
Government as a desire on their part to afford them some re-
lief— coupled with the expressions of sympathy tliat had fallen
from the Prime Minister and the Chancellor of the Exchequer
— he thought they might fairly congratulate themselves upon
their present position. They had no right to accept those
propositions as final, and they would scarcely be satisfied witli
them if they were to be considered as such. There were many
ways in wiiich the Government might give them greater
assistance, but taking all the circumstances into consideration
— that they had been in office only a few weeks, and had had
no time to mature a plan — he thought that they would be
doing wrong if they were to express their disapproval of their
proposals. He would conclude therefore by moving the fol-
lowing resolution : " Tliat this Chamber accepts provisionally
the financial proposals of tlie Government, as admitting the
principle that ratepayers are entitled to some relief on account
of charges imposed upon them for objects of national interest,
and trusts that so soon as the Government shall have com-
pleted that inquiry into the subject of Local Taxation, which
they have promised.'they will considerably extend the principle
which they have thus admitted."

Mr. W. L. Ollaud, in seconding the motion, said he should
confine himself to the remission of the horse duty ; and he
perfectly agreed witli Mr. Little that it was almost impossible
for farmers to buy horses and graze them, and then sell them
again, without making themselves liable to pay duty. He had
a case in point ; and an expression of opinion was given by
magistrates that many persons who had no intention of
becoming horsedealers in the ordinary sense of the word, ran
the risk of having the penalty imposed upon them while carry-
ing on their ordinary business pursuits. Then again cases
frequently arose where persons might be made liable to the
duty simply for rendering an act of kindness to their neigh-
bours. He was glad these anomalies had been done away with
by the remission of the duty, and throughout the country he
thought there was but one opinion, that, considering the,cir-
curastances, the Budget was a very fair one to all classes, *and
that the Chancellor of the Exchequer had raised himself in
public estimation by the manner in which he had dealt with
the subject.

Mr. H. J. LiTTL'E agreed with liis brother that if the pro-
posals of the Government were to be considered as final, they
would have a grievance against the Government, but he
believed they were fully resolved to take the whole question of
local taxation into consideration, and that the ratepayers
might speedily look for a revision of the system. With regard
to the Malt-tax, no doubt in many Chambers of Agriculture
the Chancellor of the Exchequer would be severely censured
for not taking something off it. He himself thought, when
there was a surplus of five millions, that it would now become
a question of dealing with the Mait-tax, but on reflection he
appeared before them in the interesting character of a pervert,
for after the experience of the last year or two he did not think
the farmers had any grievance with regard to the Malt-tax.
So long as he was a grower of barley, he considered it more aa
a grievance upon the agricultural labourer than upon the
grower, for he felt that the labourer was entitled to have the
beverage of his country at as cheap a rate and as wholesome as
he could possibly get it ; but the whole tendency of legislation
had lately been to take off taxation from the necessaries of life,
so that tea, sugar, coffee, and such-like necessaries had been
enormously reduced in price. It now rested almost with the
labouring man to say how much he was willing to give towards
the taxation of his country. He was scarcely taxed for any-
thing except for the beer which he drank ; and if he chose
not to tax himself in that respect he might go scot-free, but if
on the other hand he chose to indulge to a considerable
extent, as unfortunately too many of them did, he would con-
tribute considerably to the revenue of his country. As one
who had seen reason to alter his views with regard to this
question, he thought he would give the reasons wliy lie felt

they ought no longer to look to the Chancellor of the Es«
chequer for sny alteration in the Malt-tax ; especially as any
alteration in the tax must lead to a great revision in the spirit
duties, and they all knew that in the large towns any great
deciease in the price of spirits would lead to greater habits of
drunkenness among the lower classes.

Mr. H. Sharpe thought they might well afford to be indif-
ferent with reference to the Malt tax, when the growers and
the great consumers regarded it with so much apathy. He
felt satisfied both parties in the House of Commons were pre-
pared to go fully into the question of local taxation, and he
hoped when another session had passed they would get all
they wished.

Mr. Brown remarked that the subject was too one-sided ;
they could not get up any opposition, aud without opposition
there could be uo discussion. He acknowledged he had
always been a Malt-tax repealer, and he thought it would
only have been fair if with such a large surplus some remission
had been made to the beer drinker as well as to the tea and
sugar drinkers. A good deal had been taken off the free
breakfast table, but no notice had been taken of the hard-
working man who required his glass of beer. It had been
said that the tax upon beer was almost the only one paid by
the poor man, but it must be remembered that he very much
enjoyed his pipe of tobacco, and no article of consumption was
more heavily taxed or raised a greater amount of money than
that. He did not know, however, that he should advocate
much reduction of the duty on tobacco, for sometimes when he
saw in the large towns boys under twelve years of age with
cigars in their mouths before dinner, he thought tobacco was
cheap enough.

Tlie Chairman quite concurred with the remarks made by
Mr. Little in introducing the subject, and he had come to the
same conclusion as he had done. He felt that the Govern-
ment, having had so little opportunity of maturing their
scheme, could not go thoroughly into the question of local
taxation, but as they had so clearly intimated their intention
of giving the subject due consideration during the coming
year, he thought they were free to suppose it would be dealt
with in a comprehensive manner. As to the small relief that
had been offered to the ratepayers, he thought they might
take it as an admission of the principle ; and if it was to
become a question of the Malt-tax z)ffr*«* Local Taxation, he
felt it would be to the interest of the towns as well as to the
owners and occupiers that the reduction should be made in
the shape of local taxation rather than the Malt-tax. Any
remission of the Malt-tax must necessarily bring about a re-
vision of the spirit duties, and it was a question whether that
would not involve too large a sum of money to be thrown
away in one direction. His own idea was that they should
ask the Government to afford reasonable and just help to the
ratepayers, which would be of much greater interest to the
country at large, and therefore he was quite disposed to adopt
the resolution as it stood before the meeting.

The motion was then put, and carried unanimously.

The Chairman then called upon Mr. G. F. Moore, secre-
tary to the Chamber, to introduce the next subject : " The
report of the Select Committee of the House of Commons on
Locomotives on Iloads."

Mr. Moore said his notes consisted chiefly on extracts from
the report of the select committee, but his object was to show
that the present law is anomalous and unsatisfactory and re-
quires alteration. Some idea of the large amount of capital
invested in this kind of machinery might be gathered from the
statements made by two witnesses before the committee, that
their firms alone had supplied about 1,500 self-moving en-
gines for use in this country, of the total value of £700,000 ;
besides which there were many other engineering firms who
were large makers of them, and there was little doubt that if
greater freedom were given to their use, before long the ma-
jority of thrashing and other heavy machinery would be
moved from place to place by steam, especially as many of the
existing portable engines could be converted at a little cost
into self-movers ; besides which the increasing cost of horses
of their maintenance showed the national importance of the
substitution of steam for horse-power wherever practicable.
With reference to the danger to which horses and carriages
would be liable from the use of locomotives on roads, Mr.
Moore read extracts from the report of the committee showing
that considerable difference of opinion existed among the wit-
nesses upon this point, but they were almost unanimous iu

"THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

S5

eaying that the inconvenience soon disappears, althougli there
were, and probably always would be some few horses whicli
would take fright at an engine, as at many other objects. We
know (he continued) there are some few places in the coun-
try where, even in tiiis year of grace 187i, the inhabitants
play long whist, and iiave to go ten miles to a railway station,
but the spot where locomotives have not been introduced at
all must be the veritable Ultima Thule, and no legislation is
likely to reach it. With regard to tlie damage done to the
roads, evidence was taken be. ore the committee showing that
on ordinary well-made roads little or no damage is caused by
the engine ; and, on the contrary, it was stated that beuelit
results to the road from tlie consolidation produced by the
pressure of the engine, and one witness informed the com-
mittee that he had successfully used the broad wheels of iiis
engine as a roller in constructing a new road. Ou roads
which are only slightly metalled, or which rest upon a bad or
an insufficient foundation, as is the case in some of the occu-
pation roads in this neighbourhood, there is no doubt damage
would be done by the frequent passage over them of heavy
locomotives ; but the same result would be obtained by tlie
use of horse-power. As to the bridges, the anomalous state
of the present law was pointed out by the evidence given be-
fore the committee by Mr. Aveling, to the effect tliat, " If I
send a boiler, weighing 15 tons, over the county bridge, drawn
by 15 horses, and that boiler breaks through the bridge, I
have uothin^ to pay ; but if I send the sume boiler over a
bridge with au engine weighing eight tons, and the boiler
breaks through tlie bridge, I have the whole expenses to pay."
Almost all tlie witnesses examined before the committee ad-
mitted that agricultural engines have become a necessity in
many localities, and in this immediate neighbourhood he (Mr.
Bloore) believed tliere were more self-moving engines tiiau
there are private carriages drawn by a pair of horses. Wliy
then should not they be considered the ordinary traffic of the
district ? The recommendations of the conimiltee as to roads
and bridges were to the following efi'ect :

1. jSo owner shall be liable for damage done to any bridge
provided his engines does not exceed 20 tons weight, and pro-
vided no notice be affixed to the bridge.

2. If notice be affixed the owner shall be liable if the weight
of his engine exceeds that named in tlie notice.

3. If the engine exceeds 20 tons, the owner shall be liable
whether notice be affixed or not.

4. Any person taking an engine of more than 20 tons
weight over any public road shall be liable to all damage caused
to such road in consequence.

The Committee also recommend that except on narrow roads,
the local authorities shall have no power to prohibit the
passage of locomotives at any hour. Having read the recom-
mendations as to speed, Mr. Moore concluded by moving the
following resolution : " That it is desirable for the advance-
ment and assistance of agriculture that the use of locomotives
should be encouraged to the fullest possible extent, having due
regard to the public safety and interests, llesolved, therefore,
that this Chamber approves the Report of the Select Commit-
tee of the House of Commons on Locomotives on Roads, and
the recommendations therein contained."

The Chairman suggested that as the Chamber had not as
yet had the opportunity of reading the report of tlie Select
Committee the latter part of the resolution should be omitted,
as it would be unwise for them to approve a report of which
they had only heard a few passages read.

Mr. Moore concurred with the suggestion ; and

Mr. Sharpe then seconded the resolution, remarking that
he was afraid they were a little behind-hand in not having
examined the report of the Select Committee. He pointed
out the awkward position agriculturists were placed in, by
certain districts being intersected with drains without the
promoters being compelled to build the bridges of sufficient
strength to bear the passage over them of steam locomotives,
which were becoming indispensable to agriculture.

Mr. Brown readily assented to the resolution, but he said
there was no part of England where the subject ought to be
approached with more care and consideration than in the Isle
of Ely. The roads were intersected in every direction with
rivers and ditches, the bridges over which were originally
constructed to carry the ordinary traffic of the country, and
he pointed out that if all these bridges were to be strengthened
so as to allow the passage over them of locomotives weighing
20 tons, the county rate would be very considerably increased.

He did not wish to throw any obstacle in the way of advance-
ment of agriculture, but he thought the interests of steam
cultivation would be better served by the adoption of a lighter
implement, which would be more suitable for private individuals,
especially in the fen districts, than the large engines used by
cultivating companies. He agreed with the first part of the
resolution ; but looking to the novelty of the subject he
thought they ought to approach it with discretion, and he was
not prepared to vote for the second portion.

Mr. W. L. Ollakd agreed wiih Mr. Sharpe that it was
against all reason that any company sliould be allowed to
intersect the country with drains and to build bridges over
them so light that persons engaged in agriculture could not get
their implements over them. He apprehended that every year
would witness an increase in the use of steam agricultural
implements, and unless they could be freely moved from one
part of the country to another, the result would be that ceriaiu
farmers would be prevented, from their isolated position, from
using machines which their neighbours could use with profit
and advantage ; or else that every litte area must have an
engine of its own, which could not possibly travel beyond the
limits of its own district. The subject resolved itself into the
question whether or not steam implements are a necessity in
agriculture ; and if they are so the bridges must be so con-
structed that they can pass freely from place to place.

Mr. Desborougii also made some remarks on the subject,
from which he wandered on to the question of sewerage and
docks, and concluded, amidst some amuseinent, with the sound
observations that "tliose who want sewerage ought to pay for
it, and those who want docks ought to pay for them."

The CiiAiRMAN said the great difficulty in the matter was
unquestionably the bridges. Everything should be done to
encourage scientific agriculture, especially in a district like
this, which depends so much upon agriculture ; and if these
locomotives v\ere necessary for the successful cultivation of the
laud, every facility ought to be afforded for using them. At
the same time there was a question as to what was the proper
weight of the engines. He did not think it necessary to have
them weighing 20 tons, but he thought engines from 10 to 14
tons would be quite sufficient for cultivating all lands requiring
cultivation, especially in the Fen districts. In that case, the
expense of strengthening the bridges would he much less, and
he thought they would be of opinion that it was desirable to
strengthen the bridges to that extent, and thus place every
district in the Fens in a position to successfully cultivate its
land.

Mr, Moore, in reply, said it was necessary that the engines
be from 10 to 12 or 1 i tons weight, but 20 tons was put down
as the maximum, aud the owner of any engine above that
weight would be liable for any injury that it might cause.

The resolution was then put to the meeting and carried.

A POTATO CASE.— In the Court of Queen's Bench,
the case of Haveli v. Coupland, involved a curious
point, arising out of the potato disease. The defendant,
a Lincolnshire farmer, had entered into a contract with the
plaintiff in March to sell him " 200 tons of potatoes, grown
on his land at Whaplode," at the price of £3 6s. 8d. per ton,
to be delivered in September. There were 68 acres of the
defendant's land in course of cultivation, and 250 acres were
actually planted at Whaplode, and it appeared that they would
produce seven tons an acre, so that there was abundant land
sown to raise the quantity contracted for. In August, how-
ever, the potato disease attacked the crop and destroyed it, so
that the farmer was unable to complete his contract. The
question was whether he was excused in law. Mr. Seymour^
Q.C., aud Mr. Waddy, Q.C., were for the plaintiff; Mr. F'ield,'
t^.C, aud Mr. lieasley were for the defendant. After a long-
argument, which took up the best part of the day, the Court
gave judgment in favour of the defendant, the farmer. Mr.
Justice Blackburn said the effect of the contract was that the
potatoes should be delivered out of the crop of the defendant's
farm, so that it was to be the produce of particular land, and
in that respect it resembled a contract for a certain quantity
out of a particular cargo. So far, therefore, it was a contract
for specific goods, and there was an excuse in law if they
perished in the mean time, as in the present case, without any
default on the part of the farmer. Mr. Justice Quain also said
tlie potatoes to be delivered were to be potatoes grown upon

26

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

the particular farm, and no others could have been supplied ;
so that when that became impossible in consequence of the
potato disease the performance of the contract became impos-

sible. Mr. Justice Archibald also concurred on similar
grounds, observing that there was no default on the part of
the farmer.

THE DISEASES OF STOCK IN 1873.

[From the Kepout of the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council.]

The Lords of the Council have not, during the year 1873,
beeu required to exercise, by means of Orders of Council, the
powers conferred upon thera by Tlie Contagious Diseases
(Animals) Act, 1869, on many occasions ; only seven Orders
have beeu passed during the year. It lias been considered
advisable to give a reprint of tliese Orders in the Appendix.
In considering these Orders it will be necessary to refer to the
labours of the Select Committee of the House of Commons
appointed to inquire into tlie operations of tbe Contagious
Diseases (Animals) Act, 1SG9, the Cattle Diseases Acts (Ire-
land), and the Constitution of ilie Veterinary Departments in
Great Britain and Ireland, as oue of these Orders is based
upon their recommendations. Tliis Committee met for the
first time on Thursday, the Gtb of March, 1873, and continued
its sittings until Friday the 25th of July, at which meeting
the report, a copy of which will be found in the Appendix,
was agreed to. The Lords of the Council, after having care-
fully considered such of tbe recommeudatious of the Com-
mittee as did not require fresh legislation, issued the Order o(
the 2nd of August, 1873 (No. 366), which makes the slaughter
of cattle affected with pleuro-pneumonia compulsory, removes
foot-and-mouth disease from tlie contagions aad infectious
diseases as regards the Orders of Council under the
Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act, 1869, and relaxes
tlie restriction contained in section 57 relating to foot-
and-mouth disease. Bisides this Order, their Lordships
issued two Orders relating to foreign countries ; the
first, dated the 7th of January, 1873 (No. 363), relieved sheep
brought from Germany to this country from the Order of the
31st of July, 1872, requiring their slaughter ; the other,
dated the 11th of June, 1873 (No. 36i), relieved, under cer-
tain conditions, the cattle brought to tiiis country from
Schleswig and Holstein from the provisions of the fourth
schedule of the Act. Tlie effects- of the relaxation of these
restrictions upon our imports is not apparent. As regards
German sheep there is a decrease in 1873 of upwards of
78,000 upon the import of 1872, although the restriction re-
quiring the slaughter of these sheep was removed in January
1873, and although tlie total imports of foreign sheep increased
in 1873 by nearly 39,000. And with regard to cattle from
Schleswig and Ilolstein, the return show that in 1872, when
more than five-sixths of these cattle were landed at Deptford,
38,730 cattle were received from tliese states ; while in 1873,
when none of tiiem were landed at Deptford for slaughter, all
being permitted to go to the Metropolitan Cattle Market, we
only received 38,100, although the total import from Ger-
many increased in that year. Of the other four Orders, one,
dated the 30th June, 1873 (No. 365), declares " farcy" to be
a contagious disease within the meaning of the Contagious
Diseases (Animals) Act, 1869, and provides for the making
by local authorities of regulations as to glanders and farcy ;
another, dated the 25th of September, 1873 (No. 367), relates
to an alteration in the limits of the part of the port ot South-
ampton defined for the quarantine ot foreign animals not in-
tended for slaughter ; and two, dated the 13tli of November,
1873 (No. 368 and No. 369), revoke previous Orders ot Council
which allowed cattle from scheduled countries to be landed at
Liverpool and Shoreham. With regard to the Order relating
to farcy and glanders, very little effect can, as yet, have been
produced. Only seven local authorities have applied for power
for making regulations as to glanders, and we have only been
informed of regulations having been made by six of these ;
there being 401 local authorities in Great Britain. The Order
of Council requiring the compulsory slaughter of cattle alfected
with pleuro-pneumonia only came into operation on the 1st
of September, and does not, as yet, appear to have had much
effect in checking this disease. Tlie prevalence of pleuro-
pneumonia is probably due to several causes —

First. To neglect of owners in giving notice of the disease.
Nor is it likely that this notice will be given generally uatil

the compensation is iocreased to such an extent as to make
it the owner's interest to do so.

SeconiUi/. To delay in tlie slaughter of the diseased cattle.

Thirdlij. To the want of efficient separation of cattle in the
incipient stages of the disease before they are capable of
giving it to others, from those which are not so diseased. The
latest information from the Netherlands confirms this opinion,
as the bend of the veterinary administraiion of that country,
Dr. Van Cappelle, states his experience to be that strict isola-
tion is absolutely necessary, and he attributes the success with
which the disease has been encountered in the Netherlands
more to the isolation of suspected animals for three mouths,
than to the slaughter of the affected animals only.

Legislation suggested in this Country. — Many
important suggestions as to future legisklion on the sub-
ject of the contagious and infectious diseases of animals were
brought before the Select Committee of the Houi-e of Com-
mons, aad the result of their consideration of these sugges-
tions is embodied in their Report. The action pursued by the
I'rivy Council with regard to the importation of foreign animals
was approved by that Committee, who did not suggest any
change of legislation as regards this branch of the subjects
uider their consideration. With regard to the contagious and
infectious diseases ot animals, the suggestions of the Com-
mittee are arranged under the various diseases beginning with
cattle plague. In this disease they recommended the power of
slaughter contained in the Act to be extended; and there does
not appear to be a doubt, if the experience of other countries
is to be relied upon, tliat the extension recommended would
greatly tend to check the spreading of this disease. They also
recommended a higher rate of compensation generally. The
Committee's recommendations on the subject of the necessity
for isolation in pleuro-pneumonia do not differ materially from
the regulations which are at present in force in the Nether-
lauds. The time of isolation is, however, different ; being
two months in the case of the recommendations of the Select
Committee, and three months in the Netherlands regulations.
There does not appear to be a doubt that the longer the isola-
tion is kept up, the greater will be the security ; but there is
no evidence to prove that even three months would give abso-
lute security. The Committee recommended slaughter of animals
suffering from this disease and compensation, and the Privy
Council gave effect to this recommendation in their Order of
tlie 2nd of August, 1873. Tlie Committee also recommended
that whatever compensation is paid should bear a certain pro-
portion to the owner's loss rather than, as at present enacted,
to the value of the animal, but as the Lords of the Council did
not consider tliat they would be justified, without fresh legisla-
tion, in changing the principle upon which Parliament had
based compensation, the payment was provided for in this
Order in the same manner as is ordered by the Act as regards
cattle plague. In the Order of the 2nd of August, 1873, the
compensation in pleuro-pneuinonia is therefore at present
limited to the same amount as that ordered by the Act as re-
gards cattle plague, and thus the owner, in the greater number
ot cases, does not realise through the local authority so much
for the cattle as he might himself make for thera. The
result is, that in a great number of cases no notice
is given of the existence of this disease. Nor is it
likely that notices will be generally given until the
amount of compensation renders the giving of the
required notices a gain to the owner, instead of a loss.
It would appear to be open to discussion whether a compensa-
tion of three-fourths of the loss sustained by the owner, as
recommended generally by the Committee, would be a sullicient
iuducement to all owners of cattle sulferiug from pleuro-
pneumonia to give notice of its existence. The length of
time recommended by the Select Committee for the isolation of
cattle which have been herded with animals affected with tiiis
disease has already been referred to ; but the movement of

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

27

these cattle, recoraraended under the head of pleuro-pueu-
raonia, paragraph {b), will require extreme care in drafting the
regulations for isolation, or it will tend to the spreading of tlie
disease. The recommendation of the chief inspector of this
department is that those cattle which show an internal tem-
perature of above 103 degrees Fahrenheit should be dealt with
as infected animals, and should be kept separate from those
which do not show such increase of temperature. The power
proposed to be given to the inspector by paragraph (c) of the
recommendations of the Committee would meet a difficulty
which has long been felt, of not being able to apply the neces-
sary restrictions in cases where the disease has not been de-
tected until after death. Compulsory slaughter and compen-
sation in sheep-pox were recommended by the Committee, and
would doubtless help in stamping out this disease if it again
appears in this country. The compulsory slaughter of horses
affected with y/awfte-* and compensation to the value of the
carcases of the animals slaughtered, were also recommended
by the Select Committee. This will require great ci ution in
its application so long as the inspectors as a body are not
qualified for the detection of the disease. It appears also to
be the present practice throughout Great Britain to slaughter
in this disease. 965 cases were reported during the years
1871, 1872, and 1873, and of these 896 were slaughtered, 4.8
died, and 20 are said to have recovered. The la'^ter statement
is, however, questioned by the inspectors of the department,
and it is quite possible that errors in the returns may have
been made, either in the disease or in the recovery, as of the
1,678 inspectors of local authorities in Great Britain during
1873, about 22 per cent, only were veterinary surgeons, and
about 59 per cent, were members of the police force ; whilst
the other 19 per cent, consisted of persons who were neither
veterinary surgeons nor policemen, nor does it appear
that they were possessed of any special qualification
for the duties entrusted to them. The Select Committee
examined a large number of witnesses, to whose
opinions, as regards foot-and-mouth disease, great
weight must necessarily be attached ; the result of
which was that recommendations were agreed to which almost
wholly interdict any interference for the purpose of checking
it. The experience of other countries appears also to support
these conclusions ; but, so far as regards the information in the
possession of this department, it remains yet to be proved that
restrictions of a severe character would be ineffectual, as it does
not appear that such restrictions have, as yet, ever been really
carried into effect. The report also recommended the inspec-
tion of vessels engaged in the Irish and coasting, as well as in
the foreign trades, and also of railways, lairs, markets, and
fairs, and the employment of travelling inspectors for this pur-
pose.

Importation OF Animals. — The total number of live animals
imported into Great Britain during the year 1873 exceeded
that of 1872 by upwards of 200,000, there being an increase
of more that 95,000 in the cattle, nearly 126,000 in the sheep,
and a falling off of upwards of 15,000 in the swine. The
latter may perhaps be accounted for by the increae in our im-
ports of bacon and pork.

Foreiyfi: Our imports of foreign animals during the
past year show an increase upon 1872 in each class of
animal ; during the latter year we received 174',760 cattle,
810,551 sheep, and IGiOSl swine, widlst in 1873 we imported
201,531 cattle, 849,286 sheep, and 80,042 swine.
On referring to the table showing the foreign countries from
which we have obtained our imports of animals for the last
five years, it will be seen that great changes have taken place.
Belgium and France, which together furnished us in 1869
with nearly 16 per cent, of our total supply of foreign cattle, in
1873 sent us little more than ^ per cent, of such supply. On
the other hand, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, which in
1869 sent us less than 4 per cent, of our total foreign supply,
in 1873 has supplied us with more than 21 per cent, of all
our foreign cattle. And with regard to our imports of sheep,
similar changes have taken place, although not of so marked
a character. For instance, taking Denmark, Norway, and
Sweden together, there appears to have been a steady increase
in our imporis of sheep during this period ; these three coun-
tries sent us only 4,303 of these animals in 1869, whilst we
received 27,455 from them in 1873. That France and Bel-
gium should heve sent us less cattle in 1870 and 1871 may
have arisen from the restrictive Orders then in force on account
of the cattle plague, but it is difficult to explain why such a

sudden increase of our import of sheep from France should
have taken place in 1872, accompanied by a decrease in the
import from Beligum, whilst in 1873 the increase occurs in
slieep from Belgium, and the decrease in sheep from France.
Variations of a similar nature may be observed in our im-
ports of swine, although but little importance can be attached
to this trade, as our total import is comparatively insignifi-
cant. Changes have also taken place in the amount of im-
portation into the various ports. Thus, in 1869 nearly 71 per
cent, of our foreign cattle were landed in the port of Lon-
don ; in 1873 only about hQ\ per cent, were landed at that
port. These changes in the course of trade might formerly
have been accounted for by the difference of practice on the
part of the various inspectors as to the examination of the
foreign animals and the necessity for their detention, but of
late years the examination has been uniform, and there does
not appear to be any reason other than that of trading ad-
vantages to cause the transfer of the trade from Loudon to
the other ports. Aniraals brought from tlie Channel Islands
are, under section 6 of the Contagious Diseases (Animals)
Act, 1869, foreign aniraals, but are not so considered by the
Customs. In tiie Appendix will be found tables showing the
amount ol our imports from these islands during the last two
years. Similar inlbrmation has not hitherto been published
in the annual reports.

Irish : From Ireland the imports into Great Britain have
increased during the past year by upwards of 68,000 cattle and
86,000 sheep, but the import of disease has decreased by
upwards of 79,000. The latter may have been counteracted
by a larger import of pork and bacon, but on this point no
information can be obtained from the Customs, as tliey have
ceased to keep any separate record of these imports froia Ire-
land.

CONTAGEOUS DISEASES AMONGST AnIMALS. — Home: No

cattle plaguejor sheep-pox has occurred amongst our home stock
during the past year. Altliough the number of cases of
pleuro-pneumonia reported during the year 1873 is nearly 15
per cent, less than in 1872, it is difficult to show that this is
due to any of the preventive measures taken. Compulsory
slaughter has been too short a time in operation to show its
elfects, and both slaughter and isolation have been so ineffec-
tually carried out generally that no inference can be deduced
as to its success or non-success in checking the spreading f
this disease. On comparing, iiowever, the returns for the last
four months of 1873 with the same period of 1872, it will be
found that although tiiere is an increase during that period of
last year in the number of outbreaks and iu the number of
cattle on the infected premises, yet the number attacked is less,
being in 1870 nearly 17 per cent., and in 1873 a little
over 12 per cent. In the last four months of 1872, only 49
per cent, of those attacked were killed ; in 1873, 94 percent,
were killed. The average number of cattle attacked in the
above-mentioned periods during each outbreak in 1872 was
3.313; in 1873 it was 2.369. Two local authorities, however,
have reported that they have carried out the Orders, and that
they have succeeded in checking the disease iu the one case,
and in stamping it out in the other ; but the former state that
they do not consider the result adequate to the outlay incurred.
This outlay is in many cases very large from tlie fact that the
carcases of cattle slaughtered even in the early stages of the
disease have been by some local aiitliorities ordered to be de-
stroyed as unfit for human food without examination. The
Lords of the Council have been advised that the owner of
any animal slaughtered on account of being affected with this
disease has an absolute right to the carcase, and to dispose
thereof, subject to the ordinary law, and with regard to the
provisions of the second section of the Nuisances Removal
Act for England (Amendment) Act, 1863 (26 & 27 Vict. cap.
117), it would appear that the medical officer or inspector of
nuisances acting under the above-mentioned section is only
authorised tiiereby to inspect and examine, and to form his
opinion on the appearance presenting itself to him on that in-
spection and examination, and is not justified iu basing his
opinion to any extent on the liistory of the object inspected,
and his own view of the facts of that history. Tliere is no
conclusive evidence that any injurious results have followed
from the consumption of these carcases, and it is known tliat
very large niarabers of them are sold for food. The official
information with regard to foot-and-moiith disease is very small,
but there does not appear to be a doubt that it has been less pre-
valent during the past year than it was in 1873. There is no

28

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

reason lioweVer, to believe tliat the immunity from this disease
will coutiuue. A report on this subject by the chief inspector
of the Department will be found in the Appendix. Sheep-
scab is evidently on the decrease if reliance is to be placed
upon the returns furnished to this Department. la 1872, the
number of attacks was 60,35-i ; in 1873, the number was only
41,104. But tills does not represent the real decrease in those
districts where it was most prevalent. Taking seven counties,
in each of which more than 2,000 cases of this disease occurred
in 1871, it will be fouud that tlie total number of cases in
them for 1871, 1872, and 1873 are respectively, 3i,702,
28,200, and 15,014, showing a decrease during the three years
of more than 50 per cent. Nor does this show the full eflect
that may be anticipated from our legislation, as in tlie greater
number of these districts the provisions contained in the Order
in Council were only partially carried out. Thus, in the case
of one county in wliich, according to information received, the
permissive Order was carried out fully from August, 1871, the
number of cases decreased from 2,951 in that year to 1,51)0 in
1872, and to 378 in 1873. It would therefore appear that the
legislation as regards this disease, if effectually carried out,
would be attended with a very beneficial result. The returns
of cases of glanders in Great Britain during the last three
years show a gradual increase from iOi in 1871 to 325 in 1872,
and 436 in 1873. It is impossible to decide whether this in-
crease is real or apparent ; whether it is due to increased vigi-
lance on the part of the inspectors, conscientiousness on the part
of the owners, or a real increase of the disease. There is reason
to believe that even now only a small percentage of the cases
which occur are returned. Farcy has only been included
under the meaning of contagious or infectious disease since the
2nd of July, 1873, and the number of cases reported is so small
as not to require any Inrther notice.

Foreign : Cattle-plague has existed during the year 1873 in
between 90 and 100 dilferent places in Austro-Huugary ; in
Germany, in the States ol Bavaria and Silesia ; in Greece, in
the Islands of Corfu, Andros, Naxos, Jos, and Tinos ; in Russia
and Poland ; in Turkey in Europe and Turkey in Asia ; in
Egypt ; in China, and in Japan. A reference to the ap-
pendix with 8how the names of the different places
in these countries in which the disease existed. The
importation of cattle from Russia being proliibited,
and there being little probability of any importaliou from
Greece, Turkey, Egypt, China, or Japan, the fact
of the existence of this disease in Austro-Hungary, and in
Germany during the past year appears to be the only one
which requires particular attention. The risk of the intro-
duction of cattle plague from Austro-Hungary direct is very
small, as we receive no imports from the Austrian ports, and
our risk of getting it indirectly is very much reduced since
the adjoining countries have become alive to the necessity of
immediate action. From Germany there is greater danger,
but this will be reduced to a minimum when the international
arrangements already referred to are completed. Then it is
thought that the cattle plague will be confined to Russia, for
if Russia does not succeed in stamping out rinderpest, it may
be hoped that the disease will be prevented from extending
beyond the neighbourhood of the Steppes. The outbreaks of
the past year in Germany which occurred in Silesia and
Bavaria, did not extend beyond those districts. In fact, for
some years the undoubted outbreaks of cattle plague which
Jiave occurred in Germany, uith the single exception of the
Hamburg outbreak in 1872, against tlie recurrence of which
special measures have been taken, have been confined to the
States bordering upon Russia or Austria. Information lias
been received of the existence of pleuro-pneumonia during the
past year in France, Prussia, the Netherlands, Switzerland,
Turkey in Europe, Turkey in Asia, and in the United States.
We liave also received from Hamburg five cattle affected
with this disease. There is no evidence to support the asser-
tions which have often been made, that our foreign imports of
cattle add to or keep up this disease in Great Britain. Foot-
and-mouth disease has been reported to have existed during
the past year in Algeria, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal,
Switzerland, and Turkey in Asia. In addition to the above
official information of the existence of fout-and-mouth disease,
there is reason to believe that it existed in the Netherlands,
as we received during 1873 three cattle from that country
suffering from this disease. Siieep-pox is reported to have
existed during the past year in Pomerauia, Spain, and Turkey
in Europe. We have not, however, received any foreign

sheep affected with this disease into any of our ports during
the year 1873. As regards Spain this disease only existed in
one of the Balearic Islands, and as we get no importation of
sheep from Turkey, the only danger of its introduction into
this country was from Pomerauia, from which, however, we
liave had no direct importation of slieep during the past year.
There is reason to believe that the immunity from this
disease which we have enjoyed during the last few years is due
rather to the regulations of Germany than to our port inspec-
tion, which, althougii it prevents the introduction of sheep
actually suffering from this disease, would fail to detect it in
the incubative stage. Reports have been received of the exis-
tence of sheep-scab and glanders from Germany only during
tiie past year, but it may be assumed that sheep-scab also
exists in Belgium and the Netherlands, as this disease has been
detected in sheep brought from both these countries by the in-
spectors of the department at the ports.

I>"SPECTI0NS. — Foreign : The inspection at the ports of the
foreign animals brought to this country is still, as a rule, satis-
factorily carried out, and there is no reason to believe that
during the past year any diseased animals have been admitted.
It has been found, however, that a considerable amount of the
time of the inspect jrs has been occupied in examining store
animals broufjht in vessels for the use of the crew or passengers.
As these animals do not add any appreciable amount to our food
supply, it would appear to be unjust that the expense of the
inspection of them, which amounts to a considerable sum,
should be paid by the public.

Irish : The inspection of Irish animals on landing in Great
Britain has not hitherto been attempted, nor does there seem
any advantage to be gained by such inspeciion, unless effective
measures can be taken to detain the animals which are found
to be affected with any contagious disease.

Home : The inspection of home animals in great Britain
has during the past year been performed by 1,678 inspectors,
about 22 per cent, of whom are members of the Royal College
of Veteriuary Surgeons, about 59 per cent, are members of the
police force, and the lemainder are neither veterinary surgeons
nor policemen, nor do they appear to possess any qualification
entitling them to occupy this office. Neither do the local
authorities as a rule appear to see the necessity for professional
inspectors, for, although the number of inspectors has been
increased from 1,450 in 1871 to 1,678 in 1873, yet the
number of veterinary surgeons has decreased from 3/2 in 1871
to 367 in 1873. The number of police officers employed as
inspectors has during the sam°. period increased from 738 to
997. Although many of the local authorities do not appoint
veterinary surgeons as inspectors, some of them allow their
lay inspectors to call in professional aid.

Transit by Land : The Lords of the Council have not as
yet appointed any travelling inspectors for the purpose of
ascertaining that their Orders relating to the transit of animals
and the disinfection of vessels and trucks, &c., have been car-
ried into effect.

THE NEW CORN EXCHANGE AT CAMBRIDGE.—
At a cost of £6,000 the Cambridge Corporation are about to
erect a new Corn Exchange, the foundation-stone of which
was on Tuesday laid by the Mayor of Cambridge. It will
form a room, 168 feet long by 55 feet wide, and 60 feet
high to the ridge. On the south side there will be a transept
48 feet long by 28 feet wide. The whole will allow space for
220 merchants' desks, without crowding. At the luncheon
Mr. Marten, M.P. for Cambridge, said he believed that Cam-
bridge would become the eastern metropolis. He also spoke
to the need of the new cattle market, that should be iu close
proximity to the railway station. Mr. T. V. Webb, chairman
of the Cambridgeshire Chamber of Agriculture, in replying to
the toast of " Success to agriculture," regretted there was dis-
ruption with the labourers ; and if he might say a word of
advice to the farmers, it would be that they should attempt a
compromise. The combination on the part of the men was
right and lawful, and he hoped that the farmers would accede
to the propositions now put before them.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

29

THE INFLUENCE OF COLD UPON THE PRODUCTION OF WOOL.

By Dr. Hector George.

[translated from the TRENCn OF THE "JOURNAL d'aGRICULTURE PRATIQUE," EXPRESSLY FOR

" THE MARK LANE EXPRESS."]

Amongst the many products which the domestic
animals supply to man, wool is one of the most
valuable and the most in request by the manufac-
turer. Every means are employed to improve that
of the indigenous flocks, and to introduce into
our counties new species of wool-bearing animals —
as the lama, the vicuna, the alpaca, &c. But a quite
unexpected transformation has puzzled the breeders,
namely, that the simple change of climate greatly modifies
the character of the wool, and even causes it wholly to
disappear. It is then replaced by a coat of another species,
and of a commercial value much inferior to it, so that
the object of the acclimations is completely baffled.
This influence of the climate — or to speak more correctly,
of the temperature — on the produccion and disappearance
of the wool, has been proved by numerous observations
which it is not without interest to recall in a few words.

In order the better to describe these modifications, we
must not lose sight of this fundamental observation that
the coat is composed of two kinds of hair, variable in
their proportions according to the several species ot ani-
mals, but which may be made to reappear at pleasure
under certain influences, of which the priacipal is as-
suredly that of temperature. Of these two sorts of hair,
one is rigid, shining, coarse, well fixed. It is the jarre,
which exists nearly alone in the ordinary conditions of
the horse and the ox. The other hair, hidden under the
first, is distinguished by being more curled and tangled
and more dull than the jarre and much finer. It is the
wool, which exists nearly alone in the Merino sheep and
in the Cashmere goats. It is well known that the wool
is greatly preferred to the jarre by the manufacturer.
The wool, in fact, is much finer, curls more readily, and
is found bristling with little scaly asperities (due to its
mode of development), which render it more preferable
for felting and the manufacture of tissues. From the
coats of shee]), goats, rabbits, &c., the coarse and rigid
hair is carefully removed. "We can already state that
amongst our domestic animals (horses, dogs, cats, &c.) a
new kind of hair has been produced at the beginning of
winter, which grows between that of the jarre, in order
to guarantee the animals against the cold. This winter-
hair is wool, and it disappears in the spring with the
return of warmth.

Let us take a few types of domestic animals, in order
to follow in them these modifications of the temperature;
we shall find the facts sufficiently curious. If we begin
with the horse, we observe that in this country they have
little coat except the jarre. But let us go farther north
■ — to Norway, for instance, or Lapland, or Mongolia or
Siberia, and we shall find the jarre has disappeared, being
displaced by a wool as thick as that of a sheep, consti-
tuted of a curled hair, which is a true fleece. The same
is stated of the wild horses of Asia and America ; and if
we should possess them for their wool only, we should
soon be obliged to give them up ; for when once taken
and confined in a stable, they lose in a few months their
abundant curled fleece, which is replaced by a bright and
short coat of hair. This is the jarre which reappears
alone. The wool, having become useless, has disappeared.
Lastly, as we have often stated, the horses of India,
clothed simply with the jarre, when they are taken to
the mountaiua of Cashmere or Thibet, are soon covered

with wool, these like all other mountains being much
colder than the plains. When they again descend into
the plain the wool disappears.

It is the same with dogs ; and the Indian dogs, when
taken to the mountains of Thibet, are covered with wool.
On the contrary, dogs that are kept for a long time in a
warm country have eventually no coat ; such is the
Guinea dog, called alternately Egyptian, African, Turkish,
Chinese, Calongo, &e. Of oxen some curious observa-
tions have been published by M. Routin in a voyage to
America. The following was noticed by him in the
Cordilleras, where he found oxen at nearly all altitudes.
At a tolerably high level, where the average temperature
is from 9 to 10 degrees, animals of the bovine species
have a long close-pressed badly-laid coat — in fact, a true
wool. Lower down, and in the warm plains, the wool
disappeared, and the scanty hair which remains is straight.
This is the jarre (these animals are known under the
name of pilones). Lastly, with very hot regions, the
skin becomes entirely' naked (Calongos) ; and it is ob-
served the animals with a naked skia are never found in
the cold regions.

Even in France we can observe analogous modifica-
tions, which are transitory on account of the variations of
climate, but which a prolonged influence might render
durable. In Auvergne the farmers often send, during the
summer, the calves to pasture in the mountains. Those
which have passed six mouths in those high regions —
very cold — and which descend in the middle of October,
are clothed with a true wool, long, curled, and cottony,
very different from the jarre of the calves remaining in
the low countries.

We now go back to find the same effects on the sheep.
Our ordinary breeds are, above all, furnished with wool,
but they have still a little jarre : this has almost wholly
disappeared amongst the Merino sheep, the fleece of
which, since the fourteenth century, has produced the
fiae wools of Segovia of European reputation. These
flocks of Spanish Merinos were transhumants — that is to
say, they were led to pasture in summer upon the moun-
tains ; and if that fine breed has been successfully estab-
lished in France, it is because our climate is very like that
of Spain. But we must not ascribe this fleece wholly to
the effect of climate. A proof of this is, that our Euro-
pean sheep transported into warmer climates (to Peru,
Chili, the American valleys, Guinea, &c.) lose their wool
at the end of a variable time, and it is then replaced by a
short hair, bright, well established — the jarre, in fact —
and the wool never after makes its appearance. We have
observed the same changes in the Merinos transported by
the English into some of the islands of the South Seas.

The goats also present analagous modifications,
according to the climate. The most renowned of these —
the cashmeres — live in the mountains of Thibet, that is,
in the very cold regions. Their coats are composed
almost exclusively of an abundant and very fine wool,
which is manufactured into shawls of unrivalled beauty.
Amongst the coat there is scarcely any jarre. When
these are brought down into the plains their wool dimi-
nishes and their jarre increases, which lowers the quality
and the value of their fleece. In 1818, our celebrated
manufacturer, Terneau, resolved to take from India the
manufacture of these shawls ; and he brought, at a heavy

30

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

expense, from Thibet a flock of goats, intended for the
foundation of a race destined to supply the wool for the
Indian shawls. But the Thibet goats quickly degene-
rated in France. Other attempts proved also fruitless,
and it was found necessary to give up the idea of pre-
serving in these goats the quality of their wool in a climate
different to their ovvn. The wool of these goats dis-
appeared completely in the warm climates, like that of
certain low and burning vallies of America ; and it
is then replaced by a short, bright, well-set hair,
which is no other than the jarre — a very curious example
of the influence of temperature on the production and
predominance of oue or the other of these two species of
animal coverings.

From what has been stated, the breeders of animals
may draw a very clear conclusion that whatever food and
care they may bestow upon wool-bearing animals, they are

not the only condition proper to soften their fleeces. For
exotic animals which we wish to acclimatise, it requires
the nearest possible approach to the condition of the
native climate ; and for indigenous animals themselves
the question of temperature has great importance. The
jarre may be compared to summer clothing, and the
wool to that of winter. Nature furnishes so much more
abundantly the winter clothing that the animal may
resist the most severe frost. It remains to determine the
extreme degree of cold that an animal can support ; and,
when once that limit is kuown, it will be necessary to
approach the nearest possible to it, in order to produce
in the animal all that it can furnish of the best in quality
and quantity of wool. The mountains offer, at dilferent
heights, all the climates desirable, and may become a
fertile field of experiments of which all the known ob-
servations warrant the success.

THE LONDON MARKET FROM A FOREIGN POINT OF VIEW.

[translated for the mark lane express.]

A pamphlet has recently been published in l?ome,
written by Cavalier Olshen, Director of the Bollettino
del Comizio Agrario, which treats upon the cattle markets
of the largest capitals in Europe, London, Paris, and
Berlin. It may be iuteresting to know the author's
opinion respecting the cattle market of the British metro-
polis. London, says the Cavalier, is not only the greatest
city in Great Britain, but it is the greatest city in the
-world. The visitor from the rural districts, whilst he
walks through the man}' streets, and observes the im-
mense and increasing crowd of people, asks himself the
question — by what means agriculture is able to provide
for the nourishment of such a multitude of persons, and
how are the products of agricultural industry brought to
market to supply the wants of such colossal wealth. In
respect to the consumption of meat, it is very apparent
to any one who makes even a short staj iu London and
gives his attention to the subject, that these demands are
enormous. Well, this large demand is supplied exclusively
from a single slaughter market for cattle, from which
the butchei-s of the metropolis make their purchases.
Owing to the excessive growth of London, the former
cattle mark';t in the city became too restricted and alto-
gether inaccessible, and there was opened in the northern
part, in the suburb of Islington, in 1857, an immense new
market called the Islington Cattle market. Here the ar-
rangements, formed upon the best and most accurate re-
sults derived from long experience, excellent aud simple
of themselves, make this market a model for others, and
he admiration of all visitors. The circumference of the
piazza, or space occupied by the market and its a])proaches,
covers 285,960 square metres; one half of this area is
intended for the animals, and the other for the approaches
to the market itself. Where the animals intended for sale
are exposed is a quadrangular space of 03,832 square
metres in extent, paved, and well- drained by means of
subterranean drains. Divers basins of iron provide the
space abundantly viith water. In the middle stands au octa-
gonal building with a tower, which has a clock facing each
way. This building, which is called the Bank Buildings,
contains the oflices of the employes of the m.arket, certain
rooms for banking purposes, an ottice tor tickets, a
pjstal and telegraph station. Upon oue of the
sides of this vast piazza one observes two great
buildings covered in with roofs and open at the sides,
with a pavement which is two feet above the level of the
piazza. Here are exj)osed for sale the pigs and calves,
and each of these buildings is able to accommodate 1,000

head of these animals. The space covered by the market
is divided by a broad street into two parts — one being
intended for the exhibition of the bovine race, and the
other for the sheep. For the latter there are enclosures,
where from 20 to 30 head can enter, and on the whole
there may be collected 30,000 of these animals. For the
cattle have been erected very substantially-built com-
partments and bars, to which the animals are bound by
their horns and by the neck. The space intended for the
cattle will contain 7,000 head. To shelter conveniently
such of the beasts as arrive upon the piazza before the
days of sale, as well as those which remain unsold, there
have been constructed 12 great lairs on the western side
antt •>uother 12 on the southern side. Those on the
western .."e intended for the sheep, and contain space
enough for I'^.OOO of these animals : those on the southern
are intended fov' the cattle, aud accommodate about 3,000
head. Upon one t'de these lairs are entirely open, and in
their vicinity there a.""- situated several slaughter-houses.
In order to facilitate the business, the City of London,
which has carried out all the arrangements for the
market, has caused to be built in the immediate neigh-
bourhood of the market itself five large hotels, where the
buyers and the sellers of the animals are able to find
accommodation and convenient lodgings. Twice in the
week (on Monday and Thursday) the market is held; but
the most important day is the ISIonday. On that day
we found, for example, on sale, about 5,000 head of
cattle, 24,000 sheep, 400 calves, and 400 pigs ; whilst on
the Thursday following there were only one-half that
number. The sale of the beasts takes place in the
market itself, and the commission agents who efi'ect these
sales receive accommodation, diff'ering according to the
description of animals. The auctions are held by an agent,
who stands amongst tlie auimals, upon a space which is
limited by a cord, and he is assisted by a clerk, who
makes a note of the sale. The butchers who are pur-
chasers take their stand opposite to this enclosure. The"
management of the JMetropolitan Cattle Market of Lon-
don is entrusted to a director of the market, two con-
trollers, aud two inspectors, with a number of drovers
specially employed to drive the cattle. These are persons
whose ability aud probity have been stoutly tested by the
director of the market, nor can they exercise their calling
without a special permission from the director himself.
They do not receive, as the other employes named, a
fixed salary, but they are paid by the persons who avail
themselves of their services. The auimals goiug to the

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

31

market are allowed to traverse the streets of London only
at night after 12 o'clock, and the animals sold can be
taken away from the market only in the morning until 11
o'clock, and then again after 7 iu the evening. During
the time of the prevalence of cattle disease, the Metro-
politan Market was exclusively used for slaughtering pur-
poses, and owners were not allowed to remove their ani-
mals to any other markets, but to slaughter within eight
days. The butchers of London are divided into three
classes — the wholesale, the retail, and the contractors.
The wholesale butchers purchase live-stock upon the mar-
ket, where they kill and dispose of the meat without
dividing it or at the most quartering it. The sales are
made at their own houses or at the meat market. These
wholesale butchers often slaughter in a week 200 head of
cattle, and more than 1,000 sheep, especially during the
season when Parliament sits and at Christmas. The
retailers slaughter a few animals, providing from the mar-
ket the remainder of the meat which they require for sale.
Besides this great market for animals, there takes place
in Loudon daily, with the exception of the Sundays and
holidays, three great meat markets — the Metropolitan New
Market, Leadenhall, and Whitechapel. All three are
situated within the radius of the City. That of the New
Metropolitan is of great extent and the most frequented.

At Leadenhall Market are also sold rabbits, poultry, and
wild-fowl. All these markets are held under the control
of the inspectors, whose duty it is to maintain order and
to examine the meat which is brought thither for sale, and
to seize any that is unwholesome. The quantity which
is thus annually seized amounts to a considerable total,
that is, from 90,000 to 113,500 kilos. According to
statistical returns, there were consumed daily in the
metropolis about 1,100 cattle and 5,200 sheep, or for
the week 7,700 cattle and 30, 400 sheep. It is evident
that English agriculture is not able to suffice for such
an enormous consumption, and London has there-
fore to look for provisions from other countries, where
the competition is carried on very actively to sup-
ply this necessity. At the Islington jMarket, not only
English, but beasts from all parts of the Continent may
be seen, and how considerable is the share taken by the
foreigners appears clearly from the fact that from the
Continent are furnished annually to the British Isles, in
round numbers, about 227,500 head of fat cattle, 55,700
calves, 914,000 sheep, and 132,900 pigs. The largest
importations are derived from France, Holland, and Ger-
many ; then from Denmark, Portugal, and Spain j and
even a few from Austria.

THE LUMBERING BUSINESS IN MICHIGAN.

TO THE EDITOR OF TUE MARK LANE EXPRESS.

Sir, — I am inclined to believe that a sketch of Michi-
gan stock in connection with the lumbering business will
be interesting to your readers. At Millington station
on the Bay City Railroad I was met by Mr. Murphy,
jun., who conveyed me with a very substantial tram, that
could go to the lumber camps of Messrs. Avery and
Murphy. Here are thirteen thousand acres of land,
owned by this company, from which they had sent the
logs down Gooden Creek at high water iuto Cass River,
from there boomed and rafted to the mill at Bay City.
They have cut upwards of six million feet of lumber at
this point for tlic past eight or nine years. There are
two camps on the tract, and upwards of eighty men have
been at work during the winter, thirty teams of horses,
and nine yoke of oxen. Here T found some thorough-
bred Shorthorns, and about forty-five very superior grades ;
also seventeen large heavy mares, which they bred to their
large Clydesdale horse Young Richmond : these mares
are all of a very superior character, and have been hauling
logs all the winter, but have recently turned out to foal.
There were seventeen yearlings thus bred, all from the
Clydesdale, uniform in good quarters, short backs, and
much substance, varying in colour. It would be diflicult
to find a better lot of colts in this country for heavy
draught. They are destined for the lumbering business
and other heavy work. I visited this establishment last
winter, and it was ])leasing to see with what sys-
tem the business was carried on. From Millington I
went to Port Huron, near which Messrs. Avery
and Murphy own ten thousand acres of fine
land, and the logs are conveyed in the same way
by water to their mills at that place. Upwards
of six million feet of lumber have been cut
by them yearly at this point for the past twenty-one years.
These mills are on a more extensive scale than those at
Bay City. Here I met Mr. Stebbins, the agent for this
company, to whom I am indebted for much kind atten-
tion. The stables are near the mills, and we were soon
inside of them examining the Shorthorns. I found at the
head of the herd Duke of Aiidrie 23rd, bred by Mr. Alex-

ander, of Kentucky, and purchased of hiin for 3,000
dollars. He is amongst the best of the Dukes ; still, like
all the rest of them, lacking iu the crops ; but he has a
straight top and bottom, and is good in his thigh, twist, and
rumps. Although I cannot admire these Dukes, this is the
second best I have met with. The Miss Wileys 15th,
24th, and 25th are superior animals, all purchased at
high figures. ^Yelcome, bred by Mr. Joseph Beasley,
PlifFord Hall, England, is a very fine heifer, and her calf
is very superior. Michigan Casket is a still better heifer,
bred by Mr. Cruikshanks, Sityon, Aberdeenshire, Scot-
land. Michigan Daisy, bred by ilr. Kanildie, Scotland,
is a very superior heifer, and will make a good show cow.
The three last imported heifers are three years ojd each,
and are hard animals to be beaten. There are soire
heifers of the Rose of Sharon tribe, which are much ad-
mired and valued by their owners; but I consider Miss
Barnum 2nd preferable to either, and her heifer-calf is
very superior ; a cow with such quality, symmetry, and
substance, proving an excellent breeder, although not
ranking in the fashiona'ile class of fancy, is cue of the
plums of the herd. She is descended from Mrs. IMott,
therefore traces back to the importation of 1817, a family
that are getting into better repute every day. The better
they are known the more they are appreciated. This cow
was bred by Mr. John Cunningham, of Kentucky. There
are others in the herd with shoi't pedigrees that are not
to be despised. I\lr. John B. Sanborn kindly invited me
to view his herd, and we were conveyed there behind
an excellent driving mare to see ihe Shorthorns. Mr.
Sanborn ordered out some of the best, and they were tied
in a row for close examination. It would certainly have
been a grand feature in any state fair. At the head stood
Highland Chief, aed an excellent bull he is. I will not
attempt to enumerate his good points for they were many,
his deficiencies are but slight. This bull, as is asserted,
was very superior to the two which triumphed over him
at the last state fair. Mistakes of judgment in selecting
animals for premiums are ruinous to good breeding. This
bull was owned by Mr. G. F. Wastell at the time he met

32

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

with this inglorious defeat at Grand Rapids. Jenny Lind,
bred by Mr. A. E. Hector, of Colly Hill, Scotland,
perfect in symmetery, quality, and substance, short legs,
fine bone, and I think is an animal that cannot be easily
beaten in the showing. Golden Drop is a three-year-old
bredbylMr. S. Campbell, Hamilton, Aberdeenshire, Scot-
land. It would be difficult to decide between Jenny Lind
and this heifer, choice in colour men might prefer red
to roan, or vice versa. This heifer's calf is a good
one. Countess of Henton is another superior heifer,
iliss Bell, bred by Mr. Robert Miller, Pickering, Canada,
is a good heifer and has taken several first prizes. Mr.
Sanborn has some Rose of Sharou heifers, which he values
highly, and I think will nick well with Highland Chief.
Duchess of Oakland he values highly, and there are

others of short pedigrees worthy of special notice.
Earl of Oxford is a bull valued by those preferring
the fashionable Duchess strain, but he having been
injured when on the way from England, and in very low
condition, could not be criticised. Mr. Sanborn paid a
very high price for him, through the appearance of his
produce ; but I will back that of Highland Chief against
him, notwithstanding his fashionable pedigree. I prefer
the true made animals to pedigree, or fashion, when they
breed uniformly good. ]\Iy opinion is that Messrs.
Avery and Murphy, and Mr. J. Sanborn will be difficult
opponents for ^breeders to meet in the showing of next
fall. Yours,, Wm. H. Sotham.

Cass Hotel, Detroit, Michigan, May lOt/i, 1874.

MANOEIAL

In the Court of Error in the Exchequer Chamber,
the case of Smith v. Sowerby has raised a question of
some interest in rural districts. Tiie point is as to the
right of lords of manors to shoo*' over enclosed lands in their
manors. The question has arisen repeatedly since Enclosure
Acts became numerous, and in the case of Sir James Graham,
some years ago, the House of Lords affirmed the right, by
reason of the clause, always in some form inserted in Enclosure
Acts, preserving the rights of the lord of the minor, including
right of shooting over all the enclosed lands. In the present
cise the question was whether the lord has the right of shoot-
ing over all the enclosures from the waste of his manor. Tiie
plaintiff is the allottee of a piece of land formerly part of the
waste of the Manor of Messingliam, in the county of Lincoln.
The defendant represents the lord of the manor. The plaintiff,
an allottee, sued him for shooting over his allotment under the
Enclosure Act. The defendant set up the usual clause reserving
the rights of the lord, and the short question was tliis —
"Whether, by virtue of the Enclosure Act of 1798, the allottee
of the waste land or the lord of the manor was entitled to
sport over the waste land enclosed. Two Judges in the Com-
mon Pleas held that the allottee, and not the lord, was entitled ;
but Mr. Justice Honjman differed, thinking that the decision
in the House of Lords decided the case. The question was
whether it did — that is, whether tliere was any substantial
difference in the present case from that of Sir J. Graham.
The terms of the clause reserving the rights of the lord in this
case were the following"." That nothing shall prejudice or
lessen the right or interest of the lord of the manor in or to
the seigniory or royalties incident to the manor, but that he
shall have ail rights on liberties of hawking, hunting, cours-
ing, fishing, and fowling witliin the manor, pertaining to the
manor, or belonging to the lord, or which have bi*en hereto-
fore lield or exercised by the lord or his, ancestors." It was
contended on the part of the de'eudant, wlio represents the
lord of the manor, that tliis iuchided the right of shooting
over the waste land of the manor, and that, therefore, it is
reserved over the enclosed portions of the waste. Tiie Court
of Common Pleas, by two Judges to one, decided against the
lord, snd the defendant, representing the lord, now appealed.

Mr. Field, Q C, and Mr. Barker were for the defendant,
the appellant; Mr. John Mellor and Mr. Jeune were against
nim.

On thu part of the appellant, who set up the right of the
lord of the manor, Sir James Graham's case was relied upon,
and it was urged that the present case was substantially the
same — it was part of the contract with the lord of the manor in
cases of enclosure that his rights of sporting over the wastes
should be preserved, and it was the object of the Legislature
to preserve it. There was once, indeed, as the Judges observed,
a notion that lords of manors had a right of shooting over all
the lands within the manor, even though the private property
of other persons ; but this lias long been exploded, and all
that is now claimed on the part of the lords of manors is the
right of shooting over the wastes of their manors. This
right it was the object, it was said, of the Legislature to
preserve to the lords of manors in Enclosure Acts. On tlie
other side it was insisted that Sir James Graham's case was

RIGHTS.

different, because th e Act gave the lord in express terms the
right to shoot over the land to be enclosed ; whereas here
there was only a reservation of such rights as had existed
over the manor, and, it was urged, the lord could not have any
"right" in the waste of tlie manor except as incident to his
right of ownership, which was gone. In short, it was urged
that the right ot shooting was not a manorial right, but a
right of ownership, and only manorial rights were reserved.
In reply, it was urged that the contract with the lord was that
he should retain his rights of sport over the allotted lands ;
that this was clearly the object and intention of the Legislature,
and that technical objections ought not to prevail against it.
Surely, in common sense, the power of the lord of a manor
to shoot over his wastes was a " right," and, if so, it was
reserved ?

The Lord Chief Justice observed that if the words had
been, as in Sir James Graham's case, that the lord should
have the right of shooting "over the allotted lands," the case
would have been free from doubt. As it was, however, there
was room for doubt whether the Legislature had used language
to carry out their assumed intention. But the question was,
whether, looking at the scope of the Act, it could not be seen
that the effect was substantially the same as in Sir James
Graham's case, and that the effect was to preserve the lord's
right of shooting over the lands enclosed from his waste. — At
the close of the argument, the Court took time to consider
their judgment.

THE HORSE'S WALK.— In all pictures, from the cartoon
iu Punch to the works of our ancient and modem animal
painters, how seldom do we see a horse at a walk properly put
upon paper or canvas ! I have given this subject much
attention, and must confess that it is one of the most difficult
to draw accurately, if not t/ie most difficult, an animal painter
has to contend with. Without wishing to withhold merit from
the very first-rate representations we see in the Illustrated
London News of our many reviews and processions, what a
sameness there is in the figures represented there of the " horse
at a walk" ! — three legs down and one inthe air is the general
>ule. Again, look at the white pony in Sir E. Landseer's
" Deer Stalkers Returning," with his near fore foot and off hind
foot off the ground together. A horse in starting to walk
takes his hind foot up first, on whichever side he is made to
" lead off with." The fore foot is removed to make room for
it, and the moment it is placed in or nearly the same print,
the other hind foot is taken up to replace the other fore foot,
as iu the first instance. " A horse at a walk" should be put
upon canvas with the fore and hind foot under him, and the
other two moderately extended. The best illustration I know
of a " horse at a walk" is the frontispiece in Corbet's Tales
and Traits of Sporting Life, drawn, I believe, by the author.
Animal painters seldom study their professijn in detail, and
are not sufficiently close observers of nature — many, I have no
doubt, could not tell you which legs a cow gets up on first,
her fore or her hind ones. — Mr. Septimus Field in The Field.
[The sketch referred to in Tales and Traits is not by the
author, but his brother, Edward Corbet, who is an animal
painter.]

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINB.

33

ROYAL ACxRICULTURAL SOCIETY OP ENGLAND.

Monthly Council : Wednesday, June 3. — Present :
Mr. Holland, President, in the chair ; the Duke of Bed-
ford ; Earl Cathcart ; the Earl of Powis, tlie Earl of
Leicester ; the Hon. W. Egertoii, M.P. ; Sir A. K.
Macdonald, Bart. ; Mr. Barnett, Mr. Bowly ; Mr. Uent ;
Mr. Edmonds ; Mr. Brandreth Gibbs ; IMr. Horley ;
Mr. Hornsby ; Mr. Bowen Jones ; Colonel Kingscote,
M.P. ; Mr. Laws ; Mr. Leeds ; Mr. M'lntosh ; Mr.
Masfen ; Mr. Randell ; Mr. Ridley, M.P ; Mr. Shuttle-
worth ; Mr. Statter ; Mr. Torr, M.P. ; Mr. Jabez Tur-
ner ; Mr. Wilby, M.P. ; Mr. W. Wells ; Lieut.-Col.
Wilson ; Mr. Jacob Wilson.

Lord Calthorpe was elected a Governor of the Society.
The following members were elected :
Allsopp, Samuel Charles, M.P., Marchington, Uttoxeter.
J ach, Fhilip Elsich, Brumfield, Salop.
Butler, Frank, Childerditch Hall, Brentwood.
Chadwick, James, High Bank, Prestwich, Manchester.
Cheesman, Frederick Walter Morley, Northiam, Hawkhurst.
Corcoran, James, High-street, Bedford.
Crowther, James Firth, Knowl-grove, Mirfield, Yorks.
Dean, Seth Ellis, Dovvsby Hall, Folkingham.
Easton, Richard, Stone House, Taunton.
Egar, Samuel Wryde, Thorney, Carabs.
Evans, Frederick, Sawston, Canibs.
Exeter, the Bishop of, the Palace, Exeter.
Faulkner, William, Rothersthorpe, Northampton.
Firmstone, William Francis, Rockingham Hall, Hagley.
Foster, John N., Sandy-place, Sandy, Beds.
Franckliu, John LieU, Gonalstone Hall, Nottingltam.
Giddons, William, Walpole St. Peters, Wisbcach.
Haughton, David, Cosford, Sbitnal.
Hawkins, Edmund, Diuthill Shrewsbury.
Hawkins Robert Samuel, Broad-street, Oxford.
Hawkshaw, Sir John, Holly combe, Sussex.
Hayward, Charles Cooper, Southill, Biggleswade,
Hine, George, Oakley, Bedford.
Horner, Ednard, May- place, Cray ford.
Horsford, James, 7, Well-street, Bedford.
Hunt, Frederick, Harniondsworth, Slough.
Ivatt, Charles Edward, Rampton, Cambridge.
King, John, Rowingtou, Warwick.
Lees, Benjamin Christy, Sandon, Roystou.
Leuey, Frederick, Wateringbury, Maidstone.
Little, William Cutlack, Stags' Holt, March, Cambs.
Mather, Henry, 43, Deane-road, Liverpool.
Macandrew, Henry Cockburn, Midmilis, Inverness.
Mott, William, Littleport, Isle of Ely.
Munk, Harry, Holme Pierrepout, Nottingham.
Nunuerley, William Belton, Whitchurch, Salop.
Owen, Wilham, Hendre Vaur, Abergele.
Parker, Banastre, Riccall Hall, York.
Perry, William Henry, Sytch House, Claverly, Bridgnorth.
Richitrds, Richard, Glascold, Llansilin, Oswestry.
Richards, Westley, Ashwell, Oakham.
Robinson, John Wright, Tittou Hall, Wyberton, Boston.
Sharp, Francis B., Finedon, WeUingborough.
Shaw, John, Normanton House, Derby.
Shaw, the Rev. Morton, Rougham Rectory, Bury St. Ed-
munds.
Sheraton, John Robmson, EUesmere, Salop.
Sibley, Charles Francis, Annables Farm, Harpenden, Luton.
Slack, Alfred Soham, Ely.

Sladen, Frederick St. Barbe, Hartshonrne Manor, Watford.
Smith, Garland, Eaton Constantine, Wellington.
Stanley, Lieut.-Col. the Hon. F. A., M.P., Witherslack HaU,

Grange, Carnforth.
Stone, Henry Robert, Bedfords, Haverine-atte-Bower, Essex.
Tillyer, Richard Henry, Heathrow, Hounslow.
Toller, James Blaxhall, Wickham Market.
Topham, Joseph, Crown Farm, Great Staunton, St. Ncots.
Verney, Commander Edmund Hope, R.N,, Rhianvn, Menai

Bridge, Anglesey.
Vickers, Edward, Newbridge Farm, Billingshurst.

W^armington, Cornehus, Granville HaU, Kiuton, Evesham.
Welch, Bryan S., Gringly-ou-the-Hill, Bawtry.
Wilson, Porter, 3, Westgate, Louth.

Finances. — Colonel Kingscote, M.P., presented the
report, from v\hich it appeared that the Secretary's receipts
during the past month had been duly examined by the
Committee, and by Messrs. Quilter, Ball and Co., the So-
ciety's accountants, and found correct. The balance at
the Bankers on May 31 was £3,162 lis. 6d., while
£2,000 remains at deposit. This report was adopted.

Journal. — Mr. J. Dent Dent (chairman) reported the
recommendation of the committee that the editor of the
Agricultural Gazette be allowed to have electrotypes of
the woodcuts in the last number of the Journal at his own
expense. Also that the Secretary be authorised to make
a tour in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, for the purpose
of inquiring into the stock-faruiing of those countries witli
reference to the probable supplies of cattle from there to
the United Kingdom. This report having been adopted,
Mr. Dent gave notice that at the next meeting of the
Council he would ask for a grant of £150 for the investi-
gation referred to.

Chemical. — Mr. W. Wells (chairman) reported that
the committee had received Dr. Voelcker's Quarterly
Report, and had ordered it to he printed for further con-
sideration at the next monthly meeting. This report
was adopted.

General, Bedford. — Mr. Shuttleworth reported the
following recommendations of the Committee :

(1.) That the Home Secretary be asked to allow the Society
the services otthe usual number of Londou police. (2.) Tbat
the Bedford meeting be advertised at a cost not exceeding
£700. (3.) Tliat Professor Brown aud Mr. Hunt be asked to
act as Veterinary Inspectors at the Bedford meeting. (!•.)
That the pupils of the Bedford middle-class pubhc sciiool be
admitted to the showyard at half-price on one of tlie shilling
days. (5.) Tliat the Royal Agricultural College Club having
failed to obtain accommodation in the town, they be allowed
to have their annual dinner in tlie steward's refreslimeut room.
(6.) That the secretary be authorised to make arrangements
for providing a turret-clock at tbe entrances. (7.) That Messrs.
Hipwell and fons be appointed purveyors of corn, meal, &c.,
at a tariff to he approved by the steward of forage. (8.) That
a plan of Bedford tie printed on the back of the showyard plan
which is published in the catalogue.

This report was adopted subject to the following addi-
tion, which was moved by Mr. Dent Dent, seconded by
Mr. Jacob Wilson, and carried with tv.'o dissentients :
" That members' tickets admit to the stand at the Horse
Ring." Mr. Shuttleworth then presented the report of
the surveyor in reference to the showyard works at Bed-
ford, which were stated to be in a forward condition, and
on account of which the contractor was entitled to a pay-
ment of £1,200. This report was adopted.

Education. — The Duke of Bedford (Chairman)
moved, on behalf of the committee, and in accordance
with notice given at the monthly Council, "" That the
Education Grant for the current year be increased to the
sum of £500, for the purpose of carrying out the examina-
tions of pupils at middle-class schools, on the plau
adopted by the Council at their last meeting." This
resolution was seconded by Mr. Dent Dent, aud carried
unanimously. The following recommendations of the
committee were also adopted; (I) That a syllabus of
the examinations to be held in November be sent to the
head masters of middle-class schools ; aud (2) That the
secretary be instructed to advertise these examinations as
soon as possible.

The Hon. Wilbkaham Egekton, M.P., then moved

3i

THE FARMiCR'S MAGAZESfE.

that the following statements and recommendal ious be em-
bodied in a communication from the President of the Society
to the Lord President of the Privy Council : The Council
of the Koyal Agricultural Society are still of opinion that,
in order to deal efficiently with the whole question of
the contagious and infectious diseases of animals, there is
urgent need of such recommendations as were made by
them to the Right Hon. W. E. Forster, M.P., as Vice-
President of the Privy Council, in December, 1872.
Several of these recommendations would, however, re-
quire the sanction of Parliament to enable them to be
put in force ; and, in view of the pressing necessity of
dealing immediately with the renewed outbreak of foot-
and-mouth disease, the Council btg to make to the
Government the following recommendations ;

1. That sec. 4 of the Animals (Amendment) Order of 1873
be revoked. 2. That the orders relating to foot-and-mouth
disease, enumerated in the first schedule of the Animals
(Amendment) Order of 1873, be reissued. 3. That under the
authority given in sec. 57 of the Contagious Diseases (Animals)
Act, which makes the exposure or carriage of animals affected
with a contagious or infectious disease an offence against the
A.ct, the Privy Council should issue an order to facilitate the
discovery of disease (especially foot-and-mouth disease) in
lairs or other places, adjacent to or connected with a market
or fair, or where horses or animals are commonly placed before
exposure for sale (these being the words of the Act), with a
view to preventing the movement of animals to fairs and mar-
kets from such lairs and other places where disease exists ; and
to the adequate punishment of offenders against this section ot
the Act.

_ The Council regret that they cannot accept the conclu-
sions of the Select Committee of the House of Commons
on the Contagious Diseases of Animals with reference to
Foot-and-mouth Disease ; and they are of opinion that
the evidence of English agriculturists who were examined
before the committee does not justify the conclusious of
the committee with reference to that disease.

With regard to the scientific evidence takeu before that
committee, the Council think that too much stress was
laid upon the impossibility of stamping out the disease
without very stringent measures, and too little weight
attached to the importance of limiting the centres of
disease at the commencement of an outbreak.

The evidence of cattle dealers also largely influenced
the decision of the committee respecting foot-and-mouth
disease. The Council, however, submit that the interest
of a cattle dealer in the animals which he buys or sells is
limited to a few days, and that he has no interest in the
suppression of foot-and-mouth disease; while, by the ex-
clusion of that disease from the Animals Order of 1871,
he escapes liabilities to fines for trading in diseased
animals. The farmer, however, has to bear the great
pecuniary loss which results from the animals of his farm
been attacked by this disease. In the majority of cases
the disease is conveyed to his home-stock by the purchase
of extraneous animals, necessary for the purposes of his
farm.

In moving this resolution, Mr. Egerton stated that he
was asking the Council to pursue the same policy as they
had done on former occasions. The deputation from the
Council which had waited upon the Lord President after
the last monthly meeting had been requested to place the
recommendations of the Council in writing ; and the Lord
President had also stated that until the Report of the
Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Con-
tagious Diseases (Animals) Act had been protested against
hj the Royal Agricultural Society and other agricultural
institutions on behalf of English agriculturists, it must be
taken to represent their opinions. Mr. Egerton contended,
however, that the Committee had not been guid;;d by the
evidence of agriculturists, but by that of veterinary sur-
geons, and principally by that of cattle salesman. The

Committee included only six English county members
(representing Huntingdon, Norfolk, Leicester, Essex,
Sussex, and Northumberland). Out of 47 witnesses ex-
amined, only seven were English agriculturists, and all of
these who gave evidence with regard to foot-and-mouth
disease were in favour of stringent regulations being en-
forced, as also were the Scotch farmers who were
examined on the question. Mr. Egerton gave an analysis
of the evidence of these witnesses, and then showed that
the veterinary surgeons who were examined were very
much divided in opinion, summarising their opinions as
follows .

Professor Brown is in favour of leaving foot-and-
mouth disease as it is in 57 and 58 sections of Act, unless
much more stringent measures were taken for its preven-
tion. Professor Simonds says that he would make it an
offence to expose an animal affected with foot-and-mouth
disease in any market or fair, or in any sale-yard, or any
lair connected therewith. He is in favour of slaughtering
fat animals when disease breaks out at ports, and sending
store animals back.

Mr. Fisher would not allow any cattle to leave any
farm without the farmer signing a declaration that the
cattle to be removed were clear of the disease, and that
they had not been in contact with diseased animals so
many days.

Mr. Lepper, veterinary surgeon at Aylesbury, would
keep animals affected with foot-and-mouth disease by
themselves, and all animals which had been in contact
with them. Would have every farmer report the foot-
and-mouth disease when it broke out.

Mr. Thompson, veterinary surgeon, Aberdeenshire,
would not leave it optional for the local authorities to
adopt regulations for the foot-and-mouth disease. I would
make it imperative for all local authorities to adopt the
present regulations and the powers of the Privy Council
Orders.

Mr. Goodlet, Forfarshire, thinks foot-and-mouth dis-
ease would certainly be abolished if the places where
the disease broke out were declared infected, and farmers
prohibited from removing infected animals and those iu*
contact with them.

Morrow, Irish grazier and cattle exporter, approves of
present restrictions, though opposed fo any increase
thereof.

Professor Brown, in an article in i\iQ Royal Agricul-
tural Journal, on foot-and-mouth disease, says, " Much
injury is produced by turning animals out of a market
into adjacent lairs to wait till the next market day ; such
places become in times of prevalence of the disease
centres of infection, which should be dealt with strin-
gently, and regularly cleaned and disinfected under
proper provisions." Asks the question, is foot-and-
mouth disease an affection of such a serious character as
lo render a high degree of circumspection necessary or
desirable ? The answer must be left to the agriculturists :
if they decide the object is worth the cost, there need
be no difficulty in carrying out regulations which have
been suggested.

In reply to the question whether the object is worth
the cost, Mr. Egerton stated that in Cheshire 130,000
animals had been attacked during the last four years, and
the average loss per head was considered to be as much as
£4, although only 2,000 animals had died in consequence
of the disease; but such an enormous loss in one county
alone showed that it was not only an agricultural but a
public question.

In the unavoidable absence of Colonel Kingscote, C.B.,
M.P., Mr. Jabez Turner seconded the resolution. He
referred to the fact that a deputation, stated to consist of
butchers, cattle-dealers, farmers, and graziers connected
with Liverpool, had waited upon the Duke of Richmond

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

35

asking for free trade iu diseased animals, and they had
taken care to get their arguments widely published,
whereas the public were not informed of the enormous
losses which they sustained in consequence of the attacks
of foot-and-mouth disease.

Mr. Randell suggested that a paragraph should be
added to the resolutions, stating the loss of meat to the
public caused by this disease. He thought it could be
shown that the loss sustained had been ten times as great
from foot-and-mouth disease as from cattle plague ; and
he would advocate measures quite as stringent as those
which prevailed during the cattle plague.

Mr. Dent Dent reminded the Council that when the
subject was discussed at the last monthly meeting, he had
urged that the recommendations to be submitted to the
Lord President of the Council should be put on paper.
It now appeared that when the deputation waited upon
the Duke of Richmond, he had made a request to that
effect, although the Council had no report before them of
what had taken place at the interview which the deputa-
tion had had with the Lord President. He thought that
Mr. Egerton had made a very able speech, which he should
have delivered in the House of Commons, as it to a great
extent reflected npon the Report of the Select Committee
of the House of Commons, of which he (Mr. Dent) had
been a member. He avowed that the immense divergence
of opinion expressed by the numerous witnesses who gave
evidence before that Select Committee, had led him to
the conclusion, which he had arrived at with much regret,
that the disease should not be interfered with except as
provided in clause 57 of the Contagious Diseases (Ani-
mals) Act. "With regard to the proposition of Mr.
Egerton, he could not give support to it further than
that he agreed with the proposal embodied in the third
recommendation. As to the subsequent paragraphs, he
considered that it was beyond the province of the Council
to criticise a report of a Select Committee of the House
of Commons, especially as he felt sure that not one
member of the Council in ten had read the evidence upon
which that report was founded. Much stress has been
laid upon the loss which was caused by an attack of foot-
and-mouth disease, and if these assertions were true they
ought to be established beyond the possibility of a doubt ;
but the increase in the number of cattle in the country
the last four years had led him to the opinion that the
loss arising from the disease had been very much exagge
rated. He gave the following figures to show the increase
in cattle between 1869 and 1873 inclusive :

England 44.3,428

Scotland 97,140

Ireland 531,209

Total 1,071,777

It had been stated that the Select Committee had been
•' influenced by cattle dealers ; but, in fact, cattle dealers
were a necessity, and could not be done without, there-
fore they should have their proper influence. Finally, he
stated that, although he did not agree with the necessity
of imposing additional regulations, he considered that if
any were to be established they ought to be made uniform
throughout the country. He therefore moved the fol-
lowing amendment : " That inasmuch as the issuing of
^.different regulations by various local authorities in respect
■of cattle diseases has been proved to cause serious injury
to trade, and has in no way checked the progress of
disease, it seems to this Council undesirable that any dis-
■ cretionary power to make such regulations should be
given to local authorities. And as any uniform regula-
tions which would prove efiicient must be of so stringent
a character as to be almost unbearable, it is not desirable
to make any further order with respect to foot-and-mouth
4isease ; and that in the opinion of the Council it is de-

sirable that any Orders of the Privy Council with a view
to the above objects should be uniform and compulsory,
and not left to the discretion of the local authorities."

Earl Cathcart seconded the amendment. He held
that desperate diseases required desperate remedies ; and
the question, therefore, arose, whether foot-and-mouth
was a desperate disease or not, as he considered that the
remedy required would be a desperate one indeed. With
regard to this question he would take Mr. Egerton's own
figures, and ask him whether the loss of £4 per head
sustained by the county of Chester on 130,000 animals
in the course of four years was at all comparable to the
loss from cattle plague sustained by that county, when
nearly the whole of their cattle were annihilated. Di-
verse authorities and half-measures could not possibly
bring about any effectual remedy ; and although he ad-
mitted that much loss of meat was caused by foot-and-
mouth disease, as well as loss of milk and of oiTspring,
in consequence of diminished fecundity, he held that they
could not adopt the rigorous measures that would be re-
quired to check the disease effectually.

Mr. Jacob Wilson remarked that it should be re-
membered that foot-and-mouth disease had not been at
so low an ebb for many years as during the cattle plague
restrictions ; and it was therefore only fair to assume
that this fact was the result of those restrictions. While
those restrictions were iu force, fairs and markets were
not held, and, in his opinion, very much to the benefit
of the farmer, the dealer, and the consumer. He rarely
buys an animal from a fair or market even now, but
always, if possible, direct from a farm ; and this was the
universal and necessary practice during the cattle plague
restrictions. So far as he was able to ascertain, the cattle
dealers then made just as much money without fairs and
markets as they do now ; while it is certain that foot-
and-mouth disease is fostered and kept active at the ports
in England and Ireland, aud at the localities of great
fairs and markets, through the medium of the lairs aud
fields in the occupation of dealers. It is now well
known that they employ veterinary surgeons to select
those animals that are " safe " to be sent to the fair or
market the day before the fair or market is held.
The tainted animals which do not exhibit outward
signs of disease are thus selected to be sent to the
market, and to become centres of infection in the
dift'erent localities to which they are sent, and where they
develope the disease a few days or a week or more after
purchase. The disease is kept up throughout the season
in consejuence of the animals consigned to these dealers
being sent week after week to the same tainted ground,
and in contact with animals which are visibly diseased,
and which for that reason cannot be sent to a fair or
market to be sold without entailing upon the dealer the
infliction of a fine. He considered that the recent increase
in the number of cattle was due to the fact that the fear of
disease and the high price of stock had combined to make
farmers breed more home stock instead of relying so much
on purchases as they had hitherto done.

Colonel Wilson agreed with the first part of Mr.
Dent's amendment, viz., that the regulation should be
uniform aud compulsory ; but he disagreed with the latter
part.

The Hon. Wilbraham Egerton explainedthat thisob-
ject was sought to be attained by the first paragraph of his
resolution, which referred to the previous recommenda-
tions of the Council, npon which he by no means wished
to turn his back. But as many of those recommenda-
tions could not be carried out without a new Act of Par-
liament, he was anxious to induce the Privy Council to
do at once what lay in their power towards checking the
spread of foot-and-mouth disease, without waiting for the
result of further legislation, which he nevertheless hoped

c 2

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

would soon follow ia the direction of the previous recom-
mendations of the Council. With regard to the increase
in the number of cattle, he observed that it had not been
c ontended the foot-and-mouth disease diminished their
nnniber greatly ; but that it diminished the production of
meat and milk.

On a division Mr. Dent's amendment was lost by a
majority of one, 11 members voting for it and 12 against.
Mr. Dent then moved the omission of the last three
paragraphs of Mr. Egerton's proposition.

Mr. John Toke, M.P., seconded this amendment, and
took the opportunity of stating that he had attended with
the deputation which had been referred to by Mr. Jabez
Turner, and which consisted of butchers and cattle-dealers
from Liverpool and graziers from Ireland. The people of
Liverpool and its neighbourhood get nine-tenths of the
meat consumed by 500,000 people from Ireland, and
therefore they had good cause to represent their own view
of the matter to the Lord President of the Privy Council.
It must also be remembered that the cattle market of the
town of Liverpool was not under the regulations of the
Town Council, and there was, therefore, no power for the
town authorities to order the slaughter of diseased ani-
mals. He thought that statistics should be obtained as
to the damage done by foot-and-mouth disease ; and if it
was found to be great, that an adequate remedy ought to
be provided ; but whatever regulations were made ought
to be compulsory on the local authorities.

The Hon. Wilbeahaji Egerton reminded Mr. Torr
that the action of the late Government in discontinuing
the compulsory returns of attacks of foot-and-mouth
disease had rendered it impossible to obtain statistics on
the subject for the whole of Great Britain. However, he
had no objection to withdraw the three paragraphs refer-
ring to the report of the Select Committee.

The remaining paragraphs were then voted uj)on
seriatim.

The first paragraph was carried by 8 votes to 6.
The second paragraph was carried unanimously, subject
to the following addition moved by Mr. W. E. Welby, M.P.,
and seconded by Col. Wilson : " And that these orders be
made compulsory upon all local authorities."

The third paragraph was also agreed to, subject to the
addition of the same words.

The question was then put that the communication as
amended be sent to the Lord President of the Privy
Council, and on a division was carried by 9 votes to 7, as
follows :

The Council of the Royal Agricultural Society are still of
opinion that, in order to deal efficiently with the whole
question of the contagious and infectious diseases of animals,
there is urgent need of such recommendations as were made by
them to the Right Hon. W. E. Forster, M.P., as Vice-President
of the Privy Council, in December, 1873.

Several of these recommendations would, however,
require the sanction of Parliament to enable them to be
put in force ; and, in view of the pressing necessity of
dealing immediately with the renewed outbreak of foot-
and-mouth disease, the Council beg to make to the
Government the following recommendations :

1. That sec. 4 of the Animals (Amendment) Order of 1873
be revoked. 2. That the Orders relating to foot-and-mouth
disease, enumerated in the first schedule of the Animals
(Amendment) Order of 1873, be re-issued, and made compul-
sory on all the local authorities. 3. That under the authority
given in sec. 57 of the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act,
which makes the exposure or carriage of animals affected with
& contagious or infectious disease an offence against the Act,
the Privy Council should issue an order, compulsory on all the
local authorities, to facilitate the discovery of disease (espe-
cially foot-and-mouth disease) in lairs or other places adjacent
to, or connected with, a market or fair, or where horses or
animals are commonly placed before exposure for sale (these
^eing the wor^s of the Act), with a view to preventing the

movement of animals to fairs and markets from such lairs and
other places where disease exists, and to the adequate punish-
ment of offenders against this section of the Act.

Mr. Dent Dent withdrew the motion of which he had
given notice with reference to farm prizes.

Mr. Shuttleworth then moved the resolution of
which he had given notice, and after a conversation it
was amended, seconded by Lord Cathcart, and carried
as follows :

"That the last paragraph in the last Report of the Im-
plement Committee be rescinded, and that a ring in the
showyard be provided (under the direction of the stewards)
for the exhibition of automatic implements worked by horse-
power."

Letters were read from the Earl of Powis and the Secretary
of State for Foreign Affairs communicating " Reports fur-
nished to the Board of Admiralty and communicated to the
Foreign Office in reference to newly-discovered guano deposits
in Peru." The letter from the Foreign Office also requested
that, considering the public interest exhibited upon this sub-
ject, the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs should be
informed whether the Council would wish to be furnished
with a sample of the guano for the purpose of analysis. The
Secretary was thereupon instructed to apply for samples of
the guano from each of the deposits, and the whole subject
was referred to the Journal Committee for further con-
sideration.

The Earl of Powis also communicated a copy of the Sup-
plement to The South Pacific Times, dated April 14, 1874-,
giving a report from Mr. Thierry, C.E., on these deposits,
which lie to the south of Iquique, and one relating to the
verification of that survey, by Mr. Hind'e, chief engineer of
the department of Tarapaca. From these reports it appears
that there exist the following workable guano deposits in thii
region :

Name.

Chipana

Huanillos

Punta de Lobos...
Pabellon de Pica

Chanavaju

Patache

Patillos

Total

Estimated quantity.

Cubic metres.

89,500

700,000

1,601,000

5,000,000

150,000

125,000

15,000

7,680,500

Mr. Thierry adds : " The guano dug from the various
islands to the northward has always given the mean weight of
one ton and a third per cubic metre; but after making some
slight experiments, and remembering the dry state of the great
deposits, 1 believe that prudence will not allow me to esti-
mate tlie weight of the cubic metre at more than a ton. If
we adopt then this number of cubic metres as that of tons, we
find more than seven millions and a half of tons of guano in
the different deposits already mentioned."

Mr. Joseph Kindle observes on this point : " As regards
the quantity of guano contained in this deposit, I think that
Senor Thierry has calculated it as correctly as a slight survey
would allow. In order to survey with some exactness months
would be required, those of Huanillos and Punta Gorda, Lobos,
Pabellon de Pica, from the difficulties they present, and with-
out seeing it is impossible to judge, I think that until they
are worked it will be impossible to determine the quantity
they contain."

A letter was read from M. Drouyn de Lhuys, President of
the Societe des Agriculteurs de France, announcing that a
deputation from that Society would officially visit the Bedford
showyard ; and on the motion of Earl Cathcart the Secretary
was instructed to send the members of the deputation cards of
invitation, and otherwise to facilitate the object of their
visit.

An application from Mr. C. Sturgeon, to be allowed to
exhibit Merino sheep at Bedford, not for competition for
prizes, and unshorn, was granted on the motion of Mr. W
Wells, seconded by the Earl of Powis.
Letters were also read from Mr. J. V. Gooch, on th^ de

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

87

sltuctioa by insects of coffee trees in Natal ; and from Mr. E.
A. Fawcett, in reference to the instructions to the stock judges
for awarding prizes to breeding animals at the country
meeting.

A letter having been read from the secretaries of the
Meteorological Society, requesting the Council to nominate
delegates to serve on a committee to organise observations on
a systematic basis with reference to the connection between
meteorological agencies and the development of vegetable life,
it was resolved, on the motion of Mr. W. Wells, seconded by
Mr. W. J. Edmonds, that Mr. C. Wliiteliead be requested to

act as one delegate, and to nominate and appoint his own
colleague.

A suggestion made by Mr. T. Willson at the annual meet-
ing, " That the election of members of Council be by means of
voting papers sent to members of the Society," was con-
sidered, and the Secretary was instructed to inform Mr.
Willson that the charter of the Society gave the privilege of
electing members of Council to the annual meeting of mem-
bers held on the 22nd of May, and that the Council had no
power to deprive them of this privilege.

THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OP SCOTLAND.

At the monthly meeting of the dtrectors, Captain
Tod in tlie chair, it was agreed, on the motion of
Colonel Innes, of Learney, to propose to tlie general meeting
to memorialise the Committee of the Privy Council on Educa-
tion to establish science, as applied to agriculture, as one ol
the subjects to be taught in primary schools. It was also
resoWed that the Society shoulJ oiFer a premium for a text-
book on the application of science to agriculture.

On a report by the local committee, a silver medal was
awarded to Messrs. Thomas Pirie and Co., Kiumundy, Long-
side, Aberdeeusliire, for their patent heavy land cultivator,
which was tried on tlie farm of Carsebonny, near Stirling, on
the litli May. The report bears that " the implement is
designed to cut the land in slices in order to secure the speedy
and uniform breaking down of heavy soil, in such a way as to

retain the moisture in it, to ensure a braird of turnips, fo i
which crop it is specially intended ; and it seemed to tlie com-
mittee to accomplish its purpose so satisfactorily that they
recommend the award of a medal or certificate of merit. At
the same time, they considered that, with three horses em-
ployed, the work was slowly performed."

A patent potato planting machine, made by Mr. William
Dewar, Kellas, Dundee, and exhibited by Mr. Thomas Wigiit,
Perth, was tried at the same time. The committee report
that they thought this a most ingenious implement, and one
which they believe may, without much difficulty, be made of
great practical use ; but in its present state it did its work
imperfectly, and they did not feel warranted in recommending
the award of a prize or medal.

THE CENTRAL CHAMBER OF AGRICULTURE.

The last meeting of the Council of the Chamber of
Agriculture prior to the summer and autumnal recess took
place on Tuesday, June 2, in Salisbury. square, Mr. G. F. Muntz
in the chair.

Captain Craigie read the following report, which was
received and adopted :

Since the Local Taxation Committee presented tlieir last
report, the cliief Pai-liameutary matter of interest to rate-
payers has been the introduction and second reading of the
Valuation of Property Bill. This measure deals, not as
might be inferred from its somewhat incorrect title, with the
valuation of property already assessable, but with the exten-
sion of the rateable area to mmes, woods, and game. It thus
redeems the pledge given by the Grovernment to bring these
properties at once under liability to rates ; and in this re-
spect necessarily resembles Mr. Stansfeld's Rating Bill of
last session, although your Committee are glad to observe
that it does not reproduce the objectionable features of that
measure. While admitting, as they have over done, the
imiDossibility of locally rating personal property, your Com-
mittee wore last year compelled emphatically to condemn
the attempt then made to convert thij present temporary
concession into a perpetual exemption in favour of perso-
nalty, unbalanced and unaccompanied by any compensation
to the owners and occupiers of land and houses for the ex-
ceptional burdens thus thrown upon them. No such attempt
is made in the present bill, which is wisely confined to the
extension of the area of rating to certain exempted classes of
hereditaments, and in no way prejudges any of those larger
and more important questions which are reserved for the
careful consideration they demand. It embodies also rules
for the guidance of Assessment Committees in dealing wiih
the new subjects of rating, which are for the moso part
founded on the jiractical amendments which, at the instance
of your Committee, were substituted for the crude and im-
practicable provisions of last year's measure as originally
introduced. Your Committee are therefore of opinion that,
although one or two further minor amendments may still be
necessary to ensure its ready acceptance by ratepayers, a
general approval of the bill may be anticipated. Chambers
of Agriculture, which have alwaj's contended for the justice
of the extension of the local area of assessment now proposed,
will be glad to see a measure of reform, however modest,
which effects one of the objects for which they have agitated
for many years. Especially will they approve of a proposal
which comes not only as a practical improvement of the
detail of our existing ratal system, but which is at the same
time accompanied by a distinct recognition of the real
grievance under which ratepayers labour, and an earnest
of relief from unfairly borne National charges. Your Com-
mittee called attention in their last report to the charges on

the rates for the purpose of registration. The second reading
of the Registration of Births and Deaths Bill on the 14th ult.
afforded the Chairman of your Committee occasion to object
not only to any increase of expense, however small, whicb-
that measure might entail, but generally to the practice of
imposing upon I'atopayers a charge which, like that now in-
curred for the payment of registrars, is subject to no loea 1
limitation or control, but is fixed and determined by a cen-
tral authority and is incurred for an object essentially ami
peculiarly national. Your Committee will continue to urge
the removal of these fixed payments to the Exchequer on
grounds not only of justice to the ratepayers, but as a means
of facilitating the general reform of the existing sj-stem of
registration. In the meantime, they are glad to report that
the President of the Local Government Board has undertaken
that the Chancellor of the Exchequer and not the ratepayers
shall be called on to provide for the additional expenditure
which the present bill may involve. The second reading of
a BUI for discontinuing the election by Ballot of Municipal
Auditors and Assessors, presented to your Committee an op-
portunity of raising the general question of an improved and
effective audit of local accounts. The Chairman of your Com-
mittee, in objecting to the present measure, pointed out the
real importance of the office of auditor, and showed how
undesirable it was to remove the formality and publicity of
an election to this post under the existing law. Ho showed
the advantage to ratepayers of establishing a thorough and
complete audit, urging an extension of the auditors' powers
and the assurance of greater independence in these officers'.
Your Committee are glad to note that the Home Secretary
on the part of the Government re-echoed these sentiments
and protested against dealing piecemeal with a question of
such interest. The Chairman of your Committee has accord-
ingly given notice of motion for a committee to inquire into
the subject. Few administrative changes are more required
than a thorough reform in tlus direction. An effective audit
and a consistent and coiiplete system of account should
nrove of great value to all local ratepayers, and will render
practicable an accurate general statement of local receipts
and expenditure such as it has long been the aim of your
Committee to secure.

The Chairman then read the report of the deputation to
the Lord Presiaent of the Council, the Duke of Richmond, on
the Contagious Diseases of Animals, in which the deputation
expressed tlieir groat disappointment at the answer of the
Lord President to the representations made to him, and moved
" That the report be received."

Mr. C. S. Read, M.P., in seconding the motion, adverting
to a par of the report relating to the slaughter of cattle
atfected with pleuro-pneumonia, said he wanted to know how

38

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

much longer the ratepayers of England were going to be vic-
timised by the present injustice of the slaughtering of cattle in
Great Britain when the practice did not extend to Ireland.
They were told that if they wanted to f;et rid of a disease like
hat every leak in the bank must be dammed up ; but there
were the tidal floodgates open continuously in Ireland. It
was not of the slightest use for those who lived in the Eastern
Counties, which imported so many Irish cattle, to kill animals
affected with pleuro -pneumonia in these respective localities
unless the power of slaughter extended to Ireland, and he
would add unless there were also carried out the recommenda-
tions of the Committee of last year that the Orders respecting
cattle disease should be applied universally throughout the
kingdom ; that in order to ensure early discovery of outbreaks
and to enlist the sympathy of stockowners for the local autho-
rities, the amount of compensation should be extended to
three-fourths instead of one-half the value of the animal ; and
that the period of isolation in the case of cattle which had been
herded with infected cattle should be extended to two months.
The loss which was now being sustained in Norfolk was at
the rate of £600,000 a year, and the half measures now adopted
with regard to pleuro-pneumonia and other infectious diseases
were perfectly useless. Such measures imposed vexatious
restrictions on owners of stock, but there was not the remotest
chance of their stamping out disease.

Mr. BeN2<ett Stajvford, M.P., said, during the Whitsun-
tide recess there had been positive proof of the disastrous
working of the present system, in the neighbourhood of the
town of Shaftesbury, which he represented in the House of
Commons. On the previous day he received a letter on that
subject from the agent of the Dowager Marchioness of West-
minster, who had an estate in that district. The hon. member
then read the letter, which related to a serious outbreak of
disease, which had been traced to cattle and sheep purchased
at Wilton fair ; and he added that he thought the deputation
would have had more weight if they had been supported by a
number of county and borough members.

Mr. T. DucKHAM hoped that something would be done to
convince the House of Commons that there were others to be
considered besides those of the few Liverpool butchers and
others, who had made adverse representations before the Select
Committee.

Mr. Jabez Turner (Peterborough Chamber) informed the
meeting that on the Monday preceding the day on which the
deputation from the Chamber went to the President of the
Council, his grace was visited by a deputation on the same
subject from the Royal Agricultural Society, adding, that
although his grace received that deputation with his customary
kindness and courtesy, liis reply was very similar to that just
reported. He (Mr. Jabez Turner) said advisedly, that disease
in cattle was now trafficked in, that the quarantine measures
were quite ineffectual, and that cattle imported at Bristol were
spreading disease in all directions, and he would add, that the
losses during the two last sessions in his own neighbourhood
were almost ruinous.

After a few words from Lord H. Thynne, M.P., the motion
was agreed to.

The Chairman, after observing that the next business on
the Agenda was to "receive the Report of the Committee on
Unexhausted Improvements," said it would be perfectly im-
possible to consider it on that occasion, and he should, there-
fore, simply move, " That the Report now presented be re-
ceived," the object of that motion being that it might be
circulated, with a view to future discussion. He would, how-
ever, read the two concluding paragraphs, which were as
follows : " The labour of your committee has principally con-
sisted in preparing the Forms of Inquiry, and collecting,
arranging, and tabulating the information communicated ; and
they must refer the Council to the voluminous details con-
densed in the Summary Schedules, it being impossible to
convey in any general statement within the ordinary limits of
a Report either a full knowledge of their contents or the com-
parisons and deductions which, it is hoped, will render them
of great value. Your Committee having now completed their
inquiry into the existing Agricultural Customs, suggest that
they should be further empowered to consider and report upon
the most desirable principles to be adopted in legislation for
securing the respective interests of owners and occupiers in
agricultural tenancies." The Chairman added that the Com-
mittee had not been able to complete the Schedules in time
for presentation to that meeting, but that they would shortly

be placed in the hands of the members, adding that copies of
them would be obtainable by others at a moderate price.

Mr. T. DucKHAM seconded the motion.

In reply to Mr. T. Horley, the Chairman said the Com-
mittee were not responsible for the accuracy of the state-
ments with regard to customs, the name of the authority being
given in each case.

The motion was then agreed to.

The next subject ou the notice paper being " Legislatiou
with respect to compensation for unexhausted improvements,"

The Chairman observed that the resolutions passed by
the Chamber having been sent to the various local Chambers,
they had been adopted by the Chambers of Warwickshire,
Worcestershire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, and Gloucestershire,
and partly adopted by the Herefordshire and Leicestershire
Chambers, and that in no other instance had there been so
much unanimity as appeared to exist among the associated
Chambers in relation to that question.

Mr. Adkins said the Northamptonshire Chamber, irhich
he represented, had also adopted the resolutions forwarded to
them.

The Chairman said the counties which he had mentioned
were the only ones from which replies had been received, but
it might fairly be concluded that the feeling among the other
counties was similar to that reported (cheers).

Lord Hampton then moved " That the present position of
agriculture and the general welfare of the country demand
early legislation repecting the tenure and occupation of agri-
cultural land." His lordship said he thought every gentleman
present would agree with him that that was not only one of
the most important, but also one of the most difficult questions
that would engage the attention of a representative body of
agriculturists. He thought he might fairly assume that the
agricultural world had arrived at two conclusions on that sub-
ject : first, that the present system of the tenure of land as be-
tween owners and occupiers was not satisfactory ; and se-
condly, that owing to the delicate and difficult nature of the
the question, legislation upon it ought to be approached with
the greatest degree of caution and moderation. He had said
again and again, and now repeated, that the improved cultiva-
tion of land was to be regarded as a great question of public
policy, involving the interest of the whole nation. The land
could not be well and profitably cultivated unless the occupiers
were skilful and well-trained agriculturists, and unless they
were placed in such a position that they need not be afraid to
apply their skill and their capital to the soil which they occu-
pied. They had no right to expect an occupier of land to do
that unless he could feel that his capital would be secure. He
had always wished to see a tenant in a similar position to that
of a tradesman who embarked his capital in any branch
of trade or commerce with reasonable security for
a fair return for the use of his ability and capital ;
and as a landowner he had long been of opinion that one of
the best means by which occupiers could obtain that security
to which they were fairly entitled, was a long lease guarded
by carefully considered covenants (Hear, hear). There was,
however, a great disinclination on the part of a large number
of farmers to embark in a lease. Many persons were, he
believed, afraid of the risks which they thought attended
leases ; but he believed that that apprehension existed chiefly
among a class of persons who were not as skilful or as well
provided with capital as it was desirable that farmers
should be (Hear, hei'.r). He wished to see the system of
leases more generally adopted, believing that leases would
afford the best security for the capital of the tenant-farmer ;
but he concurred in the opinion that whether with 'eases or
without leases it was very desirable indeed that the Legisla-
ture should lay down and establish the principle of compen-
sation in such a shape as to guard the interests both of land-
owners and land-occupiers, and he confidently hoped that,
proceeding in a spirit of caution and moderation, they would
be enabled to arrive at some proposal which might be sanc-
tioned by the Legislature. He thought it best, however,
frankly to own, and he hoped the majority of those present
would share in the opinion, that he considered it most im-
portant that in any legislation on that subject there should be
no invasion of the great principle of perfect freedom of con-
tract (Hear, hear). He was strongly opposed to any violation
of that freedom which lie thought ought on all accounts to
exist between landlord and tenant. In his opinion a great
step would have been gained if the principle of compensation

THS FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

3d

Were laid down by the Legislature iii such a sliape that it
would he applied where no distinct agreement had been
made between the parties on that subject. It would then
become the guiding principle in arrangements between land-
lord and tenant, while there would be no invasion of the
principle of freedom of contract.

Mr. Carpenter (Herefordshire Chamber), in seconding the
resolution, said he was not using a threat, but simply stating
a Aict when he said that there was a growing disposition on the
part of the British farmers if their rights were ignored much
longer by the country party to send tenant-farmers to Parlia-
ment to represent their interests (cheers). Vote by ballot had
made a great alteration in their position ; and he believed that
unless they were treated differently from what they had been,
they would send five per cent, of the county members from
their own body, and he believed that in advocating the redress
of their grievances on that subject, their representatives would
be supported not merely by farmers, but by the community at
large (Hear ,liear).

Mr. Butler (Essex) believed that in the extension of the
system of leases lay the settlement of the question of compensa-
tion for unexhausted improvements.

Mr. SrENCER Stanhope, M.P., thought the Chamber should
prepare a measure which might be introduced in Parliament
next session if the question were not then taken up by the
Government.

Mr. Masfen said his experience had led him to the con-
clusion that as a rule tenants were not afraid to accept leases,
but landlords were averse to granting them (Hear, hear). He
thought it would be found that in most cases where there was
the greatest outcry for compensation for unexhausted improve-
ments leases were but little known (Hear, hear). It was
but fair that he who sowed should be able to reap, and not
leave everything for his successor, and in the absence of a
lease, which would give the occupier ample time to recoup
himself for his outlay, the tenant-farmers of England ought to
be placed by the Legislature in a position in which they would
be able to obtain ample compensation for that which they
must leave behind. For a long period he was as much op-
posed to legislation on that subject as anyone could be, hoping
that some kind and indulgent landlords would propose a bill
which would do justice to the occupiers of land, but he had,
in common with thousands of his brother-farmers, looked in
vain for such a measure. The country party were now in
power, and he hoped they would long continue in power ; but
they might rely upon it that if they did not use their power
to settle that question it would be dealt with in a rude manner
by their successors. Lord Hampton had a great objection to
interference with freedom of contract, as between landlord and
tenant. He would ask his lordship whether he was prepared
to suggest some scheme which would compel an unwilling
landlord to do his duty towards his tenants (Hear, hear). The
great fault of tenant-farmers was that there was a want of
unanimity among them on that question (Hear, hear).

Mr. Jasper More said it appeared to him that according
to Lord Hampton's view of the matter it would be lawful for
any landlord to contract with his tenant that he should not
be able to claim compensation (Hear, hear). The practical
question raised was whether tenant-farmers were to have the
substance or only the shadow. A still more practical ques-
tion was when the question was to be introduced iu the House
of Commons, and he was happy to say that it would shortly
be brought forward there by a gentleman on his right, Mr.
Seely, quite irrespective of party, whether Liberal, Conser-
vative, or any other (cheers).

Mr. T. DucKHAM said he had never heard any farmer ob-
ject to landlords beingsecured against a deterioration of their
property, and he was astonished that landlords should object
to fair compensation being secured to tenants.

Mr. George Turner (West Kent) said it seemed to be
forgotten that incoming tenants had a deep interest in that
question. It almost invariably happened where compensation
was paid that it was paid by such persons and not by the land-
lord, and the amount of capital demanded of them was already
very burdensome.

Mr. T. Horley (Warwickshire) said the real question was
. whether legislation was to be compulsory or not. Freedom
of contract had been constantly interfered with by Acts of
Parliament, and if it was not to be interfered with iu that
case it would be better not to have any legislation at all (Hear,
hear). He would like to know who would have paid the

property tax if it had not been enacted that it should be paid
by the landlord ? (Hear, hear.) If landlords were to be left
in their own free will in the matter now under consideration
it was not worth while to take up the time of Parliament
with the question. As regarded leases he had never been able
to understand the unwillingness of tenant farmers to accept
them, believing as he did that they afforded the best security
and were the best means of promoting that independent
feeling that ought to exist between landlord and tenant. He
had heard it said that with leases tenants might be a little
too independent. He had a lease and he would not yield to
any man in respect for his landlord.

Lord Hampton, in replying, said he had been in the habi
of offering his tenants leases for several years past, and ii
several cases the offer had been accepted. It was uniformly
the best farmers who took leases. During the last two month
he had been pressing leases upon tenants, who were unwilling
to take them. He hoped that, as the science of agriculture
advanced, farmers generally would become more incline
for leases. Mr. Masfen said he should like to know how, if
freedom of contract remained, an unwilling landlord was to be
made fo do his duty to his tenant. That gentleman, and
others, had assumed that the tenant-farmer was the most help-
less being in the world ; and his reply to the question was
that, if farmers had to take a farm from such unwilling land-
lords as he referred to, they must guard their own interests.
He believed that, as agriculture advanced, landlords who were
not inclined to do justice to their tenants would, from year to
year, have increasing difiiculty in finding tenants who were fit
to cultivate their estates.

The resolution was then put and carried.

Mr. BowEN Jones then moved the following : " That no
legislation respecting the tenure of land will be acceptable to
this Council which fails to give to tenants security for the
existing value at date of quitting of the capital invested by
them, and not removable from the farm, excepting tenures in
which such value has been already provided for by compensa-
tion or consideration specified in a lease or agreeement, sub-
ject always to the consent of the landlord in the case of
permanent improvements." He said the practical question
involved in that resolution was whether they were to have a
permissive bill or a compulsory one. He found that there
was a difference of opinion with regard to the true construc-
tion of the resolution previously adopted on that subject. One
construction which had been put upon that resolution was
that it would admit of a landlord's barring the compensation
clause ; while another was that if sufficient compensation were
not given otherwise the Act should operate. He read the
resolution by the light of the latter construction; but he
thought the resolution now proposed would more clearly ex-
press the opinion tiiat, if compensation were not given under
private agreement, the Act must come into force (cheers). If the
principle of that resolution were not embodied in the bill it
would not be worth while to deal with the question. On the
other hand, if they waited till the various customi had all been
assimilated they must wait till Doomsday. What he desired
was that the landlord and tenant should not be able to con-
tract themselves out of the law.

Mr. Lipscomb, iu seconding the resolution, said he wanted
the plain English of those words to be carried out in any fu-
ture legislation on the subject. An agreement wliich provided
no compensation for unexhausted improvements could not
operate if that resolution were embodied in a law. The class
of men whom it was necessary to reach consisted of landlords
who took their rents at stated periods and never went near
their tenants, but left everything to a lawyer or agent, the
result being that their property was an opprobrium to the
country. There would be no use in legislation unless it met
cases of injustice like those arising from such conduct as
that. He protested against leases being made compulsory,
because that would do away with small farmers, who formed
about half the tenantry of the country.

Mr. Carrinoton Smith said he, like Mr. Lipscomb, op-
posed in that room the twelfth clause of Mr. Howard's bill ;
but he entirely concurred in the opinion that legislation would
be useless if the landlord and tenant could contract themselves
out of it. He hoped it would not go forth to the world that
Lord Hampton desired a permissive bill.

Mr. J. T. Mence (Worcestershire Chamber) said his
Chamber was of opinion that legislation was necessary, and
that the Act should operate in the absence of any lease o

40

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE*

agreement. He hoped the compwi?ation paid under any bill
would be moderate, us othern-ise tenants would not be able
to take any farm at all.

Mr. Pnipps, M.P., thouglit that to pass a bill on that
subject which allowed landlords and tenants to contract them-
selves out of it would be perfectly childish (Hear, hear).

Mr. Little (Wisbeach) thought that if the resolution were
carried out in its entirety there might be claims for improve-
ments made centuries ago. The bill of last years limited
claims for ordinary improvements to ten years and for perma-
nent ones to twenty years. He was for alloTring as much free-
dom of contract as was desirable ; but if the landlord and
tenant agreed upon a moderate rent, that might be as good as
direct money compensation, and he could see nothing im-
proper in such an arrangement. He strongly objectei to per-
fect freedom of contract, and if the result of that discussion
should be to induce every landlord to enter iuto a written
agreement on the subject he would be satisfied without legis-
lation.

The Hon. E. Stanhope said, in his opinion, the resolution
was very obscure. Looking at it with the eye of a lawyer, he
did not agree with tlio-e vilio thought that it did not bar
freedom of contract, lie thought that it distinctly did so.
The only cases in whicli that freedom was now interfered witli
were tliose of children, women, lunatics, aud Irish tenants
(laughter), and did the farmers of EugLind wish to be placed
in the same position as those daises of persons? The Lin-
colnshirp lenautry were satisfied with the workingof freedom of
contract, iud not prepared to go in for compulsory legislation.
He hoped the effect of delay would be that some measure
would be prepared which would be satisfactory to agricultu-
rists generally.

Mr. C. S. Read, M.P., said the last speaker had uttered a
sentiment which he had often heard expressed before. It was
a common thiug for county members to go among their con-
stituents, and after a very pleasant dinner say to them " You
belong to the class of the jolly iudependent farmers of Englaud,
and will you suffer yourselves to be classed with the Irish
farmers and the lunatics?" (Laughter). That was a very
popular thing to say at a public dinner, but it did not really
touch the question. The last speaker was greatly mistaken
in supposing that there were at present only four classes of
persons who were deprived of freedom of contract. What
about master and servant, the employer and the employed,
the raortagee aud the mortgager, the carrier and the consignee,
the lawyer and the client, the doctor and the patieut ? (Hear,
hear). In all these cases there were statutes interfering with
freedom of contract- "Freedom of contract" was a phrase
that required to be understood. i'Veedom to contract to
do wrong ought to be proliibited, and the resolu-
tion before the meeting was founded on this prin-
ciple — that for the good of the nation, the good
of the landlord, the good of the tenant, and above all for the
good of the labourer, it was necessary that the tenant-farmer's
capital should be protected, and that if he left a portion of it
in the soil it should not, as a matter of course, belong to the
landlord (Hear, hear). Lord Hampton had said, what of
course would be said in both Houses of Parliament, that they
ought to have freedom of contract, and that it would in many
cases be dangerous to interfere with it. Take the case of
game. By law ganie was entirely the property of the tenant.
And what was the result of freedom of contract? Why that
in nine cases out of ten the tenant bargained away his pro-
perty to the landlord. lu fact, the law of England might
just as well be like that of Scotland, where the right of shoot-
ing game was inherent in the landlord. There was a most
serious opposition in the House of Commons to the 12th
clause of Mr. Howard's bill last year, and he daresay that not
50 members would vote for it now as it stood (Hear, hear).
He doubted very much whether such a, resolution as that pro-
posed, the object of which was to secure to tenants a riglit to
compenaation, would be passed in the House of Commons.
[A. Voice : "lam sorry for it."] He was sorry for it too,
but he felt bound to tell them the truth. It was much easier
to pass a resolution there than to get it embodied iu an Act
of Parliament. He believed that the bill of last year was
founded on right principles, and that the 12th clause or some
clause equivalent to it would alone meet the necessities of the
case. As a tenant-farmer he should like to say one word
about independence. It was one thing for a tenant-farmer to
be told at a public dinner that he was a fine independent

fellow, and another thing for him to go into the landlord's
study, or, what was still worse, into the lawyer's office, to sign
an agreement. Independence was then entirely taken away
from him. He had no other way than farming of getting his
living, Useless the payment of compensation were made
compulsory by Act of Parliament the law would become a
perfectly dead letter, and though it might be of some use the
amount ef good would be so small that he should not himself
care whetiier such a law was passed at all.

Mr. Whittaker (Worcestershire Chamber), with due de-
ference to Mr. Read, must say that nothing would indoce him
to support, nor did he tiunk tiie majority of his Chamber
desired, a measure by which farmers would be depriied of the
riglit to enter into an agreement for tliemielves He con-
cluded by proposing as an amendment to strike out the words
after "excepting tenures" in the resolution, and to add " under
lease or agreement."

Mr. Storer, M.P., seconded the amendment, and said he
was opposed to iuteif'erence with freedom of contract because
he held that such interfereuce would create the greatest
revolution iu the relations of lindlord and tenant ever known
in tliis country, and would play into tlie hands of persons
who contended that the land belonged not to the nominal
owners but to the State. He quite admitted that tenant-
farmers were not as well represented in Parliament as tiiey
ougiit to be, but the fault rested with themselves.

After some remarks from Mr. T. Duckham, Mr. H. P.
Price, Mr. T. Horley, and Mr. Bennett Stanford, M.P.,

Lord Hampton said agriculturists could do nothing more
unwise than to fall out among themselves. No difficult ques
tion had ever been settled without a great deal of " give and
take," and he hoped there would be less hereafter of laying
down that legislation would be absolutely useless unlesit were in
the shape that one happened to like best (Hear, hear). He
had long contended that the arrangements between landlord
and tenant should be conducted much more on commercial
principles than they had been yet. He should hold up his
hand in favour of the amendment of Mr. WHiittaker ; but
much as he differed from the mover of the resolution, he
should have voted for it had there been no amendment, be-
cause he desired to see the principle of compensation for un-
exhausted improvements established. When the bill was be-
fore Parliament would be the best time to consider how the
object might be best carried out ; and he ventured to say that
they would have done a very important work that day by
declaring the necessity for legislation, and declaring that the
principle of compensation for unexhausted improvements
should receive the sanction of the Legislature.

Mr. Gardiner said as a representative of the Essex
Chamber he would be sorry to see the amendment passed.

Mr. Smythier said they were told on the one hand that if
they had a bill prepared with compulsory clauses they could
not get it passed, aud they were told on the other hand that
a bill without compulsory clauses would be useless. If that
were the case what were they for? (Hear, hear). If they
could not have anything like unanimity in favour of compul-
sion, it would perhaps be best in the first instance to go for a
permissive bill, and if that were found to be of no use they
might afterwards get something more. As practical men
let them if they could not get a whole loaf try to get half a
one.

Mr. Stratton said farmers wanted legislation to pro-
tect them against spoliation, and tiiere would be no use in
legislation if they could not adopt such a moderate proposition
as that before them.

Mr. May thought it would be wrong for the Council to
separate without coming to a decided vote. As to the plian-
toms raised by Mr. Storer and other gentlemen, he believed
the thing would settle itself rightly, and he could not understand
landlords not wishing a bill to be passed which would increase
the value of their land.

Capt. Craigie contended that the resolution in no way in-
terfered with freedom of contract ; it would only compel
parties to contract abouf compensation at the time when a
farm was taken.
Mr. BowEN Jones having replied,

Mr. Snell (Cornwall) said, having attended various meet-
ings of farmers in the Western Counties at which that subject
was discussed he felt certain that 95 per cent, of those who
attended them would be satisfied with nothing short of com-
pulsion. He never in his life signed a contract which he

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

41

approved or considered just. Necessity led hira to sign in
opposition to his judgment. He was always in the hands
either of the landlord or of the steward, and if lie suggested
any amendment he was told that time was precious and that
he must take the farm on those conditions or not at all. If
he had refused to accept the conditions lie must have ceased
to farm in England, or at least in the West of England (Hear,
hear). As to making the Bill permissive, good landlords
would concede what was just now ; it was unjust and narrow-
minded men, and men who were behind the spirit of the age
that they wanted to guard agaiust.

Mr. Wadlow (Shropshire) supported the resolution.

Mr. BowEN Jones, in replying, explained that what he
intended by the resolution was that legislation should be en-
forced only where a fair agreement providing an equivalent in
some form or other did not exist. If a mild reform like that
were not carried out landowners would find something much
worse in store for them than a moderate Tenant-right, whicli
would be beneficial alike to them and their tenants.

Mr. WiiiTAKER having also said a few words in reply,

The Chairman in summing up the discussion snid he
did not see how it could be maiutaiued that a law which would
prevent unjust or inequitable contracts would dispose uf free-
dom of contract altogether (Hear, hear). As the chairman he
did not wish to say any more than tliat.

A show of hands was then taken, and the numbers were
For the amendment ... ... ... 15

"it 33

Majority 18

The result was received with loud cheers, and the resolution
was then adopted almost unanimously.

On the motion of Mr. Wuliams, seconded by Mr. Rigby,
it was further resolved, with only twodessentients : " Tliat no
legislation respecting the tenure of land will be acceptable to
this Council which fails to provide security for compeusatiou
to landlords for the damage or deterioration of their property
caused by default of tenants."

It being after three o'clock the meeting then adjourned till
the following morning at ten o'clock.

When the Council reassembled on Wednesday morning, at
ten o'clock,

The Chairman (Mr. G. F. Muntzl reminded the meeting
that on the previous day three resolutions were passed re-
lating to the subject of compeusatiou for unexhausted improve-
ments, and added that it was competent to any gentleman
present to propose any other resolution.

Mr. D. Long said that he was unable to be present the day
before when the division took place, otherwise he should
have proposed that a committee should be appointed to assist
Mr. Seely in drawing up the bill which that hon. gentleman
intended to submit to the House of Commons.

Mr. C. S. Read observed that Mr. Seely's notics related not
to a bill but ouly to a resolution.

Mr. BowEN Jones then moved the following : " That the
committee appointed to collect and prepare information on
compensation for unexhausted iraprovemeuts be requested and
empowered to draft a Parliamentary bill embodying the prin-
ciples of the resolution passed by the Council, and that they
have power to add to their number."

Mr. Jabez Turner seconded the resolution, and it was
agreed to.

The meeting then proceeded to resume the adjourned dis-
cussion on " Highway Legislation."

The Chairman, adverting to the agenda paper, reminded
the meeting that the following propositions were before the
April meeting, when the debate was adjourned. Mr. T.
Horley's resolution : "That it is desirable before any definite
resolution is passed by this Chamber that further information
should be obtained as to the anomalies that exist, and as to the
working of the Permissive Highway Act in districts where it
is in operation, and to give lime for a further discussion of
this important matter by the provincial Cliambers." Mr.
Stratton's amendment: " That as the maintenance of all roads
is rapidly becoming a charge on real property only, and as in
many cases those who use the roads most pay the least towards
the expense of them, it is the opinion of this Council that
Government aid should be given as a substitute for tolls, by
the appropriation of the licence duties ou horses and carriages,
or by such other means as may be determined by the wisdom
of Parliament."

It was stated that Mr. Stratf on, who moved the amendment,
was not present.

Mr. T. HoRLEY said, feeling that the provincial Chambers
had not had sufficient time for considering the subject and
that it would be unwise to adopt a hasty conclusion, he did
not intend to press his resolution. Under the circumstances
he would withdraw it, and propose that the question be ad-
journed till the meeting of the Council in November (Hear,
hear).

Mr. C. S. Read, M.P., said, having served that year on the
Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Turnpike
Acts Continuance Bill, he would say with great sincerity and
truth that he thought legislation was greatly needed (Hear,
hear). The highway districts did not appear to be as popular
as they were a few years ago. They had not been generally
adopted throughout the country, aud in iihtces where they had
been adopted strenuous efforts had been made to get rid of
them aud revert to the old system. In some of the Eastern
Counties the number had been reduced very considerably. It
was very important to consider how the great arterial roads
could be best managed, and also who should pay for their
mainteuance, and he was quite sure that the whole subject
required more mature cousideration. Speaking as a subordi-
nate member of the Government be wished to remark that he
should be very much obliged to the District Chambers if
during the recess they would take up that question and be
prepared with some definite resolutions for the Council meeting
in November. There was no chauce of the Government doing
anything this year heyoud passing the Continuance Bill, but he
did not see how they could tide over auother year without
some attempt at legislation on the subject. The state of some
of the abandoned turnpike roads was fearful to contemplate.
Roads which were in admirable order two or three years ago had
now got into a hopeless state of disrepair, and it was a disgrace
to the country that things were thus going from bad to worse.
Something must be done, and he hoped the Council would be
able to state at the meeting in November what that something
should be.

Mr. Morris having risen to speak.

The Chairman observed that there was no resolution before
he meeting.

Mr. HoKLEY having withdrawn his resolution,

Mr. C. S. Read, M. P., moved tiiat the debate be adjourned
till November, and that certain questions which had been sug-
gested by the CImirman should be forwarded to the differeut
Chambers for replies.

The Secretary, at the request of the Chairman, then read
the resolutions already received on the subject from the Cham-
bers of Gloucestershire, Northamptonsliire, Peterborough,
South Wilts, Kipon, Herefordshire, Devonshire, Lincolnshire,
Worcestershire, Warwickshire, Norfolk, the West Riding, anu
Essex, generally in favour of legislation.

Mr. Gardiner (Essex) proposed, " That as the mainten-
ance of all roads is rapidly becoming a charge on real property
only, and as in many cases those who use the roads most pay
the least for the expense of maiutaiuiug them, it is the opinion
of this Council that a, general reform of road management and
maintenance is necessary."

Mr. Butler (Ejscx) seconded the amendment.

The Chairman having remarked that it was necessary, as a
matter of order, that Mr. Stralton's amendment should first be
disposed of, it was put and negatived.

After a desultory discussion, Mr. Read's proposal for ad-
journing the debate, which was seconded by Mr. Lipscomb,
was submitted and adopted in the following amended form, the
amendment not being pressed: "That this Council, before
passing any resolution with reference to the character of the
legislation desired, requires further information as to the
anomalies which now exist, and therefore requests the local
Chambers to consider and reply to the following questions at
the November meeting: 1. Is an entire reorganisation of our
road system in England, including the management and main-
tenance of turnpikes and highways, desirable ? 2. Isare-clas-
sirtcation of all roads needed ? 3. How many different classes
ol roads should be established under a new system ? 4. How
should the funds be raised, and from what sources, for the
maintenance of each class of roads ? 6. What sliould be the
constitution of the governing body of the whole, or of any one
class of roads ?"

The meeting then proceeded to consider the subject of

42

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

" Locomotives oii roads, together with tlie Report of the Select
Committee of tlie House of Commous thereou."

Mr. C. S. Read, M.P., observed that the bill then before
Parliament was introduced by a private member, Mr. Cawley,
and that the object was to regidate the travelling of traction
engines over common roads so as to ensure safety. Many
highways were not adapted to bear the weight of large engines
of that kind. In Norfolk, for example, tiiere were many roads
•n which they were utterly destr active. Power was given by
the bill to local authorities to determine on what roads they
should be allowed to go.

Mr. Bo^'FORD moved, " That all traction engines used for
agricultural purposes should be exempted from tolls." He had
used traction engines, lie said, for the last twelve years without
ever paying any tolls, and he did not wish to be taxed now.

Mr. Henley seconded the motion.

Mr. C. S. Read, M.P., observed that the Council had de-
cided that those who use the roads ought to pay for them,
adding that he thought it was high time that Mr. Bonford did
so (laugiiter).

The Chairman deprecated the passing of such an important
resolution when so few persons were present.

Mr. "VYhitaker said it would, in his opinion, be a hardsliip
if a new burden were imposed for thrashing machines.

The Chairman then counted the members present, and
found that the number was only nine, ten being required to
form a quorum.

This terminated the proceedings, which occupied about two
hours and a lialf.

TENANT - RIGHT.

At a special general meeting of the Staffordshire Chamber
of Agriculture, at Stafford, to consider legislation with respect
to compensation for unexhausted farming improvements, and
to transact general business, Mr. Carrington Smith, president
of the Chamber, in the chair, the resolutions, which have
been adopted by the business committee of the Central
Chamber of Agriculture, were submitted to the meeting.

The Right Hon. Sir C. B. Adderley, M.P., president of the
Local Government Board, sent the subjoined letter :

Board of Trade, S.W., May 23.

Dear Sir, — I am sorry I am unable to get away to attend
the meeting of the Staffordshire Chamber of Agriculture on
the 30th. I have always thought the only uselul agreement
with tenants is one for securing to them the value of unex-
hausted improvements agreed on. This is the only plan for
encouraging yearly tenants to lay out capital, as leases en-
courage the Scotch to an enormous extent, greatly increasing
the value of the land, both to the owners and to the public as
consumers, probably drawing out twice the produce, both in
crops, in tenants' profits, and landlords' rents. All agree-
ments about mode of culture are useless to ray mind, fettering
a tenant, who is under the sufficient control already of yearly
tenancy.

The Chairman, in introducing the subject of compensation
for unexhausted farming improvements, said that the parlia-
msutary representation of the counties was at present in the
hands of the owners and occupiers of laud ; but the time was
fast coming when it would be at the disposal of those lower
than the landlords and farmers. At this day the tenants were
only giving to the landowners a gentle push in the direction
of improvement to the existing system of land tenure, for they
■were anxious that the owners of the land, whom they looked
upon as their natural leaders, should lead them in this ques-
tion. But he thought that, unless the question was satisfac-
torily settled before the franchise was again extended in coun-
ties, the classes below them would give the landlords a stronger
and perhaps a rough push in the direction of improvement of
land tenure. Referring to the second resolution which the
meeting had before it, he said that there was considerable
doubt as to the meaning of the words " existing value at date
of quitting," and he explained that they were not intended to
favour any claim for money spent on land unless increased
value had actually resulted. Thus landlords would be care-
fully protected from auy injudicious outlay by tenants. With
regard to the third resolution, he had no hesitation in saying
that no law ensuring compensation to tenant farmers could
possibly be passed unless accompanied by a clause protecting
landlords from deterioration of their estates through the
tenants' neglect. He had heard it said by a tenant farmer
that the Landlord and Tenant Bill would have been bad for
some farmers. So it would, for bad farmers ; and the law
ought to be a terror to evil-doers and the support of those who
did well.

The Earl of Harrowby moved the first resolution.
He said that anybody who looked from a distance at the
system of the occupation of land in England would say at
once that it was the most absurd possible. It would be said
that landlords were expecting gentlemen to invest tiieir capital
in improving other men's land, without any security whatever
for being allowed to continue in possession of it beyond a
single year and half-a-year's notice. And it would be said

that it was absurd to expect, under such conditions, any good
cultivation -of the land, especially of the expensive kind usually
found necessary in this country. But this was just one of the
many questions which showed how, after all, a system whicli
appeared in the abstract a bad one worked well on the whole.
When we looked round, we found that, instead of England
being the worst cultivated country in the world, it was one of
the best. Therefore it was not so clear that the agriculture
and general welfare of the country demanded the immediate
legislation proposed. In many cases the character of the
people who carried out a system was more valuable than the
system itself; and the characters of the English occupier and
landlord were such that great outlay was made by the former
without, practically, any risk. At the same time, while they
noted this for their comfort, and as a warning against action
founded on abstract propositions, and without reference to
facts themselves, they must consider whether what was good
in itself could not be amended. The responsibility of the
English landowner and occupier was increasing. He (Lord
Harrowby) alluded to the responsibility owed to public opinion
by everybody who held property or power, that that property
or power should be made the best use of possible. It was im-
possible that every landlord should himself cultivate and
improve his land. Such a course would be incompatible with
the enjoyment he had a right to expect ; but his business was
to call into use tiie capital of those around him, and the de-
mand and security was not unreasonable when viewed from
the tenants' point of the question. This demand, however,
was not to be settled off-hand ; but no man could object to
the principle that; no tenant should be compelled to leave his
land without compensation for real improvements. He (Lord
Harrowby) emphasised the words " real improvements" because
money might be so badly spent that the result could only be
falsely described as improvements. As to the word " imme-
diate" in the resolution which he was proposing, he said that
if it meant that immediate attention should be called to the
subject in hand, so that next year we should be nearer to a
decision on it than at present, he had no objection to it.
Respecting compensation to the landlord for injury done to
the land from the fault of the tenant, he (Lord Harrowby) did
not think that a law to enforce it would be of much practical
value ; but it would be well to recognise the principle.

Mr. R. II. Masfen seconded the Earl of Harrowby's mo-
tion. He said the landlords would not need compensation for
deterioration to their estates if all their tenants did their duty,
and this would be the case if tenants had security for any
capital which they midit invest on the land. Farmers had
always looked upon the Conservative party as their friend, and
he trusted they would always find reason to do so. The time
to put on the spur in order to reach their object was now ; for
their friends, from whom they had expected something, are in
office. While the present system of land tenure remained in
force, farmers were practically being invited to take out of
their land, during the last few years of their tenancy, all that
they had previously put into it in the way of improvement.
The remedy for this state of affairs was a law to enforce com-
pensation for unexhausted improvements.

The resolution was unanimously adopted.

Mr. J. M. May moved the second resolution. He
,eraarked that landlords were bound to let their land, if they

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

43

let it at all, on term* which would encourage the tenant to
improve it.

The Rev. E. C. Perey, Vice-president of the Chamber,
seconded tlie proposition. He said that the result of a law to
enforce compensation for unexhausted iraprovemeuts on land
would be increased production. A very large area of the land
of this country was capable of producing more than at present,
and the passing of a bill such as tenant farmers wanted would
give to this country's agriculture an impetus such as had never
yet been experienced. Increased production signified provision
for an increased population, and it probably meant cheaper
meat and corn. A bill on the subject of laud tenure should
require at least twelve months' notice to quit to be given,
because six months' notice was found to be unsatisfactory in
every respect.

Mr. W. T. Cakrington expressed a conviction that a great
part of Staffordshire could be made to yield, if farmers had
security for the outlay of their capital, nearly double the
amount of agricultural produce which it gives now.

The resolution was passed unanimously.

Mr. T. Neville moved the third resolution. He
said that many of his hearers would iiave been acquainted
with cases in which tenants who had a very bad feeling and
little capital had been on tlic point of leaving their farms in
such condition that the landlords would have been losers to a
large extent. It might be said that the landlords had their
remedy ; but that remedy was the vexatio\is one of an expen-
sive lawsuit. Under the law such as that Chamber desired,
cases like those he had mentioned would never occur, because
tenants would know that they would receive compensation lor
any improvements which they made in the land occupied by
them.

Mr. Joseph Booker seconded the motion. When the
Chamber was first formed it was hoped and supposed that it
would be the means of bringing landlords among their tenants
more frequently than before. But this had not been the case ;
and he was sorry to say that landlords did not mix much with
the farmers.

The resolutiom was agreed to without opposition.

CROP PROSPECTS IN AMERICA.

After an unusual winter it is not surprising that the esti-
mates of the condition of winte* wheat should greatly ^ary.
The faculty of making accurate calculations of this character
is possessed by comparatively few persons, and this truth is
nowhere better illustrated than in the conflicting reports as
to the condition of the growing crops, and the promise of
those now in process of seeding or the sowing of whicli is
just completed. For the better realisation of the purport of
the synopsis which follows it will be well to remember the
States in which the largest amount of winter and spring wheat
is grown. The main production of winter wheat is in Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Micliigan, Missouri and New
York, these States producing about five-sevenths of the total
yield, and their several proportions being in the order in
which they are placed. The spring wheat growing States are
California, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Illinois, producing
proportionately in the order named, and in the aggregate
about nine-elevenths of the whole crop.

In Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Missouri, New-Jersey, and
Texas, the condition of winter wheat is declared to be favour-
able. Three-foarths of the principal counties of Ohio report
the promise of an average or a superior crop. In Pennsyl-
vania, the outlook is favourable, the crop upon nndrained
clay lands only being injured. The same is true of New
York. In Kentucky the indications are promising for an im-
mense yield. In Maryland, 14 counties report a fair to extra
condition, and in Delaware the crop will be above an average,
from lUinois the reports are contradictory, probably on
account of local differences. Thus in the Fall wheat districts
in the southern part of the State we hear of an increased area
and of a generally better condition than usual ; with this the
reprorts mainly agreee that the harvest will be the earliest
known for many years, while in the northern or Spring wheat
counties reports are the reverse of favourable. In the Southern
States, the crops of wheat, although of small account com-
paratively, are expected to be above an average. In Virginia
the wheat is " in excellent condition," in Georgina " very
promising," and in North Carolina " better than for ten years
past." From Kansas and Mississippi an average conditicn is
reported.

As to spring wheat, which is an important item in the pro-
spective aggregate, it is too early to make any decided prog-
nostications. It cannot be denied, however, that the season is
unusually backward. Although a season of this character is
generally a promising one, many early risks being avoided, yet
a crop is never safe until it is gathered and the fate of the
Spring wheat is held by the future. The bulk of the re-
ports, however, are hopeful. In California " the largest crop
on record" is confidently looked for. There the seeding is
the critical time ; this haviug been done under favourable
conditions, it is probable that the estimate of 40,000,000
bushels will'.be reached, which will place California as the
banner wheat State of the Union. From Iowa the re-
ports are least favourable, nevertheless with fair weather an
average crop may yet be gathered. In some counties in Wis-

consin with frost in the ground on the 9th of May, and very
dry weather in otliers the spring wheat seeding, as might be
expected, is behind, and a less area than usual is sown.
Among reports from 25 counties we find unfavourable state-
ments in all but seven.

The corn crop is in even less condition to be estimated. A
large portion, on account of the late season, is as yet un-
planted, but generally that which has been planted is in good
order. The cotton, sugar, and rice in the Southern States are
backward, extensive floods and excessive rains having not only
prevented planting, but seriously injured crops already started.
An advance in the prices of tiiese staples point unmistakably
to an expected short supply. The grass is generally good
throughout New England, and the recent rains and cool
weather in that section, as well as in the Middle States, will
go far towards making the hay crop safe and put the pastures
in excellent order. The blue grass regions of Kentucky are
said to be in fine condition, but in the Nortli-Western States
the variable winter and the unusually dry spring have greatly
injured the meadows and pastures. As a consequence, coarse
fodder in this region is now in request at such prices as greatly
to interfere with the comfort of stock and the profits ot their
owners. As to fruit, the reports are in the main favourable.
The backwardness of the season has restrained vegetation
until danger from frosts has disappeared, and it is only from
Southern Delaware and parts of Virginia that we hear of any
material damage having been done.

From home fields we turn naturally to foreign ones, for it
is greatly upon their yield that the value of our own products
depend. From present appearances the crops generally in
England promise well, a large area having been sown, and the
winter having been mild. Throughout the continent of
Europe the same hopeful condition is presented. But it is not
so safe to calculate upon the results of a crop in the fickle cli-
mate of England as with us, and there are circumstances which
laay render it a matter of serious concern to Europeans that
our crops be abundant. Besides the usual contingencies of
the weather there are some serious possibilities that may
affect both the harvest and the market values of grain. The
" lock-out" of English labourers is still keeping many
thousands from field work, and without hands there can be
but little harvest. Again, the scarcity of last year still keeps
the market bare of supplies, and the consumption of the popu-
lation increases in greater ratio than the production. It is
quite probable, therefore, that even with an excellent harvest
in Europe there will be a demand for every bushel we may be
able to spare, and if any disaster should be precipitated on
either side of the ocean there may be a recurrence of the
scarcity of last year. On the whole, then, the outlook for our
farmers is one of promise, for if there should happily be a full
average crop, there will be a fair market for all of it, and
should there be a partial failure the value of the decreased
harvest will doubtless be advanced in an equal ratio. — New
York Tribune, May 20,

u

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

THE COMPOSITION OP GREEN CROPS AND THE UNDESIRABILITY OP
GROWING VERY LARGE ROOTS.

At a meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society of Ireland,
Professor C. A. Cameron, M.D., Chemist to the Society,
read the following paper :

Last winter I received from Mr. William Young, J. P., of
Brockley Park, Queen's County, Member of the Council of
the Royal Agricultural Society of Ireland, ten specimens of
roots for the purpose of being analysed. They consisted of
five specimens of mangels, two of turnips, and three of carrots.
They were numbered one, two, tiiree, &c., but were not other-
wise described. These roots were carefully examined, and the
result of my analysis was communicated to Mr. Young, from
whom I subsequently obtained the following infor .nation with
respect to their cultivation : Weights per Irish acre of mangels,
turnips, and carrots sown in medium loam, resting on lime-
stone. (The previous crops were oats, grown after lea, fol-
lowed by wheat, lop-dressed with nitrate of soda and super-
phosphate— both heavy crops. Tlie mangels were sown from
26th Apiil till 1st May — raised early in November. Tliey
were manured with 35 tons of dung, 3 cwt. superphosphate of
lime, 1 cwt. nitrate of soda, and ^ cwt. Peruvian guano per
acre. The drills were 28 inches apart.)

1.

3.

MANGELS.

Tons. Cwt
Mammoth Long Red ... 46 15

Ditto 40 0

Sown in separate acres.

Average weight
s. of each root.

I 0 to 7 lbs.

1.
3.

Mammoth Long Red ... 39 11
Ditto 42 8

Sown in alternate drills.

}

0 to 7 lbs.

2.
4.

Sandringham Yellow Globe 35 15
Yellow Intermediate ... 33 10
Orange Globe ... ... 35 3

1

Gibs.

10. Long Red, about 70 0 18 lbs.

Same as No. 1. — Grown on nite of manure heap. Spaced
irregularly, but very wide apart ; in fact, sliow roots, averaging
18 to 20 lbs., but quite solid in the heart.

CARROTS.

7. White Belgian 33 11 2 to 2^ lbs.

Same land and same manure as for mangels. Drills 25
inches apart. Roots 4 inclies apart. Many of them np to
3 lbs.

8. Select Swede-turnip ... 40 0 7 lbs
Same soil as mangels and same manure, less 5 tons of dung.

TURNIPS.

9. Norfolk Red Globe ... 30 0 G lbs.
Light saudy soil, 25 tons artificial manure ; same artificial

The weights of the carrot crops, Nos. 5 and 0 were not
ascertained. W^ith respect to the areas of the experimental
plots, I am glad to learn that they were sufficiently large.
Nos. 1 and 3 were each grown on two acres. One half of
each crop was grown by itself; the other moieties were sown
in alternate drills. Nos. 2 and 4 were sown each on one acre ;
Nos. 5 and 6 upon i acre; and Nos. 7 and 9 upon ^ acre
each. Four acres were devoted to No. 8, and half a rood to
No. 10.

The results of my analyses of the different roots are given in
the following table :

«

_

«o cs» l?~ o

O

s

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o

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THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

45

It was not considered necessary to determine the sugar in
all the roots ; but as the mangel is essentially a saccharine
plant, I considered it an interesting point to ascertain the pro-
portions of sugar existing in these roots. In the case of
No. 2, yellow intermediate mangel, the percentage of
sugar was very high, nearly 7"4. I think that some conclu-
sions which might be turned to useful practical account are
deducible from some of the results in the field and the labora-
tory, stated in the foregoing tables. We learn from them,
for instance, that no useful results, but rather the contrary,
can be obtained by growing monster mangels or turnips.
Since the introduction of green- crop husbandry into these
countries, it appears to have ever been the farmer's ambition
to exceed his neighbours in the production'of gigantic mangels
and swedes. It has always been the practice, too, of writers
in agricultural journals to encourage tlie growth of roots of
abnormal dimensions. 1 have not a shadow of a doubt upon
my mind but that this practice has been carried out to an
extreme and mischievous extent. Mr. Baldwin of Glas-
nevin, has forcibly pointed out the absurdity of awarding
prizes to show roots merely because they are the
largest. By "spoon-feeding" (as it has not inaptly been
termed) a few roots it would be easy for a man with a few
perches of a garden to produce more promising roots for show
purposes than a farmer could who grew his 20 acres of roots
in an ordinary, and I may add, a proper, manner. Let us
see how far the results of Mr. Young's experiments and my
own justify my statement that very large roots should not be
grown. At Brockley Park Mr. Young sowed Mam-
moth long red mangel in two plots. The mangels sown in one
plot were not thinned out widely, but were allowed to grow

rather closely together. In the other plot the mangels were
supplied with a very large amount of manure, because the plot
was the site of a former manure heap. The mangels here
were thinned out widely, so as to allow room for the rapid and
extensive development of the roots. The acreable yield of the
mangels which had been moderately manured and kept close
together amounted to 46 tons 15 cwts., whilst the mangels
which had been abundantly manured and widely thinned out
produced a crop of about 70 tons per acre. Now, if the large
roots and the small ones were equally nutritious, it would, of
course, be desirable to grow the former, but when we compare
the composition of tlie maugels of plot 1 (thickly sown) with
those of plot 10 (thinly sown), we find an absolute and impor-
tant difference iu favour of the former. The thickly-sown
roots contain 15'7 per cent, of solid, or nutritive matter, which,
the acreable yield of the crop being 46 tons 15 cwts., would
amount to 19,782 pounds weight of dry food per acre. The
thinly sown roots contained only 7.47 percent, of solid or dry
matter: aud as the acreable return from these large roots was
70 tons, tliat would yield only 11,681.6 pounds weight of dry
food per acre. In producing the large roots, the farmer would
incur more expense than if he cultivated the small ones ; for
instance, he would have to apply more manure, and his cartage
would be far greater. If Mr. Young grew ten acres of mangels
like No. 10, he would have to cart 700 tons from the field to
the stores, and yet he would have in this crop only as much
solid food as would be contained in about 450 tons of the
smaller mangels. No. 1. This year I hope to be able to make
in conjunction with Mr. Young, some additional experiments
in reference to the influence of cultivation on the composition
of the mangel.

IXWORTH FARMERS' CLUB.

LABOUR-SAVING MACHINERY.

At the last meeting, to hear a paper by Mr. Castledine,
agent for Messrs. Eansomes, Sims, and Head, on Labour-
saving Machinery, Mr. P. Huddlestone was in the chair.

Mr. Castledine read the following paper : The present
agitation going on in the country has already resulted in such
a vast amount of correspondence, on all sides, that it will be
needless for me to dwell upon a subject, which at this period is
occupying the attention of agriculturists throughout the
country, as well as dignified heads from Manchester, and real
home-grown Londoners, whose sole knowledge of agriculture
consists in growing about two dozen scarlet runners round
the back wall, two boxes of mignionette, three rusty looking
geraniums, and occasionally supplemented with a window
fernery. But we will leave the Londoners to enjoy their little
bit of green, and strongly recommend the people from all
large towns to come and get a peep at the country as often as
possible. And in the meantime, we will try to do everything
in our power to improve the appearance of the crops, and
bring to bear as much as possible our knowledge for their
benefit, as well as our own, by endeavouring with the help of
an all wise Creator to improve the blessings bestowed upon us,
so that good beef and mutton can be sent to their large towns ;
also good wheat for their bread, which will prove to them in the
best manner that we are of some use to them. It is well
known that to be behind with your work at the important
time of harvest, is most disastrous to all, and in many in-
stances would as much effect the consumer as the producer,
and would also indirectly effect all kinds of trade. In years
gone by, we frequently read of large crops of all kinds being
completely spoiled by wet weather, and a variety of otiier
causes. Now everyone can, by the uses of improved ma-
chinery and other appliances, which facilitate the ingathering
of the crops, be to a great extent provided against either a
wet season, or a very forward harvest. The ingathering of
corn can now be effected in a way that our forefathers never
dreamt of, and which, had they been told would one day be
accomplished, would have made them think that all the rising
generation, to use the present popular phrase, had really gone
mad. Perhaps the best way to illustrate the present remarks
would be to refer to a very wet season that was worked upon
the old plan, before the harvester, or any other machines for
that purpose had heeii introduced. I refer tp the harvest of the

year 1801, which though an extreme case, was aggravated by
the war then going on against the First Napoleon. That year
was not only a late one, but owing to the continued wet, there
not one field of wheat gathered in good condition, and the
greater part was so much sprouted that it was impossible to
get any sound flour from it. But few farmers are now living
who went through that awful period, and fewer still of the
labourers who suffered much in health through eating the un-
wholesome food, as well as nearly all being thrown on tlie
parish for supplemantary relief to support their families. The
farmers were also very much reduced by a series of wet har-
vests, between 1795 and 1801, which was the climax, and
were unable to pay the labourer enough to exist upon, so ranch
so that an Act was passed that entitled the labourer to an
allowance of 2s. 6d. per week for each child to aid him in
supporting his family. Happily we are now in a position to
be able to cope with most seasons, and instead of the harvests
extending over such a lengthened period, in most cases it is got
through in less than half the time formerly occupied. What
with reapers and mowers for cutting corn, hay, and stover crops
(which are r.ll laid by them in light and convenieni form both
for drying and collecting), with haymakers for speedily
drying the hay, and rakes for collecting and the elevators
and stackers to do all the drudgery that was formerly done by
the labourer, it makes the harvest time for iiim much easier,
and places the farmer in a position to take every advantage of
the season. I will now call your attention to a few of the
special advantages and improvements in the various machines.
Nothing, I think, is more conducive to preserving a good crop
of hay than to cut it down quickly when ready, and to gather
it in as speedily as possible, consistent with sufficient time for
drying, so as to preserve as much as possible the green fresh-
ness and beautiful aroma that is retained if well gathered.
The plan of mowing or cutting with a machine is infinitely
superior to the old plan of cutting with a scythe, enabling you
to cut down one acre per hour as against three-quarters-of-an
acre iu a day with a scythe, thus showing from ten to twelve
times as much cut down ; and not only does it cut more expedi-
tiously, but you are also able to cut closer to the ground and
get that portion wherein lays sU the weight, and which very
much increase the tonnage per acre. It also dries quicker when
cut with a machine from being left mgre evenly distributed

46

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

over the ground than with the scythe, and left better for tha
haymaker. I will now notice the reaper. You will find it is
not nearly so new an implement as a great many people
imagine, as a machine was used in a very rough way for about
400 years, but after which was in a great measure lost sight of.
After this we only find records of the sickle. I do not intend
noticing the hundreds of patents that were taken out for
reaper and mowers, but shall trace the principal ones, with the
various improvements that were made from time to time. The
first reaper we have notice of, a sketch of which is now before
yon, was made in the period of Romau greatness : tliey iiad a
notion that grain should be cut down more expeditiously than
with a sickle, but never assumed a very satisfactory form to
induce the agriculturist to adopt them. Of tlie structure of
such abortive attempts as a reaping machine, little has come
down to us, and that little very vague and unsatisfactory. 1
find in looking over some old records, Pliny, an old Human
author, born A.D. 23, in his Natural History, writes as touching
the matter of cutting down and reaping corn, there are divers
and sundry devices. He goes on to say, " In France, where
the fields are large, they use a jade into the tail of a mighty
wheelbarrow or cart, made after the fashion of a van, and the
same set with knives and trenchant teeth, sticking out on both
sides — otherwise stakes or palisades, on wheels. Now the
same is driven forward before two beasts, on two wheels, into
the standing ripe corn, contrary to the manner of other carts
that are drawn after them ; the said teeth and sharp knives,
fastened to the side of tlie wheelbarrow or car, catch hold of
the corn ears and cut tliera off yet so that they fall presently
into the body of the wheelbarrow." It appears that the straw
was then not much valued ; it was cut afterwards if any was
wanted. Palladius, an Eastern prelate, who was born A.D.
891, gives a very similar account of this machine, and says its
nse was probably continued for centuries. Reapers of the fore-
going description appear to have baen in use for .about 400
years, after this the cutting was pffnCipally doiic by the la-
bourers, witli a sickle, a sketch of which is now before you.
The earliest proposal for a meclianical reaping machine in
Britain, appears to be that described by the Annals of Agricul-
ture, collected by Arthur Young, and published in the year
1785. Capel Lofft, Esq., Troston, on August 17th, 1785, called
the attentian of the Society of Arts to the nachine described
by Pliny and Palladius, and sent translations of both authors
to the Society, at the same time asking them whether a machine
made in tliis way would not be eligible for the prize of £30,
which the Society of Arts then offered. When sending these
trauslations to the Society, this gentleman also describes the
locality in which he lived. He says : " Troston consists of 28
houses, but we have resident here neither butcher, baker, nor
barber, divine, surgeon, or apothecary, nor till I imported that
evil, a lawyer." On the 4th July, 1799, the first patent for a
reaping machiue was obtained by Joseph Boyce, of Pine Apple
Cottage, Mary-le-13one, and in the following year another
patent was granted to Robert Mears, Erorae. In 1814 there
is a notice of a reaper invented by Mr. Dobbs, dramatist at
the Birmingham Theatre ; and having got through with it too
late for tlie season, he introduces it to the public in a very
peculiar manner. He advertises ou his play-bills that part of
the stage will be planted with wheat, S:c., that the machine
has cut and gathered where it grew, and that the machine
will be worked exactly as in the field. He goes on to say that
" On Eriday next, October 14th, will be presented the cele-
brated comedy of A Bold Stroke for a Husband,' and at the
end of the play Mr. Dobbs will exhibit two machines, of differ-
ent powers and purposes, for cutting down corn, sugar cane.
Sic. ; to conclude with the celebrated farce of ' Eortuue's
Erolic,' the part of Robin Rouglihead by Mr. Dobbs, in which
he will work the machine in character, in an artificial field of
wheat, planted as near as possible to the manner in which it
grew." In 1822 Mr. Henry Ogle, of Rennington, near Alnwick,
invented a machine for reaping corn, to which, in the same year,
an apparatus for collecting the corn into sheaves was added by
Messers. Thomas and Joseph Brown, of Alnwick. This
appears to be the first reaper constructed to lay the corn in
sheaves. Messrs. Brown then advertised they had machines
ready for use for cutting and sheaving corn, but not one person
could be found to purchase. After this some working people
threatened to kill Mr. Brown if lie persevered any further, so
that he was obliged to give it up, although he proved to several
of the farmers the machine would cut a large quantity in a day.
The machiiie invented by the Rev. Patrick BeU was onethat

made a great stir, and in 1828 this machine was publicly
worked and was admired by all who saw it. After this there
was not much improvement in the machines till the Exhibition
of 1851 from whence sprung our present modern machines. I
will now pass on to notice the benefits arising from the use of
these modern machines. It is not generally knewn that the
self-raker will cut the stover crops, but this they will do well,
if properly set. The average cost of a reaper made by any of
the large houses is from £30 to £35, and it may be estimated
to last at least seven years, which makes the cost, say £5 per
year. The cost of knives, wear and tear, and repairs, may also
be estimated at from £3 to £5 per annum, making the annual
cost of the reapers from £8 to £10. The ordinary two-horse
machine will cut about au acre per hour, and in the long
harvest days, from five in the inorniug till seven to eight in the
evening, making 14 to 15 hours per day, working the whole
time without stoppages, will cut down fifteen acres. I have
taken the result as working without any stoppages, as it is
customary to have a change of horses, each pair working for
two or three hours at a time, and changing the men during the
meal times. In a harvest lasting a mouth there would be 24
such days, making 360 acres as the work of a machine during
one harvest. These 300 acres done at a cost for the machine
of from £8 to £10, or from 160 to 200 shillings, if worked out
will average from 5^d. to 6|d., or, say, all round sixpence per
acre. The price of cutting by hand varies considerably, but I
should think would average about 9s. or 10s. per acre. By
the use of the machine many farmers are able to let out
their harvest at a reduction of, say 2s. 6d. per acre, still leaving
it possible for the men to earn, during the time they are at
work, as much money or more than when doing the whole of
it by hand. This, however, is not the greatest advantage, for
farmers have been willing to give their men the use of . the
machine in order to faciliate the harvest work and enable them
to take advantage of the fine weather or the early markets,
which, on an average crop of eight coomb per acre, would only
cost about -Jd. to a Id. per coomb, which would be more than
compensated for by getting the corn up in good condition,
and being able to take advantage of the markets. It is also a
further advantage to get the harvest over as speedily as possible,
as the land can tlien be ploughed up during the fine dry weather,
and exposed to the action of the sun, and the weeds thereby be
more effectually killed. It may be said that I have not taken
into account the cost of the horses, but at this time of the year,
when there is not much other work, there is generally a good
supply of horses on the farm which would otherwise be standing
idle if not employed on the reaping machine. It should also be
born in mind that the men who would otherwise be employed iu
cutting the corn, can, when the reaper is used be employed in
collecting and carting, or it would enable the farmer with a
scarcity of hands to get through his work in the same time as
another farmer who had plenty of labour. I shall not pretend
at this time to say anything as to the respective merits of the
various descriptions of reapers made by the well-known makers
in this country. There are two clashes of machines, viz., those
which simply cut the corn, and the self-rakers, which cut and
deliver the corn. As I have shown the cost of a reaper, also
the average cost for repairs, and the probable quantity that can
be cut down per day, it will be for you, who are better ac-
quainted with the paying part of a farm, to discuss the
utility and general saving effected by the use of a reaper.
The first introduction of the drag rake dates far back for a
very long period, and was as near like the present swathe
rake as possible. It was afterwards improved by making
the drag rake raucli longer, and putting on a wheel at each
end. It was very light and convenient to handle, so that
girls of from 14 to 16 years of age could readily use it. The
next improvement was made by Wedlake, who made the rake
to balance by two heavy balls projecting in front of it. This
rake was highly commended at Cambridge R.A.S.E. After
this another great improvement was made in rakes by J. C.
Grant, of Stamford, who took the prize at the R.A.S.E.,
Liverpool. This was the first rake made so that the whole
row of teeth could be lifted at once, and just as quickly re-
sume their proper position. Since this time there have been
various improvements in the construction and detail of horse
rakes, some of which are constructed for the man to walk
behind, others for him to sit on the rake and deliver the load
by a lever, and others wliich are, so to speak, self-acting. If
no very large quantity has to be raked, delivery by hand is
perhaps sufficient; but for going over a large quantity of

THE FAEMEE'S MAGAZINE.

47

ground in a short time, it is important that the driver should
ride, as he will then not hesitate to allow the horse to walk at
its fair pace. If the leverage is sufficiently light, I prefer a
rake of this description to the self-acting rakes, which must
necessarily be more expensive and more liable to get out of
order. A rake also should be so constructed that the teeth
can be set just to skim the ground, so as not to gather any
dirt with the load, and also that when required the teeth can
be set hard on the ground, for the purposes of raking twitch
or rubbish, or for collecting hay on a hard bottom. Sup-
posing you have three full sets of waggons or carts, it takes
nine men to clear and rake after them ; whereas one good
horse rake does equally well, or it will even save twelve
hands if a good quick-walking nag horse is used, and a seat
for the driver is fixed on the rake. Haymakers are so well
known, and their uses so well appreciated, that it is almost
needless to say mucii about them. The main feature is to
secure one that will not knock out the seed from the hay and
stover crops, and to liave one that will leave the crops light
and in a convenient form, so that the weather may have full
effect. Some persons prefer those haymakers which have a
forward action, for scattering the hay, and they are especially
needed when the grass is cut by hand ; but when the hay-
maker is used in conjunction with a mowing machine, the
backward action is generally sufficient ; and as the hay is
I^jHfeocked about, the seeds and small particles are not bo
likely to be broken off and wasted. But, whether one kind of
machine be used or the other, there can be no doubt that hay
can be made in a very mucii shorter time with a haymaker
than it tan be by hand. It is much more regularly tlirown
about the field, and will consequently make in less time, and
will therefore be of more uniform quality and of greater value.
Also advantage can be taken of a few hours' sunshine, which
in ftie old way of making hay by hand would be inevitably
lost ; and it can be quickly put into windrows by the American
gatherer. A great point in the haymaker, as in all these
season implements, is that it should be so constructed as not
to be liable to break down in the middle of the haysell ; and
it would be the worst economy to buy a cheap machine of
this character, when so much depends upon its thorough effi-
ciency. Topplers, or American gatherers, are extremely good
things where a quantity is wanted to be got in quickly ; and
too much cannot be said in their favour. As much as twenty
acres can be got with them in a day. The old-pat-tern ele-
vator, as used with the thrashing machine, is modernised and
used in the harvest field for stacking hay, stover, corn, &c. ;
and it is only very recently that tiiis machine has come into
use ; and at the Hull R.A.S.E. show, in 1873, the Judges
report upon them, and say, " While speaking of the
elevators, we should not omit to notice a very excellent
one, brought out by Stephen Lewin, of Poole. This is a
very simple implement, compact and light of draught,
and woiks smoothly, closes up for travelling, and can
Ije opened out and put to work by one man, in three or
four minutes. It can be used for all kinds of crops, and can
be worked by a pony, and deliver to a height of twenty-five
feet or more." From my own experience, I have found that
this machine does not swerve in the work like many others,
and has also a very good arrangement for lengthening or
shortening the chains. These same stackers or elevators are
so arranged that they are as well adapted for the thrashing
machine as far harvest work. 1 have made inquiries, and
am told these elevators will take the corn away from the carts
as fast as four men could pitch it on to the stack ; and two
men, who have understood the working of the machines, have
tried to block it, and could not do so. The cost of a stacking
machine or elevator is about £58, including the gear and all
necessary fittings for working same, and the cost of repairs is
comparatively trifling-. The main thing would be to keep it
well cleaned, well oiled in all parts, and from time to time a
good coat of paint. In fact this applies to every machine, as
well as elevators. How frequently you will find the machine
standing for months, just on the same spot where it was used,
without baring been cleaned after use, or without any protec-
tion from the weather ! It is also very essential that the best
kind of oil should be used ; a great mistake is made is buying
cheap rubbish that is sold as machine oil — good oil with
economic feeding cans is much cheaper to use than an un-
limited supply of common oil. A little oil that in a machine
kept clean can really get lo the bearings, is much better than
a deluge of oil poured on without reason on to a bearing covered

with dust and dirt. 1 mention this as upon the proper
management of oiling and cleaning in a great measure regu-
lates the length of time a machine will last. I have now
spoken of the machines, &c., used generally through the hay
and corn harvest, and must leave the matter in your hands for
discussion. I think I have said enough to show that the intro-
duction and use of good machinery is of advantage to the
agriculturist, in enabling him to deal with his work and his
crops expeditiously, economically, and effectually. That it is
of advantage to the manufacturer you will all readily believe ;
but not only to these two classes is it of service, but also to
the labourer himself, in relieving him of the heaviest and
severest of the work on the farm. In fact, in the present day
where should we all be without it. The work could not be got
through, and there would necessarily follow a scarcity of
provisions, which would be disastrous to all.

Mr. FisoN thought Mr. C^astledine had rather miscalculated
the duration of the reaping machines. He had had his in use
for six or seven years, and had it not been for his determina
tion to have it overhauled, a year since, it would have been no
expense whatever. He had gone to the expense of having the
bolts and small castings in duplicate. With the exception ot
that expense, he did not think his reaper liad cost £1 a year.
As he had said, he had had his for sevenjyears, and he believed
that it would last another seven years, and at the end
of that time it would be as good as ever. He had repeatedly
cut eighteen acres a day with his. He did not, however, agree
with Mr. Castledine about working the horses in harvest. If
tliey had nothing to do then, that was the very time that they
were best resting, ready lor the hard work ol the autumn
tillage. He thought one great evil of the reaping machines
was that they kept the horses too much at hara work in harvest,
so that they were mauled out, by the fourteen hours a day that
Mr. Castledine spoke of.

Mr. Peto remarked that there was a time when h
thought farmers were a little too hasty about the intro-
duction of machinery, but at that time labour was plentiful,
and strouj^ able-bodied men were willing to do justice to their
employers. Unfortunately, however, witlua the last lew years,
there had been a sort of retrograde movement in the matter of
labour, and consequently it behoved farmers to see how far
tlic introduction of machinery would enable them to tide over
• the present difficulties. He spoke of having worked one of
Wood's mowers with great success. With one of these
machines he cut a whole field, and he did not have a man on
the field until he carted the hay. He expressed his belief the
haymaker really improved the hay, and said if there was not a
very heavy crop that there was no necessity
for shaking it out ; if it was left in that state,
and horse-raked the contrary way, that would be suflicient.
He was quite of opinion that with the assistance of machinery
it would not be necessary to have many men in the field, and
lie began to think the same with regard to the harvest field.
He believed they would be able to get in their crops with much
less trouble and expense than they did at the present time.
He had not been so successful with reapers as some of his
friends ; he, however, had worked one of Hornsby's with suc-
cess, and he did not doubt but that other machines were
equally as good.

Mr. Gayford, juu., said he agreed with Mr. Fisou as to
wear entailed by the reaping machine. In harvest the wheat
carting itself was enough for the hones when the farmer was
fortunate enough to get a crop. The reapers were costly to
the farmers at first, and very expensive to repair. He did not
think that the reaper Jeft tlie wheat or the barley so well for
tying as the scythe did. The elevator which he found best
was easiest to move and least trouble to fix. He did not see
the necessity for its doubling up, as it might generally be
placed in the barn when done with. As to the question of
cost, he hoped Mr. Castledine was right in his calculations,
but he could not agree with him as to not cliarging lor iiorse
power ; it was really an objection to the use of machines. If
he could make sure of labour lie would rather iiave his corn
cut by hand, but in order to meet a scarcity of labour he was
glad, and they all were glad, of machines. He did not think
they would have any difficulty, for at the prices now paid they
would attract labour from the towns. He had heard of an
elevator to take the corn quite from the swathe. He only
wished they might invent a machine to elevate a little more
money into the farmers' pockets.

Mr. Manfielu would strongly urge upon all farmers to use

43

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

machines for cultii'g grass, but he thought the saving was not
so great iti cutting corn. He looked upon reaping machines
as necessary evils, for he did not like them. Last year he
went to the expense of putting two reaping machines into
order, and then did not use tliera, but cut his corn by manual
labour. There was no machine which took so much out of
the horses as the reaping machine did ; nor could he see the
great saving of manual labour in cutting corn ; but in cutting
grass there was a great saving. la corn cutting lie found
that be wanted nearly as many men for tying as they did to
cut the corn by hand. He did not anticipate a scarcity of
labour. They never bad more harvest men oifered to tliera
than last year, and be expected to see the same again this
year. They would find people coming from Bury and Thet-
ford offering their services. Mr. Castledine had spoken of
liand-rakes being used by girls. Nothing must be said about
that in the present day.

Mr. Castledinz : Tliat was in 1801.

Mr. Manfielu said he did not see how reaping machines
could be used so many days as Mr. Castledine spoke of, and lie
could not agree even with Mr. Peto as to the expense. As to
the use of elevators, lie could not see the saving as tbey deli-
vered the corn at one side, and there must be men to remove
the com to any part of the stack they needed.

Mr. I'lsojc said he found that there were less men em-
ployed. As to the use of the toppler for barley, be found that
they toppled out too much corn. He thought the toppler a
most dangerous machine. He liad injured a valuable horse by
one, aud lost the use of it for six months. He thought the
cost of reapers was much increased by neglect. He had his
taken to pieces and cleaned every year as soon as the work
was done. He usually cut 140 acres with his machine.

Mr. Gatfokd, in reference to the topplers, agreed with Mr.
rison, that he could not use them with such cr»ps as bis ;
there would be no where to topple it to. He believed
the toppler bad a very great advantage on their light lands.
In some seasons, such as 18G5 and 1870, he found it a great
advantage in getting tlie barley together. He also thought he
must defend the elevator against what Mr. Manfield had said.

Mr. Fisox said that the great fault of the elevator was
its unwieldly form. There was no building on a farm to
receive it ; it was like putting a six foot man into a four foot
bed.

Mr. Booty said he had but little experience of the reaper,
but he had found great benefit from it, especially in cutting
liis sanf'oin and clover. He found great difficulty with his
men, who put every obstacle in the way. If men could be
found willing to work it, the reapers would be of the greatest
advantage, tie cut his wheat, 50 acres, and 30 acres of clover
and sanfoin at an expense of 2s. 6d. an acre.

Mr. Mallows spoke in favour of the elevators, and said be
was sure that anyone who used them would not try to do with-
out them. He also said he had used the reaper M'ith great
adrantage, and he should be sorry to be without either a reaper
or an elevator.

Mr. T. Goldsmith said he was in the habit of allowing
his men the use of bis reaping machine witliout charging them.
Where the corn was laid liis men preferred the scythe, but
taken as a whole, for expedition and for other reason, he
thought the reapers were advantageous to farmers. He was an
advocate for the introduction of machinery, though he had no
fear that there would be any scarcity of labour.

Mr. Feto said tlie introduction of reapers were very expen-
sive, and where farmers did introduce them at all, be did no''
see why they should not make them pay for themselves-
Hitherto tbey bad been a little too lenient with their men.
If machinery was introduced, some charge had to be made for
it.

Mr. Garkakd was much pleased with the reaper. He
charged his men 3s. per acre, and deducted it from tlieir wages,
and not only did be make 3s. per acre by his machine, but he
cut some for bis neighbours, for which be charged them, thus
earning something with bis reaper.

Mr. Burt said he had a combined machine for mowing and
reaping, which did its work admirably ; it would cut grasses
beautifully, and was of extremely light draught. It was rather
an expensive machine, but it did its work remarkably well.

Mr. F. Gayforu did not like cutting barley with a reaper ;
bu^. in cutting wheat and stover, and especielly stover, it did
its work remarkably well. In the present day farmers would
not be able to do without machinery ; but it was very expen-
sive to the farmer, taking it altogether, because at present
tliey did not pay their men less on account of the introduction
of machinery. He pointed out that the horses deteriorated
greatly during the harvest from the severe character of the
work on small farms, though it lasted but a short time.

Mr. Manfield said be did not use the reaper because he
found the other plan cheaper, but he was greatly in favour of
the use of that machine for hay, stover, and beans.

The Chairman pointed out that the machinery which had
been used up to the present was, unfortunately, like law books,
tiiere was always a nev edition coming out. That was a very
w'ood thing for the machinists, but it was uncommonly bad for
the farmer. He did not, however, wish to be misunderstood.
He thought that all the improvements in agriculture of late years
had come from the power which the machines had given to them.
As to the labour question, he thought the farmers were wrong
in the firNt instance. The farmers ought to have fought the
que^tioll some little time ago. They fought the question in
bis parish (Norton) last year. The labourers there demanded
a rise and the farmers would not give it. He for one had
made up bis mind for years that if a man came to hira
and laid his case before him, as between man and man,
he would listen to him, and he would do whatever was right ;
but if his men came to him aud told hira that they must have a
certain sum, without any argument about it, then he for one
would not submit to it. He would never be browbeaten by
any set of men, aud he did not care who they were. He
respected the labourer as much as anybody, but he would not
be set at defiance by any body of men. They had heard a great
deal of Unions ; they had been productive of much mischief,
and he would urge upon all farmers to resist its introduction
into their midst. He spoke of the object the Farmers' Defence
Association had in view, and he urged farmers to join it and to
stand shoulder to shoulder in their own defence. As to there
being a deficiency of labour, he looked upon it as perfect non-
sense. If farmers united, he believed they would be able to
make the labourers disbelieve the nonsense which was written
in certain papers ; for instance, that the landlord and the
farmer could be kicked over the hedge, and the labourer could
have all the land.

Mr. Castledine : I saw it in the Labourers' Union
Chronicle.

The Chairman urged that farmers should treat the labourer
kindly in case he should retarn, for after all he was led away
by other people.

Several other members warmly recommended a lock-out, and
maintaining it amongst farmers.

Mr. Castledine, in reply, recommended the use of the
reaper in the sale of which he was interested.

THE OUTBREAK OF FODT-AND-MOUTII DISEASE
IN CHESHIRE.— At the monthly meeting of the North
Cheshire Chamber of Agriculture, held at Macclesfield — Mr.
Carswell (Adlington) in the chair, the recent outbreak and
prevalence of foot and-mouth-disease in the county was
discussed. The Chairman gave it as his opinion that Cheshire
had suff'ered more from foot and mouth disease in the past than
from any other disease, not even excepting the cattle plague.
The stock deteriorated in value by the disease, and altogether
the loss was incalculable. Mr. Whitley (Birtles) moved, and
Mr. Cooke (Adlington) seconded a motion that the Chamber
memorialise the Lords of the Privy Council, praying them to
re-enforce the restrictions recently rescinded as to the movement
of cattfe affected with disease, in order that no cattle suffering
from the disease may be brought to fairs or markets, or carted
any distance after death. The Chamber also considered the
Valuation of Property Bill, now before Parliament, and rtsolved
" That this Chamber is of opinion that the 6th clause of the
bill is unworkable, and recommends that the game on each
estate should be valued and assessed in ons sum>"

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

49

LANCASHIRE FARMER S' CLUB.

At tlie annual merting ia Liverpool, Mr. G. C. Hale,
Knowsley, in tlie chair,

Mr. H. Neild, of Worsley, in moving the adoption of the
report, and referring to the union question, said that he did
not at all fear tlie spread of what was called trades' unionism
amongst their lahourers. The farm lahourers of Lancashire,
he helieved, were superior to any, and he should like very much
to see them represented in the council.

Mr. IliGBY, the Secretary, read a paper on " Lancashire
Farming : Its Favourahie and Adverse Aspects." lie said :
Allow me to premise that my own knowledge of Lancashire
farming is almost wholly confined to the southern part of the
county. Of that part of it which lies north of Preston I have
only caught glimpses from the railway in travelling to Black-
pool or towards Carlisle ; but I had the advantage of being
inspector of farms for the Manchester and Liverpool
Agricultural Society for tiiree years in conjunction with the
late Mr. Rothwell, who was well known to most of us, and
jiighly respected for his extensive agricultural knowledge and
sound judgment ; and from him and other gentlemen of repute
and intelligence I have gathered such facts as would lead me
to say that while there is a great diversity of soil and climate
and cultivation in Lancashire, and while a large portion of the
county is practically unsuitable for farming in its natural
character, yet there will be found as good and successful
management as in any other county, and a larger proportion
to its area capable of arable cultivation than in most other
counties in the kingdom. The Lancashire farmer, as a rule, is
a hard-working and industrious man, often working himself
and his children as hard as his own labourers, and cherishing
great pride in his crops and in his cattle and horses. He avails
liiraself largely now of the use of machinary in cultivation, with
the best results, and a farmer is considered a sluggard and
almost a disgrace to his class whose crops are overrun with
weeds and who has recourse to a bare summer fallow to keep
his land clean. Tlie farms of Lancashire vary much in extent,
but as a rule the holdings are small. The average size, as given
in the agricultural returns collected last year,is33 acres, which I
notice, is less than that of any other county in Euglandor Wales.
Of tlie 7i3,000 acres in tlie county from wliich returns were
received, 103,000 in round numbers were in corn crops, and
510,000 in green crop and grass for pasture and hay. The
live stock returned was 32,000 horses, 238,000 cattle, 318,000
sheep, and 39,000 pigs ; and tlie total number of garden allot-
ments detached from cottages or o'her houses were 993,
averaging a tenth part of an acre eacli. Having made these
general statements, I proceed to speak more particularly of the
advantages and disadvantages that affect the farming of the
county. One principal advantage of a Lancashire farmer is
that he is near to good markets for the sale of his produce.
Another fact favourable to Lancashire farming is its easy access
to town-made manure as a fertiliser. Large breadths of what
is now very profitable laud would be poor and unproductive if
it were not for liberal and constant applications of manure from
cowhouses and stables in town, used in conjunction with that
made upon the larm, and for which no belter or even equal
substitute is found. 1 have a high opinion of the value of
ground bones as a top-dressing to pasture land, and of guano
and nitrate of soda as a stimulant, particularly to plants in the
early stages of their growth ; but for staying power, for feeding
crops to their maturity, and for developing them in perfection,
as well as improving the soil, there is nothing to be compared
to the manure I have referred to. For getting good crops and
keeping land in good heart, applied plentifully and judiciously,
it will almost work miracles upon land ; and it has the negative
advantage that, however applied, it never does harm. I am
almost afraid to state the value of the crops I have seen grow-
ing on farms within a few miles of Liverpool, on land naturally
poor and of a hungry character, for fear of losing credit for
Teiacity ; and this is accomplished principally through liberal
application of manure, aided, no doubt, by good cultivation, and
to some extent also by a fine climate. But I do not hesitate to
say that in the farming within three or four miles of the
Mersey, from llalewood to Crossley, and in adjacent parts, there
is as much valuable produce raised from t he land annually as in any
part of England, and that it would be impossible to do so well

if it were not for the manure made in Liverpool and carted out
from that town, and the same advantage applies to the farming
around all our large towns from the same conditions. Lanca-
shire farming is also favoured, I think, by its proximity to the
stimulative influences of extensive commercial pursuits. The
life and growth of commerce is dependent upon enterprise, and
it is always most successful where there is most competition,
and when to the rules of prudence is added the push and energy
of effort to excel, and to go further than has before been attain-
ed. And as example of this kind stimulates the same action in
others similary engaged, it may be fairly assumed that the
Lancashire farmer comes within its influence when disposing
of his produce to the merchant princes of Manchester and
Liverpool and other large towns. But I shall be reminded that
it is presuming too mucli upon the good nature of farmers to
expect this general progress in farming under the present system
of land tenure. To produce such results there must be a large
antecedent outlay in very many eases, and always a
liberal expenditure in manures and in deep cultivation,
the profitable return of which cannot be realised annually ;
and I grant the propriety of the qualification. Taken as a
whole, the occupation of land generally is in an unsatisfactory
state, and requires revision. The conditions under which it is
held are not so liberal even as in feudal times, when it was
given to the baron's retainers as their wages for suit and
service, and a portion of its produce as an acknowledgment
iu the shape of rent, for then it descended from father to soa
for generations, and such a thing as disturbance or notice to
quit was unknown, except in cases of treachery to the baron, or
of criminal delinquency to the law. There is much of the
same kind of feehng still existent on some large estates. Our
noble president has many families among his tenants who have
succeeded deceased relatives, and who can trace back their
ancestry for several generations as tenants of the same farm,
and the same things exists on other estates in the county, to
the credit of owner and occupier alike. On those estates
there exists mutual confidence between landlord and tenant,
and confidence which has been rarely abused by either party ;
but it is far from being the rule. The law in respect of tenancies
is more favourable to the landlord than the tenant generally.
Let any unprejudiced man read nearly any old farm agreement,
and say if he does not think the tenant is treated either as an
ignoramus who does not know liis business, or as a suspicious
character who must be kept in honesty's path by rule and line.
This state of things is, I tliink, adverse to farming generally
and to Lancashire farming iu particular. Another thing adverse
to Lancashire farming is the heavy burden of taxation which
the sanitary condition of adjacent towns renders necessary in
order to make them healthy places of habitation. Where
population clusters together there must be an adequate supply of
water, an efficient system of sewerage, and certain other out-
lay to provide for the health and comfort of the inhabitants ;
and when to this is added the cost of highways, maintenance
of poor, and all the other charges that are collected under the
head of Poor-rate, the local taxation of large portions of
Lancashire farming becomes a heavy burden. Almost every
advantage in life has some drawback. Our population gives
us a good and near market for our produce, but it also adds to
our taxes. The most serious part of the case, however, is that
we are assessed upon the annual value of our holdings, which
is relatively much higher tlian any other kind of business
premises in proportion to income made from them. The Income-
tax Commissioners are contented to take our income at half
our rentals, but the proportion of income to rental in most
other occupations is double, treble, ten times, or even seventy
times the amount of rental. What we complain of, therefore,
is the unequal incidence of local taxation, and that wc as
farmers, confessedly least able, are made to contribute the
greatest share • and we feel it the more deeply that tlie cost of
these works is continually increasing, and because the means
for carrying out other objects of national utility are being
levied iu the same way. The testimony of many farmers
present will confirm me in the remark that rates have doubled
and trebled during the last five years, and that they are now
iu many places a very serious addition to the rentals of farms.
Labour is another serious item of increase to cost of raising

60

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

produce in Lancasliire. Oar proximity to large manufactories
and to busy to«'us is a disadvantage to us again here. Being
able to make greater profits, the manufacturers can give liiglicr
wages, moreover lie aust do so to draw men away from the
fresli air and healthy residence of the country, and to retain
tiien; farmers are compelled to give nearly equal wages. Wo
have no delicacy in speaking of this matter, as we have no dif-
ficulty in Lancashire, or in any adjoining county,l;ke that exist-
ing in the southern and eastern counties. We honestly believe
our men deserve all they get, and that they will always get as
much as they deserve, without combining in union to enforce
it, from the action of the inevitable law of supply and demand.
Labour must always command high value in Lancashire, and
we accept the fact without further comment, except this, that
landlords could materially assist their tenants by providing
cottages on their estates and letting them with, their farms for
the residence of labourers employed thereon. Much is done in
this way, although some of the cottages are poor and incon-
venient, but the worst of them I would just say in passing
are better than the cellar residences and thickly peopled houses
in courts and alleys in large towns — a fact which some well-
intentioned people overlook when moralising upon onr cottage
accommodation to its disadvantage; but there is more wanted
doing, and the building of more cottages would be an induce-
ment to men to remain iu the country and do farmwork, in-
btead of migrating to the towns. The erection and working
of copper and alkali works, although confined to a part of the
county, h.ave become so injurious to vegetation around ihem as

to be a perceptible disadvantage to a large part of tlie farming
of Lancashire. This subject has been so lately brought before
the Chamber that I shall not require to do more than enume-
rate its existence as one of its adverse aspects. The last
adverse aspect of Lancashire farming that I shall name is one
whoso correction lies largely in the hands of Lancashire farmers
themselves. I know not if I shall have their sympathy, how-
ever, in naming it, but I beg them to believe my remarks are
made in no captious or censorious spirit, but from an honest
desire to point out and to correct what I think is a serious
disadvantage. I allude to the imperfect or unsuitable education
which, as a rule, they give to their sons. It may be thought a
matter of necessity to draw a boy from school at ll years of
age, arid place him from that time among the workmen of the
farm in order to keep down expenses, but as largely done it
cannot be the best ^vay to make a farmer of him. A boy
rarely begins to feel any interest in study until he is 1-h years
of age, and to take him away just as he is beginning to work,
and shut him up to menial duties alone, is the surest way to
blunt his faculties and demoralise his intellectual nature. Tlie
discipline and education of the school should be continued for
two years longer at least. Farming has advanced, aud must ad-
vance, in character as a pursuit or profession, requiring ability
of mind as well as strength of body.

At the conclusion of Mr. Rigby's paper, a slight discussion
ensued upon it, the members all cordially agreeing with his
arguments. A vote of thanks was passed to him, and the
paper was ordered to be printed aud circulated.

BALLARAT FARMER S' CLUB.

At the usual monthly meeting at Craig's Hotel, the presi-
dent, Mr. Bacchus, in the chair, the secretary read a letter
received from Mr. C. T. Sutherland, cf The Grange, Tatyoon,
stating that he preferred tiie months of July and August for
the sowing of kohl-rabi, although he had sown up to tlie end
of November with success, but hs had generally found that
period too Lite to allow the plant to come to full growth
before the land was wanted for another crop. He felt sure it
would become a great favovirite with farmers when better
known. In connection with this letter the Secretary likewise
read a lengthy statement in reference to the growth aud mode
of culture of the plant referred to, and which has appeared iu
a former issue. Mr. Sutherland, in his explanation cf the
plant, states that his horses will eat it in preference to oats
and chaff, and milch cows were extremely fond of it; it like-
wise did not affect the taste of milk and butter as turnips did.
Its keeping properties were first-class ; in fact, he had some
of it on hand from last year firm aud sound. In its cultiva-
tion the ground should be well prepared in drills 33 inches
apart, and then lightly rolled, after which planting could bo
commenced from the seed-beds. This work, it is stated, could
be easily effected by a man and two boys, the man as he
walked along making a cut witli a spade on top of the drill,
the first boy dropping in a liandful of bone-dust, and the second
putting in the plant, only taking care not to bring it in imme-
diate contact with ihe bones. The seed is of very rapid growtli,
and should be sown about eight days before the plants were
required, the size of the plants to be not larger than ordinary
cabbage plants, aud to be planted two feet six inches apart in
the drills, and in extra rich land three feet would not be too
much. Mr. Sutherland stated that lie had grown bulbs as
much as 20 lbs. in weight, and some even larger, but the ave-
rage weight would be from 8 to 12 lbs. each. He intended
hfiving t'.n acres planted next season for his stock.

Tlie secretary submitted a sample of anti-rust wheat sown
by Messrs. R. U. Nicliolls aud Co., of Armstrong street, in a
deep clicc late soil, in the parish of Bungaree, on the 28th
July, 1873. The sowing was an experimental one of li lbs ,
and the yield was 189 lbs. The wheat was cut on the 20th
January, the straw being then five feet high ; it was perfectly
free from rust, liut diflicult to thrash. The sample was that
of a splendid heavy wjieat, not unlike in appearance purple or
rod strav.-, and seemed to be very favourably regarded.

Mr. M&.RTi:\ tlien read a paper on the sahject of local rates,
as follows :

In the absence of Mr. Read I have been pressed into the
service, but it is not easy to say something on the spur of the

moment which would be useful, and likely to merit your atten-
tion. However, it has occurred to me that the English
farmer presents to his club such matter as affects his interest.
I shall therefore make no excuse for directing your attention
to the subject of local rates. I do so with greater readiness as
I know it very nearly affects every man in this room. The
rates, as you are aware, are determined by the annual letting
value of the property, or, in other words, in proportion to the
amount of money invested therein. In reviewing the subject
you will please to remember this is a new country, aud it re-
mains with us to make it prosperous and great, which can
only be accomplished by the investment of capital and labour
in the soil ; by the cultivation of cattle and corn, orchards
and vineyards ; by the planting of timber ; by the erection of
houses ; by the building of schools, workshops, and factories ;
and by the establishment of cities. Now, although every
member of this community will acknowledge these improve-
ments to be desirable, yet they suffer a system of taxation
to exist which strikes at the very root of all improvement,
and operates as the chief impediment to the profitable in-
vestment of capital in land. To illustrate this subject, I will
present facts which are known to most of you. A gentleman,
who has been frequently in this room, purchased, in the
suburb of this city, about eighty acres of very poor land, so
poor, indeed, that it would require several acres to feed one
sheep. The rates demanded by the shire did not exceed one
penny per acre per annum. The owner determined to im-
prove this land by expending some hundreds of pounds in
manure. He purchased the best implements, employed the
best labour, and the result of these investments was a mag-
nificent crop. However, before it was removed, the valuator
came upon the scene again, and, with an exclamation of
surprise, declared it to be the best farm in the district, as the
crop was without an equal. The annual letting value made a
bound of several hundred per cent., and the rates were in-
creased from one penny to tlie sura of one shilling per acre.
This imposition very speedily abated the enthusiasm of the
investor, who discovered that the money he had expended
upon the land was not only subject to the ordinary interest,
but, in addition, it was sulijecl to a very large percentage
collected by the shire council under the name of rates. He,
therefore, very wisely allowed his laud to relapse into its
original wild condition, aud placed his capital into other
investments. It would bs impossible to imagine anything
which could more iffi-ctualiy stop improvements, or which
could be more injurious and unequal in its operation than the
present system of taxation. The case I have mentioned is by
no means a solitary cue, as thousands of persons can testify.

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

The most speedy and certain method a man could devise to
draw down upon his capital the swoop of the rate-collector is to
invest his money in building houses or improving land.
Every improvemeut is but the prelude to an additional burden
of rates. If a man invests his money in planting- an orchard,
it is subject to be rated at three shillings per acre per annum ;
if a vineyard, it is subject to five shillings per acre per annum.
If he should have the pretension to build something like a
comfortable house, plant his ground with ornamental trees,
which in time would change the bleak, dreary solitude into a
place of beauty, he is at once subject to a\i additional im-
position— in fact, a fine, collected under the name of local
rates. The evil becomes intensified when the farmer who has
fpent years of toil in fencing and clearing his land is com-
pelled by the requirements of his family to replace Use hut
with a more comfortable and convenient dwelling. Ills wife,
poor soul, having dune her best, is now subject to many in-
firmities, and he is conscious that his own health is not so
vigorous as it was a dozen years ago. He has but £600,
however, which is not sufficient to complete the improvements ;
it would require twelve hundred. He borrows six upon the
security of his land at eight per cent. The improvements
give grace and beauty to the country, making it not only
habitable but beautiful to live in. These improvements
entwine the affections of his children around the place of
their birth, and give to their aspirations the ring of true
nationality. We may ask why should these investments,
which have accomplished so much good, and which are still
subject to the mortgage, be liable to the burden of additional
rates ? The question seems to acquire greater emphasis when
the land contiguous to these improvements is being held in
its wild state for speculative purposes. No labour is em-
ployed upon this land, no improvements are made, but
the local councils, as if in admiration of the do-nothing
policy of its owner, charge the land with the lowest
modicum of rates. By this system of rating, the spe-
culator is encouraged, and permitted by law to trade upon the
enterprise and energy of those wlio invest their capital in
building homesteads and cities, as well as upon the enterprise
of those who cultivate the land. The speculator's land ac-
quires yearly an additional value by the facilities afforded by
means of roads, bridges, and such other conveniences as may
be constructed at the public cost. It is no fault of the local
bodies that the land has a low-letting value ; that is the fault
of the owner, and should not be accepted as a reason why a
low rate should be charged. From these statements it will be
apparent that just in proportion as the land is reclaimed from
its original wild condition and made habitable, as capital is
invested in fencing, supplying water, building houses, planting
trees, manuring and cultivating, so with each additional im-
provement the investor is subject to an additional tax, which
operates in direct antagonism to the profitable investment of
money in the improvement of the country. In other invest-
ments capital is not trammelled by impositions. It can be in-
vested to immensely more advantage in trade, bank stock,
mortgage, or in land held for speculative purposes. If these

statements are true, why should not country laud be rated at
per acre, irrespective of iirprovements ? Why should not
city land be rated at per foot frontage? Why should the
Bank of Victoria and other buildings which ornament and
beautify this city be encurabeied with heavy rates, and shanties
which offend the eye and taint the air allowed to go free ?
The present system operates alike in both town and country,
but always as an impediment to progress. Every foot of city
frontage should pay its share of rates irrespective of the im-
provements which may be upon it, and every acre of country
land should pay its share of rates without taking into con-
sideration the sum of money which has been invested in its
improvement. Then some inducement would be offered to
build and to cultivate, but none to hold land in its wild state
for speculative purposes. Then the true workers would be
unfettered, and free to raise the raw products of the soil iu
abundance, and the skill of the manufacturer would be free to
expend its ingenuity in constructing machinery or in fabricat-
ing those delicate and durable articles of clothing which are
in daily wear. If it is a self-evident truth that the source of
ail nations' wealth arises from the improvement of the laud,
then let each farmer and citizen endeavour to remove every
impediment and clear away every obstacle which may act as a
drag upon the enterprise and prosperity of the people. If the
present system of valuation presses heavily upon the invest-
ment of capital iu houses or land, or upon the industry of the
people, let it by all means give place to a system more equit-
able and just. We may then hope to check the migration of
men who have done so much to give permanent prosperity to
this country, and who are our best and most useful colonists.

Mr. M'Clure moved a vote of thanks to the lecturer.

Mr. Lewis seconded the motion. The lecturer's views quite
accorded with his own in everything he had stated, and more
especially in regard to town property, with which he had had
ample experience. He for one felt csrtain that the system of
levying rates required re-modelling altogether, as at present it
was most unfair to the industrious working-man, who was
obliged to pay higher rates than his thriftless neighbour, who
was either too lazy or too careless to improve his property.

The motion was carried uuauimously,

Mr. M'DowALL gave notice that he would at the meeting
in a month hence move for the meetings of the club to be
held at Learmouth. He stated that the efforts of the club at
present weie perhaps fully appreciated, but they were not,
judging by the meagre attendance at all events, fully recog-
nised. The club had done a great deal for the benefit of the
farmers generally, and the press, he must state, had nobly
stuck to it. In fact, but for the close and firm adherence
which the press had accorded the club, it would have ceased
to exist long ago, as it was merely a body in name and appear-
ance, but not in reality, at least in the way of attendance,
members generally preferring to read the newspaper reports to
taking part in the discussion.

The secretary stated that the club's town and trade
members numbered sixty, as against forty members in the
country.

THE POWER OF THE FARMERS.

There cau be very little doubt that whichever side ulti-
mately gains the victory, the struggle between the farmer and
the labourer will in many things result iu evil. Without
laying much stress on the oft-talked-of sympatiiy and good
feeling between master and man, now broken up for ever,
there still remained bonds which it is a mistake to have
severed. The character of Englishmen is averse to much
sympathy : it is a form of sentiment against which a straight-
forward and independent man revolts. The ideas and leelings
which in the town are refined and softened, in the country
come out iu their blunt abruptness ; and there is perhaps no
section of the population which sets so low a value upon sym-
pathy as the agricultural. Tli? very rudeness of the life, the
strife with the weather, the battle with tiie soil, tends to pro-
duce a sturdy and somewhat surly manliness wiiich cannot
understand the meanings conveyed under the fine phrases of
mutual forbearance, and so on, which have been so largely
used in this controversy. But there certainly was an ap-
preciable amount of esprit de corps, extending through-

out the ranks of farmer and labourer up to a recent period.
There was a common dislike of the town, its ways and men —
a growling kiud of pride in the country, and masters and men
growled in concert. They found fault with the same things ;
they grumbled together; they could always agree in abusing
the weather ; they talked freely and without distrust ; and
there was not that sho.rpness of definition between the two
classes that exists in manufacturing districts. The farmer did
not set himself up as superior to the labourer in a coarse and
insulting manner. He conversed familiarly with his men ;
walked with them a mile upon the rond, without feeling in
the least degree that he was lowering his dignity as an em-
ployer, or showing condescension to them ; asked after their
wives and families, and how the potato-patch or allotment was
looking, anil geuarally showed an interest in their concerns,
After the agilatiou first commenced, this species of intercourse
was a long "time in dying out. The indignation of the farmers
was poured entirely upon the agents who were spreading dis-
afFection. No one found any fault with the labourers them-

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62

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

selves. If tliey thought they were really worth more per
week than they were receiviug, they had a right to ask for aa
ncrease of pay ; but when, after an increase of pay was
granted, as the farmers maintain, to a reasonable amount, and
the agitation still continued, there arose a gradual coolness,
and the two classes slowly arrayed themselves into opposing
forces. It was now that the employers began to blarae the
employed, and to set themselves firmly against any farther
movement.

The lock-out in Suffolk was only what every one had seen
must in the end take place, if the aspect of affairs continued
unchanged .Tiiroughout the county the agriculturists had
come to a distinct thougli unexpressed determination that the
matter could not go on without a firm resistance being offered.
In tlie markets, at the market ordinaries, wherever tiie agri-
cultural world met, the lone that universally prevailed was
that some decided step must be taken. When it was at last
taken, and the news spread of the lock-out, the tone of conver-
sation in these places of assembly grew at once firmer and more
defiant. The agriculturists are slow to combine, slower still
to give utterance and shape to their resolves ; but they possess
a depth of feeling and a strength which is hardly acknow-
edged. The latent energy of resistance which exists among
the agriculturists of the whole country is incalculably great.
The Suffolk movement will be endorsed, if not followed in
kind, in almost every county. The suppressed bitterness of
two or three years of what they, rightly or wrongly, consider
unjust treatment, will bear fruit in harsh and rigid measures
which it would have been to the interest of all to avoid. The
farmers have an immense power in their hands — a power little
understood and much underrated. It extends into the smallest
affairs, especially, of course, in rural districts. Take the
Boards of Guardians, for instance : they are almost exclusively
formed of farmers and landed gentry. We may regret the
fact, but there is no doubt about it, that many such guardians
will carry, perhaps have already carried, their resentment into
the board-room. In these days of open meetings and free
newspapers, absolute tyranny is out of the question as much as
absolute justice, but there is still sufficient liberty of action to
enable a man, and more particularly a body of men, to make
their ruling ideas felt by those under them. Hitherto the
agricultural poor certainly cannot complain of their treatment
at the hands of the unions. They have been far more liberally
dealt with than the poor inhabitants of towns. They have
received, too, an amount of humanity over and above the strict
administration of the Poor-law. Allowance has been made,
r ten rather illegally, for circumstances. Now as the local
ates come chiefly from the land, the guardians must be more
than men if they did not feel, under provocation, a degree of
inclination to administer strict law, and nothing more nor less,
to the applicants. This same system of reprisal has already
been carried into effect in districts Imudreds of miles remote
from the Suffolk lock-out. In most villages there are adhe-
rents of the Labourers' Union. Generally the first members
are the disagreeable inhabitants — the two or three perpetual
grumblers aad ne'er-do-wells. They join the Union and
become marked men. Perhaps they make themselves pecu-
liarly obnoxious in parish matters, or did so at the late
election. They very soon find that employment cannot be
found in tiie parish ; no one will give them a job ; certain
perquisites are cut off ; harsh refusals to grant time-honoured
privileges follow ; finally they find it necessary to migrate,
having first of all held themselves up as martyrs in a public
cause. It may be said that all this is an argument in favour
of agitatiou, hut then it must be remembered that the farmers
did not begin the conflict : they made no opposition till what
they believed an unbearable pitch of overbearing insolence was
reached.

So much for the power of the farmers in small things. The
agitators argue that the farmers cannot posssibly persist in
the lock-out, because their work must be done or they will be
ruined. Whether this particular lock-out continues or not, it
is certain that this belief is a most mistaken one. The farmers
are quite able to repeat or to continue the look-out, as may
suit them best. Tlie reason is obvious : the landlords are at
their back. If the tenant finds that he cannot cultivats his
field-;, and therefore cannot raise the money to pay his rent,
the landlord seeing the condition of affairs, and feeling that his
interest is identical, has only to remit the rent or part of it,
and the struggle may go on indefinitely. Tlie Union agitators
are consequently quite in the wrong if they imagine they cau

coerce the agriculturists, provided that the latter are deter-
mined to fight. The funds of the Union are as nothing to tlie
wealth at the back of the farmers ; and in these days the
cause with the longest purse invariably wins. The two-pence
per week of the Unionist is of very little account when placed
in the balance with the thousands of pounds accessible to the
other side. Every hundred men locked out or on strike, while
they in some measure embarrass the farmers, at the same time
weaken tiie Union funds, and just at the very moment when
the Union appears strongest, and can show an immense
number of men doing nothing, it is really worst off, because
of the incessant drain of money. Tiie labourers never for a
moment dreamt that the farmers could do without them for so
long as they have. They thought that a fortnight, or three
weeks at least, would reduce their employers to their own
terms. At the first glance there is indeed no trade or occupa-
tion in the country which seems to depend so much upon the
labouring man as farming. The tenant of a large farm appears
perfectly helpless without them. If the strikes or lock-
outs had happened some years ago, the labourers would
have doubtless been right in their calculations. But
it is a notorious fact that while the art of agricul-
ture has been carried to a length never imagined possible
formerly, and while the produce has been doubled, the number
of men employed has steadily decreased. AVithout going into
statistics, though such aids to inquiry are forthcoming if
necessary, it may be fairly reckoned that each farmer on an
average employs less men by one-fifth, taking all the year
round, than he did ten years since. If the harvest and busy
season alone be considered, the decrease is far larger, and may
amount to one-third. Machinery has of course a good deal to
do with this. The hay is mown by machines, made by
machines, elevated on ricks by machines, and the fields cleaned
with rakes drawn by horses. The arable farmer ploughs by
machinery, sows by machinery, reaps and thrashes by iron and
steel instead of thews and sinews. In the aggregate the differ-
ence is something serious. The very price of labour has
taught the tenant to do liis utmost to reduce the expenditure
in that direction. Farmers who used to employ six men to
mow, now only put on a couple. There is less too of the
system of keeping men all the year in order to secure their
services at a busy season. Something must be put down to
the growing scarcity of labourers themselves, which also tends
to teach the tenants to get on with less help. Very few far-
mers now have sullicient labourers employed on their farms to
get through tlie thrashing. They have to borrow meu from
their neighbours. The Labourers' Union, therefore, has not
taken the farmers so much at a disadvantage as they at first
supposed. There were a vast number of old men, past hard
work but still capable of small services, who would have been
glad of a job, but who found it impossible to get one. Now
they come in and assist. Then there are the regular men — the
herd-men, carters, shepherds, with cottages and gardens. Many
of these are too well paid to risk the loss of their wages. In
this way the farmers may manage to get over the harvest with
out much loss. Another feature of the agriculture of late
years has been the number of men and women who come out
from the towns to work in the fields, particularly at harvest.
In the neighbourhood of large towns, and especially where
there are factories, they come out by hundreds. Many
of them like a spell of work in the open air, and the women
are glad of a chance of adding to their slender incomes. Tiie
immense numbers of women and girls who have absolutely
nothing to do in great towns, eagerly grasp at a few weeks'
e'^^ployment and fair pay in the harvest fields. In addition
there are the loads upon loads of Irish whom the steamers
bring over, with their brogue and tlieir sickles, to reap the
English corn. A stream of them pours into Bristol and other
western ports about June. Harvesting, in fact, becomes every
year more and more similar to the Kentish hop-picking season.
Instead of being done by the regular residents on the spot, it
is got through by what may be called casual labour. The
farmers have a certain amount of resourses in this floating
population.

But then it may be said, with all these aids, still the produce
cannot be so large as it would be if the labourers were at work,
and there must be loss. For the first year it is doubtful if the
loss would be appreciable ; there would be some but not much
— not enough to lower the receipts of an individual farmer by
a serious figure. But next year, if the lock-out and strike and
agitation should continue, would of course show some con-

THE FAEMER'IJ MAGAZINE.

53

siderab'e decrease. And upon whom would tliis fall chiefly ?
If the landlord and the tenant are agreed, and the former remits
his rent, or subscribes heavilj', it is clear tliat the farmer will
not suffer. The first to suffer will be the labourers. If the
produce is smaller and prices rise, while wages, or rather Union
pay, continues at the present 9s. per week, it is obvious that
the labourer must partially starve. It matters very little
whether the lock-out in Suffolk fails or succeeds. The same
thing is nearly sure to occur again and again elsewhere, and
each time over a wider area of country. Conceive for an
instant what is not at all beyond the regions of probability, the
lock-out and strike extended to the greater part of England.
The farmers say, " We can wait ; we are not dependent upon
a certain weekly income of a few shillings : " What would be
the consequence ? The men must either starve or emigrate.
That this is the fact is already practically acknowledged by
the Union, wliich does all in its power to induce the labourers
to go to America, or elsewhere abroad. It recognises its own
incapacity to keep thousands of men in idleness for any length
of time. Again, the pressure of the population, and the
demand for food, prove that anything like a general lock-out
or strike would be attended with serious consequences ; and
these consequences must principally fall upon the lower classes
who have no resources, no bankers' balance to fall back upon.
There is no trade or manufacture the proprietors of wliich
can afford to wait so long as the agriculturist. Fariniug is
naturally a waiting business. Its professors possess the
greatest of all powers, the capability of patience. They have
no need to hurry. The tone and feeling o( the agricultural
world at present is in such a condition that a few energetic
men in a county could easily form an association for resisting
the demands of the Union. The only organisation wliich
now exists in agricultural districts is the very weak and feeble
one of the farmers' clubs or chambers, from which politics are
excluded, and discussion is confined to the narrow limits of
cultivation aud subjects associated with it. The very exclusion
of politics acts as a sedative, and keeps these chambers
in a lukewarm state. There is no enthusiasm, no life
about them. But once let an organisation be set on foot
liaving for its object the suppression of Union agitation, and
the farmers will throw themselves into it with energy and
determination. They feel deeply on the matter. Rightly or
wrongly, they believe that they have been insolently ill-treated,
and held up as monsters of iniquity. This personal feeling
would at once give such organizations a cohesive power never
before experienced in a society of agriculturists. They will
not spare either money, time, or exertion to render their efforts
successful. The farming world was probably never so united
and unanimous before. It is even possible that the agitation
may result in permanent good to them, since it will teach them
the strength that lies in unity. Already in parts very distant
from that where the lock-out occurred, the idea of sending
money in aid of the movement has been mooted and warmly
supported. Some think that it would be better to forward
men to a lock-out district, who would be willing to work on
the terms offered by the employer. The only objeclion to tliis
is that it might result in a collision between the Union men
and the imported labourers. The Union men would certainly
have no right to complain. It has long been the policy of the
Union to denude a district of men as much as possible in
order to force up the rate of wages there. If it is fair to take
men away, it is equally fair to the other side to bring bodies of
labourers from a distance. As to a collision the police must
take charge of that ; and it must be remembered that either
party commencing a disturbance will at once place itself in the
wrong in the eyes of the impartial observers. There can be
very little doubt if the movement continues, and is extended
to other counties, that tlie system of sending labourers from
one part to another will be put into execution by the farmers.
It will be far more efficacious than money. As to the possi-
bility, that is beyond question. There are men enough to be
found ready to work for reasonable wages in those districts to
which the Union has not thoroughly extended itself, and such
districts are well known. There is such a thing posbible, too,
as importing Irish labour. A well-organised gang of men
thoroughly conversant with tlieir work and under proper
leaders, could be sent into a disaffected district, and pass on
from farm to farm, doing the work as ttiey go. This would
answer better than sending a mob of men to spread themselves
about and get work as they could. It would be preferable to
forward them in companies, officered as it were, with a given

extent of country to work over. Tiiis concentratian of labour
would finish the operation iu halt the time, and would enable
the imported men to present a bold front to the labourers on
strike, who would scarcely care to attack a strong gang. Bui
would such imported men work for less wages than the rest
were out on strike for? The farmers would not stop at a few
shillings a week extra to such men. They say that they do
not object to ths rise of wages; wliat they object to is the
Union. Give up your Union card, and we will not refuse an
extra shilling. It is, therefore, quite possible that a body of
men from a distance may be found working in the midst of a
strike or lock-out, for wages as high as those the locked-out men
require, simply because tliey are non-Uuionists. The Union
tactics are very bad. They follow a course which must, if
persevered in, ultimately bring them to ruin. They deport
as many men as possible from a district in which the fanners
are obdurate. They employ every agency to induce the men
to emigrate. Nothing is left undone to thin the agricultural
population. There are two pleas for this course. The first is,
that the greater the scarcity of labour, the higher price it will
command. The second is one of necessity. They cannot keep
so numerous a body on the Union fuuds ; but they should
reflect that the larger the number of men who emigrate, by so
much do the twopences a week diminish, and that force of any
association consists in the numbers of its members. They
siiould let the men on strike or locked-out go ou the parish for
relief. That would touch the farmers nearest. They all pa
local rates, and many very heavily. A sudden increase o
paupers would be a sore point indeed. It is true that the
theory of the Poor-law is that relief cannot be given to an
able-bodied man ; but in practice, if an able-bodied man present!
himself at the workhouse, and shows that he is utterly
destitute and without a penny, the guardians must offer him
the house. As a rule they will not relieve liim iu the house,
and his wife and children out or vice versa. Imagine, then,
the effect of some thousands of labourers, and their wives and
families, applying at the workhouse for relief. Tlie poor-
rates must immediately rise to a heavy figure. The Union
however, does all in its power to lighten the rates by deporting
the men who served to swell them. TheUnion agitators actually
boast in the papers, that since the formation of the Union and
the rise in wages, and flow of emigration, the expenditure at
the workiiouses has decreased one-third, and the poor-rates in
equal proportion. Of course they have. The Union has
taken the cause of poor-rates— has deported it elsewhere ;
but this does not injure or embarrass the farmers—it actually
relieves them. The tactics of the Union, therefore, are
extremely ill-calculated, and their plans for coercing the
agriculturist very badly laid. If the Union has succeeded in
raising the wages of labourers, and in making England
such a paradise for them, how is it that the men emigrate
in shoals, and do not stay at home to enjoy the high wages
and other advantages the UnioH has obtained for them?
Anyone who will carefmly consmer the arguments adduced
will at once see that the power of the farmers is no imaginary
theory ; it is a real hard fact which cannot be got over. Every
one must deeply regret that the exercise of such a power
should ever be necessary ; but it must also be admitted that
the farmers have been slow to avail themselves of it. Granted
that it was quite fair, quite open to the labourers to form an
organization for their benefit as a class, then it must also be
conceded that the farmers have an equal right to associate
together to defend their interest. It must never be forgotten
that the farmers did not begin. They did not form their
association first, and by injudhiious treatment and insolent
language force the labourers into a union in their own defence.
The labourers commenced the agitation, and the farmers did
not retaliate for a long period of time. It is at least two
years since the Union made itself notorious; it is only after
two years that the farmers show any signs of combination
and resistance. They did not refuse an increase of wages.
Tliey did not give wav to their tempers, however much they
may have been provoke'd. They remained quiet, waiting for
the agitation to subside. What substantial point is there that
the most passionate unionist can say that farmers denied their
men up to this spring ? They have shown an amount of
patience and forbearance which no other business men in tlie
kingdom would have shown. Neither the colliery owners,
nor the ironmasters, nor the cotton-miU men— none of the
great trades would have waited so long. The extreme agitators
are to blame for forcing matters to such a prisis. They would

5i

THE FABMER'S MAGAZINE.

be wise if iliey counselled modeTation ; but at what stage of
the wliola affair have they ever couuselled that ? Who begau
the afl'ray ? No one can say it was the farmers. The
labourers at this period of the movement cannot complain if
their own measures are returned upon them. The worst
feature of the case is that the labourers seem completely in
the liaui's of the agitators, to do as they are bid, and go as
sheep to the slaughter. Ill-educated, ignorant, and prejudiced,
they take every statement made to them by their so-called
friends as literally true. They have no power of criticism— no
penetration to distinguish the facts from the fictions. They
take it all on trust ; just as they start from Liverpool on the
ocean-going steamers with the most dim and visionary ideas
of the land they are about to visit, ^yhether it be honour-
able of educated and well-informed men such as certain leaders
of the agitation are, to take advantage of their simplicity, the
world can decide for itself. What may occur in time is, of
course, not to be foreseen ; but it must be admitted on all
hands that hitherto the conduct of the labourers has been
wonderfully good. Whether congregated in immense numbers,
listening to the inflammatory harangues of the Union orators,
or slowly spelling out in solitude the broad hints of the
Union paper of rick burning and " beacon fires," they have
ever remained quiet, peaceable, and orderly. It is doubtful if
any other section of the population under the same circum-
stances would so long have continued well behaved. They
are a rude lot, primitive in their ideas, prejudiced in the ex-
treme, blunt and coarse in their expressions ; but they are not
" roughs." That expressive word must be confiued to the
produce of the back streets of great cities. The agricultural
labourer, rude as he may be, is no "rough." There is
nothing of the rowdy about him. He has not been iaduced

to commit any excesses which present the faintest resemblance
to a civil war. The question remains, Is there no hope of
real j;ood from arbitraliou ? Arbitration certainly seems the
natural outcome from such a state of things. The doubt is
whether the Unionists, as represented by the agents, will ever
cordially accept any decision which does not endorse all their
demands. In that case, of course, the attempt must fail.
Putting the agents aside, if that were possible, then without
hesitation it may be affirmed that the labourers would soon
come to terms of their own accord. If it were possible to get
at the men apart from their organization, it may be asserted
that arbitration would be successful. The farmers, as men of
education, and many of them men of position, would not hold
out in the face of public opinion, provided that no ultra demands
were made upon tliem. But, on the wliole, there is little
reliance to be put on arbitration. It may decide a lock-out
here and a strike there, but it does not, and cannot, settle the
question. There will still remain a feeling on both sides
ready to break out. It may even be asked whether or no the
best way, after all, is to let the affair come to an issue and
decide itself. With that, however, the subject of the present
article has little to do. The aim of the moment was to show
that the fanners are possessed of immense, if unrecognised,
power. In the face of such tacts, which on consideration no
one can doubt, it may reasonably enough be questioned
whether those are tlie true friends of the labourer who urge
him to persist in courses which embitter the two classes more
and more. At the same time, conscious of this power, the
farmers need not continue their measures till tliey force a
victory. They can afford to accept fair terms without loss of
dignity or prestige. — Mr. Riciurd Jefferies in The Fort-
nightl>j Review.

CLUBS FOR WORKING MEN.

At the last meeting of the Newbury Chamber of Agriculture,
Mr. F. E. Frarapton in the chair.

The Rev. (John Adams read the following paper : The
subject which I have now the pleasure of introducing to your
notice may, I fear, be thought somewhat inopportune, on the
ground that current events do not encourage employers to
discuss schemes for the promotion of working men's social
welfare. Rut however strongly such a feeling might naturally
prevail in many districts, it can have no force in this neigh-
bourhood, for the old cordial relations between masters and
men have been but little interrupted amongst us, and there is
not,I am sure, a member of this Chamber who does not heartily
wish to promote the happiness and prosperity of the farm
labourer, in every way that he can reasonably be expected to
do. I need hardly say to such an audience as I now address,
that there is great room for improvement in the social con-
dition of the working classes generally, and that low wages
are not the only, and, in many cases not the chief hindrance
to their happiness and prosperity. Anyone who lias lived and
laboured amongst the poor must have seen that their earnings
however scanty they may be, are sometimes sadly wasted, and
that frequently every farthing vvliich is not imperatively de-
manded for tlie necessity of bare existence, finds its way to the
nearest beersliop. The causes of this improvidence are no
doubt numerous and complicated ; but amongst them one of
the most prominent is, I believe, the scarcity of wholesome
places of recreation for the working man. In many country
villages the beersliop is the only )dace of refuge open for liiin
outside tlie walls of liis own cottage. If he wants to make
himself acquainted with the current news of the day, or to
smoke his pipe witli a friend, or to escape from
the discomfort which must sometimes be inevitable
in a small apartment scantily furnished, badly venti-
lated, and not unfrequently crowded with children, where is
he to go but to the beersliop ? and once there he must drink
as a matter of course. In no other way can he pay lor the
accommodation of the place. To provide that accommodation
the landlord has to incur consideral*le expense, lie is obliged
to occupy a larger house than his family requires^ to pay a
licence as well as rent, to keep up a cheerful tire all through
the long winter evenings, to purchase furniture specially
required for the business, and to get up a variety of amuse-
ments to suit the tastes of his customers. Every man there-
fore who crosses the threshold is clearly under an obligation

to contribute towards the support of the establishmeut. But
the mischief is that instead of merely paying an equitable
charge for the accommodation, custom requires him to swallow
some stimulant, whether he needs it or not, at double the
price for which it might be purchased elsewhere. Now, if
this system could go on without injury to the condition of the
working man, no one would have any right to interfere with
it on his account. But it is notorious that such is not the
case. The harmless attractions that lure him to the taproom
pave the way to a vicious waste of money in drink, and many
a man who at first innocently seeks them to escape from the
misery of his own home, or because, like every other human
being, he has at times a craving for social intercourse and
amusement, gradually adopts the tone and custom of the place,
and, almost before he is aware of it, acquires the habit of drink-
ing, and becomes a confirmed tippler. Such, I am perfectly
certain, is the process by which working men all over the
country are brought under the bondage of the beershops, and
dragged down to the lowest depths of poverty and degradation.
Remedies in abundance have been tried to ceunteract
this mischief, and they have all, no doubt,
worked a certain amount of good ; but still the
drinking goes on, and in most of our villages where tiiere is a
keen struggle for custom between rival beer-shops of a low
character, the agencies which are commonly employed to check
intemperance, have but little influence, and seldom toucii inve-
terate drunkards. A few of the most intelligent frequenters of
the taproom may, for a time, be attracted, and kept in sobriety
by night schools, penny readings, lectures, and such like insti-
tutions. A drunkard, too, may here and there be reclaimed by
teetotal vows or Good Templar Clubs, hut experience proves
that none of these useful agencies can lay hold of the masses
of the poor, and save them on any large scale, from the bane
of the beer and liquor traffic. The reason of this comparative
failure lies, I believe, in tlie fact that sellers of intoxicating
drink have been allowed to monopolise two things which the
working man thinks essential to his happiness, namely, rooms
where he may meet his fellow men for talk and recreation, and
the supply of beer by retail. No institution which philan-
thropists may set up for the improvement of the working classes
is likely to take firm hold of them, and maintain its ground
against the temptations of tippling shops, unless it offers those
two advantages — beer and amusement. Whether they are in-
trinsically the greatest boons we can bestow or not, is a ques-

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

£5

tioii upon which there may be great divergcace of opinion, bat
with regard to their universal attractiveness and popularity,
there cau be no doubt. Say what we will against drinking
intoxicating beverages, the working man will not abandon his
beer ; and provide educational agencies for him ever so cheap
and advantageous, he will still, generally speaking, prefer a
game at bagatelle, or a gossip about the last spusational police
news. After a long and mouotouons day's work, it is not much
to be wondered at tliat such sliould be the case. Perhaps some
wlio lament his bad taste would hive the same proclivities, if
they were obliged to toil all day long in a field, oftentimes
alone, and come home in the evening dull and jaded, to a scanty
and somewhat uninvigorating sujiyer. When a man seeks to
hook a shy or sluggish fish, he takes care to ofi"er him a tempt-
ing bait. On the same principle, in trying to elevate the poor,
we must adapt our schemes — so far as we can do so honestly
and safely — to their tastes and habits, otherwise our elTorts,
liowever zealous they may be, ^'ill be only like casting pearls
before swine. What the labourers really want, especially in our
villages, is a social club, possessing all the innocent charms of
the beerhouse, apart from its contaminations. Such an insti-
tution would give them opportunities of spending their leisure
hours togetlier without being subject to tlie necessity of drink-
ing, and of procuring wholesome beer at a clieap rale when
they require it, under such restrictions as would prevent excess.
Clubs of this character, altiiough as yet but little known in
this county, have been rapidly springing up in our large towns,
and in some country districts tor many years past. At the
present time there are at least 700 in England, and the aggre-
gate number of their members is not less than 100,000. The
aim of all those institutions is to provide for the poor advantages
similar to those which London We.st End Clubs provide for the
wealthy. They have their reading rooms well supplied with
newspapers, their rooms for conversation, games, and smoking ;
their refreshment bars, some under total abstinence restrictions,
and others furnished with the ordinary excisable beverages sold
in a public-house. In addition to those attractions, some of
them have classes for teaching singing, drawing, and modern
languages, whilst most of them comjirise such institutions as
coal clubs and penny banks. A-; no licence is required for re-
tailing beer or any other articles to the members, and as every-
thing is supplied at prime cost, the economical benefit of those
clubs is considerable. On beer, e.g., the saving is equal to the
expenditure, a pint costing just half the price charged for it by
the publican. To facilitate their formation and maintenance,
a central institution has been established in London, called
"The Workmen's Club and Institute Union," which forms a
medium of communication between men of all ranks who are
interested in the well-being- of the lower classes, sends out
lecturers, disseminates pamphlets, supplies information and
rules, and makes loans of suitable books. Any Workman's Club
may beafliliated to this Central. Union on payment of 5s., and
thereupon become entitled to the use of the Society's Circula-
ting Library, and other advantages. To the value of this agency
iu Vhe infancy of a Club, I can myself bear personal testimony.
Its publications, and still more the counsel of its energetic
vice-chairman (Mr. Hodgson Pratt) were of much help to me
in starting a club at Stockcross, and I am sure that anyone who
purposes setting up a similar institution will do well to have
recourse at the outset to the guidance of the Central Union.
Difficulties as a matter of course cannot fail to arise in attempt-
ing to establish such an agency ; and as I have spoken of its
benefits it is but fair that I should allude to the obstacles which
it has to cucouuter. Eirst and foremost is the apathy of the
poor to all schemes for (he improvement of tiieir habits.
Everyone who has laboured in their behalf must have often
been discouraged by the indifference, and not unfrequently by
the distrust, with which they regard efforts made by others for
enlightening and elevating their minds. Perhaps this disposi-
tion has in a great degree been engendered by ignorance,
and sometimes by the degredation into wliich they have been
suffered to live, and if so, it should rather bi; regarded as a
misfortune than a fault. But worse than the apathy of the
poor is the active opposition which those clubs at their com-
mencement receive from beersellers. Every conceivable weapon
that can be used to prevent their success is sure to be employed
against them, by those whose prosperity depends upon the drink
ing habits of the people. Eieeptious no doubt there are to
such antagonism, and one or two have come under my own
notice ; but generally speaking, I regret to say, brewers and
publicans too often meet our efforts to restrain the tippling

propensities of the poor in the spirit of Demetrius, the silver-
smith of Epheais, who, seeing that his craft was in danger,
maligned the Apostlp,and stirred up the people to shout " Great
is Diana of the Ephesians." The brewing interest, as it is
called, is unciuestionably a great power in the country, and it
takes care from time to time to let us knov/ that no individual
can with impunity interfere with its trafllc; but the time has
come when every Christian man who cares for the well-being
of his country sliould fearlessly lift up his voice ag.iiust tlie
demon of drinli. Its ravages are literally appalling. Our gaols,
workhouses, and asylums arc filled with its victims. It counter-
acts all our efforts for the elevation and refinement of the masses.
It weakens tire moral and physical energies of the nation. It
frustrates to a great extent the work of Christ's church. But,
argues the beerseller, we have no wish that men should ruin
themselves with drink ; why should we be blamed? If they
tipple too much the fault is their own, and not ours. Now
admitting, for the sake of argument, that the fault is entirely
in the customer, and not at all in the seller, we should still be
warranted in restricting this trailic in a way that we restrict no
other ; for its abuses bring heavy burdens upon us. When
illness befalls the poor man who wastes his evenings in drink,
he throws himself upon the rates. AVhcn he commits some
crime in a drunken brawl, he must be clothed and fed at our
expense in prison, and when he dies we have to bury him, and
to provide for his destitute family ; so that as ratepayers and
taxpayers, we may fairly insist upon the proper regulation of
a business which brings such loss upon us, and endeavour to
shut up every beershop that is not imperatively needed. In so
doing, cases of hardship to individuals engaged in the trade,
must, no doubt, sometimes occur; buttheir justification, if they
need any, is that no private interests whatever cau be allowed
to override the welfare of the public. Wliere facilities for
drinking have been forced upon the poor iu excess of their
requirements, as in the case iu my own parish, which has nine
beersliops and licensed victuallers for a population of less than
nine hundred inhabitants, the reduction of the number is the
most efficient way to promote temperance ; for it is notorious
that drink-sliops develop habits of drinking, just as gaming
tables encourage gambling ; and it is equally certain that the
speediest method ' of drying up those sources of intemperence
is to cut off their supplies, by drawing their customers into an
association such as I have described. The attractions which
a club of this character presents are so manifest that they out-
weigh any amount of opposition on the part of the publicans.
As an illustration of this I may say, that in the teeth of the
nine public-houses just mentioned, and with the disadvantage
of a very inadequate room, a social club was started six months
ago at Stockcross, whicii now comprises no less than 94 work-
ing men, and that tlie leisure hours of those men during the
long winter evenings were spent in innocent recreation, in place
of tipping at the beersliops. Abstinence from beer has not, it
is true, been required of them. On the contrary, they have
been allowed to procure it direct from the brewer for their own
consumption iu the club-room, but it has been under such con-
ditions as to render drunkenness and intemperance impossible ;
and to show how conducive to moderation such a society is,
and how little the working man is disposed to waste his
money in beer, if he can be kept from the beershop, I may state
this striking fact, that although the quantity of beer allowed
to be drunk by each member of the club has been two pints
every evening, it is found that the quantity consumed has not
averaged one pint, and tliat the expenditure has been less than
five farthings a day lor each customer. Let me add, also another
fact not less noteworthy. Since the establishraeut of the club,
the village policeman has not heard of a single row in the
village, nor apprehended one drunken man, although liardly a
week previously elapsed without cases of drunkenness and
disorder coming under liis notice. To use his own worus, "The
club seems to have taken away his occupation in the village."
One diiiiculty more in esiablishing these clubs I will touch
upon, if I may do so without occapyiug too much of yuur
time. At the outset there must be a gr^-ater expenditure than
working men can afford. Two rooms are required— one for
smoking and amusement, and another for reading :a bagatelle
board, too, with plenty of other games, is essential. The re
should also be suitable furniture, and a small stock of books.
With such apparatus, a club in almost any country village
might be made wellnigh, if not altogether, self-supporting.
j But how are the preliminary expenses to be met? In my own
' case the resident squire, Sir Pi. Smton, has, unsolicited, under-

56

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

taken to build, uot merely a couple of rooms, but a clubliouse,
coraprisiug apartments for a superintendent and all requisite
accommodation for the members. Is it too much to hope that
wealthy landowners generally will eserise similar munificence,
or, at all events, that they will take the lead iu providing and
furnishing club-rooms for their peasantry wherever they are
needed ? By so doing they would not only cheer and brighten
the leisure moments of the labourer's life, but would save him
from temptations, which now commonly lead him to ruin. And
it is not the men alone that are benefited by these institutions.
They are a blessing also to their wives and children. Many a
poor woman in my own parish, who has been accustomed to
see her husband come home drunk and penniless from the beer-
shop — an object almost of dread and loathing to his family —
can now welcome his returning footstep with joy, and speak of
the blessed change that has come over him since he joined the
club. Nothing that I have ever done for the poor has called
forth warmer thanks than the labourers' wives have given me
for setting up this institution. Many a time have they made
this remark, " The club, sir, is the best thing that ever was
done for Stockcross." In conclusion, allow me to say that the
growing prosperity of the working classes does not in the least
degree exonerate us from taking an active interest in their
moral and social welfare ; oc the contrary, it should increase
our anxiety and concern on their behalf, for the improvement
which is going on in their wages will be a bane rather than a
blessing to themselves, and to the country at large, unless it is
accompanied by habits of providence and sobriety. The feature
which is to my mind by far the most alarming in the Labourers'
Union movement is not the strike nor the look-out, but the
disruption of sympathy, and the class antagonism which are
springing out of the agitation. Disputes about wages soon
right themselves, and are often adjusted to the mutual benefit
of both parties ; but if a chasm is made iu their old friendly

relations, it will not be so easily bridged over, and cannot fail
to become a mutua.1 calamity. Money is not the only element
essential to the labourer's well being. He needs also our
personal help and guidance, to raise him from the low habits
and social degradation in which he too frequently lives. After
long years of indifference the country is beginning to see the
expediency, as well as the duty, of insisting that no child
shall be allowed to grow up in ignorance ; but experience
proves that social and moral safeguards are required for men
as well as for their children ; and I know of none more likely
to save the poor from the snares which encompass them, than
such institutions as I have ventured to commend to your
notice.

The Rev. Geo. R. Portal, in moving a vote of thanks to
Mr. Adams, said that in starting clubs of this kind it was
desirable that the men themselves sliould have the control and
management of the institutions, believing that working people
disliked being petted, and did not care to be patronised by other
classes. He felt that there was no question as to the advantage
of such clubs, and the only difficulty which appeared to present
itself was as to the way in which they were to be started ? The
Church of England Temperance Society had considerable funns
in hand,and if the committee could be induced to grant loans for
a time, to enable clubs to be started where that could not be
done entirely by local efforts, much good would no doubt
result.

The vote of thanks was passed unanimously, and Mr.
Adams, in replying, said he very much doubted whether the
Church of England Temperance Society could be induced to
grant loans as Mr. Portal has suggested, seeing that the con-
sumption of beer was permitted at these clubs, but the Central
Club in London might possibly afford pecuniary help for such a
purpose.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL BENEVOLENT INSTITUTION.

The annual dinner took place on Wednesday, June 10,
at the London Tavern, when close upon 100 were pre-
sent ; Mr. 0. S. Read, M.P., in the chair.

After the usual loyal toasts,

The CnAiRMAiS : I have now the honour of proposing the
t oast of the evening, " Prosperity to the Royal Agricultural
Benevolent Institution." Of all the agricultural societies
and institutions in this great country I am confident that this
Society, if it does not do the most good, certainly relievss the
greatest amount of distress. It was always a matter of won-
der to me in times gone by that, considering how precarious
the occupation of the agriculturist is, how it depends
on the fluctuations of the seasons, and how many accidents
and misfortunes are almost sure to fall to the lot of those
who cultivate the soil, there had not been some benevolent
institution to provide for the wants of those who in old age
or misfortune might stand in need of the help it could afford.
It was only, I believe, fourteen years ago that this Society
was started, and who could then have believed that in that
brief interval it would have grown to the magnificent pro-
portions it has now assumed ? I do not mean to say that we
have done all we might or should have done, but I do say,
having regard to the statement put into my hands, that we
ought to be thankful for the good we have accomplished, and
that we must hope to do a great deal more. I find that we
have upon the list of those who are recipients of the aid
afforded by this Society at the present moment no fewer
than 297 annuitants, who are in receipt of a total sum of
£6,386 per annum. On the 2'ith of this month we shall
proceed to the election of 66 more annuitauts, who will
receive annually a gross sura of £1,380, making a total of
3G3 annuitants receiving yearly £7,776. I say, therefore
that we have reason to be proud of having accomplished this
result in so short a space of time. But when I look down the
list of counties from which we derive our subscriptions, I am
surprised at the indifference — I might say the neglect — with
which this Society is treated in some parts of the kingdom.
I cannot beheve that Cornwall is so far distant but that that
great mining and agricultural county might, if it pleased, con-
tribute something towards the funds of the society and re-
ceive something from its beneficence, I cannot believe,

also that, although agriculture is so advanced in the north-
ern counties, and especially in Northumberland, there are
no cases in that part of the country that require relief,
and that there are no kind and honest hearts that would con-
tribute to the funds of this institution if asked to do so.
I see that in the home counties and in the eastern counties
the society is, as a rule, well supported, and 1 kcow that
the suggestion has been made that instead of our anniver-
sary meeting being always held in London, it would be as well
to try whether we could not do something more by going into
remote districts and endeavouring to stir up the latent feelings
of humanity and benevolence which have been so slow to de-
velope themselves in those out-of-the-way parts of the coun-
try. I was, only a few minutes ago in the House of Com-
mons, and an hon. member there said to me as I was about to
leave — " I understand that you are going to preside at the
Agricultural Benevolent Institution. I really cannot believe
that there will be much call for the funds of that institution
in future, in consequence of the very high rate of agricultural
produce" (laughter). I may here say that a friend on my
left has just told me an anecdote that is worth repeating.
When he helped to rock the cradle of this institution a noble
lord said to him, he did not think there was in this country
such a thing as a farmer wiio would be glad to receive in his
declining years a pension of £25 a-year ; and, strange to say,
the very first person who applied to him for his vote for one
of our pensions, was the sister of that noble lord — not, of
course, for herself, but for some unfortunate tenant in whom
she was deeply interested. It seems to me that a great number
of people who live outside the agricultural world as well as a
great number of those who are supposed to belong to it really
do not know the trials, viscissitudes, and misfortunes to
which the farmers are siibject. In the first place I would
say that I think we, as agriculturists, must acknowledge that
however great and paramount our interest was in times
gone by in this country, it is certainly dechning when you
come to compare it with the prosperity and activity of other
industries. Twenty-five or thirty years ago no interest was
so successful, no interest so powerful, no interest so generally
acknowledged as the leading interest of the country as was
the agricultural interest ; but if at the present moment
you happen to cast your eyes over the country at large

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

67

you cannot fail to see — and you know that wliat I am
statiug is correct — that the manufacturing, the commercial,
and trading coraaiunities of this great country have risen and
progressed on a scale altogether superior to that which has
characterised the agricultural interest. Although our prices
may be high, our expenses have so increased tliat in the
long run we find that our profits are much smaller than they
were. I will say this — that during the last ten years we luive
passed through, notwithstanding the favourable balauce-slieet
from Tiptree, and the remarkable reports of great pro J ace
that have been written to the newspapers, and iudicted from
r:iilw^y-carriages — (laughter) — notwithstanding all that has
been said about the advancement of agriculture, we have not
had throughout the United Kingdom an average crop of corn
in any one of those years. You may take the years 1S6S and
1870 — and you know tint in those years we grew great crops
of wheat — but it is well known that in those years the spring
corn was peculiarly deficient, and we had also during tliose
years long and terrible droughts, such as have been the ruin of
many of our farmers. It should also be remembered tiiat in those
ten years we have had the cattle plague, we have had all sorts
of contagious aud infectious diseases ravaging our flocks and
herds, and, what is worse, we do not seem as if we were going
to get rid of them. If I were to take a brief retrospect of
the history of agriculture in Parliament during the same
period, I do not think I should find very much that we need
congratulate ourselves upon. AVhen I first entered Parlia-
ment we were a certain privileged class, who were in tlie
enjoyment of certain exemptions; but since then all those
privileges have been abolished and all those exemptions from
taxation have been done away witji. I for one do not com-
plain for a moment of this ; the only thing I say is that I
fancy the time has arrived when the British farmer ought to
claim at the hands of the British Legislature something like
fairness and justice. Some of our exemptions have been
done away with by the duties from which we were ex-
empt being abolished altogetlier. Take the two cases of
horses and fire insurance — both of them admirable tilings.
Those duties have been got rid of, and at the same time they
were l)oth taxes to which the farmer contributed nest to no-
thing. Then we have had the small dog-tax, from which we
were previously free, imposed upon us, and as if it was neces-
sary to add something by which the farmer could be victimised
for scaring away birds from his crops, we liave all to pay the
gun-tax. The one shilling duty on foreign corn has been re-
pealed. Sir Robert Peel described it simply as a regis-
tration fee, but it had amounted to nearly a million of
money before it was abolished, and I do not know who is the
better for the abolition — certainly the farmers are not (Hear,
hear). Again, if you take the way in which the farming in-
terest has been dealt witii in regard to free trade in corn,
what were we promised when the Corn-laws were abolished ?
We were told that we should have less foreign trade, not only
in wheat but also in barley, and that the Malt-tax should be
abolished. But now we find that not only the Government,
whichever party may he in power, not only the predominant
party in Parliament, but the whole country, appears to be set
against the farmer on this point, and that our chance of
getting what we were promised in the shape of the abolition
of the Malt Duty is more remote than ever. If there is one
kind of grain we can produce better than another it is barley.
We can compete with all the world in that, and yet we are
told that the imposition of a tax of 50 or 60 per cent, on
that commodity in the first stage of its manufacture is no
great impediment to its growth and cultivation. I do
not wish to dilate on this any further than to say that when
people come and tell us that the abolition of the Horse-fax,
which was something like 1 per cent, on the value of the
horse, would stimulate the^breed of horses, surely we may say
on the other hand, that a reduction of the Malt-tax would be
a sensible gratuity to the farmer. Now, when we come to
free-trade in cattle, what do we find? One would have
fancied that if we had free-trade in cattle we should
at least be protected from foreign disease ; but that
is not the case, and whereas the high prices that have pi e-
vailed are doubtless due in a great degree to the increased
consumption of meat, I contend that a very great portion of
this is due in the first instance to the untoward seasons we
have lately passed through, especially in tlie great droughts
of 1868 aud 1870, and in the next, and in a still larger degree,
to the way in which our flocks and herds have been ravaged

by contagious and infectious diseases. With regard to
prospective legislation, I want to know what help the
tenant-farmer is likely to receive in his struggles F First
of all we have the question of Tenaut-Right, and when the
tenant-farmers of EngUud simply say that they desire to have
their capital which th^y have embarked in the cultivation of
the soil protected by law, we are asked this question, even in
chambers of Hgricult ire, " Are you, the independent and
patriotic fanners of E igland, going to class yourselves with
women and Irish cottars and lunatics?" One would naturally
suppose that it was tba duty of the State to protect the capital
of the tenaut-farmer as well as the property of any other class
of people, and here I would draw a comparison between
the statement that was nwde some twelve months ago by a
noble lord who occupied this chair, and who said that in his
great agricultural county there are only two recipients of
the benefits of this institution. I believe that Tenaut-Right
extensively prevails in Lincolnshire, and it seems to me that
as tar as decayed farmers aie concerned, Tenant-Right does
not manufacture them to auy great extent, at least, there.
But I turn to ray own county, where, unfortunately, Tenant-
Right does not exist, and there I find that we have no fewer
than 70 recipients of the bounty of this institution, and I say
that some of this is due to the insecurity of tlie tenant's
capital. I will touch lightly on the question of game. It
is a ticklish subject, ana I do not wish to enter into it
further than to say that it is the opinion of one of the high-
est judicial authorities in the land that it is so remarkable
a tiling for the landlords to give their tenants the right to
kill rabbits, that when in one instance this right was given on
the eve of a general election, the landlord who gave it had to
suffer the loss of his seat. With regard to a question which
agitates the mind of the Scottish farmers so much, and on
which they appear to be so unanimous— I refer to the ques-
tion of hypothec, or, as it is called in England, the law of
distress — that seems to me to be a matter that is likely to b
solved by Parliament sooner than the other questions to which
I have referred. Aud here I would say that, however much
the abolition of the Law of Hypothec may benefit the large
farmers and the great capitalists, I fear it will not be very
much in favour of those poor farmers, those small men who
are on the verge of ruin, aud that if we do repeal the law,
whatever else may happen, I am quite sure of this — the funds
of this institution will be called upon just as much as ever.
I have put these things before you just to show those who
happen to be outside the agricultural world, and who do not
understand it, that there is not only great, but iucreasingjieed
for institutions like this. It has been said over and over
again of the farmers of England that altbougn we live well
we die poor, and in the future as well as in the past I be-
lieve we shall still prove the truth of this old agricultural
maxim. I say that as far as regards the farming interest
there is greater need than ever of the increased exertions of
our Agricultural Benevolent Institution for the augmentation
of its tunds. I know of nothing more harassing than to read
over the list of the unfortunate applicants for the annuities
of this Society. It has been said, with great truth, that every
farmer who at the close of the day cannot bring to his mind
this fact that he has done something to make those about him
happier and better than they were in the morning has nofful
filled his duty to his neighbour. I say that those who
neglect to subscribe to the funds of this institution do not
do their duty to their neighbour. It is some consolation to
those who have supported this institution to feel that they
have been a comfort and a solace to the declining years o f
many a deserving individual. I am sure that the founder
of this institution must feel this comfort and solace in his
declining years — although I am happy to say that lie does
not seem to be declining at present, as lie is still in posses-
sion of that health and vigour we have all been accus-
tomed to see him enjoy for so many years, and it will be
a source of gratification to all the subscribers to know that
they have been doing good to their unfortunate brethren
while this Society has gone on increasing and relieving an
amount of affliction which perhaps few similar societies have
been enabled to alleviate (cheers).

A list of donations and subscriptions was here read.
These included £25 (annual) from the Queen, 10 gs. (annual)
from the Pnnce of Wales, 10 gs. from JMr. C. S. Read, M.P.,
20 gs. from the Drapers' Company, 20 gs. from the Vintner's

58

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

Company, and 10 gs. from Mr. J. E. Curtis— the total amount-
ing to £6,700.

Mr. C. Wken IIoskyns, in proposing tha Cliriirman said
he felt great pleasure inhaving to speak of an old friend whose
life had been closely connected witli agriculture, and who had
rendered great service to it. He first had the pleasure of see-
ing Mr. Head at a country meeting of the Royal Agricultural
Society. He could not remember what show it was, but ha
recollected that Mr. Read was engaged in the implement
department, and he might add that in consequence oi' that his
own labours as a steward were very light. On the next occa-
sion that he met him he was again in the implemeat depart-
ment of the same society, and he could not help saying that
they were deeply indebted to Mr. Read for the rapid progress
of improvements in the implements used in agriculture in
England. There was hardly any other department of English
enterprise which had done so much to benefit not merely this
country, but almost every country in Europe, or in which
such large fortunes had been amassed — he would say deservedly
amassed — in the wonderful development of skill in mechanism.
He next came in contact with the Chairm-in while he (Mr.
Wren Hoskyns) was acting as one of the editors of the
Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, in which capacity
he found that while Mr. Read had done, and was doing, so
much out of doors, he was also rendering great service to
agriculture indoors with his pen (cheers). He then had the
pleasure of reading in manuscript some of the most interesting
articles from the pen of the Chairman ever written on agri-
cultural subjects, and he might say of Mr. Head that he had
shown that it was possible to be eloquent on such topics. He
next had the pleasure of meeting him at a gathering of the
civil engineers of the country, the deep interest which he had
taken in agricultural engineering having led to his presence on
that occasion. It was tiien that he first had the pleasure of
seeing him with the addition ol M.P. to his name, and he
could truly say of him that no man ever bore honours which
had come thick upon liim in a more easy or modest manner
(cheers'). They had had the misfortune to sit on opposite
sides in the House of Commons, but though their politics
differed he had seldom heard Mr. Read say anything with
regard to agriculture iu which he did not concur, lie next
saw him as the President of the Chamber of Agriculture— an
oflice which he showed thorougli capacity to fill, and he
believed the Chamber had never been more successful than it
was during the year that he presided over it. Mr. Read had
lately been entrusted with the highest point ever attained by
a tenant-farmer in this country — an iaiportant oflice in the
Government (cheers). That elevation seemed not to have
changed his character in the least, or to have engendered any-
tliing like conceit ; and it was pleasant to be able to say of
him that never in his life had he been known to turn his back
on a friend, whether he was an old or a new one. It was one
of the misfortunes of those who rose to such positions as
that now occupied by th.e Chairman, that they were liable to
hear a great deal said about tlieir merits by others, including
old friends. That was the first time in his life that he had
ever had the pleasure of proposing Mr. Read's health, and he
could truly say that there was not one word of exaggeration
in what he liad uttered with regard to him (c'.ieers) .
When a man had been raised in consequence of the abilities
which he liad displayed in a high olficial position, he must
discharge his duties with the most absolute impartiality, every
Englishman and every class of Eaglishmen being alike to him
officially. Tliat was a necessary condition of official life in
connection with the Government. It had placed Mr. Read
in a rather trying position, and he (Mr. Wren Hoskyns)
would ask that gentleman's old friends, his farming friends,
his political friends, and particularly those who thought they
liad special claims upon him on account of the past, not to
expect him to do more than lie had a right to do in his
capacity as a member of the Government, and to remember
that special interests must be subordinated, as it were, to
the general interests of the whole country. They ought
not to feel surprised if he were not able to pay to as much at-
tention as some had expected him to pay to the interests
of agriculture, seeing that he was responsible for the proper
discharge of tiie duties of his oilice in relation to the whole
kingdom (cheers).

The toast having been drunk very cordially,

The Chairman, in returning thanks, said he felt deeply in-
dehted to all present for the kind manner in which the toast

had been received. His friend, Mr. Wren Hoskyns, had ia
proposing it revived pleasant memories, which were almost
obliterated. It was most gratifying to lii:n that that toast
had been proposed by the author of Ta'pa, the most clas-
sical book on agriculture ever written, and one which had
clothed even the dull life of the tenant-farmer with features
of pleasurable excitement. He heartily thanked his friend for
the closing words of his speech. Among the pleasant asso-
ciations connected with the responsibilities of his new official
position there was this drawback — that some of his friends,
his agricultural friends particularly, fancied that he was
shirking his duty, and neglecting their interests. He hoped
that what liad fallen from his friend Mr. Hoskyns v/ould
teach tliera to be a little charitable, and to make all due
allowances for one who, having accepted a responsible post,
was bound, as a good soldier, to khov/ and carry cut ths re-
quirements of discipline and duty. Certain duties which
devolved upon him in his present position were extremely
pleasant. He liked his work; he was well "contented
with his wages " (laughter) ; he esteemed his col-
leagues ; he found the officials of his office to be hardworking,
zealous, and able public servants; but he must confess that
when he went into the House of Commons a certain reticence
that was imposed upon liim was a serious drawback to his
satisfaction. Let him inform his friends, however, aad
particularly his agricultural friends, that whatever lie could
do for tlie cause of the farmer he would do (cheers). Al-
though lie had the honour to iiold a position which he
believed no other tenant-farmer ever had held, though lie
held an important, if subordinate, office in the Government of
the country, he could never forget the claims of those to
whom he belonged, and to whom he owed indirectly his
present position (clieers). In conclusion he must express
his satisfaction at finding in the list of donations just read
that a great many persons whom he termed "outsiders" were
liberal contributors to an institution founded for the benefit of
unfortunate persons connected with farming in Ensjland.

The Marquis of Huntley, in proposing " The Agricultural
Sofieties ot England, Ireland, and Scothnd," alluded to the
great services wliioh tliose institutions had rendered to agri-
culture. He did not agree with the Chairman that agriculture
had decreased in importance relatively to manufactures ; on
the contrary, he felt certain it was as great and as powerful
as ever. As regarded tlie Chairman's own career, he saw
no reason why he should not yet be a member of Her
Majesty's Trivy Council, and he thought agriculturists had
great reason to rejoice that tliey had such an able representa-
tive of their views , in the Government (cheers). The noble
Marquis concluded by associating with tiie toast the name of
Mr. Meohi, whom he eulogised f )r his enterprise as an agri-
culturist and as the chief founder of tliat institution.

Mr. Mechi, in responding, said he felt very much gratified
at the growth and success of the Royal Agricultural Benevo-
lent Institution — an institution which had done much to
mitigate the distress of a class who, generally speaking, could
hardly he considered responsible for the position to whicii
they were reduced. Manufacturers were not, like farmers,
subject to the sad effects of blight and drought and the vicis-
situdes of seasons. In that respect agriculture was at a dis-
advantage as compared with the general industries of the
country. In other respects, however, the position of agricul-
ture was much better tlian it was a hundred years ago. Steam
had changed everything, and if agriculturists availed them-
selves of it as much as manufacturers had done they would, he
believed, be more prosperous and have more money for that
institution (cheers). There was not less than 1,800 millions
of capital represented in the land and agricuhure of tliis
country, and he believed agriculture might still be regarded
as the most important interest in the country (cheers).

Sir John Moiiris proposed "The Executive Council,"
coupling with the toast the name of Mr. Charles S. Cautrell.

Mr. Cantrell said in that institution they knevc
nothing of politics. At one anniversary the chair was
taken by Earl Spencer ; at another the foremost man of the
day, Mr. Disraeli, occupied that position (cheers). The
Council resolved many years ago that they would not dabble
in bricks and mortar, and to that principle they had firmly
adhered. Three or four years ago Lord Sondes suggested that
they should if possible increase the amount of the pensions ;
but the Council, after giving that suggestion the most careful
consideration, thought it better to increase the number of

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

69

pensions. They had been told by tlie Chairman how
many pensioners were on the funds of tlie benevolent institu-
tion, but he had not told them this further important fact—
that during the last fourteen years they had given 400 pensions,
and that there were now no less than 2iG candidates for the 66
additional pensions that were shortly to be granted. Tliey
would never have been able to do what they had done had it
not been for the valuable aid of the honorary local secretaries.
Mr. J. K. Fov.'LEB suggested that with the view of in-
creasing the income of the Society there should be a special
appeal made at all the market tables in the country at the
bcgiouing of October in every year, and spoke of the great
benefit derived from the Commercial Travellers' Schools
through an annual appeal to Iravtllers in all parts of the
country.

The Chairman said he had in his previous remarks pur-
posely avoided the labour question, but he could not help
observing that in the county which he had the honour to
lepresent — Norfolk, since the formation of that Society the
wages of the labourers had advanced fully 50 per cent., and
that if that rate of increase were to continue the funds of
the association would not suffice to meet the cases which would
arise.

Mr. Mecui : You must use more steam.

Tlie CiiA-iRMAJf : Even the steam would not protect farmers
against everything.

The remaining toasts included the Secretary and the Hono-
rary Local Secretaries, for wlioiu Mr. Piank Sherbon an-
swered.

THE ULSTER TENANT-RIGHT BILL.

BY AN EAST ESSEX FARMER.

Of the four bills for the amendment and estensiou of
the Irish Laud Act that were on the list of orders of the
day for second reading on Friday week, but none of which
were discussed owing to the time taken up by the debate
on the Intoxicating Liquor Bill, Mr. Butt's Ulster Teuant-
Right Bill is by far the most comprehensive. Indeed the
present title of the bill is too narrow to give an adequate
idea of its contents ; but in the first clause it is stated
that if the bill passes it may be cited as the " Land Act
(Ireland) 1874." It not only defines the principles of
the Ulster Custom, which was only imperfectly legalized by
the Act of 1870, aud proposes to extend those principles
to the rest of Ireland, but also in some important respects
amends other portions of that Act. Although, as appears
from discussions upon the bill that have recently taken
place in Ireland, it fails to give complete satisfaction to
the more advanced of the Irish tenants, it will probably
be considered by our Conservative House of Commons as
a somewhat "revolutionary" measure, and it is un-
doubtedly a bold and uncompromising attempt to deal with
a diiFicult problem.

Mr. Butt has divided his bill into four parts, which we
propose to describe in their order, without, however,
entering into the particulars of every clause, but only
giving the gist of the principal provisions.

Part I. is headed, " Provisions for better securing the
Ulster Custom of Tenant-Right," and aims at legalizing
and more strictly defining what Irish tenants term the
Ulster Custom in its integrity. This part of the bill, then,
proposes: 1. To extend the operation of the Ulster
Custom to every holding proved to be subject to it,
whether that holding be agricultural or not. 2. To declare
illegal all newly made (less than 40 years old) estate rules
in limitation of the tenant's power to dispose of the good-
will of his holding for the highest price which he can
obtain for it either by private coatract or in the open
market. 3. To decide in the negative the disputed
point whether leases can abrogate the custom. 4. To
define the limits of the landlord's power of objecting to
accept a purchaser of the Tenant-Right of a farm as his
tenant. 5. To define the Ulster Custom to be the custom
as it existed 40 years ago, except in cases in which it
came into practice within that period. 6. To declare
that in every district in which the custom is proved to
prevail generally, the jiresumptlon shall be that every
individual holding is subject to it.

Part II. is entitled, " Provisions for better securing the
compensations provided by the Land Act," and proposes :
1. That a new lease or agreement, a chancre of tenancy,
or an addition to or diminution of the area of the holding
shall not be deemed an interruption of the continuity
of the tenant's title to compensation under the Land Act.

2. That in any agreement for a shorter term than a lease
of 31 years, consent on the part of the tenant to contract
out of the Act shall not be valid, unless it can be shown
to have been made for valuable cousiderations. 8. That
the 12th section of the Land Act (1870), which sanctions
any tenant of a holding valued at £50 and upwards in
contracting out of the Act, be repealed. 4. That where
an under-teuancy was created before the passing of the
Act, the under-tenant shall be entitled to compensation
under the 3rd section. 4. That in cases of eviction by
title paramount, the tenants shall be entitled to compen-
sation under the 4th section of the Land Act. 5. That
a tenant's violation of an agreement with his landlord
shall not debar him from compensation under the third
section of the Land Act, though the chairman may take
such violation into account in awarding compensation.

Part III. consists of " Provisions for extending the
benefits of the Ulster Custom to other parts of Ireland."
Of this part of the bill it is enough to say that if it
passes in its present form it will place the tenant of every
holding in Ireland in precisely the same position under
the law as an Ulster tenant will occupy if the first part
of the bill also passes without alteration, and that it also
enters into particulars as to the method which a chair-
man shall adopt in settling the amount due to a tenant
when the landlord is the purchaser of the Tenant-Right.

Part IV. consists of " General Amendments of the
Land Act," and recommends: '"'1. That a chairman
should be at liberty to call in two referees, one appointed
by the landlord and the other by the tenant, to assist
him in settling any disputed question. 2. That a chair-
man or judge should have power to empanel a jury. 3.
That a landlord and tenant may agree for a fee-farm
grant of a holding, and that such grant shall be equivalent
to a sale as far as the provisions of the Land Act are
concerned. 4. That yearly tenancies shall terminate on
the last gale-day of the year. 5. That an assignee of
the estate of a limited owner shall have the powers of
a limited owner. G. That schedules of improvements,
instead of being filed in the Lauded Estates Court, shall
be filed in the office of the Clerk of the Peace for the
county, and shall be entered in a book, to be called the
Land Registry of such county.

Such are the outliues of Mr. Butt's bill, and they will
be sufficient to enable our readers to form a fair estimate
of its scope and intentions. There is no doubt that it
will meet with wcry strong opposition, and we do not sup-
pose there is any likelihood of its being passed in its pre-
sent forju by the existing House of Commons. The pro-
posal to extend the principle of the Ulster Custom to thj
whole of Irelaud will be especially objected to, and we can
ia imagination already hear the cry of confiscation raised in

00

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

opposition to it. But, after all, without pronouncing a
decided opinion as to tiie expediency of tlie plan, it is not
easy to see tohat it would confiscate, unless it be certain
powers and privileges. That it would tend to the confis-
cation of any property is more than doubtful, since it is
generally admitted that in Ulster laud of a given quality
is worth more rent than it would be worth in any other
province of Ireland. That there are other and very strong
objections to the Ulster Custom we are perfectly aware ;
but these chiefly concern tenants, who in Ireland are
generally in favour of the custom, and who ought to know
their own business better than an outsider. There is no
doubt that the sale of Tenant-Right in the open market is
the simplest way of settling compensation of unex-
hausted improvements : whether it is the best way is
another question. Irish tenants say that it is the best
way, and that it would benefit landlords, tenants, and
cons'umers alike. To our English ideas it is certainly

less objectionable in principle than the allowance of com-
pensation for " disturbance" which the Land Act provides
for.

But apart from this debatable third part of Mr. Butt's
bill, it contains some amendments of the Act of 1870
which would greatly simplify and improve its working.
That the Act needs amendment no one who has watched
its working will deny. It could scarcely be expected
that so great a measure would not contain many defects,
especially as there were so many adverse opinions amongst
those who had a hand in framing and in altering it before
it became law. It has long been obvious that it was
drawn so defectively as to render it easy of anyone so dis-
posed to evade the intention of its authors and to outrage
the spirit of the Act. Mr. Butt has done his best from
his point of view to remedy these defects, and his bill at
any rate deserves the careful attention of Parliament,

THE BATH AND WEST OF ENGLAND SOCIETY, AND SOUTHERN

COUNTIES ASSOCIATION.

MEETING AT BRISTOL.

In point of fact, the show of the old West of England
Society was not held this year at Bristol, but at Clitton
— that is to say, from the nearest railway station to the
ground there had to be encountered a three-miles ride or
walk, all very much up-hill, over a bad dusty road, and under
a hot blazing sun. Having all things in consideration, your
Bristol fly-man or 'buss-man did not take that advantage
of the occasion which might have been expected, al-
though long before the shilling days conveyances
ran short, and visitors waited and wandered about Bristol
for hours together ; as, had the rain only set
in the result must have been a miserable failure,
instead of an immense success. As it was, later
on in the week the cruelty to animals, which must
have been practised in whipping over-worked ma-
chiners up to the show, might have justified the inter-
ference of the Prevention Society, not so much against
the mere drivers or proprietors, as the members of the
Council in again selecting a site at so an unwarrant-
able distance from everywhere. Of course, it is all very
well for these officials who took good care to secure to
themselves the best accommodation in Clifton : but look-
ing a little further into the interests of the general public,
there can be no possible doubt but that in the absence of
a junction line to the Downs the choice of such a meeting-
place was an egregious mistake ; as if Bristol had no-
thing better to oS"er closer home, the Society should have
gone elsewhere. However, breasting the hill aft'orded a
fine trial for condition in the stock, and Mr. Walter's
Shorthorn cow died of the way up.

In the opening report, which we gave on the opening
day, we were enabled thus early to sum-up the show as
" only a fair average one" and nothing more. In truth,
in some of the classes, like the old Shorthorn bulls and
bull-calves, and a class or so of Shorthorn heifers,
there is nothing which we can expect to see stand as well at
Bedford as it did at Bristol. The marked moderation,
indeed, of the Shorthorns was emphasized by the award
of the champion prizes, both of which went to the
Devons, with the Shorthorns showing nothing very
formidable, for either the best bull or best
cow. And yet we have seen slroiign- entries
of Devons, although these are very sure to repeat
themselves at the Royal meeting 'in the Midlands,
there being so few of the sort now about, with the

prize stock mainly in the hands of three or four exhi-
bitors. Again, there should be better Herefords, as at
any rate some of the " plums" of last season were not
to be found here; and the Sussex, if numerically great,
are often common in character, the old story of stealing
the Devon cross being not now so noticeable. The
Channel Islands cattle, with another judge on, were put
about a bit ; but there was plenty of merit here, not
that we think there will be any material revision of
the list on a second reading at Bedford. As we
said in our last number, " the show of horses of all
sorts is one of the largest ever seen at these meet-
ings ;" but even thus early we questioned its quality, and
the " nag" classes are pretty generally inferior to Ply-
mcuth ; while the cart stallions and mares are better
than those shown in the companion classes of riding stock.
The sheep section, either in the way of general competi-
tion, or individual merit, is mostly but of second-rate
order, and, with the exception of Mr. Treadwell's famous
old Oxford, the winning Leicester rams and a
Cotswold or two, there is scarcely a sheep amongst any
of the leading breeds which threatens to make much
mark hereafter. Of Southdowns, to quote ourselves
again, " there is only a moderate display," and Lord
Chesham's best Shropshires were clearly not at Bristol.
It may be stated further in the way of proof, or want of
proof, how there was a deal of discussion over the Short-
horn awards, with only really one recognised Shorthorn
man on the bench ; while the presence of two such
energetic supporters of the red cattle as Mr. Edward
Cane and Mr. Quartly must have had all its weight when
it came to the deciding courses, backed as they would be
by Mr. Pope. There is always a difficulty in comparing
different breeds ; but with no such difficulty before them,
the riding-horse judges went as wrong as they well could
go in their choice of the champion weight-carrier.

The Shorthorns, as the gentleman said of his wife's
relations, were a " very miscellaneous lot," with some
well-known animals amongst them, but with others never
heard of before and not very likely to be heard of again ;
the Somerset and Dorset breeders, with the signal excep-
tion of Mr. Bruce Kennard, being quite overshadowed by
entries from further a field. The business here opened
indifferently enough with such a bull as Mr. Richard
Stratton's Protector placed first, whereas in the two-year-

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

Gl

old class at Hull he was never uoticeil, nor lias he ever
made much mark, save at some merely local meetings.
Either in or out, we seldom saw a bull show himself worse
than Protector: he has a dreary haug-dog look when on
parade, and stands as ungainly as can be iu his stall. In
fact, he lacks not only style but masculine bearing, and
is just a good bit of beef with a broad back and fairish
quarters, but mean and drooping forward. The second
prize, Leeuian, the best yearling in 1873 and the reserve
number at Hull in the same class with Protector, is
weariug well and shows a deal more hue bull character
than tlic other, although his tlashy roil-and-white mark-
ngs will always tell against him — not that we ever expect
to see the Stratton's bull beat him again. The reserve
number here was the Cornwall Duke of Oxford, second at
Barnstaple and first at St. Austell, as our special reports
have told ; wliile he also beat Protector when they met
at Plymouth iu 1873. The best lloyal yearling, Sir
Arthur Ingram, is only now commeuded ; but he has
grown even plainer and meaner in the interim, having
never been much of a show animal, and now with little
beyond his touch in his favour. The remainder of the
class was ver}' miscellaneous, and the lump of flesh put
first but a butcher's verdict.

Writing of Hull we said " Mr. Outhwaite's winning
calf, a son of lloyal Windsor, is straight and shallow with
a plain head, but very showy out," aud Lord Godol))hiu
since then has gone on famously, lie still stands rather
high ; but to see him move iu the ring, what with his
great liberty and grand carriage, was a pleasure indeed —
the more especially after having been treated to a view of
such a goer as the best old bull. Godolphiu, still pre-
serving his fine straight outline and growing kinder about
his head and horn, fairly placed himself, as if he but
furnishes and drops a little to his leg, he has all the
makings of cpiite a first-class, full-growa bull — a very
different thing from a first-prize calf. Kapid Rhone, on
the contrary, has goue off, standing very badly on his
hocks and ruuniug altogether wroug in his quarters ; as
it is a question whether at all points Colonel Loyd
Lindsay's lengthy, useful bull should not have had
the second place. And these three were all the judges
had any call to dwell over, the contingent being still
quite "miscellaneous."

So far the decisions had been tolerably well received
for critics with so many dilfereut fancies as Shorthorn men
indulge in ; but over the cow class there was quite a
sensation when the renowned Vivandiere, the best cow at
Hull, Harrowgate, and Gainsborough in 1873, and a
winner all over Yorkshire and Lancashire from her youth
upwards, was now placed only second in her class. Of
course upon precedent there were plenty of people ready
to run down the award ; but although at six years old
Vivandiere is still wearing well, and showing the better
for not being quite so full of flesh, we go altogether with
the judges in their preference for Victoria Victrix, a really
sweet heifer, full of fine cow character, and at the same
time broad enough and wealthy enough for any useful
purpose ; while she begins with a pretty, kindly head, and
barring her quarters, which are growing gaudy, she is at
most points a very handsome specimen of her kind — in
f act more of a cow than the Yorkshire one, whose chief
merit is mere beef. Iu the heifer class, on the other
hand. Lady Pigot's red heifer, the famous Rose of
Wytham, has been overdone, and, as she threatened last
season, is now showing coarse, steery, and lumpy ; so
that she was well beaten by Messrs. Hosken's white, a
stiaight symmetrical Oxford, showing rather light and
lathy from having been a deal about of late, first at Barn-
staple in one week, aud not only first again but the
champion cow or heifer at St. Austell in the week fol-
lowing, and that immediately preceding Bristol. At

Barnstaple our report, written by an accomplished
Shorthorn breeder, declared that " in the heifers not
exceeding three years oil .Messrs. Iloskeu exhibited a
perfect gem— thick, mellow, tubular, and worthy of com-
petition anywhere;" as aj;aiu, our special correspondent
at St- Austell, another Shorthorn breeder, said " Moss
Rose takes the cup as the best female in any class of
cattle, ana a charming heifer she is." So that she goes
on to Bedford with a charactjr, not merely from about
home, as she also beat here Baroness Conyers, the third
prize to the Rose of Wytham at Hull, aud now growing
into quite a grand heifer, with a fine straight top, as con-
sidered by many the best of the class, which included
two or three more smart things. Another Wytham of
fine quality was beaten amongst the yearlings by that won-
derfully good roan from Blandford ; straight and square,
with a beautiful coat and of good quality. Queen Mary
is yet more promising than when she came out at Ply-
mouth last summer, when we thus wrote of her: ''Mr.
Kennard's calf was quite in keeping for good pomts with
the other winners amongst the Shorthorn females, having
touch, hair, and style, but she was a long way in advance
of the rest of the class." Here also there were a few
more to look at ; but the heifer-calf class now con-
tained scarcely anything of much account. On the
whole, beyond animals like Lord Godolphiu, the Hoskens'
heifer, aud Mr. Kennard's yearling, who placed them-
selves, we cannot give much weight- to the Shorthorn
decisions at Bristol. Mr Randell is more of an "all-
round " judge than one with any especial Shorthorn pro-
clivities, and Mr. Aylmer is chiefly known westward for
the inconsequential impartiality with which he helped to
uj)set awards at CardilY, which he had helped to make at
Dorchester.

There was said to have been a suspicion of foot-
and-mouth disease hanging about the county shows
just previously held further westward ; as for this
reason or some other a considerable number of
the Devon entries were not sent on. In fact, nu-
merically the Devon was the weakest breed ou the
gi'osnd, although the classes actually came to include the
two champion animals— the best bull aud the best cow.
Aud with neither of these selections do we agree, as had
the Ilerefords been anything liLe as strongly represented
in the ring we really believe that they must have won
both these extra premiums. As it was, two Devon julges
and a third, who only loves the Devous less because he
loves the Sussex more, looked to thoroughly talk down
the one Hereford judge and the two Shorthorn men. In
truth, the show of Devons was hardly anywhere a great
one, as it is curious to see how the Flitton herd has fallen
away since the death of Mr. Davey, and this has naturally
let in the Somerset Devons, The champion here, ]Mr.
Farthing's Master Robin, a winner of many first prizes,
has improved considerably since last season, and is
now a straight weighty useful animal, but he lacks
much of the style and high-breeding of the North
Devon, material points, for which the best bull-calf
is far away his superior. Whereas the best bull-
calf at Hull, the Flitton Duke of Plymouth, is getting
mean and plain, although he now reversed positions with
the yearling put before him at Barnstaple. Picture,
again, is not so handsome a cow as she was a heifer, and
when one compares so noble, massive, and thorough a
specimen of his breed as Wiuter-de-Cote with Master
Robin, or such a cow in such a class of cows as the great
grand Sunflower, with Picture, one comes to see how
these champion prizes must result in simply a majority of
votes. The Hereford cows, as at Cardiif, ran up unmis-
takably to the best class of any kind of animal ou the
ground, with four high commendations and another com-
mendation attached to the actual awards ; and with all

62

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

these honestly earned, it is only charitable to conclude
that the " other" judges knew nothing of " other" breeds
when they pave way as they did. In the Devon heifers
in-calf a Temptress was beaten again, as she was
was at Barnstaple, further evidence of a decline ; and in
the two younger classes Mr. Senior from Buckingham-
shire won with a couple of smart Moss Roses, Ihc calf
beibg especially clever and promising. It would so seem
from this that the Bronghton herd has not yet been quite
broken up.

As we said when we last saw him, Von Moltkc has
grown out of show form, or, as the return will tell, is no
longer a prize Hereford ; and Winter-de-Cote had a long
lead, as we spoke to him both at Plymouth and Hull as
the best bull of his breed out. I'evv of the younger
animals here, however, threaten ever to compare v>"ith
such a bull or the entry of cows, as one missed sadly
from the class of heifers in-calf — running only to a couple
of moderate things — the Leeu beauties, Exquisite and
Satellite, as we hope in reserve for Bedford ; while the
yearling heifer class was far better filled ; if few of the
calves, male or female, looked to have mneh merit, the
cow-calves being " a very miscellaneous lot."

The Sussex bulls seldom show to much advantage, as
probably from the ready comparison with the Devon they
look coarse and common, and handle harshly — some proof
at any rate of their not being " contaminated." The best
young bull at Plymouth, short in his coat and bad in his
touch, now succeeded to the first place in the older class,
with another first prize or two, like Mr. Turrill's and Messrs.
Stanford's Dorchester calf in the entry. The younger bulls
were generally plain, especially about their heads, and the
judges took for their best cow an animal of size and weight,
but of not the nice character of the second best from Craw-
ley ; as even the other cow from Jlr. Duke's herd, the highly
commended from Slinfold or the brothers Stanford's cntiy
were more comely and suggestive of the milk-pail. A
beef cow at a breeding show is, or should be an abomina-
tion. The champion, however, of the Sussex was Mr.
Agate's level, bloodlike, and really handsome two-year-old,
the first yearling at Plymouth, and surely something of a
model to improve by. The three best yearlings were also
good, it being a very near thing between the second and
third, the displaced Hartley Honey showing more breed-
ing, but with the worst of it in the way of age and size.
Amongst the calves the Stanfords distinguished them-
selves with a good straight heifer]of far better touch than
many of the breed ; as the merits of the Sussex centred
over the heifer classes, the general strength of this sort
certainly depeudiug more on quantity than quality.

In good proof of how these agricultural meetings still
continue to develop, and spread the best types of their
breed, we may cite the show of Channel Islands cattle
at Bristol — one of the largest and certainly one of the
best exhibitions of Jerseys and Guernseys ever got to-
gether. The Jersey, no doubt, has long been in favour,
if until lately people did not know much about its
actual merits ; whereas but a few seasons back it was a
matter of some difiiculty to find a sufiicicnt number of
creditable Guernseys over which to award the prizes
of the several classes. But at Bristol the advance was
really extraordiuaiy, with eight cows and nineteen heifers,
many of wliich were very superior animals, and, even
further, most of the entries fairly good. In fact, the
heifers, so much general merit was there, took a deal of
judging, if the best cow, a magnificent and about perfect
specimen of her breed, readily placed herself. This is
Mr. Rendle's Duchess, who iu or out of the Island has
equally distinguished herself, having been first at Truro,
Jersey, and Guernsey in 1871, first at Cardiff Royal and
Guernsey in 187^, first at Guernsey iu 1373, and ouce 1
more first at the Island show a few weeks back. The

best bull was also very good, as Mr. Euudle Watson,
another home breeder, is carefully cultivating the native
cattle, will J Mr. Compton is establishing them in
the New Forest ; so that the Guernseys are in every way
advancing, alike for looks, nse, and moucy value.

There was only a short show of all-aged Jersey bulls,
and only one good, the Forest-bred Blue Bonnet,' as the
Surrey Crocus is growing coarse and common ; but both
the prize yearlings were worthy of their places, and Mr.
Simpson highly and honestly commended for one over
which a big figure was refused last season from America.
But the Wray Park herd was rather over-paced here, and
in a wonderfully good class of cows, where almost
everything was commended, it was something
even to get as near as second. In another
admirable class of heifers, another of Mr. Simp-
son's breed took the same place, although easily
beaten for first by Mr. Gilbey's beautiful fawn, at
all points perhaps the best Jersey now about. And yet,
mulli])lyiug as these beauties are, it is noticeable how
little some folks know of their points : here a Hereford
man will take you up to one unnoticed, and will ask
indignantly " if it ain't the best ? Look how level and
well covered she is!" Just as if he were appraising a
Christmas steer. Others, again, will go all for the bag ;
but the "stocking" of milch cows' udders, that is the
trick of not milking them for some time before they are
led into the ring, will never deceive a judge who really
knows his business. Many of the animals cannot retain
their milk in such a case; and if a bag be the least mis-
shapen, the faulty part becomes only the more con-
spicuous when over-loaded. One Guernsey exhibitor
in his zeal even went a little further, and dyed his
cow's bag and the inside of her ears with annaito !
for which in due course he received a rebuke from
the judges, stern but dignified, that would have
done credit to the Lord Chief Justice or the Speaker
of the House of Commons. Go, and observe the eleventh
commandment, " Thou shalt not be found out."

There were, by way of a " spurt" three champion pre-
miums ofi^ered this year — £30 for the best cow or heifer
in milk or in calf; £40 for the best bull, and £50 for the
best hunting horse ; and not one of these, as we are in-
clined to think, was rightly awarded. The light horse show,
though larger, was nothing like so good as that at Ply-
mouth, as was pretty clearly demonstrated by the fact
that an animal then merely commended was now pro-
nounced to be the best of all. This was Mr. Battams'
Hector, certainly the best of a very moderate lot of all-
aged hunters, ilr. Battams taking both first and second
in the next class of four-year-olds, where the competition
was yet more indifferent, so that so far it was pretty
plain sailing for Kilworthy. The three-year-olds, how-
ever, included a brown or black by old Hunting Horn,
called Black Prince, and a colt of great power, fine
symmetry, and plenty of breeding, set off by a somewhat
plain head. He thus proved well enough to stand along-
side of, but when the winners came iu together it was a
horse to a hen on the young one. In fact the Black
Prince's action at three-parts speed was everything which
a man could wish for in a hunter — bending beautifully to
his bridle, and going strong and oily, with his knee
nicely bent, but not too round or high, it was all the
over-v\'cighted Hector could do by nicking and cutting off
corners to keep within hail. And so the judges, utterly
ignoring the far greater promise in every way of the
three-year-old ripening into the better 14st. hunter, duly
awarded the championship to Hector, as false a decision
at the time and place as ever was recorded. Mr. Legg
was out of luck again with his two-year-old, which we
fancied a deal more than the chesnut put before him ;
while there was some hunting character about Mr.

TilE FAEMEK'S MAGAZINE.

63

Qiiartley's old grey mare, aad aoniethiog eke was preferred
to her. The hacks and ponies were mostly common in
appearance and slovenly in action ; thongli The Hart is
a showy gentleraaa who takes a deal of riding, aad
Major Ballard handled him as gingerly as if he were
taking his ship through the chops of a dangerous channel.
But this was nothing to the " exhibition " kiadly afforded
by Mr. Bolton on a miserable grey, with which he pirou-
etted in froat of the stand, after the manner of Signor
Smytho at a circus. As this riding performance promised
to occnpy some time — and the judging was as slow as a
Bristol waggon— we waudered away elsewhr", only to find
on our return that the grey had taken the second prize,
as for looks or action she was one of the very worst in the
class. It is really fortunate the Major was steering the Hart,
or they might have put the "grey hack filly, aged 6 years"
— so ruQS the description — first ! The veteran Hunting Horn
had little to beat in the special class, as -Jocko looked to be
the best stamp of horse for getting hunters in the class
proper, but they put Reinfrid, a very bad third at CardilY,
first, and something else second. We are fain to admit
that we never fancied the riding test less than at Bristol,
although the other judge, Mr. Harvey Bayley looked to be
putting his trust in it.

The best cart stallion is a very handsome, showy horse,
who can move, but the judges would not have the Clydes
or Suffolks, though there was not much merit in their
second prize. The mares and foals ran up to a fairly good
class, with the winner worthy of her name, and quite a
smart mare, and there were some useful two-year-
olds ; but taken through, the show of di'aught
horses was short and not very imposing, and we do not
believe in mules, if some of those paraded at Bristol were
big enough and ugly enough for anything.

The Leicester judge thought very highly of young Mr.
George Turner's sheep, and not much of anything else, and
so Mr. Turner's high-bred looking entries took everything
they tried for, that is, all the prizes for rams, and the
first with his one pen of ewes. The Cotswolds were
better represented than for some time past, and here and
there reminded one of the days when the Games and the
Lanes and the Hewers would make so grand a display.
The worst class was that of old rams, while (he Messrs.
Gillett's two prize pens of ewes were handsome, sorty, and
altogether superior specimens of their breed — and a floek
is thought to be highly tried with two "topping" lots of
ewes. Amongst the Southdowns Mr. Rigden has so far
had his hold on the place once occupied by Lord Walsing-
ham ; but we expect to see better sheep of the breed at
Bedford, although the Heasmans, Sir William Throck-
morton, Mr. Pcafold, Lord Portsmouth, and Mr. Sydney
"Waller were in competition. Mr. Rigdea's best old
sheep, now four years old, was second at Dorchester,
Cardiff, Plymouth, and Hull, as he alway^trnck us as a
particularly neat sheep, beginning with a very true type
of head. Sir William Throckmorton's two pens of ewes
are also of a very pretty stamp, but running it through the
Southdown show was not of remarkable merit. According
to the judges they gave the prizes in the Shropshire
classes to the sheep which "looked most like South-
downs," and so Lord Chesham was first ; and when Mr.
Pulley was second it was with a ram bred straight from
Latimer. The best old sheep was never previously ex-
hibited, but served his time as a shearling in Ireland.
As we intimated last week, Mr. Treadweli's old Oxford
Down ram is here, and stUl about the best sheep on the
ground ; he has spread into great size and weight, but he
did good service on Mr. Street's flock last season in Bed-
fordshire. The Dake of Marlborough, who made his first ap-
pearance here, was first in the companion class of rams, and
Mr. Milton Druce, the only other exhibitor of Oxfordshire
Downs, was second best throughout. The absence of Mr.

Rawlence, whose flock is about to be sold oft', toll sensibly
on the quality of the Hampshire Down entry, although
ilr. Morrison's two prize shearlings are bred entirely
from Balbridge sheep. The Ru=s?l!3 had also omitted
to eater, and as they sent nothing from Font'aill into
the old class of rams or amongst the cres, a new
name or two will be found in the return ; the Bnlbridge
beauties being terribly missed amongst the ladies. By the
way, some "Zo;2^-wool Dorsetshire Downs" were ex-
hibited in the special classes. How is this cross arrived
at or the description maintained? Horns from Exmoor,
Somerset, aad Dorset, aad Devon Long-wools completed
the sheep show, with the prizes still mainly in the hands
of the same exhibitors : Lord Poltimore for Exmoors,
Mr. Herbert Farthing and Lord Bridport for Somersets,
aad Mr. Corner for Devons, although the supremacy of
the V\'illitou sheep was occasionally disputed by Sir
John Heathcoat-Amory, who won with ewes, and Mr.
Piadmore, who showed the best old sheep ; Mr. C jraer,
however, contriving to keep some place in the prize-list in
every class. But, no question, there is a deal of " practice with
science" required iu preparing a show-sheep, and we heard
at Bristol how an intending exhibitor has sent out a
couple of Shropshire rams to be trained by another flock-
master for the Bedford meeting ! And as the trainer has
a number of winners amongst his own lot the, others will
probably have the benefit of a very high trial.

The Berkshires are maintaining or rather extending
their lead, and again the Berkshire sows made up the
best class of pigs on the ground ; while Mr. Hewer's best
all-aged boar was probably, taken singly, the best of all
the pigs ; and the younger boars very generally an excel-
lent class, with commendations scattered throughout.
There has been a deal of dabbling between large and
middle amongst the white p igs, aad neither of the two
classes of large boars contained anything more than
moderate ; but the sows were much better, both classes
ia fact being good, and Mr. Beswicke Royds winning iu
both with five capital pigs. The small blacks were
nowhere so good, and the younger class of small white
boars generally indifferent ; nor were the single sows
so much in fashion as they have been. Indeed, neither
the small v,hites nor small blacks were quite up to the
average, while the large whites were not liked, and the
Berkshires unmistakably the favourites. But then they
are quite " at home" in these parts.

PRIZE LIST.
JUDGES. — Divo>'s AXD Sussex : E. Cane, Berwick, Lewes;
J. Pope, Horaingham, Warminster ; J. Qaartly, MoUaiid,
South MoltoQ. Shoethorxs a^d Heeziords : H. Ayl-
mer, West Dereha-.n, Stoae Perry, Norfolk ; C. N. Hiuks-
man. The Poles, Ludlow ; C. llanJ ell, Chadbory, Evesham.
Chjlnnel Isla:\"D : J. I};iai'jreil, Ditcheliag, Sussex ; H.
Tait, Royal Shaw Partn, Windsor. Sheep— Lo>g-U'ool:
J. Painter, Belgrave House, Forest-road, Xotts ; G. Walms-
ley, Ridstor, BridlicgtoQ. Short -WOOLS: J. Ford,
Rushton, Blandford ; T. Horley, The Fosse, Lea-
mington ; J. E. Rawlence, Bnllbridge, Wilton.
Horses — Agricultue.u, : J. H. Wood, Humberstone,
Grimsby ; A. Lovibond, TUorngrove Close, BriJgnater.
Hc^'TERS AND Hacks : T, H. D. Bajley, Edwinstowe,
Ollertou ; H. D. Boalton, Putaoe, Bedford. Pigs : G. M.
Sexton, Wherstead, Ipswich ; M. Savidge, Sarsden, Chipping
Norton. Lxsfector of S^EARI^"G: £. Oldmg, Sahsbury.

DEVONS.
Bull, two iind not exceeding four years old. — First prize,
and Champion Prize as best of all the bulls, W. Farthing,
Stowey Court, Bridgwater (Master Rabin) ; second, Mrs.
Langdon, Flitton-Barton, North Molten (Duke of FUttoa
Sth). Highly commended : J. Jackman, Hesworthy, Laun-
ceston (Earl of Exeter). Commended : J. H. Buller, Downes,
! Crediton.

Bull, two years old.— First prize, Mrs. M. Langdou (Duke
of Plymouth) ; second, J. Gould, Baraplylde Lodge, Poltimore
(Bampfylde). Commenaed : J. H. Buller.

61

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZIKB.

Bullcalf.— First prize, J. A. Smith, Bradford P vcrill,
Dorcliester (Albert Victor) ; second, W. Farthing ( \Iaster
Willie), lliglily commended : Mrs. M, Langdoii (D ike of
Bedford).

Cow in calf or in milk. — First prize and Champion ?ri/,e
as best of all tlie cows and lieifers, J. A. Smith (Pic ure) ;
second, J. Bradbeer, Pyoland, Tauutou, Somerset (Nanc }.

Ueifer in calf or in milk, n')t exceeding three years oKl. —
First prize, W. Farthing (Nellie) ; second, Mrs. M. La i^dun
(Temptress 3rd).

Heifer, not exceeding two years old. — First prize, T. L.
Senior, Bronghton, Aylesbury (Moss Rose the 1st) ; second,
Viscount F'almouth, Tregothnau, Probus (Plymouth Queen).

Heifer calf. — First prize, T. L. Senior (Moss Rose the2uJ) ;
second, J. A. Smith (ilunest).

SliUlU'lIOP.XS.

Bull, two and not exceeding four years olJ. — First prize, R.
StrattoD, The Duffryn, Newport, Monmonthshire (Protector) ;
second, G. Fox, Harefield, Wilmslow, Cheshire (Leeman).
Highly commended: W. Hosken and Sou, Loggnu's Mill,
Hayle, Cornwall (Duke of Oxford). Commended: W.Linton,
Sheriff Hutton, York (Sir Artiuir Ingram).

Bull, not exceeding two years old. — First priz**, J, Oulli-
waite, Biincss, Catterick, Yorkshire (Lord Godolphiu) ;
second, Lady Emily Pigot, Branches Paik, Newmarket, Suf-
folk (Rapid Rhone). Commended : Lieut.-Col. Loyd-Lindsay,
V.C, M.P., Lockinge Park, Wantage, Berks (Prince
Rupert).

Bull-calf, six and not excecdins twelve months old. — First
prize, Lieut.-Col. Loyd-Lindsay, V.C, MP. (Lord R-ockville) ;
second, Rev. R. B. Kennard, Maruhull Rectory, Blandford,
Dorset (Marquis of Blandford).

Cow in call or in milk. — First prize. Lady Emily Pigot
(Victoria Victrix) ; second, J. Outliwaite (Vivandiere).
Higbly commended : J. Stratton, Alton Priors, Marlborough,
Wilts (Euphemia) ; G. Game, Cliurchhill Heath, Chipping
Norton, Oxon (Butterlly's Duchess).

Heifer in calf or in milk, not exceeding three years old. —
First prize, W. Hosken and Son (Moss Rose 2iid) ; second.
Lady Emily Pigot (Rose of Wytham). Highly commended:
R. Fookes, Milton Abbas, Blandford, Dorset (Lady Penrhyn).
Highly comrueuded : J. Outliwaite (Baroness Conyers). Com-
mended : J. A. Mumford, Brill, Thame (Edith Emily).

Heifer, not exceeding two years old. — First prize, Rev. R.
B. Kennard (Queen Mary) ; second. Lady Emily Pigot
(Princess of Wytham). Highly commended : Lord Sudeley,
Toddiugton House, Winchcombe, Gloucestershire (Seraphina
Bella 2ud); J. S. Bult, Dodhill, Taunton, Somerset. Com-
mended: R. Stratton (Brilliant Flower).

Heifer-calf, six and not exceeding twelve months old. —
First prize, R. Stratton (Regalia) ; second, B. St. John Ackers,
Prinknash Park, Paiuswick, Gloucestershire (Lady Carew).
Commended : Lord Fitzhardinge, Berkeley Castle, Berkeley
(Lady Wild Eyes 7th) ; Lieut. -Colonel Loyd-Lindsay, V.C,
M.P. (Diana).

HEREFORDS.

Bull, two and not exceeding four years old. — First prize,
Mrs. S. Edwards, Wiutercott, Leominster (\Vir.ter-de-Cote) ;
second, H. J. Bailey, Rosedale, Tenbury (King of the Dale).
Highly commended : W. Evans, Llandowlas, Usk, Monmouth-
shire (Von Moltke 2nd). Commended: T. Thomas, St.
Hilary, Cowbridge, Glamorganshire (Sir John 4tli).

Bull, not exceeding two years old. — First prize, W. Taylor,
Showle Court, Ledbury (Tredegar) ; second, H. N. Edwards,
Broadward, Leominster (Alfred). Highly commended : J.
Harding, The Greenhouse, Bridgnorth, Salop. Commended :
T. Thomas (Symmetry), and Rev. A. Clive (Baron 3rd).

Bull-calf, six and not exceeding twelve months old. — First
prize, W. Tudge, Adforton, Leiutwardine (Regulator) ; second,
Mrs. S. Edwards (Plato). Commended : W. B. Pereu (Lord
Compton).

Cow in calf or in milk. — First prize, T. Thomas (Sun-
flower) ; second, T. Thomas (Rosaline). Highly commended:
E. Benjafield, Gummershay House, Stalbridge, Blandford
(Matchless 2nd) ; Mrs. S. Edwards (Young Mermaid 2nd) ;
T. Rogers, Coxhall, Bucknell, Salop. Commended : VV.
Taylor, Showle Court, Ledbury (Dainty) ; U. Bull (Countess).

Heifer, in calf or in milk, not exceeding three years old. —
First prize, T. Fenn, Stonebrook House, Ludlow (Lady Stan-
ton). Commended: W. B. Peren, Compton House, South
Petheiton, llminster (Rosalie).

Heifer, not exceeding two years old. — First prize, P. Turnef
Leen, Pembridge (Verbena) ; second, J. W.James, Mappowder
Court, Dorset (Rosebud). Highly commended : P. Turner
(Isabel). Commended : P. Turner (Snowdrop) ; H.N. Ed-
wards, Broadward, Leominster (Dolly).

Heifer-calf, six and not exceeding twelve mouths old. — First
prize, T. Fenn ; second, H. N. Edwards (Gary). Highly
commended: W. Taylor. Commended: T. J. Carwardine
Stockton Bury, Leominster (Helena).
SUSSEX.

Bull, two and not exceeding four years old — First prize, A.
Agate, West-street, Horsham, Sussex (Alfred 2nd) ; second,
J. Turvill, Hartley-park Farm, Alton, Hants (Hartley).
Highly commended : P. H. Ellis, Clayton, Hurstpierrepoiut
(Knight-Errant) ; E. and A. Stanford, Eitons, Ashurst,
Steyuing (Dorchester).

Bull, not exceed u^- tAo years old. — First prize, G. C.
Carew-Gibson, Saad,Mte, Pulbro', Sussex (My Lord); second,
J. Turvill (Tom). Highly commeaded: R. Mills (Young
Bismarck).

Bull-calf, six and not exceeding twelve months old. — First
prize, G. C. Carew-Gibson ; second, J. and A. Heasraan,
Angmering, Arundel, Sussex, Highly commended : A. Agate
(Grand Duke Srd).

Cow in calf or in milk. — First prize, B. Duke, Lyminster,
Arundel, Sussex (Primrose) ; second, G. Smith, Paddockhurst,
Crawley. Highly commended : C Child (Jewell). The Class
commended.

Heiler in calf or in milk, not exceeding three years old. —
First prize, A. Agate (Auburn) ; second, J. and A. Heasman,
(Maria Stuart).

Ueifer, not exceeding two years old, — F'irst prize, J. and A.
Heasraan (Pride of Ham) ; second, G. Smith (Pride of the
Famils). Highly commended : J, Turville (iluuey).

Heifer-calf, six and not exceeding twelve months old. — First
prize, E. and A. Stanford ; second, A. Agate (Honesty 1st).
Highly commended : A. Agate (Adelaide itli).

CHANNEL ISLANDS.

JERSEY.

Bull, two and not exceeding four years old, first prize,
Mrs. Malcolm, Beechwood, Lyndliurst, Hants (Blue Bonnet) ;
second, G. Simpson, Wray-park, Reigate, Surrey (Prince
Crocus).

Bull, not exceeding two years old, first prize, J. C. F. Rams-
den, Busbridge-hall, Goldaming, Surrey (Modoc) ; second, VV.
Gilbey, Hargrave-park, Stanstead, Essex (Ducal). Highly
commended : G. Simpson (The Queen's Favourite).

Cow, exceeding three years old, in calf or in milk, first
prize, G. D. Digby, Sherborne-castle, Dorset (Miss Edith);
second, G. Simpson (Gentle). Highly commended : W. Gilbey
CTal). Commended : W. Gilbey (Medora), J. C F. Ramsdcu
(Grisette), G. D. W. Digby (Queen of the Vale), F. L. Pop
ham (Flora), G. Simpson (Queenie and Florence), J. Buck-
man (Fancy).

Heifer, not exceeding three years old, first prize, W. Gilbey
(Fan) ; second, G. Simpson (Pretty Lass), Highly com-
mended ; R. Rendle. Commended: R. Rendle and T. F.
Horner.

GUER>'SEY,

Bull, two aflL not exceeding four years old. — First prize,
Rev. J, R. Watson, La Favorita, Guernsey (No. 1 Clotli of
Gold) ; second, E. A. Sanders, Stoke-house, Exeter, Devon
(Prince Humbert).

Bull, not exceeding two years old. — First prize. Rev. J. R.
Watson (No. 3 Cloth of Gold) ; second, H. Compton, Manor-
house, Minestead, Lyndhurst, Hants (The Duke). Com-
mended : E. A. Sanders (Prince Amadeus),

Cow, exceeding three years old, in calf or in milk. — First
prize, R, Rendle, Catel-farra, Guernsey (Duchess) ; second,
Rev, J. R. Watson (Portia), Highly commended: H. Comp-
ton (Ada).

Heifer, not exceeding three years old. — First prize. Rev. J.
R. Watsou (Esmeralda) ; second, J. B. Carey, St. Uelene, St.
Andrew's, Guernsey (Nelly). Highly commended: Rev. J.
R. Watson (Sylva). Commended : II. Compton (Betty) ; J.
James, Les Vauxbelets, Guernsey (Buttercup).
SHEEP.

LEICESTEKS.

Yeai ling ram. — First and second prizes, G. Turner, jun,,
Thorpelands, Northampton.

TflE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

65

Ham Of aUy otlier age. — Eirst and second prizes, G. Tur-
ner, jun.

Pen of five ye.irlins ewes. — First prize, G. Turner, jun. ;
second, J. H. Buller, Downes, Crediton, Devon.

COTSWOLDS.

Yearling ram. — First prize, Royal Agricultural College
Farm, Cirencester ; second, J. Gillett, Tangley, Cliipping
Norton, Oxfordshire. Commended : J. Gillett.

Ram of any other age. — First prize, Cirencester College ;
second, J. Wheeler and Sons, Long Compton.

Pen of five yearling ewes. — First and second prizes, T. and
S. G. Gillett, Kilkenny, Faringdon, Oxon. Commended :
T. Thomas, St. llilary, Cowbridge.

DEVON LONGWOOLS.

Yearling ram. — First prize, R. Corner, Torweston, Wil-
liton, Somerset ; second, Sir J. H. Heathcoat-Amory, Bart.,
M.P., Knightshaves-court, Tiverton, Devon.

Ram of any other age. — First prize, G. Radmore, Court-
barton, Thorverton, CuUompton ; second, R. Corner.

Pen of five yearling ewes. — First prize. Sir J. U. Heathcoat-
Amory, Bart., M.P.; second, R. Corner.

SOUTHDOWNS.

Yearling ram. — First and second prizes, W. Rigden, Hove,
Brighton.

Ram of any other age. — First prize, W. Rigden ; second,
Sir W. Throckmorton, Bart., Buckland, Faringdon, Berks.

Pen of five yearling ewes. — First prize, Sir W. Throck-
morton ; second, H. S. Waller, Farmington, Northleach,
Gloucestershire. Highly commended : Sir W. Throckmorton.

UAMPSUIRE DOTNS.

Yearling ram. — First prize, A. Morrison, Fonthill-house,
Tisbury, Wilts ; second, A. Morrison.

Ram of any otlier age. — First prize, W. F. Bennett, Chil.
mark, Salisbury, Wilts ; second, J. Barton, Harkwood Farm,
Basingstoke, Hants.

Pen of five yearling ewes. — First prize, W. Parsons, Monk
Sherborne, Basingstoke; second, T. Chapman Saunders, Water-
combe, Dorchester.

SHE.0PSH1RE8.

Yearling ram. — First prize. Lord Chesliam, Latimer, Ches-
ham, Bucks; second, J. Pulley, Lower Eaton, Hereford.

Ram of any other iige. — First prize, Lord Chesham ; second,
W. Baker, Moor Barns, Atherstone, Warwickshire.

Pen of five yearling ewes. — First prize. Lord Cheshara ;
second, W. Baker, Moor Barns, Atherstone, Warwickshire.
Commended : J. Pulley, Lower Eaton, Hereford.
oxyoRusniRi downs.

Yearling ram. — First prize, Duke of Marlborough, K.G.,
Blenheim Palace, Woodstock ; second, A. F. Milton Druce,
Twelve Acre, Eynsham, Oxford.

Ram of any other age. — First prize, J. Treadwell, Upper
Winchendon, Aylesbury ; second, A. F. Milton Drace. Highly
commended : J. Treadwell.

Pen of five yearling ewes. — First prize, Duke of Marl-
borough ; second, A. F. Milton Druce.

SOMERSET AND DORSET HORNS.

Yearling ram. — First prize, H. Farthing, Nether Stowey,
Bridgwater, Somerset; second, H. Farthing.

Ram of any other age. — First prize, H. Farthing ; second,
H. Farthing.

Pen of five yearling ewes. — First priee. Viscount Bridport,
Cricket St. Thomas, Chard, Somerset ; second. Viscount Brid-
port.

EXMOOR AND OTHER MOUNTAIN.

Ram of any age. — First prize, Lord Poltimore, Poltimorc-
park, Exeter.

Pen of five yearling ewes. — First prize, Lord Poltimore ;
second, Lord Poltimore.

HORSES.

rOl. AGRICULTURAL PURPOSIS.

Stallion foaled before 1872.— First prize, W. Wynn. Cranhill
Leys, Grafton, Alcester, Warwickshire (Nonpareil) ; second,
S. Davis, Woolashill, Pershore, Worcestershire.

Stallion foaled in 1872.— First prize, S. Butler, Stitchcombe,
Marlborough (Young Lincoln) ; second, R. Canning, Rams-
bury-park, Hu»gerford. Commended : VV. Byford, the Court,
Glerasford.

Mare and foal, or in foal. — First prize, E. Gibljs, Chitterne,
Heytesbury (Smart) ; second, J. Hennessy, Conygre-house,
Filton (Blossom). Highly commended : W. Stanford, Charl-

toa-court, Steyning (Brown). Commended: W. Priday,
Podsmead-house, Hempstead (Smiler).

Filly foaled in 1872.— First prize, VV. Baker, Moor Barns ;
second, S. Davis, Woolashill, Pershore. Highly commended :
Lieut.-Colonel Loyd-Lindsay (Patty). Commended : T. David,
St. Athan, Cowbridge (Diamond).

HUNTERS.

Thoroughbred stallion for iiunters. — First prize, Major J.
Simpson Ballard, The Verlands, Cowbridge (Reinfrid) ; second,
Lord Fitzhardinge, Berkeley Ci.stle (Red Cloud).

Mare or gelding, foaled before the Ist January, 1870. —
First prize, and Champion Prize as best weight-carrying
hunter, G. Bland Battams, Kilworthy, Tavistock (Hector) ;
second, J. W. Miles, Shirehampton. Highly commended: L.
Cornock, Aldbury, Thorubury (Kington Lass).

Mare or gelding, foaled in 1870. — First prize, G. Battara«,
(Sea King) ; second, G. B. Battams (Penzance). Highly
commended : U. Ceoper, Hazbwell House, llminster (Crown
Prince).

Filly or gelding, foaled in 1871.— First prize, E. G. Legg,
Combe Down, Beaminster (Black Prince) ; second, W. Trist
(Sydenham).

Colt, gelding, or filly, foaled in 1872.— First prize, H.
Cooper (Royal Oak) ; second, E. G. Legg (Rainbow).

Colt or filly, foaled in 1873.— First prize, H. J. Bailey,
Rosedale, Tenbury (Precosity) ; second, N. Cooke, Chevi-
thorne Barton (Second Flight).

Mare and foal, or in foal. — First prize, H. Carter, Catty-
brook, Almondsbury (Brisk) ; second, F. Quartley, Brindley,
South Molton (Moonbeam).

HACKS.

Mare or gelding, 1-t hands and not exceeding 15 hands 1
inch, calculated to carry 14 stone. — First prize, \Y^ Rookes,
Baring House, Exeter (Prince) ; second, S. Butter, Hitch-
combe.

Mare or gelding, l-t hands and not exceeding 15 hands 1
inch. — First prize, R. N. Hooper, Stanshares Court, Chipping
Sodbury (The Hart) ; second, J. Gifford, North Caibury,
Castle Gary (Eliza).

PONIES.

Mare or gelding, not exceeding 14 hands. — First prize, T. L.
Senior (Pride of the Vale) ; second, A. Stevens, Park Place,
Cardiff (Cwmro).

Mare or gelding, not exceeding 13 hands. — First prize, C. A.
Jacobs, Riding School, Clifton (The Gem); second. He v. J.
Coleman, Allerton Rectory, Weston-super-Mare (Jenny).
PIGS.

LARGE BREED.

Boar, one year and not exceeding two years old. — First
prize, C. R. N. Beswickc-Royds, Pyk.-, House, Littleborough ;
second, J. Dove, Hambrook, Bristol. Highly commended :
R. E. Duckering, Northorpe, Kirton Lindsey.

Boar not exceeding one year old. — First prize, R. E.
Duckering ; second, J. Wheeler and Sons, Long Compton,
Warwickshire. Commended : C. R. N. Beswicke-Royds.

Breeding sow in farrow, or exhibited with her litter. — First
prize, C. R. N. Beswicke-Royds ; second, J. Wheeler and
Sons. Highly commended : M. Walker, Stockley Park,
Anslow, Burton-on-Trent. Commended ; J. Dove, R. E.
Duckering.

Pen of two breeding sows, not exceeding nine months of
age.— First and second prize, C. R. N. Beswicke-Royds.
Highly commended : J. Dove. Commended : J. Dove.

SMALL BREED (BLACK).

Boar, one year and not exceeding two years old. — First
prize, C. R. N. Beswicke-Royds ; second, J. Wh«eler and
Sons.

Boar not exceeding one year old. — First prize, C. R. N.
Beswicke-Royds ; second, the Earl of Portsmouth, Eggesford.
Commended : the Earl of Portsmouth.

Breeding sow in farrow, or exhibited with her litter. — First
prize, J. Wheeler and Sous ; second, the Earl of Portsmouth.
Highly commended : the Earl of Portsmouth.

Pen of two breeding sows, not exceeding nine months of ags.
—First prize, C. R. N. Beswicke-Royds ; second, the Earl of
Portsmouth. Highly commended : T. Rose, Melton Magna,
Wymondham.

SMALL BREED (WUITE).

Boar, one year and not exceeding two years old.— First
prize, C. R. N. Beswicke-Boyds ; second, R. E. Duck«ring.
Commended : M. Walker.

66

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

Boar, not exceeding one year old. — First prize, J. Dove ;
second, M. Walker.

Breeding sow in farrow, or exhibited with her litter.^
First prize, C. R. N. Beswicke-B.oyds ; second, R. E. Ducker-
ing.

Pen of two breeding sows, not exceeding nine months. —
First and second prizes, C. R. N. Beswicke-Royds.

BERKSHIRE.

Boar, above one year and not exceeding two years old. —
First and second prizes, W. Jlewer, Sevenhampton, Higii-
worth. Highly commended : A. Stewart, Saint Bridge Farm,
Gloucester. Commended: Cirencester College ; H. Humfrey,
Kingstone Farm, Shrivenham, Berks.

Boar, not exceeding one year old. — First prize, Cirencester
College; second, A. Stewart. Highly commended : W. Hewer
and H. Humfrey. Commended : J. Dove ; B. St. John
Ackers; A. C. Bailey, Swindon, Wilts ; U. Humfrey.

Breeding sow in farrow, or exhibited witii her litter. — First
prize, Cirencester College ; second. Marquis of Aylesbury.
Highly commended: A. Stewart and II. Humfrey. Commended:
N. Benjafield, Short's-green Farm, Motcombe, Shaftesbury;
A. Stewart, Wheeler and Sons, and Sir W. Throckmorton,
Bart.

Pen of two breeding sows, not exceeding nine months. —
First prize, A. Stewart ; second, Cirencester College. Highly
commended : A. C. Baily, J. Dove.

SPECIAL PRIZES.
HORSES.

Cart stallions. — Prize, Sir J. H. Greville Smyth, Bart.,
Ashton Court, Bristol (Prince Imperial).

Thoroughbred stallions for hunters. — Prize, T. Kinsman
Bickell.'St. John's, Lamerton, Tavistock (Hunting Horn).

Pair of mares or geldings foaled before January 1st, 1869,
best suited for town-work. — Prize, S. Batler, Stitchcomb,
Marlborough (Drummer and Captain).

Cart mare or gelding foaled in 1870. — Pirst prize, J. W.
Miles, Shirehampton ; second, E. Philliraore (Prestbury).

Cart mare or gelding foaled in 1871. — First prize, C. L.
Hunt, Court Farm, Over, Westbury-ou-Trym (Diamond) ;
second, E. Phillimore, Prestbury-park Farm, Cheltenham
(Perfection).

Cart mare or gelding foaled in 1872.— Second prize, W.
Stanford (Diamond).

MULES.

Mule, male or female, above 15 hands high. — First and
second prizes. Flower and Sons, Stratford-on-Avon. Highly
commended: Duke of Beaufort, Badminton.

CATTLE.

Pair of Shorthorn Heifers, calved in the year 1872. —
Prize, Mr. R. Stratton. One entry.

Pair of Hereford Heifers, calved in tlie yeer 1872. — Prize,
W. B. Peren. One entry.

Pair of Devon Heifers, calved in the year 1872. — First
prize, W. Farthing ; second, T. L. Senior. Two entries.

SHEEP— LONGWOOLS.

Pen of 10 i-tooth couples in the wool. — Prize, T. Allen,
Thurmaston, Leicester (Leicesters), One entry.

Pen of 10 4-tooth couples in the wool. — Prize, G. W.
Homer, Athelhampton, Dorchester. One entry.

CHEESE AND BUTTER.
Judges : R. H. Symes, R. Harding, J. Pearce.
Thick Cheese, 3 cwt. of 1873 and 3 cwt. of 1874, over
561b. each. — First prize, G. Hoddinott, Manor Farm, Norton
St. Phillip ; second, G. Gibbons, Tunley, Camerton, Bath.

Thin Cheese, 3 cwt. of 1871 make only.— First prize, G.
Harris, Court Hou.se, Lower Cam, Dursley ; second, J. Smitli,
Nupdown Farm, Hill, Thornbury.

BUTl'ER.
One dozen pounds of fres-h butter.— First prize, Mrs. J.
Thatcher, Beechwood Farm, Portbury : second, W. H. Wil-
liams, Home Farm, Dodington, Chipping Sodbury,

HORSE-SHOEING.
First prize, J. White, Leighton Mendip (41 minutes) ; se-
cond, R. Holcombe, Bishop's Lydiard (26 minutes) ; third, C
Weaver, Wells (31 minutes). Highly commended : G. Eth

ridge. Bishop's Stoke (30 minutes). Commended : J. Hallet,
Portbury, Bristol ; and J. W. Batten, Wadeford, Chard.

THE ATNNUAL MEETING
took place on Tuesday, Sir Massey Lopes, Bart., MP.,
the president, in the chair. The Secretary read tlie annual
report of the Council, from which it appeared that
the funded capital, which at the close of 1863 was £3,608
15s. 9d., had by repeated investments been raised to
£7,200 Consols, the amount at which it now stands, inde-
pendently of a considerable balance in the hands of the
Society's bankers. There were at present on the books : Life
governors and life members, 89 ; governors, 117 ; annual
members, 750 ; total, 956. The Council recommended that
Mr. Richard Benyon, M.P., of Englesfield House, Reading, be
elected president, tliat the Right Hon. the Earl Morley be
elected vice-president, and that the following members of the
society be appointed members of council, to supply vacancies
occurring by retirement, by rotation, or other causes :

Eastern DivisioN.-Clement Bush, Weston, Bath; Thomas
Danger, Rowford, Taunton ; James Hole, Kuowle, Dunster;
J. Webb King, A^^est Everleigh, Marlborough ; J.E. Knollys,
Fifzhead, Taunton ; R. Neville-Grenville, Butleigh, Glaston-
bury ; Gabriel S. Poole, South Brent, Weston-super-Mare ;
E. W. Williams, Herringstone, Dorchester ; Herbert Williams,
Stinsford, Dorchester.

Western Division. — Hon. and Rev. J. T. Boscawen,
Lamorran, Probus ; John Tanner Davy, Rose Ash, South-
molton ; John Daw, Exeter ; R. R. M. Daw, Exeter ; Charles
Gordon, Wiscombe, Honiton ; W. R. Gilbert, the Priory,
Bodmin ; James Quartly, Molland, North Devon ; E. U.
Vide], Coruborough, Bideford ; Richard Wippell, Rudway,
Thorverton.

Southern Division. — A. F- M. Druce, Twelve Acre-hill,
Eynsham ; Rev. John Goring, Weston Park, Steyning ; Arthur
Grenfell, Queen's Terrace, Windsor ; Wyndham Portal, Mal-
shanger, Basingstoke ; W. Rigden, Hove Farm, Brighton ;
W. B. Siraonds, M.P., Abbot's Barton, Winchester ; G. Simp-
eon, Wray, Reigate ; J. 11. Stebbing, St. Andrew, Southamp-
ton ; J. S. Turner, Chyngton, Seaford.

Elected WITHOUT Reference to Districts. — JamesD.
Allen, Pyt, Tisbury ; Thomas Duckham, Baysham, Ross , H. M.
Holdsworth, Wilton, Salisbury; S. P. Newbery, Plympton St.
Marv, Devon ; Henry Robertson, Overstowey, Bridgwater ;
II. D. Skrine, Warleigh, Bath.

The Earl of Mount-Edgcumbe moved the adoption of the
report.

Mr. J. C. Moore Stevens, seconded the motion, which was
carried unanimously.

Sir J. Duckworth proposed Mr. Benyon as president for
the ensuing year.

Mr. Ramsden seconded the motion, which was adopted.

Major Paget, M.P., moved that the gentlemen recom-
mended by the Council to be appointed vice-presidents, and the
gentlemen recommended by the Council for election to supply
the vacancies occasioned by members retiring by rotation or
otherwise should be elected members of the Council for a term
of two years ensuing.

Mr. AsHLET seconded the motion and it was carried.

Thanks were then given to the Mayor of Bristol, the ex-
Mayor, the Society of Merchant Venturers, the Chairman,
Vice-Chairman, Hon. Secretary, and members of the Local Com-
mittee, and the inhabitants of Bristol and neighbourhood
generally " for the liberality which they have received and
entertained the Council, and for their untiring zeal in en-
deavouring to promote the success of the Bristol meeting ;"
and further votes of tlianks to the judges and officers of the
society.

THE TRIAL OF IMPLEMENTS

took place on Monday and Tuesday. The first tried were
the mowers, and 14 machines were set to work in a
field at Stoke, of more than a mile from the show-ground,
where there were but i'ew spectators. The field was divided into
14 parts of about three quarters of an acre ; and tlie firms repre-
sented were Samuelson and Co., Brenton, Picksley and Sims,
Hornsby, Brigham, Johnston Harvester Company, Burgess

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

audKey, Howard, Osborne and Cc.Mattison, Baker, Harrison
and McGreiJor, Wood and Williams. The reapers were set to
work at Kingweston, on a field of rye, rather thin in
parts, Amodgst those represented were Picksley and Sims,
Brenton, Uornsby, Brigham and Co., Samuelson and Co.,
Johnston Harvester Company, Wood, Mattison, Williams, and
Howard. The trial of steam ploughs and cultivators took
place in a field adjoining the reaping, where Messrs. Howard,
Fower, and Barford and Perkins, were the firms represented.

Receipts.

Admissions. Receipts.

Monday 3,791 699 10

Tuesday 11,298 1,414 17

Wednesday 22,24.2 2,717 2

Thursday .■ 56,317 2,760 17

Triday 16,440 780 7

67

110,088

£8,872 14. 6

DEVON COUNTY AGRICULTUEAL ASSOCIATION.
MEETING AT BARNSTAPLE.

The meeting of this Society has beeu an undoubted
success. There can be no mistake or doubt about it : most
things have been favourable — scenery, situation, stock,
and weather — and all folks have worked ^Yith a will to
ensure this result. The one presiding idea of the neigh-
bourhood, whether of landlord, tenant, or labourer, is the
chase of the grand red deer over Exmoor in autumn and
sly Reynard iu the wild-duck season ; and a right good
chain of mutually correcting sympathy is it too ! There
is not iu Suffolk over their auburn teams and Diamond
pigs of Socratic visage a more kindred current of uniting
interest than the art and recollection of venery supplies
here ; and in a thorough esprit de corps the first elements
of triumph are inheient, as the stamp of animal exhibited
here to-day, and especially horse-flesh, suffi-cieutly indi-
cates. Embosomed in the hollow of a real Devonshire
valley we see the gay flags, tents, and shedding of the
exhibition beneath us as we descend the rich grassy slope,
and ^¥here our business is, within that enclosure of tall
boards, to which the path lies through a garden and
beside the fresh rushing current of the reservoir which
supplies the town of Barnstaple. Blue policemen abound,
and the ticket offices are duly arranged, but the officials
are raw, and it takes longer than it need to arrive within,
and there we find an appearance and a set-out that
reminds one rather of the Bath and West of England
gathering than a mere county show. There are the
world-celebrated names of Hornsby, Ransome, and such-
like, with tiny double ploughs adapted to the banks of
the district- Here you are admonished by placard to
" wash your linen," and there you are instructed how at
once to wash and wring it. On one side a firm takes
a bright and promising position with the blue and yellow
stores which are warranted to force the growth of any
mortal thing, but especially the cash store of the manu-
facturer himself ; whilst upon a rival stand one studies a
grand collection of tall cereals, an actual sugar-cane, and
a cotton plant all tufted with the snowy material which
runs one's thoughts back to the scenes of ' Uncle Tom's
Cabin,' together with gigantic mangold bulbs, and heaps
else that indicate the excellence of the stimulant set forth.
Then there are waggons and ploughs and mowing
machines, notably Wood's, who, false to his name, cow
makes the frame of his implement of iron ; and whips and
guns and harrows, and suchlike paraphernalia, until one
gets finally pitchforked alongside the ring into which the
animals are being led and where is the special sphere of
our criticism.

First enter a lordly array of really grand animals, the
North Devon old bulls, comparatively small in size, but
generally round and smooth as moles, though a few certainly
have wide ungainly horns, a rhinoceros rump, and a
disfiguring accumulation of fat about the tail, but as a
rule they were wonderfully good and level. Their great
weight made most of them walk delicately, but they had
a very winning appearance notwithstanding, and the deep

layer of juicy meat along the chine, loins, and quarter
made one's mouth fairly water. The " Bulls above
two and not exceeding three years old," were also
very good. " Us didn't zee they afore, all prize bullocks
bean't they ? " was a very fair criticism of the lot on the
part of a lout who would keep enclosing one in a superfluous
and odoriferous embrace against which, locked in as we were,
it was useless to protest by any impatience of movement.
How aggravating it was, too, to hear this fetid fellow take
such trouble to invert the grammar of his cases 1 la the
next class there were some thick and some narrow, and
one very playful party. Amongst the ' Bulls not less
than six, nor exceeding twelve months,' Mr. Walter
Farthing's representative was lowand lengthy, and padded
with mellow meat along his back, while the rest in
this class showed a tendency to flatness of rib, which
may disappear, however, with good keep and increasing
age. One looked starved, and several were suffering from
ringworm, which in a showyard should not be allowed.
Amongst the aged cows there was a big one, with a
taking head, a great promise of milk, and much style, but
" she is cross-bred " the natives protest, which means that
the expansive aptitude of the breed experienced the advan-
tage of richer keep upon the meadows of Somersetshire than
her sort taste usually amidst the heather of the hill-side.
We are bound in fairness to remark, a great want of uni-
formity iu the style of the heads of this class generally.
Does this indicate tampering ? With their long-inherited
type this should not be. With the representative of a
minority the judging of the Devons seemed to go much
on " the odd man out," and size certainly had all the
best of it.

The South Devon kine, much bigger and more uneven as
they are than the North Devon, had yet quite a family facial
likeness throughout, whereby they contrasted favourably
with their northern cousins. In the next class of North
Devons there were some right good heifers again. It is, in
fact, a breed rich in exquisite specimens such as must be
a source at once of profit and delight to the breeder. It
is assuredly to the other cattle of our English sorts what
the Southdown is to other sheep. In the next class
Promise is very stylish to look at in the distance, but
does not admit of equal praise upon closer acquaintance.
The fortunate winner is inferior to second prize in character
of head, but deliciously mellow to the touch, and solidly
invested with rare meat upon the choice joints. So
weighted is she in that enviable respect that she has grown
close and rather close and narrow behind, as though in self-
defence she had packed her feet so as best to sustain the
weight above. The heifers not less than six, nor exceed-
ing twelve months, are comparatively inferior to their
elder relatives. Some, moreover, already show signs of
overtraining in their "poor feet," and one was bellowing
painfully as though suifering from incipient colic.
The South Devon cattle are of a much larger stamp
than the northern sorts, and consequently less taking to

E 2

68

THE FARMER'S MAGAZmE.

the eye, but very useful evidently both for plough and
butcher.

Next come the Shorthorns, and at their head Earl of
Warwickshire III., a winner of last year at Plymouth and
elsewhere. He is an upstanding bull, but wauts squareness
of dewlap, and he looks a trifle short in the quarter, as he is
the least possible volcanic about the tail. How much better
would he have looked, too, arrayed in rich roan ! Jlessrs.
Hoskens' second prize animal has a deal of Shorthorn
style about him ; with good crops, rib, and dewlap, but he is
unevenly developed in places. "With a few starved ex-
ceptions the Shorthorn bulls were fairly represented in
the several sections, and several Devon tenant-farmers state
that they are stealing a cross from the shorthorn in their
native herds, much to their satisfaction, too, only, as one
intelligent breeder knowingly observed, "We don't give
money enough for the sort we use." For increased size,
with elegant grace and aristocratic style, let them try a
small red one of the best descended Bates or Knightley
tribes. Their cattle have already enough of the Booth
tubular shape. Of course if they go to the outside con-
glomerates of the Shorthorn, what is there for them to
eipect in the results but what they have found— that is,
something of all sorts, and nothing worth keeping ? The
cider-soaking yokel was right in that remark. "Beauti-
ful," admiringly observed a merry-looking matron to her
comfortable spouse as the cows were led in, " but we
could'nt keep them on our land, though the Torquay
people like their meat too ! and how beautiful they're
trained up, so docile, and they take the whip you see, dear
things !" We charitably hope that Devon matons' dear
things are not eipected to take the whip, but this
apple-cheeked lady's words and tone were suggestive.
Messrs. Hoskens' first prize cow walks well, is long and
•legant, and greatly indebted to the mill, but not quite the
A 1 animal of the Royal. Mr. Pollard's cow had in a
certain degree more of the Shorthorn look about her, but
is fairly placed second. In the heifers not eiceeding
three years old class, Messrs. Hoskens exhibited a perfect
gem — thick, mellow, tubular, and worthy of competition
anywhere. It was a good class throughout. In class 23,
Mr. Williams' long Lady Seymour had been allowed to
lose her calf-flesh or she might have been a dangerous
antagonist to the winners, which are both of compact if
rather short figure, but remarkably well made up,
especially the first prize. Mr. Digby's beautiful fawn-
tinted Jersey cows appeared next, but for promise of
milk we have seen these quite equalled amongst Bates and
Knightley Shorthorns. Their excellence, however, lies in
the butter pro luce. Some wretched Guernseys were
shown, fresh impoited too.

The sheep are reckoned a good lot. The winners are
certainly broad-backed and symmetrical. What they
term the South Devon, however, look diversely com-
pounded of the Cotswold, Leicester, and Lincoln in various
degree, built upon the indigenous animals (whatever that
might be), but which is called the Barmpton breed,
and comes from a small district near Exmoor. Some of
this sort cut about 20 lb. of wool, but suffer propor-
tionately in the quality of flesh. 14 to 16 lb. a good
flock will average in the clip, we were informed by those
who ought to know. The Dorset were well represented,
as were the good-flavoured Exmoor, and the coarser Dart-
moor, of flannel fame.

There is a smart show of pigs, including white
and black SuflTolks, Essex, Berkshire, Duckering's
compounds, and the huge Salford masses of hog-
flesh, which always make us wonder where they can
be housed at home. There were besides a few native
•pecimens which had gained the first dark dye of ad-
vancing civilization, but have yet inquiring snouts of an ex-

ceedingly aboriginal order, whi;h we cannot compli-
ment.

Amongst the cart-horses therj is a fine upstanding
grey horse of Mr. Statter's breeding, somewhat light in
carcase, but with much else to recommend him ; while
there is an active, roundish, useful brown, and a white-
maned animal called Suffolk, but which that county would
not own. He is still of a useful sort to compound with
the light mountain-side mares. The cart classes, upon tlie
whole, are decidedly indilferent, especially the mares,
which are most nondescript ; the winner having a good
deal of gig-fashion about her, and calculated to breed
well by a thoroughbred sire. Amongst the thorough-
bred stallions Mr. Froude Dillon wins with a good-backed
brown horse of unmistakable Touchstone character, and
well calculated to put the rather loosely made proportions
of the pack-mare together in their produce. He wants rather
liberty of action, but is very pleasing in appearance as he
stands. There is a Stockwell colt of some style, but
slack over the back, and inclined to be leggy; as amongst
the roadster stallions the first prize horse, of substantial
and rich colour, trots well, but he would not shine
in Norfolk or Yorkshire, though he has great power and
mettle. The general character of the horses in this district
was well represented. They have capital legs, and biggish
feet, of use upon the swampy surface of Exmoor, with
lots of power, but are, as a rule, too steep in the shoulder,
and want yet one more infusion of blood. They are still
of an active and very useful character. Mr. Cooke's
first prize brood mare has plenty of size, and is clever-
looking, but has apparently a little too much cart in her,
a defect which her produce shows. The second prize
mare, not so true made as the first, looks a huntsman's
treasure all over for creeping through covert, or timber.
There was a nice but small chesnut Blair ^^ thol thorough-
bred in the lot, with an excellent foal at foot and plenty
of action, as she is credited with several short races. The
four-year-olds had a good corky mover at their head,
which wanted something of their general substance, yet
by his going indicated their common defect. One more
removal from the pack-mare of local celebrity in the
direction of racing is what the district horses want.
Among the four-year-olds over 15 hands we preferred the
second prize grey to the first prize chesnut, but the lot
have a certain lack of quality and pace for the Shires,
although doubtlsss clever enough for a bank country.
Some of the yearlings showed an increase of quality,
notably the second prize colt, a nice animal. The ponies
were too mixed, consisting of all kinds, from the " soi'ty"
Exmoor, so grand a foundation as it proves for the
weight-carrier, as witness Major Barlow's Tregothnan, to
the flashy Galloway weed. There were some good ponies
included, of an intermediate cobby character, but the
class should have been divided.

Thg following is a list of the exibitors of implements
taken by the numbers of the stands :

John Fowler and Co., Steam Plough Works, Leeds ; Ran-
somes, Sims, and Head, the Orwell Works, Ipswich ; \bbot,
Bideford; Deuing and Co., Chard; Osborne and Co., Liver-
pool ; Isaac, Braunton ; Samuel Barn, Milltown, Marwood ;
Lancey, Barnstable ; Bell and Co., Oxford-street, London ;
Kerr, Dublin ; Bradford and Co., London and Manchester ;
Davies, Regent-street, London ; Beesley, Regent's-park, Lon-
don ; Wrenford, Newport, Barnstaple; Brown and Co., Lon-
don ; Huxtable, Ottery St. Mary and Honiton ; Van-
stone, Buckland Filleigh ; Milford and Son, Thorverton,
Devon; Huxtable, Bradford, Devon; Crump, Tewkesbury;
Hornsby and Sou, Grantham ; W. A..Wood, Worship-street, Lon-
don ; Samuelson and Co.,Oxon; Wright, Sandford, near Credi-
ton ; Eddy, Kennford, Exeter ; Luxton and Co., Hatlierleigh ;
Forbes, Regent's-park, London ; Silvester, Halton-road, London ;
Goss, Plymouth; Fison, Ipswich; Greening, Westminster;
Day, Son, and Hewitt, Loudon ; Tucker Bros., Ashburton ;
Gray, Torquay ; Pettle, Barnstaple ; Beare, Son, and Co., New-

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

69

(on Abbot ; McDougall Bros., Mark-lane, London ; Bailey
Bros., Chancery-lane, London ; Western Counties Manure
Company, Devonport ; Gale, Joy-street, Barnstaple ; Tremeer,
Square, Barnstaple ; Tipper, Birmingham \ Goulding, Dublin
and Cork ; Parnell and Sons, Exeter and Bristol ; Brenton,
St. German's, Cornwall ; Davey, St. German's ; Garton and
King, Exeter ; Dicker, Chagford, Devon ; Turze, Uoldsworthy ;
Ackland, Exeter ; Head, Wrightson, and Co., Stockton.on.Teei|;
McGregor and Co., Leigh, Lancashire ; Moore, Filleigh,
Soutlimolton ; Labbett and Son, Braunton ; Webber, Chaw-
leigh, Devon ; Curson, South Zeal, Okehampton ; Wallis and
Steevens, Basingstoke ; Marshall, Sons, and Co., Gainsborough;
Eishley, Pottery, Eremington ; Matthews, Royal Pottery,
Weston-Super-Mare ; Barford and Perkins, Peterborough.

There was a trial of steam-ploughs on the Wednesday,
in an eighteen-acre field more than a mile from
the show-yard. North Devon farmers, while they are
ready to acknowledge all the high merits of the steam-
plough, where there is a flat, unbroken soil, are unanimous
and emphatic in the declaration that it is unsuitable for
the farms of this locality. However, a good field had
been secured for the trial, and in it Fowler, of Leeds, and
Barford and Perkins, of Peterborough, showed the utility
of their implements, with six acres devoted to each firm.
The trials of mowers took place in a field near the show
yard. The crop of grass was very light and the bottom
tough, which well tested the capability of the implements.
The eihibitors who engaged in the trial were Samuel-
son, Brenton, Wood and Co., Osborne and Co.,
Harrison, McGregor and Co. Several side self-delivery
reaping machines were worked in a capital field of rye by
the above-named exhibitors, and Dicker, of Chagford,
worked a reaper with manual delivery. There were
nine entries of ploughs, but only three came
on the ground — Huxtable's single turn-wrest, Eddy's
double-furrow, and Davey's Climax double-furrow. The
ground to be dealt with was a very hard surfaced piece
of hill-side, with a stifi' clay bottom. Of the three im-
plements that came into the field only Davey's got
to work, from the difficulties of the ground. The others
would have worked, but the stewards thought the ground
too bad to afford any thing like a fair trial. There can
be no doubt that, as usual, these so-called trials without
results, otherwise prizes, were a complete failure.

PRIZE TTST
JUDGES.— Cattl J: S. P. Newberry, Plympton ; G.May,
Modbury; M. Savage, Chipping Norton. Horses: C.
Gordon, Honiton ; G. Tucker, St. Germans; Rev. J. Rus-
sell, Swymbridge. Sheep ; Leicester, Exaioor, Dorset
Horn, and Somerfet, and Pigs ; R. Salter, Cullorapton ;
H. Mayo, Dorchester ; J. Palmer, Crediton. South Devons,
Dartmoor, and other Long-wools: T. Wills, Lustleigh ; J.
Palmer, Bridestowe ; T. Cook, Tiverton.
CATTLE.

DEVONS.

Bulls exceeding three years old. — First prize, W. Earthing,
Stowey (Master Harry) ; second, J. Jackman, Hexworthy,
Cornwall (Earl of Exeter) ; third, Mrs. M. Langdon, Flitton
Barton, North Moltou (Duke of Flitton VHL). Highly com-
mended : Viscount Falmouth, Tregothnan, Probus (King-
craft).

Bulls above two and not exceeding three years old. — First
prize, W. Faithing (Master Robin) ; second, Mrs. M.
Langdon (Duke of Fhtton X) ; third, J. Snow, Boode (The
Czar).

Bulls above one and not exceeding two years old. — First
prize, J. Gould, BarapfyldeLodge,Exeter(Bampfylde); second,
Mrs. M. Langdon (Duke of Plymouth) ; third, G. Turner,
Brampford Speke (Duke of Edinburgh). Highly commended:
W. Farthing (The Shah).

Bulls not less than six nor exceeding twelve months old. —
First prize, W. Farthing (Master Willie) ; second, Mrs.
M. Langdon (Duke of Bedford). Commended : J. Gould,
Bampfylde Lodge (Tempter IL).

Cows exceeding three years old. — First prize, J. Bradbeer,
Pyeland, Taunton (Beauty) ; second, W. Farthing (Milkmaid) ;
third, J, Bradbeer (Nancy).

Heifers ao exceeding three years old.— First prize, J.
Harris, Bittadon House, Barnstaple (Curly) ; second, Mrs.
M. Langdon (Temptress TIL) ; third, J. Jackman, Hexworthy
(Fancy). Highly commended : W. May, Popham (Countess).

Heifers not less than twelve months nor exceeding two
years old. — First .'prize, W. Farthing (Duchess) ; second, W.
May, Popham (Lady-bird) ; third, W. Perry, Alder (Camellia).
Highly commended: D. Ridd, Chelpham Barton (Jenny).
The whole class commended.

Heifers not less than six nor exceeding twelve months old.
— First prize, Mrs. M. Langdon (Actress VHL) ; second, J.
Jackman (Tulip); third, G. Shapland, jun., Broadmeadow
Cottage, Newport (Countess of Devon). Highly commended :
J. Gould, Bampfylde Lodge, Exeter (Roaedale).

SOUTH DEVONS.

Bulls exceeding three years old. — First prize, J. Wroth,
Coombe, Bigbnry (Baron) ; second, E. R. Cornish, Torr
Farm, Mounts, Totnes (Sir Roger). Highly commended : J.
and T. Irish, Poulston, Halwell, Totnes (Hercules).

Bulls above two and not exceedmg three years old. — First
prize, R. Trant, Elston, Churstow (King Coffee) ; second, G.
Coaker, Old Newnhara, Plympton (Young Hero).

Bulls above one and not exceeding two years old. — First
prize, J. Wroth, Coombe, [Bigbury, Ivybridge (Forester) ;
second, W. Coaker, Charleton Court, Kingsbridge (Viscount) ;
third, G. S. Toms, Greenway, Brixham.

Bulls not less than six nor exceeding twelve months old.—
First prize, W. Coaker, Charleton Court, Kingsbridge (Admi-
ral HI.) ; second, J. B. Oidreire, Little Dartmouth (The
Czar). Highly commended: L. N. OlJreive, Landcombe,
Dartmouth (May Duke).

Cows exceeding three years. — First prize, W. Coaker,
Charleton Court, Kingsbridge (Beauty) ; second, W. Coaker
(Duchess) ; third, G. Dewdney, Higher Chaddlewood, Plymp-
ton (Beauty). Highly commended : W. Coaker (Daisy).
Class commended.

Heifers not exceeding three years old. — First prize, W.
Coaker (Lily) ; second, L. N. Oldreive, Landcombe, Dart-
mouth (Minnehaha). Highly commended: W. Harvey,
Frogmore Farm, Ashprington (Cherry).

Heifers not less than twelve months nor exceeding two years
old. — First prize, W. Coaker (Venus) ; second, W. Harvey
(Nancy II ) ; third, ,G. Dewdney (Nelson). Highly com-
mended : F. W. Coaker (Primrose). Class commended.

Heifers not less than six nor exceeding twelve months old.—
First prize, W. Harvey (Rose) ; second, W. Coaker (Violet).

SHORTHORNS.

Bulls exceeding three years. — First prize, J. W. Wilson,
Austin House, Broadway, Worcester (Earl of Warwickshire
III.) ; second, W. Hosken and Son, Loggan's Mill, H«yle,
Cornwall (Duke of Oxford) ; third, J. Horswell, jun.. Burn's
Hall, Lew Down (Oxford Duke I.). Highly commended:
W. H. Hewett, Norton Court, Taunton (Crown Prince).

Bulls above two and not exceeding three years. — First
prize, W. U. Hewett (Tlie Claimant) ; second, J. Horswell,
Exwick House, Exeter (Oxford Duke HI.) ; third, R. W.
Pollard, Blagdon, Paignton (Duke of Oxford).

Bulls above one and not exceeding two years. — First prize,
W. H. Hewett (Saccharometer) ; second, J. Horswell, jun.,
Bnrn's Hall, Lew Down (Oxford Duke VIII.).

Bulls not less than six nor exceeding twelve mouths. — Prize,
C. Williams, Pilton House Barnstaple.

Cows exceeding three years. — First prize, W. Hosken and
Son, Loggan's Mill, Hayle (Countess of Oxford IL) ; second,
R. W. Pollard, Blagdon, Paignton (Rose).

Heifers not exceeding three years. — First prize, W. Hosken
and Sou (Moss Rose II.) ; second, W. H. Hewett, Norton
Court, Taunton (Fanny). Highly commended: W. H.
Hewett (Elsie).

Heifers not less than twelve months nor exceeding two
years.— First prize, J. S. Bult, Dodhill, Taunton ; second. W.
Hosken and Son (Kentish Girl) ; third, W. HorsweJ, Week,
Milton Abbot, Tavistock (Oxford Coraetilla).

Heifers not less than six nor exceeding twelve months. —
First prize, R. W. Pollard, Blagdon, Paignton (Princess
Jessie) ; second, D. R. Scratton, Og^ell, Newton Abbot
(Artful).

CHANNEL ISLANDS (jERSEl).

Bulls exceeding oie year old on the 1st June, 1874;. — Prize,
G. D. W. Digby, Sherborne Castle, Sherborne (Cow Boy) .

70

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

Cows exceeding three years old. — First prize, G. D. W.
Digbv (Miss Edith) ; second, G. D. W. Digby (Queen of the
Vale).

Heifers not exceeding three years old. — First prize, G. D.
W. Digby (Miss Augasta) ; second, G. D. W, Digby (Bessie).

GUERNSEY.

Bulls exceeding one year. — First prize, E. A. Sanders, Stoke
House, Exeter (Prince Humbert) ; second, E. A. Sanders
(Prince Amadeus).

; Cows exceeding three years old. — First prize, R. Rendle,
Catel, Guernsey (Lady Jane) ; second, R. Eendle (Butter-
cup).

Heifers not exceeding three years old. — First prize, E.
Andrew Sanders (Young Elegance) ; second, W. H. Walrond,
New Court, Topsham (Daisy).

SHEEP.

LEICESTEKS,

Yearling rams. — First and second prizes, J. Tremaine,
Polsue, Grampound, Cornwall ; third and highly commended,
J. Gonld, Bampfylde Lodge, Poltimore.

Rams of any other age. — First prize. J. Tremaine ; second,
T. Potter, Yellowford, Thorverton ; third, G. Turner, Bramp-
ford Speke, Exeter. — The 'vhole class commended.

Pens of five yearling ewes. — First prize, J. Gould; second,
J. B. Torr, Westleigh House, near Bideford.

Pens of five ewes of two years old and upwards, with their
lambs. — First prize, J. B. Torr ; second, T. Potter. Highly
commended : G. Copp, Hill Side, Tawstock.

SOUTH DEVONS.

Yearling rams. — First, second, and third prizes, J. Fair-
weather, Malston, Sherford, Kingsbridge. Highly com-
mended : E. R. Cornish, Torr, Mounts, Totnes. Commended :
J. Stooke, East Sherford, Plympton.

Rams of any other age. — First prize, J. S. Hallett, Sherford
Barton, Plympton ; second, J. Badcock, Bearscombe, Kings-
bridge, Commended : C. G. Mason, Ashprington Court,
Totnes.

Pens of five yearling ewes — First prize, J. Stooke ; second,
J. S. Hallett. Commended : W. Harvey, Frogmore Farm,
Ashprington.

Pens of five ewes of two years old and upwards. — First
prize, J. S. Hallett ; second, J. Stooke. Highly commended :
W. C. Hodge, Pounds House, Weston Peverell.

OTHER LONG-WOOLS.

Yearling rams — First prize, R. Corner, Torweston, Wilii-
ton, Somerset ; second. Sir J. Heathcoat-Amory, Bart-, M.P.,
Knightsliayes Court, Tiverton; third, R. Corner. Highly
commended : Sir J. Heathcoat-Amory, Bart., M.P. Com-
mended : R. Corner ; T. Radmore, Court Hayes, Thorverton.

Rams of any other age. — First, second, and third prizes,
R. Corner. Highly commended : J. Wheeler and Sous, Long
Corapton, Shipston-on-Stour.

Pens of five shearling ewes. — First prize, R. Corner ;
second. Sir J. Heathcoat-Amory, Bt.; third, R. Corner.
Highly commended : J. N. Franklin, Huxham. Commended :
W. Leverton, Woolleigh Barton, Beaford.

Pens of five ewes, of two years old and upwards, with their
lambs. — First prize. Sir J. Heathcoat-Amory, Bt- ; second,
J. N. Franklin. Highly commended : J. Trott, South Hill'
Barton, Uffculme. Commended : T. Radmore.

DJLRTMOORS.

Yearling rams. — First prize, R. Palmer, Venn Barton,
Ashbury, Northlew , second, third, and highly commended,
J. Drew, Artiscombe, Tavistock.

Rams of any other age. — First prize, J. Drew ; second,
R. May, Grendon, Tavistock. Highly commended : T. Wil-
ling, Wringworthy, Tavistock. Commended : J. Drew ; R.
May.

Pens of five yearling ewes. — First and second prizes, R.
May. Commended: J.Drew.

Pens of five ewes, of two years old and upwards. — First
ant second prizes, R. May. Highly commended : J. Drew.

EXMOOES.

Yearling rams. — Second prize, P. Rock, Gratton Barton,
Highbray.

Rams of any other age.— First prize. Lord Poltimore ;
second, C. Williams, Pilton House, Barnstaple ; third, W.
Burden, Kerscott, Swimbridge, Barnstaple. Commended :
J. Smyth, Bentwitchen Farm, Northoralton.

Pens of five yearling ewes, — First and second prizes. — First

and second prizes, Lord Poltimore ; third, E. Pasamore,
Higher Fylton, Northraolton. — The whole class commended.

Pens of five ewes, of two years old and upwards. — First
prize, E. Passmore ; second. Lord Poltimore ; third and com-
mended, T. Yeo, Dennington Barton, Swimbridge. The
whole class commended.

SOMERSET AKD DORSET HORNS.

Yearling rams. — First and second prizes, H. Farthing,
Nether Stowey, Bridgwater ; third. Viscount I5ridport, Home
Farm, Cricket St. Thomas, Chard.

Rams of any other age. — Second prize, H. Farthing.

Pens of five yearling ewes. — First and second prizes, Vis-
count Bridport.

HORSES.

FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES.

Stallions foaled before the Ist of January, 1871. — First
prize, J. Joce, Newport, Barnstaple (John Bull) ; second, G.
E. Elliott, Monkirton, Pinhoe (Model) ; third, C. Brown,
Middlezoy, Bridgwater (Protection).

Stallions foaled on or after the 1st of January, 1871. —
First prize, F. Quartley, Briraley, Southraolton (Clayball) ;
second, G. Elliott, Swilley Farm, Plymouth (Young Dray-
man) ; third, T. Buckingham, Landkey Tosvn (Petro).

Mares in foal, or having a foal by her side. — First prize,
R. Pethebridge, Ham, Barnstaple (Clydesdale mare and foal) ;
second, N. Cook, Chevithorn Barton, Tiverton (Kealant) ;
third, G. Lock, Instow Barton, Instow, Devon (Jessie).

Fillies foaled in 1872. — First prize, J. Hexter, Moor Farm,
Crediton; second, W. B. Pearse, Court Gates, Stoddiscombe
(Juno) ; third, W. T. Hynam, Abbott's Marsh, Barrington,
Chulmleigh.

HACKS OR HUNTERS.

Thoroughbred stallions suitable for getting hacks or hunt-
ers.— Prize, J. F. Bellew, Stockleigh Court, Crediton (Hurst-
bourne).

Roadster stallions. — Prize, B. Giles, Penquit, Ivybridge
(Cottager).

Mares in foal, or having foals by their side. — First prize,
N. Cook, Chevithorne Barton, Tiverton (Marygoldl.); second,
T. Palmer and Sons, Borough, Kelly, Tavistock (Polly) ; third.
Captain W. Arthur, R.N. (Mayday).

Geldings or fillies foaled in 1870. — First prize, W. Trist,
Langford Barton, Ugborough (The Baron) ; second, H. Ellis,
Morebath, Tiverton (Baronet) ; third, R. Pethebridge, Ham,
Barnstaple (Intrepid).

Geldings or fillies, foaled in 1871. — First prize, E. G. Legg,
Coombe Down, Beaminster, Dorset (Black Prince) ; second,
W. Trist, Langford Barton, Ugborough (Sydenham) ; third,
T. Palmer and Sons (Premier).

Geldings or fillies, foaled in 1872. — First prize, W. Trist
(Edinburgh) ; second, E. G. Legg (Rainbow) ; third, J. Heal,
Parkiiam, Bideford (Hart).

Colts, geldings, or fillies foaled in 1873. — First prize, N.
Cook (Second Flight) ; second, F. Quartly, Brimley, South-
inoulton (Starlight) ; third, G. Davey and Son, Plaistow Mills,
Barnstaple (Prince Georgie).

Mares or geldings, over four years old, exceeding 15 hands
high. — First prize, W. A. Deane, Webbery, Bideford (Lorna) ;
second, A. Gould, Blackheath, Exminster (Pattern Card) ;
third. Rev. J. J. Chichester, Clovelly Rectory, 13ideford (Browu
Stout). Highly commended: AV. Rookes, Baring House,
Exeter (Prince).

Mares or geldings, over four years old, not exceeding 15
hands high. — First prize, Pedrick and Price, Paris-street and
Heavitree-road, Exeter (Perfection) ; second, J. Harper, Bear-
street, Barnstaple (Bob) ; third, F. Quartly, Brimley, South-
molton (Vesper).

PONIES.

Ponies of any age or ses under 14 hands high. — First prize»
T. Radden, Plymouth (black-brown mare) ; second, A. E,
Gould (Dandy) ; third, W. Rookes (Beauty). Commended;
J. Parminter, Fullaford, Highbray, Barnstaple (Bob).
PIGS.

LARGE BREED.

Boars not less than six months old. — First prize, J. Dove,
Hambrook House, Hambrook, Bristol ; second, 11. E. Dacker-
ing, Northorpe, Kirton Lindsey, Lincolnshire ; third, J,
Wheeler and Sons, Long Compton, Shipston-oji-Stour. Comr
mended: R, N. G. Baker, Heavitree, Eseter,

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

71

Sows of any age in farrow, or with their litters. — First
prize, L. E. Duckering; second, Wheeler and Sons ; third, J.
Dove.

SMALL BREED (BLA.CK.).

Boars not less than sis mouths. — First prize, Earl of Ports-
mouth ; second, G. Turner, Braraford Speke, Exeter ; third.
Earl of Portsmouth. Highly commended : J. Partridge,
Hillerton House, Bow.

Sows of any age, in farrow or with their litters. — First prize,
J. Wheeler and Sou ; second and third. Earl of Portsmouth.
Highly commended : Earl of Portsmouth. Commended ;
Lord Clinton ; G. Copp, Hillside, Tawstock ; T. Fisher, Up-
cott, Tawstock.

SMALL BREED (WHITE).

Boars not less than six months old. — First prize, J. Dove ;
Highly commended : B,. E. Duckering.

Sows of any age, in farrow or with their litters. — First
prize, R. E. Duckering ; second, J. Dove, Hambrook House,
Bristol, Highly commended : J. Dove. Commended : J.
Wheeler and Sons.

ADDITIONAL PRIZES.

Pair of steers, of any breed, not exceeding three years old.
— First prize, J. Horswell, jun.. Barn's Hall, Lew Down
(Shorthorn steers) ; second, J. M. Ilartnoll, Lerwell, Chittle-
hamptom, Southraolton (North Devon steers).

Pair of North Devon steers, not exceeding three years old.
— First prize, W. Shaplaud, Fyldon Barton, Northmolton ;
second, T. K. Lock, Instow Barton, Instow, North Devon.

North Devon cows in milk or in calf, bred by the exhibitor.
— Prize, T. D. Ridd, Chelpham, Barton, Brattou Fleming,
Devon (Lady Elizabeth).

A special general meeting of the members of the Association
was held in the Show-yard, Lord Poltimore presiding. The
rneeting was called for the purpose of considering the expe-
diency of altering the second Rule of the Association,
states that " No exhibition of the Association shall
be held in any year in which either the Royal or Bath
and West of England Society may hold its meeting in the
county," and

Mr. Drew now proposed to add the following : " Unless the
Council shall at the time see cause to determine otherwise, and
any such meeting of tlie Royal or Bath and West of England
Society so held in the county shall be considered as equiva-
lent to the holding of a meeting of this Association in the
particular division of the county in which it may have been
eld."

Mr. J. Tapp seconded the resolution.

Mr. PoLLAKD moved as an amendment that the part of Rule
2 which prohibited their holding an annual meeting of the
Association in any year in which either the Royal or Bath
and West of England Societies held a meeting in the county,
be struck out.

Earl Devon pointed out that the effect of the alteration
proposed by the resolution would be to place a discretionarj
power in the hands of the Council.

-Mr. Drew said the adoption of the amendment would be
breaking faith with the other societies.

Mr. ScRATTON seconded the amendment, as he believed their
meeting, which would be held in advance of the others, would
not injure the latter, and, if necessary, they could put their
meeting forward a fortnight.

Mr. Anstey said the amendment could not be put, as it
affected the rules, and no notice had been given.

The noble Chairman said that nothing but a negative
amendment could be put to the meeting.

The motion was then put to the meeting and carried by a
large majority, two only voting against it.

At the luncheon, Mr. Scratton counselled the estahlish-
ment of a South Hams herd book.

THE DEVON COUNTY SHOW.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE MARK LANK EXPRESS.

Sir, — Let me say one word on the dissatisfaction
expressed by the exhibitors of North Devon cattle at this
show. The Council doubtless intended to please every one
by appointing a judge for each class of animals — viz.. Short-
horns, South Hams Devons, and North Devons ; but, sir,
when these three men of opposite views got to work, it was
soon seen, especially in the North Devon classes, that the
competition rested between " quantHy and qnalifi/," and
as the third voice came from the Shorthorn judge, quantify
had it ! However, as we breeders of North Devon are
quality men, we shall happily meet the quantity men
again next week at Bristol, and, thirdly, at the Royal,
where quality with symmetrical proportions have proper
respect paid them. Yours faithfully,

An Exhibitor.

[We have received another letter conveying precisely

the same protest, as it does seem curious that " the

Flittons" should have been put out as they were at

Barnstaple. — Editor M.L.E.]

THE ROYAL CORNWALL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
MEETING AT ST. AUSTELL.

The show-ground, about a mile from the town, was de-
lightfully situated in a valley, surrounded by fine trees,
whose shade added greatly to the comfort of the visitors,
of whom upwards of 6,000 attended on the first day — a
number far exceeding that of any previous first day. The
management was all that could be desired, and reflects
much credit on the secretary, the director, and the other
officials. Of the opening classes of Devons, if some of these
were numerically short, the quality in nearly every case was
good, Mr. John Jackman beating Lord Falmouth in the
old bull class, and taking the Cup as well for the best bull
of any breed in the yard. Again, amongst the Devon
heifers, which are very superior, Mr. Jackman's two-
year-old is especially excellent, as also is Mr. Perry's year-
ling and Mr. Jackman's calf. The Shorthorns were a
good lot, and would, all classes considered, do credit to
any county show in England ; indeed we shall be
much surprised if some of these do not take
a good deal of beating at the Bedford Royal.
When we hear that some thirty-odd years back there
was scarcely a Shorthorn in Cornwall, it speaks much

for the energy of the farmers of the county that they are
able to send such a lot of animals on to the show-ground.
The first prize, however, goes to Mr. Wilson, of
Worcestershire, for the well-known bull the Earl of
Warwickshire ; the second prize is taken by Mr. Whit-
ford for Earl of Fawsley, a half-brother of the first prize
bull; and Messrs. Hosken are third with Townley
Oxford. For bulls above two and under three years old,
Messrs. Hosken's Duke of Oxford aud Mr. Horswell's
bull met to fight their battles o'er again, with the same
result as on former occasions, aud very good bulls they
both are. Mr. Tregaskis wins with a very good bull-
calf in a strong class of 16. Messrs. Hosken are first
and second with their cows Alexandria and Countess of
Oxford 2nd— the first far awaythe best ; as they also are
first and second with their heifers Moss Rose 2nd and
Lady Oxford ; while Moss Rose also takes the Cup as
the best female in any class of cattle, aud a charming
heifer she is. The Hoskens also take first prizes in the
classes for heifers calved in 1872 and 1873.
The Hereford classes were fairly filled, and tlio

72

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

breed is said to be increasing in favour in the
county; but that Shorthorns are the most esteemed
i» shown by there being 54 entries of Shorthorns,
against 25 Herefords. The sheep are of more than
average merit, but short in number. Mr. James
Tremaine takes nearly all the prizes for Leicesters ; but
in the shearling class the Barnstaple decision was
reversed : his three-year-old ram, which takes first prize
in the old class, is really a wonderful sheep. Mr.
Tremaine's sheep struck us as being so much superior in
their legs of mutton to the general run of Leicesters.
The South Hams are a useful sheep, and the Dart-
moors looked to pine for their native ground, and to dis-
like the confinement they were subjected to. Lord Fal-
mouth had some nice Shropshire Downs, with which he
took all the prizes offered.

Taken as a whole the horses may be said to be a good
lot, but it is not to be wondered at that among so many
there should be some inferior. In the old class of
agricultural stallions there were six competitors, and the
first prize, Excelsior, is a very nice brown horse belonging
to Mr. H. Laity, and bred in Monmouthshire, and he ought
to do some good in the West, where, however, they do
not like a heavy horse for agricultural work, and amongst
the young stock evidence of a cross with thoroughbred
ones was easily seen. Two Clydesdales have been intro-
duced lately, but they appeared to have very light middles
and not the best feet ever seen. Amongst agricultural
stallions foaled after January 1st, 1871, Mr. Hawkey takes
first prize with a clever blue roan, two years old, beating
Mr. W. R. Tobey's Sir Garnet, a three-year-old, without
much character. The agricultural mares and foals were a
very mixed lot, and some of them looking quite out of
place with foals at foot by thoroughbred horses ; and the
prizes went to the mares looking most caloJated to breed
horses for agricultural purposes. Mr. E. James showed
a very clever three-year-old mare, that looked fit for almost
anything, and Mr. W. Mugbur had a second to her with
a good top but too high on the leg. In this class was
exhibited a grey gelding with Grey Castle as its sire,
and nearly as high as a church steeple, just the reverse of
what a horse should be. Mr. W. Trethewy showed a smart
chesnut yearling filly which deserved the prize awarded.
She looked full of Suffolk blood and would hold her own,
we fancy, even in the home of the chesnuts. Mr. E.
Stroker takes second prize for a useful colt, and Mr. J.
King Martyn is third with a smart black or grey
filly, as much like light harness work ; there were
ten entries in this class, but scarcely two alike. Six
thoroughbred stallions were entered and from the
ring-side they looked a very good lot. Mr. H. Laity has
a very handsome horse in Mouravieff, who in spite of his
age wears very fresh and well, carries two good ends, has
a deep middle, and goes remarkably well, with lots of free-
dom in his shoulders, while he can still use his hind legs.
The second prize horse, Eastley, has a very handsome top,
■with good middle, but is rather high and short, and he is
deficient in action. Poor old Motley looked pretty fresh,
but he has lost his action, and his prize-taking days are
over ; and Garna, by King Tom, is but a flashy-looking
one. The hunter mares and foals were a useful lot. Major
Carlyon sending four out of the eight shown, and taking
first and second prizes with two good mares, Mr. T. Hicks
being third with a good sort of old grey mare. The class
of the show was undoubtedly the three-year-old geldings
and mares for hunting purposes, of which there were
twelve entries ; while three prizes were given, two were
highly commended, and the entire class commended. The
first is a very strong bay mare that at first sight looked
rather plain, but she is a fine mover, and improves on
acquaintance. This mare belongs to Mr. J. Laity, and
■with luck looks like being a very valuable weight carrier

the second prize horse of Mr. Chegwyn looks now more
like harness than cross-country work, and the third prize,
Miss Floretta, is full of quality, but rather light. One
very handsome horse lost the prize on account of his
hocks not looking quite the thing. There are not many
counties that can produce such a class. The two-year-
olds were a smart lot again. We preferred the second
prize to the first, whose shoulders are too short, but he is
a very smart-looking nag, and he moves well. The second
prize one is a stronger animal, and looks more like carry-
ing 14 stone to hounds, whilst the third is more of a
park hack than a hunter. A very good-looking son of
Mouravieff gets the prize as the best yearling, aud a
thoroughbred one by Dundee is second, in whom Major
Carlyon has a very promising horse ; whilst his filly by
Blair Athol does not look worth half her sire's fee.

There were twenty hunters not less than four years old,
and here we cannot agree with thejudgesintheirfirstprizc
horse ; it is true he looks equal to any weight, and he im-
proves when set going, but a plainer one we have
seldom seen. A very different sort is Mr. Jackman's bay
mare, an eight-year-old " Irish hunter," with lots of sub-
stance, good quality, and one that looks and goes like a
hunter. Mr. Whitford's Jessie, a good-looking mare, is
highly commended, as is also Mr. Grigg's Rallie by
Rally wood. There are several animals shown in this
class that were very useful ones, but not coming up to
the required condition of being " weight-carriers." A
Cup given for the hunter in this class to be tried over
hurdles was well won by Mr. Jackman's bay mare already
alluded to. There were some good performers ; but the
" Irish hunter" proved herself a good one in her work as
well as to look at. There were fourteen cobs and hacks
not exceeding fourteen hands three inches in the next
class, the first prize, a chesnut three-year-old mare be-
longing to Mr. W. Grose, was good looking, with a nice top
and shoulders, but when ridden she did not appear to have
length enough before the saddle, and her hind legs were
too far behind her. Mr. Silas Rickard took the second
prize with a nice four-year-old, and Mr. Cardell was highly
commended for a three-year-old, as Mr. H. W. Tremaine
received the same compliment for an aged cob who has
been a wonder in his day. There was a fair show of pigs,
Mr. Jacob Dove, of Bristol, and Messrs. Wheeler and
Duckerings taking most of the prizes.

There was a small show of implements, the exhi-
bitors of which stood thus in the catalogue: Brenton,
Polbathic, St. Germans; Davey, Crofthole, St. Ger-
mans ; Blamey aud Son, Truro and Liskeard ; Clemow
and Co., St. Merryn, Padstow ; Front, Kelley, Lewanick ;
Dray don, Helland Bridge; Wellington, Probus ; Mitchell
and Son, Lelant, tlayle ; Hornsby and Son, Grantham ;
Plimsaul Brothers, Plymouth ; Samuelson and Co., Ban-
bury ; Wood, London ; Day, Son, and Hewitt, Dorset-
street, London ; Marsden, Leeds ; Osborne and Co., St.
Austell ; Clark, St. Austell; Oatey and Martyn, Wade-
bridge ; Marshall Sons aud Co., Gainsborough ; Hearle
and Sons, Gwarder, Penryu; Bradford and Co., High
Holborn, London ; Crabb and Sons, Bodmin and Fal-
mouth ; Ackland, Exeter ; Goss, Plymouth ; Jones, Aber-
dare ; Singer and Company, Plymouth ; Murton, [Ply-
mouth ; Bailey Brothers, Chancery-lane, London ; Myers,
Navigation-road, York; Martyn, Wadebridge; Phillips
and Co., Newton Abbot.

PRIZE LIST.

JUDGES. — Devons and Herefoeds : Mr. Powlesland,
Stockley Pomeroy ; J. W. P. James, Mappowder Court,
Dorchester. Shorthorns : C. Howard, Biddenliatn, Bed-
fordshire ; J. Wood, Harewood Hill, Darlington. Jer-
seys : Mr. Lisbriel, St. Neot. Sheep : W. Saudry, Rad-
cliffe-oa-Trent, Nottingham ; E. Howard, Nocton Rise,
Lincoln, Horses : Hacks, srid Hunters — H. Biddel|

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE

73

Playford, Ipswich ; T. Trist, Ugborough. Agricu tural
horses : N. G. Barthropp, Great Yarroouth ; Mr. Stordy,
Swinfen, Lichfield. Pigs : W. i\ Collier, VVoodtuvvn,
Ilorrabridge.

DEVO.NS.
Bulls above three years old. — First priz«, J. Jackraaa, Hex-
worthy (Perfection) ; second, Viscouat Falmouth, Tregothnan
(Kingcraft) ; third, R. Knight.

Bulls above two and not exceeding three years old. — Prize,
Mr. Julyan, Creed (Sweet William).

Bulla not exceeding two years old. — First prize, Mr. Julyan
(Baronet) ; second, 11. Bickle, Lifton (Perfection) ; third, J.
Smith, Kea (Earl Bothwell).

Bulls not exceeding twelve months old. — First prize, E. H.
Somer, Advent, Camelford (Young Kerscott) ; second, K.
Bickle (Prince 2nd) ; third, J. Menhenick, Wadebridge
(Harold),

Cow in calf, or if in milk, having had a calf within six
months. — First prize, Mr. Julyan (Bloomer) ; second, Mr.
Julyan (Cherry) ; third, J. Treraaine, Polsue.

Heifer in calf, or in milk, calved in 1871. — First prize, J.
Jackman, Hexworthy ; second, Mr. Julyan (Famous);
third, J. Tremayne.

Heifer calved in 1873. — First prize, W. Perry, Lew Down,
Devon (Champion); second, Mr. Julyan (Flora) ; third, J.
Menhenick, Wadebridge (Diana).

Heifer calved in 1873. — First prize, J. Jackraan ; second,
J. Menhenick (Marie). Highly commended: W. Perry, Lew
Down.

SHORTHORNS.
Bulls above three years old. — First prize, J. Wilson, Broad-
way, Worcestershire ; second, W. Whitford, Trehane, St.
Erme (Earl of Fansley); third, Hosken and Son, Hayle
(Townley Oxford).

Bulls above two and not exceeding three years old. — First
prize, Hosken and Son (Duke of Oxford) ; second, J. Hors-
well. Burns Hall, Lew Down ; third, J. Faull, Probus (Mer-
cury).

Bulls not exceeding two years old. — First prize, J. Thomas,
Gerrans (Knight of Oxford) ; second, W. Horswell, Week
Barton ; third, R. W. Pollard, Blagdon, Paignton (Duke of
Oxford). Commended: Mr. Croggau, Creed (Rufus).

Bulls not exceeding twelve months old. — First prize, Mr.
Tregaskis, St. Issey ; second, J. Horswell, Burns Hall ; third,
T. Blarney, Veryan (Marquis of Oxford). Commended : E.
Stocker, jun., St. Mewan (Burngullow) ; G. Williams, Ruan-
lanihorne (Kingscote).

Cows in calf, or if in milk having had a calf within six
months. — First prize, Hosken and Sou (Alexandria) ; second,
Hosken and Sou (Couuless of Oxford 2nd) ; third, R. W.
Pollard, Blagdon, Paignton (Rose). Commended: J. Gill,
Probus.

Heifers in calf or in milk, calved in 1871. — First prize,
Hosken and Son (Moss Rose 2nd) ; second, Hosken and Son
(Lady Cx'ord) ; third, Major Carlyon, Tregrehan, Par Station
(Sweetbrier).

Heifers calved in 1872. — First prize, Hosken and Son
(Countess of Oxford 3rd) ; second, J. Horswell, Burns Hall,
Lew Down.

Heifers calved in 1873.— First prize, Hosken and Son (Ken-
tish Girl) ; second, R. W. Pollard (Princess Oxford). Com-
mended : Hosken and Son (Countess of Cornwall) ; J. Gill,
Probus.

HEREFORDS.
Bulls above two years old. — First prize, G. Lobb, Lawhitton
(Ostorius) ; second, J. Baron, Lanivet; third, R. Tucker,
Prideaux Farm (Admiral).

Bulls not exceeding two years old. — First prize, Mr. Haw-
ken, St. Breward (King Koffee) ; second, J. Paull, Ruanlani-
horne (Ganymede). Commended : G. Lobb, Lawhitton (Pa-
triarch).

Bulls not exceeding twelve months old. — First prize, R.
Olver, Trescowe, Bodmin ; second, R. Olver, Penhallow.

Cows in calf, or in milk, having had a calf witliin six
months. — First prize, W. Grose, St. Kew ; second, J. Paull
(Daisy). Highly commended: R. Olver, Trescowe. Cora-
mended : R. Olver, Penhallow.

Heifers in calf, or in milk, calved in 1871. — First prize, W.
Grose ; second, W. Grose.

Heifers calved in 1872. — First prize, W. Grose ; second, J.
Paull. Commended : B,. Olver,

Heifers calvtd in 1873.— First prize, J. Paull ; second, W.
Grose.

CHANNEL ISLAND BREED.
Bulls not exceeding four years old. — Prize, Mr. Rendle,
Ca'el Farm, Guernsey.

Cows in calf, or if in milk, having had a calf within sis
months. — First prize, Mr. Rendle; second, J. Tremayne, M. P.;
third, J. Tremayne, M.P.

Heifers in calf, or in milk, calved in 1871. — First prize, D.
H. Sliilson, Trewhiddle, St. Austell; second, J. Tremayne ;
third, T. Coode, Pond-dhu, St. Austell.
SHEEP.
Leicester yearling rams. — First, second, and third prizes, J.
Tremain Polsue.

Rams of any other age, — First prize, J. Tremain ; second,
Mr. Rosewarne, Nanpiiska ; third, J. Tremain.

Pen of five yearling ewes. — First and second prize, J. Tre-
main ; third, Mr. Rosewarne.

South Ham yearling rams. — First and second prize, J.
Stooke, East Sherbord, Plympton; third, R. Cornish, Mounts,
Tutnes.

South Ham rams, of any other age. — First prize, R. D.
Clemens, St. Keyne ; second, J. Moon, Penhale ; third, J.
D.ver, Dobwalls, Liskeard.

Pen of South Ham yearling ewes. — First prize, R. C.
Clirke, St. Budeaux; second, J. Stooke; third, J. Moon,
Penhale, Liskeard.

Dartmoor yearling rams, to be shown in their wool. — First
prize, R. Palmer, Venn Barton, Exbourne; second, J. Drew,
Arliscombe, Tavistock,

Dartmoor rams of any other age, to be shown in their wool.
First prize, R. May, Grendon, Tavistock ; second, J. Drew,

Pen of five Dartmoor yearling ewes, to be shown in their
wool. — First and second prizes, R. May. Commended : J.
Drew.

Long-woolled yearling rams, not qualified to compete in the
foregoing cl isses. — First prize, R. Corner Torweston, Somer-
set; second, R. H. Marshall, Trenoon, St. Mowgan; third,
II. H. Marshall.

Long-woolled old rams. — First prize, Wheeler and Sons ;
second, R. Corner, Torweston, Somerset ; third, R. Corner.

Pen of five long-wolled yearling ewes. — F'irst and second
prizes, R. Corner.

Shropshire Down yearling rams. — First and second prizes,
Viscount Falmouth.

Shropshire Down old rams. — First and second prizes. Vis-
count Falmouth.

Pen of five Shropshire Down yearling ewes. — First and
second prizes, Viscount F'almouth.
HORSES.
Agricultural stallions, foaled before 1st January, 1871. —
First prize, H. Laity, Praze, Crowan (Excelsior) ; second.
North Cornwall Stud Company (Bobby Burns .

Agricultural stallions, foaled on or after Ist January, 1871,
— First prize, Mr. Hawkey, St. Columb (Cornish Champion);
second, W. R. Sobey, St. Veep (Sir Garnet).

Agricultural mares and foals, or mares in foal. — First prize,
J. Eglos, Merther (Tulip) ; second, J. Tremain, Polsue ; third,
J. Robins, Withiel. Highly commended : C. 11. Gatley,
Truro.

Agricultural geldings or fillies, foaled in 1871. — First prize,
E. J. Newly n ; second, W. Mugfur, St. Sampsons ; third, W.
H. Tremaine, Newlyn.

Agricultural geldings or fillies, foaled in 1872. — First prize,
T. Blarney, Veryan ; second, Mr. Lark, Cornelly.

Agricultural colts, geldings, or fiUies, foaled in 1873. —
First prize, W. Trethewy, Probus; second, E. Stocker, jun.,
St. Mewan; third, J. King Martyn, St. Enoder. Highly
commended : D. Cock, Roche.

Thoroughbred stallions, foaled before 1st January, 1871. —
First prize, H. Laity, Crowan (Mouravieff) ; second, J. R.
Bickle, Lamerton (Eastley).

Thoroughbred stallions, foaled on or after 1st January, 1871.
— Prize, North Cornwall Stud Company (Pirate King).

Hacks or hunters, mares and loals, or in foal.— First prize,
Major Carlyon (Princess) ; second. Major Carlyon (Sweet
Oil) ; third, S. Hicks, Bodmin (Jessie). Highly commended :
W. H. Preston, St. Mewan.

Geldings or fillies, foaled in 1871. — First prize, J. Laity,
Goldsithney ; second, Mr. Chegwyn, Pool ; third, R. White,
St. Jubt (Miss Floretta).

74

THE FAEMBR'S MAGAZINE.

Geldings or fillies foaled in 1873.— Firs! prize, J. H. Grigg,
Creed (Laddie) ; second, N. H. Hocking, Nansloe, Wendron ;
third, W. Rowse, Bodmin.

Colts, geldings, or fillies foaled in 1873.— First prize, E. J.
Newlyn; second. Major Carlyon ; third, J. Tremain.

Weight-carrying hunters, not less than four years old. —
First prize, A. Brewer, Probus ; second, Wr. Jackman, Ply-
mouth. Highly commended : 11. H. Hocking ; W. Whitford,
Trehane, St. Erme (Jessie).

Weight-carrying hunter, mare or gelding, to be tested over
hurdles in the show yard. — Special prize, Silver cup, Mr.
Jackmau.

Cobs, mares, or geldings, not exceeding l-t hands 3 inches
high. — First prize, W. Grose, Lanivet ; second, S. Rickard,
Lower St. Columb.

Mare or gelding cob, not exceeding 14 hands 3 inches high,
to be tested over hurdles in the showyard. — Special prize,
Silver Cup, W. H. Tremaine.

Ponies, mares or geldings, not exceeding 13| hands high. —
First prize, Mr. Jackman ; second, J. G. Hugo, Feock. Highly
commended: Miss H. M. Tremaine, Heligan (Leotard); J.
Levering, St. Austell.

Mare or gelding pony, not exceeding 13^ hands high, to be
tested over hurdles in the showyard. — Special prize, Silver
Cup, R. NichoUs, Lostwithiel. Highly commended : J. Paull,
Ruanlanihorne.

PIGS.

Boars, large breed. — First prize, J. Dove, Bristol ; second.

Wheeler and Son, Long Compton. Commended : Mr. Ducker-
ing, Northorpe, Kirton Lindsay.

Breeding sows in farrows, or that have farrowed within sis
months of the meeting. — First prize, J. Dove ; second,
Wheeler and Sons. Higlily commended : Mr. Duckering.

Pen of two breeding sows (of the same litter), not exceed-
ing twelve months old. — Prize, Mr. Duckering.

Small breed, boars exceeding twelve months old. — First
prize, Mr. Duckering ; second, Wheeler and Sons ; third, W.
Fenton, St. Mewan.

Boars not exceeding twelve months old on the 1st June,
1874. — First prize, Mr. Duckering ; second, J . Dove ; third,
J. Tremain. Highly commended : J. Tremain ;, JN. Reynolds,
Creed. Commended : R. Knight, Lanivet ; J. Basset, Ken-
wyn ; W. Trevenen, Crowan.

Breeding sows in farrows, or that have farrowed within six
raontlis of the meeting. — First prize, Mr. Duckering ; second,
J. Dove; third, Wheeler and Sons. Highly commended: J.
Dove. Commended : J. Tremain.

Pen of two breeding sows (of the same litter), not exceeding
twelve months old on the 1st June, 187-i. — First prize, J.
Dove ; second, Wheeler and Sons ; third, J. S. Guy, Endellion.
Highly commended : R. NichoUs.

SPECIAL AWARDS.

The best cow in the yard. — Mr. Jackman (Devon).

Best bull. — Messrs. Hosken (Shorthorn).

Best ram. — Mr. Tremain.

Best pen cf ewes. — Mr. Tremain.

Best pig. — Mr. Dove.

THE OXFORDSHIRE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
MEETING AT WITNEY.

This stow proved to be one of the most attractive meet-
ings ever held by the County Society. It was a very gene-
rally goodone, though the cattle were not the best section,
but Mr. Penson's bull in the first class, and Mr.
G. Game's cow, and Mr. Hewer's heifer, were as
good as any in their respective classes as were ever
shown at the Society's shows. The sheep were a
large show, and the Duke of Marlborough's Ox-
fordshire Downs were quite a show of themselves ; while
Mr. Gillett's Cotswolds were also good. There was a
good show of horses, much larger than ever exhibited in
Oxfordshire ; but the two prizes for hunters went out of
the county.

JUDGES.— Cattle : C. Howard, Biddenham, Bedford; E.
Little, Lanhill, Chippenham. Horses : T. Bulford, Hord-
ley ; T. M. K. Elliott, Heathercote. Sheep and Pigs :
J. Bryan, Northleigh ; R. J. Newton, Campsfield.

CATTLE.

The best horned animal in the yard, exhibited in either of
the Classes 1 to 6. — A Silver Cup, of 5 gs., R. Peuson,
Foxcote.

Bull of two years old and upwards.— First prize, £7, R
Penson ; second, £3, J. A. Mumford, Brill.

Bull of one year and under two years old. — First prize, £,T,
J. A. Mumford ; second, £3, H. Betteridge, East Hanney.
Commended : J. Dodwell, Long Crendon, and A. T. Matthews,
Hanborough.

Bull-calf under one year old. — First prize, £7, G. Game,
Churchill Heath ; second, £3, R. Penson. Commended : T.
Hewer, Inglesham, and J. A. Mumford.

Cow (having already produced one calf) in milk or in-calf,
of three years old and upwards. — First prize, £7, G. Game ;
second, £3, J. B. Jenkins, Kingston Bagpuze.

Heifer in milk or in-calf, under three years[old — First prize,
£7, J. A. Mumford ; second, £3, T. Hollis, Coggs.

Heifer for breeding purposes, under two years old. — First
prize, £7, T. Hewer; second, £3, J. A. Mumford. Com-
mended: G. Game.

Pair of cows in milk, of five years old and upwards.— First
prize, £7, S. Smith, Somerton ; second, £3, G. Wallis, Old
Shifford. Commended : J. Timms, Evenlode.

For the best entry in Classes 7 or 8.— A Silver Cup or Plate,
value i?10, S. Smith.

HORSES.

Mare for breeding hunters. — A silver Cup, of 5 gs., F.
Dandriilge, Northcourt.

Hunter, five years and upwards, being at least equal to 13 .
stone weight, exhibited by a tenant-farmer. — A Silver Cup, of 5
gs., G. A. Lepper, Aylesbury.

Hunter not over seven years. — A Silver Cup, of £10, G. A.
Lepper. Highly commended : W. H. Fox, Bradwell Grove.

Nag horse for general purposes. — First prize, £7, A. R.
Howland, Thame. Highly commended : T. Akers, Burton
Abbotts.

Cart mare, with colt or to foal this season. — First prize, £7,
T. Akers, Burton Abbotts ; second, £3, J. Hutt, Water Eaton.
Highly commended : S. Davis, Woolashill.

Cart gelding or filly, above two and under four years. —
First prize, £7, J. Hitchman, Little Milton ; second, £3, to
ditto. Highly commended : J. Hutt.

Cart colt or filly, under two years. — Firstprize, £7,S. Busby,
Curbridge ; second, £3, Mrs. Rowland, Shabbington. Highly
commended : H. Barnett Glympton Park.

Entire cart horse travelling in Oxfordshire or within 2
miles of Witney for the season of 187'4. — First prize, £7, W
Coles, Long Crendon; second, £3, H. Woodbridge, Chimney.
Highly commended : J. Hutt.

SHEEP.

Oxfordshire Down shearling ram. — First prize £7, Duke
of Marlborough ; second. £3, A. F. M. Druce, Eynsham.
Highly commended : G. Wallis ; commended : Duke of Marl-
borough.

Oxfordshire Down ram, above two years old. — First prize,
£7, J. Tread well, Upper Wiuchendon ; second, £3, A. F. M.
Druce. Highly commended : G. Wallis.

Oxfordshire Down ram exhibited in classes 17 or 18 — Plate,
value ^gs., J. Treadwell.

Pen of five Oxfordshire shearling ewes. — First prize, £7,
Duke of Marlborougii ; second, £3, G. Wallis. Highly com-
mended : A. F. M. Druce. Commended : Z. W. Stilgoe, Ad-
derbury.

Pen of five breeding Oxfordshire Down ewes, with Iheir
lambs. — First prize, £7, Duke of Marlborough ; second,
£3, J, Treadwell. Commended : H. Gale, Cuddesdon,

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

75

Pen of five Oxfordshire Down sliearlin^ wethers. — first
prize, plate, value 5gs., Sir H. Dashwood, Bart., Kirtlington
Park ; sejond, £3, Z. W. Stilgoe.

Long-woolled shearline; ram.— I'irst prize, £7, T. and S. G.
Gillett, Kilkenny; second, £3, ditto. Highly commended : S.
Smith.

LoDg-woolled ram, above two years old. — first prize, £7. S.
Smith ; second, £3, T. and S. G. Gillett.

Pen of five long-woolled shearling ewes, First prize, £7, T.
and S. G. Gillett ; second, £3, ditto.

Pen of five long-woolled breeding ewes, with their lambs. —
First prize. £7, T. and S. Gillett ; second, £3, ditto.

Pen of iO stock ewes of any one breed, the bona fide pro-
perty of the exhibitor, which shall have bred and brought up
lambs on his farm. A Silver Cup, value £30, Duke of Marl-
borough. Commended : C. Gillett, Lower Haddoii, and T. and
S. G. Gillett.

Pen of teu Oxfordshire Down ram lambs. A Silver Cup, value
£5, G. Adams, Faringdon. Highly commended : W. S. Hunt,
Fawler.

Pen often Oxfordshire Down ewe lambs. A Silver Cup, value
£5, W. S. Hunt. Highly commended: Mrs. Pratt, Little
Haseley.

Pen of ten long-woolled ram lambs. A Silver Cup, value £5,
E. Tombs, Shilton. Highly commended : C. Gillett.

Pen of ten long-woolled ewe lambs. — A Silver Cup, value £5,
E. Tombs.

PIGS.

Boar not exceeding 16 months old.— First prize, £7, A. C.
Baily, Swindon ; second, £3, J. Dove, Bristol. Highly com-
mended : H. Humpfrey, Shrivenham. Commended : Ditto.

Boar exhibited in class 31.— Plate, value Sgs., A. C. Baily.

Sow in farrow or with pigs.— First prize, £7, H. Hum-
frey ; second, £3, ditto. Highly commended : J. Dove

Pen of five breeding pigs of one litter, not exceeding sis
montiis.— First prize, £7, H. Humfrey ; second, £3, J. Druce,
Eynsham. Commended : J. Dove.

Beast, slieep, or pig, for consumption, brought to earliest
maturity,syrametry and quality being considered.— A Silver Cup
or Plate, value 5gs., E. W. Harcourt, Nuneham Park.

Best jumper of a wall, water jump, timber fence, hedge and
ditcli.— A Cup, value £20, J. Hutt.

Shoeing a saddle horse— First prize,£3, E. Glanville, Oxford ;
second, &i, A. Ballard, Longworth.

Shoeing of a cart horse — .First prize, £3, C. Wiggins, Wit-
ney ; second, £^, W. Jackson, sen., Witney.

THE CAMBRIDGESHIRE AND ISLE OF ELY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING AT NEWMARKET.

In the first instance it was resolved that, in conse-
quence of the Royal Agricultural Society visiting Bedford
this year, the county show should be abandoned; but it
was subsequently determined that the meeting should be
held as usual. Under the circumstances there was a
great falling off, and the attendance was very limited.
At the luncheon, Mr. C. W. Townley, the chairman, said
there were not so many things exhibited as might have been
expected, but the quality came up very well.
PRIZE LIST.
JUDGES. — Cart Horses : J. Manning, Orlingbury,
Wellingborough ; T. Plowright,juu., Pinchbeck, Lincoln.
Nag Horses : J. E. Bennett, Husband's Bosworth, Rugby ;
T. M. K. Elliott, Heatiiencote, Towcester. Cattle : C.
Howard, Biddeniiam ; J. Lynn, Stroxton, Grantham. Lo^'G-
WOOLLED SiiEEr AND PiGS : J. H. Casswcll, Laughton,
Jrolkingham; H.Dudding, Wragby, Lincoln. Short- woolled
AND Cross-bred Sueep : T. Fulcher, Elmham, Dereham ; J.
Treadwell, Upper Winchendon, Aylesbury. Implements :
M. Cooke, Ely ; ^J. Martin, Littleport. Butter and
Cheese : G. Decks, Newmarket ; M. Hilton, Newmarket.
HORSES.

AGRICULTURAL.

Stallion. — First prize, J. Martin, Littleport; second, H.
Stanley, Bury St. Edmunds.

Entire three years old colt. — First pri^e, T. Briggs, Babra-
ham ; second, H. Cockle, Hilrow.

Entire two years old colt. — First prize, G. E. Daintree,
Fenton ; second, J. Martin.

Cart mare, not under four years old. — First prize, C. Am-
brose, Stuntney ; second, H. Lambert, Abington Park.

Mare and foal. — First prize, C. Ambrose ; second, F. G.
Robins, Isleham.

Two years old filly. — First prize, C. Ambrose ; second, T.
H. Vergette, Borougli Fen, Peterborough.

Yearling colt or filly. — First prize, J. Coy, Decoy Farm,
near Mildenhall; second, B. W- Grounds, jun., Whittlesey.

Plough team. — First prize, E. Staples, Esuing; second, J.
Crisp, Stow-cum-Quy,

Dray horse — First prize, T. Gardner ; second, J. S. Nunn.

Cart foal. — First prize, J. Martin ; second, C. Ambrose.

Entire horse for agricultural purposes. — Prize, a cup, value
£20, J, Martin.

RIDING AND COACHING.

Stallion calculated to get weight-carrying hunters. — Prize,
T. Smith, Bansted Manor.

Hackney stallion. — First prize, W. Giddens, Walpole ;
second, C. Groucock, Newmarl^et,

Hackney mare or gelding. — First prize, W. Giddens ; second
F. W. Lilley, Granchester.

Hunter of any age. — Prize, G. S. Hall, Ely.

Carriage horse, not entered for any other premium. — First
prize, W. R. Cockle, Hilrow.

Hackney mare or gelding, not exceeding 15 hands high, not
entered for any other premium. — Prize, T. Banyard, Horn-
ingsea.

Hackney mare or gelding, not exceedig li hands, not entered
in premium 24. — A cup value £10, W. R. Cockle, llilrow.

Riding cob, not exceeding 14 hands 2 inches, and not under
13 hands 2 inches. — Prize, F. W. Lilley, Granchester.

Pony under 13 hands 2 inches.— Prize, W. F. Saberton,
Wilbutton.

Yearling colt or filly got by " Little Pippin." — Prize, H.
Stanley, Bury St. Edmund's.

Thoroughbred mare and foal. — First prize, T. Jennings,
Newmarket ; second, S. Smith, Bansted Manor.

Thoroughbred stallion, calculated to get hunters, open to
serve half-bred mares, within the limits of the Society. — Prize,
Earl of Stamford and Warrington.

CATTLE.

Bull not exceeding two years. — First prize. Lord Bray-
brooke, Audley End; second, H. Porter, Haddenham.

Bull not exceeding one year. — First prize. Lady Pigot,
Newmarket ; second, T. Banyard, Horuingsea.

Cow in calf or in milk. — First prize, T. Jennings, New-
raaiket ; second, C. Ambrose, Stuntney.

Heifer not exceeding three years. — Prize, Lady Pigot.

Heifer not exceeding two years. — First prize, Lady Pigot ;
second, C. Ambrose.

Heifer not exceeding one year. — First prize. Lady Pigot ;
second, C. Daintree, Fentor .

Alderney and Guernsey cow in calf or in milk. — First prize,
W. Gilbey, Hargrave Park ; second, J. Dawson, Newmarket,

Shorthorn bull of any age. — Prize, C. Beart, Stow, Down-
ham Market.

Best bull in the yard. — Prize, C. Beart.

Bull, cow, and offspring. — Prize, G. Jonas, Ickleton.
SHEEP.

Shearling Leicester or Lincoln ram. — First and second
prizes, T. Gunnell, Milton.

Pen of five Leicester or Lincoln ram-lambs. — First prize,
F. AUwood, Wals worth ; second, F. Ellis, Chesterton.

Pen of five Leicester or Lincoln ewes, each certified to hare
brought up a lamb this year. — First prize, T. Gunnell ; second,
F. AUwood.

Pen of five shearling Leicester or Lincoln ewes, — First and
Second prizes, T, Qunnell,

76

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

Pen of five Leicester or Lincola ewe-lambs. — First and
second prizes, F. Ellis.

Shearling Southdown ram. — First and second prizes, Lord
Braybrooke.

Pen of five Southdown ram-lambs. — Prize, F. M. Jonas,
Chrishall Grange.

Pen of five Southdown ewes, each certified to have brought
up a lamb this year. — First prize, F. M. Jonas ; second, G.
Jonas.

Pen of five shearlinfc Southdown ewes. — First prize, G.
Jonas ; second, F. M. Jonas.

Pen of five Southdown ewe-lambs. — First prize, F. M.
Jonas; second, G. Jonas.

Peu of five short-wooUed fat shearling wethers. — Prize,
G. Cooke, Horseheath Park.

Shearling short-wooUed ram, not Southdown. — First prize,
G. Cooke; second, F. Street, Bedford.

Pen of five short-wooUed ram-lambs, not Southdowns.—
First prize, G, Cooke ; second, F. Street.

Pen of five short-woolled ewes, each certified to have
brought up a lamb tliis year, not Southdown. — First prize, G.
Cooke ; second, F. Street.

Pea of five shearling short-woolled ewes, not Southdowns.
—First prize, G. Cooke ; second, F. Street.

Pen of five shortwoolled ewe lambs, not Southdowns. —
First prize, H. Lambert, Abington Park ; second, G. Cooke.

Pen of five cross-bred lambs. — First prize, T. llush, Babra-
ham; second, W. Baker, Stapleford.

Pen of five half-bred fat shearling wethers. — First prize,
W. J. Waters, Babraham.

Southdown ram, — First prize. Lord Braybrooke ; second,
G. Jonas, Ickleton.

Pen of five cross-bred or half-bred ewe lambs. — First prize,
T. Rush, Babraham ; second, R. Musk, Dullinghara.

Pen of five cross-bred or half-bred ram lambs. — First prize,
T. Rush, Babraham ; second, W. Baker,

Blackfaced Suffolk ram.— First prize, J. M. Green, Stradis-
hall Place.

Shearling blackfaced Suffolk ram. — First prize, J. M. Green ;
second. Lord G. Manners, M.P., Cheveley Park; third, W. S.
Gardner, Moulton.

Pen of five shearling blackfaced Suffolk ewes. — First prize,
Lord G. Manners, M.P. ; second, W. S. Gardner ; third, E.
Staples, Exning.

Pen of five blackfaced Suffolk ewes, each certified to have
brought up a lamb this year. — First priie,E. Staples ; second,
W. S. Gardner.

Pen of five blackfaced Suffolk ewe lambs. — First prize, H.
Northern, Moulton ; second. Lord G. Manners, M.P.

Pen of five blackfaced Suffolk ram lambs. — First prize. Lord
G. Manners, M.P.; second, J. S. Green ; third, H. Northern.

PIGS.
Boar, large breed. — First and second prizes, H. A, Kilham,

Tydd St. Mary.

Boar, small breed. — First and second prizes, H. A. Kilham,

Sow, in pig or suckling, large breed. — First^prize, H. A.
Kilham.

Sow, in pig or suckling, small breed. — First prize, H. A.
Kilham ; second, J. P. Fison, Teversham.

Pen of three sow pigs, not sis months old, large breed.—
First prize, H. A. Kilham.

Pen of three sow pigs, not sis months old, small breed.—
First prize, H. A. Kilham.

IMPLEMENTS.
Collection of agricultural implements. — First prize. Ran-
somes, Sims, and Head, Orwell Works, Ipswich.

BUTTER.
Three pounds of butter, in single pounds, the exhibitor
being an owner or occupier of land. — First prize, R. White,
Soham ; second, T. Jennings, Newmarket.

THE HORSE SHOW AT THE AGRICULTURAL HALL, ISLINGTON.

Those great judges of form, the tight-lacing young
ladies who set about correcting nature's loveliest work,
often find when they have nearly accomplished the feat,
as Abernethy said, of getting the contents of a quart-pot
into a pint, that Dame Nature starts for them a danger
signal in the shape of a jolly red nose. Now we do not
say the manager of the Agricultural Hall ever accom-
plished the quart-pot and pint feat, but he is evidently
aware that nature must give way to art if too tightly
pinched ; and this year it was given out that he was going
to start a danger signal — not a jolly nose, but a ther-
mometer. This is a step in the right direction, as a
thermometer is a correct reporter if not supplied with
iced champagne, as then it might err, like some other
rsporters, who actually gave the credit of managing a
horse show to one who acted the parts of bottle-holder,
head-waiter, messenger, and cock chambermaid, and who
knew as much about a horse show, and had as much
to do with it, as Maria Martin or jthe Red Barn. But
though we failed to find the thermometer, we found the
hall as clean and as sweet as ever, and comparatively cool
to the scorching heat in the paddock on Epsom Downs,
and, to give the Secretary his due, everything was well
done at " the greatest horse show in the world," which
must be all the world to him, as we happen to have wit-
nessed a few of the small ones, one where there were 460
stallions, including West Australian :

So have I lieard on Afric'i burning shore

Another lion give a grifvous roar,

And the fir«t lion thought the last a bore.

About ten o'clock we found Lord Waterford, Sir
George Wombwell, and Colonel Luttrell, who aclcd for
Mr. John Musters, who had met with an accident when
trying a horse some days ago ; while Mr. Phillips, of
Knightsbridge, the well-known dealer, after being

an absentee for fifteen months through a broken
leg from a kick, was to be seen supported
by a couple of friends which he told ns once
did service for the Honourable Robert Grimston
well-known in the Vale. Then Mr. A. H. Billington, who
has three or four nice horses in the yard, has not quite re-
covered of an arm broken in two places and a severe kick
on the ankls. "With this we must conclude the chapter of
accidents, although we nearly had another when Honey-
comb, a well-known show nag, while cantering round the
ring, stepped in a hole and came down plump on his
rider's leg. "There's another fall in beef!" we ejacula-
ted at the moment, which so startled an agricultural
friend, deep in the morning paper, that with anxiety iu
his face, he cried " 0 drahbit it ! You don't say so !" But
we must return to the ring, where we find forms familiar
to the eye, while some of the judges act so fre-
quently that surely they give more than a fair share of
these fanciful verdicts, which, after all, as Mr. Hawkins
remarked of the evidence of the noble army of Carabineers
when they had all been brought up and one after the
other said on oath in conrident tones. That's him, " My
Lord, all this i% but opinion after all," and with three or
four facts the learned Q.C. routed the regiment." As one
gallop across a fair hunting country for a cup or two at the
end of the show season of each year would set at rest all
difiFerences of opinion as to which was the best of the
show nags up to a certain weight, and keep an impostor
fit for nothing but|the ring out of it. Then there are
bipeds who will enter where angels dare not tread, and
who, when they see the orderly throng standing round, set
the common decencies and rules of a horse show at defiance
by trying to thrust themselves into the riug on the
strength of knowing an official or a judge — as if they and
only they knew an official or a judge. We put the great

I'HE FAPaiEE'S MAGAZINE.

77

men first for repulsing several and doing their duty.
Barring numbers of nondescript animals, whose like we
nerer wish to look upon again, the show of horses is good,
for there are many deep-framed, good-ended, nice-limbed,
free-stepping, hunting-like horses ; a few for the ladies,
and several for the youngsters, ss well as a goodly lot
of well made quick-stepping roadsters and fashionable
grand-moTing park hacks ; while nearly all the prize
horses of any note are among them, which go the round
of the shows like a travelling circus, so that what you see
at one place you meet wi^h at another. Then there are
roadster, but no thorough-bred stallions, harness horses
in pairs and tandems, polo ponies, and people continually
asking when the jumping will begin. Is it not
lament;ible that a ft-w five-pound notes laid out to
encourage owners of hacks to jump them, and a little water
to make a splash, is a greater attraction to the cockney and
paying multitude than the finest shaped horses that a
thousand pounds in prizes will bring together ? But how
can we expect peojde to appreciate a hunter who never saw
a honnd P

It takes about three minutes to run the Deiby course,
and say at the outside a minute and a half to hoist the
1, 2, 3, while the sii-and-twenty horses in the weight-
carrying hunters up to not less than fifteen stone took
the judges exactly two hours by the clock to place. The
first is the compact, stout-built Palraerston, a great prize-
taker last year, with limbs well placed, and a quick, sharp
goer, but evidently not showing to his best m the Hall.
The second, Iron King, is a rather soft-looking bay, but
a useful horse with good action ; while Chief Constable,
a taker of several prizes as a four-year-old last year, was
much fancied by many, and takes third honours. He has
fiued a great deal, and now shows more of the blood of his
■ire, Theobald, a sou of Stockvvell, and makes good use of
his iron-looking legs, bringing the hind ones well under him.
Behind him is th« lighter-made Grandmaster of Mr.
Holmes ; Lucifer, a fine powerful brovTU of Mr.
Billington's ; Waverley, a blood-like nag of Mr.
Percival's ; Earl Spencer's imperor ; Mr. Ilay-
ward's Sir Isaac Newton ; Mr. Tattersall ilus-
prave's Honeycomb, often described in this paper;
Mr. G. Bland's Conrad and Gem of the Peak. A hall-bred
stallion entered in the roadsters also figured iu this class,
and one year, at Birmingham, actually took a thorough-
bred stallion prize, and again beat several more thorough-
breds another year, but was disqualified as not to be found
in the stud book. He never struck us as a thoroughbred,
and is not the first half-bred that has carried off a thorough-
bred stallion prize. The hunters without condition as to
•weight were a very good class, mustering over fifty, inclu-
ding the vrell-known Banker, who is now in his prime,
and to whom we have always stuck to from a two-year-old.
Then Iron King, a second prize in the weight carriers,
takes the same honours here, but is disqualified because
he has already taken a hunting prize, which let in Mr.
Trueman Mill's well-known bloodlike chesnut Ruby,
and a good goer ; but as he does not give a satisfactory
account of himself, Mr. Harvey Bayly's Newsmongei
comes in for second honours, a horse which was
second to Landmark at Malton one year, and
now thickened into a compact clever-looking
one, and as sound as the day he was foaled,
and Digby Grand, a good moving, rather light-backed sou
of old Orpheus, for third honours, while Mr. Goodlifie's
Marshal MacMahon, invincible as a two-year-old, takes the
fourth place. Mr. Billington's Caradoc was much fancied
by the judges. Mr. Jewison's Freddy was neat and
could go, as could Major Chaplin's hog-maned Singalee,
while Dolly Varden, of Wansford, looked like flying with
a light weight; and Captain Heygate, a breeder of
hunters, has in Sir Hercules a neat one that will bear

looking into, and will be Sold at the Captain's fifth
annual sale at Tattersall's on the 22nd June. Some of
the others we noticed were the Earl of Rosebery's The
Boy, Mr. Newcomeu's Kismet, Mr. Battam's King of
Trumps, Mr. Parry's Mrs. Borrodale, Mr. Sanday's Sil-
vertail, Mr. Linnell's Czaravina, and Mr. Lepper's Calico
The four-year-old class was good, and mustered over
thirty strong, headed by Cashier, a fine looking horse,
and an oily goer of great character, who was afterwards
awarded the Cup for the best hunter in all the classes ; and
darkness coming on, we had no tims for ^ close inspection.
Among the four - year - olds he beats was Prize-
taker, a first prize three-year-old wheu he was
nowhere ; the Showman, a very good-looking one
from Hull, not unknown in the ring, but which did
not show so well iu the saddle as when we have
seen him lead at Driffield, Malton, Hull, &c. Nor had
Lieut. -Colonel Barlow's Cornisbman.a rather gentlemanly
horse, got quite used to the saddle and the Ilall, a horse
we saw take prizes at Hull and Gainsborouii;h last year.
Mr. Mills' Reindeer and Captain Ileygate's Constable
were nice horses, and some more which we have not time
to notice. The second four-year-old, Sedgwick, was
light and shelly, and not much to look at. In the hunters
uuder 15 hands 2in. out of the twenty-one or two there
were a few nice ones, but the tug of war laid betireen Sir
George Womb well's Miss Sykes, a very bloodlike, hand-
some mare, and good goer, and Mr. Harvey Biii cy's
thickset, nicely-built Enterinise, as strong as a
tower, with grand actiou, and legs well under him.
Sir George retired, and Lord Shannon took his
place, the verdict being in favour of Enterprise,
which was then not half shown in the covert
hacks and roadsters not exceeding fifteen two, as he is a
wonderfully fine trotter, and was beateu by Norma, a fast
stepping cob, kejit at her best pace the whole time. The
third was Cori-ande, of good form and action ; while
Filbert, one of the neatest of cobs, with grand action, if
not lasting, came iu for a commendation. The liding
horses of any height, exceeding fifteen two, as a lot were
poor. Iiiniskilliner could move well, and so could
Brunette stylishly; while on Cooinassie we should not
like to libk a rather bald crown.

PRIZE LIST.
JUDGES.

HUNTERS.

Lord Waterford.

Sir George Wombwell.

Colonel Luttrell.

KIDING HORSES.

The Marquis of Waterford.
The Earl of Shannon.
Sir George Wombwell.

COVER HACKS AND EOADSTBRS.

Lord Shannon.
Colonel Kingscote.
Colonel Maude.

Weight carriers up to IB stone. — First prize, £60, H.
Jewison, Raisthorp, York (Palmerston) ; second, £30,
R. Hutton, Gloucester-place (Iron King) ; third, £20, T.
Harvey Bayly, Ollerton (Chief Constable).

Without condition as to weight. — First prize, £00, W.
Armstrong, Kendal (The Banker) ; second, £25, T.
Harvey D. Bayly (Newsmonger) ; third, £13, A. Ken-
nard. May Fair (Digby Grand) ; fourth, £10, J. Good-
liffe, Huntingdon (Marshal McMahon).

Four years old. — First prize, £50, W. Armstrong
(Cashier) ; second, £25, T. H. Ashtou, Worcester (Sedg-
wick).

Not exceeding 15 hands 2 inches high. — First prize,
£40, T. Harvey D. Bayly (Enterprise); second, £20^

78

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE

[Lord Shanuon judged

Sir G. Wombwell (Miss Sykes)
iu this class.]

EIDING HORSES.

Exceeding 13 hands 2 inches high. — First prize, £20,
G. Hcaviside, Dublin Castle (Inniskillener) ; second, £10,
Smith and Sanday, Nottingham (Brunette) ; third, £5,
H.R.II. The Prince of Wales (Coomassie).

COVER HACKS AND EOADSTEES.

Not exceeding 15 hands 2 inches high. — First prize,

£20, R. E. D. Poucy, Kensington (Norma) ; second,
£10, T. Harvey Bayly (Enterprise) ; third, £8, R.
Nelson, Barton, York (Corisande). Commended : II.
Frisby, Buckingham-gate, Filbert.

PARK HACKS AND LADIES HORSES.

Not exceeding 15 hands 2 inches high. — First prize,
£20, Mrs. Frisby (Lady Adelaide) ; second, £10, Sir
George Wombwell's (Miss Sykes) ; third, £5, A. C.
Kennard, Eaton-place (Sunshine).

STOCK SALES.

SALE OF SHORTHORNS AT
BLIS WORTH,

On Friday, Mat 22nd, 1874.
BY MR. THORNTON.

Blisworth is a convenient centre on the London and
North Western Railway for the Northamptonshire and
Warwickshire farmers ; and as the Rev. John Storer's
herd at Hellidon, near Daventry, some fourteen miles
away, had outgrown the small farm, he sent forward
three-and-twenty of his animals for sale at George
Savage's farm, adjoining the canal, and scarcely five
minutes' walk from the station. Mr. Waldo, whose herd
in Kent is of somewhat similar blood, wishing to
dispose of two or three tribes, contributed eleven bead,
and these, with three bulls from Mr. C. C. Dormer, and
a few odd lots, mustered sufficient for a sale. The
situation may have helped it ; but doubtless the blood
had more attraction, for we have not seeu this year so
large and influential a company as surrounded the ring
at half-past one. Yorkshire was well represented by
Mr. Booth, Mr. Pickersgill, and others ; Lincoln, by
Messrs. Dudding, Pears, Paddison, and Garfit ; the Rev.
Thomas Staniforth and Mr. Jacob Fair hailed with seve-
ral others from Lancashire; while Cumberland and Nor-
thumberland had representatives ; and Mr. Crosbie came
from Ireland, and Mr. Deaus and Mr. Easton from Scot-
land. Even distant Wales is now affording a home for
the Shorthorn, and Mr. Pugh took one of the handsomest
lots into Carmarthenshire.

The place is well adapted for a sale. There is a large,
open straw-yard, surrounded with houses and loose-boxes,
so that from fifty to sixty head could be well accommo-
dated, and an adjoining field makes a good place for the
ring, to say nothing of the easy delivery to the station,
and absence of any town or crowded dwellings. The very
thing, however, acts somewhat against the stock. The
cattle we heard had been wisely put up there since Mon-
day and Tuesday, but notwithstanding this things never
will show in that bloom, or with that contented look,
as in their own pastures and houses. The pedi-
grees read attractively ; the catalogue opening with Anna
3rd (Rev. J. Storer), a large, good red and white cow,
with a fine Shorthorn head and character. Although she
had a very fair red yearling in the catalogue, lot 18, she
laboured under the disadvantage of having calved at seven
months, still looking fresh and healthy and unbuUed ; she
went slowly along until Mr. Blackwell, of Nottingham-
shire, secured her at 85 gs. Her heifer was the most
attractive female, especially as her two sisters had made
in 1872 respectively 105 and 190 gs. each. Moreover,
she was unbulled, and, by the way, the unsatisfactory slate
of many of the lots had doubtless a damaging effect on
the sale. After being put up at lOOgs., Mr. Crosbie and
Mr. Pickersgill finally opposed until the latter secured
her at 170 gs. Lot 3, Coral, which also traced to a
Warlaby tribe, had two or three objectionable crosses to

begin with ; this, as well as her light-fleshed appearance,
albeit she milked fairly too, and broken service prevented
any strong bidding, and Mr. Edward Fawcett, who has a
liking for the tribe, got her at 45 gs. He also bought
her bull-calf by Knight of Knowlmere, a promising
animal, at 36 gs.

The most numerous tribe was the Sockburn. This
family having as ancient descent as any of the kingdom
had passed through various hands before reaching Mr.
Storer's. On Robert Colling's Lancaster (360) Mr.
Bates implanted Belvedere (the " double blessing," as it is
humorously termed), and Mr. Whitaker's Norfolk. The
Rev. T. Cator added a little Tempest and Spencer blood,
whilst ^Ir. Tounsheud gave it a dose of Bates through
Duke of Cambridge, and Mr. Storer is now applying the
Booth portion. Fecundity must be naturally expected
from such an admixture as well as diversity of character.
Yet this was not apparent. March Duchess was a large
massive square cow, somewhat palish in her red and
white colour, but a fine animal nevertheless. Being
recently bulled, and not having calved for two years pre-
viously, Mr. Wardle got her on the hazard at 45 gs.
Rose Duchess was also good, although not of such scale
as March Duchess. Neat as Earl of Rosedale may have
been he is not the bull to impress size or grandeur.
Even Rose Duchess had no live calf to show, and she
sold very well at 72 gs. Queen Duchess 3rd has gone
six months and came again, so that only 42 gs. could be
got for her. The two next having calves by them were
not in good order, and being young did not show well.
They were the only two by Earl of Clare, and gave him
little credit as a sire. Theymade46gs. and40gs. respectively.
A nice heitor, Milcote Maid, of Mr. Adkin's old Diana
tribe, sold slowly, but well, at 62 gs. (Mr. Gurney), and
then probably came, next to Anna 7th, the pick of Mr.
Storer's lot. This was Renuie Gwynne 2ud, a sweet
nice roan heifer, bred by the late Mr. Caddy ; after sharp
5 and 10 gs. bids she went at 130 gs. to Mr. Gibb, Canada,
Mr. C. Williams being one of the last ou. The yearling
heifers sold well, and a little more spirit was thrown into
the sale, Knowlmere Duchess, out of May Duchess, going
at 65 gs. to Mr. Wardle ; indeed he got the best of this
Sockburn tribe.

Mr. Waldo's cattle were in better condition, having
apparently been well done ; the females were of two tribes.
Lot 2 was bred by Messrs. Angus, a large massive cow, a
little flat ribbed and plain in her quarters ; not holding,
she weut very cheap at 39 gs. Her two heifers inherited
their dam's defects, and coupled with it what the late
Mr. Maynard described as a strong constitutioned nose ;
they accordingly made but low figures. The five
Sweethearts were better; tracing from Mr. Tracy's
branch of Sweetheart 3rd, they had the crosses of
the Irish Baron, combining the Booth and Sylph blood of
Baron of Rathcool, his son, and finally of Fitz-Hopevvell, a
capital sire, bred by Mr.JWaldo from Fathom, of the Fame
tribe, which was bought at Holmepierrepoint. Lot 9 was

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

an elegant good cow, but thin and fretted from her
journey, and Mr. W. Game got her a bargain at 60 gs. for
the old Broadmoor pastures; while her heifer calf, certainly
by Mr. Booth's King of Britain, ran up to within 4 gs. of
her dam's price. Lot 14, Charming Bead, a very handsome
heifer by Mr. Torr's Beadsman, sold fairly well at 130
gs. ; she was heavy incalf, and her more than half-sister,
not so forward and perhaps a trifle pl?.iner, was bought by
Mr. Attenborough at 80 gs.

Of the bulls, Rosedale Favourite, out of the dam
of the prize heifer Rosedale had been used at
Hellidon; although neat, yet he lacked size, if he
may be a good bull for a herd of large-framed
pointy cows. Mr. Deans got him at a trifle over but-
chers' price (47g3.), whilst Rosedale Comet, a white, could
only reach 40gs. Lot 27, Crown of the Realm, a very
short-legged thick-fleshed bull, had some difliculty at
times in breathing, and in consequence a reserve of 150gs.
was put on him. This Mr. Pickersgill covered with 5, and
the bull goes into Yorkshire at 15 5gs. Flower Duke
caused some amusement by his ugly colour and big horns,
although a useful, large, farmer's bull. Prince of the Roses,
by Prince Christian from Warlaby, out of Rose of Eden,
a 300g3. purchase at Beeston, did not show quite so well
as he might have done, and was not so good in his fore- arm
as we vifould expect from his blood. Messrs. Dudding and
Pears joined on him, and he went reasonably at llOgs.
The young bull-calves, although late in the season, sold
fairly well, and brought the average to £46 14s. for the
bulls. A few extra lots were sold afterwards. Raspberry,
and her calf, of the Nonpareil tribe, went cheap enough at
76gs. the pair, and Mr. Fawcett re-purchased the Queen
of Beauty at 53gs., which Mr. Longman bought at his
sale last autumn for 50gs. Grand Patriot, a good roan
bull of Mr. Oliver's breeding, goes into Wales at 71gs.

Taking the result of the sale, it appears that Mr.
Storer's twenty-three head averaged within six shillings
of 60 gs. each, and Mr. Waldo's eight shillings over £60.
The five Sylphs, alias Sweethearts, made £78 6s. 7d. each,
theeight Blanches £53 83.4d.!; buttaking into consideration
their state and condition, this can hardly be looked upon
as a just estimate. The sale all through was slow, and
the biddings came forth reluctantly, although there was
a company present suflttcient to take three times the num-
ber at double the price. But this must always occur in
a greater or less degree with draft sales away from home.
Mr. Booth, of Warlaby, was in the chair at lunch.

SALE OF THE LATE MR. BLYTH'S
SHORTHORN HERD,

At Woolhampton, on Friday, June 12th, 1874.
BY MR. THORNTON.
It has been often said that a good bull leads to a pure
herd, and it may justly apply to the Woolhampton herd.
Ten years ago Tam o'Shanter (20930), own brother to
Saraphina 13th and 15th, was bought at Mr. Lawford's
sale at Southcott. He did good service among the dairy
cows kept on the home farm, and was very useful to the
tenants hard by. Some pure bred cows were soon after-
wards bought, and gradually replaced the half-breds and
Alderneys, though one or two Guernseys were to be seen
on the sale day. The establishment requiring good
butter and cream for town was put in by way of apology
for their appearance; but of this there was little need,
for though the cows showed good udders, yet the calves
running by their sides managed to empty them.
Mr. Charles Barnett's herd supplied Old Water
Wave 6th, Lot 3, a fine, deep old cow, very much of the
old Yorkshire type, especially about the head and
horns. She had bred a large family, and done good service

in the ten years she had been on the farm. The dis-
persion of Mr. Champion's herd at Calcot in the neigh-
bourhood, one of the flrst herds, by-the-bye, in the district,
was the means of bringing a few more to Woolhamp-
ton. In 1865, however, several purchases were made at
Mr. Fawcett's, of Childwick ; Mr. Wells, of Redleaf
(whence Lot 1 came, one of the finest cows in the
sale) ; and from Mr. Bowly. Fair Lady, a 60 gs.
purchase at the Siddington sale, gave so much satisfac-
tion, that several others were bought privately from Mr.
Bowly, and the catalogue of seventy-five head, contained
no less than twenty-four lots descended from his herd.
Three lots were also bought at Her Majesty's sale at
Windsor, in 1867 ; among these were Lot 9, Ringlet,
which Mr. W. Game took at 35 gs., as well as most of
her heifers, which were called Frogmores. One of them,
however. Lot 19, a handsome red, Mr. Cope took into
Ireland, at 50 gs., as well as the following lot, Melody
2nd, one of the best in the sale, at 65 gs. She was a
large, massive, red, round-ribbed cow, down calving.
Lot 6, Queen of the South, of Lord Ducie's Chafl" tribe,
was a calf purchase at Mr. Fawcett's ; a useful cow her-
self, she had been a true and regular breeder, producing
seven calves, four of which were in the catalogue. Three
of them werepurchasedby Mr. Kingfor Mr. Benyon, M.P.,
at 50 gs., 40 gs , and 52 gs. respectively ; but the last calf, a
nice hairy roan, but thin, went to Mr. C. Stubbs, at 21 gs.
Four years later, Fra Diavolo was selected at the Royal
at Leicester, where he stool fourth as a yearling. Some
good heifers were by him, whilst some of the younger ones
had Snowball as sire. This bull was by Seventh Duke of
York from British Lass, a cow of the Gazelle tribe. Lots
41 and 42, two capital yearlings, were fine samples of
his get, and about the two best yearlings ; the better
bred (42) made a guinea less (56 gs.) than the better
looking (41) lot, which went to Norwich. Last year it
was intended to have a few more fashionably -bred animals.
Duke of Kennet, bred by Mr. Sheldon, combining the Bates
and Knightley bluod, was the sire of the calves, and Knight
of Geneva, of the Duchess and Blanche strains, had both
been bought previously ; but when Col. Towneley's sale
took place two heifers were bought, Oxford's Duty, a red,
and Grand Duke's Butterfly, of the Blanche tribe. Bull-
calves had been dropped from each, but neither of the
calves made great prices, not being in high condition.
Oxford's Duty, with the bull Knight of Geneva, was re-
served, with about eight or nine others, to keep up a herd
at Woolhampton, but Grand Duke's Butterfly was sold.
The blooming condition that the " Talleyrand of trainers"
can put on had departed, consequently she dropped some-
thing over 50 gs. on her cost price. M. De Vitre boutrht
her at 185 gs. Red Butterfly, bred by Mr. Attenboro,
and bought at Whitley last year, returns to her old
quarters at 100 gs. Many of the lots go into Somerset-
shire, Gloucestershire, Kent, and Sussex, two or three
into Hampshire, Essex, and Oxfordshire, while several
remain in the county, and it was singular that though
many North Country breeders were present, none of the
lots go due north. Looking at the cov^s, heifers,
and calves in the park, there was nothing very striking
in the herd. Even and uniform they were naturally
enough, being by the same sires ; but no lot was so very
excellent as to specially attract notice. Two good red
cows were noticeable, and Mr. Gorringe bought them
both to go into Sussex. The fashionable lots were not
cracks, though very good. Neither were they fat
good, healthy condition was the rule ; and the appear-
ance of the heifers indicated that the calf flesh might
have been better kept on. As to the arrangements they
were excellent, and the field in which the luncheon tent
and sale-ring were erected afforded one of those charming
little bits of beautifully-wooded landscape scenery.

go

I'HE FAriMER'S MAGAZlKe.

bounded by Kingclere ia the distance, that only the
South of England can show. Here and there in the
park the coloury cattle, the bright red-bricked mansion,
and noble trees formed a picture that if transferred to
canvas might gain the eye-liue in the Academy^.

ANOTHEE GEEAT SALE OF
AMEEICAN SHOETHORN'S.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE MARK LAXE EXPRESS.

Sir, — What can possess breeders to become so anxious
for that peculiar hrcti of the Duchesses, is to me strange
aud unaccountable, aud I cannot help saying that it is of
an idiotic character. This bad example was set iu England
by earls, nobility, and gentry, who were born with
" silver spoons in their moidlis," and who never knew the
industry, perseverance, and sterling stability required to
obtain wealth by the sweat of their brow, and hence became
ignorant of the true value of money. With men placed in
such a critical situation, their minds become stagnant
without some hobby to ride, and when once adopted they
are reckless in its support. If pedigree is a protection,
then let the man sustain it. Pedigree in a nobleman
is good, when nobly sustained ; but when he
becomes reckless with his purse to support fashion,
where is his usefulness ? Poverty and high pedigree,
kowever fashionable, cannot sro well together. So it
is with the pedigree of Duchesses : view them in their
pampered state of to-day, loaded with flesh to attract the
novice ; then look at them hence in their natural state,
and what are they ? Mark their pedigree, and what does
it amount to ? It will not sustain their constitution, for
die they will. This pernicious example has been studied
in this country. A nobleman's pedigree is ignored, title
is sneezed at in the human race, and for this reason is
transferred to cattle; they are honoured with Dukes and
Duchesses ; thus become fashionable, regardless of value
or true merits. Such a position has rendered them a
fictitious name aud false fame, and when brought to the
hammer, no matter whether the auctioneer is a swaggering
prodigal, a chattering magpie, or a sound man of few
words, the bidders are there with the money in their
pockets, or an established credit, and they will have them
at fabulous prices even if theg know they will die before
they get them home, and are aware that this family or
tribe are constitutionally failing by pampering to hide
their faults. With this erroneous system of specu-
lation, these enticing titles will become extinct. I
will not say much now on the cattle or sale, but send you
the particulars from the Chicago Times ; but I will say, the
highest prices sold, and called " Bates Duchesses,"
showed plainly, in their heads, and black-tipped horns,
the W'est Highland cross ; while th» slender waist, so
general in all the Duchesses that were sold, was inherited
from Duke bulls called^;^^^. The general impression|of the
crowd was, that America needed the money much more
than they did the 2nd Duke of Ilillhurst, and those who
have suffered from the weak constitutions of the
Duchesses were glad those animals were returning
home, like the prodigal sou, ta die where their anceitors
originated.

The Professor was there to represent the Agricultural
College of Michigan. He is still of the opinion that
he can drain swamps to the centre and ignore the
•utlets ; and he still thinks that the Bates young bull he
purchased at the New York Mills sale, with a light
waist, large paunch, flat sides, long legs, and narrow
brisket, is going to improve the College stock wonder-
fully, because he is fashionable, hence the improvement.
Mr. Page yraa so much ezhaugted, that h« rrai com-

pelled to call Colonel Kid to his assistance in the midst
of the sale. The Colonel is a favourite auctioneer in
Kentucky, and has sold many of the best there.
You will hear further from me on the Dukes aud
Duchesses. W. H. Sotham.

Transit House, Stock Yards, Chicago, III.

Since writing you from Chicago there is some doubt
whether the bull sold for fourteen thousand dollars will
go to England. From the appearance and conduct of the
purchaser, Mr. Geo. Robbius, the matter looks mys-
terious. This gentleman, the day previous, at Mr. C. C.
Park's sale, made it known to mauy that he was com-
missioned to give twenty thousand dollars for the bull,
thei-efore other breeders of the same tribe ran him up.

Detroit, Mich., May 2oth.

The stock farm of Colonel William S.King, of Minneapolis
Minn., has lonj? been regarded as a model of it» kind by the
Sliortliorn cattie-deulers of tliis country. Its owner has paid
great attention to tlie breeding of blooded stock, and had ac-
quired a herd second to none in America. It has been found,
of late, necessary to abandon the principal portion of the
pasture and meadow land for city purposes, and in conse-
quence thereof Colonel King was compelled to dispose of he
Lyndale lierd, comprising 80 head of the choicest Shorthorn
cows aud bulls to be found in the market. This sale too,
place at Dexter Park, beginning at 11 o'clock. It was thn
nieiius of drawing together nearly 400 of the stock-fanciers of
this country, and also was successful in attracting the attention
of Shorthorn dealers in England and Canada, where the merits
of the herd were perhaps more fully appreciated than here nt
home. Tlie grand stand of the Dexter Park course was
jammed with spectators and parties intent on purchasing the
stock ; and tiie quarter-stretch, which wss partially reserved for
the display of the animals,was crowded with stock men and others.
Tiie sale was beyond doubt one of the most noteworthy of the
day. The sale be^an with the exhibition of the noted bull.
Second Duke of Hillhurst, a Duchess animal, by tlie Sixth Duke
of ieneva. He is less than three years old, is red and whitf,
and a perfect model in build. The moment the auctioneer,
Mr. John R. Page, of New York ^'tate, asked for an olfer for
the Duke, a gentleman in the crowd made the response, " Ten
lliousand dollars 1" A buzz of excitement went about the
grand stand, and amongst the bidders on the quarter-stretch,
all of whom craned their necks to get a glimpse at the gentle-
man who had made so large an offer. He was a quiet-looking
Englishman, with nothing in particular to individualise him
above the hundreds of other stock men. The bid was then
jumped to 13,000 dols., when a season of sparring in bids then
occurred between the Englishman and Long John Wentworth,
the latter fancy stock man desiring to possess himself of this
bull. The bids went up gradually, 100 dols. at a time, until
finally Long John found his limit reached at 13,900, and the
little Englishman was awarded the sale at 14,000 dols. The
purchaser is George R. Robbins, of London, England, who will
take the bull to his country at an early day. It is the desire
of the English Shorthorn fanciers and breeders to gather
together all the Bates ^tock animals there are in America and
get them back to England again, where they may hold tha
monopoly of this strain. Two or three calves by this famous
bull, were also on the ground and disposed of during the day.
The price at which the Duke was sold is the largest ever
realised in America for a bull. The highest figure reached for
bulls at the famous New York Mills sale was only 12,000 dola.
A short time after the Duke of Hillhurst was knocked down to
Mr. Robbins, his agent was offered 16,000 dols. for his
bargain, but he would cot accept the proffer, as he
stated to parties, privately, that his principal was so
anxious to secure the hull that he had instructed him to
p»y 20,000 dols. for him if he could not be obtained for less.

After disposition had been made of this bull the sale of the
cows was begun and continued until the list w;is exhausted,
after which the remainder of the bulls were taken up
and disposed of. Bidding on the cows was quite spirited
many of the animals bringing high and first-class prices.
Tliei-e was not a cow or heifer in the catalogue that sold for
less than 200 dols., while several of them ran as high as 5,500
doh. A trio of Ducheis heifers ranged from 2,100 dols, to

tHE i^ARMER'S MAaAZINB.

81

4,400 Qols., while tvj'o heifers, less than two years old, and
twins, realised 11,000 dels, from one gentleman afterwards,
and while the sale was in progress a telegram was received,
from a party in another state, offering 15,000 dols. for the same
animals. Very spirited bidding was shown on a seven-months
bull-calf. True Blue, by the Second Duke of Oneida, one of
the most noted bulls of the country. Started at 1,000 doU.,
the bids ran up finally to 3,240 dols., and at that figure the
little fellow was transferred to a new owner. Only four of
the cows were withdrawn from the stand. Col. King asking
permission to retire them on account of their being in an unfit
condition for sale, and he not being willing to guarantee their
breeding qualities.

COWS AND HEIFERS.
Garland, red and white, four years, bred by Lord Penrhyn,

England.— T. J. McGibbon, Cynthiana, Ky., 2,100 dols.
Habbacks Garland, red and white, one and a half years, by

Baron Hubback Second. — William Sandusky, Indianola,

111., 2,100 dols.
Grace, red and white, nine months, by Second Duke of Hill-
hurst. — S. W. Jacobs, West Liberty, Iowa, 1,115 dols.
Gem of Lyndale, red and white, two years. — S. E. Ward,

Kansas City, 1,850 dols.
Peri Third, roan, five years. — A. W. Griswold, Morrisonville,

Vt., 2,100 dols.
Peri Second, of Lyndals, red, sis months. — Avery and Murphy,

Detroit, 2,500 dols.
Peri Fourth, red and white, four and a half years, — T. J.

McGibbon, 3,000 dols.
Peri Fifth, red and white, one and a half years. — James

Wadsworth, Genessee, N. Y., 4,000 dols.
Bell Duchess, red, three and a half years, by Sixth Duke of

Geneva. — James Wadsworth, 4,400 dols.
BeU Duchess Second, red and white, two years, by Baron

Hubback Second. — Ben. B. Groome, Winchester, Ky.,

2,100 dols.
Bell Duchess Third, red, two years, by Second Duke of

Oneida.— T. J. McGibbon, 3,300 dols.
Lyndale Wild Eyes, roan, bred in England, three years. — T.

J. McGibbon, 5,000 dols.
Star of Lyndale and calf, red and white, three years. — S. E.

Ward, 1,850 dols.
Scottish Lady, red, two and a half years. — S. W. Jacobs,

1,275 dols.
Florence, roan, one and a half years. — D. M. Flynn, Boone-

ville, Iowa, 1,700 dols.
Sunshine, roan, five and a half years. — D. W. Wendell,

Lincoln, 111., 650 dols.
Sunrise, roan, one and a half years. — A. W. Griswold, Mor-

risville, Vt., 1,025 dols.
Sunflower, roan, four months. — Chas. ^Vadsworth, Genessee,

N. Y., 800 dols.
Second Lady Gwynne, red and white, five and a half years. —

T. J. McGibbon, 1,500 dols.
Medora Fourteenth, red roan, four years. — J. R. Craig,

Edmundton, Canada, 1,300 dols.
Oakwood Gwvnne Second, roan, one year. — N. M. Curtis,

Ogdensburgh, N. Y., 1,500 dols.
Third Malvern Gwynne, roan. — T. J. McGibbon,

Cynthiana, Ky., 3,000 dols.
Miss Gwynne, roan, one year. — A. W. Griswold, Morrisville,

Vt., 3,000 dols.
Butterfly's Rose, roan, five years. — S. E. Ward, Kansas City,

1,025 dols.
Butterflys' Gift, red, one and a-half years. — S. E. Ward,

Kansas City, 1,900 dols.
Lucy Ann Twelfth, red and white. — John Nichols, Blooming-
ton. 111., 750 dols.
Rosebud, red roan, two years. — S. W. Jacobs, West Liberty,

Iowa, 500 dols.
Lady Newham Third, and bull calf, red, sis years. — S. E.

Ward, Kansas City, 825 dols.
Agnes, red and white, two and a half years.— S. E. Ward,

1,035 dols.
Moselle Sixth, red, two years. — A. W. Griswold, Morris-
ville, Vt., 1,600 dols.
JIazurka of Lyndale, red roan, five years.— S. Meredith and
, Son, Cambridge City, Ind., 1,525.

Mazurka and Lyndale Third, red roan, one and three-fourths
•; years.— J. H. Ki-^senger, Clarksville, Mo., 1,475 dols.

Mazurka of Lyndale Fourth, red, eight months. — John

Nichols, Bloomington, 111., 1,100 dols.
Empress, roan, three and a-half years. — S. E. Ward, Kansas

City, 800 dols.
Lady Mary Fifth, red, two and three-forths years. — General

N. M. Curtis, Ogdensburgh, N. Y., 3,000 dols.
Lady Clyde, roan, one and a-half years. — J. C. Jenkins,

Petersburg, Ky,, 900 dols.
Lady Mary Seventh, roau ; twin with Lady Mary Eighth,

roan, 5,500 dols each. — Charles Wadsworth, Genessee, N.Y.
Second Tube Hose of Brattleboro, red and white, scTen years.

— T. J. McGibbon, Cynthiana, Ky., 1,805 dols.
Fifth Lady Sale of Brattleboro, roan, four and three-fourth

years.— Charles Wadsworth, Genesseo, N.Y., 2,000 doll.
Sixth Lady Sale of Brattleboro, red and white, three years.—

J. R. Craig, Edmundton, Canada, 900 dols.
Eighth Lady Sale of Brattleboro, roan, two years, bred in

England. — Charles Wadsworth, Genessee, N. Y., 1,600

dols.
Roan Princess, roan, one and a half years. — D. M, Flyun,

Boonville, Iowa, 1,600 dols.
Rosa Bonheur Fifth, red and white, one and three-fourth

years.— Gen. N. M. Curtis, Ogdensburgh, N. Y., 900 dols.
Lilac, roan, eight years.— John Nichols, Bloomington, 111.,

330 dols.
Prune, red, ten years.— J. Weaver, Oleana, Henderson

County, 111., 375 dols.
Royal Oakland Beauty, red, four years. — Benjamin Sumner,

Woodstock, Conn., 525 dols.
British Maid, roan, two years, bred in England. — J. Weaver,

Oleana, 111.. 200 dols.
Mayflower, roan, bred in Ireland, five years. — E. L. Davidson,

Springfield, Ky., 1,424 dols.
June Flower, roan, two years. — J. G. Colter, Reesville, 0.,

1,225 dols.
Pink Thorn Leaf, with bull calf, roan, nine years, bred in

England.— E. L. Davidson, Springfield, Ky., 900 dols.
Rose of Lyndale, red, two years. — J. G. Colter, Reesville, O.

650 dols.
Mazurka Ninth, red roan, four years. — S. E. Ward, Kansas

City, 700 dols.
Miss Leslie, roan, six years. — Josiah Chorn, Towanda, 111..

2,005 dols.
Miss Leslie Napier, red, three years. — J. Chorn, Towanda.

2,015 dols.
Constance of Lyndale Second, red, two and a-half years. — A.

W. Griswold Morrisville, Vt., 1,675 dols.
Constance of Lyndale 3rd, roan, one and a-half years. — John

R. Craig, Edmundton, Canada, 1,600 dols.
Oakwood Gwynne, roan, two and a half years, was withdrawn

but afterwards sold at private sale. — C. C. Parks, Wauke-

gan, 750 dols.
Hope of Oakwood, red roan, two years. — D. M. Flynn, Boon-
ville, Iowa, 600 dols.

This last concluded the sale of cows and lieifers, when the
following bulls were brought into the arena and disposed of.
The first-mentioned animal was the first one disposed of at
the auction, before the cows were put up, but is placed here
for classification :
Second Duke of Hillhurst (12893), red and whits, by Sixth

Duke of Geneva, Duchess. — G. R. Robbins, London, Eng-
land, 14,000 dols.
Lord of the Lake, roan, two and a half years. — C. A. DegrafT

St. Paul, Minn., 500 dols.
Emperor Booth (11915), red, three and a half years. — J. M.

Colter, Reesville, O., 425 dols.
Baron Hubback Second, red, bred in England, four years. — C.

A. Degraff, St. Paul, 2,600 dols.
Marquis of Oakwood, red roan, two year*. — J. M. Kenyon,

Fillmore, Mo., 560 dols.
Sam, roan, one and a half years. — John Wentworth, Chicago,

500 dols.
Second Baron of Oakwood, roan, one and a half years. — D.

M. Flynn, Boonville, Iowa, 410 dols.
Lord Bright Eyes, red, one year. — Charles Whittaker, Chelsea,

Mich., 360 dols.
Panic, white, one year. — D. M, Flynn, Boonville, Iowa, 300

dols.
Peabody, roan, one year, — J. D. Downer, Marshaltown, Iowa,

190 dols.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

Third Baron of Onkwood, roan, one year. — D. M. Flynn,

Boonville, Iowa, 280 dols.
Fourth Baron of Oakwood, white, one year. — H. Sherwood,

Breedsville, Mich., 200 dols.
Star, red and white, one year. — P. Stuart, for J. Wentworth,

Chicago, 745 dols.
forrester, roan, one year. — Peter Stuart, Gibson City, 111.,

210 dols.
Earl Gwynne, red and white, one year. — S. W. Jacobs, West

Liberty^ Iowa, 190 dols.
Lord Cat-lisle, roan, nine months. — E. H. Mathews, Chicago,

210 dols.
Patron, red and white, eight mouths, — P. Stuart, for John

Wentworth, Chicago, 440 dols.

True Blue, red and white, seven months. — P. A. Coen,*W^ash-
burne, 111., 2,240 dols.

Patriot, red and white, sis months. — R. C. Kelly, Peru, 111.,
200 dols.

Prince Gwynne, roan, three months.— S. M. Thompson, Can-
ton, 111., 360 dols.

Cherry Prince, roan, by Second Duke of Oneida, one year,
was not in the catalogue. — Emeiy Cobb, Kankakee, 111.,
505 dols.
There were, in all, 59 cows sold, aggregating 102,370 dols.,

making an average of about 1,735 dols. each. Twenty-one

bulls were sold for 25,425 dols., averaging nearly 1,217 dols.

each. The sum total of this sale vras 127,795 dols.

THE ADULTERATION OF FOOD.
MILK, BUTTER, AND BREAD.

At the sitting of the Committee of the House of
Commons appointed to inquire into tlie operation of the
Adulteration Act, Dr. Voelcker, the analyst of the Royal
Agricultural Society of England, was examined by Mr. C. S.
Read, the chairman; when Dr. Voelcker said he was astonished
to hear that anyone professing to be an analyst could have said,
as Dr. Tidy was reported to have declared, that 33 per cent.
of water could be added to milk without detection. There
were variations in the qualities of milk certainly, but these
were not great. The greatest variation in milk solids was
from 10 to 14, but the usual variations — the natural ones —
were from 10 to 12. But he would make no " standards,"
such as had been suggested by Dr. Tidy, below which he
should decide milk to be adulterated. No such standard
should be fixed in an analyst's mind, let alone in an Act of Par-
liament. To fix such a standard even at 10 per cent, would
permit a dishonest tradesman to adulterate, while it would
lead an honest tradesman to be fined for selhng poor milk as
pure ; and milk would be poor in some seasons. Asked as to
the difference between town and country milk, he said town
milk was, as a rule, better than country milk, for the reason
that some of the owners of town dairies knew how to keep
up their cows better than some of the country owners. With
regard to the operation of the Act on the milk supply, he
considered that much good had been done by logislation, for
better milk was to be obtained now than before. Milk was
sometimes a little artificially coloured, but it was chiefly adul-
terated with water and by the abstraction of the cream. What
was called " Australian" aud " Dutch" butter was manufac-
tured to a large extent. He had examined a sample of stufi' sold
as "Australian butter" at7id. apound,andoninquiry he found
it to consist largely of bone fat, this grease being extracted by
the steaming of bones of animals. This was manufactured
in England, and was most disagreeable to the taste and smell.
The real Australian butter was good. The Dutch butter was
better to the taste than English, but it was manufactured from
American lard and some real butter. The American lard, a
merchant had complained to him, was sent over from here to
Dunkirk and came back as Dutch butter. Asked if genuine
butter naturally varied, he said it varied less in composition
than in quality, for the quality varied with the food of the cow.
He was astonished at seeing that analysts had given decided
statements as to the fats found in butter, as there were no
decided tests. As to bread, before the Act the bakers used a
" whitening powder," which contained alum, and this was
followed by the sale of American, flour, which was of the same
character as the whitening powder. This practice was largely
stopped by the Act. Rice used to be mixed with bread too.
Potatoes were also used, but he should hardly call the use of
potatoes an adulteration. He did not think sugar was adul-
terated, and as to the sugar " mites," there was no more to
cause alarm in these than in the mites in cheese. He had
seen many samples of mustard, but most were " mixed." As
to cocoa, he could say the " prepared cocoa" was a mixture
of starchy matter with the fat of the cocoa, but he thought
this was done to make the cocoa more digestible. As to
" pure cocoa," as the oil was to some extent extracted in this,
it would come under the proposed extraction clauses. As to
" prepared" corn flours, he could say they were chiefly of
starch, but he considered starch an element of nutrition and

as food. With regard to the absence of gluten in these
flours, he did not consider this as establishing anything
against them, for wheat meal, which contained 12 per cent,
of gluten, cost a great deal more than bean flour, which con-
tained twice the quantity of gluten. The bran taken from
wheaten flour, containing a large quantity of gluten, might
be lookad upon, according to some views, as an adulteration ;
but as things were, the finer the flour the less gluten there
was in it. If a man had to live exclusively on bread it would
be better for him to eat brown bread, as containing more
gluten, than upon white. Then, as to arrowroot, the starch
contained in the corn flours was quite as nutritious as arrow-
root, which was costlier. As to beer, he did not know of any
decided adulteration of beer now. All wines were mixed,
and one might look in vain for a pure vintage of foreign wines.
Some wines were more fortified than others, especially port
and sherries ; but as to claret, the cheaper this was the more
likelihood there was of getting it less mixed. The higher
classes of clarets were largely mixed. As to " British wines,"
they were mixed ; but he had not found anything injurious
in them, except when they were young, when they would
cause headache. As to French brandy, much of this as im-
ported from France was nothing but beetroot spirit, and so
coloured and flavoured that it would puzzle a chemist to dis-
cover the cheat. Some spirits were adulterated with "fusil
oil" (potato spirit), which was extremely injurious. He was
astonished to hear that Dr. Tidy said most vinegar was adul-
terated wholly. The large quantity of vinegar sold was from
malt ; but some pickling vinegars were in many cases adulte-
rated with acetic acid. Summarising his views en adultera-
tion, he said tiiat cattle foods and articles used by the
agriculturists were far more adulterated than human food. He
thought, too, that much wrong had been done by the so-called
food analysts, and he supported the idea that there should be a
court of appeal against the statements of analysts. He thought
it could not be allowed that "colouring" or " facing" of tea
should be recognised as lawful, as this would be opening the
door to every adulteration. He would not, however, have consi-
dered 1 J per cent, of facing an adulteration. Asked who would
be the best judge of tea, a dealer of experience or an " average
analytical chymist," he held that an analyst could do very little
in regard to tea, as it was a matter more of quality than any-
thing else. As to the judgment of the " average analysts,"
he thought this should be open to question ; many of them,
who were hastily appointed after the passing of the Act, had
had to learn their business, and many of them had not even now
had a suflicient training to enable them to be judges of fact in
food analyses. Some of their statements in evidence had been
very flippant and unwarrantable, aud they had done harm by
rendering the Act obnoxious to honest men, who had been
wronged by analysts' statements founded on a want of know-
ledge. The witness referred to the statement of the " whole-
sale examinations" (many thousands in a brief period)
described by Dr. Tidy as having been made by him, and said
that this was not the way that analyses should be made, for it
was impossible from the number made, to take every case care-
fully and thoroughly examine every sample with all the
minnticE necessary to arrive at the truth. This could not be
done in a wholesale or hasty way. He did not think that tea
was adulterated in this country, and he thought the sale of

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

adulterated tea would come to an end here if all such teas
were stopped at the Customs. He had not found any
decidedly adulterated tea.

Examined hy Mr. Welby, the witness objected to seeing
certificates, especially his own, on tradesmen's goods ; for, he
said, he had known a certificate given on a good sample to be
attached to an adulterated article. In reply to Mr. Heygate,
he said that much of the champagne was made from something
else than grape, and though he could not say that what it was
■ made of was positively injurious, yet it had disagreeable effects.
As to " improvers" going about the country offering to
" doctor " or improve articles, as deposed by Mr. W, Jackson,
the witness thought this was possible, but not probable, and
that such persons had very little practice. The witness
thought that many of the local analysts were incompetent, and
that it would be far better to have fewer analysts, more
highly paid, by salaries, and that the appointments should be
taken out of the hands of local authorities. In reply to Sir
JlENRY Peek, lie said he thought there should be a laboratory
at Somerset-house to give the means of judging the analysts'
analyses. He looked upon damaged tea when used to mix
with other tea and sold as pure as an adulteration. He did
not know that it was necessary to " face " tea to make it bear
the voyage. He could not say — either in agreement or dis-
agreement with Dr. Allen of Sheffield — whether when there
was 69 per cent, of insoluble matter found in tea the tea con-:
tained exhausted leaves. In reply to Mr. Sandford, the
witness said that his meaning of not having any standard was
that he would have every case decided on its merits. Though
he knew that the facing of the tea was practised to make the
tea appear better, yet he did not think it was morally an adul-
teration, because it was generally understood that tea was
faced, just as it was known there was colour in butter and
cheese ; but in these cases the working man ate his butter and
cheese and did not think about it. As to the facing of green
tea being required to enable it to bear the voyage, black tea
bore the voyage and was not faced. The examination of the
witness by Mr. Carpenter Gar:<ier turned upon "condensed
milk," and this, he said, was mixed with sugar ; and the butter
was taken from it, as the preparation would not otherwise
keep. He did not consider this an adulteration. In reply to
Dr. Brady, he said he thought the the facing of tea was
not a necessary process. In reply to Viscount
Barrington, the witness said that butter being an animal fat
it was hard to distinguish it from other animal fats. Asked as
to the composition known in London under the name of
" Normandy butter," he said he did not know the particular
composition under this name, but there was a French
" butter " which was altogether an artificial composition, in
which there was no butter whatever. One of these butters he
had seen, which was fair tasting, but it was only composed of
lard, dripping, and " kitchen stuff," coloured witli annetto.
In reply to Mr. Muntz, the witness said that he had found
that if cows were fed on too much sewage grass it would prove
injurious to the cow and affect the milk to some extent, but
this would only be from the cow having too much watery food,
and there was nothing in sewage grass in itself injurious, but
the milk of such a cow would be injurious to a child.

ADULTERATED BUTTER.— When butter is mixed with
tallow, it may be usually detected by melting a little of the
butter in a spoon, and smelling it, when the smeU of the tallow
may be at once perceived. Another way to learn whether thi
substance has been added is to melt a small piece of butter at a
heat not exceeding that of boiling water, and pour it into a
wine-glass. Then immediataly pour over it two fluid drachms
of commercial nitric acid (aquafortis), and shake them slightly.
If the butter employed was pure, it will rise to the surface, and
not become opaque for some minutes ; but if it contains much
tallow, it will quickly become a more or less opaque white
mass, the nature of the change, and the time required, depend-
ing on the amount of fat present in the adulterated article.
Sometimes butter is adulterated with horse-bone oil. In this
case, the butter is to be shaken up with hot water, until melted,
and allowed to collect upon the surface. Remove five drops of
this, and place them on a watch-glass, and immediately add ten
drops of strong sulphuric acid. If the butter has been adul-
terated with horse-bone oil, a deeper colour will be produced
than if the butter did not contain that substance. — CasseU.

AGRICULTURAL LAW CASE.

THE MANURE TRADE IN THE WEST.

In the full Court of Exchequer, their lordships
gave judgment in the case of the Western Counties and
General Manure Company (Limited) v. Lawes' Chemical
Manure Company, which had been argued before them a few
days previously. The action came on in the nature of a special
case, the plaintiffs being a firm of manufacturers of artificial
manure at Plymouth, where°they carry on an extensive busi-
ness, and also amongst the farmers of Devonshire and Corn-
wall ; and their allegatiou is that the defendants, who are in
the »same line, printed and circulated a trade circular
which was tantamount to a false and malicious libel concern-
ing the plaintiffs in the way of their trade and business as
artificial manure manufacturers. It was in the form of a letter
dated January 27th, 1873, written by Professor Anderson, of
the Chemical Department of Glasgow University, to Mr.
Moon, then secretary of the Devon and Cornwall Chamber
of Agriculture at Plymouth, and contained this passage :

" I inclose herewith your four samples of artificia manure,
which I must say differ very much in quality. They are all
mixtures, and do not consist of bones and acid alone. . . .
No 3 " (meaning the defendants' artificial manure) " is much
the best, and seems to contain some kind of phosphate. . .
No. 4 " (meaning the plaintiffs' artificial manure) " appears to
contain a considerable quantity of coprolites, and is altogether
an article of low quality, and ought to be the cheapest of the
four samples. ... I know places where No. 2 " (mean-
ing the defendants' manure) " would be sold at about £8 per
ton, and No. 4" (the plaintiffs') at £5 and not more."

The plaintiffs alleged that in consequence of this libel, as
they termed it, several influential farmers in Devonshire and
Cornwall, who formerly purchased large quantities of their
manure, ceased dealing with them. The damages were laid at
£2,000. The defendants denied the allegation in plaintiffs'
declaration, and the plaintiffs entered a demurrer to that plea;
and that the latter was no answer to the action.

Mr. Charles Bowen, the counsel for the defendants, con-
tended at some length that the statements contained in the
circular were not tantamount in law to a libel ; but Mr. Arthur
Charles, for the other side, argued in support of the demurrer.

On the suggestion of Baro u Bramwell, who was one of the
judges before whom the arguments were heard, the case was
adjourned to give the plaintiffs an opportunity of modifying
their declaration ; but as the recommendaion of his lordship
had not been acted upon,

The Court now gave its decision, which was that the words
complained of were calculated to injure the plaintiffs in their
trade and business as manufacturers of artificial manure, and
consequently tiiat they were libellous. Judgment would there-
fore be entered for the plaintiffs.

SALE OF MR. MILWARD'S PONIES AT TATTER.
SALE'S, ON MONDAY, JUNE 1.— Renira, 14.2^, Mr
Ridler, 155 gs. ; Creswell, 14. 1|^, Mr. Padwick, 120 gs. ; Isa-
bay, 14.2, Mr. Dalgetty, 90 gs. ; Lady Constance, 14.1^, Mr.
Padwick, 95 gs. ; Miss Chatty, 14.1^, Mr. Ridler, 250 gs. ;
Lady Nora, 14.2, Mr. Irviug, 130 gs. ; The Black Swan, 14.2,
Mr. Machell, 125 gs. ; The Maid of Sker, 14.1^, Mr. Padwick,
80 gs. ; Truda, bay, 14.1^, Mr. Padwick, 50 gs. ; Selina, bay,
14.2, Mr. Ridler, 50 gs. ;' Tliorgon, 14.0^, Mr. Padwick, 85
gs. : Seeta, brown, 13.3, Mr. Machell, 20o gs. ; Tardiff, 14.1^-,
Mr. Atkins, 71 gs. ; Ornbra, 13.3, Mr. Padwick, 51 gs. ; Pen-
derell, 13.3, Mr. Lloyd, 55 gs. ; Queeu May, 13.3, Mr. Mac-
kinlay, C5 gs. ; Clodia, 14, Mr. Taylor, 55 gs. ; Lonsdale,
14.1|, Mr. Miles, 50 gs. Also four hacks : Nella, 15. IJ, Mr.
Candy, 9? gs. ; Armynel, 15, Mr. Hatton, 40 gs. ; Princess
Thyra, 14.3, Mr. Rice, 58 gs. ; Home Rule, 14.3, Marquis of
Headfort, 120 gs. This at 95^- gs. is the highest average the
Thurgarton ponies have ever made, as Miss Chatty, ,at the
extraordinary price of 250 gs. is, of course, the top figure ever
realised. Mr. Milward was riding this mare at Hull during
the Royal Show.

84

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

EAST LOTHIAN AGRICULTURAL CLUB.

LOCAL TAXATION.

At the monthly meeting held in the hall at Haddington,
Mr. Charles Smith, factor, "Whittingham, presiding, Mr.
Gaiikroger, Southfield, heing vice-chairman, Mr. Robertson,
New Mains, opened the debate on The Effect of Local
Taxation on Agricultural Tenants.

Mr. Robertson said : The subject before us is local taxa-
tion, its effects upon the agricultural tenant. The different
local Acts which most directly bear upon tenants of land are
the Poor-law Act wliich was passed in 1845, with its after-
progeny, if I might be so allowed to term them, that is, the
Registration Act, Lunacy Act, and Burial Grounds Act. All
these are generally wrought by one board, although under
separate heads. The Poor-law has lately got a grandchild in
the Education (Scotland) Act of 1872, which is as yet but a
mere child, not almost in any case having arrived at maturity.
The modes of raising of money for the different purposes of
these are based upon one and the same principle, namely, one
half being from proprietors, the other lialf from tenants and
occupiers. Agricultural leases in Scotland are generally for a
tenure of nineteen years. Many leases consequently at the
passing, or when these Acts became law, liad a considerable
period still to run. Consequently the agricultural tenant is
particularly interested under an existing contract that he pays
no more than his proportion of these different assessments
along with others. It must, however, appear evident that the
agricultural tenant pays in all cases more than a fair propor-
tion. This arises to a certain extent from a want of fair
represntation at the Poor-law Board, from which emanates the
the mode of assessment under which all monies are levied
under the different Acts formerly stated. The Act provides
that the proprietors of lands and heritages of tlie annual
value of £20 and upwards are entitled to sit and act at the
board meetings, while the tenant farmers are only represented
through a very limited number of elected members, which
prevents any motion being carried as to classification
for which the Act provides, any concessions in that way being
opposed to the interests of small heritages, who are in general
so numerously represented at board meetings in the event of
any question being raised to affect their interests. Let us look
at the case of an agricultural tenant paying on a thousand a
year 6d. a pound, which will give the sum of £25 a year. Then
the case of a mercantile man renting premises at a hundred a
year pays £2 10s., who, in the majority of cases, has as great
an interest, and is in as lucrative a position, and in nine cases
out of ten earning a larger income than the tenant-farmer.
Also, look at the proprietor paying upon his twenty pounds
rent his 10s. a year, wlio is entitled to sit and act as a member
of that board, while the tenant-farmer, paying his £25 a year,
is only represented througli a very limited number of elected
members ; and, if a classification is got it is only to the extent
of one-half, or one-third at the very most, where I hold injus-
tice one-tenth would be nearer the mark. What I consider
thould be the mode from which to draw assessments for the
purposes of these different Acts is, that proprietors ofjlands and
heritages and occupiers of heritages, should be charged upon
their gross rental, while tenants and occupiers of
land should be charged upon one-fifth of their
gross rental, and that tenants and occupiers
of land and heritages, paying rates upon £50 a year and up-
wards, should have a right to sit and act as members of that
board, in the same manner as proprietors of lands and heritages
of £20 a year and upwards have at present, and that there be
no division as at present, but the rates be collected m cumido.
Land under lease I hold to be only the raw material from which
we manufacture our goods, consequently, we are no more
entitled to be assessed upon it in tiie gross than is
the manufacturer of woollen cloth to be assessed upon
his wool, or the merchant upon his goods — these being the
raw material from which they derive their profit, in like
manner as the tenant derives his profit from the land. The
recent Education Act bears very heavily upon the tenant far-
mer in so far as when they are united to a burgh, the land-
ward part of the parish paying, in many cases, two-thirds of
the ajtessmeut, while the benefits or number of pupils

attending schools will not be more than a fifth of the proper-
tion from burghs, and the landward part of the parish is
powerless, from the limited number of parties to vote or
represent their interests whenbroughtin contract with burghs ;
also I hold under this Act, proprietors of land or heritages
were unjustly relieved, from erecting the buildings for the pur-
poses of education, and have been allowed to pocket what was
public property. The Haddingtonshire Road Act of 1863 is
the only other local Act of 1873 is the only other local Act
which affects the agricultural tenant in this county. This
Act I hold to be a step in the right direction, and consider it
an advantage in its present state even to the old system of
tolls. Only it appears to me something was neglected in the
present state of the county. This county being surrounded
by toll bars in other counties, I hold that we ought to have a
cordon of toU bars around the county, to prevent other counties
using our roads without paying for them, and that check-books
could be furnished to aU parties paying road rates within this
county to allow such to pass toll-free, and that landlords should
pay one-third more of assessment than they at present do, to
pay equal with the tenant ; as the present rates are quite in-
adequate to keep the roads in proper repair from the great rise
in the labour market, and upon all material used for the pur-
pose of repairing the roads. I observe that a bill for the
abolition of tolls in Mid-Lothian was brought into Parlia-
ment, and among other provisions which I quite approve of the
proprietors purpose paying the whole assessments for the main-
tenance of the roads. They are, however, cute enough not to
overlook the tenant-farmers under existing leases. This I hold to
be quite just, but you will find in all late enactments by
Parliament no such provision is ever made in levying any
new assessment for local purposes as to exempt tenant-
farmers under existing leases. Take the Poor-law Act, the
Regristration Act, the Lunacy Act, and last, though not
least objectionable, the Education (Scotland) Act. These
statements will, I have no doubt, not meet the views of many
I see around this table, but may be the means of drawing
the attention of others to the subject who are better qualified
than I am to deal with the different points. In conclusion,
before I sit down, I beg to put a motion — " That a committee
of five members be appointed to endeavour to remedy any of
these excess charges, and to watch over the interests of the
tenant-farmers should any legislative enactment be brought
before Parliament affecting their interest, with power to add
to their number."

Mr. Harvey (Whittingham Mains) said Mr. Robertson
made no reference to the gun tax and the dog tax — two
abominable imposts.

The Chairman : These are scarcely local taxes.

Mr. Hakvey : They have a local bearing certainly.

Mr. DuRiE (Barney Mains) said several of the taxes
referred to were more national than local taxes, therefore it
was doubtful if they came within the scope of the subject for
discussion. He quite agreed with Mr. Robertson about the
roads, excepting the border toUs: he did not approve of
them. Every other county that passed a road bill,
got the landlords to pay half the maintenance of the
roads, but in East Lothian the propretors only paid
a tliird, while the tenants paid two-thirds. One
scandalous tax, and it was strictly a local tax, was the Had-
dington Customs. It was surely absurd of any town council
or town's authorities charging the public for coming in from
the country to keep the town alive. If they got the town
custom abolished, and got the landlord* to pay one-half the
cost of maintaining the roads, he thought tli«y would have
little cause of complaint on the score of local taxation.

Mr. Paton (Standingstones) thought of all the taxes they
had in that locality the Haddington Customs were the most
absurd. In imposing such taxes he thought the townspeople
stood in their own light. Only the other day he sent a
straw-cutter in a cart to Haddington in the morning to get
repaired. He was then charged 4d. for the cart. Being
pressed for it at home he sent for it the same afternoon ; he
had again to pay 4<d. That certamly was far from encoaraging

THE FAEMEE,'& MAGAZINE.

85

trade, for he would rather send anything else of the kind any-
where than to Haddington, just on account of those petty,
irritating charges. Street manure, or any manure manufac-
tured in the town, is charged at the rate of a halfpenny per
cartload passing along the street, and guano, or any pure
article of manure, is charged the same, but dissoWed
bones and other manufactured artificial manures are
charged at the rate of fourpence per load. One day lately he
sent down two carts for nitrate of soda — a pure manure — and
fourpence per cart was charged. He maintained, however,
that nitrate of soda, being a pure manure, came under the same
category as guano, and only paid a halfpenny per cart, adding
that he would at once pay more, if his liability could be estab-
lished. Those were one or two of the examples of the irritating
nature of the customs, and of the darkness, so to speak, which
still overhung the town of Haddington.

Mr. Smith (Stevenson Mains) said the farmers had paid too
much all along under the Poor-law Act, the assessments in con-
nection with which were no doubt meant to be a tax on the
means and substance of the people. Many thought the land
ought to bear the burden of the poor. Be that as it may, there
was no question the farmers had not been properly represented
at those local boards — and certainly they never had
been represented in Parliament as they ought to have been long
ago. If the landlords had looked better after their own interekts
by looking more to the tenant's, they would have had more
power in the House of Commons at the present time. But the
commercial interest, the railway interest, and otl.er interests
had assumed greater power in the House of Commons than
they would have done had the landlords at tiie outset taken
on themselves the legitimate burdens on the land, thus carry-
ing the tenant along with them, and making a more powerful
agricultural representation than they had just now. A great
deal of the taxation of the country came out of the tenants'
pockets. They were taxed on an uncertain income. Many
thousands of pounds were put into the soil, and in a measure
lost by the tenantry of Scotland; yet under the Poor-law Act
they paid 6d. about with the landlord. The income-tax
was a very hard one on the farmer. The farmers were
taxed on their rentals whether it was income or
not. Of course they could get certaiu deductions by
keeping very correct books and record of all their
transactions, and showing these. The road tax in that county
was certainly unfairly divided as between landlord and tenant.
If the tenantry were better represented in the House of Com-
mons, which they would be soon, such questions would be
better adjusted and attended to in the future. As regards the
Education Act, the farmer was nominally much the same after
as before its passing, though actually he will have more to
pay. Though many of the landlords did not exact it, the pro-
prietors had the power before of making the tenants pay half
the cost of education, and that was all they had still to do.
Only under the new Act the landlord, he supposed, could
compel the tenant to pay half the cost of schools building,
which could not have been done before.

Mr. SHiRRErr (Saltcoats) endorsed generally what Mr.
Smith had said. The education rales and suchhke he thought
were more imperial than local rates. One purely local rate,
however, had not yet been touched on — viz., the addition of 2^
per cent, to the fiars in East Lothian. They lived now in
the days of free trade, and the augmentation to the fiars in
question was a very old impost. In his part of the county
they had little to complain of in the form of local taxation.
Their poor rates were only 3Jd. per £. Their road rate was
similar, and their school rate was 3d. per £. A readjustment
of some of these taxes was wortiiy of the consideration of Par-
liament. Eor instance, many labouring people, who worked
perhaps in his parish, had their houses or settlement in the
parish of Haddington, and when they required aliment they
became chargeable on that parish, in which perhaps they had
worked very little.

The CHAIRMA.N said Mr. Robertson opened the discussion
creditably, though he seemed to be under a misapprehension as
to the effect of different representation in the parochial boards
on the arrangement of the assessment as between landlord and
tenant. The proportion of the Poor-law assessment, as
payable between landlords and tenants, was fixed by Act of
Parhament. More tenant-farmers, therefore, in the adminis-
tration of affairs would only affect the classification of the
assessments between tenant and tenant, so to speak, as between
tenants of lands and those of houses. A majority of the Board

either way cannot affect the proportion payable as between
landlord and tenant. Tenants paid nothing under the Lunacy
Act. TA Voice: "They do."] The Chairman: They pay undet
the Poor-law Act and Administration for Pauper Lunatics, but
he had yet to learn that they paid under the Lunacy Actj
As regards the question of what was local taxation and what
was not, there seemed to be some diversity of opinion. He
thought all taxation which was under local administration
might be called local. The tenants had nothing to coraplaitt
of in the recent change made by the Education Act, for pre-
viously they were liable — and some had to pay it — for one*
half the expense of education, and in reference to represeilta*
tion the greatest reformer could surely desire no more sweep-
ing change than the new Act had produced. The landlords
paid the half of the assessment, and had no prior claim to be
put on the administrative boards. The landlords might be
elected or not, as the farmers and other electors chose. If
there was anything which formed reasonable cause of com-
plaint, it might be regarded as the road rate. It was ex-
plainable, however, formerly the farmers paid all the statute
labour rates, and the landlords had only the toll charges to
pay on the turnpikes, like the other members of the public.
The arrangement, therefore, that the tenants pay two-thirds
and the landlords only one third ,oi the maintenance of the
roads, was not so unreasonable in the circumstances of the
county, though times may have changed sufficiently now to
induce matters to be looked at from a different point of view.
The time may have arrived for a readjustment of the existing
arrangement, and in order to put the roads in a good state of
repair, it might be well to consider whether the landlord's
payment should not be equalled to the tenant's present con-
tribution. (Hear, hear.)

Mr. Robertson said that most of the hits at his views had
in his opinion been unsuccessful. The landlords, with the
parish minister, had raised the parish schoolmaster's salary
from £35 to £70 without the tenant having a single voice in
the matter. Though formerly the education rate was not
generally exacted from the tenants, those farmers who had to
pay it had not a single representative at the Board, and the
landlords doubled the salary of the teacliers, many of whom
were old men and were now, when the burden came on the
tenantry, retiring on handsome allowances, the ratepayers
having to provide proper teaching macliinery over and
above. (Hear, hear.) No man could gainsay his argument
that hitherto tlie tenantry of Scotland had been un-
fairly dealt with under several of the Acts referred to. Why,
in the Poor-law administration they were completely swamped
by the owners of small properties.

Mr. Shirueff wished to know if Mr. Robertson was aware
of the position of the farmer in all those matters when he took
his farm ?

Mr. Robertson : I was not aware of the Education Act.

The Chairman remarked that if the different representation
in tlie management of schools occasioned by the new act had
increased the burdens so much, it certainly was not an argu-
ment in favour of popular management or representation.

Mr. Harvey considered pauper lunatics a great burden on
the parish and the farmer. In the parish of Whittiugham they
had four pauper lunatics, who cost £150 a year.

Mr. Elder, to show the state in which the present school
boards got some parishes, adduced the case of the parisli of
Morham. There, the landlord left matters in a very awkward
position. The school-room was scarcely fit to keep a pig in
for the last twenty years, and the school-house would not be
considered gooa enough for a pauper. The landlord had at
length resolved to go on with new buildings. Accordingly,
plans had been prepared, and estimates for the erection of new
buildings accepted, when, after all, the proprietor backed out
as the Education Act made its appearance, and left the parish
to provide a school and building's for itself. The tenantry and
the parish had now to do what should have been accomplished
twenty years ago.

Mr. Douglas (Athelstaneford) had no intention of speaking
on the subject under discussion ; bnt he was so much pleased
with the discussion that he would offer a few remarks. The dis-
cussion had taken quite as much of a legislative turn as a local,
but lie thought the Club might benefit very much by remarks
on such general subjects as it would on what might, strictly
speaking, be termed local taxation. He thought the town of
Haddington erred very much in exacting the charges
it did from the farmers. The town depended much

86

THE FARMEK'S MAGAZINE.

more on the country than the country did on the
town. The farmers, it should be remembered, had
other means of disposing of their produce. They had the
metropolitan market in Edinburgh witliin easy access by rail.
There was uo doubt the Poor-law bore heavily on the tenantry
of Scotland, and the lunatics were a very heavy charge on the
tenantry. As long as the world lasted there would always be
poor upon the land, and he thought the land should support
the poor. The tenantry should have nothing to do with
maintaining the poor, because they paid full market value for
the land, so that those rates that were enacted in addition
were exigencies over and above the market or commercial
value of the land. Then the Education Act compelled tenant
farmers to pay for the education of other people's children.
Well, the farmers did very well if they educated their own
children, but they were taxed to pay for the education it
might be of the children of labourers, the full marketable
value of whose services they had previously paid. He thought
that was an unreasonable thiug. The farmers were pinched
to pay labourers the high marketable value of their services,
and yet after all were liable to be taxed for the education of
those very men's families. He did not think the gun-tax was

such an obnoxious thing as Mr. Harvey would have them
believe. It had done good in preventing the carrying of guns
and fire-arms by idle people, and altogether he thought it was
not a bad tax. The agricultural or farming interest had never
been properly represented iu the House of Common^. That
was the cause of the legislation being, as many of them com-
plained it was, unfair to the farmer. There were only some
three or four actual representatives of the tenant-farmers in
the House. They must have a great many more. It had
been said suitable representatives could not spare the time or
bear the expense. He did not think there would be much
difficulty in getting men to represent the agricultural interest
properly if the counties only set about it ; but though a little
contribution was necessary, he was sure there would be many
of the farmers ready to subscribe. There was no radicalism
about such a proposal. The farmers were entitled to be fairly
and fully represented. If they were things would be better
balanced.

After some further discussion, Mr. Robertson withdrew
his motion for the appointment of a committee until any bill
affecting their interests v/as before Parliment.

THE MIDLAND FAEMERS'
THIN SEEDING.

CLUB.

At the last meeting at the Great Western Hotel, in Birming-
ham, the Earl of Yarmouth, M.P., the President, in the
chair.

Major Hailett read a paper on Thin Seeding and the
Selection of Seeds, in which wheat was first spoken of, and
the process of til'ering — the great characteristic of all the
cereals, described. At the Exeter meeting of the British
Association, he exhibited three plants of wheat, barley, and
oats, each from a single grain, with the following : wheat, 94
stems; barley, 110 stems ; oats, 87 stems. A plant of wheat
required space for full development, and, therefore, lime to
fill that space. It was evident that the proper space and time
to allow to each grain were those which, while sufficient for
full development, left no ground unoccupied at harvest. Such
proper time must, it was plain, be much earlier then when
wheat was planted so thickly that tillering could not take place.
In reference to the time of sowing, the rate of wheat growth
during the different months must be considered, and the best
measure of this was the time it takes to come up. Wheat
sown on 1st of September comes up in seven days. In a mild
autumn wheat sown on the 1st of October comes up in four-
teen days ; on the 1st of November in twenty-one days ; and
on the 1st of December in twenty-eight days. Assuming this
to be the rate of wheat growth when it is up, then that which
was up on the 1st of September made in the first fifteen days
of that month a growth equal to that of the whole
month of October ; iu the next ten days a growth equal
to that of whole of November ; and in the last five days of
September a growth equal to that of the first twenty days of
December ; or, in other words, wheat up on the 1st of Sep-
tember, compared with that up on the 1st of October, had
exactly a double autumn for growth before the winter set iu. In
determiningthespacetobeassigned to each grain, they must deal
with seed the result of continuous selection, for the vital powers
of the different grains of ordinary wheat are so very unequal
that it would be impossible to fix upon any uniform distance.
In planting grains of wheat in August, singly, and 12in. apart
each way, all the requisite conditions of time and space seemed
to be best fulfilled. He had known wheat planted on September
the 9th,'.9in. by 9in., to produce at the rate of 108 bushels per
acre. It was a matter for the maturest study and judgment to
correctly apportion the quantity of seed to the time of sowing
and to all the existing surrounding circumstances. As a general
basis he would suggest on a large scale the drilling of wheat as
follows : End of August to 10th September, two or three
gallons per acre ; for each week later, to tl.^i end of September,
an additional gallon per acre. With regard to the sc lociion of
seed, Major Hallett said the importance of a good pedigree for
animals, as also for some agricultural plants, was fully recog-
nised ; but the moment the farmer dealt with cereals he 'alto-
gether ignored the great principle ofjlike producing like. Upon

that great principle running through all nature he based his
system of selection. After alluding to the benefits which had
resulted from the principle of selection in many agricultural
plants, such as parsnips, cabbages, turnips, potatoes, hops, &c.,
he said that close observation showed that in the cereals, as
throughout nature, no two plants or grain s are precisely alike in
productive power, and hence that of any two or greater
number of grains or plants one is always superior to all
the others, although that superiority can be discovered only by
actual trial. This superiority may consist in various particular
characteristics. The following were the chief points of his
standard in order of their importance, but all have to be duly
considered : 1, hardihood of constitution ; 2, trueness of type ;
3, quality of sample ; 4, productiveness ; 5, power of tillering ;
6, stiffness and toughness of straw ; 7, earliness of ripening.
The plan of selection which he pursued was as follows : A grain
produced a plant, consisting of many ears. He planted the
grains Irora these ears in such a manner that each ear occupied
a row by itself, each of its grains occupying a hole in this
row ; and the holes being twelve inches apart every way. At
harvest, after the most careful study and comparison of the
plants from all these grains, he selected the finest one, which
he accepted as a proof that its parent grain was the best of
all, under the peculiar circumstances of that season. This
process was repeated annually, starting every year with the
proved best grain, although the verification of this superiority
was not obtained until the following harvest. After giving
instances of the results due to the influence of selection alone,
by which the length of the ears had been doubled, their con-
tents nearly trebled, and the tillering power of the seed increased
five- fold. Major Hallett next proceeded to consider what might
be effected by the combination of thin seeding with selection.
Taking the seed wheat sown by a usual mode at two bushels per
acre, IJ millions of grains per acre (speaking roughly) weie
put into the ground. In ordinary crops the number of ears
produced per acre being takeu as about one million and the
crop as 34 bushels, they had at 700,000 grains to the bushel,
23,800,000 grains per acre,' or an average per ear of only 23
to 24 grains ; and if more than one million ears per acre were
claimed it must be at the expense of their contents. Five pints
of wheat per acre planted iu September 12iii. by 12iu. gave
1,001,880 ears per acre, or 67,760 ear* in excess of those
produced on the other side of the hedge from 6 pecks, or more
than twenty-one times the seed. Again, 5 pints planted 12in.
by 12in, October 17th, gave 058,320 ears per acre ; and
planted similarly October ith, 966,793 per acre ; while one
bushel planted October 15 gave only 812,160. Two plants of
twenty-four ears each gave 1,911 and 1,878 grains, or seventy-
nine per ear. Twenty ears per foot, at forty-eight grains only
ear, would produce eleven quarters per acre. In reference to
effects of his system, Major Hallett directed attention to the

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

87

effect upon the crop of tlie more increased size of the grain pro-
duced. A bushel of pedigree wheat produced from single grains,
planted 12in. by 12in., contained about 460,000 grains, while
a bushel of ordinary wheat contained 700,000 grains and
upwards. Therefore, in two crops, consisting of precisely
the same number of grains, the crop from the thin seed-
ing would be upwards of seventy bushels against
forty-sis bushels, or nine quarters against six quarters
per acre. Again, a bushel of pedigree barley, produced
from grains planted singly 12in. by 12in., contained 390,400
grains, while a bushel of ordinary barley contained upwards of
550,000, or in two crops of equal mumbers of grains, the one
would be 55 bushels, the other 39, or 7 quarters against 5
quarters per acre. Thus in the increased size alone of the
grains produced, they obtained an increase of crop of from 40
to 50 per cent. The present average contents of ears of wheat
must be from 20 to 30. Were it grown as lie proposed, the
average contents of the ears would be, at the very least, from
40 to 60— far more probable from 60 to 90 ; for under such a
system, so small an ear as one of 40 grains was quite the
exception. And this increase of the contents of the ears would
be obtained without any diminution of their number. In otlicr
words, the crop would thus at least be doubled. The
saving of nearly one million quarters of wheat used for seed
was likewise, in itself, a matter of national importance. In
conclusion. Major Hallett said, by the adoption of his system

the land of England might be made to double its present pro-
duce of corn, and that the whole of the breadstuffs which we
purchase each year at the enormous sum of £40,000,000
sterling might be produced upon our own land at home, en-
riching the proprietors and cultivators of England, and annually
adding those forty millions to the wealth of the entire nation.

A discussion ensued, in which objections were raised to the
adoption of Major Hallett's system by several speakers, who
confessed that they did not speak from practical experience of
it or his seed, while Mr. Hawtliorn and Mr. Bomford, after
long experience of both, spoke highly in its favour, the former
coraplainiug that there was a lack of men present who had used
Major Hallett's seed, or followed up his instructions, and under
those circumstances they were not in a position to dispute
what Major Hallett had said. He had planted Major Hallett's
wheat for the last twelve years, and he never planted it with-
out a good crop. One year, when he planted on the 7th
September, he grew more than sixty bushels per acre. The
grc'it difficulty in carrying out thin seeding was planting it at a
proper time. — Major Hallett replied, and on the motion of
Mr. BowEN Jones, seconded by Mr. Baktleet, a vote of
thanks was passed to Major Hallett for his paper, who, in
replying, invited the members of the Club to visit aud inspect
his farm.

THE INTRODUCTION OF SUPERPHOSPHATE, OR DISSOLVED BONES.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE 3IAEK LANE EXPRESS.

Stit, — The following papc-i- was written for, and
appeared in a local newspaper. The Aberdeen Journal,
some two or three weeks since. It has been suggested by
some who take an interest in the application of
chemical science to agriculture, that, on account of the
facts stated — not, it seems, generally known, and now
becoming of an historical cbaracter — it deserves they/ider
circulation which your columns afford. As a reader and
occasional correspondent of, and I may add, a pretty con-
stant agricultural reporter to The Mark Levis Erpress
for a period of forty years, I may say that it apjjcars to
me that the subject would not be without interest to a
large proportion of your readers. In point of fact, the
first paper on the subject of superphosphate was
written for The Mark Lane Uxjyress ; but the then
editor, deeming tbe paper tobe of some permanent import-
ance, transferred it in the first instance to the pages of The
Farmers' Magazine, also under his charge, in which it
appeared in the beginning of the year 1842. It was
stated lately in a periodical publication that the process
for the preparation of superphosphate was at one time the
subject of a patent. That is not the case. A person who
subsequently became an extensive manufacturer of super-
phosphate applied for a patent ; but the paper in The
Fanners' Magazine, above referred to, as well as other
evidence, was brought forward to show that the process
was known and had been already practised, and the
application was refused.

I have the honour to be, sir.

Your obedient servant,

W, Hay.

Tillyydesk, Aberdee)ishire, June \2>th, 1874.

In Liebig's first work on the Chemistry of Agriculture, a
suggestion was thrown out to the effect that bones might be
more advantageously applied as manure if the phosphate of
lime, of which they mainly consist, were brought into a state
of complete solution before depositing it in the soil. Imme-
diately after the publication of tliat work, viz., in 1841, the
waiter of this, impressed with a sense of the importance of
the suggestion, put it to the test of experiment by dissolving a
few bushels of ordinary crushed bones in sulphuric acid, and
applying the product, diluted with several hundred parts of
water, as a manure for the production of turnips. The solution

was, in the first instance, applied to the drills by means of a
common watering pan ; and the quantity of phosphate of
lime so applied was, by calculation, made equal,
or little more tliaa equal, to the whole amount
of that substance (or rather of phosplioric acid),
which a crop of turnips would take up from the soil. Such
was the first attempt, so far as is known, to apply phosphate
of lime in a soluble condition, or rather in a state of actual
solution, as manure. It is needless now to state in detail the
result of our first experiment, or to describe the various ap-
pliances (a water cart, &c.), which were subsequently used for
distributing the solution. It is only necessary to add, that the
application of so large a quantity of liquid over a field of any
considerable extent was found to be a very laborious business;
and the practical difficulties thence arising led to the consi-
deration whether the " dissolved bones" (for at that period
bones were the only source of phosphate of lime available)
might not be applied in a dry or powdered state. It was
speedily found that the preparation might be so applied if used
in larger quantity — not, indeed, with equal success, but stiU with
sach a measure of success as to justify us in dispensing with
the more cumbersome and laborious mode of application,
[n giving some account of our first year's experiments in the
local newspapers, and more especially in The Farmers' Maga-
zine of that day, we endeavoured to state the considerations
which led us to see the importance of Liebig's suggestion, and
to explain the rationale of the practice (which we of course
recommended for adoption), both with respect to the prepara-
tion of the manure and to the superior advantages which we
held it must needs possess when applied for the immediate
production of a crop of turnips. In doing this, we explained
the nature of the chemical action which takes place when
dilute sulphuric acid is added to reduced or crashed bones,
and stated that the important product thence resulting was
" what chemists called a Saperpliosphate of Lime," putting
the word " Superphosphate" in italics as a sort of apology, so
to speak, for using a purely technical term; for such the word
then was, although it has since come to be familiar in the
mouths of all parties connected with agriculture, not only in this
country, but throughout Europe and America. In the chemi-
cal language of that day a super-sali was a combination of an
acid with a base in which the former was supposed to exist in
its highest proportion relatively to^the base ; and such, in point
of fact, the peculiar phosphate of lime referred to really is,
being what chemists would now call a mono-calcic j^hosj^hate ;
that is, phosphoric acid in combination with one equivalent of
calcium (the metallic base of lime). It was to this soluble
phosphate of lime, then, that the term superphosphate vras

THE I^ARMER'S MAGA^INl).

originally applied by us. Like many other words in common
use, it lias gradually, with a change of circumstances, been
made to bear a different meaning from tliat originally attached
to it ; and it would now be impossible, even if it were de-
sirable, to recal it to its original and specific signification. In
the commercial and agricultural world it is now commonly
used, in a general way, to signify a manure prepared by the
action of sulphuric acid on ground coprolites, apatite, or other
mineral or serai-mineral phosphates of lime, wliile it has
ceased to be applied to " dissolved bones." A curious evi-
dence was afforded some years ago of the misconception and of
the popular ignorance which prevailed on this sul>ject by a
discussion, whicli was carried on in some of the agricultural
journals, as to wliether " superpliosphate" made from bones
was not different in its nature and qualities from superphos-
phate inanufactured coprolites. Sec. The soluble phospiiate of
lime produced by the action of sulphuric acid upon " bone-
earth" and otiier natural tri-basie phosphates, has, for some
years past, been generally — both by chemists and others — called
" Bi-phosphate ;" and, in want of a better term (the use of
tile word si/jjc'r/j/iosjjha/e,m its original sense, being precluded) ,
tiic writer of this must plead guilty to the use of tlie word
bi-phospliafe in tliese columns and elsewhere. But, though
following others in using the term l/i/j/ios/iha/e for the soluble
phosphate of lime, we took occasion to point out some eight
or ten years ago that it is really a misnomer, besides being
otherwise objectionable, and ventured to advise analytical
chemists, in noting the results of their analyses of " super-
phosphates" &c., to state the precise amount of phosphoric
acid existing in a soluble condition in the manure — whether in
combination with lime, or other alkalies — instead of the usual
details about " biphosphate"and its equality to so much " bone
phosphate rendered soluble." But to this point we shall have
occasion to recur, for the important work which we are about
to notice affords evidence of the propriety of oiir suggestion.
In first using the term " superphosphate" in tiie manner above
indicated, we had little idea that the word would come to be gene-
rally adopted throughout the world as the name of a substance
familiarly known to everyone connected with the science or
practice of agriculture. Still less did we expect to see the day
when some two or three millions of pounds would be invested
in its manufacture in Great Britain alone, not to speak of the
extent to which the same manufacture is carried on in America
and on the Continent of Europe, or to witness the amount of
shipping, of general trade, and of labour (in mining, collecting
coprolites, Stc), to which the demand for " superphosphate"
has given rise. For many years we gave, from time to time,
instructions to farmers for the preparation of their own super-
phosphate, and in this part of the country, in the Lothians,
and in some parts of England, tlie purchasing of a number of
" carboys" of sulphuric acid, and its application to the " dissolving
of bones" in large wooden troughs, or in tanks, or in some other
rule way, formed, for a considerable period, a regular portion
of the " annual toil" of the farm on the part of many of the
more intelligent and enterprising agriculturists. But, nons
avons change tout cela : the manufacture of superphosphate,
not only from bones, but from coprolites, fossilised guano, S:c.,
came to be taken up as a special business by individuals or by
commercial firms ; and had these parties in all cases, or even
generally, conducted the business with anything like a proper
knowledge of scientific principles, or been content with mode-
rate profits, nothing but good would have resulted to all con-
cerned. Much trouble would have been saved to the farmer,
while the commodity which he required might have been pro-
duced of better quality, if not at a cheaper rate, on account of
the facilities which its manufacture on a large scale necessarily
affords. Unluckily, the very nature of the manufacture not
only afforded the utmost facilities for adulteration, but actually
made such adulteration a sort of necessity, resulting from igno-
rance on the part of some, while in not a few cases (too many,
the amount of worthless stuff in the market seemed to indicate)
the rate of profit which might be realised at the expense of the
farmer was matter of discretion — we do not say of conscience
— on the part of the vendors of what was called " superphos-
phate." In fact, the farmers for a time accepted anything
under that name ; and the word, like " charity," was made to
cover a multitude of sins. During the lasttwelve or fifteen years,
we have again and again insisted on the duty obviously laid upon
the farmers of taking some means to ascertain that the materials
which they bought as manure were really something like what
they were sold for by the vendors ; and in doing so, we have

repeatedly stated what ought to be the composition of honestly-
prepared superphosphate, at the same time earnestly advising
all parties to have nothing to do with mixtures of indefinite
composition, sold under the names of " corn-manure," " turnip-
manure," " grass-manure," and so forth. We have never
ceased to remind farmers that the two substances of which
they are mainly in want are phosphoric acid (in a soluble con-
dition) and nitrogen — the latter in the form of ammonia, or
of a nitric acid salt. Our warnings seemed, for a time, to fall
in a great measure unheeded. The manure trade flourished.
Some of those engaged in it realised fortunes by a very simple
process. Gr idually, licwever, in this case — as we have had
occasion to observe in other cases — the seed sown has, after a
time, been productive of fruit. Increased intelligence and
knowledge of the subject among agriculturists have led them
to look more closely after their own interests. Nor has the
sharp teaching of experience been wanting. The result has
been that what are called Analytical Associations — that is,
associations of farmers for the purpose of obtaining analyses
of the manures and feeding stuffs which they purchase — have
been instituted in various parts of the country. These asso-
ciations have already done an incalculable amount of good, not
only to their own members, but to the agricultural community
generally. We observe that Dr. Voelcker has very lately discarded
the_ term biphosphate, and substituted "mono-phosphate," by
which, doubtless, he means to indicate the anhydrous salt, or
what we have above designated as " mono-calcic phosphate,"
the chemical formula for which is, CaO Pj O5, or, which is
the same thing, Ca Pa Os. Biphosphate of lime, according to
Morfit (who uses the old chemical notation), is CaO, 2J10,
PO5. It is exceedingly desirable that some uniform system
should be adopted with reference to this matter. The phos-
phoric acid, we repeat, is the valuable constituent to the
farmer ; and what he desires I0 know from the chemical
analyst is how much — what per-centage — of that substance a
given manure coiitains.
[Mr. Hay in this article makes some reference to a work which

we have not seen, and so prefer to let him speak on his own

autloity.— Editor 31. L. E.']

THE DORSETSHIRE DOWN.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE MARK LANE EXPRESS.

Sir, — In reference to your remarks on the Dorsetshire
Down couples with which I took the prize at the Bath
and West of England Show at Bristol, I beg to say — 1st.
That the term " longwool" is an error in the catalogue's
description, the prize having been offered for the best short-
wool couples, and my sheep were entered as such. 2nd. The
Dorsetshire Down sheep originated in a cross between the
Hampshire and Southdown. It is the breed of sheep usually
kept in this county, and is believed to be the best tenant-
farmers' sheep, or in other words the most profitable, com-
bining as it does the size of the Hampshire with the quality
of the Southdown. 3rd. In answer to your question how
is this breed to be maintained ? I can only say that I
annually let and sell upwards of one hundred Dorsetshire
Down tups. — I remain, yours obediently,

George W. Homer.

Athelhamj)ton Rail, Dorsetshire, June 20, IS?-!.

THE HERD BOOK.— The following circular has been
issued: 34), Charles Street, Berkeley Square, London, W-,
June 15, 1874. — Sir, — A numerous and influential body of
Shorthorn breeders having expressed a wish that some steps
should be taken as to the future maiagement of Coates' Herd
Book whenever Mr, Strafford should determine to resign the
editorship, and as he has now signified to us his desire to
do so, we earnestly invite you to attend a meeting of subscribers,
to be held at Willis Rooms, King-street, St. James's, at 2
p.m., on Wednesday, July 1, to consider with him the best mode
for the continuation of that work. — We remain, yours faithfully,
Dunmore, Skelmersdale, Penrhyn, R, Nigel, F. Kingscote,
John Storer, Thoa. C, Booth. -

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

89

REVIEW OE THE CORN TRADE

DURING THE PAST MONTH.

Up to the IStli of June the weather was forcing and
the heat almost tropical, with, however, so scanty an
allowance of rain, that a general conviction prevailed the
crop of hay must be short, as well as that of spring
corn, though the prospects for wheat were unusually
good. But before half the month was reached came a
week of very cold weather, with frosts so frequent and
so sharp that much of the potato crop suffercJ, the whole
harvest became deferred, and some apprehension has
been entertained for the earlier pieces of wheat, which
had pushed rapidly into bloom during the heat. The
prospect, therefore, for the main crop has become less
favourable, while there seems little chance for spring
corn, especially beans and peas, from the long persistence
of dry weather. The fall of rain having varied mate-
rially in different places, we may have chequered crops,
though all seem likely to be short, excepting' wheat, and
that is yet doubtful ; the same sort of weather having
ruled in France, at a period when stocks were so low,
that values have been greatly enhanced, much wheat going
from our coast, with flour and oats, and this at a time when
we have little to spare, and have only been hoping to
reach the end of our terra, without the public having to
pay extravagant rates. That the stocks of wheat here
must be at a low ebb is seen from the little now held in
granary, and the small returns constantly made in the
weekly sales, the last four weeks showing less by 39,000
qrs. than the small returns of 1873, which is about 25
per cent, below the rate then noted, and our foreign
receipts weekly contliue below our estimated necessities.
It is true that consumption always falls off in summer,
and we are beginning to get the help of new potatoes
from abroad and our own early districts ; but there is no
provision against any possible calamity that may yet take
place at the blooming time or gatherings, and the posi-
tion is somewhat critical ; yet, as we live upon the
bounty of Providence, let us hopefully depend upon it,
especially as more rain has since fallen. They have
already had so great a pressure from prices in the South
of France, that 78s. to 80s. has been paid for wheat, bn-
foreign arrivals are reaching Bordeaux and its ueighbourt
hood, now moderating values, and throughout the pro-
vinces there has been lately a partial decline. Still
Marseilles, with all its receipts, keeps dear, having to
coDti'ibute to the necessities of Switzerland as well as
France. America has continued the cheapest place, and
still sends the most liberal supplies, and to that country
we shall still have to look till our own sheaves begin to
be gathered, and the nation's anxiety shall cease. The
following were the most recent prices at the several places
named : Best white native wheat at Paris 73s., red 71s. ;
Spanish white and Oi'»gon at Rouen 70s., spring Ame-
rican 628. 6d., Polish 61s. 6d.; Ghirka at Marseilles 67s.,
Polish 66s. 8d. ; Californian white at Antwerp 66s., spring
American 60s. 6d. ; best native wheat at Liege 69s. ; at Lou-
vain 68s.; wheat at Maestricht 68s.; red wheat at Berlin
55s. 6d., at Cologne C3s., at Mayeune for August 58s. ;
high-mixed at Danzic 60s. ; wheat at Pesth 56s. to 66s.,
Mecklenburgh at Hambro' 63s. 6d., Ghirka off the coast
Oregon 64s., Canadian 62s. ; red spring at New York,
per 4801b3. free on board, 44s. 6d.

The first Monday in Mark-lane opened on a small
supply of English wheat, the foreign arrivals being mode-
rate, about two-thirds from New York and India, and a

good portion fr«m Adelaide. The show of fresh samples
from Essex was very limited; but with fine weather the
demand was equally so, and prices were only maintained
by a Continental inquiry. Orders from France raised the
price of white foreign Is. per qr., but red sorts being left
to English millers were Is. per qr. lower, with only little
doing. Floating cargoes went off at full rates for the
Continent, France being the principal buyer. Though
short deliveries in the country this week kept some places
from a decline, others noted a fall of Is. as Gainsboro',
Market Rasen, Melton Mowbray, Newcastle, Sheffield,
&c. ; but Liverpool on Tuesday was 6d. per cental down
for red, and Id. more on Friday. No change was noted at
Leith; Edinburgh was quiet for fine qualities, and Is. lower
for inferior wheat ; and Aberdeen quoted a similar decline.
The scarcity of native samples at Dublin kept them at
the former range ; but foreign was dull, and in favour of
buyers.

On the second Monday the English supplies were small,
and exceeded by the exports ; but the foreign arrivals
were doubled, half being from America, and a fair quan-
tity from Australia. The show of fresh samples this
morning was very scanty; but it mattered not, the
weather having increased in fineness, insomuch that factors
were willing to take Is. less, and even then found it diffi-
cult to sell. In foreign, generally, little was done, and
less money was taken — say Is. on white qualities, and Is.
to 2s. on red American spring. In floating cargoes white
sorts obtained the prices of the previous week, but red
declined 1?. per qr. The mid-summer weather which had
been then prevailing, together with lower advices from
London, had its usual influence in the country, making
poorly-supplied places dull, and generally reducing rates
Is. per qr. ; while some places noted a larger reduction,
as Lynn, Melton Mowbray, Newcastle, St. Ives, &c., and
Liverpool was down 2d. to 4d. per cental for the weelc.
Edinburgh, Leith, and Glasgow were all cheaper Is.
qr. Dublin was dull for Irish sorts notwithstanding their
scarcity, and foreign was 6d. per barrel lower.

On the third Monday there was another small supply
of home growth, and the foreign arrivals fell off to less
than one half of the previous week, two-thirds being
American, with a moderate quantity from the Baltic. On
the Essex stands a very small quantity of fresh samples
was exhibited ; but though some frosty nights had been
experienced, there was no disposition to pay more money,
and the previous rates were but slowly given. The sudden
change of weather, however, checked the downward dis-
position of prices, and at Friday's decline of Is. some
little business was done. In floating cargoes the previous
rates were paid for the Continent. The country markets
this week mostly resisted any furthur reduction, though
some still remained dull ; but on Saturday there was a
recovery of Is. at several places. Liverpool was quiet
on Tuesday, and improved Id. to 2d. per cental on Fri-
day. At Aberdeen, with severe drought, there was no
change ; but Leith and Edinburgh were Is. to 2s. lower
for wheat. Dublin, commencing the week dull, with
some decline, afterwards rallied, and noted an improve-
ment of 3d. per barrel on foreign.

On the fourth Monday the smallest supplies were re-
ceived both English and foreign, the latter only exceed-
ing the exports by about 3,000 qrs. The exhibifcion of
fresh English samples was also extremely scanty, and

90

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE

factors commenced by asking Is advance, but the
weather indicating a return to warmth they did not
succeed, business remaining very slow. Tu foreign white
there was no change, but the improvement in red spring
noted on Friday was confirmed, with, however, but little
business passing. The demand for floating cargoes was
steady, and rather more money was paid for red
American. There has been, therefore, a decline for tlie
month of about Is. to 23. per qr. Since the last London
market prices have hardened in the country.

I TheimportsintoLondonfor four weeks were in English
qualities 13,963 qrs., foreign 88,883 qrs., against 17,539
qrs. English, 138,712 qrs. foreign for the same period
in 1873. The exports were 18,4.50 qrs. wheat, 20,415
cwts. flour. The imports into the kingdom for the four
weeks ending the 13th of June were 2,727,010 cwts.
wheat, 457,306 cwts. flour, against 2,906,638 cwts.
wheat, 437,488 cwts. flour in 1873. The Loudon
averages commenced at 63s. 6d. and closed at 63s. 2d.
per qr. The general averages opened at 623. 2d. and
ended at 61s. 4d. The weekly sales noted for four weeks
were 160,381 qrs., against 199,847 qrs. for four weeks
in the same time last year.

The flour trade has been pretty steady as to prices
during the month, but varying in activity with the de-
mand for wheat. For the most part business has been
dull, country sorts giving way on the second Monday Is.
per sack, leaving Norfolks at 43s. Foreign, also, in
sacks and barrels, have yielded to the same extent, but
were kept from further decline by the demand from
France ; and it was this that brought our exports to
20,415 cwts., the trade being mostly in medium quality
barrels, at about 28s. ; but flue kilndried qualities for
consumption still bring 32s. to 33s. The most recent
quotation at New York for extra State was 6 d. 85c.
(23s. 7d. per brl.) free on board. The top price of
town-made has stood at 54s., and it has stood at about
the same at Paris. The arrivals into London for the
four weeks were in country sacks 48,347, in foreign
16,950 sacks 40,211 brls., against 74,425 sacks country,
15,147 sacks 62,215 brls. foreign for the same period in
1873.

Maize, after declining about 23. in the first two
markets, recovered Is. to Is. 6d. on the third, and has
since remained firm, American landed being worth about
39s., white 42s. to 43s. The price at New York for
mixed was 25s. 9d. free on board ; at Pesth, in Hungary,
it was quoted 37s. The imports into London for four
weeks were 36,884 qrs., against 49,243 qrs. in 1873.

The malting season beiug over it has mattered little
that the crop of English barley has been nearly exhausted
and brought supplies to their lowest. Foreign arrivals
also have been very moderate, and so prices have kept at
a high range for grinding and distillation, the lowest
price for the former being about 33s., while prime stout
French and Danish have been worth 40s. to 44s. It is
thought we cannot have a good crop this year and that
prices for malting will again rule high. The imports for
four weeks into London in British were only 406 qrs.,
in foreign 30,110 qrs., against 1,344 qrs. British,
25,553 qrs. foreign in 1873.

Malt during the month has been but a slow sale, and
with more anxiety to clear stocks, at the close there was
a decline of Is. per qr.

The oat trade, with continuously good arrivals from
abroad, has been almost constantly rising. Stocks here,
in Scotland and Ireland being reduced very low, and
placing the whole country in a state of dependence on
our receipts from the Baltic and elsewhere, Pfirliament
being in town, has kept up a large consumption, and values
have improved fully Is., notwithstanding slight fluctua-
tions iu the lower qualities. 40 lbs. Eussian have become

worth 29s. 6d. to 30s., and prime sweet Sweden SOs. to
31s., with the lighter and inferior qualities relatively
quite as dear. The long drought here and in France
give both countries but poor prospects. Indeed we have
lately had a French demand, and though some rain has
recently fallen in France, as well as here, prices in Paris
have risen, prime qualities beiug fully worth 31s. In
Belgium, Hollaud, and Germany, as well as Hungry, it
has been m\ich the same, and as there are yet fully two
months to harvest, people begin to doubt the power of
Eussia and Sweden to supply all the world, and fear ex-
travagant rates, unless rain falls in abundance and changes
the prospect generally. Our receipts in London for
four weeks were 618 qrs. English, 64 Scotch, 237,849
qrs. foreiga, against 1,422 qrs. English, 157,327 qrs.
foreign in 1873.

The bean supplies, both Euglish and foreign, have been
moderate, and the first Monday opened with a rise of Is.
to 2s, per qr., which has since been maintained but
nothing beyond it, the late advance making them very
dear and lessening the demand. Ticks are worth 42s.,
Harrows 4Ss., and small 52s., large French 46s., Egyp-
tian 443. The imports for four weeks into London were
1,253 qrs. English, 3,872 qrs. foreign, against 1,977
qrs. English, 1,300 qrs. foreign in 1873.

Hog peas have been forced up by scarcity, still maples
are worth 47s., and duus 44s. to 45s., while white foreiga
have risen from their comparative cheapness about 2s.,
being now worth 453. The total imports in four weeks
were 312 qrs. English, 8,735 qrs. foreign, against 149
English, 5,525 qrs. foreign in 1873.

Linseed has been quiet but maintained its price.
Arrivals 43,64 i qrs. against 14,630 qrs. in 1873.

The poor prospects for the crop of cloverseed and
other seeds have kept the values up, but there are very
small stocks on hand.

MUIR OF ORD SHEEP MARlvET— INVERNESS,
(Wednesday.) — A stilTer market than that which was held to-
day has not taken place on the same s'.aucs for several years.
The numbers on the ground were also below that of the cor-
responding market of last year. Blackfaced predominated,
and several lots of Cheviots were also on the ground, but half-
breds were conspicuous by their absence. The prevaiUag^
drouglit has caused pastures to decline, and hill fanners having
sent their stock to their su-nmer quarters were loth to bring
them to market, expecting that sales could not be effected to
their advantage. The fact is that there is at present a sort of
panic in tlie sheep trade. AVool is also disposed of at reduced
figu.res ; and these thiags combined caused, as we have said,
transactions to be effected with difficulty ; and at the conclu-
sion a great proportion of stock remained unsold. Fevv dea-
lers put in an appearance. Cheviot lioggs sold from 16s. to
23s., blackfaced hoggs from 18s. to 20s. ; blackfaced ewes and
lambs snld from 25s., blackfaced ewe hoggs from 18s. to 23s.,
and three-year-old wedders at 25s. The number of animals
exposed for sale was 1,308.

TAUNTON FAIR, (Wednesday). — This annual fair
attracted a large number of farmers and dealer . The supply
of sheep and lambs was abundant, and horses and cattle about
the average. Mr. Robert Farthing, of Farringdon, North
Petherton, sent 20 longwooled rams for disposal at Mr. May-
uard's auction stand, and they ran up to 6^ guineas. Prices
showed a marked decliue. Sheep averaged 6d. to 7hi. per lb.,
and lambs a halfpenny higher, about 26s. each. Cross-bred
ewes realised 41s. 6d. Beasts sold from 70s. to SOs. per cwt
Trade was active. The Devon lonjwool ram (the property o
Mr. Richard Corner, Torweston), which obtained the first
prize at the Bath and West of England Agricultural Show at
Bristol, was let for the season, from September, to Mr. Blake,
of Trull, for the sum of 85 guineas. The competition amon;;
bidiers for the other rams at the auction mart did not come
up to the anticipation of the breeder, nearly the whole of them
being unsold. Great interest was taken iu the wool trade, and
prices ranged from Is. 2d. to Is. 3-i-d. for some lots.

Printed by Watson aud llazell, 265, Strand, Loudon, AV.C.

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Joint General Managers-
CHIEF INSPECTOR.
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DIRECTORS.
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WM. CHAMPION JONES, Esq.
E. HARBORD LUSHINGTON, Esq.
JAMES MORLEY, Esq.

WILLIAM NICOL, Esq.
A. HODGSON PHILLPOTTS, Esq.
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FREDERICK YOULE, Esq.
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HEAD OFFICE,

Manager— WHITBREAD TOMSON, Esq.

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THE LONDON AND COUNTY BANK opens—

DRAWING ACCOUNTS' with Commercial Houses and Private Individuals, either upon the plan usually adopted by
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DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS. — Deposit Receipts are issued for sums of Money placed upon these Accounts, and Interest i»
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WHITBREAD TOMSON, ) Managers.

IMPORTANT TO FLOCKMASTERS.

THOMAS BIGG, Agricultural and Veterinary
Chemist, by Appointment to his late Royal Highness
The Prince Consort, K.G., Leicester House, Great Dover
Street, Borough, London, begs to call the attention of
Farmers and Graziers to his valuable SHEEP and LAMB
DIPPING COMPOSITION, which requires no Boiling, and
may be used with Warm or Cold Water, for effectually
destroying the Tick, Lice, and all other insects injurious to
the Flock, preventing the alarmmg attacks of Ply and Shab,
and cleansing and purifying the Skin, thereby greatly im-
proving the Wool, both in quantity and quality, and highly
(in-ntributing to the general health of the animal.

Prepared oniy by Thomas Bigg, Chemist, .&c., at his Manu-
factory as above, and sold as lollows, although any other
quantity may be had, if required: —

i lb. for 20 sheep, price, jar included £0 2

61b. 30 „ „ „ 0 3

81b. 40 „ „ „

101b. 50 „ „ „

20 lb. lOO „ ,, (Cask and measure
,, included)

301b.

150

401b.

200

601b.

250

601b.

300

801b.

400

100 lb.

500

0

0 4
0 5
0 10

0 15

1 0
1 3
1 7

1 17

2 5

Should any Flockmaster prefer boiUng the Composition, it
will be equally effective.

MOST IMPORTANT CERTIFICATE.
From Mr. Heeepath, the celebrated Analytical Chemist :—
Bristol Laboratory, Old Park, January 18th, 1861.
Sir, — I have submitted your Sheep Dipping Composition to
analysis, and find that the ingredients are well blended, and
the mixture neutral. If it is used according to the directions
given, I feel satisfied, that while it effectually destroys vermin.
It will not injure the hair roots (or "yolk ") in the skin, the
fleece, or the carcase. I think it deserves the numerous
testimonials pubUshed. I am. Sir, yours respectfully,

William Hbbapath, Sen., P.C.S., &c., &c..
To Mr. Thomas Bigg Professor of Chemistry.

Iieicester House, Great l/over-street, Borough, London.

He would also especially call attention to his SPECIFIC,
or LOTION, for the SCAB or SHAB, which wiU be found
a certain remedy for eradicating that loathsome and ruinoua
disorder in Sheep, and which may be safely used in all
climates, and at all seasons of the year, and to all descriptions
of sheep, even ewes in lamb. Price FIVE SHILLINGS per
gallon— suificient on an average for thirty Sheep (according
to the virulence of the disease) ; also in wine quart bottles.
Is. 3d. each.

IMPORTANT TESTIMONIAL.
" Scoulton, near Htngham, Norfolk, April 16th, 1856.

" Dear Sir, — In answer to yours ot the 4th inst., which
would have been replied to before this had I been at home, I
have much pleasure in bearing testimony to the efficacy of
your invaluable ' Specific for the cure of Scab in Sheep.' The
600 sheep were all di'essed hi Aiiijust last with 84 gallons of
the 'NoN-poisoNOTJS Specific,' that was so highly recom-
mended at the Lincoln Show, and l)y their own dresser, the
best attention being paid to the flock oy my shepherd after
dressing according to instructions loft ; but notwithstanding
the Scab continued getting worse. Being determined to have
the Scab cured if possible, I wrote to you for a supply of your
Specific, which I received the following day; and although
the weather was most severe in February during the dressing,
your gpECiric proved itself an invahiable remedy, for in
three weeks the Sheep were quite cured ; and I am happy to
say the young lambs are doing remaricably well at present.
In conclusion, I beheve it to be the safest and best remedy
now in use. " I remain, dear Sir,

"For JOHN TIN GEY, Esq.,

" To Mr. Thomas Bigg. ' " R. RENNEY,

S!-W Plockmasters would be well to beware of such pre-
parations as " Non-poisonous Compositions :" it is only
necessary to appeal to their good common sense and judg-
ment to be thoroughly convinced that no "Non-poisonous"
article can poison or destroy insect vermin, particularly sudi
as the Tick, Lice, and Scab Parasites— creatures so tenaciou*
of Ufe. Such advertised preparations must be wholly useless^
or they are not what they are represented to be.

DIPPING APPARATUS AH, £5, £4, & *3.

JRYANT& MAY'S
MATCHES.

HAIL STOEMS.

THE EOYAL EAEMEES' COMPAJ^Y,

No. 3, NORFOLK STREET, STRAND, LONDON,
INSURES

WHEAT, BARLEY, OATS, BEANS, PEAS, & OTHER CROPS,

AGAINST

LOSS BY HAIL STORMS AT

FIYEPENCE PEE ACRE.

SEEDS and GLASS are also Insured.
PIRE Insurances at rates as low as other well-established Offices.

IiIFE Assurances of any description at equitable rates, Four-fiftns of the profits divided
every Fifth Year.

liOSSES. — Prompt and Liberal settlement of claims.

Further particulars may be had at the Chief Office, or of the Agents.

JOHN SHARP, Seeretary.

-i. L-C^t'--

-^ f 0^'J^ ( r-iJ

U^^ IS7 Uy

'i^; - f ^ .^-J

No. 2, Vol. XLVL]

AUGUST, 1874.

THE

[Third Series.

FARMER'S MAGAZINE

AND

MONTHLY JOURNAL

s?

THE AGRICULTUEAL INTEREST.

TO THE

FARMERS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.

LONDON :
PUBLISHED BYROGERSON AND TUXFORD, 265, STRAND,

PRICB TWO SHILLINGS.

WATBON AND HAZBLL,]

[PRINTBBS, 266, STRAND.

THE FAEMEE'S MAGAZII^E.

CONTENTS.

AUGUST, 1874.

Plate.— THE COLLEY.

Page.
Description of Plate , . . . , , .91

The Results at Bedford . . . . . , .91

The "Royal" Judges . . . , . , . .92

The Cirencester College Club . . . . . .93

The Jumping Business at Horse Shows . . . . .9*

Lincolnshike Agricultutial Society : Meeting at Grantham . . .95

Northumberland Agricultural Society : Meeting at Newcastle-upon-Tyne . 98
East of England Horse Show : Meeting at Sudbury .... 101

Judging by Points ........ 101

The Power of the Labourers : By an East Essex Farmer . . . 102

The Farmers' Friends in England and Ireland .... 103

The Implements in the West ....... 104

The Stock Yards and Transit House of Chicago, Illinois . . . 104

The Shorthorn Herd Book ....... 105

The Outgoing Tenant. ....... 106

East Anglian Farmers' Central Board of Consultation . . . 106

The Education of the Farmer ...... 107

The Soil — its Origin and Geological Relations . . . .Ill

A North Country Village . . . . . . .115

The Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland. . . .116

The Royal Counties (Hants and Berks) Agricultural Society: Meeting at

Reading. ........ 121

The Essex Agricultural Society : Meeting at Stratford . . . 125

Doncaster Agricultural Society : Meeting at Doncater . . . 130

The Suffolk Agricultural Association : Meeting at Ipswich . . . 132

Trirsk Agricultural Society ....... 135

Thorne Agricultural Society. ...... 136

Royal Agricultural Society of England ..... 137

The Alexandra Park Horse Show . ..... 142

The Herts Agricultural Society : Meeting at Bishop's Stortford . . 143

The Shorthorn Club ........ 144

The Irish Cattle Trade ...... 147

Stock Sale : Sale of Messrs. Lenby's Shorthorns .... 148

"Choice" Table Butter . . . . . . .15a

A MiscROPPiNG Case ........ 151

The Misapplication of Poor-Law Relief ..... 153

The Royal Agricultural Society of England: Meeting at Bedford . . 155

Sheep Sales ......... 183

Review of the Cattle Trade During the Past Month. . . .184

Review of the Corn Trade During (T^e Past Month .... 184

Aoricultural Intelligence ....... 183

Market Curhencies ........ 186

A NEW AND REVISED EDITION.

THE BOOK OF THE FARM,

BY HENRY STEPHENS, F.R.S.E.

ILLUSTRATED ENGRAVINGS, repregenting the principal Field Operatioas, Implements, and Animals treated of in the Work.
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" Tliis clear directory to rural labour. ... We commend it to the careful study of every young man who wishes to
|,ecome a good practical farmer." — Times.

Companion Publications to ' The Book of the Farm : —
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Burn, Engineers. Edited by H. Stephens. 876 Engravings. Half-bound, £2 2s.

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u

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

AUGUST, 1874.

PLATE.

T P E

C O L L E Y.

The colley is a true Scot, about twenty-one iuclies in
height, and in colour black and tan, or a sandy yellow,
now and then enlivened by a bit of white. lie takes to
sheep as naturally as a duck does to water. lie is very
intelligeiit, and a faithful friend, and has been immortalized
by the Ettrick Shepherd, and by Sir Edwin Landseer, as
the shepherd's chief mourner. With the march of the
iron -way his services are mostly confiued to Scotland ;
through taking up with an eccentric swell or two some
years back, and leading a town life, Sandy has become
quite the rage, as he may be now seen, combed and brushed,
caressed by beauteous females, or lounging along at the
heels of west-end or citj' shepherds, who know not a
Cots wold from a Cheviot. He attends his Club, and in
coffee-rooms is looked up to as a connoisseur of highly-
flavoured dishes, at which he smacks Jiis chops or shakes
his head. One or two we have seen brought up in the

Catholic faith, which would not ou any account touch
meat when told it was Friday. As Sandy and his swell
are inseparables, he may occasionally be seen in a private
box looking grave over a tragedy, admiring the legs of the
ladies of the ballet, or condescending to smile at a scream-
ing farce ; and as it is to be hoped his friend attends a
place of worship, no doubt Sandy joins heartily in a
psalm, as it is notorious that sacred music has the effect
of making all dogs dismally jolly. But we have left our
colley in the pure air of the Highlands, where she needs
not raiment, and can rest ou a bed of ever verdant turf,
curtained by the blooming heather ; where everything is
wild, beautiful, and harmonious, and where the gentle
shepherd can sit in the lap of content, and dance and sing,
and say his prayers, and dream of bliss, his lithesome
lass and faithful colley.

THE RESULTS AT BEDFORD.

Not 90 very long since there was some " talk" as to
the necessity for, or the good policy of holding the great
July meeting of tlie Royal Aiiricultnral Society iu the
neighbourhood of London — -say at least in every alternate
year. Experience, however, does not go to support such
a proposal. The Exhibition-year meeting in Battersea
Park, notwithstanding the variety of attractions and the
immediate vicinity of the show-ground, was financially a
failure ; the receipts at Stratford-le-Bow the other day
fell wofully below the expectations of the Essex Com-
mittee, and London never rose to the shilling days at
Bedford. In fact, encouraging as were the receipts on
Monday and Tuesday, the absence of the town element
was still very marked, as one missed the people which are
met about everywhere — at the Derby, the Handel Festival,
or the flower-shows. In a word, an essentially rural
society will still have to depend much on a rural or
quasi-rural class of visitors, as from one side it gathers
Old Series.]

but little the nearer the meeting approaches to London.
The attendances, as tried by the receipts, were some thirty
or forty thousand less than at Hull, but on the earlier
days more money was taken than in 1873.

We are not inclined, however, to test the actual success
of such a gathering by the mere money taken at the
doors, as for years the Society has never had a more
thorough or generally good show than that just held at
Bedford. Our own very full reports will tell out the
story of how this went, while in another page we
call attention to the suggestions offered or more
direct reforms proposed in the direction of a
Society, which the very reformers themselves admitted in
the outset to be one of the best-managed associations in
the Kingdom. In a word, though there may be occa-
sionally a weak place, there is no other body of a similar
aim and character which docs so much or does this so
well as the Royal Agricultural Society of England.

G Vol. LXXVI.— No. 2,

92

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

THE "ROYAL" JUDGES.

There can be uo question but thnt Mr. Faweett, iu his
speech at the general meeting at Bedford, touched upon a
weak place in the arrangements of the Royal Agricultural
Society of England. Immediately, indeed, after the Hull
show of last year ive spoke through these columns to " the
continual complaints of the Shropshire breeders as to a
Shropshire man being never now put on to judge Shrop-
shire sheep ; for at Buiy St. Edmund's, Leicester, Man-
chester, Oxford, Wolverhampton, Cardift', and Hull these
appointments were all made from other counties." And
this remonstrance was not without its effect ; for, as we
intimated last week, at Bedford two judges were taken from
the home district, being the first time in eight years that a
Salopian has been appointed. Mr. Eawcett follows in the
same direction when he suggests " that the judges ought
to be changed every year ; that no one should be allowed
to act a second time, or oftener than once in six or ten
years, under any pretence whatever; and that new blood
should be continually brought forward." It may be well,
however, to go a little closer into this, when we shall
find that other breeders have quite as much cause to pro-
test as the Shropshire men against the selection of judges
resting with small pai'ties or being monopolised by par-
ticular persons. Going back for five years, and taking a
breed of sheep which vies in popularity with the Shrop-
shire, we note that the judges of Southdowns have been
carefully confined to one certain set. Thus, Mr. Henry
Eookes, a very good man no doubt, acted as a judge in
1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874 ; as how much further
Lack without a break we really do not know, for we have
not taken the trouble to look. Again, Mr. J. S. Turner,
of Chyngton, by Brighton, acted as a judge of Southdowns
at the Royal meetings in 1871, 1872, and 1874, and of
pigs in 1870 and 1873. In fact, in consideration of past
services, it would seem that, like Von Joel at Evans',
Messrs. Fookes and Turner " will always be retained on
this establishment." Again, Mr. | Hugh Aylmer has
actually been three times appointed a judge of Shorthorns
in five years, in 1870, in 1872, and in 1874 ; relieving
the monotony by taking the pigs in 1871 and the Cots-
wolds in 1873 ; while Mr. R. J. Newton has also enjoyed,
at least a five years' lease over Cotswolds, Oxfords, Hamp-
shires, and other sorts of sheej), so that here we have two
more deserving men "retained on the establishment."
There are other cases almost as strong, if the series be
interrupted by an occasional break or so ; as over the
implements we have in unvarying chorus for the last five
years, or nobody knows how much longer, Kimber,
Hicken, and Hemsley — Hemsley, Kimber, and Hicken —
or Hicken, Kimber, and Hemsley — until the competing
firms must know to a man who is coming and prepare
accordingly. In truth, any one on receiving a copy of
that complimentary invitation to act would be justified
by asking in answer whether the office was to be looked
upon as for life or only for a terra of years ?

On the face of it all this is very curious, as it
requires no argument to demonstrate how unwholesome
such a system must become. Are there really uo judges
of such famous breeds as Shorthorns or Southdowns to
be found in this kingdom beyond IMessrs. Aylmer,
Fookes, and Turner ? The thing is absurd, or as Mr.
Fawcett puts it, " highly unsatisfactory to the great bulk
of exhibitors ;" as he says further, " these appointments
are made in the most objectionable manner, through the
influence of breeders and exhibitors who are members of
the Council." Somebody said No! no! here, but
sui-ely it is an indisputable fact that the judges arc

appointed by a Committee selected from the Council ; as
we shall go on to say that no man who is an exhibitor,
and that no man who is in the habit of acting as a judge,
should sit on this Committee. Few people may have the
nerve to object to the nomination of a man sitting side by
side with them, although they might still see the
impropriety of a member of Council so continually taking
office ; as the least sense of delicacy should prevent the
presence of an exhibitor, who might thus abuse his power
by nominatiug or voting for his own judges. As some-
body said No! No! may we inquire if this business rests
respectively with the Stock-Prizes and Implement Com-
mittees, and if not, to whom is it deputed ?

Mr. Fawcett in the very outset recommends that the
judges at the Royal Show ought not to have acted in a
similar capacity at any previous meeting in the same year ;
as, of course, they should not. No Royal judge is eligible
for Yorkshire, and latterly the same judge could not go on
from Birmingham to Islington. With the same judges
the thing gets into one groove ; if in justice to Mr.
Aylmer, we must say that at Cardiff and Bedford he
helped to put the first last and the last first of Dorchester
and Bristol with uuiatelligible impartiality. For a
thrice Whittington in five years, such a line does not carry
much weight.

So far reform is not only practicable, but for the good
name of the Society must be speedily set about ; though
we question whether any rules for showing stock in
breeding condition at a breeding show can be really en-
forced. Of course all thinking men have advocated the
observance of such an enactment, but when the attempt
was made more than twenty years since to uphold the
rule the entry suffered so much that the good intention
was of a necessity abandoned. Exhibitors will feed for
show, and judges will follow the fashion ; or as one of the
draught-horse bench admitted the other day, " I think
we did pretty well with the mules, and all right with the
carriage horses, for there Avas only one shown, but we
gave all the prizes for cart-horses to the fattest bi'utes we
could fiud." The proposal that the animals should not be
led into the ring by their herdsmen is supported with
much point by Mr. Barnes in a letter which appears in
another part of our paper, where he says "'Mr. Fawcett
would have the cattle led into the ring by proper men ap-
pointed by the Society, tJtat tlie judges should not Icnow
iclwse they v:ere ; and the Council will not put catalogues
into their hands for tlie same reason. The Royal Agri-
cultural Society of England and Mr. Fawcett therefore
agree that the judges ought not to know what or whose
animals they are judging ; and I am quite sure the public
outside will say Amen to this." This outside public
says a deal more than we have done here, although enough
has been said to show that this business of judging has beea
suffered to drift away anywhere, and the Council and the
Stewards must do their duty and bring it back quickly
into the proper course. In fact, the eye of a Steward
should be as keen as that of a detective in looking up
abuse ; and iustead of periodically penning sugar-and-
water reports full of mutual congratulation and great grati-
tude for favours received, the Stewards might dwell more
advantageously on the duties associated with the offices
which they undertake. Will the Stock Stewards as
members of the Selection Committee ensure us any fresh
blood at Tauntou ? aud will the Stewards of pigs tell us
of anything which happened at Bedford ?

THE FAHMEH'S MAGAZINE.

f'3

TO THE EDITOR OF THE MARK LANE EXPRESS.

Sir, — At the annual meeting of members of the Royal
Agricultural Society of England, Mr. Fawcelt, as reported
by The Agricultural Ga::ette, suggested, firstly, the
judges who acted at the Royal show should not ofiiciate
in the same capacity at any other show in the same year.
I think this goes too far, and T doubt its expressing what
Mr. Fawcett meant. What differeuce can it make to the
Royal whether they act or not ? The animals exhibited
there are, with very few exceptions, not likely to compete
agaiu in the same classes ; and it is, of course, open to
other large societies to inhibit Royal judges from acting
at their shows. I would therefore suggest, " That any one
having acted as a judge at any previous show should not
judge at the Royal."

" At present the majority of the prizes were won by
fat animals," &c. This every one will acknowledge ; but
why animals are shown in such a state is impossible to
say, unless fat is like charity, and conceals a multitude of
sins. Certain it is, however good an animal may be, if it
is not fit for the Hall, it stands no chance at the Royal.

The third resolution refers to animals being led into
the ring by men who are as well known to the judges as
the animals themselves, and would seem to infer that the
judges are not always to be trusted — that if they knew
an animal of their sort by the man who led it in, they
would give it a prize, or vice versa. Speaking plainly,
this is saying that the judges are not honest — not a plea-
sant thiug to tell a man. But the Council do not allow
them a catalogue during their sojourn in the ring ; and
what should they infer from that ? If they kuow indi-
rectly to whom the animals belong why keep the cata-
logues from them ? Mr. Fawcett would have the cattle
led into the ring by proper mea appointed by the Society,
that the judges should not know v;hose the// ivere ; and
the Council will not put catalogues into their hands for
the same reason. The Royal Agricultural Society of
England and Mr. Fawcett therefore agree that the judges
ought not to know what or whose auimals they are
judging; and I am quite sure the public outside will say
"Amen" to this.

The Journal already referred to says : " Indeed, he
would be a bold critic who should assume to himself the
right to teach Shorthorn breeders of tiventy years'
standing how to judge Shorthorns." And a little further
on it also states: "The reporter to an infiuential
daily paper questions one of these honourable mentions,
&c." Well, here's a plucky man ! The reporter of a
newspaper setting up his opinion against the Royal
judges ! But let me ask. Did he differ from all the
jndges? Were their decisions unanimous? Did they
all agree in putting Lord Irwin before Telemachus,
Rapid Rhone before Aachen and Charon, Rose of Wytham
before Nectarine Bud, Robin's Rose before Seraphina
Bella 2nd ? and though last, not least, were they unani-
mous in giving Moorish Captive a prize at all ? To us
outsiders it seemed as if there were two agaimst one all
through ; and when we see the summary of prizes won
by Booth cattle at Bedford (which no doubt we shall very
shortly) let it also be recorded that there were two Booth
judges on the bench.

I quite agree with Mr. Fawcett that judges who are
to act at the Royal should not officiate in that capacity
at any previous show, because, if they have already de-
cided in favour of a particular animal they are not likely
to acknowledge that their decision was wrong. I think
also that animals showing their faults in a natural
breeding state at a breeding stock show should be pre-
ferred to Smithfield cattle.

Let men be appointed to lead the cattle into the ring
for reasons already given, and have practical men ap-
pointed as judges — meu who know nothing of Booth or

Bates, but who do know wliat a good animal is without
its being loaded with fat.

Lastly, let the animal's ages be dated from the 1st ot
January instead of the 1st of July, the hottest mouth in
the year, and the most dangerous for calvmg. Let a I
these things be looked to, and I feel sure there will
be quite as good stock shown at any future Royal as
there has been, and not half the cavilling at the ap
pointment and decisions of the judges.
Yours truly,

Charles A. Barnes.
Charleyicood, July, 20th, 1874.
[A part of this letter is written under a misconception.
If Mr. Barnes will turn to the report in The Mark
Lane Express of last Monday, he will find that Mr.
Fawcett's first recommendation runs thus : " The judges
at the Royal Show ought not to act at any previous
show in the same year." — Editor M.L.E.']

THE CIRENOBSTEB, COLLEGE CLUB.

The Midsummer meeting was held at Bedford ; but the
rapid growth of the Club has made it a matter of in-
creasing difficulty to obtain dining accommodation in
county towns which are overwhelmed with visitors during
the show week. The difficulty was this year overcome
through the courtesy of the Council of the Roval
Ao-ricultural Society, who gave up their own room in the
slfow-yard to the Club for the occasion. The attendance
of old students and of visitors was somewhat smaller
than it would have been if a larger room could have been
obtained ; but in spite of this, the list of toasts drew
out so raauy brief speeches upon agricultural matters
connected with the Royal Agricultural Society, the
College and the Club, that the chairman found it neces-
sary to defer till the next winter meeting the subject
proposed upon the cards of invitation, viz., " The best
Means of Reducing the Cost of Labour on Farms.
Professor Wrighton, the president of the year, occupied
the chair, with Mr. C. G. Roberts, the honorary secretary,
iu the vice-chair. The President and several members of
the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society with some
of its chief officers were among the guests. After the
usual loyal toasts had been duly honoured, Dr. Voelcker
proposed " Prosperity to the Royal Agricultural College,"
and coupled with it the name of Mr. E. Holland-
its earhest and staunchest supporter— to whom he owned
his own connexion with the Cirencester College. Mr.
Holland, in reply, spoke of the great pleasure he derived
from the steady progress of the institution, and the
success achieved by those who left its walls— some for
foreio-n and others for home appointments. "English
and ° French Agriculture" was next received with
acclamations, being proposed by Mons. Dutche, Director
of the French Agricultural College at Gngnon. Mr. E.
P. Smith, an old student, and the official reporter for this
year of the trial of implements, proposed "The Royal
A-ricultural Society of England." Mr. C. Randell
responded. Mr. H. M. Jenkins gave "The Royal Agri-
cultural College Club," and spoke of the valuable services
rendered bv many of its members as contributors to the
Society's Journal, aud as stewards, judges, and reporters
in the show-yard. Professor W^rightson replied, remark-
ing upon the pleasure it attorded him to see representatives
pi-^sent from every department of agricultural science and
progress The health of the visitors was proposed by
Mr Coleman, formerly Professor at Cirencester, and
the" first secretary to the Club. _ Dr Gilbert
replied on behalf of himself, Dr. Deherain, and Messrs.
Bowley, Prout, Pratt, E. Rich, and others. A special
train from the showyard-siding conveyed the party back
to Bedford.

G 2

u

THE FARMER'S MAGAZlJ^fi.

THE JUMPING BUSINESS AT HORSE-SHOWS.

" The riug was ihea given up for a miscellaneous
performance, in which all the horses entered for leaping
prizes were permitted to take part and to do pretty much
as they pleased." This notion of Pandemonium, of
screws and roughriders let loose to follow their own
wild fancies, is given by a writer for one of the daily
papers in his report of the second Alexandra Park horse
show ; while he thus goes on to tell of the very natural
consequences : " Some of the riders sent their horses
out at speed, and positively raced over the hurdles.
Between two of these the rivalry became so keen that
the boy jockey of one, in attempting to cut down his
opponent and taking more heed of the other horse than
his own, failed to head him for the fence in time, and,
to the horror of every onlooker the horse was seen to
make straight for the white rails and the some deep bank
of heads behind it. There was no time to get out of the
way, only a sharp, half-stifled cry of terror, and with a
terrific bound the horse was over the rail and cleaving
the mass of people with a heavy f/uidth-dt could be heard
to the further end of the enclosure. Horse and rider
went down among the struggling and mangled men and
women, and before they could be got out the groans and
shrieks told of the severe injuries that had been sus-
tained. One man was taken up in appearance lifeless,
with his face mangled and limbs apparently fractured,
and it is feared he is even more seriously hurt internally.
Four or five women and another man were also injured
more or less severely ;" and so on. This happened on
the second day, or rather on the first day of the regular
jumping business ; while we learn from another morning
journal that on the day following " a lady had done very
well, though her horse, ridden on a snaffle, could not
always be persuaded to go straight. Being forced by
her at the water-jump, he came short, and, falling, hurled
the lady to the ground. Bruised as she was, she actually
ran after, caught, and remounted the animal, amid a
tempest of cheers ! Another courageous and practised
horse-woman had a rather worse fall, and was for some
time afterwards in serious pain. A boy, well known as a
winner of prizes at the Agricultural Hall, got one of the
worst falls of the day. The rider of Minstrel Boy also came
to trouble." Precisely so : on one day the racing rough-
riders maim the visitors by dozens, and on the next
gallantly essay to kill themselves or each other. Notice-
ably enough on the first occasion of this show being
held, a horse, late in the week, being driven
mad at the water jump by the shouts of the
people, charged the rails and fortunately got
clear of the two or three persons on the other side ; and
yet, strange to say, no attempt whatever was made this
year to ensure more safety until " mangled men and
women had been got out with groans and shrieks." The
general " authorities of the Alexandra Park" probably know
as much of a horse-show as they do of a grand concert,
which they prudently hand over to the direction of Sir
Michael Costa ; as we are compelled to look a little further
for any one in any way responsible for the riders racing
at the hurdles or charging the people. The committee
was, we believe, this season, raised to the Peerage, but
according to The Baibj Telegraph, " Colonel Luttrell is
the acting steward in the ring, having never for ten
minutes at a time been absent during any of the im-
portant trials." If, as it would so seem, the main
responsibility rests on the shoulders of one sportsman,
" the acting steward" has bad a narrow escape of being
.tried for manslaughter.

That to this it will come sooner or later we have not
the slightest possible doubt. The jumping for prizes
under a fierce blazing sun and over hard jarring ground is a
fool-hardy unsportsmanlike business, without a word to be
said in its favour but that which has been said already by
the manager of the Islington show — viz., that it " draws"
the shillings and helps to pay his shareholders a dividend.
On the other hand, the practice is as dangerous as it is
cruel, and our only wonder is that the Prevention
Society has not already interfered, Let the secretary
only make it his duty to witness the terrible " bucket-
ings" which the horses get in being ridden round and
round in that close, stifling Islington Hall atmosphere, or
the more direct punishment they receive from hand and
heel at the Alexandra Park. The more cruelty, however,
and the more danger proportionately the more shillings ;
as no doubt the graphic account of the racing horses and
the groans and shrieks acted as a capital advertisement for
the next day's " performances." But such successes are
not legitimate ; and the legislature, so soon as somebody
is killed outright, or some horse ridden to death, will
have to interfere and put down jumping prizes just as it
must such fool- hardy displays as flying men or the
greater abominations of man and dog-fights amongst the
pitmen.

Our main regret is that these jumping prizes are coming
to be so much identified with our agricultural meetings ;
and yet the finest shows in the kingdom, where there are by
far the best entries of horses, are still free from such ab-
surdities. At the great gathering during this week at
Bedford there will be no jumping classes ; at the great
show of the All- Yorkshire Society at Sheffield in August
there will be no jumping prizes ; and at the meetings of
the oldest agricultural society in the kingdom, as only
second in importance to the Royal itself, and where
Colonel Luttrell served his apprenticeship as an "acting
steward," there are no jumping classes ; and yet at no
show has more money been taken. Still, at minor meet-
ings, with a view to theshillings, jumping premiums prevail;
as at Bishop's Stortford, a nobleman, who resides
in the county and exhibited at the meeting, ex-
pressed his disgust at the jumping business ; while one of
the judges left the ring so soon as the jumping trials com-
menced. The thing is, in fact, growing into a serious nui -
sance, as the main objects of such exhibitions come to be
neglected ; but if this business must be continued, let it be
put off' to the shilling or second day, by v\hen the really
good horses, who of course never take any part in these pro-
ceedings, may be s'iff'ered to leave, and the mob be "amused"
by the baiting of screws, while the stewards act as judges,
and very properly become liable for the consequences.

THE BENGAL FAMINE.— The work undertaken by the
Government has been done, and all the famine districts are
" saved." The starving population will be better fed, pro-
bably, than they have ever been in their hves before ; and
Lord Salisbury and the English public will have nothing left
to cavil at. Lord Northbrook has, in short, given full satis-
faction to every one except the taxpayers of India, whose
interests have, by some unaccountable oversight, never been
taken into consideration by eitlier tlie Secretary of State or the
English press. — The Bombay Gazette. [AVe were enabled to
announce some months since, on the authority of a private cor-
respondent that the Bengal famine had been much exaggerated,
as it would appear to snit certain purposes. Editor M.L.E.']

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

95

LINCOLNSHIRE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
]MEETING AT GRANTHAM.

With a nicely laid out show ground, capital sheddiug3
for the horses and cattle, good rings for judging, and a
nice stand, with prize cards, instead of ribbons as of old,
posted over the winners after each verdict with commend-
able alacrity, the meeting still with all its improve-
ments was not without its drawbacks. For instance, the
grand stand instead of being open from end to end at a
fee for the day like the Royal at Bedford, had the centre
partitioned off and covered with red cloth for " other
breeds," which was a nuisance, as it separated friends, as
well as having the further effect of keeping the stand
tolerably empty ; while the catalogue was as tormenting
a reiteration as ever, and always will be so long as owners
are allowed the absurd privilege of entering their horses
for one and the same fee in as many classes as they like.
Then the stallions were under lock and key most part of
the day, while those whose duty it was to have taken care
that they could be seen by the public had the good taste
to remain in the ring as faithful attendants on the judges,
while their own horses were competing for prizes. The
Ancient Briton girded his loins with the skin of a
wild beast, but the improved man of the day not only
clothes his hide in purple and fine linen, but that of his
horse and his dog also, his bull and his cow, and verily
sometimes his pig. In a word it is more difficult in these
refined days to get a glimpse of a beast in his stall at an
agricultural show unadorned than in days of yore it was a
sight of the fair proportions of Queen Boadicea herself ;
while many of the improved breeds have been so crossed
and recrossed that for distinctive character and genealogy
they rival De Foe's " true born Enghshman." Although
there were very few first Royal winners in the catalogue,
and the names of Linton, Outhwaite, Game, Stratton,and
many others were not to be found ; still there was a very
fair show of Shorthorns : Telemachus looking as fresh
and " beautiful for ever" as the champion had neither Lord
Irwin, Duke Aosta, Protector, Knight Templar, or Earl
"Warwickshire, the pick at the Royal, to oppose him in the
seventeen entries, one of which. Earl Derwent, a bull of
fair proportions, was afterwards declared the best of a small
class of three-year-olds. Ina niceclassoftwo-year-old bulls,
General "Wharfdale, a useful animal, but only commended
at the Royal heat those very taking-looking youngsters,
Robert Stephenson, Prince of Cashmere, and Cym-
beline, the second, fourth, and highly commended
Royalists. Rapid Rhone, anything but a level beast, but
a third Royal, beat a smaller and a much better-looking
bull in Telemachus the 6th ; while Cambridge Duke 6th
took more after the cow in the head and neck. In the
absence of Royal winners May King, a neat nice-backed
youngster, and commended at Bedford, beat the lengthy
even-made Cambridge Duke the 7th and the small, but
very neat Bright Knight, while Messrs. Dudding and
Bradburn each sent a couple. Victoria Victrix, one of the
Princesses of fancy beef, was here made Queen of her
class of cows ; but in all her greatness, as she came wad-
dling along, her eye told plainly enough that prize cattle
as well as man are born to misery, as she was very near
calving. Blooming Bride, alongside of the " Queen,"
looked a great-grown heifer ; and though only the reserve
number at Bedford, in the two-year-olds, beat Rose of
Wytham placed before her there, and Mr. Hutchinson's
nice-built kind-headed Lady Playful, who, with his good-
looking ones. Dairy Girl and Lady Louisa, beat with
the first two very nice ones in a small gathering, and with
the latter five more, including Moll Gwynne and Rosebud

4th, a lengthy but not level heifer, which headed a fair
but small class. There were four yearling heifers, some
nice she calves under one year old, some capital pairs of
bullocks, and good oxen and heifers for butchering pur-

The show of Lincolns was great and good, with awards
somewhat put about, but the Leicesters were not strong in
numbers, although of first quality ; Mr. Turner having it
all his own way in the shearling rams, and again with his
two-shear, beating Messrs. Marris, Borton, and Hutchin-
son's ; while in ewes Messrs. Marris and Allen were the
only entries, and ]\Iessrs. Turner and Borton the only
competitors in gimmers. For the best shearling ram of
the Lincoln breed there were forty-two competitors, and
some very good sheep, with representatives from the flocks
of Messrs. Hack, Sardeson, Garner, Wright, Clark, Garfit,
Cartwright, Howard, Dudding, Morley, Pears, Close,
Marshall, Dean, Lister, and Byron. Seventeen two-shear
rams entered the lists, and made a very good class ; while
the three-shear rams were represented by nine, all told,
from the flocks of Messrs. Johnson, Wright, Morley,
Pears, and Swinger. A nice pen of five ewes
from Kirby Green were unopposed, and Mr. Clarke
with twenty-five very nice sorty good-backed ewes
beat some very neat, but more delicate-looking
entries from Colonel Grantham's flock. There were ten
entries of shearling gimmers, one pen of ten lambs, and
four of shearling wethers — all looking remarkably well,
considering some of the grass we saw between Grantham
and Peterborough looked about the colour and with as
much bite on it as a pair of kerseymere breeches. The
prospects of the farmer in that district, where the soil is
on the rock, we are sorry to say look anything but golden.
There was a good show of pigs, although many pens were
empty.

Taking the situation of Grantham into consideration,
we must say we were disappointed with the display of
riding horses. Mr. Chaplin deserves the thanks of the
county for the thoroughbred stallions he introduces into
Lincolnshire ; and Knowsley by Stockwell is really a
grand looking horse, as none the worse for a heap of
flesh taken off since we saw him at Oxford. The Dart
by Lord Falconberg, his only rival, has neither substance
nor character. Lady Decanter, a fresh-looking mare for
twelve-year-old, and one that we have seen before, is very
well built, with good limbs, and moves well. Not that
we care so much about the moviog in brood mares, but
would rather go for points, as many a good one is not pnt
to the stud until stumped up. In fact, the father of one
of the finest fellows that ever stepped was put to bed with
a wooden leg long before the son was thought of. There
were several grand oldjmares in the class full of hunting form,
and we think better than the second, or even the third,
though she was very hunting like. The Baronet, a grey
of Mr. Howard's, of Temple Bruer, was not the best in
the five year olds to our mind, although a stift'-built,
well-made horse, with the exception of his shoulders and
not being a great mover. Shakespeare, though not
perfect in his shoulders, was more to our mind as he
could go, but not so well as Peacock, a compact, weU-built
horse, with good limbs ; while another very nice one was
Sea Breeze, a chesnut, with form, action, and quality.
Rifleman, from Melton, was well-made, with good action ;
and Grenadier, a bay gelding, showed quality, and a little
too much flourish with his feet, but this he may grow
out of. Mr. Philip Hornsby had two or three nice

96

. THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE

horses — Moody Sam, a compact, powerful brown, showing
breed, backed by White Stockings and Kingfisher,
and Mr. Brady Nicholson brought a varmint-looking bay
that could use his legs. For the next class the whole seven-
teen had been in the former one, with many of them in one
or two more classes, so that we do not attempt to take
them class by class, but make a puzzling jumble, like the
managers do of the show year after year, instead of
taking the Royal as a pattern, and one which they cannot
beat. In the four-year-olds King of Diamonds, a horse
which we were not desperately in love v.ith when we
described him at Bedford, was here, and can move ; as
can a black gelding of Mr. Lett's, and ^Ir. Spafford's
Ashfield, a nicely bred well-made horse, with the ex-
ception of a thick neck, into which his head was stuck in
anything but a pleasing way when he was set going. Mr.
Paddison had a bay by Peon, of fair form, and Mr.
Miller sent Siugleton, by Carbineer, which showed blood,
and could move. Then Mr. Coupland's Spoilt Child, by
(!anute, is a very nicely formed light hunter, and a
capital goer, making use of his hind legs in style. The best
three-year-old was a very compact built, powerful, good
limbed bay, that could make use of his legs, and by a
Harkaway, but not the great horse that we remember
well as one of the quietest stallions ever at the stud. In
fact, you might crawl under him and through his hind
legs, and those who knew him would have insured your
life for £1,000 for sixpence. He was a grand deep
topped horse, with capital ends, but rather small arms.
But why are we describing the sire of King Tom?
Merely to say that grand horse as he was he would not
have stood a chance in the show-ring alongside of some
wretch with coaching action, and for his sake and the
breed of horses we wish all such judges at the Cape, and
so on to Calcutta, or some place warmer. Mr. Harvey
Bayley bought the bay, while Newsmonger, which was
in one of the classes, leaves the land of his birth for the
King of the Belgians. The Banker, Jester, and Marshal
MacMahou were entered, but not present. Mr. Miller's
Victor is compact with breed, and Mr. Wood's Pottinger
was also well put together, and could gallop, as could
The Gem, a very neat chesnut filly, shown by Mr. Letts.
W'ellington wants time, or screwing up together a bit.
The two-year-old hunting colt of Mr. Jackson Everett is
of good form, and could move, but has not wearing-
looking legs. The second to him, a roan, from Castle
Bruer, is a nice gelding of very good form ; and
a brown, from the same stable, by Brother to
Bird on the Wing, when he drops to his leg,
will take the shine put of some across country. With a
little more depth in the girth, and a trifle more goosey
oil the romp, he might grow into a likeness of old Lokery,
famed for deeds with that really fine horseman, Jem
Mason, And this by the bye reminds us of another
line horseman who was tittuping about the ring all the
day, doing it so prettily.

The yearling hunting colts were a middling lot bar one
or two, and the two-year-old hunting filly of Mr. Mid-
dleton's, a big lathy one, while the second had form but
his joints wanted oiling. Then Mr. Goodliffe had a good
looking one by Tom Tit. iNIabel Grey is a pretty hackney
brood mare, of which there were several in the lot, when
she was put at the head. ]Mr. Hornsby's grand going old
coaching mare came in for first honors, as she was third
at Bedford, and the Hackney mares included Stella,
Gi])sy Queen, and Ballet Girl, which took our eye, to-
gether with Mr. Staples' Skylark, Colonel Reeves' brown
gelding, Mr. Bcuson's Saucy Girl, and Mr, Stephenson's
well-known chesnut Princess.

The agricultural horses made a fair show, but anything
of great note was wanting, Le Bon being in the cata-
logue, but not in the flesh, although a namesake of his

belonging to Mr. Bromby was, as was Honest Tom the
2 lid and Mr. Cotton's grand three-year-old Boxer, a deep-
bodied short-legged horse, which we fancied was a little
light in his forelegs, and that he flourished them a bit too
much in his walk. There were some fairly made two-
year-old entire colts out of eight, and among a very good
gathering of cart mares was Royal Duchess, but we did
not see them out, as the judging did not take place till the
moiTow. This we think a mistake, as few people can
spare the time to spend two days at a show like the Lin-
colnshire. We speak of business men, and not those out
pleasuring, and who can face a pork pie in July and
August. Ten or eleven two-year-olds stood in their
stalls, and looked very promisiug. Mr. Vcrgette's Violet
was among a few two-year-old cart fillies, and there were
some excellent pairs of agricultural horses.

The show being this year held in their own town,
Messrs. R. Hornsby and Sons made a great display.
In the machinery in motion department they
had four of their patent portable steam-engines of
different powers, three of them being matched with steam
Ihrashing machines. In reapers and mowers, a newer,
but no less important branch, Messrs. Hornsby showed
a large assortment, consisting of examples of their
Governor, Progress, and spring-balance self-rakers ; one
and two-horse back-delivery reapers and mowers; and
combined mowers and reapers. Six drills of various
sizes and kinds were shown, backed by turnip-cutters,
I'oot pulpers, single and double furrow ploughs, dressing
machines, blowers, and washing machinery. Carter and
Co., of High Holborn, in some return for not showing at
Bedford, had a capital as well as very extensive " museum"
of seeds, roots, grasses, and Italian rye-grass, with which
they took the first prize; while Sharpe and Co., of Slea-
ford, with another nice collection, were second.

Amongst the other exhibitors of implements were Tuxford
and Sons, of Boston ; Fowler and Co., of Leeds ; Marshall
and Sons, of Gainsborough ; Robey and Co., Lincoln ; Ni-
cholson & Son, Newark ; Foster & Co., Lincoln ; Coultas,
of Grantham ; Coulson and Wear, of Stamford ; Wright, of
Sluice Ironworks, Boston ; Hempstead and Co., Grant-
ham ; Asliby, Jeffery, and Luke, Stamford ; Hett, Brigg ;
Felton, Grantham ; Barford and Perkins, Peterborough ;
Jekyll and Co., Lincoln ; Doughty and Son, Grantham ;
Penny and Co., Lincoln ; Martin, Grantham ; White,
Spalding ; Parkinson, Lincoln ; Topham, Colsterworth,
Grantham; .Cooke, Lincoln; Perkins, Boston ; Boyers,
Grantham ; Wiseman, Spalding ; Anderson, Grantham ;
Simonds and Sous, Boston ; Whitworth, Wyberton, Bos-
ton ; Wholey, Alford ; Slater and Padgett, Grantham ;
Hayes and Son, Stamford and Peterborough ; Lewin,
Ropsley, Grantham ; Pearson Brothers, Gainsborough ;
T. Harrison, Lincoln ; Rainforth and Son, Lincoln ;
Toug, Lincoln ; Cheavin, Boston ; Boyall, Grantham ;
Caborn, Grantham ; Ashton, Horucastle ; and Hughes,
Market Harborongh.

PRIZE LIST.
JUDGES. — Shorthorns : G. Drewry, Holker, Carke-in-
Cartrael ; G. Maun, Scawsby, Doncaster ; Ilev, L. C,
Wood Singleton, Poultou-le-Fjlde. Leicester Sueep and
Pigs: W. Sauday, RatclifTc-on-Trent, Nottingham; G.
Walmsley, Rudston House, Bridlington ; L. Borman,
Barnoldby-le-Beck, Grimsby. Long-wool Sheep : E,
Davy, Worlaby IIousc, Brigg ; II. Mackinder, Langtou
Grange, Spilsby ; T. Casswell, Pointon, Folkingham,
Horses — Hnnlcrs and Roadsters : II. D. Boulton, I'utuo?,
Bedford ; J. Martin, Wainfleet, Boston ; Colonel Luttrel!,
Badgwortli Court, Axbridgc. Agricultural Horses : W,
Wood, Ilaboroiigii, Ulccby ; V. 15. Watts, Blcloorabe
Horsey, Dorchester ; J. W. Rowland, Vilie, Boston.

SHORTHORNS.
Bull. — Champion prize, £30, and challenge cup, value 20
gs., Marquis of Exeter, Buigliley Park, Stamford (Tele-
maclius).

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

97

Bulls three years old or upwards.— First prize, £20, W.
llandley, Greenhead, Milntliorpe ; secoud, £7, C. Beart,
Stow, Downham Market; third, £3, T. Pears, Hackthorn,
Liacoln.

Two-year-old bulls.— First prize, £20, R. Moss, Whisby,
Lincoln; second, £7, Messrs. Dudding, Panton, Wraglsy;
third, £3, T. Willis, Carperby, Bedalc.

Yearling bulls.— First prize, £20, Lady Pigot, Branches
Park, Newmarket ; second, £7, Marquis of Exeter ; third, £3,
J. J. Sharp, Broughton, Kettering.

Bull calves.— First prize, £15, Lady Pigot; second, £7, J.
Lynn, Stroxton, Grantham; third, £3, T. Rose, Melton
Magna, Wymondham.

Cows or heifers, in milk or in ealf. — Champion prize, £25,
Lady Pigot.

Cows above four years old, having had a calf at natural
time within nine months of the time of showing. — First prize,
£20, T. H. Hutchinson, Manor House, Catterick ; second,
£7, J. J. Sharp ; third, £3, 0. Bennion, Cresswell, Staf-
ford.

Cows not exceeding four years old, entered in Coate's Herd
Book, for dairy properties combined with aptitude to fatten.
—Silver Cup, £10, T. H. Hutchinson.

Heifers three years old, having had a calf. — First prize, £15,
Messrs. Dudding ; second, £7, F. Cartwright, Drakelow,
Burton-on-Trent ; third, £3, J. J. Sharp.

Two-year-old heifers. — First prize, £15, Messrs. Dudding ;
second, £7, Lady Pigot; third, £2, T. H. Hutchinson.

One-year-old heifers. — First prize, £15, Lady Pigot ;
second, £7, Lady Pigot ; third, £3, T. H. Miller, Singleton
Park, Poulton-le-Fylde.

She calves under one-year-old. — First prize, £10, C. R.
Fieldsend, Kirmond, Market Rasen ; second, £5, B. J. Ackers,
Prinkuash Park, Painswick ; tliird, £2, Lady Pigot.

Pair of bullocks. — First prize, piece of plate or £10, T. and
J. B. Freshney, Louth ; second, £5, Earl of Zetland, Aske
Hall, Richmond.

Oxen or heifers which from early maturity, quality, &c.,
appear to have brought the greatest profit to the exhibitor. —
First prize, £10, R. Wright, Noctou Heath, Lincoln ; tliird,
£3, T. and J. B. Freshney.

Extra Stock.— First prize, £3, J. Codling, Whaplode,
Spalding, for heifer ; second, £1, J. E. Sandars, Gainsborough,
for an Alderney bull.

SHEEP.

LEICESTEKS.

Shearling rams. — First prize, £15, G. Turner, jun,, Thorpe-
lands, Northampton ; second, £5, G, Turner, jun.

Two-shear or older rams. — First prize, £10, G. Ti
second, £5, T. Marris, Ulceby.

For the best ram in classes 16 or 17. — Additional prize,
£10, G.Turner, jun.

Pen of five ewes. — First prize, £8, T. Morris, Ulceby ;
second, £4, T. Allen, Thurmaston, Leicester.

Pen of five shearling gimmers. — First prize, £8, G. Turner,
juu. ; second, £4, J. Borton.

LINCOLNSHIRE LONG-WOOLS.

Shearling rams.— First prize, £15, T. Cartwright, Dunston
Pillar, Lincoln ; second, £10, Messrs. Dudding ; third, £5, J.
Pears, Mere, Lincoln.

Two-shear rams.- First prize, £10, W. F. Marsliall, Brans-
ton ; second, £5, Messrs. Dudding.

Three-shear or older ram. — First prize, £10, J. Pears ;
second, £5, R. Wright

For tlie best long-wool ram (not a Leicester). — Challenge
Cup, value 15 gs., J. Pears.

Pen of five ewes.— Prize, £10, J. Byron, Kiikby Green,
Sleaford.

Peu of twenty-five ewrs of any age. — First prize, £15, C.
Clarke, Ashby-de-la-Launde, Sleaford ; second, £5, Lieutenant-
Col. Grantham, West Keal Hall, Spilsby.

Pen of five shearling gimmers. — First prize, £10, J. Byron;
second, £5, J. Pears.

Pen of ten she lambs. — First prize, £5, J. Byron.

Pen of five shearling wethers- — First prize, £10, C. Lister,
Coleby Lodge, Lincoln; second, £5, T. Close, Barnack, Stam-
ford.

Extra Stock.— Pen of five ewes of various ages : Prize, £3,
J. H. Casswell, Laughton, Falkiughain. Peu of six ewes
of various ages : Prize, £2, S. E. Dean, Dowsby Hall, Falk-

Lurner,jun.;

ingham. Long-wool ram : Prize, £1, J. Wheeler, Long
Compton, Shipston-on-Stour.

HORSES.
Thoroughbred stallions for hunters. — First prize, £25, H.
Chaplin, M.P., Blankney Hall, Lincoln (Kuowsley) ; second,
£10, J. B. and S. Slater, Nortli Carlton, Lincoln (Dart).

Mares for breeding hunters. — First prize, £15, H. Watson,
Newbegin, Filey ; second, £7, J. Tomlinson, Lutton Marsh,
Long Sutton ; third, £3, E. G. F. Howard, Temple Bruer.

Hunting geldings or mares, five, six, or seven years old.—
First prize, £30, R. G. F. Howard ; second, £15, W. Staplee,
Oxney, Peterborough ; third, £5, T. L. Skipworth, Owmby
House, Brigg.

Hunting geldings or mares, five years old, up to not less
than 13 stone. — Prize, £10, J. Elson, Goadby, Marwood,
Melton Mowbray.

Geldings or mares, four years old, calculated to make a
hunter. — First prize, £50, C. C. Hayward, Southill, Biggles-
wade ; secoud, £15, T. Darrell, West Ay ton, York; third, £5,
J. Lett, Scampston, York.

Hunters, four years old or upwards, up to not less than 13
stone. — First prize, £15, J. P. Oliver, Walcot, Falkingham ;
second, £5, P. Hornsby, Grantham.

Hunting geldings or fillies, three years old, by a thorough-
bred horse. — First prize, £20, and a whip value £5, G. Hardy,
Syston, Grantham; second, £10, C. C. Hayward.

Hunting colts, two years old. — First prize, £10, J. Everatt,
Laughton, Gainsborough ; second, £5, R. G. F. Howard.

Hunting colts, one-year-old. — First prize, £10, J. Potter,
Wadworth, Doncaster ; second, £5, T. H. Miller.

Hunting fillies, two years old. — First prize, £10, S. Middle-
ton, Water Newton, Wansford ; second, £5, R. G. F.
Howard.

Hunting fillies, one-year-old. — First prize, £7, W. Hickson,
Bettesford ; second, £3, J. GoodlifT, Huntingdon.

Hunting foals. — First prize, £12, H. Watson; second, £7,
J. Tomlinson ; second, £*, R. G. F. Howard ; third, £2, R.
G. F. Howard.

Stallions for roadsters. — First prize, £10, T. Upton, Gos-
bertou, Spalding ; secoud, £5, S. Alford, Friskney, Boston.

Mares for breeding roadsters. — First prize, £7, T. H.Miller,
Singleton Park, Poulton-le-Fylde; secoud, £3, R. G. F.
Howard.

Mares for breeding carriage horses. — First prize, £10, J.
Hornsby ; second, £5, J. Wood, jun., Selby.

Horses whose action in harness is best. — First prize, £10,
J. Baker, Wisbech ; second, £5, P. Hornsby.

Horses in harness with best park action. — First prize, £10,
J. Baker ; second, £5, J. Hornsby.

Weight-carrying cobs, mare, or geldings, not exceeding
eight years old, and not being under 14 hands nor above 15
hands. — First prize, £10, W. Sadler, Vicar-lane, Leeds;
second, £5, P. Hornsby.

Hackney mares or geldings, exceeding 14 hands and not
exceeding 15 hands 1 inch. — First prize, £10, J. Benson,
Sandtoft, Thome ; second, £5, W. Sadler.

Ponies not exceeding 14 hands. — First prize, £7, J. Eaton,
Grantham ; second, £5, R. Brackenbury, Londontliorpe,
Grantham ; second, £3, W. Pinder, Ropsley, Grantham.

Mares for breeding draught horses. — First prizes, £15, C.
Lister ; second, £7, J. Tomlinson ; third, £3, J. Tomlinson.

Cart-geldings, two years old. — First prize, £10, H. Smith,
Cropwell Butler, Bingham ; second, £4, R. Graves, Asliby-
dc-la-Launde, Sleaford.

Cart fillies, two years old — First prize, £10, T. H. Ver-
gette, Boro' Feu, Peterborough ; secoud, £4, T. Morris,
Welton.

Cart fillies, one-year-old. — Prize, £10, W. Chattertou,
Belchford, Horncastle.

Cart foals.— First prize, £S, J. Tomlinson ; second, £4, J
Tomlinson ; third, £2, T. Sills, Honington.

Cart foals bred by and the property of occupiers of not more
than 50 acres of laud.— First prize, £7, Mr. Farmer, Marston,
Grantham ; second, £3, Mr. Goodacre, Barkston, Grant-
ham.

Pair of draught horses uuder eight years old. — First prize,
£10, W. Cafferata, Newark; second, £5, Mr. Woodhouse,
Wellingore,

98

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

Stallions for draught horses, two years old. — First prize,
£10, Mr. Greetham, Blankney Ten; second, £5, Mr. Colton,
Newark.

PIGS.
Boars, large breed, not less than twelve months old. — First
prize, £10, J. Dove, Bristol ; second, £5, R. E. Duckering,
Nortliorpe, Kirton Lindsay.

Boars not exceeding twelve months old. — First prize, £5,
R. E. Duckering; second, £2, J. Dove.

Boars, small breed, nor less than twelve months old. — First
prize, £10, R. E. Dackering; second, £5, C. R. N. Beswicke-
Royds, Littleborough, Manchester.

Boars not excfeding twelve months old. — First prize, £5,
T. Rose, Melton Magna, Wyraondham ; second, £2, M. Walker,
Stockley Park, Burtou-on-Treat.

Berkshire boars — First prize, £5, B. St. John Ackers,
Prinknash Park, Painswick ;" second, JE3, J. Wheeler.

Sows, large breed. — First prize, £5, R. E. Duckering; second,
£3, R. E. Duckering.

Sows, small breed. — First prize, £5, R. E. Duckering ;
second, £3, G. P. "Watson, Londonthorpe, Grantham.

Berkshire sows. — First prize, £5, M. Walker; second, £3,
J. Wheeler.

Three breeding pigs of the same litter, not exceeding six
months old, large breed. — Prize, £5, M. Walker.

Three breeding pigs of the same litter, not exceeding six
months old, small breed.— Prize, £5, G. R. N. Beswicke-
Royds.
Three breeding pigs of the same litter, not exceeding six

months old, Berkshire breed. — Prize, £5, Rev. G. F. Deedes,
Heydour, Vicarage, Grantham.

Extra Stock.— Prize, £2, M. Walker, for two gilts, small
breed.

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS.
Stand of agricultural implements exhibited by a maker. —
First prize, £20, Hornsby and Son, Grantham ; second, £10,
Barford and Perkins, Peterborough.

Stand exhibited by an agent. — First prize, £20, Barford
and Perkins ; second, £10, J. Coultas, Grantham.
SEEDS AND ROOTS.
Collection of seeds and roots. — First prize, piece of plate
or £10, Carter and Co., High Holborn, London; second, ^5,
C. Sharpe, Sleaford.

The President's Medal for the following articles : R. Hornsby
and Sous' patent spring balance self-raker reaping machine ;
W. N. Nicholson and Sons, Trent Ironworks, NewarkjUew patent
combined self-acting and manual delivery horserake ; Ashby,
Jeffery, and Luke, Stamford, chaff cutter; Barford and Per-
kius, Peterborough, elevator and stacking machine — also to
their improved finishing thrashing machine ; W. Walker and
Son, Titliby, Bingham, Notts, l^-rowcorn and seed drill, with
cogging gear, waterproof seed box, and seed conductors ; J.
Cooke, Lincoln, patent turnwrest or one-way plough, "The
Climax" — also to his patent light one or two-horse plough ;
Head, Wrightson, and Co., Teesdale Ironworks, Stockton-on-
Tees, patent pulley block, to lift three tons eight feet high ;
Hayes and Son, Stamford and Peterborough, lloyal Society's
first prize agricultural waggon.

NORTHUMBERLAND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
MEETING AT NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE.

Beyond a few good Galloways there was nothing in the
cattle classes of any note except the Shorthorns. There
were seven Shorthorn winners from the late Bedford
meeting, including four firsts. In the best class of bulls
ov r two years old the three, the'best known were Mr.
Bruce's Lord Irwin, Duke of Aosta, and Sir Arthur
Ingram. The three go all on to Inverness. Amongtheother
bulls in the class were Mr. Fox's Leeman, Sir Baron Lawrie,
3rd, and Mr. Meadow's Ben Brace. Mr. Outhwaite's
Lord Godolphin was easily in the front of the yearling class,
and some fair bull calves competed. Mr. Outhwaite's
Vivandiere wag first in the cow class and also gained
the titty-guinea cup given by the Corporation of New-
castle to the best cow or heifer ; whilst the Queen's
red five year-old cow, which was highly commended
at Bedford, goes on from here to Inverness. The
heifer classes were only fairly represented. There were
22 entries of Galloway cattle, including some
specimens from the well-known herds of the Duke of
Buccleuch, Mr. Graham, Parcelstown, and Mr. Cunuing
ham, Tarbreoch. Several good Channel Islands and Ayr-
shire cows were exhibited. The collection of Border Lei-
cester sheep is large and fine, including Mr. Forster's, Mr.
Purves', and Mr. Tweedie's successful entries at the recent
Royal show, and several others not much less meritorious.
Shearling tups were a very good exhibition. In a pretty
good turn out of Cheviots, l\Ir. Elliot, Ilindhope, obtained
the lion share of the honours. Black-faced sheep were
not very numerous, but several of the lots possessed
merit. There was a good display of agricul-
tural horses, including some well-known animals in the
showyard. Of hunters, ponies, and hacks there was also
a creditable show, and the best prizes are mainly from far-
famed exhibitors.

SHORTHORNS.
Judges. — G. Bland, Coleby, Liscola.

W. Bowstead, Hackthorpe House, Penrith.
Mr. R. Smith, Storrs Farm, Windermere.

Bulls, above two and under seven years, £20 and a silver
cup, value £50, for the best bull of all classes, first prize.

R. Bruce, Newton, of Struthers, N.B. (Lord Irwin) ; second,
£10, W. Linton. SheriflF lluttou (Sir Arthur Ingram);
third, £5, G. F'ox, Harefield, Wiuislow (Leeman). Highly
commended : J. Meadows, Thornville, Wexford, Ireland (Ben
Brace).

Bulls, above one and under two years, first prize, £15, J.
Outhwaite, Bainesse, Catterick (Lord Godolphin) ; second,
£6, The Duke of Northumberland, Alnwick Castle (Duke of
Tyne) ; third, £3, A. H. Browne, Doxford Hall, Chathill
(llossario). Highly recommended: W. Linton, Sheriff Huttou,
York (Sergeant Irwin). Commended: Tlie Executors of the
late W. Morley, Sweetwells, Stanhope (British Baron).

Bull calves, under twelve montlis old, first prize, £3, A. H.
Browne (Marquis of Granby) ; second, £2, J. and G. Atkinson,
By well Ha|[ Farm, Stooksfieid (Gay Duke).

Cows, first prize, £15, and silver cup, value £50, for the
best heifer or cow competing in classes i, 5, 6, 7, J. Outhwaite,
(Vivandiere) ; second, £6, Sir W. C. Trevelyan, Bart., Walling-
ton, Newcastle (Ladyle-Mooi) ; third, £3, J. and G. Atkin-
son, Bywell Hall Farm, Stocksfield (Bracelet). Highly com-
mended : Her Majesty the Queen, Windsor Castle (Coldcream
( 4tli) ; J. and G. Atkinson, (St. Crispin 2nd) ; J. Richardson,
Lowther-street, Penritli (Rosebud). Tfie class commended.

Heifers, above two and under three years old, first prize,
£10, Sir W. C. Trevelyan, Bart. (Waterloo) ; second, £5, tiie
E.>:ecutors of the late. G Angus, Broomley, Stocks-
field (Daisey Third). Highly commended : Sir i\r. W. Ridley,
Bart., Blagdon, Craralington (Lady Flora).

Heifers, above one and under two years old, first prize, £7,
J. and G. Atkinson (O. B. Justicia) ; second, £3, Her Majesty
the Queen (C-Hrolina Fourt)i). Higiily commended: The
Duke of Nortiiumberland, Alnwick Castle (Modesty) ; R.
Harrett, Kirkwiielpington, Newcastle (Lady Fussbox). The
class commended.

Heifer calves, under twelve months old, first prize, £3, Sir
W. G. Armstrong, C.B., Cragsi e, Rothbury (Fifth Princess
of Oxford) ; second, £2, J. Wilson, Woodhorn Manor, Mor-
peth (Mountain Beauty). Highly commended : R. Harrett.

GALLOWAYS.
Judges. — T. Gibbons, Burnfoot, Esk, Longtown.
11. McLaren, Olferton Hall, Sunderland.
J. McCrackeu, Blackball, Kirkwelpington.
Bulls, above two yeais old. — First prize, £10, and silver cup,
value £25, M. and F. Teasdale, Bogg, Knavesdale, Alston

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

99

(Gallant Graham) ; second, £5, G. Graham, Oakbank, Long-
to wu (Forest King). Highly commended : W. Heslop,
Denton Hall, Brampton (Bob) ; J. Cunningham, Tarbreoch,
Dalbeattie (The Pretender).

Bulls, under two years old. — First prize, £10, J. Graham,
Parcelstown, Longtown (Sim of Whitram) ; second, £5, R.
Beattie, Howend, Longtown (Brewer).

Cows or heifers. — First prize, £8, J. Graham (Dame Margaret
Douglas); second, £-1., J. Cunningham (Maid Marion Ith).
Highly commended : J. Graham (Hermione 5th).

Cows or heifers, three years old. — First prize, £8, and a
silver cup, value £10, J. Cunningham (Mary ind of Tar-
breoch) ; second, £4, J. Graliam. Highly commended : J.
Cunningiiara (Bridesmaid).

CHANNEL ISL-VNDS.

Judges. — (As for Gallowayf.)
Cows or heifers of any age. — First prize, £6, Sir M. W.
Ridley, Bart., Blagdon, Cramlington ; second, £3, Sir J. D.
Marjoribanks, Bart., Lees, Coldstream (Josephine) ; third.
Sir J. D. Marjoribanks (Blossom).

AYRSHIRE?.

Judges. — (A.s for Channel Islands.)
Cows or heifers of any age. — First prize, £6, Sir M. W.
Ridley, Bart. ; second, £3, C. T. Reed, Newbiggin House,
Newcastle ; third, £1, 0. Richardson, Newbiggia-by-the-Sea.

SHEEP.

BORDER LEICESTERS.

Judges. — J. C. Bolam, Stamford, Alnwick.
J. Clay, Kirchester, Kelso.
W. C. Thompson, Dilston, Cornbridge.

Rams of any age. — First prize, £10, and a silver cup, value
£25, T. Forster, jun., Elliughara, Chathill (Royal Exchange) ;
second, £5, T. Forster, jun. Highly commended : Rev. R.
W. Bosanquet, Rock, Alnwick.

Shearling rams. — First prize, £10, G. Torrance, Sisterpath,
Dunse; second, £5, and tiiird, £2, J.Clarke, Oldharastocks
Mains, Ccckburnspath, Highly commended; G. Torrance.
Commended : J. Clarke.

Pens of five ewes. — I'irst prize, £5, Rev. R. W. Bosanquet ;
second, £3, J. Nisbit, Larabden, Greenlaw. Highly com-
mended: T. Simson, Blainslic Lander, Berwick.

Pens of five gimraers.— First prize, £5, and a silver cup,
value £10, G. Torrance ; second, £3, Rev. R. W. Bosanquet.

CHEVIOTS.

Judges. — J. Hedley, Bewshaugh, Kielder.

J. Jardine, Arkleton, Langholm, N. B.
J. Penman, Bonally, Edinburgh.

Rams of any a°;e above two shear. — First prize, £0, and
second, £4, T. Elliot, Hind hope, Jedburgh. Highly com-
mended : J. Johnstone, Capplegill, Moffat.

Two-shear rams. — First prize, £6, and a silver cup, value
£10, and second, £*, T. Elliot.

Shearling rams. — First prize, £6, A. Thompson, Kirknew-
tou, Wooler; second, £i>, T. Elliot. Highly commended : T.
Elliot.

Pens of five ewes. — First prize, £4, and second, £2, T.
Elliot.

Pens of five gimmers. — First prize, £■!•, J. Robson, Byrness,
Rochester ; second, £3, T. Elliot.

BLACKEACED MOUNTAINS.

Judges. — (As for Cheviots.)

Rams of any age above two shear. — First prize, £6, C.
Armstrong, Ashgillside, Alston (Mountain Heather) ; second,
£4-, J. Lowdon, White Lees, Blanchland. Highly com-
mended : H. Pliilipson, Side House, Allenheads.

Two-shear rams. — First prize, £4', G. Gibson, Widdy Bank,
Middleton-in-Teesdale (Champion) ; second, £2, T. Elliot.

Pens of five ewes or gimmers. — Prize, £4, C. Armstrong.

ANY OTHER DISTRICT BREED.

(Except Border Leicester, Cheviot, and Blackfaced Mountain

Sheep.)

Judges : As for Cheviots and Blackfaced Mountain

Sheep.

Rams of any age. — Prize, £6, J. Wheeler, Long Compton,

Sliipston-ou-Stour (Cotswold).

Pens of five ewes or gimmers. — Prize, £5, F. T Turner,
Armthorpei Doncaster (Lincoln).

HORSES.

AGRICULTURAL.

Judges.— J. Blackstock, Hayton Castle, Cockermouth.
W. Owen, Norris Green, West Derby.
A. Turnbnll, Thornington, Cornwall.
Brood mares with foal at foot. — First prize, £10, and a
silver cup value £20 for the best brood mare competing in
classes 28 and 29, and a silver cup value £56 for the best
brood mare competing in classes 28 and 29 and the property
of an exhibitor resident in the County of Northumberland
only. Executors of the late G. Angus, Broomlfjr, Stocksfield
(Darling); second, £5, J. and G. Atkinson, Bywell Hall
Farm, Stocksfield (Damsel). Highly commended: T. H.
Hutchinson, Manor House, Catterick (Jean).

Brood mares, in foal at time of show. — First prize, £10,
and second, £4, A. H. Hunt, Birtley, Chester-le-Street,
Durham (Diamond and Polly). Commended : A. Elliott,
Newhall, Galashields (Jean).

Three-year-old geldings or fillies for agricultural purposes.
— First prize, £10, and silver cup value £10, for the best colt,
gelding, or fillv, competing in classes 30, 31, and 32, R. Lee,
Tudhoe'Farra,' Spennymoor ; second, £4, T. Elliott. Highly
commended : S. Jackj Mersington, Coldstream. Commended :
R. Tweedie, The Forest, Catterick (Turk).

Two-year-old geldings or fillies for agricultural purposes. —
First prize, £8, R. Pyl, Burnthouse, North Shields (Prince) ;
second, £4, J. Wilkinson, Cccklaw, Hexham.

Yearling colts, geldings, or fillies, for agricultural purposes.
—First prize, £8, J. and G. Atkiuson ; second, £4, T. P.
Kirton, East House, Usworth. Commended : G. Dodds, En-
campment, Cow Hill.

Geldings of any age for agricultural purposes. — First prize,
a silver cup value £10, for the best pair of geldings of any
age, J. Tiiompson, Baillie Knowe, Kelso ; second, £2, R.
Gibbons, Mossband, Carlisle.

Pair of mares for agricultural purposes. — First prize, a
silver cup value £10, J. Laycock, Gosforth, Newcastle;
second, £2, J. Henderson, Horsley Hill, South Shields.

Pair of horses or mares suitable for dray or colliery pur-
poses.— First prize, a silver cup value £10, Carver and Co.,
Vict3ria Park, Manchester ; second, £5, the Earl of Tanker-
ville, Chillingham Castle.

EOR THE field.

Judges.— Captain A. Thomson, Charlston, Fifesliire.
Major Bell, Old Manor House, Bedale.
W. Smith, Melkington, Cornhill.

Brood mares with foal at loot or in foal at time of show, a
silver cup value £25, and £10 in money.— L. C. Chrisp,
Hawkhill, Alnwick (The Favourite) ; second, £5, J. Moffat,
Kirkiington Park, Carlisle (Lady Line) ; third, £2, E. Hornby,
Flotmanby, Ganton (Lady Derwent). Highly commended :
T. Bell, Whorlton, Newcastle.

Three-vear-old geldings for the field.— First prize, £5 and
a silver cup, value £10, for the best gelding or filly competing
in classes 37 and 38, R D;ind, jun., Hauxley Hall, Acklington
(Daybreak) ; second, £3, J. Brown, Wig^onby, Wigton.
Highly commended: T. Graham, Branlands Park, Irthington
(Derby). Commended : G. A. Potter, Heaton Hall, New-
castle (Derby).

Three-year-old filKes fur the field. — First prize, £5, H.
Elliot, Akeld, Wooler ; second, £3, the Duke of Northumber-
land, Alnwick Castle. Highly commended : T. Bell (Lady
Sarah).

Two-year-old geldings for the field.— First prize, £o, Mrs.
Cadogan, Brinkburu Priory, Morpeth ; second, £3, B. Sprag-
gon, Nafferton, Stocksfield (Duke of Tjne). Highly com-
mended : T. Graham, Brandland's Park, Irthington (Disraeli)-

Two-year-old fillies for the field. — First prize, £5, J. D-
Ogilvie,Mardon,Cornhill (Firefly) ; second, £3, J. G. Simpson.
Mouldron, Richmond (May Queen). Highly commended:
A. H. Browne, Doxford Hall, Chathill (Young Maid).

Yearliug colls or geldiugs fur the field. — first prize,£o, and
a silver cup, value £10, Earl Percy, M.P., Alnwick Castle;
second, £3, J. Rickerby, Wallhead,Crosby-ou-Eden (Captain).
Highly commended: J. Davison, jun., Trillington Hall, Mor-

Yearling fillies for the field.— First prize, £5, J. Moffat,
Kirkiington Park, Carlisle; second, £3, J. Paterson, Terrona,
Langholm, N.B. (Oatcake).

Hunters of any age, confined to the district comprising the
county of Northumberland and Durham, and regularly hunted

100

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

thereia during the last season by the present owner. — First
prize, a silver cup, value 35 guineas, and one-half of a sweep-
stakes of 10s. each, T. C. Coxon, Newcastle (The Cannibal) ;
second, £5, and one-half of the sweepstakes, J . W. Annett,
Ulgham, Morpeth (Magician). Highly commended : R. Dand,
jun., Hauxley Hall, A.cklington (Daylight).

Hunters, five years old and under ten, qualified to carry not
less than 15 stones with hounds. — First prize, a silver cup,
value £35, and cue-half of a sweepstakes of 10s. each, J.
Fearou, Corkickle, Whitehaven (Erl King) ; second, £5, and
one-half of the sweepstakes, H. Jewison, Raisthorpe, York
(Palmerstou). Highly commended: J. W. Annett (Clayton).

Hunters, five years old and under ten, qualified to carry not
less than 12 stones with hounds. — First prize, a silver cup,
value £'25, and one-half of a sweepstakes of 10s. each, and
champion cup, value £40, for the best hunter competing in
classes 43, 4-4, 45, and 46, T. H. Hutchinson, Manor House,
Catterick (Jester) ; second, £5, and one-half of the sweep-
stakes, J. W. Annett (Nunnykirk). Highly commended:
J. Tate, Barnhill, Acklington (Markab).

Horses or mares, four years old. — First prize, a silver cup,
value £25, and one-half of a sweepstakes of 10s. each, Sir
G. Wombwell, Bart., Newburgh, York (Cawtou) ; second, £5,
and half the sweepstakes, Mrs. A. H. Browne, Doxford Hall,
Chathill (Seabreeze). Highly commended, E. Liddell, Morris
Hall, Norham (Maydew).

IIACKNEI'S.

Judges. — W. S. Atkinson, Barrowby Hall, Woodlesford, Leeds.
A. Calder, Yetholm Blains, Kelso.
J. Parrington, Brancepeth, Durham.

Horses or mares of any age, not exceeding 15-2 hands high ,
and equal to carry 14 stones. — First prize, a silver cup, value
£35, C. G. Grey, Dilston, Corbridge (Jenny) ; second, £5, and
a sweepstakes of 5s. each, C. J. Cuunngham, Tofts More-
battle, Kelso (Zampa). Highly commended: T. Fattison,
Norwood, Gateshead (Duchess) ; B. Spraggon, NafFerton,
Stocksfield-on-Tyne (Duchess of Tyne). Commended: A.
Hornsey, Stittenham, Sheriff Hutton (Young Agnes).

Horses or mares of any age, not exceeding 14'2 hands high.
■ — First prize, a silver cup, value £25, W. H. Blackman,
Wressle, Howdon, York (Fairy) ; second, ^5, and a sweep-
stakes of 10s. each, C. Stephenson, V.S., Newcastle (Gipsy).
Highly commended : C. Stephenson (Lady Florence). Com-
mended : The Duke of Northumberland ; 11. Jefferson, Todds'
Nook, Newcastle (Sam).

PONIES.

Judges. — (As for Hackneys).

Horses or mares of any age, not exceeding 13 hands
2 inches high. — First prize, a silver cup, value £15, and a
sweepstakes of 5s. each, C. W.Wilson, High Park, Kenda
(Bobby) ; second, £4, J. C. Straker, Willington House
Durham (Sprite) ; third, £2, E. Bell, Westgate-road, New
castle (Jessy). Highly commended: C. W. C. Henderson
Leazes House, Durham.

Horses or mares of any age, not exceeding 12 hands high. —
rirst prize, a silver cnp, value ^10, R. Deuchar, Newcastle ;
second, £4, M. Nixon, Earsdon Moor, Morpeth ; third, £3,
H. F. Swan, North Jesmond, Newcastle (Kittie). Highly
commended. Sir W. G. Armstrong, C.B., Cragside, Roth-
bury.

CARIIIAGE HOKSES.

Judges. — (As for Hackney Ponies).
Horses or mares, three or four years old. — First prize, £10,
J. Johnson, Brighaia, Driffield (Rob Roy) ; second, £5, II. A.
Clarke, Prospect House, Aspatria (Emma). Highly com-
ineuded, J. Wilson, Woodhorn Manor, Morpeth.

PIGS.
Judges. — J. B. Booth, Killerby Hall, Catterick.
J. Fisher, Carhead, Cross Hills, Leeds.
W. Goodrich, Dilston, Corbridge-on-Tyno.
Boars of the large wliite breed of any age. — First prize,
£5, C. R. N. Beswicke-Royds, Littleborougli, Manchester ;
second, £7, J. Dove, Hambrook House, Bristol (Lord Ilam-
brook).

Boars of the small white breed of any age. — First prize, £5,
and a silver cup value £10, for the best pig competing in
classes 52, 53, 54, 55, 5G, 57, 58, 59, and 60, C. R. N. Bes-
wicke-Royds ; second, £2, J. Dove (King Thistle).

Boars of the Berkshire breed of any age. — First prize, £5,
and highly commended, J. Wheeler, Long Corapton, Shipston-

on-Stour; second, £4, T. Wilson, Shotley Hull, Siiotley-
bridge.

Sows of the large white breed of any age. — First prize, £5,
R. E. Duckeriug, Northorpe, Kirtou LinJsey ; second, £3,
T. Hodgson, Newton Arlosh, Wigtou. Highly commended,
J. Bulman, Carleton Hill, Carlisle (Chicken-Eater).

Sows of the small white breed of any age. — First prize, £5,
R. E. Duckering; second, £3, C. R. N. Beswicke-Royds.
Highly commended, J. Dove.

Sows of the Berkshire breed of any age. — First prize, £5,
T. Wilson, Siiotley Hall, Shotley-bridge ; second, £3, J.
Wheeler, Long Compton, Shipston-on-Stour. Highly com-
mended, J. Ismay, Whickham, Gateshead.

Sows of a breed not eligible for the preceding classes, of
any age. — I'irst prize, £5, C. R. N. Beswicke-Royds ; second,
£3, R. E. Duckering. Highly commended, J. J. Wheeler
(Jenny). Highly commended and commended, J. Dove
(Queen's Little Beauty) and (Shamrock).

Three Sow pigs of the large breed, of any colour, under 16
weeks old. — First prize, £3, J. Taylor, Ireby Mills, Wigton.
Highly commended, C. R. N. Beswicke-Royds.

Three Sow pigs of the small breed, of any colour, under 16
weeks old. — I'lrst prize, £3, T. Wilson, Shotley Hall.

SHEPHERD'S DOGS.
Judges. — (As for Cheviots, black-faced mountain sheep, and
sheep of any breed).

Rough-haired dogs of any age. — First prize, £3, and a
silver cup, value £5 for the best dog or bitch competing in
Classes 61, G3, and 63, T. R. Stephenson, West Keilder (Mos) ;
second, £3, J. J. TurnbuU, Hindhope, Jedburgh (Hemp) ;
third, £1, A. Robson, Emmethaugh (Tom).

Rough-haired bitches of any age. — First prize, £3, A. Scott
Byrness, Rochester ; second, £3, F. Burn, Hardacres, Cold-
stream (Maria) ; third, £1, T. Brown, Alnham, Alnwick,
(Gip). Highly commended, T. Purvis, Woodhorn, Morpeth
(Moss).

Smooth-haired dogs or bitches of any age. — First prize, £3,
A. Wilson, Clock Mill, Caphaeton (Meg) ; second, £2, R. S.
Lamb, Acorn Bank, Bedlington (Fan) ; third, £1, R. Foggan,
Bedlington, Morpeth (Lead) ; highly commended, J. Ryder,
9, Providence-place, Newcastle (Moss) ; T. Pringle, High
Buston (Beauty) ; R. Smith, Preston, Chathill (Sweep) ; com-
mended, R. Harrett, Kirkwhelpingtoii, Newcastle (Keeper).
WOOL.
Judge. — Mr. Joseph Humble, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Five fleeces of Border Leicester Wool. — First prize, £3, and
second, £1, G. Laing, Wark, Coldstream

Five fleeces of half-bred Wool. — ^First prize, £2, second £1,
R. Donkiu, Ingrams, Alnwick.

i'ive fleeces of Cheviot Wool.— First prize, £3, T. Elliot,
Ilindhope, Jedburgh ; second, £1, R. Donkin.

Five fleeces of Black-faced Wool. — First prize, £2, and
second, £1, the Earl of Tankerville, Chillingham Castle.

SALE OF SHOW STOCK AT BEDFORD.— Mr.
Fowler's yearling Shorthorn bull, by Prince Regent, to Mr.
Marcus Pool, for France ; Mr. W. G. Game's yearhng Short-
horn, Aachen, to Mr. Herman Stedman, for Germany ; Mr.
C. J. Webb's Shorthorn bull-calf. Royal Oxford Gwynne, to
Mr. Simon Beattie, for Canada, who also takes out Mr. G.
Game's Shortliorn cow, Butterfly's Duchess, and Mr. Outli-
waite's two-year-old Shorthorn heifer. Baroness Conyers.
Further, Mr. Downing's yearling Shortliorn heifer, and l\Ir.
Mumford's two-year-old Siiorthorn heifer, Edith Emily, go to
Canada in charge of Mr. Craig ; and Messrs. Dudding's
Shorthorn calf. Pride of Beauty, to Chili, In consequence of
the laws with regard to cattle disease, there can be no ex-
portation of stock to Australia until 1875, but several offers
were made lor animals to be kept over until next summer. A
bid of a tliousand guineas for Mr. Bruce Kennard's famous
Shorthorn heifer. Queen Mary, was quickly refused ; while
just previous to the show Colonel Loyd Lindsay sold Rob
Roy to Mr. Richard Stratton. From amongst the Jerseys
Mr. Simpson's famous Pretty Lass goes from Wray Park to
Wobum Abbey, having been purchased for the Duke of Bed-
ford. Two of Lord Walsingham's shearling Southdown rams
go to Chili at high prices, and good ofl'eis were refused for
other entries for the same flock; whilst there was also some
trade for abroad amongst the Cotswolds.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

101

EAST OV ENGLAND HORSE
MJiETING AT SUDBURY.

SHOW.

PRIZE LIST.

JUDGES. — RiDiJMG HoESKS, Hunters, and Ponies : W.

Lort, The Cotteridge, King's Norton ; W. Cropper, Ilorn-

castle. Agricultural IIorses : W. Baker, Atherstone ;

C. Hellaby, Braniecote Ilall, Atherstone.

Weight-carrying hunters. — First prize, cup value £20 and
£10 iu money, J. Goodhff (Marshal McMahon) ; second, £10,
T. Harper, Beverley. Commended: P. Fonnereau (Lucifer).

Light weight liunters. — Pirst prize, cup value £10 and £10
iu money, J. Grout (Bonner) ; second, £8, P\ Lumbarde (Tiie
Count). Highly commended: J. Goodliit' (Lady Mary); E.
Low (Theodore); A. BuUard (King of Trumps). Com-
mended : J. T. Blott (Lothiau Queen) ; E. Low (Quick
Step).

Hunters uot exceeding four years. — Prize, cup value 15 gs.,
J. Goodliff (Lady Mary), llighly commeuded: A. S. An-
drews, AValthamstow (Romeo). Commended : J. W. Wakelin,
Braintree (Challenger).

Thoroughbred stallion. — First prize, cup value 13 gs., W.
Wilson (Hotshot) ; second, £5, the Duke of Hamilton (The
Beadel). Commended: J. Grout (Ashantee).

Hackney or roadster stallion. — First prize, cup value 12 gs.,
W. Giddens (Great Gun) ; second, £5, J. Grout (Quicksilver).
Highly commended : F. Bran white (Defiance). Commended:
Phillips, Smith, and Co., and Special Prize (Condiment).

Hackney or roadster mare or gelding. — First prize, cup
value £10 and £5 in money, T. Buuyard (Princess) ; second,
£5, T. Hudson (Peter). Highly commeuded : W. Giddens
(Giddy Girl). Commended: Rev. J. Foster, Foxearth
(Madge).

Park hacks or ladies' horses. — First prize, cup value £10
and £5 in money (if wou by a lady a riding whip will be pre-
sented), R. Cooke ; second, £5, T. D. Taylor, The Grange,
Bury St. Edmund's (Perfection). Highly commended : P.
Fonnereau (Eagle Eye) ; W. S. Postle (Lady Jane Grey) ;
C. R. Harvey (Alice).

Cobs not exceeding 14 hands 3 in. — First prize, cup value
£10 and £5 in money, T. Mitchell (Bosco) ; second, J. R.
Vaizey, Attwoods, Halsted (Marquis). Highly commended :
T. D. Taylor (Perfection). Commended : H. Skingsley,
Wakes Hall (Tommy).

Saddle or harness filly or colt, under four years. — Prize, £G,
Rev. J. Foster (Tommy). Commended : C. Scott (Pretty
Girl).

Ponies not exceeding 13 hands 3 in. — First prize, cup value
£5 and £3 iu money, T. Mitchell, Bradford (Bosco) ; second,
£4, C. Gates, Hepworth, Seoles (Lord Tom Noddy). Highly
commended : C. H. Daking, Bower House, Boxford (Sweep) ;
S. C. Roper (Rocket) ; the Duchess of Hamilton (Ambitious) ;
T.D.Taylor (Black Bess).

Agricultural or cart stallion, any age. — First prize, cup
value 12 gs., T. Briggs (Heart of Oak) ; second, £5, J.
Ketley (Talbot). Highly commeuded : W. Byford (The
Statesman).

Agricultural or cart colt, under four years. — First prize,
£6, T. Briggs (Heart of Oak) ; second, £3, W. Byford (The
Statesman), llighly commended : W. G. Walford.

Agricultural or cart mare, over four years. — Prize, £6, R.
Makins, Barking (Moggy). Highly commended: W. Byford
(Bragg). Commended: W. Byford (Pride).

Agricultural or cart filly, under four years. — Prize, cup
value 5 gs., W. Cross (Kathleen). Highly commended : W.
Byford.

Special prize of £5 for the best foal by The Beadle. — F. J.
Rack ham.

Special prize of £5 for the best foal by Chaucer. — J.
Humphreys. Commended: A.Smith.

Special prize of 3 gs. for the best yearling colt or filly by
Little Pippin. — T. Kilburn. Commended : Rev. R. H. Long-
den (Pippin).

Special prize of 3 gs. for the best foal by Little Pippin. —
W. Oakey.

Special prize of 5 gs. for the best foal by Defiance. — F.
Brauwhite.

Special prize of £3 for the best foal by Volunteer. — First
prize, £3, W. Byford ; second, £2, W. Byford.

Jumping over single and double hurdles. — F'irst prize, cup
value 6 gs., C. II. Daking (Sweep) ; second, £3, E. Payne,
Brockley (Peter). Commended : W. Cross, Toy Lodge,
Prating.

Jumping ever fence aud water. — First prize, cup value
8 gs., T. Alston, jun., Stausted Hall, Sudbury (Telegraph) ;
second, £4, E. Faux, Heybridge Hall. Highly commended :
Mrs. Kate Radcliff (Kwei). Commended: G. A. CouIsod,
Fingriuhoe (Peggy) ; E. Payne (Peter) ; F. C. Payne
(Sailor).

JUDGING BY "POINT S."

At the show of the Scotch Midland Agricultural So-
ciety at Kinross, a feature which had been looked for-
ward to with some degree of interest was tiie compe-
tition for Lord Kinnaird's prize of £10 for Shorthorns, cows
or heifers, judged by points. His Lordship solicited the
services of three well-known judges of stock, who, believing
themselves in the system, agreed to act. These were Mr. James
Whjte, Clintarty, Aberdeenshire ; Mr. Robert Bruce, Newton
of Struthers, Forres ; and Mr. George Hedley, Newcastle-on-
Tyne. They met Lord Kinnaird at Rossie Priory on Wednesday,
the day before the show, and, after a full discussion, agreed upon
a code and scale of 26 points, with an aggregate of numbers
amounting to 200. The difliculty in fixing the scale arose
from the fact of Mr. Hedley, who had written at
some length on the subject, having given a scale at
85. The Scotch gentlemen desired a greater extension of
numbers, but, ultimately coming to a mutual understanding,
they fixed as mentioned. With a view to arrive at a clear
operative conception of the plan laid out in their award paper
they adjourned to Castlehill, the Home Farm, and there each
independently and separately, took to judging three of Lord
Kinnaird's cows ou the principle agreed on. They diltVred a
very little on one cow, but as a whole they arrived at a pretty

close approximation to each other, being within four numbers.
Although Mr. Hedley was not confident as to the scale adopted,
they were firmly decided on the justice of judging by points.
In this spirit they went to the sliowyard, aud entered on their
duties without hesitation. An award paper was printed with
the points and scale ; and fifteen or sixteen animals were
entered. Four of these were entered direct for the special
competition, while the others were entered from other classes.
Whatever was the reason, only eight of the number were brought
before tiie judges, and of these one was disqualified at the
outset, as its age was not given. After the seven had been
carefully examined the prize was awarded to Bonny Belle,
aged four years and a month, bred by the exhibitor, Mr.
Thomas M. Tod, West Brackly, Kinross, which had also won
in the ofl'-hand judging the second prize. The second iu
order was a heifer, aged three yearn and twcnfy-five days,
bred by Mr. Copland, and owned by Mr. Alexander lleid,
Cruivie ; and the third was a cow, aged 3 years, bred by
exhibitor, Mr. Robert Husbaud, Gillot, Duul'ermliue. The
cow belonging to Mr. A. Bethune, Blebo, whicii was
selected for first honours by the previous judges, was rejected
ou account of her very uneven foim aud patchy hindquarters.

102

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

THE POWER OF THE LABOURERS.

By an East Essex Fakmer.

Under the above heading an article from the pen of
one of the strongest, though it may be added one of the
fairest of the partizans of the Labourers' Union is pub-
lished in the current number of the Fortnightly Review.
We entirely agree with the writer in his remarks upon
the impolicy of the lock-out, which from the first we
have unequivocally condemned. The lock-out is a move-
ment against the very life of unionism, and not, as its
advocates plead, simply an opposition to the abuses of
the existing Unions. The obstinate refusal of the Far-
mers' Association to sanction a conference which would
have taken into consideration not only the disputed
question of wages, but the rules and tactics of the
Unions also is, sufficient evidence in proof of this state-
ment. Piece-meal strikes, strikes without notice, and
abrupt and uncourteous ultimata sent in by Union dele-
gates might have been opposed without resorting to an
onslaught upon the Union as an organization. By
resorting to such an attempt to force the men out
of an association which is perfectly legitimate, and
which might be conducted in a spirit of fairness
and courtesy, we have repeatedly urged that the farmers
have been fighting against their own interests. One
inevitable result has been, as we from the first declared
that it would be, to diminish the number of men in the
lock-out districts, and thus to give them an advantage in
accordance with the principle of supply and de-
mand that they bad not previously enjoyed. Even
if the masters should succeed in driving the men tem-
porarily out of the Union, the " armed peace" which
would ensue would be nothing better than " veiled re-
bellion," and there would be nothing to prevent a recur-
rence to the real or supposed advantages of unionism,
with an accession of energy and bitterness as soon as a
favourable opportunity offered. The men might be
temporarily discouraged by defeat, but they would soon
see that the result of the contest had really been a gain to
them by the removal of many competitors from the labour
market. As this must inevitably be the result of evsry
lock-out, it requires no extraordinary discrimination to
enable anyone who thinks at all to see that such an
apparent victory as has been supposed would in reality
be a defeat, or a preparation for it. Like the hero who,
often stricken to the earth, acquired increased vigour at
each contact, the labourers will emerge from every lock-
out with an increased power in the wage market, and,
consequently, in the ability to contribute to the funds
of their unions.

But whilst we go so far with Mr, Cox, we cannot
agree with him in his exoneration of the leaders of the
Unions from all blame on account of the language and
tactics which they at first chose to adopt, but which have
been considerably moderated, with some exceptions, under
the pressure of the strong power of opposition manifested
by the farmers. Especially we part company with him
in his attempt to whitewash The Labourers' Union
Chronicle, which most unprejudiced people regard as the
bete noir of the labourers' movement. Nothing has done
so much to inflame the passions of the two parties to the
contest that has been so long j; ling on as the immoderate
abuse, gross misrepresentation, and the slightly veiled
threats of violent resolution that have appeared almost
every week in the journal of the National Agricultual
Labourers' Association. From the first publication of
the paper — long previous to the appearance of the famoiis

" beacon fires" and " midnight surprises" article, which
even the staunchest adherents of the Union protested
against, down to the implied threat of a possible massacre
a la Nero of monopolist landowners in The Chronicle of
July 4th — the leading columns of that paper have been
filled with the most gross vituperation of " brutal" and
" bloody" farmers, lying editors, fibbing ladies (or rather
a fibbing lady), and laudlord robbers. Editors of
papers friendly to the movement, or impartial and
amicable, have been abused by name, and in one
case at least have been accused of the " lie direct,"
simply because they could not go all fours with the wild
schemer who in most eccentric English rages weekly in the
first page of The Chronicle. The smallest spark is
sufficient to ignite his excessively inflammable tinder, and
we can only imagine that he is one of those unfortunately
constituted persons who can only write when their pens
are dipped in fire and brimstone. We could give extracts
enough to fill two or three numbers of this Journal
in justification of the conclusion, arrived at from
no preconceived prejudice, that The Labourers' Union
Chronicle is a discredit to the Labourers' Union and to the
modern Press. To plead its independence of the Union is
idle as long as it is not disowned as the special journal of
the association, which it claims to be, and as long as its
editor is a treasurer of the Union. It is better to be one
•f those whom Mr. Cox condemns as " lukewarm friends
of the Union," than to be such a red-hot partizan as to
condoue vulgar abuse, gross exaggeration, and suggestions
of agrarian outrage on the " don't put him in the horse-
pond" principle.

As to the Union delegates, they have no doubt had a
great deal to irritate them. From the first they have
been assailed with abuse, and, in some instances,
with calumny. But we cannot agree with Mr. Cox
in thinking that they have generally shown a
" marvellous self-restraint," or that their demands
and their conduct have been characterized by a " general
tone of fairness and moderation." With the object of
exciting the feelings of the men and obtaining fresh
members, they have often given way to culpable exaggera-
tion and misrepresentation. They have systematically
underrated the earnings of the labourers, most unfairly
refusing to take into account any extras beyond the ordi-
nary weekly wages, whether in the form of money pay-
ment or perquisites and exemptions. This has been done
with the object of enlisting the sympathy of the public ;
but now that the world has been informed that the labourers
in the Newmarket and Bury districts (probably a fair
average as to wages of the whole of England) earn 17s.
per week more or less throughout the year, with cottages
and gardens at low rents and other advantages, they can
no longer remain under the false impression that the
countay labourer is worse off' then the unskilled workman
of our provincial towns and many of our chief cities. A
rural labourer, paid so much as stated, is better
off than a town workman who gets a
guinea a week, and there are thousands of town
workmen who get considerably less than that amount.
In making these remarks it is not our object to urge that
the farm labourers should not try to improve their po-
sition, but only to show that much public sympathy has
been obtained for the men by the leaders and officials of
the Unions by means of a systematic misrepresentation
and suppression of the truth.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

103

Cue demand made by the leaders of the Union,
accompanied by the threat that, if it were not acceded to,
England should be drained of her agricultural labourers,
has done not a little to strengthen the resistance of the
farmers to the Unions. We refer to the demand for
three or four acres of land for every farm labourer. Pro-
bably Mr. Cox, and many other Union partizans who
know little or nothing of the exigences of practical agri-
culture, consider this to be a perfectly reasonable de-
mand, and one that should be acceded to by landowners
and farmers. But every farmer knows that a labourer
with so much land to cultivate on his own account would
be almost useless as a hired workman. His services
would, to a very small extent, if at all, be available to the
farmer in the busy agricultural seasons ; and it would
only be in slack times, when his labour
was but little needed, that he would be willing to
engage iu regular work for hire. If the Uuions aad
their friends had turned their attention to the develop-

ment of agricultural co-operation, instead of to this
impracticable scheme, some good might have resulted.
As Mr. Brassey, iu a thoughtful and suggessive article on
" Co-operative Production," iu the current number of
the Conlemporarij Review, has obseved, co-operation, if
successful, would not only benefit directly those con-
cerned in it, but would also afford to other labourers a
correct idea as to a fair division of profits between capi-
talists and labourers, and would thus stimulate just, and
discourage extravageut demands.

In deprecating the expatriation of our farm labourers,
Mr. Cox insists that they are by no means too numerous
to cultivate the land of this country as it should be cul-
tivated. Hero he is probably correct ; but before it will
be safe for the tenaut-farmer to increase his investments
by adopting a more liberal system of tillage, including an
increased expenditure for labour, he must have that legal
security for his capital which is at present so unjustly
and mischievously denied to him.

THE FARMERS' FRIENDS IN ENGLAND AND IRELAND.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE MARK LANE EXPRESS.

Sir, — It may be said to have been a settled arrange-
ment with the English farmers previous^to the late general
election that when the time came they would endeavour
to turn out the Gladstone Ministry, and permit of a
Conservative Miuisti'y comingi n. The election arrived,
and the thing was done. Everywhere over England the
counties returned Conservative representatives, and, gene-
rally speaking, they were either returned unpledged, or
only pledged to attend to farmers' interests in the most
slipshod manner. There were general rejoicings among
farmers at the Conservative success. The Conservatives
in Opposition had been urgent for Malt-Tax repeal, for
Local-Taxation reform, and their leader, Mr. Disraeli, at
the last moment almost, had stated that the priceless boon
of a two- years' notice to quit ought, in all fairness and
justice to tenants, to be conceded. On the other hand,
Mr. Clare Sewell Read, the all-England tenant-farmers'
representative, had pronounced in favour of protection to
his class in contracting with their landlords.

This was the situation when the Conservative Budget
was introduced. On the Local Taxation difficulty it offered
a composition of almost eleven-pence three-farthings in
the pound, and in the matter of Malt-Tax repeal, it —
but let a veil be now drawn over this part of the subject.

Then there intervened Mr. Ward Hunt's big speech
about rotten ships, and what he was resolved to do for
the honour and the glory of the navy of England, followed
by the speech of the Chancellor of the Exchequer, in
which he quietly snuffed out Mr. Ward Hunt, rotten
ships, and all the rest of it. By this the farmers were
given time to recover their equanimity, and they did
recover it somewhat. Mr. Clare Sewell Read, too, had
become connected with the Ministry, and every Conserv-
ative tenant in England believed in Mr. Read. The hope
now lay in Mr. Seely's motion, "That outgoing tenants
should be compensated for unexhausted improvements."
The proposition appeared so just, and moreover, so en-
tirely in consonance with Conservative landlord pro-
fessions, that no opposition, far less any dodge against
the proposal on the part of the " farmers' friends," was
anticipated. In the best informed circles, therefore, it
was believed there would be an overwhelming majority
in its favour ; and oh ! how every farmer congratulated
his neighbour on the intelligence and the foresight which
had put Messrs. Disraeli and Co, into power.

Amid these jubilations, Mr, Seely's motion was intro-

duced, and, 0 tempora ! 0 mores ! what then hap-
pened ? First, there was all but a general stampede
among the farmers' representatives, aud the narrowest
possible escape made from a Parliamentary "count out!"
And — tell it not in Gath, whisper it not in the streets of
Askalon — iu the second place, Mr. Disraeli, while con-
ceding to outgoing tenants the right to compensation, de-
clared in favour of " free contracts," as a necessary
accompauiment of the concession. What, he exclaimed,
" force men into contracts from which human nature
recoils !" And so Mr. Clare Sewell Read was snuflfedout,
as Mr. Ward Hunt was snuffed out — the only consolation
left to Mr. Read being, that it had taken a greater per-
sonage to snuif him out than it had taken to snuff Mr.
Ward Hunt out !

Sei'iously, what does this enunciation of Mr.
Disraeli in regard to ''contracts from which human
nature recoils," mean ? Evidently this — that landlords
are to be allowed to remain virtually in the position in
which they are in at present — free to preserve game upon
their tenants' crops ; free to exercise the law of distress
upon their tenants' goods ; free to evict their tenants and
to seize upon and confiscate their property iu their im-
provements on their farm ; and free, under the pressure
of the notice to quit, to enforce penal and feudal and
arbitrary contracts upon the farmers upon their estates.
There will, in every probability, be legislation upon the
subject of Mr. Seely's motion. The " mountain will go
into labour and bring forth a mouse" — a permission Act.
The Irish tenants got their permission Land Act four
years ago, and the Duke of Leinster and others have
been enforcing arbitrary, penal, and confiscatory contracts
upon their tenants, under its jirovisions, ever since. The
English tenants will be given a similar bauble. There
will be a great blowing of Conservative and landlord
trumpets, a session of Parliament in great part wasted,
as in the Irish case, and the upshot of all will be that
the English farmers will be presented by the aristo-
cratic representatives whom they had the unaccountable
folly to elect — with the shadow for the substance !

But all this criticism comes from an Irish tenant,
you or your readers might object. And why not from
an Irish tenant ? For nigh thirty years, to my know-
ledge, Irish tenants, and more particularly those of the
Irish provinces of Leinster, Munster, and Connaught,
have been sending representatives to Parliament who, in

104

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

almost every iastance ia whicli an opportuuity was af-
forded them, voted to emancipate the English tenants
and the English people from the banc of landlord power
and feudal oppression. And what has been the return ?
The election, year after year, by English tenants, during
that long period, of Conservatives and landlords as their
representatives — of men who never yet willingly yielded
a single concession to tenants, whether English or Irish —
of men who have so governed as to have all but ruined
Ireland — of men who have sat still and seen the Irish
population reduced by nigh three millions — of men who
have never proposed a thorough remedial measure with
the view of arresting the depopulation process, and of
men who, when a Land Act (1870) was introduced into
Parliament, with the intention of doing at least some-
thing in the way of giving security to the Irish tenant,
and thereby inducing him to improve in the cultivation
of the soil, did everything which men could do to emascu-
late that Act and make it what it now is, and what
the promised English Land Act will be when it is passed,

a sham, a delusion, and a snare 1 And hence, therefore,
why I, an Irish tenant, dare to criticise as above and to
point out to English tenants that they, by the repre-
sentatives which they elect, are not only acting to their
own detriment and in the way of obstruction to their
own interests, but by the number of Conservative mem-
bers which they return — of men trained in arbitrary
principles and accustomed to high-handed conduct, are
swamping the Irish popular representation, and thus
rendering futile all the efforts of the Irish tenants to ob-
tain laws which would tend to their emancipation from
feudal oppression and confiscation — which would give
them security in their homes and in the possession there
of any property created by them in the improvement of
their farms, and which would stimulate them to double
tlie annual produce from the soil, and so annually double
the present income of the country.

Your obedient servant,

Thomas Robertson.
Narrafjhmore, Athy, %tli Juhj.

THE IMPLEMENTS IN THE WEST.

At a meeting of tlie council of the Royal Cornwall Agricul-
tural Association, at Truro, the following report on the imple-
ments and macliines in motion at the Royal Cornwall Agricul-
tural Exhibition held at St. Austell, in June last, was pre-
sented :

1st. The exhibition of implements and machines was larger
than on any former occasion, and our attention was called by
exhibitors to sundry improvements, particularly in reaping and
mowing machines, too numerous to mention in this brief report.
2nd. Seven mowers were tried — viz., Wood's, Samuelson's,
Hornsby's, Picksley and Sims', Kirby's, Brenton's, and Oatey's.
All worked well considering the rough surface of the land and
the nature of the grass. 3rd. The stewards do not feel justi-
fied in giving anything more than a general report of such
limited trials, which are simply calculated to give the public
an opportunity of seeing such machines at work, and judging
for themselves ; but both the exhibitors and tlie public were
much disappointed in not finding means either in rye, winter
oats, and some such crops for testing tlie reapers, and more
especially the self-delivery, which they are of opinion only re-
quires to be seen at work to be appreciated, and will eventually
become the machine of the day, and strongly recommend that
some such crop as named be provided at the time of the exhi-
bition, and likewise grass forced by artificial manure or other
means, to make tlie test more effectual, it being generally
known that all machines will cut ordinary crops ; or, other-
wise, that an extensive periodical trial of mowing and reaping
machines, with Uberal prizes, be held in the early part of the
harvest, as it would stimulate improvements in this important
class of machinery, and also give inexperienced persons oppor-

tunities of learning now to work them properly, a matter of
very great importance. 4tli. Mr. Davey's patent climax
double-furrow, turn-wrest plough did its work admirably, and
it surprised most people to see two small horses pulling it
through a dry, stiff piece of land overgrown with couch grass,
rest harrow, and other kinds of weeds. The easy manner in
which it is made to plough two furrows down tlie hill and one
up, cannot fail to recommend itself to any practical agricul-
turist, as being superior to other implements of the class. 6th.
Recent improvements in Marsden's stoue-breakiug machine,
which was at work in the show-yard, appeared to have ren-
dered it almost perfect, by reducing the material to a uniform
size and reducing waste to a minimum, and in consequence of
the excited state of the labour market, we think its introduction
would be a very important auxiliary for all highway districts.
6th. We particularly noticed two sets of six-horse power steam
thrashinfr-macbines in motion on the ground by Marshall, Sons,
and Co., of Gainsborough, which appeared to possess almost all
recent improvements, wliile any part getting out of order can
easily he repaired. And we are of opinion tliat they are taking
a fair and good stand in the county of Cornwall, which, from
the many recent improvements adapted to this county, they
are justly entitled to. 7tli. There was likewise the washing,
wringing, and mangling machine combined, from Messrs.
Thos. Bradford and Co,, High llolborn, London, and also from
the Domestic Washing Macbine Co., Ackrington, in full work,
and appeared to give general satisfaction to the domestic part
of the visitors. — TiiOMAS Olver, T. Baron, Stewards.

The meeting of the Association for 1875, when the Prince
of Wales is President, will be held at Truro.

THE STOCK YARDS AND TRANSIT HOUSE OF CHICAGO, ILLINOIS.

to the editor of the maek lane express.

Sir, — Some three or four years ago I gave you a
description of these extensive yards, and the amount of
stock they contained. Since then they have very much
increased, and there are now upwards of 1 GO acres under
plank aud in sheds, while the new building now called the
Exchange is one of magnificence, and the green lawn, with
its shady trees fenced round with substantial iron railing,
in the centre of the yard, has a picturesque appearance.
The bank occupies a portion of this building, offices for
the company, and separate olhces for individual stockmen
and packers. I think I can say that there is not such
another institution as this in the world. When I wrote
you previously, the best cattle were more of the " native "

character than now ; great improvement has been made
during that time, many of the pens of to-day aud yester-
day are half-breds aud higher grades of the improved
breeds, the greater majority being Shorthorns, but few
of them of Duke or Duchess descent, as they are too ex-
pensive for beef and too scarce to be profitable. The
Texas cattle are very much improved since I wrote you,
although most of them are still pure in their native state ;
their feeders have learnt to put much more beef upon
them. They are now sent into Colorado, Kansas, Iowa,
and Illinois, to be made up for market, by which they
are wonderfully improved in character, and if feed should
stiU add more to their bloom in the future, there may

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

105

yet be a sale of such thorougiibrecls. The following is a
table of the weekly record :

Weekly Kecokd of Texan Cattle Sold at Union
Stock Yards in 1873.

Date.

January 4

11

„ 18

„ 25

No.

February ,

Marcli

April

May

Juae

July

15

22
29

5
12
19
2G

3

10
.17
, 34
, 31

, 7
, 14
. 21
, 28

. 5
. 12
. 19
. 26

August 3

„ 9

, 16

» 23

30

Septenaber ... G

... 13

... 20

... 27

October 4

» 11

„ 18

» "-^

November 1

„ 8

, 15

„ 22

,. 29

December

G
... 13

... 20
... 27
... 31

Total..

1,013
1,096
1,327
1,62G

1,529

1,312

943

1,302

1,536
1,460
1,340
1,655

1,829

1,353
3,348
1,510
3,441

1,906

2,074
1,837
1,643
3,893

3,807
3,040
4,329
3,977

2,447
3,6GL
4,45 G
3,221

3,078
6,238
5,513
5,181
4,100

5,591
4,169
6,809
4,947

4,443

3,789
8,923
5,609

6,018
3,467
3,031
1,966
960

2,448

4,456

1,444

960

611

Extreme Range.

dols.cts. dols.cts.
3 00 to 4 50
3 00 4 75

2 62 4 33

3 25 4 75

2 35
1 50

3 00
3 45

3 75

3 63
3 40

2 00

3 25

2 00
2 00
1 80
1 25
1 60

1 62
1 75
1 85
1 35

4 75
4 35
4 63

4 50

5 00

4 75

5 00

5 25
5 50

5 20
5 13
5 50

5 25
5 35
5 20
5 00

4 87

5 50

4 90

5 50

4 75

5 35
4 50

4 60

5 00

4 90
4 40
4 63

4 50

5 62
5 15
5 10

4 90

156,990

Average.

dols.cts.
3 68
3 83|
3 61J
3 59^

24|
45f
76t

83
9G
93
23
65

4 87
4 44

4 35
4 73

4 GO
4 00
4 15

3 90f

4 01
4 07
3 45
3 63

3 38
3 48
3 03L
2 91"
2 S3

2 92

3 34
3 10
2 49

2 65

3 83
3 47
3 58

Soams, buys upwards of live thousand hogs per week
during the year for the firm of Johu P. Squires and Co.,
East Cambridge, Mass. These are principally shipped to
the English market iu the shape of bacon, hams, and lard.
This is one of the best business men in the country ; his
judgment is excellent, not only in stock, but in the spot
selected for his house, which he has built iu the most
substantial manner ; it is a mansion fit for a prince. Tlie
material iu wood is of black walnut, and the interior cor-
responds with the exterior. I have been through many
of the first-class houses in Chicago, but none that has
pleased mc more. It is ample to receive his many friends,
and it is their own fault if they do not feel at home, for
his desire is to make them so, supported by his better half.
I spent the past two evenings there, and never met a more
happy family, for the wholehouse is kept iu order. Not only
this, his eldest daughter, Mrs. G. W. Dean, came from
New York to spend part of the summer with her parents,
and I was delighted to hear her play and sing. This was
cheering to me in my seventy-first year, and I shall
embrace the kind invitation of another visit.

The whole establishment is under the superintendence
of Mr. John B. Sherman, and, though so extensive, every-
thing is done with the regularity of clockwork. The
Transit House is kept by Messrs. Tucker and Sherman,
and it corresponds with the whole — viands substantial
and good, waiters attentive aud good, and charges very
moderate.

In connection with this establishment is the race-course,
called Dexter Park, where are two tracks for running and
trotting equal to any iu this country. The running races
have been held here tliis week, alfording much sport ;
the trotting to be held on the 21st inst., and three follow-
ing days, when some of the fastest horses iu tlie country
are expected.

I am, dear sir, yours, &c..

Transit House Stock Yards, \\m. H. Sotiiam.

Chicago, Jul;/ Mli, 1874.

1 50

4 15

3 61

1 50

3 87

3 43

1 40

3 GO

2 58

1 60

4 50

3 01

1 50

4 75

3 90|

1 75

4 55

3 83

1 55

4 40

2 83

1 75

4 00

3 85

3 00

4 25

3 30

3 35

4 30

3 51

3 34

4 86

3 58

Some of the stock in the yards to-day are first-class
beef; thick in flesh. The sheep market is not so extensive
as cattle and hogs, of which the following will give you
some idea as to the extent : A friend of mine, Mr. John

THE SHORTHORN HERD BOOK.

At a meeting of the Committee at the house of Lord
Penrhyn, on July 23rd, there were present : The Earl
of Dunmore, Lord Penrhyn, Col. Kingscote, the Eev. J.
Storer, Mr. Chandos Pole Gell, Mr. Hugh Aylmer, aud
Mr. T. C. Booth.

The formation and constitution of the Society was fully
discussed, and it was decided to enlarge the number of
the Committee to thirty ; Mr. Harward, as Honorary
Secretary, being directed to communicate with the gentle-
men proposed to be added to the Committee. It was decided
to form the Society (under the provisions of the Act) on
the basis of a company formed for the purpose of carry-
ing out a specific object without profit, and not as an
ordinary trading Company. The articles of association
were fully discussed, and the leading principles adopted.

A draft of the proposed agreement with Mr. Strafford
was also fully discussed and adopted, and this has since
been sent to Mr. Stratford for his approval.

Circulars are to be sent to all Shorthorn breeders,
briefly detailing the purposes of the Society, aud inviting
them to become members.

The Committee decided not to entertain any question as
to the appointmeut of editor or other otiicers for the
present.

In nominating these new members, the Committee were
desirous of having the various districts in which Short-
horns are bred, and the breeders of difl'erent families
adequately represented.

106

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE

THE OUTGOING TENANT.
Nisi Prius Court, Tuesday. — Before Lord Chief Justice
Coleridge and a Special Jury.
*Af/,i>isoi/ V. Jli/ief.

Mr. Cole and Mr. Collins were counsel for the plaintiff, and
Mr. Lopes and Mr. Murch for tlie defendant.

Mr. Collins opened the pleadings, the action being to recover
the value of an outgoing crop of wheat of ten acres. — Mr. Cole
said the plaintiff in this case, Mr. Atkinson, was a farmer, and
he had brought an action against his landlord, JMr. Minet, who
had since died, so that tlie action was now brought against his
eldest daughter as executrix. The facts of the case were very
simple. In 18i'2 tlie plaintiff entered into an agreement with
Mr. Minet to grant him tl\e lease of Revel's Farm, tlie tenant
a*' that time being Mrs. Kinsman. The tenancy was to com-
mence on Lady-day, and it was arranged that the plaintiff
should pay the outgoing tenant for the crop of wheat which
had been sown — about £130 — and it was stated in the agree-
ment that when the plaintiff went out of possession lie was to
be entitled to take off a crop of wheat not exceeding ten acres.
The parties acted upon this agreenent for seven years, but at
the end of that time no fresh agreement was made, and the
tenancy was afterwards yearly until 1855, wlien a fresh lease
was drawn up for another term. This expired in 1869, and
from that time until 1873 the plaintiff went on a yearly tenancy,
p.iying his rent from year to year. The tenancy expired at
Lady-day, 1872, and then, of course, when the plaintiff was
about to leave he looked to be paid for his outgoing crop of
wheat in the same manner as he had paid when he entered on
the farm. It appeared the landlord, Mr. Minet, liad the notion
that because tliere liad been no intermediate lease granted, and
nothing had been said about his being entitled to take off the
outgoing crop, that plaintiff was not entitled to awything when
he went out. The law, however, provided that where the
custom of a county was that a person going out of a farm was
to be entitled to the same terms as lie came in, although there
might be a lease, he was entitled to claim tlie custom in respect
to his outgoing crop — Mr. Lopes contended it was not the
custom of the county for tenants to take away outgoing crops. —
Mr. Cole stated that the defendant had paid into court £26 for
the value of the wheat crop of 10 acres, which lie considered
was sufficient to pay for the labour and tillage. In that respect
he was wrong, as the cost of tillag", and 36 bushels of seed-wheat
cost £29 63. 6d, If the law was against his client, he (Mr.
Cole) must say it was a very hard law, as the plaintiff had paid
for the wheat crop wlien he went on the farm, and he expected
of course to be treated on the same terms when he went out. —
His lordship remarked he could not see the law was very hard,
as an agreement might easily have been made. — Mr. Cole then
read some correspondence which had passed between the
plaintiff and the defendant, in which tlio latter addressed the
former as plain " Atkinson," and in his first letter said " that
the lease must be our guide." Unless he gave up his " hollow
claim" he (the defendant) should proceed against him, and his
opposition would only lead him to expense. The defendant
further stated tliat this was the last letter and the last " piece
of advice plaintiff would receive from his landlord and well-
wisher." Owing to Mr. Atkinson being ill, Mr. Symonds
replied to this letter, stating that plaintiff would quit on the
same terms as he entered. To this the defendant wrote
another letter, saying for the last time lie cautioned Atkinson
that there was a lease, which he should act upon, and if he did
not give up possession of the farm he should eject him. In
another letter defendant warned him " for the last time,"
stating that he wanted his rent paid and his farm given up.
To this Mr. Giles Symonds replied that Mr. Atkinson would
not be prepared to pay any rent whilst defendant disputed as to
the outgrowing crop of wheat. If defendant wanted
possession of the farm plaintiff was willing to leave the matter
to a valuer. — The plaintiff, in the course of his evidence, said
the custom with respect to a Lady-day tenancy was for the
incoming tenant to take off the outgoing wheat crop. In
cross-examination he said he knew such was the custom in
Warwickshire and Surrey, and he knew how tenants came out
in his own neighbourhood, although they held in various ways.
He tilled ten acres of wheat and sowed seed for it. — Mr. Giles
Symonds, auctioneer and valuer, said in most cases in this
neighbourhood a tenant having a Lady-day tenancy was
entitled to take off the outgrowing crop of wheat. — His lord-
ship said before a person could swear as to custom he must
know in what respect a farm was held. There were many
difficulties in proving custom. He did not see there was any

hardship in this case ; it was simply a question of law on botii
sides. The planititf in tiiis case bought, when he went into
the farm, the outgoing crop. He took the laud on lease, in
which it was provided that he should be paid for his
outgoing crop. Another lease was then granted
him containing no such provisions, yet in the face of (ihis the
plaintiff sowed his land when he had no outgoing crop, and
the defendant in order to settle matters said he was willing to
pay a certain sum, when in point of law he was not bound to
do so. — On the recommendation of the learned judge, as the
parties concerned could notjcometo terms, the plaintiff's counsel
agreed to a nonsuit, which was accordingly entered.

EAST ANGLIAN FARMERS' CENTRAL
BOARD OF CONSULTATION.

The members of the several Farmers' Defence Associations
in the Eastern District met the Consultation Committee of
the West Suffolk Association, by invitation, at the residence of
its Vite-Chairman, Mr. 11. Stanley, of Bury St. Edmund's, to
consider the constitution of a Central Board of Consultation
for the discussion of questions of policy affecting such associa-
tions, without prejudice to the independent action of each.
The proposal for the formation of a Board of this kind had
emanated from the Committee sitting at Bury St. Edmund's
and had already gained the approval of all the associations
consulted. The chair was taken by Mr. B. B. Hunter Rod-
well, QC, Chairman of the West Suffolk Farmers' Defence
Association, which was also represented by the Marquis of
Bristol,?. Huddlestou, Esq., Mr. Henry Stanley, Mr. Walton
Burre.U (Fornhara St. Martin), Mr. G. Gayford (Barrow), Mr.
W. Harvey (Timwortii), Mr. W. Harvey (Wattisham), Mr.
W. N. King (Great Barton), Mr. J. H. Turner (Horringer),
and Mr. Salmon (Solicitor to the Association). The following
were also present as representatives of other Defence Associa-
tions : Mr. Martin Slater, of Cheveley, and Mr. George Robins,
of Isleham, for the Newmarket Association; Mr. T. J. Gay-
ford, of Hargham, for the Norfolk Association ; Mr. Chas.
Mainprice and Mr. Wm. Mainprice, of Ely, for the Isle of Ely
Association ; Mr. R. Attenborough, of Sawtry, and Mr. C. P.
Tebbutt, of Huntingdon, for the Huntingdon Association ; Mr.
J. S. Gardiner, of Borley Lodge, Sudbury, for the Essex and
Suffolk Association ; Mr. Richardson, for the Colchester and
East Essex Association ; Mr. John Burrell, of Littlebury, for
the Saffron Walden Association ; Mr. W. Johnson, of Han-
cheston, for the Wilford Hundred Association ; and Mr. J-
Sherwood of Leiston, for the Saxmundham District. The
aggregate assessment of the members of these Associations
may be taken at an average of at least £50,000 each associa-
tion. Tlie Chairman having opened the proceedings, the
meeting proceeded to discuss the rules, which were unani-
mously agreed to in the following form :

1. That this Board be called "The East Anglian Farmers'
Central Board of Consultation," and be composed of repre-
sentatives of the several Farmers' Defence Associations in
Suffolk, Norfolk, Esses, Cambridgeshire, the Isle of Ely, and
Huntingdonshire.

2. That the Board shall have power to admit representa-
tives from other similar associations.

3. That the object of the Board shall be to discuss and
advise on all questions affecting the interests of such associa-
tions without prejudice to the independent action of each,
but with a view to secure one uniform course of policy as far
as practicable.

i. That each association shall in the first instance be en-
titled to send not more than two representatives to the Board,
but that the Board shall have power to give additional re-
presentatives to each district association if it shall be deemed
expedient.

5. That in cases of emergency, or upon the requisition of
any association, the chairman of the Board may call a special
meeting of the Board at such time and place as he may appoint.

6. That the first general meeting of the Board should be
held in the month of September next, at Bury St. Edmund's,
the day to be fixed by the Chsirraan, and that the subse-
quent annual meetings shall be held in the month of June, the
day and place to be fixed by the Board at its previous meetings.

7. That the expenses of the Board shall be borne in equal
proportions by its members.

Mr. W. N. KiAG proposed the appointment of Mr. Hunter
Rodwell as Chairman of the Board, and as the motion met
with unanimous concurrence, Mr. Rodwell consented to take
the office. Mr. Francis Ford was appointed secretary.

THE FARMEli'S MAGAZlNS.

107

THE EDUCATION OF THE FARMEE.

At the half-yearly general meeting of the members of
the Cheshire Ciiaraber of Agriculture at Knutsford, tlie
Hon. Wilbraham Egerton, M.P., presided over a very meagre
atteudance.

The Chairman said be vifished particularly to call attention
lo the outbreak again of foot-and-mouth disease in tlie county.
It was with great regret he did so, because he had hoped when
that disease disappeared last autumn the county would have
been clear of it for some years to come. They now found,
however, that the disease was spreading throughout the county,
and that the local authority, who previously liad some power to
ercontrol the disease by the inspection of farms, were at present
unable to do so, as the power was withdrawn by the Privy
Council In reference to this matter it was feit^that Cheshire
was exceptionally situated. It was close to one or two of the
large seaports at which Irish cattle were constantly landed,
and therefore such animals were exposed in the fairs of this
county ; and the fact of the cattle having undergone a sea passage
predisposed them to affection by foot-and-mouth disepse alter
reaching land. It might be said it was impossible to stamp
out the disease except by slaughtering, which would not be
tolerated by agriculturists generally and the evidence before
the Committee of the House of Commons confirmed that. But
he must observe that there was a great ditference between
stamping it out and limiting the centres of disease. The
former probably the local authority could not do. He thouglit,
however, it was quite possible if some power were conferred
upon the local authority they could prevent tiie centres of
disease being increased, inasmuch as they might prohibit the
exposure of animals which had been recently in contact with
the disease, or the removal of such cattle from one part of the
country to another. The Orders in council were repealed
last year on account of the report of the committee which sat
upon the subject of contagious diseases, and the Privy Council
were not likely to renew those orders unless there were some
expression of opinion by agriculturists, now that the disease
had broken out afresh. The committee who sat upou the
question only contained 6 English county members — repre-
senting Huntingdon, Norfolk, Leicester, Essex, Sussex, snd
Northumberland — and in considering the evidence given by
that committee it should be remembered that the two great
dairy couQtie3,Chesliire and Somersetshire, were not represented
on the committee. Besides, out of 47 witnesses examined
there were only eight or nine who were English farmers, while
the rest consisted of veterinary surgeons, scientific gentlemen
connected with different counties or with the Privy Council,
and a good number of those interested in the Irish cattle
trade ; consequently, he thought it could hardly be said tliat
the agricultural witnesses were so numerous as to influence the
decision of the committee. There was not a single agricultural
witness in favour of the repeal of the Orders in Council, and
the only witness who spoke in favour of the removal of the
restrictions was Mr. Verdon, a cattle salesman, of Liverpool.
Under these circumstances, he thought it was desirable that
the chamber should memorialise the Privy Council to give the
local authority some power, and if that power were given it
would be for the local authority to decide how it should be used.
He did not wish other counties to be forced to carry out these
regulations against their will. Therefore the orders should be
perjiissive.

Mr. Carter — Would it include this county only ?

The Chairman said the regulations might be adopted in any
county, but other countiesshould not be forced to adopt them
against their will.

Mr. Carter thought it would be useless unless the regula-
tions were observed in Lancashire.

Mr. G. Slater moved tliat a memorial be sent to the Privy
Council according to the suggestion in the report.

Mr. Yair having seconded the motion,

Mr. DuTTON said that he did not rise to oppose it, but he
thought that more depended upon the care exercised by farmers
in the purchase of stock than upon any enactments of the law.
Foot-and-moath was very different from pleuro-pneumouia, and
he thought it was very desirable to check it, and strongly
objected to anything like the system in operation last year. It
was utterly impossible to prevent the movement of cattle unless

they could in some way control the importation of cattle from
Ireland. When a lot'of Irish stock was brought into the
market there was a strong temptation to purchase ior a pound
or tliirty shillings a head less if it could be done instead of
paying a proper price and getting cattle free from disease.
They purchased at, a low price, and that was the foundation of
a large portion of the disease.

Mr. G. Slater ; I suppose that if the disease broke out in
Mr. Button's stock he would wish to have the liberty to sell
those which he considered healtliy, say 49 out of 50 to different
customers.

Mr. Button : I said nothing of the kind. I deny it. What
I said was this, that the Legislature had no right to prohibit
me from selling a portion of my stock.

Mr. G. Slater: Exactly ; that is what I mean.

Mr. Button : Why didn't you say it.

Mr. Slater : I hope I shall not misrepresent you. I was
trying to give the logical result of your argument. If a man
is left at liberty to sell his stuck, there is many a scoundrel
who would do it, and Mr. Button thinks be cause you cannot
carry out the law in all its details that you should do nothing.

Mr. Button : Not at all.

Mr. Slater : Well, I understand you to say you would let
things remain as tliey are.

Mr. G. W. Lath.vm read a paper on "The Education of the
Agriculturists." In commencing he said : The education of
the agricultursit means, practically, the education of a large
part of the people of England, and that a scattered population,
distributed up and down the country, and seldom collected in
one town. It means the education of those who, from weather,
distance, and the necessities of the seasons, are least able to
attend school regularly. It means the education of those who,
from their parentage and their associations, have less perhaps
than any other class, any influences to awaken tlieir imagina-
tion, and rouse their intellect. It means the education of a
class who have few opportuuities when the age is come at
which they cease to go to school, to keep up their learning or
go on with their knowledge. In many cases, alas, it means a
struggle against indecency and immorality found in wretched
homes ; against corrupt and evil communications of com-
panions ; against bad influences and cold indift'erence of all
who ought to warn or encourage. But more than this. The^
education of the agriculturist implies the early teaching of
another class— of the future employer as well as tlie future em-
ployed. It implies the education of the landlord as well as the
farmer, of the farmer as well as the labourer, and of these
three classes I believe, at present, the educatiou is imperfect.
Can we doubt that if these classes had known more, had been
trained better, had learnt some of the doctrines, if not of poli-
lical economy, at all events of Christian charity, that wretched
struggle we have seen lately in the East of England would have
been more easily re-adjusted? Can we doubt that if there
was a more general education those twin curses of English life,
pauperism and crime, would sensibly diminish ? After giving
some statistics to show that ignorance was the fruitful source of
crime and pauperism, he proceeded to argue that it was the
duty of Government to protect society against these evils, and
to do so by enforcing education. He went on to say that this
obligation the Legislature had at all events partially acknow-
ledged, and speaking of the Education Act, he expressed his
regret that the present authorities of the Council of Education
should have thought it necessary or expedient to alter the
standard of educatiou which the children of pauper parents
were obliged to reach before they could be exempted from at-
tendance at school. But by a I'urther Act of last session a
more general measure for indirect compulsion in the case of
children emploved in agriculture became law. No child be-
tween eight and twelve can be employed in any agricultural
labour— exception being made for hay harvest, corn haiyest,
and hop picking, or in cases where the justices of the division
may for a period of not more than eight weeks suspend the
Act— unless, being under ten, he has made 250 school at-
tendances, or being above ten he has made 150 school at-
tendances, daring the preceding year, or can produce a certi-
ficate showing that he has passed a certain standard of
education ; and the employer is liable to a penalty

108

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

of £5 if lie wilfully employs a. cl\ild without such a
certificate either of attendance or of proficiency. The
standard is miserably low, and indeed the Com-
mittee of Council have been obliged to lower it, from
the discovery tliat it was impossible to expect more. But, at
all events, it is obligatory tiiat every child employed in agri-
cultural labour should have liad an opportunity of learniug
something. Take our own class, take a child reared up in au
intelligent home, sent early to school, kept there from 12 to
18, spending its holidays among educated people ; and how
often does that education turn out to be a sham and a delusion ?
I remember a young squire in Cheshire, owuer of a good many
thousands a-year, being reproached with some mistakes in
spelling after he had been at Eton for a term, turning round
and saying, " Well, at all events I am better than my uncles,
for they can neither read nor write ;" aud if with all advan-
tages this is sometimes the case, what must be the case when
education at school ends probably at 12 and certainly at 14 ?
Is there no way in which we can contrive to enable that educa-
tion to be continued ? It is a question ratlier for the practical
agriculturist than for myself to consider ; but I cannot but
believe that there are times and seasons when a boy might be
spared from farm work, and as a condition of his engagement
be sent to school during some part of the day. I believe, too,
that a system which our late President, the Lord Lieutenant of
the County, tried at Tatton, of having oue set of boys one
week aud another for another, miglit, witli certain modifications
to suit the tenant-farmers, work successfully. I confess that I
do not see how in purely agricultural and scattered populations
the night-school can work, wiieu the pupil tired witli labour,
and by an extra walk to the school, can hardly be expected to
have his mind very fresh or his faculties very clear. He
advocated lending libraries, because, he said, agricultural
labourers as a class seem not to know what to do with their
spare time in the winter evenings, and it is fortunate if the
hero-worship of some older farm-servant, the desire to be
thought bold men before they have ceased to be weak children,
and the love of adventure, do not lead them into the public-
house and even into crime. On this point, then, I will sum up
my opinions by saying that the Legislature has done something
— not, perhaps, all it should, but all it dares. The gap it has
left is for you, as employer, to fill up. By your example and
by your advice try to persuade the agricultural labourer to
carry on the education he has begun at school. Oue of our
present statesmen told us, ," We must educate our masters."
I tell you that by educating our servants alone can we hope to
remain masters, for else the world, the flesh, and the devil will
be masters, and the labourer will serve them and neglect us.
After drawing a verv flattering picture of the state of education
in Scotland, wiiere the shepherd on tiie hillside is to be found
reading his Greek Testament, Mr. Latham continued : But if
I am sometimes inclined to despair of any great advance in the
education of the agricultural labourer, until, as in Scotland, the
nation is as a rule educated, and parents have begun to recog-
nise the necessity of making sacrifices of present comfort and
additional wages earned by their children, in order to secure to
them the advantages of education, the icase is far different
when I come to the second branch of my subject — the education
of agricultural employers. I believe that in this case we have
first the desire for education, and secondly the means of supply-
ing it, and all that is wanted is organisation, and the applica-
tion of means to au end. No one who knows the tenant-
farmer of Clieshire can doubt that of late years he has improved
in many ways. I do not speak of my present hearers
They are, doubtless, the aristocracy of intellect
among their brotherhood, they desire to learn, and
are in most cases capable of teaching, or else they would
not be members of this Chamber ; but I speak of the general
class of farmers, large and small, scattered up and down the
several divisions of this county. Perhaps, in many cases,
they are both timid and obstinate. Afraid of introducing
new-fangled improvements, wedded to a fault to their old-
fashioned ways, disposed somewhat to hesitation in an expendi-
ture of capital, too much in awe of the landlord or the agents,
and sometimes, spite of all their caution and cunning, apt to
be taken in by the humbug of a clever rascal. lu some classes,
doubtless, they aie far from intellectual or refiued ; the tempta-
tions of a rent-day or a market-day are too much for their
hobriety. But, on the whole, I believe that as a class they are
sensibly improved and improving. Yet who can doubt that if
they had the opportunities of a thorough education, the bene-

fits they would receive thereby must lift them up even more
rapidly. And if the employe is to be educated, in the same
proportion at least so should be the employed. Now, up to
this time what has been the usual education of the future
employer of labour? He has been sent to the national school,
aud stayed there probably a year or two years longer than tlie
sons of his father's labourers. If he has lived near a town, he
has been sent to some private or old-fashioned grammar-school.
In the holidays he has done some work ou the farm, and fre-
quently if there was a horse to drive or an odd job to do he has
been kept at home, sometimes even, iu a busy time of the year,
saving the quarter's fees and the employment of an extra hand,
by staying away from school altogether. His education has
as a rule been desultory, superficial, and unsystematic. He
has been taught no one thing specially useful to him as a
farmer, and been so imperfectly grounded as to have small
power of acquiring future knowledge. He has picked up some
reading, some power of writing, some arithmetic, but has had
little encouragement at home to advance his studies, and every
temptation that a boy can have to be idle and amuse himself
when the few hours of school are over. He is regarded as a
hero by the labourers, flattered into self-conceit by his father's
workmen, has no accurate knowledge of any one subject, no
intellectual training by which he cau pursue any definite study.
Is nut the wonder greater that so many turn out well, spite of
all these disadvantages, than that a proportion go to the bad
under the system ? Of course a boy educated in this way gets
a sort of technical training. He knows by observation what
is a fair day's work, what a pig or a calf ought to weigh. He
can learn by experience the results of feeding and cropping,
aud may fight iiis way up to being a good and money-making
farmer. But is this all we want of our great rural middle
class ? Is this enough — I was going to say for the safety of
society, but I will put it even lower — for man's great st hap-
piness ? Some knowledge of chemistry, of botany, of geology,
would be useful to him in his profession, as well as increase
his every-day's pleasures, whilst power to read, to appreciate
the history of the past, to compare it with the possibilities of
the future, would make him a better citizen, more fit to exer-
cise influence himself, less subject to the undue influence of
passion, prejudice, or fear, that are occasionally exercised upon
him. How, without casting a burden upon the parents greater
than cau be borne, are we to conceive that the opportunities
of a thoroughly good education can be offered to every
farmer's son ? Doubtless there will be cases where such
opportunities will not be accepted, or, if accepted, appre-
ciated, but the first thing is to fiud how they can be offered.
Now, in the first place, I say that I distrust all education
when it is carried on at home, and that home an average
farm-house. I believe that a boy requires far more than the
few hours' intellectual teaching that he gets by going to
school, when he is resident at home, and that home is not one
where, by the tuition of parents or relatives, his training can
be carried on so as to supplemei t the school teaching. A
boy wants the constant training of the playground as well as
of the school. He wants to be taught temper and forbear-
ance. He wants to find his level among his fellow-boys, who
some day will be his fellow-men. He ought to be rid of the
temptation to put by his book from school-time to school-time,
to be rid of the flattery ana subservience «f his father's ser-
vants. His intellect will be freer iu an atmosphere which all
day is full of learning, and when he finds these associated
with him at school are also his companions in play. I say
therefore that the education to be preferred for a farmer's son
is oue which is carried on away from home with the usual
interval of rest for master and pupil. 1 say, too, that to ob-
tain this it is worth any father's whiie to make sacrifices
greater than any which I believe to be necessary for this ob-
ject. I do not ask (or the sacrifices that a Scotch crofter or
a small Welsh farmer will make to give his sons a college
education — an education which frojn age answers somewhat
to that of our grammer scliools. I ask only that from the
age of 13 to 16 the mothers should be contented to see their
sons at rare intervals, and that a sum something bsyond the
cost of the boy's maintenance at home shall be bestowed on
his better education at a middle-class school. Mr. Latham
then went on to say that, as a starting-point for our middle-
class school, he could not help looking at the old foundations
of grammar-schools which existed in Cheshire. Primary edu-
cation was cared for out of the public purse. They had
therefore the whole aniouut of these old endowments available

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINi].

109

either for nndJle-class educatiou directly or iudireclly by a
system of exhibitions from our niitioiial schools to the middle-
class schools for boys who had shown talent and power of
rising. If they could avail themselves in some measure of
these old foundations, if tliey could utilise the buildings and
masters, a payment of £33 or £35 per annu:n per head would
provide food and teaching for schools of 100 boys each. If
they could not do this, then as in Suffolk, in Surrey, and
Devonshire, they might make an effort — build plain and simple
buildings for their own use, raise the money by shares taken
either by landlords or by the larger tenant-farmers, manage
the establishment by a council of the wisest and most discreet
among tliera, sure that the improvement of the rising genera-
tion would recompense them a hundredfold for the outlay.
He gave an illustration of a school in the county which had
aimed too high, and to show that what the sons of Cheshire
farmers and Cheshire tradesmen wanted was an education to
suit them for the now more difficult battle of life, he quoted
a passage from the report oi Mr. Wright on the Endowed
Grammer Schools of Cheshire, which, he said, proves two
things — first, that there are middle-class schools in this county,
but not enoQgh for the population if they are to be used simply
as day-schools ; secondly, that though these schools exist, they
are not used to their full extent. I would propose to do away
with the first evil by making one, two, tliree, or four of them
into boarding-schools, as we might find the numbers required ;
and the second e»il by shaping the instruction to the wants
of the pupils, and thereby making the schools useful and
poi)ular. As far as I can see, there are endowments foi
schools in agricultur:il districts, excluding Macclesfield and
Stockport, of some £1,500 per annum. In some places, as I
liave told you, there is accommodation ready, and I believe it
would be well worth the effort before we embarked on any
scheme of building a central school to see if, with the help of
the Endowed Schools Commissioners, and with the goodwill
of the trustees of these schools, we could not shape out some
satisfactory plan. I caa conceive no object more worthy of
the attention of a Chamber of Agriculture than to promote
the education of agriculturists ; and I trust that before we
part this day the Chamber will appoint a committee, or re-
quest its council to consider the whole subject, with powers
to consult the Endowed School Commissioners if they think
it desirable. I have hitherto said nothing about technical
educatiou ; not that I undervalue it, as any who know me can
testify, but because I think that in the educatiou of our
labourers employeis the first step is to get a good general
education, and to leave the techuical education to follow in
cases where it is necessary. Doubtless the best techuical edu-
cation for the farm labourer is to be found in work on the
farm, and the discipline of hand and eye that follows practice
in agricultural work. Doubtless, too, for their fuuire em-
ployers a year or two at Cirencester College, or on some farm
other than his father's, is a great advaiitage ; and the early
teaching of botany and the rudiments of chemistry may be
given at our proposed middle-class school. 13ut in the third
branch of the subject — the education of the landowner — I
shall speak only of technical education, 'fhe education of the
sons of our large landowners is to be found in half-a-dozen
famous schools — Oxford, Cambridge, the army and navy, and
certain posts in the public service — supposed to be fit for
gentlemen. These are the schools, all or any of which give a
training, a stamp, a cast of ideas, which make a sort of asso-
ciation of those who share them, and the association is the
upper class. This cast of ideas has both its good and its bad
side ; but I think that one may say, as a result of the teaching
as a whole, that the class is characterised by a high spirit, by
dignity, and by governing qualities. On the other hand it is
wanting in an indisposition and incapacity for systematic
knowledge and scientific learning. But be the educatiou
what it may, I believe that much technic il and special learn-
ing is necessary before a man can become a good landlord.
lie may be a good-natured landlord ; he may be an improving
landlord, but unless he understands something of the science
of agriculture — what laud should do and what a tenant ought
to do — he can never be a good landlord. He may, at con-
siderable expense to himself, learn, by the experience of a
home-farm, something of the difficulties of agriculture ; or he
may by study at Cirencester or elsewhere, arrive at some idea
of practice and science ; or, as our great landowners wisely do,
he may abrogate his functions and entrust his duties to a
part-professional adviser, called an agent. Speaking merely

of the education of a landowner in his relation to his tenants
ard to the land he holds, I bslieve that he is the wisest man
who has the least confidence in himself, who trusts mainly
to professional advice, and who joins a knowledge of human
nature and a power of finding out a man whom he can trust,
with a thorough disbelief in his own power — unless he has
received a professional training for the purpose — to manage
his own estates. But a landowner has, to my mind, another
training which is requisite to enable him to perform the
ordinary duties of his calling, to go through. A landlord,
be he large or be he small, is likely to have more time to
spare than an occupier of land ; and from that circumstance,
as well as from his social position, will frequently be called
upon to fill a position to which his neighbours have elected
him, and to take part in the local government of the country.
Is it possible that he can do this without some knowledge of
the truths of political economy, without some acquaintance
with social science, without some ideas of natural science,
and without in many cases, some training to interpret an
Act of Parliament ? Now, great and good as I consider the
training of our schools and colleges to be, much as I value
the army and navy as schools lor practical knowledge of
men and manners — and in this county we ought never to
forget that to the training of the army we owe the many re-
forms which, aided by his strong practical common sense and
active mind, our late chairman of quarter sessions was able to
carry out — I think that just in these points does their
teaching fail utterly. I confess that week alter week, meeting
after meeting, am I shocked to find that educated men, for
whose opinion on many things I have the highest respect, can
ignore the first principle of political economy, can ruthlessly
ride over the easiest teaching of social science. They are led
away by their compassion, by some idea of economy, some
fear of infringing the liberty of the subject, and in consequence
what they intend by compassion is really cruelty, their pro-
fessed economy ultimate extravagance, their so-called liberty
of the subject slavery to the worst prejudices and habits of
mankind. The blind lead the blind, and those who should be
in advance of others, able to combat with the prejudices of
those less educated than themselves, are really on these
topics as little educated as those who follow and look up to
tliera. But how can we hope to remedy this, to me, the
greatest evil of our faults is education ? It is not so much a
want of education as of special training in certain matters.
!Much may, and I trust will be done by the future responsi-
bilities which enlarged local government will throw on in-
dividuals. Men will educate themselves for the occasion.
Much could be done if our universities would make such sub-
jects a special object in their training. But I feel that, after
all, as long as property alone gives position and influence, as
long as riches are able to overpower all other aristocracy, we
must be at the mercy of those who can educate themselves, or
not, as they choose, and must trust to the good sense of our
rulers and to the influence of public opinion to prevent their
meddling in matters of which they are positively ignorant. la
this case, alas ! where it is most needed we can have no com-
pulsory education. I have spoken so far, of what can be
done for the education of the agriculturist — to the employed,
employer, or landowner, by voluntary elfort. But before I
conclude I should be cowardly to conceal from you my opinion
that such efforts, unsystematic and ill-regulated as they must
necessarily be, can never cover the whole ground of secondary
education. Of primary education I need no longer speak, for
I think that the ground will by and by, 'when the country is
better prepared for it, be fairly covered by a national system.
It strikes me that in our middle-class and upper class educa-
tion, we have an easy-goiug absence of system, a powerlessuess
and indifference of the state, a fatal independence in single in-
st itutions, a free course for abuse, a waste of power, and a poverty
of result, which is mainly owing to our disregarding the laws
which rule modern society. In France, Germany, Italy, and
Switzerland, education exists by having the commune and
the municipal government as its foundation, and could not
exist without them. Here in our country districts we liave
ut present only the ecclesiastical organisation of the middle
ages. The real preliminary to an effective system of educa-
tion is to provide the counties with effective local government,
to allow the means of education therein, to be utilized for a
common object, to do away with all parochialism, and to
throw revenues together under a system which will at once
both benefit individual parishes and promote the good of the

no

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINli

county. If we could in each county ptovide a local org-aaiza-
tion which, trusted as it would be with the home rule of that
county, would among its other duties direct the education ; if
those chosen to rule the country were, as I take it they would
be, those who possessed the confldeuce of their constituents,
we should see the endowments, at present hardly utilised, if
not, indeed, wasted, turned to some good purpose. We should
have a system by which the boy might rise from the National
school to the County-school, from the County school to a
Central school, from the Central school to the University.
We should have an assurance that talent and industry would
meet with their rewards. Our education would cease to be a
quackery, but become real and efficient, and the education of
the agriculturist would be assured, as the best that could
be given to him under the ever-varying circumstances — as
must happen in each county — of the position he is to occupy
in his after life.

The CHiiRMAN said he was sure he was only giving ex-
pression to the feeling of the Chamber when he said that
their thanks were due to BIr. George Latham for his very
able paper. The paper was really more comprehensive than
the heading of it — The Education of Agriculturists — would
have led them to expect. It was really an essay on the pre-
sent state of education in this country as it affected all classes,
and there were few classes which were not in some way or
other connected with land interests. The paper touched upon
the education of the labourer, the farmer and the laadowner,
and many of the suggestions which had been made were well
worthy of their consideration ; but still, what they had more
especially to look to in that Chamber, was the education of
the middle classes, and that was the point to which Mr.
Latham attached the most importance. He had justly said
that the education of the labourer was to a certain exteut
provided for by the Elementary Education Act, nor did he ex-
pect that the Chamber woull attempt to interlere with the
education of those in our great public schools, who would
compose the land-holding class. Public opinion had already
done much to improve the education of the higher classes of
this country, and no doubt would do more, and he (the chair-
man) did not think that any recommendation which they
might make would be likely to have any effect in inducing
people to qualify themselves in a better manner than they did
at present for the position of the landowner ; but he agreed
with Mr. Latham that the Chamber might do something to
further the education of the middle class or farming class of
this county. It seemed to him (the chairman) that this county
stood in a position different from that of other counties, for
many of the farmers were very little above the agricultural
labourers. Many of them went to school until they reached
the age of thirteen or fourteen and obtained some education,
but went to work on the farm, and so long as that was the case
— as it not be expected that they could would spend three or
four more years at school in order to get a technical or scien-
tific knowledge of agriculture — so long there would be no
amendment in their education. Much might he done, how-
ever, by having agricultural schools, at which some special
training could be given to the sons of farmers up to the ages
of thi;teen or fourteen. To show them that agriculturists
were not altogether unmindful of the question of technical
education in regard to agriculture, he stated what had been
done by the Royal Agricultural Society as shown in their re-
port. This *as the framing of a scheme by the head masters
of certain schools for the systematic study of agricultural
chemistry, applied mechanics, &c., and competitive examina-
tion!! in the same, the most successful students being rewarded
by scholarships. He was sorry to find that there was no
school in this county at which the scholars could study and
compete with those of other schools, and he hoped before long
there would be such.

Sir Harry Mainwaring did not quite agree with Mr.
Latham. He (Sir Harry) thought the education of the eyes
was worth a great deal more than the education of the head.
Therefore he would suggest uow what he suggested thirty
years ago, that every farmer should send his son into another
county at the age of thirteen, and when he came back in two
years' time he would turn out better than if he had been to a
school where they taught German, geology, the pianoforte,
and all the rest of the accomplishments. He did not like
that, and he hoped there would never be such schools for far-
mers' sons. Send a boy into Sussex, where he would see very

fferent things to what he saw here.

Mr. Carter endorsed what Mr. Latham had said, and it
was then decided to adjourn the discussion till the next general
meeting.

THE RABBIT AS AN ELECTIONEERING AGENT.
— Mr. Justice Mellor reports that it was proved that at
Launceston Colonel James Heury Deakin was guilty of a
corrupt practice within the true intent and meaning of the
Corrupt Practices Prevention Act, 1854 : " I was perfectly
satisfied by the evidence that Mr. Deakin had endeavoured to
remove all serious cause of complaint on the part of his
tenants, in respect to damages by rabbits by employing
trappers, and by urging upon his bailiff and gamekeeper his
great desire that the rabbits should be kept down ; and it
appeared from a correspondence between Mr. Cowlard, his
solicitor and agent, and himself, that in the month of De-
cember previous to the election he was informed that the rent
audit was just over, and that the only discordant element was
' the rabbit damage,' and Mr. Cowlard proposed to Mr.
Deakin that, with reference to certain of the tenants who had
strongly urged their complaints, for the future the money
arising from the sale of the rabbits should be divided into
three parts, and, assuming the price of a rabbit to be 9d.,
tiiat one-third should be assigned to the trapper, another
third to the keepers, and the remaining third divided between
the tenants who might have sustained damage. Mr. Deakin
at once agreed to the suggestion, and I am satisfied that he
did not desire or intend to keep any part of the proceeds of
the sale of the rabbits for his own use, although he did in-
tend to keep the control of the fund in his own power. I
think that he was not aware of the extent of the excitement;
from the rabbit question until his arrival on the 28th of
January, and that his resolution to make the promise which
he did make on the 29th with regard to the killing and ap-
propriation of the rabbits by the tenants was made on the
spur of the moment without reflection, and without consider-
ing that what might have been a very reasonable and even
laudable proceeding on his part at another time, when dis-
connected with the election, was an illegal proceeding during
a contest for the representation of the borough, at which he
was a candidate. Unfortunately, the report of his speech on
the 29th of January was printed and circulated the next day
by his agents, and his proposal and promise was commented
on and approved by his solicitor and agent at the meeting
held on the 30th of January, after the nomination and before
the poll. Still, I think that neither he nor his agents were
at all aware of the extent and effect of the provisions of the
Corrupt Practices Prevention Act. This may be accounted
for by the fact, stated to me at the hearing, that only one con-
test has taken place for the borough of Launceston during the
last two hundred years, and that such contest occurred at the
time of the passing of the first Reform Act, and I think that,
Inasmuch as the representation of Launceston had always
followed the ownership of the estate which Mr. Deakin had
purchased in the year 1872, he and his agents were entirely
taken by surprise at there being a serious contest at the last
election. In the result, although I am quite satisfied that the
facts of the case properly avoided the election, I regret the
serious disqualifications which flow personally to Mr. Deakin
from my decision, and which, as I think, should be reserved
for the baser forms of bribery." — [Of course the question
which at once arises here is why should the trapper or keeper
claim any share in the money for which the rabbits are soldP
They might almost as reasonably claim a share in the sheep or
any other stock kept on the farm. — Editor.]

THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, CIREN-
CESTER.—Diploma awarded to (full marks 1,800) Monck-
ton, John Henry, Breewood, Staffordshire — 1,418. Brewitt,
George William, Old Gauldaloupe, Melton Mowbray, Leices-
tershire— 1,415. Way, Henry, Dodpitts, Yarmouth, Isle of
Wight— 1,375. Drewry, Frank Holker, Cark-in-Carkmel,
Lancashire — 1,341. Rouse, Martin Luther, Balham House,
Balham, London, S.W.— 1,200. Holland Medal.— John
Henry Monckton. Scholarsliips. — First scholarship to Bre-
witt, Wilson, Moconchy. Second scholarship to Burn Mur-
doch, Ward, Mahony.

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

Ill

THE SOIL— ITS ORIGIN AND GEOLOGICAL RELATIONS.

A Lecture by Mr. Jamieson, the f ordyce lecturer on Agriculture at Marischal College, Aberdeen.

Seeing that the mineral matter of the soil has been derived
from the rocks and strata of which the crust of the earth is
composed, we may expect to find that the character of the soil
will vary with the geological nature of the rock on which it
rests, and will depend a good deal upon it, and that if we had
a geological map before us we could trace out the boundaries
of different classes of soil by the colours which indicate the
distribution of the various kinds of rock. In this expectation,
however, we should find ourselves often much deceived. It
would doubtless be the case that a close connection would be
observed between the nature of the soil and the strata beneath
it if the soil had resulted from direct decomposition of the sub-
jacent rock. But this is seldom the case, for it is not often
that we find the substance of the rock to have gradually moul-
dered down into a soil, and to have remained undisturbed in
the same spot. The wasted matter is generally carried off to
some distance — often to a very great distance — from the locality
that furnished it. The various agencies I have already alluded
to — the rivers, and glaciers, and ocean currents — bear off the
material and carry it far away, so that we frequently find the
mineral matter of the soil bears no relation whatever to the
actual rock on which it reposes. Take, for example, the soil
of Egypt. The fine alluvial loam of that country has been
brought down hundreds of miles from the far interior of Africa
by the river Nile, and has nothingto do with the rock which
immediately underlies it. Its source is far away among the
mountains, beside the great lakes at the head of the river. And
in our own country we find that the boulders and pebbles of
the soil of any particular field have often come from remote
localities, and that even the mass of earthy matter in which
they are embedded may also have been transported from a dis-
tance. The glaciers in htis [instance have probably been the
means of transport, or floating ice, when the country was under
water. The geological map, therefore, requires to be used
with discrimination, and it becomes necessary to bear in mind
the way in which Nature goes to work on these matters. The
maps show the distribution of tlie various classes of rock, but
we have none as yet that show the distribution of different
soils ; and the barren or fertile nature of a farm cannot often
be inferred from the nature of the rock that lies below it. The
character of the soil depends more upon the loose, superficial,
earthy matter that covers the rock than upon the solid strata
themselves, and these superficial deposits have not been suf-
ficiently studied as yet to enable us to map them with any
degree of accuracy. It is true they have been derived origi-
nally from the rocks, but they have been carried in various
directions, and drifted hither and thither, so that in many
cases they do not lie upon the rocks from which they
have proceeded. This is one reason why we cannot get
the information from a geological map in regard to the
soils of a country that we might have at first expected.
Although, therefore, we cannot draw any nice distinctions, nor
tell whether a farm will be a good one or not, merely because
it lies on this or that kind of rock, yet taking a broader view
of the matter, we can perceive some connection between the
two sets of facts, and, without asking you to follow me into a
long disquisition on the various geological formations (which
I think would be out of place here), I shall touch briefly on a
few points that seem to me to be worthy of notice, and, in
doing so, I shall confine myself to the rocks and soils of our
own country. The greater part of the North of Scotland,
what we are accustomed to term the Highlands, consists of the
older crystalline rocks, the gneiss, mica-slate, quartz-rock, clay
slate, and granite. These rocks are generally of a hard solid
nature, and do not yield readily to the weather, and when they
do moulder down, they give rise to soils which are commonly
not very difficult to work, and are well adapted for the cultiva-
tion of oats and turnips, being of a light, free, or friable texture,
unlike the heavy clays of England, some of which can scarcely
he ploughed by a pair of horse«. These rocks of our Scottish
Highlands have been the source from whence a great part of
the superficial deposits have been derived that overspread the
lower grounds of the snrrouiiding districts, the glaciers and

rivers having both flowed downwards from the mountain
chains and great watersheds of the Highlands. Now, the
mineral nature of these rocks explains some cf the peculiarities
of our Scottish soils, especially in the northern counties.
There is a great deficiency of phosphates and of lime in all
these rocks, and consequently we find that our Scottish soils, as
a rule, are very much wanting in these ingredients. No
doubt there are some beds of limestone here and there among
our Highland mountains, but they are too local and of too
limited extent to affect the general character of the district ;
and consequently we find our Scottish rivers contain far less
lime than those of England. This gives the water a softer
character, and makes it more suitable for washing with. The
analyses of our Scottish soils, also, as a rule, exhibit a much
smaller per-centage of lime than those of England, and those
of the North of Scotland are poorer in this ingredient than
even the soils of the Midland and Southern Counties. The
same remark applies to the phosphoric acid. In all the soils
derived from these old rocks, the gneiss, granite, &c., there is
a marked deficiency of phosphoric acid, and hence the great
demand for bone-dust, superphosphate, and all those manures
which contain this ingredient. It is this poverty in lime and
phosphates that constitutes the weak point in the soils of the
North of Scotland, and has helped to stamp them with that
aspect of barrenness which only the industry of the inhabitants
has been able to efface. It is this which makes Scotland so
much a land of heather. Wherever you find a hill of limestone,
there you have grass and verdure, and, in order to banish the
heather effectually from a newly reclaimed soil, there is nothing
better than a good dose of lime. Lime discourages the growth
of heaths in general, and also fir-trees (Lindley). We see,
therefore, that the heather-clad surface of our Scottish hills —
this land of brown heath and shaggy wood — arises in some
measure from the want of lime in the rocks. The poverty of
lime in our Northern hills and soils is also a reason why Scot-
land is so miich a land of oats. Of all our grain
crops, the oat is the one that does with the
least lime. Barley loves a calcareous soil, and so
does wheat, but an extra dose of lime will in many cases spoil
a field of growing oats if it be of a thin, light texture, and
good crops may be grown on land in which there is very little
of this element. Although the rocks of our Scottish High-
lands are weak in lime and phosphoric acid, there is generally
no lack of potash and magnesia, and this is so far favourable
for the growth of the turnip crop, which draws largely upon
the potash of the soil, as also dues the potato and the straw
of the grain crops in general. Accordingly, it is found that
potash manures have seldom mnch influence on the crops with
us. Iron also is generally present, and often in so large quan-
tities as to be injurious, forming a pan or hard stratum be-
tween the soil and subsoil. The heather is a plant that takes
in a good deal of iron, and this is another reason why the hills
of Scotland are so favourable lor its growth. We see then
that the granite and gneiss rocks ol Scotland give rise to soils
which are characterised by a deficiency of lime and phosphoric
acid, and by a richness in potash and iron, and 1 should also
add of the element called silica, which, however, is one that
few soils want. Owing to the great poverty in lime and phos-
phoric acid, turnips can seldom be grown on such soils to ad-
vantage until these two substances be added, and indeed in the
case of newly-reclaimed ground, a dose of lime is almost always
required before crops of any kind will thrive well. Another
serious disadvantage in regard to the soils ot the Highlands
and northern regions of Scotland, which I must not omit to
notice, is the rugged, stony nature of the ground, more es-
pecially in its natural unimproved state. Large boulders and
great blocks of stone abound in most districts, and form
troublesome impediments to the plough and to some of the
improved class of implements. They will also be found an
obstacle to the introduction of steam cultivation in many
localities which are otherwise well adapted for it. This
rngged and rocky aspect of the soil is a characteristic feature
of the older crystalline and granitic rocks, not only in Scot-
land, but in other countries where they occur, and is due in ^

112

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

great measure to their hard, iudestructible nature, which
yields slowly to the weather.

The Old Hed Sandstone. — A considerable part of Scot-
land is occupied by the old red sandstone formation, which we
find stretching across the country from Stonehaven to the
Firth of Clyde, in a broad belt along the south-eastern border
of the Highlands. It also forms a large tract around the
Moray firth, extending from the mouth of the River Spey
along by Elgin, Nairn, Inverness, and Easter-Ross, and like-
wise spreads over much of Caithncs and the Orkney Islands.
This geological formation comprises an extensive series of
beds. Part of it is composed of conglomerate or pudding-
stone, which is a mass of coarse gravel and pebbles,
ceme»ted together and consolidated into a hard, stony
condition. Part of it is a sandstone more or less fine-
grained, and often intermixed with beds of conglomerate.
Other beds consist of flags ami shales, such as
are split up for paving floors of kitchens and cellars.
These are very much developed in Caitliness, and are well
known in commerce as Caitliness pavement. There are also
some beds of limestone, but generally of no great extent.
Owing to this diversity of character, the old red formation
gives rise to variety of soils, but generally speaking, it forms a
much better agricultural subject than the gneiss and grauite,
and some of the most fertile districts of Scotland are situated
upon it. For example, the fine farms of Easter-Ross and of
the Morayshire district, the How of the Mearus, and the best
parts of Forfar and Perth, all lie on the old red sandstone.
When the rough conglomarate comes to the surface, we have
some barren tracts, and the flaggy beds of Caithness also form
an inferior subject ; but with these exceptions the character
of the formation is decidedly good. The sandstone beds
moulder down into a free, loamy soil, which is easily culti-
vated, and well adapted for most kinds of crops. The porous
nature of the rock is favourable for drainage, and generally
forms a dry, warm bottom. The outlines of the country are
softer and less rugged than in the tracts of gneiss and mica-
slate ; and unless where the boulders from the Highlands have
been drifted over it, the surface is not much encumbered with
heavy stones. Owing, however, to its proximity to these
mountainous regions, the old red sandstone has in many cases
been deeply covered with drifted matter full of large blocks of
granite and other crystalline rocks. In the midland counties,
the old red sandstone is much penetrated by veins and masses
of volcanic rocks. Sometimes these assume the form of narrow
dykes, cutting through it, but at otlier times they occupy large
areas, and form considerable hills, as in tlie-Ochils and Sidlaw
ranges. Geologists seem inclined to think that these intrusive
masses have been due to old volcanic action, contemporaneous
in some cases with the formation of the sandstone beds, and
that they represent the lava, ashes, and other igneous products
of the eruptions. However that may be, there is no doubt
that they contribute in some degree to the fertility of the soils
that have been derived from the rocks in which they oocur,
for they impart a greater richness of mineral elements, and
aff'ord not only a considerable^ amount of lime, but also traces
of phosphoric acid.

The Volcanic and Ig.\eous Rocks. — These volcanic
and igneous rocks, I ought to mention, are not peculiar to one
set of geological strata, but are met with more or less in all
the formations, from the oldest to the most recent ; for,
although we have uotliiug of tiie kind in our country in re-
cent times, yet in many otiier regions rocks of this nature are
still in course of production. In Scotland, as I have already
mentioned, they occur very plentifully in the red sandstone
district of the midland and southern counties. Almost a con-
tinuous chain of hills, composed in a great measure of these
igneous beds, stretches from the neighbourhood of Glasgow in
a north-eastern direction across .Scotland to near Montrose,
forming tiie Carapsie Hills, the Ocliils, and the Sidlaw range.
They are also largely developed in the county of Fife and the
Lothians, and throughout the Scottish coal field generally.
Another district wliere they occur in large quantity is in
the West Coast of Scotland. A large part of the Isle
of Skye, the Isle of Mull, Staffa, and many of the other
islets of the Hebrides consist of volcanic rocks. This
western group is of later date than those I have mentioned
as occurring in the old red sandstone, and belongs to the
same period as the basaltic beds of the Giant's Causeway, or in
the North of Ireland. However, I shall here class them alto-
gether, as we have only to contemplate them from an agricul-

tural point of view. In this aspect, they deserve attention,
from the fertility of the soils to which they give rise. This fer-
tility seems owing to the richness in mineral elements which
characterises thera. This is a feature that may be remarked in
many of the products of modern volcanoes. For example, the
sheets of volcanic ashes that clothe the flanks of Vesuvius form
a soil of extraordinary fertility in many places, afl'ording some
of the finest vineyards in the world, and supporting good crops
of wheat also. But the mineral character of the eruptions
varies a great deal, and some are much less favourable to vege-
tation than others. One lava stream may continue barren and
destitute of plants for centuries, while another will soon clothe
itself with luxuriant vegetation. And so it, no doubt, is with
the lavas and igneous products of former ages ; some of them
will give rise to more fertile soils than others. But looking at
these rocks generally, we must pronounce them as a whole fa-
vourable to vegetation. In the Isle of Skye, the hills ol vol-
canic rock are in many cases covered witli a beautiful sweet
grass, forming excellent sheep pasture ; although the ground is
so rugged and rocky that little of it can be brought under the
plough. The fertile character of the Lothians and much of
Fife also appears to be due in no small degree to the numerous
beds of \olcanic rock which occur among the strata of that
quarter. The hill called Arthur's Seat, beside Edinburgh, is
thought to have been the site of an old volcano in the times of
the old red sandstone and coal beds. This theory was first pro-
mulgated by the late Mr. M'Liren, formerly editor of the
Scotsman, and an accomplished geologist, and -it is now the one
adopted by the Geological Survey. But it is in the islands
along the West Coast of Scotland that the grandest display of
volcanic rocks is to be found. Many of the hills and elevated
plains of the Hebrides, which form the picturesque scenery of
that region, are, in fact, nothing else than the remains of old
lava streams poured out from the volcanoes that raged furiously
there during the tertiary period. Mr. Judd, who has been
recently exploring the geology of that quarter, tells ns there
were no less than five notable vents in the West Highlands
from which the fiery matter issued, viz. : Mull, Skye, Rum,
St. Kilda, and Ardnamurclian. Mr. Judd says that Skye and
Mull were the sites of volcanoes of far greater magnitude than
Etna, and the others were of dimensions not much inferior.
These fiery mountains poured out their lavas at intervals during
a vast length of time, and patches of old soils, trees, river gravels,
and lake beds are entangled among the products of the erup-
tions, showing that terrestrial conditions prevailed. Two kinds
of lava are observable in these regions, distingislied by their
ultimate chemical composition. Que the acid, the other the
basic series. The acid series is of a filspathic, the basic of a
basaltic nature. The filspathic lavas were erupted first, Judd
thinks, probably during Eocene times, and the basaltic at a later
date, during the Meocene period.

The Coal JIeasures. — The nest great geological forma-
tion which occupies an important area of our country is that
which is generally known as the coal measures. These com-
prise an extensive and highly diversified series of beds, com-
posed of shales, sandstone, limestone, and seams of coal.
Shale is a geological term applied to beds composed of indurated
clay. Clay itself consists of mineral matter which has been
reduced to a very fine powder, and has been accumulated at the
bottom of still quiet water. In its original condition, it was
just a fine soft mud or ooze, such as we often see at the bottom
of a sheltered harbour. VVhen this mud is laid dry, it forms
clay, more or less tenacious, according to the fineness and
purity of the sediment which subsided. When this clay has
been subjected to great pressure and consolidation, and also to
a certain amount of chemical change, as has happened in the
course of ages to all the older beds of this nature, in conse-
quence of the great weight of the strata lying above them and
and other causes, it assumes the character of shale ; and when
shale is still more altered by similar agencies on a greater
scale, it becomes still iiarder and of a more crystalline and
rocky nature, and assumes the character of slate or flagstone,
as we see in the more ancient series of rocks. All these
varieties of strata — viz., clay, shale, and slate or flagstone — are
merely different phases of the same material assuming a
different complexion and appearance, according to the degree of
consolidation in which it is met with. In tlie same way beds
of sand and silty matter vary fn character owing to the same
causes, and may present themselves as loose sand — sand-
stone or grit — or as hard quartz rock and gneiss, and in general
the more ancient the strata are, the harder and more consolii

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113

dated is tlie state ia wliicli we find tliem. The coal measures,
then, consist of a great series of beds, composed of shale or
fire-clay — grit or sandstone— with much limestone and coal,
often rich in iron ore. In Scotland and Britain generally the
limestone beds lie beneath the coal, and are often associated
and interstratified with sandstone and grit, the useful coal
seams lying at the top of the series. In Scotland, these coal
measures stretch across tlie narrowest part of the country from
the shores of the Firth of torth on the east coast to the Firth
of Clyde on the nest, occupying the greater part of Fife, the
three Lothians, Lanark, A.yr, and Renfrew. In England, tliey
commence at the northern extremity, and stretch through
Nortlmmberland, Durham, Lancashire, and York, into the
very centre of the Kingdom as far as Derby and Stafford, and
also occupy a considerable tract in the South of Wales. In
Ireland they extend over by much the larger part of the
country, the great central area of that island being formed of
the lower beds of the formations, the upper or true coal strata
being chiefly developed in the south-western district, near the
mouth of the Shannon and in the neighbourhood of Kilkenny,
In these .coal measures the great limestead beds lie beneath
the coal. This limestone, together with the associated beds of
sandstone, is a marine deposit, and has been formed ciiielly by
the growth of great beds of stone lilies, together with masses of
coral and sea shells. Just a sort of great coral reef. All
these grew and flourished at the bottom of the sea, absorbing
lime from the water in wiiich it had previously been dissolved,
and by their decay formed extensive reefs of calcareous matter,
which now present themselves as beds of limestone. The
coal, on tlie other hand, was formed at a later period, and has
arisen from the decay of beds of vegetable matter, which grew
in vast swamps and marshes, somewhat like our peat mosses,
but on a far more extensive scale. The vegetation of that
period consisted of plants allied to our ferns and mosses, but
instead of being small and diminutive like tiiem, they grew to
the dimensions of trees, and must have formed thick forests
which, owing to a peculiar climate and state of the atmosphere,
sprang up with marvellous rapidity and luxuriance. These
wide-spreading jungles grew and fell, and were covered up by
sheets of mud and sand thrown down by the river floods of
that period. On these a second forest sprang up, decayed,
and was buried in a similar manner, and so the process went
on. And it is evident that tlie conditions ol the earth at that
period were specially adapted for the purpose of making and
preserving fuel for future ages, and thus we have it laid
past for us in pits and cellars waiting the age of steam, which
has now arrived, and tlireatens to consume these coal-beds far
faster than they were originally made. Owing to the variety
of character which the different members of the coal measures
present, they give rise to soils which are equally diversified in
their nature. The limestone forms the best soil, and the
regions where it comes to the surface are often of a very fertile
cliaracter. The great limestone plain of Ireland abounds in
beautiful pastures, and, favoured as it is by a mild and moist
climate, its grass and herbage are ever green, and therefore
Erin has been called the Emerald Isle from the coastant ver-
dure of its vegetation. Again, some of our best land in Scot-
land is situated upon the limestone beds of the coal measures.
T have only to mention Fife and the Lothians as evidence of
this. In Scotland, however, the limestone and coal-beds
generally are much invaded by masses of trap or volcanic rocks,
and these, in many cases, no doubt help to give a character to
the soils around them. This is very much the case in Fife,
and also in East Lulhian. In England the volcanic rocks do
not occur so often, and a great part of the carboniferous lime-
stone and millstone grit forms elevated hilly ground at too
great an altitude for wheat. Where it descpuds to lower
levels, it of course proves a more favourable subject. It was a
favourite saying of Thomas Bates that there was no place for
rearing Shorthorns equal to the valley of the Wharfs. Now,
tlie Wharfe takes its rise in the carboniferous limestone, and
flows the greater part of its course through it and the millstone
grit of the coal measures. Perhaps this may have something
to do with the character that Bates has given this valley, for
this limestone forms some of the best pastures in England. In
the North Riding of Yorkshire (according to Mr. Milburn, of
Thirsk, Roy. Ag. Soc. Jour, ix., 496) the grass land in the
velleys and hill-sides of the carboniferous limestone lets for as
much as £4 an acre. The millstone grit and shale, lying to
the eastward of the limestone, form a more ungenial belt of
land. And taking the whole of North Riding, he tells us that

the character of the soil and the style of farming are very much
regulated by the geological nature of the strata on which the
soil reposes. Although the limestone, then, forms a good
agricultural subject, we connot speak so favourably of the
other members of the coal measures. The shales, fire-clays,
ironstone beds, &c., have all an inferior character, and form
soils which are often low in the scale of fertility. This arises
partly from their frequent tenacity and wetness, and, probably,
also in part from their impregnation with sulphur and metallic
substances.

The Glacial Beds. — In the northern parts of both
Europe and America, and indeed over a large part of the polar
and temperate regions of the globe, there is a very widely-
spread mass of coarse earth or clay mixed with stones, which
generally lies as a covering upon the more solid strata, and
which, geologists are now of opinion, has been formed by the
action of ice, at a time when a colder climate prevailed over
most of the globe. This phase of the earth's history is
generally known as the glacial period, and immediately
preceded the occupation of the earth by the human race.
During this glacial period an arctic climate reigned over the
north of Europe, and a great part of the surface of our pre-
sent continent was covered by snow and ice, much like what
Greenland is at the present day, and it was owing to the action
of the ice upon the rocky framework of the country that this
mass of coarse earthy matter was produced, and spread over
the surface of the rocks. It has been derived from the waste
of the rocks by the ice, which, moving over them with great
friction, ground them down to a state like mud, tiiis earthy
mud being at the same tim^ mixed with stones and boulders
carried along by the ice. In many parts of Scotland these
boulders are thickly scattered over the surface, and form a
great impedi"'ent to the improvement and proper cultivation of
the soil, being frequently of great size, and requiring to be
blown to pieces by gunpowder before tliey can be
got rid of. Such is the case also in many parts of the North of
Earope and in Canada and tiie U.S. of America. These large
boulders are generally met with in great numbers along the
sides of the llighlaud valleys, and over the low ground adjoin-
ing the hills and mountain ranges, and have frequently been
transported to immense distances from the rocks from which
they were derived. In many parts of Scotland they have
proved a source of much expense in the reclamation of the soil.
The boulder clay, or coarse earth in which they are imbedded,
varies a good deal in its character, according to the nature of
the rocky strata from which it has been derived. It generally
consists of a mixture of fine impalpable mud, mixed with
coarse sand, petjbles, and stones of many kinds and sizes, form-
ing a stiff, tenacious paste. In Aberdeenshire and most of the
North of Scotland it has been derived from the waste of the Gram-
pian hills, and its materials consist ofthe granite, gneiss, and other
crystalline rocks ofthe Highlands and hilly grounds reduced to
powder. When it rests upon a dry bottom, and is not much
infested. with large boulders, it often forms a tolerably good
subsoil ;' but, owing to its tenacity, it is frequently of a reten-
tive nature, and requires drainage. It also abounds frequently
in springs of water, and its agricultural value with us depends
chiefly upon its dryness and freedom from large boulders, and
also upon the circumstance of its being not too much impreg-
nated with oxide of iron. In those districts, when tlie rock
on which it reposes is of an open, porous nature, it forms a
good warm subsoil; but, when the rock supporting it is of a
close texture or full of springs, then the water, diffusing itself
through ihe overlying mass of earth, renders it cold and wet.
In Scotland this boulder clay is generally dBllcient in lime,
and is often too much impregnated with oxide of iron, which
occasionally forms a hard stratum or pan, very unfavourable to
vegetation. In the districts of the old red sandstone the
glacial beds partake of the character of that formation, and are
of a redder, sandier, aud more porous nature— are generally
less infested with heavy boulders, except in the neighbourliood
of the Grampians, when the drift from the gneiss mountains
has partially overspreal tiie sandstone strata.

The Glacial Marine Clays.— Along the low grounds
adjoining the coast, we find in many places beds of a very
pure retentive clay, which consists of the fine muddy sediment
deposited at the bottom ot the sea during part of the glacial
period when much of the country was under water. These
clays occur along the eastern parishes of Aberdeenshire, and
here and there along all the low coast districts of Scotland,
and over part of England and Ireland. They vary in colour

114

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

according to the hue of the rocks froin which the sediment
has been derived. Along the Banffshire coast, and round by
Fraserburgh to the neighbourhood of Peterhead, the clay is
generally of an indigo or dark leaden blue colour. From
Peterhead along the cast coast to Fife it is mostly red. These
clays are used for making bricks and tiles. They form a very
heavy and difficult soil to work. Turnips don't thrive upon
them, except in unusually favourable seasons, and they are
difficult to drain. Clover and vetches, beans and wheat, are
the crops for which they are naturally adapted. In some
quarters there are beds and seams of tine sand interstratifled
with the clay, and these form a better subject for the agricul-
turist, but the tracts of pure clay form some of the worst soils
we have, and are more adapted for steam cultivation than
liorse labour. The large boulders that occasionally occur in
them are supposed to have been drifted by the agency of floating
ice. There is a good deal of this clay in the parishes of St.
Fergus, Peterhead, Crudeu, Slains, Logie-Buchan, and some
parts ofEiloti, Foveran, and Belhelvie. We do not meet with
it iu the interior of the county, and there is none of it in
Deeside, Donside, and very little along the valley of the
Ythan.

Valley Gravel a>'d Moraines. — Along the banks of all
the rivers we find a good deal of gravelly ground, the extent of
which is generally in proportion to the size of the valleys.
These beds of gravel have been formed at the close of the gla-
cial period, when the snow and ice gradually melted, and their
origin is to be sought in tlie heavy floods which took place
every season when great thaws occurred, and gave rise to
volumes of water flowing down the valleys much greater than
anything we now see even in the rainiest seasons. They mark
tiie time when the ice was disappearing gradually by reason of
the return of a more genial climate. We find a great deal of
tliis gravel along the side of the Dee, the Don, the Spey, the
Findliorn, tlie Tay, and all our larger rivers ; and a proportion,
ally less amount of it on tiie banks of the smaller streams. It
forms a dry, warm subsoil, on whicli we have light porous soils
that grow good crops in moist seasons, well adapted for here
and barley, turnips and potatoes. In the Highlands valley we
often find large mounds of course gravel and stoney rubbish,
which are old moraines formed along the margin of the beds of
ice that filled the valleys in the latter part of the glacial period,
similar to what are to be seen among the Alps of Switzerland
at the present day. The greater number of our towns and vil-
lages are built on this valley gravel. Aberdeen, Banchory,
Aboyne, Ballater, and Braemar, Kintore, Inverurie, Huntly,
Ellon, &c. It forms a favourite site for mansions and country
seats by reason of its dry healthy character ; Balmoral, Tay-
joouth Castle, and most of the houses of the nobility are upon
it. When the gravel is course and pebbly, it forms a poor,
hungry soil, which in a dry summer grows almost nothing, but
when the sand is finer, and covered by a good depth of loam,
it forms one of the most valuable soils we have, easy to work,
and adapted for almost every kind of crop.

The Carse Lands. — Another geological deposit different
in character from auy of those I have been describing is the
carse ground. The Carse of Gowrie and the Carse of Falkirk
are two well known tracts of very level land, which have been
formed after the glacial period had passed away, and are com-
posed of masses of old estuary mud formed along the Firths of
Tay and Fortii at a time when the coast was depressed about
23 feet beneath its present level, so that the tides reached
higher up the river valleys than they do now. The soil of the
carse consists of a fine muddy sediment, quite free from stones,
and very similar to the ooze which we find at the bottom of any
of our sheltered harbours. Several skeletons of large whales
have been got imbedded in the soil of the carse, and beds of
cockles and oysters also attest the nature of the conditions
under which it was accumulated. Although the Carses of Fal-
kirk and Gowrie are the most extensive and well known of
these deposits, yet ground of the same kind, although of less
extent, occurs round the Montrose basin, at the mouth of the
Clyde, at Beauly, Spynie, Tain, and otiier similarly situated
places. There are also large tracts of the same nature
in England, in the Fen districts, and along the mouths of most
large rivers. These carse lands are often extremely fertile, and
form some of the most valuable wheat-soil we have, but although
this is often so, it is not always the case. Some of it is a poor
tenacious clay, difiicult to work, and from its flat nature not

easily drained. It is remarkably well adapted for steam culti-
vation, owing to its uniform character and entire freedom from
stones. It generally forms level plains of rich bluish mud,
rising in a sort of low platform along the sides of the present
estuaries.

Alluvial Soils. — Along the banks of every large river
we find some extent of alluvial soil, consisting of the fine sedi-
ment thrown down from the water in time of floods, and which
forms meadows and flats along the sides of the stream ; in
Scotland they are generally called haucjhs. The extent of
these alluvial soils depends of course upon the size and nature
of the river. In Britain, where the rivers are small, they are
of comparatively little extent, but in other countries they are
of immense area. The fertile land of Egypt is nothing else
than the meadow of the River Nile, and in the valleys of the
Mississippi, the Amazon, and other large Continental streams
this fluviatite sediment forms some of the most important and
fertile tracts in the world. A large part of China consists of
the alluvium of its great rivers. Although this class of soil
is generally of a very fertile character, yet its value is often
impaired by the difficulty that occurs in keeping the water off.
It is often subject to be flooded, and lying generally little
above the level of the rivers, a proper outfall cannot be got
for drains. These meadows form excellent grass land, from
the great depth and richness of the soil, which permits the
roots of the plants to go deep down, so that they do not suffer
in dry weather. The finest pastures in England are in some
of these alluvial grounds, as, for example, in Somersetshire,
where there is a flat of about 1,000 acres which lets annually
for grazing at about £6 an acre all over.

Peat Soils. — Another kind of soil or superficial covering
which is still in course of formation is peat, which in some
places occupies a large extent of surface, and furnishes fuel to
much of our rural population. These beds of peat are of very
variable depth, and occur not only in low swampy hollows
where the drainage is obstructed, but also cover with a less
degree of thickness the surface of many of our hills, even the
very tops of some of them, up to heights exceeding 2,000 feet
above the level of the sea. In the Highland districts peaty
turf forms a very large proportion of the surface; while in
Ireland, so great is the area it occupies, that the
Commissioners appointed by Parliament to inquire into
the subject, reported that the extent of peat soil in that
county amounts to nearly three million acres, of which rather
mors than half consists of flat red bog, and the remainder
forms the covering of mountains. These Irish bogs are often
of immense depth, 30 to 40 feet being not uncommon in some
of them ; and, in ote 'instance, 4-7 feet was reached. In Scotland,
their depth and dimensions are much less. One of the
largest peat mosses is the Flanders Moss, in the district of
the Forth, which covers about 10,000 acres. We have a
good deal of it in Aberdeenshire, and in the Buchan district
there are extensive peat mosses to the E. and W. of the Hill
of Mormond, occupying much of the parishes of Crimond,
Lonmay, St Fergus, Strichen, and New Deer, In St Fergus
some of the peat is said to exceed 20 feet in depth, but it is not
often that it reaches ten feet with us, so far as my observation
goes. Peat is a substance formed in cold and humid climates
by the gradual decay of those plants which flourish in moist
and swampy places. In warm and tropical countries the
decomposition of the dead plants goes on too rapidly and
completely, so that peat is not formed. A moist, temperate,
or coldish climate, and a wet soil, seem to be the conditions
most favourable for its accumulation. In many peat mosses
we find remains of trees, such as hazel, hirch, oak, alder, and
fir, but in others we find none, and many of the most extensive
bogs in Ireland contain no trees, the whole mass of peat from
top to bottom being formed of mosses, sedge, and other
aquatic plants, which have flourished and decayed season after
season, each year's crop forming by its decomposition a film of
vegetable matter. Towards the bottom of these deep Irish bogs,
the fibres of the dead plants cease to be visible, the colour of
the stuff, becomes blacker, and its texture more compact,
forming a very valuable fuel, and having, when dry, some
resemblance to pitch or bituminous coal. Peat itself forms a
very poor soil, but when it is well drained, and mixed with a
proportion of earthy matter, it is greatly improved, and will
grow good crops of oats, turnips, and potatoes.

\

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE,

115

A NORTH COUNTRY VILLAGE.

[Report by H. Franklyn Parsons, M.D., Medical Officer of
Health, for the Goole and Selby Rural Sanitary Districts.]
As the first instalment of ray sanitary work, I beg to present
the following report on the sanitary condition of Luddington,
based npon personal observations made there in company witli
Mr. Tudor, on January 10th and 23rd. My reason for begin-
ning with Luddington was that I was informed that it was in
the worst sanitary condition of any township in the union, and
indeed for the credit of the union I hope this is the case ; for
in spite of what has been already done for its amelioration the
state of Luddington is still filthy and unhealthy in the extreme.
The village of Luddington consists almost entirely of a single
long serpentine street, which formerly skirted the right or Lin-
colnshire bank of the river Don. When, however, the " Dutcii
river" was cut, about 250 years ago, tlie waters of the Don
forsook their old course, which in consequence became silted
up. At present the course of the old Don is for the most
part marked only by a scarcely perceptible depression, but in
some portions a ditch still remains, into wliich water finds its
way, but can escape only by evaporation or soaking into the
soil, and these portions form convenient receptacles for refuse of
various kinds. Owing to the newness of the ground, the walls
of several houses built on the margin of the old river bed have
sank and cracked to a greater or less extent. The country around
Luddington is treeless, and very flat, there being only a very
slight fall to the east, where a watercourse, called the Mere
Dyke, pursues its sluggish way towards the Trent. The geo-
logic formation is alluvial, and consists of a sandy loam or
" warp" with beds of sand or clay in places ; and at a depth of
about thirty feet a hard bed of sandstone known as " pan-sand"
is met with. The population of Luddington according to the
last census was 775. In 1873 tlurtren deaths occurred there,
including one each from typhoid and scarlet fevers. The po-
pulation is entirely an agricultural one, and consists to a con-
siderable extent of Irish ; wages appear to be low for this part
of England ; and the scanty furniture, and ragged children in
many houses bore witness to the poverty of the inmates. Over-
crowding is said to prevail among the Irish in summer and
harvest to a dangerous degree, and some instances came under
our notice, although owing to the free ventilation afforded by
the dilapidated houses, its evil effects were not always so ob-
vious to the senses as might have been expected. In one case we
found a man with his wife and nine children sleeping in a room
only five feet three inches in height, and of only 955 cubic feet
capacity ; each person would, therefore, have on an average less
than eighty-seven cubic feet of space — 240 cubic feet being the
minimum allowance fixed for each person in the regulations for
metropolitan lodging-houses, while authors on hygiene insist
on a much larger amount. The room had no ceiling, but only
a sloping tilted roof, partly concealed by a few mats of flax-
waste ; there was a large gaping crack in the wall at the end,
and the floor was of " grouting," upon which the whole family
slept without a bedstead. In several other houses we found no
ceiling, the only covering being the tiles. Such houses are hot
in summer and bitterly cold in winter. Many of the cottages
are in a very ruinous state ; of one a large portion of the roof
had been blown off : it was, nevertheless, occupied by a family.
The walls and floors are generally constructed of an inferior kind
of brick, which decays in the course of time ; from this cause,
combined with the absence of drainage and neglect of necessary
repairs, many of the cottages are very damp — a condition most
injurious to health. There is no main drainage in Luddington.
The houses on the west side of the road are mostly furnished
with drains of common porous pipes, which run across the old
Don into the adjoining field and terminate in blind extremities,
their contents soaking into the soil. Some of the houses on the
opposite side of the stieet hare drains which lead into stagnant
foul ditches, a short distance from the houses, and the remainder
have no drainage at all ; the liquid refuse from the houses being
thrown into the ashpits, or anywhere handy. The evils re-
sulting from this state of things are — 1, Dampness of ^the
houses from the ground around being sodden with slops ; 2,
Nuisances arising from the stagnation near the houses of
runnings from pigstyes, and other foul liquids ; and 3, Pollu-
tion of the wells by these liquids percolating through the
soil. To remedy these evils a proper system of sewerage is

urgently called for. The principal street would require to be
sewered in two portions, one of tliera discharging into a sewer
leading down Mere Dyke-lane, the other into one down
Church-lane ; both should be covered for some distance be-
yond the last houses. For the details, however, I will refer
you to your able surveyor, Mr. Tudor. As it is important
for the prevention of phthisis, rheumatism, and other diseases,
that the subsoil on which dwellings are built should be dry,
and as this drying cannot be effected by the impervious pipes
which it is necessary to use when sewage has to be conveyed,
I would recommend that a row of ordinary agricultural drain-
pipes be laid alongside of or underneath the sewer-pipes ; the
extra cost of this if done at the same time would be small, as
no additional excavations would need to be made. A cheaper
expedient would be to use unglazed socket-pipes, the lower
half embedded in clay, so as to retain the sewage, and the
upper part surrounded by porous materials to allow the passage
of the subsoil water info the sewer. The farmyards should
be drained into water-tight covered cesspools, with pumps for
the liquid manure, for owing to the oft repeated removal
of soil with manure from their surface, their level is
too low for any other outfall to be obtained. Another great
delect in many of the poorer houses is the absence of a staircase,
access being gained to the bed-rooms up a ladder in the corner
of the room, and through a hole in the floor above. In one
case, where the height that had to be ascended in this way
was as much as 10 feet, the tenant told me that slie and her
children had frequently met with accidents from falls. Other
houses are without adequate means of ventilation. On the
whole, the state of the cottage property in Luddington is dis-
graceful, and there are about eight houses wliich, in my
opinion, ought to be closed as soon as practicable, unless the
necessary alterations are made, which would probably cost
nearly as much as rebuilding. The water of Luddington is one
of the most unsatisfactory features of the place ; the quautity
being deficient, and the wells almost invariably polluted. In-
deed the inhabitants seem to have got to consider that the
water of a well was never meant, and can never be fit, to be
drunk by human beings, and that as it is therefore useless to
protect the water from contamination, the most convenient
place for the pump is in the fold-yard. For drinking and
culinary purposes they always use rain-water, which those
who have no facilities for catching it, are compelled to purchase
at from O^d.to l^d.jOr even 2d. a bucketful. In dry seasons
the supply of rain-water is very inadequate for the wants of the
people, and the wells often run dry ; and when to this it is
added that some of the people have to fetch water a quarter of
a mile or more, it will be readily imagined that cleanliness
must be a rare virtue among the poorer classes. As a
proof of the scarcity of water I may mention that the
rain-water butts were kept locked, and that the hard
water pumps were almost always out of order, the buckets
being leaky so that the pump ran dry, and had to be primed
by pouring water down the top, it being preferred to let the
pump remain in this condition, to prevent the neighbours
taking the water. The raiuwater is collected either in barrels
or cylindrical zinc cisterns, and in the better class of houses
in underground tanks of masonry, or in cisterns of stone or
lead. I consider stone or slate the best material for the pur-
pose ; the use of leaden cisterns to hold rainwater used for
drinking is fraught with much danger. 1 was informed of
some cases of lead poisoning from this cause that occurred in
Luddington some years ago. The rainwater is generally
drunk nnfiltered, yet no care seems to be taken to ensure its
purity ; before entering the butt it usually has to wash the lid,
which in some instances I noticed to be covered with excre-
ment of birds and animals. Still, I should prefer drinking
even this, to the water of most o: the wells, which in colour,
smell, and taste resembles — as in fact it is — a somewhat dilute
infusion of farm and other manure. Chemical tests show it
to be loaded with otganic impurities, and a foul scum rises to
the surface on boiling. Nevertheless, there does not appear
to be any absolute necessity for this disgusting state of affairs.
No doubt there is but little water, and that of a poor quality,
to be obtained from wells that do not penetrate below the
"warp," but I am informed that on boring through the

116

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

stratum known as "pan sand," to which I have before
alhideil, an abundant supply of good wafer may be obtaiaed at
a depth of some 30 feet. In order to preserve this from pollution,
the upper part of tiie well ranstba made water-tight, which
may be done by clay puddle outside the brickwork, or better
still by substituting for the latter large-sized glazed stoneware
pipes. It is usual in this neighbourhood, instead of sinking a
well until a sufficient supply of water is reached, to stop when a
depth has been attained somewhat below the level to which it
is thought that the water will rise, and to bore the remaining
distance. If this be done, a Hag-stone should be placed at the
bottom of the well for the brickwork or casing to rest on.
This flag should have a hole in the centre through which an
iron pipe should pass down the bore-bole as far as the nature
of the ground may render it necessary, the upper end of tlie
iron pipe being left projecting a foot or more above the stone
bottom of the well. If this be done there will be no fear ot
the bore-hole getting closed up, and the wall thus ceasing to
yield. One or two good public wells in convenient situitious
and furnished with pumps, would be an immense boon to the
people of Luddington. I may mention that there is a well
close to the Primitive Methodist Chapel, the water of which
appears good, no source of pollution being present within some
distance. Where rain-water is used lor drinking it should
always be filtered, the roofs and pipes by which it is
collected should be kept clean, the tank or butt covered, but
ventilated, and in a cool shady place. The privies and pig-
styes are often placed too near the houses : this is especially
the case with those on the side of the street towards
the old Don, the back premises to which are inconveniently

small and cramped ; those on the other side have generally
gardens. The privy arrangements are almost universally on
the faulty plan. The excrement is allowed to accumulate until
the privy is full, by which time it has become an offensive
nuisance; it is then raked out and mixed up with ashes. Instead
of this it would be far better to cover the excrement with
ashes day by day. The deodorizing power of dry ashes is so
great that nearly all smell would thus be prevented ; and for
the greater convenience of emptying (which of course under
these circunist:mces would require to be more frequently done),
I recommend the adoption of box closets. These are in use to
some extent in the town of Goole, and have been found to
answer well. They are, no doubt, familiar to you, so that I
need not stop to describe them, but I may remark that the box
should be made watertight with pitch, and carried well under
the front of the seat. One modification I would suggest in order
to facilitate the removal of the box when full, viz., a pair of
small wheels at the end of the box farthest from the door by
which it is drawn, and sockets on either side at the nearer
end, into which wooden handles might be thrust. The whole
box might then be wheeled, wheel-barrow fashion, to any re-
quired place, and its contents applied at once to the soil. It
is in vain to expect any plan to succeed among the poor, how-
ever great its sanitary advantages, if it entail more labour than
that to which they have been accustomed. I do not propose
that the adoption of this plan should be at once enforced in
every case, but that when nuisances arise, as under the old
arrangement they are nearly certain to do, and a notice for
their abatement is necessary, the inspector be instructed
to require the adaptation of the privy to the bos form.

THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND.

The general meeting was held in the Society's Hall,
Captain Tod, of Howden, senior director, in the absence
of the president or any of the vice-presidents, in the chair.

Christian Hoist, Chamberlain to his Majesty King
Oscar II., and Norwegian Court Paymaster, and Ferdinand
August Dahl, Director of the Royal Higher Agricultural School
at Aas, Christiana, were elected honorary associates ; and 135
gentlemen were balloted for and admitted as ordinary members.

Mr. G. AULDJO Jamieson, C.A., on behalf of Mr. Irvine,
of Drum, read the following addition proposed to be made to
the bye-laws ; " The Secretary shall, 30 days before the meet-
ing of directors at which tlie list of ordinary and extraordinary
directors lor the ensuing year is to be made up, intimate by
advertisement in any two or more of tire Edinburgh newspapers
that the directors are prepared to receive from members of
the Society, within eight days from the date of such intima-
tion, the names of such members as they may desire to suggest
for the consideration ot the directors in making up the list
to be recommended for the adoption of the Society at the
general meeting in January."

The Chairman said it must be borne in mind that this
proposed alteration would not come into operation till next
general meeting, as all alterations must be approved by two
general meetings.

Mr. "Walkek (Bowland), read the reply from her Ma-
jesty's Office of Works to the memorial adopted at the general
meeting of the Society on the 21st January upon an Ordnance
Survey of Scotland. The memorial has already been pub-
lished. It may be remembered that the First Commissioner
stated that it seemed to him that the only mode of expediting
the survey of Scotland was by increasing the annual Parlia-
mentary grant for the service. Mr. Walker went on to say
that he believed that a deputation which liad been appointed
for the purpose had not yet iiad aconfrrfnce with the Govern-
ment, but he hoped it would soon take place. He trusted
they would impress on the Government the necessity of a
larger outlay on this great work. It was clear that the ob-
stacle in tiie way was financial ; and it was also clear to him
that if they did not proceed more rapidly than hitherto, none
of the present members of tlie Society would live to see it
completed, and when it would be completed the earlier por-
tions of it (vould be found to be out of date. He thought it
was a disgrace that the Government of the country had not
provided funds to complete this great national work within a
reasonable time,

The directors' proceedings in these matters were ap-
proved of.

Mr. Campbell Swijjton (Kimmergharae) stated that in
February last the 15arone>s Durdett Coutts made some sug-
gestions to the directors as to the Society exerting its influence
for the promotion of the humane treatment of animals. Her
ladyship's letter was referred to special committees, and these
committees afterwards reported, when the directors agreed
that to the medals in aid of prerainnis given by local societies
there should, as already reported, be added a class for men in
charge of stock, and one for women having charge of dairies
and poultry. The directors had also under consideration the
subject of aiding the cause of humane education, and
circulars were sent out on the 31st Blarch to above 970 school
boards in Scotland. It was gratifying to know that all the
answers received stated that the subject had been favourably
entertained by the school boards ; and he could personally
state that that was the case in several school boards to which
the circulars iuid been addressed. These boards looked upon
this as a matter of great interest and importance.

Mr. Murray (Dollerie) stated that he could say the same
thing. The circular had been very favourably considered by
the school boards with which he was connected.

The report was approved of.

Mr. GiLLOX (Wallhouse) reported that the entries for the
show to be held at Inverness were: Cattle 380, horses 150,
sheep 500, snine 55, poultry 500, coUie dogs 12, implements
1,000.

Tlie following gentlemen, holders of the Society's diploma,
Forbes Durn, Hardacres, Coldstream; Henry Erskine, Dal-
ladies, Brechin ; Ilichard Henderson^ Coldstream, were also
elected.

Mr. Murray (Dollerie) moved the proposed alteration of
the bye-laws, to enable the members to recommend gentlemen
as directors, and providing tiiat the four vice-presidents and
ten extraordinary directors shall retire annually, instead of
one-half the number each of two successive years, and this
was approved of.

Previous to the reports on agricultural education being
given in,

Tiie Chairman said that he wished to make a few remarks.
It was alw'ays best to tell the truth, and he confessed he was a
little sorry to liave to say that the directors could not come to
one mind regarding agricultural education and the chemical
department. He therefore hoped that they would not be too

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

117

hurried in coming to any decision on the matter. The fact
Wiis that the public generally thought that the Highland
Society was rolling in wealth; and the true state of tlie case
was that they had very little wealth. From a statement
which they might hear by-and-by from the chairman of the
Finance Committee, the.y iiad only £550 at their disposal as a
surplus to spend in any way. That was all that there was to
spend in promoting either agricultural education or in paying
the expenses of tlie chemist. Now, agricultural education was
80 very much mixed up with the chemical department, that
he wished to state these things before they entered upon tlie
discussion of the subjects connected with the educational
department, and to show that they must not be too hurried
in coming to any decision regarding even what they as directors
liad proposed. The meeting would hear in a short time tliat it
was proposed to give bursaries to encourage agricultural educa-
tion, but that was agreed to at a time before the directors had
a clear understandinsj about their finances. They decided to
give as much as i'SOO a year in bursaries, and it was very
doubtful now wliether that could be carried out. He wished
to make tliese remarks, so tliat in the discussion which would
subsequently take place nothing, as he had said, should be
iiurriedly done. It was quite a mistake for the public to think
that the Highland Society was so wealthy. Their expenses had
enormously increased within the last few years. A great deal
was said about the small premiums and paltry medals whicii
they provided. These were all now largely increased, and in-
stead of having money at their disposal, they would have hard
work to make ends meet at the end of this year. With these
remarks, he called upon Professor Balfour for iiis report ou
agricultural education.

Professor Balfour reported that the annual examination of
candidates for the diploma and certificate in agriculture
granted by the Society took place on the 2'ith and 25di of
March, when the following gentlemen passed : For diploma —
Forbes Burn, Hardacres, Berwickshire, who obtained the cer-
tificate in 1872, ; for certificate and diploma — Henry Erskine,
Dalladies, Brechin, and Richard Henderson, Coldstream ; for
certificate — William Kennedy, 89, Marine Parade, Brighton,
who is, in terms of the bye-laws, entitled to present himself
next year for the diploma. It was stated that the prizes given
by tlie Society to the class of agriculture of the EJinburgii
University had this year been awarded by Professor Wilson to
John Bramwell, Blackaddie, Sanquhar, and Robert W. E.
Murray, Housebyres, Galashiels. The papers of these two
gentlemen being of equal merit, the amount, £10, was divided
equally.

Mr. Menzies then read the following report by the Coun-
cil: The Council on Education having received the report of
tlieir sub-committee, adopted it as follows : 1. That the Society
should establish ten bursaries of £20 each, and ten of £10
each — at schools, to be approved of by the directors, wliich
include or are willing to introduce the teaching of chemistry,
and tlie following branches of natural science — physical geo-
graphy, botany, and geology — into their curriculum. 2. That
the bursaries should be determined by examination in the
usual manner by the Society's examiners. 3. That the £20
bursaries should be tenable for one year at the Universities,
for tlie purpose of enabling the holders to take the classes
necessary to qualify for the Society's certificate or diploma ;
and the £10 bursaries to be tenable for the same period, to
enable the holders to receive another year's preparation at
school. 4. That the age of candidates for the bursaries at the
Universities should not be less than 17, and at schools not less
than 16 years. 5. That the present scheme of the Society's
examinations should be modified so as to admit of a lower
award, or second-class certificate. 6. That the awards in
future] should consist of a diploma,' first-class certificate,
and second-class certificate. 7- That the examination
for the second-class certificate should comprise the principle
and practice of agriculture, agricultural chemistry, surveying
and farm engineering, and farm accounts. The examination
forthe first-class certificate should include the compulsory sub-
jects of the second-class certificate, and any three of the following
optional subjects — botany, geology, physics or mechanics, me-
teorology or climate, natural history, and veterinary practice ;
and that the examination for the diploma should remain as at
present. 8. That a standing acting committee of the Council
on Agricultural Education should be appointed by the di-
rectors.

The Chairman said he hoped the meeting quite clearly un-
derstood tha' the £300 which the Council of Education pro-
posed to give annually must be paid out of the sum of £550
which he had said was available. It was mentioned on page
11 of the premium list, clause viii. — " That a sum not exceed-
ing £100 per annum shall be placed at the disposal of the
examiners, to be applied in prizes to candidates who pass with
distinguished merit, and on a standard exceeding that required
for the diploma." He might explain that that sum had also
to be taken out of the £550.

Mr. Walker (Bowland) suggested that it might be con-
venient to the members of the Society who were not generally
conversant with the subject that this report should he passed
from, and that the discussion should take place after they had
heard the reports on both subjects.

This was approved of.

Sir Thomas Hepburn read the following resolution :
' Tliat the Highland and Agricultural Society accepts with
regret Professor Anderson's resignation of the appointment of
chemist to the Society whicli he has held since IStO. That the
Society convey to Dr. Anderson its expression of deep regret
that the state of his healtli has compelled him to abandon his
important duties both in the Society and in the University of
Glasgow. That the Society in the fullest manner recognises
the importance of the services whicli Dr. Anderson has ren-
dered to the science of chemistry by bis original researches,
and to the Higliland Society's chemical department by the
fidelity and accuracy of the work executed on its behalf by
him. Tliat the Society convey to Dr. Anderson its cordial
wishes for the enjoyment of ease and comfort in the retirement
which the state of his health has compelled him to seek. That
the above resolutions be recorded in the minutes of the Society,
and that an extract thereof be communicated to Dr. Anderson
by tlie secretary." The resolution was unanimously adopted.

Professor Dewar read the following report :

" Chemical Laboratory, Clyde Street Hall,
June 16, 1874.

" Daring tiie past six months, the work of the Chemical
Department has been greatly increased. The substances
analysed have included simple and compound manures,
guanos, volatile waters, refuse substances, and stomachs of
animals suspected to have died from the action of poisons.
No grave cases of adulteration have come under my
observation, and I believe the plan now adopted by many
agriculturists of buying the essential ingredients of
plant food, and mixing them according to the require-
ments of tlie soil and the crop, is tending greatly to diminish
the system of vending defective manures. At the same tinie
that this plan of applying manures is most advantageous to
the farmer, it is more satisfactory to the Society's chemist, as
he can recommend the mixture that ought (as far as experi-
ments have been made) to be most likely to yield good results.
Further, the adoption of this course by the far-mers generally
would greatly diminish the difticulties that are apt to arise in
the estimation of the values of complex manures, and also to
shorten the time and labour of the analytical processes. I
have learned from various agriculturists that a feeling exists
that the fees for analyses are in some eases too high, and that
something ought to be done to lower them. This, 1 believe,
may be etfected through the Sjciety favouring the prosecution
of original investigations in the laboratory ; so that well-
educated young men might be induced, from tlie quality of
the scientific instruction they would receive, to become, after
some time, useful assistants in the discharge of the Society's
work."

The Chairman then stated that, from what he had already
said, he dared say that the meeting did not expect that any
report should now be brought forvvard. Tliey had had a great
many proposals before them, which were all on the table ; but
if it was thought necessary, they could ail be read. To do so
would occupy a great deal of time; and perhaps the best plan
would be to read the last proposal, which had been drawn up
by a small committee.

Mr. Menzies read the report of the sub-committee on the
chemical department, which was in the following terms : " The
secretary read a memorandum detailing the various schemes
suggested for the rc-adjustment of tlie chemical department,
and the chairman siimmitted a view of the income and expen-
diture of the Society. Your committee have considered tlie
various proposals for the appointment of a c ■' niist, and find

118

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

the amounts proposed to be more tliaa the Society can afford.
From the fiaancial statement your committee find that no
greater sura than £550 is available for the schemes suggested,
both chemical and educational. This sum is made up as fol-
lows: (1) Professor Anderson's salary, £300; (2) Professor
Dewar's salary, £150 ; (3) Vote to chair of cattle pathology
which has expired, £100 — total, £550. Your committee
therefore recommend the appointment of a chemist at a salary
of — say £500 a year, who shall be restricted from making
analyses for manufacturers of manures, feeding stuffs, and other
substances, for the purpose of trade advertisements. With
reference to his general duties in carrying on field experiments,
analyses, original investigations in agricultural chemistry, &c.,
it should be referred to the chemical committee to draw up
regulations, stating what assistance he should be provided with.
The chemist to be entitled to the fees for analyses, and to be
at the entire expense of keeping up a laboratory."

Mr Murray Graham (Murrayshall) stated that before
the more important discussion commenced on the reports they
had just heard, he might perhaps be permitted to say a word
with reference to a request made to him by several agricul-
turists in the neighbourhood of Perth as regarded the inspec-
tion of tlieir purchases of artificial manures. The use of these
had increased very much of late, and the agriculturists to
whom he had referred found that the chemist in Edinburgh
was hardly enough, so far as their convenience went, for the
whole work. They would mucii desire to have trustworthy
men appointed in the central towns in which the various shows
of the Society were held, to whom they could have recourse.
They might appoint a chemist of their own by subscription,
but from various circumstances which had occurred recently,
they were much more desirous that the matter should be left
in the hands of the Society. The long purses and fees given
by agricultural companies had rather an injurious effect as
compared with the smaller resources of the farmers.

Mr. Murray stated that several years ago they were able
to fund some money, but in consequence of the expressed
desire of the members to enlarge their expenses, they for the
last two or three years had funded nothing. It was perfectly
true that they had, by desire of the society, invested £1,500
for what was called the building fund, it being the desire of
many to remove from their present building to another.
Notliiug, however, had been added to it since last year.

Mr. HUi\TER (Blackness) stated that in one of the last
reports he found tliat the funds of the Society were something
like i£'56,000. He thought the Society was too rich already,
because it was getting quite independent of public opinion.
Lord Kiunaird lately wrote a letter in which lie stated that
the expenses were something like £1,500, and that statement
was never corrected. He thought that a statement of the
accounts should be presented to every member of the Society
twice in the year.

Mr. Harvey (Whittingham Maine) thought they must get
on to business. They had been a long time at this chemical
department. They had already the services of Mr. Dewar,
wlio had read a very able paper, and, in the meantime, he
tliought the best course for them to adopt was to instruct the
Secretary to advertise for a first-class chemist at a salary of
not less than £500 a-year. He remarked that it was very
heartless to see so few farmers present. He thought, from
what lie heard out of doors, that greater interest would have
been taken in this appointment. The chemist they appointed
might analyse what the members sent to him, and keep a
register ; and, if necessary, an increase might be given to tiie
£500. Who was the great ornament of the English Society
but Dr. Voelcker ? He thought that if the Scotch Society
were to get such a man it would resuscitate its energies, and
add to its popularity. Out of doors they heard nothing but
despondency, and that they were going on like a lot ot old
wives. He had been told that a hundred times. They ought
to have the best chemist for agricultural purposes in Europe
if possible, and they could get that if they took the proper
means of doing so.

Mr. D. Milne Home ( Wedderbnrn) said that they had before
the meeting two documents, one of which recommended cer-
tain bur.-aries to [be approved of by the society. The other
document was not a report from tlie directors at all. It was
a report from a sub-committee with regard to the chemical
department ; and it appeared from the statement that there
were only two gentlemen who attended on that occasion, and
drew out this report.

The Secretary : They were all present.

Mr, Milne Home : There were three — Mr. Murray, Sir
Thomas Hepburn, and Mr. Walker.

Mr. jWalker (Bowland) : Allow me to correct a misap-
prehension. The sub-committee were present at a meeting at
which the whole subject was fully discussed. They were ap-
pointed to draw up a report for the information of this meet-
ing on the resolution which the chemical committee, or
rather the directors, after hearing the report of the chemical
committee, had come to. Therefore, the conclusions in that
report are not the conclusions of the sub-committee, but an
embodiment of the conclusions of a larger meeting.

Mr. Milne Home said he was still right that the directors
had not approved of the report of the sub-committee, and they
had only that report as to the appointment of a chemist. It
also appeared that £550 was all that was available both for the
chemical and educational departments. They had a report
from the Council, at which the Lord Justice-General, Chan-
cellor of the University of Edinburgh, presided, and approved
of by the directors, submitted to this meeting, and therefore
they had a distinct and definite plan with reference to tha
educational question, while they had only that short report in
regard to the chemical one. They had now considered the
suggestion of Mr. Walker, of Bowland, that it was desirable
that the meeting should go into the educational question and
the chemical question together, or whether the whole of these
questions were to be shelved and delayed for consideration.
It would be an unfortunate thing if they were not to come to
some resolution on these questions at this meeting. They had
spent six months in considering them, and both of them had
undergone great consideration by the directors, who had,
especially on the educational one, the benefit of the assistance
of the Council on Education. He begged leave to say that
twenty-five years ago the Society considered the matter
of such importance that they were at the expense of
going to the Crown and getting a charter to enable them to
commence the work of agricultural education. They felt that
it was of great importance that the farmers who raised stock
and used implements should have the knowledge to enable
them to use these implements and raise that stock ; and they
understood that a knowledge of science, mechanics, chemistry,
and so forth, was necessary to carry on agriculture on a proper
footing. He)did not approve of the method which the Society
at that time adopted for communicating agricultural science.
What they said was this — " We will grant a diploma and
also a certificate to any who will stand a difficult examination
in chemistry and other branches." What had been the re-
sult during the last twenty-five years ? How many gentlemen
did they think had gained the diploma of those who had been
induced to go on with the subject of agricultural instruction ?
According to a blue-book published the other day, the whole
number was just twenty-six, or about one individual for each
year during the time that this society had had its charter.
That of itself would show how insuflicieni the means were
which the directors had adopted for agricultural instruction.
Then, if they looked at the names of these twenty-six persons,
they found that twenty-three of them obtained their education
in England. They got it at the College of Cirencester, and
other places where such instruction was given. Only three
Scotchmen had the instruction necessary for the diploma,
and perhaps these gentlemen got their instruction in England
also. If they asked the Professor of Agriculture whether he
was satisfied or not with the means existing in this country
for enabling young men to come to his classes, he stated that
a large number of these young men were unable to understand
his lectures, because they had not received the necessary in-
struetion in chemistry and other branches. Therefore it was
that this proposal had been brought forward to encourage
agricultural education more in schools. This committee,
with the Lord Justice-General at its head, recommended them
to give bursaries to encourage young men to come to the agri-
tural classes in the Universities, and to encourage
middle-class schools to teach those branches necessary
prepare young farmers to come to the university for further
instruction. They had ascertained that most of the school-
masters throughout the country, not merely in the middle-
class schools, but likewise in the primary schools, were quite
ready to begin this if they were only encouraged to do so by
resolutions passed by the Highland Society inviting and en-
couraging them to give that instruction. Colonel Innes, of
Learney, who was present, would tell them that in Aberdeen-

THiB FAIIMEII*S MAGA^INEi

119

shire thefe was a large number of schools where chemistry
was being taught ; and he (Mr. Milne Home) had personal
knowledge that there were seven or eight middle-class schools,
such as Dollar Institution, prepared to give such instruction if
the scheme of the directors was adopted. The bursaries were of
two classes — £20 and £10. The former were for those able
to attend the university classes —those who showed such
knowledge and proficiency in the middle-class schools as to be
able to Duderstand Professor Wilson's lectures ; and the £10
bursaries were for those not quite up to the mark, but suffi-
ciently up in it as to show that they were making fair pro-
gress. They were to receive these to enable them to continue
their education in these middle-class schools. Here, there-
fore, was a distinct and intelligibe plan — the plan adopted by
the Royal English Agricultural Society, who had set aside
£500 a year for bursaries in order to encourage youn^r men to
attend the middle-class schools or the colleges in England,
Scotland, or Ireland. The people of England saw and ac-
knowledged the necessity of encouragina; agricultural instruc-
tion, and now, when circumstances required more scientific
education than thirty or forty years ago — education implying
a knowledge of chemistry, mechanics, and tlnngs of that kind
— would it be said that the Highhnd Society felt so little
interest in encouraging this as to let it go to the ground, and,
that having a charter, it was not to do anything to put itself
on a right footing? Their past efforts had been an entire
failure, and had not encouraged that education in Scotland
that it was desirable to encourage. vV^hen they had this
definite place and this £550 of surplus, they had the means of
encouraging that most important object, and they should
approve of what was laid on the table by the directors. In
concluding, Mr. Milne Home said it was ridiculous to
suppose that a chemist could be obtained and his labora-
tory kept up for £550 a year. The Einance Committee
made a very important suggestion to the directors. At
present they spent £4<40 a year in giving gratuitous copies of
the Transactions to all the members of the Society. He
thought that that was unnecessary. Let those who wished to
read the Transactions pay their 4s. or 5s. for the Transactions,
and then the Society would be in funds. He moved that the
Education Council's report be adopted, and the chemical
matter remitted back again to the directors for further con-
sideration.

Mr. Handyside (Edinburgh) said he thought that the meet-
ing might have received from the directors a little more than
a bundle of reports, and that it would have been far better if
matters had been brought before them in a more adjusted
manner. In regard to the two proposals he thought they were
bound to do something for those who had bourne the brunt of
the matter, and that perhaps the best thing, in the first place,
was to look after the chemical department. He did not think
that the farmers reposed that confidence in the chemical
department which they ought to do, but the directors should
see that it was made of real advantage to the members.

The Chaikman said that the directors were divided in
opinion in regard to the chemical department, and that was
where the difficulty lay. If they could have come to a decision
as to what was best for the members, no doubt there would
have been a report.

Mr. Hope said he agreed with almost all that Mr. Milne
Home had said. He was most anxious for the education of
the youns, but the benefit of the farmers was also most impor-
tant. He would second the motion that it be remitted to the
directors to appoint a chemist at as high a salary as possible.
They could not get a first-rate chemist for the money ; but if
they went to Germany, from which Voelcker came, he had no
doubt they would get a very good man.

Mr. GoODLET (Bolshan) seconded Mr. Milne Home's
motion. It was stated that there was a sum of only £550 at
disposal. Now he thought that, in order to make a thorough
inquiry into the state of the funds, they would require to go
deeper into it than the length they seemed to have gone.
There were many outlays on the part of the Society which
might be turned to proper account ; and he believed if a com-
mittee were to go over the expenditure of the Society, instead
of £560 they would get a couple of thousands of pounds. If
they got that sum, then they would be enabled to adopt Mr.
Harvey's proposal as to the appointment of a chemist, and
also Mr. Milne Home's as to education. Both things were
necessary. It was accessary that they should have a chemist
employed solely by the farmers, lo that there would be no

suspicion in regard to him as there might be regarding on^
employed by those who sold manures. It surprised him to hea
that the Society was poverty-struck, whose funds amounted to
£56,000. If the Society had such a large sum of money, surely
it would be possible to give a thousand or two to carry out the
two proposals. He thought it would be well tiiat there should
be an examination of the books to see what really could be
saved out of the present expense. Mr, Milne Home had
spoken about the expense of supplying the Transactions to the
members. He himself had read them, and he thought there
was an immense mass of rubbish published. Then he thought
they might save a good deal of money that was now given
towards local societies, as he thought that these local societies
should raise sufficient money for their own purposes. Then
there was money that might be saved from premiums given
for essays that were not worth it. They gave out subjects
which, if properly written about, would require a high educa-
tion. They had really no results from these essays, or if there
were any results they were not worth having. He hoped that
an inquiry would be made, so as to let them see whether they
could not save more money than the paltry £550.

Mr. Melvin said that if Mr. Goodlet would propose a
resolution to investigate the expenditure of the Society, he
would second the motion. He would like neither to oppose
Mr. Milne Home's motion nor to curt and weaken the pro-
posal to appoint a chemist. If they voted in favour of Mr.
Milne Home's motion without knowing what funds there were
they might not be able to appoint a chemist, which would be
a pity. The question of education was the thing that many
years ago broke up the chemical association. He thought it
would be extremely desirable that a motion such as that pro-
posed by Mr. Goodlet should be made, and that both questions
should be postponed till there was areport from the committee,
which should consist of several influential persons, of whom
some should be farmers.

Mr. Walker (Rowland) said he entirely agreed with
what Mr. Melvin had said, and the hght in which the matter
had occurred to that gentleman showed the reason why the
directors did not come forward with a more distinct statement
The difficulties he felt were those which the directors had
to encounter, and could not overcome. They had received
from the convener of the Finance Committee a statement of
their income and expenditure. They found that the present
expenditure of the Society, including the £550, amounted to
£4,032, while the average income of the Society, on an aver-
age of five years, amounted to £4,081. Now, it was out of
the power of the directors to increase the expenditure for
education or the chemistry department. Various suggestions
had been made. The directors had no power to alter the
destination of the funded money. It must be done under the
rules of the charter, which required due notice and the sanc-
tion of certain meetings. Another proposition was made with
regard to the publication of the Transactions, which cost
£445. It was thought that that expense might be diminished,
or altogether abandoned. Now, the arrangement as to the
Transactions was agreed to by a distinct expression at a meet-
ing that the system of selling the reports should be given up,
and so it was not in the power of the directors to alter it. It
was under these circumstances that it was proposed that a
chemist should be appointed, who should devote hia whole
time to the Society, and keep up a laboratory — the estimated
expense of which would be about £1,200, while the Committee
on Education recommended a grant of £300. The directors
could not recommend any one of these schemes.

A Member : They did.

Mr. Walker : They proposed one involving a cost of
£550. These were organic changes, and he thought they
should be carefully considered, and not entered into rashly.
If they involved themselves either in pecuniary difficulties or
in a system that was not thoroughly satisfactory, they would
have very great difficulty in afterwards getting out of it. The
moment tliey diminished their capital sura, the more their
annual income would be diminished ; and he thought if they
retained the other objects of the Society, they should be very
careful not to reduce the capital sum. It had arisen to a large
extent from life subscriptions, and that ought to be divided
over a number of years.

Mr. Hope : But if you have got a capital of £56,000 ?

Mr. Walker : We are not accumulating now.

Mr. Scot Skirving said he thought it would clear the way
so far if they were to come to a conclusion whether they

120

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

would have one first-rate cliernist or a number of youn» men.
Tliere was a gentleman present from Perthshire ulio said they
(lid not want one man iu Edinburgh or Glasgow, but half-a-
dozen men.

Sir Thomas Hepburn said he tlionghttbat a special meet-
ing siiould be called for the purpose of considering the various
proposals, as a number of the members were not aware of the
nature of them.

Mr. George Harvey said they could not do otherwise
than appoint a first-class chemist, lie was equally anxious to
see the young instructed. He never opposed that; but they
must comraeuce with the appointment of a chemist. After
the chemist was appointed, he thought it would be advisable
then to see what he (tlie chemist) would recommend to be
done with the money at the command of the Society. He
proposed that they should advertise for a chemist ; but lie
wished it to be understood that he was not opposed to the
education of the young. It was most important to instruct
the young ; but a number of tliose present, who were old
fogies, wished to have some instruction also, to know what
they were about, to know whether they were paying £10 for
what might be really worth only £5. They must have a first-
class chemist — a man of undoubted fame— a man who would
consult with the farmers, and let them know what, in his
opinion, was the most suitable mode of experimenting.

Mr. RouGiinEAD (Haddington) said he considered it of the
utmost importance to the Society to have a cliemist. The
whole thing was in a nutshell. They spent at present upwards
of £400. In Germany there were the first-class chemists of
the day ; and he believed if they were to advertise for a Ger ■
man chemist, they would get a young man for £600 or £700
a-year. He had no doubt that a young energetic chemist
coming here would get pupils, and instruct the young farmers
and the general public. lie thought it was of importance
that they should luive a young man devoted to the purposes
of the Society — to see that the farmer got the manures
genuine ; and not only that, but to explain what were the
best manures to apply to the soil. It would have the effect of
allowing the tenantry to come in contact with the chemist,
and have conversations with him, which would be of great
advantage, both to the farmers as well as the proprietors of
the soil, iarmers had done much in regard to the rearing of
stock, but they ought not only to pay attention to that depart-
ment but also to the cereals of the country, and to get
chemistry applied to make them more productive. He thought
that that was more important Ihari the education of the young.
The young ought to be taught in the schools ; and to have
"a good chemist was of the greatest importance. ' It would
make the Society more popular, and if not done the Society
would lag behind as compared with the other societies in
England and Ireland.

Mr. SiiiTii (Whittinghara Mains) said, that while they
were all agreed that both departments were important, it must
be noticed that if the motion for tlie appointment of a
chemist was carried, the other matter in regard to education
would he slielved. Both subjects were so intimately con-
nected, that he thought it was much better for the Society
and for all parties that the one should not be lost sight of for
the other.

Mr. Milne Hojie said lie had no objection to allow the
educational question to lie over along with the other. Tiie
Society could suffer no prejudice, because they had heard a
very able report from Mr. Dewar, who was Dr. Anderson's
assistant. He did not know a more able chemist than Mr.
Dewar iu the country, and he thought they could well allow
that gentleman another six months.

Mr. RouGHiiEAU said he had no doubt of Mr. Dewar's
abilities, but probably they would get a young man to act at
a much lower rate tlian that for whicii they could expect Mr.
Dewar to perform the duties (('ries of " No, no").

Mr. EiNDLAY Anderson said he thought there was a very
strong desire that both questions should be disposed of in a
satisfactory manner. The difliculty had been a difficulty in
regard to funds. Mr. Walker said that the directors had no
right to change the destination of the funds. But he thought
that, after the strong expression of the opinions of parties,
eitlier as regarded the chemistry or the education question, it
would have the effect on the directors of leading them to con-
sider the question whether tliey could not devise the ex'pendi-
ture of the Society so as to allow a sum for both these things.
Let them revise the whole of the accounts, and see whether

t ley could not, at another meeting, arrange by which both
tlipse olijecfs might be carried on.

Professor Balfouk said he did not see wliy they should go
to Germany for a cheap chemist. It was ridiculous to suppose
that they would get a chemist and a laboratory kept up for
£550. He agreed with the proposal that the matter ought to
be delayed.

Mr. Melvin moved, " That the meeting ask the directors
to' appoint a committee of their own number and others to
investigate the income and outlay of the Society, and to
endeavour to provide sufficient funds for the purposes of the
chemistry department and education. Delay consideration of
these subjects in the meantime."

Mr. Walker (Bowland) seconded the motion.
The Chairman : Perhaps Mr. Harvey and Mr. Milue Home
withdraw their motions.

Mr. Milne Home said he would withdraw his motion in
favour ot that which was now proposed.

Mr. George Harvey said he would withdraw his motion
at once. He thought the Chairman should dismiss them, as
they could not agree to anything. When he was a director
they generally agreed about everything. There was no plea-
sure in doing anything connected with the directory. In Mr.
Hall Maxwell's time there was no jarring except on some
special occasions.

Mr. Melvin said there was one remark he would like to
make, and that was, that he hoped the directors would early
consider the matter, so that they would be prepared to report
to the first general meeting of the Society, so that the matter
could be decided at once.

The Chairman said he was sure that the directors would
take up the matter at once.

Mr. George Harvey said he had great respect for Mr.
Dewar, whose report was admirable, so far as he had been en-
gaged. He would not say anything against Mr. Dewar.
Perhaps he might be the chosen man after advertising,
and in that case they would have no cheap Germans, as Pro-
fessor Balfour said. There were many cantankerous men
among the directors, and this meeting seemed not less so.

The Chairman said it was quite understood that every-
thing connected with the educational and chemistry depart-
ments was deferred for the present.

The Hon. George Waldegrave Leslie : Except that
Mr. Dewar is retained.
The Chairman : Yes, he has got an appointment.
Mr. Melvin's motion was then agreed to.
Colonel Innes (Learney) said he had made a proposa
that the Privy Council, as representing the Department of
Science and Art, should take up the subject of agriculture as
well as other subjects that were to be taught in the primary
schools. The directors unanimously came to a resolution
approving of his proposal, and as it involved no difficulty as ta
expense, he trusted it would now be submitted for the approval
of the meeting, and that the memorial be forwarded to Govern-
ment. Mr. Milne Home's proposal was to obtain bursaries for
students in primary and secondary schools, to enable them to
pursue a higher education iu agriculture in the Universities.
His (Colonel Innes') proposal was a very modest one. It was
to the effect that whereas the practice of agriculture now
involved the application of science, it was necessary that
instruction in the application of science to agriculture should
be diffused generally among all classes of agriculturists, and
that that could be done by that education beginning in the
primary schools. It would be out of the question for the
Society to operate on the primary schools ; but in the Science
and Art Department there was the whole organisation ; and if
tliey got the consent of the Privy Council to take up agricul-
ture as one of their branches, it would open to the humblest
agriculturist the means of getting information as to
the application of science to agriculture. The following
was tlie resolution adopted by the directors : " (1).
That the Society memorialise the committee of the
Privy Council on Education on the propriety of esta-
blishing agriculture as a branch of the system of physical
bscience taught under the superintendence of the Department
of Science and Art in the schools and classes. (2). That the
Society offer a premium for the best text book for such a
course, including the application of botany, geology, chemistry,
and animal physiology to the art of agriculture and the ma-
nagement of farm stock." He held in his hand, when he made
the proposal, a letter from a schoolmaster in the county of

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

121

Aberdeen, who occupied tlie positioa of chairraau of the
Association of Schoolmasters in three of the northern dis-
tricts. It stated that 150 schoolmasters were ready to under-
take that branch of education. Tlierefore, when they liad such
a cotnplete organisation ready to enable the people to acquire a
knowledge of the application of science to agriculture, it
seemed to hira that there could be no hesitation whatever as
to the adoption of the proposal. Although there might be
doubts as to the application of thousands a year, there could be
no doubt as to the small expense necessary to carry out such a
scheme as he proposed. He moved that the resolution adopted
by the board of directors be carried.

Mr. Milne Home seconded the motion. He said tliere was
no discrepancy between C»lonel Innes and himself in regard
to the matter. This proposal was with the view of securing
not merely to primary schools, but to other schools, those
liberal grants given in cases in which certain sciences were
taught. There were at present 119 schools which were drawing
grants from the Kensington Department for chemistry, botany,
and other branches ; but it appeared that the chemistry that
was taught was not in relation to agriculture, but manufac-
tures, aud whnt the teachers wished was to have it extended to
agriculture. They were prepared to give it their hearty support
provided that agricultural chemistry be adopted by the Science
and Art Departments. He wrote last week making inquiry
into the subject, and the reply was that the grants were limited
to other subjects than agriculture ; but he had no doubt that as
the object of that department was to educate the working
classes of the country, they would be able to extend the grants
to agriculture as well as to other subjects. At the same tiiue,
he did not confine his desire to the extension of grants to the
primary schools. He had no reliance on the middle schools ;
and he believed that if the grants from Kensington were,
extended they would apply to all schools.

Professor Balfour said he thought that in regard to the

elementary schools they did not want the practical application
of science to agriculture. AVIiat they wanted in the elementary
schools was to teach the elements of the sciences. There
were no means of thoroughly testing the knowledge of the
pupils in the elementary schools. In regard lo the Kensing-
ton department, the answers were sent to London, and the
matter was decided there. But surely we in Scotland were
able to carry on the work ourselves. Let them give a good
practical education in the middle schools, aud they might de-
pend on it that the elementary education would follow in the
primary schools. He was sure that as the higher education
was being carried on well, the other departments would be
well attended to without the Science and Art Department re-
quiring to come in.

Mr. Milne Home said he had no donbt that the examina-
tion could be carried on as well here as in Loudon — perhaps
better — but it was a (act tliat ought to be kept in view that
43 schools last year received £1,700.

The motion was then agreed to.

The Secretary reported tliat an exhibition of steam culti-
vators was to be held under the auspices of the Society, in
the vicinity of Edinburgh, early in the autumn of 1871). Tiie
exhibition would not be competitive, but each exhibitor would
have the opportunity of showing the full working power of
his apparatus.

The Hon. Waldegrave-Leslie then moved: "That this
meeting is of opinion that, considering the scarcity of labour,
the uncertain state of the labour market, the high price of
horses and of horse fodder, the Highland and Agricultural
Society should in every way encourage all attempts to intro-
duce an improved system of steam cultivation at remunerative
prices, and that the directors be requested to assist the cause
of steam cultivation by every means in their cower."

Professor Wilson seconded the motion, which was adopted,
and the proceedings then terminated.

THE ROYAL COUNTIES (HANTS AND BERKS) AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING AT READING.

The management of this Society still continues to be of
a curiously primitive character, as one comes to question
whether the stewards and other ofQcers can ever have
seen any show but their own. For some hours
the two sets of cattle judges were working away, so
far as the public was concerned, utterly in the
dark. Class after class came in and went out again with
nothing more known than that the judges had entered some
mysterious marks in their note-books. No colours were
given out, no winning numbers were announced, and thus
the whole effect of the thing was destroyed. Through the
courtesy of a judge we could occasionally get a glimpse of
what was going on, but more commonly one had to wv.it
about the stalls until in due course the prize placards were
put up. Anything so crude or so thoroughly unsatisfac-
tory we have not witnessed for many a long day ; and
unless the committee can arrange for public judging on a
better system, it might perhaps be as well to get through
this work with closed doors, as under the circumstances
the admission charge of half-a-crown is taken under some-
thing very like false pretences, the visitor getting more for
his money on the shilling days.

Remarkably enough, moreover, in the horse- ring the
colours were handed to the winners as the awards were
arrived at ; and here of course the very pertinent ques-
tion arises as to why the stewards of stock did not act in
concert with the stewards of horses ? It is very possible
that some people took quite as much interest iu tlie Jersey
cows as others did in the cart-mares, although here un-
questionably was the strongest feature of the show. The
class ran up to between twenty and thirty, aud with very
little exception the class might have been generally com-
mended. The majority of the mares, backed often

enough by some capital foals, were really adapted for
agricultural purposes, and not over-weighted animals
from the drays or the Shires. Smart, active, an 1 comely,
they looked like doing the work of the farm, and as they
spread over the roomy ring, it was evident the judges
had something to do. They, however, settled down to a
well-grown handsome grey, who showed better out than
in, aud came from close by at Whitley Grove. In fact,
like Mr. Hutchinson's second and third prizes again,
many of the best mares were handy home, as from
the sample they must have a good sort hereabouts,
the class beiug one, alike for numbers and merits,
which would have done credit to any society. Amongst
the cart stallions Messrs. Stanford's Duke now beat the
second-prize horse put above him at Bristol, as he should
then have done, but, as we wrote of it, " the judges would
not have the Clydes or Suffoiks," notwithstanding that
the Duke has now furnished into a very taking horse. He
was further " proved" here by two or three of his stock
also placed on the prize-list, aud the show of cart horses
pretty generally was good enough at Reading to make a
prize worth having ; a particularly clever chesuut from
Tvvyford winning in the two-year-old stallion class, where
the entries occasionally e.fpauded iuto voluminous his-
tories. The " nags" were about as bad as the draught
horses were good ; though Mr. Pain won in the hunter
class with a powerful grey, who ouly wanted a horseman
on his back to do better ; whilst the best hack, smart
enough to stand alongside of, could not walk, trot, nor
canter, but went shuffliug about with his head up in a
manner or with " manners" quite at variance with all
notions of a good hack ; and no question but, at all points
as a really nice riding horse, Mr. Alfred Howlaud's better
bred blaok should have been put first.

122

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZlKfii

It is seldom that so many plain common-looking
beasts have been got together under the denomina-
tion of highly-bred Shorthorns as were exhibited at
Reading. A majority, indeed, of the prize takers were
the mere culls from Bristol, with Lady Pigot, the York-
shire and the Cornish eneries of the West now well out of
the way. Protector, however, was again the best bull,
though with absolutely nothing to beat ; and the useful
Prince Rupert won in another class of no consequence,
the second best, with only half a pedigree attached to his
nomination, having fairly broken down behind. In the
cow class the highly commended of Clifton, Euphocmia,
was first, and another useful heifer from one of
the brothers Stratton also won in the next class ;
but amongst the yearlings. Brilliant Flower was put
out by a gaudy-coloured, drooping animal never
noticed at Bristol ; and far away the most promising
heifer of the lot, straight and stylish, was Her Majesty's
Cawlina, which got no nearer than third. The best
heifer-calf was the best at Bristol, where as we said
there was scarcely anything of " much account ;" and
Shorthorn winners outright from the Western meeting
which won again at Reading did so under very similar
circumstances, that is, in bad company.

Her Majesty supplied the Hereford show in three en-
tries which took three prizes ; and the Royal farms
were first and second for Devon bulls, and Mr.
Senior first for cows and first for heifers, with a
pair, however good, still so terribly overfed that the
judges might have exercised their discretionary power as
to such beasts being in place at a breeding show. "The
judges took for their best cow an animal of size and
weight, but not of the nice character of the second best from
Crawley ; as even the other cow from Mr. Duke's herd,
the highly commended from Slinfold, or the brothers
Stanford's entry were more comely and suggestive of the
milk-pail." It was thus that we ventured to speak of the
well-filled Sussex cow class at Bristol ; and in the Sussex
cow class at Reading Messrs. Stanford's cow was placed
Urst, and Mr. Duke's first at Bristol nmohere in a class of
four ! as it did not require a Sussex judge to pronounce
against her steery head and general coarseness, the one
now preferred being a far sweeter coio.

But for cows, as cows, that is as producers of milk and
butter, the public now turns to " the Alderueys," as they
were once called, or " the Channel Islanders," as they are
now written, of which, so far as the Jerseys went, there was
a capital entry at Reading, set off by scarcely a Guernsey.
And here Mr. Tait must either pride himself on his in-
consequential impartiallity, or plead his minority ; for
amongst the cows Mr. Digby's Miss Edith, the best of
all at Bristol, was now never noticed ! the highly
commended. Tal of the other day being now placed above
her, and Mr. Gilby winning outright with his famous
old Milkmaid — such a cow still at over seven years old !
despite her broken horn. But this class of Jersey cows
■would rank well with the cart mares, there being a deal
of good about, beyond the mere winners, from Mr. Simp-
son at Wray, Mr. Fuller of Dorking, Mr. Bonham Carter,
Mr. Drewitt, and Mr. W'ingfield Digby. There was
another almost equally excellent entry of heifers, wherein
the Hargrave Fan was not to be found, though Mr.
Simpson was again second, while the winner turned up in
Adhurst Flower, a neat, pretty heifer, although the
decision in her favour was not altogether fancied by " the
fancy." Mr. Drewitt's best old bull is very handsome, as
he has taken the attention of the judges before now ;
while a nice two-year-old from the same herd was well
beaten for first by Queen's Favourite, rather a favourite of
ours, as a handsome, lengthy, high-bred bull, only lacking
a little more "devil" in his expression. Your Jersey

bull should let you know by his Very look that he is a
very resolute gentleman.

There was naturally a great show of Hampshire Downs,
the judges speaking to the more general classes of
ewes and of lambs in lots as particularly use-
ful ; while the Cotswold entry also ran
up to some length of fairly good sheep from
most of the prize flocks now about ; but Lord Chesham
had the Shropshires all to himself, as had Messrs.
Wallis andDruce the Oxfords, where the Witney awards
were " revised ;" as was the old class of Southdown
rams ; Mr. Gorringe now beating the Prince's
sheep, which was pronounced to be the better of the two
last season. His Royal Highness, however, was first for
shearlings with a ram commendable for size, but showing
little Southdown character, being bad about his head,
wrong in his shoulders, and wrong in his wool, and
either of the Heasman's sheep should have been pre-
ferred. The one put second was commended at Bristol ;
but as true a type of a Southdown as anything in the
show was another smaller and unnoticed shearling from
Angmering, for size does not or sliould not make a
Southdown. Still Mr. Gorringe's pretty bloodlike pen
of ewes did win, although the other judges seemed to
be going for something bigger, until, no doubt, discom-
fited by Mr. Rigden's eloquent ratiocination.

Berkshire pigs were, as of course they should be, quite
n the ascendant in Berkshire, with the Duckerings doing
by far the best amongst the other breeds, where the small
blacks and small whites joined direct issue after a some-
what perplexing fashion, white having rather the call
over Lord Portsmouth's pretty pigs, the decision against
his lordship's young boar being not so self-evident to any
beyond those in authority.

The " palatial" stand of the Messrs. Sutton was faced
by the " palatial" stand of the Messrs. Carter — very
emporiums of seeds and roots, set off and framed and
baized like choice picture or cabinet curiosities ; while
the exhibitors of machinery in motion included
Wallis and Steeveus, Basingstoke ; Humphries, Pershore ;
The Reading Iron Works Co. ; Vosper and Clark, Ports-
mouth ; Wilder, Reading ; Nalder and Nalder, Wantage ;
Marshall, Sons, and Co., Gainsborough ; Gibbons,
Wantage; Tasker and Sons, Andover; and Cottrell and
Co., Hungerford. The other exhibitors of implements
and machinery were Bradford and Co., High Holborn,
Loudon ; Heelas, Sons, and Co., Reading ; Busse and
Co., 8, South-street, Finsbury, London ; Belcher, Gee,
and Co., Gloucester ; W^ood, Worship-street, London ;
Smith, Basingstoke ; Stacey and Lace, Newbury ;
Smith, Kettering ; Benjamin and Gold, New W^ind-
sor ; Gower and Son, Winchfield ; Thomas and
Taylor, Stockport and Salford ; Apted, Guild-
ford ; Ashby, Jetfery, and Luke, Stamford ; Spong
and Co., Charing Cross, London ; Parker, Woodstock ;
Milford, Cullompton ; Sears and Co., Fenchnrch-
street, London ; Maurice de Leon and Co., Oxford-
street, London; King, Reading; Brown and Co.,
Charlotte-street, Blackfriars , Fox, Reading ; Baker,
Newbury; Samuelson and Co., Banbury ; The Farmers'
Supply Association ; The Johnston Harvester Co., New
York ; H. Duffield, Regent's Park, London ; Picksley,
Sims, and Co., Leigh; Waide, Leeds ; Hetherington and
Parker, Alton ; Vincent, Arborfield, Reading ; Crump,
Tewkesbury ; Down and Co., Woburn ; Ohlendorff and
Co., Fenchurch-street, London ; Osmond, Hungerford ;
Forbes, Albany-street, Regent's Park ; Nicholson
and Son,' Northampton ; Hancock, Dudley ; Hol-
lings Brothers, Swindon; Heard, Euston-road,
London ; Burney and Co., Millwall Docks, Lon-
don; Kiddle, Donhead St. Mary; Jones, Gloucester;
Martin, Reading ; Bailey Brothers, Cursitor-street, Lon-

THE FAUMEE'fe MAGAZINE.

123

don ; The Thorough Washing Machine Company, Burn-
ley; Williams and Sons, Reading ; Beaumont and Co.,
Reading ; Davis and Co., Newington Butts, London ;
Jacques, Dublin and London ; Player, Reading ; Cook,
Reading ; Wheeler and Wilson, Regent-street, London ;
Muggleton, Croydon, Surrey ; Ball, Henley-on-Thames ;
Pord and Co., Bristol-road, Gloucester ; Reynolds and
Co., Southwark-street, London ; Saunders, Streatley,
Reading ; Lee, Gloucester ; Williams and Co., Ber-
mondsey, London ; lies. Regent's Park, London ; Mrs.
S. Ackerman, King's-road, Reading ; Goss, Plymouth ;
Beach and Co., Dudley ; Howard, Chesham, Bucks ;
Lyon, Finsbury-square, London ; Margrett, Reading ;
Davies, Regent-street, London ; JMoore and Co., Upper
Marylebone-street, Loudon; Unite, Paddington ; McDou-
gall Brothers, Mark-lane, London ; Day and Sons,
Crewe, Cheshire ; Chambers, Pimlico ; Wilson, Reading ;
Stiles, Peckham, London ; Markall, Whitechapel-road,
London ; Hollis and Son, Witney ; Elliman, Sons, and
Co., Slough ; Wright, Portsmouth ; Swain, jun., Reading;
Lawrence and Co., Notting Hill, London ; Davis, Kings-
land, London ; Edwards and Suter, Swindon ; Van
Praag and Co., Soho, London ; Soper, Reading ; Day, Son,
and Hewitt, Baker-street, London ; Kerr, Dublin ; Tipper,
Birmingham ; Sellar, Reading ; Van Stan, St. Martin's-
lane, W.C. ; Hilton, Altrincham ; Bell and Co., Oxford-
street ; Carter and Co., High Holborn, London ; Sutton
and Sons, Reading ; Lewis and Co., Shrewsbury ;
Salmon, jun., Reading ; Nike, Plymouth ; Kearsley,
Ilipon; Voice, Horley, Surrey ; Isabel C. Bates, Stoke
Newington, London ; Simpson and Co., Chiswell-street,
London ; Phillips, Smith, and Co., Wandsworth-road,
London ; Edgington, London Bridge, Soutliwark ; Sad-
ler, Sonning, Reading ; Cranston and Luck, Birming-
ham ; Brigham and Co., Berwick-on-Tweed ; Talbot,
Reading ; Messer, Reading ; Baker, Compton, New-
bury ; Watson, Andover ; Bsrtlett, Wimborne ; Head-
Wrightson, and Co., Stockton-on-Tees ; Pearce, Reading ;
Dennis and Co., Chelmsford ; Boulton and Co., Nor,
wich ; Ren die, Victoria-street, London ; Tuck, Bath ;
Milford, Kenn, Exeter.

PRIZE LIST.

SHEEP.

Judges. — H. Bone, Bisterne, Ringwood; II. J. Newton,

Campsfteld Farm, Woodstock ; J. Rigden, Hove, Brighton.

HAMPSHIRE OR WEST COUNTRY DOWNS.

Shearling ram. — First prize, A. Morrison, Fonthill, Tis-
bury; second, R. Coles, Middleton, Warminster; third, J.
Rigg, Wrothara Hill Park, Sevenoaks.

Ram of any age. — W. King, New Hayward, Hungerford ;
second, W. F. Bennett, Chilmark, near Salisbury, Wilts ; third,
A. Chapman Saunders, Watercorabe, Dorchester. Com-
mended : W. Lunn, Wooldiug Farm, Whitchurch, Hants.

Five shearling rams. — First prize, W. Parsons, Monk Sher-
borne, Basingstoke ; second, T. C. Saunders ; third, J. Walter,
M.P„ Bearwood, Wokingham.

Five shearling ewes, wliicii have never been separated from
the flock till one month before the day of exliibition, the ewes
to be clean shorn. — First and second prize, W. Newton, Crow-
raarsh, Battle, Wallingford ; third, J. Barton, Hackwood Farm,
Basingstoke. Highly commended : T. Moore, Viable's Farm,
Basingstoke.

Ram lamb, bred by the exhibitor. — First prize, J. Rigg ;
second, A. Morrison. Highly commended : A. Twitchin,
New Barn Farm, Whitchurch, and W. Parsons. Commended :
W. F. Bennett.

Five ram lambs, bred by exhibitor. — First prize, J. Rigg;
second, A. Morrison ; third, W. Newton. Commended: W.

F. Bennett and G. Edney, The Manor, Whitchurch, Hants.
Five ewe lambs, bred by the exhibitor. — First prize, W.

Newton; second, H. Clift, Swallick Farm, Basingstoke; third,

G. Edney. Highly commended : J. A. and T. Palmer, CHd-
desden, Basingstoke. Commended : A. Twitchin.

Five ewes of any age, having bred a lamb this season. — J.
A. and T. Palm i ; second, G. W. Homer, Athelhampton Hall,
Dorchester.

vSOUTHDOWNS.

Skearling ram. — First prize, the Prince of Wales, K.G.,
Sandringhain, King's Lynn ; second, J. E. and A. Heasraan,
Angraering, Arundel ; third, H. Penfold, Selsey, Chichester.

Ram of any age. — First prize, H. Gorringe, Kingston-by-
Sea, Shoreham ; second, the Prince of Wales ; third, H. H.
Penfold.

Five shearling ewes. — First prize, H. Gorringe; second, G.
Smith, Paddockhurst, Crawley, Sussex. Highly commended:
The Prtnce of Wales.

OXFORDSHIRE DOWNS.

Shearling ram. — First prize, G. Wallis, OldShifTord, Barap-
ton, Farringdon ; second, A. F. M. Druce, Twelve Acre, Eyn-
sham, Oxon.

Ram of any age. — First prize, A. F. M. Druce ; second, G.
Wallis.

Five shearling ewes. — First prize, A. F. M. Diuce, Highly
commended : Lieut'-Col. Lindsay, V.C., M.l'., Lockinge Park,
Wantage. Commended: G. Wallis.

SHROPSHIRE DOWNS,

Shearling ram. — First and second prize, Lord Chesham,
Latimer, Bucks.

Five shearling ewes. — Prize, Lord Chesham.

LONG WOOLLED SHEEP.

Shearling ram. — First and third prize, Cirencester College ;
second, J. Gillett, Tangley, Chipping Norton.

Ram of any age. — First prize, J. Wheeler and Sons, L ng
Compton, Shipston-on-Stour ; second, H. E. Rayubird, Old
Basing, Hants ; third, Cirencester College.

Five shearling ewes. — First and second prize, T. and S. G.
Gillett.

Five ewes having brei a lamb this season. — First aud
second prizes, T. and S. G. Gillett; third, H. E. Raj-nbird.

CROSS-BRED SHEEP.

Five ram lambs, bred by the exhibitor. — First prize, Mrs.
Clift, Sherborne St. John, Basingstoke ; second, R. Deacon,
Bury Farm, Basingstoke. Reserved : W. Turvill, West World-
ham, Alton.

Five ewe lambs. — First prize, Mrs. Clift ; second, H. E.
Rayubird.

HORSES.

TOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES.

Judges.— iW. C. Spooner, Eling House, Southampton; W-

Sharp, Shottesbrook, Maidenhead; T. Rush, Chalk Farm,

Babraham, Cambridge.

Cart stallion foaled before the year 1872. — First prize, E.
and A. Stanford, Batons, Steyning, Sussex ; second, S. Davi?,
Woolashill, Pershore ; third, W. Stanford, Pasildon Park,
Reading.

Cart stallion foaled in 1873. — First prize, E. Headington,
Scarlett's Farm, Twyford, Berks ; second, J. Butler, Sherfield
Court, Basingstoke ; third, G. Twitchin, Worting Wood Farm,
Basingstoke. Highly commended : J. Walter, M.P., Bear-
wood, Wokingham ; J. Lawes, Sindleshara Mills, Woking-
ham ; and E. and A. Stanford, Batons, Steyning, Sussex.

Mare and foal. — First prize, R. Attenborough, Whitley
Grove, Reading ; second and third, N. G. Hutchinson, Crook-
ham Manor Farm, Newbury. Highly commended : Lieut.-
Col. Loyd Lindsay, V.C, M.P.

Gelding foaled in 1871- — First prize, T. Simonds, Carter's
Hill, Boorfield, Reading; second, T. Thorn, 39, Victoria-
street, Reading; third, G. Barton, Basing Mill, Old Basing,
Hants.

Gelding or filly foaled in 1872.— First prize, W. Fisher,
Chieveley, Newbury ; second, W. Stanford, Steyning, Sussex ;
third, E. and A. Stanford. Highly commended : Lieut. -Col.
Loyd Lindsay, V.C, M.P.

Cart colt foaled in 1873. — First prize, W. Stanford; second,
S. Davis, Woolashill, Pershore.

Mare for breeding purposes. — First prize, C. J. Broadway,
Pangbourne, Reading ; second, W. L. W. Chute, the Vyne,
Basingstoke. Highly commended : Sir P. Hunter, Bart.,
Mortimer Hill, Reading.

Cart gelding. — First prize, W. L. W. Chute ; second, R.
Attenborough. Commended : H. Hall, Alton, Hants.

HUNTERS, HAt;KS, AND PONIES.

JUDGES. — The Earl of Portsmouth, Hnrstbourne-priors,
Whit-Church, Hants; Sir P. Hunter, Bart.. Mortimer-hill,
Reading, Berks; W. W. B. Beach, M.P-, Oakley-hall,
Basingstoke, Hants.

124.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

liUNTF.RS.

Mare or gelding of any apce, jumping to be a point of
merit. — First prize, T. Pain, Lower Pertwood, Hindoo, Wilts ;
second, Capt. J. May, Basingstoke.

HACKS.

Mare or gelding, not exceeding 15 hands high, and calcu-
lated to carry 12 stone. — First prize, T. Siraonds; second, A.
R. Howland, Ludesdou, Thame, Oxon.

PO^flES.

Mare or gelding not exceeding 14 hands liigli. — First prize,

C. Y. Brown, Mildenhall, Marlborough ; second, the Rev. A.

G. Barker, Sherfield Rectory, Basingstoke.

Mare or gelding not exceeding 13 hands. — First prize, F. P.

Bailey, Brown Candover, Alresford ; second, J. R. Bridle, 62,

Charlotte-street, Landport.

CATTLE.

Judges. — Shorthorns, Herefords, Devons, and Sus-
sex : J. Thompson, Badminton, Chippenham ; E. Bowley,
Siddington House, Cirencester ; Q. Game, Churciiill Heath,
Chipping Norton.

SHORTHORNS.

Bull.— First prize, R. Stratton, The Duffryn, Newport,
Monmouth ; second, Lieut. -Col. Loyd Lindsay, V.C, M.P. ;
3rd, J. A. Mumfurd, Brill Ilouse, Thame, Oxon.

Bull above two and under tliree years of age on the 22ud
of June. — First prize, J. Walter, M.P. ; second, R. Penson,
Foxcote, Chipping Norton Junction ; 3rd, R. B. Blyth, Wool-
hampton, Reading.

Bull above one year and not exceeding two years of age on
the 22nd of June. — First prize, Lieut. -Col. Loyd Lindsay,
V.C, M.P. ; second, W. Nicholson, Basing Park, Alton ;
third, R. Penson.

Bull-calf above six and not exceeding twelve mouths of age
on the 22Hd of June. — First prize, Lieut. -Col. Loyd Lindsay,
V.C, M.P.; second, T. Simonds ; third, G.Young, Ashey
Farm, Brading, Lie of Wight.

Cow in calf, or, if in milk, liaving had a calf within six
months next preceding the 22nd of June, 1874. — First prize
and higlily commended, J. Stratton, Alton Priors, Marlbo-
rough ; second, R. Stratton ; third, R. B. Blyth. Com-
mended : Her Majesty the Queen.

Heifer in milk or in calf under three years old on the 22nd
of June, 1874. — First prize, R. Stratton ; second, J. A. Mum-
ford ; third, T. B. St. John Ackers, Prinknash Park, Pains-
wick, Stroud.

Heifer above one year and not exceeding two years of age
on the 22nd of June, 1874. — First prize, W. Nicholson ;
second, R. Stratton ; third. Her Majesty tlie Queen.

Cow-calf above six months and not exceeding twelve mouths
of age on the 22Qd of June, 1874.— First prize, R. Stratton ;
second, Lieut.-Col. Loyd Lindsay, V.C, M.P. ; third, T,
Kingsley, Boars' Crolt, Tring, Herts.
uerefords.

Bull of any age.— First and second prize, her Majesty the
Queen.

Hereford Cow in calf, or if in milk, having had a calf vrithln
six months next preceding the 22nd of June, 1874. — First
prize, her Majesty the Queen.

DEVONS.

Bull of any age. — First and second prize, her Majesty tlie
Queen,

Cow in calf, or if in milk, having had a calf within six
months next preceding the 22nd of June, 1874. — First prize,
T. Lee, senior, Broughton House, Aylesbury ; second. J. Tur-
vill. Hartley Park Farm, Alton.

Heifer under three years of age on the 22nd of June, 1874.
— First prize, her Majesty the Queen; second, T. Lee, senior.

SUSSEX.

Bnll of any age. — First prize, J. Turvil, Hartley Park
Farm, Alton.

Cow in calf, or if in milk, having had a calf within six months
of the 22nd of June. — First prize, E. and A. Stanford, Eatons,
Steyning, Sussex. Highly commended : J. Turvil.
CHANNEL ISLANDS AND AYRSHIRE.
Judges. — H. Tait, the Prince Consort's Shaw Farm, Windsor ;

Mr. Middleton.Cuttleslow, Oxford ; and E, Curtis, Dummer

Basingstoke.

CHANNEL ISLANDS.

Jersey or Alderney bull of any age. — First prize, H.Drewitt,
Milvill, Titchfield, Hants; second, T. B- Carter. Highly
commended ; J. Bonham-Carter, Lower Adhurst, Petersfield .

Jersey and Alderney bull, under two years of age on the
32nd of June, 1874. — First prize, G. Simpson, Wray Park,
Reigate ; second, H. Drewett, Ticlifield. Commended and
highly commended, C B. Dixon, the Vinery, Shirley Warren,
Southampton.

Jersey or Alderney cow in calf, or if in milk, having had a
calf within six months of the 22nd of June, 1874. — First and
second prize, W. Gilbey, Hargrave Park, Staustead. Highly
commended: J. Bonham-Carter.

Guernsey cow in calf, or if in milk, having had a calf wiihin
six months of the 22nd of Ju!ie, 1874. — C. B. Dixon, the
Vinery, Shirley Warren, Southampton.

Jersey or Alderney heifer, not exceeding two-and-half years
old on the 23nd of June, 1874. — First prize, J. Bonham-
Carter ; second, G. Simpson, Wray Park, Reigate. Highly
commended : Rev. A. G. Barker, Sherfield Rectory, Basing-
stoke.

Guernsey heifer, not exceeding two-and-a-half years old on
the 22nd of June, 1874.— Prize, W. E. Fitt, Kerrfield Ilouse,
Winchester.

AYRSHIRE.

Bull of any age. — Prize, A. J. Scott, Rotherfield Park,
Alton.

Ayrshire cow in calf, or if in milk having had a calf within
six months of the 22nd June, 1874. — Prize, A. J. Scott,
Rotherfield Park, Alton.

PIGS.
Judges. — A. F. M. Druce, Twelveacre, Eynsham ; J, Wliite,

Broadaak, Winch field ; J. Smith, Henley-in-Arden.

BERKSHIRE.

Boar over twelve months of age on the 22nd June, 1874. —
First prize, P». Swannick, Cirencester College ; second, li.
Humphrey, Kingstone Farm, Shrivenham.

Boar under twelve mouths of age on the 22nd of June, 1874.
— First prize, A. C Baily, Swindon ; second, A. Stewart,
Saint Bridge Farm, Gloucester.

Breeding sow of any age. — First prize, R. Swannick ; se-
cond, II. Humphrey.

Pair of sows under nine months old on the 22nd of June,
1874. — First prize, A. Stewart , second, R. Swanwick.

large BREED, NOT BEING BERKSHIRE.

Boar of any age. — Prize, R. E. Duckering, Northorpe,
Kirton Lindsay.

Breeding sow of any age. — Prize, J. Wheeler and Sons,
Long Compton, Sliipston-on-Stour.

SMALL BREED, NOT BEING BERKSHIRE.

Boar under twelve months of age on the 22ud of June
1874. — First prize, R. E. Duckering and Sons ; second, W.
Dunn, Elcot, Hungerford.

Boar under twelve months of age on the 22nd June, 1874.
— I'irst prize, J. Djve, llambrook-liouse, Haniljrook, Bristol ;
second. Earl of Portsmouth, Highly commended : Earl of
Portsmouth.

Breeding sow of any age. — First prize, R. E. Duckering
and Sons ; second. Earl of Portsmouth.

Pair of sows under nine months old on the 22nd of June,
1874. — First prize. Earl of Portsmouth ; second, J. Wlieeler
and Sons.

MOWING MACHINES.

Manufacturer's class. — First prize, W. A. Wood, Worship-
street, Loudon ; second, Samuelson and Co., Banbury.

Farmer's class- — First prize, R. Attenborough, Whitley
Grove, Reading ; second, J. Fall, Home Farm, Savernake.

At the dinner the chairman, Colonel Lo^D Lindsay, M.P.,
said it was a matter of congratulation when those in high
position had the wisdom and the good feeling to direct the
fashion in such a manner as to prove advantageous to the
community among whom they lived. Some of the boldest and
most liberal buyers of improved breeds of cattle weie to be
fouud among men whose chief time and attention were devoted
to commercial affairs, and some of them who most liberally
maintained the name of England at the great sale in America
were men who were neitlier great owners nor occupiers of
land. These men had doubtless had their attention turned
to the pleasures and benefits to be derived from farming by
tlie example which had been set them in the highest circles.
In maintaining and sustaining the interest which was taken in
high farming and in improving the condition as well as the
breed of animals, they are also much indebted to such shows
as that in which they had been taking part that day, and that

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125

held a fortniglit since at Bristol, and wliich was eminently
successful. On these occasions men who had been spending
hundreds of pounds on their stock deemed themselves well
rewarded by receiving a smnll prize or even by being honour-
ably mentioned or commended by the judges of the show. It
had been frequently asserted by high authority inside the
House of Commons, aiid by the highest authority outside the
House of Commons, and never gainsaid that he was aware of,
that England produced more corn and more meat, acre for
acre, than any other country in the world ; that she had in her
fields more cattle and more sheep, and that those cattle and
those sheep were bigger and heavier, and that they reached
that size much more quickly than they did elsewhere. All
this had been effected by the energy and industry of the
farmers, and by the judicious admixture of economy and
liberality in the conduct of their business, aided, also, by the
free expenditure of money by the more wealthy classes in pre-
serving a pure-bred of cattle and by replenishing it at almost
any price from the best and purest strains of blood to be found
ill the world, ft was perfectly true that farmers' profits were
made by close and watch'nl economy, and without it there
could be no good farming, and it might seem difficult to
establish at first sight, that giving £1,00U for a cow or a bull
was consistent with economy. In that respect Euglish
farmers were enormously liberal in their ex|.enditnre when
compared with farmers on the Continent, aud they had their
reward by having in their fields cattle and sheep with ."uch an
aptitude to get flesh on their bones that six months' grass
would do more to bring them into a condition for the butcher
than twice or three times that amount of food would do when
bestowed on a more skinny and bony style of animal. Such
had been the efl'ect of economy combined with libera'it.y in
the management of their farms ; but if they were economical
in their fields, they altogether failed to carry economy into their
kitchens. They placed the finest joints before their cooks, aud
the result was not so good as was produced in Trance with a
few odds and ends which many in their country would reject
altogether. Take the evidence of their family butcher aud
they would find him state that his losses often arose from not
being able to dispose of those odds and ends and scraps
which not only poor people but the rich made such good

out of in France. This uneconomical cookery was not
confined to the houses of the rich. It was much worse ia
the cottages of the poor. As a rule, where the means were,
smallest the waste was greatest. This amounted to a national
calamity, which once recognized ought, in these practical
days, to be taken in hand and, if possible, diminished or
cured.

Mr. R. Benyon, M.P., said he could not but think it was to
be regretted that there had not been more frequent intercourse
between employer aud employed, and tha*^ the farmers had not
availed themselves of the opportunity of the pay-night to
calmly and quietly talk over matters with those who worked
under them, and endeavour to explain to them things in their
proper light. If this had been tlie rule, the labourers would
never had listened to the gross fallacies and the impudent
assertions which had been made throughout the land by
babbling demagogues whose interests were not the interests of
either the agricultural labourers or the farmers, but whose
sole aim was to gain money as if by a trade. He would ven-
ture to refer to one matter, which was that it would be very
desirable for them to encourage and support benefit societies
among the labourers. He meant societies certified to be based
on safe tables ; not societies the legality of whose rules was
certified by the Registrar of Friendly Societies, but societies
based on the best statistics relating to human life that could
be obtained and approved by the best actuaries in the land.
These societies would give the labourers an iudependence of
character and a self-reliance, and cause them to feel indepen-
dent in the time of sickness and in old age, and at the point
of death to be undisturbed by any thought of the horrors of
the workhouse. He would have branches of the society all
over the country, so that the labourers would be enabled to
transfer their contributions from one branch to another, and
so go on as before ; and he would have one grand national
society composed of a conglomeration of local branches. If
labourers were to join these clubs it would remove them from
the " wet" clubs, which were far from being to their advan-
tage. If such a society as lie had hiuted at were established,
he believed it would be greatly to the benefit of the labourers
everywhere and to the wellare of the conntry.

THE ESSEX AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
MEETING AT STRATFORD.

It is recorded how whea some second-class daudy
wished to give a dinner-party lie requested Brummell to
name aud invite the guests ; but on going over these they
could not agree as to the exact number, the Beau
counting up to nine only, while the other reached to
ten. At length, however, the host solved the difficulty
by pointing out that Brummell had omitted to include in
the company the giver of the feast. " My good fellow,"
was the Beau's answer, " you don't mean to say that
you are going to dine with us 1"

Now it seems to us that the almost hopeless muddle —
for muddle it stil! is — into which the Essex Society has
drifted might be amended in something the same way.
Let them by throwing open the whole show, and so
getting quit of that terrible Book of Numbers, provide
the material for an entertainment in which they will not
presume to fake much share themselves. Aud in point of
fact it has already nearly come to this. There are now
but few show Shorthorn herds in the county, for Mr.
Pigott has given over and ilr. Christie has been selling
out ; all the best premiums for horses went out of the
county, as they mostly did also for sheep and pigs ; the
competition for the more local breeds or from the more
local breeders, being pretty generally on the plan of a very
limited company. In truth, with just an exception or
so, the exhibition of the most famous breed of stock was
supplied from without ; Oxford Prize, paraded as a blind-
fold savage, now receiving no notice whatever in the
champion class, where one of the judges held to l)ony-

land Duke, a yearling of good quality, but with little
more in his favour. However, the Duke was eventually
placed third or highly commended in the class, about the
best performance the Essex stock did during the day ; the
winner turning up once more in Telemachus, who is
wearing well and promising well again for the Royal
meeting. Lord Exeter's bull must, indeed, be one of rare
constitution, as he suffered terribly from foot-and-mouth
disease in the summer of 1872, when he was on his side
for some weeks, and shed all his hoofs. He won, of
course, easily enough in the bull class, the judges dwelling
for some time over the Essex yearling and The Earl of
Warwickshire in their choice for second, as the Earl has
lost his coat, and in other respects is a less " hkely"
animal than ever. Telemachus, nevertheless, was
beaten for the challenge cup by Mr. Kennard's yearling
heifer, to which we have previously spoken as almost
perfect ; singularly straight and true in her frame, with a
good honest touch and plenty of breeding about her.
Queen Mary rather lacks elegance in the "turn" of her
neck, which threatens to grow too coarse for fine cow
character. Still she beat not merely the champion bull
Telemachus, but the rival beauties Vivandiere and Victoria
Victrix, who here ran out their tie so far, and the
crack yearling Lord Godolphin, showing very light and
none the better for his recent travels about the country.
As we intimated at Bristol, Lady Pigot's younger animals
have not gone on well since last season, and Rapid Rhone
and the Wythams made no great mark at Stratford ; the

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126

•THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

more sightly heifer Baroness Conyens now beating Rose
of Wytham, as she should have done at Bristol, and also
Blooming Bride. Amongst the family parties Telemachus
and Sea Gull had nothing to beat but the blindfold Oxford
Prize and Acacia, without it vvere Mr. Hope's Cherries ;
but then Mr. Hope will not feed up his milking cows
for show, and thus, of course, his entries scarcely
attracted a glance from such a judge of beef as Mr,
Clifton Robinson.

There was a very short show of " Essex Shorthorns
without pedigrees" — thorough Essex this — and in
the general class of dairy cows old Milkmaid
was the best of all, beating red Polls from
Norfolk and Shorthorns from Essex, and a lot of quite
beautiful little Brittauies. Milkmaid was, of course, tirst
again in the Jersey cow class, with a very nice cow
shown by Mr. Tower, beating the "Wray Queens and
Beauties for second ; while Fan first, and Pretty Lass
second, was again the return over the heifers, amongst
which Lord Braybrooke showed a very clever one not in
])rice. It was altogether a very good entry of Jerseys,
with Essex doing better here, even beyond Mr. Gilby ;
and Mr. Simpson in defiance of some previous readings
taking first and second with Crocus and Favourite in a
large and good class of bulls of all ages, the entry running
up to close upon twenty.

" A good show of riding horses for Essex " is
simply tantamount to a very bad one. If the show
of nags was bad the management was worse, or rather
there was no management at all ; but this is easily ac-
counted for, as what is everybody's business is nobody's,
and there was a very regiment of mounted officials contin-
ually getting in each other's and everybody's way. Then
the " ring " was too circular, and surrounded by a chain,
of all the dangerous things in the world ; there was no
telegraph board, while the prize cards were not nailed up
for hours after the verdicts were given. The poor show
of nags we think is in a measure due to the folly of only
giving one prize in many of the classes, and the still
greater folly of allowing the same horse to be entered in
several other classes. For instance, there was nothing to
prevent Masinissa, the Numidian Conqueror, from carry-
ing off three prizes out of four had the judges believed in
the old saying of " an ounce of blood is worth a pound
of bone." As it was he was sent back to Hasketon loaded
with spoil, as Mars, the God of War, was more vulnerable
than Achilles, and though as handsome as paint, and by
Marsyas, out of Necklace, the golden bay stood no more
chance with the brown in the ring than the poor crippled
Knight Templar, by Knight of Kars, half-brother to
Stockwell, King Tom, and Rataplan ! But such is the
lottery of breeding, that while the vital spark lingers in
the poor cripple it is possible, though not probable, that
it may fall in fruitful soil, and bring forth a fiery steed
who may cause a consternation. Such was the case with
Marsyas, the sire of Mars, who, shrunken with age and
gone in the back, was all but put out of sight when we
were last at Cobham ; but still to him it was de-
creed to get George Frederick, and not his grand
companions, two as handsome looking horses as eyes
ever gazed on — the all but faultless Macaroni and the
twelve thousand five hundred guineas Blair Athol. Masi-
nissa has thickened, and as he is liked by the Essexites
we look forward to seeing some Sophonisbas and Jemmy
Thomsons in the ring, as he always reminds us of the
poet's line in his tragedy on the loves of Masinissa and
Sophouisba.

O, Sophouisba ! Sophonisba, O !
and the wag in the gallery who sung out

0, Jemmy Thomson ! Jemmy Thomson, 0 !
The well-known Fireaway the 2nd was considered the
best of a few useful roadsters, including Mr. Branwhite's

Defiance, which beat him last year, Sir. J. Grout's The
Squire, and Mr. Gedden's Great Gun. For the weight-
carrying hunters it was any odds on the Banker, as Mr.
Hayward's Paramour, a winner of several prizes, and one
other were his ouly opponents. For hunting mares or
geldings five years old, peculiar to Essex, there were only
two entries for the £10 and £5, and the prizes witheld
for vrant of merit. This is w hat the management might
have expected, as five-year-old hunters represent so much
money now, and it is not likely that owners will risk
their horses catching cold, and go to the expense of
sending them away from home with servants for half a
week or more on the chance of winning such prizes. In
a very poor class of light-weight hunting mares and
geldings Gentility, of fair hunting form and action,
beat King John, not much to look at, and v.ot at all
like his sire King John, a horse from whom the late
Mr. Blenkiron expected great things. Such is breea-
ing. The four-year-old hunting mare Duchess is a
brown of good form, which, after being ridden by Mr. Booth,
appeared in the ring with foal at foot as the best hunting
brood mare. Ladylike, a clever hack, with rather tutored
action, in a class of fifteen beatfiveor six worthy of notice —
viz., Mr. Krisby's Filbert, Mr. Smith's chesnut mare by
Knight Templar, Mr. Grout's Kitty, and Mr. Gray's brown
gelding. The natty little harness horse Eclipse, from Buck-
ingham-gate, noted in the ling for his very elegant moving
only played second to Sensation, a short-legged capital-
going gig mare ; and again a fine showy and useful
pair of browns from Mr. Gilbey beat him, as Eclipse's com-
panion in harness was not considered his match, but an
odd one. I hen, with Princess Polo, a nice goer, Mr.
Frisby was again out of luck, being put behind Sir Thomas
White's nicely-made cob. Among the ponies was a very
little dun, a perfect blood-horse in miniature and au
extraordinary goer, as we think, called Sir Tommy, but
we could not catch his number.

The agricultural horses made a better display, as the
Suffolks mustered in strong numbers ; but they were out
of luck, and in many instances were beaten by any-
thing but imposing animals, with the main exception of Mr.
Purser's grand mare Honest Lass and Mr. Statter's Cham-
pion,manyround the ring saying they never saw Champion
show better ; but we fear they did not take into con-
sideration that he was not in tip-top society, and that
his always superiors Honest Tom and Le Bon were
well out of the way. With reminiscences of Sir Walter
Scott and Young Lofty, we look for something grand, with
power, a cheerful countenance, and an elastic step in a
Clydesdale, which Mr. Sturgeon's horse has not, as he is
but a sour-headed plain animal, with "plenty of hair"
on his legs. Ashantee, again, is a good-limbed, useful
horse ; but we could find in our own neighbourhood many
a geldiug of much grander proportions in contractors'
carts. Mr. C. Frost's four-year-old by Cupbearer, and
the Ipswich Cup winner, is a well-made Suffolk, barringbe-
ing tied in at the knees; whileMajor Garrett'soldhorsehad
left several very promising ones on the ground, but a two-
year-old with bone and action, out of a mare by Bar-
thropp's Hero, will do more for the fame of Cupbearer
than the Claimant.

There were some nice two-year-olds, but the chesnuts
had to succumb to a Grand Priuce, not of their breed.
In a good class of cart mares, four years old and upwards,
the chesnuts were again routed by the Bedford Honest
Lass, the first two-year-old at Cardiff, the class including
Mr. Lester's Royal Duchess, Mr. Bott's old mare, and Mr.
Brierly's famous grey Sensation, which has much
fallen off in form and action, but still a grand mare, as she
always will be, for even her skeleton would be a prize to
any lover of the horse. Then there were Mr. Wolton's
Diamond and Princess, Mr. Green's Smart, Mr.

THE FAEMBR'S MAGAZINE.

127

Lambert's bay by Houest Tom, and Mr. Tomlinsou's
Smiler from Derby. There were a couple of good two-
year-old fillies, the winner being by Cupbearer. A hand-
some mare headed the class under four years old, and a
good-looking Clydesdale the mares with foals, backed by
Mr. Coulsou's upstanding Violet and Mr. Green's
Blossom ; while a neat active little cart-mare of Mr.
1 ourage's — a breed getting scarcer every day — had a
foal by the thoroughbred Kuight Templar. There were
a couple of good geldings, several capital pairs, and
one very showy team of four.

It will be thus seen that the four-year-old filly
Honest Lass, by Honest Tom, was without the slight-
est question — for everybody had so settled it before
Mr. Purser's filly entered the ring — declared to be
the best of all ; as she also eventually was
at Ipswich the other day, although two Suffolk fanciers
had just previously contrived to put her out of her class,
as not being the sort of animal fit for Suffolk. It is,
however, going a long way to assume that had Honest
Lass been a chesnut instead of a bay slie would not
have been considered just the sort for Suffolk. An old
saying declares that a good horse cannot be of a bad
colour, but this would the rather now appear to run, at least
down Eastwards, that a good horse can only be of one
colour. And what is this colour test worth even in a
Suffolk ? Next to nothing. There was a grey exhibited at
Stratford, out of a grey mare, which when put to a chesnut
stallion will or has thrown chesnut stock which have been
duly exhibited as pure Suffolks ? Of course Honest Lass
now beat the smart filly put above her at Ipswich, and
the joke of the day was Messrs. Barthropp's and
Badham's award, to be knowu hereafter as " the Judg-
ment of Solomons." But this is not the first time that
Honest Lass has had to encounter such Solomons, as
afjer winning at a Royal meeting, she was bodily turned
out of the ring at Leicester, in company with a class
duly recorded as possessing no mciU !

Mr. Colman's Southdowns to our thinking never
showed so well ; there was more breed and style about
them, and apparently less desire to manufacture a South-
down by feeding and crossing for size. The winning
shearling was a smart neat sheep, and two or three really
pretty ewes might have been picked out of the prize pen.
With His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, Mr. Gor-
ringe, and others here in competition, we may look to
something like a battle Royal amongst the Norfolk flocks
at Bedford. There were one or two exhibitors of Suffolk
blackfaces, and one exhibitor of Oxfords ,or Shropshires,
but in a better entry of longwools, Leicesters, Lincolns,
or Cots wolds, the county had little or no concern.

Mr. Griggs in the county has still some capital hardy
Berkshires. Vet the chief winner of pig premiums was
from without, Mr. Royds being everywhere prominent, as
in one class he substituted a small black sow bred by
Lord Portsmouth for one entered as bred by Mr. Sexton,
although some of the other firsts were direct from Wher-
stead. The Wheelers and Duckerings were also occa-
sionally successful, but with one premium only in a class
they had more commonly to be content with commenda-
tions.

If the Committee had intended the luncheon to be a
failure they could not have contrived this more effectually
than by putting the price of " the cold collation" at five
shillings a head ; the more especially as some of us who
had rashly paid so much found subsequently to our sor-
row that a slice of beef or the wing of a chicken might
have been had in another place at just half the money.
As it was the public would not give the fee even to look
at a live Lord Mayor, and the large tent was very sparsely
furnished with guests. However, those who did take
tickets had plenty of elbow room and came and went just

when they pleased, paying the least possible heed to a
gentleman who appeared to be proposing toasts and
making speeches. It will, indeed, be noticed, that we
have had still to dwell on the mismanagement of this
Society, as some of our contemporaries are at length
getting weary of the difficulties which they have to en-
counter in undertaking such an affair. The Agricultural
Gazette becomes thus confounded : " In spite of un-
necessary perplexities, caused by having county classes
and classes open to the whole kingdom, and allowing the
Essex cattle to compete in both, so that one animal
might be (and sometimes was), if not ' like Cerberus,
three gentlemen at once,' certainly representing three
entries at once — i.e., one in the county class, one in the
general class, and one in the class for a group of animals
(bull, cow, and offspring, or best three yearlings) — in
spite of this bewilderment, and that caused by
putting all the classes in line, putting an
open class, for example, like the meat in a sandwich,
between two home-bred ones, still the exhibition was
very interesting — i.e., when one had got over the puzzle
of finding prize-cards more freely distributed among the
more ordinary looking than among the choicer speci-
mens." Again, even such an optimist as the agricultu-
ral authority of jT//*? f/<?W declares how "the first thing
which struck a visitor to the Shorthorn classes at Strat-
ford was the extraordinary character of the awards. One
passed animal after animal of the highest character, and
hardly a riband among them. Then, in the same line,
in the same sheds, were to be seen blue and red rosettes
affixed to bulls and heifers ; pretty cattle enough, but
of far lower pretensions than the unnoticed ones. No
explanatory notices on the numbers cleared up the diffi-
culty ; and the catalogue when referred to, was as hard to
understand as a chess problem." Further, the county
papers show that the entries in the chief classes are falling
off, and protest against the system occasionally adopted
of offering only one prize in a class. In truth, unless
some very radical reform be effected in the constitution of
the Society and the committee, it would be idle to expect
that the Essex show can recover from the " muddle" into
which it has sunk.

Amongst the exhibitors of implements were — Arthur
Carey, of Rochford, with steam tackle and traction wag-
gons ; Rausomes, Sims, & Head, Orwell Works, Ipswich ;
Wedlake, of Hornchurch, Romford ; Davey, Paxman, and
Davey, Colchester ; Edmington and Co., Chelmsford ;
Woods, Cocksedge, and Co., Stowmarket : Catchpool,
Stannard, and Stanford, Colchester; Pcrtwee, Old Hall,
Boreham, Chelmsford ; Barnard and Lake, Rayne, Brain-
tree ; Pash, Chelmsford ; The Maldon Iron Works Com-
pany ; Coleman and Morton, Chelmsford ; Hunt and
Tavvell, Earls Colue ; Dennis and Co., Mansion House-
buildings and Chelmsford ; King, seedsman, Coggeshall ;
Edgington, London Bridge ; Day, Son, and Hewitt,
London ; Christy, Chelmsford ; Willsher and Co., Brain-
tree and London ; Meeson, Rettendon-place, Chelmsford ;
Cottis and Sons, Epping ; CuUingford, Stratfoi'd ; Thur-
good, Harlow ; Emerson, Billericay ; Gilders, Colchester ;
Wilson and Whitworth, Stratford ; Mabbett and Pink,
Romford and Barking; Mein, Stratford.

PRIZE LIST.
JUDGES.- Cart Horses : J. Waldy, Barton Hall, Darling.
ton ; J. H. Plowright, Mauea, Isle of Ely ; J. K. Cooper,
Barron, Bury St. Edmund's. Ridijjju IIorses : Lord
Coraberraere ; Y. K. Graham, Edgbaston, Birmingham ;
J. B. Booth, Killerby, Catterick ; H. Thurnall, Royston.
Shorthorns : The Rev. Canon Beevor, Pencraig, Ross ;
J. Robinson, Clifton, Olney, Bucks ; F. Tallant, Easebourne,
Midhurst. Channel Islands Cattle: Col. Wilson,
Stowlangtoft Uall, Bury St. Edmund's ; 11. Middleton,
Cuttslowe, Oxford. Sheep and Pigs : T. Horley, The
Fosse, Leamington ; J. llerapson, Erwarton Hall, Ipswich.

138

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

HORSES

rOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES.

Stallions. — First prize, C. Sturgeon, South Ockendon Hall,
(Clydesdale) ; secoud, W. Thompson, jun., Rose Cottage,
Thorpe, Colchester (Ashantee). Reserved : R. Cross, St.
Oiyth (Young Emperor).

Stallions, three years old and upwards (open to the United
Kingdom). — First, C. Frost, Wherstead (Cupbearer 2nd) ; se-
cond, W. Thompson, Jan., Rose Cottage, Thorpe (Ashantee).
Reserved and highly commended : W. Byford, The Court,
Glemsford, Suffolk (The Statesman).

Stallion (open to the United Kingdom). — Prize, T. Statter,
Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester (Champion). Highly
commended and reserved: H. D. Dove (Matchless).

Entire two-year-old colt. — First prize, F. Mead, Barking,
E. (Royal Oak) ; second, H. D. Dove, Langham Hall (Young
Major). Highly commended and reserved : W. G, Walford,
Walton-on-the-Naze.

Entire two-year-old colt (open to the United Kingdom). —
First prize, G. E. Daintree, Fentou, Huntingdon (Grand
Prince) ; second, F. Mead, Barking, E. (Royal Oak). Highly
commended and reserved : Major R. Garrett, Carlton Hall,
Sasmnndham.

Cart mare, four years old and upwards. — First prize. D. A.
Green, Donyland-place (Smart) ; second, D. A. Green (Brisk).
Reserved : N. Allen, Great Horkesley (Smart).

Cart mare, four years old and upwards (open to the United
Kingdom). — Prize, and Special Prize, E. Purser, Willington
Manor, Beds (Honest Lass). Highly commended : C. Lister,
Coleby Lodge, Lincoln (Royal Duchess). Commended: D. A.
Green, Donyland-place (Smart) ; H. Lambert, Abington Park,
Cambridge ; A. Tomlinson, Stenson House, Derby (Smiler).

Two-year-old filly. — First pnze, D. A. Green, Donyland-
place, Suffolk ; second, T. Wagstaff, Stifford Clays, Romford
(Violet).

Yearling filly.— Prize, J. Ward, East Mersea, Suffolk.

Cart mare, under four years old (open to the United King-
dom).— Prize, W. Cross, Frating (Kathleen).

Mare and foal. — First prize, D. Robertson, Aveley Hall
(Jess) ; second, A. Coulson,Fingringhoe (Violet). Reserved :
JD. A. Green, Donyland-place (Blossom).

Mare and foal (open to the United Kingdom). — Prize, H.
Wolton, Newbourn Hail (Pride). Reserved: D. Robertson,
Aveley Hall (Jess).

Foal. — First prize, p. Robertson, Aveley Hall; second, D.

A. Green, Donyland-place. Reserved : T. Docwra, Foxbur-
rows, Colchester.

Gelding. — Prize, H. Trigg, Bury Lodge, Stansted.

Gelding (open to the United Kingdom).— Prize, H. Trigg,
Bury Lodge.

Pair of plough horses, either sex (open to the United King-
dom).—First prize, H. Wolton, Newbourn Hall (Pride) ;
second, D. A. Green, Donyland-place (Brisk). Reserved : D.
Robertson, Aveley Hall (Darling).

Pair of van horses, either sex, to be shown in harness in van
with pole (open to the United Kingdom). — First prize, D. A.
Green, Donyland-place (Smart) ; second, Savill Brothers,
Stratford Brewery. Reserved- D. A. Green (Brisk).

Best cart mare or filly in any of the classes. — Prize, H.
Purser, Willington Manor, Beds (Honest Lass). Highly com-
mended : C. Lister, Coleby Lodge, Lincoln (Royal Duchess).

Team of four horses (open to the United Kingdom). — Prize
D. A. Green (Smart).

RIDING HORSES.

Thoroughbred stallion (open to the United Kingdom). —
First prize, and Challenge Cup, Colonel Barlow, Hasketon
(Masanissa) ; second, H. I. A. King, Great Bardfield (Knight
Templar).

Hack stallion not thoroughbred, calculated to get road-
sters and hackneys (open to the United Kingdom). — Prize,

B. Mitchell, Crowe Hall, Denver (Fire Away the 2nd).
Reserved and highly commended : W. Giddens, Walpole St.
Peter's, Wisbech (Great Gun). Highly commended: F.
Branwhite, Long Melford (Defiance) .

Hack stallion, thoroughbred or otherwise, calculated to get
roadsters or hackneys (open to the United Kingdom). — Prize
W. Giddens (Great Gun). Reserved and highly commended :
F. Branwhite (Defiance).

Weight-carrying hunter — Stratford Town Prizes-Open. —
£25, Wm. Armstrong, Fairfield, Kendal (Banker).

punting mare or gelding. — Prizes withheld,

Light-weight mare or gelding, five years old and upwards,
that has been regularly hunted during the past season in Essex.
— First prize, W. Gilbey, Hargrave Park (Gentility) ; second,
C.Page Wood, Scrips, Kelvedon (King John). Reserved:
C. Page Wood (Ruby).

Light-weight hunter, which has been regularly hunted with
any pack of hounds during the past season (open to the United
Kingdom). — Prize, W. Gilbey, Hargrave Park (Maud). Re-
served : C. Page VVood (King John).

Four-year-old hunter (open to the United Kingdom). —
Prize, E. Ind, Great Warley (Duchess). Reserved: C. C.
Hayward, Southill, Beds.

Hackney mare or gelding, not to exceed 15 hands 2 inches
(open to the United Kingdom). — Prize, W. Gilbey, Hargrave
Park (Ladylike). Reserved : T. Banyard, Poplar Hall,
Horningsea (Princess).

Hackney mare or geiding, five years old and upwards, not to
exceed 15 hands 1 inch-- — First prize, W. Gilbey, Hargrave
Park (Ladylike) ; second, J. Smith, Pattiswick Hall.

Four-year-old hackney (open to the United Kingdom). —
Prize, il. Emson, Halsted.

Three-year-old hackney. — Prize, W. G. Small, Bradwell-on-
Sea (Stella). Reserved: R. W. Rayner, Galleywood, Chelms-
ford (Sunflower).

Two-year-old colt or filly. — W. Laws, Great Clacton Lodge
(Young Defender). Reserved: W. and E. Havers, Ingate-
stone.

Hackney mare or gelding, not under li hands 2 inches, to
be shown in single harness (open to the United Kingdom). —
First prize, T. Statter, Stand Hall, Whitefield ; second, H
Frisby, James-street, Buckiughara-gate (Eclipse). Reserved
Miss Scratton, Gosfield (Templar).

Cob, over 13 and not exceeding 14 hands (open to the
United Kingdom).— Prize, Sir T. White, Great West Hatch,
Chigwell.

Pony, under 13 hands, (open to the United Kingdom). —
First prize, E. Faux, Heybridge Hall ; second, W. N. Saber-
ton, Ely (The Shah). Reserved : J. F. Hutley, Braxted Hall.

Pony (open to the United Kingdom). — First prize, W. D.
Collins, Chesnut-tree House (Sir Tommy) ; second, E. Faux,
Heybridge Hall. Reserved: W. N. Sabertou, Wilburton,
Ely (Cardinal).

CATTLE.

SHORTHORNS.

Bull. — First prize, J. Hutley, Porter's Hall, Stebbing (King
Lear 2nd) ; second, D. A. Green, Donyland-place (Heydon
Duke 2nd). Reserved : C. Sturgeon, South Ockendon Hall
(Duke of Berkeley).

Two years old bull. — First prize, R. H. Crabb, Baddow-
place, Baddovv (Duke of Geneva) ; second, C- Hall, Tolles-
hunt Knights.

Yearling bull. — First prize, D. A. Green (Donyland Duke)
second. Lord Braybrooke, Audley End (Christmas Duke 2nd).
Reserved : R. H. Crabb (Claro's Rose 2nd).

Yearling bull, bred by exhibiter (open to the United King-
dom)— Prize, J. Outhwaite, Bainesse, Catterick (Lord
Godolphin). Highly commended : D. A. Green (Donyland
Duke). The class commended.

Bull, not exceeding twelve months. — Prize, A. T. Puck-
ridge, Grange Hill, Chigwell (Blair Athol).

Bull of any age (open to the United Kingdom). — First
prize. Marquis of Exeter, Burghley Park (Teleraachus) ;
second, W. Wilson, Broadway, Worcestershire (Earl of War-
wickshire 3rd). Highly commended: D. A.Green (Dony-
land Duke).

Cow. — First prize, R. H. Crabb (Surprise) ; second, J. R.
Chaplin, Ridgewell (Vernalia).

Cow or heifer, not under three years old (open to the United
Kingdom), — Prize, J. Outhwaite (Vivandiere). Highly com-
mended and reserved : Lady Pigot, Branches Park, New-
market (Victoria Victrix). Highly commended : J. Stratton,
Alton Priors, Marlborough (Enphcemia). Tlie class com-
mended.

Two years old heifer. — First and second prizes, J. Christy,
Boynton Hall (Geneva Rose and Lady Liverpool).

Two years old heifer (open to the United Kingdom). —
Trize, J. Outhwaite (Baroness Conyers). Highly commended :
H. Dudding, Panton-house, Wragby (Blooming Bride). Highly
':onum!nded and reserved: liady I'igot (Rose of Wytham).

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

129

Yearling heifer.— First prize, R. H. Crabb (Memento 2nd) ;
second, A. P. Clear, Maldoa (Geneva). Commended and
reserved : D. A. Green (tt'liite Peach Blossom 2ad).

Yearling heit'er (open to tlie United Kingdom). — Prize,
Rev. R. B. Kenuard, Marnhull, Blandford (Queen Mary).
Highly commended : J, How, Broughton, Huntingdon (La"dy
Butterfly) ; Lady Pigot (Princess of Wytham) ; A. P. Clear
(Geneva).

Heifer, not exceeding twelve months. — First prize, J. R.
Chaplin, Ridgewell (Ridgewell Rose) ; second, A. F. Puck-
ridge (Lady Chigwell).

Bull and cow, with calf their offspring (open to the United
Kingdom). — Prize, Marquis of Exeter (Telemachus, &c.)
Reserved : N. Catchpole, Braraford (Oxford Prize, &c.)

Yearling bull and pair of yearling heifers (open to the
United Kingdom). — Prize, Lady Pigot (Rapid Rhone, Princess
of Wytham, and Rose Lincoln). Reserved: J. Outhwaite
(Lord Godolphin, Lady Lawson, and Blatchless).

Best pure-bred Shorthorn in any of the classes. — Cham-
pion cup. Rev. R. B. Kennard (Queeu Mary).

SHORTHORNS WITHOUT FEDIGREES.

Cow, three years old and upwards. — First prize, T. Mashiter,
Romford (Landlady) ; second, D. Christy Patching Hall.
Reserved: T. Mashiter (Ladybird).

Heifer, under three years old. — First and second prizes, J.
O. Parker, Woodham Mortimer Place. Reserved : D. Christy.

Cow or heifer (open to the United Kingdom). — First prize,
D. Daiuty, Belmisthorpe, Stamford (Economy) ; second, J.O.
Parker. Reserved: J. J. Colman, M.P., Norwich (Lady
Marton).

DAIRY CATTLE.

Cow or heifer. — First prize, T. Masliiter (Duchess) ; second,
R. Laxtoii, Epping (Brittany cow) ; third, Sir T. Y. Buxton,
Warlies, Waltham Abbey (Brittany cow).

Cow or heifer (open to the United Kingdom). — F'irst prize,
W. Gilbey, Hirgrave Park (Milkmaid) ; second, J. B. Burtt,
Kettering (Uiiriiland Princess). Reserved and highly com-
mended : W. Gilbey ^;Medora).

CHANNEL ISLANDS BREEDS.

(Open to the United Kingdom.)

Bull, exceeiiing one year old. — First prize, G. Simpson,
Wray Park, Reigate (Prince Crocus) ; second, G. Simpson,
(Queen's Favourite). Reserved and commended : S. Haii-
bury, Wickbam-placp, Wickliam (Sir William). Highly com-
mended : W. Gilbey, Uargrave Park (Ducal). The class
highly commended.

Cow, exceeding three years old. — First prize, W. Gilbey
(Milkmaid) ; second, C. J. H. Tower, Weald Hall (Victoria).
Reserved and highly commended: W. Gilbey (Medora).
Highly commended : W. Gilbey (Tal). Commended : G. D.
Digby, Wingfield, Sherborue Castle, Dorset (Miss Edith).
Commended: W. J. Beadel, Springfield Lyous (Bloom);
G. Simpson (Beauty). The class commended.

Heifer, not exceeding three years old. — First prize, W.
Gilbey (Fan) ; second, G. Simpson (Pretty Lass). Reserved
and higlily commended : Lord Braybrooke, Audley End
(Flame). Commended: W. Gilbey (Daystar).

Best animal in the Channel Island classes. — W. Gilbey,
(Milkmaid) ; S. Hanbury (Sir William), recommended to be
divided, if not the former.

^ SHEEP.

(Open to the United Kingdom). Southdown ram, of any
age. — First prize, H. Gorringe, Kingston-by-Sea ; second,
J. J. Colman, M.P., Norwich. Highly commended and
reserved: Prince of Wales, K.G., Sandringham. Higlily
commended : H. Gorringe. Commended : Prince of Wales.

Sbearling Soutbdown ram. — First prize, J. J. Colman ;
second. Prince of Wales. Commended and reserved : Lord
Braybrooke.

Shearling short-wool ram. — G Cooke, Horseheath Park,
Sbropshire.

Five shearling Soutbdown ewes. — First prize, J. J. Colman ;
second, H. Gorringe.

Five shearlin? short-wool ewes. — First prize, H. Trigg,
Bury Lodge, Stansted ; second, J. Smith, Thorpe Hall,
Hasketon, Suffolk.

Shearling Cotswold rara.^First prize, Wheeler and Sons,
Jjong Compton ; second, H. E. Raiubird, Basingstoke.

Shearling Lincoln or Leicester ram. — First prize, T. Gun-
pell, Milton, Lincoln ; second, C. HalcK, Manor House

B issingbourne, Lincoln. Commended and reserved: T. Ban-
yard, Poplar Hall, Horniugsea, Lincoln.

Shearling Oxfordshire or Shropshire ram. — First and second
prizes, G. Cook.

Shearling long-wool ram. — Prize, C. Hales.

Five shearling Oxford or Shropshire ewes. — Prize, G.
Cooke.

Five shearling long-wool ewes. — Prizs, T. Gunuell. Com-
mended : F. Ellis, Chesterton.

Five shearling Kent ewes. — Prize, J. S. S. Godwin, West
Peckham.

Five ewes with their lambs. — First prize, G. Jonas, Icle-
ton ; second, F. M. Jonas, Chrishall Grange.

Three fat shearling Southdown wethers. — First prize, F. M.
Jonas ; second, G. Jonas.

Three fat shearling short-wool wethers. — G.Cooke and H.
Trigg, prize to be equally divided.

Three fat shearling cross-bred or long-wool wethers : First
prize, T. F. Buxton, Easneye, Ware ; second, H. Lambert,
Abingdon Park, Cambridge. Commended : T. F. Buxton.
PIGS.

Boar, large breed (open to the United Kingdom). Prize
C. R. N. Besvvicke-Royds. Commended: J. Dove.

Sow in pig, large breed. — Prize, C. R. N. Beswicke-Royde.
Highly commended: Wheeler and Sons. Commended: J.
Dove.

Three sow pigs, large breed. — Prize, C. R. N. Beswicke-
Royds. Commended: J. Dove.

Boar (Berkshire). — Prize, A. C. Baily. Commended:
Wheeler and Sons.

Sow in pig (Berkshire). — Prize, G. Griggs. Reserved :
Wheeler and Sons.

Three sow pigs (Berkshire). — Prize, A. C. Bailey.

Boar, small black. — Prize, C. R. N. Beswicke-Royds.
Commended: A. Harvey.

Sow in pig, small black. — Prize, Wheeler and Sons. Highly
commended and reserved : C. R. N. Baswieke-Royds.

Three sow pigs, small black. — Prize, C. R. N. Beswicke-
Royds.

Boar, small white. — Prize, C. R. N. Beswicke-Royds.
Commended : Lord Rendlesham, M.P., and R. E. Duckering.
Reserved : J. Dove.

Sow in pig, small white. — Prize, R. E. Duckering. Highly
commended and reserved : J. Dove. Commended : Lord
Rendlesham.

Three sow pigs, small white. — Prize, Lord Rendlesham.
Commended and reserved: C. R. N. Beswicke-Royds.

Sows and p'gs, large breed: Prize, C. R. N. Beswicke-
Royds.

Sows and pigs, small breed. — Prize, C. R. N. Beswicke-
Royds. Reserved and commended : Wheeler and Sous.

THE GUERNSEYS AT BRISTOL.— Mr. Reudle writes
in justice to himself and other breeders from Guernsey who
exhibited at Bristol, giving the name of the man who coloured
his cow's udder and ears, as stated in our report ; but as the
culprit was severely reprimanded by " the sharp-sighted and
clever judges," as Mr. Rendle terms them, we lu mercy with-
hold his name until he has been found to offend again.

THE AGRICULTURAL EXHIBITION AT BREMEN' .
—The Iris/i Farmers' Gazeiie avails itself of our report with-
out one word of acknowledgment. This omission is the .more
noticeable, as we believe that The Mark Lane Express was the
only agricultural journal which gave a special report. We are
quite willing to admit that a very able article has been terrible
mangled by our contemporary.

DIED — MR. JOHN BEASLEY.— On Saturday,
July 4, at Brampton in his 73rd year. For many
years past Mr. Beasley has been the agent to the late and
present E;irl Spencer and Lord Overstone, and during his
residence in this country lie has won the esteem of all who
knew him. He took an active part in everything pertaiftin){
agricultural matters.

130

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

DONCASTER AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
MEETING AT DONCASTER,

At this, tlie third show, the entries of horses and Short-
horns were found to be especially good, while of sheep and
1 i^s there was also a very creditable display. The Shorthorns
included many famous animals already seen out this sum-
mer at Bristol and elsewhere, including as these did
Leemao, now lirst beating Duke of Aosta ; Sir Arthur
Ingram, Lord Godolphin, who of course " placed him-
self;" Rapid Rhone, and the rival beauties, Vivandiere
and Victoria Victrix, who may now run out the tye at
Bedford. Lady Pigot's younger heifers were, however,
quite put out, and Mr. Dudding, Mr. Foljambe,
Mr. Sharp, Mr. A. H. Browne, Mr. Statter,
and Mr. Mann materially strengthened the entry,
as the prize-list will tell, this being so far, no doubt,
the strongest Shorthorn show of the season. The en-
tries in the classes for Alderneys were chiefly by local ex-
hibitors. Of sheep there was not a large entry ; the
Leicesters numbered twenty-three, the Lincolns twenty-
seven, and the Shortwools eleven ; the awards over the
Leicestersfurnishinga good advertisement for Mr. Borton's
coming sale. In the class of gimmers were a smart
pen from Mr. Turner, of Armthorpe, but they properly
belonged to the Lincolns. Among the exhibitors in the
Lincoln classes appeared the well-known names of Wright,
Dudding, Pears, and Byron ; and there were also some
gimmers and ewes from Mr. Roe's, of North Scarle. In
the Shortwool classes the only two exhibitors were Mr.
Baker, of Atherstone, and Mr. Marris, of Ulceby. Two or
three entries in the class for Longwool shearling wedders
were from local breeders, Mr. Alcock, of Wad worth Grange,
and Mr, Barker, of Marr, the other competitor being Mr.
Byron, of Sleaford. The pigs were divided into large
and small breeds, and the cottagers' class. Of the large
seventeen were shown, and of the small breed nineteen.
The principal exhibitors were the Earl of Ellesmere, Mr.
Beswick-Royds and Mr. Kilham, of Wisbeach. Horses
were the most numerous of the live stock on the ground.
Of agricultural and draught horses there were 32 entries,
in the class for roadsters and ponies 131, of hunters
there were 79, and in the jumping class
23. Among the brood mares, some of which were of
much merit, Mr. Turner, of Armthorpe, and Mr. Fawcett,
of Barmbrough, contended against Messrs. Statter, of
Manchester, and i\Ir. Hutchinson, of Catterick. In the
three-year-olds Mr. Bramley, of Amcotts, I\Ir. Ingham,
and Mr. Barker, of Marr, and Mr. Wood, of Haytields,
were each represented ; while amoug the two-year-olds
Mr. Oliver, of Barmby Dun, Mr. Vickers, of Brods-
worth, and Mr. F. B. Frank, of Campsall Hall, had some
good entries. The chief exhibitor among the draught
horses was Mr. Brierley, of Middleton, the only local re-
presentative being Mr. Barker, of Marr. In the class
for pairs of agricultural horses the whole of the entries
were by residents in the vicinity, excepting Mr. Tenant, of
Selby. The roadsters included a larger class which had
come from a distance, and the competition was more
keen than in the agricultural section. The threa-year-
olds were fair, but they were far eclipsed by the classes
for any age, consisting of horses fifteen hands two inches
and of tifteen hands high respectively. In the former of
these classes was Mr. Harvey Bayly's famous hack and
hunter, the best horse of his time for the two purposes.
The three-year-old coaching geldings were also a superior
class ; and amongst the exhibitors were Mr. Winder,
of Newton, and Mr. Law, of Stancil. There was a
good display of ponies, the larger being the more excellent.

Of the hunters, those comprised in Classes 47 and 48 —
the five-year-old geldings or mares, and the four-year-old
geldings or fillies, must be awarded the palm. Sche-
duled amongst the entries were Mr. T. H. D. Bayly, of
Edwinstowe ; Mr. Jewison, of Raisthorpe, Malton ; Mr.
Mundey, of Wrawby,Brigg; Mr. Hutchinson, of Catterick;
Mr. Hornsby,of Grantham, and Mr. A.J. Brown, of North
Elmsall, with well-known prize entries attached to their
names. Next in merit might be named the four-year-old
geldings or fillies equal to carry 13 stones. The brood mares
and foals were also a good class ; as also the two and three-
year-old geldings and fillies, more particularly the latter.

PRIZE LIST.
JUDGES.— Cattle : J. Knowles, Wettierby; J. Lynn,
Stroxton, Grantham; R. Kirk, Waltliam, Grimsby.
Sheep, Pigs, and Wool : T. Cartwright, Dunston Pillar,
Lincoln ; R. Baker, Gamston, Retford ; T. Dodds, Wake-
field. Horses : Hunters— Capt. P. Williams, Barnby
Moor, Retford ; F. Gordon, Tliorne Haugh, Wansford ;
J. II. Barton, Stapylton Park, Poutefract. Hackneys and
Ponies — H. Beevors, Blyth, Worksop ; W. H. Gaunt,
Thornville. Agricultural horses — E. Godfrey, Thealby,
Brigg ; G. Robson, Shires House, Easingwold ; T. Flow-
right, juu., Pinchbeck, Spalding.

SHORTHORNS.

Bulls, any age above three-year-old. — First prize, £10, G.
Fox, Hanfield, Wilmslow, Cheshire (Leeman) ; second, £5, A.
H. Browne, Doxford, Chathill, Northumberland (Duke of
Aosta). Highly commended: J. H. Rockett, Cowick Park
Farm, Selby (Speedwell). Commended: Lieut.- Colonel Reeve,
Leadenhara, Grantham.

Bulls, above two and not exceeding three-years-old. — First
prize, £15, W. Linton, Sheriff Huttou, Yorks (Sir Arthur In-
gram) ; second, £10, H. Dudding, Pantou, Wragby, (Robert
Stephenson). Commended : F. J. Savile Foljambe, Osberton
Hall, Worksop (Sir Julius Beaediot).

Bulls, above one and not exceeding two-years-old. — First
prize,£15,J.0uthwaite,Bainesse, Catterick (iLord Godolphin) ;
second, £10, Lady Pigott, Branches Park, Newmarket (Rapid
Rhone) ; third, £5, A. H. Browne, Doxford, Chathill, North-
umberland (Rosario). Highly commended: J. Staniforth,
Paddocks Farm, Slipffield Park (Prince Bisraark) ; J. J. Sharp,
Bronghton, Kettering (Cambridge Duke 6th).

Bull calves, above five and not exceeding twelve months old. —
First prize, £5, Sir T. Constable, Bart., Burton Constable, Hull
(Oneida Prince) ; second, £2, Lady Pigott (Imperator).
Highly commended : Major Worsley, VYoolknowl, Hovingham
(Volunteer) ; G. Mann, Scausby Hall, Doncaster (Surprise) ;
Messrs. Atkinson, Bywell Hall Farm, Stocksfield-on-Tyne
(Duke of Florence) ; J. Dickinson, Partridge Hill, Bawtry
(Conservative).

Cows of any age, in calf or milk. — First prize, £10, J.
Outhwaite, Bainesse, Catterick, Yorkshire (Vivandifere) ; second,
£5, Lady Pigott (Victoria Victrix). Highly commended: T.
Statter, Stand-hall, Manchester (Lady Ann) ; T. H. Hutchin-
son, Manor-house, Catterick (Lady Louisa). The whole class
commended.

Heifers, not exceeding three-years-old, in calf or milk. — First
Prize, £10, H. Dudding, Panton-house, Wragby (Blooming
Bride) ; second, £5, T. Statter, Stand -hall, Manchester (Rosal-
bina). Very highly commended : Lady Pigott (Rose of Wy-
tham). Highly commended : Lady Pigott (Victoria Mantilina);
T. H. Hutcliinson, Manor-house , Catterick (Lady Playful) ;
J. Outhwaite (Baroness Conyers) ; A.. Robotham, Oak Farm,
Drayton Basset, Tamworth (Princess Beatrice); H. Fawcett,
Kirkstall-road, Leeds (Lady Eglinton). The whole class com-
mended.

Heifers, not exceeding two-years-old. — First prize, £10, T.
Statter, (Robin's Rone) ; second, £5, T. Statter, (Robin's
Stanley Rose) ; third, £3, T. H. Hutchinson. Manor-house,
Catterick. Highly commended : Lady Pigott (Rose of Lin-

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

131

coin). A silver cup, value £10 10s., to T. Statter (Robin's
Stanley Rose).

Heifer calf, above five and not exceeding twelve months old.
— First prize, £5, W. Huttoo, Gate Burton, Gainsboro', (Mel-
pomene) ; second, £2, Lady Pigott (Moorish Captive).

Alderney, Jersey, or Guernsey cows or heifers, in calf or milk
— First prize, £10, J. Brown, Eossiugton-hall ; second, £3
J. Brown.

Alderney bull, fit for service — First prize, £10, J. Brown
(The Ireland King) ; second, £2, Olater, Awkley, and Retford
(Young Ireland King).

Cow for dairy purposes — First prize, £3, J, Brammer, Don-
casier; second, £2, J. Brammer ; third, £1, W. B. Houlden,
Branton Grange ; fourth, IDs., E. Ilodgkinson, Morton Grange,
Retford.

Extra stock. — Prize of £5, T. Statter (Polled ox) ; second,
£2, F. J. Savile Foljambe, Osberton-hall.
SHEEP.

Shearling Leicester ram. — First prize, £10 and second, £5,
J. Borton, Barton-le-Strtet. Commended : T. H. Hutchinson,
Manor-house, Catterick.

Leicester ram of any age. — First prize, £5, J. Burton ;
second, £2, T. H. Hutchinson. Commended : J. Barton, and
T. H. Hutchinson.

P -a of five shtarling Leicester gimraers. — First prize, £10,
J. Borton ; second, £5, T. H. Hutchinson.

Pen of five Leicester ewes that have suckled lambs up to the
time of the show. — First prize, £5, T. H. Hutchinson.

Sliearling Lincoln raiu — First prize, £10, R. N. Morley,
Leadenham, Grantham ; second, £5, R. Wright, Nocton-heath,
Lincoln. Commended : H. Dudding, Pauton-liouse, Wragby.

Lincoln ram of any age. — First prize, £5, R. Wright, Noc-
ton-heath, Lincoln ; second, £2, H. Duddiug, Panton-house,
Wragby. Commended : J. Pears, Mere, Lincoln ; and R. N.
Morley, Leadenham, Grantliam.

Pen of five shearling Lincoln gimmers. — First prize, £10,
J. Pears, Mere, Lincoln ; second, £5, J. Byron, Kirkby-green,
Sleaford. Commended : W. Hesseltine, Beaumont Cote, Bar-
ton-on-Humber.

Pen of five Lincoln ewes that have suckled lambs up to the
time of the show. — First prize, £5, T. Gunnelf, Milton, Cam-
bridgeshire ; second, £2, W. Roe, North Scarle Field, Newark.

Short wool shearling ram. — First prize, £5, and second, £2,
W. Baker, Moor Barns, Atherstone.

Short wool ram of any age. — First prize, £5, and second,
£2, W. Baker.

Five shearling short-woolled gimmers. — First prize, £5, and
sesond, £2, W. Baker.

Five short-woolled ewes that have sucked lambs up to the
time of the show. — First prize, £5, given by P. B. Davies-
Cooke, Esq., and second, £2, W. Baker.

Five loug-wooUed shearling wedders, to be shorn not earlier
than ths 1st day of April, 1874:. — Silver cup, value £5 5s., J.
Byron, Kirkby-green, Sleal'ord ; second, £2, S. Barker, Marr,
Doncaster ; third, £1, G. W. Alcock, Wadworth Grange,
Doncaster.

HORSES.

Stallion for getting agricultural horses. — First prize, £10,
T. Statter, Stand Hall, Manchester ; second, £5, T. Statter.
Commended : J. F. Crowther, Knowl Grove, Mirfield.

Entire agricultural colt, foaled in 1872. — First prize, a
silver cup, value £5, and £5, W. and E. Johnson, Hatfield ;
second, £2, S. Barker, Marr. Commended : J. G. Fitchley,
Misterlon.

Brood mare for breeding agricultural horses, with foal
suckiug. — First prize, £10, T. Appleyard, jun., Wistow Lord-
ship, Selby ; second, £5, W. Fawcett, Barmbrough Grange.
Highly commended : T. Statter. Commended : F. T. Tur-
ner, Armthorpe.

Three years old agricultural gelding or filly. — First prize,
£10, W. Bramley, Amcotts; second, £5, W. Bramley.
Highly commended : J. Chapman, Thorpe Hill, Wixley. The
whole class commended.

Two years old agricultural gelding or filly. — Fist prize,
£10, W. Baker, Moor Barnes, Atherstone ; second, £2, G.
W. Alcock, Wadworth Grange, Doncaster. Commended :
R. Johnson, Westbro', Grantham ; J. T. Purvis, Knaith Park,
Gainsboro'.

Yearling agricultural colt or filly. — First prize, £7, F. T.
Turner ; second, £2, T. Appleyard, jun.

Pair of draught horses used exclusively for agricultural
purposes. — First prize, £10, C. W. Brierley, Middleton, Man-
chester ; second, £5, C W. Brierley. All commended.

Horse or mare for a^jriciiUural purposes. — First prize, a
silver cup, value £5 5s., F. T. Turner ; second, £2, W. Brock-
ton, Tudworth Green. Higlily commended : G. VVood, Hay-
fields.

Pair of agricultural horses, the property of a tenant-farmer
residing witliin twenty miles of Doncaster. — Prize, a silver
cup, value £5 53., G. \Vood.

Stallion for getting roadsters — First prize, £10, T. Ren-
nison. Skiff Farm, Holme, York ; second, £5, T. Wakefield,
Messingham, Kirton Lindsay. Highly commended ; W.
Featherby, Old Hall, Seaton Ross.

Brood mare for breeding roadsters, with foal sucking.—
First prize, a cup, value 5 gs., and £5, T. E. Morrell, Hellaby
Hall, Rotherham ; second, £2, C. Lancaster, Ladyfield, North-
allerton. Highly commended: J. F. Crowther. Commended:
C. E. S. Cooke, St. Catherines, Doncaster.

Three years old roadster gelding or filly. — First prize, £5 ,
J. Robinson, 63, Wright-street, Hull ; second, £2, J. P.
Crompton, Burton Agress. Highly commended : J. Barnard,
Owston Ferry.

Hackney or roadster, any age or sex, equal to carry 15
stones, not exceeding 15 hands 2 inches high. — First prize,
£10, and a silver cup, value 5 gs., T. H. Bayly, Edwinstow8
House, Ollerton ; second, £5, R. Nelson, Barton Hill House,
York. Commended : W. P. Moon, Normanby Grange, Brigg.

Three years old coaching gelding or filly. — First prize, £10,
J. Johnson, Brighara, Driffield ; second, £5, W. Wainwright,
South Duffield, Selby.

Mare or gelding, 14 hands or upwards, any age, to be shown
driven in single harness. — First prize, £10, T. Statter ; second,
£5, C. E. S. Cooke. Commended : J. Benson, Sandtoft,
Crowle.

Brood mare for breeding hunters, with foal sucking. — First
prize, £15, E. Hornby, Flotmanby, Ganton, York; second,
£5, H. Watson, Newbegin, Filey.

Five years old iiunting gelding or mare. — First prize, £iO,
T. H. Hutchinson, Manor House, Catterick ; second, £10,
P. Ilornsby, Castle-gate, Grantham. Commended : J. Tate,
Biiruhill, Acklington, Northumberland.

Four years old hunting gelding or filly, equal to carry 15
stones. — First prize, £40, T. H. Hutchinson; second, £10,
T. Darrell, West Ayton, York. Commended : W. H. Clark,
Hook House, Howden.

Three years old hunting gelding or filly — First prize, £10
and cup, J. P. Crompton, Thornholme, Burton Agnes ; second,
£5, M. Harrison, Warter, Pocklington. Commended: T.
Darrell.

Two years old hunting gelding or filly — First prize, £5,
H. Watson; second, £2. J. Everatt, Laughton, Gainsboro'.

Extra stock.— Prize, £5, G. Wood.

PIGS.

Boar, large breed.— First prize, £4, Earl of Ellesmere,
Worsley Hall, Manchester; second, £2, C. R. N- Beswick-
Royds, Litlleborough, Manchester. Commended : Earl of
Ellesmere,

Sow, large breed, in pig or milk. — First prize, £4, Earl of
Ellesmere ; second, £2, C. R. N. Beswick-Royds.

Boar, small breed.— First prize, £4, C. R. N. Beswick-
Royds ; second, £2, Earl of Ellesmere.

Sow, small breed, in pig or milk. — First prize, £4, Earl of
Ellesmere ; second, £2, E. Ellis, Bentley. Commended : C.
R. N. Beswick-Royds.

Boar, large breed, not exceeding twelve months old. — First
prize, £2, Earl of Ellesmere; second, £1, C. R. N. Beswick-
Royds. Highly commended: J. Garbutt, jun., Sjuth Cave,
Brough.

Sow, large breed, not exceeding twelve mouths old. — First
prize, £2, C. R. N. Beswick-Royds ; 2nd, £1, J. Garbutt.jun.

THE NATIONAL FARMERS' UNION AT LEA-
MINGTON.— The paragraph which has been put into circula-
tion as to the establishment of this " Union" has since been
contradicted oh some of the more material points.

132

THE TfARMEK'S MAGAZINE.

THE SUFFOLK AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION.
MEETING AT IPSWICH.

The entries did not come up to the strength of the two
previous years ; and the younger classes of Suffolks
stallions are numerically weak. Cupbearer 2ad, the
champion, won also at Woodbridge ; then, as now, the
best Suffolk. Mr. R. Garrett's The Claimant, secood last
week in Norfolk, was now again placed first, as at Wood-
bridge. The judges had no little difficulty occasionally in
coming to a decision, having, as it will be seen, to " refer"
a case or two. The mares are, as a whole, not so good a lot
as are the fillies and the foals. One deemed worthy of an
extra prize for superior merit as an animal for general pur-
poses— a shire hay — won Lord Ilenniker's special prize as
the best cart mare. This is Mr. Purser's famous Honest
Lass, first at Norwich. The riding and coaching horse
classes are not so well filled as they have been of late at the
Suffolk shows. Colonel Barlow's Massanissa and Citadel
■were first and second; while Mr. Grout shows the only coach
and roadsterstallions, aud wins with Vanguard, Quicksilver,
and Harkaway. The huuters are but a small show. A
Bedfordshire mare stands first iu the five-year-old class;
Colonel Barlow's Cornishman, first at Norwich, first iu the
four-year-olds, and winning the special prize as best
hunter. The hackneys and riding horses are only a
moderate show. Of cattle, the Suffolk and Norfolk
Ked Polled are a much smaller show than that at
Norwich. The Norfolk award in the cow class was sus-
tained, the judges thinking Mr. B. Brown's Countess too
lieavily fatted to be a sure breeding animal, and giving
first place to Mr. Lofft's Minuie 3rd. The Shorthorn
entries were very short in the youuger classes ; but
beyond Mr. Catchpole's bull there are am )ng the cows and
heifers some animals which have previously held good
places. The Channel Islands cattle are few, and by no
means a first-class show, Mr. Gilby not exhibiting. The
Suffolk sheep are fairly good, the prizes going to well-known
breeders of the sort ; while the Marquis of Bristol, Mr.
Colman, M.P., and Mr. G. Cooke divide the honours for
Southdowns and other shortwools, the Marquis also taking
the prize for the best ram in the yard, and Mr. Colman for
the best pen of five ewes. The show of pigs is as good,
with prizes to Lord Rendlesham, Mr. G. M, Sexton, and
Mr. T. Rose, among the local men ; and to Messrs. Ducker-
ing, W'heeler, and Dove, residing out of the district.

PRIZE LIST.
JUDGES. — Horses for Agricultural Purposes : N. G.
Barthropp, Haclieston ; W. Tliompson, Thorpe, Colchester.
KiDTNG AND CoACHiNG HoRSES : G. D. Badhaiu, Bulmer,
Sudbury ; B. Sparrow, Halsted, Essex. Cattle : W.
Simpson, Attleborougli ; J. Seago, Stoke Holy Cross, Nor-
wich. Sheep : W. Harvey, Tim worth ; M. Biddell, Play-
ford. Pigs : C. Sturgeon, Soutli Ockendon, Essex ; E. C.
Clayden, Ellough, Beccles.

HORSES

rOR agricultural I'URrosES.

Stallion. — First prize, C. Frost, V\'liersted, Ipswich (Cup-
bearer 2nd) ; secoud, Colonel F. M. Wilson, Stowlaagtoft (Heir
Apparent). Highly coniraended : S. Wolton, Butley Abbey
Royal Duke 2ud).

Three-) ear-old entire colt. — First prize, R. Garrett, Carlton
Hall, Saxmundham (Claimant); second, W. Byford, The
Court, Glemsford (Statesman).

'I'wo-year-old entire colt. — First prize, M. Biddell, Play-
ford (The Templar) ; second, R. Garrett. Highly commended;
ICxecutors of the late S. C. Goodwyn, Covehithe, Wangford
(Hero). Commended ; R. Capon, Pennington; J. Toller,
Llaxall ; R. Garrett.

Best Suffolk stallion in classes 1, 2, and 3. — Special prize,
V> frost (Cupbeitier).

One year-old entire colt, foaled in 1873. — First prize, Lieut."
Colonel F. M. Wilson, Slowlangtoft Hall (Monarch) ; secoad,
S. Robinson, Braraford Tye (Steam's Boxer). Highly com-
meuded : C. Frost (Cupbearer 2nd) ; W. Turner, Waldriog-
field (Grout's Emperor). Reserve and highly commended :
A. Crackuell, Tliornhara, Eye (Cupbearer) ; E. Hodgson,
Chars&eld (Bismarck).

mares and foals.

Mare with foal at foot. — First prize, H. Wolton, JNewbourne
Hall (Pride) ; second, G. A. Goulson, The Hay, Fingringhoe
(Violet). Reserve and highly commended : R. Makens, Ring-
siiall.

Foal, foaled in 187i. — First prize, A. Cracknell (Spelman's
Ploughboy) ; second, S. Wolton (Chillesford Duke). Reserve
and higiily commended : C. Frost (Cupbearer Sod).

Gast raare. — First prize, D. A. Green, East Donyland, Col-
chester (Smart) ; second, H. Wolton (Diamond) ; Reserve :
Lieut.-Colonel F. M. Wilson.

Bay cart mare, special cup awarded by the Judges on the
ground that the animal was of superior merit for general pur-
poses, but was not purely an agricultural raare. — Extra prize,
H. Purser, Willington Manor, Bedford (Honest Lass).

FILLIES.

Three-year-old filly, foaled m 1871. — First prize, W. Cross,
Ivy Cottage, Prating, Colchester (Kathleen) : second, I. Rist,
Brantham (Blossom). Reserve and highly coimnended : J.
Toller.

Two-year-old filly, foaled in 1873.— First prize, M. Biddell
(Jewel) ; second, C. Frost. Higlily commended : D. A,
Green. Commended : I. Rist. Reserve : W. Wilson, Bayl-
ham.

Year-old cart filly, foaled in 1873, — First prize, J. Skeet,
Rushmere, Ipswich (Wilson's Bismarck) ; second, H. Purser
(Grand Duchess, the Czar).

For the best filly in the above three classes. — Special prize,
VV. Cross.

For the best team of four cart horses, either mares or
geldings, or mixed, of any breed, to be exhibited in harness
or not, at the option of the exhibitor. — Special prize, H.
Wolton.

Pair of plough horses, mares, or geldings, or mixed. —
Special prize, H. Wolton (Captain and Brag).

RIDING AND COACHING HORSES.

Tiioroughbred Stallion for hunting purposes, having served
uot less than ten mares in the county. — First prize, Colonel
F. Barlow, Hasketon (Massanissa) ; second. Col. ¥. Barlow
(Citadel).

Stallion for coaching purposes, having served not less than
ten mares in the county. — First prize, J. Grout, Woodbridge
(Vanguard).

Roadster stallion, having served not less than ten mares in
the county. — First prize, J. Grout (Quicksilver) ; 2ud J.
Grout (^oung Harkaway).

For best stallion in the above three classes. — Special prize,
Lieut-Col. F. Barlow's (Massanissa).

For best match pair of geldings or raares, for carriage
purposes, not less than 14'.2 hands. — Special prize, J. Grout,
Ijay mares. ,

Hunting mare, with foal at foot. — First prize, J. Grout.
(Myrtte) ; second. Rev. A. Bond, Freston Rectory, Ipswich
Reserve : H. Wolton, Newbourne Hall.

Hackney mare, with foal at foot. —First prize, H. Wolton
(Wood Nymph) ; second, E. Prior, Bury St. Edmund's.
Reserve: J. tJ. C.ok, Ashtieid-cura-Thorpe.

Hunting foal, bred in the county, or by exhibitor. — Prize,
J. R. 'Wood, iVielton Hall, Woodbridge. Reserve : J. Grout.

Roadster foal, bred in the county, or by the exhibitor. —
Prize, E. Prior, Bury St. Edmund's. Reserve : H. Wolton.

For tlie best foal, by either of bis ridiug stallions. — Specja}
prize, H, Woltou.

For the best foal by either of the Hasketon stallions,^
Spceial prize, J, Humphreys, Ipswich.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

1^

Weight-carrying hunting mare or gelding, not less than five
years old, equal to carry not less than 14 stone. — First pri/.e,
C. C. llayward, Southill, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire (Para-
mour) ; second, S. A. Goodwyn, I.eiston Hall (The Lancer).
Reserve: F. G. Freeman, Henhaiii, Wangford (Perfection).

Four-year-old weight-carrying hunting mare or gelding,
equal to carrying not less than li stone. — First prize, Lieut-
Col. F. Barlow (Gornishman), also special prize as tlie best
hunter in the yard ; second, C. C. Hayward (Richelieu). Ke-
serve : G. M. Sexton, Wherstead Hall, Ips.vicli (The Baron).

Weight-carrying hunting mare or gelding, three years old,
having been bred in the county or by the exhibitor, aud equal
to carrying not less than 14 slone. — First prize, R. Garrett
(mare); second, G. M. Sexton (gelding). Reserve: Lieut-
Col. Barlow (gelding).

Weigiit-carrying hunting mare or gelding, two years old,
having been bred in the county or by the exiiibitor, aud equal
to carrying not less than 14 stone. — First prize, \V. P. T.
Phillips, The Grange, Meltou (Fencing Lass) ; second, Lieut.
Col. F. Barlow (Courage). Commended: R. Garret
(gelding).

Liglit- weight hunting mare or gelding. — Special prize,
Lieut-Col. F. Barlow, Hasketon. Reserve and commended :
W. Harvey, Timworth.

RIDERS AND HACKNEYS.

Riding mare or gelding, not under 15 hands liigh. — First
prize, R. Garrett (roan riding mare). Reserve: J. Grout
(Gay Lad).

Hackney mare or gelding, not under 14 hands high and not
exceeding 15 hands. — First prize, J. Grout, (Kitty).

Three-year-old hackney mare or (jeldiug, bred in the county
or by the exhibitor. — Prize, J. Toller, Blaxliall. Reserve :
Rev. A. Bond, Freston Rectory, Ipswich.

Two-year-old hackney mare or gelding, bred in tlie county
or by the exhibitor. — First prize, G. Bond, The Rookery,
Cretinghara. Reserve and commended : J. Smith, Hasketon.

The best hackney mare or gelding, of not less than 14 hands
high, nor more than 15-2 hands liigh, to be exiiibitediu single
harness. — Special prize, J. Grout, Woodbridge (Alice).
Reserve : J. A. Ransome, Ipswich.

For the best weight-carryinK cob, mare, or geldiug, carry-
ing (while being judged) at least 15 stones, saddle and bridle
included, and not less than 1-5.3 hands nor more than 14.3
hands high. — Special Prize, R. C. Cooke, Livermore. Re-
serve and commended: M. Page, Hollesley. Commended:
J. Grout, Woodbridge (Alice).

POMES.

Pony, not under 13 hands high, and not exceeding 14 hands.
Prize, R. C. Cooke.

For the pony showing the finest action in single or double
harness. — Special prize, J. A. Ransome (Rory O'More).
Highly commended: R. Capon, Denningtou (Bess).

For the best match pair of ponies under 14 hands high —
Special prize, J. A. Rinsome (Rory O'JMoore) and (Kate
Kearnay).

For the best match pair of ponies under 13 hands high. —
Special prize, Mrs. Ogilvie, Sizewell House, Leiston (Harle-
quin) and (Columbine).

For the hunter jumping the best the first day of the show.
— Special prize, J. Grout, Woodbridge (Irish Lassie).

For tiie hunter jumping best: tried over hurdles, a bank
and water jump, on the second day of show. — Special prize,
cup, Duke of Hamilton, Eastou Park.
CATTLE.

Suffolk or Norfolk red polled bull, not under two years old.
—First prize, J. J. Coliuan, M.P., Norwich (Powell) ; second,
H. Birkbeck, Stoke Holy Cross, Norwich (Young Duke),
Commended : M. Biddell, Playford (Big Playford).

Suifolk or Norfolk red polled bull, under two years old.— ■
First Prize, J. J. Coleman, M.P., Norwich (Royal Duke);
second, R. E. Loft, Troston, Bury St. Edmund's (Honest
Tom). Commended: H. Birbeck, Stoke Holy Cross,
Norwich (Suffolk).

Suffolk or Norfolk red polled hull calf, not exceeding one
year old. — First prize, J. J. Colraan (Baron Easton).

Suffolk or Norfolk red polled cow in milk or in calf. —
First prize, R. E.Lofft, Troston, Bury St. Edmund's (Minue) ;
second, B. Brown, Thursford (Countess).

Under three-years-old Suffolk or Norfolk red polled heifer
jn milk or in calf. — First priz«, B. Brown, Thui'sford (Nonpa-
riel) ; second, H. Birbeck, Stoke tjoly Crqss, Nurwieli

(Wave). Conimended: J. J. Coleman, M.P., Norwich

(Rosabelle).

Under two-year-old Suffolk or Norfolk red polled heifer. —
First prize, G. Gooderham, Monewden (Coral).

Shorthorn bull, not under two years old. — First prize, N.
Catchpole, Bramford (Oxford Prize) ; second, J. Wortley,
Swafield, Walshara (Cap*aMi Hopeful). Commended: R. H.
Crabb, Baddow Place, 0 lelmsford (Baddow Duke of
Geneva).

Shorthorn bull, under two years old. — Firstprize.D. A. Green,
East Donylaud, Colchester (Donyland Duke) ; second, R. H.
Crabb (Claro's Rose 2nd). Commended: N. Catchpole
(Thiers).

Shorthorn bull-calf, not exceeding one-year-old. — Prize, T.
Rose, Melton Magna (Bright Knight). Highly commended:
N. Catchpole (The Shah).

Shorthorn cow, in milk or in calf.— First prize, N. Catch-
pole (Accacia) ; second, T. Jennings, Phantom House, New-
market (Bracelet). Commended: N. Catchpole (Queea
Anne).

Shorthorn heifer, under three years old, in milk or in calf.
— First prize, J. R.Chaplin, Ridgewell,Halstead (Cinnamon) ;
second, N. Catchpole (Romford Rose). Highly commended:
N. Catchpole.

Shorthorn heifer, under two years old. — First prize, D. A.
Green ; second, R. H. Crabb. Highly commended : N.
Catclipole ; R. H. Crabb; J. R. Chaplin (Lady Pigot).

Bull of any pure breed, not being red polled, Suffolk, or
Norfolk, or Shorthorn. — Prize, R. M. Jary, Underwood Hall,
Westley (The Shah).

Cow or heifer of the Channel Islands breed, if over two
years old, in milk or in calf. — First prize, Lieut.-Colonel F.
M. Wilson; second. Marquis of Bristol. Commended: I.
Rist.

Best cow or heifer in the yard, bred by a tenant-farmer in
the county of Suffolk. — Special prize, N. Catchpole (Romford
Rose).

SHEEP.

Suffolk tup, of any age. — Prize, J. M. Green, Stradishall,
Newmarket. Highly commended : R. Woodgate, Great Wald-
ingfield, Sudbury.

Shearling Suffolk tup. — First prize, J. M. Green ; second,
W. S. Garner, Moulton, Newmarket.

Suffolk lamb tup.— Prize, R. Woodgate.

Pen of five Suffolk shearling ewes. — First prize, R. Wood-
gate ; second, W. S. Gardner. Highly commended: R.
Garrett.

Short-woolled tup, of any pure breed (not being Suffolk),
of any age. — Prize, Marquis of Bristol (Southdown). Highly
commended : G. Cooke, Horseheath Park Linton. Com-
mended : J. J. Colman, M.P., Norwich (Southdown) ; J.
Giblin, Bardfield, Braintree.

Sliearling short-woolled tup of any pure breed, not being
Suffolk, of any age. — First prize, Mr. Cooke; second, J. J.
Colman, M.P. (Southdown). Commended : Mr. Cooke ; J .
Giblin.

Pen of five short-woolled shearling ewes, of any pure breed,
not being Suffolk.— First prize, J. J. Colman, M.P. (South-
down); second, Mr. Cooke.

Long-woolled tup of any pure breed, of any age. — Prize, J.
Giblin (Cotswold three-shear tup).

Shearling long-woolled tup, of any pure breed. — First prize,
J. Wheeler and Sons (Shearling Cotswold ram) ; second, J.
Giblin (shearling Cotswold tup).

Best ram in the yard. — Special prize, the Marquis of
Bristol.

Pen of ten ewes of any age or breed, which have had Iambs
this year. — Prize, A. F. Nicholson, Ipswich (Hampshire
Down).

Ten shearling ewes of any breed. — Prize, J. A. Hempsou,
Erwarton Hall (Southdown).

Ten ewe lambs of any breed. — Prize, J. J. Colman, M.P.
(Southdown). Highly commended : A. Ogilvie, Sizewell
House, Leiston. Reserve : R. Woodgate.

Best p-m of ewes in the yard. — Special prize, J. J. Colman,
M.P.

PIGS.

Boar of the black breed, not under one-year-old. — First
prize, R. B. Duckering, iNorthorpe, Kirtqa Lindsey ; second,
J, Wheeler aud Sons,

134

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

Boar of the black breed, under oue-year-old. — First prize,
G. M. Sexton, "Wherstead Hall, Ipswich ; second. Lord Kendle-
sham, M.P.

Sow and pigs of the black breed (the pigs not to exceed ten
weeks old). — Prize, G. M. Sexton.

Breeding sow of the black breed. — First prize, J. Wheeler
and Sous ; second, G. JNI. Sextou. Keserve : U. E.
Uuckering.

Pen of three young sows, of the black breed, pigged since
November 1st. — First prize, G. M. Sextou ; second, T. Rose,
Melton Magna, AVymondhara.

Boar of the white breed, not under one-year-old. — First
prize and special prize, lor the best boar in the yard, G. M.
Sexton ; second. Lord llendlesham.

Boar of white breed, under one-year-old. — First prize, J.
Dose, Hambrook House, near Bristol ; second. Lord Eendle-
sliaui.

Special prize, G. M. Sextou.

Sow and pigs of the white breed (the pigs not to exceed ten
weeks old). — Prize, G. M Sextou.

Breeding sow of the white breed. — First prize, E.. E.
Duckering ; second, J. Dove.

Pen of three young sows of the white breed, pigged since
November 1st. — First prize, Lord Rendlesham, M.P. ; second,
R. E. Duckering.

The following implement makers had stands on the ground:
Rausoraes, Sims, and Head, Orwell Works, Ipswich ;
E. R. and F. Turner, St. Peter's Iron Works, Ipswich ; R.
Garrett a.id Sons, Leiston Works, Satfulk ; Woods, Cock-
sedge, and Co., Stowmarket ; Packard and Co., Ipswich ;
James, Sons, and Smyth, Peaseuliall ; J. K. King, Coggeshall,
Essex ; Rands and Jeckell, Ipswich ; F. Beaumont, Ipswich ;
Bennett and Botwood, Ipswich ; Whight and Mann, Gipping
Works, Ipswich ; C. Taylor, Ipswich ; J. T. Scrivener,
Ipswich ; Scrivener, Gill, and Co., Ipswich and London ;
G. Busse and Co. ; Ohlendortf and Co. ; Bell and Co. ; G.
Gilders ; Burgess and Key ; R. Boby ; Catchpool and Stan-
nard ; W. Bear ; W. Tinsley ; C. Burrell ; J. T. Markall ;
Murton and Turner; Whitmore and Binyon ; Page and Gir-
ling.

At the President's dinner Lord Waveney returned thanks
for the Vice-Presidents, aud congratulated the Society on the
remarkable success of the show of thsit day, and expressed his
gratification to fiud that there was an improvement in the
manner in which the horses were brought to the ring. He
liad previously expressed a hope that the horses might be
shown so that tiiey could see a little more of the skeleton, and
a little less of tiie skill of the horse keeper. He thought the
young animals exhibited that day h*d sliown that there was
now a tendency to work out the faults of the horses. He had
never seen horses that more inspired him with hopes than the
two-year-old class that day.

Mr. Basil Sparkow, in returning thanks for the judges,
said he considered the show of hunters had been very good.
Oue of the horses he had got upon was such a one as he
should have liked to put into his own stables, for lie was one
of the few big horses that could gailop. There were, he could
say from his own experience, very lew \\ eight-carriers that
were worth anything, aud he could prove that in the mud of
the Essex brooks. He thought there was a prospect of tiie
British farmer being better horded than he had been, that
in future a good horse would not be beyond the means of the
Suffolk farmer, and if he did not want them tliat the land-
lord would be willing to give a good price for them.

Capt. BAPaiiuorp also responded for the judges, aud
alluded to a difficulty which had arisen in judging class 7 that
day. A bay mare, a very good animal, was exhibited in that
class. His friend, Mr. Thompsou, and himself did not quite
agree as to the merits of this mare and a chesuut mare wliich
received the prize. He (Capt. Barthropp) felt tliat the other
was not the animal to encourage in tliis county, and a refeiee
was called in. Mr. Badham was called in, and he coincided
in his (Capt. Barthropp's) opinion, and the prize went to the
chesnut, aud the bay mare was considered not the sort of
animal for Suffolk. Then the question arose whether this
mare was eligible for the special prize for the best cart mare
in classes 5 and 7 ? As he (Capt. Barthropp) understood it
the prize was given for the be^t animal for agricultural pur-
poses, and he certainly thought she ought not to go into the

ring ; but it was decided by the stewards by a majority of
one, that the bay mare was eligible to compete, she went into
the ring, and his friend Thompson and himself were again at
issue. They both retired from the contest, aud left the matter
to two other gertlenien — one of whom had been a judge of
cattle, and the other of sheep — who decided that the bay mare
should have the prize. The decision might be right, or it
might be wrong, only he wished the explanation to be known,
because it seemed curious that the mare should have beeu
decided not to have been eligible to compete, and that they
should turn about in halt-au-hour and give her the best prize
in the yard. He would luUy admit tlie merits of the mare
for dray purposes, but he did not consider that she was the
best for agricultural purposes in Suffolk. The show of agri-
cultural horses had beeu most successful. There were 12 or
13 animals in the two-year old class, and the fact that the
Veterinary Inspector had said that he did not see a single side
bone, spoke volumes in favour of the improvement of the
Suffolk horses, who were said, by some enemies of the breed,
to have had bad feet. He could only say with respect to other
breeds that about three weeks ago he was acting as judge at
the Royal Cornwall Show, and in the first class of horses there
was not a single sound horse ; they ali had side bone or very
bad sand cracks.

Mr. Thompson also responded, and carried the bay raare
story) a little further. She was a Bedfordshire mare exhi-
bited among the Suffolks. In looking over his judges' book
lie found that the prize was to be awarded to the best cart
mare. As to being fitted for agricultural purposes, he would
like to know what agricultural work that mare could not do ?
He wanted to know why that animal, which could do its work
in Lincolnshire or Cambridgeshire, could not do it in Suffolk ?
He held strongly for that mare for the simple reason that he
thought she was one of the best four-year-old mares he ever
saw. He would ask Mr. Badham a simple question, whether
that mare ought to be disqualified merely for colour or for the
hair on her legs ? She was said to be a mare for dray pur-
poses, and as he found by the judges' book that the prizes
were for cart horses, why should she not have the prize ?

Mr. H. BiDDELL said a matter which had been talked of
very much was the union of the three counties for the for-
mation of one Society, so as to make one great East of
England Show. They would get a very great show perhaps,
but he should like to ask what they would get there that they
had not had at Ipswich that day ? If they wanted a bigger
show, they had quite enough for anyone to look at in the two
days. If they wanted more money, he would say that they
had offered enough money to collect some of the best classes
of animals he had ever seen. The Bath and West of England
Society having recently enlarged the area of its operations,
the County Associations within that area had started up into
activity, and had never been more prosperous than now.

THE SHORTHORN HERD BOOK. — Messrs.
Lythall and Clarke, the auctioaeers of Birmingham, were
ready to give Mr. StrafFord his price, £5,000, for this
work, wliich, however, as will be seen, has now beeu
taken up by a Company.

THE WATERCO.MBE RAMS.— Mr. J. T. Ensor,
of Dorchester, brought to the hammer for sale and
and letting 135 rams, belonging to the flock of Mr. T. Chap-
man Saunders. The two-tooth rams were first submitted,
there being 70 lots of these. They realised in all 312^ gs.
and 392 gs. Lot 35, a superior animal, made 36 gs., while
lot 46 brought 30 gs., lot 60 33 gs., and lot 6-i 23 gs. Fifty-
two rams (four-tooth) were let at prices varying from 5 gs. to
31 gs., the whole of the lots bringing 187i gs. and 17H gs.
Of thee, lot 99, a very superior animal, was let at 27 gs.,
22 gs. being given for the letting of lot 80, 31 gs. lot 95, and
21 gs. lot 105. Sixteen six-tooth (mostly) were sold at from
5 gs. to 13| gs., the whole bringing 47| gs. and 63J gs.
Twenty others were let at from 5 gs. to 9 gs., the whole
making 124 gs. The grand total of the sale and letting was
1,298^ gs., or an average of £10 Is. lid.

O^HE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

135

THIRSK AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

At this show the entries were 50 in excess of
last year, the increase being iu the slieep aud pig
classes, while the hors3s were up to about the usual
standard ol this meeting.

P R I Z E - L I S T.
CAT T L E.

SHOllTHORNS.

Bull two years old aud upwards. — First prize, G. Yates.
Studley, Ripon ; second, I. Garbutt, Bragg House, Farndale,
Kirbyrnoorside.

Bull above one year and under two years old. — First prize,
Rev. W. Vrest, Ampleforth College ; second, C. Mc C. Swar-
breck, Sowerby.

Bull calf under twelve months old. — First prize, H. Clay,
Northallerton ; second, J. Coates, Hartshead Moor.

Cow or heifer in-cali or milk, three years old and upwards.
— First and second prizes, and cup. — T. H. Hutchinson, ilanur
House, Catterick.

Cow or heifer under three years old. — First prize, T. H,
Hutchinson ; second, T. Strickland.

Heifer one year old and under two. — First prize, T. H.
Hutchinson ; second, T. Strickland.

Heifer calf under twelve months old. — First prize, Major
StapyltoD, Myton-hall ; second, J. T. Robinson, Topciiffe.

CATTLE OF AXY BREED OR CROSS.

Cow for dairy purposes. — First prize, G. K. Hariand,
Northallerton ; second, T. Strickland

Cow, the property of a cottager. — First prize, T.
Barnett, Thormanby ; second, G. Yates, Thirsk.

Three dairy cows in calf or milk, tlie property of a tenant-
farmer. — First prize, T. H. Hutchinson, Catterick ; second,

C. Mc. C. Swarbeck, Sowerby; third, H. Pickersgill, Top-
ciiffe.

SHEEP.

LEICESTER OK LONOWOOL.

Ram, one shear. — First prize, T. H. Hutchinson, Catterick ;
second, W. Coverdale, Uelmsley.

Ram, aged. — First prize, W. Coverdale ; second, T. H.
Hutchinson. Highly commended ; C. and W. Dovener,
Bedale, and T. H. Hutchinson.

Three gimmer shearlings. — First and second prizes, T. H.
Hutchinson. Commended : R. Tarbotton, Cawton, Gilling,
and W. K. Pickering, Gilling.

Pen of three ewes having suckled lambs in 1374. — First
prize, T. H. Hutchinson ; second, W. Coverdale.
(Limited to the i)istrict).

Ram, one shear. — First prize, C. and W. Dovener; second,
F. Heugh, Northallerton.

Ram, aged. — First prize, R. Tarbotton ; second, F. Heugh.
Commended : C. and W. Dovener.

Three gimmer shearlii.gs. — First prize, W. K. Pickering,
Gilling ; second, R. Tarbotton, Cawton.

Three ewes having suckled lambs in IST-t. — First prize, AV.
Hall, Thirsk ; second, C. and W. Dovener, Bedale.

Half-bred sheep, limited to the district. — First prize, W.
Dale, Topciiffe Park ; second, C. Watson, Sowerby.

Three ewes having suckled lambs in 187^. — Prize, J.
Greaves, Clotherholme, Ripon.

PIGS.

Boar, large breed — Prize, W. Lister, Armley.

Boar, small breed. — First prize, G. Sedgwick, York ; second,

D. Sanderson, Richmond.

Boar of the black or Berkshire breed. — Prize, W. Holmes,
York.

Boar of any other breed. — First prize, G. Sedgwick ; second,
— Grahaaa, Leeds.

Sow of the large breed, in pig or milk. — First prize, —
Graham ; second, W. Lister.

Sow of the small breed, in pig or milk. — First prize, D.
Sanderson, Moulton-hall ; second, G. Sedgwick, York.

Sow of the black or Berkshire breed.— Prize, W. Holmes,
York.

Sow of any other breed, not qualified to compete in classes
35, 26, and 27 — First prize, W. Lister, Armley, Leeds ;
second, F. Waller, High Coniscliff, Darlingtou,

(Limited to the District).

Pig, the property of a cottager whose annual rental does not
exceed £8.— First prize, J. Eden, Thirsk ; second, G. Horner,
Thirsk. Commended : J. Appleton, Thirsk. Highly com-
mended : W. Jackson, Bedale. G. Horn°r^ being disqualified,
prize given to W. Jack.son.

HORSES.

Thoroughbred stallion for getting hunters. — First prize, B.
Fislibiirn, Ainderby Steeple ; seeond, W. Feaster, Cock Moor-
hall, York. Commended : J. Gowland, Ripon.

Stallion for getting agricultural horses, to travel in the
district the following year. — First prize, W. Robson, Old
Malton ; second, Jas. F. Crowther, Mirfield.

Brood mare for breeding coach horses with foal at foot. —
First prize, W. L. Robinson, Thormanby-liall ; second, R.
Mothersill, Northallerton.

Mare for breeding weight-carrying hunters, with foal at foot.
— First prize, J. T. Robinson, Topcliff ; second, M. Wilkin-
son, North Kilviogton.

Brood mare for breeding roadsters, witji foal at foot. — First
prize, Wm. F. Filter, South Preston ; second, C. Lancaster,
Northallerton.

Mare for breeding agricultural horses, with foal at foot. —
First prize, T. H. Hutchinson, Catterick ; second, J. Morton,
Skipton-on-Swale.

HUNTERS.

Yearling gelding for the field. — Prize, 11. Crossley, Masham.

Yearling filly for the field. — First prize, L. Manfield, Barugh ;
second, R. Kirby, Northallerton.

Two-year-old gelding for the field. — First prize, G. M.
Loraas, Dishforth ; second, J. Leng, lloughton-le-side.

Two-year-old filly for the field. — First prize, R. Garbutt,
Ampleforth; second, J. T. Robinson, Topciiffe.

Three-year-old gelding for the field. — First prize, J. B.
Booth, Catterick ; second, G. Lancaster, Northallerton.

Three-year-old filly for the field. — First prize, G. K. Har-
iand, Northallerton ; second, C. Lancaster, Northallerton.

Hunting gelding or mare, four years old. — First prize, T.
H. Ilutclunson, Catterick; second, C.Rose, Malton.

Hunting gelding or mare, jive years old and upwards, to be
ridden in the ring. — First prize, T. H. Hutchinson, Catterick ;
second, J. C. Bilton, Hutton's Ambo.

Hunting gelding or mare, seven years old or upwards, to be
ridden in the ring. — Prize, B. Nicholson, Garforth.

COACHING.

Yearling gelding. — Prize, H. Pettinger, Easingwold.

Two-year-old gelding. — First priz",, G. Meynell, Bedale ;
second, R. D. Batty, Easingwold.

Two-year-old filly. — First prize, J. Goodrick, Skiptou
Bridge ; second, W. Hardwick, Northallerton.

Three-year-old gelding for coaching. — First prize, T.
Plummer, Easingwold ; second, H. Pettinger, Easingwold.

Three-year-old filly for coaching. — Prize, J. Burton, Tliirsk.

ROADSTERS.

Two-year-old gelding for the road. — First prize, J. Rountree,
Leyburn ; second, T. Heugh, Northallerton.

Two-year-old filly for the road. — First prize, Hon. G. E.
Laecelles, Sion Hill ; second, T. Carter, Thirsk.

Three-year-old gelding for the road. — First prize, R. Kirby,
Northallerton ; second, W. Wray, York.

Three-year-old filly for the road. — First prize, Jas. Cook,
York ; second, G. WetheriH, Thirsk. Highly commended :
Robt. Farnhill, Batley.

HACKNEYS.

Gentleman's hackney, of any sex, not exceeding five years
old, and not exceeding 151i. 2in. in height, to be ridden in the
ring. — First prize, T. Dales, Kearby, near Wetherby ; second,
T. G. Mallory, Great llabton, Pickering. Highly commended:
Earl Cathcart, Thornton-le-Street.

AGRICULTURAL HORSES.

Yearling gelding or filly. — First prize, Mrs. Kitching and
Sons, Whorlton ; second, W. Thrackrey, Borrowby.

Two-year-old gelding. — First prize, J. Morton, Thirsk;
second, R. Bosomwortii, Easingwold.

Two-year-old filly. — First prize, W. Wilkinson, South Kil-
vington ; second, W. Appleton, Thirsk.

136

THE FARMER*S MAGAJ^.TNE.

Threc-jrar-old geldiug'.—Fir^t prize, J. Sitiitli, llnmbiirton, ]
Boroughbrige ; second, J. Pt-irsoii, .♦.ireyholnip, Nortliallerton.

Three-jear-old filly. — First prize, J. Chapinan, Tliorp Hill,
York ; second, T. F. Iraeson, Eldmire-hill, Tliirsk.

Gelding or mare four years old and upwards. — First and
second prizes, R. Saunders, VVesibrook, Darlington. Com-
mended : J. F. Crowther, Knowl Grove, Mirfield.

Jumper. — First prize, T. Peacock, Hill-house, Bedale ;
second, J. Welburn, Scackletou Grange, Hovingham.

Pony not exceeding 14 hands in height, any age or sex. —
First prize, T. Mitchell, Bowling-park, Bradford ; second,

Mc C. Swarbreck, Sowerby. Highly commended : VV. Howe,
BouJgate, Darlington ; and W. Johnson, Mile-house, Thirsk.

EXTRA STOCK.
Horses. — Prize £1 each, Tom Strickland (Thirsk Junction),
three gilt pigs ; C.Nicholson (Melmerby, Thirsk), ewe and
four lambs ; and W. Hall (Thirsk), Alderney cow.

B UTTER.
Four rolls of butter. — First prize, J. Arrowsmith, South
Kilvington ; second, Mr. Abbey, Crimpie; third, Miss Els-
worth, Plompton. Commended : J. Stevenson, Crosby.

THORNE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The entries were 1,264., or an increase over those of the
previous show of 150. The agricultural and draught horses
were superior to those previously exhibited, but the hunters
were not very good. There was a fair show of cattle, a better
class of animals being displayed than at last meeting. The
sheep penned were principally Lincolns, and on the whole a
moderate lot.

PaiZE LIST.

JUDGES.— Dratigiit Horses : T. Reed, Upton, Hull ; J.
Wressell, Crow Grange, Beeford ; J. Smith, Braytou, Selby.
Hunters AND N.vos ; E. Godfrey, Thealby Hall, Brigg ;
T. Sinitli, Gringley-on the-Hill ; W. H. Clark, Hook
House, Howden. Cattle, Sheep, and Pigs : T. Dodds,
Mount Pleasant, Wakefield ; J. Rowley, Norton Priory,
Askern ; E. Abraham, Barnetby-le-Wold, Ulceby. Butter
AND Eggs : T. Tasker, Moorgate-grove, Rotherhara.

HORSES.

Agricultural mare and foal. — First prize, E. Coalman,
Levels ; second, F. T. Turner, Armthorpe.

Hunter mare and foal. — First prize, H. W. Godfrey,
Levels, Thome ; E. Fearnside, Wakefield.

Carriage mare and foal. — First prize, J. Reader, Holme ;
second, M. Askren, Levels.

Roadster mare and foal. — Fiist prize, T. E. Morrell,
Rotherhara ; second, £. Belton, Tadworth.

Agricultural or draught, yearling colt or filly. — First priie,
F. T. Turner, Aimthorpe ; second, J. F. Crowther, Mirfield.

Two-year-old gelding or filly. — First prize, J . T. Purvis,
Gainsbro' ; second, N. England, Fishlake.

Three-year-old gelding or filly. — First and second prizes,
VV. Bramley, Amcotts.

Pair of draught horses, within twenty miles of Thome. —
First prize, G. Wood, Doncaster ; second, T. J. Brown.

Pair of draught horses. — First prize, G. Bletcher, Levels ;
second, J. F. Crowther.

Gelding or mare, any age. — First prize, M. Askren, Levels ;
second, W. Brockton, Tudworth.

Hunters, yearling colt or filly. — First prize, J. Furnis,
Crowie Wharf ; second, R. J. Winder, juu., Newton.

Two-year-old gelding or filly.— First prize, M. Askren,
Levels; second, T. Everett, Laughton.

Three-year-old gelding or filly. — First prize, A. J. Brown,
North Elmsall Hall ; second, M. Askren, Levels.

Gelding or mare, any age. — Prize, A. J. Brown.

Carriage yearling colt or filly. — First prize, J. Waite, Fish-
lake ; second, W. Gray, Thorne.

Two-year-old gelding or filly. — First prize, T. E. Morrell ;
second, C. W. Darley, Thome.

Gelding or mare, any age. — First prize, G. Goody, Thorne ;
second, J. Benson, Saudtoft.

Roadsters, yearling colt or filly. — H. W. Godfrey, Bank
House ; second, M. Askren.

Two-year-old gelding or filly. — First prize, R. Chapman,
Campsall ; second, W. H. Brown, Beltoft.

Three-year-old gelding or filly.— F'irst prize, W.Stephenson,
Cottingham ; second, R. Farnhill, Batley.

Gelding or mare, any age. — First prize, J. Robinson ; second,
W. Sadler, Leeds.

Weight-carrying cob. — First prize, J. Benson ; second,
W. Sadler.

Lady's hackney .—First prize, F. C. Matthews, Driffield ;
second, J. Reader.

Pony, not exceeding 14 hands. — First prize, W. H. Black
man ; second, T. Mitchell, Bradford.

Pony, not exceeding li hands. — F'irst prize. Miss A. M.
Godfrey, Levels ; second, R. Widdop, Snaith.

Yearling foal by " Blazeaway." — Special prize, H. W.
Godfrey.

CATTLE.

Bull, any age. — First prize, J. H. Rockett, Goole ; second,
S. Barker.

Bull, not exceeding two years old. — First prize, J. Stain-
forth, Sheffield Park ; second, J. F. Watson, Crowie Wharf.

Bull-calf.— First prize, W. Burton ; second, T. J. Eland,
Hatfield, Woodhouse.

Cow, in calf or milk. — First prize, J. H. Rockett ; second,
Messrs. Dudding, Wragby.

Heifer, in-calf or milk. — First and second prizes, F. Strick-
land, Carlton, Thirsk.

Heifer, two years old. — First prize, F. Strickland ; second,
J. H. Rockett.

SHEEP.

One-shear improved Lincoln ram. — First and second prizes,
Messrs. Dudding.

Improved Lincoln ram, any age. — First prize, Messrs.
Dudding ; second, W. Roe, North Scarle Field, Newark.

Five improved Lincoln ewes. — First prize, W. Roe ; second,
T. Askren, Levels.

Five improved Lincoln gimmers. — First prize, F. T. Turner,
Armthorpe ; second, VV. Roe.

Five improved Lincoln rams. — First prize, E. Belton ;
second, W. Roe.

pigs;

Boar, any breed. — C. F. Hallaa, Huddersfield ; second, J.
Garbutt, South Cave, Hull.

Sow, any breed. — First prize, C. F. Hallas ; second, J. C.
Coups, Barmby Don.

Open gilt, any age. — First prize, E. Ellis, Doncaster ;
second, J. Garbutt.

Two store pigs. — First prize, Parkinson Brothers, Doncaster;
second, H. C. Littlewood, Wicker, Sheffield.
BUTTER AND EGGS.

Pound of butter, flavour, colour, and make. — First prize,
Mrs. J. Purdy, Thorne ; second, Mrs. Moore, Thome ; tliird,
Mrs. G. Watson, Fishlake ; fourth, Mrs. Rawson, Woodliouse,
filth, M. Askren.

Twelve eggs. — R. C. Empson, Goole ; second, Miss Gravil ,
Thorne.

THE THOROUGH-BRED STOCK SALE AT THE
ALEXANDRA PARK.— This, the second experiment
of the sort, w^as held under the auspices of
Messrs. Tattersall, with a very iudiflFerent result. The
attendance was thin, and not half the yearlings offered
were sold, those which did find purchcsers going mostly
at very poor prices.

THE LABOURERS' STRIKE IN SUFFOLK.— This
seems hastening to an end ; the march to the North country
being, perliaps, for the present, the last act of the drama. In
Norfolk labourers are well paid, well employed, and to all
appear inces happy and contented. There is a plentiful supply
of hands everywhere, so there is no prospect of a scarcity of
labour for turnip hoeing or harvest. — The 'Norfolk Chronicle.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

y^7

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

Monthly Council : Wednesday, July 1.— Present :
Earl Cathcart, Vice-President, in the chair ; the Duke
of Bedford ; the Duke of Devonshire, K.G. ; the Earl
of Leicester ; Viscount Bridport ; Lord Chesham ; Lord
Eslingtou, M.P.; Mr. Barnett, Mr. Bowly ; Mr. Cantrell,
Mr. Dent; Mr. Druce ; Mr. Evans; Mr. Brandreth
Gibbs ; Vlv Horley, Jun. ; Mr. Hornsby; Mr. Hoskyns ;
Colonel Kingscote, M.P. ; Mr. Leeds ; Sir A. K. Mac-
douald, Bart.; Mr. Pain; Mr. Rigden ; Mr. Statter ;
Ml-. Wakefield; Mr. W. Wells; Colonel Wilson ; and
Dr. Voelcker.

Colonel Kingscote, M.P., was elected a Governor of
the Society.

The following new members were elected :

Allen, George, Unicarville, Comber, Co. Down.

Ambrose, Cole, Stuntuey Hall, Ely.

Armstrong, George, Graifham, St. Neots.

Ashby, Captain G. Ashby, Naseby Woolleys, Rugby.

Bidwell, Charles, New Barnes, Ely.

Ireeze, Edward, Old Marton Hall, Whittington, Oswestry.

Broughall, Edward, Wikey House, Ruyton, 11 Towns.

Burton, Oliver, Gwaynynog, Denbigh.

Burt, Walter, Wellingore, Grantham.

Calver, Thomas. Burnham Thorpe, Lynn.

Clay, Edward, Ellesmere, Salop.

Cooper, James, Barton Mere Farm, Bury St. Edmunds.

Church, George, Bedford.

Culverwell, William Thomas, Durleigh Farm, Bridgwater.

Fryer, William Rolles, Lytchett Minster, Poole.

Green, Edward, The Moors, Welshpool.

Higgins, George, Castle Close, Bedford.

Horrell, Robert, Oakley, Bedford.

Hunt, E. Bradley, Hayes, Uxbridge.

Inmau, Henry, Rose Bank, Stretford, Manchester.

Kynaston, Rev. Walter C. E., Hardwick, Ellesmere.

Lester, James, Kempston, Bedford.

Lester, Thomas, High-street, Dudley.

Lovell, John M., Harpole, Weedon.

Magniac, Charles, Colworth, Bedford.

Meredith, Richard, Rednal, Shrewsbury.

Noden, Joseph, Bridgemere Hall, Nantwicli.

Prior, Benjamin, Leighton, Kimbolton.

Ransom, Edwin, Kempston, Bedford.

Kigden, Henry, Saltwood Castle, Hytbe, Kent.

Sainsbury, Edward, 16, Mark-lane, E.C.

Sartoris, Alfred, Abbotswood, Stow-in-the-Wold.

Shuker, John, Knightley Hall, Chirl)urv, Salop.

Simons, Thomas, Markgate Cell Park Farm, Dunstable.

Smith, Henry Herbert, West Lodge, West End, Hampstead.

Smith, Thomas, Tillbrook, Kimbolton.

Vaughan, Lewis Edward, Trederwen Hall, Arlein, Oswestry.

Finances. — Viscount Bridport presented the report,
from which it appeared that the Secretary's receipts during
the past month had been duly examined by the Committee,
and by Messrs. Quilter, Ball, & Co., the Society's account-
ants, and found correct. The balance in the hands of the
hankers on June 30, was £2,582 7s. 9d., and £2,000 re-
mains on deposit. The quarterly statements of subscrip-
tions and arrears to June 30, and the quarterly cash ac-
count, were laid on the table. This report was adopted,
with the addition of the following resolution :

That the candidates for election as members of the Society,
whose names have just been read, shall be entitled to the
privileges of membership at the Bedford meeting on paying
their subscription for 187i, and signing the usual conditions.

Journal. — Mr. J. Dent Dent, chairman, presented the
plan of prizes for Somersetshire farms proposed by the
committee as follows :

Class 1.— For the best-managed hill-farm, including
not less than fifty acres of arable land, and not less than
one hundred acres of hill pasture, whether convertible

or otherwise, and whether adjacent to the arable land or
not, £50 ; for the second best, £25.

Class 2. — For the best-managed dairy-farm of not less
than one hundred acres in extent, £50 ; for the second
best, £25.

Class 3. — For the best-managed farm not qualified to
compete in either of the foregoing classes, and of not
less than two hundred acres in extent, £50 ; for the
second best, £25. The entries to be made on or before
October 31, 1874. This report was adopted.

Mr. Dent Dent then moved, pursuant to notice, on
behalf of the Journal Committee, for a grant of £150 to
enahle the Secretary to inquire into the stock-farming of
Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, with reference to the
probable supplies of cattle from those countries to the
United Kingdom. This motion was seconded by Lord
Esliugton, and carried unanimously.

General Bedford. — Lieut. Gen. Viscount Bridport
reported the recommendations of the committee with re-
ference to the tenders for showyard manure, and for
printing the lists of awards ; also with regard to the
receipt and delivery of parcels to the showyard, and the
engagement of a sufficient number of tlie A division of
Metropolitan Police. The Committee also recommended
that no animals should be received in the showyard
previous to the date fixed in the Prize-sheet, This re
port was adopted.

Implements. — Mr. B. T. Brandreth Gibbs reported
that the Committee recommended the following classifi-
cation and prizes for implements to be tried at the Taunton
meeting next year — subject to future amendment after
consideration during the Bedford meeting :

Class 1. For the best one-horse mowing machine (the
power required for one-horse machines not to exceed
33,000 foot-lbs. per minute), £20; for the 2nd best,
£10 ; for the 3rd best, £5.

Class 2. For the best two-horse mowing machine,
£30 ; for the 2nd best, £20 ; for the 3rd best, £10.

Class 3. For the best haymaking machine, £20 ; for
the 2nd best, £10 ; for the 3rd best, £5.

Class 4. For the best horse-rake, £15 ; for the 2nd
best, £10.

Class 5. For the best hay collector, £15 ; for the 2nd
best, £10.

Class 6. For the best system of drying hay in wet
weather, sufficiently economical for practical purposes,
large Gold Medal ; for the 2nd best, large Silver Medal.

Miscellaneous awards to agricultural articles and es-
sential improvements therein, 10 Silver Medals. This
report was adopted.

Chemical. — Mr. W. Wells (chairman) presented the
following quarterly report of the Chemical Committee :

The committee have to report that Dr. Voelcker has
submitted to them the following cases of inferior manures
which have been sent to him for analysis during the past
quarter :

The first three cases reported again show the advantage
of testing manures by independent analysis, in order to
ascertain whether they are of equal quality with the
analysis furnished by the vendors — more especially in
cases where the mixture is sold as special manure prepared
for some particular purpose.

1. A sample of barley manure was sent by Mr. W. G.
Duncan, of Bradwell, Stony Stratford, who had bought
it of an agent at £8 lOs. per ton. Dr. Voelcker reported
as follows :

138

THE FARMER'S MAGA2;iNE.

Analytical Laboratory, 11, Salisbury Square, Fleet
Street, E.G., London, March 9, 1874.
Sir, — I beg to enclose a copy of an analysis of the sannyle
of barley manure which you sent me a short time ago. The
manure is too wet to be readily applied to the land. I do not
put a precise money value upon niatiures which are sent me
for analysis, but may observe, in a general way, that a manure
containing the constituents mentioned in the inclosed copy of
analysis, and in the same proportions, can be bought in most
places at about £6 10s. per ton. Believe me.

Yours faithfully, Augustus Voelcker.

"W. G. Duncan, Esq.

Composition of a sample of barley manure sent by
Mr. W. G. Duncan.

Moisture 19.66

Water of combination and *organic matter 15.30

Bi-phosphate of lime (mono-basic phosphate of lime) 11. li
Equal to bone phosphate (tri-basic phosphate of lime)

rendered soluble by acid (IT-iS)

Insoluble phosphates 4.75

Sulphate of lime ^ 42 05

Alkaline salts and masnesia )

Insoluble siliceous matter 7.40

*Containing nitrogen 1.71

Equal to ammonia 2.07

Mr. Duncau communicated this analysis and report to
the agent from whom he had bought the manure, and
received the following reply, which the makers addressed
to the agent, after having had a sample of the manure for
analysis by their own chemist :

April 2, 1874.

Dear Sirs, — I got the sample, and last night got our
chemist's report, which I regret extremely to say quite con-
firms Dr. Voelcker's. Nothing but carelessness on the part of
the men at factory could have made it possible for such
manure to be sent out, as it is evident they have not used the
ingredients in their proper proportions. We have severely
reprimanded our foreman, and told him that if anything of
the kind occurs again, he will be instantly dismissed. To
yourselves and customer we must express our sincere regret,
and can only add that we shall be most happy to take back
the manure, pay all expenses he may have incurred, and sup-
ply him with other manures in its place. — We are, dear sirs,
yours truly, ***** (Manager).

2. Another sample of manure, invoiced as "Phosphatic
Cereal Manure," at £7 per ton, also sent by Mr. W. G.
Duncan, of Bradwell, Stony Stratford, who had bought
it of an agent.

With regard to this manure, which was guaranteed to
contain 25 per cent, of phosphates in soluble form, and
about 2 per cent, of ammonia, Dr. Voelcker reported as
follows :

Analytical Laboratory, 11, Salisbury-square, Fleet
Street, E.G., London, April 13, 1874.

Dear Sir, — I beg to ecclose a copy of an analysis of the
sample of manure which you call a " cereal manure." This
is a misnomer, for you will notice that the manure contains
but little ammonia — an essential constituent of every good
cereal manure — ammonia, or at all events nitrogen in some
form or other. The sample of manure which you sent me for
analysis is also poor in soluble phosphate, and in point of fact
is essentially a badly-dissolved superphosphate, containing but
little nitrogen. A. manure of the composition of the sample
analysed by me, in my opinion, is not worth more than about
£4 15s. to £5 per ton. I should feel obliged to you to in-
form me at what price this manure is actually sold, and by
whom it is manufactured and sold. — Believe me, yours faith-
fully, Augustus Voelcker.

W. G. Duncan, Esq.

Composition of a sample of cereal manure, sent by Mi".
W. G. Duncan :

Moisture 17.16

Water of combination and *organic matter 18.09

Bi-pliosphate of lime (mono-basic piiosphate of lime) 8 33
Equal to bone phosphate (tri-basic phosphate of

lime) rendered soluble by acid (13.03)

Insoluble phosphates 15.78

Sulphate of lime 7 0007

Alcaline salts and magnesia )

Insoluble siliceous matter 7-78

100.00

* Containing nitrogen 73

Equal to ammonia 89

On receipt of this letter, communications took place
betvreen the several parties, with the result that the fol-
lowing letter, dated April 16, from the makers, was handed
to Mr. Duncan :

London, April 16, 1874.

Dear Sirs, — We regret much to learn the result of Mr.
Duncan's sending to Dr. Voelcker, and at first were much
surprised. On inquiries, however, the matter was cleared up,
as we are able to connect the complaint with one particular
parcel, which was sent out under the following circumstances :
On going to dig out of bulk the phosphatic cereal for this
order, our foreman discovered that, through our acid tank
having sprung a leak, a large quantity of acid had run down
into the bin iu which the manure was, and had made it very
wet ; so he set to mix, with the shovel, enough ground copro-
lite with the manure, as he thought, to dry up the excess of
acid. Of course the mixing was most imperfectly done, and
was in random proportions. This will fully account for the
deficiency in ammonia, the excess of insoluble phosphate, and
the general bad character given by Dr. Voelcker to the
manure. Fortunately it was the only parcel sent out ; (or, on
discovering the matter, we immediately stopped any more
going out, and made a fresh bulk, from which we are now
delivering. We had no idea, however, that the value of the
manure liad been so much reduced, or would have taken steps
o prevent its being used. As it is, we can only say how much
we regret the circumstance, especially happening as it does
with a customer of yours who had complained of another
make. We shall leave it entirely in your hands to settle with
him as you think right, and beg that you will express our un-
feigned regret for the annoyance and trouble it has given to
him, as well as make a fair and liberal allowance in money.
Should he, fortunately, have not used all, will you please have
what remains returned to us, and we will replace it with what
we are now sending out, and of the quality of which we are
perfectly satisfied. Meanwhile, we remain, yours truly,
* * * _

3. Soon afterwards, on April 22, Dr. Voelcker sent the
following report on a manure, invoiced as " Best Super-
phosphate of Lime," to Mr. Duncan, at £5 10s. per ton,
and guaranteed by the makers (the same firm as in the
" Phosphatic Cereal Manure case") to contain 28 per cent,
of phosphates, in soluble form, and a small percentage of
ammonia:

Analytical Laboratory, Salisbury Square,

Fleet-street, E.G., London, April 22, 1874.

Dear Sir, — I have the pleasure of enclosing a copy of att-
analysis of the sample of superphosphate which you sent me a
short time ago. I notice in the circular of Messrs. * * *
their best superphosphate is stated to contain 28 per cent, of
phosphates in a soluble form, and a small percentage of
ammonia. I find, however, only 19^ per cent, of soluble
phosphate, and thesmall percentage of ammonia really amounts
to merely a trace. This superphosphate would be worth £5
10s., if it contained 28 per cent, of soluble phosphate ; but as
the insoluble phosphates in it occur as mineral, they are not
worth much for the farmer, and in my judgment the sample
of manure which you sent me is worth about 25s. less per ton
than Messrs. * * * best superphosphate guaranteed to
contain 28 per cent, of soluble phosphate.
Yours faithfully,

W. G. Duncan, Esq. Augustus Voelcker.

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

139

Composition of a sample of superphosphate sent by Mr.
W. G. Duncan, Bradwell, Stony Stratford :

Moisture 18.60

Water of combination, and *organic

matter 9.32

Bi-pliospliate of lime (mono-basic phos-
phate ollime) 12.29

Equal to hone pliosphate (Iri-basic phos-
phate of lime) rendered soluble by acid (19.25)

Insoluble phosphates 10.50

Sulphate of lime ') 4<5 40

Alcaliue salts and magnesia.
Insoluble siliceous matter

5.40

100.00
Mr. Duncan having thereupon communicated again
with the makers, received from them a reply, dated April
29, and containing the following statement :

Our iirm has been too long established, and has for too
many years held an honourable reputation, for us to con-
descend to any actioa which was not perfectly straightbrwari],
and if tlirough any misfortune we get into a dilliculty, we are
always ready aud anxious to do what is riglit to get out of it.
We will not again refer to tlic matter of the " Cereal" Manure,
as Mr. * * told you just tlie simple truth about the way
in whicli the mischief occurred, and we have nothing to
add to what he stated, except to express our unfeigned regret
tiiat ever that parcel left oar establishment.

And now as regards tlie superphosphate. This was made
as we represent, from the very best materials, and as we believe
in the best manner. The difierence, however, between the
statement of its composition in our circular and in Dr.
Voelckei's analysis, arises mainly from two circumstances — (1).
Tliat rightly or wrongly we include as "soluble phosphate"
the " precipitated phosphate," of which there are always from

2 to 3 percent, present; these we find Dr. Voelcker classes
with the " insoluble." (2). The superphosphate lias evidently
" gone back" since it was made, as it will do sometimes when
certain substances, such as iron, are present in the original
coprolite. Putting these two points together will fully account
for the difference. The analysis shows that the phosphoric acid is
present, although not in the form represented by us, which
will relieve us from any imputation of having "adulterated"
tlie manure, which is the point about whicli we are anxious ;
as we iuve honestly gone into the business with a determiuation
to sell only good articles, and have resolutely abstained from
anything in the shape of adulteration.

You are probably aware that this is a new trade with us,
and we must learn wisdom by experience. We see in Lavves's
circular that superphosphate is stated to contain from 23 to
27pf'rcent. of " soluble phosphate," aud that the minimum only
is guaranteed. We, unfortunately, in getting out a circular,
from want of experience overlooked the fact that manures are
liable to ' go back," and did not leave any margin for any
such accident happening.

As regards what you have left, Messrs. * * will arrange
with yoa about sending it back. With respect to what you
liave used we have no fear of the result, for although tlie
analysis shows only 19.25 per cent, of really " soluble" phos-
phate, we are certain that tlie 10.50 of " insoluble" (according
to Dr. v.), contains a large proportion of " precipitated.jj
which, practically, is just as useful to the plant as the
" soluble," and in a very wet season more so, as it is not so
liable to he washed down into the subsoil, and is, nevertheless,
as good " food" for the roots as the fully " soluble" phos-
phate. We do not in the least fear the loss of the turnips,
and venture to hope, on the contrary, that ia spite of the un-
satisfactory " analysis," you will find the manure produce
really satisfactory results.

Under any circumstances you shall not have cause to com-
plain of our treatment, aud we indulge the hope that though
our first transactions have been so very unfortunate, we may
have the pleasure of doing business with you in a perfectly
pleasant and satisfactory manner for many years to come. —
We are, sir, yours faithfully, * * *_

Mr. Duncan, in sending these documents, stated, " I

think it only fair to both Messrs. and Messrs.

to say that the first-named firm supplied me, gratis, with

3 cwt. of nitrate of 8oda, and that the barley where their

manure was sown looks as well, if not better, than any
other barley within miles of my farm — that when I
sowed the nitrate of soda I left out a strip of barley
unsown, and that I can at preseiit see no dilfereuce ia
that portion of the crop. As regards the second firm,
they make no charge whatever for the ' cereal manure,'
which was sown on 4 acres of oats, and have given me
G cwt. of nitrate of soda gratis. The superphosphate, or
turnip manure, is not charged for either. I used half of
it with some early turnips, and the other half Messrs.

fetched away. The oats where the ' cereal manure '

was sown look well, but they have been helped by the
6 cwt. of nitrate. I cannot speak fully on this crop yet,
because, being later sown than the barley, there is not
yet much show, neither can I say anything of the elfects
of the manure on the turnips, as they are not yet hoed
out. No doubt I was very unfortunate with both these
firms, but I hope there was nothing but neglect in their
dealing, and not cheating." Under these circumstances
the committee withold the names of the' firms in
question.

4. A sample of " English nitrate of soda" was sent by
Mr. Charles Cock, of Hamshead, near Birmingham, who
had bought it of Messrs. Padley and Co., of 40, Toll
End, Tipton, Staffordshire, at £12 per ton.

This so-called "nitrate" yielded on analysis the fol»
lowing results :

Moisture and water of combination 32.55

^Sulphate of iron 40.98

Sulphate of lime 32

Sulphate of soda and a little chloride of sodium

(common salt) 22.47

Insoluble siliceous matter 3.73

100.05
* Equal to crystalled sulphate of iron (green vitrol) 74.95.

Mr. Cock states " this order was given because a gen-
tleman (who stated himself to be a partner with Padley
aud Co., and was accompanying their agent soliciting
orders) informed nie it was better manure, and would
produce better results than the imported nitrate under 5
per cent, refraction " [impurity]. The preceding ana-
lytical results, however, show that this so-called nitrate
is merely salt-cake and green vitriol, and that it pos-
sesses no manurial properties whatever.

5. A sample of oilcake was sent by Mr. George
Liddell, jun., of Chilton, Ferry Hill, Durham, who ob-
tained it from Messrs. T. and G. Marley, of Bishop
Auckland, to whom it had been invoiced by Messrs.
Pearson and Bailey, of Hull, as pure linseed cakes at £12
ISs. per ton, each cake being also branded with a triangle
and the initials P. B.

This cake yielded the following result on analysis :

Moisture 11,07

Oil 13.50

♦Albuminous compounds 26.31

Mucilage, &c 27.22

Woody fibre 9.89

i'Mineral matters 9.01

100.00

♦Containing nitrogen 4.21

fSand 4.97

Dr. Voeleker reported that this oilcake was not a pure
liuseedcake, but was made from dirty linseed, containing
many small weed-seeds, and 5 per cent, of sand.

6. Another sample of oilcake, which had been sold at
£13 10s. per ton, was sent for analysis by Mr. T. T.
Porter, of Baunton, Cirencester, and proved to be not a
pure liuseedcake, but made from dirty linseed, full of
small weed-seeds and starcliy matter, which does not
occur in pure liuseedcake.

uo

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE,

The fo'lovving results were obtained on analysis :

Moisture 14.06

Oil 10.41

^Albuminous compounds 25. 9t

Mucilage, starcli, &c 29.07

Woody fibre 13.49

fMiaeral matter 7.03

100.00

^Containing nitrogen 4.15

f Containing sand 3.11

This cake, although sold at so high a price, was not
invoiced as pure linseed-cake. The committee therefore
withhold the came of the vendor.

7. — A sample of soot, which was sent by a member
who had bought about 10,000 bushels of it, of a common
sweep, at 6d. per bushel, yielded on analysis the following
results :

Moisture 2.11

^Organic matter 21.63

Mineral matter 73.27

100.00

*Coutaining nitrogen 42

Equal to ammonia 51

Dr. Voelcker reported as follows : " This sample con-
tains but little soot, and consists principally of ground
coal-dust, ashes, and rubbish, and is barely worth 10s. per
ton. Good soot yields from 3 to 4 percent, of ammonia,
and is worth about £2 2s. per ton."

On the motion of Mr. Wells, seconded by Mr. J.
Dent Dent, this report was adopted, and ordered to be
printed in the usual agricultural newspapers.
Report on the Composition of 13 Samples of
Peruvian Guano, sent by the Secretary of
THE Admiralty to the Royal Agriculiural
Society of England.
These samples were sent to England in sealed bottles,
by Her Majesty's ship Peterel, from Callao. The bottles
were opened by me on the 9th of June, 1874, and sub-
mitted to careful analyses.

Five of the samples were taken from the guano deposits
of Pabillon de Pica, three from the guano deposits of
Punta de Lobas, and five from the deposits of Huanillos.
The samples were labelled as follows :

Pabillon de Pica. — Guanos.

1. Guano deposit of Pabillon de Pica at La Cueva, taken at
25 feet below the surface.

2. Guano deposit of Pabillon de Pica at San Lorenzo, taken
at 15 feet below the surface.

3. Guano deposit at Pabillon de Pica at La Barloventa
(white guano), taken at the surface of a large deposit not yet
marked.

4. Guano deposit of Pabillon de Pica, Cueva del Rinconada,
taken on the surface over deposit of probably more than 100
leet.

5. Guano deposit of Pabillon de Pica, Cueva del Rinconada,
taken from about 50 feet lower than No. 4.

Punta de Lobas Guano.

1. Guano deposit of Punta de Lobas, taken at 5 feet below
the surface, above boring of 20 feet.

2. Guano deposit of Punta de Lobas, taken at 40 feet
below the surface.

3. Guano deposit of Punta de Lobas, taken at 8 feet below
the surface.

Huanillos.— -Guano Deposits.

1. Guano deposits of Huanillos, taken at 5 feet below the
surface.

2. Guano deposit of Huanillos, taken at 10 feet below the
surface.

3. Guano deposit of Huanillos. taken at I'J feet below the
surface.

4. Guano deposit of Huanillos, taken at 13 feet below the
surface.

5. Guano deposit of Huanillos, t;iken at 40 feet below the
surface.

According to a report given by Mr. Thierry, C.E., the

estimated quantity of these deposits, which lie to the

south of Iquique, are :

Tons.

Huanillos 700,000

Punta de Lobas 1,601,000

Pabillon de Pica 5.000,000

7,301,000
These are the chief deposits recently surveyed ; for,
according to Mr. Thierry, the additional minor guano de-
posits bring up the estiinated total amount to 7,680,500
tons, or are only 379,500 tons more than the

estimated quantity in the three large deposits from which
I received samples for analysis.

Pabillon de Pica Gum.

The following is Ihe Composilion offhefice samples labelled as

above :

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

No. 4.

No. 5.

Moisture

3.20

5.45

4.13

9.33

6.70

*Organic matter and

salts of ammonia

46.17

49.40

59.01

41.32

55.10

Phosphates of lime

25.51

27.01

21.82

23.80

24-55

**Alkaline salts

15.49

15.99

9.00

23.30

13.10

Insoluble siliceous

matter (sand)

9.63

2.15

6.04

2.35

1.55

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

*Containing nitrogen

9.81

9.15

15.08

11.03

6.55

Equal to ammonia...

11.91

11.11

18.31

13.38

7.95

**Containing phospho-

ric acid

1.81

1.70

1.68

3.48

3.20

Equal to trilasic

phosphate of limf

3.95

3.71

3.66

7.59

6.98

Total phosphoric acid

13.49

14.06

11.67

14.72

15.34

All these guanos, it will be seen, contain very little
moisture. They are of a light brown colour, and in a fine
powdery condition. No. 3 has a lighter colour than the
rest, and is remarkably rich in ammonia. It is evi-
dently a comparatively-speaking recent guano deposit,
and compares favourably with the best old Chiucha Island
guano.

The amount of ammonia in the four other samples
varies from 8 to 13 per cent, in round numbers, and that
of sand from 1^ to 9^ per cent.

Excepting No. 4, the samples from Pabillon de Pica do
not contain so much ammonia as Chincha guano, and al-
though dry and powdery, without hard lumps, are inferior
to the latter, whilst as regards composition three of the
samples nearly come up to the standard of Guancope
guano, and are greatly preferable to the latter as regards
condition.

Punta de Lobas Guano.

27ie follovAncj is the Composilion of the Three Samples from

these Deposits :

No. 1.
14.53

No. 2.

No. 3.

Moisture

14.06

4.79

^Organic matter and am-

monia-salts

35.77

49.74

17.U

Phosphate of lime

20.50

21.40

23.09

**Alkaline salts

20.35

13.45

27.0t

Insoluble siliceous matter...

2.85

1.35

27.94

100.00

100.00

100.00

*Containing nitrogen

6.55

9.99

2.64

Equal to ammonia

7.95

12.13

3.21

* "Containing i)liosphoric acid

3.20

1.21

038

Equal to tribasic phosphate

of lime

G.98

2.04

0.84

Total phosphoric acid

15.34

11.01

10.95

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

141

The deposit takea at 8 feet from the surface (No. 3),
it appears, is used with a good deal of sand ; it contains
also a large proportion of alkaline salts, and in consequence
is poor in ammonia. At 20 feet the Punta de Lobas
sample yielded 8 per cent, of ammonia, and at 40 feet
helow the surface, 12 per cent.

The 40 feet deposit is a dry and fine guano. It is
much drier than Guaucompe guano, and contains as little
sand and as much ammonia as good Guaucompe guano on
an average.

HuANiLLOs Guano.

The five samples, labelled as above, on analijsis tvere found lo

contain in 100 parts :

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

No. 4

No. 5.

8.23

5.25

12.67

15.39

8.66

Moisture

♦Organic matter and

46.46

41.90

34.83

34.21

47.09

salts of ainmouiii

22.45

30.21

33.20

24.71

24.20

Phosphate of lime...

19.23

16.73

15.69

23.09

16.65

**Alkaline salts

Insoluble siliceous

3.64

5.91

3.61

3.60

3.10

matter (sand) ...

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

.

10.40

7.45

6.72

6.65

8.81

♦Containing nitrogen

12.57

9.05

8.16

8.07

10.69

Equal to ammonia

♦♦Containing pliospho-

5.33

1.47

1.41

1.62

3.26

ric acid

Equal to phospliate

11.63

3.21

3.14 3.53

7.11

of lime

15.62

15.30

16.65 12.93

14.35

Total phosphoric acid

'

The Huanillos guano samples were all dry and powdery,
and of a light brown colour.

The amount of ammonia in the several samples varies
from 8 to 125 per cent., and that of sand from 2^ to 6
per cent, in round numhers.

The proportion of phosphoric acid, in combination with
alkalies, and present in a state soluble in water, in sample
No. 1, it will be seen, is considerable, as it corresponds to
about Hi per cent, of soluble phosphate of lime. The
samples No. 2 and No. 3 are also richer in phosphate
of lime, but poorer in ammonia, than Chiucha Island
guano.

It will be noticed that several of the samples analysed
by me contain a large proportion of alkaline salts.
These salts I find consist principally of chloride of sodium,
sulphate and phosphate of potash and soda, with more or
less nitrates.

As the agricultural and commercial value of manures is
much affected by the proportion of nitric acid which they
contain, I have carefully determined the per-centage of
nitric acid which occurs in these recently surveyed guano
deposits, and have discovered that whilst some of the
samples contain mere traces of nitric acid and others
quantities varying from i per cent, to 1 per cent., a few
contain as much as 22^ to 3| per cent, of anhydrous nitric
acid.

The following are the results which I obtained in
determining the nitric acid in the 13 samples :

Guano deposit from Per-ceutage of Nitric Acid in

Pabillon de Pica, No. 1 01

„ No. 3 61

„ „ IMo. 3 04

No. 4

No 5

.90

1.20

Punta de Lobos, No. 1 3.40

No. 3
No. 3

3.50
.29

Huanillos guano, No. 1 2.87

„ No. 2 2.46

„ No. 3 35

„ No. 4 25

„ No. 5 1.10

The occurrence of nitric acid iu these deposits is no
less interesting in a practical than in a theoretical point
of view, for it throws some light on the formation of the
large nitrate of soda deposits iu tte province of Parapasan
and other localities in South Peru.

Nitrate of soda probal)ly owes its origin to tie nitro-
genous organic matter of guano deposits, whi :h in ihe
course of time have been subjected to the action of sea-
water aud the oxydizing inlluence of theatmosplicie.

The search for guano deposits may probably lead to the
discovery of Citcusive nitre beds in the southern parts of
Peru.

All the samples with the exceptiou of one, vvh'ch is
evidently a surface deposit, mixed with much sand, are
unquestionable valuable guanos which will command a
ready sale in England, especially as tliey are dry and iu a
fine powdery condition ; but, as they vary in composition,
it will, in my opinion, be found necessary to have each
cargo carefully sampled, and to lis the price of the cargo
according to the intrinsic value of the guano as ascer»
taiued by analysis.

Augustus Voelcker.

Saturday, 11, Salisbury-square, Fleet-street, E.C.,
June, 1874.

Dr. Voelcker's report was adopted, and ordered to be
forwarded to the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,
together with a recommendation of the Council, which is
embodied in the following communication from the Earl
Cathcart (acting for the President of the Society in his
absence) to the Earl of Derby, Secretaiy of State for
Foreign Affairs :

My Lord, — The Couucil of the Royal Agricultural Society
have the honour to submit to Her Majesty's Secretary of
State for Foreign Atfairs the enclosed report fiom their con-
sulting chemist, Dr. Voelcker, on tlie samples of guano seat
to the Couucil by the Secretary of State. The Council desire
to call the attention of the Secretary of State to tlie great
difference of the samples submitted, and tlie varying propor-
tion of ammonia and phosphates contained in them. iJritish
agriculturists have for some years had to complain tbat all
the guano delivered by the Peruvian Government has been
sold by tlieir agents at an uniform price, irrespective of its
value as determined by analysis, and tlie Council take this
opportunity of respectfully urgiug upon the Secretary of State
the desirability of impressing upon the Peruvian Government
the necessity ot adopting a standard analysis for Peruvian
guano, and regulating the price of tlie guano delivered in prci-
porlion to this standard analysis. The Council beg to tender
tlieir cordial thanks to the Secretary of State for his courtesy
in sending to the Council a communication of so much interest
at the present moment to the agiicultural community.
I have the honour to be, by lord,

Your most obedient servant,

(Signed) Cathcart.

Fducation. — The Duke of Bedford (Chairman) re-
ported that the committee proposed that the examination
for scholarships be held on Tuesday and AVednesday,
November 17 and IS ; and that the entry of boys for
these examinations must be made to the Secretary of
the Royal Agricultural Sociely not later than September
30, 1874.

The following letter was read from Mr. Baldwin on
behalf of the Commissioners of National Education in
Ireland, requesting that the agricultural aud training
college at Glasnevin be admitted on the list of schools
eligible to send candidates for scholarships, and the com-
mittee recommend that the application be acceded to.
The report was adopted.

Albert Farm, Glasnevin, Dublin, June 26, 1874.

Dear Sir,— The Commissioners of National Education aro
anxious that the students of the Albert Agricultural Training
Institution, Glasnevin, would be permitted to compete for the
scholarships recently established by the Royal Agricultural
Society of England.— ^ours faithfully,

H. M. Jenkins, Esq. Thos. Baldwin.

K 2

142

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

House. — Lieutenant - General Viscount Bridport
(ChairiTiaii) reported that the committee had instructed
the Secretary to obtain estimates for painting the inside
of the house during the ensuing recess, and to report to
the committee in August. This report was adopted.

Showy ARD Contracts. — Mr. B. T. Brand ret h Gibbs
presented the report of the Surveyor, from which it ap-
peared that the sliowyard works would be entirely com
pleted and the yard ready for use by the end of this
week. The local authorities had done everytiiing that
was required of tliem, with the exception of the rolling,
which the state of the weather had necessarily delayed.
The committee recommended the strengthening of the
structure of the horse-boxes, and regulations for the ad-
mittance of the public to the top of the race-stand. This
report was adopted.

Selection, — Lientenant-General Viscount Bridport
reported the recommeudatioa of the com.mittee that

Colonel Nigel Kingscote, C.B., M.P., be elected a trustee
of the Society, in the place of Sir Harry Stephen
Meysey-Thompson, deceased. This report having beeu
received, Colonel Kingscote was unanimously elected a
trustee, on the motion of Lord Bridport, seconded by
Mr. Barnett.

In the absence of the President, Earl Cathcart (as
chairman of the meeting) reported the death of Mr. J.
Wells, of Booth Ferry, Howden, a member of Council
of the Society.

A letter was read from the Lord President of the
Privy Council, announcing the issue of orders in Council,
having special reference to foot-and-mouth disease.

A programme of trials of reaping machines, to be
held at Soissous this month, was laid before the Council,
and ordered to be communicjited to the agricultural news-
papers.

THE ALEXANDRA PARK HORSE SHOW.

As at Islington, so at Alexandra Park, in a fair show
of horses, with some first-class ones, there were many,
very niauy, ordinary animals, evidently not exhibited by
their owners with the hope of getting a prize, but a pur-
chaser. The thorough-bred stallions, numbering four-
teen, with half-a-dozen or so decent horses amongst them,
would not bear a comparison, or the thought of one, with
the grand gathering which Citadel, when a four-year-
old, headed at Islington ; nor would the muster of road-
ster stallions stand a chance in the scale with the collec-
tions we have seen in Yorkshire, while, as to the hunters,
we only ask those who some years back attended the
purely open-air meetings even at the little town of Great
Driffield, where horses stood as they would at a fair, if
the gathering at Muswell Hill looked as much like
crossing a country as those they have seen there, when
country gentlemen and masters of hounds vied with each
other for almost the mere honour of the thing ? Then, in
the opinion of the judges at Islington, a beautiful little
hack from Driffield was not worthy of notice, although a
well-known prize-taker throughout the country, and
here placed at the head of the light-weiglits ; while in
heavy division Mr. Harvey Bayley's very clever Enter-
prise, though only a second at Islington, easily disposed of
his opponents here. But what is the good of quoting
these differences of opinion when we know that bench
after bench have been unanimous in awarding brutes
more adapted for the German sausage trade than hunting,
with hundreds of pounds of prize money, and that
Muggins who has show interest in his district, appoints
Buggins as Judge, and Buggins, who with the like
iiterests in his quarter confers the same honor on Mug-
gins, and so Buggins and Muggins keep turning up again
and again, till people who form opinions without looking
under the bark set them down as very knowing gentle-
men, with whom it would be the greatest arrogance to differ.
Vet what is Laughing Stock but a barrel on stilts ; and why
is he placed before Hot Shot, Christmas Carol, or Masi-
nissa ? Becausehehasthatflash show -yard trot that no tho-
rough-bred, worth a bunch of catsmeat ever has had-
King John is really a very good looking horse,
and if he had been lucky enough to hit upon the cross to
get a Derby winner like his old comi)anion, Marsyas, thou-
sands rvonld have thronged round him and thought as the
1 ate Mr. Blenkiron did, that he was one of the hand-
somest horses in England, l^or we have seen in our time
a hack not worth seven pounds ten, wrapt up in hood and
body clothes, with knee caps and bandages as a blind,
followed and admired by a wliulo town, while the

real Simon Pure with a rug thrown over him and
first favorite for the cup, walked quietly away
to his quarters, showing that public performance and
public opinion are very different thiugs. Citadel is big
enough for anything, aud as he has beaten better horses
in the showyard than he did on the turf, anything we
could say in his favour would be preposterous. There
were some tidy three-year-olds. Cawton, a niceish four-
year-old has not quite the character of Sir George's nags,
and we were never in love with his sire, Volturno, with
his weak hocks and straggling hind leg action. Cornish-
man galloped well. Caihier, this year's Islington hero
was one of the tion est. In the five years old up to not less
than fourteen stone many thought The Banker should have
beaten Marmalade, as the latter has gone off since we
saw him in Lincolnshire, while Mr. Harvey Bayly's
Chief Constable was much fancied. Sir George, the
pony stallion, is almost as well kuown as St. George and
the Dragon, and waj seconded by Cock-o'the-Walk, a
deep, lengthy, short-legged one of Major Barlow's. The
coach-horses only numbered nine, including absentees.
The agricultural horses made a very good, but not a large
show, there being seventeen stallions and a dozen four-
year-old and upwards mares or geldings. Young Champion,
the winner well kuown about the country is certainly more
of a dray-horse than adapted for agriculture ; in fact, he is a
a tremendous brute, most unwieldy to meet, and as to stej)ping
in the furrow, as some of our friends talk about, he would
require one at least as wide as the ironway. We always
thought Mr. Statters' two ended horse Young Champion
a dray horse ; but, in comparison to his monstrous name-
sake, he is a neat, light sti^pping nag. The well-known
Le Bon is more of a cart horse than either; while
Young Lofty, ouce the pride of a show-yard, and the
Clydesdales, with Duke of the same breed second at two
Royals, were among the unnoticed. lu the four-year-old
and upwards the winners and highly commeuded are
better kuown in the show-yards all over the country than
their judges.

With everything cut and dried, as it was last year,
we thought anyone might have taken the reins and
steered clear of accidents; but such was not the case,
and it was an unpardonable neglect on the part of those
who saw the lady riders clear the rails out of the ring
last season not to have them raised higher this, and so
prevented a lamentable accident. But accideuts seemed
rather to bo courted than prevented, as the side rails or
balks to each set of hurdles were not put up this year,
and the gorse hurdles being the higher, it is only due to

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

143

ft miracle and the crowd that some horse, tantalised by
taking the same fences so often, did not jump the side rail
to get out of the ring. Then again, horses and carriages
were allowed to come in the same yard where the show
nags were, and horses shown there, although there were
trial rings for that purpose last year. More attention
should be paid to the parade of classes than was done
on Thursday, as this should not be hurried over, with a
third of the horses only shown. Why during the best
part of the time the horses are out the prize animals and
the commended should be stauding like recruits at the
end of the ring is beyond our comprehension.

PRIZE LIST.

JUDGES.— Lord Shannon ; R. G. O. Howard ; and

C. Ellerby.

STALLIONS.

Thoroughbred.— First prize, £70, Major Barlow, Ilaskelon,
Woodbridge (Citadel) ; secoud, £30, W. Blenkiron, Middle
Park, Eltliani (King Juhn) ; tiiird, £20,11. Hutton, Gloster-
place, Portinin-'^quare (Liugbin^ Stock). Reserve: W.
Wilson, \\or.Tprby, Hertford (Hot Sliot).

Roadster.— First prize, £30, U'. Vary, Bigthorpe, Stamford
Bridge (Younj; Fireaway) ; second. £20, B. Mitsliell, Crowe
Hall, Denver, Downliam Market (Fireaway the Second) ; tiiird,
£10, W. Geddeus, Walpole, Wisbeacli (Great Gun). Reserve :
F. Braithwaite, Long Melford, Suffolk (Defiance).

Pony.- First prize, £15, G. W. Wilson, Kendal (Sir
George) ; second, £10, Major Barlow (Cock o' the Walk) ;
third, £5, Fergus Ferguson, Beverley (The Arab).

HUNTERS.

Three years old. — First prize, £30, E. G. Lpgg,Bearaiuster,
Dorset (Black Prince) ; second, £15, T. Jackson, Tattenhall,
Chester; tiiird, £10, T. Daireil, West Ayton, York (Ebor
Witcli). Reserve: J. L. Scampton, York (The Autocrat).
Highly commended : J. B. Bootii, Kdlerby, Catlerick
(Baldersby) Commended : J. Goodlilfe, George Hotel,
Huntingdon (Lady Mary).

Four years old.— First prize, i'oO, Sir G. Wombwell,
Newburgh Park, Yorkshire (Cawton) ; second, £25, T.

Darrell, Sperkers Hill, York (King of Diamonds) ; third, £15,
F. I5:irl()\v (Cornishnian).

Five years old and iijiwards. — First prize, £00, H. H.
Teesdale, Catterick, Yorksiiire (Jester) ; second, £30, R.
Brunton, Middlesboro, York (Joe Bennett) ; third, £30,
Sir G. Wombwell (Am as Clark). Commended ; J. R. Welch,
Evercreech, Somerset (Bruiiptte).

Five years old and upwards, up to not less than U stone. —
First prize, £75, H. Jewison, Raisthorpe, Yorksiiire (Pal-
merston) ; second, £30, J. T. Musgrave, Beverley, Yorkshire
(Marmalade) ; tiiird, £20, W. Armstrong, Kendal (The
Banker).

Hacks and roadsters, up to not less than 12 stone. — First
prizp, £30, F. C. Matthews, Driffield (Ozone) ; second, £20,
Sir G. Wombwell (Miss Sykes) ; third, £10, W. Stepiieuson,
Cottinstiam, Hull (Princess). Reserve : J. Christy, Chelms-
ford (Firefly).

Up to not less than M stone.- First prize, £30, T. H. D.
Biylev, Elwinstowe House, Ollerton (Enterprise) ; second,
£20, 11 Frisbv, Buckingham-gate (Filbert) ; third, £10, J.
Grout, Woodbridge, Suffolk.

PONIES.

Not under 12 nor over 14? tiands. — First prize, £15, H.
Fri-hy (Princess Polo) ; second, £10, R. Wright, Salford
(Young Apricot) ; tiiird, £5, M. R. Syers, Upper Norwood
(Rattier). Reserve: J. Wilsos, Eutield (Prince).

Under 12 bands.— First prize, £10, C. Godfrey Tull,
Moreton-street, Pimlico (Princess) ; second, £7, W. McDonald,
Winchmore Hill (Douald) ; tuird, £3, Edith Field, Weybridge
(Daisy).

Judges. — H.Biddell, J. Manning and B. Spraggon.

Agricultural stallions. — First prize, £iO, T. Stokes, Caldi-
cott, Rutland (Young Champion) ; second, £30, T. Scatter,
Whitefield, Manchester (Young Champion) ; third, £10, C.
Sharpley, Louth, Lincoln (Le Bon). Reserve: Messrs.
Yeoraans, Pennymore Hall, Wolverhampton (Pride of England).

Carriage horses, lour years old. — First prize, £30, G.
Holmes, Beverley (bay gelding); second, £15, H. A Clark,
Aspatri;i, Carlisle (bimma) ; third, £5, P. Watson, Tallaght,
Dublin (Dodder).

Mules. — First prize, £10, C. L. Sutherland Coombe, Croy-
don (Rosseau) ; second, £5 (Blossom). Reserve: S. Lang,
Clifton (Lass of Poiton).

THE HERTS AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
MEETING AT BISHOP'S STORTFORD.

This, mainly through the spirit displayed by the town
and neighbourhood of Stortford, was no doubt the most
successful meeting which the Herts Society, a body of
not much calibre, has ever held. The weather and the
site were alike favourable, and the attendance very large.
The show itself, however, was not one of much more than
local interest ; the Shorthorns, useful animals enough,
being mostly from the home herds, but with Mr. Tom
Jennings, the trainer, winning in a very good class of
cows ; while Mr. Chaplin, from Halstead, had the best bull
as well as heifer, and Lord Braybrooke the first yearling
bull in Christmas Duke. Mr. Gilby did not enter his
" crack" Jerseys, and Mr. Tower's pretty Victoria, the
second at Stratford, succeeded to first, with Ducal, beaten
by Lord Rosslyn in the class of young bulls, and Lord
Braybrooke's good-looking Flame taking the first prize
for yearling heifers. Lord Braybrooke had also the bust
Soutbdowns, as Lord Chesham the best of the other short-
wools with his Shropshires; while Messrs. Hales and
Gunnell were first for loug-wools. There were very few
pigs, 4)ut with Mr. Griggs' good Berkshires amongst
them. There was a very creditable display of farm-
horses, Mr. Briggs showing the best stallion and Mr.
Street of Maiden being first for mare and foal with

Cardiff Lass. The " nags," however, were regarded as
the chief attractiou, aud the usual Grand Stand was
erected ; but this section proved in many ways a failure.
The three thorough-bred stallions were, in the outset,
discarded as having " no merit ;" while it threatened at
one time that almost every good-looking animal
would be put out as unsound. Moreover, with two
"riding" judges in the ring, the proceedings in the after
part of the day became iusufi'erably tedious, as there were
continual remonstrances sent from the Committee that
they would " be a little quicker." However, first one
had a ride and then the other, like boys upon Blackhcath-
common, until the thing looked like an absurdity and
ended in one. Mr. Gilby's Gentility, who took
the first prize in his class in the previous week at Strat-
ford, was eventually pronounced to be unsound, although
quite as sound as any hunter need be; while another
horse, disqualified as unsound at Stratford, here suc-
ceeded to a prize! of course by a majority of
votes. Mr. Gilby, however, was more "lucky" with
Maud, Ladylike, and Wallflower ; while Mr. Hay ward, of
South hill, won with his big chesnut Paramour, as well as
with RicLelieu, and a clever three-year-old bred by Mr.
Purser at Willington. Most of these horses were at the
Essex meeting, but about the best nag in the show for his
purpose as " a weight-carrying hackney" was Mr. Odams'
cob, who had a long lead of his class and plenty oi

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THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

admirers outside. The judges were: Agricultural Horses,
J. Mannina; ; J. H. Plowriijht ; H. Tait. Shortliorns :
G.W.Baker; F. Leney ; G. Game. Alderneys: Col.

P. M. Wilson; H. Middleton. Sheep and pigs: J.
Newman ; Wm. Rigden ; E. Webster. Hunters and
hacks: F. Oldaker; H. Corbet ; J. E.Bennett.

THE SHORTHORN CLUB.

There can be no question but that the Turf owes its
respectability as a national pastime to the Jockey Club.
Witliout the influence or countenance of that body so
precarious a pursuit, as one, moreover, so open to con-
lamination, must have long since sunk in public opinion.
And the Jockey Club, which watches so jealously over the
interests of the Turf, is jierhaps the most exclusive society
in existence. It is esseutially an association of gentlemen
of high position, who may aflfect the sport; as amongst
the picsont members are the Prince of Wales, the Duke
of Edinburgh, the Duke of Counaught, the Duke of Cam-
bridge, Prince Christian, the Prince of Orange, and the
King of Holland. Two of our past premiers, the late
Lord Derby and the late Lord Palmerstou, were long on
its list, and the Duke of Richmond, amongst others of
living statesmen, occasionally takes a part in the pro-
ceedings of the Club.

At a meeting at Willis' Rooms on Wednesday it was
proposed " to form a Club on the model of the Jockey
Club to promote the interests of Shorthorn breeders."
The reverend gentleman, however, who seconded the reso-
lution somewhat protested against such "model," and
another holy man, out of orders, suggested that the
offensive words should be struck out ; while a nobleman,
who had moved the resolution in its original shape, subse-
quently came to see that it would be better to do without
the Club, as " the Managing Committee of the Herd Book
Company would be tlie Committee of Appeal." It is
only fair to say that these protests and emendations were
very well received, a kind of shudder running through
thi company at the very mention of the Jockey Club, of
whose actual constitution or use the meeting, with an
o -casional exception, knew probably nothing whatever.
Like Mr. Stannilorlh, they did not know what they were
talking about.

For our own part we altogether disagree with the
Diike of Manchester, who was so easily brought over, as
w; believe it would be far better that the character aud
iulegrity of the Shorthorn should be in the possession of
a club aud not of a company. The principle of these two
bodies must manifestly be essentially dilFereat: the object
of a company is on the face of it to make money ; the aim
of any society of gentlemen " formed on the model of the
Jockey Club" is to discharge a duty entrusted to its keeping
free from profit or any prospective reward. The Short-
lio.n Herd Book is now in the market at the price of five
thuusaiid pounds; as it is quite possible that five persons
might have taken first run at this in the way of a very
limited company, and thus have constituted themselves
the Herd Book Committee. There was nothing whatever
to hcve prevented Lords Dunmore, Skelmersdale, and Pen-
rhyn, with one or two more, doing this; but they took a
broader view of the subject, which resulted in the meeting
on Wednesday, when the co-operatiou of all Shorthorn
breeders was invited.

By all means let the Shorthorn Herd Book develope
into a company in accordance with the spirit of the age ;
and On every good showing let the members of this com*
pany be eligible to sit at the Council table of the Short-
horn Club. But, we repeat, the operation and constitu-
tion of the company and the club must be kept separate.
Let us turn, again, for a moment to the model of the
Jockey Club, whose secretary or secretaries are the pro-
prietors and editors of The Stud Book. It will thus be
eeen that the Club through its officers is in close relation

with the conduct of The Stud Book, as no question this
connection must be mutually advantageous. But this is
a very different thing from making the proprietary of The
Stud Book the chief authority or court of appeal for the
Turf. And this demarcation line must be maintained in
the interests of the Shorthorn. Messrs. Weatherby make
a very good income by their book, as Mr. Stratford has
done by his, and as the company may continue to do.
But the club of a necessity must take higher ground.

If we made any exception to the Jockey Club as a
model it would be as against its noticeable exclusiveness.
A man may hold the rank of a gentleman, be true and
just in all his dealings, and have bred a Derby winner or
two, but unless he can trace himself for many generations
back in Debrett as he can his horse in Weatherby
he will stand but little chance of election. We are
alrendy glad to see that this principle is not to be so
nligiously observed in the Shorthorn Club. It is true
that the names of the Earl of Dunmore, the Earl of
Skelmersdale, Lord Penrhyn, and Colonel Kingscote sound
rather formidable at first ; but Mr. Thomas Booth creeps
in at the end, while we hear of Mr. Charles Howard and
one or two other experienced men as about to be taken
from the rank and file. The Club, no question, will work
far stronger in this way ; but, at the same time, that which
should be particularly guarded against is too hastily
accepting a nomination made at a general meeting, and
nothing could be better than the resolution with which
Lord Dunmore discountenanced such an attempt on Wed-
nesday. It is often enough but sheer toadyism, and
should be resisted accordingly.

The detinition of a thorough-bred horse has long since
come to be recognised ; but we question whether still the
pedigrees of Shorthorns flying about are not occasionally
of the loosest ; and the influence of the Club must be felt
not merely in the home-herd or by the sale ring, but on
the show ground. In fact, the prize list goes with the
llaclug Calendar just as the Herd Book and the Stud
Book rank together ; and we really cannot see but that,
with a litlle more liberty of selection, or election, the
Jockey Club may be accepted as a model even by the
■niaxime jni, who "rely almost as much on the Herd Book
as they do on the Bible."

A numerous meeting of Shorthorn breeders aud
others was held on Wednesday, July 1st, in Willis'
Rooms, St. James' ; the circular calling the meeting
running in the following terms :

SI', Ciiarles-street, Berkeley-square, W., Jane I5,187t.
Sir, — A numerous and influential body of Shorthorn
breeders having expressed a wish that some steps should be
taken as to the future management of Coalei Herd Book
wiienever Mr. Strafford should determine on resigning the
editorship ; and as he has now signified to us his desire to do
so, we earnestly invite you to attend a raeeting of subscribers
to be held at Willis' Rooms, King-street, St. James', at
2 p.m., on AVednesday, July Ist, to consider with him the best
mode for the continuation of that work.

We remain, yours faithfully,
Dunmore,
Skelmersdale,
Penrhyn,
R. Nigel,
F. Kingscote,
John Stoker,
Thomas C. Booth.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

145

The Duke of Devonsiiiiie was called to the cliair, and in
opening the iiroceedinns, remarked that in the few words he had
to say he desired not to set a bad example by introducing any
irrelevant matter whatever, lie should, therefore, simply re-
mind them that about two years ago, at a meeting of tiie
Shortiioru Breeders' Committee, certain matters were dis-
cussed to which he need not more particularly allude; and
besides the special oliject they were called upon to consider,
they were authorised to deal with any matter which they
mi^lit deem of importance as affecting tlie interests of Short-
liorn breeders. Mr. Strafford liaving lately announced his in-
tention of giving up the management of tlic Herd Book, which
lie had conducted with so raucli ability, it appeared to the
committee that this was evidently an occasion on which tliey
were called upon to take action, inasmuch as the future ma-
nagement of the Herd Book was a matter in which the
interests of Shorthorn breeders were in every respect greatly
concerned. Tliey accordingly took up the subject and had
given it a gre:itdeal of attention, and they were now prepared
to lay the result of their deliberations before the meeting. The

1>« tlieu called upon

Colonel KiNsscoTE, who read the following statement:
It will probably be in the remembrance of many gentlemen
now present that a meeting of Shorthorn breeders was lield at
the residence of the Earl of Dunmore, 8G, Brook-street, Gros-
venor-sq are, London, on the 23rd day of July, 1872, to con-
sider certain questions then pending. At that meeting a
committee was appointed to e.'samine and report upon
those questions, and that committee was also authorised
to deal with any other questions which might be
submitted to them in which the breeders of Short-
liorns might be interested, and it liad power to add to
its numbers. That committee having heard from Mr.
Strafford that he was desirous of resigning the editorship
and future management of Coafes's Herd Book, and liaving
taken counsel witli two other Shorthorn breeders, thought it
was a suitable moment to invite the subscribers to the book
to meet and consider with Mr. Stratford the best mode for the
contiuuatiou of that work, and thereupon issued the circular
convening this meeting, the circular being signed by the com-
mittee appointed at the first-mentioned meeting, and by two
ther gentlemen whom the committee have added to their
number. The committee present to this meeting the following
observations in the nature of a report, and by way of intro-
ducing the subject for discussion. The committee think that
having regard to the public importance now attached to the
breeding of Shorthorn cattle, and to the consequent obligation
upon all Sliorthoru breeders to secure accuracy in all matters
affecting Sliorthorn pedigrees, the time has now arrived when
Shorthorn breeders should unite themselves into an association
to ensure for themselves and the pub ic generally the best in-
formation on these points that can be obtnined. With this
view they recommend Shorthorn breeders, first, to form a
company, on the model of a limited liability company,
for the purchase of Mr. Strafford's Herd Book, and the
iuture preparation and publication of a Shorthorn book ;
and next, to form a Club, on the model of the Jockey Club.
to consist of Shorthorn breeders as members, and a limited
Managing Committee, lor the purpose of collecting and
transmitting to the Club, year by year, with the view to
publication, accurate information as to past and current
pedigrees and sales, and of promoting the general interest
. of Sliortlioru breeders. It is anticipated that the Coinjiany
and the Club will work in harmony ; and if the result sliould
answer the expectations now formed, it may be desirable to
apply lor a Charter lor the incorporation of a Shorthorn
Association, on the model of the Royal Agricultural
Society of England, in which the Club might be merged, and
by which the Herd Book might be published as part of the
proceedings.

The Earl of Feversham proposed the first resolution as
follows : " That this meeting resolves to form a company for
the purchase from Mr. Strafford of the Shorthorn Herd Book,
and for its future preparation and publication." He wiahed
to express the feelings and acknowledgment which were due to
Mr. Strafford for the admirable manner in which he had cuu-
Gucted the editing of the Herd Book up to this time.
That gentleman had carried on that work in a most
impartial and wise spirit. He had not conducted it on any
exclusive principles, but had made it as comprehensive as cir-
cumstances wo'Ald permit. He believed that was the best way

of conducting the work, and he trusted that in any arrange-
ments which might be made for carrying it on in future the
same principles would be adopted, and that it would
be characterised by liberality and comprehensiveness
The transfer of this property would require a con-
siderable sum of money, and it would, therefore,
appear that a company would be a very proper raoJe of
effecting the object in view. There would be, of course, a
proper direction formed, and one which would not fail to
inspire confidence among Shorthorn breeders. They would, in
the first instance, be entrusted with the negotiations with Mr.
Strafford, and the subsequent carrying on of the publication
would probably be entrusted to a board of directors or com-
mittee. Ue had no doubt such a body could be formed which
would merit and command confidence.

Mr. Pole Geli,, in seconding the resolution, trusted the
meeting would acknowledge its importance, and would con-
sider it proper that some such steps as those suggested should
be taken to maintain such a very valuable publication as the
nerd Book.

Lord PEr^RHYN thought it desirable that some intimation
should be given to the meeting of the mode in which it was
proposed to carry on the work. He did not want details gone
into, but some sort of outline might be given o the way in
which the company was to be formed.

Mr. JoNATUAN Ragg said whatever plan was adopted, it
was essential that perfect reliance should tbe placed in the
integrity of the book If a committee were formed
out of the present meeting, with the noble Duke a'?
chairman, breeders might rely upon the book almost as com-
pletely as they did upon their Bible.

Mr. Harward stated that the mode of carrying out the
arrangement would be very plain and simple. As regards the
company, the committee would have to consider the mode of
its formation, the number and value of the shares, the capital
required, and the sum to be paid to BIr. Strafford. Having
drawn up that scheme, they would look to the subscribers to
tiie Herd Book for suggestion", and shape their course accord-
ingly. The oliject of the present meeting was to get the
principle established, and collect the opinions of the breeders,
with the view of considering them afterwards. The broad
principle had been laid down that every branch of Shorthorn
cattle should be represented, and that no preponderance of
interest should be given to one class over another.
He thought the noblemen and gentlemen who had convened
he meeting constituted a sufficient guarantee on that head,
and that the future management of the Herd Book would be
conducted on the same judicial and impartial manner as
heretofore.

Mr. LoDER, speaking for the class who might be termed
the greenhorns of Shorthorns, would like to say a
few words. The resolution stated that it was desirable
to form a company. It had always been his opinion that it
was not only desirable to form a company, but to go a little
further, and he had no doubt the committee who had called
the meeting, and who were so much interested in this matter,
would be able to give some data which would enable b-eeders
to calculate what were the prospects of such a company. Eor
instance, he supposed the committee knew what sum was to
be paid to Mr. Stralford, and upon what basis and to wliat
*amount the shares of the company were to be issued. These
were matters which might just as well be mentioned now,
because it was uulikcly that the iniormatiou would be
afterwards given at so large a meeting as they had
at present. On a future occasion, iie might make remarks on
other subjects, and in the meantime he might state that he
held in his hand a catalogue of a sale of Sliort horns to take
place next day. Mention was made in the catalogue of a cow
which belonged to him, and there was another about bearing
of the same name and numlier. Now, he thoujiht in the pre-
paration of the Herd Book attention should be directed to
the subject of two or more animals bearing the same name
with the view of getting a distinction made.

Mr. Harward said, in answer t j the first qnestion put by
Mr. Loder, he might state that Mr. Strafford had seen the
Committee, and had named the sum of £5,000 as the pur-
chase price of the plant, goodwill, and copyright of the Herd
Book, and the Committee had been given to understand that
other parties were prepared to give hiin about that amount.
No agreement, however, had been made, and no estimate had
been formed as to the sum which should be paid. That

146

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

amougst other tilings woiil;! require aud .i uuld receive careful
consideration, aud whatever resolution was come to by the
Committee would necessarily be submitted to the subscribers
before the sum was fiually fixed. He thought that matter
might safely be left in the hands of the Committee at present.
With regard to the amount at which the shares should be
fixed, the Committee had received various suggestions, and
they were day by day receiving o'.l ers, and doubtless the
shares would be fixed at such a sum as would meet the wishes
of the whole body of the subscribers. The Committee had
formed no definite idea as yet, and would be ready to receive
suggestions from any Shorthorn breeders. It was thought
that the sum should not be so large as to make the company
exclusive, or so low as to make it insignificant.

Mr. Stone asked if the Committee could give any idea
what the publication of tlie book would yield to the company.
If the meeting knew what it had realised in the past, there
vrould be some substantial basis to work upon in the future.

Mr. Harwakd said each volume produced £1,500.

Mr. Stone : Do you nieaa profit P

Mr. Eakward : No ; that is the gross yield. Part of that
sum was derived from the entries, and the other part from the
sale of the book. Mr. Strafford estimated the expense at
£780.

Mr. Stkaffokd said he had made a calculation that if the
price were the same the return would be not less than £1,500.
The printing cost £500, but a sufficient balance would be lelt,
after d'fraying all expenses, to pay a dividend of 10 per
cent.

Mr. Stone said whether the Company paid a large or
small dividend, his feeling would be decidedly in the direction
of making the book as cheap and as comprehensive as pos-
sible, so that the smallest breeder might experience no diffi-
culty in acquiring the knowlege which the Herd Book would
furnish. If the book were to get into the hands of every
breeder, it would tend more than anything else to encourage
the breeding of Shorthorns.

Mr. Uarward observed that, so far as he could ascertain
the views of the Committee at present, their great object
would be to maintain tlie integrity of the Herd Book, botli as
a safeguard to themselves aud other breeders, and as a
guarantee to the purcliaser that what appeared in the volume
was " tbe truth, the whole truth, aul nothing but the truth."
At the same time it was desirable to make it as reasonably
profitable as possible. There was one drawback which the
Company would feel, namely, the reprinting of tlie back
volu'nes, which were out of print, and the work had to be
done in such a way that it left no great m.irgin for profit.

A Gentleman, whose nam? did not transpire, said the
whole mat'er appeared pretty well cut and dry witliout asking
all the Sliorihorn breeders to meet togetlier (" No, no"). He
hoped, on behalf of breeders who were not present that the price
of entries would not be increased, but that it would be continued
at the same rate as at present. The price was quite enough
now, as all, like himself, who had been subscribers for twenty
years could testify.

Lord DuNJiORE appealed to the meeting whether the re-
marks just heard were fair to tliose who had taken so much
trouble with tliis matter (cheers). Tlieyhad not corae there with
anything whatever cut and dry. If the speaker thought there
were good reasons for attacking the Coraniitfee for liaviugcvery-
thing cut and dry, why did he not corae with something cut and
dry hiinselt ? lie thuuglit the previous speakers had wandered
away from the subject. The resolution simply asked the
meeting whether they thought it desiraljle to form a company
for the purchase of the Herd Boole. Nothing else could be
settled tliat day. All details must be arranged at a future
meeting.

The resolution was then put and agreed to, with only the
one dissentient.

The Duke of Manchester said, as l;e was one
of the green horns alluded to by a form; r speaker, it
might appear presumptuous in him to propose the second reso-
lution in a meeting of gentlemen of so inucli more experience
ana fame in this matter than himself. He should not have
appeared so prominently had he not been requested by those who
iiad called tiie meeting to undertake this duty. He had great
p^asure in acceding to the request, for, inexperienced as he was
iu Shorthorn breeding, he was very glad to have this opportunity
of meeting so many gentlemen who were famous for breeding
cattle well'known in all Her Majesty's domiaious and many

other parts of the world. He took great interest in the
colonies, and from his connection and friendship with many
colonists, he was aware in what high estimation Shorthorn
breeding was held by them. The Shorthorn breeders iu this
country were, as a matter of fact, stocking the existing uu-
pi opled wilds and unoccupied lands with the best race of
animals iu the world. Little as he knew of Shorthorn brted-
iog, he believed it had become of fully equal importance with
the breeding of race liorse<, whilst it was quite as interesting
and very much less baneful to those engaged in it.
He, therefore, thought it of great importduce that Short-
horn breeders should have a Parliament or Council
of their own to manage their affairs, to regulate, control, aud
keep a check upon the pedigrees of animals, and to certify that
what was said about them was true. He begged to move
" That it is desirable to form a club on the model of the
Jockey Club, to consist of Shorthorn breeders and managers,
with a limited managing committee, for the purpose of collect-
ing and publishing accurate information as to past and current
pedigrees and sales, and promoting the general interest of
Shorthorn breeders." As to the fees to be charged for the
book it would obviously be the interest of the company to keep
them down as low as they could. The object of the company
would not be to make a profit. If they charged too high for
entries, tliey would cut tlieir own throats.

The Rev. T. Stanifortu seconded the resolution, with one
little proviso, that he did not understand the model of the
Joi'kt-y Club. He thought it quite right that the pre-
[ja; liiott and future issue of the Herd Book should be en-
trusted not simply to a committee, but to some person who
understood pedigrees. They had all confidence in the impar-
tiality and honesty of Mr. Strafford. Had it not been for his
clear eye, sound judgment, and intimate knowledge of pedi-
grees, many animals would have crept into the breed un-
worthily. That showed the necessity of looking sharply
after the matter. As to animals having the same names, he
thought that could not be prevented, and those interested
would have to decide the relative merits of such cattle irom
their numbers, and by studying their pedigree. No doubt
there was a difficulty iu finding new u 'mes, but he himself
was lucky in having a great many lady friends, who assisted
him with names.

Mr. John Booth suggested that the words " model of the
Jockey Club" should be struck out of the resolution, and that
all details should be left to the committee who would be
nominated.

The Duke of Manchester approved of the suggestion.

Colonel GuNTER thought if the Club were to point out the
inconvenience of having cattle of the same name, breeders
would find new names, and thus prevent the pirating of herds.
In the colonies, animals often got a fictitious value from the
circumstance that the names were the same as those of some
well-knowu cattle in this country.

Lord Penriiyn acknowledged the difficulty alluded to, but
thought there was no more chance of remedyiug the matter than
there was of numbering aud re-naming all the Smiths in the
world.

Mr. Dent asked whether the Club was to be entirely inde-
pendent of the Company, and how the Club was to be
iormed ?

The Duke of Manchester thought that it would be better
to strike out the word Club altogether, as the managing com-
mittee of the "Herd Book Company" would be the committee
of appeal in all cases of disputed pedigree.

Colonel Loyp- Lindsay was of opinion that the word
" Club" conveyed to one's mind a certain amount of exclusive-
ness which was not desirable. If the company were started,
a committee could be appointed who would constitute a court
of appeal. He proposed to insert " society" instead of
" club."

Mr. Storer said this meeting was only a preliminary one.
The matter should be left as it stood, and a committee in-
structed to bring up a general report on a future occasion.
Such matters as those discussed could not be settled in that
room. It had been suggested that the Royal Agricultural
Society's show at Bedford would be a good opportunity for
holding the second meeting.

The Duke of Manchester thought it would cause con-
fusion if too many alterations were made. As had been saidi
a committee would draw up a scheme to be submitted to the
Shorthorn breeders.

I'HE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

147

Mr. Deijt asked if it was necessary to liave both a society
and a com|)any to conduct tlie Ihrd Book. Would it not be
possible (or the subscribers to tlie company to form a com-
mittee to look after pedigrees ?

Lord liUNMORE replied tliat that was always understood by
those who dresv up the resolulious. This meeting was simply
called to take the sense of tiie breeders, wliether it would be
desirable to form a company.

The resolution wa? then adopted unanimously, the word
" society" l)eing substituted fur " club," and the words " model
of the Jockey Club" omitted.

Lord CnESHAM moved tiiat the following noblemen and
gentlemen should form a committee to consider tlie suggestions
made, and bring up a report hereafter: Eurl of Dunraore, E.irl

of Skelmersdale, Lord Penrhyn, Mr. Nigel, F. Kingscote, Rev.
J. Storer, Mr. Pole Gell, and Mr. T. C. Booth. He remarked
that everyone he had named was earnest in the work, and it
was fortunate that the matter siiould be undertaken by them.

Mr. B'^WLEY seconded tlie resolution, and expressed regret
at the reflectious wlucii had been cast upon those who had
couveued the meeting. He was glad they had got such liigh-
minded men amongst them to take tiielead iu this important
matter. They were men without bias or prejudice, and the
breeders cnuld repose the greatest confidence in them.

The resolution was at once agreed to.

On the motion of Lord Bridport, seconded by Col. Loyd-
Jjiiidsay, a vote of thanks was passed to the Duke of Devon-
shire for presiding, and the proceedings terminated.

THE IRISH CATTLE TRADE.

Considering how thoroughly the sympathies of the
Conservatives are assumed to be with Agriculture, it is
remarkable how much in a very short time the present
Government lias effected to correct such an impression. It
has turned tail on the Malt-tax ; it has shirked and
trimmed over Teuaal-Right, and it is now intent on
undoing anything done to prevent the spread of
the more serious diseases amongst cattle. As everybody
knows who has given any attention to the subject, one
of the moii fertile sources of contagion for some time past
has been Ireland ; or, as the Committee of last session put
it, " many complaints have been made by English and
Scotch farmers with regard to the Irish imports, alleging
that these have caused an increase both of pleuro-pneu-
mouia and foot-and-mouth disease." Countered as the
other members of the Committee continually were by the
Irish contingent, they were not enabled to speak out so
strongly as they otherwise would have done, but still
they went so far as to advise, "that the regulations in
Great Britain and Ireland witli regard to contagious dis-
eases be similar — that such regulations be carefully en-
forced at the landing-places both iu Great Britaiu and
Ireland — and that the Irish Government take steps by
inspection at Irish ports to prevent the shipment to Great
Britain of any diseased or infected auimals." And upon
this suggestion, coming under the immediate authority of
the Vice-President of the Council, Mr. Eorster, his col-
leagues decided to act. The importation of Irish
stock was to be watched with all that care and suspicion
which its condition but too well warranted.

It is noticeable, however, how there has long
been a kind of Conservative feeling manifested in
dealing with the cattle trade of the sister King-
dom. No language could be too strong, no regula-
tions could be too severe when touching on the case of the
foreigner. He was always bringing in pleuro and
foot-and-mouth, as over and over again some still more
terrible disorder was reported to be coming up the
Thames. Meetings were held, and resolutions were
passed, declaring it to be simply ruin to laud anything
alive from the Continent ; while at the same time it was
regarded as something very like bad taste to say a word
about Ireland, although far more disease was known to
be drifting in from that quarter. Graziers, it was
said, could not get on without their customary supplies of
Irish steers, as occasionally they came to admit that they
would prefer risking an attack of foot-and-mouth disease
to being cut off from such importations. So far the
Commons Committee may be regarded as going with
these views, for, as the Report runs, " the consumer and
the producer would consider the remedy — that of stamp-
ing out — to be worse than disease." And again, " such
an interference with the home trade in animals would
much affect prices." In fact, much of the agitation over
foot-and-mouth is little better than a sham ; but pleuro-

pneumonia is a far more serious matter, and so the Com-
mittee recommended that " the slaughter of all cattle
affected with this disease should be compulsory" — that
"the regulations in Great Britain and Ireland should be
similar" — and that "the Irish Governnieut should take
steps by inspection at L'ish ports to prevent the shipment
of any diseased or infected animals." And these resolu-
tions or recommendations were, in Parliamentary phrase,
approved.

Just now, however, wc are threatened, according to
common report, with another extensive outbreak of pleuro-
pneumonia, and so, of course, there could be no more fitting
time to relax any very stringent conditions. As Sir Michael
Beach pntit on thepartofthepresentGovenimeut," honour-
able gentlemen would fully appreciate the difficulties which
stood in the way of the compulsory slaughter of cattle
shipped from Ireland." But why so especially from Ireland
more ihan from any other country ? Surely the slaughter
of a diseased Irish beast is as justifiable and imperative as
that of a Frenchman or a l)utchman ! Again, " there
came the question whether tlie system of slaughter had
been successful iu those countries to which it had been
applied. He believed it had been tried iu several coun-
tries in Europe, and had been abandoned because of its
euornious expense." But assuming this statement to be
true, why should we make so curious an exception with
regard to Irelmd? as if the system of slaughter is not
successful, why should we incur any further enormous ex-
pense in continuing it elsewhere ? Sir Michael Hicks
Beach would seem to possess a remarkably illogical turn of
mind, or perhaps he has only caught the tone of his
adopted country, " By Jabers ! it is no use whatever to
try to cure the noble bastes of Green Erin by killing
them, but you ought to kill everybody else's." Further,
Sir Michael says, " if disease from Ireland was imported
so largely as was alleged, it was strange that there had
been no complaints." No complaints! Why we have
been complaining, and not merely complaining, but
proving our case for years; or if Sir Michael Hicks desires
any more official evidence as to the cattle disease imported
from Ireland, we would refer him to Professor Browne, a
gentleman at the head of the veteriuary department of the
Privy Council office. No complaints ! Why the House
of Commons Committee formed its strongest recommenda-
tions upon the weight of these complaints. No com-
plaints ! "Why just previously on Friday night Mr.
Stewart had stated how " he lived in a part of Scotland
to which there was a large trade from Ireland, and they
were very much afraid of the iiitrodiictiou of disease."
Mr. Evans said " Dei by shire would be seriously incon-
venienced if the importation of cattle from Ireland were
stopped ; but the regulations as to compulsory slaughter
if inconvenient had on the whole been beneficial." In
the Upper House Lord Kimberley said " So long
as aaimala suffering from pleuro-pneumoaia and

148

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

foot-and-mouth disease were allowed to be imported
into England from Ireland it was utterly futile
to expect that those diseases could be stamped out
in England, however stringent might be the rules in this
country. For instance, it was the practice for large num-
bers of diseased animals to be landed in Norfolk from Ireland,
and thecoQsequence was the disease could not be stamped
out." Mr. Barclay asks for a more vigilant and effective

inspection on embarkation, and we hear oSicially in reply
that the Irish Government will do the best it can. This
does not amount to much, nor does Sir Michael Hicks ap-
pear very desirous to do much. If, however, there is to
be any exceptional legislation over this business, people will
only waste their time in talking about the danger of
foreign stock, while we can continue to count upon the
existence of this so haudy home.

STOCK SALE.

SALE OF MESSRS. LENEY'S
SHORT HORNS

At Orfines, Watering bury, on Thursday, July 2,
1874.
BY ME. STRAFFORD.
A happy combination of events all tended to render
this one of the most successful of sales of this season, and
an average of £221 lOa. for 41 head — the majority of
which were young animals — is a great encouragement to
Messrs. Leney to continue those lavish outlays for good
animals that have recently distinguished their line of
breeding. A few years ago their bulls were not looked
upon as fitting sires for some very capital cows and
heifers of the Charmer and Knightley blood in which
their herd was so strong. In 1872, at Winterfold,
Eighth Duke of Geneva, a pure Duke bull, as closely bred
to Mr. Bates' herd as anything in this country (notwith-
standing Mr. George Bedford's assertion of his great
Duke bull in Kentucky, U. S. A.), was purchased for
1,650 gs. ; and for the heifers Sixtli Duke of Oneida was
imported from the New York Mills at 1,200 gs. These
two bulls gave an immense lift to the herd ; and with two
such cows as Seventh Duchess of Geueva and Grand
Duchess of Geneva, for bull breeding, they may hold a
high position in the Bates market for some years. Both
bulls were paraded before the sale, and again in the ring
immediately precedina; it. That the younger one, Sixth
Duke of Oneida, was the favourite there can be no two
opinions ; perhaps a little small for his age, three years
in October, he is nevertheless a remarkably good bull, of
great substance, capital form, and line masculine character ;
indeed he is unlike what has been for years looked upon
as Duke character. His dam. Lord Bective's seven-
thousand-guinea cow, is one of the grandest cows in the
country, and she has the Romeo cross running in her
veins on her sire's side. Like his sire (Fourth Duke of
Geneva, now Mr. Renick's property in Kentucky, where
he is mated with the Red Roses), his hair is a trifle harsh,
but this slight blemish is overcome in the blaze of his
general excellence. Eighth Duke of Geneva looks thin,
being kept so for use and lightness; he is of large size,
aud with that high mettle and nervous disposition for
which the strain is so well known. His head and neck
are very grand, and he is of great length; but he wants
more middle, his length giving a sinking in the back that
is not admirable. As a stock getter he will certainly
rank high ; five large calves rising a year old by him
were shown in pens under the cherry-trees that were a
nice lot, mostly of a colour, and good size and quality.
It was remarkable that the best two of these five made
the lowest prices : some thought lot 16, others lot 14, a
gayer roan, but with not so good a back as on lot 16,
though more even. The Rev. R. B. Kennard purchased
this one at 130 gs., her dam being of Johu Wood's old
Garland blood ; and lot 16 went to Mr. Henry Brassey at
250 gs., her dam being of Lord Ducie's Louisa or Lizzy
tribe^ of Charge's blood. Mr. George Fox gave 300 gs.

for lot 15, of the Knightley Walnut family. Mr. Stavely
Hill and Mr. Jon. Rigg took the other two at 290 gs.
each. But the pick of the sale was another and younger
calf by Eighth Duke of Geneva; this was lot 19, Fourth
Grand Duchess of Geneva, a granddaughter of Seventh
Duchess of Geneva, bred by Mr. Sheldon, U. S. A., im-
ported in 1867, and bought by Mr. Leney, at the Windsor
sale, for 700 gs. ; she is a very grand white cow, better
than her daughter by Fifteenth Grand Duke. The calf
was thin, but well grown ; Mr. Leney, not intending to
sell it, had given it ordinary keep uutU the last six weeks,
when it had been running with a nurse, and will probably
grow into a large fine heifer. A thousand guineas was
talked of as the opening bid, but Mr. Loder's fifteen
hundred seemed to stop all opposition for a time. Mr.
Holford added fifty-guineas bids three times, but Mr.
Loder's two thousand took the calf to his estate at Whit-
tlebury (late Lord Southampton's), adjoining Mr. Oliver's
farm ; so that Northamptonshire, as of old, will still be
the home of some of our finest Shorthorns.

The calves by Sixth Duke of Oneida were darker in
colour a id not being in such bloom as the older ones
appeared to less advantage, still they sold remarkably well,
Mr. Loder again taking quite the pick of them in Oxford
Fausley 6th, a broad thick roan calf, slightly scouring, at
225 gs. There were five useful cows in nice condition
and mostly in-calf. Mr. Blundell bought Lot 1, Lactea
Oxouiensis, out of Sir Chas. Knightley's old Lactea, at 240
gs. Mr. Drewry, for the Duke of Devonshire, bought
Lily, one of the Bell-Bates line, a fine large broad-backed
cow, at 170 gs., and her calf by Sixth Duke of Oneida at
120 gs. Lot 3, Knightley Grand Duchess, another Bates
on Knightley, went ratherdear, at 350 gs.,to Mr Larking,
who got several other lots. Thorudale Duchess, recently
calved, looked plain and thin, still she ran up to 100 gs.
(Mr. Jon. Riggs, Kent), and the Queen, bred from the hei'd
at Windsor, was bought by Lord Uhesham for 160 gs. Lot
6, Primrose, a thin fleshed cow, of nearly pure Knightley
blood, excited keen competitiou, and Mr. A. Brogden
finally took her into Lancashire at 335 gs. Two whites
followed ; one of the Charmer line, being recently calved,
made only 225 gs. ; but Oxford Fausley 4th, full of hair
and heavy in-calf, was one of the handsomest lots. Sir
Curtis Lampson's 400 gs. finally secured her for Suss°-x
against strong opposition from Lancashire. Columbia
Duchess, by Fifteenth Grand Duke, was also greatly run
upon, but she is also retained in the south by Mr. Larking.
Mr. Sheldon, who had bid strongly for her and several
preceding lots, purchased Lot 10 of the Charmer tribe, a
strong good heiier, at 320 gs.

The bulls were a fair good number, and their sale was
greatly assisted by Mr. Larkworthy taking three of the
best at 210 gs. (lot 8, brother to lot 16), 140 gs. (lot 11,
of the Furbelow line), and 81 gs. (lot 2, brother to lot 7)
for New Zealand. Mr. Collard bought lot 9, a pure
Bates bull ni the Wild Eyes tribe, at 145 gs. He is a
thick good white, aud likely to do excellent service near
Canterbury. Lot 1, Young Knightley (own brother to

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

U9

lot 6 cows, sold for 335 gs.), was bought by the Rev. J.
Storer.it GOgs. ; and The Friar, a promising red calf of
the Charmer line, goes to the llev. Chas. Marshall,
Surrey, at 58 gs.

Lord Penrhyu, chairman of the Shorthorn Committee,
presided at the lunch, and it may be justly said that the
same assembly of noblemen and breeders that thronged
Willis' Rooms the day previously had a " country meeting"
the following day in (he pleasant vales] of Wateringbury.
Moreover, the Stratford meeting of the Essex Society
brought many up from the Eastern Counties, and two
days' showing was happily relieved by a pleasant day's
selling in Kent. The heavy corn crops, the healthy hop-
bines, and the rich pastoral look of the surrounding
country, all indicated the high farming that Messrs.
Leney's Shorthorns necessarily caused ; and this their
third public appearance, wjth average of 211 gs. on the
60 gs. and 70 gs. averages of 1869 and 1871, is the best
indication of the high and fashionable character of the
herd.

COWS AND HEIFERS.
Lactea Oxonensis, roan (18G7), by Imperial Oxford (18081),

dam Lactea by Sarawak (15238).— Mr. J. H. Blundell,

340 gs.
Lily, wliite (1867), by Lord Liverpool (2-2168), dam Levity

by Lord Thoresby (14856). — Duke of Devonshire, 170gs.
Knightley Grand Duchess, roan (1867), by 4tli Grand Duke

(19874), dam Nymphalin by Bull's Run (19368).— Mr.

J. W. Larking, 305 gs.
Tiiorndale Duchess, red roan (1869), by r2th Duke of Thorn-
dale (26020), dam Waterloo Duchess 2ad by Waterloo

Duke (21077).— Mr. J. Riffg, 100 gs.
The Queen, rich roan (1869), by Lord Oxford 2nd (20215),

dam Princpss Alice by British Prince (14197), — Lord

Chesham, 160 gs.
Primsose, roan (1871), by Sir Charles Kuightley (27466), clam

Pipalee by Bull's Run (19368).— Mr. A. Brogden, M.P.,

335 gs.
Charming Lady 2nd, white (1872), by Grand Duke of Oxford

(28764), dam Charming Maid by Lord Liverpool (22168).

—Sir G. R. Philips, Bart., 225 gs.
Oxford Fawsley 4th, white (1872), by Grand Duke of Kent

(26289), dam Oxford Fawsley 2nd by Lord Oxford 2nd

(20215).— Sir Curtis Lampson, Bart., 400 gs.
Colnmbia's Duchess 3ril, roan (1872), by 15th Grand Duke

(21852), dam Columbia by Bull's Run (19368).— Mr. J. W.

Larking, 335 gs.
Twin Duchess 6th, roau (1872), by Grand Duke of Kent

(26289), dam Twin Duchess by 4th Duke of Thorndale

(17750).— Mr. H. J. Sheldon, 320 gs.
May Duchess 5tb, roan (1872), by Grand Duke of Oxford

(28764), dam May Queen by May Duke (13320).— J. Rigg,

70 gs.
Beauty 2nd, roan (1873), by Grand Duke of Oxford (28764),

dam Sultana 2nd by Man in the Moon (18320).— Mr. J.

Rigg, 110 gs.
Rosy, roan (1873), by Grand Duke of Kent (26289), dam

Lactea Oxonensis by Imperial Oxford (18084).— Mr. J. W.

Larking, 270 gs.
Queen of Garlands, roan (1873), by 8th Duke of Geneva

(28390), dam Garland 5th by Waterloo Duke (21077) —

Rev. R. B. Keunard, 130 gs.
Columbia's Duchess 4th, rich roan (1873), by 8th Duke of

Geneva (28390), dam Columbia by Bull's Run (19368),—

Mr. G. Fox, 300 gs.
Lady Louisa's Duchess 5th, roan (1873), by 8th Duke of

Geneva (28390), dam Lady Louisa by Archduke 2nd

(15588).— Mr. H. Brassey, M.P.. 250 gs.
Baroness Fawsley 4th, rich roau (1873), by 8th Duke of

Geneva (2839(J), dam Baroness Fawsley by 15th Grand

Duke (21852).— Mr. A. S. Hill, M.P., 290 gs.
Sweetheart, roan (1873), by 8th Duke of Geneva (28390),

dam Sylph by Knightley Grand Duke (24268).— Mr. J.

Rigg, 290 gs.
Fourth Grand Duchess of Geneva, roan (1873), by 8th Duke

of Geneva (28390), dam Grand IDuchess of Geneva by 15th

Grand Duke (21852).— Mr. Loader, Whittlebury, Nor-

thamptonshire, 2,000 gs.

Surprise 3ri', red and white (1873), by 8th Duke of Geneva

(28390), dam Tacita by Duke of Rutland (19641).— Lord

Feversham, 200 gs.
Baroness Fawsley 5th, red (1874), by 6th Duke of Oneida

(30997), dam Baroness Fawsley 3rd by 15th Grand Duke

(21852).— Mr. J. Robinson, 120 gs.
Wellingtonia 4th, roan (1874), by 6th Duke of Oneida

(3U997), dam WeHingtouia 3rd by Grand Duke of Kent

(26289).— Rev. W. Sneyd, 260gs.
Oxford Fawsley 6th, roan (1874), by 6th Duke of Oneida

(30997), dam Oxford Fawsley 3rd by Grand Duke of Kent

(26289).— Mr. R. Loder, 225 gs.
Lady Hudson's Duchess 4th, red (1874), by 6th Duke of

Oneida (30997), dam Lady Hudson 2nd by 15th Grand

Duke (21852).— Mr. J. Robinson, 85 gs.
Lady Bates 2nd, rich roan (1874), by 6th Duke of Oneida

(30997), dam Lily by Lord Liverpool (22168).— Dake of

Devonshire, 120 gs.
Fawsley 15th, red (1874), by 6th Duke of Oneida (30997),

dam Fawsley 13th by Grand Duke of Oxford (28764) —

Rev. W. Sneyd, 105 gs.
Thorndale Duchess 2ud, red roan (1874), by 6th Duke of

Oueida (30997), dam Thorndale Duchess by 12th Duke of

Thorndale (26020).— Rev. W. Sneyd, 105 gs.
Surprise 4th, red and white (1874), by 6th Duke of Oneida

(3U997), dam Tacita 4th by 5th Duke of Wliarfedale

(26033).— Mr. A. S. Hill, M.P., 100 gs.

BULLS.

Young Knightley, red and white (1872), by Sir Charles

Knightly (27466), dam Pipalee by Bull's Run (19368).—

Rev. J. Storer, 60 gs.
Charming Prince, roan (1873), by Grand Duke of Kent

(26289), dam Charming Maid by Lord Liverpool (22168).

— Mr. Lack worthy, for New Zealand, 81 gs.
Young Thorndale, red roan (1873), by Grand Duke of Kent

(26289), dam Thorndale Duclies* by 12th Duke of Tiiorn-
dale (26020).— Mr. Deuchfield, 65 gs.
Duke of Kirkleviugton 2nd, red (1873), by Grand Duke of

Kent (36289), dam Kirkleviugton 20tK by 5lh Lord Wild

Eyes (20762). — Mr. Godwin, 66 gs.
March Duke, red and white (1873), by Grand Duke of Kent

(26289), dam Tacita 4th by 5th Dukeof Wharfedale (26033).

— Mr. J. Rigg, 50 gs.
Nestor, white (1873), by Grand Duke of Oxford (28764), dam

Waterloo Duchess by Waterloo Duke (31077).— Mr. Bendall

26 gs.
The Young Knight, white (1873), by Grand Duke of Kent

(26289), dam Gionetta by Sarawak (15238).— Mr. Harvey,

51 gs.
Fir»t Lord, ricli roan (1873), by 8lh Duke of Geneva (28390),

dam Lady Louisa's Duchess 1st by 4th Grand Duke (19874).

— Mr. Larkworthy, 210 gs.
Wild Duke 2nd, white (1873), by 8th Duke of Geneva (28390),

dam Wild Duchess 3rd by Lord Oxford 2nd (20215).— Mr,

C. Collard, 145 gs.
The Royal Prince, red (1873), by 8th Duke of Geneva

(28390), dam Princess Alice by British Prince (14197).—

Mr. Larkworthv, 140 gs.
White Fawsley, white (1874), by 8th Dukeof Geneva (28390),

dam Oxford Fawsley 2nd by Lord Oxford 2nd (20215).—

Mr. A. P. Cleat, 45 gs.
The i*riar, red with little white (1874), by 6th Duke of

Oneida (30997), dam Countess Wateringbury 5th by

Sii C. Knightley (27466).— Rev. C. Marshall, 58 gs.
Caliph, rich roan (1874), by 6th Duke of Oneida (30997),

dam Early Dawn by Grand Duke of Oxford (28764).— Mr.

A. S. Hill, M.P., 45 gs.

Summary.

28 cows averaged ^'285 15 0 £8,001 0 0

13 bulls „ 84 3 3 1,091 3 0

41 head

231 16 8 £9,095 3 0

THE RECENT SHORTHORN " SELL " IN AMERICA*
— The Mr. Robbins, to whom the bull Second. Duke of Hill-
hurst was knocked down at Colonel King's sale, was a short
time since a clerk in the office of Mr. Strafford, the proprie-
tor of 27w Shorthorn Herd-book.

150

THE PAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

'CHOICE"

TABLE BUTTER,

A Paper, by the Hon. Clakk King,
E«ad before the Agricultural Society at Waitsfield, U.S.

In order to make a choice tub of butter, at all times see
that your cows are provided with the best kind of food for
that purpose. lu summer, wheu your cows are at the pas-
ture, let them have the best pasture you can provide. As a
rule, a dry pasture which lies high and rolliug produces tiie
best grasses for butter-making : it niakes ayellow, fine-grained,
svveet tub of butter; while a low, swampy pasture, full of foul
grass and bushes, makes a much poorer grade. Such pastures
are not fit for the dairy. A moist pasture, if not too wet,
may produce a good quality of grass, and in such pastures
good butter can be made ; but my experience, after dealing in
butter some ten years, and manufacturing butter during this
time, has taught me that a dry pasture, producing sweet qua-
lities of grass, is the kind for dairying. At this season of the
year, when the cows are stabled, and during the spring, when
the cows are giving miik, give them the very best quality of
early-cut hay, and a fair amount of meal each day. Coru-
raeal is the best, and any green fodder or routs wliicli are of
good flavour will also be good to feed them when giving
milk. Give your cows warm stables ; milk as regularly as
possible; and milk clean. After the milk is drawn, set it
away, after it is thoroughly strained, in a good milk-room,
which must he kept sweet and clean. All odours, from what-
ever source, must be avoided, as cream on the milk is tainted
very easily by smoke, cookiug of various foods, odours from
the sink and other places. The milk-room should lie kept at
a higli temperature, for the cream to rise well, in cold wea-
ther, and in warm weather kept as cool as possible. Many
times the cream vvill noc half rise ou account of the extreme
heat, and a good share of it is thrown to the pigs. There is
no doubt but that the large patent pans now coming into use,
with jjipes carrying cold water around thera, so as to cool the
milk and take out the animal heat as soon as set for the cream
to rise, will prove to be a great improvement. Those who
have used them consider them an improvement, and say that
tiiey paid fur first cost in one season. Tlie.y made good butter
during the hottest weather last summer, and a gooj cream
rose all through the extremely hot, damp weather. I had
several dairies of butter made from those pans and the cooling
apparatus the past season, which proved to be excellent.
Doubtless these pans for setting milk will soon come into ge-
neral use by good dairymen, as thereby a great amount of
labour is saved, as well as good butter made. Always skim
your milk before the cream is thinned. As a rule, skim it
just before it sours, or as soon as it begins to sour on the
bottom of the pan. No time can be given to skim milk after
it is set which will always be reliable, as milk-rooms vary
somewhat in temperature ; but never fail to skim it while it
is sweet and before it becomes tainted in the least. Here is
where dairymen must not neglect the care necessary for pro-
ducing choice butter. Here is where many dairymen make a
mistake, in letting the cream stand on the milk too long ; and
the result is a common tub of butter, or even worse — i.e.,
a poor tub of butter, which nobody wants. After your cream
is taken from the milk, churn it in good season, taking care
always not to let it stand too long before churning. Use a
churn with as little machinery as possible. The plain churn ,
with the least number of floats, is the best for manufacturing
solid butter. Tvever salt your butter too much. An ounce
of salt 10 one pound of butter is enough for butter made to
keep through the season, while from one-half and three-
quarters to one ounce is enough for the market, v/lien tlie
butter is soon to be used. In fact, light-salted butter com-
mands the highest price, where it is sweet and new ; and this
is a fact for good dairymen to be sure to remember. The
working is another very important part to be performed in
the manufacture of butter. Great care must be used to work
it ecough and then stop ; and to do this requires close atten-
tion. Before working the butter, it should be thoroughly
washed in good, pure water, until you can see that you can-
not do much more to cleanse the buttermilk from the butter.

As a rule, I find the finest butter where the maker works the
butter twice ijeCore putting the same into the tub for market.
The butter is taken from the churn and salted, aud worked
enough to thoroughly work-in the salt, then set away over-
night, the next morning taken up and worked until it is clear
from buttermilk. Then it is ready for use — either to send to
market or to keep through the season. I consider the use of
a butter-worker the best mode of extracting the buttermilk,
although fine butter can be made by working with the hands,
if they are not so warm as to injure the grain of the butter.
A sponge can be used with good success in connection with
the butter-worker, to soak up the moisture in tiie process of
working. After your butter is ready to pack, get a nice clean
tub or box to pack it in, as a clean package is always desired
by liie purchaser. Never put good butter into an old, dirty
tub ; but give your butter the best tubs the market affords.
It will pay well in the end, aud will be money well expended.
After you have succeeded in making a choice tub of butter, it
is always wanted at goed prices in the market, aud you can
readily find a purchaser for all you can manufacture, from the
fact that so little excellent butter is made at present. A
choice tub of butter at this time is sold for 40 cents iu the
market, while a good fair tub brings 35 cents per pound, and
a common one 3(3, a poor one 25, and so ou, down to grease
prices. A ditference of 5 cents per pound is well worth a
good amount of time spent to make a choice article. As
there are over 100,000 cows kept in the State of Vermont,
and the annual product of the same will average 1501bs. from
a cow. Or more, let us calculate tbe dilTereuce of 5 cents a
pound ou the whole amount made in the slate. Reckoning
ISOlbs. to the cow, 15,000,0001bs. would be manuCactured
annually ; and a difference in price of 5 cents per pound
would make an addition of 750,000 dollars to the annual
wealth of our state — a fine increase to record in the manufac-
ture of butter. If we only take as much pains in this branch
of farming as we have done to improve our breeds of sheep
and cattle, the thing will be done ; and wheu once done, it
will pay so well, there will be no danger of a reaction, as in
the sheep business, from the fact that every tub of choice
butter is at all times in demand at good prices, there not
being enough of such butter made at the present time for the
consumer. And, to review what I have said lu detail, allow
me to s;iy. Keep no poor cows, and only those that make good
firm yellow butter. Keep them well both summer and winter.
Use great care in cleanliness in every stage of the manufac-
ture of this product. Have a good milk-room, keep it per-
fectly sweet and clean, and follow the best modes of making
good butter ; and if you do not succeed, then go to those
who do succeed and find out their method, and iu the end you
will certainly come off victorious. And now, brother-farmers
and dairymen, let us all resolve to accomplish the art of
making choice butter.

PETERBOROUGH AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.—
The following are the chief awards : Hackuey mares or geld-
ings, not exceeding 15^ hands : £7 to Mr. A. Goodman,
Thorney. Weight-carrying cobs, above 13 hands 2 inches
aud not exceeding 15 hands : £5 to S. Middleton, Waternew-
tou. Ponies not exceeding 13^ hands : £5 to A. Leeds, Eye-
bury, North. Ponies not exceeding 13j hands, to be driven :
£5 to G. Gee, jun., Deeping Fen. Pat oxen : £7 to the Earl
of Lonsdale, Bar|,eythorpe. Bulls, under 2 years old : £7 to
the Marquis of Exeter, Burgbley Park. Cows, having had
a calf: £7 to the Marquis of Exeter ; and £3 to J. J. Sharp,
Broughton, Kettering, Heifers, in-calf, under 3 years old: £5
to D, Dainty, Belmistliope, Stamford. Heifers under 3 years
old : £5 to J. J. Sharp. Special prize of £5 for pair of
heifers under 1 year nine months, shown in classes 40 aud 41,
to J. J. Sharp. Long-woolled rams : £7 to R. Wright, Nocton
Heath. Boars of the large breed : £3 to H. A. Kilham, Tydd
St. Mary. Boars of the small breed : £3 to H, A. Kilham.

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE,

161

MISCROPPING CASE.

In the Court of Session, Edinburgh, an action was raised by
Mr. Baird, of Ury and Euster Driimkilbo, against Mr. Wra. B.
J\Iount, for damages for alleged niiscrop()ing of the farm of
Castleton of Eassie, of wliicli tbe defendant was tenant. The
defendant was bound by the lease to have tM'o-fil'ihs of the
arable area of the farm in grass during the hist three of tbe
nineteen years over which the lease extended. It was com-
plained that there was not enough in second year's grass. In
1873 tliere were 187 acres in grass, but the greater proportion
was in new grass. In other words, less than oue-fil'tli was in
Becoud year's grass, though more than two-fifths were in grass.
It was contended by tiie defender that tbe size of the parks did
not admit of any other arrangement, and it was proved that
no scouring or hungring policy tovfards tlie land had been
adopted. Lord Gilford has issued the full ^interlocutor and
note in the tenant's favour.

The Lord Ordinary, having heard parties' procurators, and
having considered the closed record, proof adduced, and whole
process, assoilzies the defender from the conclusions of the
action, and decerns : Pinds defender entitled to expenses, and
remits the account thereof, when lodged to the auditor of
Court to tax the same and to report.

(Signed) Ad. Giffokd.

Note. — Tiie question in tliis case is whether the pursuer is
entitled to exact and tbe defender hound to pay penal, but
fractional, extra rent in respect the defender has " deviated
from the mode of cropping described and agreed upon" in the
lease between the parties. Tbe case involves several points of
tome ditricuUy and nicety.

The Lord Ordinary was favoured witli an able and instruc-
tive argument as to bow far fractional rent of a penal nature,
such as that stipulated for in tlie present lease, was subject to
equitable modification by the Court, and how far there was
reason for tbe equitable interposition of tbe Court to restrict
the pursuer's claim. Tbe Lord Ordinary is of opinion that
if the pursuer can clearly establish the contravention or mis-
cropping, the Court has no power to restrict the liquidated or
fractional damages which the parties themselves have fixed
and ascertained under the name of additional rent. This
doctrine seems to be quite establisiied by a long series of de-
cisions both in this country and in England. See tbe cases
collected in Hunter on Landlord and Tenant, I. 265 (3rd Ed.).
One of the leading cases is Miller )'. Lord Ewyder, 2('ith May,
1821, alfd. 11. L. 3rd March, 1820, 2 W. & S. 53 ; but there
are many other cases to the same effect. The princi|)le is that
where tlie parties themselves have agreed upon and liquidated
the damages the Court cannot interfere to modify, for this
would be setting aside the deliberate bargain of tbe parties
themselves. The terms of tlie le;ise in the present case are
exceedingly explicit that tbe penal rent shall not be subject
to modification ; and although, notwithstanding such a clause,
tbe inherent equitable power of tbe Court may net be excluded,
and exceptional cases for interference may arise, tbe present
does not seem one which can be made an exception from the
general rule. See Forrest and Barr v. Henderson, 20th Mov.,
1869, 8 Macbp. 187. But while the Lord Ordinary is of
opinion that tbe fractional rent is not subject to modifi-
cation by tbe Court, if it can be shown that it has
been reaUy incurred, he feels that it is a demand of
a highly peual nature, and great strictness must be
applied in considering whether it has been really incurred
or not. Tbe whole proper rent stipulated in tbe lease
has been paid ; it was hardly pretended on the part of tlie
pursuer that tbe defect in the amount of grass of a particular
age, of which alone he com]ilaius, had led to injury anything
like the penal rent claimed, and no attempt was made to prov«
actual damage from deficiency of grass. In short, it was con-
ceded, at least in argument, tiiat if the tenant was found
liable it would be an exceedingly hard case, and no attempt
was made to show that the pursuer's demand was to any ex-
tent founded in equity. In such circumstances, and where
the landlord's severe demand is founded on the precise words
of the lease, he cannot complain of a strict interpretation as
applied to that lease in ascertaining whether it supports his
plea. In short, while the Court will not modify the penal
rent, they will equitably consider whether penal rent at all

has been incurred. Certainly, on this last point, equity is not
excluded, but imperatively called for. Now, on considering
the whole structure and terms of the lease, and applying them
to tbe facts established in evidence, tlie Lord Ordinary has
come to be of opinion, though not without dilUculty, that the
pursuer has failed in sufficiently establishing " miscropping"
in the fair sense of the lease, or that the defender has deviated
" from the mode of cropping above described and agreed on."
The lease is a long and complicated document, and it is a
little difficult to read from it what in many respects were tbe
precise duties of the tenant. The clause stipulating for penal
lent is not confined, as the pursuer suggested, to the last three
years of the lease. On the contrary, it is quite general, and
applies to tbe whole currency of the lease, so that, if incurred,
it might have beeu enforced tbe very first year; and it is ex-
pressly stipulated that the penal rent shall be exigible at the
same terras of payment as " the ordinary rent." Tlie clause
for penal or fractional rent is in these terms : " And tbe said
Patrick Birrell (the defender's author) binds and obliges him-
self and his foresaids to labour, manure, and crop each division
successively during the currency of the lease, without any
departure from the rules above written ; and in case the said
Patrick Birrell and Ins foresaids shall deviate from the mode
of cropping above prescribed and agreed upon, either in op-
position to his landlord or by his tacit consent, he shall be
bound, as he hereby binds and obliges himself and iiis fore-
saids, not only immediately to restore such part of the lauds
as may be so miscropped to the notation aud course
of cropping applicable thereto under this lease, but
likewise to pay the proprietor an additional rent of
£5 for every imperial acre which shall be cropped
differently from the rotation above laid down," and
so on. The first observation which occurs is that, although
this penal clause speaks] of " rotation" and " notation above
laid down," the lease does not provide any particular rotation
or shift of cropping. It does not require a four-year shift, a
five, six, or eight-year shift, or any other shift. The lease
confines itself to specifying certain restrictions, and under
these restrictions the tenant may follow any shift he pleases.
Now, it is at least an awkward thing for the landlord to rely
upon a penal clause providing penalty for deviation from a
rotation of cropping when no particular rotation is described,
Tbe next point is tliat the tenant is taken bound to crop each
" division during the currency of the lease without any depar-
ture from the rules above written." What is meant by
"division ?" Tbe landlord says it is the set or series of fields
which constitute a break, being a filth, a sixth, or
other aliquot part of tbe farm. The tenant says
"division" simply means field, the farm being completely
divided into separate fields by permanent fences. The Lord
Ordinary inclines to the tenant's view as most consistent with
the restrictive structure of the lease. It is dillicnlt to suppose
that " division" neans a new laying out of tlie farm into exact
fifths or sixths, wliich would necessarily imply new permanent
fences. Tbe skilled evidence, so far as competent, confirms
the Lord Ordinary in the view that " division" simply means
" field." But the main point relied upon by tbe tenant is that
the farm — being a completely enclosed farm, consisting of a
definite number of fields separated from each other by per-
1 nianent fences — it is not possible to lay it out into exact
fourths, filths, or sixths under any of the known shifts or
rotations. This really happens in every arable farm ; and
when, for example, a five-sbilt is stipulated, this merely means
that each field must follow tbe shift, and that the farm shall be
approximately divided into fifths as nearly as the fences will
allow. This is universal practice aud quite equitable ; for
although tbe tenant under a five-shift may have rather more
than two-fifths in white crop one year, he will have so much
less the next, and so on. The present lease stipulates that
there shall never be more than one-half of the farm in ciops
of corn during the first sixteen years. This seems to point
to a four drift rotation ; aud it is thoiigbt in equity
that it would be implemented if the farm were
divided into four equal breaks, as nearly the size
of the fields would permit ; so that, though there might be a
few acres too many for one year, there would just be so many

152

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE

less the next. Now, apply this to the last three years of the
lease— the only years complained of by the landlord. The
landlord's complaint is thatthe tenant has not enough of grass.
Two-flfths of the arable part of the farm ar<^, as nearly as
possible, 166 acres, and two-fifths are required to be in two
years' and one year's old grass the three last years of the
"lease. The complaint is that the tenant in 1871 was nine seres
short; and ia 1872, 36 acres short; and in 1873, 12 acres
short of two-year-old grass, although he had in all 187 acres,
being an excess of 21 acres of one-year-old grass. It seems
proved in evidence that this was as near as the divisions of the
fields would admit, unless, indeed, the tenant had gone back a
good many years, and cultivated his farm under greater re-
strictions than the lease imposes. It is proved also that there
was no miscroppJDg and no scourging of any one field on the
farm ; and it further appears from the evidence that, whereas
the tenant was not bound to have grass more than two years
old, he had, during the last three years considerable quantities
of grass three and four years' old. Now, in these circum-
stances, the Lord Ordinary has come to be of opinion, though
he cannot say without difBculty,that there has been sub-
stantial implement of the least. He cannot modify the penalty,
but he can equitably consider whether any penalty has been
incurred or not, according to the fair reading of the instru-
ment. The skilled evidence is all one way. For example, Mr,
Goodlet savs that he thinks there has been no substantial
deviation from the terms of the lease, aud speaking of the last
three years he says : " If you take an average of the three
years, the tenant had 166 acres in such crop. He did not have
it every year, but what he wanted in one year he made up for
JQ another. If you go to the green crop, again, he ought to
have had 83 acres each year in green crofl, but on an average
of the three years he had 97 acres in green crop, so that there
was an excess of li acres in green crop on the whole. That
is not considered bad management. It would have been worse
if it had been li acres of oats or grain crop. Again, he had
in grass in three years altogetlier 160 acres each year on an
average. He was "bound to have had 166 acres, so that he
had a deficiency during the three years of about 18 acres.
The deficiency was in grass, and the excess was in green
crop ; and, according to tlie way in which he was bound to
farm, the one would about make up for the other, so that
practically there was no substantial injury." The other
skilled witnesses speak to the same effect ; and it would be
the hardest possible construction against the tenant to hold
that, while, for example, in 1871 he had 102 acres in old
grass, three aud four years' old, whereas he was only bound
to have 83, he is to be subjected in a penal fine because he
was nine acres short upon the one year's grass to make up
the full quantity of 166 acres. The year 1872 is a more
difficult year, for here there was a deficiency of thirty-six
acres in all, although there were 93 acres of old grass instead
of 83 ; but then in 1873 there was a surplus of 20 acres, so
that on the whole there is only a deficiency of 6 acres per
annum, and much of the grass was three and four years old,
whereas the tenant was only bound to have it two. The
Lord Ordinary thinks that on this point of the question he
is entitled to look to substantial compliance, and if so the
tenant's defence is complete. It is really vain to say that the
tenant was bound to run up temporary fences and have the
fields cultivated in patches. It is proved that this would
have led to great embarrassment aud disconcerted the fair cul-
tivation of the farm. It would have done more injury than 6
acres per annum shortcoming in grass. The total arable
acreage is 415 acres. There is some force in the defender's
plea founded on the discharge for rent. No doubt the laud-
lord's mere silence or not stating objection would not be
enough. But seeing that the penal rent is due year by year,
and was not reserved when the ordinary rent was received
and discharged, each discharge may fairly imply a passing
from the penal claim. This defence was expressly sustained
in Hunter v. Blackwood, 2nd Feb., 1854, 16 D, 441 ; but
perhaps there were syecialities which may found a distinction.
On the whole, the Lord Ordinary thinks that the landlord
has failed to make good his claim. A. G,

THE DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH'S BUCKINGHAM-
SHIRE PROPERTY.— This estate, including tlie Wiuchen-
don farms, was offered at the hammer in London,
when it was bought in for £174,000. The ciiief bidder was
Mr. Lambert, one of the members for the county.

THE LONDON CATTLE MARKETS AND SLAUGS-
TER HOUSES.— At a meeting of the Common Council
the Lord Mayor presiding, the town clerk, Mr. Monckton,
read a communication, addressed by the Lord Mayor
on the 27th of June to Lady Burdett-Coutts, stating
that at a recent meeting of the Common Council con-
siderable discussion arose with reference to the position
and prospects of Columbia Market; and after various
motions had been submitted to the Court, an amend-
ment was agreed to, in effect that, altiiough the Corporation
has an unexpired terra of two years within which to test tlie
possibility of making Columbia Market successful, yet the
Court ftas of opinion that it would be unfair to every interest
concerned, and, therefore, undesirable, for the Corporation to
continue the present experiment without first consulting Lady
Burdett-Coutts as to her wishes with reference to a transfer of
the market to lier ladyship. That being the amendment car-
ried, the Lord Mayor in his letter went on to state that, with
the knowledge of her ladyship's many efforts to promote the
well-being of the inhabitants of the East of London by means
of the market, he had thought it only courteous to herself to
personally be the medium of communicating that resolution to
her, and to ask to be favoured vvith her ladyship's views and
wislies upon the matter, rather than that it should be for-
warded through the ordinary official channel. In reply to that
communication, the Baroness, after acknowledging the Lord
Mayor's politeness and courtesy on the occasion, said the
resolution of the Common Council was conceived in the gener-
ous spirit with which the Corporation, in the first instance,
accepted the market. She understood from the resolution that
the Corporation, prior to any further dealing with tiie market,
oft'ered to restore it to her, if she desired to resume the posses-
sion of it, in the hope that she might be able to carry out her
original plans. Her best thanks, she said, were due both to
the Lord Mayor and the Corporation for the frankness and
courtesy with which they had treated her in making this offer.
Inasmuch, she added, as she still iiad a great liope that she
migiit be able to effect her object, she would follow the exam-
ple set her by the Corporation, and frankly at once accept the
offer of the Corporation to re-transfer the market to her, in
order that she mi^ht make another attempt to carry out suc-
cessfully her original intentions. On the motion of Mr. Rud-
kin, chairman of the Markets' Committee, it was referred
to that committee to make the necessary arrangements
for the re-transfer of the market to Lady Burdett-Coutts.
Ia relation to Farringdon Market, Mr. Rudkin asked to
have the intended site of the new Farringdon Market more
clearly defined than it was at present, in order to obtain
the necessary plans. He added he had made the suggestion
without any intention to raise a difficulty as to the reconstruc-
tion of the market. Mr. Horace Jones, the City architect,
undertook to give tlie necessary information. Mr. Lawley
gave notice of iiis intentiou to move that the resolution as to
the change of site adopted at the last Court be rescinded. On
the motion of Mr. Rudkin, it was resolved that it be an in-
struction to the Cattle Markets' Committee to take prompt
and immediate steps to obtain from Her Majesty's Government
some concession as to the power to utilise surplus space, or a
rectification of charges, with a view to diminish the present
heavy loss o«i the cattle markets. Mr. M'George said he en-
tirely demurred to the policy as stated in the report of the
Committee of letting £17,000 go to the capital accounts in
relation to Deptlord Market. The .Markets' Improvement
Committee submitted tiie fifth annual statement of the clerk
and superintendent of the Metropolitan Meat and Poultry
Market. The total revenue of the market last year amounted
to £51,165, being an increase on tiiat of 1873 of £76. The
amount received in 1870 was £49,850; in 1871, £50,554;
and in 1872, £51,089. While the revenue showed a slight
increase, arising from rental, the total amount of toll (£16,818)
had been slightly less tiian that iu the previous year (£17,116),
but that was probably owing to exceptional circumstances
affecting the supply of meat sent to the market during the
year. A sum of £8,082 had been paid during the year by
the railway companies in respect of the rent of the substruc-
ture of the market. The total weight of meat upon which
tolls were paid last year was 151,366 tons. The country meat
sent to the market amounted to 83,980 tons, and the town
and foreign meat to 67,965 tons. The number of loads
weighed was 91,561 ; the average quantity of meat brought
into the market weekly was 2,911 tons, and daily 490 tons ;

THE FARMEE'S MAGAZINE.

153

the minimum delivery in any one day was 190 tons, and the
maximum, being tlie highest since the opening of tlie market,
1,095 tons. There was a balance to the good of £6,136, but
tliat result was lor tlie most part due to tlie paym nt of rent
after seven years' delay by the railway companies. Mr.
Fricker, chairman of the Cattle Markets' Committee, brought
up a report from tliem, recommeudiug that tliey should be
authorised to construct from time to time, as might be reijuired,
20 additional slaugliter-houses I'pon ground on the east side
of the market, in oopenhagen-fields, contiguous to the Great
Morthern Railway, at an expense not exceeding £26,000,
and to let tlie sHrae upon lease for 7, l4, or 21 jears,
at rents varying with the size. In moving its adoption, lie
said the Court would remember tliat by the Act of 1814 ail
private slaughter- liouses would become illegal after the end
of this year. There might be some attempt to extead the

time of the operation of the Act, and also to continue, with
some restrictions, private slaughter-houses in the suburban
districts ; but, however that might be, there could be no
doubt that the authorities would insist on their being f-losed
in the crowded streets of the metropolis. There were upwards
of 1,500 slaughter-houses in Loudon, but ouly 28 in the
( ity, most of which were in Highrstreet, Aldgate. He con-
tended that private slaughter-houses were a nuisance, and
detrimental to the public healt i, and he thought, therefore,
that it behoved the Corporation to take some steps in tiie
matter, and to provide snitable aocommodation for slaughter-
ing in tlie vicinity of their cattle market. He then explained
the plans for the construction of the slaiigliter-1 ouses, and
estimated the annual income from them at nearly £2,000.
Upon the motion of Mr. Bone the debate was adjourned.

THE MISAPPLICATION OF POOR-LAW RELIEF.

Just forty years ago there was a great reform in the adminis-
tration of the English poor-law. It had been shown by a most
careful investigation that the former system of administration
was pernicious, that it lessened wages, that it demoralised the
recipient, and that it pauperised the poor ratepayers. The
time was one of sufferiu; and anxiety ; a great alarm was felt,
and a vigorous struggle was made to resist the evil. And for
a time the amendment was remarkable. All the worst evils were
lessened aud a corresponding good produced. The authors of
the, reform hoped that it would be permanent. But, unhappily,
since then our prosperity has been great aud our fears have been
lulled, and in consequence the worst practices of the old law
have revived upon us with a rapidity and in an intensity which
few are aware of. An elaborate report on the system of poor-
law relief in the southern counties (by Mr. Woodhouse, a poor-
law inspector) has justbeeii published by the Local Governmeut
Board, aud its contents will disliearten our older readers, who
remember former efforts, and who have little idea how far their
beneficial results iiave passed away. The habit of very general,
if not of imiiscriminate, outdoor relief — the practice formerly
most condemned, and that which was thought to have least to
say for itself — has ajrain fixed itself over a wide area and in
great magnitude. The poor-law inspector tells us " that the
workhouse," the legal alternative to illegal outdoor relief, " is
no longer offered." "That the workhouse, however, is not
offered so frequently as it ought to be, I am convinced not only
by the statistics relating to the number of indoor and outdoor
paupers, but from my own personal observation of the proceed-
ings of the guardians in this respect, and from the inquiries
which I have made upon tlie subject. It has been stated that
the outdoor paupers throughout England are to the indoor in
tlie proportion of eight to one. In many of the unions, how-
ever, which I visited the preponderance of persons in receipt
of out relief over those maintained in the workhouse is far
greater. Thus, to take the three unions, which in the first
week of February, 1871, exhibited the highest rate of pauperism
in the county of Devonshire — viz., Tiverton, Axminster, aud
lloniton : In the Tiverton Union at that date the percentage
of pauperism upou the population according to the census of
1861, was 8-5 per cent., in Axminster 81 per cent., and in
lloniton 8 2 per cent. In the Tiverton Union there were on
the last day of that week 111 paupers in the workhouse and
2,511 in receipt ot out relief; in the Axmiuister Union there
were 115 in the house and 1,518 receiving out relief ; and in
the lloniton Union the numbers were 90 indoor, against 1,780
outdoor paupers. In the Axminster Union, therefore, less than
8 per cent, of the pauperism was at that date relieved in the
workhouse, and in the Tivertou and Koniton Unions less than
5 per cent. Again, taking the expenditure in these unions for
tlie year ended at Lady-day, 1869, I find that out of every £100
expended upon the relief of the poor during that year, ±'85 in
the Axminster Union, £92 in the Tivertou Union, and £93 in
the Honiton Union were speut upon out relief. The presump-
tion raised by these statistics, that the workhouse test is not
used so frequently as it ought to be, was further confirmed by
my own observation and the information I received on the sub-
ject, not only in the unions which I have mentioned, hut in a
very large number of those which I visited. In some unions
the guardians acknowledged that although relief in the work-

house only was offered to persons of known bad character, ye
the house was not often made use of as a test of destitution'
and in many others in which the guardians professed to apply
the workhouse test for this purpose it appeared to me from my
own observation of the cases disposed of on the day of my visit
that out. relief was granted in many cases in which the work-
house might properly have been offered. At Yeovil the chair-
man, who had been a guardian for thirty-four years, informed
me that in the union tlie workhouse test was not applied nearly
so frequently as was formerly the case. At Plymouth I ascer-
tained that during the six months preceding my visit out of
about 600 cases disposed of by the guardians in oc-e relief
district, orders for admission into the workhouse were given in
fifteen cases upon the application of the paupers, while the
guardians offered the workhouse as a test in eleven otlier cases,
in not one of which was it accepted." Yet the bad cousequeuces
of this system are just now what they were formerly. First, it
enables the worst class of employers to obtain labour at a much
less price than they otherwise would. Mr. Longley, a local
Government inspector, who has reported very ably on Poor-
law administration in London, tells us of a case " which oc-
curred in his presence." "A widow, who applied for a renewal
of out-relief, stated that her occupation was to clean an office
in which she lived rent free, though she received no wages for
her work. The relieving othcer told the guardian?, as indeed
was evident, that ' her relief paid her wages,' and that ' if it
were discontinued her employer must pay her.' The relief,
however, was renewed." Secondly, it reduces most the wages
of the poorest and those who can least bear reduction. The
same authority tells us of a case where " a chairman of a board
of guardians, addressing a widow with two children applying
for renewal of relief, said, 'If you can't earn enough to keep
you with what we give you, you must come iuto the workhouse,
ice doiCt profess to <jice enouyli to leep yov out of the work-
house.' In another case the view of the guardians was thus
frankly explained to me by one of their number : ' Relief in
aid is our principle for out-relief, we can ouly give adequate
relief in the workhouse.'" Naturally it is female labour, and
the less efficient kinds of male labour, which are exposed to this
system. Strong artisans do not ask for it or thiuk of it ; and
the consequence on the class affected, we are told, may be
judged of by the following typical case : "A woman states that
she earns from 3s. to 4s. per week, and that she pays 2s. 6d. a
week in rent ; the weekly relief awarded her, by way compro-
mise, will be Is. 6d. or 2s., and a loaf of bread, upon which
together with the balance of her earnings, it is all but impos-
sible that she can exist." The system fastens on the kind of
labour now worst paid, and prevents it from receiving more
than the minimum which will support life. Thirdly, we thus
encourage thriftlessness aud improvidence in ways too obvious
to point out at length. Fourthly, it pauperises the poorer
ratepayer, for in the end it leads to an expense which he can-
not defray. There is indeed an idea that outdoor relief saves
money, and there would be an augmented cost if the law were
strictly enforced, and if the ablebodied poor were required to
go into the workhouse. But Mr. Woodhouse tells us from his
experience : "As regards the argument which proceeds upon
the ground of economy, I believe that its fallacy may be very
readily shown by a simple arithmetical process. This argument

164

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

etated in its simplest form, is as follows : A family applies for
relief; if they are given out-relief to the amount of four shil-
lings a week, they will be satisfied ; if they come into the
workhouse, their maintenance will cost ten shillings a week.
The economists therefore argue, that hy giving out-relief they
will save six shilliDgs a week. Now ihe very same guardians,
who have used this argument, have frequently acknowledged
to me, that when tlie workhouse lest is oflered, it is not accepted
in more than one case out of ten. By oifering the workhouse
then in ten such cases the guardians would indeed lose six shillings
a week in the one case in wiiioii it was ancepted, but in eauh
of tlie reraiiiiing nine cases tliey would save four shillings, so
that their total gain upon tlie ten cases would amount to thirty
eliillings a week. 1 believe, however, that transparent as the
fallacy is, this mistaken notion of economy lies at the root of a
large proportion of the out-relief at present given throughout
the country, and that if the guardians were generally convinced
of the fallacy of the argument employed, they would be more
willing than they are at present to make a proper application
of the workhouse test." In fact, there is a possibility that the
due administration of the law may produce a large augmenta-
tion of cost, and therefore the guardians will not risk it, though
they know that this large augmentation is most improbable,
and that general out-door relief is sure to cause much outlay.
They fear the possibility of the larger expenditure, hut they do
not fear to incur the lesser, though its ett'ect is certain, and in
the long run it becomes far more. A commercial firm thus
managed would vjry soon have to be wound up. We fear that
in rural districts the Union Chargeability iiill is not working
well. Mr. Woodhouse repoits on this as follows: "There
cannot in the first place fail to be instances in which a guardian,
well acquainted with the circumstances of some case from his
own parish, is tempted to divest himself of his judicial character
as a member of the board, and, assuming that of an advocate
of the applicant, to urge some relaxation of the mode in which
the guardians would, under ordinary circumstances, deal with
the case. His brother guardians are, in the absence of the
pauper, unable to support their own views by questioning him,
and ascertaining his condition for themselves, and being com-
pelled to rely solely upon the report of the relieving oflicer,
and the opinion which has been expressed by the guardian of
the parish, give way against their better judgment, and assent
to the relief which he has proposed. Tiie guardian, whose
views have thus been adopted, is naturally willing to assent to
the wishes of each of his brother guardians in turn under simi-
lar circumstances, and thus, without being consciously actuated
by any improper motives. Boards of Guardians are constantly
led to depart in practice from what they would in theory
acknowledge to be sound principles of poor-law aduiinistration.
At a meeting of a Board of Guardians, which I attended in an
agricultural union in the West of England, I took occasion to
call their attention to the exceptionally high rate of pauperism
which prevailed in their union, and to several points which
appeared to me objectionable in their mode of administering
relief. A large number of guardians were present, and in the
course of the discussion which ensued, one member of the board
stated it as his belief that the large majority of the guardians
agreed individually with what I had said, and were prepared to
assent to the principles which I had endeavoured to enforce,
' but somehow,' he added, ' when we come to act as a board, we
don't carry them out.' None of the other guardians expressed
any dissent from this statement, and I have no reason to doubt
that it was correct." In former times the paupers of each
parish were chargeable on that parish only, and then the guar-
dian for that parish who knew them applied all his mind and
all his knowledge to prove that they ought not to come upon
the rates ; but now the charge of the paupers is distributed over
the whole union, so that each guardian only thinks of getting
the people of his own parish helped in the way they most wish
to be helped, and in ao burdening the funds of the whole union,
the representative of each parish aids all the others. The
only comfort which these reports give us is that the magnitude
of the evil seems in some places to be working its own cure.
People are beginuing to be alarmed at it, and to take steps to
lessen if not remove it. In some parts of London a consider-
able reform has already been effected. By taking advantage
of a fairly, though not extraordinarily favourable movement,
the guardians of a single union at the East End have reduced
the number of paupers receiving out-of-door relief in the follow-
ing extraordinary manner:

Numbers in Receipt of Out Relief.
1st week August, 1872 2,584

— 1873 1,366

Decrease 1,218

or 47 per cent. And in spite of this great reduction in the
number receiving outdoor relief, the addition to the number
receiving indoor relief was very trifling.

Numbers in the Workhouse.
1st week August, 1872 720

— 1873 808

Increase 88

which is not to be considered in comparison.

And the effect on the cost of relief has been equally satis-
factory :

£ s. d.
lu 1st week of August, 1872, the cost of

outdoor relief was 164 13 10

— 1873 90 16 10

Reduction 73 17 0

And in the same period the 88 additional
inmates of the workhouse only coat.. 18 G 8

Leaving a net gain ou the week of 55 11 2

or 33^ per cent.

If so much can be done by care and watchfulness at the East
End of Loudon, where there are many poor and few resident
rich to attend to them, surely more might be done in such
districts as the West End, where the rich are comparatively
many,or in the rural districts, where the poor are comparatively
few. — The Economist.

RIPON AND CLARO AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.—
At the show In Id at Ripon, the only class in which
there is a falling off is Shorthorns, several of the most noted
exhibitors being absent. A special prize of £10 for the best
bull of two years and upwards was gained by Mr. William
Linton, Sheriff Hutton, York, witii Sir Arthur Ingram; and
the second by Bismarc, another animal of Booth blood, the
property of Mr. George Yeats, Studley. In Shorthorn cows
and heifers a special prize of £5, given by Mrs. Staively, was
gained by Lady Louisa, a white animal, of three years and six
months, the pro[)erly of Mr. T. II. Hutchinson, Manor House,
Catterick ; and in the same class, Dairy Girl, a roan the
property of Mr. Hutchinson, was second. For the best heifer,
in-calk or milk, under three years, and for the be^t heifer above
one and under two years, Mr. Ilutcliinson also stood first with
two roans. Lady Playful and Wild Cherry. In the classes for
cattle of any breed, or a cross, dairy cows were a fine class, so
much so, indeed, that the judges commended the whole lot.
Among the horses animals for agricultural purposes showed a
great improvement on former years. Much greater attention
appears to have been given to the breeding of these horses, and
one of the judges considered those exhibited as one hundred per
eeiit. better than those shown on previous occasions. The
two and three-year-olds formed the most noted classes. A
prize of £10, for the best hunting gelding or mare of any age,
was gained by Jester, the property of Mr. T. H. Hutchinson ;
and a special prize of £lO, for the best four- vcar-old gelding or
filly for hunting, by Amontillado, the property of Mr. T. II.
Foden, Giveudale Grange. The judges were — For horses :
T. B. Coltou, Newark. E. Hall, Barton, Darlington ; J.
Jolmsoii, Brigliam, Hull ; and G. Cooper, VYooUey, AVake-
field. Cattle: R. Botterill, Wauldby, B rough ; and T.
Wetherill, Clayp-ith, Durham. Sheep aud pigs: T. Stamper,
Highfield, Oswaldkirk; and C. Wright, Oglethorpe Hall,
Tadcasler.

IRISH CATTLE IN SCOTLAND.— So long as the sur-
plus store cattle of Ireland come so unrestrictedly over to
England and Scotland, the endeavours of local authorities to
extinguish the disease are not likely to be crowned with suc-
cess. Unless uniform and stringent measures are adopted on
both sides of the Irish Channel, a clean bill of health will be
difficult, if not impossible, to obtain. It is within the mark
to say that about 90 per cent, of the Scotch outbreaks are
more or le.«s directly traceable to the importation of Irish
ta\i\i:— The North British Ayriculturist.

^rHE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

ni

THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY 0^ ENGLAND.

MEETING AT BEDFORD.

Bedford is a circular course ; a dead fnt and gnnd
turf, about two miles from the toivn—^o runs the otiicial
description as taken from the pages of Weatherby. But
Bedford race-course has now been turned to other uses :
it is just eighty years since a Duke of Bedford gave a
fifty-pound plate for three-year-olds, which has been con-
tinued up to the present time by his successors at VVoburn
Abbey. The new Duke, however, has determined to
withhold this annual grant, and the \utumn meeting as
something of a cousequeace has fallen through. The
very stand has been converted into a show manufac-
tory, and the local sportsmen who were wont to do battle
here for hunters' stakes and farmers' cups have turned
their thoughts, like the course itself, into another channel.
A Magniac shows a Shorthorn heifer, a Purser a Shire
filly, and the Queen's Plate, for which there can be now
no call over the alloted three miles, should be transferred
to the horse-ring.

As we were enabled to intimate from the ground in our
last paper, the number of entries is in some marked excess
of the head of stock actually sent on to the show. Indeed,
in some of the sections, or more especially amongst the
pigs, a large proportion of the pens were vacant ; as, if we
are to believe all we hear, the Royal pig competition is
for a variety of reasons a feature which is fast growing
into a disgrace to the meeting. No needy " leg" ever
played such tricks on Bedford race-course as were played
during the past week, and if the Council will hold its own
it must not be content with periodical disqualifications,
but at once institute an inquiry with a view to the more
thorough reform of au abuse of which everybody but the
direction would appear to be cognisant.

Still, in other places the front offered from the first
was not a very bold one ; and, as we stated last week,
the Herefords aud Devons are a short show, as also are
the Sussex ; while the Eastern Counties' red polls, despite
the spurt of the new Herd Book, do not not mark
ii.uch advance in the show-ring. Considering the
recognised worth for " general purposes" of the
Hereford, the demonstration was at most but moderate,
the competition, on an average, not exceeding six or seven
in a class, with much of " the quality" but a twice-told
tale after Bristol. Thus, Winter-de-Cote, Von IMoltke
2nd, King of the Dale, Tredegar, Sunflower, Rosaline,
Lady Stanton, and Verbena stood prominently on the prize-
list as they previously had done, although occasionally
with some little revision. The most noticeable and, to
our thinking, the least justifiable of these changes was
now placing the low, lengthy, and charming Sunflower
below her companion Rosaline ; while the well-known
Lady Milton separates the Glamorganshire pair. This
may be perhaps best explained by the fact that Sunflower
has calved since Bristol, and so, what with her travels
and travail, has naturally lost some of her bloom ; but for
fine, true cow character Sunflower is still the best of her
class. The tendency is to go too much for mere flesh in
a show Hereford, as this was very marked amongst the
bulls, some of whom, with the winner Winter-de-Cote
amongst them, looked to have fed and thrived beyond any
very active service. Old Bachelor, short of coat but
otherwise wearing well, again, got into position amongst
the all-aged bulls ; but the class only ran to four all told,
as the other prize was but a foil in such company. The
second Moltke has already quite gone behind, and Kiug
of the Dale is growing into a plain but useful bull ; while

the third from Usk way is of nice quality, au' Mr. Taylor's
best yearling, with a deal of liberty, out promises to make
more mark in the ring, if in the interim they do not kill
him with kindness. Saving the second, the class was not
very strong, but there were two or three smart things
amongst the bnll-calves beginning again with the stylish
" breedy" Regulator. There was only one two-year-old
heifer sent, and she won as previously, main!'-' from want
of competition ; as with Mr. James not li the entry,
Mr. Philip Turner's brace of yearlings foILoiced each other
as in the West ; but we again sought in vain the Leea
beauties. Exquisite and Satellite, and anywhere the show
of Herefords in the Midlands was not so good as it
should have been when we remember how the steers
thrive in the Shires.

The Devons furnished a decidedly more insipi-d exhibi-
tion, as they have lost the master mind at Flitton Barton,
and the repute of the once famous North Devon has clearly
fled from the home county, by which in eight classes only
one first prize was retained. ^Ir. Farthing, in fact, occa-
sionally against the scantiest opposition, did very much as
he pleased, as he was first in the four bull classes, and
first and second for two-year-old h-;ifers. Master Harry
and Robin and Kingcraft, aud the Davy Dukes are
household words over whose merits or doings we do not care
to tell thrice-told tales ; nor are the Dorsetshire Pictures
nor the Buckinghamshire Roses hardly less known about ;
but any such repetition was relieved in the commended
class of yearling heifers, where Mr. Perry from Lewdown
won with a particularly neat one of his own breeding.
Her Majesty, Lord Falmouth, and a Moss Rose giving
emphasis to such a victory. The heifer calves were also
generally commended, with the Bristol first still first,
but with Mr. Smith exhibiting another Picture as the
second prize. In the companion class the Stowey Dis-
raeli, very promising and blood-like, was the youngest
calf in the class, beating the best of Pristol ; and no
question amongst the younger auimals there was a much-
needed infusion of new blood, which did something to
relieve the Bedford show of Devons of a certain tame-
ness and sameness consequent on encountering a/i??<; ani-
mals over and over again :

Now Munster beat Worcester —
Now Worcester got first, sir.

The Sussex entry was not so strong as it should have
been, an occasional miss or jump in the catalogue showing
that some exhibitors were already satisfied : the best cow
at Bristol was not shown, and the Stanford's cow which
beat her at Reading, was here only highly commended,
the winner cropping up in old CoUey. Then, the best
bull at Bristol was now merely the reserve, without even
a commendation, and the then second was here first, and
so forth ; the two " odd" judges only holding to the
previous line over the heifers, where they again placed
Auburn first and the Heasman's Marie Stuart second ; as
of Bristol we thus wrote: "the champion of the
Sussex was Mr. Agate's level, blood-like, and really
handsome two-year-old, the first yearling at Plymouth,
and surely something of a model to in)prove by" ; as
since then Auburn has been the only Sussex which has
kept her lead on the showground, so that the title ot
Champion was not much out of place. If Mr. Pitcher
represented the red horns Mr. Overman took his nomi-
nation for the red polls, of which in all there were about
twenty exhibited, with the competition mainly coming

L

156

tTHE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

from Norfolk aad all tlie prizes coufined to that county.
Drawn from their standings to a hole-and-corner ring,
which few people ever found, or tried to find, the public
appraisement of this breed of stock created little or no
interest, if we except only amongst the exhibitors them-
selves or their stewards. In truth, with a keen instinct
as to popular tastes, the directors so mapped out the
ground that the Herefords, the Devons, the Sussex, and
the red polls were all put into the shade, while the Short-
horns and the Jerseys took up their positions on the very
highway which stretched across the course from the en-
trance to the horse-ring.

Still fashionable as is the Shorthorn, it is certainly rc-
rnarkablehow carefully themorefashionableherdskeep clear
sf the showground. Mr. Booth has retired, and Colonel
Gunter has retired ; how long is it since that Grand
Duchess was exhibited? and, although Lord Dunmore
did once show a heifer or two, his lordship's experience
in this way seems to have agreed pretty much with that
of the man who was married, who thereon declared that
he would never do so any more. There are highly-bred
animals led into the ring no question, but the stranger
who expected to find here anything of the two or three-
thousand-guineas sample would have looked in vain alike
through the prize list or the catalogue. Mr. Booth was
about the last of the great herd-owners to withdraw, and
since then it is only fair to say that we have never seen a Lady
Fragrant. Nevertheless, orratherasthe very legitimate con-
sequence of great sales and great shows, the improvement,
as tested by pedigree, has gradually become very manifest
at these annual expositions, for blood is now as essential
in a Shorthorn as in a race-horse; and, morever, he
must show much of this iu his frame, air, and character.
So well, then, did the show of this famous breed open at
Bedford that the judges were enabled to generally com-
mend the class of old bulls, which included such well-
known animals as Telemachus, Lord Irwin, the Earl of
Warwickshire, Duke of Aosta, Duke of Wetherby 7th,
Leeman and Protector. It took a deal of time to get
through the fourteen or fifteen bulls thus paraded,
although from the first the race seemed to be between
three or four. Of these, the young bull Aosta was much
liked, as he has gone on famously, aud if not perfect
over his quarters, has a good, high-bred bull's look
about him, backed by a capital touch. The Knight
Templar also showed well, and Leeman, despite the way
in which he is occasionally put aside, is an animal of
some " presence," with really useful quality. The judges,
however, went for their first prize to another of Mr.
Linton's breeding — the white Lord Irwin, a wreck of
what he was ; all odds-and-ends, short in his coat, aud
sadly lacking style and nobility in his appearaace. At five
years old he never looked worse ; whereas at six years
old Telemachus has seldom looked better, having now
quite recovered from his illness, and showing to far more
advantage than he did at Hull. In fact, as a true-framed,
really handsome bull, not over-marked, Telemachus is
just now something of a model Shorthorn, and the judges
accordingly put Lord Irwin before him ! The white may
overshadow the roan in mere size — but that is not much
of " a point," in a bull — or ragged, rusty, and lathy be
thought more fit for use ; but by any proper comparison
between two animals it was as unseemly and as unpopular a
decision as ever was announced. Telemachus first and
the Duke of Aosta second would have been a deal better
received. Of the fourth-prize Protector we said when
he won so unexpectedly at Bristol that " in or out we
seldom saw a bull show himself worse -. he has a dreaiy,
hang. dog look on parade, and stands as ungainly as can
be in his stall. Indeed, he lacks not only style but
masculine bearing, and is just a good bit of beef with a
broad back and finish quarters, but mean and drooping

forward.." It is doubtfu whether Protector had really
any claim to stand as high as he did at Bedford; but then
one of the Bristol judges came on with him.

The two-year-old Shorthorn bulls were a moderate lot,
with a number of plain animals in the class, and nothing
very extraordinary iu the way of contrast. As showy a
bull bull as any out was the third prize, Oxford Cheer-
boy, of good length, and with a certain smartness of carriage
nicely set-off by great liberty of action, which every
animal ought to have. The winner. Sir Arthur Ingram ,
has improved since we first saw him this season, and has
a more comely look, but he will never be a very taking
bull, and his quality is still his chief merit. The third,
housed at Panton, but bred at Aylesby threatens to
grow coarse, especially about hit head and horn; but
there was not much more to pick and choose from. The
yearlings, running up in the entry to close upon thirty,
were far better, headed as they were by the bull of his
year, Lord Godolphin, who had profited much by his few
days' rest at Biddenham, and came out again quite fresh,
so that his place was a foregone conclusion. He is a
very charming, if rather airy bull, but all over a gentle-
man, to whom the useful Prince Rupert finished but a
moderate second, although he fairly beat Rapid Rhone,
put above him at Bristol, when we questioned the sound-
ness of the decision. In truth Lady Pigot's young bull
is already growing so faulty that his right even to third-
best was disputed by one of Mr. George Game's breed
which was making its mark here and there at Bedford.
This class was remarkable in one way for the number of
yearling bulls bred in or on the borders of the county :
by Mr. Fowler at Henlow, Mr. Barnett at Stratton,
Mr. Wythes at Ravensdeu, and Mr. Sartoris at Rushden ;
but the Bedfordshire Shorthorns could do nothing at
Bedford. A large class of bull-calves will probably do a
deal more harm than good, as showing calves ranks
very much with running two-year-olds ; for though a
few may wear through the process far more are ruined
in the preparation. Colonel Lindsay's Lord Ruckville,
as at Bristol, was still the prize baby, against stronger
competition.

In consequence of Victoria Victrix not having had a
calf within the twelve months, she was disqualified,
although due to calve in a few weeks ; and thus any further
contest betweeu her and Vivandiere stands adjourned to
the All- Yorkshire show at Sheffield. A deal of the interest
in the cow class further evaporated, by the many entries
absent, Mr. Foljambe "scratching" his nominations;
although Mr. Outhwaite had still to encounter a number
of not quite first-class animals like Her Majesty's Cold
Cream, Lord Exeter's Moll Gwyune, Mr. Hutchinson's
entries, and one or two more from the Strattons. The
second best, however, turned up in a pretty milking
kind of cow, but getting Jgaudy behind, from Mr.
George Game's herd ; with another nice dappled roan
bred by Mr. Hutchinson for third, the white from
Catterick being too big to travel far. On the whole, it
was a still a comparatively large rather than a particularly
good class of Shorthorn cows.

" In the heifer class. Lady Pigot's red heifer, the famous
Rose of Wytham, has been overdone, and, as she
threatened last season, is now showing coarse, steery, and
lumpy ; so that she was weU beaten by Messrs. Hosken's
white, a straight symmetrical Oxford, showing rather
light and lathy from having been a deal about of late, first
at Barnstable in one week, and not only first again but
the champion cow or heifer at St. Austell in the week
following, and that immediately preceding Bristol. At
Barnstaple our report, written by an accomplished Short-
horn breeder, declared that ' in the heifers not exceeding
three years old Messrs. Hosken exhibited a perfect gem —
thick, mellow, tubular, and worthy of competitioa

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

157

anywhere;' as agaiu, our special correspondent at St.
Austell, another Shorthorn breeder, said ' Moss Rose
takes the cup as the best female in any class of cattle, and
a charming heifer she is.' So that she goes on to ]5edford
with acharacter, not merely from about home, as she also
beat here Baroness Conyers, the third prize to the Rose of
Wytham at Hull, aud now growing into quite a grand heifer,
with a fine straight top, as considered by many the best of
the class, which included two or three more smart things."
It was thus that we wrote at Bristol amcnth or so since,
and now the highly-commended heifer is placed first, and
the then first only highly-commended ; another example
of JMr. Aylmer's inconsequential impartiality, as he did
not appear to be making any great stand for the white at
Bedford. With more scale Baroness Conyers was per-
haps properly preferred to the Cornwall !Moss Rose, but
that so elegant a heifer as the white can be beaten again,
just for size and coarseness, by the third or fourth prizes
here, we do not believe; nor is there much to fancy in the
flashy Irish heifer put second. If they all go on as they
are going now, the tiansplanted Mosb Rose will have her
revenge, and yet do something for Bedfordshire.

Amongst the yearlings another Wytham was put out in
favour of Lord Sudeley's improving Seraphina,
although neither of these nor IMr. Staffer's Moss Rose
could make any stand agaiust the Dorset Queen ilary, by
Grand Duke of Oxford (28763), out of Queen Anne, by
Lord Stanley 2ad (26745), still the champion Shorthorn
of the time, if, as with the Sussex, a somewhat peculiar
title for a heifer to maintain. There were two or three
well-merited commendations in the class, but these were
nothing to an animal which has already beaten Telemachus,
Vivandiere, Victoria Victrix, Lord Godolphiu, and Baroness
Conyers on their merits. The heifer-calves have been
put about again with incousequential impartiality ; but
it is a significant sign that but few herds of any great
eminence are represented here ; and, as at Bristol, we
question whether the lot will prove worth much hereafter.
Colonel Lloyd Lindsay, however, holds these two small
trumps — the best bull-calf and the best heifer-calf — iu
his hand.

Last year, and if we remember aright for some years
previously, " the cattle of any breed" were specified to
be cows and heifers " forbreeding and milking purposes;"
but the conditions have now been revised to cows and
heifers " not eligible for entry in any Herd Book." W^e
cannot say that this altei-ation is on the face of it an im-
provement, but rather an innovation opposed to the first
principles of the Society. Cattle without pure pedigrees
or mere crosses should not be recognised at our great
national breeding show, where in any such extra classes
the aim should be, as it was originally so intended, to
encourage or to direct more attention to the development
of milk-producing properties. With no snch instructions
the levelest-looking or best got-up win, and all the prizes
in the two classes went to Shorthorns, some with high-
sounding pedigrees attached to their names ; whilst
amongst the others opposed to this breed were
crosses, Ayrshires, a Kerry, and a Jersey. It would be
instructive to hear the grounds upon which the judges—
the two odd men — arrived at the conclusions they did,
aud whether they took milk into much account ? There
is quite a sufficiency of beefy cows and heifers amongst the
several breeds as so arranged, and these extras under the
new arrangement are labouring under a mistake. Such
classes would seem to have no purpose whatever, unless it
be the inducement to drop half a pedigree or to substitute
a pure-bred for a cross-bred. On the turf nothing ever
led to the practice of so much petty roguery as cocktail
racing, or, in other words, the introduction of stakes
for horses not thorough-bred.

"There ib a great entry of Alderneys," as we reported

from the ground on Monday last ; as, in fact, for
numerical strength the Jerseys are far away before the
Devoas or Sussex, as they count up to more than
even the Herefords, although competing only iu three
classes agaiust eight of the " established breeds. "
The merit, moreover, is proportionately great, as was
demonstrated not only by the many proved good animals
iu the ring, but by the prizes going occasionally clean
away from such famous herds as those of Messrs. Gilby,
Simpson, Digby, aud others. Thus, in the bull class the
best of all was declared to he a grey two-year-old from the
neighbouring herd at Luton Hoo, but island-bred, as by
the best bull in all Jersey of a season or two since ; and
Fitz-Yankee looks his lineage, being full of style and
courage. The second prize is of Mr. Simpson's sort, from
which herd the well-known Crocus was placed third; but
amongst the heifers Mr. Leigh again came to the front
with a fawn, bred at the Hoo, very ladylike, straight, and
taking, while Duchess was the preferred of Mr. Gilby's
team, the judges further holding much to their reserve, Lord
Braybrooke's Flame, the heifer of which we spoke so
highly when she came out the other day at Stratford.
Messrs. Simpson and Middletoa were here doing their
best, although the great show of Jerseys, the best
perhaps ever seen iu this country, was that of the
cows, which was so good that it might have been
reasonably and fairly commended. There was almost
everything iu it but old Milkmaid, which Mr. Gilby had
entered amongst the other breeds, though he was still strong
enough to take first and second in " the best of all good
company ;" as the prize list will tell of Duchess, Medora,
Tal, and Pretty Maid, further backed by the reserve, Mr.
Morton Shaw's grandly-framed old cow, quite in show
form, and, if anything, goiug too much to beef. The
entry ran up to twenty -five, with Mr. Leigh, Lord Ches-
ham, Mr. Ramsden, and Lord Braybrook here making no
mark. The decisions, it must be said, created a deal of
discussion, while the judges themselves will make a
formal protest through their report to the objectionable
practice of " shocking" the co^vs' udders, of which there
were many cases at Bedford. There was, however, no
colouring amongst the Guernseys, of which Mr. Watson
was the only exhibitor, Lord Vernon's capital Jersey
bull having been entered by mistake as a Guernsey ; or
against his own breed Billy might have done something.
With many Jersey fanciers springing up, Mr. Gilby
would be still much missed, although his herd may be
dispersed should he leave Stanstead, as is now threatened.
Admirably arranged were the shedding for the horses
and the three rings for judging and showing off their
paces, while nothing could be in better taste than the
stand, which was open from end to end at the same fee
to the " dook" and the " mock dook." And this went a
great way in making this part of the show so much more
pleasant than dull, as when people are penned off like other
breeds, which at an agricultural show, where landlord and
a distinctive tenant are supposed to meet in friendly
competition for the good cause, is almost as ridiculous as
the introduction of caste into a cemetery. Great credit is
due to the two Centaurs, Messrs. Leeds and Milward, for
the manner in which they performed their onerous duties ;
but still we think the Rojalists ought to set an example
to other shows, as they need it, by fining the owners of
skulking grooms who shuffle out of the parade : while
one steward could not resist a practical exhibition of
his sense of the ridiculous, by actually jumping up
behind Mr. C. Wilson when on his grey cob, which, with
two to one on him, cantered round the ring! The
melodious strains of the Arcadian nightingales, assisted
by the mules, seemed to be the call of the roll, for during
their trumpetings the thorough-bred, roadster and agricul-
tural stallions marched into separate rings. The entry of

158

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

horses was one of the largest the Society has ever had,
numbering 404 ; but of these there were several absentees,
and we think the 384 at Manchester in 1869 abetter
show at least of thorough-bred stallions and hunters.

In fact, the thorough-bred stallions and hunters have
fallen away, and we do not wonder at it, for as a rule the
judges, like greedy little boys among the tarts, pounce
upon the largest, and the owners of the right sort get
disgusted ; while tip-top hunters, well known in the
Midlands and Yorkshire, have not stood a chance with
some sleek, fed-up, heavy machiner, or gay, peacocky
flatcatchers, which never did a day's work or saw a fence,
because the tried good ones may have had a scar or two, or
showed the effects of work, or thorns in the legs. If this
is the way to encourage the right sort, we might as well
choose our commander-in-chief by weight, and make
generals of every man-milliner, so as to induce men of spirit
to enter the army — or rather to keep out of it. There were
seven thorough-bred staillions — viz., Christmas Carol,
twelveyears old,byEataplauoutof Mistletoe,by Melbourne,
a deep compact-made horse, whose grand quarters, great
thighs, and beautifully-placed hind legs almost make up for
a tendency to take after his sire in the shoulders ; but he
went fumbling to what he did at Cardiff, where he was
second, as he was also to Gladiateur when nine-and-tweuty
started for the Derby, where he struck us as a remark-
ably nice stout-built horse. If Laughing Stock, by
Stockwell out of Gaiety by Touchstone, had quarters,
thighs, and hocks like Christmas Carol, and as well placed,
with deep well-laid shoulders instead of short Touchstone
ones, and his sternum below the elbow instead of above
it, with longer arms and shorter cannon-bones — and if he
struck out from the shoulder instead of that up-and-down
pump-handle business which comes so natural to short-armed
horses,-— we might fall in love with him as a
hunter stallion. Citadel, by Stockwell out of Sortie,
is a great horse, but too long in the back
while Masinissa, a nice-sized nag by the Plying Dutch-
man, out of Calpurnia by Ion, was preferred to him by
some judges from a county which has gained greater
fame for calves than horses. King John by Kingston,
out of Dinah, by Clarion, is very handsome, and free
from lumber, with capital loins. He looks like a gentle-
man, and when four years old was as gay a stepper as we
ever saw. Some judges who have acted in the ring
woild have put him first, but it would take a side of the
paper to put down the different opinions. Stockdale, by
Stockwell, out of Hesse Homburg, by Robert de Gorham,
and Thunderer, by Thunderbolt, out of Homily by Sur-
plice, are not likely to increase their owners' store in the
show ring ; though still, we remember Laughing Stock as
leggy as the chesnut, but Thunderer has not the flash, flat-
catching, pump-handle action which may be attained
with a lunging rein, sand-bags on the feet, and logs of
timber placed three feet apart. Lessons daily ! In a good
class of hunting brood mares, the well-known prize mare.
Lady Derwent, took first honours, seconded by Lady
Line, which was not so great a favourite with us as The
"Wren, well known in Lincolnshire, or Mr. Spraggon's
Jess. Mr. Horrocks Miller's Flora is a nice mare ; and the
well known Go-ahead as a prize mare was also among
the lot, but she has seen her day in the ring. The two-
year-old hunting fillies were not grand, and we preferred
the second to the first. Tom King, in a little better class,
is a good looking two-year-old gelding by Dalesman ; and
Mr. Westley Richards' gelding by Knight of Khars, very
neat, with a hunting forehand. Mr. H. Miller's Victor
II. has legs, and is more likely to gain a name in the
Cocksure Cavalry than as a hunter, as for that he wants
more of the cut of Mr. Cooper's Lord Liverpool. Ebor
Witch, the first three-year-old hunting filly, is a strapping
one, while the second, Honeydew, showed breed on a

short leg, and Sabina useful looks with action. The
three-year-old geldings were headed by Sober Truth, a
mover, aud second at Alexandra Park ; the Black
Prince, which beat him, there being in the cata-
logue but " a mow est man." Lord Spencer's chestnut
by Dalesman, is quite a chip of the old block ;
Mr. J. Booth's Berwick deep-topped and up to weight,
and Mr. H. Miller's Victor showing blood, but Mr. Cha?.
Cooper Hayward, on Wellington, did not remind us of the
Iron Duke's varmint seat. There were three decent hunt-
ing four-year-old mares, and as many prizes : the first
being a deep-topped one by King Christian ; the second.
Rosebud, very nice, with breed ; and the third, Magic,
with good hind-leg action. The four-year-old geldings,
numberiug sixteen, were a very fair class, the winner tara-
ing up in King of Diamonds, a second in the London
district, lie is an even-made, short-legged horse with a
plain head, and his hind legs too far away from him.
Cornishman — a gentleman to look at — galloped quick
and even round the ring with his groom ; but Mr. Jacob
Smith, a good horseman, did not get the handling of his
mouth, as be never went a yard while the judge
was up in any . pace. How often have we
remarked that it is impossible for the finest horseman to
get on friendly terms in a short time with some new
mounts ! and how long would a dealer's man hold oSice
had he made such a show for a master ! Yet, when talk-
ing about the nags to some judges, who for their country's
sake and the breed of horses we should not like to see
joining in polo, and still always feel more comfortable when
(hey are on terra firma, they who wind up with " Ah ! but
I've ridden him.' Reindeer, a long light one of Mr. True-
man Mills, galloped in style with a reaching stride ; and
Mr. Horrell's Emperor, a neat, compact little horse went in
a way to make one think it would be a pleasure to own such
a nag; Mr. Hutchinson's Breakaway could move, and with
breed was a very showy gentleman ; while Mr. Westley
Richards had some neat blood-like light weights in this
class, and Mr. S. Jefferies' Black Prince, Mr. W. Brad-
burn's Gunstone, and Mr. C. Hayward's Richelieu were
worthy of notice.

By the looks of those up in not an extraordinary
class of five-year-olds we should say they could not see
the joke of giving the Jester the red ribbon, though a first
prize horse at Harrowgate, who also beat Joe Bennett at
Alexandra. The second. Yellow Jack, is a tight-made
hunting-like horse, and the third a capital goer, as
a nag to be desired, being full of blood, the
property of Mr. Westley Richards. Of his highly-
commended, Weston, we are sorry we cannot speak in
the same strain, as he is a fearful disher
and if you look at him from behind, his fore-feet are at
least a yard and a half apart. Mr. T. Percival's Dolly
Varden, Mr. T. Battams' The Baron, Mr. R. Horrell's
Gay Lass, and some others were worthy of notice ; while
Ruby, from Thetford, was not to be daunted by his mis-
hap at Islington. The five-year-olds and upwards were
good. The Baron being a compact clever-looking horse,
without lumber ; and llufus, also from the same stable,
was a very nice stamp of horse, and we think the best
goer, but Mullingar is a nice-made one, and a good
goer ; he has a good length of pastern, which some people
consider an advantage to a horse, as they are generally
very pleasant riding ; but his pasterns are not near so
long as Landmark's, the great prize-taker of a year or so
back. Mr. Hutton's Iron King, a second weight-carrier
at Islington and ridden by the judges, had no luck here
or at Alexandra. Mr. Armstrong's The Banker was in
the catalogue, but not present, as his owner parted with
him at a good price, after a successful career in the show-
ring.

This year there were no prizes for pony stallions,

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

169

although there were some for mares, which we thiuk
a mistake, as we do not see how the breed is
to be encouraged without the stallion. Sir George,
a constant attendant at the Royal, and a pony which
we have so often described as a model, is well worth the
£15 to show people the kind of nag required, and though
there was no pony stallion prize, Mr. Wilson was not be
stalled off with four first Royals, and so entered him in
the hackney stallions, and to his delight his fourteen
hands of horseflesh for which he has refused £500 was
king of the lot ! looking like a pocket Hercules even by
the side of the Great Gun. the Orson of roadsters, of
which Sir George is Valentine. Mr. Lepper, the well-
known veterinarian of the Vale of Aylesbury, was second
with Rapid Roan, a refined specimen of the Norfolk
roadster, and a grand easy goer, a nag pretty well known
in the ring some years back, and once first at Islington.
The third was a neat chesnut from Hasketon ; and as
there is a strike in that part of the country, we should
think the Major had imported his groom from Holland.
Mr. Branwhite's Defiance, Mr. Balderston's Norfolk
Hero, Mr. Lockhart's Dick Turpin, and several other
well-known show horses were in the gathering. There
was a small but good class of hackuey mares with foals ;
and Major Quentin, so well known in the lists, was declared
the champion knight in a capital muster of hackuey
mares and geldings up to not less than 12 stone with
Sparkling Moselle, a very high-stepping park hack, whose
hind-leg action scarcely corresponded with that of her
fore. Mr. Stephenson's Princess, a very stylish-stepping
dark chesnut mare, which was second at Hull last year,
aud third at Alexandra Park this year was second here,
while Mr. ¥. C. Matthews's handsome brown mare
Ozone is a first at Hull, unnoticed at Islington, a queen
at Alexaudra, and nobody at Bedford. Does the mare
lose her action at one place and gain it at another ? or is
it simply the freedom of opinion which we love so much ?
although that miserable poltroon, Mr. Toady, says, " It's
absurd to difl'er with the judges," or, in other words, we
should have a blind belief in everything. The third
prize, Maud, was a very nice mare, and so was Ladylike
from the same stable, as we noticed in our Essex
report. Then Mr. Hornsby was represented by his
stvlish-stepping grey Ballet Girl, Mr. Spraggon with
Duchess of Tyne, Mr. Purser with a three-year-old
chesnut, Polly, and Mr. Day with Rockross.

In the hackney geldings or mares up to not less than
14 stone, it was " enter prize" when Mr. Harvey Bayly's
thickset clever horse came into the ring, Mr. Prisby's old
mare Filbert playing second, and Mr. W. Richards' nice
black third, with the merry-going Kitty of Mr. Grout,
the ^well-known dealer of Woodbridge, commended.
There were two nice lots of ponies, the battle in the
first lot being between Princess I/ouise and Princess
Polo, well-known on the London circuit ; the first, a
very clever roan, and the second, a nice stepping iron
grey, spoilt by a hog mane ; while the third. King-
fisher, is a very showy, thick-set black.

One hundred pounds given for jackasses and
mules, and nothing for stallion ponies ! while the
only benefit we derived from an inspection of the
shaggy strangers was to make everything else ap-
pear more beautiful, and to be grateful that we
lived in a country where such monsters are not required.
Is it absolutely necessary that the ass for agricultural
purposes should be the ugliest and dullest-looking brute to
be found in creation ? or that a cart-horse must have alarge
coffin head and a small pig eye, to make him docile ?
for in the noisy streets of London we see hundreds of nags
that can do their twelve miles an hour with neat heads
and a full, intelligent eye, driven up to customers' doors, all
of which, with the exception of tossing their heads up and

down, showing they take a delight in the business, stand
quieter than jackasses. In fact, there is no darkness
but ignorance, and the more dull the animal the more
difficult he is to manage ; as we hope, when compulsory
education gains a footing, that these old prejudices will
be things of the past.

The agricultural horses made a strong show, but some of
the decisions caused a little astonishment, not that we
find fault with the judges for giving an unbiassed opinion,
but rather admire them for it, right or wrong, as there is
nothing so bad as a foUow-my-leader bench, and nothing
can do more injury to the good cause. Among the two-
year-old agricultural stallions not qualified to compete
as a Clydesdale or Suffolk, were some useful horses.
Grand Prince, first at Cambridge and Essex, being a well-
built horse, but Mr. Golden's Champion was light in his
thighs, and Mr. Russell's dark bay not much to look at.
Mr. Hipwell's red roan is nicely made, and Mr. Sander's
Active very properly named, and a good stamp of light
cart horse. A very grand class was the agricultural
stallions, foaled before 1872, not including Clydesdale or
Suffolk, where that model of a cart horse, Le Bon, and
well-known rival of Honest Tom and Young Champion,
of Stand Hall, was soon drafted, as was Mr. Stokes*
Young Champion, in which we quite agree, and said as
much in our notice of Alexandra Park, where he was first,
Mr. Staffer's Champion second, and Le Bon third ;
while Pride of England at the Park is highly commended,
but not thought worthy of it here, and the commended
King Tom at Alexandra comes in for third honours at
Bedford. Such is the change in events in one short week.
Yet it is absurd to differ with judges ! The first young-
ster. Heart of Oak, preferred to the old horses, is a very
fine-grown, good-looking three-year-old, bred by Mr.
Foster, of Brooklands, Cambridge ; and King Tom, also
by Honest Tom, which was bought for £20 as a
yearling, is a nice light, active colt, and the second two-
year-old at Hull. There were many, very many, really
nice horses in an entry of twenty-five, and if the judges
had commended half of them they would not have been
over gracious. The two-year-old Clydesdale colt was a
level, short-legged animal, but his opponent Prince
Arthur, the property of the Queen, was sent empty
away as having no merit. Who shall say this is not a
free country ? Young Lofty, once the pride of the Clydes-
dales and the show yard, and now in his thirteenth year,
does not look so grand, as he has begun to fade, as many
country stallions do long before they get to that age. But
we cannot always be young and gay, and his good looks
have gained him some enemies, he and Sensation, the
grand stepping grey, being the great aversion of one judge
who breeds cart horses remarkable for their heavy
sack — full looking tops, the weakest of thighs, short-
horn forelegs, and infirm feet — flatcatchers in fact —
Three years in succession, the Duke, a seven-year-old
Clydesdale, well made, and a mover, takes the second
honours against four others. The Suffolk two-year-
olds were good with about ten of them. The Templar,
a big colt, has the old-fashioned shoulder into the neck,
and heavy at the points, with all the weight thrown for-
ward, so that he appears to be always industrious whether
in or out of harness, standing at ease or lying down. It
may be the right conformation, but we always fancy a
horse made so looks more like going on his head than
going a-head. The second is a handsome colt, while
another of Major Garrett's is a promising one,
which we spoke favourably of in Essex, though
only commended here. Defendant is a smart nag, and
Mr. Byford's reserve could move. The Suffolk mares in
foal or with foal at foot were a good class, and they
pleased us better than the entire horses ; while in the
mares of any breed, in a small class the chesnuts played

leo

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

second and reserve to Mr. G. Street's good-looking roan,
Cardiff Lass. There were three or four nice two-year-
old Suffolk fiili-3, one being a bay by Mr. J. Rist's
Emperor, which Mr. Derham of ilazlewood, Southgate,
says is a pure-bred one. There was a grand class of
mares in-foal or with foals, the first being the well-known
Lincoloshire Royal Duchess, and the second the quite-as-
well-known free- stepping roan Beauty of Bedford, who
was second in this class at Cardiff to Mr. Ci'owe's Smart,
and again at Hull, in the same place, to his ilower, where
she beat Royal I'uchess, which was third. Honest Lass,
about which there was such a to-do at Ipswich, as
first in Essex, where Royal Duchess was highly com-
mended, is the reserve number here. But if we keep on
shifting them about in this way, we shall get iuto a
muddle, so leave it to the next bench to decide which is the
best. Diamond, a black cart mare for which we have
often said a good word, is now the property of
Messrs. James and Frederick Howard. A fair show of
Clydesdale mares was headed by the celebrated Mrs.
Muir, the late Mr. Muir having bred her. We do not
quite see the joke of christening horses after the breeders
aad their wives, or those that might have sold them, as
if jackasses and mules come into fashion, naming them
after people Jwho brought them iuto note, might give
offence. There were two or three yearling cart lillies of
any breed, a capital class of two-year-old fillies of any
breed, the first and second being very good, and the third
rather leggy ; ^Mr. F. Street's highly-commended Smart,
having a deep top with power, and Mr. Stamford's Belle,
was very nice. The geldings of any breed, three-year-old,
had Dragon, a very good-looking grey cart-horse, and
Drayman might be more suited to the dray ; while the
third was the very useful, active Roger, of Messrs. J.
and F. Howard. This firm had also a very handsome pair
of agricultural horses. Colonel and Captain, which backed
Mr. Charles Howard's very useful agriculturists, though
not quite a pair, beat some of the most famous show
horses in the kingdom, iucluding Sensation, which has
regained her action, and was highly commended, War-
wick, Tommy Dodd, and several others. As there were
three rings going at the same time, it is only fair to say
it is very probable that we, like the judges, have left many
a good horse unnoticed.

Immediately after the Hull meetiug we insisted on the
desirability of an occasional change in the composition
of the Shropshire bench of judges, as that even Shrop-
shire breeders might be in turn selected for the office ;
and at Bedford accordingly two judges were taken from
the home county — the first time in eight years that a
Salopian has been appointed. It is satisfactory to say
that with a deal to do, for the shearling class was a
bumper, the work has been rarely done better than by
Messrs. Evans, Cureton, and Coxon. We heard of few
mistakes, and we found none. Lord Chesham's first
prize is at all points no doubt the best sheep they ever
turned out at Latimer, as with plenty of high-breeding
he shows more thorough Shropshire character than some
of the "neater" rams which have figured in his Lord-
ship's name on the prize list. For looks, mutton, scale,
zA wool, the great-grandson of the Duke of Manchester
is equally admirable ; although the flock went further for
size aud weight with a coarser sheep which reached to
18st. 5.b., whilst one of iMr. Pilgrim's shearlings beat
this by one or two stone, Messrs. Mansell's second
prize is a particularly handsome sheep, beginning with a
cod head and lively eye, and altogether a very smart
ample of the sort ; while the Shrawardine third throws
back a bit to the older type of Shropshire, and is full of
useful qualities, but Mrs. iJeach's reserve is but a mode-
rate one, aud far better have been reared at the Hattons.
Indeed, after drafting out some incongruous lots, here

and there with faces as black as thunder, there were still
many good rams to dwell over, such as those shown
from that fast-rising flock in Herefordshire, if Mr.
Pulley cannot yet manage to make them quite match, an
objection which may be also urged against Lord Wenlock
after a longer apprenticeship. In the older class the
Mausells improve on their position with a very complete
clever two-shear, carrying a famous fleece on a broad
back ; but the second prize, an animal of great size, looked
to be rather overdone, though we did not see him up ;
and Lord Chesham was third with his Bristol sheep, who
spent a season in Ireland. Two of the best-matched
Shropshires in the show were both bred ia Ireland, and
from precisely the same strains ; as they were so true to
each other, that we should have a difficulty in
distinguishing the high from the simple commenda-
tion with which they were severally and deservedly
honoured. There is always a deal of good about the
Shropshires which Mr. German shows, if with hardly
fashion enough to stand very high on the prize list, but
they are of a very serviceable sort. Mrs. Beach's ewes
made up one of the handsomest and sortiest pens on the
ground, aud as one of Lard Chesham's five was in hos-
pital, it was a nice thing as to which should have been
put first, the failing ewe rather giving it against the
Latimers, when both pens were otherwise so level aud so
good. They would seem to be growing sheep to more
size at Sutton Maddock, and Mr. Farmer from Ludlow
offers an illustration of what a Shropshire was once upon
a time. It was a truly good show, well appraised, and
with only one disqualification from a little too much
fancy for the oil and colour trade — a dirty habit which
the inspectors have determined to discountenance.

The show of Oxfordshire Downs was not so thoroughly
strong as might have been expected, considering that these
sheep are cultivated as carefully in Bedfordshire as in Oxford-
shire, and the chief prizes went, as at Witney and Bristol,
to the Duke of Marlborough, Mr. John Treadwell, and
Mr. Milton Druce; such flockmasters as Mr. Charles
Howard and Mr. Street being hardly up to their
usual foi'm. In fact, Bedfordshire was everywhere out
of luck. Nevertheless the judges were very liberal
with their commendations, passing a general compliment
ou the old rams, where Mr. Treadwell was first with the
renowned Guildford and second with Gillett, a somewhat
over-marked three-shear ; as for use Mr. Druce's smart
sheep of the same age should have the call. Amongst
the ewes the Duke had lost one of his matches, and even
the professional barber who travels the country could not
pull the Shifford pen together, aud so Eynsham won with
a very pretty lot all of a stamp ; the renowned Bidden-
ham ewes for once reaching no nearer than a reserve.
Some of the Oxfordshire Down flockmasters would seem
to have gone more for the extra or special classes ; but
these odds-and-ends rarely tell much at a national meeting,
and the pens of lambs and of wether lambs and of shear-
ling wethers, and so forth, commanded but little attention.

It takes time, even with the clever people they have at
Merton, to revive or re-establish a flock, aud the supremacy
of the Walsingham Southdowns is not yet again so gene-
rally acknowledged as of yore. Nevertheless, we should
say they are going for a higher character of sheep, of more
style aud less weight, as illustrated by the handsome old
ram put first, or the very bloodlike pen of ewes, which
also accredited auother first to Merton, against some
capital ewes shown by Sir William Throckmorton, if at
best but an odd lot, with one or two out of place ; whilst
auother Norfolk pen from Carrow, also showing more
fashion than mere mutton, were on the prize
list. Amongst the rams, however, it was something
of a see-saw between Hove and Merton, Mr. Rigden
being first and commended twice over for shearlings.

THE FARMBE'S MAGAZINE,

161

and secoad for old rams; and Lord Walsingham
second and third for shearlings and first for >jld sheep ; as it
was even said that the two Southdown judges agreed to split
their differences in this way. The Hove shearling is famously
furnished from his quarters down to his hock, and so good
behind as to look a little weak forward, but he is a sheep
which will go on ; while the Mertons are here again of
the same smarter type, set-off, as some said, by a sus-
picion of dark wool ; but we hate a mealy-faced South-
down. The Heasman's reserve shearling took a pris^e at
Reading, and Mr. Rigden's famous four-shear, the best at
Bristol, was suffering much from the sting of a wasp on
the ear, and so gave way to a companion, a useful ram
enough, but not with the style of the old sheep. A two-
shear from Sandringham reached to the reserve, and one
of Mr. Fuljambe's shearlings was highly commended, but
neither of these flocks showed to much advantoge : they
should be smarter in their looks, air, and carriage.

The Southdown judges also undertook the Hampshires
as well as the Oxfords ; but beyond the three prize shear-
lings, as shown by Mr. Morrison and the Messrs. Russell,
there was very little merit ; whilst Mr. Saunders' two old
sheep encountered no opposition, and the four pens of
ewes served mainly to remind one, by way of contrast, of
the beautiful pens of Hampshire and Wiltshire Downs,
with which Mr. Rawlence and the late Mr. Canning
would set off these classes.

It says much for the school in which George Turner
the younger was brought up, that he was only beaten in
one class of Leicesters at Bedford, and then by his own
father. In the shearlings the Thorpelauds flock took all
the prizes, the first and second rams being placed again
as at Bristol ; as there can, indeed, be no question as to
the superiority of the first, a deep robust sheep, showing
great constitution, and at the same time all the blood-
like points of a true Leicester — a combination not so
easily achieved, for often enough, even the show sheep
are either on the one hand too fine, or, on the
other, bred away into coarse crossed-looking animals.
These sheep, it was satisfactory to see, were all of the
same type, while in the old class the elder Turner fairly
turned the tables with a compactly-framed, still more
high-bred looking ram, who proved his more manifest
excellences by a capital firm touch, so that Leicester
mutton may still be really worth eating. Mr. Borton
was not up to his previous form, or more probably the
Turners were in greater force than ever, and thus the
famous Yorkshire flock, now about to be dispersed, had
to be content w'th such honours as second, third, or
simple commendations. Over the pens of ewes, how-
ever, it was quite a race with the four placed, as Mr.
Turner's first are weak about their necks, and the third
prize pen, also from Thorpelauds, wrong about their
heads, so that either JMr. Borton or Mr. Hutchinson,
with fresh judges, might have won. The Catterick ewes
were, in fact, a very neat uniform lot, symmetrical in
their frames, and of good thoroughbred character. But
there were some curious samples of Leicesters about
alike from the Midlands or further afield ; while one
Yorkshire exhibitor saw his pen of ewes put aside from
an artistic tendency to colouring in oils.

The Royal show of Cotswolds now depends mainly for
its merit on a Norfolk flock, which, however, is bred
closely from the best hill-men who are well content to
see themselves represented in this way. In short, as the
Turners are with the Leicesters, so is Brown, of Marham,
with the Cotswolds, taking all the prizes for shearlings,
two for old rams, and not caring to show ewes. So
uniformly good are these Norfolk — wolds that any
of them are good enough to win, as we believe
neither the first nor second shearlings at the Bedford
Royal were ever noticed the other day in

Norwich ; while the two prize old sheep in the East have
now changed places. They are all of a great, grand
type, with the strong recommendation of showing even
better out than in, and there was nothing near them,
although an up-and-down dreary-looking sheep from the
Cirencester College intervened in the older class. By the
way, is it not something of an anomaly that these College
sheep and pigs should be continually entered and spoken
to in the name of the farm manager, with no more reason
to be thus paraded than that of any other farm steward ?
The few pens of ewes were all moderate, the Kilkennies
having lost something of their Bristol bloom.

The judges of Lincolns, with only one Lincoln man amongst
them, looked to go chiefly for size; at any rate their fancy in
a large class of shearlings was a coarse, loose sheep of little
or no style, as his main recommendations, like the bag-
man's brandy and water, seemed to centre on " hot,
strong, and plenty of it." StiU, it struck us that the
shearlings, running them through, were but a rough lot,
useful enough no doubt, and, perhaps, more true to the
old original Lincoln than the finer-bred sheep seen about
of late ; but some heretofore-successful flocks were put
out. The first prize old sheep, Mr. Pears' four shear,
also in the prize list at Hull, was of a smarter stamp, his
appearance being backed by a good skin and fleece, and,
indeed, the few old sheep were altogether superior to the
shearlings ; while Mr. Gunnell's first pen of ewes were not
well sorted, and as show sheep, for uniformity and cha-
racter, Mr. Pears's third prize pen here and first prize at
Doucaster looked still to have the best of it ; as one is the
more inclined to say so much before a mixed bench of
magistrates. One pen of ewes were here again disquali-
fied, and very properly too, as wool of any growth
goes a long way in judging a Lincoln. The Border
Leicester, further than as a curious compound, has
not much business in the Midlands, or pei'haps any-
where else on this side of the Border ; although the
wonder of the show was Mr. Foster's four shear, who had
a class to himself, which he well filled. Of extraordinary
weight, breadth, and height, this sheep is still more re-
markable for his symmetry and activity ; preserving a
capital frame he manages to maintain a more cheer-
ful air and carriage than many a shearling ; and is
in every way quite a model of a well-preserved,
good-looking old gentelman.

So far as the respectability of the Society
is concerned, there can be no question, but
the Council must take immediate and strong action
over the pig show. Some of the leading exhibi-
tors were disqualified, in certain cases over and over
again, although it is only fair to add that neither Mr,
Duckering nor Mr. Sexton were amongst these offenders,
as that there was only one disqualification in the
Berkshire classes. Beyond this tve may from our
experience of the past assume that nothing will be
done. The direction will take especial care that
the names of these disqualified exhibitors shall not
be published under its authority either in the Journal
or elsewhere, and thus the penalty becomes little more
than a farce. But we say that if the Council wishes to
stand well with its members and the general public, it
must institute inquiries into such matters as these :
Were there pigs exhibited at Birmingham in December
last at close upon six months old which were ex-
hibited at Bedford last week as something over seven
months old ? Was there a pig exhibited at Bristol at
about eight months old which had reached to just double
that age at Bedford ? Were there pigs competing, or
even winning, as breeding pigs which had previously been
exhibited as fat pigs ? Were pigs entered as bred by men
who did not breed them ? Was the same pig entered in
two classes, of course with a different age to suit either he

162

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

went for? All this and more was the common talk at
Bedford, and coming as this did on numerous disqualifi-
cations, we say again that the Council is bound to make
the fullest inquiries, and then to publish the fullest re-
ports, giving the name with every disqualified number,
and the reasons for such disqualificatiou. Otherwise a
lloyal pig show will become a farce and a disgrace, where
the awards of judges will be systematically stultified, and
anything like fair or thorougli criticism rendered im-
possible. In fact, we feel very much inclined to pass
the section over, and leave it to an ofHcial prize list
which does not tell half the story. Every disqualifica-
tion should be registered in full as religiously as every
commendation.

Theyoung boars of thelarge whitebreed were an indifferent
lot, not excepting the winner ; but the best old pig, a
very old one, was long, level, and good ; while the Messrs.
Howard's pigs have gone off, carrying little coat, and in
no way so kindly or taking as they have been. In the
pens of three young breeding sows, three pens exhibited
by very successful men were disqualified, and the prizes
went anyhow. As a contemporary mildly puts it, " some
of the hest lots were disqualified." What in the name of
common seose does he mean by the best in a class with
the age restricted to under eight months old, where
pigs above that age were entered ? The all-aged old
sows were good, but with some funny stories
floating about as to the difference between a breeding sow
and a fat sow. lu the young boai's of a small white breed
two were disqualified, and possibly these were the best
again I In the older class — a very good one in places —
Mr. Sexton's Disturbance repeated his Hull victory,
and there were a few nice pens of three ; while the older
sows ran up to a smart class, marred by a disqualification,
and the Duckerings getting second with a very good sow
of capital quality. Over the young black boars Mr.
Sexton had it pretty much to himself, nor iu the older
class of boars or with the pens of young sows did the
competition extend much further ; while some of the
numbers were removed in the older class of black sows,
and we decliue to meddle with it further. Perhaps the
stewards vvill explain ? The judges went for the coarser,
heavier-coated sort of Berkshires, and the best old sow
looked to be something on a par with the notorious
Cardiff award iu the same class, as Mr. Walker's winner
here was never noticed at Bristol ; some other of the
awards in the West being reversed, aud Mr. Hewer's
best boar, still far away the best of his class, " unaccount-
ably" put out, as, indeed, was Mr. Stewart's beautiful
sow. But, as somebody says, there is nothing like
changing the judges, though exhibitors may be puzzled
what to go for. Good generally as were the Berkshires,
the sows of a middle breed ran up to one of the best
classes in the show, as it was generally commended, and
where the Uuckerings won with perhaps the best pig in
the show — finely-framed, with a capital top, aud of
admirable quality. The heat as well as the doctor, alias
the veterinary inspector, thinned out the pig show, al-
though there are people still about who would dispense
with the services of these inspectors, either of shearing or
teething 1 And what then ?

PRIZE LIST.

HORSES.

AGRICULTURAL HORSES.

Judges. — N. G. Barthropp, Hachestou, Wickhara Market.
T. Gibbous, Burnfoct-on-Esk, Cumberland.
U. Lowe, Comberford, Tamworth.

HU^'TERS.

W. Eorster, Burradou, Morpeth.

E. PaddisoD, Ingleby, Lincoln.

.7. Smith, Humbeiston, Boronghbridge.

HACKNEYS, COACH HORSES, PONIES, JACK.\.SSES, AND MULES.

H. Beevor, Blyth, Worksop.

G. Bothara, Wexham Court, Slough.

J. Parrington, Brancepeth, Durham.

Agricultural stallion, foaled in the year 1872 (not qualified
to compete as Clydesdale or Suffolk). — First prize, £20, G. E.
Daiutree, Eeiiton, Huntingdon (Grand Prince) ; second, £10,
C. Golden, the Grange, Ramsey, Hunts (Champion) ; tliird,
£5, T. Russell, Lower Sliuckburgh, Daventry. Reserve and
highly commended: W. J. Hipwell, Station Road, Rugby. Com-
mended: T. Sanders, Wilby Hall, Wellingborough (Active).

Agricultural stallion, foaled before 1st January, 1872 (not
qualified to compete as Clydesdale or Suffolk). — First prize,
£25, T. Briggs, Babrahau, Cambridge (Heart of Oak) ; second,
£15, T. Statter, Stand Hall, Manchester (Young Cliampion) ;
third, £5, T. Statter (King Tom). Reserve and highly com-
mended : C. Brookes, Claxby Grange, Alf'ord, Lincolnshire
(Honest Tom 2nd). Commended : Rev. J. N. Micklethwaite,
Taverham Hall, Norwich (Prince of Wales).

Clydesdale stallion, foaled in the year 1873. — First prize.
£20, R. Tweedie, The Forest, Catterick, Yorkshire (Tarn o'
Shanter).

Clydesdale stallion, foaled before the 1st of January, 1873.
— First prize, £35, T. Tagg, NewhaU, Burton-on-Trent
(Young Lofty) ; second, £15, E. and A. Stanford, EatoQS,
Steyninir, Sussex ( The Duke) ; third, £5, E. Pease, Green-
croft West, Darlington, Durham (Emperor). Reserve:
J. F. Crowther, Knowl Grove, Mirfield, Yorkshire (Sir
Roger).

Sufiolk stallion, foaled in the year 1872.— First prize, £20,
M. Bidden, Playford, Ipswich (The Templar) ; second, £10,
R. Garrett, Carleton, Saxmundham ; third, iE5, J. Toller,
Blaxhali, Wickham Market (Defendant). Reserve and highly
commended : W. Byford, The Court, Glerasford, Suffolk.
Highly commended : W. Toller, Gedgrave, Wickham Market.

Suffolk stallion, foaled before the 1st of January, 1873. —
First prize, £25, C. Frost, Wherstead, Ipswich (Cupbearer
2nd) ; second, £15, Lieut.-Col. F. M. Wilson, Stovvlangtoit
Hall, Bury St. Edmunds (Heir Apparent) ; third, £5, R.
Garrett (Claimant). Reserve and highly commended: W.
Byford (The Statesman). Highly commended : S. Wolfon,
Butley Abbey, Wickham Market, Suffolk (Royal Duke 3nd).

Stallion suitable for getting hackneys. — First prize, £20,
C. W. Wilson, High Park, Kendal, Westmoreland (Sir
George) ; second, £10, G. A. Lepper, Aylesbury (Rapid
Roan) ; thiru, £5, F. Barlow, Hasketon, Woodbridge (Presi-
dent). Reserve and highly commended: F. Branwhite,
Chapel Houje, Long Meltbrd, Sudbury (Defiance). Highly
commended : J. Tibbett, Askham House, Doddington, Cam-
bridgeshire (Cambridgeshire Cob).

Thoroughbred stallion, suitable for getting hunters. — First
prize, £50, Y. Barlow, Hasketon (Citadel) ; second, £25,
R. Hutton, 7i, Gloucester-place, Portman-square, London
(Laughing Stock); third, £10, W. Blenkiron, Middle Park,
Eltliam, Kent (King John). Reserve : F. Barlow (Mas-
sanissa).

Agricultural mare, in foal, or with foal at foot (not qualified
to compete as Clydesdale or Suffolk). — First prize, £20, C.
Lister, Coleby Lodge, Lincoln (Royal Duchess) ; second, £10,
F. Street, Harrowden House, Bedford (Beauty) ; third, £6,
A. Tomlinson, Stenson House, Derby (Smiler). Reserve and
highly commended : H. Purser, Wiliington Manor, Bedford
(Honest Lass). Highly commended: J. Warth, Westmore-
land House, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire (Diamond). Com-
mended : W. Lavender, Biddeuham, Bedford (Young Honest
Lass) ; Commended : J. and F. Howard, Park, Clapham,
Bedford (Diamond).

Clydesdale mare, in foal, or with foal at foot. — First prize,
£20, T. Statter, Stand Hall, VVIiitefield, Manchester (Mrs.
Muir) ; second, £10, Lieut. Colonel R. Loyd-Lindsay, V.C.,
M.P., Lockinge Park (Darling) ; third, £5, Lieut- Colonel R.
Loyd-Lindsay. Reserve, W. Wilson, High Park, Kendal,
Westmoreland (Highland Lassie).

Suffolk Mare, iu foal, or with foal at foot. — Eirst prize,
£20, H. Wolton, Newbourn Hall, Woodbridge (Pride) ; second,
£10, Sir W. Throckmorton, 13art., Buckland, F'aringdon,
Berks (Jolley) ; tiiird, £5, G. A. Colson, The Faye, Fiagring-
hoe, Essex (Violet). Reserve and highly commended: Lient.-
Colonel Wilson (Violet).

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE

163

"Mare and foal, of any breed, for agricultural purposes. —
First prize, £15, G. Street, Maulden, Amptliill, Beds (Cardiff
Lass) ; second, £10, Marquess of Bristol, Ickwortli Park,
Bury St. Edmunds (Brisk). Reserve and highly com-
mended: Marquess of Bristol (Diamond)

Mare, in loal, or with loal at foot, suitalJe for breeding coach
horses.— First prize, £-3U, 11. Hutton,]Gloucester-place (Pauline);
third, £5, J. HorusLiy, Casilegate House, Grantham, Lincoln-
shire (Lady Tichborne).

Mare, in foal, or with foal at foot, suitable for breeding
Hackneys.— First prize, £20, A. E. W. Darby, Little Ness,
Shrewsbury (Kitty) ; second, £10, T. II. Miller, Smgleton
Park, Poulton-le-Fylde, Lancashire (Mabel Gray) ; third, £5,
W. C. Branford, The Heritsige, Upton, Southwell, Notts
(Acherner). Reserve and highly commended : J. Warth,
Westmoreland House, Cliatteris, CambridKesliire (Gentle
Annie). Commended: J. Walker, Goldinglon, Bedford
(Fanny).

Mare, in foal, or with foal at foot, suitable for breeding
Hunters. — B'irst prize, £35, E. Hornby, Flotraanby, Giuton,
Yorkshire (Lady Derwent) ; second, £15, J. Moffat, Kirkiin-
ton Park, Carlisle, Cumberland (Lady Line) ; third, Jtio,
G. S. Smith, Stowe Farm, Stamford, Lincolnshire (The Wren).
Resrve and highly commended : T. H. Miller, Singleton,
Poulton-le-Fylde, Lancasiiire (Flora). Eiglily commended:
B. Spraggon, Wafferton, Stocksfield-on-Tyne (.less).

Yearling gelding, of any breed, for agricultural purposes.
—Prize, £10, G. Hine, jun., Oakley, Bedford (Royal).

Yearling cart filly, of any breed, for agricultural purposes.
— First prize, £10, J. Walker, Goldington ; second, £5, U.
Purser, WiUington Manor (Grand Duchess). Reserve: T.
Statter, Stand Hall (Miss Honesry).

Agricultural gelding (including Clydesdale and Suffolk),
two years old. — First prize, £15, D. Henman, Ketnpstou,
Hardwicke, Bedford (Prince) ; second, £10, F. Allwood,
Wallsworth Farm, Hitcliin ; third, £5, T. Arch, Bloxwich,
Walsall, Staffordshire (Sampson). Reserve and highly com-
mended : F. All wood.

Agricultural filly (including Clydesdale and Suffolk), two
years old. — First prize, £15, T. H. Vergette, Boro' Fen, Pete--
borough (Violet) ; second, £10, W. Nix, jun.. White Hall,
Soinersham, St. Ives, Hunts ; third, £5, S. Morton, Upwell,
Isle of Ely, Cambs (Jewel). Reserve and highly commended:
F. Street (Smart). Highly commended: J. Morton, New
Bridge Farm, Stow Bardolph (Smart). Commended: E. and
A. Stanford (The Belle).

Suffolk fitly, two years old (County of Suff'dk prize, offered
by breeders of Suffolk horses). First prize, £25, M. Biduell,
■piayford (Jewel); second, £10, W. Wilson, Baylham Hall,
Ipswich (Smart). Reserve and commended: R. E. Lofft,
Troston, Bury St. Edinund-s (Blossom).

Agricultural gelding (including Clydesdale and Suffolk),
three years old. — First prize, £15, T. Plowright, jun., The Hall,
Pinchbeck, Lincolnshire (Dragon) ; second, £10, F. Cart-
wright, Tlie Grove, Drakelow, Burton-on-Trent (Drayman) ;
third, £5, J. and F. Howard (Roger). Reserve and highly
commended : J. Bays, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire (Prince).

Agricultural filly (including Clydesdale and Suffolk), three
years old. — First prize, £15, T. H. Vergette, jun., Peterborough
(Gipsy) ; second, £10, J. Lester, Barway,Thetford (Blossom) ;
third, £5, H. Middleton, Cutteslowe, Oxford (Flower Girl).
Reserve and highly commended: J. and F. Howard (Jess).
Reserve: J. Toller, Blaxhall.Wickhom Market, Suffolk (Scot).

Pair of agricultural horses (mares or geldings), not under
four years old, used solely for agricultural purposes. — First
prize, £20, J. and F. Howard (Colonel and Captain) ; second,
£10, C. Howard, Biddenham, Bedford (Lion and Dodman) ;
third, £5, C. W. Brierley, Rhodes House (I'he Shah and
Dick). Reserve and highly commended: C. W. Brierley
(Sensation and Honesty).

Hunter filly, two years old. — First prize, £15, C. Hickman,
Cardington, Bedford (Silver Cloud) ; second, £10, J. B.
Jones, Ensdon House, Baschureh, Shrewsbury (Bessie).
Reserve : E. and A. Stanford.

Hunter gelding, two years old. — First prize, £15, W. Ken-
ning, Braddon, Towcester, Northamptonshire (Tom King) ;
second, £10, W. Richards, Ashwell, Oakham, Rutland.
Reserve : T. H. Miller, Singleton Park, Poiilton-le-Fylde,
Lancashire (Victor 11.)

Hunter mare, three years old. — First prize, £30, T. Darrell
Spickers Hill, West Ayton, Yorkshire (Ebor Witch) ; second

£15, G. B. Lynes, Bedford (Honeydew) ; third, £10, E. and
A. Stanford (Sabina).

Hunter gelding, three years old. — First prize, £20, T. F.
Jackson, Tattenhall Hall, Chester (Sober Truth); second,
£15, Earl Spencer, Althorpe Park, Northampton ; third, £10,
J. B. Booth, Killerby Hall, Catterick, Yorkshire (Berwick).
Reserve : J. B. Booth (Baldersby).

Hnuter mare, lour years old. — First prize, £30, L. T.
White, Goldington ; second, £20, J. T. Mills, Clermont, Thet-
ford, Norfolk (Rosebud).

Hunter gelding, four years old. — First prize, £30, T. Dar-
rell (Kins of Diamonds) ; second, £20, W. Wright, Wollaton,
Nottingham ; third, £10, F. Barlow, Hasketon (Cornish-
man). Reserve: T. H. Hutchinson, Manor House, Catteiick,
Yorkshire (Breakaway).

Hunter mare or gelding, five years old and upwards, up to
not less than 12 stone. — First prize, £30, T. H. Hutchinson
(Jester) ; second, £20, J. N. Sanders, Wollastnn, Welling-
borough, Northamptonshire (Yellow Jack) ; third, £10, W.
Richards, Ashwell, Oakham (Viceroy). Reserve : W.
Richards (Weston).

Hunter mare or gelding, five years old and upwards, up to
not less than l-i stone.— First prize, £30, W. Whitehead,
Wollaston, Wellingborough, Northamptonshire (Baron) ; se-
cond. £20, T. Percival, Wansford, Northamptonshire (Mul-
lingar); third, £10, W. Whitehead (Kn(us). Reserve: L.
Croson, Lidlington, Amptliill (Young Rothschild).

Hackney mare or gelding, up to not less than 12 stone. ^
First prize, £20, Majcr G. A. F. Quentiu, Woodleigh, Chel-
tenham (Sparkling Moselle) ; second, £10, W. Stephenson,
Cottingham, Hull (Princess) ; third, £5, W. Gilbey, Hargrave
Park, Stanstead, Essex (Maud). Reserve and highly com-
mended: S. Day, St. Neots, Hunts (Rockrose). Highly com-
mended : W. Purser, Cople, Wood End, Bedford (Polly).
Commended : W. Gilbey (Ladylike) ; B. Spraggon, Nafferton,
Stocksfield-on-Tyne, Northumberland (Duchess of Tyne) ; J.
llornsby, Grantham, Lincolnshire (Ballet Girl) ; J. Hall,
Little Barford, St. Neots, Hunts (Colonel).

Hackney mare or gelding, up to not less than 14 stone. —
First prize, i;20, T. H. D. Bayly, Edwinstow House, OUer-
ton, Notts (Enterprise) ; second, £10, H. Frisby, 13, James-
street, Buckingham Gate, London (Filbert) : third, £5, W.
Richards (Black Friar). Reserve and highly commended:
J. Grout, Woodbridge, Suffolk (Kilty).

Pony mare or gelding, above 13 hands 2 inches, and not
exceeding 1-1 hands 2 inches. — First prize, £15, J. Higgins,
Market Harborough, Leicestershire (Princess Louise) ; second,
£10, H. Frisby (Princess Polo) ; third, £5, W. R. Cockle.
Hillrow, Haddenliam, Cambs (Kingfisher). Reserve and
highly commended: R. Weight, 72, Regent-road, Salford,
Manchester (Young Apricot).

Pony mare or gelding, not exceeding 13 hands 2 inches.—
First prize, £15, R. L. Parker, North Kilworth, Rugby
(WhirnMcal) ; second, £10, W. N. Saberton, Wilburton, Ely
Cambs. (The Shah) ; third, £5, T. L. Senior, Broughton, Ayles-
bury, Bucks (Fride of the Vale). Reserve and highly com-
mended : C. W. Wilson, High Park, Kendal, Westmoreland
(Bobby).

Jackasses, not under 13 hands, for getting mules for agri-
cultural purposes. — First prize, £35, C. L. Sutherland,
Coombe, Croydon (Jago): second, £15, S.Lang,108, Pembroke-
road, Clifton, Bristol (Lad of Poitou).

Mule, not under 15 liands, for agricultural purposes. — Firs
prize, £25, C. L. Sutherland, (Rousseau) ; second
£15, S. Lang, (Lass of Poitou) ; third, £10, C. L. Sutherland
(Blossom). Reserve: C. L. Sutherland (Robin).
CATTLE.

SHORTHORN'S.

Judges — H. Aylmer, West Dereham Abbey, Stoke Ferry.

E. Bowly, Siddington House, Cirencester.

H. Smith, Eske Hall, Durham.
Bull, above three years old. — First prize, £30, R, Bruce
Newton-Strnthers, Forres, Morayshire (Lord Irwin) ; second,
£20, Marquis of Exeter, K.G., Burghley Park, Stamford,
(Telemachus) ; third, £15, A. H. Browne, Doxford, Chathill,
Northumberland (Duke of Aosta) ; fourth, £10, R. Stratton,
The Duffryn, Newport, Monmouthshire (Protector). Reserve
and highly commended : The Earl of Lichfield, Sliugborough
Hall, Stafford (Knight Templar the 3rd). Highly commended :
J. W. Wilson, Ansten House, Broadway, Worcestershire (Earl
of Warwickshire 3rd). The class commended.

Ifri

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

Hull, above two and not exceeding three years old. — First
prize, £35, W. Linton, Sheriff Hutton, York (Sir Artliur
Ingram) ; second, £15, W. and H. Dudding, Panton House,
Wragby, Lincolnshire (Robert Stephenson) ; third, £10, T.
Statter, Stand Hall (Oxford Cheerboy) ; Iburtli, £5, T. Willis,
Manor House, Caruerby, Bedale, Yorkshire (Prince of Cash-
mere). Reserve and highly commended : 13. St. John A.ckars,
Prinknash Park, Painswick, Gloucestershire (Cymbeline).
Commended: R. Moss, Whisby, Lincoln (General Wharfdale).

Yearling bull, above one and not exceeding two years old. —
First prize, £25, J. Outhwaite, Baiuesse, Catterick, Yorkshire
(Lord Godolphin) ; second £15, Lieut.-Colonel R. Lloyd-
Liadsay, V.C, 5LP., Lockinge Park, W^antage, Berks (Prince
Kuffert) ; third, £10, Emily, Lady Pigot, Branches Park,
Newmarket (Rapid Rhone) ; fourth, £5, Willian G. Game,
Broadmoor, Nortlileach, Gloucestershere (Aachen). Reserve
and highly commended : G. J. Day, Horsford House, Norwich
(Charon). Commended : A. H. Browne, Boxford, Ch.ithill,
Northumberland (Rosario). Commended: T. Willis (Windsor's
Crown).

Bull calf, above six and not exceeding twelve mouths old. —
First prize, £15, Lieut.-Colonel R. Loyd-Lindsay, V.C, M.P.,
(Lord Rockville) ; second, £10, J. Outhwaite (Duke of
Chamburgh) ; third of £5, W. G. Game (Ranger Prince).
Reserve and highly commended: C. J. Webb, Eiford, Tamworch,
Staffs. (Royal Oxford Gwynne). Commended: Emily, Lady
Pigot (May King) ; T. Rose Melton Magna, Wymondham,
Norfolk (Bright Knight).

Cow, above three years old. — First prize, £20, J. Oiith-
waite (Vivandiere) ; second, £10, G. Game, Churchill Heath,
Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire (iJutterfly's Duchess) ; third,
£5, T. H. Hutchinsou, Catterick (Uairygirl). Reserve and
highly commended: R. Stratton, Tlie Duffryn (Rosalind).
Highly commended: Marquis of Exeter, K.G (Moll Gwynne).
Commended : Her Majesty the Queen, Windsor Castle (Cold-
cream 4th) ; E. Whitehoase, White House Farm, Kingsbury,
Tamworth (Lady Margaret) ; W. Lavender, Biddenham (Lady
Valentine).

Heifer, in milk or in calf, not exceeding three years old. —
First prize, £20, J. Outhwaite (Baroness Conyers) ; second,
£15, J. Thoin, Larkhill, Chorley, Lancashire (Royal Rose) ;
third, £18, Emily, Lady Pigot, (Rose of Wythara) ; fourth,
£5, R. Stratton (Nectarine Bud). Reserve : W. and H.
Dudding (Blooming Bride). Highly commended : Emily,
Lady Pigot (Victoria Matutina) ; B. S. John Ackers (Queen
of the Georgias) ; J. How, Brougliton, Huntingdon (Lady
Butterfly) ; T. H. Hutchinson (L^dy Playful) ; J. A. Mum-
ford, Brill House, Thame, Oxon (Edith Emily) ; C. Maguiac,
Colworth, Bedford (Moss Rose IL).

Yearling lieifer, above one and not exceeding two years old.
— First prize, £30, Rev. R. B. Kennard, Marnhull, Blandford,
Dorset (Queen Mary) ; second, £15, T. Statter, Stand Hall,
(Robin's Rose) ; third, £10, Lord Suedley, Toddington, AVinch-
corabe, Gloucestershire (Seraphiua Bella 3ad) ; fourth, £5, T.
Statter (Robin's Stanley Rose). Reserve and highly com-
mended : R. E. Oliver, Sholebroke Lodge, Towcester, North-
amptonshire (Orange Chips). Highly commended : J. Down-
ing, Ashfield, Fermoy, Ireland (Verbeua Royal) ; Emily, Lady
Pigot (Princess of Wytham).

Heifer calf, above six and under twelve months old. — First
prize, £15, Lieutenant-Colonel R. Loyd-Lindsay, V.C, M.P.
(Dianp.) ; second, £10, Emily, Lady Pigot (Moorish Captive) ;
third, £5 R. Stratton (Regalia). Reserve and higlily com-
mended : Sir T. C. Constable, Bart., Burton Constable Hull
(Evelina). Highly commended: R. Lodge, The Tiiorns,
Southport, Lancashire (Wild Rose 2nd).

HEKEFORDS.

Judges — F. Evans, Bredwardine, Hereford.
S. P. Newbury, Plympton St. Mary.
T. Pope, Horningshara, Warminster.
Bull, above three years old. — First prize, £25, Sarah Ed-
wards, Wintercott, Leominster, liererordshire (Winter de
Cute) ; second, £15, T. Fenn, Stonebrook House, Ludlow, and
J. llnrdiiig, The Gieeuhouse, Bridgnorth (Bachelor) ; third,
£5, W. C. Davy, Horn Park, Beaminster, Dorset (Chevalier).
Reserve : J. and G. Crane, Benthall, Shrewsbury (Oliver).

Bull, above two and not exceeding three years old. — First
prize, i,'35, W. Evans, Llandowlais, Usk, Monmouthshire (Von
Mollke 2ud) ; second, £15, H. J. Bailey, Rosedale, Tenbary,
Herefordshire (King of the Dale) ; third, £5, E. Lister, Cefn

j IJa, Usk, Monmouthshire (Troubadour). Reserved and com-
j mended : E. Lister (Black Eagle).

Yearling buU, above one and not exceeding two years old,
— First prize, £25, W. Taylor, Showle Court, Ledbury, Here-
fordshire (Tredegar) ; second, £15, G. Child, Westonbury,
Pembridge, Herefordshire (Treasure Trove) ; third, £5, H.
N. Edwards, Broadward (Alfred). Reserved and highly com-
mended : H. N. Edwards (Concord). Commended : J. HardiDg,
The Greenhouse, Bridgnorth, Salop.

Bull-calf, above six and not exceeding twelve months old. —
First prize, £10, W. Tudge, Adforton, Leintwardine, Here-
fordshire (Regulator) ; second, £5, T. Fenn. Reserved and
commended: Sarah Edwards, (Plato).

Cow, above three years old. — First prize, £20, T. Thomas,
St. Hilary, Cowbridge (Rosaline) ; second, £10, R. Tanner,
Frodesley, Dorrington, Salop (Lady Milton) ; third, £5, T.
Thomas (Sunflower). Reserved and highly commended: Sarah
Edwards (Young Mermaid 2nd).

Heifer, in-milk or in-calf, not exceeding three years old.— •
First prize, £15, T. Fenn (Lady Stanton). No competition.

Yearling heifer, above one and not exceeding two years old.
First prize, £15, P. Turner, The Leen, Pembridge, Hereford.
shire (Verbena) ; second, £10, P. Turner (Isabel) ; third, £5-
H.N. Edwards (Dolly). Reserved and commended : J.Hard-
ing (Greenhouse Lass).

Heifer calf, above six and under twelve months old. — First
prize, £10, T. J. Carwardine, Stockton Bury, Leominster,
Herefordshire (Helena) ; second, £5, H. N. Edwards (Gary),
Reserved and highly commended : W. Taylor, Showle Court.
Commended; W.Taylor.

DEVONS.

JuD&ES. — (As for Herefords).

Bull, above three years old. — First prize, £25, W. Farthing,
Stowey Court, Bridgwater, Somersetshire (Master Harry) ;
second, £15, Viscount Falmouth, Tregothuan, Probus, Corn-
wall (Kingcraft) ; third, £5, Mrs. Maria Langdon, Flitton
Barton, North Molton, Devon (Duke of Flittou 8th).

Bull, above two and not exceeding three years old. — First
prize, £25, TA . Farthing (Master Robin).

Yearling bull, above one and not exceeding two years old.
—First prize, £25, W. Farthing (The Shah) ; second, £15,
Mrs. M. Langdon (Duke of Plymouth) ; third, £5, J. Gould,
Bamfylde Lodge, Exeter (Bainpf^lde). Reserved and highly
commended: W. Farthing (Master Willie).

Bull-calf, above six and not exceeding twelve month old.—
First prize, £10, W. Farthing (Mr. Disraeli) ; second, £5, J.
A. Smith, Bradford Peverell, Dorchester, (Albert Victor).
Reserved and highly commended: J. A. Smith (Duke of York).
Highly commended : Mrs. M. Landdon (Duke of Bedford).
The class commended.

Cow, above three years old. — First prize, £20, J. A. Smith
(Picture) ; second, £10, T. Lee Senior, Broughton (Moss
Rose) ; third, £5, W. Taylor, Glynleigh, Eastbourne, Sussex
(Abbess). Reserve and highly commended, G. Turner, Bamp-
ford, Speke, Exeter (Marguerite).

Heifer, iu milk or in-calf, not exceeding three years old.—
First prize, £15, W. Farthing, (Nellie) ; second, £10,
W. Farthing (Duchess); third, £5, W. Taylor (Lady
Love 3rd).

Yearling heifer, above one and not exceeding two years old
— First prize, £15, W. Perry, Alder, Lewdown, Devon
(Camelliii) ; second, £10, Viscount Falmouth (Plymouth
Queen) ; third, £5, Trevor Lee, Senior(Moss Rose 1st).
Reserve and highly commended : Her Majesty the Queen
(Princess Victoria Louise.) The class commended.

Heifer-calf, above six and under twelve months old. — First
prize, £10, T. Lee Senior (Moss Rose 2nd) ; second, £5, J. A.
Smith (Picture). Reserve and highly commended J. A. Smith
(Honest) ; highly commended, G. Turner (Grand Duchess
Marie). The class commended.

JERSEY.

Judges. — J. Dumbrell, Ditchling, Hurstpierpoint.

C. P. Le Cornu, La Hague Manor, Jersey.

Bull above one year old. — First prize, £10, J. G.
Leigh, Luton lioo, Luton Beds., (Fitz-Yankee) ; second,
£5, J. C. F. Ramsden, Busbridge Hall, Goldlmiug
(Surrey Modoc). Reserve and highly commended, G. Simp-
son, Wray Park, llei^ate, Surrey (Prince Crocus). Highly
commended, J. G. Hubbard, Addington Manor, Winslow,
Bucks (Bandit), Commended, Lord Chesham, Latimer,

THE PARMER'8 MAGAZINE.

165

Cliesham, Bucks (Sambo) ; W. Gilbey, Hargrave Park.
Stanstcad, Essex (Ducal).

Cow, above three years old. — First prize, £10, W. Gilbey
(Duchess) ; second, £5, W. Gilbey (Medora). Reserve aud
highly commended, Rev. Morton Shaw, Rougham Rectory,
Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, (Pansy). Highly commended, G.
Simpson (Pretty Maid). Commended, W. Gilbey (Tal).

Heifer, in-milk or in-calf, not exceeding three years old. —
First prize, £10, J. G. Leigh (Bonny) ; second, £5, W. Gilbey
(Duchy). Reserve and highly commended. Lord Braybrooke,
Audley End (Flame). Commended, G. Simpson (Prettylass) ;
W. Gilbey (Milkgirl).

GUERNSEY.

Judges. — (As for Jerseys).

Bull, above one year old. — First pri^e, £10, Rev. Joshua R.
Watson, La Favorita, Guernsey (Cloth of Gold) ; second, £5
Rev. Joshua R. Watson (No. 3 Cloth of Gold).

Cow, above three years old. — First prize, £10, Rev. Joshua
R. Watson (Portia).

Heifer, in-milk or in-calf, above three years old. — First
prize, £10, Rev. Joshua R. Watson (Esmeralda).

SUSSEX.

Judges. — H. Overman, Weasenham, Norfolk.
J. Pitcher, Hailsham, Sussex.

Bull, above two years old. — First prize, £20, J. Turvil!,
Hartley Park Farm, Alton, Hants (Hartley) ; second, £10, G.
Smith, Paddockhurst, Crawley, Sussex (Lion). Reserve :
A. Agate, West Street, Horsham, Sussex (Alfred Second).

Bull, above one year old. — First prize, £15, J. and A. Heas-
raan, Angmering, Arundel, Susses (Bristol); second, £10, E,
and A. Stanford, Ashurst, Steyning, Sussex.

Cow, above three years old. — First prize, £15, J. Turvil I,
Hartley Park Farm, Alton, Hampshire (CoUey) ; second, £10,
A. Agate, West Street, Horsham, Sussex (Lofty). Highly
commended, E. and A. Stanford (Mary Fern). Commended :
P. H. Ellis, Clayton Court (Julia).

Heifer, in-milk or in-calf, above two years old. — First
prize, £15, A. Agate (Auburn); second, £]0, J. and A.
Heasman (Marie Stuart). Highly commended: G. Smith
(Pride of the Family). Commended: J. Braby, Maybanks
(Lilac).

NORFOLK AND SUFFOLK..

Judges. — (As for Sussex).

Bull, above two years old. — First prize, £20, J. J. Colman,
M.P., Carrow House, Norwich (Powell) ; second, £10, Lord
Sondes, Elmham Hall, Dereham, Norfolk (The Palmer). Highly
commended : T. Brown, Marham Hall (The Beau). Cora-
mended : H. Birkbeck, Stoke Holy Cross, Norwich (Young
Duke).

Bull, above one year old. — First prize, £15, J. J. Colman,
M.P. (Elmham Duke); second, £10, H. Birkbeck (Suffolk).
Reserve and commended : J. J. Colman (Easton Duke).

Cow, above three years old. — First prize, £15, J. J. Col-
man, M.P. (E«ton Nelly) ; second, £10, Lord Sondes (Skele-
ton). Reserve: Sir W. Jones, Bart., Cranraer Hall, Faken-
ham, Norfolk (Cherry).

Heifer, in-milk or in-calf, above two years old. — First
prize, £15,LordSondes (Fanny) ; second, £10, B. Brown, Thurs-
ford, Dereham, Norfolk (NopareU). Reserve and highly com-
mended : H. Birkbeck (Wave).

ANY OTHER BREED,

Judges. — (As for Sussex).

Cow of any breed, in-milk or in-calf, not eligible for entry
in any Herd Book. — First prize, £15, W. Looker, Wytou
Manor, Huntingdon (White Rose) ; second, £10, T. Kingsley,
Boarscroft, Tring, Herts (Seraphina). Reserveand highly com-
mended : T. Statter, Stand Hall, (Buttercup). Commended:
T. Kingsley (Lady Knightley First).

Heifer, of any breed, in-milk or in-calf, not exceeding three
years old, not eligible for entry in any Herd Book, — First
prize, £15, R. Stratton, the Duffryu (Brilliance) ; second,
£10, W. Looker (Lottery). Reserve and highly commended :
T. Kingsley (Lady Thynne Third).
SHEEP.

LEICESTER?.

Judges. — J. Painter, Belgrave House, Nottingham.

R. Salter, Lower Westcott, CuUompton.

J. H. Bnrbery, Kenilworth.
Shearling ram. — First prize, £20, G. Turner, juu., Thorpe-
lands ; second, £10, G.Turner, jun.; third, £5, G, Turner,
jun. Reserve and highly commended : J. Borton, Barton

House. Commended: W. Brown, Highgate House, Holme-
on- Spalding Moor; J. Borton, Barton House; G, Turner,
jun.

Ram of any other age. — First prize, £20, G. Turner, Bramp-
ford Speke ; second, £10, G. Turner, jun.; third, £5, J.
Borton, Barton House. Reserved and highly commended :
J. Borton. Commended : G. Turner, jun. ; T. H. Hutchinson,
Catterick; J. Borlon.

Pen of five shearling ewes, of the same flock. — First prize,
£15, G. Turner, jun. ; second, £10, J. Borton ; third, £5,
G. Turner, jun. Reserve : T. H. Hutchinson.

COTSWOLDS.

Judges. — W. Game, Manor House, South Cerney, Cirencester.
H. Mackinder, Langton Grange, Spilsby,
R, J. Newton, Campsfield Farm, Woodstock.

Shearling ram. — First prize, £20, T. Brown, Marham Hall,
Downham Blarket, Norfolk ; second, £10, T. Brown ; tiiird,
£5, T. Brown. Reserve and highly commended : T. Brown.
Highly commended : Royal Agricultural College Farm.
Commended: T. and S. G. Gillett, Kilkenny (for three sheep),
T. Brown.

Ram of any other age. — First prize, £20, T. Brown, Mar-
sham ; second, £10, Royal Agricultural College Farm;
third, £5, T. Brown. Reserve : H. E. Raynbird, Basing-
stoke, Hampshire.

Pen of five shearling ewes, of the same flock. — First prize,
£15, Royal Agricultural College Farm; second, £10, T. and
S. G. Gillett ; third, £5, T. and S. G. Gillett. Reserve : T.
Thomas, St. Hilary.

LINCOLNS.

Judges. — (As for Cotswolds).

Shearling ram. — First prize, £30, E. J. Howard, Nocton
Rise ; second, £10, J. Pears, Mere, Lincoln ; third, £5, R.
Wriglit, Nocton Heath. Reserved and highly commended :
T. Cartwright, Dunstan Pillar, Lincoln. Commended : J, H.
Caswell, Laughton, Folkingham, Lincolnshire (Profit) ; 0.
Clarke, Ash by-de-la- Launde ; J. Byron, Kirkby Green, Slea-
ford ; A. P. Hope, Bordlands.

Ram of any other age. — First prize, £20, J. Pears ;
second, £10, R. Wright, Nocton Heath, Lincoln ;
third, £5, R. Wright. Reserved and highly commeded : W.
and H. Dudding, Panton House. Commended : W, F.
Marshall, Branston, Lincoln.

Pen of five shearling ewes of the same flock. — First prize,
£15, T. Gunuell, Milton, Cambridge ; second, £10, J. Byron ;
third, £5, J. Pears. Reserve and highly commended : C.
Clarke.

BORDER LEICESTER.

Judges — R, C. Chrisp, Hawkhill, Alnwick.

W. C. Thomson, Dilston Haugh, Corbridge.

Shearling ram. — First prize, £20, T. Foster, jun., Elling-
ham ; second, £10, T. Foster, jun. ; third, £5, W. Purves,
Linton Burufoot. Reserve and commended : W. Purves.

Ram of any other age. — Prize, £20, T. Foster, jun. (Royal
Exchange).

Pen of five shearling ewes of the same flock. — First prize,
£15, W. Purves ; second, £10, H. Newby-Fraser, Hay Close,
Penrith, Cumberland ; third, £5, R. Tweedie, The Forest,
Catterick, Yorkshire.

OXFORDSHIRE DOWNS.

Judges. — H. Fookes, Whitchurch, Blandford.

W. Parsons, Hill Farm, Elsfield, Oxford.
J. S. Turner, Chyngton, Seaford, Lewes.

Shearling ram. — First prize, £20, Duke of Marlborough,
Blenheim Palace; second, £10, A. F. Milton Druce, Twelve
Acres, Eynshara, Oxon ; third, £5, Duke of Marlborough.
Reserve and highly commended : G. Wallis, Old Shifford.
Highly commended : J. Treadwell, Upper Winchendon.
Commended : J. Treadwell ; F. Street, Harrowden ; C. Hobbs,
Maisey Hampton ; C. Howard, Biddenham.

Ram of any other age. — First prize, £20, J. Treadwell
(Guildford) ; second, £10, J. Treadwell (Gillett) ; third, £5,
A. F. M. Druce. Reserve and highly comuiended : C.
Howard. — The class highly commended.

Pen of five sliearlirg ewes of the same flock. — First prize,
£15, A. i\ M. Druce ; second, £10, Duke of Marlborough ,
third, £5, G. Wallis. Reserve and highly commended : C.
Howard. Highly commended : F. Street.

SOUTHDOWN S.

Judges. — (As for Oxfordshire Downs).
Shearling ram. — First prize, £20, W. Rigden, Here,

166

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

"Brighton ; second, £10, Lord Walsingham, Merton Hall,
Ihetford ; third, £5, Lord Walsingham. Reserve and highly
commended : J. and A. Heasman, Augmering. Highly com-
mended : W. Rigden; F. J. S. Foljambie, M.P., Osberton
Hall, Notts. Commended : W. Rigden.

Ram of any otherage. — First prize, £20, Lord Walsingham ;
second, £10, W. Rigdeu ; third, £5, Sir W. Throckmorton,
Bart., Buckland, Faringdon, Berkshire. Reserve and highly
commended : The Prince of Wales, Sandringham.

Pen of five shearling ewes, of the same flock. — First prize,
£15, Lord Walsingham ; second, £10, Sir W. Throckmorton ;
third, £5, J. J. Colman, M.P., Carrow. Reserve and highly
commended : H. S. Waller, Farmiugton, Nortlileach,
Gloucestershire. Commended : G. Smith, Paddockhurst ;
Lord Sondes, Elmham.

SHEOl'SHIRES.

Judges. — J. Coxon, Freeford, Lichfield.

J. Evans, Ufhngton, Shrewsbury.

G. Cureton, Beam House, Shrewsbury.

Shear]iug ram. — First prize, £20, Lord Chesliam, Latimer.
Chesham, Bucks ; second, £10, T. and T. J. Mansell, Ercall
Park ; third, £5, E. Crane, Slirawardine. Reserve and highly
conmended : Sarah Beach. Highly commended, T. and J.
Mansell ; J. Pulley, Lower Eaton, Hereford.

Ram of any other age.— First prize, £20, T. and T. J. Man-
sell, Adcott Hall, Baschurch, Salop ; second, E. Crane, Shra-
wardine, Shrewsbury, Salop ; third, £5, l/ord Chesham.
(Paddy) Reserve and highly commended: W. German,
Measham Lodge, Atherst one, Derbyshire (The Ruler). Highly
commended : C. W. Hamilton, Hamwood, Clonee, Meath
(Bryan Born). Commended : C. W. Hamilton (Nobleman).

Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, of the same Hock. — First prize,
£15, Lord Chesham; second, £10, Mrs. Sarah Beach,
The Hattons, Brewood, Penkridge, Statfa ; third, £5. J. Pulley,
Lower Eaton, Hereford. Reserve and higiily commended :
W. O. Foster, Apley Park Farm, Sbifnal, Salop. Highly com-
mended : W. F. Firmstoue, Rockingham Hall, Hagley, Wor-
cestershire ; W. Baker, Moor Barns, Atherstone, Warwick-
shire. Commended : Mrs. Harriet Smith, New House, Sut-
ton Maddock, Shifnal.

UAJirSHIRE AND OTHER SHORTWOOLLED BREEDS.

Shearling ram. — First prize, £20, A. Morrison, Fonthill
House (UarapshireDown); second, £10, A. Morrison, (Hamp-
8 hire Down) ; third, R. and J. Russell. Uorton Kirby, Dart-
f ord, Kent (Hampshire Down). Reserve and highly com-
mended : R. Coles, Middleton Farm, (Hampshire Down).
Commended : R. Coles, Middleton Farm, Warminster, Wilt-
shire (Hampshire Down).

Ram of any other age. — First prize, £20, T. C. Saunders,
Watercombe (Hampshire Down) ; second prize, £10, T. C.
Saunders (Hampshire Down).

Pen of fiive shearliug ewes, of the same Flock. — First
prize, £15, T. C. Saunders (Hampshire Down) ; second, £10,
W. Parsons, Monk Sherborne, Basingstoke, (Hampshire
Down) ; third, £5, J. Walter, M.P., Bearwood, Wokingham,
Berkshire (Hampshire Down). Reserve, W. S. Gardner,
French Hall, Moulton, Newmarket, Suffolk (Black-faced
Suffolk).

lONG-WOOLLED.

Judges. — (As for Cotswolds).

Pen of ten breeding ewes of any age, which shall have
suckled lambs up to June 1st, IST'i. — First prize, £12, T. and
S. G. Gillett, Kilkenny (Cotswoli) ; second, £8, T. Gunnell,
Milton (Lincoln). Reserve : C. Clarke, Ashby-de-la-Launde,
Sleaford, Lincolnshire (Lincoln).

Pen of ten ewe lambs. — First prize, £12, F. AUwood, Wals-
wortb Farm, Hitchin (Lincoln) ; second, £8, F. Ellis, Manor
Farm, Chesterton, Cambridge (Long-wooUed).

Pen of ten wether lambs. — No competition.

SHORT-WOOLLBD.

Judges. — (As for Oxfordshire Downs).

Pen of five shearling wethers. — First prize, £10, C. Craw-
shay, Hingham, Aitleboro', Norfolk (crossbred) ; second, £5,
J. Newman, Harrowden (Improved Leicesters). Reserve : T.
Gunnell (Lincoln).

Pen of ten breeding ewes of any age, which shall have
suckled lambs up to June 1st, 1874. — First prize, £12, Duke
of Marlborough (Oxfordshire Down) ; second, £8, J. B. Jones,
Ensdon House, Shrewsbury, Salop (Shropshires). Reserve:
C. Howard, (Oxfordshire Downs).

Pen of ten ewe lambs. — First prize, £12, T. Nock, Suttou
House, Shifnal, Salop (Shropshire) ; second, £8, F. Street,
(Oxfordshire Down). Reserve and highly commended :
T. and T. J. Mansell (SI ropshire).

Pen of ten wether limbs. — First prize, £12, J. and F.
Howard (Oxfordshire Down) ; second, £8, G. Street (Oxford-
shire Down). Reserve and highly commended : Lord Sondes,
(Southdown).

Pen of five shearling wethers. — First prize, £12, Executors
of the late S. Druce, Eynsham, Oxon (Oxfordshire Down) ;
second, £8, Duke of Marlborough (Oxfordshire Down). Re-
serve : C. Sturgeom, South Ockendon Hall, Romford, Essex.
Highly commended : G. Street (Oxfordshire Down). Com-
mended : G, Smith, Paddockhurst, Crawley, Sussex (South-
down).

PIGS.

Judges. — J. Angus, Whitefield, Morpeth.
J. Lynn, Stroxton, Grantham.
J. Smith, Henley-in-Arden.

LARGE white.

Boar, above six months and not exceeding twelve months
old. — First prize, £10, Earl of Ellesmere, Worsley Hall,
Manchester ; second, £5, R. E. Duckering, Northorpe, Kirton-
Lindsey, Lincolnshire (lOtli Cultivator).

Boar, above twelve months old. — First prize, £10, C. R. N.
Beswick-Royds, Pyke House, Littleborough, Lancashire
(Velocipede) ; second, £5, Earl of Ellesmere (Cultivator 9th).
Reserve and highly commended: J. and F. Howard (Duke).
Commended: Earl of EUesmere (Jerry).

Pen of three breeding sow pigs of the same litter, above
four and under eight months old. — First prize, £10, M.
Walker, Stockley Park, Anslow, Burton-on-Trent, Stafford-
shire (Minnie, Miua, Myra) ; second, £5, J. and F. Howard
(The Three Damsels). Reserve : T. Satchwell, Hernfield
House, Knowle, Warwickshire.

Breeding sow. — First prize, ^10, Earl of Ellesmere; second,
£5, C. R. N. Beswicke-Royds (Acorn). Reserve and highly
commended : J. Wheeler, Long Compton, Shipston-on-Stour,
Warwickshire (Young Princess). Commended : R. E.
Duckering.

SMALL WHITE.

Boar, above six months and not exceeding twelve months
old. — First prize, £10, J. Dove, Hambrook House, Hambrook
(Curly Jolly Boy) ; second, £5, Earl of Ellesmere. Reserve:
G. M. Sexton, Wherstead Hall, Ipswich, Suffolk (The
Czar).

Boar, above twelve months old. — First prize, £10, G. M.
Sexton (Disturbance) ; second, £5, C. R. N. Beswick-Royds
(Cupid). Reserve and highly commended : Earl of Ellesmere
(Curly Locks). Commended : R. E. Duckering (Royal
Duke).

Pen of three breeding sow pigs of the same litter, above
four and under eight months old. — First prize, £10, Earl of
Ellesmere ; second, £5, C. R. N. Beswick-Royds. Reserve
and highly commended : J. Dove, (Three Princesses).

Breeding sow. — First prize, £10, Earl of Ellesmere ; second,
£5, R. E. Duckering. Reserve and highly commended : C.
R. N. Beswicke-Royds (Venus). Highly commended: P.
Eden, Cross Lane, Salford, Manchester (Rosie) ; F. W. Mey-
nell, Coxbench Hall (Daisy)

SMALL BLACK..

Boar, above six months and not exceeding twelve months
old.— First prize, £10, G. M. Sexton (The Shah) ; second,
£5, G. M. Sexton (The Ashantee).

Boar above twelve montlis old. — First prize, £10, C. R. N,
Beswicke-Royds (Indian Chief) ; second, £5, G. Turner, jun.,
Thorpelands, Northampton.

Pen of three breeding sow jiigs of the same litter, above
four and under eight months old). — First prize, £10, C. R. N.
Beswicke-Royds ; second, £5, G. M. Sexton (Truth in breed-
ing)-

Breeding sow. — First prize, £10, J. Wheeler, Long Comp-
on (Miss Chester) ; second, £5, G. M. Sexton (Apology).
Reserve and highly commended : G. M. Sexton (Coomassie).

BERKSHIRE.

Boar, above sis months and not exceeding twelve months
old. — First prize, £10, A. Stewart, Saint Bridge Farm
(Prince) ; second, £5, Royal Agricultural College Farm
(Young Liverpool).

Boar, above twelve months old. — First prize, £10, W.
Hewer, Sevenhampton (Hector) ; second, £6, W. Hewer

T^HE :parmer's magazine.

16?

(Cardiff Hero). Reserve ind highly commended: H. Hum-
frey, Kingston Farm, Shrivenhara (Sir D. C).

Pen of three breeding sow pigs of the same litter, above
four and under eight months old. — Jirst prize, i'lO,
Royal Agricultural College Earm, Cirencester ; second ,
£5, J. Looker, Hemingford Abbots, St. Ives, Hunts. Reserve
and highly commended: H. Humfrey (Nos. 454 A B C).
Commended : A. C. Baily, Swindon.

Breeding sow. — First prize, £10, M. Walker (Gipsy) ;
second, £5, A. Stewart (Helen). Reserve and highly com-
mended: Cirencester College (Sally VII.). The class com-
mended.

OTHER BREEDS.

Boar, above six and not exceeding twelve months old. —
First prize, £10, Earl of Ellesmere ; second, £5, P. Eden
Cross-lane (Fire King). Reserve and highly commended:
R. E. Duckering.

Boar, above twelve months old. — First prize, £10, Earl of
Ellesmere (Pride of Idle) ; second, £5, Earl of Ellesmere
(Pretender). Reserve and higlily commended : R. E.
Duckering.

Pen of three breeding sow pigs of the same litter, above
four and under eight months old. — First prize, £10, P. Eden ;
second, £5, Earl of Ellesmere. Reserve and highly com-
mended : J. Dove. The class commended.

Breeding sow. — First prize, £10, R. E. Duckering; second,
£5, Earl of Ellesmere. Reserve and highly commended : P.
Eden (Cerito). Tiie class commended.

BEDFORDSHIRE FARMS.
Judges. — T. Plowright, Jun., Pinchbeck Hall, Spalding.
J. Rawlence, Bnlbridge, Wilton, Salisbury.
G. H. Sandy, Holme Pierrepont, Notts.

First prize, a silver cup, value £50, with a purse of fifty
sovereigns, given by Lord Charles J. F. Russell for the best-
managed farm in the county of Bedford, R. Checkley, Brog-
borough, Woburn ; second, £50, by the Royal Agri-
cultural Society, T. Crouch, Boughton End Farm, Lidling-
ton, Amptbill. Specially commended for gold medal, C.
Howard, Biddenhara and Brorahara farms. Highly com-
mended : Z. Phillips, Birchraoor, Wobura ; G. Street, Maul-
den, Amptbill ; J. Lilley, Knotting Green ; U. Paine, Elms
i\rm, Goldington. Commended; J. Henman, Stagsden
West End ; W. Leaberry, Hill Farm, Stagsden ; J. Lester,
Kempston.

Inspectors of Shearing. — H. Bone, Bisterne, Ringwood.
W. Jobson, Buteland, Bellingham.
J. B. Workman, Ridon, Pershore.
Stewards of Live Stock — R. Leeds, Castleacre, Brandon.
M. W. Ridley, M.P., Blagdon, Cramlington.
W. H. Wakefield, Sedgwick, Kendal.
Hon. Wilbraham E^erton, M.P., 'Rostherne Manor,
Knutsford.
Veterinary Inspector. — Professor Brown, Royal

Veterinary College.
Hun. Director of the Show. — B. T. Brandreth Gibbs,
Half.Moon-street, Piccadilly, London.

Reeves and Germans ; and of horse-hoes the best tried
were exhibited by Sainty, Priest and Woolnough, Smith
(of Kettering), Carson and Toon, Tinkler, Page and Co.,
and Eaton and Sons.

The following table shows the number of entries for
trial at Bedford :

THE IMPLEMENT TRIALS.
THE OPENING DAY.

The implements which come into competition this year
are drills, horse-hoes, manure distributors, waggons, and
carts ; with further prizes for shepherds' huts, sleeping
vans, and thrashing-machine safety-guards.

The last trials of waggons, carts, and manure distributors
were at Manchester in 1869, when amongst the chief win-
ners of premiums for waggons were W. Crosskill and Sons,
Hayes and Son, and the Beverley Iron Works Company ;
while for carts the most successful competitors were
Hayes, Corbett, Crosskill, Ball and Son, Milford, and
the Beveiley Company. For manure distributors James
of Cheltenham and Baker of Compton took the prizes.

The drills and horse-hoes would seem to have lost their
turn, as they have not been on trial since the Plymouth
meeting in 1865, when amongst the prize-winners for
drills were Hornsby and Sons, Priest and Woolnough,
Coultas, Sainty, Holmes and Son, Gower and Sons,

Number

for

Trial.

9.
10.

11.
12.

Section I. — Brills.
Class.

1. General purpose drills

2. Corn drills

3. Adaptation to a corn

drill for hillside de-
livery

•i. Corn drills for small
occupations

5. Drills for turnips and

other roots on the
flat

6. Drills for turnips and

other roots on the
ridge

7. Drills for turnips and

other roots on tlit
ridge, without ma-
nure box

8. Water Drills

Drills for small seeds ..
Barrows lor sowing

small seeds

Drill pressers

Potato drills

Section II. — Horse-hoes.

13. Horse-hoes for genera'

purposes

14. Horse-hoes combineil

with drill for small
seeds

15. Single-row horse-hoe?

for ridge and flat ...

16. Single-row grubbers...

17. Horse- hoes for thin

ning turnips

Section III — Manure (lis
trihiitors.

18. Distributors for liquid

manure

19. Distributors for dr\

manure

Section IT''. — Waggons.

20. Pair-horse waggons ...

21. Light waggons on

springs

22. Other waggons

Section V. — Carts.

23. Single horse carts for

general agricultural
purposes

24. Harvest carts

25. Market carts on springs

26. Carts for the convey

ance of water, with
pump attached

27. Other carts

Section VI. — Stock and Im

plement Carts.

28. Low-bodied carts on

springs, for convey
ance of stock

Lorries, or other ve
hides, for the con-
veyance of imple
ments

Carts with crank axle
and low body

29.

30.

7
26

11
16

12

11

20
5
9

29

5

29
19

2t

9

10

9

4
6

21

4

10

10
15

Number

Machines
entered
in two
classes.

135 drills.

105 horse-
hoes.

16 manure
distributors.

19 waggons

60 carts.

14 stock and

implement

carts.

163

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE

Number

on

Trial.

Number

in
section.

Sedlon ni.—MoraWe hiifs.
31. Shepherds' huts on

4.
3

15

7 huts.

15 guards to

the drum of

a thrashing

machine.

32. Vans for men engnged
in steam cultivation,

Special prize.

33. Guard or applianes to
the drum of a
thrashing machine
for preventing acci-
dents to the people

Total

378

371

The following is a list of the exhibitors of implements
at Bedford: Affleck; Agricultural and Horticultural
Co-operative Association ; Albion|Ii-on Works Company ;
Allchin; Allcock; Alway aud Son; Armitage, S. C. ;
Arnold aud Sons ; Ashby, Jeffery, and Luke ; Asbton ;
Atmospheric Churn Company; Aveling aud Porter;
Bailey Brother ; Baker and Co ; Baker, J. ; Baker, T. ;
Ball ;' Ball and Son , BarforJ and Perkins ; Barford, V. ;
Barnard, Bishop, and Barnard ; Barnard ; Barrows and
Stewart; Barton; Bayliss, Jones, and Bayliss ; Beach
and Co. ; Beare, Son, and Co. ; Belcher, Gee, and Co. ;
Bell and Co. ; Bellamy ; Bentall ; Beverley Iron and
Waggon Campany ; Bickerton and Sons ; Bigg ; Biphos-
phated Guano Company (Limited) ; Boby ; Boultoii and
Co.; Boyall; Bradford and Co.; Braggins ; Brigham
and Co. ; Bristol Waggon Works Company ; Broomhall ;
Brown and Co. ; Browu and j\Liy ; Burgess and Key ;
Burney and Co. ; Burrell ; Cambridge and Parham ;
Campion ; Carson andToone ; Canter Brothers ; Chambers,
H. ; Chambers, H. ; Cheavin ; Clarke and Odling ; Clarke;
Clarke ; Clay ; Clayton aud Shuttleworth ; Clemow and
Co. ; Coleman and Mortou ; Coleman ; Cooch ; Cooke ;
Corbett and Peele ; Corbett, S., and Son; Corcoran,
Witt, and Co.; Cottam and Co.; Cottis and Sons;
Cottrell and Co. ; Coulsou and Weor ; Coultas ; Coutcau;
Cox ; Cranston aud Luck ; Crawley ; Crosskill and Sons;
Crowley and Co. ; Crump ; Davies ; Davis and Co. ;
Davey, Paxman, and Co. ; Day and Sons ; Day, Son, and
Hewitt ; De Leon and Co. ; Dean ; Denue aud Son ;
Dell and Sou, Dening aud Co.; Dennis and Co.;
Denton; Dodge and Co.; Dodman ; Down aud Co.;
Driffield Linseed Cake Company; Duffield , Eagles;
Eastwood ; Edgiugtou and Co. ; Edgiuton and Co. ;
Edlington ; EUiman and Co. ; Fairbanks and Co. ;
Farmers' Supply Association; Eaulks ; Fisken ; Fison ;
Follows and Bate ; Foster aud Co. ; Fowler, J., and Co. ;
Gardner ; Garrett aud Sons ; Gatward : Gibbons ; Gibbs
and Co. ; Gibson ; Gilbert ; Gillitt ; Glover and Sons ;
Gooday ; Gold Brothers ; Gower and Son (Winchfield) ;
Gower and Son (Market Drayton) ; Grant ; Green aud
Sons; Guest; Hall and Co ; Hall; Hamilton and Co. ;
Hamilton, Woods, and Co. ; Hancock, H., and Co. ;
Hancock, J. L., and Co. ; Harrison McGregor Co. ;
Harrison ; Hart and Co. ; Hartley and Sugden ; Hayes
and Son; Hayes; Haynes and Sons; Hayward, Tyler
and Co. ; Head, Wrightson, aud Co. ; Headly and Son ;
Heard; Hempsted and Co. ; Hepburn and Sons ; Heron,
Gresham, and Craven ; Hill and Smith ; Holliugs,
Brothers ; Holmes and Sous ; Hope ; Hopperton ;
Horley ; Hornsby, R., and Sons ; Howard, J. ; Howard,
J. aud F. ; Howes and Sons; Hughes; Humphries;

Hunt aud Tawell ; Hunter ; Hydes aud Wigfull ;
lies ; Ingold ; Inmau ; Inwood ; James and Son ;
Johnston Harvester Co. ; Jones, J. M. ; Jordan, E. ;
Kearsley, H. and G. ; Kell ; Kennau and Sons ; Key worth
and Co. ; Kilpiu aud Billson ; King, W. ; Kittmer, B. ;
Koppel, L. ; Larkworthy and Co. ; Laughlaud and Co. ;
Le Butt. J.; Le Grand, A.; Lewis and Son : Lillie and
Elder ; London, Provincial, and Foreigu-Sanitary Co. ;
Lyon, A. ; Main and Co. ; Maldon Iron Works Co. ;
Marsden; Marshall, Sons and Co. ; Marston and Co.;
Massey and Hill ; Matthews, J. ; Matthews, Son, and
Co. ; Mattison, W. ; May and Mountain ; Maynaid, R. ;
Maythorn, J. ; M'Kenzie and Sons ; Mellard's Trent
Foundry ; Milburn and Co. ; Milford and Son ; Milford,
Frank P. ; Mills and Co. ; Mitchell and Co. ; Moore and
Co. ; Morgan and Co. ; Morris and Griffiu ; Mortlock ;
Morton, Francis, and Co. ; Moser ; Mote, F. ; Moule's
Earth Closet Co. ; Moulton, E. L. ; Murray and Co. ;
Murton and Turner ; Musgrave and Co. ; Nalder and
Nalder ; Negus ; Newton, Chambers, and Co.; Nichol-
son and Son ; Nickerson ; Nock ; Norris and Co. ;
Ohlendorff and Co. ; Oldham and Booth ; Osborue and
Co. ; Packard and Co. ; Page and Co. ; Page and
Girling ; Parham ; Parker ; Payne and Sun ; Pearce,
C. ; Peirce, A. C. ; Penney and Co. ; Perkins and Co. ;
Phillips-Smith and Co.; Pickering; Picksley, Sims, aud
Co. ; Pinfold ; Ponis and Co. ; Priest, Wooluough, and
Michell ; Pyke ; Rainforth and Son ; Randell ; Ran-
some, S. and E., and Co.; Ransomes, Sims, and Head;
Ravensthorpe Engineering Company ; Raywood ; Reading
Ironworks ; Reeves and Son ; Reid and Co. ; Reudle ;
Reynolds and Co.; Riband Telegraph Post Company;
Richards ; Riches and Watts , Richmond and Chandler ;
Roberts ; Robey and Co. ; Robinson and Richardson ;
Rjdway ; Rollins and Co. ; Russell and Co. ; Ruston,
Proctor, and Co. ; Samuelson aud Co. ; Sawney ;
SchnfTer and Budenburg ; Sears and Co. ; Sharman
and Ladbury ; Sheath ; Sherwood ; Silvester ; Simpson
and Co. ; Smith and Grace ; Smith, R., and Co. ; Smith,
W. ; Smyth and Sons ; Snowden ; Spong aud Co. ;
Staniland; Staynes& Sons; Stone; St.Pancras Iron Work
Co.; Summerscales aud Sons ; Sutton and Sons; Symonds;
Tangye and Holman ; Tasker aud Sons ; Taylor's Sewiug
Machine Co. ; Thomas and Taylor ; Thorn ; Thorough
Washing Machine Co.; Thwaites and Carbutt ; Tipper;
Tomlinson, Hayward, and Bishop ; Tucker ; Turner ;
Underbill ; Unite ; Vipan and Headly ; Waide ; Walker
and Son ; Walker, Fyfe, aud Co. ; Wallis and Steevens ;
Walworth and Co. ; Wandley and Robb ; Ward and
Silver ; Warsop and Hill ; Watson ; Watts and Co. ; Webb
and Sou ; Weighill ; Weir ; Welland Vale Co. ;
Wheeler and Son ; Wheeler and Wilson ; White and
Co.; Whitehead and Co.; Whitehouse; Wilkerson ;
Willacy ; Williams and Co. ; Williams ; Williams,
Jones, and Co. ; Williamson ; Windover ; Wood ;
Woods, Cocksedge, and Co. ; Wray ; Wright, H. ; Wright
and Co. ; Wright. W. T. ; Wurr and Lewis ; Zimdars.

THE TRIAL WEEK.

The implement trials this year have been carried out
under great personal inconvenience to the judges, exhi-
bitors, and all concerned, from the intense heat of the
weather, and the parched and dry nature of the
ground, owing to the continued want of rain. The trial-
fields were, however, conveniently chosen, some close to
the show-yard and the others at no great distance; but
marching over the ground was like walking on pebbles
and the intense direct rays of the sun, with but seldom a
breath of air, made the long day's labours scarcely bear-
able. The judges, however, stuck to their work un-
flinchingly from early morning to almost dusk — a measure

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE,

169

absolutely requisite to get through the numerous imple-
ments and vehicles submitted for trial, which num-
bered nearly four hundred. The fields selected were,
for the trials of drills, two fields near the show-yard ;
and for the horse-hoes, two others reaching towards
Elstow. The backward state of the turnip crop threw a
difficulty in the way of the Society in obtaining a suitable
plot for trial of turnip-thinuers, as the plants in the field
originally selected w^ere not sufficiently forward ; but
arranirements were made with Mr. Poole for one of his
fields better circumstanced, although by no means in a
satisfactory condition for a good trial. The exhibition
of implements coming on for competition this year is large,
may be thus summarised :

Drills of various kinds 229

Horse-hoes and grubbers 45

Manure distributors 6

Carts and waggons 209

Movable huts 8

The trials of the general-purpose drills were limilcd to five
makers, and did not give much trouble. The corn drills,
however, in class 2 were very numerous, and occupied
the judges several days in coming to a determination,
after repeated trials and the free use of the dynamometer.
The drills ranged in price from £19 up to £36 — the
charge for a Canandian patent made by Hollings
Brothers, of Swindon. The trials of these were watched
with great interest, although the work of burying the
seed was performed under difficulties, but the poor judges,
who had to follow the course of the implements over the
hard knobbly clayey soil, were to be pitied ; they get
through their work, however, on Thursday, and were
able to announce their decision on Friday. By far the
greater number of the seed drills work in the old-fashioned
way — the corn, or turnips, or mangold seed being lifted
in little cups, get round a disc, on short arms, the seed
being spilled over from the highest point into two funnels,
one at each side of the disc, and so conveyed to the land
behind the coulters, which open the furrows. Many of
the machines combine a manure with a seed-box ; and
several different devices are used for inducing guano and
superphosphate to flow through a comparatively small
aperture and fall down a spout in advance of the seed.
The machines were tried, not with real manure, but with
coal dust, which answers pretty well. A somewhat
startling fact has already been arrived at, namely, that
machines by good makers in the best adjustment will sow
7 oz. of seed in one drill while going a given distance,
and perhaps 9 oz. in the next drill ; this was discovered
by the simple expedient of fastening small bags over the
delivery spouts, so that the seed went into the bags and was
weighed, instead of going into the ground and being
covered up out of sight. This is a matter of the utmost
importance, as too much care cannot be taken to distribute
seed evenly. A great defect in all drills constructed on
what may be termed the "Persian wheel" system, is that
if the horses stop the seed falls out of the cups, and when
they go on again the machine must move a foot or two
before more seed can be picked up and brought to the
top of the wheel. The feeding discs run slowly, and they
must make half a revolution before they begin to sow
again after a stoppage. This is not the case with various
other systems of construction which appears to possess
general advantages over the Persian wheel arrangement,
although the latter is the most popular with agricultural
implement makers at present.

The trials in class 3 for the best adaptation of a corn
drill for hill-side delivery were made on Thursday, and
there were eleven entries, only one maker sending two
implements. The corn drills for small occupations,
class 4, were also tried on Thursday. The range of price

for these implements varied between the extremes of £14
and £81. There were fifteen separate makers entered.

The drills for turnips and other roots on the flat,
class 5, were tested in the field near the show-yard on
Monday, and the trials completed of the twelve entries,
so as to enable the judges to determine their awards on
the following day. Nineteen makers competed, and there
were twelve entries in the class.

The competitions in classes 6 and 7 — drills for turnips
and other roots on the ridge, with or without manure —
were carried on in the fields at Elstow. In the first class
there were eleven entries, and in the second twenty. The
prices of these implements made by various makers vary
widely. Those iu class 6 range between the two ex-
tremes of £0 10s. and £20, and in class 7 from £5 5s. to
£11 lis.

The water-drills tried in class 8 were very few, there
being only five entries, and one maker sent two. The
range of price of these implements was also wide, being
between £25 and £41.

Class 9, drills for small seeds, included some cheap
and useful implements ; indeed, some very low priced.

The barrows for sowing small seeds, class 10, also
contained some useful articles. Only three drill pressers,
class 11, competed, and there were but six potato-drills
tried. One or two of these are well known ; but there was
also a novelty in a French implement, shown by a M.
Couteau. It consists of a travelling hopper, delivering
potatoes of any size at distances varying at will, from 12
to 28 inches. A row is planted at a time, and the seed
covered as deposited. The drill, 9 feet long and 4 feet
wide, is worked by one horse. Bickerton and Sons', of
Berwick, is constructed iu toothed sections, and is only
£8. Wright's machine, made by Coultas, of Grantham,
plants, manures, and covers up two rows at one opera-
tion. The price is £31, a little more than the French
implement. Murray's is £16, while Corbett and Peele
supply one at £20, and that of Coultas is sold at £45.

The largest exhibitors of drills of various kinds for
trial iu the several classes were Messrs. Gower and Son,
28 ; T. Harrison, 10 ; J. Coultas, 10 ; Holmes and Son,
and Corbett and Peele, 8 each ; Kainforth and Sons, 6 ;
Murton and Turner, and Uuderhill, 5 each ; Dening and
Co., J, F. Clemow and Co., Walker and Son, G. W.
Murray, and Kell, 3 each.

On Tuesday Messrs. J, and I\ Howard commenced
cutting a fine field of rye, near the road, with some of
their reaping machines, and on Friday and Saturday they
had several sets of their newest steam-cultivating appa-
ratus at work in fields near the show-yard. Their iron
works and farms were also thrown open to visitors.

Messrs. Barford and Perkins also exhibited on Wed-
nesday two sets of their steam ploughing and cultivating
tackle at work on strong land, half a mile from the
show-yard, in the occupation of Mr. Risely, of Elstow.
One set was driven by au ordinary 8-horse power port-
able engine, and the other. Savage's patent, on an en-
tirely new plan, by a traction engine, the hind wheels of
which are converted into winding drums, thus dispensing-
with the ordinary windlass, and two men can strip the
wheels in half-an-hour.

On Tuesday the judges were occupied all the morning
with the trials of class 7, small ridge drills with manure.
In the afternoon they took up and finished class 6, then
commenced with class 15, single row horse hoes for
ridge and flat, which was resumed at 9 o'clock on Wed-
nesday morning.

On Thursday morning the judges proceeded with the
trials of horse-hoes for general purposes, and those com-
bined with drills for small seeds, and those for thinning
turnips, in Mr. Prole's fields, at Elstow. At 8 o'clock
the corn drills trials were resumed, the following imple-

1:0

TSE I^AU^iEH'S MAGA2[Nfi.

ments being tal<en in succession : B. Reid and Co., W.
AValker, Dening and Co., Kells, Thos. Harrison, W.
Gilbert, Holmes and Sou, Gowers, W. Coleman, J.
Coultas, W. Rainforth.

The judges of carts, &c., at 9 resumed the inspection of
the vans in class 32.

The judges for miscellaneous objects for the silver
medals commenced their labours at nine o'clock on
Tuesday, and by one had got through 42 stands. They
commenced at two o'clock with No. 43 stand, and by the
evening had reached 100. On Wedntsday morning they
resumed their labours at stand 101, and got through more
than 100 stands in the course of the day, recommenciug
on Thursday morning with stand 213.

This year, to avoid the former complaints made by
competitors of only a few of the prize implements of
the year having been exhibited in the centre of the show-
yard, a special shed, prominently situated, has been set
apart by the Society for their exclusive display, and to
alfjrd better facilities for the general inspection of the
public.

Thos. Hunter's turnip-thinning machine had the honour
of being the first placeii in the shed on Thursday.

Turning now to " Section II. — Horse hoes," this em-
braced a large class of implements for the judges to deal
with, there being 106 entries in the section, comprising
29 for general purposes (class 13), 3 combined with small
seed drill (class 14), 29 single-row hoes for ridge and flat
(•lass 15), 19 grubbers (class 16), and 24 turnip-thinners
(class 17).

On Thursday morning the judges resumed the trials of
turnip-thinners and of horse hoes for general purposes and
those combined with drills for small seeds in Mr. Poole's
lield at Elstow. The awards in classes 5, 6, 7, and 15
and 16, were issued in the course ot the morning.

On Friday, at nine o'clock, the judges commenced with
horse hoes for general purposes in No. 5 field, and in the
afternoon took up the trials of Class 19, distributors of
dry manure. At 8 o'clock. Class 4, coru-drills for
small occupations, were taken up.

At nine the judges in carts, vans, and huts, resumed
their experimental trials and examinations. The miscel-
laneous judges had progressed so far as to be able to
commence at nine with Stand No. 273, the other 80 or
90 stands being chiefly miscellaneous articles, not agri-
cultural.

Last year a rotation of trials of implements, to extend
over nine years, was commenced at the Hull Meeting, and
this year the trials consist of implements suited for culti-
vation and carrying of crops ; next year machines and
i:nplements used in the harvesting of grass crops, such as
mowing machines, horse-rakes, haymakers, collectors, and
elevators. In the following year, 1876, machines and
implements used in the harvesting of grain and root
crops will have their turn.

Gaining wisdom by experience, there has been issued
and circulated this year in advance a programme of the
points of merit to be awarded for perfection in various
qualifications to the implements presented for trial. This
is a manifest advantage not only to competitors, but to
the public, and especially that portion which is most con-
cerned in the perfection of machinery and implements for
agricultural work.

Classes 13 and 15 mustered strong, there being nearly
sixty entries of implements in the two classes. In horse-
hoea for general purposes, class 13, several of the principal
makers sent more than one, and there were some few
novelties or improved implements by Wandley and Robb
of Wisbeach, Barford and Perkins, Armitage, Smith and
Grace, F. Mote, G. O. Gooday, Reid of Aberdeen, and
Vipam and Headly. Wandly and Robb have done away
with the long bar under the levers ; Barford and Perkins

showed an improved Savage's hoe ; Armitage had A
patent parallel steerage, the share self-adapting to
irregularities; Gooday's had an improved method of
altering the depth ; Reid's had a new arrangement fo r
securing the blades to the shanks.

In class 14, horse-hoes combined with drill, for small
seeds, the entries were but few, only five makers corapet-
ins; with implements varying in price from £11 10s. to
£40.

Class 15, single-row horse-boes for ridge and flat, was
taken up at three o'clock on Tuesday in the Elstow field,
but there were few weeds to operate upon. The imple-
ments were, however, fairly tested by the judges, and
Corbett and Peele"s new pattern hoes especially com-
mended ; while those of W. Ashton of Horncastle, one
of Giliett's of Northampton (of wrought iron, for use on
hard ground), and one of Snowden's of Doncaster (with
three shares and two tines) did their work well.

For class 16, single-row grubbers, there was a good
field of entries. Five were described as new imple-
ments ; but there was not much novelty or advantage
apparent in any of the so-called improvements. The
leading makers were all represented.

Class 17, horse-hoes for thinning turnips, wsls one
regarded with much interest, because no efTective imple-
ment has yet been constructed, and, indeed, it is a diffi-
cult one to deal with. All varieties of plans for working
the horse-hoes were shown ; but a cross chop in this
instance will not do. Mr. Prote's field of turnips — the
best that could be obtained — was very thin and back-
ward, and offered no fair test for the trials, and the dust
and turnips were thrown about very extensively by most
of the revolving machines.

Thomas Hunter, of Maybole, had two implements of
Hanson's patent, for one and two drills respectively,
which work by two revolving sets of hoes on a frame.

Smith, of Kettering, entered several thinners, in which
the hoes are placed diagonally, and ranging in price from
£6 lOs. to £11 10s. Some of these will thin the width
of a six-foot drill, and others do two rows at once
Holmes and Son, of Norwich, had several on trial : in
one the motion was vertical on a horizontal shaft, in
another horizontal on a vertical shaft, while in a third
the cutting was done by fixed hoes worked on a crank.

The Dublin firm of Kennan's had three of what they call
their Clydone hoe, with fiom 3 to 6 cutters each, the
hoes covering different spaces of ground, and in the large
ones having plants a foot or more apart.

Underbill, of Newport, had a two-row thinner, which
he introduced more than 20 years ago, which works by
two sets of revolving hoes or cutters.

Morton and Turner, of Thetford, had one which cuts
on the principle of ordinary hand-hoeing.

Thomas Chambers, of Fakenham, had a patented im-
plement of his own, made by Holmes and Son, which
works two sets of their revolving hoes, and is easily re-
versed.

Ransomes brought forward a large and rather ex-
pensive implement, £20, working easily on the cross-cut
principle, like an ordinary hand-hoe, and well under
management. With some improvements, this implement
may be found useful.

Baker and Co., of Kimbolton, entered one of their
ordinary horse-hoes which works across the fields at right
angles to the rows.

Class 18. — Distributors for Liquid Manures. — There
were only nine entries for trial in this class, three exhi-
bitors sending two carts each. The average price was
about £21, the range being from £17 to £24 I5s., one
sent by "Willacy without a cart at £5 scarcely needing
notice. Baker's two were iron cylinders. Reeves and
Son had two, and James and Son two wooden distributors.

THE FARMER'S ^lAGAZIls^E.

171

III the next. Class 18, distributors for dry manure, the
competition was more varied, for out of the ten entries
only one maker sent two. The ])riccs ranged from
£12 lOs. to £20 15s.

Passing to the next, " Section 4 — \Va!ii;ous," ther
was an active competition, and we have seldom seen such
an effective display of strong, useful, and moderate-priced
vehicles.

In the cart and waggou competition several of the
large makers, such as the Bristol Waggon Company, the
Beverley Iron and Waggou Company, Crosskill and Sons,
and others did not enter. The entries comprised the fol-
lowing numbers from each maker: Hayes and Sons, 20 ;
W. Ball and Son, 12 ; Woods and Cocksedge, 9 ; F. P.
Milford, 8; J. S. Stone, 6 ; G. Ball, 4 ; Page and Girl-
ing, 4 ; Vipan and Ileadley, 3 ; W. Glover and Son, 3 ;
Howes and Sons, 3 ; J. Fowler, 2; H. Inman, 2 ; J.
Negus, 2 ; Allleck, 2 ; Corbett and Peele, 2 ; Lillie and
Elder, 2 ; T. Baker, 3 ; Tlios. iMilford and Son, 2. All
the carts and waggons entered for competition were
severely tested by the consulting engineer's dynamo-
meter, mounted on a pair of wheels, arranged to draw
as nearly as possible from the same height and at the
same angle as horses and tw^o-wheeled carts, and the
load on the horse's back was also determined. The carts
were loaded according to their capacity, build, and
strength, with straw, roots, or corn in sacks.

The results obtained by the dynamometer promises to
put our knowledge of all that concerns the draught of
wheel-carriages at last on a satisfactory footing. Thus it
has been found that, with one form of vehicle hitherto
considered very satisfactory, the act of drawing a ton
brought up the load on the horse's back to about IGOlbs.
Four times as much power is required to drag a
loaded waggon on a hard field as on a macadamised field.
What the resistance would be if the field were soft may
be imagined. It would appear that horses really do much
more work in hauling than is generally supposed, and the
results of these trials, when worked out, cannot fail to
prove both interesting and useful in no ordinary degree,
both to the designers and builders of waggons, carts, and
and other vehicles, and to all those who use horses, either
for business or pleasure.

Class 20, pair-horse waggons. Out of the niue entries
only two makers sent two waggons. They were all good
serviceable vehicles, ranging in price from £29 to £53 .
To enter into detailed descriptions of those shown is un-
necessary, for the awards will speak for themselves.

Class 21, light waggons on springs. The competition
here was entirely between the two principal makei's,
Hayes and Sou, of Stamford, who entered three, and W.
Ball and Son, of Rothwell, Kettering, who entered one.

Class 22, other waggons. Here there were six entries
by different makers.

Section V., Carts. — Class 23, single-horse carts for
general agricultural purposes. The carts — taken as a
whole — sent in by the principal makers were excellent,
ranging in price from the lowest, £12 lOs. (Woods and
Cocksedge) to £19 (Hayes and Son). The competition
in this class was severe, the entries for trial numbering
twenty-one ; and several makers sent in varieties, differ-
ing a little in price and general construction.

Class 24, harvest carts. There were only four com-
petitors for the £10 prize, which was carried off by Hayes
and Son for one of their already rewarded Society's prize-
carts, with head and tail ladders, price £18 10s. ; whilst
on( ,by F. Milford, of Devonshire, was highly commended
by the judges.

Class 25, Market carts on springs.— -The competition
in this class laid among a few exhibitors, Howes and
Sons, of Norwich, entering three ; and Hayes and Son,
of Stamford, four ; the other competitors being J. S.

Stone, W. Ball and Son, and Corbett and Peele, of
Shrewsbury, who exhibited the cheapest, £19 10s.; some
of those shown ran up to £42.

Class 2C), Carts for the conveyance of water with
pump attached. — In the ten carts shown there were
great varieties of form — some were square wooden low-
bodied, others iron cylindrical revolving, and set on the
frame in dift'erent ways. J. Fowler, T. Baker, Woods
and Cocksedge, W. Afllect, Reeves, and Negus were the
makers : several were taken out to the fields and practi-
cally tested by the judges.

Class 27, Other carts. — Several of the fifteen carts
entered under this class were examined and reported
upon in other classes for which they were found suit-
able. Woods and Cocksedge, of Stowmarket, showed
several of their make, with the improved tipping appa-
ratus, and of excellent materials, and they did not fall
into the error of some makers of painting their carts,
seeing that soundness and quality of materials count for
200 points with the judges. Ball and Son, T. JNIilford
and Son, Hayes and Son, and other firms were exhibitors.

Section 6, Stock and implement carts. — In the first
division of the section. Class 28, low bodied carts on
springs for the conveyance of stock, there was only
one entry, a good useful cart of Corbett and Peele's, of
Shrewsbury, which had already received the £15 prize at
Manchester, and also received the £10 prize on this
occasion.

Class 29, lorries or other vehicles for the conveyance
of implements, called out from makers who sent in (5
vehicles : Henry Inuman, of Manchester, two ; Hayes
and Son, two ; W. Ball and Sou, and F. P. Milford one
each, the latter carrying off the £10 prize for a lorry
suited for harvest purposes in hill-side districts, the price
of which was only £20.

Class 30, Carts with crank axle and low body. — This
called out 7 entries, at prices ranging from £20 to £40,
the £10 prize being awarded to the cheapest one, made
by W. Ball and Son.

Class 31, Shepherd's huts on wheels. — A compact and
well-constructed hut by J. P. Fison, of Cambridge, at
£18, carried off the £10 prize ; the second of £5, to one of
Mr. H. luman's construction at £12. G. 0. Gooday
showed a small miserable affair, intended more as a
medium of showing his system of thatching than for any
other special merit.

Class 32, Vans for men engaged in steam-cultivation,
with fittings. — Only three illustrations of these were
submitted to the judges : two by makers who have had
experience in the necessary requirements ; J. Fowler and
Co., one at £95 ; Aveling and Porter one at £85 ; and
the third by M. Faulks, of Bingham, was higher
priced, being £110.

The last subject for notice is the competition for the
gold medal special prize offered for a guard or protector t )
the drum of a thrashing machine. Fifteen different plans
were submitted by thirteen makers. Woods,
Cocksedge, and Co.'s fence consists of a wooden-spiked
roller placed in the feeding mouth just over the drum, and
driven by a belt from the stacker-shaft at about forty-five
revolutions a minute. Ruston and Proctor's consists of
three small wooden-spiked rollers, arranged side by side,
parallel with the drum-shaft on the top. These are
geared together by five wheels, and revolve all in the
same direction. Messrs. Marshalls' guard consists of an
elevated box mouth, down which the corn has tobe thrown.
Ransomes, Sims, and Head have as a guard a combination of
rollers placed in the vertical mouth of a hood. The one,
is a six-sided wooden roller, aiid is run at rather high
speed by a strap. Above it and parallel runs a fixed shaft
on which are loosely strung a number of heavy wooden
discs about ten inches in diameter, covered with leather.

172

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

J. P. Fison uses a plain roller about one foot in diame-
ter,with wood strips parallel to the axis running above
the drum.

F. Savage, of King's Lynn, uses a curved hood of sheet
iron of the simplest kiod, which can be set at any required
angle by moving it on hipges.

E. Humphries covers the drum with a hood, and
provides a set of short chains and spikes which carry the
corn into the hood.

Messrs. Horusby have a regular rail fence or dock
within which the man feeding sits.

These are some few of the plans adopted or suggested
for safety ; but the question for discussion was wide and
complicated, it being necessary also to determine whether
the guard, being a self-acting feeder, did or did not work
so well as to allow the machine to be worked as efficiently
with as without.

IMPLEMENT PRIZES.

Judges for drills, hoes, and manure distributors are
Colonel Grantham, Messrs. Kimber, Savidge, OgUvie,
Hicken, and Outhwaite ; for waggons, carts and
moveable huts, Messrs. Colman, Wheatley, and
Turnbull ; Miscellaneous, Messrs. Cantrell, Ford, and
Hemsley. The stewards of implements are Mr. J. C.
Booth, Mr. Whitehead, Mr. Jabez Turner, and Mr.
Bowen Jones.
Class. Section I. — Dkills.

1. General purpose drills.

First prize, £10, James Coultas, Grantham (2790).
Second, £5, Thos. Harrison (851).

2. Corn drills.

First prize, £15, James Coultas.
Second, £10, Holmes and Son, Norwich.
Commended. — A. "\V. Gower and Sons, Winchfield ;
and Walker and Son, Tithby, Bingham.

3. Adaptation to a corn drill for hill-side delivery.

Prize, £10, C. Dening and Co., Chard.

4. Corn drills for small occupations.

First prize, £10, W. "Walker and Son, Nottingham
(3413).

Second, £5, A. W. Gower and Sons, "Winchfield
(2849).

Highly commended. — "W. Gilbert, Abingdon (177) ;
James Coultas, Grantham (2794) ; "Wm. Cole-
man, Northampton (5001).

5. Drills for turnips and other roots on the flat.

Fu-st prize, £10, James Coultas (2795).
Second, £5, 11. J. Reeves and Son (1587).

6. Drills for turnips and other roots on the ridge.

First prize, £10, James Coultas (2796).
Second, £5, R. J. Reeves and Son (1588).

7. Drills for turnips and other roots on the ridge, with-

out manure-box.
First prize, £10, J. D. Snowden (364).
Second, £5, G. "W. Murray and Co. (4265).
Commended. — Corbett and Peele (1375).

8. "Water drills.

First prize, £10, R. J. Reeves and Son, "Westbury.
Second, £5, J. Coultas, Grantham.

9. Drills for small seeds.

First prize, £10, J. Coultas, Grantham.
Second, £5, Walker and Son, Bingham, near
Nottingham.

10. Barrows for sowing small seeds.

Prize, £5, Corbett and Peele, Shrewsbury.
Highly Commended, A. W. Gower and Sou, Mar-
ket Drayton.

11. Drill pressers.

Prize, £5, A. W. Gower and Son, Market Drayton.

12. Potato driUs.

First prize, £15, J. Coultas, Grantham.
No second prize awarded.

Section II.— Horse Soes.

13. Horse hoes for general purposes.

First prize, £10, Smith and Grace, Thrapston.
Second, £5, Foi'dham Mote, March.
Highly commended. — Vipan and Headlev, Lei-
cester.
Commended. — G. Lewis and Sons, Kettering.

14. Horse hoes combined with drill, for small seeds.

Prize, £5, Corbett and Peel, Shrewsbury.
Commended. — W. Smith, Kettering.

15. Single-row horse hoes for ridge and ilat.

First prize, £10, Corbett and Peele (1386).

Second, £5, Vipan and Ileadly (779).

Highly commended. — Carson and Toone (4884) ;

Corbett and Peale (1383).
Commended. — J. D. Snowden (365) ; James

Gillett (759) ; AV. Ashton (768).

16. Single-row grubbers.

Prize, £5, MeUard's Trent Foundry.
Commended. — Corbett and Peele, Shrewsbury.
17- Horse hoes for thinning turnips.

First pri»e, £15, W. Smith, Kettering.
Second, £10, W. Smith.
Highly commended. — W. Smith.
Commended. — W. Holmes and Son, Norwich.
Section III. — Manure Distributors.

18. Disti'ibutors for liquid manure.

Prize, £10, R. J. Reeves and Son, Westbury.
Highly commended. — J, Coultas, Grantham.

19. Distributors for dry manure.

Prize, £5, Thomas Chambers, Fakenham.
Highly commended. — J. Coultas, Grantham.
Commended. — Reeves and Son, Westbury.
Section IV. — Waggons.

20. Pair-horse waggons.

First prize, £15, Thos. Milford and Son,

Cullompton.
Second, £10, W. Ball and Son, Kettering.
Highly commended. — W. Glover and Sons,

Warwick.

21. Light waggons on springs.

First prize, £10, Hayes and Sou, Stamford.
Second, £5, W. Ball and Son, Kettering.

22. Other waggons.

Prize, £10, W. BaU and Son, Kettering.
Highly commended. — George Ball, Rugby ; Thos.
Milford and Son, Cullompton.
Section V. — Carts.

23. Single-horse carts for general agricultural purposes.

First prize, £10, W. Ball and Son, Rothwell,
Kettering (1309).

Second, £5, F. P. Milford, Exeter (5039).

Highly commended. — Thos. Milford and Son,
CoUumpton (4877) ; George Ball, North Kil-
worth (1241) ; Hayes and Son, Stamford (1437).

24. Harvest carts.

Prize, £10, Hayes and Son, Stamford.
Highly commended, — F. P. Milford, Haldon,
Devon.

25. Market carts on springs.

Prize, £10, Hayes and Son, Stamford (1440).
Commended. — Corbett and Peele, Shrewsbury
(1392).

26. Carts for the conveyance of water, with pump

attached.
First prize, £10, R. J. Reeves and Son, Wes oury

(1594).
Second, £5, Wm. Affleck, Swindon (1360).
Highly commended.— W. Affleck (1361), for

carrying water to farm stock ; J. Fowler and

Co., Leeds (994), for steam cultivating purposes.

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

173

27. Other carts.

Prize, £10, F. P. Milford, Kemi, Exeter.

Highly commended. — George Ball, North Kil-
worth, Rugby.

Commended. — Hayes and Son, Stamford, Lincoln-
shire.

Section VI.— Stock and Implement Cakts.

28. Low-bodied carts, on springs, for conveyance of stock.

Prize, £10, Corbett and Peele, Shrewsbury.

29. Lorries, or other vehicles, for the conveyance of

implements.
Prize, £10, F. P. Milford, Ilaldon, Devon.

30. Carts with crank-axle and low body.

Prize, £10, W. Ball and Son, Kettering.
Section VII. — Movable Huis.

31. Shepherds' huts on wheels.

First prize, £10, J. P. Fison, Cambridge.
Second, £5, H. Inman, Manchester.
33. Vans for men engaged in steam cultivation, with

fittings.
First prize, £15, J. Fowler and Co., Leeds (992).
Second, £10, Aveling and Porter, Rochester(5047).
Highly commended. — Michael Faulks (5861), for

ventilating and sleeping accommodation.

Special Pkize.
Appliance or guard to the drum of a thrashing
machine for preventing accidents to people
employed.
The Society's large gold medal. — [Prize withheld;
judges recommend another year's trial.]

Miscellaneous.
Awards to agricultural articles not included in the

ordinary rotation.
Silver medals to

The Reading Iron Works, Limited, for their
patent " Nozzle " vertical boiler with horizontal
engine.

J. Fowler and Co., Leeds, for their 4-wheel wind-
lass for steam cultivation on the roundabout
system, with self-moving or driving forward
anchor and turning cultivators.

W. N. Nicholson and Son, Newark, for their com-
bined self-acting and manual delivery horse
rake, which i-eceived the first prize at the com-
petition at Chorley.

Barford and Perkins, Peterborough, for Savages'
Agricultural locomotive engine, adapted for
steam ploughing, the driving wheels being
utilised as winding drums.

G. Lewis and Son, Kettering, for their new patent
machine for elevating, shooting, loading and
unloading sacks of corn, &c.

Fairbanks and Co., of King "William-street, Lon-
don, for their 3-ton weighbridge for carts and
waggons.

W. R. Dell and Son, 26, Mark-lane, London, for
their duplex grain-sorter for separating round
seeds from wheat.

Ransomes, Sims, and Head, Ipswich, for their
10-horsepower expansion portable steam-engine,
fitted with Head and Schemioth's ])atent straw-
burning apparatus.

Clayton and Shuttleworth, Lincoln, for their
7-horse power portable steam-engine, with
variable expansion gear, water-beater, and other
recent improvements.

Davy, Paxman, and Co., Colchester, for their
water-heater, adapted to nearly all classes of
high and low pressure and condensing engines.

The special or gold medal for an appliance to the
drum of a thrashing machine was not awarded,
the judges sending in a memorandum to the effect
that they were unable to satisfy themselves as
to the efficiency of any of the plans submitted
as a guard or appliance to the drum of a
thrashing machine for preventing accidents to
the people employed; but they recom-
mend that at auj' future trials two prizes
should be offered — one for a combined guard
and feeder, and another for a guard or protec-
tion only.

THE IMPLEMENT STANDS.

The show of implements increases year by year — an
evidence of the growing importance of agricultural ma-
chinery and engineering skill, which has done so much
already to lighten the manual work of the agricultural
labourer. The farmer finds himself compelled to have the
best, newest, and most effective machines, and every use-
ful implement that will save hand-labour. Steam, too,
has, and will continue, largely to supersede horse labour.
The shedding, this year, for the implements and seeds
covers 2,000 more feet, and the machinery in motion 600
more feet. The Society is doing all it can to keep down
the increased demands forsp.acefrom outsiders or dealers in
miscellaneous articles, having little or no connection
with agriculture ; and there are 400 or 500 less feet
given to them, notwithstanding the 10s. per foot space
which they are willing to pay.

The following figures show the proportional space oc-
cupied at Bedford and Hull :

Bedford. Hull.
Feet. Feet.

Implement shedding 11,400 ... 9,000

Machinery in motion 2,600 ... 2,000

Lands and models' shedding ... 700 ... 1,100

Cattle shedding 2,900 ... 2,400

Sheep and pig shedding 3,150 ... 2,500

And there were enclosed boxes for 420 horses against
330 at Hull.

Let us now proceed to notice the principal stands, placing
the names of exhibitors in alphabetical order for more
easy reference of those interested.

Wm.Affleck, of Swindon, had a couple of his water carts,
which were submitted for trial, and obtained the second
prize and a high commendation ; a small vertical engine
and boiler ; some loose tires on mowing machine wheels,
with which the machine will travel with ease and smooth-
ness, they are fixed or moved in two minutes ; a
double-action haymaking machine, suitable for light or
heavy crops.

The Albion Iron Works Company, Rugeley, exhibited
sevei'al of their chaff-cutters (one a new machine) ;
several of their British grist mills, first introduced at the
Wolverhampton meeting, and which will grind or kibble
twice as fast as a mill with stones. They will also split
large foreign beans and kibble Indian corn. The firm had
also many excellent curd mills and cheese presses ; some
lawn cultivators ; horse hoes ; and a new horse rake, with
improved tines.

W. Allchin, Northampton, an eight-horse portable
engine, with steam-jacketed cylinder, with feed-water
apparatus ; a seven-horse steam -jacketed cylinder ti-action
engine, with patent arrangement of driving gear ; and a
small 3i-horse portable engine, with water heater ; also
an improved corn-grinding mill, with 4-feet grey stones.

Alway and Sou, of Pentonville, a fine collection of
barrel and other churns, railway milk cans, paUs, &c.

m2

174

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

Abraham Armltage, Bury, two ten-row general purpose
drills ; and an improved G feet G inches corn drill, fitted
with a corn barrel ; and a set of press lerers and chains.

S. C. Armitage, Chatteris, March, a lever steerage horse
hoe, and an improved turnip-thinner, which we described
among the trial implements last week.

Ashby, Jeflfery, and Luke, Stamford, showed numerous
specimens of their celebrated prize haymakers ; horse rakes,
with high wheels ; chaff cutters, with wrought iron frames
and wrought angle iron legs, said to be the strongest and
most durable machines in use. Our special attention was
directed to the great advantages of their improved light-
draught solid axle, double spring, and double-action hay-
makers ; their special adaptability to heavy crops, from
the fact of each, fork having two strong springs arranged
so as to take the bearing near the two ends of the fork
bar instead of the middle, as in the case of the ordinary
haymaker; the simple plan for cleaning the machine
without taking it oif its wheels, and the easy method of
reversing the action. The new improved compound
leverage lately introduced into their horse-rake renders
this one of the lightest lifting rakes out. The introduction
of wrought iron frame to chaff-cutters (as well as wrought-
iron legs), was first adapted by this firm, and is, we
believe, confined to them. The frequent breakages of
cast-iron frames, especially in horse and steam-power
machines, has been a constant source of annoyance and
expense, and this is put forth as a likely step towards
the remedy. The excellent vertical steam engines]^and
powerful wrought-iron frame chaff-cutter, with an
excellent plan of preventing accidents by a foot lever for
reversing the rollers, attracted much attention.

Wm. Ashton, of Horncastle, had a general purposes
horse hoe, a single row horse hoe, commended by the
judges, and a grubber; several of Seel's patent duck-
foot harrows, and chisel and other harrows.

Aveling and Porter, Rochester, besides their van for
men, which carried off the second prize in competition at
this meeting, had a 6-horse power road locomotive crane
engine with spring tire driving wheels on Brydges Adam's
patent, with compensating motion for turning sharp
curves ; an 8-horse and a 10-horse power agricultural
locomotive, the latter adapted especially for steam
ploughing on the roundabout system, for thrashing and
the general hauling work of a farm, with a waggon,
which received the first prize at the Wolverhampton
meeting; one of a pair of 12-horse engines to work a
double engine set of ploughing machines, and a 10-ton
steam roller. This firm has received no less than seven
gold medals, besides money prizes, during the past four
years for their steam ploughing machinery.

J. L. Baker and Co., Hargrave, Kimbolton, had a good
display of lever horse hoes, combined drills, &c.

John Baker, Wisbeach, several excellent corn dress-
ing and screening machines.

Thomas Baker, Compton, is noted for his cylindrical
water and manure carts, of which he exhibited several,
besides two or three corn dressing and blowing ma-
chines.

George Ball, North Kilworth, near Rugby, had a
waggon and several excellent carts, three of which were
highly commended after trial by the judges.

W. Ball and Sons, of Rothwell, Kettering, made a
magnificent display of waggons and carts, numbering
about seventeen, and carried off no less than four first
prizes and one second in the competition in Section 4.

Barford and Perkins, Peterborough, who have been so
successful in different departments at previous Royal
Shows, obtained the special silver medal for their 10-
horse agricultural locomotive, manufactured by F. Savage,
Lynn, the driving wheels being utilised as winding drums.
Besides numerous other powerful steam cultivating

apparatus, tliey exhibited an improved general horse hoe
and a single blast thrashing machine, also by Savage ;
several improved elevators or stacking machines, and
their prize steam cooking apparatus, and various other
useful articles.

V. Barford, of St. Neots, had some portable farmers
boilers and steamers.

Barrows and Stewart, Banbury, showed double cylinder
12-horse power portable steam cultivating engine, and
several thrashing and finishing machines, a straw
and hay elevator, and one of Andrew's stacking machines
which will elevate a waggon-load in five minutes.

Beare, Son and Co., of Newton Abbott, exhibited
three new implements — a patent drill for roots with
manure on the flat 7 feet wide, with a self-acting
appliance to seed box to ensure a regular distribution in
hilly districts ; a machine for distributing manure broad-
cast in small or large quantities; and a double speed back-
action haymaker, in which the working heads extend
beyond the travelling wheels, thereby turning the hay
after the wheels have passed over it, and turning a larger
space.

John Bellamy, of Millwall, had on his stand a good
many of his wrought-iron cisterns, feeding and drinking
troughs, and water cart bodies.

E. H. Bentall, of Maldon, exhibited, as usual, a large
collection of his chaff cutters, turnip cutters, root pulpers,
and corn and seed crushers, in several of which improve-
ments had been made. A set of horse gear was also
shown in which no intermediate is required.

The Beverley Iron and Waggon Company had a large
display on their stand of carts, waggons and railway
trucks, sheaf-delivery reapers, field rollers and crushers.

R. Bickerton and Sons, Berwick-on-Tweed, besides a
drill roller and presser, had several reaping and mowing
machines, with new improvements in them.

Robert Boby, Bury St. Edmunds, had a new spring
lever horse-hoe, two new horse-rakes, and some double-
action haymakers, and a number of screens and other
useful machines and implements.

Brigham and Co., Berwick, exhibited a grass-mowing
machine, a self-acting reaper, and a drill roller or presser
in separate sections, on the principle of the Cambridge
rollers.

The Bristol Waggon Company had a good many of
their solidly-made carts, waggons, and floats, several steel-
tooth horse-rakes, and corn-dressing machines.

Brown and May, Devizes, exhibited four of their por-
table engines, ranging from 10 to 2^-horse power, working
several of Nalder and Nalder's thrashing machines.

Burgess and Key, London, two of their self-raker
reapers, with Hughes' hand corn-lifters, a two-horse
mowing machine, a combined reaper and mower, and a
one-horse manual delivery reaper. The width of cut is
five feet.

Charles Burrell, Whitford, Norfolk, one or two road
locomotives, several single cylinder traction engines, two
8-horse power portable engines working thrashing ma-
chines, a harvest elevating machine, and a straw elevating
machine worked by horse gear.

Cambridge and Parham, Bristol, had a good assort-
ment on their stand, comprising two portable engines of
their own, driving one of Nalder and Nalder's combined
thrashing machines, and an improved hay, corn, and straw
elevator. In this the principle of raising the trough is
entirely new, and doue by drawing together the front and
hind travelling wheels by a chain and windlass. The
top can be half-turned back without lowering the elevator.
Several of their notched-wheel rollers and clod-crushers,
and of their Hull Royal prize chain harrows were shown.
They are made in three parts, connected with the patent
spreaders, which are so arranged as to bring each jointed

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

175

row of links la the three parts into separate tracks. They
also showed some tine harrows and duck-foot scuffle
drags.

George Campion, of Ramsey, had a great many novel-
ties and varieties of drag harrows.

Carson and Toone, Warminster, sent several horse-
hoes and grnhbers : one of the former was highly com-
mended on trial by the judges. They also had several
chaff-cutting engines, turnip-cutters, and cheese presses,
and some sets of horse gear, besides their well-known
automatic lamb creep.

Carter Brothers, of Mark Lane, showed several of
Norton and Hawksley's grinding and disintegrating mills,
worked by one of Lewin's 8-horse portable engines,
a new flour mixer, and several other improved minor
mplements.

Thomas Chambers, Fakenham, a new turnip-thinner
and two broadcast manure distributors, one of which
carried off the £3 prize on the trials.

Wm. Clarke, Ipswich, exhibited several counterbalance
horse-rakes, a Scotch cart, and some improved culti-
vators.

Clay, Wakefield, exhibited several of his cul-
tivators, similar to that which took the Society's prize
at Hull last year. One for general purposes had a width
of cut of 5 feet, with 7 tines, the selling price being £15.
Another with 3 tines and levers to wheels, width of cut
with shares 4 feet, fitted with all improvements, was £13.
He also showed a Norwegian harrow, and some chisel
harrows, light in draught for the width taken.

Clayton and Shuttleworth, Lincoln, had in the machinery
in motion department a fine selection of their steam-
engines, thrashing, and stacking machines. They also
added to their former honorary rewards the silver medal
of the Society this year, for the variable expansion gear,
water-heaters, and other recent improvements to their
engines. The price of the expansion gear separate
is £7.

J. F. Clemow and Co., of Padstow, showed two new
corn and seed drills, one 7 feet 6 inches wide, with 15
rows. Another 6 feet, with 13 rows.

Coleman and Morton, Chelmsford, made a good dis-
play of horse-hoes, liquid manure carts, prize cultivators,
corn screens, hop syringing machine, and a horse pitch-
fork for unloading and stacking hay, straw, and loose
corn.

W. Coleman, of Northampton, showed some Woburn corn
drills, one of which, on trial, was highly commended by
the judges; a turnip drill, some horse hoes, and scuffle
harrows. The seed hopper of the corn drill is entirely
self-acting, and preserves its level and even position when
drilling up and down hills as on the flat, thus ensuring
an equal delivery of seed.

J. Cooch, Harlestone, had two or three corn dressing
machines, which gained the Society's prize at Cardiff, and
a couple of elevators for working with them.

John Cooke, Lincaln, made a large display of 30 or 40
ploughs of various kinds.

Corbett and Peele, of Shrewsbury, not only had a large
and varied number of implements and machines, but
were remarkably successful in their competitive trials,
carrying off one first prize, three other prizes, two
high commendations, and two commendations. They
were especially successful in root drills, horse hoes, and
grubbers.

S. Corbett and Son, of Wellington, exhibited a 4 -horse
portable engine, several grinding mills, root pulpers and
strippers, some uew potato diggers, and ploughs.

W. Cottis and Sons, Epping, entered a single row horse
hoe and a grubber for trial.

Cottrell and Co., of Hungerford, showed a patent folding

hay, corn, and straw elevator, with a horse-gear to work
it."

Coulson and Wear, of Stamford, had a traction engine
of 8-horse power, single cylinder, designed expressly for
steam cultivation and thrashing, and a straw elevator
with globular gear wheels, which will deliver straw to a
height of 25 feet.

James Coultas, of Grantham, was one of the most suc-
cessful of the exhibitors on the trial field, carrying off
£78 in eight money prizes, and three high commendations;
out of 16 implements entered for trial more than half
were rewarded, principally drills and manure distributors,
and Wright's potato planter. This valuable implement
has already been rewarded with many prizes, and re-
ceived the Society's silver medal at Hull. He also ex-
hibited some horse hoes and grubbers, and an elevator
for stacking.

W. Crosskill and Sons, Beverley, made a large display
on their stand of clod-crushers and rollers, carts, waggons,
and lorries, &c., but did not compete for the prizes
offered.

John Crowley and Co., Sheffield, had several of S.
Edwards's new safety lever chaft'-cutters. In this the
entire absence of any retaining pins to keep the starting
lever in position, enables the man feeding the machine to
stop it : even if both his hands were fast in the feed
rollers, he could instantly stop it with his body, by
bringing it in contact with the lever, which is placed in
a convenient position for that purpose.

Davey, Paxman, and Co., Colchester, had several of
their vertical engines and boilers, which occupy little
room, and are highly efficient and economical. They also
had on show several of their water-heaters, adapted to
small or large power engines. A variety of contrivances,
more or less perfect, have been suggested for this purpose,
but none ever brought before the public which combine
with these all the requisite qualities of a perfect water-
heater, and which led the judges on this occassion to
award it a silver medal. The water-heaters are of two
descriptions — in one the steam is condensed and returned
to the feed-tank, when the water is pumped into the
boiler at a temperature of 200 Fah. ; in the other the
water is made hot between the pump and the boiler, and
is therefore adapted to nearly all classes of high and low
pressure and condensing engines. These heaters not only
save fuel, but act as incrustation traps, thereby saving the
boiler. A progress medal at Vienna and the silver medal
at Bremen have been awarded to this heater.

Dietz and Co., lamp manufacturers, of St. Paul's
Church-yard, had a farmers' tubular lantern, which has
done good service the show-yard at the various tents
at night, and in use by the local fire brigade.

W" R. Dell and Son, of Mark-lane, London, exhibited
several smut machines and separators, Houghton's double
aspirator, and some millstones. They were also awarded
by the judges a silver medal for a French grain-sorter.

C. Dening and Co., of Chard, Somerset, besides some
horse gear and miscellaneous articles, had several chain
corn drills, one of which carried off the tenth prize on
trial in class 3.

Dennis and Co., of Chelmsford, besides some good and
cheap greenhouses, exhibited some new and ingenious
steam or water valves for high pressures.

A. Dodman, of King's Lynn, had on his stand a port-
able 8-horse engine fitted with variable expansive gear,
and a small 3-horse combined vertical engine and boiler.
F. Eastwood, of Blackburn, besides two small vertical
engines of his make, exhibited several compound-action
churns, tub, barrel, and other churns of various sizes.

W. and S. Eddingtou and Co., Chelmsford, had in
motion a double-blast finishing thrashing machine
(driven by one of their S-horse portable engines), an as-

176

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

sortment of driving bands, and some powerful screw
lifting jacks.

J. B. and T. Edlington, Gainsborough, had, besides
several mowing machines, a self-rating, side-delivering
reaper, on an entirely new principle, the frame-work
wholly constructed of wood, and so arranged that the
attendant can raise and lower the machine, or dip the
platform up or down while at work to suit laid or uneven
crops.

Fairbanks and Co., King "William-street, London, who
are celebrated for their different American weighing
machines, steel-yards, &c., received from the judges a
silver medal for their 3 -ton weighbridge for carts and
waggons, which was employed in the test trials.

T. R. H. Fisken, of Hunslet, sent a new double
windlass, light set of steam-ploughing tackle, and a five-
tined cultivator.

J. P. Pison, Cambridge, exhibited an S-horse and a
4-horse engine, a double-blast thrashing machine, iitted
with an Archimedian corn elevator and chaflt-bagger,
a simple safety feeder guard, several harrows and ploughs,
and the shepherd's hut which received the £10 prize in
competition.

Follows and Bate, Manchester, had several improved
implements, among others a cheap wheat-grinding mill
for domestic use, a gorse-cutting and bruising machiae
for rendering furze safe and valuable as cattle-food, and a
3-horse vertical engine and boiler of their make.

J. Fowler and Co., Leeds, made a display of their
machinery, much of which was in practical operation
during the show. These are a collection of ten
self-moving steam-engines, of various power and
dimensions, and about thirty-five large imple-
ments, intended to perform every requisite operation on
fields of every description. They had a 16-horse and an
18-horse steam ploughing engine. Que of the
features in these engines is the veiy extensive use
of steel in the whole machinery, shafts, and gearing
throughout, and every part more liable to wear and
breakage being of this material. The advantages are
greater strength and durability and lightness. A second
noteworthy peculiarity is the exclusive employment of
single-cylinder engines. The diffei'ent implements
worked by the engines are essentially of three
classes — balance implements, turning implements,
and implements which go backward and forward,
without either turning or lifting, as ordinary
harrows, &c. The balance principle is chiefly applied for
ordinary ploughs. All these implements are
entirely of wrought iron and steel, the skifes
being cast steel, and only the shares of chilled cast iron.
Each one can be fitted with different kinds of ploughs,
by either exchanging the shares or the mouldboards, or
both, to suit the peculiarities of the soil or the require-
ments of the crops. The width of the furrows, which
can be altered by shifting the ploughs along the
bevelled frame, whilst by simply substituting scari-
fying or digging breasts for the mould boards, the
ploughs can be transformed into cultivators and digging
implements. The principal implements made to turn round
at the headlands, working with one set of tools in both
directions, are cultivators. Of these we found one 11, three
9, two 7, and two 5 tine cultivators. A perfectly new
type of implement was represented by an 8-furrow turn-
wrest plough, adapted for shallow work.

R. Garrett and Sons, Saxmundham, had 6, 8, and
12-horse portable engines working their thrashing and
corn-dressing machines, some corn, seed, and manure
drills. They have applied a self-acting drum-guard,
which protects the feeder and other attendants on the
stage of the thrashing machine while at work. The
guard, on the man leaving the feeding-box, closes com-

pletely over the drum, leaving only a grating through
which the loose corn can be swept, thus preventing the
possibility of those accidents which so often occur whilst
the machine is emptying itself, and the operation of
clearing down the stage is going on.

John Gatwood, Hitchin, made a large display of culti-
vating implements, drills, horse hoes, harrows, and clod-
crushers, ploughs, and horse rakes.

P. and H. P. Gibbons, Wantage, had three engines of
their make, driving, thrashing, and dressing machines,
in the machinery in motion division of the yard.

W. Gilbert, of Shippon, Abingdon, had several Sufi'olk
corn drills for trial, one of which, a 9-row small occupa-
tion drill, was highly commended by the judges.

James Gillitt, of Northampton, entered a number of
new implements, horse hoes, and grubbers for trial, one
of which was commended by the judges.

W. Glover and Sons, Warwick, sent in two well-
made carts, and a pair-horse general purpose waggon,
which on trial was highly commended,

A. W. Gower and Son, Wiuchfield, exhibited four
corn drills for trial, one carrying off the £5 prize, and
another larger one being commended. Their barrow
seed-sowing machine has received several special and dis-
tinguished awards. The same firm, at Market Drayton,
had several drills for trial, and also carried off a £5 prize
and a high commendation for their two-furrow drill
presser, and their broadcast seed machine.

John Guest, Bedford, exhibited a few drills, and a
model of an elevator to build three or more stacks at one
standing, without moving the driving power, as it moves
from right to left.

J. Hall and Co., of Lincoln, had several corn grinding
mills, and a coprolite mill fitted with French burr
stones, &c.

Hamilton, Woods, and Co., of Salford, exhibited four
horizontal and vertical engines of moderate power, one
of Turner's gas engines, some hop presses, and an im-
proved malt mill.

Harrison, McGregor, and Co., Leigh, exhibited a
number of their one and two horse mowers and reapers,
chaff-cutters, root pulpers, and slicers. Their Albion
mowers were very successful in competitive trials last
year, against those of many of the leading makers.

Thomas Harrison, Lincoln, entered several new imple-
ments for trial, and his large general purpose drill carried
off the second prize for these.

Hunt and Co., of the City Road, London, had several
weighing machines of various kinds for stock, bags, &c.

H. Hayes and Son, Stamford, made a large display of
excellent carts and waggons, and carried off in competi-
tion two ten-pound prizes, a commendation, and a high
commendation.

Edward Hayes, of Stony Stratford, showed some
steam-cultivating tackle, &c., comprising a twelve-horse
power engine, two self-acting windlasses, a pair of self-
moving actors, some roj>e porters, and a five-tined
cultivator.

Head, Wrightson, and Co., of Stockton-on-Tees,
exhibited several of Moore's patent pulley blocks, of 10
to 40 cwt., and some of their hand hoists with brake, to
enable one man to lift heavy weights with ease.

Hempsted and Co., Grantham, had on their stand an
eight-horsepower driving and finishing thrashing machine,
also a straw elevator and stacker, and swivel drills.

Hill and Smith, Bricrley Hill, entered a couple of
horse hoes and a grubber for trial, and had a display of
gates and fencing.

Holmes and Sons, of Norwich, had a fine collection of
drills, horse hoes, and manure distributors. They carrijed
off the second prize in the trials for general purpose

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

177

drills, and their turnip thinner was highly commended by
the judges after trial.

R. Ilornsby and Sons, of Grantham, had two of their
engines at work driving their famous thrashing machines.
By improved arrangements the whole of the machinery is
driven with very few belts and without gearing. They
also exhibited several mowers and reapers, and these are
now constructed so as with ordinary management to be
entirely free from breakages. Their self-rakers have all
the latest improvements. Of their new patent double-
furrow ploughs several were shown. These are con-
structed on principles differing materially from anything
before known, and the important improvements intro-
duced appear to be a great advance over those generally
in use.

J. and F. Howard, being on their own ground, made
an enormous display of machines and implements : not
only were two entire sheds in the show-yard filled, but
the fields and yards adjoining their works were filled with
specimens of their implements ; but they had at work, as
we stated in our last, their reaping machines cutting rye,
and their steam ploughs turning up the soil afterwards,
for the information of visitors passing to and from the
show-yard. The Howards manufacture four kinds of ma-
chinery for steam cultivating. The first kind is that which
they have made for so many years, consisting of a detached
windlass and tackle on the stationary system, which can
be worked by an ordinary portable or traction engine of
ten or twelve horse-power. This apparatus requires one
engine-driver, two anchor-men, a ploughman, and two
rope-porter lads. The second arrangement consists of an
ordinary traction or portable engine, with a new patent
self-coiling windlass and self-moving anchors. This
apparatus has the advantages peculiar to the stationary
system, but the labour and expense of working are re-
duced. The men required are one engine-driver, a plough-
man, and two rope-porter lads. The third consists of
two ploughing or traction engines, with a winding barrel
to each, working along opposite headlands, and drawing a
plough, cultivator, or other implement from one engine
to the other alternately. This arrangement is worked
with two enginemen, a ploughman, and one or two rope-
porter lads. One of the novelties shown was an arrange-
ment of windlass constructed so that it can be attached
behind the portable engine by which it is driven, the power
being communicated by a belt. The firm also show one
of their self-coiling windlasses, in which ihe drums have
a traverse motion on their shaft, so as to ensure the rope
coiling properly. One of the most interesting novelties
they have introduced is a balance plough for horses, in-
tended to turn the furrow always the same way. It is an
ordinary steam plough in miniature, and has been specially
designed for use in Kent. Another substantial improve-
ment is a new folding reaper with self-acting rakes.
Hitherto it has been a troublesome job to get the self-
rakers along a road, owing to the great width occupied ;
but in this new machine the whole delivery platform,
rakes and all, can be turned up without trouble and
secured by a couple of bolts, so that the machine can
traverse the narrowest roads, and yet can be put to work
in a very few minutes.

Howes and Sons, of Norwich, exhibited a market or
baggage cart, which has received many first-class prizes,
besides other carts and cars,

A. Hughes, of Market Harborough, exhibited several
of his patent laid corn lifters, which can be applied to any
reaping machine, self rakers or hand delivery by the
drivers in the field, and adjusted to the nature of the
ground, or the condition of the crop,

1). Humphries, Persliore, had in the machinery in
luotlou dejiartmeut several single and double blast thrash-
ing machines, and a portable elevator,

Hunt and Tawell, Earl's Colne, besides many sets of
horse gears, had a varied assortment of machines, mills,
pulpers, and other implements.

T. Hunter, Maybole, had a number of horse hoes,
potato diggers, and other implements.

T. W. Inwood, St. Albans, had on his stand an agri-
cultural one-horse cart, market car, and other vehicles.

James and Son, of Chilton, have made a good display
of water carts and manure distributors, pumps, &c.

H. and G. Kearsley, Ripon, showed several mowers
and reapers of their manufacture.

S. A. and H. Kell, Gloucester, in their exhibits re-
stricted themselves chiefly to corn drills. Several of
their implements were entered for trial.

Kennan and Sons, of Dublin, confined themselves to
their Clydone horse hoe of several patterns for thinning
turnips.

B. Kittmer, of Louth, had three corn dressing and
blowing machines, and an elevator for bagging the corn
from the machine.

J. L. Lark worthy and Co., Worcester, had a variety of
ploughs, harrows, and other useful implements, but calling
for no special notice.

Laughland and Co., Warrington, showed a hand press
for baling hay, straw, and esparto grass, and a machine
for weighing the bales.

Josiah Le Butt, Bury St. Edmunds, exhibited a num-
ber of his corn screens, malt screen, and malt plough,
and a hand seed drill.

Lewis and Son, Kettering, besides a corn drill for
small occupations, showed several horse lioes, none of
which was uommended. They also received from the
Miscellaneous judges a silver medal for a cheap sack lifter,
with which a strong lad (not able to lift or carry a sack
of corn) can shoot sacks of corn at the rate of 12 or 15
qrs. per hour without any assistance, thereby saving the
labour of two men, and doing the work without waste.

Lillie and Elder, Berwick-on-Tweed, exhibited a corn
drill and turnip-sowing machine, one or two reapers and
mowers, and two carts.

The Maldon Ironworks Company had several sets of
horse gears, a mangel plough, chaff cutters, and disc
papers. This company lately received the silver medal
at Bremen for their food-preparing machinery.

Marshall, Sons, and Co., Gainsborough, made, as usual,
a fine display of their engines, having no less than six
on their stand, working thrashing machines and straw
elevators.

Wm. Mattieson, Bedale, had three of his improved
Yorkshire Champion reaping machines.

R, Maynard, Whittlesford, had a miscellaneous assort-
ment of elevators, drills, horse-hoes, &c.

Mellard's Trent Foundry, Rugeley, had a very large
collection of chaff-cutters, revolviug mould-board ploughs,
and a 3-tined grubber, which carried off the £5 prize in
competition.

Milford and Son, of CuUomptou, were very successful
in their display of carts and waggons, carrying off the
first prize of £15 and a high commendation.

F. P, Milford, of Kenn, near Exeter, also had a fine
display of carts and waggons, receiving from the judges
a £10 prize for a harvest cart, a £5 prize for a general
purpose cart, and a commendation for a pair-horse
waggon. - ,, •

Mills and Co., Wellingborough, had several oi their
registered chaft"- cutters and some cheese presses.

Morris and Griffin, of Wolverhampton, hal an excel-
lent display of the various artificial manures in the manu-
facture of which they are so largely engaged.

Murray and Co., Banff, entered, as we stated in our
last, several new itupleiuenta for trial, and carried off the
£5 prize for ridge turnip-sowing inachines. The delivery

178

THE FARMEE'S MAGAZINE.

is regular and certain in all descriptions of land, the cups
in the brass delivery-disc never failing to fill ercnly. Their
tiny thrashing machines are most efficient. The con-
struction is quite new, the thrashing, shaking, and
dressing being put in a very compact form.

Murton and Turner, of Thetford, exhibited several
corn drills and horse-hoes for general purposes and for
turnip thinning.

The Ravensthorpe Engineering Company exhibit a
3-furrow balance plough, and a 5-tine turning cultivator
on a new principle. The chief peculiarity of the plough
is in the frame, which is composed of three parallel bars
of Bessemer steel running from extreme end to end,
swelled in the middle and bent to the proper angle.
These frame bars are set to a proper width to turn
a furrovv ten inches wide, and they are strongly
stayed and braced to one another by wrought-iron
staysing placed in each case so as to relieve the frame
of the twisted strain imparted by the skife coming
in contact with impediments, such as stones or roots.
The cultivator exhibited by this company is the invention
of Mr. James Backhouse, and has been produced to meet
a want long felt by owners of steam ploughing tackle
(especially on the roundabout system) for an effective
implement, to turn round at the headlands, and which,
while being strong enough for moderate heavy work,
shall be light enough for their small engines.

Nalder and Nalder, Limited, Wantage, had three of
their finishing thrashing machiues, drawn by some of
Brown and May's engines.

W. N. Nicholson and Son, Newark, made a
display of their haymakers and patent horse rakes,
root-cutting pulpers, and other machines, and had
six small power engines. The judges awarded this firm
a silver medal for their combined self-acting and
manual delivery rake. Inquiries for the future will
doubtless be for self-acting rakes. They are labour-
saving appliances that must follow in the wake of self-
raking reapers.

Oldham and Booth, Kingston-on-HuU, had two bone-
crushing machines, worked by one of Robey's 8-horse
engines.

D. M. Osborne and Co., Liverpool, had three of their
American Kirby combined mowers and reapers, and a
Burdick independent reaper.

E. Page and Co., ]5edford, had on their stand a large
collection of implements of their own manufacture, and
by other makers.

Page and Girling, "VVoodbridge, besides some carts and
waggons, had several of Edward's improved drop drills or
planting machines. The patent in these drills, for setting
various seeds, consists in an arrangement whereby the
seeds are deposited separately, and at e'lual distances
apart.

Payne and Son, of Thrapston, exhibited a powerful 12-
horse portable engine, suitable for contractors, and 4-
horse combined vertical engine and boiler.

Penney and Co., Lincolu, made a good display of their
corn and manure screens.

Perkins and Co., llitchin, exhibited a couple of horse
hoes and turnip thinners, some field rollers, harrows, and
combined stacking machines.

Picksley, Sims, and Co., Limited, Leigh, had on their
tand many examples of horse rakes, food-preparing
machiues, and mowers. Their new patent balance com-
bined 2-horse mower and reaper carried ofi' several prizes
last year, and the gold medal at the United East Lothian
Society, this month.

Priest, Woolnough, and Michell, Kingston, had several
corn manure drills and hoise hoes, for which they have
obtained some deserved celebritv.

W. Rainforth and Son, Lincoln. — The exhibits of thi*
firm consistel chiefiy of drills and screens.

F. and II. Ilandell, North Walsham, exhibited new
patent double furrow plough, some liquid manure carts,
and a turnip drill.

S. and E. Ransome, London, had a new form of shears,
which any lad can use.

Ransomes, Sims, and Head, Ipswich, made an immense
display of their ploughs and horse rakes. They had two
single blast and two double blast thrashing machines
driven by four of their portable engines. One of these
fitted with Head and Schmidt's patent straw-burning
apparatus received the silver medal at this sbow from the
Miscellaneous judges. This is an application which is
calculated to be very useful on the Continent and in the
colonies, where other fuel is scarce, but where there is au
abundance of rough vegetable matter available — reeds,
cotton stems, maize and sorghum stalks, sugar cane trash,
small branches of trees, furze, mustard and flax stalks,
are all readily consumed if dry. Its application with
straw was shown on engines by Clayton and Shuttle-
worth, Ruston and Proctor, and others. The new turnip
hoe of this firm we alluded to last week, and with some
more attention given to it in the way of improvement it
may become a useful instrument.

The Reading Iron Works, Limited, had a number of
their excellent steam engines working thrashing machines.
These have received prizes at nearly all the Society's
shows, and the grand prize at the Vienna Exhibition. At
the Bedford meeting the judges gave the prize — a silver
medal — for their nozzle boiler, which promises to be one
of the most economical steam generators yet brought out.
The tube chamber is square, and traversed by rows of
tubes set horizontally at right angles to each other. At
the end of these tubes are fixed cast nozzles, or circulators,
the action being that as soon as the steam is quenched, it
readily and necessarily passes off at the turned-up nozzles,
the water rushing in at the turned-down nozzles to supply
its place.

II. and J. Reeves and Son,Westburj, are most successful
in the appreciation of their exhibits, especially drills and
manure distributors. They received three £10 prizes, two
£5 prizes, and two commendations.

B. Reid and Co., Aberdeen, had a great many of their
disc corn and seed drills, horse hoes and other implements,
for which they received the progress medal at the Vienna
Exhibition.

Riches and Watts, Norwich, exhibited several steam
engines, driving grist mills, and a new simple and efiieieat
revolving gathering rake.

E. R. and E. Turner, of Ipswich, as usual, made a
good display of their specialities, such as corn and seed
crushers, from the smallest size suited for one-horse up to
those requiring steam power, and capable of delivering
a large quantity per hour. Grinding mills, with French
stones ; horse gears and oilcake breakers ; one of their
8-horse power patent automatic variable expansion port-
able engines was driving a suitable thrashing machine.
Another speciality of this firm is their small-sized
thrashing sets, one of which of 5-horse power was also
shown in motion. In hilly districts, and where farms are
small, these machines are specially valuable — in fact,
they may be used where, from their great weight, larger
machines could not be transported from place to place.

Richmond and Chandler, Salford, made a fine exhibit
of their chaifcutters, some of which were driven by one
of Clayton and Shnttleworth's 4-horse engines. They
had also several sets of horse gear, root washers, and
turnip cutters. Their machine for cutting up straw into
lengths for bedding is worth mention- Last year alone
this firm carried off about two dozen prizes with their
implemeiits at home and abroad.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

179

E. and H. Roberts, Stony Stratford, exhibited three of
their straw elevators and corn stacifers, which deliver at
heights from 26 to 32 feet, and are easily worked by a
pony. This machine received the silver medal of the
Northampton Society last year.

Robey and Co., Lincoln, had four of their excellent en-
gines working thrashing machines, mills, and straw
elevators.

.J. G. Rollins, London, had on his stand one of Hollings-
worth's American horse rakes, specimens of hay and ma-
nure forks, hatchets, pumps, and some of Clinton's
American corn shellers, which will shell from 10 to 15
bushels of Indian corn per hour.

Rustou, Proctor, and Co. had six of their steam en-
gines running, from 2V to 10-horse power, driving
thrashing machines, grinding mills, and straw elevators.

Samuelson and Co, Banbury, exhibited seven reapers
of various kinds, two combined reapers and mowers, and
several turnip cutters.

J. N. Sears and Co., London, had at this meeting
several American novelties, such as a millstone dressing
machine, a qran duster for dressing the ofFal after leaving
the silks, a model of an adjustable grain elevator, for
lifting bulk grain in quantities ranging from 30 to 100
quartars or more per hour. ; an American turbine water
wheel, and one of their aspirators to clean corn.

Sharman and Ladbury, Melton Mowbray, exhibited
several drag harrows and rakes, and some registered
poultry houses and dog kennels.

Smith and Grace, Thrapston, had on their stand
many chaff-cutters and other food-preparing implements,
besides S3veral excellent general-purpose steerage horse
hoes, one of which on trial carried off the first prize of
£10 at the meeting, and also a silver medal at the Derby-
shire Society last year.

W. Smith, of Kettering, is not only famous for his
horse hoes, one of which, a combined, was commended
on trial, and he received a silver medal for it last year at
the Northampton Agricultural Society's show, but in the
turnip thinning trials his implements carried all before
Ihem, receiving both prizes and a high commendation.

J. Smyth and Sons, Peasenhall, showed a number of
their Eclipse and Suffolk drills, but did not compete in
the field trials.

J. D. Snowden, Doncaster, had a number of ploughs,
one a new improved light-land double- furrow plough;
for his two-coulter ridge drill he carried ofi^ the £10
prize of the Society ; and his improved self-expanding
horse hoe was also commended on trial.

J. S. Stone, of Newport, had a waggon and several carts
entered for competition.

Tangye, Brothers, and Holman, of London, had two of
their high-pressure steam engines and several of their
steam pumps and hydraulic jacks.

"\V. Tasker and Sons, Andover, exhibited two of their
engines driving thrashing and winnowing machines, some
elevators and rickers, and liquid manure distributors.

Thomas and Taylor, of Stockport, had a fine collection
of eccentric churns, and several of them were purchased
by the Crown Princess of Prussia at her visit on the first
day of the show.

W. S. Underbill, Newport, Salop, exhibited two
portable engines, a thrashing machine, several double-
furrow ploughs, horse hoes, grubbers, harrows, and
turnip drills, and some ridging ploughs.

John Unite, of Paddington, who supplies the Society
with the covering for the shedding, exhibited rick and
cart cloths, horsecloths, tents, and a variety of other
useful articles.

Vipan and Headly, Leicester, besides a large miscel-
laneous collection, exhibited several ploughs and harrows
and carts. They carried off the £5 prize for a single row

horse hoe, aud high commendation for a general parpose
steerage horse hoe.

W. Walker and Son, Bingham, showed chiefly drills, for
which they carried off a £10 and a £5 prize, aud a com-
mendation.

Wallis and Steevens, Basingstoke, in the machinery
department had one of their S-horse engines driving one
of their prize thrashing machines, and two slow motioa
automatic folding elevators.

Wandley and Robb, Wisbeach, showed two improved
horse hoes, and also an improved guard for a thrashing
machine.

Ward and Silver, Sudbury, had on their stand a road
waggon, several carts, a straw elevator, several chaff
cutters, and numerous other useful implements.

Warsop and Hill, Nottingham, exhibited at work their
rock drill, which is entirely self-feeding, certain in action,
very light, easily fixed, and requires only a low pressure of
steam or air to work it. The value of rock boring by
steam power in all mining and quarrying operations is now
universally acknowledged, and a simple and efficient tool
of this kind in the rough operations of mining must be
invaluable.

A. Watson, Andover, had a stacking elevator with horse
gear working it and a bone crushing mill.

The Welland Vale ISIannfacturing Company, Canada,
had an excellent collection of forks, spades, shovels, rakes,
and other farm tools.

W. Whitehouse, Ampthill, exhibited several improved
implements in cultivators, horse hoes, and grubbers ; be-
sides some good ploughs and harrows.

R. Willacy, Preston, who is well known for his shed-
ding and fittings for cattle, showed also several other use-
ful appliances for feeding stock, and a patent manure dis-
tributor.

W. A. Wood, London, made a good display of his well-
known mowers and reapers. An iron frame has been
adopted for the new self- delivery reaper. All the bear-
ings are brass-bushed, unnecessary bolts and nuts dispensed
with, and increased strength and simplicity gained. The
gearing can be readily reached, and is covered, to protect
fromslraws and dirt; patent spring oilers, so highly appre-
ciatedin the iron frame mower, areappiiedtoallthe bearings
Owing to the simplicity and perfection of the gearing and
cutting apparatus, the direct or forward draught is lighter
than that of any other self-raker, the work being easy for
a pair of ordinary horses. It has no side-draught what-
ever, and is so perfectly balanced as to avoid any weight
on the horses' necks. The platform is lengthened and
the sweep of the rake increased, so that while laid grain is
as effectually picked up as before, the sheaf is delivered in
a neat compact bundle, leaving a full wide track,
sufficient for the largest horses. The rakes are wider at
the divider shoe end, which in long and laid crops grows
increased power over the grain, aud dispenses with wooden
slats or iron rods.

Woods, Cocksedge, aud Co., Stowmarket, besides a
large collection of miscellaneous implements, had four
engines on the ground, working thrashing machines,
Andrew's stacker and elevator, many pulpers and root-
cutters and mills, and some very cheap and well-made
carts with their patent tippers, which we described last
week.

JohnWray, Bedale, had a new corn-reaping machine
and an improved horse hoe for thinning turnips.

H. Wright, Boston, had several straw elevators and
stacking machines aud portable horse works.

W. T. Wright, Cardiff, a new prize hay and corn
horse pitch-fork or elevator, which will carry its load and
discharge it without assistance from the man.

One of the smartest and pleasantest features of the
show is the seed section, where the stands, profiting by

180

THE FABMBR'S MAGAZINE.

Messrs. Sutton's example, are now always so tastily ar-
ranged. But the great Reading house has here nearly
all the best of it, only the rising West-country firm,
Messrs. Wheeler, Gloucester, caring to make any
counter demonstration, as tlie Giljbs and Carters offer
no sign. Shall we say again and again how richly these
two rival stands were furnished with roots, seeds, plants,
pictures, and so forth? Or how, in the tour through
the ground, the Prince Imperial of Germany received
from the hands of Mr. IMartin Sutton a copy of his
Amateur's Guide ?

THE GENERAL MEETING
took place on the ground on Tuesday, Mr. Edward Holland,
President, in the chair. There was a large attendance.

Tlie Secretary, Mr. 11. M. Jenkins, read the report of the
judges appointed to award the farm prizes.

Votes of thanks were passed to the Mayor and Corporatiou
of Bedford, to tlie Railway Companies, and to tiie Local Com-
mittee.

Mr. E. A. Faucett (St. Albans) said in tlie montli of IMay
he wrote to the Secretary in order that he might draw the
attention of the Council to the observations he intended to
malie at this meeting, and in order that no gentleman might
think he had any personal feeling against either the judges,
or against any member of the Council, he deemed it necessary
to make this explanation to put himself in a proper position.
Ue had placed his suggestions upon paper, and he would read
them. They were simply suggestions for the Council to take
into consideration for its members to think carefully over, to
adopt such as they approved, and reject those not worthy of
attention : 1st. The judges at the Royal show ought not to
act at any previous show ,in the same year. 2nd. At p/e-
sent the majority of the prizes are won by fat and not by
breeding animals at all. 3rd. The Society ought to appoint
men to take all the animals into the rings that can safely be
led by them, as great dissatisfaction exists now with prizes
being given to animals led into the rings by well-known men
who ought to be excluded. 4th. The appointment of the judges
is now made in the most objectionable manner, and is highly
unsatisfactory to [the great bulk of the exhibitors. 5th. They
are fretpently appointed by the influence of breeders or ex-
hibitors who are members of the Council of the Society.
6th. The judges ought to be changed every year ; no one should
be allowed to act a second time, or oftener than once in six or
ten years under any pretence whatever, and new blood should
be continually brought forward. 7th. The ages of cattle
should be calculated from the 1st of January, the same as
horses, and not from the 1st of July on any account whatever.
(In Scotland and Ireland the ages are always calculated from
the 1st of January.) 8th. Let the exhibitors of all animals
which have not gained prizes go home feeling assured tliey
have at least been dealt with in a fair, honest, and liouourable
manner. In conclusion, he thought he had better explain
what course he intended to take. In the show-yard he had
heard a great many complaints made, to which his answer
was, "Why not speak out ?" It was no use grumbling and
not bringiujj their complaints to the front in a straightforward
manner. Like men they should come forward and tell the
Council what they thought. The suggestions he had made
lie intended to pubhsh, and when printed he would forward
them to the members of the Society, who could then choose
whether they would af^eept them or not.

Mr. T. WiLLSON (Northamptonshire) said it would be re-
membered that at the last annual meeting he made a suggestion
with regard to the elections of the Council, which, he under,
stood, could not be carried out without an alteration of the
Charter. In order to meet the difficulty he had now to pro-
pose— " That in order to enable the Council to prepare a more
representative house list tlian heretofore, four clear weeks
before the first Wednesday in ]\Iay (when the house list is
prepared in accordance with the ICtli liye-law) a circular shall
be sent to the members of society in those counties in which
the retiring members of Council reside, inviting them to send
up the names of gentlemen eligible for members of Council;
ana whenever it is proposed to nominate members of Council
from counties which had not previously been represented upun
the Council, a similar circular shall be addressed to all members
resident in such counties." The Council was nearly a self-

elected body, and Northamptonshire, Leicestershire, and Ru
land were not represented on it at all. Next year they were
going to invite the district in which those counties were
situated to compete for the meeting of 1876, and therefore
those counties ought to be represented on the Council. Por
the want of a more thoroughly representative character he
was afraid the Royal Society was becoming less popular.
Seven years ago he was able to obtain 72 members in one year,
whereas now he had difficulty to get seven. He alleged that
the competition for the show was not so keen as it used to be,
stating that they had almost to beg and pray to go into the
district of the Bath and West of England Society, and partly
attributed the declension of the Society's popularity to tlie fact
that its executive is not so thoroughly representative as it
ought to be. No one wished better to the Royal than him-
self, and no man had worked harder for its success than he
had. If the Charter required altering he hoped the Council
would consider it as early as possible.

The Marquis of Exeter said he represented Northampton-
shire on the Council, though he had not been able to attend, so
that Mr. Willsou was in error in saying that that county was
not represented.

Mr. Stratton seconded the motion. Ue submitted that
nothing could be more anomalous than that the Executive of
a Society numbering 6,000 members should be nearly a self-
elected body. Virtually the great bulk of the members of the
Society had no voice in its management. He did not complain
of the general management of the Society. In fact, he dared
say it could not be better than at present, but he contended
that the Council were elected in an anomalous manner and
quite contrary to the spirit of the age. Although a humble
member of the Society, he yet claimed to have a voice in the
m.anagement of its affairs. The Council was at variance with
the majority of farmers throughout the country on the subject
of the laws relating to contagious diseases of animals. The
resolution the Council drew up respecting foot-and-mouth
disease he considered to be mpracticable. The Central Cham-
ber of Agriculture could claim to be a purely representative
assembly, and he might offer it as something of an example.

The President said he must be allowed to state that at a
general meeting he had no power to put such a proposition
before the members. A bye-law compelled the Council to
take notice of the suggestions made at a general meeting and to
consider tiiem, but nothing further. In regard to this and other
matters it seemed that they were hampered by the clothes in
which the Royal Society was first dressed. Siie still wore the
same clothes ; they had not been extended with her growth,
and now that she had reached full age, perhaps the time had
come when an alteration should be made in ihe Charter, and
when she should be dressed as she ought to be dressed. In
the meanwhile the Charter tied their hands, and all they could
do was to take notice of the different suggestions made and
consider tliem in Council. He hoped the time had come when
they might also consider the question of the alteration of the
Charter. He expressed his regret that he could not put the
proposition from the chair, but with that explanation he
hoped the reason would be understood, and also that to a cer-
tain extent he agreed with them.

Mr. Chambers complained of the inconvenience occasioned
to the exhibitors of implements by requiring them to be on
the show ground on the opening day, when it was knovrn that
the trials would not come on for four or five days afterwards,
lie spoke feelingly, as he came to tiiat show on the opening
day at great inconvenience to himself, and had to wait until
the Friday afternoon following before his implements were
tried. He suggested that a week before the trials notice
should be given to every exhibitor on which day his exhibits
would be judged, and that he should not be required to be pre-
sent before that day. As an honorary director of the Norfolk
show he thought his request could be complied with, and sub-
mitted that there was nothing unreasonable in it.

Sir JoTiN HERO^• I.Iaxwell moved a vote of thanks to the
retiring President, and tins was seconded by Mr. Paucett.

Mr. HoLLAKD, in reply, wished them to allow him to ex-
press his sense of the value of the Council of the Society. It
might not be exactly suited to the wishes and feelings of some
of the members, hut he must say that, accustomed as he was
to work with public bodies, he knew no other that attended to
business better than the Council of the Royal Society. The
suggestions that had been made were rather matters of detail
than of principle. He thought an improvement might be

THE FARMBK'S MAGAZINE.

181

made ia the way the Conucil was elected ; but while he said
that he begged them to understand that he expressed himself
with strong feeling when he said that no body of men witli
whom he had ever worked had been more pleasant to work
with or more determined to do their duty by their constituents
than the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society.

On the motion of the Marquis of Exeter, Lord Bridport
was elected President for the ensuing year.

Lord Bridport, who was very warmly received, esteemed
it a very high honour to have been elected President of this
great Society, in which he had long taken a great personal in-
terest, especially in its financial affairs. He was happy to
think tliat the Society was in a good condition, and that it
was able to meet a rainy day whenever that might come. Tlie
Society had had and no doubt vvould have to meet with ditli
culties ; but he had no doubt the Council would conduct the
Society in a progressive spirit, and that flic suggestions that
had been made to-day would be very carefully considered.

THE BEDFORDSHIRE PRIZE FARMS.

[From a Special Correspondent.)

A few members of the Royal Agricultural Society of
England, while at Bedford, agreed to visit tlie farms
which gained the first two prizes as the best- managed
in the county ; and the following notes are sub-
mitted after a somewhat hasty inspection. The party
was advised to visit, in the first instance, the farm
of Mr. Richard Checkley, Brogborough, Woburu ; and
were told it would be found to commence at the foot of
a steep hill some eight miles from Bedford. The visitors
found the hill, and the first point of attraction was a
gateway, minus a post, leading into a large fallow field, an
untrimmed hedge fencing from the road. Doubting our
position, we hailed a man at work in the field, and asked
if this was the first prize farm ? Answer : " Yes." " How
long has the gatepost been down, before or since the
judges inspected ?" " Oh, before. Traction-engine
smashed it, and master has not put another up since."
We note the fallows are a black, loamy clay, free from
couch, but not free from thistles : have been worked by
steam culture. Ascending the hill, our Captain suggest-
ing wi should enjoy the beauties of the scenery more if
we descended from our chaise, we did so, the stouter
members of our party declaiming against hills in general,
and this hill in particular. Note — Our Captain kept his
seat on the box, as he said, " to help the coaciiman in
case the horses turned restive." At the top of tlie hill
we left the Queen's highway, and drove across a pasture
field to the house of Mr. Checkley. Note — An attempt
is beiug made to improve the road across the pasture,
the material employed striking us as being of a sandy
nature, tolerably free from stones. On reaching the
premises we became immediately sensible of a pungent
odour proceeding from a broken-backed haystack, which
we unanimously pronounced dangerous, and decide we
should not like to sleep withing 500 yards of it. By
the kind consent of Mr. Checkley, and piloted by a young
gentleman, who modestly protests against too much
"cross-examination" from our Captain, we explore the
home buildings, whicli we found a heterogeneous lot,
evidently enlarged as occasion rccpiired, and evincing
great ingenuity of arrangement, but decidedly free from
simplicity. After we hud inspected the last of this
curious set of buildings our Captain counted his party,
which we considered a happy thought, the hot haystack
being taken into account. We now note several stacks
of wheat and beans, which induce our Captain to observe

the farmer's balance must be on the right side. We ad-
mire the cart-horses, seventeen in number, which are
good and strong, adapted for a hilly country. We spe-
cially commend three mares with colts at foot, three of
our party each selecting a different mare and foal for
choice, and evincing a disposition to break the tenth
commandment, which our Captain promptly and sternly
checked. We critically examine forty-lour Shorthorn
dairy cows, which, with younger stock, we pronounce
very useful. Note — All the calves are weaned, the cow-
calves kept for stock, steer-calves sold. A breeding flock
of 270 long-wool ewes is kept. Wether lambs are sold
as fat tegs, ewe lambs kept for stock. On one of our
party remarking he did not highly appreciate the sheep
which came under our observation, our Captain suggested
the speaker was comparing the flock with the pampered
animals under the canvas in the distance, which judicious
remark stopped further comment on sheep. We now
examine a field of red clover and the corn, which we are
advised to do by a gentleman, who accidentally turns up
and speaks with authority. We are struck with the wide
distance of the clover-seed drills — 8 iuches apart. We
measure several drills, to be certain that we are right,
and all agree that our occupations will not stand clover-
seed drills so wide. Note — The land is thoroughly
clean. We now pass through fields of wheat, white and
red on either hand, and pronounce the wheat fine and
very clean. We carefully examine the ears of each
variety to find an ear set four, but we fail. Nearly all
were set three. Notwithstanding this little drawback, the
wheat is good — as much as can stand — and all wish we
could look with as much satisfaction on our own wheat
fields. With the barley we were, if anything, better
pleased. It is a splendid crop, and one of our party
naively remarked, the landlord was sure of his rent. We
found some good mangel, and some gappy mangel, also
some patchy kohl-rabi : all very clean. We sought for
swedes in vain. We admired the internal fences on the
farm, which are white-thorn, planted in straight lines,
well protected by post-and-rail fencing when young, and
clipped into form. Our Captain remarked these fences
had cost the tenant a round sum, when some one said
the landlord had borne the expense, even to the clipping
of the hedges. We unanimously hoped this system
would become general with landlords. Mr. Checkley's
occupation is about GOO acres, of which 240 are pasture.
As we have remarked, the farm is hilly, and cultivated
under difficulties. It is the property of the Duke of
Bedford, who has erected a second set of buildings upon
the farm, of a convenient character, with labourers'
cottages adjacent. On our way back to Bedford one of
our party asked the startling question, " Is a man en-
titled to the prize for the best-managed farm in
Bedfordshire who carries part of his hay in such condi-
tion as to seriously injure it, and runs the risk of de-
stroying the contents of a rick-yard, and an extensive set
of farm-buildings ?" Our Captain, who wore a badge
connecting him in some-wise with the Council of the
Royal Agricultural Society of England, declined to give
an opinion. His troop, to a man, answered " No," A
suggestion was thrown out that the Council of the Royal
Agricultural Society of England ought to request the
three farm judges to closely inspect the hottest part of
the hot haystack, and report thereon forthwith. But as
that body can only move as their Charter permits them,
this investigation may not take place until the old home-
stead of the first prize farm in Bedfordsliire is reduced
to ashes, and a verdict has been pronounced, " cause of
fire unknown : supposed to be the net of unionists." In
bidding farewell to Mr. Checkley, who is a farmer of the
old-fashioned type, and of very simple habits, we thank
him for his civility and hospitality.

182

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

THE SECOND PRIZE.

A short drive tlirough lanes whicli should be green
took us from the first to the second prize farm in Bedford-
shire, occupied by Mr. Thomas Crouch, of Lidlingtou,
comprising 253 acres arable, and 204 acres pasture land ;
also the property of the Duke of Bedford. The farm
premises and dwelling-house are comparatively nevr, con-
venient, and centrally situate. After passing through
good wheat and barley, though not quite so heavy as Mr.
Checkley's, we came to some fallows, which puzzled us
not a little. The land had been ridged for swedes, and
drilled on the ridge. The swedes not coming as quickly
as the farmer desired, and a shower having fallen a few
days previously, swedes had been again drilled, this time
in the furrow. A lively discussion ensued as to this style
of management, some of us asking what was to feed the
roots if they grew in the furrow, as the dung would be
above them ; others, how the horse hoe was to operate, a
great feature in strong land cultivation ; others again
asking how the roots were to be set out and singled, sup-
posing half the crop came on the ridge, and half in the
furrow. In our dilemma up rode Mr. Crouch, and we
forthwith appealed to him. " Gentlemen," said he, " I
wish to find the swedes, and I leave the swedes to find the
dung, the land is full of it of one kind or other." Mr.
Crouch admitted the impossibility of horse hoeing, and
the difficulty of hand hoeing, but the season was excep-
tional, and the growth of roots a necessity. So far,
however, the prospect for swedes is anything but cheering.
The mangel is good and clean, and we found a strong lot
of ox cabbage, which, with favourable weather, will afford
a deal of keep. There is more timber about Mr. Crouch's
arable land than on Mr. Checkley's, which may in some
measure account for the wheat not appearing so good as
on the first prize farm. But the barley which we saw at
Broughton End is very fine, and must prove a highly
productive crop. Mr. Crouch said he had a portion of
sandy land on his farm, on which the barley did not look
so well ; but much as we wished to see everything, time
did not permit us to reach the sand. Mr. Crouch has
followed in the steps of his now famous neighbour so
closely, that he also has a heated haystack, but we did not
consider it dangerous. Our keen-eyed Captain drew the
attention of his troop to tho singular fact that, in a season
of drought 80 prolonged that neither farmer could show a
swede or turnip, each could manage to sweat his hay.
Here, again, we found ricks of wheat, barley, beans, and
oats, which led to a discussion, from a pecuniary point of
view, as to the policy of keeping so much unthrashed corn,
and further, how far it is advisable to deprive the farms for a
season of the large amount of manure the straw, if utilized,
would produce. We admitted the occupiers of these
farms were justified in keeping a reserve of oats, beans,
and hay, but the majority of us opposed the retaining
barley and wheat on pecuniary and productive grouuds.
It is just possible an extra amount of rotten farmyard
dung would have given the swedes the farmers so anxiously
s< ught. Mr. Crouch showed us thirty-two Shorthorn
cows, which we pronounced very fine : they are of good
size, style, and quality, and well adapted for the dairy.
Six promising bull-calves were running with their dams,
and in a few minutes a bargain was struck for one of
them by one of our troop to improve dairy stock in the
South. The produce of the cows is usually weaned,
steers and surplus heifers sold fat at about two years old,
and the best heifers retained lor stock. All Mr. Crouch's
cattle in the pastures pleased us much, and he has evidently
crossed with bulls of pure and good blood. Two hundred
and forty long-woolled ewes are kept. We understood
Mr. Oouch to say, that after retaining sufficient ewe lambs
to keep up his breeding fiock he makes mutton of the rest,
ewes and wethers. It struck us that the sheep farming

on each of the farms we visited is not a strong feature in
the management. On the farm of Mr. Crouch our
Captain called attention to a Cotswold ram which
he thought had suffered from change of air.
Mr. Crouch is young, active, energetic, fond of his farm
and live stock ; disputes with our Captain the points of
a cow, and fairly holds his own ; admits his cart-horses
are not equal to Mr. Checkley's ; is gratified to hear all
of us say we consider his herd better than Mr. Checkley's ;
keeps some calves under a close-roofed building with
fatting pigs, and, as he hurries us past them, says, " The
calves are not quite right." No wonder ! we have never
known other animals do well under a close-roofed
building with pigs. The fences we saw are chiefly bull-
fiachers, not trimmed by the landlord, but in several
instances they divide pasture from arable laud. ' Mr.
Crouch rides a good hackney, which a knowing man of
our party attempts to disparage by saying he carries a
large bread-basket. We try to induce the owner to set a
price on his horse, but, like the ancient Arab, he laughs,
and rides away. We highly commend his coUey dog, and
offer to treat with him for it, as the brute looks affec-
tionately towards us. The master shakes his head, and
in a trice the colley whisks his splendid tail, as good as
saying, " I'm glad you've gone," and bounds after the
hackney with the bread-basket belly. Mr. Crouch set us
down to a round table large enough for a dozen, and we
did justice to his generous hospitality. His excellent
lady anticipated our wants, and treated us with extreme
kindness. It was easy to see who tended the roses, who
cared for the flowers, who imparted grace and charm to
the cozy home. For once — and once only — our strict
Captain yielded to iufluences which ihe greatest warriors
in every age are powerless to withstand, and promised the
lady all kinds of civilities if slie would come to his
quarters in the show-yard.

We were surprised to hear the labourers had struck,
some weeks since, on the farms of Messrs. Checkley and
Crouch. The men must have greatly miscalculated their
position. Neither of the farmers are needy men. They
can hold their corn without inconvenience. They can
hire steam cultivating tackle, or purchase any implements,
economical in a labour point of view, they choose to have ;
and the farms are in a condition, and the principal arable
land of a nature which really require, at certain seasons,
a minimum amount of manual labour.

On our route, to and from these farms, we saw no
ploughs at work with pairs of horses abreast. We saw
several three-horse teams, single, moving very dry fallows,
apparently for the last time. We saw others, two horses,
single — boys driving. Has a prophet no honour in his
own country ? Are the exertions of the Howards to
extend the use of pair-horse double ploughs throughout
Europe unappreciated in Bedfordshire ?

Lest it should be said that we are " disappointed com-
petitors" who make these notes, I am permitted to say,
by special permission of our Captain, that note of us hail
from " the Shires," but from points very wide apart,
extreme east to extreme west of England ; and we visited
the first and second Bedfordshire prize farms with the
same object we visit the Royal Agricultural show — to
obtain information.

EXPORTATION OF CLYDESDALE MARES TO
AUSTRALIA. — Mr. James Fisher has just shipped to his
brother in Australia, 17 Clydesdale mares. These mares have
been selected with great care, and at much expense. Among
these is the well-known mare Darliag, one of the most suc-
cessful prize-takers in Scotland, who finished her career here
by the winning the Cup at Stirling, open to all comers. lu
selecting these Mr. Fisher has takeo care that the mares are
all of good descent and sound in every way.

THK FARMER'^ MAGAZINE.

183

SHEEP SALES.
MR. CHARLES IIOWxiRD'S OXFORDSHIRE
DOWNS AT BIDDENHAM, BEDFORD.— This sale
took place under the directiou of Mr. R. B. Staf-
ford, of Bedford ; Mr. Strafford, the Shorthorn auctioneer
not being well enough to attend, while we regret to add thst
Mr. Charles Howard himself was absent from indisposition.
Considering the short supply of feed the sale was considered
a very good one, the average being over 13 gs. ; while one
sheep was sold to Mr. Z. Phillips, of Woburn, for 36 gs. ;
and another, the reserve in liis class at the Royal, after a
close contest between Mr. Stilgoe and Mr. John Treadwell to
Mr. Stilgoe for 33 gs. Other sheep went all over the country,
the buyers or hirers including the Duke of Portland, the
Duke of Bedford, backed by a number of handy-home custo-
mers, and others from the Eastern Counties, Germany, Polandi
and Scotland, a number of sheep going abroad.

MR. RAWLENCE'S HAMPSHIRE DOWN RAMS
AT BULBRIDGE. — This sale took place, under the
conduct of Messrs. Ewer and Winstanley, wlien 200 lots
were offered. Tiie business commenced with 10 lots of two-
teeth rams, which realised the following prices : 75 gs. (Mr.
Morrison), 58 gs. (Mr. Newton), 50 gs. (Mr. Dibben), 24' gs.
(Mr. Homer), 15^ gs., 15 gs., 10| gs., 10 gs. (two lots beiug
sold at this figure), and 7^ gs. Two bidders claimed to have
offered 43 guineas for lot 10, and " an advance" was accord-
ingly asked. After a spirited contest between Mr. Homer and
Mr. Newton, the sheep was knocked down to the latter at 58
guineas, amidst cries of " Well doue, Wiltshire." Then
came five lots of four-teeth rams, which fetched 43 gs. (Mr.
Barton), 40 gs. (Mr. Parsons), 37 gs. (Mr. J. Taunton), 19
gs. and 14 gs. The lambs came next, and lot 3 was, after a
most spirited competition knocked down to Mr. Morrison, of
Fonthill, at the extraordinarily high figure of 150 guineas!
Otlier lots realised 77 guineas (Mr. Morrison), 48 guineas,
43 guineas, down to llj guineas ; Mr. R. Brine 70 gs., and
Mr. Rigg, jun. 50 gs. The averages were as follows : 28
tffo-teeth rams, £15 7s. 9d.; 8 four-teeth ditto, £23 13s. 8d. ;
177 ram lambs, £13 8s. 9d. The average of the entire sale
was £13 12s. 3d. per head.

THE HATCHWARREN HAMPSHERES.— Mr. Budd's
sale took place iu Basingstoke, Messrs. Downs and
Awbery being the auctioneers. The ram lambs for sale
fetched good prices, and every other lot was sold at satis-
factory prices, averaging nearly £10 each.

THE LITTLESCOTT HAMPSHIRES.— At the first
sale of Mr. John Moore's flock 100 ram lambs, 60
two and four-tooth rams, and 150 draft ewes were
brought under the hammer of Messrs. Waters, Son, and
Rawlence. One of the old rams, of great size and fine sym-
metry, was eventually knocked down at 40 guineas to Mr. Saun-
ders, of Watercorabe ; the remainder ranged from 13^ guineas
down to 4J guineas, the average of the twenty-two being
about £8 10s. There were only two six-tooth rams put up,
one of which fetched 12^ guineas. The draft ewes, of which
only 150 were offered, sold at an average of about 50s. each.
Considering the season (which has happened most unluckily
for Mr. Moore) the sale was considered very satisfactory.

MR. J. J. GOLMAN'S SOUTHDOWNS AND NOR-
FOLK POLLS. — This sale took place at Easton
Lodge Farm, Norwich, for which city Mr. J. J. Colman is
member. Heavy thunderstorms fell during the day, but the
country all round had suffered much from the drought. Prices
ruled low for the sheep, the ewes ranging from 49s. to 66s. per
head. Mr. Beck for the Prince of Wales, Mr. Fulcher for
Lord Sondes, Mr. Youngman for Mr. A. Hammond, and Mr.
Parmeter being the principal buyers. No rams were let, and
four only out of the fourteen sold ; two being taken by Mr.
Woods, Lord Walsingham's agent, at 8J and 7i guineas. A
seven-year-old cow of Mr. Birkbeck's went for 36 guineas to
Lord Sondes ; Novelty, five years old, at 33 guineas, to Mr. A.
Taylor ; one 45 guineas ; and others at fair prices — the average
being nearly £23.

AGRICULTURAL INTELLIGENCE.

BAT AND BALL FAIR.— This, the second important
cull lamb fair of the season held in East Sussex, took place
in the well-known field near the Bat and Ball Inn.
A large nurnber of both buyers and sellers was present, but,
as was anticipated, business was not so brisk as in some pre-
vious years, and prices exhibited a marked decline, the same as
they did at St. John's. The number of sheep and lambs
penned was a trifle over 10,000, being nearly 6,000 short of
last year, when the supply was far above the average. Trade
during the morning ruled very dull, but from what we heard
those who sold early had the best of it, many preferring in
the afternoon to part with their lambs at low prices rather
than take them home again. The prices for sheep ranged
from 29s. to 50s. Lambs, 13$. to 30s. Business slightly im-
proved in the afternoon, but many peus remained unsold. In
the store beast market there was a goodly show, and we
understand a general clearance was effected at prices the turn
in favour of the seller. Mr. Sharp bought of Mr. Griffiths a
half-dozen runt heifers at 13 guineas, and seven at 10 guineas.
Mr. Uridge, of Chailey, sold early, but we did not hear the
figures. Tliere was a large number of horses on offer, and
good useful nags commanded high prices, but most of those
brouglit were " weeds."

BRISTOL ANNUAL COLT FAIR.— This annual fair
has been lield, and was rather thinly attended by pur-
chasers. Holders brought a large number of cart colts and
fillies to the fair, owing to the shortness of keep ; in fact, in
all cases where farmers and others had not work for their
animals, they seemed anxious to dispose of them, owing to the
dearth of fodder and the little prospect of any improvement.
Under these circumstances, there was a reduction in value to
the extent of something like 20 per cent., and this would
apply to everything except animals of special merit. Cart
colts, as a rule, ranged from 35 to 50 guineas, though in one
exceptional case 130 guineas was given for a thoroughly good
and useful pair of colts, and in another case 53 guineas was
given for a filly. There was a good supply of Irish colts and
nags, but they were not selling so briskly as usual, and they
realised prices ranging from £38 to £50 ; but in one case £53
10s. was obtained for a very good animal. English nags were
iu fair supply, but in somewhat indifferent condition, and they
changed hands slowly, at from 35 to 75 guineas. There was
altogetiier less business done than usual.

CAMELFORD JULY LAMB FAIR.— At this fair,
there was about an average number of lambs and sheep
penned, the greater part of whicii exchanged hands, but
at prices about 10s. per head less than last year, and at only
half the price made two years ago. Small lambs sold from
9s. to 14s. per head, good store lambs from 18s. to 30s. ; a
few very good fetched from 35s. to 40s. each. Fat sheep sold
at 7d. per lb. On Tuesday the fair was well supplied with
cattle of every description, rather over the average as regards
numbers, and many were of superior quality. A better lot of
cattle has seldom been seen at this fair, and many head ex-
changed owners, but sales were very dull at the commence-
ment, sellers being unwilling to part with their cattle at re-
duced prices. Those sold were at prices about £3 or £4 per
head less than last year. Steers varied in price from 14 to 30
guineas, according to size. Fat cattle sold at from £4 to £4)
5s. per cwt., cows and calves at £3 to £3 10s.

KIRTON LINDSEY FAIR. — The fair attracted a
large company to the town. The day was excessively
hot, and proved somewhat unfavourable to business. Very
good horses were shown, for which, early in the fair, large
prices were asked, and a good stroke of business was done at
pi ices ranging from £30 to £50. At dinner time trade lan-
guished under the excessive heat, and during the afternoon 50
guinea animals were in some instances sold as low as 30 gs.
Cart-horses were scarce, the few good ones on offer being
quickly sold at high rates. The effect of the long drought
was seen in the paucity of fat stock, none of the animals shown
being fit for the butcher. The sheep fair was a failure both
in the number penned and the sales effected. The few lambs
on offer could hardly find customers at prices as low as 17s.
per head. Altogether the fair was considered not equal to
former years.

184

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

REVIEW OF THE CATTLE TRADE DURING THE MONTH.

A dull tone has prevailed ia the cattle trade during the
month. The extreme heat has militated against any approach
to activity ; whilst the lars^e supphes offering have caused a
weakness to be observable in prices. The supply of beasts
has been numerically good. The Lincolnshire season has now
fairly commenced ; the arrivals have been decidedly in excess
of the average, but the quantity has not been generally good.
Owing to tlie scarcity of water in some districts stock has been
prematurely forced upon the market in a half fat condition,
hence supplies have exceeded requirements. Receipts continue
to come to hand from the Eastern counties, but they are
gradually being reduced in extent, ana will shortly altogether
cease. From abroad the arrivals have been moderate. As
regards trade, a heavy tone has prevailed, and the tendency of
prices has been unfavourable. At one time the best breeds
were making 6s., but at present the top price cannot be said
to exceed 5s. 8d. per 81bs.

In the sheep pens there has been an abundant supply ; as
in the case of beasts, tlie trade has been very dull, but if any-
thing the depression has been still more severe. Throughout,
sales have progressed heavily, and the top quotation has fallen
from 5s. 6d. at the commencement of the month to 5s. per
Slbs., the rate now current.

Lambs have been purchased cautiously, and have been
drooping in value.

Calves have been in moderate supply and limited request at
about late currencies .

Pigs have been dull.

The following table shows the imports of stock into London
during the mouth of July, compared with the corresponding
month of 1873 and 1873 :

1873. 1873. 1874.

Beasts 5,093 7,203 4.,721

Sheep and Lambs.. 53,634. 53,750 36,393

Calves 3,958 3,761 3,441

Pigs 1,544 2,439 4,303

From our own grazing districts, as well as from Scotland
and Ireland, the receipts of beasts during the month thus com-
pare with 1873 and 1873 :

1872. 1873. 1874.
From NorfoUi, Suffolk, Essex, &c... 2,700 5,190 3,800

Lincolnshire, Leicestershire, &c 3,300 3,580 7,000

Other parts of England 1,500 2,190 3,200

Scotland 176 — 70

Ireland 411 .500 —

The supplies of stock exhibited at tlie Metropolitan Cattle
Market have been as under :

1873. 1873. 1874,

Beasts 18,790 ... 31,305 ... 31,690

Sheep and Lambs 137,650 ... 150,580 ... 169,850

Calves 3,800... 4,910 ... 4,130

Pigs 590 ... 395 ... 400

The following is a comparison of prices for July of the cur-
rent and two previous years :

1873. 1873. 1874.

Beasts ... 3 3 to 6 2 4 0 to 6 0 4 0 to 5 0
Sheep ... 4 0toG6 40 to 6 6 4 6 to 5 4
Lambs... 8 0 to 9 0 7 0 to 8 6 5 0 to 6 4
Calves... 4 8 to 6 0 4 0 to 6 2 3 10 to 5 6
Pigs 3 8 to 5 0 4 0 to 5 0 3 8 to 4 10

KEVIEW OF THE CORN TRADE

DURING THE PAST MONTH.

After extraordinary fluctuations in June — say from
great summer heat to sharp morning frosts — the
last week of that month indicated an improvement,
which has been fully realised throughout the whole
of July. The second week brought on a tropical
temperature, which has often prevailed since, and,
with occasional showers and thunderstorms, all vegeta-
tion has been rapidly advancing, and wheat-cutting
has already commenced. Only the Talavera sort has yet
appeared at market, which in quality was below the
average, having perhaps been cut by the frosts while in
bloom ; but the later sorts and red qualities are expected
to be fine. The impression of a great crop seems, how-
ever, passing away, and but little above an average is
expected, with the finest weather. After so long a period
of drought, however, we do not seem very safe against
rain, which has commenced falling, and, should the past
deficiency be made up at harvest-time prospects, would be
sadly changed. In spite of all the fluctuations of a late
spring, we are now about a fortnight early, and this cir-
cumstance alone is about equal to an importation of one
million quarters. English qualities, from their scarcity,
have been slow to decline, but have certainly fallen 2s. to
3s., while foreign has given way this month 7s. to 8s.,
and from the highest point IDs. to 12s. ; fline Australian
white, which once touched 70s., now being hardly
worth over 6O3. ; and good Milwaukie red lately
quoted 61s., having been offered on the last Mon-
day at 48s. 6d. But as English stocks are well-
nigh exhausted, and the granaries show but small
stores, a firmer feeling has sprung up with the broken

weather, as every bushel of old must soon be wanted.
Of hay this year we have only gathered half a crop, and
all spring corn is expected to be short and dear. How,
therefore, the principal grain can become dog-cheap we
cannot well see. Even New York seems to have passed
her lowest, and though very large expectations are enter-
tained this year as to the exports of California, they want
confirmation, and Bi'other Jonathan is not likely to be
content with working for nothing. Italy and Spain have
finished, and done well. France has partly got in her
produce, in fine order and of good quality. Hungary-
has completed her work, with a gathering something
above the ordinary. Holland and Belgium are beginning,
but never grand enough for themselves ; and Germany
is yet a fortnight or three weeks from harvest-work. All
Europe, therefore, still depends on the weather as a means
of great benefit or damage, and prices cannot be esta-
blished before the sheaves are generally gathered. The
following rates have recently been current at the several
places named : new French white Anjou wheat at Paris
55s., red 53s., old Californiau at Eouen 57s. 6d., Chili
55s. 6d., red spring American 51s., new at Bordeaux GOs.,
Berdianski at Marseilles SSs. Belgian and Dutch prices
were too unsettled to quote. Fine native wheat at
Hambro' 68s. 6d., the best white at Danzig oSs., red at
Stettin 54s., at Cologne 4Ss., at Berlin 54s., fine Hun-
garian new at Pesth 53s., old white at San Francisco 523.
6d. (cost, freight, and insurance), red spring at New
York 45s. 6d. per 4801bs.

The first Monday in Mark-lane opened on a small
English supply, but the foreign arrivals were good, about

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

18£

two-tWrds being from America, and 10,000 qrs. from
Australia. The show of fresli samples of home growth
was exceedingly small ; but the weather haviun; been re-
markably fine, millers were very careless buyers at the
previous rates. The foreign trade was very limited ;
white sorts were dull at the former rates, but the abun-
dance of American red made sellers rather anxious, and
they accepted a decline of Is. to 2s. rather than laud.
Moating cargoes were little in demand. The weather
continuing tine all.through the week, made all the country
markets dull and drooping, though very little was brought
to market, from the scantiness of stocks. Prices tended
downward, and several places noted a decline of Is., as at
Louth and Newcastle. Liverpool quoted a fall of 3d. per
cental on Tuesday, and was Id. to 2d. cheajier again on
Friday. The principal Scotch markets noted a decline of
Is., as Leith, Edinburgh, and Glasgow. With nothing of
home growth exhibited at Dublin, foreign descriptions
of wheat were Is. per brl. lower.

On the second Monday the native supplies were still
smaller, and the foreign, though fair, were materially re-
duced. Again there was a very trifling show of English
samples on the Essex stands, and none whatever on
those of Kent ; yet the weather having reached
to almost tropical heat, English factors were glad
to accept Is. less money on the few samples for sale.
White qualities of foreign gave way Is. per qr., with but
little progress in sales, and red American were again 2s.
per qr. lower than on the previous week. Floating
cargoes were a slow sale also at Is. to 2s. decline. With
the crops everywhere rapidly advancing, farmers were
more willing to clear out their small stores at the several
country markets. Early in the week there was little
material change, though the tendency was downward ;
but on Saturday several country places noted a reduction
of Is. to 23. per qr. Liverpool was 4d. per cental lower.
Though markets [were dull at Leith, Edinburgh, and
Glasgow, there was no positive decline in wheat. At
Dublin foreign qualities again gave way 6d, to Is. per
barrel.

On the third_Mouday the returns of English Wheat were
the smallest of the season, but the foreign arrivals were
unusually heavy, America supplying two-thirds and
Australia a large quantity. As to the exhibition of
English samples this morning, it scarcely reached to half-
a-dozen, and those not of fine quality, and it was certainly
fully Is. per qr. cheaper to sell ; while the heavy arrival
from abroad, after such continued forcing weather, reduced
business almost to a form. Fine foreign descriptions, both
■white and red, were offered at 2s. reduction, without
attracting many buyers, and low red could only be sold at
3s. per qr. less money. With liberal arrivals off the coast,
but little was done, and that at Is. to 2s. decline.
The lightness of supplies this week in many country
markets kept values from being reduced for fine qualities,
but Salisbury and Hull noted a decline of Is. per qr.,
while Leeds, Birmingham, Barnsley, Spilsby, and Newark
were lower Is. to 23. Liverpool was down 2d. per
cental ou Tuesday ; on Friday the market was Id. to 2d.
lower. Though Glasgow only gave way Is. per qr. for
wheat, and spring corn was unaltered, Edinburgh was
down 2s., barley and beans declining Is. Dublin was
again Gd. to 9d. per barrel cheaper for foreign wheat, and
6d. lower for oats, but maize rose 6d. per qr.

On the fourth Monday there was another light supply
of English wheat, though rather more than ou the pre-
vious Monday, the foreign arrivals being nearly as large as
then, and about three-fifths from America, Australia
doing also its quota. The show of English samples was
again limited, without any fine among them; they there-
fore were still dull, at a decline of fully Is., but rather more
was doing in foreign than of late, at a decline of Is. for

fine samples, and Is. Gd. on inferior American red.
j\Iany holders then thought the lowest point had been
reached. Floating cargoes during the week were a slow
sale, and rather cheaper.

The imports into Loudon for the month, were only
8,081 qrs. English, and in foreign they were 193,819 qrs.,
against 9,890 qrs. English, 20G,145 qrs. foreign in 1873.
The London exports were 9,565 qrs. wheat,24,751 cwts.
flour. The imports into the kingdom for the four weeks
ending July ISth were 4,417,836 cwts. wheat, 535,260
cwts. flour, against 3,891,129 cwts. wheat, 502,936 cwts.
flour in 1873. The London averages commenced at
62s. 6d., and closed at 6O3. 5d. The general averages
opened at 60s. 4d., and closed at 60s. lOd. These
English prices, however, gave a very false view of the
market, for the bulk of the business done has been in
foreiga ; white qualities have fallen fully 8s. per qr.
from the highest point, and red American fully 12s. ;
good Milwaukie being off'ered at 48s. 6d. per qr., lately
worth 60s. to 6I3.

The flour trade necessarily has given way with such a
change in the wheat trade, Norfolks being down fully 2s.
per sack, and not worth over 41s., and barrels have been
equally depressed, the best not being quoted over SOs. to
31s., while at New York extra State was quoted 253. 6d.
At Paris, too, rates have been so reduced that we may
possibly have some imports thence. The London sup-
plies in four weeks were : from the country 48,335 sacks,
the foreign 8,235 sacks 63,127 barrels, against 53,320
sacks country made, 8,551 sacks 40,554 barrels foreiga
in 1873.

Maize has declined about 2s. to 23. 6d. during the
month, in consequence of the fine weather and increased
supplies, the fourth Monday showing heavy arrivals.
American mixed is not now worth over 34s. 6d., though
it is still cheaper than barley, beans, or oats. The total
supply for London in four weeks was 69,041 qrs. against
62,773 qrs. in 1873.

Of English barley only two small lots have appeared
during the month, stocks being quite exhausted, but the
foreign arrivals have been fairly kept up. In the absence
of business on malting sorts no quotations could be
available, and the supplies from abroad coming to hand,
principally from the Black Sea, have been mostly for
grinding, these being worth 31s. to 34s., and heavier
sorts for distillation in proportiou. A parcel of new
has appeared from Kent, for which 45s. was demanded ;
but the sample, though good-coloured, was thin and
steely, and prices cannot yet be settled. Fine sorts we
expect will be scarce and dear, and this is also expected
in the Saale districts in Germany. The London imports
for the month were only 125 qrs. British, 38,401 qrs.
foreign, against 1,030 qrs. British, 370 qrs. Irish, and
14,537 qrs. foreign in 1873.

The Malt trade has almost been in a state of suspense
through the month, and rates have been reduced Is. to
2s. per qr.

The English supply of Oats for the month has been
very light, but the foreign was good, increasing as the
month advanced. Yet such a demand has been ex-
perienced for this grain, Parliament still being in town
and the stock of English corn exhausted, that prices
have rather advanced — say 6d. to Is. per qr. ; fine black
feed, weighing 40 lbs., being worth 32s. 6d., and 381bs.
29s. 6d. ; white, extra weights, might realise 343.
to 35s. A few new samples of winter corn have
appeared fi'om Kent, and were held at 34s. to 35s.,
being very fine and heavy. In France the crop is
light as well as here, and stocks in Europe seem
exhausted by the high rates quoted. We don't see for
the present what can materially reduce them, for it will
be long before the crops on the Continent can be gathered

18t5

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

and shipped here in fair couJition. The imports for four
weeks were 931 qrs. English, no Scotch or Irish, and
208,565 qrs. foreign, against 2,120 qrs. English, 15 qrs.
Scotch, aud 249,415 qrs. foreign in 1873.

Beans, though not much in demand during the sum-
mer, have rather tended upwards, from scarcity ; fine
small English have reached to 56s., and Egyptian were
not abundant at 443., some new Oran having brought
45s. The quality this year is said to be good, though
there is but little corn. The London imports in July
have been in English sorts 1,533 qrs., and 4,438 qrs.
foreign, against 1,440 qrs. English, and 308 qrs. foreign
in 1873.

Old peas have been steady through the month, maple
having in small quantities brought 47s., while good white
for feeding have not realised over 433., and boilers not
above 453. Some new dun of good quality have come
to market from Kent, held at 45s., but buyers keep aloof.
The imports into London for four weeks were in English
sorts only 108 qrs., in foreign 16,338 qrs., chiefly from
America.

Linseed has not varied for some months. The imports
for four weeks were 29,605 qrs., against 40,051 qrs. in
1873. In cloverseed next to nothing has been passing,
the small stocks left over being held above buyers' views.
White mustardseed and canaryseed have been advancing,
as well as old winter tares, and a f<iw new of small size
appearing were held very high.

CORN IMPORTED AND EXPORTED

For the week, ending July 18.

Imported

nto

1 Exported.

Engl'd.

Scotl'd.

Ireland.

British.

Foreign

Wheat

Baxley

Oats

Cwts.

1000692

104100

239390

60949

17243

190910

1155

Cwts.
36341

1197

16634

4097

132567

Cwts.
148132

184448

' Cwts.
8265

303
1 7

212

...

Cwts.
42417

4909

Peas

Indian Com

Buckwheat

3901

Total

1614439

191338

332930

8787

51227

Wheat Floor

Oat Meal

117166

2271

880

26134

3921
279

4213

Rye Meal

Total

120307
1734746

26134
217470

...
332930

4200

4243

Grand Total..
Malt qrs.

12987
586

55470
...

IMPERIAL AVERAGES

For the week ended July 18, 1874.

Wheat 23,694i qrs. 60s. lOd.

Barley 221i „ 39s. 6d.

Oats 1,073 „ 3l8. 2d.

COMPARATIVE AVERAGES.

WHBAT.

BARLBY.

OATS.

Tears. Qrs. s. d.

Qrs. 8. d.

Qrs. 8.

d.

1870... 33,318J ... 49 8

5921 ... 31 2

1,423 ... 25

6

1871... 30,419|... 58 10

122i ... 35 10

1,052| ... 27

2

1872... 23,536*- ... 59 6

189i ... 32 1

949 ... 24

5

1873... 21,418i ... 59 6

277J ... 35 10

686J ... 27

4

1874... 23,694i ... 60 10

221i ... 39 6

1,073 ... 31

2

AVERAGE S

Fob thb Six Webks

BNDIIfQ

13, 1874

20, 1874

27, 1874

4, 1874

11, 1874

18, 1874

Aggregate of the above...,
The same period in 1873...,

June
June
June
July
July
July

Wh

3at.

Barley.

R.

d.

8. d.

61

4

41 5

60

8

42 0

60

4

42 2

60

8

41 11

60

9

41 7

60

10

39 6

60

9

41 5

69

0

36 9

Oats,

8. d.

30 0

30 4

31 2

30 10

29 11

31 2

30 7
27 5

LONDON AVERAGES.

Wheat 745 qrs. 60s. 5d.

Barley — ,, — s. Od.

Oats — ,. — s. Od.

CURRENT PRICES OF BRITISH GRAIN AND FLOUR
IN MARK LANE.

Sliillings per Quarter.

WHEAT, EssexA Kent, white 57, fine 65

„ „ red 62, „ 58

Norfolk, Linclnsh., and Yorkah., red 60 68

BARLEY 38 to 43 Chevalier — —

Grinding 34 37 Distilling 40 45

MALT, pale, new ...76 81 brown ., 56 61

RYE 42 44

OATS, English, feed 26 to 33 Potato — —

Scotch.feed 00 00 Potato — —

30 Fine — —

29 Potato — —

45 Ticks 43 44

60 Pigeon 50 56

47 Maple 44 to 47 Grey 42 44

FLOUR, per sack of 2801b8.,best town households .. 47 54

Best country households 43 46

Norfolk and Suffolk 33 41

Irish, feed, white25
Ditto, black 26

BEANS, Mazagan ,..43
Harrow 46

PEAS,white,boiler8.43

FOREIGN GRAIN.

ShiUings per Quarter.

WHEAT, Dantzic, mixed 56 to 63 extra 65 to 67

Konigsberg 57 61 extra — 66

Rostock 68 60 old — 63

Sileeian, red 54 58 white.... 60 63

Poinera.,Meckberg.,and Uckermrk....red 51 63

Ghirka 47 to 48... Russian, hard,46 to 48 Saxonska 51 53

Danish and Holstein, red 52 53 ...i-ed American 48 60

Chilian, white 59 .. Oalitbmian 60 ... Australian 58 61

BARLEY, grinding 33 to 35.. ..distilling 40 44

OATS, Dutch, brewing and Polands 28 to 33 feed 27 29

Danish and Swedish, feed 26 to 30....Stral8und... 27 30

Canada 24 to 28, Riga 27 to 28, Arch.26 to 29, P'ebg. 28 31

TARES, Spring, per qr small.. .33 to 40. ..large 60 —

BEANS, Frieslandand Holstein 45 47

Konigsberg 453 to 48. ..Egyptian 44 45

PEAS, feeding and maple.. .40 46. „fine boilers 44 45

INDIAN CORN, white 39 41. ..yellow 34 35

FLOUR, per sack, French..00 00..,Spani8h, p. sack 00 00

American, per brl 20 29. ..extra and dble. 30 31

BRITISH SEEDS.
Mustard, per bush., brown lis. to 14s., white... 78. to 10a.

Canary, per qr new 763. 843.. ..old 76s. 823.

Cloversd.,fineredand dark purple 70s. 76s.,com. 40s. 548.

Coriander, per cwt 22s. 248.

Tares, winter, new, per bushel 9s. Od. 10a. Od.

Trefoil, old and low 188. to 20s new fijie 253. 30a.

Ryegrass, per qr 243. 283,

Lmseed, per qr.... sowing 65&. to 663., crushing 60s. 6I3

Linseed Cakes, per ton £12 IO3. to £13 Os.

Rapeseed, per qr 533. 68s.

Rape Cake, per ton £6 15s. Od. to £7 5s. Od.

FOREIGN SEEDS.

Coriander, per cwt 25s. to 26s.

Cloverseed, red 42s. to 543 white 60s. 708.

Hempseed, small 36s. to 383, per qr Dutch 40s. 4l8.

Trefoil 20a. 2l8.

Ryegrass, per qr 24s. 288.

Linseed, per qr.... Baltic 693. to 60s. ... Bombay 6O3. 6l8.

Linseed Cakes, per toi^ £11 lOs. to £12 58.

Rape Cake, per ton £8 15s. to £7 58.

Rapeseed, Dutch 54s. 588.

Carraway „ new 38s. 40s.

FLUCTUATIONS in the AVERAGE PEICE of WHEAT.

Pbicb. June 13. June 20.
"els. 4d.
60s.l0d.
6O3. 9d.
60s. 8d.
603. 4d.

t— .

June 27.

July 4.

July 11.

::: ^

July 18.

... ,

FOREIGN GRAIN ENTERED FOR HOME CON
SUMPTION DURING the week ending July 24.

Wheat cws.

Barley , ,

Oats

Beans „

217156

14550

216893

120

Peas cwts. 43581

Maize „ 131270

Flour .. 34379

Printed by Watson and Ilazell, 205, Strand, Londot, W.C.

LONDON AND COUNTY BANKING COMPANY.

ESTABLISHED 1836.

SUBSCRIBED CAPITAL... £3.000,000, in 60,000 SHARES of £50 EACH.

PAID-UP CAPITAL... £1,196,880; INSTALMENTS UNPAID, £3,120 (£1,200,000).

RESERVE FUND (paid up)... £698,440; INSTALMENTS UNPAID, £1,560 (£600,000),

HATHANIEL ALEXANDER, Esq.
T. TYRINGHAM BERNARD, Esq.
THOMAS STOCK COWIE, Esq.
FREDERICK FRANCIS, Esq.

Joint Geneeal Managers-
CHIBP INSPECTOR.
W, J. NOBJ'OLK, Esq.

DIRECTORS.
FREDERICK HARRISON, Esq,
WM. CHAMPION JONES, Esq.
E. HARBORD LUSHINGTON, Esq.
JAMES MORLEY, Esq.

WILLIAM NICOL, Esq.
A. HODGSON PHLLLPOTTS, Esq.
JAMES DUNCAN THOMSON, Esq.
FREDERICK YOULE, Esq.
WILLIAM McKEWAN, Esq. and WHITBREAD TOMSON, Esq.
CHIEF ACOOTJNTANT. SECRETARY.

JAMES GRAY, Esq. GEORGE GOUGH, Esq.

HEAD OFFICE, 21,

Manager— WHITBREAD TOMSON, Esq. |

LOMBARD STREET.

Assistant Manager— WILLIAM HOWARD, Esq.

THE LONDON AND COUNTY BANK opens—

DRAWING ACCOUNTS with Commercial Houses and Private Individuals, either upon the plan usually adopted by
other Bankers, or by charging a small Commission to those persons to whom it may not be convenient to sustain an agreed
Permanent Balance.

DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS.— Deposit Receipts are issued for sums of Money placed upon these Accounts, and Interest iff
allowed for such periods and at such rates as may be agreed upon, reference being had to the state of the Money Market.

CIRCULAR NOTES AND LETTERS OF CRBDIT are issued, payable in the principal Cities and Towns of the Con-
tinent, in Australia, Canada, India, and China, the United States, and elsewhere.

The Agency of Foreign and Country panks is undertaken.

The Pdechasb and Saib of Government and other Stocks, of English or Foreign Shares effected, and DiriDSirSBf^
AvKuiiiBS, &c., received for Customers of the Bank.

Great facilities are also afforded to the Customers of the Bank for the receipt of Money from the Towns where the Oom»
pasiy has Branches.

The OfQcers of the Bank are bound not to disclose the transactione of any of its Customers.

By Order of the Directors, WM. McKEWAN, ") Joint Greneral

WHITBREAD TOMSON, S Managers.

IMPORTANT TO FLOCKMASTERS.

THOMAS BIGG, Agricultural and Veterinary
Chemist, by Appointment to his late Royal Highness
The Prince Consort, K.G., Leicester House, Great Dover
Street, Borough, London, begs to call the attention of
Farmers and Graziers to his valuable SHEEP and LAMB
DIPPING COMPOSITION, which requires no Boiling, and
may be used with Warm or Cold Water, for effectually
destroying the Tick, Lice, and all other insects injurious to
the Flock, preventing the alamung attacks of Fly and Shab,
and cleansing and purifying the Skin, thereby greatly im-
proving the Wool, both in quantity and quality, and highly
Contributing to the general health of the animal.

Prepared only by Thomas Bigg, Chemist, .&c., at his Manu-
factory as above, and sold as loUows, although any other
quantity may be had, if required : —

i lb. for 20 sheep, price, jar included £0

61b.

30

81b.

40

101b.

60

201b.

100

301b.

150

401b.

200

601b.

250

601b.

300

801b.

400

1001b.

600

(Cask and measure
included)

0 10

0 15

1 0
1 3
1 7

1 17

2 6

Should any Flockmaster prefer boiling the Composition, it
will be equally effective.

MOST IMPORTANT CERTIFICATE.
fYom Mr. Hebepath, the celebrated Analytical Chemist .—
Bristol Laboratory, Old Park, January 18th, 1861.
Sir, — I have submitted your Sheep Dipping Composition to
analysis, and find that the ingredients are well blended, and
the mixture neutral. If it is used according to the directions
given, I feel satisfied, that while it effectually destroys vermin.
It will not injure the hair roots (or " yolk ") in the skin, the
fleece, or the carcase. I think it deserves the numerous
testimonials published. I am, Sir, yours respectfully,

William Hebapaih, Sen., F.C.S., &c., &c..
To Mr. Thomas Bigg Professor of Chemistry.

Leicester House, Great Dover-street, Borough, London.

He would also especially call attention to his SPECIFIC,
or LOTION, for the SCAB or SHAB, which wiU be found
a certain remedy for eradicating that loathsome and ruinouff
disorder in Sheep, and which may be safely used in aU
climates, and at all seasons of the year, and to all descriptions
of sheep, even ewes in lamb. Price FIVE SHILLINGS per
gallon — sufficient on an average for thirty Sheep (according
to the virulence of the disease) ; also in wine quart bottles^

IMPORTANT TESTIMONIAL.
" Scoulton, near Hingham, Norfolk, April 16th, 1856.

"Dear Sir, — In answer to yours ot the 4th inst., whiclr
would have been replied to before this had I been at home, I
have much pleasure in bearing testimony to the efl&cacy of
your invaluable ' Specific for the cure of Scab in Sheep.' The
600 sheep were all dressed in August last with 84 gallons of
the 'Non-poisonous Specific,* that was so highly recom-
mended at the Lincoln Show, and by their own dresser, the
best attention being paid to the flock oy my shepherd after
dressing according to instructions left ; but notwithstanding'
the Scab continued getting worse. Being determined to havff
the Scab cured if possible, I wrote to you for a supply of your
Specific, which I received the following day; and although
the weather was most severe in February during the dressing,
your Specific proved itself an invaluable remedy, for in
three weeks the Sheep were quite cureil ; and I am happy t*
say the young lambs are doing remaricably well at present.
In conclusion, I believe it to be the safest and best remedy
now in use. " I remain, dear Sir,

"For JOHN TINGE Y, Esq.,

" To Mr. Thomas Bigg. ' " R. RENNEY.

B-sT Flockmasters would be well to beware of such pre-
parations as " Non-poisonous Compositions :" it is only
necessary to appeal to their good common sense and judg-
ment to be thoroughly convinced that no " Non-poisonous "
article can poison or destroy insect vermin, particularly sucb
as the Tick, Lice, and Scab Parasites— creatures so tenacious
of life. Such advertised preparations must be wholly useless,
or they are not what they are represented to be.

DIPPING APPARATUS £14, £5, £4, & £3.

BRYANT& May's

MATCHES.

HAIL STORMS.

THE EOYAL FARMERS' COMPANY,

No. 3, NORFOLK STREET, STRAND, LONDON,
INSURES

WHEAT, BARLEY, OATS, BEANS, PEAS, & OTHER CROPS,

AGAINST

LOSS BY HAIL STORMS AT

PIYEPEFCE PER ACRE.

SEEDS and GLASS are also Insured.

I*IRE Insurances at rates as low as other well-established Offices.

XIEE Assurances of any description at equitable rates. Four-fiftns of the profits divided
every Fifth Year.

XOSSES. — Prompt and Liberal settlement of claims.

Further particulars may be had at the Chief Office, or of the Agents.

JOHN SHARP, Secretary.

-^ eJ 4 ^.tii/ i'.-l

/

! -

1
1

No. 3, Vol. XLYL] SEPTEMBER, 1874. [Third Seeies.

THE

FARMER'S MAGAZI N E,

AND

MONTHLY JOUKNAL

1

1

THE AGEICULTURAL INTEREST.

JBeliiratfli

!

TO THE

FARMERS or THE UNITED KINGDOM.

1

(

LONDON :

1

i

PUBLISHED BYROGERSON AND TUXFORD, 265, STRAND.

PRICE TWO SHILLINGS.

WATSON AND HAZELL,] [PRINTERS, 265, STRAND.

j

LONDON AND COUNTY BANKING COMPANY.

ESTABLIBHBD VK 1836, AJTD InCOEPOEATBD IN 1874, T7KDBB

THE " CoMPAN IBS' Act, 1862."
Sabscribed Capital, £3,750,000, in 76,000 Shares of £50 each.

Report adopted at the Half-yearly Gfeneral Meeting, 6th
August, 1874:

The Directors, in presenting to the Proprietors the Balance
Sheet of the Bank for the half-year ended the 30th June last,
have the satisfaction to report that, after paying interest to
customers and all charges, allowing for rebate, and making
provision for bad and doubtful debts, the net profits amount
to £125,830 16s. Id. This sum added to £23,917 13s. 3d.
brought forward from the last account, produces a total of
£d49,748 9s. 4d.

They have declared a Dividend for the half-year at the
rate of 20 per cent, per annum, which wiU absorb £120,000,
and after reserving £468 15s. to meet interest accrued on new
Shares, there remains a balance of £29,279 14s. 4d. to be
can-ied forward to Profikand Loss New Account.

The Dividend, £2 per Share, free of income-tax, will be
payable at the Head Of&ce, or at any of the Branches, on or
after Monday, the 17th instant.
BALANCE-SHEET of the LONDON and COUNTY BANK-

Dr. ING COMPANY, 30th June, 1874.

To capital paid up £1,200,000 0 0

To instalment received in

respect of new shares 74,870 0 0

£1,274,870 0 0

To reserve fund 600,000 0 0

To instalment received

respect of new shares 37,435 0 0

To amount due by the Bank

forcustomers'balances, &c. 18,928,918 7 5
To liabilities on acceptances,

covered by securities 3,187,457 12 10

637.435 0 0

To profit and loss balance
brought from last account.. 23,917 13 3

To gross profit for the half-
year, after making provi-
eion for bad and doubtful
debts, viz 377,772 15 2

22,116,376 0 3

401,690 8 5

£24,430,371 8 8
Cr,
By cash on hand at Head-
office and Branches, and

with Bank of England £2,407,537 9 0

By cash placed at caU and at
notice, covered by securi-
ties 2,867,842 9 4

Investments, viz. : £5,275,379 18 4

By Goverimient and guaran-
teed stocks 1,948,647 16 9

By other stocks and securities 103,078 13 0

2,051,726 9 9

By discounted bills, and ad-
vances to customers in
town and country 13,402,222 3 3

By UabiUties of customers for
drafts accepted by the Bank
(as per contra) 3,187,457 13 10

-16,689,679 16 1

By freehold premises in Lom-
bard Street and Nicholas
Lane, freehold and lease-
hold property at the
branches, with fixtures

and fittings 301,309 17

By interest paid to customers 86,974 18

By salaries and all other expenses at head-
office and branches, including income-tax
on profit and salaries 122,300 8

£24,430,371 8 8

Dr. Pbopit Airo Loss AccouifT.

To interest paid to customers, as above £86,974 18

To expenses, as above 122,300 8

To rebate on bills not due, carried to new

account 42,666 12

Todividendof 10 per cent, for half year 120,000 0

To reserve to meet interest accrued on new

shaj-es 468 15

To balance carried forward 29,279 14

Cr.

£401,690 8 6

Bybalancebroughtforwardfromlastaccount £23,917 13 3
By gross profit for the half-year, after making
provision for bad and doubtful debts 377,772 18 2

£401,690 8 6
We, theuQdersigned, have examined the foregoing balance
sheet, and have found the same to be correct.

(Signed) WILLIAM NORMAN, )

RICHARD H. SWAINB, \ Auditors.
STEPHEN SYMONDS, )
By order,

GEO. GOUGH, Secretary.
London and County Bank, 21, Lombard Street,
30th July, 1874.

LONDON and COUNTY BANKING
COMPANY.
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, that a DIVIDEND on
the Capital of the Company, at the rate of 10 per cent, for
the half-year ending 30th June, 1874, will be PAID to
the Proprietors, either at the Head Office, 21, Lombard-
street, or at any of the Company's Branches, on or after
MONDAY, the 17th instant.

By order of the Board,
W. McKEWAN, ) Joint

WHIfBREAD TOMSON, i General Managers.
21, Lombard Street, August 7th. 1874.

LONDON AND COUNTY BANKING COMPANY.

ES'^ABMSHED 1836.

SUBSCRIBED CAPITAL... £3,000,000, in 60,000 SHARES of £50 EACH.

PAID-UP CAPITAL... £1,196,880; INSTALMENTS UNPAID, £3,120 (£1,200,000).

RESERVE FUND (paid up) ...£598,440; INSTALMENTS UNPAID, £1,660 (£600,000).

NATHANIEL ALEXANDER, Esq.
T. TYRINGHAM BERNARD, Esq.
THOMAS STOCK COWIE, Esq.
FREDERICK FRANCIS, Esq.

Joint General Managees-
CHIEF INSPECTOR.
W. J. NORFOLK, Esq.

DIRECTORS.

I FREDERICK HARRISON, Esq.
WM. CHAMPION JONES, Esq.
E. HARBORD LUSHINGTON, Esq.
JAMES MORLEi:, Esq.
-WILLIAM McKEWAN, Esq. and WHITBREAD TOMSON, Esq
CHIEF ACCOUNTANT. SECRETARY.

JAMES GRAI, Esq. GEORGE GOUGH, Esq,

WILLIAM NICOL, Esq.
A. HODGSON PHILLPOTTS, Fsq.
JAMES DUNCAN THOMSON, Esq.
FREDERICK YOULE, Esq.

HEAD OFFICE, 21,

Manager— WHITBREAD TOMSON, Esq. |

LOMBARD STREET.

Assistant Manager— WILLIAM HOWARD, Esq.

THE LONDON AND COUNTY BANK opens— „ ^

DRAWING ACCOUNTS with Commercial Houeea and Private Individuals, either upon the plan usually adopted by
' ther Bankers, or by charging a small Commission to those persona to whom it may not be convenient to sustain an agreed
Permanent Balance. j t .. » •

DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS.— Deposit Receipts are issued for sums of Money placed upon these Accounts, ana interest la
allowed for such periods and at, such rates as may be asfree 1 upoa, refereuje bain? had to the state of the Money Market.

CIRCULAR NOTES AND LETTERS OF CRRDIT are issued, payable iu the principal Cities and Towns ot tho Con-
tinent, in Australia, Canada, India, and China, the United States, and elsewhere.

The Agency of Foreign and Country Banks is undertaken.

The PuKCHASB and Saib of Government and other Stocks, of English or Foreign Shares efifected, and Diviobvds,
Annuitibs, &c , received for Customers of the Bank. . n

Great facilities are also afforded to the Customers of the Bank for the receipt of Money from the Towns where the Com'
pany has Branches.

The OflScers of the Bank are bound not to disclose the transactionB of any of its Customers.

By Order of the Directors, WM. McKEWAN, "> Joint General

AVHITBREAD TOMSON, i Managers.

////>

":c::::^

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

SEPTEMBER, 1874.

PLATE.

COMTESSE.

From the Thukgarton Stud.

Our sketch is taken from one of Mr. MilwarJ'a varmint
little hacks, whose annual sale at Tattersall's, in the
Derby week, is now famous in story. Comtesse was in
this year's lot, but having gone amiss a day or two before
the lot started for Knightsbridge, she was left behind,
and Miss Chatty put in her place, which, after some brisk
bidding, was knocked down for 250 guineas. Comtesse
is now herself again, and if all goes well will be sold at
the next sale, and when we prophesy at a high price. On
seeing her at Thurgarton, in the spring, we thus spoke of
her : " Comtesse, a Trench lady, by Orphelim, dam
Marquise by The Cossack, is as neat and varmint a little
blood hack as ever was moulded, and, though full of
hardy muscle, she is as free from dross as a genuine
Damascus blade, and as merry a goer as her dam's sire,
who we now see with Templeman up making all the
running for the Derby, the second, third, and fourth

being by the game old Lanercost, a horse which has left
his mark in France.

If we were giving a description of Comtesse for the
Hue and Cnj, we should say : " Lost, a blood hack ; a good,
hardy chesnut, fourteen hands two inches high, with a
star in her forehead, and a white coronet on the near hind
foot, and eight saddle marks. She has a full eye, and a
nice head, tapering towards the muzzle, with plenty of
width in the jowl ; a beautifully formed neck, and a
grand rise in the withers ; deep, well laid shoulders,
round barrel, good loins, buxom quarters, muscular arms
and second thighs, clean legs, and good feet, with the
most knowing of switch tails. She has a black spot,
where the cantle of the saddle would come, and another
at the base of the stifle-joint, near side. N.B. Whoever
will bring her," &c., &c.

HOLIDAY

TIME.

Holiday making is often enough hard work for those
who do not " keep their hand in." Your bricklayer who
has taken a day to see his baby christened or his mother-
in-law married again, or for some other such joyous an occa-
sion, will be back to his mates, either listlessly looking on
or far more cheerfully giving his aid, before his high fes-
tival is half over. The artist will pull out his pencil at
your pic-nic, the citizen in all the abandonment of the
sea-side can still never be quite happy until he has scanned
to-day's Money Article ; while no sooner is the Session
over than the member of Parliament goes away into the
country to make speeches. There is something, however,
in this particular practice which reminds one much of
" the Star" system of a provincial company. A man
who was never heard at Drury Lane, never known at The
Olympic, becomes a leading actor so soon as he only
leaves London. And thus it is with your county mem-
ber : if never heard in Westminster, he plays a prominent
part directly he reaches home again ; especially plaintive
Old Series.]

as he is when touching on the hard work which he has
just gone through. How "from the smoke-room, from
the tea-room, from the dining-hall, from the library, from
the pleasant terrace facing the river where he can sit on
summer evenings and watch the stately coal barges go up
to their haven at Fulham creek — has he come trooping
at the sound of the division bell, and blocking up the bar,
waiting for the signal ' Ayes to the right, noes to the
left. Tellers for the ayes, Mr. Black and Mr. Yellow ;
tellers for the noes, Mr. White and Mr. Blue.' What is
the question upon which the committee are going to divide?
Happily for the silent member, he is not called upon to
form an opinion or even to know what the division is
about. His duty is to follow Black and Yellow or White
and Blue into the lobby, record his vote, and go back to
the terrace to finish his cigar and wait till the tiutinabu-
latioa of the division bell once more calls him to arise and
save the State."

But the local Star, the county member or the
N Vol. LXXVI.— No. 3.

188

THE FAEMEE'S MAGAZINE

heretofore silent member, will have a deal more to
say when he takes the chair or finds himself toasted at the
anniversary dinner of the Agricultural Society. And yet
in reviuwinst Ihe past session from a conntry-side point of
view it is really difficult to surmise what the honourable
gentleman will be able to say beyond the fact of his
having consistently voted with White and Blue and reso-
lutely opposed Black and Yellow. Shall he flourish
again over the hazy platitudes of Local Taxation,
and still tell of all which is to be done
in this way ? Or, shall he mourn with Mr.
Pell the loss of a measure which promised so much for
the rabbit interests of this great country ? Or, shall he
sympathise with Mr. Seeley in his somewhat unappre-
ciated efforts to exempt all landlords from the action of
Tenant-llight who do not understand the principle ?
Or, shall he take the opportunity of explaining how he
for once defied the beck of Black and Yellow, or was deaf
to the behest of White and Blue, and fairly ran away
from his arm-chair and his cigar so soon as Mr. Fieldeu
began to talk about the IMalt-tax ?

Whether he be Yellow or whether he be Blue,
the honourable gentleman in addressing a body of
agriculturists during the coming autumn will ever
be touching on draigcrous ground ; for never had
more been promised, and never has less been done
to further the cause of the farmers than since the
change of Government consequent on the last election.
All that the Commit fees of the previous Session had
done in the way of inquiry and recommendation has
been shunted : the Game-Laws and their manifest abuses
have been left alone, the land Transfer Bill has been
postponed, and somebody at some time or other will do
something with the Landlord and Tenant Bill. There is
nothing like having a friend at Court. But the Farmers'
Friend will in his discretion hardly confine himself
to all that which he did or did not do when
in the well - drilled chorus at Westminster.
lie will, the rather, be anxious to find other topics to
talk about, and will so touch on the labour question and
the good harvest. But here, again, he is venturing on

dangerous ground. The Eastern Counties farmers, who
were from the first in the front of the fight, have won the
battle of the employers, with little or no thanks for the
aid or interference of the landlords. The farmers, like
the boxers of old, fought in grim silence, while the laud-
lords indulged in demonstrations, where scarcely any two
of them agreed, and the effect of which was mainly to
direct more attention to their own shortcomings in the
way of cottage accommodation, game preservations and
rents still screwed up to the uttermost farthing. Suffolk
farmers have sought us to say that some of these self-
elected champions should above all look at home, and, no
doubt, as we have maintained from the day of the out-
break, the labour difficulty must eventually be one for the
landlord to deal with. High rents, a great head of game,
restrictive lop-sided agreements, and tumble-down cot-
tages are scarcely arguments, however abundantly sup-
plied, which tenants will appreciate when their case is
taken up through philosophical addresses or philanthropic
exudations.

But in any case there will be the capital corn crop to
fall back upon, although even of this it will not be quite
safe to talk too fast. Some returns collected a few weeks
since have gone to show that the wheats in England are
very generally above the average, although actual inquiry
into the crop during the last few days has tended in some
districts to qualify such an opinion, more particularly
down eastward. Thus, our Essex county report, as given
in this number, states that " the wheat crop has probably
been over-estimated, as the ears will not bear close ex-
amination, at least those of white varieties grown in this
county." We have similar advices from farther on in
Suffolk and Norfolk, as we are ready to admit that we are
not prepared to rate the wheat crop so generally good, or
rather at so much above an average as up to the time of
cutting had been calculated. The ears are occasionally
only half " set," and once more people may have been
deceived by outward appearances. As we wrote just a
mouth since, the cutting alone can tell what effect the
frosts have had.

THE TEA TEADE,

Amongst the agriculturists of this country there mnst
be many to whom the limits of these Islands appear
circumscribed, and who would gladly direct their attention
to more distant fields, where they could discern some
opening that invited them to carry into effect those pre-
dilections which have made of them the tillers of the land.
xVnd to such we would commend the perusal of certain
papers published recently by the India office, containing
the Ijistory, present and past condition, of the tea planta-
tions in Bengal. From a small experimental garden in
Assam, they may learn how these plantations have grown
up to occupy a space that is small compared to the vast
area of India itself, and the scale upon which cultivations
are fhere carried on, but which nevertheless numbers
three-quarters of a million acres, and exercises a perceptible
influence upon the tea market by its produce. At the
present time there are some doubts as to who can claim
the credit of having first discovered the capabilities of
this part of the Himalayas for tea growiug, but it is suffi-
cient to know that the i.onour rests with cue or two
persons, and that the foundations of this industry were
laid between 1856 and 1859. At first the prospects that
surrounded the attempt were made to appear so brilliant
that the planters themselves, although doubting whether
it would ever pay to grow tea, had no doubt bnt that it
would pay to make gardens. Beyond this, many specu-

lators took advantage of the ignorance and credulity of
investors to palm off upon them what may be called shoddy
gardens, to meet the requirements of a London or Calcutta
promoter. But these misdeeds of the past would not be
referred to were there not signs at the present time of the
same state of affairs which made them possible ten years ago.
The depression that then followed the nati;ral collapse of
many such comers was intensified by the ignorance of the
general body of proprietors of tea shares, who showed as
much folly in their haste to get out of tea as they had a
few years before in their eagerness to undertake the specu-
lation. Tjiis depreciation of tea property seems to have
continued until about 1SG9, when things began to look
brighter. It was seen that people who had worked steadily
for years with a view to make gardens that would yield a
profit had been rewarded, while much of the property of
the collapsed companies had turned out well under careful
management. In fact, it was again found that tea would
pay, and ever since it has been steadily progressing in
popular estimation, and as a general rule, in profit to those
engaged in it.

This great and growing importance of the tea trade has
led the Government of India to ask for certain statistics,
somewhat similar to our agricultural returns, relating to
the tea culture. The planters have been invited to state
also what obstacles exist in their localities to the fullest

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

189

development of lliis branch of production, and what, if
any, measures in their opinion would properly be adopted
by government for their benefit. This inquiry, as may be
supposed, has resulted in the acquisition of a very con-
siderable amount of valuable and otherwise inaccessible
uformation, and we leara for the first time that the extent
of land held for the purpose amounts to 804,582 acres,
and the area actually uuder tea culture is 70,341 acres.
Those which are called mature plants cover 56,973 acres
of this space, and the immature 13,369 acres. Although
this classificatiou, the best that can be adopted, is thought
too uncertain for practical purposes one deduction may, it
is thought, be confidently drawn from it. It is almost
certain that all the plants classed as immature are uuder
seven years old ; in other words, that they have been
planted siace 1866. So that we may assume that at least
one-fifth of the present tea cultivation has been commenced
since the period of depression of the industry ; and there
can be no more satisfactory proof than this of its complete
recovery. The whole yield of the province of Bengal,
although somewhat conjectural may be taken at 15,000,000
lbs. The yield of immature plants can be fairly recloued
at 80 lbs. per acre, which would give 1,069,520 lbs., and
the yield of the mature at 237 lbs., which would give
13,500,617 lbs.

At the head of the divisions comes Assam, where the
first experiments were made and where the tea now grows
in five districts — Seebsagar, Durruug, Luckinipur, Now-
gong, and Kanirap. The total area taken up for tea
planting is stated to be 364,990 acres, and the amount
cultivated, exclusive of certain unreturned gardens of
Luckimpur, to be 26,853 acres, or little more than 7 per
cent. The area under mature plant is returned at 21,890
acres ; that under immature as 4,963. The produce of
both classes during the year 1872 was 6,150,764 lbs., of
which 1,500,000 lbs. were produced by the Assam Com-
pany. Next to Assam comes Dacca, with two tea- growing
districts — Silhet and Caehar. Then Kuch Behar, with
two tea districts — Darjeeling and Goalpora. In the
Chittagong divisioi- there is only one tea growing district
— Chittagong itself. At ChotaNagpur the tea cultivation
is very unimportant, thoiigh there arc gardens in two dis-
tricts— Hazaribagh and Lohardugga.

The difficulties that have arisen during the rise and
progress of this cultivation have been chiefly owing to the
paucity, in fact the absolute want of labour in the first
instance. Tea planting, it seems, requires a larger supply
in proportion to the area cultivated than most kinds of
agricultural industry.

The population in almost all the districts suited for tea
is veiy scanty, and the proportion even of this available
for hard work is small ; consequently, early in the history
of tea planting the local labour obtainable in Assam and
Caehar was found insufficient, and attempts were made
to import labourers from more populous districts. But
the surplus food produced in the tea districts is very
little, and food for the imported labourers had conse-
quently to be imported also. The means of communica-
tion are very imperfect, and when large numbers of
coolies were thus imported the supply of food did not
keep pace with the increase of mouths. The consequence
■was that tens of thousands died from diseases brought on
by want of proper food, whilst others were so enfeebled
that their labour failed to repay the employer the cost of
importing them. The Government, at the present time,
while dealing with the waste lands at their disposal, and
for which they have many applicants, will be required to
give the most careful attention to this question of labour,
how it is to be obtained and how fed ; otherwise a more
liberal distribution of land would only aggravate the
difficulties of the planters. The course marked out for
the Government seems to be the encouragement of free

labour as opposed to any system in which special protec-
tion is given to the labourer on the one hand, and to the
employer on the other. To this end there will need
strong district administration, and officers should be made
to feel that the tea industry was not excepted from the
urisdiction of the regular authorities and the ordinary
aw of the country, and that no tenderness for the inte-
rests of tea-planting should bo allowed to interfere with
the suppression of illegal practices. For the rest, roads
and other means of communication towards and within
the tea districts, should be pushed forward as rapidly as
the resources of the empire may allow, and no means
left untried to encourage the increase of the local pupula-
lation, and of the cultivation of food-staples in these
districts.

The opinions of Mr. Campbell, who has derived great
experience from his connection with Assam, with respect
to tea planting as a commercial undertaking, are well de-
serving of attention. With suitable sale and good
management the average yield of an acre of tea-plant in
full bearing may be reckoned at 4001bs., which, if care-
fully prepared, would, in the English market, fetch about
£40. The cost of forming a plantation, of cultivating
it when formed, and manufacturing the tea, are high ;
nevertheless, with proper and careful management, a very
satisfactory margin of ])rofit may be relied upon. The
amount of profit derivable from a well-planted and care-
fully-managed tea concern is liable to fluctuate from two
causes only, viz., the prices of tea in the home-market
and the cost of labour in the gardens ; neither of these
two causes is ordinarily liable to sudden and capricious
changes. To a person with even so small a capital as
two or three thousand pounds, tea planting would prove
a most profitable undertaking. The revival of confidence
has been extending slowly but steadily during the past
three years, and at the present time the prospects of the
industry are far brighter and better than they have ever
beea before. It is to be hoped that, with the experience
gained by knowledge of the causes which led to former
disasters, it will continue in its present healthy course
and furnish an opening for the enterprising men of onr
own country.

THE PRICE OD^ SKILLED LABOUR NEAR LONDON.
— If this meet the attention of the agricultural labourers, they will
not perhaps believe that there are hundreds of skilled " sons of
the soil" working in market gardens, horticultural gardens, and in
the great floneultaral hothouses round about, and in the Metro-
polis, whose wages average from 18s to 12s a week without any
perquisites, cheap cottages, or work in wet or frosty weather.
Moreover, these men work harder than thrasliers, plowmen,
hedgers, sow ers, mowers or other tillers of fields. I take first the
men in market gardens, who in many cases are up three nights
a week to market. Their wages on an average are but IBs aweek.
Then there are the Government hands in the parks,and their pay
aver.ages about 14s a week. I next arrive at the hands skilled in
floriculture, horticulture, and arboriculture. Tliese men are era-
ployed in Loudon nurseries aud exotic establishments for the
low wage of 12s. Many of these gardeners are Latin scholars
botanists, landscape surveyors, aud chemists. It is true that
being employed in the London nurseries is but a step to em-
ployment as head gardeners in noblemen's gardens, where the
wage may reach 300 guineas a year ; but I know for a fact
that steady, clever men have been for years awaiting an open-
ing for their services. The majority of these 12s. a week men
hail from Scotland, and have to subsist on onions, bread and
oatmeal. The only flesh meat they come in contact with is
outside butchers' shops. These facts should sliow that some
of the " sons of the soil " are somewliat worse off in Middlesex
than other counties. — The Labour News.

N 2

190

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

THIN SEEDING.

The season 13 fast approaching for putting in the wheat
seed for next year's crop. The general practice is to allow
three bushels of seed per acre, and the average pro-
duce does not much exceed 28 bushelsper acre —
say, 9 or 10 for one. The question of the com-
parative results of thick and thin seeding is in the
present state of agriculture a more importantone than most
farmers are aware of. If it readily can be proved that
sowing one bushel per acre instead of three will produce
as good or a better crop than three bushels, supposing
the extent of the land sown is, in round numbers, four
million acres, it gives an amount of eight million bushels
saved in seed only ; whilst some who have tried it
say that the produce is greater. Now, we are im-
porting from eight to eleven million quarters of wheat
per annum — for the two last years it has amounted to
eleven millions — and the ([uestion is a simple one, whether
t would not be as well to reduce the proportion of seed
wheat, besides increasing the produce, which all those
who have tried thin sowing aver is the case, and thereby
lessen the importations to the same extent ? Every bushel
imported is a dead loss to the country, if it can be proved
that by a more economical culture — in whatever way —
it is possible to produce this at home.

The tirst instance we shall adduce as to thin seeding
is that of Jethro Tull, who, about the beginning
of the last century, occupied a farm or farms of
200 acres of his own, which he cultivated on per-
fectly novel principles, the first and foremost of
which was, "that thorough tillage is competent,
with or without manure, to secure the pi'ofitable
growth of any given species of cultivated plant year after
year in succession." This theory he carried into practice
for upwards of thirty years with so much success, that,
instead of impoverishing the soil, be let off a part of it at
one-third more rent than had previously been given for
it. He introduced the practice, more recently adopted
by the late Mr. Smith, of Lois Weedon, of sowing
half the land in portions of three feet, embracing three
rows, having unsown intervals of the same breadth
between them, and he found that he could grow heavier
crops on half the land than his neighbours did on the
whole. Mr. Smith, too, practised this 'plan for nearly
twenty years, and produced, on half the land, from
35 to 40 bushels of wheat per half acre. The amount
of seed sown was from one to two pecks per acre,
no more being ever applied. Mr. Hallett, of Brighton,
offers another example of thin seeding. His farm or
farms consist of about six hundred acres, a considerable
portion of which consists of down land, having from four
to six inches of soil lying on a chalk subsoil. It is unne-
cessary to go at length into the system adopted by Mr.
Hallett, whose object is to produce a quality of wheat
founded, like superior cattle, on an authentic pedigree. His
system embraces thin-seediug as a first principle. Thus,
sown early, one hundred acres are seeded at the rate of
one bushel to six arres, whilst the latest sowing is one
bushel per acre. Mr. Hallett's neighbours seed at the
rate of three busliels per acre ; he therefore saves in seed
alone from 180 to 280 bushels. As a sample of what may
be done by this system, Mr. Hallett hired a large field
belonging, we believe, to the Corporation of Brighton.
It was such a barren spot as to be considered actually in-
capable of growing wheat. We saw this field under wheat
seeded at the rate of one peek per acre, the product of
which was a crop of 48 bushelsper acre. One good effect

thin seeding is the entire absence of under-corn — that

is, weak and short plants holding inferior ears and con-
taining thin and imperfect grain. Heavy seeding always
produces this defect, which detracts from both the quality
and quantity of the return. There was no such under-
corn in Mr. Hallett's crop, the ears being all one height,
and as level on the top as a table.

Another case is that of Mr. Piper, an Essex miller
and farmer, who, for twenty-five consecutive years, grew
wheat every year without manure, except a dressing of
soot, and without ploughing the land, using only a hoe to
scuffle iu the seed, and planting in at the rate of li pecks
per acre. It was said that the produce exceeded by a
quarter per acre more than obtained by the neighbouring
farmers, and iu one season reached to seven quarters per
acre. Like Mr. Mechi, Mr. Piper was accustomed to
send annually a printed statement of the profit and loss
accruing in the season. Mr. Miller, the curator of the
Botanical Gardens at Cambridge, inserted an account of
the experiment which he undertook, in the Philosophi-
cal Transactions of the Royal Society : — " In the month
of June, 1766 sowed some wheat, and on the 8th
August one plant was taken up and separated into
eighteen parts, and replanted. These plants were
again taken up and divided in the months of
September and October, and planted separately to
stand the winter, and this division produced sixty-
seven plants. These were again taken up in March
and April, and produced five hundred plants. The
number of ears thus formed from one grain of wheat was
21,100, which gave three pecks and three quarters of
corn, estimated at 576,840 grains. The land was of
medium quality, and no manure applied."

An acre of land contains 43,560 square feet ; three
bushels of wheat contain, at the rate of Mr. Miller's
wheat, 1,832,554 grains, which divided by 43,560, the
number of square feet in the acre, gives 42 grains of seed
to the square foot ! Is it surprising that frequent failures
of the crop should occur with such crowding of plants
which, like human beings, can only be healthy and strong
with plenty of room to develope their productive faculties ?

THE POTATO.— The crop is in danger, although neith r
fungus nor beetle have as yet assailed it anywhere. The
tubers have ripened prematurely, and, generally speaking, the
crop is light, but good. Now, the danger it is in is this —
that it is ready to start into a second growth in the event of
ram occurring quickly and copiously. What is called " super-
tuberating," or the growth of new tubers above the old ones,
is a destructive process, for the old tubers that give birth to
clusters of new ones above them are robbed of their fecula,
and become flinty and tasteless in consequence. To prevent
supertuberating, the crop must be lifted and clamped in the
coolest and dryest place that can be found for it, and it will
be safe for any reasonable length of time. To wait until it
is dead ripe is not necessary. If done growing and beginning
to ripen, it is perfectly safe and prudent to lift, for the mo-
mentary exposure to the atmosphere, and separation from the
succulent haulm will hasten the ripening, and render the crop
less disposed to grow than if allowed to ripen perfectly in the
ground,— r/5ff Gardeners' Magazine.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

191

THE LANDLORD AND TENANT BILL.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE JIARK LA\E EXPRESS.

Sir, — Landlords, their lawyers, their supposed in-
terests, their arbitrary farm contracts and leases are at
present thought to be the grand obstacles to high-farming
and more productive husbandry. There is to be there-
fore a Landlord and Tenant Act for England, as there has
been for Ireland, with the view of removing the anomaly.
To the introduction of the Bill Mr. Disraeli is pledged.
It is not, however, to contain the 12th clause of the Bill
of the Messrs. Howard and Read. To that clause, of
course, Mr. Disraeli and others of the " Farmer's Friends"
profess an unconquerable dislike. Neither is the proposed
Bill to be after the manner of the Marquis of Iluutly's
Bill, or of the complexion of an " exaggerated Irish Land
Act," as the Huntly Bill was termed by the Duke of
Richmond. The Duke has intimated his resolution that
no such Land Bill shall become law. The promised Bill is
likely therefore to be very much of that sort which the
play of Hamlet would be with Hamlet left out, and not
altogether a Parliamentary Bill in the common acceptation
of the term ; but rather, I should say, the ukase of a
Ministry of Landlords, which, thanks to the farmers of
England, are, for the time being, omnipotent in the
realm : in many respects more powerful therein than
the Sovereign, and, at all events, in a position to dictate
to those who raised them to their present altitude.

" By the grace" of these dictators the promised Land
Bill may possibly contain a measure of good notwith-
standing. It may contain the incalculable boon to
tenants of a two years' notice to quit ; it is certain to
provide for " free contracts" as between landlords and
tenants, and to continue to the former the power to evict
the latter, as a leverage or " screw" necessary to make
the said " free contracts" a success.

Important events are often the unexpected result of
small and insignificant causes; and —

There is a liMid that shapes our ends,
Rough-hew them as we may—

the promised Land Act may form no exception to the
rule. The admitted necessity for such an Act is an
immense stride onwards of itself and in its most carefully-
constructed clauses, however undesigned may lie hid the
seeds and incipient principles of the future, and entire
destruction of what yet remains of an arbitrary and a
harsh feudal landed system in England.

There is, indeed, no better authority than history ; and
history ever furnishes the proof that discontent and revo-
lution follow resistance to reform as surely as effect
follows cause or night follows day. "What so much led
up to the Reform Bill of 1832 as oppression? What
ensured Corn-law repeal so much as opposition ? And
even in that "leap in the dark," and the «/i«?« House-
hold Suffrage Bill that followed, is to be recognised the
powerful incentive to that Liberalism which interfered to
turn a measure of mere pretence into one of real
reform.

As it was with this original Household Suffrage Bill,
so will it be probably with the anticipated Land Bill. It
will be Conservative nominally, but revolutionary in

reality. It will pretend a great deal, and yet give little.
It will be at one and the same time positive and negative
in character, and any advantage given by it to the tenant
in one clause will be rendered nugatory in another. In
one respect it is all but certain to be less fortunate ulti-
mately than the Household Suffrage Bill ; for whereas
that encountered a Liberal majority in its progress through
Parliament, by whose exertions it was so altered as to
screen its authors from disgrace, the coming Land Bill is
likely to receive merely the attentions of a Liberal
minority, which, thanks to the farmers, will be powerless
to change the incongruities that are sure to exist in tfie
measure into those provisions of justice and security to
the tenant, such as the exigencies of a densely-populated
country demand.

The Act in question is to protect the landlords from
" contracts from which human nature recoils." The idea
is one of Mr. Disraeli's, and, of course, cuts in more direct
tions than one. If, for instance, it is just to so protec-
the landowner, the rule must of necessity, in aland where
equal laws prevail, be also applied for the protection of
the occupier. Overboard then must ere long go every
contract enforced upon the tenant in the matter of game ;
away must go those in connection with the law of dis-
tress ; and next there will have to follow destruction to
those feudal farm leases and penal contracts which have
hitherto so much and so unduly obstructed the cultivator,
and enabled the landlord at will to seize upon and to
confiscate to his own use and advantage the property in
the improvements of the occupying tenant.

Viewed in this light, " freedom of contract" may not,
after all, be so bad a thing to have. Nay, but the admis-
sion of the principle is, as likely as not, to be the intro-
duction of the thin edge of the wedge of the most sweeping
land-tenancy reform. To insist upon" free contracts" in
the letting and hiring of land is really to insist that the
landlords and the tenants shall meet each other as com-
mon traders — that both shall be alike deprived of pro-
tection, and thus stand towards each other in contracting
as independently as do merchants in contracting on the
Exchange. Admit this, and who can object to it ? And
the necessity is admitted of free trade in land, of the
restriction of the power of the landlord to evict, of the
overthrow of the laws of primogeniture and entail, and,
over and above all, of giving to the tenant the right to
the property created by him in the improvement of
his farm.

Such property is as tangible, and as much entitled
to protection, as property in an estate. It has
even the advantage over property which has been
inherited, inasmuch as it is the result of the appli-
cation of the capital, the skill, and of the industry of
the accumulator. Why, then, should property so realised,
and which can be proved to have been realised, be open to
the seizure of a landlord? In short, if the land-
lords are not to be "forced into contracts" with
regard to the letting of their farms, "from which human
nature recoils," why, in the name of justice and fair play,
should the tenants be " forced into contracts" with regard
to the hiring of their farms and with respect to their
tenures and improvements thereon, "from which human
nature recoils" ? Yours, &c., Thomas Robertson,

Narraghmore, Alhy, Aug. 10.

192

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

MANGOLD WURZEL.

By THE HORXHEKN FARMER.

It is absolutely impossible to overrate the value and
importance of this plant as a source of cattle-food for the
spring and summer months, or to substitute auy other
article, either home-grown or purchased, which will tide
over with the same amount of plenty, economy, or satis-
faction what is universally admitted to be the scarcest
period of the whole year. The farmer who has had the
industry and foresight to provide and hold over a large
supply for early summer need care but little how the
season turns out with regard to growth of grass, whether
dry or moist, early or late, as he holds in his yards the
material of superabundance, a comparatively small breadth
of surface, it the land has been liberally treated, supplying
an immense bulk of food, suitable alike for horses, cattle,
sheep, and pigs, and of which all seem to be alike fond.
Coming into season at the very period when the swede,
however carefully kept, begins naturally to decay, lose its
sap, and become worthless as food, it forms a connecting
link between the old season and the new, which, combined
withits extraordinary abundance, renders itone ofthcmost
useful and valuable plants known to modern husbandry.
In situations where climate and soil are suited to its
growth and successful culture it actually supersedes the
swede, and is yearly increasing in favour with large stock-
owners. It contrasts favourably with the latter in first
of all, having fewer enemies in the earlier stages of its
existence, therefore, if once fairly started, it is almost
certain to progress uninterruptedly to successful maturity.
Again, it is a plant that delights in a rich and highly-
manured soil, and will stand any amount of forcing,
giving an immense return for liberal treatment, the ex-
pense of which bears no comparison to the value of the
crop in cash, or the advantages it confers on the owner
of a heavy stock during the spring and summer months.
Moderately good land, deeply stirred by grubber or
plough, or with both — which makes the best work of all
when performed in the autumn — the eradication of weeds
being attended to at the same time, may faiily be expected
to give a return of not less than forty tons of roots
to the imperial acre, an amount iu itself surely
amply sufficient to encourage the farmer not only to lay
out a considerable sum in applying dung and auxiliary
manures, but in rigidly attending to carrying out in perfec-
tion the whole of the cultural details, from the preparation
of the land for the seed, to the storing the roots iu the cud
of October. Given, that all the preliminary operations
of working and manuring have been done in the best
possible manner, it is nevertheless truly astonishing how
greatly the subsequent processes of cultivation affect the
ultimate success of the crop, and increase or depreciate
the weight per acre in an exact ratio to the way they are
attended to, wheUier attentively and carefully or the re-
verse. A ley field broken up in autumn, or at latest early
winter, suits admirably for a crop of mangolds; and this
more particularly if the preparatory season Jiappeus to be
dry and scorching, as the fresh mould retains the winter
moisture longer and resists evaporation much more efiec-
tually than land which had been previously cropped.
The earth in this instance may be compared to very fine
meal in its appearance and nature, the finely comminuted
particles attracting moisture from the air during the
night, and its close consistence enabling it in a great
measure to retain it during the day, however dry may be
the weather. It is difficult, and often altogether imprac-
ticable, to render land which has been frequently

cropped so extremely fine, especially if ploughed out of
the stubble in unfavourable weather; as however great the
care which may be taken with it in spring, or however
weighty the implements which arc employed in its re-
duction, it bears more resemblance to crushed cinders
than to the floury compound so ardently desired by the
cultivator, and so absolutely necessary for an equal and
vigorous start of the young plants. Although the prepa-
ration of land during showery weather is tedious and difii-
cult, and, even in this case, dangerous to the work in
hand, in so far as when it occurs at the period of sowing,
which is very limited, the acreage under a very valuable
crop may have to be considerably circumscribed and the
general plan of the year's proceedings altered. On the
other hand, a lengthened drought about the time of sow-
ing, and extending to a couple of weeks after it, is emi-
nently hazardous, inasmuch as many of the seeds will
fall to vegetate in the dry soil, much of the land re-
maining blank, and rendering it necessary to fill up such
spaces, either by transplanting, or sowing turnip seed,
both processes being disagreeable and unsatisfactory, and
at best compensating in a very inferior degree for the
first loss. AVhen the weather chances to be very dry, it
is excellent policy to concentrate the whole available force
of the farm iu men and horses, on such a portion of land,
as can by a smart push be ploughed, grubbed, harrowed
again and again, chain-harrowed, weeds picked off if
necessary, drilled, manured, and seeded all in one day.
The various operations succeeding each other so rapidly
gives spirit and animation to the workers, and a big day's
work is done in the best manner, with a good prospect of
a quick and equal start of the seed which has been de-
posited. The dung quickly spread, and covered at once
with finely prepared earth, retains its moisture, communi-
cating it gradually to the over-lying soil, thus materially
assisting vegetation, and helping on the embryo plant in
its first struggle for existence. Rolling the drills with a
heavy Cambridge roller immediately after sowing is ex-
tremely useful in very dry weather, as it presses the seed
down on the dung, and enables the earth to preserve its
moist condition under the influence of a powerful sua
and possibly drying wind ; moreover its mechanical effect
on the drill is to press it quite flat, exposing a large sur-
face to the action of the air, from which it is thus enabled
to absorb an appreciable amount of moisture during the
night. Care and attention in this way will go far to
obtain an even and healthy plant in almost the driest
seasons. This secured, there is scarcely ever any further
difficulty, as if the manurial conditions are favourable
success is almost certain, the plants having no insect
enemies grow vigorously, speedily covering the ground,
and seldom experiencing a check until they reach ma-
turity. In the cultivation of mangold-wurzel manure is
all important, and no other consideration should be per-
mitted to interfere with or prevent its being liberally
used. Fifty cart-loads of dung made in the best manner
under cake-fed beasts, is about a fair dressing for an im-
perial acre, supplemented by 70s. worth of Peruvian
guano, kainit, and dissolved bones. As an economical
eourcc of ammonia farmers are now in a measure foi-ced
to turn their attention to nitrate of soda, and as it is now
vastly cheaper by the ton than it was a few years ago, a
portion of it may be substituted for an equal money value
of guano. But foi' its evanescent nature nitrate of soda
would be invaluable to the farmer ; its effect, however, is

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE,

19^

not lastiDg, as may be easily proved by the after-crops,
therefore it must be used with caution, merely taking ad-
vantage of its stimulative powers on crops that will staud
forcing. Deep stirring between the drills, both with
plough and grubber, during the period of growth proves
of immense advantage to this crop, and the time and
trouble expended on these operations will be amply re-
paid by the luxuriant foliage and rapidly swelling bulbs,
unfailing indications of a magnificent crop. V/here the
breadth grown is considerable, it is safe management to
begin lifting the crops by the middle of October, sharp
frosts almost invariably occurring about the lirst week of
November, which are the cause of great anxiety when

such a valuable crop is in danger, and although it may
not appear to have inflicted much injury at the time, yet
in the months of April and May a rather heavy per-
centage of rotten bulbs will too truly show the cll'ect of
a few nights' sharp frost, and absolute necessity of
getting them early placed iu a safe position. In storing
never place against a wall : it is the cause of much loss.
Pits of seven feet in width, tapering to a sharp point at
about the same height, being nearly as quickly built up,
and when properly thatched and secured, keeping the
roots over without perceptible loss from rotting, quite
through the summer.

THE BIRMINGHAM HORSE SHOW.

Ou one or two previous occasions probably some of the
classes may have been better filled, but as a whole the entries
are about au average as to numbers, which is equivalent to
saying that they are limited only by the size of the build-
ing. First in the order of the catalogue, as heretofore,
were the thoroughbred stallions, of which there were six
entries. One of these, however — namely Major Ballard's
Keinfrid — was an absentee, and Mr. Green's Young
Goldfinder was summarily disqualified as not being
thoroughbred. Of the remainder, the contest lay between
thetwosonsof Stockvvell, Citadel and Laughingstock,
which here met to try con«lusions for the fourth time ;
the former, as usual, obtaiuiug the precedence. The
hunters exceeding 151 hands, equal to fifteen stone, five
years old and upwards, were prououuced to be a fair col-
lection, with Mr. Goodlifl"s Marshal MacMahon first.
His principal opponent, ilr. Hayward's Paramour, is a
useful weight-carrier. The hunters exceeding 15^ hands
high, without conditions as to weight, five years old and
upwards, arc only moderate, and those not exceeding 151
hands in height are small but good, particularly Mr.
Milward's mare. Emerald. The four-j car-olds are the
best hunter classes. The first prize was given to Sir
George Womb well's Cawton ; the second to Mr. Arm-
strong's Cashier, the Islington champion. The animals
which had taken the premier prizes in this and the three
preceding classes were, as a matter of course, the only
candidates for the cup ; aud it is a noteworthy fact that
they are all of the same colour — chesnut. The race was
between Marshal MacMahon and Cawton, aii'l the IMar-
shal was declared to be decidedly the more fashionable and
taking horse. "With the exception of the prize-takers,
the three»y ear-old colts and fillies for hunting purposes are
iudifterent. The Duke, sent by Mr. Coath, of ^Yalsall, is
up to weight; and Mr. Goodlifl"s Lady Mary shows
quality. The two-year-olds are, upon the whole, good.
The hacks aud roadsters 15 hands two inches high and
upwards, are a small class, headed by The Prince,
with a good back, quality, and action. The hacks
and roadsters 14 hands and three inches and under
15 hands two inches high, are creditable. The cobs
exceeding 14 hands are also fairly represented. The
best of the few weight-carrying hacks exceeding
15 hands high is Sir George YVombwell's Enterprise, a
famous prize winner. The first of the weight-carrying
hacks not exceeding 15 hands, six in number — Mr.
Prisby's Filbert — is another known prize-taker. Sir
George Wombwell takes first honours for hacks exceeding
15 hands high with Miss Sykes, a previous prize winner.
Among the hacks not exceeding 13 hands high was Ozone,
the property of Mr. Maltlicws, always a winner. The
harness horses 14 hands three inches high, aud under 15
hands two inches high, were a moderate class. The harness
cobs exceeding 14 hands and uuder 14 hands three
inches, consisted niainly of draHs from other classes, IMajor

Queutin taking first prize with Sparkling Moselle ; and of
harness horses, 15 hands high and upwards, only three
pairs came m. The muster of ponies was very large, the
classes for animals not exceeding 14 hands being nume-
rically the strongest. The classes for cart horses were
this year struck out.

PHIZE LIST.

JUDGES. — TUOROUGII-BUED HU.XTEKS AJNU' HaCKS :

Colonel Lattrell, Badgworth Court, Axbridge, Somerset ; R.
G. F. Howard, Temple Bruer, Lincoln. Har:ness Houses
AND Po>'lES : Colonel Barlow, Hasketon, Woodbridge ; J.
M. K. Elliott, lleathencote, Towccster. Veterixaky IIe-
EEREES : Messrs. E. S.aaley aud Sdu, M-ll.C.V.S.,
Islington and Birmiugliara.

Thoroughbred Sires.— First prize, £25, Colonel Barlow,
Hasketon, Woodbridge (Citadel) ; second, £10, R. Hutton,
74, Gloucester-place, Portinan-sqaare, London (Laughing-
stock), lligbly commended : The Earl of Stamford and War-
rington, Enville Hall, Stourbridge (Tlie Peer).

HUNTERS.

Exceeding 15 i h;inds high, equal to fifteen stone, five years
old and upwards.— First prize, £30, and extra prize of
£10 10s. as the best hunter in classes 2, 3, 4, and 5, J. Good-
liff, George Hotel, Huntingdon (Marshal MacMahon) ; second,
£10, C. C. Haj-ward, Southill, Biggleswade (Paramour);
third, £5, A. H. BillingtoD, Kenuiugton House, Ashford
(Lucifer). Commended : T. Pain, Lower Pcrtwood, Hiudon,
Salisbury (Westhury).

Exceediug loh bauds high, ivithout conditions as to weight,
five years old aad upwards.— i'irst prize, £30, W. Whiteliead,
Vrollaston, U'elliugborough (llufus) ; second, £10, T. U.
Ashtou, Temple Laugherne, Worcester (Tlie Lancer) ; third.
£5, A. 11. Biliingtou (Kate). Commended: T. P. Kempson,
The Oaklands, Handsworth (Ularibel).

Not exceeding 15J hands high.— First prize, £20, R. Mil-
ward, Thurgarton Priory, Southwell (Emerald) ; second, £10,

B. Gilpin, Longford, Cannock (Glenhewer).
Four-year-olds.— First prize, £30, Sir G. ■Wombwell, Bart. ^

Xewburgli, York (Cawton) ; second, £10, W. Armstrong^
FitirMd, Keudal (Cashier) ; third, £5, T. H. Foden, Given-
dale Grange, Ripou (Amontillado). Highly commended: C.

C. Hayward (Richelieu).

Three-year old colts or fillies.— First prize, £15, W. Coath,
Moss Close Farm, Walsall (The Duke) ; second, £10, J. Good-
lift' (Lady Mary) ; third, £5, J. Sankey, Metchley, Edgbaston.

Two-year-old colts or fitlies.— First prize, £15, J. Everatt,
Laugbton, near Gaiusburough (Sunshine); second, £10, R.
Swanwick, Cirencester (Glcngyle) ; third, J. Goodlitt". Com-
mended : W. Richards, Ashwell, Oakham (Claribel.)

HACKS, ROADSTERS, AND COBS.

Hacks aud roadsters, lo hands 2 inches high and upwards.
--First prize, £15, F. G. Haines, Upper Montague-street,
London (The Prince) ; second, £5, Captam J.H. Mardon, tli-j
Craig, Grosmont, near Hereford (Flitton).

Hacks or roadsters, 14 hands o iiiclics lugh, and umler 1j
hands 3 inches hifih.- First prize, £15, W. M. Hohday, t.lie
Grmo-e, Ashby Ruad, Leicester; second, £5, Miss Harrison,
Easllau'd House, Leamington (Major). Higlily commended :
C. A. Jacobs, the Riding Sc-iiool, Clifton, Bristol (Cora).

194

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

Commended : F. G. Haines (The Marquis) ; R. N. Hooper,
Stanshawes Court, Chipping Sodbury (Constance).

Cobs, exceeding li hands and under 14 hands 3 inches high.
— First prize, £15, Major Quentin, Woodleigh Cheltenham
(Sparkling Moselle) ; second, £5, R. Gold, Sliarman's Cross,
Solihull (Steel Grey). Commended -..Mrs. Tyler, 28, Frederick-
street, Birmingham (Safety) ; J. Wiggins, Market Harborough
(Princess Louise).

Weight-carrying hacks, exceeding 15 hands high. — First
prize, £15, Sir Q. Wombwell, Bart., Newburgh Park, York
(Enterprise) ; second, £5, R. B. Lewis, Walsall (Lawyer).
Commended ; W. E. Warden, Chad Road, Edgbaston (Tommy
Dodd).

Weight-carrying hacks, not exceeding 15 hands high. — First
prize, £15, H. Frisby, 13, James-street, Buckingham Gate,
London (Filbert) ; second, £5, W. Sadler, 17, Hyde Terrace,
Leeds (Cockney) • Highly commended : W. E. Wiley, Birones
Green, Erdington (Bob).

ladies' horses.

Exceeding 15 hands high. — First prize, £15, Sir G. Womb-
well, Bart. (Miss Sykes) ; second, £5, J. Gilman, jun., 148,
Lancaster-street, Birmingham (Hinko). Highly commended:
W. M. Hobday (Talisman).

Not exceeding 15 hands. — First prize, £15, F. C. Matthews,
Easterfield House, Driffield (Ozone); second, £5, F. G.
Haines (The Marquis). Highly commended : Mrs. L. F.
Webb, Chapel Oak, Salford Priors, Evesham (Fire Fly) . Com-
mended : J. Gilman, jun. (Madeline).

HARNESS HORSES.

Horses, 15 hands 2 inches high and upwards. — First prize,
£15, C. J. Shaw, Greenfield, Edgbaston (Billy) ; second £5,
H. Hunt, Harvington, near Evesham.

Horses, 14 hands 2 inches high, and under 15 hands 2
inches high. — First prize, £15, J.C.Rogerson, 73, Oldham-
street, Manchester (Bell-metal) : second, £5, W. E. Warden
(Tommy Dodd). Commended: W. Sadler, 17, Hyde Terrace,
Leeds (Cockney).

Cobs, exceeding 14 hands and under 14 hands 3 inches. —
First prize, £15, Blajor Quentin (Sparkling Moselle) ; second,
£5, J. Tyler, 209, Broad-sfreet, Birmingham. Commended :
R. Gold, Sharman's Cross, Solihull (Steel Grey).

Pairs of horses in harness, 15 hands high and upwards. —
First prize, £15, T. Statter, Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester
(Sensation and Tom) ; second, £5,W. E. Tharme, Wolver-
hampton.

Tandems of horses, exceeding 14 hands high. =.-First prize,

£10, T. Statter (Sensation and Tom) ; second, £5, G. Tharme,
Bradford-street, Birmiagham.

PONIES.

Ponies in harness, not exceeding 14 hands high. — First
prize, £10, R. Wright, 72 Regent Road, Salford (Young
Apricot) ; second, £5, G. J. Leek, Cop Hill, Claverdoa
(Maggie). Highly commended: S. Sparrow, Downing-
street, Cambridge (Tom). Commended :C. Smith, Kirk Langley,
Derby.

Ponies in saddle, not exceeeing 14 hands high. — First prize,
£10, H. Frisby, London (Prince Polo) ; second, £5, R.
Wright (Young Apricot). Highly commended: J. Chew,
Thorpe, Northampton (Tommy). Commended, C. Smith,
Kirk Langley, Derby.

Ponies in harness, not exceeding 13 hands high. — First
prize, £10, H. Gameson,81, Dale End, Birmingham (Beauty)
second, £5, J. Eaton, Castle Gate, Grantham (Beauty).
Highly commended: J. Taylor, 51, Great Hampton-street,
Birmingham (Tom Boy). Commended : T. J. Merrick,
Northampton (Essex) ; R. Travell, Rumney Court, near
Cardiff (Polly).

Ponies in saddle, not exceeding 13 hands high. — First prize,
£10, C. A. Jacobs, Clifton, Bristol (Gem) ; second, £5, Miss
Tyler, 28, Frederick-street, Birmingham (Billy). Highly
commended: Captain P. P. P. Goodchild, Grange, Glen Parva,
Leicester (Little Bob). Commended : R. S. Bowker, Newton
Lodge, Tamworth (Lilly).

Ponies in liarness, not exceeding 1 2 hands high. — First
prize, £10, T. Mabbutt, Abingdon Works, Birmingham
(Jimmy); second, £5, J. AUkins, 96, Summer Lane, Bir-
mingham (Belle of the Ball). Commended: H. Mapplebeck,
Bradford-street, Birmingham (Minnie) ; W. Piader, Ropsley,
Grantham, (Topsy)

Ponies, not exceeding 12 hands high, to carry children.—
First prize, £10, C. A. Jacobs (Bronze) ; second, £5, J.
Allkins, 96, Summer Lane, Birmingham (Belle of the Ball).
Highly commended : J. Beebee, Birmingham Road, Walsall,
(Beauty). Commended: W. Pinder, Ropsley, Grantham
(Topsy)

Pairs of ponies in harness, not exceeding 14 hands high. —
First prize, £10, W. Frost, Stork Hotel, Birmingham (Alma
and Globula) ; second, £5, withheld.

Tandems of ponies not exceeding 14 hands high. — First
prize, £5, J. Beebee, Birmingham Road, Walsall (Gipsy and
Beauty) ; second, £3, Mabbutt and Allkins, Birmingham
(Belle of the Ball and Jemmy).

EAST CUMBERLAND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
MEETING AT CARLISLE.

The show, on the whole, was very good ; but the

weather was so wretchedly bad that it undoubtedly kept

many people away from the ground.

PRIZE LIST.

JUDGES. — Saddle Horses : J. Jardine, Dryfaholme,
Lockerbie; AV. Forster, Burradon, Morpeth. Harness
Horses : T. Kendal, Park House, Kirkby Lonsdale ; J. B.
Lee, Stocksfield-on-Tyne. Cart Horses : W. Borthwick,
Moncwray, Whitehaven ; J. Blackstock, llayton Castle,
Maryport. Shorthorns and Sheep : J. Dean, Dalkeith
Park, Dalkeith ; A. Metcalfe, Ravenstonedale, Tebay.
Gallowais and Pigs: G. Rome, Glinger Bank, Long-
town; J. Grierson,Kirkland Haugh, Dalbeattie. Butter:
Mrs. Mark, Durdar House, Carlisle ; Mrs. Graham, Water-
foot Farm, Annan ; Miss Steel, Cardew Hall, Dalston.
HORSES.
saddle horses for field or road.

' Brood mare, with foal at foot or in foal. — First prize, J.

Moffat, Kirklinton Park, Carlisle; second, G. F. Statter,

Broomshills, Carlisle.

Oue-year-old gelding. — First prize, J. Rickerby, Wall Head,

Crosby ; second, T. Mark, Durdar House, Carlisle.

One-year-old filly. — First prize, J. Moffat; second, R. B.

Fauldei-, Thursby.
Two-year-old gending. — First prize, T. Kitching, The Close,

Penrith ; second, J, Moffat.

Two-year-old filly. — First prize, D. McAuley, Carlisle ;
second, T. Mark.

Three-year-old gelding. — First prize. T. Graham, Beansland
Park ; second, J. Armstrong, Stub, Kirklinton. Highly com-
mended : J. Brown, Wiggonby.

Three-year-old filly. — First prize, G. Shadwick, Aikton ;
second, J. Carrick, Brampton.

Four years old and upwards gelding or filly. — First prize,
W. Armstrong, Kendal (Cashier) ; second, J. Lamb, Penrith
(Silence). Commended : T. Bell, Brampton (Patience).

HARNESS horses.

Brood mare, with foal at foot or in foal. — First prize, J.
Rickerby ; second, T. Little, Thorn Tree, Lazonby. Highly
commended : R. Brough, Rye Close, Irthington.

One-year-old gelding. — First prize. Executors of J. Railton,
Hetherington, Carletou, Carlisle ; second, W. Faulder, Bricco
Hall, Carlisle.

One-year-old filly. — First prize, T. Stordy, Thrustondeld ;
second, T. Wanuop, Broadwath.

Two-year- old gelding. — First prize, J. Wood, Boustead
tlill ; second, J. Tyson, Wormanby. Highly commended : J.
Marshall, Long Park. Commended : 11. Gibbous, Mossbank,
Rockliffe.

Two-year-old filly. — First prize, J. Norman, Roe Banks ;
second, T. James, Stainton.

Three-year-old gelding. — First prize, L. Potts, Wigt

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

195

second, J. Carlisle, Tarraby. Commended : J. Bell, Carlisle ;
J. Liddell, Browuelson.

Three-year-old filly. — First prize, W. B. Gordon, Justus
Town; second, W. Nichol, Cargo. Commended: J. Todd,
Mireside.

Four years old and upwards gelding or filly. — First prize, G.
Shadwick ; second, H. A. Clarke, Prospect House, Aspatria.
Commended : J. Rome, Robgill Mains, Ecclefechan.

CART HORSKS.

Brood mare, with foal at loot or iu foal. — First prize, G. H.
Head, Rickerby ; second, J. and G. Atkinson, Peepy, Stocks-
field-on-Tyne.

One-year-old gelding. — First prize, R. Gibbons ; second,
Mrs. Barton, Morton, Carlisle.

One-year-old filly. — First prize, J. Dalziel, Tinwald Shaws,
Dumfries; second, J. Percival, Kirkbarapton, Carlisle.

Two-year-old gelding. — First prize, W. N. Hodgson, M.P.,
Newby Grange ; second, J. Kerr, Flatts of Cargen, Troqueer,
Dumfries.

Two-year-old filly. — First prize, J. Kerr; second, G. II.
Head.

Three-year-old gelding. — First prize, R. B. Faulder ; second,
T.Donald, Sanden House, Abbey town.

Three-year-old filly. — First prize, W. and J. Little, Bowness
Hall ; second, H. Phillips, Cracrop, Brampton.

Four years old and upwards gelding or filly. — First prize,
R. Gibbons (Jolly) ; second, W. Armstrong, Tarn Ends,
Brampton (Nelson). Highly commended : J. Thompson,
Baley Knowes, Kelso (Kit).

HURDLE LEAPI^'G.

Sweepstakes of 10s. each for horses of all ages suitable for
hunting. Four-year-old horses to carry 11 stones. — First
prize, £10, W. Armstrong, Kendal (Cashier) ; second, £5, J.
Fearon, Whitehaven (Trump King). Highly commended : J.
Reay, Kirklinton.

A whip was presented to Mr. Beesley, rider of Dr. Carlyle's
colt, for neatest costume.

HACKNEY PRIZES.

A first prize of £5, and second of £2, together with a
a sweepstake of 10s. each, was given for the best hackney of
any age, height not exceeding 15 hands 1 inch, to be brought
into the ring mounted. — First prize, H. A. Clarke, Aspatria ;
second. Dr. Carlyle, Carlisle. Highly commended : Major
Thompson, Kirkhouse. Commended : R. Benn, Newlands.

SWEEPSTAKES FOB, HORSES EOR PIELD OR ROAD.

Sweepstakes of 10s. each for the best saddle or harness foal.
— First prize, J. Moflfat; second, R. Irving, Butchergate,
Carlisle.

CATTLE.

SHORTHORNS.

Bulls above two years old. — First prize, W. Lambert,
Eltrington Hall, Haydon Bridge (Heather-bred Lad) ; second.
Sir R. C. Musgrave, Bart., Edenhall (Wallace Wynne).
Highly commended : G. H. Head (Royal Edgar).

Bulls under two years old. — First prize, G. Smith, The
Luham, Penrith (Prince Eden) ; second, W. Heskett, Plumpton
Hall, Penrith (Prince Leopold). Commended : G. H. Head
(King George).

Cows or heifers above three years old, in calf or in milk. —
First and second prizes, J. and G. Atkinson, Peepy (St.
Crispin 2nd). Highly commended: J. Lamb, Penrith
(Laurestina) . Commended : \V. Lambert (White Stocks).

Heifers under three years old, in calf or in milk. — First
prize, J. and C. A'kinson (0. B.'s Justitia) ; second, W.
Lambert (Matchless). Highly commended and commended :
J. Lamb (Laurestina 2nd).

Heifers under two years old. — First prize, J. Lamb (Laures-
tina 3rd) ; second, D. Bragg, Southwaite Hall (Mary).

GALLOWAYS.

Bulls above two years old. — First prize, G. Graham, Oak-
bank, Longtown (Forest King) ; second, M. and T. Teardale,
Boggs, Knaresdale, Alston (Gallant Graham).

Bulls under two years old.— First prize, J. Graham, Parcels-
town (Sim of Whitram) ; second, R. Benty, Howend, Long-
town.

Cows or heifers above three years old, in calf or milk. —
First prize, J. Cunningham, Taibreoch, Dalbeattie; second
and commended, J. Graham.

Heifers under three years old, in calf or milk. — First and
second prizes and commended, J. Cunningham. Highly
commended : J. Graham.

Heifers under two years old. — First prize and commended,
J. Cunningham ; second and highly commended, J. Graham.

BULLOCKS.

The best pair of bullocks of any breed, calved in 1873. —
First prize, J. Cunningham.

SHEEP.

Bluefaeed Leicester tup of one shear. — First prize, J. Todd,
Mireside, Aspatria.

Bluefaeed Leicester tup of any age. — First prize, J. Todd.

Border Leicester tup of one shear. — First and second
prizes, T. Bell, Townfoot, Brampton. Highly commended:
W. Lambert, Ellrington Hall. Commended: T. J. Bell,
Oughterside, Maryport.

Border Leicester tup of any age. — First prize, G. F. Statter,
Broomhills, Carlisle ; second, T. J. Bell. Highly commended :
W. Lamber.

Pen of bluefaeed Leicester ewes. — First prize, J. Todd.

Pen of bluefaeed Leicester giminers. — First prize, J. Todd.

Pen of Border Leicester ewes. — First and second prizes, H.
Newby-Fraser, Hay Close. Highly commended : G. F.
Statter. Commended : W. Lambert.

Pen of Border Leicester giramere. — First and second prizes,
H. Newby-Fraser. Highly commended : W. Lambert. Com-
mended: T.J.Bell.

Longwool tup other than Leicester. — First and second
prizes, W. Norman, Hall Bank, Aspatria.

Pen of longwool ewes. — First and second prizes, W. Nor-
man.

Pen of longwool giramers. — First and second prizes, W.
Norman.

PIGS.

Boars under four years old. — First prize, T. Hodgson,
Newton Arlosh ; second, C. Wills, Brugh-by-Sands.

Sows under four years old, to be in pig or milk. — First
prize, r. Hodgson ; second, J. Bulman, Carleton Hill. Cora-
mended : J. Graham.

DONKEYS.

Donkey of any age that can leap over a hurdle IJ feet high,
age taken into consideration. — First prize, A. Coulthard, CaU
dewgate, Carlisle ;_second, Miss Graham, Seugger Houses, Car-
lisle.

BUTTER.

Fresh pounded butter, not less than 51bs. — First prize, Mrs.
Wannop, Brunstock ; second, Mrs. Wilson, Lockerbie.
Highly commended : G. H. Head, Carlisle. Commended :
Mrs. Story, Bleatarn.

Firkin butter. — First prize, Mrs. Wilson, Lockerbie ;
second, Mrs. Graham, Scotby. Commended : Mrs. Waugh,
Carlisle.

TRIAL OF REAPEES IN SCOTLAND— The United
East Lothian Agricultural Society has taken up the question
of field work, and had a trial of reapers on a field
of wheat, sixtj-five acres in extent. The crop was con-
veniently apportioned into lots of nearly two acres to each
reaper. The judges for the manual delivery machines were —
Mr. J. Leunie, Longnewton ;Mr. J. Wilson, SherifTside ;Mr. J.
F'. Robertson, Newmains ; Mr. J.Douglas, Atlielstaneford ;Mr.
J. Henderson, Byres ; Mr. J. Russell, Greendykes ; and Mr. S.
Sliirreff, Saltcoats. The judges of the self-delivery machines
were— Mr. A. B. Telfer, Ayr ; Mr. Taylor, Ayr; and Mr. A.
Tweedie,Coates. The awards were: Manual Deliveries. — i, £10,
A. C. Bamblett, Thirsk,Yorkshire ; 2, £5, Harrison, Macgregor,
and Co., entered by A. Dodds, Haddington. Highly com-
mended : Picksey, Sims, & Co., entered by A. Dodds. Com-
mended : Samuelsons & Co., Banbury. Self-delivery Machines
— 1,£10, W. A.Wood, London. Commended: J. &F. Howard,
Bedford, entered by A. Dodds, Haddington. The judges
recommended a working one-horse reaper, shown by Walter
A. Wood, Loudon, for a special prize. The machinery of the
first and second prize manual reapers is enclosed in a tidy
wooden frame, which saves it considerably in wet weather.
At the luncheon, Mr. Harvey (Whittingham Mains) remarked
that there was a great improvement on the reaper since the
last trial in the same field nine years ago. The work to-day,
he said, was remarkably well done, and he did not envy the
judges. They had a dilticult task, but he had no doubt, as
they were all good, practical men, they would give the prizes
to the best articles. He trusted they would give due prefer-
ence to the implement, w'-ich did its work best, and above
all, with fewest stops.

196

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

PENISTONE AGEICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The eutries of stock were 506, nearly 100 more than
last year. The cattle were the best seen at Penistone,
especially the aged bulls and the dairy cows. In the
sheep, too, there were some good pens, but the horses
were not so large a show as last year, neither were they so
good, escepting'the roadsters. Pigs were about double the
number of last year.

PRIZE LIST.
JUDGES.— Cattle, Sheep, and Agricultueal Produce :

W. Ullyott, Great Kelk, Soutliorpe, near Hull; P. W.

Addy, Cudwortb, near Barnsley ; W. llhodes, Swinton.

Pigs, Hokses, and Doi^keys : R. Cowton, Southorpe,

HuU ; C. Speight, Millhouse, Sheffield ; W. Gillatt, Wood-
seats, Sheffield. Poultky : VV. Cannan, Adolphus Works,

Bradford. DoGS: H. Miller, Upperthorpe, Sheffield; J.

Sykes, Huddersfield.

SHORTIIOENS.

Bull, any age.— Pirst prize, G. Pox, Wilmslow ; second, J.
Johusou, Crofts Stittiug Mill Parm,near Staveley.

Bull under two years. — Pirst prize aud Cup, T. Statter,
Manchester ; second, W. B. Beaumont, M.P., Stocksaeld-on-
Tyne.

Cow or heifer, in calf or milk.— Pirst prize, J. H. Rockett,
Selby ; second, T. Statter.

Two-year-old heifer.— Cup, T. Statter ; second, M. T. IIop-
kinson, Cliesterfield.

Heifer under two years.— Pirst prize, T. Statter ; second, J.
H. Rockett.

Bull of auy age. — Pirst prize, R. Lowe, Sheffield ; second,
A. and R. Maun, Thornhill, Dewsbury.

Cow or heifer, in calf or milk.— Pirst prize, U. Binder,
Ecclesfield ; second, G. Widdison, Eccleslield.

Cow for dairy purposes. — Pirst and second prizes, 11.
Binder.

Two-year-old heifer. — Cup, G. Widdison, Butterlhwaite,
Ecclesfield ; second, W. Parkin, Bromley Parm, Wortley.

Heifer under two years.— Pirst prize, U. Binder; second,
G. Widdison.

SHEEP.

Ram of any age.— Cup and second prize, J. P. Moorliousr,
Penistone.

Shearling ram.— Prize, J. P. Moorhouse.

Shearliug gimmors.— Pirst prize, J. Dransfield, Oxspnng
House ; second, G. Swinden, Snowden Hill, Ilunsliclf.

Ram, any age. — Cup, G. Swinden ; second, R. Parkin, Pond
Parm, Hunshelf.

Shearliug Ram. — Pirst and second prizes, C. Marsh, Peui-
stoue.

Tup lamb bred in 1874'.— Pirst and second prizes, C.Walker,
Roughbircliworth.

Pen of three ewes, having suckled lambs in IS?!?. — Cup, J.
Nicholson, Eastfield, Thurgolaud ; second, C. Walker.

Shearling giramers.— Cup, G. Swinden ; second, J.Pearson,
Snowden liiil.

Ewe lambs, bred in lS7-i.— First prize, R. Parkiu ; second,
T. W. Stones, Roughbirchworth.
PIGS.

Boar, large breed.— Pirst prize, C. R. N. Bcswickc-Royds,
Littleborougli ; second, J. CoUiss, Hillfoot.

Boar, middle breed. — Pirst and second prizes, C. P. Hallas,
Manchester Road.

Boar, small breed.— Cup, C. R. N. Beswicke-Royds ; second,
J. Nutter, CleckheatoD.

Sow, large breed.— Pirst prize, C. R. 'N. Beswickc-Royds ;
second, VV. Green, Wadsley Bridge.

Sow, middle breed.— Pirst prize, C. Pt. N. Beswicke-Royds ;
second, S. C. Alderson, Barnsley.

Sow, Hmall breed.— I'irst prize, ^. Coates, Haliiax ; second,
C. R. W. IVswicke-Royds.

Store pig, huge breed.— Pirbt prize, C. R. N. Beswieke-
Royds ; second, T. Lindley, Grimesliiori.e.

Stoie pig, middle breed. —Pirst prize, C. P. Hallas ; second,
S. Buikinshaw, Owlerton.

Stoie pig, small breed.— First prize, C. R. N. Beswicke-
Rovds ; second, H. C. Liltlewood, Sheffield.

HORSES.

Gelding or marc for agricultural purposes. — First prize, M.
Wood, Pontefract; second, J. P. Crowther, Mirfield.

Brood mare for agricultural purposes, with a foal. — Prize,
C. Uttley, Wortley.

Poalof 1871, gelding or filly, for agricultural purposes. —
Cup, J. P. Crowther ; second, J. Simmons, Huddersfield.

Poal of 1872, gelding or filly, for agricultural purposes. —
Pirst prize, J. Mills, Waitefield ; second, W. Bevins and Son,
Wadsley Bridge.

Poal of 1873, colt or filly, for agricultural purposes. — First
prize, J. P. Crowther ; second, G. Wood, Grenoside.

Foal of 187-1, colt or filly, for agricultural purposes. — Pirst
prize, C. Uttley ; second, \V. Stead, Cleckheaton.

Roadster, not entire. — Pirst prize, M. Wood; second, J.
Pairbrother, Sheffield,

AN ENGLISH LANDLORD IN IRELAND.— TlieEail
and Countess of Portsmouth, with their two eldest children,
Lady Catherine Wallop and Lord Lymington.bave been visiting
the Royal Agricultural Society of Ireland's Show at Wexford.
Lord Portsmouth's Irish estate has long been pointed at as a
model of prudent and enlightened management, and of the
success which attends truly liberal dealing between landlord
and tenant. His lordship's father, the lato patriotic Newton
Pellowes of the Devon " Reforms days," had scrupulously
carried out the principle of Teuaut-Right, and the result has
been that for fifty years there has been a most cordial feeling
of liarmony between landlord and tenant, aud an entire
absence of those agrarian disturbances which have been the
bane and curse of some parts of the Green Island. Tne
system of tenancy is vastly ditfercnt in the two countries. lu
Ireland the tenant erects the buildings and fences the laud. lie
has to put a considerable portion of capital necessary to farm,
the estate, and without a legal protection would have to leave
that c:ipital on quitting it. Individual improvidence ofteu
rendered the best-heartel landlord unable to do his duty in
protecting a tenant who had relied on his good feeling.
Where creditors got " the pull" of the estate the_ landlord was
powerless to do justice to the legitimate expectations of
tenants, and this brought on the state of things which
rendered the Gladstone legislative remedy necessary. Such
were Lord Portsmouth's merits as a landlord and a legislator
that we believe we reveal no secret in stating that the late
Prime Minister wished to reward Jiim with the covetable
dignity of " the Garter" in token of his respect for the noble
Earl's patriotic merits. But the self-denying spirit of the
noble Earl led him to decline the proffered honour, wishing
the great Minister to have the means of bestowing it, not
where it would be more deserved, certainly, but where it
might be more serviceable to the interests of the State. Lorl
Portsmouth not long since brought, at great expense, a boun-
tiful supply of water to the town of Enniscorthy for the free
use of the inhabitants, lu taking the young Lord to Ireland
the Earl aud Countess are giving the best practical
lesson of the great duties of proprietorship, aud how by wise
administration they may be made to conduce to the happiness
and prosperity of all couccrned. — T/te ff'esfern Times.

THE EASTERN COUNTIES LOCK-OUT.— The lock-
out lasted 18 weeks, and cost the National Union aloue about
£25,000. There were altogether 2,400 men locked out, and of
these 400 have migrated and 410 emigrated, and 870 returned
to work without giving up their Union tickets. Since the
resolution of the Executive of the National Union not to
continue the lock-out pay, an additional 350 lueu have returned
to work for their old masters, several have left the Union,
and 340 out of the original 3,400 are still unemployed. The
Union Secretary attributed tUe defeat sustained iu the Eastern
Cuuuties of three causes — want of union among the men
themselves, the lueked-out men refusiug to uiigrdte, and thus
becoming a. burden on tlie funds, aud the iudiscreet admission
into the Union of worn-out old men, who expected that they
were to derive annuitieslrom its funds.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

197

MR. PROUT AND HIS SYSTEM.

Temple Bar is tumbliug down ; and those who go to
see the last of it may miss, as we did the other day, a
small unpreteudiug chemist's shop, on the Strand side,
where you can buy a box of Blair's pills, a precious oint-
ment, or any other ready-made medicament. There is
none of that magnificence in the way of height, width,
plate glass and mahogany polish, with which Mechi and
Co. give a grace even to Regent Street ; but it is, as
history tells us, from these small City dens that men com-
mand

Space for their lakes, their parks' extended bounds ;
Space for their horses, equipage and hounds.
From over the narrow counter or in the little back"
parlour do they cherish and establish the after-life
when they shall have herds and flocks, and flowers and
grateful shade. But our near neighbour at Temple Bar,
when he takes to himself a place in the country, counts
upon no such conventional enjoyments. He has few
horses, he has no houads ; he has not an Alderuoy from
which to make his own butter, nor a Southdown
whereof he can borrow a leg of mutton. He cultivates
but scant flowers, and has carefully contrived how
there shall be as little grateful shade as possible,
for he has so broken his bounds that his domain
is an extended plain of plough lands, without a hedge to
intercept the view, and with scarcely a tree to relieve the
prospect. The pastorals of Blount's farm have been swept
away with the fences. The curly-headed plough-boy no
longer whistles o'er lea, for the whhtle of one of Fowler's
engines is the only signal now heard on the headland ;
Corydou has pawned his crook, and Phyllis has gone
into domestic service. The world, in a word, has been
turned upside down, and the harvest-home feast is cele-
brated before a sheaf of corn is cut, in a goodly granary
where grain is never stored.

From all sides we have the promise of a great wheat
year ; taking England throughout, the prospects are
almost everywhere put above the average ; while from the
Continent the reports of France, Belgium, Germany, and
further on are equally favourable. And in such a year
Mr. Thomas Scott, who publishes periodically his opinions
on the crops, makes this emphatic declaration : " I have
visited Mr. Front's farm in Herts, aud Mr. jMiddlediteh's
in Wilts, where deep steam cultivation is substituted for
live stock and manure, and I must say that their wheat
crops surpass anything I have seen or heard of this
season. Either of these gentlemen might challenge
England for wheat crops." This is a big word, no
doubt, as the palpable moral would be that farmers who
wish to grow great crops of wheat should grow them year
after year, as Mr. Front does in Hertfordshire and Mr
Middleditch does iu Wiltshire. It is very probable that
Mr. Scott's statement is over-coloured, or, at the utmost,
there is not much proof in it, until we know how much
Mr. Scott really has seen, and how far he is justified in
launching a comparison with all England. Naturally,
however, the issue of such a challenge provoked
to judge for ourselves, and ou Tuesday
joined a party at lunch in the granary
to taking part in a procession which
followed Mr. Swordcr to sell as they stood " the excellent
growing crops of corn on Blount's Farm, Sawbridge-
worth, by direction of John Prout, Esq." In another
part of this day's paper we give the results ; that is the
number of lots oU'ered, and the price per acre at which
the wheat and oats were sold. The average reached was
said not to be quite so high as last year, but it must be

desire
last we
previous

borne iu mind, that with the promise of so generally
good a season, there was not so much room for specula-
tion, while the expenses of harvesting may be fairly
calculated at something more than they have been
Everybody, however, agreed, previous visitors aud near
neighbours, that the crops had never looked better ; some
of the llevits were capital, and almost everywhere good ;
whilst the oats, if patchy in places, were set-oil' by many
a show-piece, which might have gone to warrant Mr.
Scott's All-England challenge. The land was remarkably
clean, and those who knew it the best and longest were
the first to declare that it was worth comparatively
little or nothing until it came into INIr. Prout's posses-
sion ; the secret of whose success has been the ability to
do as he liked with his own, by draining the laud, by
clearing the way for the steam-plough, and continuing it
in crop so long as he chose ; while his aid in the way of
renovation has been the use to the extent of some £2 or
£3 per acre of certain artificial manures.

Assuming, as we are certainly so far justified in doing,
the legitimate success of Mr. Prout's system of taking
crop after crop, it is nevertheless scarcely one which can
be offered as an example, for the very simple reason that
but few other farmers have the power to follow it out.
Indeed, perhaps, the most noticeable feature in the
day's proceedings was the demonstration made
at luncheon in favour of Teaant-Right and open
coveuauts. Mr. Scott, who was in the chair, broached
the subject ; and Mr. Prout declared that " the question
would have to be dealt with next Session. He would
accept of no measure which did not include the 12th
clause, and he could show how by going for it landlords
might increase their rent-rolls by 25 per cent." Mr.
Middleditch went further still, and said that " few of the
landlords of this country were fit to have tenants. He
himself farmed an estate which was mortgaged up to the
last farthing — up to the hilt, but he would never become
a tenant-farmer ; he would rather break stones on the
road." Mr. Corbet, the author of the prize essay on
Tenant-Right, was also called on, the general tone of a
very suggestive discussion turning ou the necessity for
security of capital and freedom of action, the latter
point being especially appropriate to the occasion. Indeed,
when we compare what was said here with the more
general run of agricultural utterances, we question
whether the Hertfordshire farmers ever heard so many
home truths in so short a time ; though the s))eakers, like
Mr. Prout's practice, may be in advance of the age.

SALE OF MR. T. E. MIDDLEDITCH'S
STANDING CROPS,

At Broad Blunsden, Swi>'don, on July 23rd.
By MR. DORE.

Lot. a. r- P- Trice per acre.

1 Crop of Rivet cone wheat, with

straw 3 0 15 ... £17 0 0

3 Ditto 3 1 38 ... 17 0 0

3 Ditto 3 3 19 ... 17 2 6

4 Ditto 4 0 4 ... 1(5 17 G

5 Ditto 4 2 11 ... 10 0 0

6 Dhto 5 0 18 ... 9 7 G

7 Crop of April wheat ........ 5 3 la ... 80 0

8 Crop of iUvct cone wheat,

with straw 5 2 37 ... 7 0 0

9 Ditto 3 0 IJ ... 17 0 0

IU Ditto 4, 1 32 ... 14 7 0

11 Ditto 4 1 25 ... 15 0 0

12 Ditto 3 3 36 ... 14 2 G

198

Lot. a.

13 Ditto 4

14 Ditto 4

15 Ditto 5

16 Ditto 5

17 Ditto 6

18 Ditto 5

19 Ditto 4

20 Ditto 5

21 Ditto 5

22 Ditto 5

23 Ditto 6

24 Ditto 4

25 Ditto 4

26 Ditto 4

27 Ditto 4

28 Ditto 3

29 Ditto 3

30 Ditto 4

31 Ditto 5

32 Ditto 5

33 Ditto 5

34 Ditto 3

35 Ditto 7

36 Ditto 5

37 Ditto 5

38 Ditto 4

39 Ditto 5

40 Ditto 7

41 Ditto 5

42 Ditto 4

43 Ditto 4

44 Ditto 4

45 Ditto 5

46 Ditto 5

47 Ditto 5

48 Ditto 4

49 Ditto 5

50 Ditto 6

51 Crop of black Tartariau oats

with straw 6

52 Ditto a

53 Crop of Biddell's imperial

wheat, with straw 6

54 Ditto 5

55 Ditto 6

56 Ditto 6

57 Ditto 3

58 Ditto 5

59 Ditto 4

60 Ditto 5

61 Ditto 7

62 Ditto 4

63 Ditto 3

64 Ditto 4

65 Ditto , 3

66 Ditto 3

67 Ditto 4

68 Ditto 3

[Lots 69, 70, 7 1 , 72, 73, 74 of Biddell'

75 Ditto 4

76 Ditto 4

77 Ditto 5

78 Ditto 5

79 Ditto 5

80 Ditto 5

81 Ditto 4

82 Ditto 5

83 Ditto 4

84 Ditto 4

85 Ditto 4

86 Ditto 4

87 Ditto 4

88 Ditto 4

89 Ditto 4

90 Ditto 5

91 Ditto 5

92 Ditto 3

93 Ditto 4

94 Ditto 3

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

r. p.
0 38
3 14

0 20

1 8
0 18

0 33

1 8
0 23
0 7
0 34
0 8
3 20

2 0
0 32
0 15

3 17
3 38

2 23

0 18

1 6

3 4

0 20
3 12
3 30

0 28

1 39

1 30

2 2

2 11

1 32
0 37

0 20

3 15

2 10

1 36

3 4

2 34

3 35

2 20
1 18

3 3
3 8

1 38
0 33

2 7
0 29

0 2

2 6

3 23
3 25

1 10
0 16

2 27

3 wheat

0 8
3 6

1 11

2 30

1 2

2 24

3 13
1 14
3 13

4

0

6

22

26

38

19

16

20

26

2

9
10

Price per acre.

... 13 2 6

... 11 10 0

... 11 0 0

... 12 5 0

... 11 0 0

... 3 12 6

... 4 0 0

... 4 2 6

... 4 0 0

... 4 0 0

... 4 5 0

... 4 12 6

... 4 12 6

... 17 5 0

... 8 0 0

... 8 7 6

... 8 7 6

... 8 10 0

... 9 17 6

... 9 15 0

... 9 5 0

0 0

5 0

... 10 0 0

... 10 0 0

... 9 5 0

... 8 17 6

... 8 17 6

... 5 0 0

... 4 5 0

... 6 0 0

... 6 0 0

... 14 2 6

... 14 5 0

... 10 15 0

.. 10 0 0

... 14 5 0

... 14 7 6

7 Not put

.'.'.) up-

... 13 0 0

... 13 7 6

... 13 0 0

... 8 0 0

... 7 0 0

... 7 0 0

... 6 7 6

... 7 15 0

... 6 10 0

... 9 10 0

... 9 13 6

... 10 15 0

... 9 13 6

... 9 10 0

... 9 10 0

... 9 5 0
withdrawn.]

... 8 5 0

... 9 0 0

... 10 3 6

... 11 0 0

... 11 13 6

... 12 7 6

... 11 3 6

... 10 17 6

... 11 0 0

... 11 10 0

... 13 3 6

... 13 0 0

... 11 7 6

... 13 0 0

... 11 15 0

... 8 13 6

... 9 0 0

... 8 2 6

... 9 3 6

... 9 5 0

Aftermath.

[Sainfoin to be fed up to the 1st day of October next,

by sheep hurdled upon the land.]

95 Lattermath of sainfoin 5

3

4

4

4

7

4

96

Ditto

97

Ditto

98

Ditto

99

Ditto

100

Ditto

101

Ditto

.5

3 0 0

3 0 0

4 10 0

SALE OF MR. PROUT'S STANDING
CROPS.

At Blount's Farm, Sawbridgeworth, Herts, on

Tuesday, July 28tu.

By MR. G. E. SWORDER.

Lot.

a.

r.

p-

Price per acre.

1 Crop of Revit wheat, with the

straw

8

0

0

... £\0 10 0

2 Ditto

8

0

0

... 10 5 0

3 Ditto

9

0

0

... 9 10 0

4 Ditto

9

0

0

... 9 0 0

5 Crop of black Tartarian oats

with the straw

10

0

0

... 8 5 0

6 Ditto

10

0

0

... 8 17 6

7 Ditto

10

0

0

... 9 5 0

8 Ditto

10

0

0

... 10 2 6

9 Ditto

8

0

0

... 10 15 0

10 Ditto

8

0

0

... 10 15 0

11 Ditto

8

0

0

... 10 17 6

13 Crop of mixed wheat

5

0

(»

... 7 0 0

13 Crop of second-cut clover ...

8

0

0

... 3 3 6

14 Ditto

9

0

0

... 3 3 6

15 Crop of Revit wheat

8
8
8

0
0
0

0
0
0

9 10 0

16 Ditto

... 10 10 0

17 Ditto

... 10 2 6

18 Ditto

8

0

0

... 8 15 0

19 Ditto

0

0

... 8 15 0

20 Ditto

10

0

0

... 10 3 6

21 Ditto

9

0

0

... 10 5 0

22 Ditto

9

0

0

... 10 15 0

23 Ditto

0

3

0

... 6 0 0

34 Crop of second-cut clover ...

13

0

0

... 2 15 0

25 Ditto

8

0

0

... 3 12 6

26 Ditto

8

0

0

... 4 2 6

39 Crop of red wheat

10

0

0

... 9 15 0

30 Ditto

9
9
9

0
0
0

0
0
0

9 7 6

31 Ditto

9 2 6

33 Ditto

... 8 15 0

33 Ditto

11

0

0

... 10 2 6

34 Ditto

10

0

0

... 10 7 6

35 Ditto

10

0

0

... 10 17 6

36 Ditto Revit wheat

11

0

0

... 10 10 0

37 Ditto

8

0

0

... 9 2 6

38 Ditto

8

0

0

... 8 12 6

39 Crop of red wheat

11

0

0

... .10 10 0

40 Ditto

13

0

0

C Bt. in at

•••; 10 10 0

41 Crop of Revit wheat

9

0

0

C Bt. in at

-in 5 0

... 13 5 0

43 Ditto

10

0

0

43 Ditto

11

0

0

... 13 10 0

44 Ditto

11

0

0

... 15 0 0

45 Ditto

11

0

0

... 15 0 0

46 Ditto

11

0

0

... 15 0 0

47 Ditto

11

0

0

... 15 0 0

48 Ditto

4

0

0

C Bt. in at
•••^.17 15 0

49 Ditto

10

0

0

... 10 0 0

50 Ditto

10
1

0

0

... 10 5 0

Tota

£4,628 5 0

THE FARMEK'S MAGAZINE.

199

EAST LOTHIAN FARMERS' CLUB.
CO-OPERA.TION.

At the raoatlily raeeliug Mr. George Harvey, Wliittiahame
Mains, presided, and introduced the subject, " How far a
system of co-operation in regard to the purchase of manures,
seeds, and feeding cakes could be carried out amongst farmers
by direct purchase."

Mr.HARVBY said that while he thought the principle of direct
purchase a correct one, the farmers of Scotland would not com-
bine to have it carried out. At present the farmers were
very much at the mercy of seedsmen, some of them of repute,
and some of them not. He thought it was exceedingly diffi-
cult to get the Scottish farmers to combine in any sensible
thing whatever. He referred them as a proof of what he said
to the poor support he got from the farmers at the last meet-
ing of the Highland Society in regard to the chemical depart-
ment. There was a meagre attendance of farmers at that
meeting. He looked in vain for any of the members of their
own club excepting Mr. Smith, Whittinghara, Mr. Paton,
Staudingstones, and Mr. Durie. When so much necessity
existed for a first rate chemist it was a shame that so few
farmers came forward to support the proposal to have one
appointed. He asked the Hon. Mr. Strutt to open the discus-
sion.

The Hon. H. C. Strutt (Saltcoats) said they all knew
what co-operation was — the combination of a number of
buyers of any commodity to procuie that commodity either
from the manufacturers or from the wholesale merchants at
wholesale prices. Besides the diminished cost of the articles,
there was this advantage that the fewer hands the goods went
through tliere was the less chance of adulteration, and it was
all the more easy to obtain an analysis of any sample. The
simplest form of society would he for a number of farmers to
join together, and say at the beginning of the year what
quantity of manures and cakes and feeding stuffs they
would require, and then let them appoint a committee or a
salaried manager to make the best bargain for these articles
with the wholesale merchants and manufacturers. la this way
he believed they would be able to effect a saving of from 15 to
20 per cent. There was a society which supplied seeds,
manures, cakes, and machines. That association sold manures,
which were mixed according to the advice of agricultural
chemists, and they chartered ships to bring across cotton-cake,
seeds, &c., from America. The principle on which that
association carried on its business was not to sell the commo-
dities at a remarkably cheap rate, but at the minimum prices
charged by respectable dealers. The shares of the association
were £1 each, and 5 per cent, was given on the capital. Of
the net profits last year, one-fifth went towards paying the
interest on the capital, and four-fifths were divided amongst
the buyers in proportion to the amount of their purchases. He
had heard it objected that tiiis system would interfere with
the division of labour, and take away the livelihood from many
dealers. He liked the maxim of " Live and let live," but in
the present condition of matters farmers must in the first
instance look to get a living themselves. If farming was a
prosperous trade they might suffer a few parasites to live upon
them ; but this was not the case, for the farmers had quite a hard
enough battle to keep themselves above water. They had also
heard the objection stated by Mr. Harvey, that the Scotch,
especially the farmers, were rather backward in taking up
any new scheme, in fact thought it too much trouble to com-
bine.
The Chairman : I did not say too much trouble.
The Hon. Mr. Strutt : That is my inference from what
you said. The farmers must take the trouble in these days of
greatly increased cost of production, compared with the price
of the produce. There is great pressure from below by the
movements of the labourers, and unless the farmers bestir
themselves they cannot keep the equilibrium. It miglit be
said they could press on the landlords. Well, that cannot
be done just now, because the landlord has got his lease to
protect him. The farmers must really see to their own in-
terests.

Mr. Douglas (Athelstaneford) thought the subject of co-
o^eratioa might be the means of saving the farmers some

money, provided it could be properly worked. In East Lothian .
he said, the farmers laid out a great deal of money on artificial
manures, whicli they could not do without, because the home-
made manure formed such a small bulk that they must make it
up with artificial stuffs, and it was important that they should
get a genuine material at a fair market price. It was most
essential that these manures should be analysed, so that the
farmers might know what they were buying, but he had been
informed that if ttiey subjected a certain manure to three or
four different chemists, they were likely to find a great varia-
tion in the analyses. If that was so it was apt to lessen their
confidence in chemistry. At the same time, chemistry was a
well-accredited science, and with a painstaking man some-
thing like a correct opinion might be formed of the true value
of the article. He did not like to speak rashly, but he was much
afraid that they were spending a deal of money for insufficent
value. He mentioned the case of a field of his own. In a
large field of 50 acres growing swedes he had 4- acres in the
centre, which got a mixture of artificial manures of an equal
money value to that bestowed on the remainder of the field.
Well, that small spot of four acres grew no better crop than
though no manure at all had been applied ; and it was
noticeably deficient, not only in that, but in successive crops.
He spoke to the party who supplied tiie manure, and he got
out of the matter by saying : " That was strange, for So-and-
so used the same material with the best results." There was
no question that that manure was a bad one, and occasioned
him a good deal of loss. If the farmers were to co-operate,
they could buy ]at first hand ; but they would be liable to
bad debts, and still be subject to be imposed upon, al-
though they bought wholesale, unless they had a competent
chemist to guide them. He feared that the farmers would not
go heart and hand into the co-operative principle ; and in the
meantime thought they should protect themselves by having
the manure tested by a man in whom they had thorough con-
fidence. While he did not object to co-operation, he thought
it would take so much machinery and supervision to manage
such a system thit it would be more suitable for a company
than a body of farmers to go into it. When so much was re-
quired in the way of artificials, something should be done to
enable the farmers to get value for their money.

Mr. Durie (Barney Mains) said the principle of co-operation
would be beneficial if they could only get farmers to combine.
But a difficulty arose in so far as many of the manure agents
and middle-men were retired farmers, and if this occupation
was gone what would become of those men ? They would fall
on the poor roll. A nobleman once asked him what became of
all the retired farmers, for liis lordship could never see any of
them ? He (Mr. D.) replied that they sold manures, and
sometimes finished up by selling cart grease. After the collapse
of the Farmers' Association for the sale of manures,
recently formed in Edinburgh, he had no hope of anything
of the kind succeeding. In the Haddington market there
were often more manure and seed agents than farmers. If it
paid these men to go about in that way the farmers might
liave some idea how much above the actual value of the stuffs
they were charged before such expensive machinery could be
supported. The best thing to do he thought was for a few
farmers, or say that Club, to unite among themselves and
through a secretary get ssme thirty or forty tons of a certain
manure among them direct from the manufacturers, oa a
guaranteed analysis.

Mr. Robertson (Newmains) said there was no denying that
they had great reason for combining in order to protect ttiem-
selves ; but so far as his experience had gone, he must say thia,
that he hud found no task more difficult tlian the attempt to get
farmers to combine together. They might almost as soon
think to wash a black man white as expect to get farmers to
unite. If they could combine to get the feeding stuffs and
manures analysed more than tliey did just now they would help
one another a great way, and the best combination was for a
few to join together and get the articles from the wholesale
dealers.
Mr, Sh[RB£ff (Saltcoats) said that manures, ia going from

200

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

liand to hand, did not improve in quality, and the times were
such that the farmers must protect themselees. Rents were
high, and tliere was much money spent in inferior manures
which ought not to be, and could ill he afforded. He hoped
that the tendency of this discussion would he to direct more
attention to the quality and price of manures and feeding-stuffs,
and that it would exercise a beneficial result.

Mr. T. S. Macdo^'AD (Craigielaw) factor for Lord Wemyfs,
said he started a co-operative association in the South of Scot-
land about sixteen years ago. Knowing the adulterations
practised all over the country, from what he saw in Professor
Anderson's laboratory, he called the farmers together and
showed how they could protect themselves. The plan they
adopted was for each farmer to give in a list of the manures
he would require for a season, and then they contracted with
a manufacturer to supply the articles, which were stipulated
to contain a certain percentage of phosphates and ammonia.
By this system they could save some 20s. to 30s. per ton, be.
sides secure genuine articles. The society was still in existence.

hut the manure agents h;iJ encroached considerably on its ranis
latterly. Ey dealing with all the ageats in the country the
farmers would get a great deal of rubbish.

The Cn\iRMA.N said the discussion had been an interesting
one, and they had landed just about where they commenced.
A great deal had been said about getting a proper and trust-
worthy analysis of the artificial stuffs. That was very desirable,
lie remembered once visiting at a farm not one hundred miles
from Haddington, when the farmer said, " I don't know what
is the matter with the cake," pointing to a certain sample,
" the sheep are not eating it." lie advised the farmer to send
the cake to Dr. Anderson for anaylsis, which was done. It
cost £10 a ton, and the report of Dr. Anderson was that it
was not worth £5 a ton, and was perhaps dangerous to give to
sheep. There was a great deal of wild mustard in it. Well,
that cake was never paid for, excepting one ton. The farmers
would never be right unless they had a chemist in whom tliey
could place thorough confidence.

THE GALAWATER FARMERS'
ON THE CONTINENT.

CLUB.

At the quarterly meeting in the Town Hall, Stow, Mr.
Frier, of Cathpair, in the chair —

Mr. Thomas Swan, Edinburgh, read a paper on " Impres-
sions from a Seven Days' Trip on the Continent." A
difference in the temperature is perceptibly fr.dt immediately
on landing in France, the atmosphere being pure and mild.
On to Lille the land is rich, deep soil, well-farmed, but en-
tirely in strips or patches, many different crops being grown
in one field. The country, however, is void of fences, excepting
wide and deep ditches or canals, upon which traific is carried
in small scows or cobles ; these traverse the entire country.
Towards Blaindeau the crops are in larger patches, and look
well, though beginning to suffer from want of rain. Here
the entire passengers alight, and the luggage (except such as
is booked through) subjected to a slight and polite examination
as entering Belgium. Here, as in France, the railway-porters
use a horn for instructing the driver — one, two, or three blasts
indicating the signal, which possesses greater advantages than
the silent system prevalent here, so frequently misunderstood
or disregarded. Passing on to Brussels, which we simply
skirt, sufficient is seen in the distance to assure us of its
natural beauty of situation, while its environs through which
we travel are particularly pretty ; and here, as in France, and
indeed througiiout the Continent, special care seems to be
bestowed on the trees, nearly every main road being avenued
by rows of poplars, affording shelter against the weather in
all seasons. The staple crops appear wheat and rye, besides
various descriptions of luxuriant clovers. Neither in France
nor Belgium are oats or barley grown to any extent, while
the red land we took to be intended at that time for beet or
turnips. Reaching Liege at gloaming, we can only trace its
importance by the glare from the numerous furnaces and
works in full blast. Thence to Verviers, where a comfortable
dinner is provided, we recah Cologne at ILIO, or fifteen hours'
hard travelling from London. Neither in France nor Belgium,
except on some isolated meadows, are many cattle or sheep
grazing, the former being principally milk cows. The latter
country, so far as we saw, not only si cms particularly fine,
but also splendidly farmed ; the soil deep, and carrying weighty
crops of all descriptions. The immense population, and their
■well-to-do appearance, ars also noticeable. Two, and some-
times four, horses, are employed in the drays and carts, which
are principally four-wheeled, while dogs are likewise used in
harrows or light hurleys. Comfortably housed at the Hotel
du Nord, we, before breakfast, visited the celebrated Catliedral
of Cologne, upon which a large number of workmen have for
years been engaged in restoring. This, excepting St. Peter's
at Rome, is the largest in Europe, and is a magnificent build-
ing. After a slight survey of the town — which is the reverse
of prepossessing, and where the English-speaking traveller is
waylaid by touts, who volunteer their services as guides over
the cathedral, or to show him the bond fide establishment at
which to obtain eau de Cologne (a reply in German was quite
sufficient to show them we were not in want of their services)

breakfasted, at which a couple of our friends thoroughly en-
joyed a salmon steak. The sight of such a well-kuowu dish
in the bill of fare at once attracted their attention, for which
the modest sum of 21s. was debited us. The waiter smilingly
assured us it was " r>,liine salmon ;" and yet, though it was
pronounced excellent, it was barely considered value for the
money, being at least 30s. per lb. Leaving Cologne at 9.40
a.m., and crossing the magnificent bridge which here spans
the Rhine into AYestphalia — the land in which province seems
lighter and scarcely so well farmed as that hitherto passed,
but barley is more plentifully grown — proceeding north, pass
Dusseldorf, an important town, we come into a wide mineral
district, some of the stations being crowded by well-dressed
workpeople, it being evidently a holiday. 90 per cent, of the
men were smoking, with pipes of all sizes and shapes, and so
far as we noticed in our travels only one man appeared to be
under the influence of drink. As we get north towards
Hanover, the scenery partakes more of the English character,
fences dividing the fields, while cattle are more generally
grazed and better bred than those we have yet seen. By a
long ascent we reach Bielefeld, situated on a ridge of hills,
and the scat of great linen manufactories — surprise being ex-
pressed by the natives that its importance in this respect had
never been heard of by us. Descending the hill, the viey
from the train being extensive, we reach Minden, a strongly-
fortified town, tlie platform of which is crowded with officers,
whose ji/ii/sirji/e and soldisr-like appearance contrasted favour-
ably with those of France or Belgium. Lunched here, and
the loquacious waiter endeavoured to teach us a lesson in
Qnanee by modestly retaining something like Is. 5d. out of
the change ; eventually, on checking it, we found even then
he had a balance in his favour. The revenue of this class
must be greatly increased by the opportunity afforded them by
English travellers, ignorant alike of the language and currency,
and they seem perfectly able and willing to take advantage of
it. The land here seems in fewer hands ; fields and crops in
much larger acreage ; while sheep, in flocks of 200 to 500,
and cattle in lots of 50 to 100, are grazing; and batches of
2o to 40 outworkers occasionally observed at work ou the
drilled crops. Dined at Hanover, where the changes were
again attempted to he rung on us — this time ineffectually.
We got into a great stretch or poor land, a large proportion
of which is valueless ; in fact, all the way to Hamburg the
country is tame and uninteresting. Twelve hours from
Cologne we cross the Elbe by two splendid bridges, and
reach Hamburg — the scene caused by the rush for luggage,
cabs, and the shouting in all languages, being astonish-
ing. In Hamburg, we spent Sunday visiting the prin-
cipal parts of this fine city. Sailed up the Alster, dining
at LThlenhost, where a splendid band added to the beauty of
the situation, and, Sunday though it was, contributed much to
our enjoyment ; left Hamburg at 9.30 p.m., through Holstein,
for Kiel. A rush for berths, which, close and uncomfortable,
we gladly relinquished for the more airy cabin. Crossing the

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

201

belts, wfi ivach Kersce, in Zeeland, and here a totally different
system of stock-feeding is observable ; the cattle and sheep
beinff all tethered, principally in uuiforin lines extending
parallel along the fields, those fattening lia\ii:g t!ie front line,
and shifting gradually forward to be supplemented by tliose in
the second stage. In Zeeland and J^uncn sometimes 100 to
150 dairy cows are seen thus tethered, explaining the capa-
bilities of the country so far as the production of butter is con-
cerned, lleaeliing Copenhagen at eleven, and fulfilling some
engagements there, we take the steamer for Aarhuus at G p.m.,
whieli is crowded by people proceeding to the show ; the
captain, however, kindly placed his state room at our disposal.
After ten hours' run up the Sound and acoss the Cattegat,
we arrive at 4< a.m., accommodation being provided, and in-
structions that the judges were to meet at 8 a.m. in tlie com-
mittee rooms, into wliich the Cavalry Riding School bad been
transferred. Here the directors, committee, judges, and attend-
ing members were allocated to their respective posts, eacli
section containing an English judge. The stock is completely
catalogued, and the classes are distinguished by letters, not by
numbers, as in this country. The arrangements were most
complete, one side of the yard being allotted to the native,
the other to the cross or mixed breeds, and include single
auiraals as well as classes for lots. The only, to me, defective
part of the arrangements being that in the latter classes,
which contained from two to six animals, you were asked to
judge them as a lot, and frequently a larger lot, which con-
tained better auiraals individually than the smaller, was thrown
from the average not being so good. It was proposed that we
should base our decisions according to points of merit — the
greatest number of points taking the prizes. I observe a
similar mode of judging breeding animals was recently inaugu-
rated by Lord Kinnaird at the Kinross show ; but in the
judging of fat cattle we speedily discovered this system un-
workable. After awarding the society's prizes, those donors
of special prizes who were judges retired, finding a substitute
to act for them — mine being Mr. Elliott of Hollanbush. The
awards being finished, the whole engaged breakfasted
together, one or two toasts of a national character were given.
The rest of the day is devoted to the inspection of the stock,
and while the native breeds are not open to much, if any
improvement, I was greatly struck by the immense strides
the production of Shorthorns has wronglit since (in 1866) I
last visited Jutland. The Jutland cattle are famous dairy
stock, and when well-fed are really good cattle. Though
somewhat light of flesh, they have the objection that as a rule
they cannot be made prime before four or five years old. The
average value of the whole of this class I took to be about
£2G each. In our annual reports to the Danish Government
for the last few years, we have advocated the benefits to their
native breeds the introduction of Shorthorn blood would
effect; and thougli in many cases a prejudice existed in favour
of maintaining their present breed intact, they not unreason-
ably believe that by producing meat they might sacrifice the
milking properties of their native cows ; and butter is an
immense source of income there. During the show there
were various discussions on the subject, while those who
advocated it had a powerful help iu the great superiority
shown by the crossed over the native breeds, and the advan-
tage of such crossing is now generally admitted. The best
animal in the yard was pronounced a first cross ; while two
other animals, a first and second cross, sold at £130. About
60 of those shown possessed merit of no mean degree. A
dinner — still confined to those engaged during the day — was
given by the Committee, at which about eighty, sat down.
The speeches were not of a national character, being mostly
confined to subjects connected with the meeting, and, as is
customary in Denmark, were delivered during the dinner. The
evening was occupied by a trip to the forest, whei'e the utmost
cordiality was shown to the visitors from this country.
Wednesday, at eleven, the prizes were awarded — a procession
headed by a capital baud, which played during the show,
marching from the committee-room to the further end of the
yard, where a platform was erected, each successful com-
petitor coming up in front of his cattle which took the
prizes, and passing aside after receiving them. After this
there was a sale of imported Shorthorns, the property of Mr.
Troldahl, most of which were sent from the Southern Central
Sale in May. These were eagerly competed for, and made
high prices. At four o'clock a general dinner took place, at
which about 350 of the leading landowners, farmers, and others

interested were present. The gist of the speeches related to
the introduction of any systems likely to improve their
country, and throughout one could not help observing the
intense nationality of the Danes. This over about eight
o'clock, and as it to give a practical finish to the show, the
stock was removed and shipped to London, Newcastle, and
Leitli, in steamers waiting specially for the pur-
pose. Other engagements unfortunately prevented
our accepting an invitation to inspect the model farms of
Consul-General Pontoppidaw, where a large party met. We
left Aarhuus about 11p.m. on the Wednesday evening, via
Fredericia and Nyborg, tlirough Fuuen, admirably farmed, and
aptly termed the Garden of Denmark ; crossed the Great Belt
to Ivorsce, reaching Copenhagen in time to see the cattle
market. The stocks here at this season were principally
rough-class cattle, the quotations being guided by the state of
the English markets. The pigs shown were generally first-
class. Spent Thursday pleasantly in Copenhagen, which, like
Edinburgh, is intersected by tramways ; but here the authori-
ties have paid some respect to the amenity of the streets — the
cars, where practicable, being rnn on the side of the roadway,
and not on the centre of the streets as here. Visited Tivoli,
and had an insight into the social enjoyments of the people.
Went on Friday to Mr. Petersen's farm, near Copenhagen,
which, as criticised by my friends, was well farmed, and worked
by the best English implements. Left Denmark by the Ice-
land, from Copenhagen at G p.m., greatly pleased with our
visit, and the kindness and hospitality everywhere extended us.
With a three days' voyage, a good ship, and a most intelligent
and obliging captain, the time at our disposal on board per-
mittted us to reflect on what we had seen since leaving Scot-
land. It is impossible but to observe tie application brought
to bear by the foreigners on everything they undertake.
Leaving Glasgow, as I did, on my way south, and passing
through the great mineral districts of Scotland, the resources
of our country neglected, the bulk of the furnaces out of blast,
the men on strike, and many of them, notwithstanding their
recent unexampled earnings, iu misery, and passing through
Belgium and Germany, hitherto only recently recognised as
competing mineral-producing countries, everything here con-
trasted strangely favourable — the men everywhere employed,
the country reflecting prosperity. Iu their futile endeavours
to dictate to capital, and ignoring altogether the laws of
supply and demand, by wliich uunoubtedly their remuneration
must be regulated, the miners here, listening to the advice of
their so-called delegates, have succeeded in driving their trade
out of this country ; and judging from the capabilities of the
Continent, and the less cost of labour there, they seem willing
and able to keep it. Now, gentlemen, I am aware that the
subject of tlie introduction of foreign stock is not altogether
a palatable one, more especially at such a meeting as this, as
I believe that three-fourths of the farmers and landowners of
this country would have all foreign stock slaughtered at the
post of debarkation. Iu this I quietly concur, so far as those
countries are concerned, which permit stock from the land-
board of the Continent to enter. These are at present rightly
classed as infected countries, and their exports compulsorily
slaughtered here. But, gentlemeu, you are all aware that
your profits from cattle-feeding are, alter deducting your
artificial food accounts, frequently only nominal. Tlie
reason of this is, of course, the cost at which you have to buy
stores, while your capabilities for fattening or wintering cattle
are increasing. The area for breeding cattle is surely diminish-
ing ; the rapid strides in the science of agriculture are gradu-
ally penetrating into those high grass districts from which you
used to derive supplies of cattle. Those now partly under
tillage indirectly imply the production of meat ; hence the at
present irreconcilable relative values betv.'cen lean and fat
cattle. In the system now progressing in the wide cattle-pre-
ducing district of Jutland, I can see shortly you may be able to
calculate on an influx of really first-class cattle, and 1 venture
to express the opinion that sooner or later you will gladly wel-
come these as a desirable adjunct to tlie cattle-feeding supply of
this country. This I the more readily advocate, seeing that
those native breeds which have been recently sold in this coun-
try have invariably left a more than comparative profit; but as
the foreigners with shorthorns, your scruples in this respect
will yet have to be overcome. On Monday at eleven o'clock
the Cheviot Hills were sighted. Passing up the borders of
East Lothian, looking its best, we reached Leith at three
o'clock, inwardly feeling that after our progress up the Firth

20J

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

and meeting our friends on arrival, that "there is no place like
home."

Mr. Snow, in proposing a vote of thanks to Mr. Swan
for his paper (which was cordially responded to),
remarked he had no doubt that by-aud-by in crossing the Jut-
land cows with good Shorthorn bulls they might get a good
claas of cattle. However, this had taken a longer time than
he anticipated, because it was many years since they began to
introduce the Shorthorns amongst these foreign cattle ; and he
did not recollect of ever having seen a lot of anything like
well-storing cattle of this kind. Most of them that came over
to this country had been called nomkscvijits, having no great
features about them.

Mr. Swan thanked the members for their acceptance of his
paper, and observed that he was quite prepared to hear from
his friend, Mr. Snow, in regard to these Jutland cattle, that at
present they were not valuable as stores, because anyone con-
versant with the different breeds of cattle would know that
until they were improved they were not desirable for storing ;
but in the observations which he had made in his paper, he
referred to the class of cattle they were likely to get by cross-
ing. As an instance of the progress being made in that direc-
tion, he might say their firm (the Messrs. Swans') sent over to
Jutland about fifty Shorthorn cattle this year, and the pros-
pects of further importation showed that it was likely to be
very much greater next year. He was sure it was perfectly
apparent to every farmer in this country that it was impossible
that they could produce meat to supply the increasing demands
of the population, and one of the best things they could do was
to encourage importation from countries where they could get
lean cattle to reduce the value of the lean cattle in this coun-
try. In the foreign country referred to they could not feed
one-third of the cattle they bought, and the best of their
Shorthorn cattle were being sent to Hamburg to feed when
thev should be more likely to come here.

The Chairman said he had occasion to feed these Jutland
cattle and they always paid him well. Of course, for their age
tliey do not grow fast, but the best of them when they got
fat were most valuable animals. They were something like
our West Highland cattle.

AN ELOQUENT SECRETARY.— At the meeting of the
Telton Agricultural Society last week a testimonial was pre-
sented to Mr. Robert Donkin of Eelton, who from the first
has acted as the secretary of the Society, was one of its
principal promoters, and has been chiefly instrumental in
bringing it to its present position. The testimonial consisted
of a handsome service of silver plate. Mr. Robert Donkin,
in acknowledgment, said : When he looked upon it, he could
not but solemnly ask himself, " What is it I have done to have
called forth such a solid testimony of public appreciation ?"
In all his relations through life — and these have not been a
few — he had invariably found that the most safe and sure way
to arrive at either popularity or success, was to study inti-
mately all the varied phases of human nature, which in no
instance would be found perfect, although all were of one
flesh and one blood. He thought all would admit that dispo-
sitions would be found at times to vary as widely as the poles
are asunder. Yet he might be pardoned for saying that with-
out deviating in the least from the path of common courtesy
and honour, there was, in his opinion, a conciliatory roadway,
which would lead anyone successfully forward, notwithstanding
any unforeseen obstacles which might arise as a huge barrier
against a more smooth or honourable passage through life.
It was now over forty-three years since he first saw the light
of day in that immediate locality ; and during thirty-five years
of that period he had a vivid recollection of uearly all that
happened around him.

When memory looks back o'er her record of years.
Ere reason and feeling decay,

Ere the footsteps we leave in this valley of teajs
Are swept by oblivion away.

If he looked through the vista of time, what was it that he
beheld ? Pleasing recollections, dark and melancholy re-
flections, flitted across his mind. Old associations clung with
fervour round his heart ; but, that day, he hailed with joyous
pleasure the friendship of his boyhood's youth gathered round
him, while he wandered beyond the meridian of his manhood's
Btage. There were those amongst them who knew him then ;
and while others, dear unto him through years of unbroken

friendship, and who were closely associated with him in the
formation of that society, had been gathered unto their fathers,
yet the memory of their worth was as dear unto him now as
was the value of the friendship of those now living, and who
that day did him such splendid, but such undeserved honour.
It had been said that

There is a tide in the affairs of men,
AVhich, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune.
Sliould he in that day's proceeding, discover any symptom of
an evanescent How of that tide towards him, let him trust
while he pursued the " even tenour of his way" he would
studiously avoid plunging an indiscreet foot within its waters
wliereby might be created an envious surge which in its briny
bosom might swallow him. Let him hope that he would ever
be found grateful for that overwhelming proof of their good
will ; and while he lived that day's proceeding should remain
indelibly engraved upon his heart. Whatever might be his
future, their generous kindness would never be forgotten. He
was conscious beyond all doubt that he was far Iroin being
worthy of the magnificent honour they had bestowed upon
him ; yet whatever might be the error of his ways, let hira
trust that they would always find in him a sufficient amount
of gratitude to well and truly appreciate the high honour
they had bestowed upon him. He asked them to accept his
sincere thanks for that costly expression of their regard.
Might they long live to enjoy all the blessings of this life ;
might that bond of friendship which that day existed betwixt
them and himself, and which they had sealed with that mag-
nificent impress of their good will, never be ruthlessly rent
asunder. He hoped and trusted that when he was warned he
must quit this stage of mortal strife, he might be enabled
honourably to discharge all those obligations which he might
owe to society, and to gracefully fold his humble robes around
him ; and that, finally, before bidding adieu to this world, he might
be permitted to cut that splendid testimony equally in twain—
to hand it to his children who were as dear unto him as his own
existence, and that while they lived, however humble might be
their position iu this life, while they looked upon that testi-
monial they might learn tlirough it that the good opinion of
the world alone was a brighter inheritance than any sullied
reputation resting upon a pedestal of gold.

THE VICTORY OF THE EMPLOYER.— Translated
into technical language, the victory of the employers means
that there was in or near the scene of the struggle an extra
supply of labour, or that there was an opportunity of reducing
the demand. The farmers had never before desired to conduct
their business according to the strict laws of the market, aud
when they were forced into the struggle they could only ascer-
tain by experiment the existence of a surplus of labour. It
may be hoped that their just confidence, both in their own
resources and in the justice of their cause, will be rewarded by
a period of exemption from external hostility. Many years
must elapse before a candidate for a seat in the Eastern Coun-
ties will venture to declare himself in favour of an extension
of tLe suffrage to the labourers. Mr. Gladstone and Mr.
Trevelyan may be impressed with the anomaly of a difference
of political rights depending on the place of residence ; and
Mr. Disraeli may condescend to profess implicit confidence in
a loyal peasantry. The Suffolk farmer will long remember
the breach between himself and his men, and their implicit
and exclusive confidence in the strangers who denounced the
masters as tyrants. Perhaps even sentimental politicians are
beginning to learn that Mr. Arch is something short of an
inspired prophet or benevolent apostle. Some allowance may
be made for an uneducated orator suddenly raised into noto-
riety, and applauded, as demagogues are always applauded, by
mobs in proportion to the extravagance of his statments and
proposals ; but it must be remembered that an excuse is not a
justification. After his recent speeches, Mr. Arch must take
rank with the Odgers and the Bradlaughs, who are not the
less mischievous disturbers of social order because their violence
may sometimes admit of explanation. If the Labourer's
Union had succeeded in the Eastern Counties, the economy of
agriculture throughout England would have been seriously and
perhapi hoplessly deranged. The alleged lowness of wages in
Suffolk was, even if it had been truly described, not the real
cause of the agitation, for in Lincolnshire, where wages are
considerably higher than in Suffolk, a stike was arranged by
the Union at the same time. Demagogues will henceforth
take notice that farmers, as a class, are not easily frightened
or coerced.— •rAt Saturday Review,

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

203

THE BEDFORDSHIRE PRIZE FARMS.
THE GOLD-MEDAL FARM.

The morning after visiting the first and second Prize
Farms, some of our party, with our Captain at the head,
took a drive over Mr. Charles Howard's farms. Close
to the town of Bedford we came upon the Priory Farm,
of ninety acres in extent, which Mr. Howard has had in
hand some ten or twelve years — the subsoil of which we
thought was good loam — consequently the season had not
affected it so much, although some burnt patches appeared,
which we were told had never been seen before on that
field in the memory of a man. The first field we entered
was Browick wheat, a kind which Mr. Howard has
cultivated for many years, a large growth of which is sold
by him rather above market price during seed-time. The
next field was in roots — mangolds and swedes — late but
very clean. Then we drove a couple of miles away to
Biddenham, Mr. Howard's resideuce — not just now,
by-the-bye, as the house is under thorough repair, and
likely to be so for some time to come. Our criticising
Captain finds a few faults inside the house, with which
some of us agree ; but the majority of us think we should
like a dwelling as good as the Manor House pro-
mises to be. Having disposed of the house, we look
through the homestead, which is nearly new, having been
built after a fire a few years since. The arrangements on
the whole are good, not exactly agreeing with all our
views. We see two or three young Owynnes, probably
a foundation for another herd ; it may be to beat the
respectable average of seventy guineas a-piece made at
Mr. Howard's Shorthoru sale some two or three years
since. Leaving the premises, we meet two Frenchmen ;
but can we look and nod ; though they are
evidently pleased with our remarks, which can only be
made by signs. Driving through the farm on a well-kept
road, we notice first the crops, which are suft'eriug from the
continued drought ; wheat and barley short in straw, and
we fear the quality will not be very good. Mangolds
show a good plant, rather late — very clean and looking
healthy. At the far end of the farm we find the flock of
250 Oxford Down ewes, looking very well, though our
guide tells us — " Been very short of keep." In an ad-
joining close we see the ewe lambs, not looking so well or
so big as they ought to do ; while on our way back we
see someordinary keeping sheep, of which our sharp Captain
says — " Not good enough for this farm ; don't ought to
be here." We then review the ram lambs, looking very
healthy, though we think hardly big enough. Our guide
still tells us, " short of keep" is the reason. Something
over sixty shearling rams next present themselves, which
we all think show remarkably well, and bid fair to make
a good average at the annual sale. The size of this farm
is about 300 acres, mostly of a light gravelly soil, which
this season has been affected considerably. Mr. Howard
cultivates cabbage largely, without which we question
very much if the shearling rams would have the " bloom"
on them. Another dtive, still of two miles more, takes us
to the Bromham farm, which Mr. Howard has had in
hand but four years, and, as we hear, was farmed by
executors for four years before that. There has been a
large sum of money spent with considerable judgment and
enterprise to bring this farm into its present state in so
short a time ; about 450 acres in all, rather more arable
than pasture laud, the latter very good. The first thing
we note on this farm is a lot of very well bred Shorthorn
grazing cattle, for which our Captain, who knows some-
thing about grazing as well as cattle, offers 6s. per stone,
a pi'ice which some of our party think would bring

them to close upon £30 each. We now come to
the arable land, something of an Oxford clay subsoil, which
is managed, like the Biddenham farm, on the four-
course shift or Norfolk system ; wheat and barley
looking remarkably well ; tare land smashed up by steam-
cultivator to be left till after harvest. The best field of
mangolds we have seen in Bedfordshire. On another
grass field were some twenty-five good Shorthorn beasts
grazing — making forty, worth from £25 to £30 a-
piece. Getting on to Bromham Park another flock of
Oxford Downs is seen, of not quite so long a pedigree as
the Biddenham ewes, but very useful in their way ; then
come some more Shorthorns, and a lot of Welsh Hunts,
thirty or forty of them, worth hard upon £30 a-piece ;
with another score of younger animals, and calves,
making altogether about 100, which we think, with the
corn crops, bid fair to produce a large amount of food for
the public. Wishing to have another look at the Royal
show we make our visit to the Medal Farm rather short,
but well pleased and satisfied with what we had seen.
Mr. Howard farms altogether 850 acres — at the "Priory,"
90 ; at Biddenham 310, two miles apart; and at Brom-
ham 450, again two miles further on ; so that his
business requires more judgment and thought than if
it was all one farm ; and he is not under the Duke of
Bedford.

By-the bye, " the broken-backed haystack," on Mr.
Checkley's first-prize farm at Brogborou§;h, did take fire,
as we had expected, and came to utter grief on Sunday
week, fortunately without causing any further damage.
The judges, however, should surely make one more call
in order to enable them to duly report on this " blaze
of triumph."

THE HOP AND MALT EXCHANGE. — Under
au Order in Chaucery, in the case ol "Grundy v. the
Hop and Malt Exchange and Warehouse Company (Limited),"
the extensive premises known as the Hop and Malt Exchange,
in Southwark, were submitted to public auction, in one lot, by
Messrs. Marsh, Yetts, and Milaer, at the Mart, Tokenhouse-
yard. The buddings occupy a ground area of 26,000 feet, the
elevation being 95 feet, and the street frontage 350 feet, the
total tloor area being 221,169 feet. Tlie premises were mort-
gaged for £50,000, and tlie equity of redemption sold yesterday
reached £27,800. Tlie value of tlie property as realised by
the sale, therefore, was £77,800. The original cost of the
ground on which tlie buildings stand was ^£60,000, and the
erection of the premises cost £75,000, so that the price given
for the whole yesterday was but little more than the original
cost of the building alone, or about £3 per foot for the ground,
including the premises erected upon it.

THE BEDlj'ORD SHOW.— In his notices of the imple-
ment and other stand? our representative for that department
omitted to make any mention of that of Down's and Co., of
Woburn, so well knovvn for their true Faemees' Friend,
a dressing which preveuts tlie smut in wheat and stays the
attacks of the slug, grub and wireworm. Our reporter had
certainly instructiuus to pass over exhibitions of a not stric:ly
agricultural cliaracer, whereas the labours of Messrs. Downs
tend to a strictly agricultural good.

THE PAST SHOW WEEK.--Mr. Marris took the
second prize for aged Leicester rams at Grantham, and not
Mr. Bortou, as published in tlie prize list. At the East of
England horse show Messrs. PliiUips, Smith and Co.'s pony in
addition to a high commendation took, as we are advised, a
cup and medal for " speed action and /lif/h condition." This
last point of merit is something of a novelty.

204.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

MAIDSTONE FARMERS' CLUB.

HORSE vci-sifs STEAM POWER.

At a recent meeting Mr. B. S. Wilmot, of Goudhurst, spoke
to this subject, Mr. T. B. Lovett presided, and Mr. J. Paine
occupied the vice-chair.

Mr. Wilmot said that when he was first invited to read a
paper to the members of the Club he hesitated for two reasons ;
first, because he remembered that they had already discussed
most of the principal subjects connected with agriculture
during the time he had known the Club ; and, secondly, be-
cause he was mainly and almost entirely a book farmer, not
having been born a farmer, and having taken to it somewhat
late in life — learning all he knew by copying others and by
reading. They might, therefore, feel sure that he hesitated to
read a paper to the Club relating to agriculture, yet he could
not help thinking that if he could help to raise a discussion for
the purpose of bringing about any good to otliers and himself,
it was his duty to do so. Among the questions connected with
agriculture he had tried to find that which was most prominent,
and one of the most diflBcult matters with which the farmer had
to deal ; he also tried to fix upon a subject upon which he knew
there was a great difference of opinion, and he hoped that he
should hear a good discussion upon the paper he had written.
Mr. Wilmot then read the .following address : The subject
before us is one of deep interest and importance — both to the
public at large and to those individuals who are more imme-
diately concerned in it. During the past few years English
purchasers of horses have had painful experience of their in-
creased dearness ; and this is notably the case with regard to
horses employed in agriculture. The great increase in the cost
of these animals does not arise from any growth of EngHsh
demand, and the prevailing scarcity does not, I think, arise
from any deficiency of supply. No proof exists that fewer
horses are now annually produced in England than in
former years. On the contrary, high prices have probably
stimulated increased production, and the real cause of the pre-
sent scarcity in England seems more to be found in the drain
which has been made upon it by foreigners. According to the
last Board of Trade return we exported 60 per cent, more
horses in January and February of, this year than during the
same months in 1873. The late war had a great deal to do
with this, for we find that France took 40 per cent, of these ex-
portations, and the present deficiency of horses in France is
estimated at not less than 180,000. In the present state of the
animal labour market, therefore, any plan or power that
can be substibted for animal labour — doing the work
erjually well and at less cost — must secure close atten-
tion. The spread of education likewise powerfully induces
this attention ; for as every year advances greater
difficulty will of necessity be found in obtaining men
to look after horses as well as boys to help them. New and
more attractive sources of occupation will gradually open them-
selves to these classes. The development of education is a
powerful item in tlie subject before us, as is signally shown in
the Western hemisphere, America having done all she can to
promote the use of every kind of machinery, and thus not only
to lessen animal labour, but to make labour in general less
burdensome and more agreeable and intellectual ; and a great
authority upon agriculture has said, " Never have a man to do
what a horse can do, and never have a horse to do what a
steam engine ought to do." How far, then, can we in this
country substitute steam power for our present system, and
upon what principles ? There are very many ways in wliich the
substitution can be emplojed with great benefit to the agri-
culturists in particular, and the country in general. It may
be applied, as it is now almost universally, to thrashing. It
may almost be applied to ploughing, as to some considerable
extent has been the case already ; and the various other de-
partments of farm work may, and doubtless will, as times goes
on and ingenuity is exercised, be brought in some measure
within its scope. I believe, for instance, that the time is
fast approaching when every large farm will have its
steam engine, and horse labour will, instead of being
the great power for carrying on a farm, be looked
upon as the mere auxiliary to steam power, just as it
now is to our great railway system. Animal labour now

feeds our railways and thus helps the great trade in which
the country is engaged. How vast and incalculable are the
benefits our railways have brought to agriculture ! Not only
have they made the carriage of tlic produce of the land more
easy, but they have afforded to tiie tillers of the soil easier
access to all parts of the kingdom, and thus enabled them to
compare notes and do business with their neighbours in dis-
tricts and counties which were formerly unapproachable.
And so we may look forward to some great improvement in
our railway system, we may confidently consider that agricul-
ture has not yet received half the benefits it will be sure to
reach under a more advanced aud thoughtful management.
There are, no doubt, many ways in which steam power would
greatly benefit agriculture that have not yet received any
attention whatever, while other improvements are in their in-
fancy. Take, for instance, our traction engines. At present
they are unsightly and very costly, aud in many cases are so
difficult to manage with our present roads that to use them
generally is ouly to cause trouble and inconvenience. But I
feel sure that ihe day will come vrheu they will be of great
service to this country, and to agriculture in particular, and
will help to lessen the demand for heavy drauglit horses. I
hope we shall likewise see some local lines of rail laid down
on the tramway plan, connecting our villages and towns more
closely together, only worked by steam instead of horse power.
These lines might be used for the conveyance of goods as well
as passengers — feeding our railways and make our produce in
distant parts more valuable. I have this long time thought
that a line of railway might be made by the side of our pre-
sent roads at less than a tentli of the cost of making our pre-
sent Hues. It is true that they might not be able to travel
quite so fast, but this would perhaps be better for both pas-
sengers aud those concerned in the undertaking than our pre-
sent reckless travelling. We should not want the unsightly
engines now used, but something neat and compact. This
would, I think, benefit all classes, and I should very much like
to see the Government take our present railways in their
hands, in the same way that they have taken the telegraph
department, and follow up the wires which now go to almost
every village in Kent by a serviceable line of railway. I be-
lieve in the end it would pay, because the more you facilitate
the command of any nation, the greater will that nation
become. In the same way in proportion as you make travel-
ling easy-giving opportunities for exchange of thought and
opinion — will you make the people prosperous and happy.
Not only do different systems prevail in different counties, bnt
in different provinces of the same county — in some cases their
existence has been caused by a peculiarity of soil or climate,
while in others they have arisen out of local habits, or they
spring from improvements not generally kaowa, and even in
the rudest districts there may be some which merit imitation.
Now it is quite evident both that some of those systems must
be preferable to others, and that no man can determine which
is best without being acquainted with all, nor can any farmer
be said to be completely master of his business, until he has
attained that knowledge. It is not sufficient that he already
gets what he considers a fair return for his money and industry,
if by other modes of culture he could obtain more ; and if he
neglects them, he injures himself, his family, and the public.
In no country has husbandry been carried to higher perfection
than in England, yet, even in our own land practices exist in
some counties that are either wholly unknown or only im-
perfectly understood in others, and it is only by comparing
them that their relative usefulness can be ascertained. Farmers
being necessarily much confined to their own district by the
care which their business demands can rarely under our pre-
sent railway system inspect many of the improvements nov?
going on in farming. The subject which I have brought
before you this evening is, I feel sure, of great importance to
tiie whole of the community, and there can be no doubt what-
ever but that it is the duty of everyone to try and substitute
steam for horse power, when it can be profitably employed.
The farmer has many expenses which greatly interfere with
his profits, and I think I am right in saying that the following

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

205

quaiut old doggerel lines, written iu tlie early part of tlie
reign of Queen Elizabeth, still hod good :

■'.One part cast for the rent due out of hand.
One other part for seed to sow thy land ;
One other part leave parson for his tith,
Another part for harvest, sickle, syth ;
One part for ploughvvrite, cartwrite, knacker and smith,
One part to uphold thy teams that draw therewith ;
Another part for servants and workman's wages laie.
One part, hkewise, for fillbellio dale by dale,
One part thy wife for needful things doth crave.
Thyself and thy child the last part would have.

There is no question that it is the many calls which farmers
have that prevent them buying many machines which they
otherwise would have, with larger profits aad more capital.
Yet I think some plan of co-operation migli be more generally
adopted amongst farmers, so that they might buy machines
which are now beyond the reach of many to purchase, either
from want of capital, or because they have not sufficient land
to warrant such a large sum being expended. I have referred
to steam thrashing, and have said that it is almost universal.
It is, and few, if any would care to go back to the tlirashiug
floor. The cuttiug of chaff also, and the cooking of all kinds
of food ; the steaming of food before it is given to animals,
the pumping of sewage upon land, are all of them good and
useful ways in which steam power may be substituted for horse
power, with profit to the farmer. In no way do I look for so
much benefit as I do in the application of the steam plough,
but the day, perhaps, is far distant when we may look for the
universal use of the steam plough, because some farms and
fields, and those of Kent in particular, are small and unsuited
at present for its effective working, but the time is fast ap-
proaching, I think, when agriculturists will be fully alive to
the importance its use. I know a gentleman who bought a
steam plough and cultivating apparatus some few years since.
It was one of Fowler's, and in a conversation I had with him
some short time, he said to me, " T cannot speak too highly of
the benefit of steam power. I am able to plough'six acres per
day, thus doing the work of six teams at a cost of about 9s. per
acre. I have the advantage of being able to do it at any time
and at any reasonable depth. My land before cost me about
20s. per acre for ploughing. It now costs me 9s., and then
there are other great benefits arising from the system which
must not be overlooked. The land can be worked at any time
without fear of injury !" This is a most important matter, for
in wet seasons, as we know, the treading of the soil with
horses does a vast amount of injury. It is supposed that in
ploughing an acre there are about a million steps taken in
ploughing tlie land with an ordinary four-horse team. In the
working and preparing of the seed-bed, morever, there is not
nearly so much labour required after the steam plough as after
the ordinary horse plough, and there can be no question that
the digging apparatus must do a gr.^at deal of good upon many
lands. This, through cultivation and disintegration of the soil,
is of the greatest consequence, for it is thus prepared for those
chemical changes which are so necessary for the full develop-
ment of seed. It is generally admitted that this is as good at
least as a coat of manure. I have not yet touched
upon the depths to which ploughing ought to be carried,
nor is it needful to say much regarding it, for this, of
course, depends more upon the nature of the land, and the
judgment of the farmer, than upon any general rule. The
usual depth of horse ploughing is from four to six inches ;
that of steam ploughing, from six to twelve inches. A notion
is held that where deep cultivation is adopted more manure is
■ necessary. It will be readily admitted tliat if this idea were
well founded it would form a strong argument in favour of
moderate depths. It is, however, only justly applicable to land
of which the subsoil is of inferior character, for when the
upper and lower strata are of the same quality not only can
no injury arise from gradually incorporating the two, but
benefit must be derived by all plants which penetrate far into
the ground. Poor soils, perhaps, should not be ploughed deep
for the reason that the vCj^etative mould with wliich the sur-
face of laud of that description is covered having been formed
by the decomposition of the scanty herbage which grew upon
it when in a state of nature, is proportionally thin, and the
subsoil on which it reposes consists generally of sterile mate-
rials. It would be bad policy, therefore, at all events for some
time, to mix them. Many instances, however, have been re-
corded, I believe, in which the subsoil when brought up to the

surface and exposed for some time has proved extremely fertile,
but in all those cases the earth, when chemically analysed, has
been found to contain a considerable portion of carbon ; and
unless afterwards sustained by a proportionate quantity of
manure, its good qualities have been speedily exhausted. There
are many here, perhaps, who will not fully agree with those
views of mine either upon steam ploughing or deep cultivation,
and I liope we shall hear the result of the practical experience
of the members of this Club in the discussion which will follow
tliis paper. There seems to be one thing which we ouglit to
know as well as we can, viz., what return may be expected from
land the subsoil of which has not yet been submitted to the
plough, and what change will be occasioned by the admixture
of tlie subsoil with the surface. In my own opinion, large ope-
rations of the nature of which I have been speaking, and which
are intended to effect a permanent improvement in the soil,
cannot be considered as coming within the scope of common
farming, and can only be nndertaken by the owner of the land,
or on terms which will secure the tenant in the return of his
outlay ; for it should be clearly undersood that in no case can
it be effected without either the assistance of extraneous manure,
or by the sacrifice of a portion of that which properly belongs
to the usual cultivation of tiie farm, and might, therefore, pro-
bably be more advantageously applied to the support of the soil
already under tillage. While then I hail with pleasure the
progress steam ploughing is making in this country, I am not
so greatly in favour of deep cultivation as I know many to be,
and I know that many Norfolk farmers who have thin and light
soil, with poor and barren subsoil, argue that it is easier to
keep a small quantity of soil in good condition than a greater
quantity which would be formed by deep ploughing. The sub-
ject of deep cultivation is a very valuable subject, and should
be well considered by all tillers of the soil. In every turn in
farming the farmer will find the subject of horse v. steam power
presents itself. Not only will he be led to believe more firmly
in the latter, from the point of having more done for less money,
but he will likewise see how much depends upon it for the great-
ness and good of our country. In every nation tlie condition
of the people depends upon the degree of skilful labour wiiich
it can command, and the plough is the prime mover of all, for
until a sufficiency of food is produced for the common consump-
tion there can be no prosperity to the country, for it is obvious
that in proportion to the perfection of the cultivation will be
the result obtained and the spare hands left for the other pur-
poses. The means of support in other branches of industry
being needful, the demand for the produce of the land increases
along witli the increase of labour, and thus industry and wealth
keep pace with agriculture, and each stimulating the other,
contribute to the national weal and welfare.

The CiiAiKMAJN remarked that the subject which had been
brought before them was a very wide one, and he trusted that
each member present would tell his own experience. His own
opinion was that they must use steam more than they had done.
Why could not they reap and mow by steam ? Tliey might
depend upon it that the farmers would be driven to use steam
more than they liad done.

Mr. Stonham said that unfortunately he could not speak
practically about steam ploughing, for he had never had an
opportunity of getting a steam plough on his farm. He had,
however, some doubt about the correctness of the statement
made by Mr. Wilmot's friend as to the cheapness with which
steam culture could be accomplished, for he remembered that
some years ago when Mr. Aveling, who was the pioneer of
steam culture in Kent, was presented with a purse of 100
g.uineas, he said that three acres could be moved for a guinea.
He (Mr. Stonham) gave him a challenge to plough one acre for
a guinea, and as no notice was taken of that he afterwards gave
him a challenge to plough one liundred acres at the same price,
but this thallenge had never been acknowledged. He lioped
to have a steam plough on his farm next year, but as be liad
not yet tried one lie would not say anything about the treading
and stamping of the land which was incidental to horse plough-
ing. With regard to deep cultivation, he agreed with Mr.
Wilmot that it was possible to lay out a lot of money on deep
culture, and get no benefit at all. When he and his brother
were in partnership his brother had a notion that deep cultiva-
tion would eff'ect a great deal, and an experiment was tried upon
a piece of soapy chalk or grey chalk. Three horses were sent
to plough at a moderate depth, and three were sent with a sub-
soil plough, moving the subsoil four of five inches deeper than
usual. He called his brother's attention to the fact that they

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206

l^HE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

were using a great deal of horse labour for nothing, and said
he thought they had belter spend money for manure. They
cultivated half the field in the manner he described, but the
result proved that the application of manures was better than
subsoiling for this land. If they could manure highly, cultivate
deeply, but if they could not do so, they should content them-
selves with moderate penetration of the earth.

Mr. Hayes said that if Mr. Wilmot had given them some
strong opinions of his own they might have quarrelled with
him, but he had expressed what they all hoped— that the day
would come wlien the steam-engine would be at such a price,
and in such a form, that they could use it more than they did
now. He had used it a little and lie liked it very much. But
at present they were uiiwieldly tilings, and tliey left great
headlands and were dear. He had hired them and had paid
£1 an acre and had to find coal ; there were other expenses
which had made tlie cost go beyond a guinea per acre. If
they could have them made so that a farm of a moderate size
could have an engine and tackle of its own he slioald like it
very much indeed. Two years ago he hired from the Staple-
liurst Company an engine aad tackle, and the plough worked
to and fro across tlie field witli a windlass on each sid«. If
they got that tackl" they could work it themselves. Kut
when lie looked at it more he found that it strained an eiglit-
horse engine all to pieces, and it seemed as if it wanted a
16-horse engine. Even then it cost £1 an acre, besides coal ;
with attendance and all extras it came to another 10s. If
they could have steam so that they would find it was as cheap
as horse-power— he would not say cheaper — he thought the
Weald of Kent men would use it when the weather would
allow them to do so. They could not get a steam-engine
cheap enough to induce them to use it. It was not used in
the Weald of Kent so much as he hoped it would have been.
Mr. WUmoi's friend had told him that he could work it at
93. per acre, whereas the other system cost him £1. He
(Mr. Hayes) could not understand Mr. Wilmot's friend's
calculations. Mr. Punnett went in very strong for the use of
steam, but there were little items which escaped his calcu-
lation in the details which he gave them, and when he (Mr.
Hayes) calculated the cost it caused him to have nothing to
do with it, but to hire occasionally.

Mr. Reeves, in referring to some questions asked respecting
the Staplehurst Company, said that during the firit year of
the existence of the company the steam ploughs worked in
the marshes, but last year tliey did some work for farmers in
the neighbourhood, and some good work was performed. The
engine was now engaged at Peckhara, and therefore the com-
pany was still alive, and they were likely to have plenty of
work tliis summer. He believed, that the orders were very
heavy, and any one who wanted the engine, &c., must look
forward. He had the men to scarify a field of seven acres,
and they made a good job of it. They scarified about nine
inches deep, and moved some soil which had not been dis-
turbed for lie should say 20 years, and at tlie present moment
his wheat was looking very nice in consequence. He was
80 well satisfied that he should not hesitate to repeat the
experiment. One difliculty in the way of steam ploughing
becoming general was that the landlords had not cut tUeir
timber down sufficiently, and the fields were hardly large
enough. The cost of scarifying was 10s. per acre.

Mr. Stonham remarked that under ordinary circumstances
steam cultivation was at present discounted by the expense of
moving the tackle from place to place.

Mr. Clrel said that they had two sets of tackle at work
in the place from which he came. They were purchased at
the cattle show held a year ago last Christmas. Until the
men got used to them there were a few breakages. They
were at work all the year round in the hundred of Hoo. He
had purchased a tackle for ploughing, but he could not say
anything about the cost per acre until they got the machine
to work. He had been at work two years with the thrashing
machinery, and if he could make steam answer for ploughing,
he should be happy to perform work in the neighbourhood of
Maidstone.

Mr. Wateema_\ said that with regard to steam ploughing
there were so many difiiculties in this part of the country that
it would never become generally adopted around Maidstone,
their attention being for the most part directed to the growth
of hops. Where it could be used, no doubt it would be more
frequently carried on than it had been. Mr. Wilmot had
stated the cost to be 93. per acre. He (Mr. Waterman) liad

an orchard ploughed up, and he paid 26s. per acre for the
engine and tackle, but with extra expenses he calculated that
the total cost was near £2. An ordinary piece of ploughing
he had done at 203. per acre, and he did not think they could
get a larger piece of land ploughed for less than that. Oa
some land in the neighbourhood of faversham steam cultiva-
tion could be used with advantage, and in ilomney Marsh ,
if they could get the land broken up in time, they could move
it in winter to advantage ; but anywhere in this district in the
Weald of Kent, where the fields were small, and taking into
consideration the difficulty of moving the machinery about,
he did not think they could beat horses for ploughing. The
work which he had done last year, kowever, was exceedingly
well done. In his orchard roots large enough to stop the
engine were pulled up, but the tackle was not broken.

Mr. Paine said that five or six years ago some one called
upon him, and he gave him a job. He had a piece of 15
acres, and he wanted it to be ploughed 3 feet deep. The
man said he thought he could do it at 18 inches, but he
would guarantee that it should be 15 inches deep. The man
did the work, but he could not get deeper than 15 inches, and
with the coals it cost SGs. per acre. The work was done in a
very satisfactory manner, but the results had been poor, and
he did no4 grow better crops. The land was drained 5 feet
deep, but he did not find that the water got away quicker. He
only ploughed about 40 acres in the Weald of Kent, but he
could not see any difference in the crops where the steam
ploughing left olf and where it began. With regard to the
appUcation of manure, he thought that the top of the land
was the proper place for manure to be put. He was a deep
cultivator, and he was not speaking in opposition to steam
ploughing. He had seen work which liad been performed in
a very satisfactory manner, and he should be glad to see a
steam plough in this neighbourhood.

Mr. Bridgland said the object of steam cultivation was to
do away with a team of horses. Let them consider the case
of a farmer holding 300 acres of arable land ; if he had not the
proper seed to lay down, would he not grow as much or more
upon the 200 acres as he did upon the larger area, leaving the
other 100 acres for grazing purposes. After referring to the
manner in which a portion of the land belonging to Messrs.
Russell, of Horton Kirby, was laid out for grazing, he sug-
gested that the members of the Club should look around and
see whether they could not adopt some of these plats. With
regard to what had been said about the timber not having been
cut down on some of the land in the Weald of Kent, the
question might be asked, Was it meant for cultivation ? If a
man hired a farm with oak trees npon it he ought not to
grumble. There was no other county where hops were culti-
vated to so large an extent as in Kent. He should like to ask
whether Kent was rented higher than other counties ?

Mr. Coley approved of a great many of the remarks which
had been made, and there was no doubt that they wanted a
better method of cultivating the land. At the present time
we had to send abroad for productions which our own could
and would produce. It was generally said that most questions
had two sides, but when bad farming was alluded to the blame
was all put upon the landlords. Perhaps they might give
better security, but a good farmer would farm well if he were
a tenant-at-will. With regard to steam ploughing he was an
advocate of it. Half of the land was not producing nearly so
much as it ought to do, and if they could make it produce 20
per cent, more would they not save sums which were sent to
foreigners ? What farm could they go over and see land
which could not be made more profitable ? If they could see
acres, they would find perches and roods which might be
made more valuable. Mr. Coley, concluding, expressed his
concurrence with the idea expressed by Mr. Bridgland that
a farmer using 400 acres, if he were to set aside 300, and to
expend the amount on the 300 which he spent on the 400, the
farmer would have as much to go to market with from 300
acres as he raised from 400 acres, leaving him 100 acres for
other purposes.

Mr. Barlino said he should confine his remarks chiefly to
the principle of ploughing. Ploughing was a mechanical
action, which was to bring about another action — a chemical
action. A remark had been made that evening to which he
attached much weight. It was possible to cultivate well
without ploughing — that was, that by moving the soil suffi-
ciently they could bring about fertility without ploughing. It
was thus brought about. The organic matter within the soil

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207

was capable of being dissolved and brought into a soluble
condition if it be sufficiently exposed to the oxygen in the air,
but if they kept that organic matter sealed up by earth — it
might be kept as many generations as they liked — they would
get nothing from it. The more they broke the soil and let in
the oxygen of the air, the quicker would the organic matter
which they, or perhaps their grandfathers, had placed in the
soil, become soluble, and the food of seeds which had been
placed in that soil. The question of steam-ploughing as
against horse-ploughing seemed to come to this — it did not
matter how they ploughed, whether by animal force or the
force of machinery. They might plough by turning over the
soil or by breaking it up, but whatever they did their object
was to let in the air. In advocating deep cultivation, Mr.
Barling said that if they broke the soil low down — he did not
say turn it over — they altered the condition of that soil ; they
rendered it warmer, upon the whole. If they laid a ther-
mometer on the land, it would be found that the better and
the deeper the soil was broken up the warmer would be the
land, and temperature was one of the elements favourable to
the life of plants. Mr. Paine had remarkd that they could
not get rid of water by deep cultivation, but it would be better
distributed, and land that had been thoroughly and deeply
worked would, generally speaking, be moist, but not sur-
charged with water. Moisture was one of the elements upon
which vegetable life so greatly depends ; an excess was, how-
ever, harmful, but a certain quantity was needful. The land
being warmer and moister, must, upon principle, be greatly
improved by deep cultivation.

The Chairman said he thought that no farmer ought to
be without a six-horse engine, and a useful tackle. The time
was fast coming when labour would be a serious item, in fact,
it was at the present time, and if they would economise labour,
they ought to do so, and machinery would enable them to pay
more for labour. He agreed with Mr. Barling that the soil
might be benefited a great deal from tiie action of the atmos-
phere as well as by what they put into it. Mr. Weekes was
applying his mind to the construction of an engine better
suited to their wants tlian those which were used at present.
He thought every farmer should have one, because they could
not always hire one when they wanted it, and there was only
one time when the land could be ploughed properly, viz.,
when it was dry. With regard to scarifying the land instead
of ploughing it, he found that the more he scarified the soil
the more weeds he got.

Mr. WiLMOT, in replying to some of the remarks which
had been made, said he was much obliged to Mr. Stonham
for having fallen in with his ideas of not cultivating land
deeper than they could manure it. Mr. Hayes said he wished
that he (Mr. Wilmot) had put forward some ideas of his own,
but as he was not the owner of a steam-plough he could not
throw out any idea respecting it. When preparing his paper
he went to a gentleman who he knew used an engine, and he
asked him what he found to be the result of three or four
years' experience. This gentleman said that the engine had

been the greatest benefit he had had since he had been en-
gaged in farming. He told him the amount of wages he paid,
the cost of fuel, the carriage of water, and that was how
he (Mr. Wilmot) calculated that the cost was 9s. per
acre. He believed more in the digging apparatus than
in ploughing. The engine he had referred to was
one of Fowler's, and it worked on the anchor system.
He found that the men were better pleased by working
with a steam-engine than with horses ; they were better
paid, and instead of having their horses to look after when
they left off work they went home at once. The gentleman
to whoni he had alluded used the engine for sawing wood, and
for movin? the tackle aloof. He had used to draw his wheat
instead of his team. This was a step in the right direction,
and he (Mr. Wilmot) thought that an engine like this every
farmer should liave who occupied a farm of any extent.
He thought something should be done with regard to
our railway system. He wished the subject had been ventilated,
for he looked upon it as a national calamity that the railways
should be so mismanaged. They ought to be in the hands of tlie
Government, and he believed that if they were prosperity in
the country would be considerably increased. He thought
Englishmen should put their shoulder to the wheel to do some-
thing to alter the present railway system. Mr. Waterman said
that his land cost him from 20s. to -tOs. per acre, when he hired
a steam plough, but he also said something about pulling up
some roots, so that he not only had his land ploughed but
grubbed (laughter). If Mr. Waterman had grubbed his land
first he (Mr. Wilmot) questioned whetlier some of the plough-
ing would not have come cheaper to him and have been better
done. There was another thing which required attention, and
that was deep drainage. With regard to deep drainage, he
thought the same as he did respecting deep cultivation, that it
was impossible so lay down any fixed plan. They must be
guided by the nature of the soil. Some of the land he had
seen would have been better if it had not been drained so deep.
He thought his paper agreed witli what Mr. Barling had said.
Unless the land was thoroughly broken up they could not get
a good return for their labour. He agreed with Messrs.
Bridgland and Coley that if a farmer had 400 acres it would
be more profitable to him to let 100 acres lay by for a short
space of time, say one year, and used the whole of his capital
on the 300 acres. Mr. Coley said that they spent a certain
sura of money out of the country to buy produce. Steam
cultivation would alter this, because now they keep hundreds of
horses more than they ouglit to keep, and the food the horses
consumed would feed- as many individuals. Farmers would
have to give more consideration to the point he had raised with
regard to co-operation in the purchase of machinery. They
must remember that they lived on each other, they were all
brothers, and if they could do anything to help each other
forward in this world and the world to come, it was their duty
to do so.

A vote of thanks to Mr. Wilmot concluded the proceed-
ings.

THE USE OF SEWAGE AND THE PROSPECTS OF FARMING.

At a general meeting of the Essex Chamber of Agriculture
at Braintree, Major Vaizey, President, in the chair, read the
following paper on the Disposal and Utilisation of Town
Sewage :

The subject which I have the honour of bringing before
you this morning is one — not by any means the most agreeable
for discussion 1 could select — but yet at the present time of
such great national importance that I have felt no hesitation in
choosing it. But although somewhat uninviting it is a subject
of great utility, as it not only directs our attention to the neces-
sity of saving from utter waste a large amount of material very
useful to the agriculturist, but also aims at preserving our rivers
and streams from a pollution that must be a source of
disease to our cottage population, no less than to the herds
that have the misfortune to graze upon their banks, and drink
of their waters. To us agriculturists, therefore, there is a
special interest in the consideration and discussion of any facts
which may help us to a satisfactory solution of the difficult
question of the aisposal and utilisation of sewage. The
gradual and yet rapidly increasing aggregation of the popula-

tion of this country to large centres has, during the past few
years, added numerously to the difficulty of disposing of the
sewage, for what in rural villages is a simple and easy task to
perform, in such cities as London, Manchester, or Leeds,
becomes almost an impossibility. Met as we are, as a
Chamber of Agriculture, and not as a Sanitary Board, it will ,
I think, be unnecessary for me to occupy your time by enlarging
on the several plans adopted in the first instance for the collec-
tion, and afterwards for the conveyance, of the sewage of a town
to land, for the purpose of its utilisation as manure. I may,
however, mention some of the more usual plans employed.
There is, first, the open midden system, which is, I suppose,
the oldest of all, the cause frequently of epidemic diseases, and
the one most liable to abuse. Then there is the cesspool, or
dead well, so common still in country towns and rural districts,
and one which, when carried out properly, the cesspool well
constructed, well trapped, and suitably placed for periodical
emptying, seems to rae a simple and satisfactory plan. Next
we have the earth closet, patented by Mr. Moule, where we see
the plan of nature's own invention, adapted on the most ap-

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THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE

proved principle, but failing, I may state in passing, on account
of the impossibily of obtaining an adequate supply of dry
eartli — i.e., on a large scale, witness the fact that for the popu-
lation of 13irmingham upwards of 690 tons a day would be
required. To these I may add what is termed the llochdale
system, wherein, by the application of a chemical disinfecting
fluid to each closet seat, the excreta are collected and removed
to the manure manufactory without any nuisance being caused
to the surrounding neighbourhood. To this class also belong
the Gous system, in partial and satisfactory use at the town of
Halstead, in this county, as well as at other places, in which
an absorbant substance is introduced in lieu of the chemical
disinfecting fluid. Finally, we have the water, or water-closet
system, now in such general use, and to meet the requirements
ot which is really one of the great problems of the day as
regards the reception and utilisation of the sewage therefrom.
I will, therefore, now direct your attention to the consideration
of this branch of the subject, and would state that there are
three principal methods which have been and are employed for
this purpose :

I. Precipitation.

II. Filtration.

III. Irrigation.

I. Precipitation. — This consists in adding to the sewage
various cliemical re-agents, with the object of precipitating or
throwing down a portion of the dissolved constituents, and of
assisting the precipitation of the suspended constituents, and
ultimately of realising the value of the precipitate as manure.
Processes to carry out this plan are numerous, amongst thera
I may mention —

(1.) The lime process.

(2.) The lime and chloride of iron.

(3.) The sulphate of alumina.

(4.) Lenk's process, consisting chiefly of alum,
' (5.) Forbes' process ; and

(6.) The A. B. C. process, consisting of alum, blood, clay,
and charcoal.

We will now for a few moments consider briefly the more
important of these systems, and (1), the lime process. This
consists in adding to the sewage a certain proportion of the
milk of lime, about one ton to one million gallons, agitating
the sewage to ensure a thorough mixture, and then allowing
it to flow into a settling tank, where the suspended solid
matter is quickly precipitated ; the water is then drawn slowly
off, considerably clarified, the deposit is taken out, and after
being dried is sold for manure ; but this is a tedious and offen-
sive process. This plan is the simplest and least costly of all,
but according to the opinion of the Rivers Pollution Com-
mission the eflduent water, though clarified, is not sufficiently
purified to be fitly admitted into a running stream, as it still
contains one-half of the putrescible organic matter, which it
is, of course, most important to keep out ; for the same reason
the deposit when used as manure is of small value. From a
sanitary point of view, this process, if very carefully carried
out, is to some extent successful, but not commercially so. It
has been, I may add, employed at Tottenham, Leicester, and
Blackburn.

(2.) The lime and chloride of iron process. — As to this
system, I need only remark that it is much the same as the
one I have just described, with the addition of chloride of iron,
the result being a rather more thorough defacation of the
sewage. Still, I believe, as a practical result, the efliuent
water is not sufficiently pure to be allowed to enter a running
stream.

(3.) Bird's process — sulphate of alumina. — The result
similar to the last.

(4-.) Lenk's process. — This comprises the use of alum as a
precipitant. Dr. Voelcker reports favourably of its effects,
stating that the effiuent water might with safety be turned
into a river ; but it is too expensive for general use. It was
for a while, I understand, tried at Tottenham by the patentee
himself, bat not continued on account of the expense, and also
the uncertainty of the value of the manure produced.

(5.) Forbes' process. — Tliis consists in treating the sewage
with a solution of phosphate of alumina dissolved in sulphuric
acid, and the great difference between it and other precipitat-
ing processes is that the agent employed itself contains most
valuable fertilising properties. It is also a powerful disinfect-
ant, so that the drying the deposit for manure is less offensive
than in the other plans. For subsequent irrigating purposes
also, the effluent water, while clear and inodorous, is besides

highly valuable, being enriched by the addition of soluble
phosphates, and its mauurial value is thus greatly increased.
Indeed, according to Dr. Voelcker's report, the effluent water
is more valuable, bulk for bulk, than the raw sewage for irri-
gation purposes. When, however, it is not intended to irri-
gate, a quantity of milk of lime is added in the subsiding
tank, thus precipitating the phosphates in solution by after-
wards filtering the effluent water through a filter of some car-
bonised substance : any organic matter may be pretty surely
eliminated, and it may be safely turned into a watercourse.

(6.) Phosphate sewage process. — Lastly, under this division
of our subject, we come to the A. B.C. (so named from the
initial letters of the precipitates used), or SiUar's process of
treating sewage by precipitation — viz., by the admixture with
it of alum, blood, clay, and charcoal. I believe the report of
the Rivers Pollution Commission was somewhat unfavourable
as to its results, the effluent water not being satisfactorily
purified, the manure obtained having a very low market value,
and the manipulations required in its preparation being at-
tended with a nauseous odour. We are bound, nevertheless,
to admit that this process commands a large share of popular
favour, and with the improvements in its manufacture which
the Company are continually making, we may fairly hope it
will prove itself successful.

In conclusion, under this head, I would remark that while
some of the systems I have thus briefly attempted to describe
may under favourable circumstances be adopted with advan-
tage, all seem more or less to fail in extracting satisfactorily
the fertilising matters held in solution. The most valuable
constituent of sewage, par excellence, is the ammonia which
still escapes in the efliuent water, and so far as the precipi-
tating process is concerned is lost to the manure ; the sub-
stances precipitated being those which are held in suspense,
and which would have just as well have been retained by a
mere mechanical process of filtration. This brings as to the
consideration of the next branch of our subject, viz.,

(II.) The Filtration of Sewage. — The object in view in
filtration processes is to arrest the suspended matter, and to
subject it to a rapid process of oxidation — in other words, to
convert the carbon of organic matter into carbonic acid, and
the nitrogen into nitric acid and ammonia, all of which are
soluble and inoffensive in water ; at all events so far as to
allow such water to be turned into a running stream. In a
well-constructed filter, the pores are filled with atmospheric
oxygen, and when the sewage matter is first introduced into it
the conversion or oxidation of the organic matter goes on
rapidly, but thereby tbe oxygen soon soon becomes exhausted,
and the filter must then be properly drained to allow the
oxygen in the air again to have free access to its pores.
Charcoal is usually considered to be the best filtering medium for
sewage, because it possesses the peculiar property of absorbing
many times its volume of oxygen and other gases. The best
system of this principle, is that called Weare's filtration process.
It is, or was three years ago, when I saw it in action, practised
at the workhouse at Stoke-upon-Trent. I was informed by
the master of the workhouse that it was a success, and I be-
lieve since that period the company have introduced
several improvements into the process, doubtless with
the view of rendering it more efficient. The sewage
coming from the house, inhabited • by 800 persons,
passes through a succession of deodorising tanks of coke
and charcoal, each tank being fiUed with finer charcoal than
the last, until the liquid finally comes out nearly clear and
almost tasteless, superior, so far as I could judge, to a sample I
saw at the Sewage Farm, at Romford. There was no offensive
smell near the .filtering tanks, which were cleansed at various
intervals — the first set about once a fortnight. The charcoal
used came from the steel manufactories, but I was informed
that the company was engaged in making peat charcoal at
their works at Horwich, in Lancashire. The manure was free
from any offensive odour — indeed, it smelt like newly-turned
up mould ; it was taken to the company's yard, mixed with
soot, bone dust, and ammonia, and sold at £4 per ton. The
charcoal is supplied by the company, and the quantity used is
about one ton a week. About the same quantity of cinders
from the workhouse, sifted and washed for the purpose, is
also used. Thus fifty-two tons of charcoal and the same quan-
tity of cinders are required for the purification of the sewage
of 800 persons, with an ordinary daily flow of 10,000 gallons.
The estimated yield of manure, with the addition of ashes, &c.,
is about 250 tons a year. The system is now, I believe, in use

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

209

at Bradford (140,000), and other places are, it is said, likely
to adopt it. One ton of charcoal when added to the sewage
and with the other ingredients I have mentioned, would make
three tons of the manure, which sells at 80s. a ton. In my
opinion, on a moderately large scale, and under favourable
local circumstances, this system is likely to succed, the objec-
tion to it on a large scale, like the precipitating processes, is
the expense and the quantity of the ingredients re(iuired.
Still, after all, I must confess I lean a good deal to Weare's
patent. To deliver charcoal in this district from the north
would, I believe, cost something like 60s. a ton altogether — a
heavy charge to start with.

HI. We now come to the ocly other method yet known
of purifying sewags — viz., by irrigation, i.e., by passing
it through the natural soil. Land is a natural filter, and if
the purification of sewage alone is contemplated, a compara-
tively small area used simply as a filter-bed may suffice, if the
filtration is intermittent, to purify sewage, so as to allow of its
admission into a runuiug stream ; but if it is also required to
utilise the elements of fertility which the sewage may contain,
a vastly larger area is necessary if the sewage is to be applied
so as to produce the greatest return in the shape of market-
able crops, withoutiujuring the permanent fertility of the soil.

Now, we will first consider the second of these cases, where
utilisation is the primary object. In considering this branch
of the subject, the following questions present themselves for
solution :

1. Does ordinary sewage possess a manurial value sufficient
to induce persons to incur the very considerable expense of
laying out land for its reception by irrigation ?

2. Can it be applied continuously without injury to the
permanent fertility of the soil ?

3. What area of land is necessary for the perfect utilisation
of sewage of given quantity and strength, so that no fertili-
sing element in the sewage shall be wasted ?

In the present state of knowledge upon these questions, I
feel it would be the height of presumption in me to offer any
decided opinion to this Chamber. Indeed chemists of ttie
highest scientific attainments hold opinions in direct contra-
diction to each other, and engineers of the greatest eminence
are equally at variance. This being the state of the question,
I will content myself with giving you, as well as I can, a
very brief resume of the results of the experience of this
system as tried at several places ; and I may first mention
Mr. Hope's farm at Romford, to which I myself, in company
with many members of this Chamber, had the pleasure of
paying a visit some three years ago. The farm is (or at that
time was), I believe, about 120 acres in extent, and takes the
sewage of 7,000 people, i.e., 58 persons to an acre. The farm
is laid out on what is called the narrow-bed system, i.e., 15
feet on each side of the carrier, which is lined with concrete ;
the sewage is conveyed by gravitation from the town, and
discharged into tanks, from which it is pumped up 25 feet, and
conveyed thence all over the farm by the iron troughs and
carriers I have referred to. The character of the soil of the
farm is well adapted for irrigation, being poor and light, with
a gravelly subsoil, thus requiring a maximum amount of
moisture, while its comparative close proximity to London
oft'ers great facilities for the disposal of rye-grass and green
vegetables, best adapted to produce good financial results from
sewage farming. But with all these advantages, I am told
Mr. Hope considers more land still wanted, as the sewage of
35 persons to an acre is what he considers the maximum
satisfactory amount. 1 need not say that everything at the
Romford farm is done in tiie best manner possible, and I
may also add that in dry seasons especially very heavy
crops are grown. I will now cite the case of Warwick.
The sewage farm in connection with tliis town of 11,000
inhabitants is 135 acres iu extent, i.e., in the proportion of
85 persons to an acre. The crops are chiefly rye, cabbages,
mangold, and potatoes, with a small proportion of cereals
(oats and wheat), but little or no sewage is applied to the
corn crops while growing. In the winter the fallows are
heavily irrigated, and some old pasture lands are also treated
with the sewage, but in a raw state it cannot be applied to
grass after the plant has attained a certain growth — in that
case it must first have its solid matters suspended. As in
other places, so at Warwick, the arrangement at the sewage
farm are somewhat interfered with by the quantity of storm
water introduced into the sewers. Eor complete utilization or
purification of sewage, a separate system of drains for surface

and storm water is really indispen3able. Altogether, the War-
wick farm appears to be well and eflicieutly conducted. No
perceptible smell is said to exist, and the effluent water is fairly
purified. I may just state that the 'account for the year 1871
stood somewhat as follows :

Crops sold

,, stored, value 765

„ growing, value 640

£2,071
While the total annual outlay, including interest on capital,
coals, and all expenses of pumping, rent, and the ordin-
ary expenses of working a farm, amount to £1,900,
thus leaving a balance on the right side of £171.
As regards the application of sewage to the meadow lands
at Edinburgh, there is no doubt that larger amounts of sew-
age are applied there, and a larger amount of produce ob-
tained per acre than elsewhere, but this is at a great waste of
manurial constituents and very imperfect purification of the
sewage. The general result appears to be that sewage can
only be profitably applied for the growth of heavy crops of
rye and other grasses, and roots ; and that probably the ap-
plication of about 5,000 tons of sewage per acre per annum
to meadow or Italian ryegrass would in the majority of cases
prove to be the most profitable mode of utilisation ; the price
per ton not to exceed one-half or certainly three-quarters
all the year round, for sewage of the average strength
of that of the Metropolis (excluding storm water).
But I will not occupy your time by any longer dilating
upon the several instances I might mention of other towns
which have put this system of sewage irrigation into practice.
I have said enough, I think, to show that in many cases, with
careful arrangement and planting on land naturally adapted
for the application of sewage, as at Aldershot, the system is a
successful one ; although at the same time we must confess
that tlie financial results are not always what we could desire.
The high price generally required for land near a large town
suitable for the purpose, the great outlay necessary in the first
instance for laying out the farm, and the difficulty of obtaining
a sufficiently large sale for the green crops which, as we have
seen, must form the larger proportion of the produce of such
farm — all these points unite in making the utilisation of sew-
age by this method a soraewliat costly one. By a system,
however, of what is termed " intermittent downward filtra-
tion," as recommended, I believe, by Mr. Hope to the town of
Birmingham, a large quantity of sewage can be deodorized on
a smaller proportion of land than would otherwise be neces-
sary, and by planting root or green crops on ridges — provided
a sufficient market for them can be obtained — a fair return
can be looked for. The more solid portions of the sewage de-
posited in the hollows must be from time to time removed or
mixed with the soil by the use of the scarifier ; but at all
times under such a system as this the sanitary question must
be placed above the agricultural, and to prevent a nuisance it
might at times be indispensable to plough up the land while
under crops — a dreadful alternative of course to the farmer,
naturally desirous of seeing a fair return for his outlay.
In conclusion, I would remark with all diflideuce that it ap-
pears to me, as the result of my inquiries into this question,
the course to be pursued must in each case depend on the local
and special circumstances of that case. In the outlying dis-
tricts of a town I should recommend well-constructed cesspools,
or some mechanical disinfectant process may be satisfactorily
employed — as the Goux system, or the plan I mentioned before
as in use at Rochdale. In places where land cannot be ob-
tained in sufficient quantities or at a fairly remunerative price,
or where a sewage farm would, from the number of surrounding
more or less isolated dwellings, be likely to be a nuisance, I
should suggest, the introduction of Weare's charcoal system, or
the phospiiate sewage process (referred to above under the
name of I'orbes' patent), and 1 am told now employed lyith
great success in connection with the Lodge farm, at Barking,
in this county. I think as a rule, too, the use of some precipi-
tate (as the milk ot lime) is very much recommended ; this
diminishes the amount of solid matter, which otherwise would
be poured on tiie irrigated land, and at the same time creates
in the settling tank a deposit, which, when mixed with cinders,
earth, or ashes, can be easily removed and sold as solid nanure.
That good water and pure running streams are essential to the
well-being both of man and beast, is a point which, though

210

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generally admitted, is not always sufficiently regarded. In a
letter lately received from Professor Wyvill Thompson, of her
Majesty's ship Challenger, describing the Islands of the Ber-
mudas group (which they visited in the course of their voyage
of scientific investigation), I find an illustration and confirma-
tion of this fact. After enlarging upon the sylvan beauty of
the scenery, with its luxurious tropical vegetation, he remarks
that the climate is peculiarly genial, but not so healthy as it
would be if the plans of sewage could be rendered more effec-
tive, and if there were a greater supply of good water and
running streams ; and he afterwards proceeds to say : " There
is but little live stock upon the islands ; cattle and sheep do
not thrive well, probably mainly owing to the want of a plen-
tiful supply' of good water, so that instead of being able to
supply ships calling there with fresh meat, even the butchers'
meat for the consumption of the inhabitants is almost all im-
ported from America." I think I h&ve said enough to recom-
mend to your approval the resolution I have appended to this
paper. As regards the importance of the question, looking at
it either from a sanitary or an agricultural point of view,
there can be no doubt ; nor, as I have shown, is the solution of
the question at all easy how best to utilise and preserve from
waste this enormous amount of tranurial products so full of
ingredients which are greatly needed by the soil. Surely,
gentlemen, it would be worthy the attention of any Govern-
ment, and be quite befitting their position, to make such an
inquiry of the most eminent scientific men — chemists, civil
engineers, and agriculturists, as shall enable them not only to
order local authorities to abate the nuisance frequently created
by the sewage in their respective districts, but also to direct
them how best both to dispose of it and also to utilise it.
The subject is still, however, in its infancy, and great will be
the honour accruing to the agricultural chemist who can un-
ravel the difficulty, and who is able to discover a method by
which the riches of our native soil, each day drawn from her
bosom by the processes of agriculture to satisfy the wants of
her children, may in a ten-fold measure be restored to her
perennially green and fruitful. Gentlemen, I thank you for
your kind attention, and I trust the few remarks I have ven-
tured to make, and the hiiei res luiie of this important subject
■which I have endeavoured to present to you, may now form
the basis for an interesting discussion. I beg to move : " That
in the opinion of this Chamber the question of the disposal of
the sewage of towns is of such national importance, and at the
same time of such great difficulty, as to justify the Government
in taking measures to enable it to furnish local authorities with
an approved plan or plans for the utilisation of the sewage of
their respective districts."

Mr. J. S. Gardiner seconding the resolution. It appeared
to him that a great mistake was made in allowing so large an
amount of water in the sewers, by which means the expense
of removing the night soil was much increased. Our streams
and rivers were now rendered perfect channels for dissemi-
nating ill health and infectious diseases, putting on one side
the fact that by allowing sewage to run into streams a great
mass of useful manure was wasted ; and he thought that when
the rising generation came to find that they had been paying £14
a ton for guano from South America while they had allowed
their sewage to run to waste or worse, to pollute their rivers,
they would set them down as a lot of stupid pigs. He men-
tioned that he had adopted a plan of his own for utilising
night soil, namely, by mixing it with a little water, and using
a little coprolite and some sulphuric acid, which mixture
made a very valuable manure. He did not, of course, say that
it was 80 good as the i^li guano, but he did believe that one
ton of that was as good as half a ton of guano. He believed
if they collected the night soil, brought it by some process into
a dry state, and then put it on their land, they would find it a
very valuable manure indeed. Their president had mentioned
sewage farms. Now, there was one objection he had, and
that was to so large a quantity of sewage being placed upon so
small a space of land, for he knew enough of stock feeding to
find out that butter made from cows fed on sewage-grown
vegetable productions, was in nineteen cases out of twenty bad
in itself, and he should as soon think of making bnttei from
animals so fed as he should from cart grease.

Mr. J. Pertwee said Mr. Vaizey bad said that it was im-
possible to introduce the dry-earth system into towns. Cer-
tainly it was a gigantic scheme, but looking to ike value the
deposit would be he did not think they ought to say it was
impossible. He believed no scheme was entitled to greater

respect than Moule's dry-earth system, and those only knew its
value who had adopted it. He "quoted the military establish-
ments in India, where the system was in operation, and said
M'ith regard to its utilisation that the hearth droppings and
dust bins of each house would be sufficient for its adoption.
The subject was one well worthy of consideration, and he hoped
more attention would be paid to it in future.

Mr. W. Brown said the great question undoubtedly was,
how to economise town sewage. He quite agreed with Mr.
Gardiner that one of the principal difficulties in the way was
the accumulation of storm-water in the sewers, and the ma-
who would solve the difficulty would be a public benefactor.
Mr. Brown took exception to Mr. Gardiner's remarks upon
cattle fed on sewage grass, and said that in the town of
Braiatree he believed it was notorious that butter made from
cows fed on sewage vegetable productions was some
of the finest. He believed with regard to the purifica-
tion of our streams that the only means of keeping sewage
from the rivers was by pumping it.

Mr. J. Smith, sen., said their President had read one of
the most elaborate and best papers he had heard since he had
been a member of the Chamber, and he had well dealt with
a question which was of deep interest to the nation at large.
He incidentally mentioned reading an article in a monthly
periodical the other day, which suggested a scheme for the
utilization of town sewage which had not been touched upon
by any speaker, namely, by what is called the " hot-air sys-
tem," and probably if it was worked in England as well as it
seeras to be in many cases on the Continent it appeared to be
more feasible than any scheme he had yet heard of. Mr.
Vaizey's proposition did not commit them to anything, and he
should therefore support it ; and he should further propose
that as this was such an excellent and elaborate paper a num-
ber of them should be printed and distributed amongst those
members of the Chamber interested in this subject.

Mr. E. Gardiner also supported the proposition. Ho
spoke strongly against water-closets, more particularly in
farm-houses, and said they were most mischievous when con-
sidered in connection with sewage irrigation.

The President, in reply, mentioned several places, some
in Essex, where the authorities were in great trouble about
their sewage, and explained that he probably might not have
gone so deeply into the subject but for the fact that when he
was Chairman of the Halstead Local Board the subject was
brought somewhat painfully under their notice. He thanked
the Chamber heartily for the kind way in which they had re-
ceived his paper, and said he was amply rewarded if he had
been the means of doing any good.

The motion was then put to the Chamber, and carried
unanimously ; as was also a resolution to have 250 copies of
the paper printed and circulated amongst the members.

Mr. Henry Smith, of Great Bardfield, then read the fol-
lowing paper upon the Present Prospects of Farming : la
bringing this subject before your notice it is my wish to do it
briefly, and also as clearly as I can, that if, as has been said
(although I do not think it applies to our Chamber), " the
Chambers of Agriculture have become political engines for
the landords to air their eloquence at," they may be induced
to look at the position of the tenant-farmer, and help to make
his prospects brighter than they are at present. Bnt let him
at the same time try to help himself ; and I believe that if he
looks round he will find these Chambers of Agriculture of
more benefit to him than lie is aware of in accomplishing that
object. An extract from a notice of the London Farmers
Club says : " Each succeeding year furnishes fresh proofs of
the necessity of union among farmers, as it behoves them to
adopt tlie means pursued by other classes of society, viz., that of
associating with each other as well for the purpose of mutual in-
formation as for the general good of the body." Now, taking the
farmers' prospects as regards his means of getting a living, to
say nothing of interest for his capital, and some to lay by for
a rainy day, every farmer will confess that they are anything
but cheerful. First, the unfavourable seasons of the last two
years, the great increase in price of all kinds of stock and
machinery, the rise in rents, and lastly, the great agitation in
the labour market. It will very likely be said that they had
bad seasons years ago. No one will deny it, and this is one
of the things that no farmer, however clever, can contend
against. The increase in the price of all kinds of live stock
will of necessity finds its own level, but it must be well-known
to the mind of every practical farmer that there is not and

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

211

cannot be the same money got out of stock, sheep, and cattle
more particularly, wiien they are liigh as when they are at a
low price, leaving out of consideration altogether the much
greater loss in the event of disease and death, wliich cannot be
avoided. The price of machinery has also gone up very much
during the last two or three years ; but even with this increase
I believe it is cheap compared with what it was years ago,
owing to the simplicity of many of our most useful implements,
and the great perfection that many of them are arriving at. I
must now touch for a minute or two on that very delicate
question, the labour of the farm, this being, as I think most
will allow, tlie greatest obstacle the farmer of the present day
has to contend with. That great authority on farming matters,
Mr. Clare Sewell Read, says that he has saved £100 per year
since the advance in wages, but he goes on to say, " The days
of neat and tidy farming are over." To a certain extent this
must be so. When men were kept on during the winter
months more out of charity than anything else, farmers could
do the odd jobs that never really paid for doing. But now
the case is altered. There is not the surplus labour there was
years ago, in fact, it is no use hiding it, there is in some parts
really a scarcity. Then comes the question, what is scarcity ?
An old farmer who had farmed 40 or 50 years ago, if he had
not a lot of men standing about doing nothing all winter would
say he had a scarcity, but I think he could manage to do
without them. The otiier day, I was talking to an old man
who had been on the farm 50 years, and he said, " I recollect
when there was four of us cobbing clover seed in this barn
and four more drawing it in, and that for two months ; now
you can get it all done in a fortnight." That is just the point
I want to come to. With the increased improvements in
mactiinery and steam power at the back, the work can be done
in less than half the time, with fewer men, and if not any
cheaper at any rate not much dearer. Then as to the uniform
rate of wages. That must be acknowledged to be a bad system.
If the work is put out by the piece it makes better men and
better masters than if all is done by the day ; of course there
are jobs which must be done by the day. But as the old
labourer once said, " He'd got a two-shilling stroke and he'd
got an eighteenpenny stroke." for example,! had two men land-
draining in one field — the one with a boy, the other without ;
ihey were both engaged exactly the same time ; the one with-
out a boy earned £4- 16s. 8d., the one with £3 17s. 3d. I
have avoided touching on the great conflict now raging between
masters and men on our borders, because I think as there is
so much difference of feeling on the subject, and as the
meeting of this Chamber appointed to be held to consider the
subject was abandoned, it is not worth while to introduce this
meeting to a question upon which its members differ so widely.
Every class of society seems to me to be having a kick at the
farmer now he is down. The Church, which gets rich from
his tithes, has a kick through one of her bishops ; the land-
lords liave kicked him for some time, and now give him one
extra ; his faithful London paper kicks him, and hints that he
ought not to drink claret in his dining-room, but small beer in
the kitchen. If he wants his children educated, he should
send them to the parish school instead of having a governess,
and be content with his weekly trip to market, and leave Con-
tinental cities for his landlord and the city merchants. If the
very powerful influence of the London press is so brought to
bear against the farmers, surely we ought to take steps to prove
the gross injustice of these statements, and to ask the world
whether farmers have made more progress or gone more ahead
of Iheir position than any other class of society. Look at the
city merchant, whose father used to live over the shop, and
now see his house at Croydon or Norwood ; who used to take
his family to Greenwich once a year, and now gets as far as
Scotland by 12th August. A late chancellor has a kick, and
thinks his cart-horses want taxing. Would that we had more
clear-sighted sound common-sense ladies like Lady Stradbroke
to announce to the country the altogether false position in
which tenant-farmers are represented, and to challenge the
world to show one man who has made a colossal fortune by
farming. As Mr. C. S. Read says, " Where one man has re-
tired on farming are there not twenty who ought to be candi-
dates for admission into the Royal Agricultural Benevolent
Institution ?" Most of you have probably seen Mr. Mechi's
paper, read at the Farmers' Club in February last, on " The
Commercial Principle as applied to Farming." These princi-
ples are very good, and no doubt would benefit the farmer, but

it is impossible to carry them out under the present existing
laws relating to land. Every farmer ought to be allowed to
conduct his business in the way by which he can get the best
return for his money. This I take it stands A 1 among com-
mercial principles ; but how can this be done with an unsecured
tenancy, no compensation for improvements, restriction as to
cropping and selling, and the refusal of the right to kill game,
&c., &c. ? There was published a month or two since the draft
of a lease to be signed by tiie tenants of Lord Bateman. I
wonder whether his lordship has found anybody in his senses
to sign it. It tells how much dung is to be put on per acre
— so much if long, so much if short ; what weeds are to be
taken off the land ; how much and how often to fallow ; how
many acres to sow with clover ; what not to sell, leaving
nothing but corn available ; how to clean the ditches out and
stop the gaps — in short, just such a lease as his lordship's
tailor might require. What commercial man would have any-
tiiing to do with a business under these conditions ? Mr.
Mechi says the want of book-keeping is the weak point of
British agriculture. This I think quite true, in spite of the
old saying that tiiere was not profit enough to pay for the
paper. The progress of agriculture must always keep pace
with each succeeding generation. One of our greatest agri-
culturists, the late John Grey, of Dilston, said, " Let no one
speak of perfection in agriculture, rather let him be perfectly
assured that perfection will not be attained in his time."
There is one thin?; I think ought to be combined with a far-
mer's education. Every young man intending to follow farm-
ing ought to serve his time at the Veterinary College, and so
get an insight into the anatomy as well as the diseases of live
stock, with which he has so much to do. This would be a
great help to a farmer, and save a deal of expense. Another
thing, I would encourage every farmer to take an agricultural
paper every week, and study it. Mr. James Howard once
said lie believed it was a very dear paper from which enough
could not be learned to pay the expense. It is often said,
" Farming must be a good trade ; look at the applications for
a farm as soon as there is one to let ; often 30 or 40 for a
300-acre farm." Well, in the first place, are all the applica-
tions made by persons who require a farm as a means of get-
ting a living? Certainly not. As soon as a merchant or
otiier man of business gets a fortune together, he looks out
for a farm as a pleasant means of getting rid of it. He does
not look out for a grocer's or a draper's shop, but considers
that a farm can easily be managed, and looks upon it to a
certain degree as a gentlemanly calling. Another reason is
that while the population keeps steadily increasing the acre-
age does not. Farming is a pleasant and to some extent in-
dependent life, hence the ?reat demand for land. The ques-
tion was asked in The Mark Lane Express a month or two
since : " Can you inform me how many candidates in their
addresses make any reference to agriculture?" I would ven-
ture to ask the same question with regard to our own ten
members. I cannot find one in this purely agricultural
county who alludes either to the farmer or his interests. As
long as the farmer is content by sitting still and only grumb-
ling, no one will think he is so badly off as is really the case.
If they, like other parties in the country, would insist on
being represented in Parliament by their own men, or some
who had their affairs equally at heart, instead of, as The Mark
Lane Express says, gross offenders in the over-preservation of
game and raw lads fresh from school, better times would be in
store for them, and they would gain that independence which
they have never yet known. What other business or profes-
sion in which so many hundreds of thousands are engaged can
be found that is represented in the House of Commons by one
member out of 650? If every county were to return one
member only whom the farmers could depend on the measures
affecting his interest would not be pushed aside to make room
for some of far less importance to himself and the country at
large. But now, as an " East Essex Farmer" in The Mark
Lane Express truly says, " The farmers are mere political
nonentities in the House of Commons, their rights trampled
on, and their interests neglected." In conclusion, I will just
give a resolution proposed by the Newbury Chamber : " That
this Chamber requests its members to give their earnest sup-
port to any measures embracing the following subjects—
Tenant-Right as embraced in Howard and Read's Bill, Local
Taxation, alteration of the Game-Laws, Repeal of the Malt-
tax, and the appointment of a Minister of Agriculture," and
beg to move one similar to it : " That this Chamber resolves

212

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

to promote such measures, especially Parliamentary, which in
its opinion will tend to benefit the tenant-farmer."

Mr. Henry Pertwee seconded the resolution, and
characterised Mr. Smith's paper as a most excellent one.

Mr. J. S. Gardiner said he so entirely agreed with Mr.
Smith's paper, that it really left him nothing to say. There
was, however, one subject upon which he should like to say a
word, namely, upon the labour question, which was a subject
concerning them all, and one which, however much they
might desire to see it put on one side, would liave to be met,
and he hoped would be met like men by the farmers. Mr.
Gardiner then weut on to comment in somewhat strong
language upon tlie position assumed by the N.A.L.U., and
the labourers under the guidance of that institution, and
quoted numerous extracts of an exciting and violent character
from the Labouren' U/iion Chronicle, which, he said, instead
of healing the differences now existing between the farmer and
his men, liad tended only to widen the breach, and to make
farther aad further recede in the distance the prospect of an
amicable settlement. JJe anathematised Messrs. Morley and
Dixon, who, he said, had no more right to dictate to the
farmers the terms upon which they were to employ their men
than they had to go to the factories owned by those gentlemen
and dictate to them what wages they should pay their opera-
tives. Tiie delegates, some of whom liad ventured to abuse
him close to his own house, also came in for some sharp
strictures, Mr. Ball being particularly characterised as one
who made it liis business to go from village to village, stirring
up btrife between employers and employed. In conclusion,
Mr. Girdintr said the farmers had a most kindly feeliag towards
the men, but they could not pay them more than supply and
demand justified, although some of them often did; but he
thought they were called upon as employers of labour to
discountenance altogether the National Agricultural Labourers'
Union.

Mr. YoUNGJi.vN expressed an opinion that commercial
principles between employer and employed must ultimately be
established. With regard to the present unhappy dispute, he
hoped it was not tlie general opiniou that the violent express-
ions used by a few gave a fair estimate of the agricultural
labourer of the prese.^t day. The violent language, too, had
not been all on oae side, for such, he had noldoubt, had been used
by the advocates of the farmers, and even the Lady Stradbroke,
who had been so highly spoken of, had gone almost as far as
some of the labourers' delegates in a recent letter to the John

Bull. They must admit that a good deal of temper had been
shown, and hard things said on both sides ; but he hoped that
in the course of a few weeks all difficulties would be smoothed
away, and that the time was not far off when they would begin
to forget all that liad been said ; and as no doubt the labourers
wanted the farmers quite as much as the farmers wanted the
labourers, a settlement would be arrived at.

Mr. Smith, who was warmly applauded, said he was much
obliged to the Chamber for the kind way in which they had
received his paper, which it had given him great pleasure to
read. He, however, wished their meetings were better
attended, for he believed that Chambers of Agriculture were
of tlie utmost benefit to the tenant-farmers, although that
benefit might be indirect.

The President quite endorsed Mr. Smith's last remarks. It
certainly was no fault of the Executive that the meetings were
not better attended. He Was sorry their friends round Brain-
tree had not attended so largely as they could wish, but those
who had come must have been greatly pleased with the
capital way in which Mr. Smith dealt with the subject he had
introduced. But there was one remark he should like to make,
namely, that he thought farmers should be better represented
in tlie House of Commons, and this might be accomplished if
they took a long and strong pull together as other classes did.
He regretted the absence of one of their own members, wiio
was very regular in his attendance, but who, he presumed, was
engaged in Parliamentary duties and so unable to come. He
then put Mr. Smith's motion to the meeting and it was carried
unanimously.

Mr. Smith, sen., proposed a vote of thanks to the President
for presiding over them that day. Speaking upon the subject
of Parliamentary representation, he said he thought that they
should send as many farmers' candidates to ParUament as
they could, but what was more necessary was that they should help
themselves. He also read extracts from a recent speech by Mr.
Clare Sewell Head, who, lie said, Norfolk ought to be proud
of, and who was one of the few who did put the tenant-farmer
in his proper position before the public.

Mr. J. S. Gardiner seconded the vote of thanks, and took
occasion to express a wish that gentlemen of their President's
own class, who, he said, were conspicuous by their absence,
would make it convenient to attend their meetings.

The motion was carried unanimously ; and, thanks having
been accorded to Mr. Smith and Mr. Vaizey for their respec-
tive papers, the meeting separated.

THE BATH AND WEST OF ENGLAND SOCIETY, AND SOUTHERN
COUNTIES ASSOCIATION.

The monthly Council meeting was held at the Grant
Hotel, Bristol, on July 28, under the presidency of Mr. R.
Benyon, M.P. There were also present Messrs. Bremridge,
J. Gray, Neville-GrenviUe, M.P., and J. C. Moore Stevens
(vice-presidents) ; Messrs. C. T. I). Acland, J. T. Boacawen,
H. Badcock, C. Busli, li. H. Bush, T. Danger, J. T. Davy,
T. Duckham, T. Dyke, Gilbert, C. Gordou, A. R. Grenfell,
J. Hallett, H. M. Holdsworth, J. P. Lennard, H. A. P.
Luttrell, H. Middleton, R. Neville, S. P. Newbery, J.
Quartly, G. Simpson, H. St. John Maule, R. Trood, and J.
Goodwin, secretary and editor.

The Bristol Meeting. — Mr. Herbert Williams, as chair-
man of the Pinance Committee, brought up a statement of
the receipts at the recent annual meeting, and asked the
sanction of the Council to the payment of prizes and other
claims to the amount of £6,030 I8s. 9d., and the purchase of
£2,800 stock, raising the funded capital of the Society to
£U\000. These several proposals were adopted and ordered to
be carried out.

On the motion of Mr. Herbert Williams, chairman of
Finance, it was resolved that the salary of Mr. William
Smith, the official accountant of the Society, be increased to
£100 per annum.

The stewards and officers for the ensuing year were nomi-
nated for election at the next council meeting. To the Stock
Prize-sheet Committee Mr. J. Quartly was added; to the
Judges Selection Committee, Mr. T. Duckham ; to the Arts
Committee, Mr. G. Simpson, of Wray Park, Reigate. Messrs.

H. M. Holdsworth and C. T. D. Acland were nominated
stewards of the yard ; Mr. R. Neville and Mr. C. A. W.
Troyte, stewards of implements (yard) ; Messrs. Knollys,
Jones, and Dyke, stewards of implements (field) ; Messrs. T.
Davy, H. Pookes, T. Duckham, and A. Grenfell, stewards of
stock ; Colonel Luttrell and Mr. C. Gordon, stewards of
horses ; Messrs. II. H. Bush and C. Edwards, stewards of
poultry ; the Hon. and Rev. J. T. Boscawen, steward of hor-
ticulture ; Mr. Jonathan Gray, steward of music ; Col.
Jjuttrell, Mr. Grenfell, and Mr. Maule, committee of the
mess ; Mr. H. St. John Maule, steward of refreshments ; Mr.
J. Gray, Mr. Knollys, and Mr. Moysey, stewards of plant ;
and Co!onel Luttrell, Colonel Lennard, Mr. R. Neville, Mr.
C. A. W. Troyte, and Mr. Arthur Grenfell, stewards of
arrangements.

The official superintendent was directed to secure the
services of a competent storekeeper, who shall also have
charge of the weigh-bridge henceforth to be provided.

Croydon Meeting. — An addition of £100 was made to
the amount granted for stock at the Bristol meeting, thus
raising it in the aggregate to £1,800. The amount allowed
to the stewards of poultry was £315 ; to the steward of horti-
cultare £130.

Communications from Mr. H. Compton, of Manor House
Lyndhurst, Hants ; Mr. B. St. John Ackers, of Prinknash-
patk, Gloucestershire; and Mr. Hudspetli, agent to Mr. W.
Nicholson, of Basing-park, Alton, were ordered to be referred
to the stewards of stock.

THE FARMEK'S MAGAZINE.

21i

New members : C. B. Worsnop, South Kensiugton Museum ; I Taunton ; C. A. R. Iloare, Fleet-street, London ; A. Wansey,
W. Coles, Wellow; E. B. Hooper, Wellow ; T. G. Meeteus, ] Bristol; Wills, London.

LEICESTERSHIRE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING AT LEICESTER.

The horse classes were well filled, and the huiters and
hacks good. The agricultural classes included some powerful
horses, and a number of promising foals. Of cattle there was
a very short show. There were but 29 entries, and several
of these did not make an appearance. Mr. J. N. Beasley,
of Brampton Farm, carried off tne prize for the best fat ox:
and Mr. F. Cartwright, of Drakelow, that for the best fat cow.
There was only one young Shorthorn bull, Mr. W. F. Wood-
roffe's, of Norraanton ; and only two older bulls,' the best of
which was that of Mr. R. Wade, Ashley. Mr. J. J. Sharp,
of Broughton, took the first prizes in the three next classes,
for Shorthorn cow in milk, in-calf Shorthorn heifer, and
Shorthorn stirk. The long-horn classes were chiefly remark-
able for the absence of a name formerly among the most
s'iiccessfal exhibitors, Mr. Chapman. There was no entry for
Altlerney or Guernsey cows in the classes, and only a small
Aldferney shown as extra stock. The sheep, Leicester and
long-wooUed, were on the whole better represented. Mr.
G. Turner, jim., of Thorpelands, took the two prizes for
Leicester rams ; those for long-woolied shearlings being taken
by Mr. R. Johnson (Kirk Ireton), and Mr. R.Wright (Norton
Heath) ; with tliose for older raMs were taken by the same
exhibitors in reveBe order. There was some competition in
Shropshire Rams, the prize for which was taken by Mr. W.
H. Clare; in the other classes of Shropshires Mr. S. C.
Pilgrim carried oft" the honours. The pigs were a fair show,
though eeverJil of the entries did not arrive; and Mr. M.Walker,
Mr. R.^Et/Duckrting, and Mr. .T. Wheeler were the successful
exhibitors. Messrs'. Vipan and Headley had a large show of
agricultural implements ; and Mr. F. Johnson also exhibited an
'assortment of agricultural machinery. The meeting on the
whole was a tame one, tlie Leicester fixture being rather
" harried " by the Society.

PRIZE LIST.

UUNTERS.

Judges. — Hon. A. Pennington, Captain Whitmore, and Mr.
John Holiday.

Hunter, gelding, or mare, not less than five years old and
under ten, open to all England. — First prize, £20, W. P.
Hubbersty, Wirksworth, Derby (Sultan) ; second, £5, J.
Smeeton, Husbands, Bosworth Lodge, Rugby. Commended :
G. Pilkiugton, Stoneleigh, Wootton, Liverpool.

Gelding or filly (four years old), adapted for hunting pur-
poses, bred within the limits of the Belvoir, Quorn, Mr.
Tailby's Cottesmore, Atherstone, and Pytchley hunts. — First
prize, £20, J. E. Bennett, Husbands Bosworth Grange,
Rugby (Melrose) ; second, £5, J. E. Bennett (K.C.B.).

Hunter, not less than fottr years old, belonging to a tenant-
farmer (residing or occupying within the limits of Mr. Tailby's
Hunt) or his son living with him, and following the same
occupation. — First prize, £10, J. Smeeton ; second, £5, A.
Innocent, Kibworth. Commended: A. Innocent.

Gelding or filly (three years old), adapted for hunting
purposes, bred within tlie limits of the Belvoir, Quorn. — First
prize, £10, Rev. E. Bruxner, the Holt, Thurlastou, Hinckley ;
second, £5, J. W. Jenkins, Husbands Bosworth, Rugby.

Gelding or filly (two years old), adapted for hunting pur-
poses, bred within the limits of the Belvoir, Quorn, Mr.
Tailby's Cottesmore, Atherstone, and Pytchloy Hunts. — First
prize, a silver cup or money, value £10, Rev. G. E. Bruxner ;
second, £5, W. E. Oakley, Cliff House, Atherstone. Com-
mended : W. E. Oakley.

Yearling colt or filly for hunting purposes. — First prize,
£10, W. E. Oa^ley ; second, £5, J. E. Bennett. Commended :
Rev. G. E. Bruxner.

Hack, not less than fourteen hands two inches, and not
exceeding 15 hands two inches high. — First prize, £10, J.
Tiornsby, Castle Gate House, Grantham (Ballet Girl) ; second,
£5, A. Dabbs, Humberstone-gate, Leicester (Star Thistle).
Commended : G. W. Sykes, the Pines, Gadd«sby ; W. Loyley,
106, Highcross-street, Leicester ; J. E. Bennett.

Cob, not exceeding fourteen hands and a-half. — First prize,
a silver cup or money, value £5, J. Wiggins, Market Har-
borongh (Prince) ; second, C. Montagu, JNIanor House, New-
ton Harcourt.

Pony, not exceeding thirteen hands and a-half. — First prize,
a silver cup or money, value £5, J. H. Smith, Oaldby ; second,
£3, J. T. Jacques, Welford-road, Leicester.

Mare, calculated to breed iuinters, that shall have suckled a
foal up to the 1st of July, 1874, or is now in foal. — First prize,
^10, T. H. Smith, Curborough, Lichfield; second, £5, J. D.
Cradock, Quorn, Longhborough.

Judges.— J. II. Wood and G. Smith.

Gelding or filly (two years old), best adapted to the general
purposes of agriculture. — First prize, a silver cup or money,
value £10, H. Burgess, Middleton, Rockingham ; second, £5,
H. Bond, Walcote, Lutterworth. Highly commended: T. H.
Simpkin, Hoby.

Gelding or filly (one-year-old), best adapted to the general
purposes uf agriculture. — First prize, a silver cup or money,
value £10, H. Doughty, Sutton Garnsgate, Long Sutton
(Thumper) ; second R. Tirams, Braunstone, Rugby. Highly
commended : W. Barber, Congerstone, Atherstone. Com-
mended : R. Timms.

In-foal mare, best adapted to the general purposes of agri-
culture— First prize, £15, W. Barber, Congerstone, Ather-
stone ; second, £5, T. Stokes, Caldecote, Leicester. Highly
commended : T. Marchant, Great Easton Park, Leicester.
Commended: H. Burgess, jun.

Foal, adapted to the general purposes of agriculture.— First
prize, £5, T. Marchant ; second, H. Burgess. Highly com-
mended : T. Stokes. Commended : 11. Wade, Manor House,
Ashley, Market Harborough.

Cart gelding or mare, four years old and not exceeding seven
best adapted for dray purposes. — First prize, £15, H. Bur-
gess ; second, £5, G. Bass, Bagworth Park, Leicester.
Highly commended : T. Allen, Thurmaston, Commended :
J. Slieild, Uppingham.

CiTTLE.
Judges (Sheep and Pigs). — R. J. Newton.
J. S. Turner.
J. Caswell.

Fat ox. — First prize, £10, J. N. Beasley, Brampton Farm,
Northampton ; second, £5, Sir W. de Capell Brooke, Bart.
Reserve : S. Wallis, Barton Seagrave, Kettering.

Fat cow or heifer. — First prize, £10, F. Cartwright, The
Grove, Drakelow, Burton-on-Trent ; second, ^3, R. Wright,
Nocton Heath, Lincoln.

Sliorthorn bull, above one year and under two years old. —
First prize, £7, W. S. Woodroffe, Normanton-ou-Soar.

Shorthorn bull, over two years. — First prize, £7, R- Wade,
Manor House, Ashley ; second, £3, W. H. Johnson, Braun-
stone, Leicester.

Shorthorn cow, in milk. — First prize, £5, J. J. Sharp,
Broughton, Kettering ; second, £2, F. Cartwright, Ttie Grove,
Drakelow. Reserve : R. Wade, Manor House, Ashley, Har-
borough.

In-calf Shorthorn heifer, above two and under three years
old. — First prize, £5, J. J. Sharp, Broughton ; second, £2,
C. Marriott, Cottesbach, Lutterworth.

Shorthorn stirk, above one and under two years old. — First
prize, £5, J. J. Sharp ; second, £2, C.Marriott, Cottesbach.

Longhorn bull. — First prize, £5, W. T. Cox, Spondon Hall,
Derby.

Longhorn cow, in milk. — First prize, £5, S. Forrest, The
Chase, Kenilworth. Reserve: J. Godfrey, Wigston Parva.

Longhorn heifer, in calf abo»e two and under three years
old.— First prize, £5, S. Forrest, The Chase. Reserve : W. T.
Cox.

SHEEP.

Pure-bred Leicester shearling ram, the property of or hired
by the exhibitor. — Eirst prize, £7, G. Turner, jun., Thorpe-

214

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

lands, Northampton ; second, £3, G. Turner, jun. Reserve :
S. Spencer, Snarestone.

Long:-woolled shearling ram, whether hired or not. — I'irst
prize, £7, R. Johnson, Kirk Ireton, Wirksworth ; second, £3,
R. Wright, Nocton Heath, Lincoln. Highly commended :
T. W. D. Harris, Wootton, Northampton. Commended :
T. W. D. Harris.

Loapc-wooUed ram of any age, the property of or hired by
the exhibitor.— First prize, £7, R. Wright, Nocton Heath,
Lincoln ; second, £3, R. Johnson, Kirk Ireton, Wirksworth.
Highly commended : R. Wright.

Pen of three under twenty months old long-wooUed fat
wether sheep. — First prize, £5, H. J. Hopkins, Moultou
Grange Farm, Pitsford, Northampton ; second, £3, L. Will-
more, the Newarke, Leicester.

Pen of five long-woolled ewes. — First prize, £5, T. W. D.
Harris, Wootton ; second, T. W. D. Harris.

Pen of five long-woolled theaves, under twenty months old,
intended for breeding purposes. — First prize, £5, T. W. D,
Harris, Wootton ; second, £2, L. Willmore.

Shropshire shearling rara, whether hired or not. — First
prize, £5, W. H. Clare, Twycross, Atherstone. Highly com-
mended : W. H. Clare.

Pen of three under twenty months old Shropsliire fat wether
sheep. — First prize, £5, S. C. Pilgrim, the Outwoods, Bur-
bage, Hinckley.

Pen of five Shropshire ewes.— First prize, £5; S. C.
Pilgrim. Highly commended : W. H. Clare, Twycross.

Pen of five Shropshire theaves under twenty months old,
intended for breeding purposes. — First prize, £5, S. C.
Pilgrim.

PIGS.

Boar of the large breed, whether hired or not. — First prize,
£5, M. Walker, Stockley Park, Anslow, Burton-on-Trent ;
second, £2, J. Wheeler, Long Compton, Shipton-on-Stour.
Commended : R. E. Duckering, Northorpe, iivirton Lindsey.

Boar of the small breed.— First prize, £5,R. E. Duckering ;
second, M. Walker.

Berkshire boar pig, not exceeding eighteen months old. —
First prize, £5, M. Walker ; second, £3, J. Wheeler.

Breeding sow of the large breed. — First prize, £5, J.
Wheeler ; second, ^2, M. Walker. Highly commended : R.
E. Duckering.

Breeding sow of the small breed. — First prize, £5, R.
E. Duckering ; second, £2, M. Walker. Highly commended :
J . Wheeler and M. Walker.

Three breeding pigs, of any breed, of one litter, not exceeding
seven months old. — First prize, £5, R. E. Duckering ; second,
£2, M. Walker.

At the luncheon, Mr. Heygate. M.P., the Chairman said :
In this county and district they had been happily entirely

free, he hoped he might say, from those unfortunate circum-
stances which they so much regretted to have seen occurring
in the Eastern Counties of England. They might think them-
selves very fortunate that the relations between capital and
labour, as far as agriculture was concerned, were of a very
much more happy description here. He did not take especial
credit for either the labourer, the farmer, or the landlord for
that circumstance ; it was probably owing to the fact that they
had had in this county and district for many years past a much
greater competition for labour, having side by side with the
agricultural interest large manufacturing and mineral interests
which had competed for labour, and consequently raised the
rate of wages. In the Eastern Counties, as they knew, agri-
culture was almost the on y industry, and consequently the
demand for labour, increasing as it had done during the last
few years, came upon them suddenly, and the result was, as
they were aware, a disturbance of those relations between
tenant farmer and labourer, which they so much regretted. He
only hoped that now things would work themselves square,
that they would settle down, and that those disturbed relations,
of which he spoke, would become by degrees arranged in a
happy and satisfactory manner. Whichever side might be
considered to have gained the victory in this struggle, he hoped
would use their success with moderation, and that they might
see again those good feelings between all classes, landlord,
tenant, and labourer, which had existed so long in this country,
and which he hoped might still continue to exist.
Referring to the agricultural implements, he might say that it
must be an increasing source of interest every year to the
occupier of land to see to what an extent he could utilize the
mechinery so as to make himself more and more independent
of strikes. Old prejudices as regarded machinery had without
any question very generally passed away. He was only
reading, a few days ago, a story of the late Sir Robert Peel, who
had a show at Tamworth, some thirty or forty years since, and
purchased a number of iron ploughs, and presented them to his
tenants, and at the end of the year he was greatly disappointed
that scarcely any of them would use them, as they said they
wonld be sure to make the weeds grow. He thought they had
got beyond that, and that there was an increasing feeling that
they must take advantage of every agricultural implement
which the ingenuity of science could invent.

Mr.T. H. SiMPKiN : He wished to make a remark about the
labour question. He thought the chairman set it rather low
when he said that they had nothing at all to do with strikes
here. He thonght they had. They took the bull by the horns
at once : they saw the danger, and paid their men better, and
they had been paid better here for the last eight or nine years
than in any other district. Had the same thing been done
elsewhere, when they found railways and manufactures to con-
tend with, they might have avoided strikes also. He was not
saying there were not great difficulties ; they had been short of
men ; but he was glad to see that for the harvest there appeared
abundance of labour.

THE GLOUCESTERSHIRE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
MEETING AT TEWKESBURY.

There were 48 entries of Shorthorns, and in bulls
above two years old there were four competitors — viz.,
Mr. B. St. John Ackers's Cymbeliue, Mr. R. Stratton's
Protector, Mr. W. Wilson's Earl of Warwickshire III.,
and the Rev. E. T. Williams's Earl of March, with Pro-
tector put first. In the class 2, for bulls above one and
under two years old, there were ten competitors. The
three animals on which attention was concentrated included
two Royal prize-winners, Mr. William Game's Aachen,
and Col. Loyd Lindsay's Prince Rupert ; the first
honours being here awarded to Aachen, and the second to
Bountiful Duke, one year two months and a day old, bred
by Mr. W. Woodward. Of the bull calves Col.
Lindsay's Lord Rockville fairly distanced all the
rest. He was first at the Royal and also at the
Bath and West of England and the Reading Shows.
Of breeding cows ten competed, but it cannot he said that
tt olass was good. The competition in the class for

heifers under three years old was better, and Mr. Bruce
Kennard's celebrated Queen Mary, which ran away from
everything else in her class at the Royal, was once more
the Champion Shorthorn, as in Essex. The entries in the
classes for Herefords were not numerous, but the bulls
were declared by the judges to be equal to any ever ex-
hibited. The competition in regard to these animals was
so near that the judges were obliged to invite the assis-
tance of the Shorthorn judges. There were only three
entries — Mr. H. J. Bayley's King of the Dale, two years
and six months old ; Messrs. T. Fenn and Harding's
Bachelor, seven years two months one week and three
days old ; and Mr. Philip Turner's Provost, five years and a
week old. After a long consultation the judges awarded the
reserve number to King of the Dale, and ultimately
Bachelor was put first. The bull-calves were the weakest
lot among the Herefords. In the class for breeding cows
the first prize was awarded to Mr, T. Thomas's Rosalind,

THE I^ARMER*S.MAGA2lNE.

215

and also the 5-guinea challenge cup, for the best pure-bred
Hereford in any of the classes, she having taken the same
cup last year at Bristol. The competition for three dairy
cows was watched with much interest, and there was a
display of a tolerably even lot of good animals ; but the
judges had not much difficulty in making their awards,
and the prize, by general consent, went to Mr. Joseph
Stratton ; while the Channel Islands cattle werejust a good
useful lot. Over the horses the awards of the judges did
not receive the general approbation they generally do.
Taken throughout, the horse show was a great improvement
on those of previous years; and of sheep and pigs there
was an average display.

PRIZE LIST.
JUDGES.— Shorthorns : S. Rich, The Cedars, Fearnal
Heath, Worcester ; R. Doig, Lillingstone Hall, Bucking-
ham. Herefords : T. Rogers, Coxail, Brampton Bryan ;
W. Evans, Llandowlais Court, Usk. Sheep : VV. Rigden,
Hove, Brighton ; R. Game, AlJsworth, Northleach ; R. H.
Masfen, Pendeford, Wolverhampton. Pigs : C. Randell,
Cliadbury, Evesham ; E. Little, Lanhill, Chippenham.
Cart Horses : R. Craddock, Lynehara, Chipping Norton ;
J. Rogers, Letchmoor, Presteign. Hunters and Road-
sters : Major lleyvvood, Ocle Court, Hereford ; T. H.
Hutchinson, Manor House, Catterick ; J. C. Croorae, Ba-
geudon House, Cirencester. Cueese : C. Brunsdon, Holm,
Hereford ; D. Long, Whaddon, Gloucester.

CATTLE.

SHORTHORNS.

Bulls above two years old. — First prize, £20, R. Stratton,
The Duffryn, Newport; second, £10, B. St. John Ackers,
Prinknash Park. Reserved : J. Wilson- Wilson, Austin
House, Broadway.

Bull above one and under two years old. — First prize, £20,
W. Game, Broadmoor, Northleach ; second, £10, W. Wood-
ward, Tewkesbury. Reserved : Lieutenant-Colonel Loyd
Lindsay, C.B., M.P.

Bull above six montlis and nnder one years old. — First
prize £10, Lieutenant-Colonel Loyd Lindsay ; second, £5,
W. Game. Reserved and highly commended : Earl Beau-
champ.

Cow in calf, or in milk, having had a calf at its full time
within twelve months of the day of exhibition. — First prize,
£10, J. Stratton, Alton Priors ; second, £5, R. Stratton,
Reserved and commended : J. Wilson- Wilson.

Heifer in calf, or in milk, under three years old. — First
prize, £10, R. Stratton ; second, £5, B. St. J. Ackers. Re-
served and highly commended : Earl Beauchamp.

Heifer under two years old. — First prize, £8, Rev. R. B.
Kennard, Blandford ; second, £3, Viscount Sudeley. Reserved:
J. Bickford, Bushbury.

Heifer calf above six months and under one year old. —
First prize, £5, Lieutenant-Colonel Loyd Lindsay ; second, £2
10s., 0. Viveash, Strensham. Reserved : B. St. J. Ackers.

For the best pure bred Shorthorn in the yard. — Challenge
cup, value 100 gs., Rev. R. B. Kennard.

HEREFORDS.

Bull above two years old. — First prize, £15, Fenn and
Harding; second, £7 10s., P. Turner, Pembridge. Reserved:
H. J. Baily, Rosedale.

Bull above one and under two years old. — Prize, £15, H.
N. Edwards, Leominster.

Bull above six months and under one year old. — First prize,
£6, T. Fenn, Ludlow ; second, £3, H. N. Edwards, Leo-
minster.

Cow in calf or in milk, having had a calf at its full time
within twelve months of the day of exhibition. — First prize,
£6, T. Thomas, Cowbridge ; second, £3, T. Thomas. Re-
served : T. Cadle.

Heifer in calf or in milk, under three years old. — Prize,
£6, T. Fenn.

Heifer under two years old. — First prize, £4 lOs., P.
Turner.

Heifer-calf above six months and under one year old. — F^rst
prize, £3, H. N. Edwards ; second, £1 10s., H. N. Edwards.
Reserved : E. J. Morris.

For the best pure-bred Hereford in the yard. — Challenge
cup, value 25 gs., T. Thomas.

dairy cows.
Three dairy cows in milk. — First prize, £20, J, Stratton ;
second, £10, Earl Beauchamp. Reserve : J. Bickford,
Moseley Hall, Bushbury.

CHANNEL ISLANDS CATTLE.

Bull of any age. — Prize, £i, Rev. C. W. Grove, the Mythe.
Reserve: N. N. Dyer, Bredon.

Cow or heifer in calf or in milk. — First prize, £4, Healing
and Sons, Tewkesbury ; second, £2, N. N. Dyer, Bredon.
Reserve : C. Andrew, Ham Court. Commended : S. J. Mar-
tin, Upton-on- Severn.

BREEDING SHEEP.

LONG-WOOL.

Yearling ram. — First prize, £7, R. Swanwick, Royal Agri-
cultural College Farm, Cirencester ; second, £3, R. Swan-
wick. Reserve : J. Gillett, Tangley, Chipping Norton.

Ram of any other age. — First prize, £7, R. Swanwick ;
second, £3, J. Wheeler, Long Compton. Reserve : H. E.
Raynbird, Basingstoke. Highly commended : R. Swan-
wick.

F'ive yearling ewes. — I'irst prize, £8, R. Swanwick ; second
£4, T. Thomas.

SHORT-WOOLS.

Yearling ram. — First prize, £7, H. S. Waller, Farmington ;
second, £3, Sir W. Throckmorton, Buckland. Reserved: H.
S. Waller.

Ram of any other age. — First prize, £7, Sir AV. Throck-
morton ; second, £3, H. S. Waller.

Five yearling ewes. — F'irst prize, £8, Sir W. Throckmorton
second, £4, H. S. Waller.

OXFORDSHIRE DOWNS.

Yearling ram.— First prize, £7, G. Wallis, Old Shifford ;
second, £3, G. Wallis. Reserved : C. Hobbs, Maisey-
hainpton.

Ram of any other age. — First prize, £7, G. Wallis ; second,
£3, G. Wallis.

Five yearling ewes. — First prize, £8, G. Wallis; second, £4,
W. T. fiorniblow. Ripple.

SHROPSHIRE DOWNS.

Yearling rara — First prize, £7, Mrs. Beach, Brewood ;
second, £3, J. Pulley, Hereford. Reserved : J. H. B. Lutley,
Brockhampton.

Ram of any other age.— First prize, £7, W. Baker, Ather-
stone ; second, £3, W. Baker.

Five yearling ewes. — First prize, £8, Mrs. Beach ; second,
£4, J, Pulley. Reserved and commended : W. Baker.
PIGS.

UNDER A YEAR OLD.

Boar of the Berkshire breed. — First prize, £5, R. Swan-
wick ; second, £2, W. Hewer, Sevenhampton. Reserved and
highly commended : A. Stewart, Gloucester.

Boar of any other breed.— First prize, £o, J. Dove,
Bristol ; second, £2, M. Walker, Burton-on-Trent. Re-
served : J. Dove.

Sow of the Berkshire breed. — First prize, £4, A. Stewart,
Gloucester ; second, £2, R. Swanwick. Highly commended:
R. Swanwick.

Sow of any other breed. — First prize, £4, M. Walker ;
second, £2, J. Dove. Reserved and commended : M.
Walker.

OVER A YEAR OLD.

Boar of the Berkshire breed. — First prize, £5, W. Hewer,
Highworth ; second, £2, R. Swanwick. Reserved and highly
commended : W. Hewer. Highly commended : H. Humfrey.
Commended : H. Humfrey and A. Stewart.

Boar of any other breed. — Prize, £5, J. Dove. Reserved :
J. Wheeler

Sow of the Berkshire breed. — Prize, £4, A. Stewart ;
second, £2, R. Swanwick. Reserved and highly commended :
H. Humfrey. Commended: H. Humfrey and R. Swanwick.

Sow of any other breed. — First prize, £4, J. Wheeler;
second, £2, J. Dove.

Three sow pigs of the same litter, under nine months old.
— First prize, £5, A. Stewart ; second, £2 10s., R. Swanwick.
Reserved and highly commended : H. Humfrey. Commended:
J . Wheeler.

Sow and pigs (not less than six), her own produce, the
pigs under twelve weeks old. — First prize, £5, A. Stewart;
second, £2 10s., R. Swanwick. Reserved and highly com-
mended: J. Wlieeler.

216

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

HORSES.

Stallion for agricultural purposes, above two years old. —
First prize, £20, J. Yeomaus, Wolverhampton ; second, £10,
S. Davis, Pershore. Reserved: W. Wynn, Alcester.

Mare and foal, her own offspring, for agricultural purposes.
— First prize, £10, W. Friday; second, £5, R. Cochrane,
Naunton. Reserved : I. James.

Gelding or filly for agricultural purposes, above two aud
undec three years old. — First prize, £10, H. Reynolds, Daunt-
sey; second, £5, S.Davis, Woolashill. Reserved: W.Baker.
Commended : E. Passey.

Gelding or filly for agricultural purposes, under t«vo years
old. — First prize, £8, withheld; second, £4', S. Davis.

Stallion calculated to get hunters or hacks. — First prize,
£25, Earl of Coventry; second, £10, M. Biddulph, M.P.
Reserved: Major J.Ballard.

Mare calculated to breed hunters, with her foal at foot, by
a thoroughbred horse. — First prize, £10, C. Andrew, Upton-
on-Severn ; second, £5, H. Carter, Almondsbury.

Hunting mare or gelding of any age. — First prize, £20, T.
H. Asliton, Temple Laugherne ; second, £10, F. P. Jones,
Cheltenham. Reserved : T. Cook, Taddington.

Hunting mare or gelding under five years old. — First prize,
£15, W. Smith, Queenhill ; second, £6, T. H. Ashton. Re-
served: T. W. Brain. The class highly commended.

Hackaey, equal to carry 15 stone, not exceeding 15 hands
high.— First prize, £10, withheld ; second, £5, W. JNicks,
Gloucester.

Hackney, equal to carry 12 stone, not exceeding 15 hands
liigh. — First prize, £10, Major Quentin ; second, £5 5s., C.
A. Jacobs, Clifton. Reserved: A. Perret.

Pony, above 12 and not exceeding 13 hands high. — First
prize, £7, C. A. Jacobs ; second, £4, C. Allen, Cirencester.
Reserved : J. Bennett, Berkeley.

Pony, not exceeding 12 hands, to be ridden in the ring by
boys. — First prize, £5 5s., C. A. Jacobs ; second, £3, F. B.
Jones, Cheltenham.

Ladies' hack, to be ridden by ladies, exceeding 15 hands
high.— Prize, £5, C. A. Jacobs.

Harness horse, to be driven in harness round the ring. —
Prize, £5, withheld.

CHEESE.

Hundredweight of thick cheese, not more than three
cheeses to the hundred weight, made from land in his own
occupation. — First prize, £5, S. M. Harding, Almondsbury ;
second, £2 10s., J. Smith, Nupdown. Highly commended :
S. M. Harding. Commended : H. Reynolds.

Hundredweight of double cheese, not more than six nor
less than four cheeses to the hundredweight, made from land
in his own occupation. — First prize, £5, C. Harris, Berkeley ;
second, £2 10s., T. Witchell, Nympsfield. Highly com-
mended : J. Smith. Commended : H. Reynolds.

Hundredweiglit of thin cheese, made from land in his own
occupation, in the county of Gloucester. — First prize, £5, J.
Smith, Thorubury ; second, £2 10s., E. Wilkins, Bourton-on-
the-Water. Highly commended : C. Hadley. Commended :
W. Harris.

At the dinner, Mr. J. R. Yorke, M.P., said : Y'ou may ask
"What has been done this session for agriculturists ?" I am
afraid I cannot say we have done very much ; but then you
must consider the circumstances under which the present
Government came into office. They were called upon to pro-
pose their measures with very little time for deliberation;
they were surrounded by claimants of every description, some
reasonable and others unreasonable ; and I am sure that in a
session in which the ladiesthemselves have clamoured in vain for
admission to the franchise the farmers of England will not be so
ungallant as to regret that they were not preferred before the
ladies. We have at any rate done something for the farmers
this session — we have made an onward step in the matter of
the relief of the grievances of the local taxpayers. Tiie tax
upon horses has been taken off, which in some cases will prove
a considerable relief to the farmers, though they were not com-
pelled even heretofore to pay for the beasts they used for their
own purposes. I hope that in the next session we shall be
able to give you a better account of our proceedings. There
are, however, one or two matters on which I may congratulate
you. In the first place we have a better prospect of a good

wheat crop than we have had for several years past ; and ia
the next place news has lately reached us of what I hope will
prove to be the final settlement of the agricultural labourers'
dispute in the Eastern Counties. It is owing to the un-
daunted courage and perseverance of the farmers in those
counties that that dispute has been brought to a final
termination. I can only express a hope that the farmers
will be as moderate in their victory as they have been
determined in the fight, and that they will recollect that
the men who have been counselled to take a course which in
the end has proved so disastrous to them, are kindly, honest,
and simple folk, who have been misled by the men who have
deluded them for their own purposes. Now the battle is over
I trust that both parties will shake hands, and go on in the
future as good friends as they have been in the past.

Sir E. H. Leciimeke, the President, expressed a hope, with
regard to the over-fatted pigs, that the Royal Agricultu ral
Society, or one of the local societies, would some day devise a
means by which they might have some standard in accordance
with which such animals as pigs should be sent for exhibition,
instead of their being exhibited as at present in a frightful
state of obesity. He suggested the desirability of three such
societies as the Hereford, the Worcester, and the Gloucester
Agricultural Associations sometimes holding a united meeting.

Mr. E. BowLY said : I hope this labour question is now
settled. There is one thing whicli Mr. Arch and some of his
people have been trumpeting about the country which I must
deny. They say that if the land were divided into four-acre
pieces we should be in a much better state than at present.
I can only tell you that if you come to four-acre pieces you
will be starved ; everybody knows that who knows anything
they are talking about ; but these labourers, and a parcel of
shopkeepers, shoemakers, and tailors, who go spouting about
the country don't know any better. Let any practical man
come to me, and I will take him a drive of fifty miles and show
him that the largest farms are the best cultivated and produce
the best crops (Shouts of " No, no," from outside the tent,
and " Quite right," from within). Come up to me and I wi'l
show you ; it is a parcel of liumbug to tell me differently. It
was tried by Fergus O'Connor years ago, and he brought ruin
on every parish in which he tried it.

A CAUTION TO BUYERS.— A case has been in depen-
deuce for some time before Sheriff Shirreff, which may prove
useful as a hint to farmers to exercise as much caution as pos-
sible in their transactions at cattle markets. At last JIa|low-
Fair, Mr. Johnston, Letham Mains, accompanied by one of
his sons and Mr. Cameron, a son-in-law, were in the marKCt
looking after cattle. While there they were accosted by Aaron
Sisson, a reputed cattle dealer, who showed them a lot of
stirks, ten of which Mr. Johnston purchased for £95, £50
being at once paid in cash, and credit being given for th*
remainder. Some time afterwards, Sisson met Andrew, another
son of Mr. Johnston's, and asked him for a bill for the remain-
der of the price of the cattle, which, on application to Mr.
Cameron, was granted, and cashed by Sisson, Mr. Cameron
duly meeting it at maturity. So far, to all appearance, the
transaction seemed closed ; but Mr. Johnston, after the bill
had been granted, was applied to by Messrs. Robert and Davjd
Campbell, farmers and cattle dealers, Whitehaugh, Roxburgh-
shire, for payment of the balance of the price of the cattle,
founding their claim on the fact that the cattle sold were not
the property of Sisson, but belonged to them at the time of
the sale, and that Wr. Johnston, when he bought them, was
aware of the real ownership. The claim resulted in an appli-
cation to the Sheriff, who took a long proof in the case, and
heard a good deal of evidence on both eides. The other day
he issued his interlocutor, in which, after narrating the facts
as they came out in the evidence, he finds that th.e balance of
proof is in favour of the defender, aud that the pursuers have
failed to prove that at the time of the sale Mr. Johnston was
warned by them that the cattle belonged to them, and not to
Sisson. He therefore leaves the pursuers to find their remedy
against Sisson, who on his side asserts that he was part owner
of the cattle, and assoilzies Mr. Johnston from the conclusion
of the summons with expenses.

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

217

MALTON AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PRIZELIST.
JUDGES— Hunters and Hacks : 11. Botterill, WauJby

Btough ; J. Hall, Sedgfield, Durham ; J. Holliday, Barm-

ston, BiirlingtoD. CoACin:NCi and Agricultural: S.

Robson, Deigliton, Wetherby ; J. Stephenson, Wlieldrake,

York ; W. Stephenson, Cottingbam, Hull. Cattle,

Sheep, and Pigs ; T. Dodds, Wakefield; W. Brown,

Holrae-ou-Spalding Moor ; B. Tophara, Bainton, Driffield.

Impleme:!^ts : W. Smith, Mowthorpe ; R. EUerby, Saltou.
HORSES.

Hunting colt foal. — First prize. Miss Starkey, Ilutton ;
second, W. Muzcen, South Holme.

Hunting filly foal.— First prize, W= Muzecn ; second, H.
Watson, Filey.

Coacbing colt or filly foal. — First prize, J. Wood, Gilling ;
second, J. Reader, Hohue-on-Spaldiiig Moor.

Roadster colt or filly foal. — First prize, J . Hickson, Swiuton ;
second, W. Harrison, Slingsby.

Agricultural colt foal. — First prize, T.Scoby, RookBarugh ;
second, W. Tenuant, Selby. Commended : F. C. Lett,
Leavening.

Agricultural filly foal. — First prize, G. Olliver, OldMalton ;
second, J. Elsworth, Yedingham.

Yearly hunting gelding. — First prize, AV. Muzeeu ; second,
J. Inman, Boroughbridge.

Yearling hunting filly. — First yrize, R. Barker, Malton ;
second, H. Bleasby, Carlisle.

Yearling coaching gelding or filly. — First prize, J. Hodden,
Langton , second, W. Welburn, Whitby.

Yearling roadster gelding or filly. — First prize, W. Harrison ;
second, R. Yates, Malton.

Yearling agricultural gelding or filly. — First prize, T.
Scoby ; second, H. .Brown, Strensall.

TWO-YEAR-OLDS.

Hunting gelding. — First prize, J. Sedman, Pickering ;
second. Sir G. Cholmley, Howsham. Commended: L.
Parker, Thorpebassett.

Hunting filly. — First prize, S. B. Robson, Ganton ; second,
W. Halton, Oswaldkirk.

Coaching gelding or filly. — First prize, J. White, Easing-
wold ; second, W. Peacock, Bulmer. Commended : J. Miles,
West Heslerton.

Roadster gelding or filly. — First prize, J. Campion, Thorpe-
basset ; second, L. Parker.

Agricultural gelding or filly. — First prize, W. Preston,
Burythorpe ; second, G. Harrison, Ne\vton-on-Derwent.
Commended : J. Stillborn, Uutton.

three-tear-olbs.

Hunting gelding. — First prize, J. P. Croraptou, Burton
Agnes ; second, S. B. Robson, Ganton. Higlily commended :
H. Watson, Filey.

Hunting filly. — First prize, II. Brigbam, Settrington ;
second, J. Lett, Scampston.

Coaching gelding or filly. — First prize, G. Leefe, Fryton ;
second, T. Stamper, Nunnington.

Agricultural gelding or filly. — First prize, J. Cussons,
Oswaldkirk ; second, W. Duggleby, Duggleby, Commended :
W. Duggleby.

BROOD MARES.

Mare, with foal at foot, for hunting purposes. — First prize,
II. Watson ; second, J. T. Robinson, Helperby. Highly
commended : W. Muzeen.

Mare, with foal at foot, for agricultural purposes. — First
prize, T. H. Hutchinson, Catterick ; second, W. Tennant.

Mare, with foal at foot, for coaching purposes. — First prize,
J. Reader; second, J. Wood.

PONIES.

Pony not exceeding l-i hands. — First prize, W. H. Black-
man, Howden ; second, T. Mitchell, Bradford. Highly com-
mended : H. Smithson. Malton.

Pony not exceeding 13 hands. — I'irst prize, J. Robson, Old
Malton; second. Rev. R. J. Cooper, Whitby. The class
generally commended.

Four-year-old hunting gelding or filly. — First prize, R.
Holtby, Driffield ; second, R. EUerby, Salton.

" Five-year-old hunting gelding or filly. — First prize, F. P.
Newton, Norton ; second, W. Johnson, Norton. For
jumping : First prize, T. Robson, Thornton Marshes; second,
J. Burnett, Langton.

Lady's hack. — First prize, J. Welburn, Scackleton Grange ;
second, R. Barker, Malton.

Geutlemau's hack. — First prize, W. H. Crauswick, Buiton
Agnes ; second, C. Rose, Malton.

Pair of agricultural horses, mares, or geldings, that have
been regularly worked by a tenant-farmer, and used exclusively
for farmiug purposes.— First prize, T. EUerby, Whitwell ;
second, W. Tennant.

Horse or mare of any age, that has been regularly used for
carting purposes in the borough of Maltou. — First prize, W.
and J. Metcalle, Maltou ; second, W. and G. Lovel, Norton.

Gelding or mare for singU; harness, to be driven on the
ground. — First prize, T. G. Mallory, Great Habton ; second
C. Rose, Malton. Highly commended : W. Muzeen.
Special Prizes.
Foal, colt, or filly, by Black Douglas, — First prize, G.
Olliver, Old Malton ; second, W. Thorpe, Scagglethorpe.
Commended : J. llickes, Scaggletliorpe.

Foal, colt, or filly, by George Osbaldeston. — First and second
prizes, W. Muzeen.

Foal, colt, or filiy, by Dear Tom. — First prize, Miss Starkey ;
second, J. Hickson, Swinton.

Foal, colt, or filly, by Dalby. — First prize, W. Boyes,
Slingnby ; second, W. Smith, High Mowthorpe. Commended :
E. Woodward, Welburn.

Foal, colt, or filly, by Blooming Heather or WeUington.—
First prize, F. C. Lett ; second, W. Bradshaw, Amotherby.

Three-year-old agricultural gelding or filly. — Prize, silver
cup, J. Headley, Catterick. Highly commended : J. Smith,
Helperby.

CATTLE.
Bull, over one and under two years old. — First prize, C.
and J. Smith, Westerdale ; second, C. Leonard, Sledmere.
Higlily commended : Rev. AV. B. Prest, Ampleforth College.

Bull, under twelve months old. — First prize, W. Smith,
High Mowthorpe ; second, T. Stamper, Nunnington.

Cow, in calf or milk. — First prize, T. H. Hutchison, Cat-
terick ; second, executors of F.Jordan, Driffield. Highly com-
mended : T. Stamper. Commended : J. Snarry, York.

Heifer, over two and under tbree years. — First prize, T. H.
Hutchinson (objected to) ; second, T. Strickland, Thirsk.
Highly commended : C. and J. Smith, Yarra.

Heifer, over one and under two years old. — First prize, T.
H. Hutchinson ; second, T. Strickland. Highly commended :
J. Corner, Slingsby. (First prize objected to on account of
having won prize at the Royal or Yorkshire Sliow.)

Heifer, under twelve months. — First prize, W. Smith, High
Mowthorpe ; second, J. Corner.

Beast of any age or breed. — First prize, J. Key, Musley
Bank ; second, J. Fenwick, Swinton.

Cottager's cow. — -Prize, J. Walker, Coneysthorpe.
Bull of any age. — First prize, G. Jackson, East Ayton,
York ; second, executors of F. Jordan. Highly commended:
I. Garbutt, Farudale.

Cow for dairy purposes. — First prize, J. Borton, Barton-le-
Street ; second, F. Coates, Little Habton. Highly commended :
J. Russell and Sons, Maltou.

Best female animal in the yard. — Prize, T. H. Hutchinson.

SHEEP.
Aged ram. — First prize, T. H. Hutchinson; second, W.
Coverdale, Helmsley (Leicester).

SliearUng ram. — First and second prizes, T. H. Hutchinson.
Tup lamb. — Second prize, W. Coulson, Gatherley, Castle
Howard.

Five ginimer shearlings. — First prize, executors of F. Jordan ;
second, T. H. Hutchinson. Highly commended: R. Tar-
bottom, Cawton.

Five giramer lambs. — First prize, A. Robson, Howe Bridge ;
second, F. Coates.

Five wether Iambs, — First prize, II. Robson ; second, F.
Coates.

218

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

EsTR\ Stock. — Eirst prize, W. Coulsou ; second, G.
Wright, Broughton.

Five ewes that have suckled lambs up to the 1st July. — i
First prize, cup, W. S. Lovel, Kuaptou ; secoad, T. H.
Hutchinson. Highly coiuinended : W. Coverdale, Lund
Court.

Three shearling rams. — First prize, piece of plate, T. H.
Hutchinson ; second, W. Kendall, East Ness. Highly com-
mended : W. Coverdale.

Best pen in classes 51, 53, and 53. — Prize, pieje of plate,
executors of F. Jordan.

PIGS.

Sow, middle breed. — First prize, H. BlancharJ, Malton ;
second, Major Worsley, Uovinghara ; extra, — Graham,
Leeds.

Boar, middle breed. — First prize, W, Lister, Armley, Leeds ;
second, G. Sedgwick, York.

Sow, small breed. — First prize, W. Lister ; second, G.
Sedgwick.

Boar, small breed. — First prize, — Graham ; second, G.
Sedgwick.

Three store pigs. — First prize, R. Smeetou, Mennithorpe ;
second, T. Strickland, Thirsk Junction.

Cottager's pig, rent under £12 per year. — First prize, —
Graham ; second and third, E. Lawson, Elswell ; fourth, I.
Dobson, Swinton.

IMPLEMENTS.

Corn hoe. — First prize, H. Bushell, York (Priest and Wool-
noui^irs K.A..S. prize horse-hoe) ; second, R. Yates, Malton.

Dijg-cart or Whitechapel. — First prize, Pickering and Co.,
Beverley ; second, F. Houlgate and Co., Scarborough.

Swing-gate. — First prize, H. Bushell; second. Read,
Malton.

Blacksmith, shoeing horses for riding. — First prize, J.
Yorke, Malton ; second, J. Waller, Malton.

Stand of implements. — First prize, R. Yates ; second, T.
Read.

Single-horse waggonette. — Prize, Pickering and Co.

THE DORCHESTER AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
MEETING AT DORCHESTER.

PRIZE LIST.
JUDGES. — Cattle a2s'd Horses : J. Ford Rushton ; J.
Coate, Hammoon ; Walter Farthing, Bridgwater. Sheep :
E. Cave, Aimer, Blandford : Culvervvell, North Petherton,
Bridgwater ; and G. Tett, Chesilborne.

CATTLE.

Bull under two years. — Prize, £3, J. A. Smith, Bradford
Peverell.

Three heifers, under two years old, — Prize, £5, J. A.
Smith.

Bull, above two years old. — Prize, £5, C. Davy, Horn Park,
Beaminster. Highly commended : S. Bennett, Wareham.

Three dairy cows, under seven years old. — Prize, £5, J. A.
Smith.

Three heifers under three years old. — Prize, £3, J. A.
Smith.

SHEEP.

Dorset ram.— Prize £3, A. J. Pitfield, Eype.

Southdown ram. — Prize, £2, G. W. Homer, Athalhamp-
tou.

Short-woolled ram, otherwise than horned or Southdown. —
Prize, £2, and highly commended, T. C. Saunders, Water-
combe.

One-year Dorset ram. — Prize, £3, A. J. Pitfield.

One-year Southdown ram. — Prize, £3, G. VV. Homer.

One-year old short-woolled ram, otherwise than horned or
Southdown. — Prize, £3, T. C. Saunders.

Pair of Dorset ram lambs. — Prize, £1, A. J. Pitfield.

Pair of Southdown ram lambs. — Prize, £1, G. W. Homer.

Pair of short-woolled ram lambs, otherwise than horned or
Southdown.— Prize, £1, G. W. Homer.

Horn stock ewes (100) under two years old. — Prize, £5, W"
S. Hull, Druce.

Twenty Southdown full-mouthed ewes. — Prize, £5, Harding,
Watersou.

Twenty short-woolled ewes, otherwise than horned or
Southdown, under two years old. — Prize, £5, T. C. Saunders.

Down stock ewes (100), under two years old. — Prize £5, B.
Baunton, West Knighton.

Twenty Dorset full-mouthed ewes. — Prize, £5, A. J. Pit-
field.

Twenty Dorset ewes, under two years old. — Prize, £5, A. J
Pitfield.

Twenty short-woolled full-mouthed ewes, otherwise than
horned or Southdown. — Prize, £5, G. Wood Homer.

Twenty Soutlidown ewes, under two years old. — Prize, £5,
E. Baunton, West Knighton.

Twenty chilver lambs. — Prize, £5, J. H. Saunders, Forston.
PIGS.

Boar. — Prize, £5, H. W. Hawkins, Martinstown.

Three breeding sows. — Prize, £5, J. A. Smith. Highly
commended : T. VValden, Came.

HORSES.

Pair of cart horses, not exceeding five yearsof age.— Prize,
£5, T. Chick, Stratton.

Cart stallion.— Prize, £5, T. Chick.

Hackney colt or filly, under four years old. — Prize, £5,
Chamen, Charminster. Highly commended : Mr. Hooper,
Turner's Puddle.

Cart, colt or filly, under three years olJ. — Prize, £5, J. H.
Saunders, Forston. Highly commended : J.A.Smith.

Cart mare and foal, — Prize, £5, J. Chick, East Compton.
Highly commended : T. A. Homer, Tolpuddle.

THE BRIDLINGTON AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The entries were more numerous than at any previous
show of the Society : sheep 34, cattle 23, horses 205,
pigs 30. The sheep included shearlings from Mr.
Hutchinson's flock at Catterick, and many from farms
in this district, and Mr. Hutchinson was also a large ex-
hibitor of Shorthorns. Sir Talbot Constable, was another
successful exhibitor of stock bred on his own estate.
The principal award for aged Shorthorns, however, went
to Knight of the Vale. The huuters included among
their number the majority of prize-takers. King of Dia-
monds, Palmerston, Rover, and some 16 others being
entered for the silver cup for the best hunter.

PRIZE LIST.
JUDGES. — Sheep, Cattle, Pigs, and Agriculturai,
Horses : J. Simpson, Staveley, Tibthorpe, Driffield ; W.
Brown, Holme-on-Spalding-Moor ; T. Barber, Sproatley
Rise, Hull. Hunting, Roadster, and Coaching Horses :
T. EUerby, Whitwell, York ; J. T. Robinson, Leckby
Palace, Thirsk ; T. Robinson, Nuthill, Hedon.

SHEEP.

Shearling ram adapted for the district. — First prize, S.
Tatham and C. T. Leake, Brough ; second, J. J. Simpson,
Hunmanby.

Pen of three shearling rams adapted for the district. — First
prize, T. H. Hutchinson, Catterick ; second, J. J. Simpson.

Pen of five shearling gimraers. — First prize, T. H. Hutch-
son ; second, R. Tarbotton, Cauton Gilling.

The FARMER'S MAGA2INE.

219

Ten wether lambs. — First prize, J. and C. Nesfield, Buckton ;
second, E. A. Hay, Buckton.

Ten gimmer iambs. — First prize, E. H. Bowser, Reighton ;
second, J. J. Simpson.

Extra Stock.— Ten gimmer lambs: First prize, £. H.
Bowser; second, J. J. Simpson.

SHORTHORNS.

Two years old or aged bull — First prize, G. Jackson, Ayton ;
second, G. Harrison, Newton-on-Derwent.

Yearling bull. — First prize. Sir T. C. Constable, Hull ;
second, J. T. Robinson, Driffield.

Bull-calf under twelve months old. — Prize, Sir T. C. Con-
stable.

Cow in calf or in milk. — First and second prizes, T. H.
Hutchinson.

Two years old heifer. — First prize, T. H. Hutchinson ;
second, F. Strickland, Thirsk.

Yearling heifer. — First prize, T. H. Hutchinson ; second,
F. Strickland.

Fat ox, cow, or heiler of any age. — Prize, T. Crorapton,
Lowthorpe.

HORSES.

Hunting mare and foal. — First prize, H. Watson, Filey;
second. Sir G. Cholmley, Bart., Boynton Hall.

Three years old hunting gelding. — First prize, J. P. Cromp-
ton, Bridlington ; second, S. B. Robson, York.

Two years old hunting gelding or filly. — First prize, H.
Watson, Newbegin, Filey; second, J. J. D. Jefferson, Thicket
Priory, York.

One-year-old hunting gelding or filly. — First prize, Sir G.
Cholmley, Boynton Hall ; second, W. Hall, North Burton,
York.

Coaching mare and foal. — First prize, J. Reader, Holme on
Spalding Moor, York ; second, J. Train, Anlaby, Hull.

Three years old coaching gelding. — First and second prizes,
J. Johnson, Brigham, Drittield.

Three years old coaching filly. — Prize, J. Kirby, Burton
Fields, Stamford Bridge.

Mare or gelding for agricultural purposes. — Eirst prize,
cup, W. H. Crauswick, Thorpholme ; second, W. Stephenson,
Cottingham.

Hackney mare and foal. — First prize, Mrs. Cook, Huggate,
Pocklington ; second, Mr. Agnello, Kirby, Market Weighton.

Three years old hackney gelding or filly. — First prize, W.
Stephenson ; second, J. Major, York.

Two years (U hackney gelding or filly. — First prize, J.
Wilde, Holme, York; second, J. Taylor, jun., Burton Agnes.

Mare or gelding for agricultural purposes. — First prize, cup,
W. Tennant, Barlow, Selby ; second, VV. Tennant.

Mare and foal for agricultural purposes. — First prize, R.
Wise, Bridlington ; second, Mrs. WoodcgcV, Flaiubro' Head
Farm.

Three years old agricultural gelding or filly. — First prize,
T. Hornby, Wausford ; second, J. Sawden, Bessingby.

Two years old agricultural gelding or filly. — First prize, G.
Everiughani, Brough ; second, E. Nesfield, Scarbro'.

Nag or mare pony, not exceeding 14 hands high. — First
prize, cup, J. W. Jordan, North Burton; second, J. Scott,
South Cliff, Brough.

Nag or mire pony, not exceeding 13 hands high. — First
prize, C. B. Hudson, Harpham ; second, A. Blanshard, Whit-
ton Brigg.

Hunting stallion. — First prize, W. H. Simpson, Market
Weighton ; second, H. Trowell, Preston, Hull.

Roadster stallion. — First prize, G. and D. Bourdas, Brid-
lington ; second, R. Cowton, Kelk, Lowthorpe.

Coaching stallion. — First prize, R. Harper, Risby, Beverley ;
second, J. Sherbourne, High Calton, York.

Stallion fJV agricultural purposes. — First prize; W. Robson,
Old Malton ; second, J. Johnson, Bempton.

SPE(JI.4.L PRIZES.

Hunting mare or gelding, any age. — First prize, cup, H.
Jewison, Raisthorpe, York (Palmerston) ; second, T. Darrell,
Spicker's-hill, West Ayton, York. Highly commended : J.
P. Cormpton, Thornhole, Bridlington.

Hunting mare or gelding, four years old. — Prize, cup, T.
Darrell.

Best jumper of any description. — First prize, cup, W. W.
Lovel, Nafi'erton Grange, Driffield ; second, J. P. Crorapton.

Lady's hack that has not won a prize. — Prize, 2 gs., W.
Simpson, Bridlington.

PIGS.

Boar, large breed. — First prize, W. Lister, Armley, Leeds ;
second, G. Chapman, Searaer, Scarborough.

Sow or gilt, large breed. — F'irst prize, Mr. Graham, Leeds ;
second, W. Lister.

Boar, middle breed. — First prize, Mr. Graham ; second, G.
Chapman.

Sow or gilt, middle breed. — First prize, W. Lister ; second
H. Blanshard, Malton.

THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND.
MEETING AT INVERNESS.

It must be a matter of wonder to the older Highland
Chiefs and the members of their clans, of whom there
are here some grand specimens dressed in their picturesque
costume, to see in this their Highland capital, 200 miles
north of Edinburgh, such an exhibition of implements and
stock as is now shown brought together. The first Agri-
cultural Show which was held at Inverness was in 1831, at
which time the total stock shown was 428, implements 4,
premiums offered £318 ; whilst now the total stock is
1,597, implements 1,000, premiums £3,030 : such has
been the effect upon the Highland Society of the progress
of enterprise and civilisation — aided, doubtless, most
materially by the indefatigable exertions of the Society's
past and present secretaries, who, with a small private
staff of assistants, appear to bear or have borne upon
their shoulders the whole management.

A great number of the implements were despatched by
the exhibitors early in last week, and many of the cattle
arrived on Saturday night ; and thus, notwithstand-
ing the limited facilities afforded by a single line of rail-
way, and a little grumbling on the part of passengers,
when the judges entered the yard on Tuesday everything
appeared orderly and in its place. After a short com-
mittee-meeting, the judges were handed over to the care of
attending members, policemen, and an army of men with

ropes; and so despatched to their dutiesin a most methodical
and characteristic manner. In the midst of their labours
occurred a thunderstorm of almost tropical violence ; the
rain fell in torrents ; the field being flat, was almost
flooded; and directors, attending members, and judges
might be seen clambering about from hurdle to hurdle in
a most undignified manner, to escape the pools of water
which threatened to swallow them up. The roof of the
Grand Stand was struck with lightning, and then blown
clean off by the wind ; happily, without damage to man
or beast.

The Shorthorn classes were well represented, and
although there were several blank stalls amongst the aged
bulls, yet that class cannot be said to have been badly
represented, when two such bulls as Lord Irwin and the
Duke of Aosta were in it. As might have been expected
when two such champions met, each one had its admirers
and friends ; and we suspect that the judges themselves
were somewhat divided in opinion as to which they
should put first. We rather fancied the younger one, for
he has beautiful quality, straight back, well-sprung
ribs, and good flanks ; whilst the old one is a little in-
clined to be gutty, and therefore, too, does not look so
good in the llauk ; still, he is a great animal. Mr.
Linton's two-year-old is a good quality beast, but what we

220

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

thought the most promising bull iu the Show was Mr.
Browne's (of ChathUl) yearling bull-calf Rosario, by Duke
of Aosta. He is quite worthy of his sire, and, if lucky,
will soon equal if not excel him. He is a trifle coarse iu
his horn, but will improve of that.

In the old cow class Her Majesty shows a very good-
looking auimal — Coldcream 4th ; but slie was not noticed
by the judges ; and Mr. R. Bruce took first prize with a
very pretty little cow — good quality aud back. Mr.
Lawrence's eutry is a liue, long, guod-coated beast,
aud one not easy to beat in a competition. Her Majesty's
first prize heifer is " little and good ;" whilst
Mr. Cran, a local breeder, does credit to his county by
bringing forward Nectar in this class, and bearing oflf third
prize. jNIr. ]\Iarr shows a very beautiful heifer-calf, aud
the Duke of Richmond brings out a very nice couple.
Indeed, the Shorthorns on this side of the Border are
very good, and England will have to "look to herself;"
for the Scotch have in their Shorthorns, not only size and
quality, but also constitution, from the healthy manner iu
which they keep their stock.

Thus, on our road here, we stayed at Fisher's Hotel,
Pitlochrie (well-known to tourists), aud hearing Mr.
Fisher had been a breeder of Shorthorns for twenty
years, we asked him to show them to us. After a walk
of about a mile, we arrived at a field of clover on a
mountain-side, really divided only by a wall from the
hill pasture of heather and woods. Here, to our astonish-
ment, we found a splendid herd of Shorthorn cows and
calves grazing, of pure Booth and Knightley blood, look-
ing iu good bloom and condition. And Mr. Fisher assured
us that they had uo artificial food, but ouly what they
could pick up for themselves ; adding that he had made
up his mind to sell off the whole herd in October. We
could not help thinking that those who want quality,
size, and constitution should attend the sale.

One great feature in this show is the splendid class of
Polled Angus : as we were told it was the best display ever
seen. They have size and quality, and are also said to
have good feeding and milking qualities — are hardy and
appear to come early to maturity. The friends of the
Galloway cattle, however, claim for them superiority in
hardihood, milking, and feeding properties ; but they
appear to us to be coarser in quality and hair, and alto-
gether not such '■' taking" animals. The first beast in
the class was an old bull, which had wou first prize at
Kelso iu 1872, a very large, long auimal, but not in show
condition, probably because in this class, as also in other
classes, the bull and cow which have taken the Society's
prize at a previous show appear to be brought up at the
ensuing show to receive a gold medal without com-
petition.

The Duke of Buccleueh bore off most of the prizes in
the Galloway and Ayrshire classes, there not being a
great show of Galloways. The Ayrshire entries were not
large, but very eood. The first-prize old bull is a fine
beast, with capital quarters, but a llittle want of rib.
Amongst the cows iu milk cases were discovered in
which their udders and teats had been " doctored" before
entering the show-yard, for the purpose of improving
their appearance. We are sure, in some cases, that the
owners had not lent themselves to such a proceeding, and
that the directors need only promulgate their views on
the matter to exhibitors, and the practice will be stopped,
especially if it were publicly notified that all cows would
be examined by competent judges on their eutry into the
show-yard. Perhaps the best cow of this class was the
Duke of Buccleuch's Modesty, though in point of size she
was distanced by the second-prize cow belonging to Mr.
Graham, of Paisley : to an Englishman's eye the latter
appeared the more useful animal to breed from; but she

is said to be almost too large for the pastures in the
West.

The Highlanders were grand beasts, and a large class,
Mr. John Stewart taking the gold medal for a magnifi-
cent black cow, seven years old. There appears to be
some difllculty in this class, on account of the animals'
wildness, in ascertaining their ages, and in making sure
that no animal is shown in a class to which it is not
entitled. The first-prize four-year-old fat ox, belonging
to Sir W. Gordon Gumming, is a perfect mountain of flesh.

The show of Clydesdales was quite up to the average,
especially when we remember that the breed has only of
late years penetrated so far north as Inverness. We
think Mr. Riddell's Never-Mind-Him a good horse, and
fairly entitled to the first prize ; but in the three-year-old
class we can scarcely coincide with the judges' decision.
Honest Sanday is a nice colt, but wants middle ; whilst
the second-prize horse is bigger and better in most of his
points. The mares in foal were a very good class ; and
amongst the two-year-olds Mr. Hurdle's filly was'quite
admirable. We thought Mr. Clarke's first-prize carriage
horse looked more like hunting than "machinery ;" while
Sir Dudley IMarjoribanks shows two nice harness horses,
two roadsters, and a very good pony under 14 hands. But
the chief sight of the day was a little roan pony under 12
hands, belonging to Miss Norton, Rannock Lodge — a
perfect picture, like a beautiful miniature coach-horse,
for which we understand the fortunate owner had £300 bid
at Islington. The hunters were not good, and the leaping
a failure.

The sheep at the show consisted chiefly of Cheviot,
Border Leicester, and Blackfaced or Mountain sheep; of
which three classes there was a good and large display. To
begin with the Cheviots, it struck us that no animal ap-
peared more capable of improvement by care and breeding
than this. One could scarcely suppose that some of
the prize animals here were of the same genus
as those one occasionally sees hawked about at
markets under the name of Cheviots. The first-prize
tup above one shear was a beautiful short-legged, good-
woolled auimal, full of mutton, really almost fit, as far as
shape went, to compete as a Southdown. The first-prize
shearling tup was a pretty sheep ; but evidently his owner,
Mr. Johnson, of Moffat, for some reason best known to
himself had not given sufficient time or pains to get him
into show condition, and we fancied the judges had shown
considerable discrimination in selecting this sheep for the
first prize. Amongst the blackfaced sections, Mr.
Archibald, of Overshiels, showed some grand sheep, such
as might produce first-class four-year-old wether mutton ;
and the Border Leicester was a good class. Mr. Thomas
Foster, Northumberland, carried off the first prize amongst
the tups above one shear with a fine large sheep, good
quality aud wool ; whilst among the shearling tups we
fancied Mr. Andrew Smith's sheep, who took the third
prize, and also thought that if Sir George Dunbar could
have brought up five gimmers as good as were four of his
lot, he might have had a chance of bearing off' the highest
honours instead of only third. Mr. Colman showed two
good tups in the Southdown class; if both first and
second-prize sheep wei'e somewhat deficient behind, and
the latter also iuclined to " tun to gut," whilst his ewes
were a very nice lot and of good character. We thought
Mr. Colman's shepherd entitled to great credit for the
way in which his sheep were got up. We observed in
the Shropshire tup class that the judges did not award a
first prize ; as we presume they considered Lord Strath-
more's sheep to which they awarded second prize did not
not come up to the mark with regard to his back
whilst possibly they considered the third prize sheep,
somewhat coarse and short, and doubtlessly he had large
slugs or horns. There was another very good three-shear

THE FARMEK'S MAGAZINE.

221

sheep of Lord Strathmore's in the yard, but he was not
qualified to compete, as he had won the Society's pri^e
last year. The Strathmore gimmers (first prize) were
good ; but in this class, and in several other sections, the
sheep's tails were cut otf so short that it is impossible to
kuow whether they would or not have had good docks.
Amongst the cross-bred hoggs, there were three very good
sheep exhibited by Mr. Sutherland, and got by a Shropshire
tup out of Cheviot-Leicester ewes.

The implement show was large, but with nothing very
worthy of noting for its novelty. There were Hughes'
patent laid-corn lifter, a very useful-looking implement,
invented by a Midland Counties tenant-farmer ; Hope's
improved stone-crusher, and the Sutherland plough, which
we hope, by his Grace's kind invitation to the directors
and judges, to see at work at Lairg. We understand the
Duke intends to bring into cultivation by means of this
plough one thousand acres a year at a cost of about £24
per acre, and it is supposed the rental value of the land
afterwards will average about £1 per acre. His Grace is
said to have 40,000 acres to work on.

The Inverness Show has certainly been a success in
one way if not in another. Up to Wednesday evening
the receipts were £600 short of those at Stirling last
year, at the same period of the show ; and yet Stirling
meeting entailed a loss. We caunot conclude this letter
without acknowledging the extreme kindness and courtesy
with which we have been treated by every member of the
Society with whom we have been brought in contact.

PRIZE LIST.

JUDGES.— Cattle— Shorthorns : J. Reid, Greystone, Al-
ford, Aberdeen ; J.Wood, Harewood Hill, Darlington : A.
Youne, Keir Mains, Dumblane. Polled Angus or Aberdeen :
The Hon. Charles Carnegie ; R. Hampton, Castle Fraser,
Aberdeen ; G. J. Walker, Portletlien, Aberdeen. Gallo-
ways: M. Clark, Culmain, Crocketford; VV. Routledge,
Elrig, Port William. Ayrshire : H. D. B. Hyslop, Tower,
Sanquhar ; H. Kirkwood, Killermont, Maryhill, Glasgow ;
D. Tweedie, Castle Crawford, Abin gton. Highland : D.
Fayer, Knowehead, Carapsie, J. M'Arthur, Accurach, luvn-
rary ; D. Stewart, Achalader, Tyndrum. Pat stock : M.
Elliot, flesher, Inverness ; J. Geddes, Orbliston, Pocliabers ;
A. Mitchell, Alloa. Horses — For agricultural purposes :
S. Clark, Manswrae, Kilbarchan ; J. Dove, Crosshall,
Coldstream ; L. Drew, Merryton, Hamilton. Hunters,
roadsters, and ponies : J. Hope, Duddingston, Edinburgh ;
N. Milne, Paldenside, Melrose ; A. Gillon, Wallhouse.
Sheip — Cheviot : G. Maccall, Burrance, Lockerbie ;
J. Miller, Downreay, Thurso; J. Scott, Delorain,
Selkirk. Blackfaced : [As for Highland cattle.]
Border, Leicester, and other longwoolled sheep ;
T. Ferguson, Kennocktay, Coupar Angus ; R. Hardie,
Harrietfield, Kelso ; T. Harris, Stoneylane, Bromsgrove.
Southdown, Shropshire, and other shortwoolled sheep :
R. Scot Skirving, Caraptown, Drem ; R. C. Yeoman,
Marske Hall, Marske, Yorkshire. Pigs : J. Gibson,
Woolmet, Dalkeith ; C. Small Keir, Kindrogan, Pit-,
lochrie ; P. B. Swiuton, Holyn Bank, Haddington.
Collie Dogs : Cluny Macpherson, Cluny Castle, Kingussie
J. Blake, Dunrobin Mains, Golspie. Implements — The
Society's inspecting committee : W. Hunter, Thurston ; D.
Stevenson, C.E. ; J. D. Park, Edinbnrgh ; Professor Wil-
son, Edinburgh ; J. Munro, Fairnington, Kelso ; T. Mylne,
Nyddrie Mains ; R. Wilson, Durn, Perth ; R. Hutchinson,
Carlo wrie, Kirkliston.

CATTLE.

SnORTHOIlXS.

Bulls calved before 1st January, 1872. — First prize, R.
Bruce, Newton of Stutbers, Forres ; second, A. H. Browne,
Doxford, Chathill, Northumberland ; third, W. Marr, Upper-
mill, Tarves ; fourth, W. Scott, Glendronach, Huntly.

Bulls calved alter 1st January, 1872. — First prize, W
Linton, Sheriff Hutton, York ; second, J. Fletcher, Rosehaugh
Avoch ; third, E. Baillie, Dochfour, Inverness.

Bulls calved after 1st January, 1873. — First prize, A. H-

Browne; second, J. Bruce. Burnside, Fochabers; third, E,
Baillie ; fourth, R. Scott, Manbean, Elgin.

First prize cows at former shows, exhibited for medium gold
medal (Stirliug, 1873), when the property of present exhibitors.
— A. H. Browne.

Cows of any age. — First prize, R. Bruce ; second, W.
Mitchells, Aucnagathle ; third, J. Cran, Kirkton, Invernes s ;
fourth, J. Laurence, Thornhill, Forres.

Heifers calved after 1st January, 1872.— First prize. The
Queen; second, W. S. Marr, Uppermill ; third, J. Cran;
fourth, A. Longmore, Retrie, Banff.

Heifers calved after 1st January, 1873.— First prize, W. S.
Marr ; second. The Duke of Richmond, Gordon Castle,
Fochabers ; third, J. Bruce ; fourth, J. J.Sharpe, Broughton,
Kettering, Northampton.

POLLED ANGUS OR ABERDEEN.

First prize bulls at former shows, exhibited for medium
gold medal (Kelso, 1872), Sir G. Macpherson Grant, of Bal-
lindalloch, Bart. (Adrian).

Bull calved before 1st January, 1872. — First prize, A.
Bowie, Mains of Kelly, Arbroath ; second, the Earl of Fife,
K.T., Duff House; third. Sir G. Macpherson Grant; fourth,
W. Robertson, Burnside, Ballindalloch.

Bulls calved after 1st January, 1872. — First prize, J. Scott,
Easter TuUoch, Stonehaven ; second, G. Reid, Baads, Pater-
culter; third, G.Gordon, TuUochhallura, Dufftown ; fourth,
J. Morrison, Auchlen, Turriff.

Bulls calved after 1st January, 1873.— First prize. The
Earl of Fife ; second, G. Reid ; third, W. M'Combie, Easter
Skene ; fourth, W. J. Taylor, Rothiemay House, Huntly.

First prize cows at former shows, exhibited for medium
gold medal (Stirling, 1873), when the property of the present
exhibitor. Sir G. Macpherson Grant (Bertha).

Cows of any age.— First prize, W. Taylor, Rothiemay
House; second. Earl of Fife; third, Sir G. Macpherson
Grant ; fourth. Marquis of Huntly, Aboyne Castle.

Heifers calved after Ist January, 1872.— First and second
prizes. Earl of Fife; third, W. M. Skinner, Drumin, Ballin-
dalloch ; fourth, G. Reid.

Heifers calved after 1st January, 1873.— First and second
prizes, G. Read ; third, the Earl of Fife ; fourth, the Marquis
of Huntly.

GALLOWAYS.

First prize bull at former shows, exhibited for medium gold
medal (Stirling, 1873), when the property of the present ex-
hibitor, J. Cunningham, Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie (PretenJer).

Bulls calved before 1st January, 1873.— First prize, The
Duke of Buccleuch; second, R. Jardine, Castlemilk ; third,
G. Graham, Oakbank, Longtown (breeder of the best bull).

First prize cows at former shows exhibited for medium gold
medal (Stirling, 1873), when the property of the present
exhibitor. The Duke of Buccleuch (Louisa 2ud).

Cows of any age- — First and second prizes, the Duke of
Buccleuch ; third, F. Graham, Parceltown, Longtown.

Heifers calved after 1st January, 1872.— First prize, the
Duke of Buccleuch ; second and third, J. Cunningham.

Heifers calved after 1st January, 1873.— First and second
prizes, the Duke of Buccleuch ; third, J. Cunningham.

AYRSHIRE.

Bulls calved before 1st January, 1873.— First prize, the
Duke of Buccleuch ; second, R. Wardrope, Garlaff, Cumnock ;
third, D. Edmond, Ballochruin, Balfron ; fourth, Sir M. S.
Stewart, Ardgowan. ,.,.,, j-

First-prize cows at former shows, exhibited for medium
gold medal (Stirling, 1873), when in milk, and the property
of the present exhibitor.— R. Wilson, Forehouse, Kilbarchau
(Ilornie). ^ , .^ , .

Cows in milk, of any age.— First prize, Duke of Buccleuch ;
second, R. Wilson ; third, Duke of Buccleuch ; fourth. Duchess
Dowager of Athole. . ,„,:., c it

Cows in calf, of any age, or heifers in ealf, calved before 1st
January, 1872.— First prize, Duke of Buccleuch ; second, J
Graham, Oklsmitlihills-street, Paisley; third, D. Ross-
fourth, J. Stewart, Burnside Cottage, Strathayen _

Heifers calved atter 1st January, 1872.-First prize, Duke
of Buccleuch ; second, vV. M. Ure, Bogton, Falkirk ; third,
J. Stewart; fourth, Duke of Buccleuch.

Heifers calved after 1st January, 1872.— First, second, and
third prizes, Duke of Buccleuch ; fourth, J. Stewart.

p 2

222

1:HE FARMER'S MAGAZINE

HIGHLAND.

First-prizo bulls at former shows, exhibited for medium
gold medal (Kelso, 1872), when the property of the present
exhibitor. — The Hon. Lady Menzies, Raunoch Lodge, Pit-
lochrie (Rannocli).

Bulls calved before 1st January, 1871. — First prize.Duke of
Athole; second, A. Stevenson, Lochawe ; third, Cluny Mac-
pherson; fourth, Duke of Sutherland.

Bulls calved after Ist January, 1871. — First prize, J. Grant,
Liverlaidnan, Carrbridge ; second, the Earl of Seatirld;
third, W. Fraser, Lairg ; fourth, Dnke of Sutherland.

Bulls calved after 1st Januiry, 1873. — First prize, J.
Stewart, Bochastle, Callander; second. Lord Middleton, L)ch-
carron ; third and fourth, J. Stewart, Portree.

Bulls calved after 1st, January, 1873. — First prize, A.
Stewart, Ensay, Stornoway ; second and third, Earl of Sea-
field ; fourlh. Colonel Greenhill Gardvne, Mu'l.

CoH-si ot iinv R-^f. — b'irst am) s.-i-ond prizes, Uuke of Athole;
third, J. Stewart ; fourth. Earl of Seafield.

Heifers calved after 1st Januiry, 1871.— First prize, Duke
of Aihole; second, J. Stewart; third, Hugh Mann, Meadow-
field, Nairn ; fourth, Earl of Seafield.

Heifers calved after 1st January, 1872. — First prize, J.
Stewart; second, Duke of A.thole; third. Earl of Seafield ;
fourth, C. M. Campbell, Balliniore.

Heifers calved alter 1st January, 1873. — First prize, J.
Stewart ; second, third, and fourth, Earl of Seafield.

FAT STOCK.

Shorthorn oxen calved after 1st January, 1871. — First prize,
R. Bruce, Newton-ol-Struthers ; second, J. Cran,Kirkton, In-
verness.

Shorthorn oxen calved after 1st January, 1873. — First prize,
R. 11. Harris, Earnliill, Forres.

Highland oxen calved after 1st January, 1870. — First prize,
Sir W. G. Gumming, Altyre; second, Duke of Sutherland ;
tliird. Earl of Seafield. Commended : Sir D. C. Majoribanks,
Guisachan, M.P.

Highland oxen calved after 1st January, 1871. — First prize.
Sir W. G. Camming; second. Sir D. C. Majoribanks; third,
E. Baillie, Dochfour. Commended: Sir D. C. Majoribanks.

Oxen of any other pure or cross breed calved after 1st
January, 1871.— First prize, A. Mathieson, Ardross, M.P. ;
second, A. Munro, Ord, Invergorden ; third, J. and \V.
Martin, Aberdeen.

Oxen of any pure or cross breed calved after 1st January,
1873. — First prize, Messrs. J. and W. Martin ; second, J,
Cran, Kirkton ; third, W. Brown, Linkwood, Elgin.

Cross-bred heifers calved after 1st January, 1871. — First
prize, G. Grant, Polio, Invergordon.

Cross-bred heifers calved after 1st January, 1873. — J. Cran,
second, J. and W. Martin.

EXTRA CATTLE.

Highly commended and minor gold medal : R. H. Harris,
(Short-horn). Highly oramended and silver medal; R. il.
Harris (Devon). Commended and medium meda!s awarded :
Earl of Seafield (Highland).

HORSES.

HORSES FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES.

Stallions, foaled before 1st January, 1871. — First prize, D.
Riddell, Kilbowie ; second, J. Duncan, Methlick, Aberdeen ;
third, D. Riddell; fourth, P. Crawford, Drumgoyack, Strath-
barne.

Entire colts, foaled after 1st January, 1871.— First prize, D.
Riddell ; second, R. Andrews, Allen, Paisley ; third, R.
Brewster, Bridge of Weir ; fourth, A. M. Ogilvy, Tillinaught,
Portsoy.

Entire colts, foaled after 1st January, 1873. — First prize,
R.Brewster, second, D. Riddell; third, R. Andrews; fourth,
ihe Earl of Strathraore, Glamis.

Entire colts, foaled after 1st January, 1873. — First prize,
D. Riddell; second, A. Weir, Newhouse Mill, Kilbridge ;
third, J. Lawrence, Thornhill, Forres ; fourth, Sir W. G.
Gordon Gumming of Altyre.

Mares (with foal at foot), foaled before the Ist January,
1871. — First prize, J. Sutor, Collie, Orton, Fochabers ; second,
A. Munro, Ord, Invergordon ; third and fourlh, J. Lawrence.

Mare (in foal) foaled before 1st January, 1871. — First
prize, R. Murdoch, Hallside, Newton, Cambuslang; second,
A. K. Leitch, Inchsteeley, F'orres; third, A. Montgomery,
Boreland, Castle Douglas ; fourth, J. Hendrie, Castle
Heather, Inverness.

Fillies foaled after 1st January, 1871. — first
prize, A. Buchanan, Garscadden Mains, New Kilpatrick ;
second, f. Beattie, Dunnydeer, Insch ; third, E. Baillie of
Doch"onr, Inverness ; fourth, A. Munro.

Fillies, foaled after 1st January, 1873. — First prize, W.
Ilardie, Borrowstoun Mains, Linlithgow ; second, Earl of
Straihmore; third. J. R. Mitchell, Drynie, Inverness ; fourth,
P. Beattie.

Fillies, foaled after January. 1873. — First prize, II. D.
Adarason, Dalquarharn, Alford ; second, Earl of Strathmore ;
third, D. G. Forbes of Milburn, Inverness.

Draught gelilings, foaled after Isf Janu <ry, 1873. — First prize,
J. Miller, Seafield, Cullen ; second, D. G. C. Scott, Park of
Inches, Inverness ; third, J. M'Lennan, Fortnighty, Nairn.

HUNTERS AND ROADSTERS.

Mares or geldings, suitable fur the Held, foaled before
January, 1871. — First prize, E. Mather, Gleudruich,
Inverness ; second, A. M. M'Intosh, Moyhall, Inverness ;
third, R. Walker, Altyre, Forres.

Mares or geldinss, suitable for carriage, foiled before 1st
January, 1871.— First prize, A. M. Clark, Middat, Parkhill ;
second, R. Walker ; third. Sir D. C. Majoribanks, M.P., of
Guiraehan.

Mares or geldings, suitable as hackneys or roadsters,
between 14 and 15 hands high. — First and third prizes, Sir D.

C. Majoribanks ; second, A. G. Dallas, Dunaiu, Inverness.

PONIES.

Mares or geldings, between 13 and 14 hands high. — First
prize. Sir D. C. Majoribanks ; second, D. A. M'Rae, Fernaig,
Strome Ferry; third, M. E. Mather.

Mares or geldings, between 13 and 13 hands. — First prize
F. Walker, Ness Castle, Inverness ; second, T. P. Biscoe.
Newton, Inverness; third, A. G. Dallas.

Entire stallions, 12 hands and under. — First prize, Mis.i A.
Norton, Rannoch Lodge, Pitlochrie ; second and third, Hon.
Lady Menzies, Rannoch Lodge.

Mares or geldings, 13 hands and under. — First prize, E.
M'Intosh, Daviot, Inverness ; second, L. M'Lean, V.S.,
Inverness ; third, R. Anderson, of Lochdhu Nairn.

EXTRA HORSES-

Tliorough-bred stallion. — T. Bland, Greystone, Alford
(Blucher) winner of the Society's £50 prize at Inverness in
March last, llishly commended and silver medal awarded —

D. Davidson, of TuUoeh, Dingwall, for a mare and gelding;
commended and medium silver medal awarded — J. Cameron,
Kingussie.

SHEEP.

CHEVIOTS.

Tups, above one she:ir. — First prize, T. Welsh, Ericstane,
MofFatt; second, J. Archibald, Glengelt, Lauder ; third, J. A.
Johnston, Archbank, MoiTatt ; fourth, J. Brydon, Kinnelhead,
Mofl-att.

Dinraont or shearling tups. — First, second, and fourth prizes,
J. A. Johnston ; third, J. Brydon.

Pens of ewes, above one shear, with lambs. — First prize, J.
Brydon; second, W. Mitchell, Ribegill, Tongue; third, T.
Elliott, Hindhope ; fourth, D. Mundell, Strathbran, Dingwall.

Lambs. — First prize, T. Elliott; second, J. Brydon.

Pens of five shearling ewes or gimraers. — First prize, A.
James, Glengeft ; second, J. Boydoa ; third, T. Elliott ;
fourth, W. Mitchell.

Blackfaced tups, above one shear. — First and second prizes,
J. Archibald, Overshiels, Stow ; third and fourth, J. Green-
shields, Westown, Lesmahagow.

Dinmont or shearling tups. — T'irst and third prizes, J.
Archibald ; second and fourth, J. Greenshields.

Pens of five ewes, above one shear, with lambs. — First and
second prize?, J. Archibald ; third and fourth, J. Macpherson,
Clunas, Cawdor.

Lambs. — First and second prizes, J. Archibald.

Pens of five shearling ewes or gimmers. — First and second
prizes, J. Archibald ; third, P. Robertson, Achilty, Dingwall ;
fourth, J. Macpherson, Clunes.

BORDER LEICESTER3.

Tups above one shear. — First prize, T. Foster, EUingham,
Northumberland; second, third, and fourtii, Capt. Warrand.
Ferintosh.

Dinmont or shearling tups. — First, second, and fourth
prizes, G. Torrance, Sisterpath, Dunse ; third, A. Smith,
Castlemains.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

22S

Pens of five ewes, above one shear. — First prize, T. Simeon-
son, Blainsbie : second, J. Nisbet, Lanibden, Greenlaw ;
tliird,Sir G. Dunbar, Ackergill Tower.

I'ens of five shearling ewes or gimmers. — First prize, G.
Torrance ; second, J. Hunter, Dipple ; tliird. Sir G. Dunbar ;
fourth, J. Nisbet.

LONGWOOLLED, OTHER TUAN BORDER LEICESTERS.

Tup, above one shear. — Frst prize, J. Gibson, Woolmet ;
second, E. Sutherland, Tannachie House, Fochabers ; third.
Lord Kinnaird, Rossie Priory.

Dinraont or shearling tups.— First prize, J. Gibson ; second
E. Sutherland.

Pens of five shearling ewes or gimmers. — J. Gibson.

SOUTKDOWNS.

Tups of any age. — First and second prize, J. J. Coleman,
M.P., Eastern Lodge Farm, Norwich.

Pens of five ewes, of any age, or gimmers. — J. J. Coleman,
M.P.

SHROPSUIRES.

Tups of any age. — First prize, Earl of Strathmore , Glamis
Castle, Forfar ; second, E. Sutlierland.

Pens of five ewes, of any age, or gimmers. — First prize,
Earl of Strathmore ; second, J. Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith,
tliird, Earl of Strathmore.

EXTRA. lECTIONS.

Pens of five Cheviot wethers, not above three shears. — First
and second prizes, Duke of Sutherland.

Pens of ewes, blackfaced wethers, not above four years. —
First prize, J. and W. Martin, Newmarket, Aberdeen ; second,
Earl of Seafield, Balmacaan, Drumaadrochit.

Pens of five wether hoggs, of any cross, not above one shear.
• — First prize. Sir W. G. Gordon Cumraing, of Altyre ; second,
E Sutherland.

Goat. — Commended, The Hon. Lady Menzies, Rannoch
Lodge, Pitlochrie.

PIGS.

Boars, large breed. — First prize, R. E. Duckering, Ner-
thorpe, Kirtou Lindsay ; second, H. C. R. Davidson, younger
of TuUoch, Inverbroora House, Lochbroom ; third, W. Mac-
donald, Woodlands, Perth.

Boars, small breed. — First prize, R. E. Duckering ; secoud,
third, and fourth, J. Moir, Clark, Gartlidee, Aberdeen.

Sows, large breed. — First prize, R. E. Duckering ; second,
J. M. Clark ; third and fourth, W. Macdonald.

Sows, small breed. — F^irst prize, J. M. Clark; second, R.
E. Duckering ; tliird, the Hon. Lady Menzies, Rannoch
Lodge; fourth, J. M. Clark.

Pen of three Pigs, not exceeding eight mouths old, large
breed. — First prize, J. M. Clark; second, R. E. Duckering ;
third, W. Macdonald.

Pen of three pigs, not above eight months old, small breed.
— First prize, J. M. Clark; second, Lord Lovat, Beaufort
Castle. Beauly.

COLLIE DOGS.

Dogs not exceeding six years old. — First prize, R. Bruce,
Newton of Struthers, Forres ; second, Sir G. Macpherson
Grant, of Ballindalloch.

Bitches, not exceeding six years old. — First prize, J.
Sinclair, Kintessack, Forres; secoud, J. Ogilvy,Rosevalley, Elgin.

The following are the implement awards :

Silver Medals. — Alfred Hughes, Brompton Ash, Jlarket
Ilarborough, Nortiiamptonshire, for set of corn lifters attached
to a self-raking reaper; D. M. Osbone and Co., 41, Fox-
street, Liverpool, for Kirby's two-wheel combined mower and
reaper, fitted with jointed or hinged frame, by which breakage
is avoided when cutting over rough land; Samuelson and Co.,
Britannia Works, Banbury, Oxfordshire, for patent original
self-raking reaper ; Walter A. Wood, 36, Worship-street,
London, for new self-delivery reaper ; Lillie and Elder, Twee J-
raouth, Berwick-on-Tweed, for patent mangold and turnip
sower; G. W. Blurray and Co., Banff, for " Tiuy" hand
thrasher, with new shaker ; Naughty and M'Kimmie, Ding-
wall, for Lome dog-cart, with registered shaft adjuster to
suit any size of liorse ; Picksley, Sims, and Co., Bedford
Foundry, Leigh, for general collection ; Richmond and Chand-
ler, Miller- street, Salford, for chaff-cutter No. 65 ; J. Sellar
and Sons, Elgin, for collection of agricultural implements,
&c. ; Thomas Gibson and Son, Bainfield, Edinburgh, for
wrought-iron fieldgate, with framework of T iron and col-
lection ; Mactavish and Mackintosh, implement merchants.

Inverness, for collection ; the Northern Agricultural Imple-
ment and Foundry Company, Inverness, for collection ; John
Fowler aud Co., Leeds, for Sutherland plough for reclamation
of waste laud and roundabout set of implements for steam
cultivation ; d tto, for collection ; Arthur Hope, Victoria
Foundry, Edinburgh, for stone-breaking machine ; Robey and
Co., Lincoln, for collection.

Medium .Silver Medals — Williamson Brothers, Kendal,
for three-horse-power fixed combined thrashing, shaking, and
winnowing macliine; A. J. Main and Co., Glasgow aud Edin-
burgh, fur Ransomea, Sims, and Head's Star horse-rake;
Murray aud Co., Banff', for turnip sower; Haughton and
Thomson, Carlisle, f jr new patent self-acting hay-rake and
collector; John Kennedy, Balmacaan, luverness, for the Glen
Urquliart straining posts, &c. ; L'.ndsay and Anderson, Lil-
liehill Fire-Clay VVorks, Duufermline, for pressure pipes,
irrigation pipes, and collection ; Robert Mitchell and Son,
Peterhead, for collection ; T. Pirie and Co., Kinmuody,
Aberdeenshire, for collection ; Ben. Reid and Co., Aberdeen,
for collection ; Georfje Sellar and Son, Huntly, for collection.

Minor Silver Medals. — John Crowley and Co., Shef.
field, for chaffcutter, invented by Samuel Edwards, Salford;
John Unite, Edgware-road, London, for horse cloths.

Recommended for Trial. — John Richardson, Carlisle,
grass seed dressing machine ; Thomas Hunter, Maybole, Ayr-
shire, patent double-drill turnip-thinning machines ; George
Sellar and Son, Huntly, turnip-raiser ; Robert Willacy, Preston,
cart fitted with patent manure spreader, and machine for
spreading artificial manures ; John Fowler and Co., Leeds,
turnip-lifter. The above are recommended by the Inspecting
Committee for trial in a convenient locality, and at a season
of the year suitable for their operation. The Local Com-
mittee have selected the reaping machine in the yard and
Hughes' patent lifter for trial, the arrangements for which
will be carried out by the committee.

THE DUKE OF SUTHERL.iND'S RECLAMA-
TIONS.

[Specially Communicated.]
On Friday, the last day of July, by the invitation of
the Duke of Sutherland, a deputation from the Highland
Society, accompanied by a large number of others in-
terested in agriculture went by special train from Inver-
ness to view the extensive operations which his Grace is
carrying on for the purpose of bringing under cultivation
a large tract of his moor land at Lairg.

The train left Inverness at 8.10 a.m., but on account
partly of the stoppages made on the way to pick up fresh
and numerous passengers, and partly on account of the
sublime iudifference to time which characjerises the High-
land Railway Company, we did not arrive at Lairg until
considerably after the expected time. Having then pro-
ceeded by road from the station to the Loch (Shin) we
sailed up to the scene of operation in his Grace's steam
yacht " The Midge" — at least that was we understood the
English of the Gaelic characters emblazoned on her flag —
our progress being somewhat slow owing to a large barge
being lashed to us full of enterprising agriculturists.

The first operation (where required) is to clear the land
of trees. This is done apparently with the utmost facility
by means of steam power. A chain attached to the rope
belonging to the steam cugine, aud composed of steel wire,
is fastened round three or four trees, which are then torn up,
roots and all, by the engine, and taken away with as
much ease as a man would pu 1 up mushrooms. Nothing
we had previously seen gave us such an idea of the
stupendous power of steam — though of course the trees
were not very large, nor their roots very deeply fixed.
The plough has a sort of double share with one breast
turning on a hinge, so that it can work both ways. At
each end in front of the share there is a large steel wheel,
which cuts through the turf or heather, and makes a line
in which the share follows; in addition, at each
end, behind the plough, there is a drag — something like a
ship's anchor — which pulls up the stones, and also acts as

224

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

a subsoiler. The plough has four wheels (two on each
side), perhaps three feet broad, which prevent it from over-
turning, and one of which acts as a presser on the furrow
after beiug turned up by the plough. This presser is on
the whole necessary and advantageous, as it consolidates
the land, and keeps in its proper place the
enormous furrow, one, we should say, 18 inches
broad by 10 inches deep, which might otherwise
fall back again ; still we fancied this presser with
its enormous weight left the land laid almost too flat, and
would thereby prevent the winter frost from having its
full effect in mellowing the soil. The plough is said to
be able to turn up about li acre per day, which we think
probable ; because, although the pace does not appear
much greater than that of an ordinary horse plough,
the furrow is considerably broader.

It was wonderful to see the plough going over stony
ground, turning up many large stones, and passing over,
without any apparent damage to the machine, the rocks
that were too large for it to move. The work was well
done, though once or twice we observed in soft places the
soil was pushed along for a short distance in front of the
plough, instead of being turned clearly over.

After the plough followed a number of labourers to
pick the stones out of the open farrow and throw them
back.

Another very simple, but most useful implement
was the machine for gathering the stones off the land ;
also worked by the steam engines. It is something like
a box, without a lid, covered in at the ends, open in the
middle, and slightly curved, like the rockers on a rocking-
chair. This is dragged over the land upside down, and
collects a large number of stones underneath it. It is
then turned over by steam power ; the stones are thrown
into it by hand; and it is then dragged away, and dis-
charges its load where stones are required for fencing or
building.

Wide open drains are being made, as main drains, in
various places by manual labour to carry off the water ;
whilst an implement, again worked by steam, is used to
assist in making the sub-drains. This is also something
ike an anchor, with two small wheels in front, and by
bringing it along the same line twice, the soil is loosened
to a depth of about three feet. The rest of the cutting
and the throwing oat of the soil is done by labourers.
"VVe thought this implement still in its infancy, and
capable of great improvement. The rocks and roots of
trees, which are too large to be taken out by steam power,
are blasted with dynamite.

The cost of the works, including clearing, ploughing,
draining, buildings, fencing, and road making, is estimated
at from £23 to £25 per acre ; while the Duke deserves great
credit for his energy and public spirit in undertaking such
enormous works, by which he will confer considerable
benefit on the country ; but as to whether, as a mere question
of profit and loss, these works will be a success we do not
venture to express an opinion ; certainly the crops on the
land which was cultivated last year are very good, both oats
and turnips, and we thought some of the land where the
turnips were growing appeared of a very nice mixed soil.
The land which is at present under cultivation varies
much in character and quality : some of the stuff which
is turned up is clayey, some mixed with a sort of a weak
whitish sand, some peat (which, by-the-bye is burned in
the engines), and did we not know by experience that
mow land is sometimes much better than it appears, we
should say that a good deal of it would scarcely pay for
cultivation.

The climate is probably better th»n a stranger would
imagine in such a northern region, as the land does not
lie at a high elevation, and the severity of the frost is
mitigated by its proximity to the Gulf tream and the sea.

Both the Duke and the clilef directors of the works
were most kind and anxious that we should see and un-
derstand everything, and after the inspection was over
his Grace entertained the whole party at luncheon.

The deputation appointed by the directors of the
Highland Society consisted of Colonel Fraser, of Aldowrie ;
Mr. Robertson, of Kindrace ; Sir Kenneth Mackenzie, of
Gairloch ; Sir G. Macpherson Grant, of Ballindalloch ;
Mr. Erskine, of Cardross ; Mr. Munro, Farnington,
Kelso ; Mr. Swinton, factor for the Marquis of Tweeddale ;
Mr. Hutchison, Carlowrie ; Mr. Park, engineer to the
Society ; Principal Williams, New Veterinary College,
Edinburgh; Mr. Henderson, Steamster; and Mr. Wilson,
The Duru, Perth. Among others were Lord Middleton ;
Air. Dallas, of Dnnain ; Captain Fraser, of Palmain ;
Mr. Dunbar, Brawl Castle; Mr. Purves, Rhifail; and
Wm. Strong, W.S., Edinburejh ; Mr. Tait, C.E., Thurso ;
Mr. Wm. Reid (of Messrs. B. Reid & Co.), Aberdeen;
j\Ir. Mackay, Melness ; Mr. Murray, Banff Foundry;
Mr. Mackay, Shepick ; Mr. Smith, Whittingham ; Dr.
Carruthers, Inverness ; and many more.

AGRICULTURE IN INVERNESS.

Perhaps in no quarter of Great Britain could there
be found so great a diversity of climate, soil, and con-
figuration of the land. Not only is Inverness-shire
the largest county in Scotland, but it has the largest
area of land under heath, and contains the loftiest
mountain in the United Kingdom. The shire is divided into
two nearly equal parts by the great glen of Albyn or Glen-
more, in the basin of which has been constructed the
Caledonian Canal. North-west of the canal are to be found
rugged hills, heathery moors, and treacherous morasses ;
while a large proportion of such agriculture as the county
can boast is to be found in the south-east, besides stretches of
well-cultivated land in the north-east. Notwithstanding the
repeated visits of the Highland and Agricultural Society, and
the exertions of reputable local associations, the system of
farming pursued in the district may be regarded as third or
even fourth rate. This remark applies, it should be explained,
simply to arable farming. Only in a few parishes immediately
surrounding Inverness can the tillage of the soil be said to be
carried on according to scientific principles. Undoubtedly of
late years considerable improvement has been effected, and,
apart from the more immediate causes of this — such as a grow-
ing interest in agriculture as an art, the more scientific educa-
tion of farmers, and the necessity engendered by keen com-
petition— the opening of the Highland Railway in 1863 has
no doubt had a great influence on the prosperity of the
district. It is a noticeable circumstance, and at the same time
a sad one, that with the improvements in tillage there has
simultaneously been going on a decrease in the population.
This statement, however, is as applicable to the Lothiaus as
Inverness-shire. In 1841 tiie population of the conuty, which
comprises an area of 4,256 square miles, or 2,723,501 acres,
was 99,242; ten years later it was 96,500; in 1861 it had
decreased to 88,888 ; and at the last census the number was
87,480. But while men have disappeared, wealth has
accumulated ; for, whereas at the Revolution the rental of the
entire country only reached £6,099, it was in 1872 £296,353.
It has been said that the soil is variable, and the truth of this
may be judged from the fact that, while in Beauly there is
excellent coarse land, upon which heavy crops of wheat and
other cereals are raised ; and in Strathglass and Strathfarar
rich alluvial soil, which bears splendid crops of oats, barley,
and turnips, the couuty also embraces the soil of Petty, which
sometimes disappears with all the crops upon it before a
stiff gale, and the barren rocks aud shingle of the
Western Isles. Agriculture never can advance
unless good roads intersect a country, and the splendid
macadamised roads which have been constructed in Inverness-
shire during the last thirty years have in no small degree
contributed to the steady progress of the country. Hovels
which were the disgrace of Highland proprietors, and in a less
degree of Highland farmers, are gradually giving place to

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

225

spacious and commodious steadings. In the uplauds, indeed-
very little has yet been done to make farm buildings com''ort-
able or commodious. Of course it may be said that the leading
branch of enterprise in these higher districts is sheep farming,
for which expensive buildings are unnecessary, and that, even
where other stock is kept, Highland cattle form the bulk of it,
and these require no stall feeding or warm housing to induce
growth. There are, however, still far too many of the
wretched shielings which belong properly to a past age. "In
Badenoeh,and especially in the Laggan district," says a recent
agricultural writer, " not only the huts in which the cattle are
sheltered from the winter blast, but also the dwelling-houses of
some of the people, are constructed of at least three parts of
turf. In the West Highlands, Skye included, it is no rarity to
meet with the kitchen, parlour, bed-rooms, byre, barn, stable,
pigsty, and poultry-house all under one roof, and in a very
small compass." Previous to 1845 a complete farm court was
only now and then to be met with, even in the best cultivated
and highest-rented districts; but the noble example set by tiie
Master of Lovat, the Earl of Moray, and tlie Earl of Seafield,
has been followed by many of the great landed proprietors, and
fair proportioned farm offices and houses are springing up in
the straiths and glens of Inverness. Although leases have
been common in the Lowlands of Scotland for two or three
hundred years, it is not more than fifty years since they were
granted in this county. As might be expected, during the
reign of the chief of clans, feudal tenure prevailed and the
patches of corn raised in the uncertain periods of peace
between rival clans were cultivated jointly. After the attempt
of the Young Chevalier to regain the throne of his fathers in
ITiS-^G, an individual tenancy was introduced ; but the occu-
pants of the soil remained tenants at will till the absolute
necessity of enterprise and capital to bring out of the soil the
riches thereof induced the landlords, between 1810 and
1830, to grant leases. At first these ranged from five to
fourteen years, but gradually as the short " tacks"
expire, new leases are being granted for nineteen years.
Even the crofters, who for a century or more have snatched
a scanty livelihood from their small holdings by pursuing
agriculture on the rude rig-and-furrow system, are beginning
to feel the advantage of the impulse given by leases, and,
especially on the mainland, these small farmers are now
receiving a guaranteed tenure for ten or fourteen years. As a
matter of course, they are thereby not only enabled to culti-
vate their ground under a better and more profitalile system,
but they are being gradually assisted to increase their holdings
by the reclamation of waste land from the surrounding moors
or bare hill-sides. All that can be said of the system of
farming pursued before the introduction of leases was that
the farmers took white crop after white crop off the land till
the soil was quite impoverished, and then it was fallowed till
it had sufficiently recovered to enable the ruinous system to be
resumed. With the introduction of leases, however, the five-
course rotation was brought into practice with benefit not
only to the land, bnt to the tenants. In many places in the
uplands and in the islands the tillage is as rude as the appli-
ances are primitive. Indeed, ,it may be questioned whether
even in the newest colony there are not more facilities for
raising, ingatheriug, and preparing the crops. In the low-
lands and fertile valleys of the Ness and Spey, thrashing
machines are commonly to be met with, and of late years
reaping machines have been employed in cutting the grain ;
but in Lochaber, Badenoch, and Glenelg most of the grain is
thrashed by the flail, and, in the absence of barn fanner«,
advantage is taken of the passing breeze to separate the ehaii'
from the corn. Even more primitive are the processes prac-
tised in some of the isles. There grain, raised by painful
hand and spade labour, is cut with the sickle or scythe,
and the stooks when ripened carried to the crofters'
houses on the backs of women and children. And
in the long winter evenings, instead of thrashing
out the grain, the family sit around the glowing peat
fire and pick the corn from the straw and chaff ! Instead of
the clumsy implement by courtesy entitled the plough, the drill
plough and grubber are being introduced with advantage, and
handsome farm carts are taking the place of the ancient
wooden-axled box-cart, little larger than a wheelbarrow, or the
creels which were slung over the backs of Highland ponies.
As may have been gathered from the foregoing remarks, a large
extent of land has during the past twenty or thirty years been
reclaimed in the county. For instance, about 1845, not more

than 40,000, out of the 2,7*23,501 acres in the county, were
under a course of crops ; whereas in 1872 the acreage cropped
was 83,950, or, including bare fallow grass, 118,786. It must
be remembered, in looking at these figures, that there are in the
county 124,240 acres of rivers and lakes, 500,000 acres of wood,
natural and planted, and 260,000 acres enclosed as deer forests.
There are 1,700,000 acres covered with heath or bare rock, and
the most of this land is of no value whatever except for grouse
shooting, many portions being even useless for that. Among
the districts where the most noteworthy reclamation of land
has taken place are Moy, Croy, Ardersier, Drumore, Ness
Castle, Dumnaglass, Dores, Stratherrick, the Valley of Glass,
Glen Urquhart, Glenormiston, and Strathspey. The process in
nearly all the districts has been that, after enclosing the land,
the heather was burned, surface drainage secured, andtheground
trenched and ploughed, the great difficulty being ofte'i expe-
rienced in leinoviug stumps of ancient trees and large boulders
whicli had got fixed in the soil. The land was then freely
limed, and after being allowed to lie in a maiden-furrow for
a year, was cropped. It should not be forgotten that in the
island of Lewis Sir James Matheson has brought under
cultivation over 3,000 acres which were formerly
barren. Waiving the vexed question of deer versus sheep,
we turn to a few |statistics as to the grain produced
in the county. In 1872 there were 1,778 acres
under wheat, and that principally in the Aird and
Beauly districts, as compared with 1,031 acres in 1866 ;
7,033 under barley or bere, 30,000 under oats, 1,081 under rye,
40 under beans, and HI under peas—giving a total of 40,099
acres under corn crops. Tliere were iu the same year 19,254
acres nnder green crops, of which 8,423 acres were potatoes,
10,657 were turnips, 8 mangold, 2 carrots, 5 cabbage, and 159
vetches. In the county there were at the. same date 8,371
horses, 47,038 cattle, 788,001 sheep— the highest number
maintained by any county in Scotland except Argyll— and
5,099 pigs. The breed of cattle natural to the county is the
Highland, and there are probably more animals of tliis type in
Inverness-shire than in any other district north of the Tweed.
The most extensive herd of pure Highlanders is at Faillie,
seven miles south of Inverness, and tliere are herds of repute
at Leys, Raigmore, Daltulloch, Castle Grant, Inverlaidnan,
South Kiurara, luvertromie, Ballocliroan. These are all on
the mainland, but in the Western Islands are found not only the
largest but probably the best Highland cattle. Perhaps the
finest herd in Skye is that belonging to Mr. Stewart, at Dun-
tulra, who can enumerate no lewer than a hundred grand,
shaggy, and massive kyloes. At Claigan, Waternish, and
Balranald, South Uist, there are also large and important
herds. There are few Shorthorns in the county, but small
herds have been established with beneficial effect at Kirton and
Dochfour. Polled cattle are even fewer than Shorthorns, and
only in one or two of the most advanced districts are there any
Ayrshires. Among the shcfp farmers of the county the breeds
most in repute are blackfaces and Cheviots, the latter stock
having of late years advanced much in favour with farmers.
The rich pastures of Strathglass carry perhaps as fine Cheviots
as are to be found in Britain, while other noteworthy districts
are the Loch Arkaig Range, inverlochy, fassil'ern, and
Errochd. The fiuest flocks of blackfaces are found in Laggan,
Craigdhu, Aberarder, Glenspean, and Glenroy. Few Leicesters
are to be met within the county, though on the lowlands and
in the highly cultivated land a large number of half-breds are
fed. — The Scotsman.

REAPING MACHINES IN FRANCE. — At another
trial, held near Lubeck, where nineteen machines competed,
Messrs. Johnston's harvester and reaper received each a first
prize, Messrs. Williams and Wood second prize, and Messrs.
Burdick and Buckeye a third prize.

REAPER TRIAL IN RUSSIA.— After sis days' trial at
Tamboff in Russia, the first prize, a gold medal, with 250
roubles, was awarded to W. A. Wood, of London, making
eighteen prizes gained by these machines in 1874, including
one in Germany, after a three days' trial,

226

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

THE YOEKSHIRE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
MEETING AT SHEFFIELD.

There is no place like Sheffield — at least we hope not —
and fear the perpetual cloud of smoke in which it is
always enveloped must have had something to do with
the mapping out of the show ground, about the worst
arranged that we have seen of the Yorkshire Society ;
for, with plenty of room for a nicely-connected exhibition
of live-stock, the ground which ought to have been oc-
cupied by the cattle, sheep, and pigs was usurped by
machinery and implements, and thus the cattle were shut
off from the horses, and, in fact, made a show of
themselves, not to be found without first looking at the
plan in the catalogue. There, too, out of sight of the
horse-ring and the stand, were most of the agricultural
and coaching classes judgtd, instead of as heretofore, in a
ring adjacent to that of the nags, where the public, with
an eye to what was going on, could stroll from ring to
ring, while the judges were debating over their verdicts.
Then, on Thursday, the cattle were paraded at the same
time as the nags, but in different rings, instead of before
the stand, in the same ring as the horses. Surely, if the
Royal can get judged, in one day an entry of 412 horses
and 410 cattle, and on each consecutive day of the show
parade the 822 in the same ring class after class, so that the
public may see something for their money, the Yorkshire
Society might have done as much with an entry of 264
horses and 107 cattle only, instead of spinning out the
parade of horses from half-past ten in the morning until
half-past three in the afternoon. Even then many a
horse came out without a breast number, while others
never made their appearance at all. Then the cattle had
no breast numbers, and those on their heads, during the
parade, were kept towards the official in the ring for his
own special information. Adding to this that many a
stall of an absentee was filled up by some animal
sent for sale, and not in the catalogue, we must say
that the management was very slack and a
great falling off to the days when we had the pleasure of
holding up the Yorkshire Society's show as a pattern
for all. "Sims Eeeves, this evening!" was posted all
over the walls of the smoky town, and though rather an
old and favourite star, still many an animal in the show-
yard had been all over the country starring it, and was
quite as well known as the great vocalist and his
Pretty Jane. In fact, there are too many shows
going by half; and as the Yorkshire comes on late in
the year, it is but an abbreviated third, fourth, or fifth
edition of some of the others, and consequently to the
fihow-goer stale, flat, aud unprofitable ; while farmers
from the horse part of the great county round Driffield
did not hesitate in pronouncing it a very bad show of
horses, and the aged hunters a disgrace to the county.
We look for better things at Driffield next year ; and if
the public must go through the machinery and imple-
ments on their way to the show of live stock, do not let
it be at the sacrifice of the animals, but keep them together
by all means, and let us have no more unconnected, dis-
jointed affairs.

The show of Shorthorns was good for Yorkshire,
which does not mean a strong muster, althouo'h
it will be seen many of them were old stagers, and the
three prizes in the bulls of any age above thret were an
echo of the Royal verdict, the other competitors being
Master Blithe, from Downham Market, whose rump was
bare through being so often manipulated by the professors
of touch, and Leemun, from Harefield. A novelty in

the Shorthorns was the giving of prizes for the best
famili/ of Shorthorns, not including John Bull, the family
man, but only Mrs. Bull and her offspring — a cow's off-
spring ! O dear, how this world improves as we grow older ;
The tug of war laid between the fatherless families from
Singleton Park and Bainesse, the first lot being Lanca-
shire Ringlet, a nice cow, and two very taking daughters,
Ringlet 4th by White Duke (32849) and Ringlet 5th by
Flag of Ireland (28613), which have both been out
before, but not the old lady who is by Bywell Victor
(21353), dam by Lord of the Valley (1483?), granddam
Rose Duchess, by Red Duke (13*571). The Catterick
family was the well-known Sylvia and two daughters.
Baroness Conyers by Baron Killerby, and Miss Fox by
Royal Windsor. The other families were from Duffryn,
Newport, The Manor House, Carperby, Broughton, and
Kettering. In a good class of seven bulls above two and
not exceeding three years old it was another repetition of
the Royal edict, with the exception of Oxford Cheerboy,
he third Royal, which was here beaten by General
Wharfdale, though the General was only commended
at Bedford, but he beat Robert Stephenson
at Grantham. The other three were Newburgh
4th, King of Trumps, and Superb from the
Halls of Thurcroft, Killerby, and Keele. The eight bulls
above one and not exceeding two years old were headed
by a Royal winner, the very good-looking Lord Godol-
phin, with Rapid Rhone taking second place in the ab-
sence of Prince Rupert, the third being the very
good-looking Rosario ; in fact, it was a good class, the
others were Mr. B. St. Acker's Prince of the Blood,
Baronet from Farnley, Otley, Telemachus VI., Windgor
Crown from Carperby and Cambridge Duke IV. of Mr.
Sharp, Broughton. In the bull-calves the second
Royal was fir»t, with Bright Knight, a small but neat
third, at Lincoln, who here beat May King, the first
there. Then there was Telemachus yth, good looking,
with quality, and three others.

Viviandere, Victoria Victrix, and Dairy Girl
were the first three in the catalogue, aud placed as they
stood; J the same thing occurring for the Oaks this year,
the fillies coming in 1, 2, 3, as placed on the card. But
we think it was a much nearer thing with the cows, as
Vivandiere looked shelly, and Victoria Victrix the grander
animal and of more wealthy appearance, while
Dairy Girl made a very good third, backed by Lady
Louisa from the same herd, with Moll Gwynne,
Seagull, aud Prize Bud well up. We could not see that
that little bit of quality, Queen of Georgians, ought to
have been put before Lady Playful or Rose of Wytham,
while Baroness Conyers being in attendance on her dam
Sylvia, let Royal Rose, who played second to her at the
Royal, in for first honours. There were eight very nice
heifers not exceeding two years old, five heifer-calves,
three or four good dairy cows, and a couple of nice
Alderneys.

The sheep were good, but the entries in many of the
classes small. The Leceisters were represented by
the well-known flocks of Messrs. George Turner, John
Borton, T. H. Hutchinson, and W. Brown's, with an entry
or two from Messi-s. Kendall and Coulson. In the shear-
ling rams some good sheep from the Manor House, Cat-
terick, did not gain a place, but in the rams of any age a
two-year-old bred by Mr. Hutchinson, and his only entry,
beat three of the Thorpelands flock and the same number

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

227

from Mr. Borton. The pens of five shearling gimmers
were very neat and matchy with representatives from thep
same flock. The Lincolns, mustering about sixty shee-
ail told, were good, and the following flockmasters com,
peted : Messrs. Budding, Cartwright, Wright, Newcomb-
Pears, Howard, Byron, Lister, F. T. Turner. The shear
ling rams were the best class, Mr. Cartwright winning
with a fine sheep. There were only six old ratns, the
second being a coarse sheep. Messrs. Bosanquet, Tweedie,
and Forster sent a few nice specimens of the Border
Leicesters, the EUingham ram of any age being a grand
sheep. Of Shropshire Downs there were only a dozen —
three shearling rams, four of any age, and a pen of five
gimmers from the flocks of Messrs. Baker and Pilgrim,
who sent some fair specimens. A few of Sir Edwin
Landseer's models made up the show.

The pigs made a fair show, with a few remarkable speci-
mens in the large breeds, with here and there one with a
fleece of hair, but most of them of the useful type. Then
there were some sleeping beauties of the small breed, while
others to our mind were not improved by snouts like-
unto a Blenheim spaniel's, and a few neat ones of the
black breed, but scarcely a representative of the real
Berkshire. There were chosen champions to do battle for
the prizes from the piggeries of Lords Wharncliffe and Elles-
mere, Messrs. Dove, Beswicke, Matthew Walker, Duck-
ering, Garbutt, Nicholson, and Rose. Leaving the hogs
to dream of milk and barley-meal, with critics occa-
sionally rapping them over the shins, in the
vain endeavour of getting them on their legs,
by the assistance of the plan we get back
to the horse ring, where we find the thoroughbred stallions
Knowsley, Citadel, and Laughing Stock, three sons of
Stockwell ; Ploughboy, by Van Galen, out of Village
Maid by Stockwell ; Dickey Sam, by Oberon, dam by
Stockwell ; Cromwell, by Blair Athol, and Kelbourne, by
Knowsley. " Blarm me, it's nought but Stockwell !" says
a Yorkshireman ; while we are thinking whether horses
have gained as much in constitution as they have in inches
since the days of some of the little ones, when Cartonch
was only fourteen hands high, but could beat anything
with 8 or 12 stone up when six and four-mile heats were
in fashion — and which was the preferable horse, he or the
greatest miler ever known ? Although the thoroughbred,
upon which we depend so much for the breed of our
horses — and one may afl'ect the whole breed of a kingdona
in time — does not now run heats and long distances, still
many of them do more galloping than the old ones ever
did, and before they are anything like matured. In fact,
they are oftentimes said to be fit when their insides have
been nearly galloped out of them ; and there have been
instances when, through accident, a horse was obliged to
be indulged with rest, so that the trainer could not finish
him, that with 50, 60, and 70 to 1 against him, and no
takers, he has won the great race of the year. It is
not altogether the racing itself that has done so much to
injure the constitution of our breed of horses as the
ignorant training groom (we don't apply this to all) who,
if he can get a goer with a constitution and legs of iron
to stand his preparation, and win a race by a head, is an
awful clever fellow, as there is nothing so successful as
success with the world ; but the world does not take the
trouble to count upon its fingers how many patrons of
the turf have sunk fortunes to keep such clever fellows
going. Clever, indeed, for we recollect the time when
race-horses, no matter of what constitution or the state
of their bodies, were all put through the same strong physic
to commence with, backed by the customary gallops and
sweats, and we have seen stout-built high-spirited youngsters
return washy, jaded, heartless things, like unto poor Smike,
that Mrs. Squeers, of Yorkshire notoriety, over-dosed
with brimstone and treacle. Of the winner, we said in

our notice of the Grantham meeting — " Mr. Chaplin
deserves the thanks of the county for the thoroughbred
stallions he introduces into Lincolnshire, and Knowsley
by Stockwell is really a grand horse, and none the worse
for a heap of flesh taken off since we saw him at Oxord."
The Hermit, Dalesman, and Snowstorm, with a slight
stain in his pedigree, are also at Blanckney. Citadel we
gave a full account of a few weeks back, when a winner in the
London district and at Bedford ; and so we have of Laughing
Stock since he was first shown at Ne-w^castle. Kelbourne ia
a neat horse, and Ploughboy useful, but Dicky Sam as leggy
as a stork ; while Cromwell might do some good, as there
are many worse about, and lots of half-bred
brutes, but he has not bone enough for
getting weight-carrying hunters. He is a short, deep
horse, rather high on the leg, very gay and showy, with
wonderful flashy action for a thorough-bred, and if
caparisoned as a light charger would be invaluable to any
young swell fond of playing at soldiers, and winning
glances ^roni the eyes of the fair. Now come the hunters.
O dear, O dear ! what a falling-ofi' is here to shows of
yore ! Take Beverley, when Dalesman was head man
and there were 440 horses. I'o compare the two cata-
logues one would think the Society must be in a state of
bankruptcy at the end of the week ; but never was
show-yard more crowded, and Sheffield young and
old shove and push as if a disturbed wasps' nest
was behind them. But it is the fashioa
in those parts, and nothing goes like " Fashion " in the
coaching stallions, though Landmark is the more fashion-
able of the two, and Palestine useful, though scarcely
with breed enough for the day, while Emperor could go as
could Oma Pacha, which, with four more, made anything
but a good class. Young Fireaway is a nice-sized roadster,
and a good stepper, and three-year-old, but he had
an old and a formidable rival in Merry legs, a nice clean -
made roadster, and a grand goer, of which stamp we should
like to see more about. Young Lord Derby and several
others were present, but not equal to the two placed.

Poor again were the cart horses for Yorkshire, though
Young Champion from Stand Hall, a knight errant turns up
everywhere, and we think it is time he started for Pales-
tine. He here headed a baker's dozen, including
the gaudy coloured Young Honest Tom, stepping out like
a ballet-girl with his white stockings and blazing face,
followed by Lincolnshire, a nice stamp of light cart-horse,
if a little light in his second thighs ; while Georgie, a neat
moving Clydesdale, Honest Tom 2nd, and some other
useful ones, made up the class. We should like to see
some of these heavy fellows and their lasses in the traces
at a standing pull just to ascertain if they have any pluck.
Royal Tom, at the head of six two-year-old agricultural
colls, is a stout-built horse with one toe in ; Rainbow
was nicely made and moved, and Mr. Johnson's colt was
rather high on the leg. Jewell, a good-looking brood
mare, headed five other useful active cart mares. The
geldings, or mares not less than four years old or more
than seven, for dray or lurry purposes numbered but
eight. Prince being a compact, fine-looking horse with a
grand forehand ; the second and third were good, and so
were Mr. Mappin's Slead and Mr. Thom's Bess. There
was one very useful couple of two-year-olds, and two
of the three-year-olds were good. Then the coaching
classes were very small, and three nice mares and foals
had as many prizes, aud a couple of two-year-old geldings,
the same while of fillies there were none. The three-
year-old geldings were a stylish class, with some nice horses
out of the eight ; and the fillies of that age, numbering
three, were a fair samiile. Miss Polly, a cobby mare, and
Fingall, a curious name for a mare, by Fingall, had form
and action, and headed a class of five hackney brood mares
and foals. It was next to a walk over for Mr. Harvey

228

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

Bayly's Enterprize, which, after a successful career, never
having been beaten, goes to Newburgh. The hackoev
mares and geldings made a fair show if not a large one,
with Ozone or Zone, the Hull mare, first ; but the mare of
all others that shone on the Thursday was Mr. Stephen-
son's Princess, which is a well-known and nicemade mare,
and a wonderful goer when let out, so much so that a
Yorkshireman exclaimed, " That would make a sister ot
mercy look round." Mr. P. Hosrnby had a showy
chesnut by False Alarm, that would suit the Shah.
There were some fair ponies, and the son of Mr. James
Hornsby, of Grantham, whose sky-blue agricultural im-
plements are so well-known to travellers on the Great
Northern, a very quiet, clever little horseman with good
hands on a nice mannered pony, won his second pair of
spurs, which will no doubt qualify him to act as a judge,
so we hope to see him in the ring with both pair on.
The Society must have had a suspicion of a short gathering
as there were a few match pairs, and considering the ring
was on the slope, and as they went bumping over ridge
and furrow, it was undoubtedly a novelty. In the first
ot Mr. Holmes won with a nice pair of bay carriage-horses
fit for my Lady in town, but if we had a choice we should
have taken Mr. Watson's browns, with nice character and
easy, true steppers. The others were not a pair, but two
odd ones, one having quiet gentlemanly action and the
ether being a very high, sharp, and angry goer. Mr.
Holmes was again to the front with a neat pair of browns,
backed by two decent pairs and an ordinary one. Mr.
Horrocks Miller, with a very eleven matchy pair of
roan cobs, and a nice turn out altogether, could not have
been more popular with the crowd had he been member for
Sheffield, and was followed by two pretty white ponies
with a dash of the Arabian in them, as well as being extra-
ordinary steppers, and a nice pair of cobs from Beverley.
Several of the pairs were very fresh and inclined to kick
orer the traces, but there was no runaway match, when
the horse bolts with his rider, or the rider with the horse,
and Lothair with Miss Love or Miss Love with
iliothair, which upon mature consideration will be
found not a distinction without a difference.
The two-year-old hunters, as a class, were poor and small
in numbers, although Mr. Hutchinson's Chatsworth is a
fine grown colt, with action, and likely to grow into a
weight-carrier, but we know not his sire Baron Cavendish
although we do Cavendish well. It sounds to us like
Shorthorn nomenclature, and hope the Baron is not a
bull ; while Sunshine, a first at Grantham, we said " is
of good form, and could go, but has not wearing looking
legs." Prince Imperial is a dark chesnut, and finely built,
with the use of his legs, and out of the good-looking Lady
Decanter, a first at Grantham, but here beaten by that
gay deceiver Lady Derwent, a taker of hundreds of prize
money, which we hope may gain more fame as a brood
mare than she did as a hunter. Then, Mr. Hornby was
in luck, getting third honours with the very prettily-
made blood hack Lioness, but of no substance to breed
hunters up to any weight. Undoubtedly this was an
error in putting her before Go-ahead, as old as she
is, or the slashing looking, blood-like mare of Mr.
Stephen Kirby, though her shoulder might be faulty, and
her pedigree, which is imperfect in this form, " brown,
ten years old, s. Newminster, d. by Melbourne." Mr.
Hutchinson was again to the fore with a very nice brown
two-year-old filly by Honesty, a winner of many races,
beating Golden Horn, a chesnut of some form, with
action, and a rather nice one of Mr. Preston's by
Windham, and two others. In the three-year-olds.
Talisman, a nag we met at Hull and Gainsborough last
year, is a big-framed horse, very taking in spite of his
bad colour, and here scores another first prize, seconded
by a compactly-built brown from Killerby, and the rather

plain Brackendale by Theobald. Mr. Danby's The
President by Cain was worthy of notice.

Out of five three-year-olds the Gem was a neat stiff-
built mare with a good action, and Lady Mary a very
symmetrical blood-like filly ; and of both we said a good
word for at Grantham, where they were not placed. The
four-year-olds were poor, and only nine in, with Cawton
at their head, King of Diamonds second, and Duke of
Connaught third. Cawton and King of Diamonds
have been out several times this year, and we said
we were not in love with them. The Duke of Con-
naught, Court Card, and Prize-taker can go. Sea-
breeze, Fairy, and Mr. Goodlass' mare were of fair form
in a small class of six. The Jester and Marshal
McMahon, two well-known prize horses, headed a very
poor class, the Marshal shirking the parade, but he was
not the only one absent. Mr. Nelson's King Charming
moved, and to look at is very much of a gentleman and
quite a man of business, and goes to Hasketon. Mr.
Goody's ^larguerite, a brown of nice form by the neat
Grandmaster, could use her legs well. In the six-year-
olds and upwards, up to not less than fifteen stone,
Mr. Brady Nicholson's neat horse Wallet, by Wamba,
that we said knew how to use his legs at Grantham,
was fancied by several here ; and a useful old-fashioned
horse of Mr. Kitchin's, up to great weight at a certain
pace, and with Emperor, a very middling one to look at,
and two others, were headed by Iron King, started this
year at Islington, and riddenby Lord Waterford on the
sawdust, and here by Mr. Richardson, the well-known
steeple-chase rider, whom he took unawares and sent
over his ^head. We did not see this ; but when the
huntsman had dined, two or three got on him and
galloped him round the ring, and wethink he is one
of the most wooden nags we have seen since the
days of Master of Arts and Voyager. As a standstill
horse, no doubt he is up to more weight than the varmint
Wallet, and so is the horse which George the Fourth
strides in Trafalgar-square ; but we doubt if they took
Brummel's fat friend to a meet he would see much of
a run in his slippers with no girths or stirrups.
Amos Clarke, a goer and prizetaker of Sir George
Wombwell's, a nice chesnut Flotanby that we fancy we
have seen before ; and the merry-going Treasurer, with a
stout one from Raistorpe, but not like his namesake and
well-known prizetaker Captain Heygate's Mountain Dew,
which, with one or two more made up the class ; barring
Marmalade and Joe Bennett, two well-known prizetakers
which the judges considered fifteen stone hunters, and were
very properly ignored, as they ought to have been in the
heavy-weights. JMr. A. L. Maynard, of Newton Hall,
Durham, acted for.Mr. H. Bolton ; otherwise, it would have
been Colonel Luttrel and Mr. Bolton, as at Hull
last year and at Grautham a few days back. Now let the
judges be the best or the worst in the world, it spoils all
interest in a show to have the same on continually ; and
really it is not fair to defeated exhibitors who come in the
expectation of having their cause tried over again before
other judges.

There beingno prizes for implements this section isnevera
very prominent oueataYorkshireshow but with the meeting
on such a site as Sheffield, there was a better display in
this way than is usually seen, the town itself being very
strongly represented. Ihe following firms had stands :
Ashby, Jeffery, and Co., T. H. Ashton, R. Awdas, G.
Bagshaw, J. G. Bass, Belcher, Gee, and Co., Beverley
and Terry, E. and C. Blyde, J. Blyde, Boulton and Co.,
C. Bownes, K. J. Boyall, T. Bradford and Co., Burgess
and Key, T. Burke and Co., H. Bushell, Bush and Co.,
Burys and Co., W. Carson and Son, J. Carter and Co.
(seeds), G. Chevin, W. Clarke, Clayton and Shuttleworth,
Coleman and Morton, J. Caoke, M. Cooper, J. Coultas, J,

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

229

Cowley, J. Crowley and Co., W. Dale, Davis and Co.,
J. Davis and Co., Day, Son, and Hewitt, T. H. P. Den-
uis and Co., A. A. Dixon, Driffield Cake Co., H. Duf-
field, Easterbrook and Co., ,T. B. and T. Edlington, J. C.
and J. S. Ellis, A. Fletcher, W. Foster and Co., Foster
and Smurthwaite, T. Foster, J. Fowler and Co., E. P.
Gilling, A. M. Graham, W. Genu, R. II. Haggard and
Son, R. Hall (Stockton), R. Hall, Head, Wrightson, and
Co., Heaps and Robinson, J. Heselwood, W. Hill and
Co., W. H. Hilton, C. Hopkinson, W. Hopperton, R.
Hornsby and Sons, R. Howard, J. Howard, Howes and
Sons, J. Howlden, E. Humphreys, Hunt and Tawell,
Hydes and Wigfull, H. Inman, H, and G. Kearsley, B.
Kittmer, Lawrence and Co., J. Littlewood, H. C. Little-
wood, Lyon and Co., J. T. McGrah, W. McKay, Maldoa
Iron Co., J. T. Markall, H. R. Marsden, R. Marsden, Mar-
shall and Son, F. C. Matthews, W. Mattison, T. Myers,
J. G. Needham, Newton, Chambers, and Co., J. Picker-
ing, Picksley and Sims, Penney and Co., W. Rainforth
and Son, Ransomes and Sims, W. S. Redfern, T. Red-
mayne, W. E. Rendle, Reynolds and Co., Riches and
Watts, W. Richardson and Co., Richmond and Chandler,
Rimmington and Co., Robey and Co., Ross and Horrocks,
Ruston and Procter, W. Sawney, R. Scholefield, J. \V.
Sears and Co., J. Shaw, jun., E. Sherwood, W. Smith,
J. D. Snowden, Spear and Jackson, T. R. Starey, B.
Stead, Steel and Garland, R. Store, Tasker and Son,
Taylor and Co., Taylor Brothers, Taylor Sewing Machine
Co., Thomas and Taylor, Thornton and Co., Tomlinson
and Co., E. Tong, J. Turner, Wade and Cherry, W.
Waide, T. B. Wales and Son, Wheeler and Wilson, B.
Wheeler and Co., J. White and Co., S. Witkinson, Wilson
and Sons, S. Windover, J. Winkley and Co., Winder
Brothers, Wingfield and Co., E. B. Wood and Co., W.
A. Wood, Wood and Cocksege, W. Wray and Sons, J.
Yeardley,

LIST OF PRIZES.
JUDGES.— Cattle— A. Mitchell, The Walk House, Alloa,
N.B. ; S.Rich, The Cedars, Fearnhall Heath, Worcester ;
T. Wethereli, Clay-path, Durham. Sheep — J. H. Caswell,
Loughton, Folkingham ; C. Randall Chadbury, Evesham ;
F. Speucer, Alma House, Claybrook. Pigs — E. Little,
Lanhill, Chippenham ; J. Fisher, Carhead, Crossbills; J.
Crabtree, Branch Hotel, Shipley, Leeds. Horses —
Hunters and roadsters: Col. Luttrell, Bagworth Court,
Axbridge, Somerset : A. L. Maynard, Newton Hall, Dur-
ham ; J. M. Richardson, Limber Magna, Ulceby, Lincoln-
shire.

CATTLE.

SHORTHORISS.

Families of Shorthorns, to consist of cow of any age, and
two or more of her offspring. — First prize, £50, J. Outhwaite,
Bainesse, Catterick (Sylvia, and her offspring Baroness Cou-
yers and Miss Fox) ; second, £25, T. H. Miller, Singleton Park,
Lancashire (Ringlet II., and her offspring Ringlet IV. and
Ringlet v.).

Bulls of any age above three years old. — First prize, £25,
R. Bruce, Newton of Struthers, Farres (Lord Irwin) ; second,
£10, Marquis of Exeter, Burghley Park, Stamford (Telema-
chus) ; third, £5, A. H. Browne, Doxford, Chathill (Duke of
Aosta).

Bulls above two and not exceeding three years old. — First
prize, £20, W. Linton, Sheriff Eutton (Sir Arthur Ingram) ;
second, £10, Messrs. Dudding, Panton House, Wragby, Lin-
coln (Robert Stephenson) ; third, £5, R. Moss, Whisby, Lin-
coln (General Wharfdale).

Bulls above one and not exceeding two years old. — First
prize, £20, J. Outhwaite (Lord Godolphin) ; second, £10,
Lady Pigot, Branches Park, Newmarket (Rapid Rhone) ;
third, £5, A. H. Browne (Rosario).

Bull calves above five and not exceeding twelve months old.
— First prize, £15, J. Oathwaite (Duke of Chamburg) ;
second, £10, Lady Pigot (May King) ; third, £5, T. Rose,
Melton Magna, Wymondham, Norfolk (Bright KaiKht).

Cows of any age above three years old, iu calf or milk. —
First prize, £25, J. Outhwaite (Vivandiere) ; second, £10,

Lady Pigot (Victoria Victrix) ; third, £5, T. H. Hutchinson,
Manor House, Catterick (Dairy Girl).

Heifers not exceeding three years old in calf or milk. — First
prize, £20, J. Tiiom, Lark Hill, Chorley (Royal Rose);
second, £iO, B. St. Juhn Ackers, Priakuash Park, Painswick,
Gloucestershire (Queen of the (ieorgians) ; third, £5, T. H.
Hutchinson (Lady Playful).

Heifers not exceeding two years old. — First prize, £20,
Lady Pigot (Rose of Lincoln) ; second, £10, T. Statter,
Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester (Robin's Rjse) ; third,
£5, T. 11. Hutchinson (Lady Alicia).

Heifer calves above live and not exceeding twelve months
old. — First prize, £15, B. St. John Ackers (Lady Carew) ;
second, ^£10, Lady Pigot (Moorish Captive) ; third, £5, Mar-
quis of Exeter (Queen of Ithaca).

DAIRY CATTLE.

Cow for dairy purposes. — First prize, i£10, J. Fawcet,
Beestou, Leeds (Moggey) ; second, £5, T. Statter.

Alderney, Jersey, or Guernsey cow or heifer, in calf or
milk. — First prize, £10, and second £5, J. Brown, Rossington
Hall, Bawtry (Landscape and Honesty).

SHEEP.

LEICESTER9.

Shearling rams. — First prize, £20, G. Turner, jun., Thorpe-
lands, Northampton; second, £10, W. Brown, Highgate
House, Holme-on-Spalding-Moor, York; third, £5, 1. Borton,
Barton House, Barton-le-street, Malton.

Rams of any other age, £15, T. H. Hutchiason, Manor
House, Catterick ; 2 and 3, £7 and £3, G. Turner, jun.

Pen of five shearling gimmeis, £7, G. Turner, jun. ; 2, £3,
J. Borton.

LINCOLNS.

Shearling rams. — First and second prize, £15 and £7,
T. Cartwright, Dunstan Pillar, Lincoln ; third, £3, J. Pears,
Mere, Lincoln.

Rams of any other age, £10, J. Pears ; 2, £5, R. Wright,
Nocton Heath, Lincoln.

Pen of five shearling gimmers, £10, J. Pears; 2, £5, W.
Hesseltine, Braumont Cote, Barton-on-Huraber.

BORDER LEICEsTERS.

Shearling rams. — First and second prize, £15 and £7,
Rev. R, W. Bosanquet, Rock, Alnwick.

Rams of any other age, £10, T. Forster, jun., EUinghara,
Chathill; 2, Rev. R. W. Bosanquet, Rock, Alnwick.

Pen of five shearling gimmers, £10, Rev. R. W. Bosanquet ;
2, £5, R. Tweedie, The Forest, Catterick.

SHROPSHIRE DOWNS.

Shearling rams.— First prize, £15, W. Baker, Moor Barns,
Atherstone ; second, £7, S. C. Pilgrim, The Outwoods,
Hinckley, Leicestershire.

Rams of any other age, £10, W. Baker ; 2, £5, S. C.
Pilgrim.

Pen of five shearling gimmers, £10, W. Baker.

MOUNTAIN SHEEP.

Rams of any age.— F'irst prize, £10, J. Pickup, Rose,
Cottage, Warter, Newchurch, Lancashire ; second, £5, T.
Waind, Ankness, Kirby-Moorside.

Pen of five breeding ewes, with lambs sucking, £5, T. Briggs,
Guard House, Keighley.

PIGS.

TWELVE MONTHS OLD AND UPWARDS.

Boars of large breed. — First prize, J. Dove, Hambrook,
Bristol ; second, Earl of Elesmere, Worsley Hall, Manchester.

Sows of large breed, in pig or milk, £5, C. R. N. Beswicke-
Royds, Pyke House, Littleborough ; 2, £2, R. E. Duckering,
Northorpe, Kirton-in-Lindsey.

Boars, small breed, £5, C. R. N. Beswieke-Royds ; 2, £2,
Earl of Ellesraere.

Sows, small breed, in pig or milk, £5, C. R. N. Beswicke-
Royds ; 2, £2, R. E. Duckering.

Boars of best or Berkshire breed, £5, R. E. Duckering.

Sows, black or Berkshire breed, in pig or milk, C. R. N.
Beswicke-Royds ; 2, 11. E. Duckering.

Boars of any breed, not qualified to compete in classes 26,
28, and 30, £5, Earl of Ellesraere ; 2, £2, J. CoUis, Hillfoot,
Sheffield. , ,

Sows of any breed, iu pig or railk, not qualified to compete
in classes 27, 29, and 31, £5, R. E. Duckering ; 2, £2, C. R. N,
Beswicke-Royds.

230

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

NOT EXCEEDING TWELVE MONTHS OLD.

Boar of large breed. — First prize, £5, J. Simpson, Freogate,
Cowling, Skipton; second £3, Earl of Ellesmere, Worsley
Hall, Manchester.

Sows of large breed, £5, Enrl of Ellesmere; 2, £2, J.
Garbutt, jun.. South Cave, Borough.

Boars of small breed, £5, Earl of Ellesmere ; 2, £3, J.
Dove, Harabrook, Bristol.

Sows of small breed, £5, C. 11. N. Beswicke-Royds; 2, £2,
Eirl of Ellesmere.

Boars, black or Berkshire breed, £5, T. Rose, Meltou
Magna, Wymondhara, Norfolk ; 2, £2, C. R. N. Beswicke-
Rojds.

Sows of black or Berkshire breed, 1, £5, and 2, £3, C. R. N.
Beswiuke-Royds.

Tens of three breeding sows of any breed, from four to nine
months old, £5, Earl of Ellesmere ; £3, T. Rose.

HORSES.

Stallions, tlioroughbred, for getting weight-carrying liuuters.
— First prize, £50, Henry Chaplin, M.P., Blankney llall, Lin-
coln (Knowsley) ; second, £30, F. Barlow, Hasketon, Wood-
bridge, Suffolk (Citadel) ; third, £10, R. Hutton, Gloucester-
place, Portman-square, London (Laughing Stock).

Stallions for getting roadsters. — First prize, £10, W. Vary,
Buckthorpe, Stamford-bridg?, Yorkshire (Young Fireaway) ;
second, £5, J, Gill, Howden Park, Silsden, Leeds (Merrylegs).

HUIVTERS.

Two-year-old gelding. — First prize, £15, T. H. Hutchin-
son ; second, £5, J. Everatt, Laughton, Gainsbrough (Sun-
•hine).

Two-year-old illly.— Firtt prize, £10, T. H. Hutchinson
(May Queen) ; second, £5, S. R. Rohson, Windle Beck,
Ganton (Golden Horn).

Three years old geldings. — First prize, £35, J. M. Tatter-
sall Musgrave, Beverley (Ta.isman) ; second, £10, J. B.
Booth, Killerby, Catterick (Berwick) ; third, £5, J. P.
CroraptOD, Thoroholme, Burton Agnes, Hull (Brackendale).

Three years old fillies. — First prize, £15, .1. Lett, Scampston,
Y'ork (The Gem) ; second, £5, J. Goodliff, George Hotel,
Huntingdon (Lady Mary).

Four years old geldings. — First prize, £30, Sir G. 0.
Worabwell, Bart., Newburgh, Easingwold, Cawtou ; second,
£15, T. Darrell, West Ayton, York (King of Diamonds) ;
third, £5, R. Nelson, Barton Hill House, York (Duke ef
Connaught).

Four jears old mares. — First prize, Mrs. A. H. Browne,
Dosford Hall, Chatiiill (Sea Breeze) ; second, C. Rose,
Market Hill, Malton (Fairy) ; third, R. Goodlass, Willerby
Ganton.

Five years old geldings or mares. — First prize, £30, T. H.
Hutchinson, Manor House, Catterick (Jester) ; second, £15,
J. Goodliff, George Hotel, Huntingdon (Marshal MacMahou) ;
third, £5, P. Horusby, 9, Castlegate, Grantham (White
Stockings).

Geldings or mares, six years old and upwards, and qualified
to carry at least 15 stone with hounds. — First prize, £30, R.
Hutton (Iron King) ; second, £10, B. Nicholson, Sturtou
Grange, Garforth, Leeds (Wallet) ; third, £5, T. W. Jeffcock,
Shire House, Sheffield (Emperor).

Geldings or mares, six years old and upwards, and qualified
ta carry not less than 12 stone with hounds. — J'irst prize, £20,
Sir G. O. Worabwell, Newburgh, Easingwold (Amos Clark) ;
second, £10, G. Ringrose, Flixton Houee, Ganton, Yorkshire
(Flotmanby) ; third, £5, C. E. S. Cook, St. Catherine's, Don-
caster (The Treasurer).

Stallions for getting coach horses. — First prize, £20, G.
Burton, Thorpe AVilloughby, Sclby (The Fashion) ; second,
£10, G. Holmes, Bar House, Beverley (Landmark) ; third, £5,
F. Leake, Hotham Carrs, North Cave, 13rough (Emperor).

Stallions for getting agricultural horses, three years old and
upwards.— £20, T. Staffer, Stand Hall, Whitfield, Manchester
(Young Champion) ; second, £10, J. F. Crowther, Knowle
Grove, Mirfield (Young Honest Tom) ; third, £5, J. F'orshaw,
Burley in Wharfedale, Leeds (Lincolnshire Hero).

Entire agricultural colts foaled in 1872. — F'irst prize, £20,
F. Long, Cliff Htuse, Wetherby (Royal Tom) ; second, £10,
S. Barker, Mart Hall, Doncaster (Rainboro) ; third, £5, W.
and E. Johnson, Hatfield, Doncaster.

Brood mares for breeding hunters, with foals sucking. —
First prize, £30, E. Hornby, Flotmanby, Ganton, Yorkshire

(Laly Derwent) ; second, £15, H. Watson, Newbegin, Filey
(Laly Decanter) ; third, £10, E. Hornby (Lioness).

Brood mares for breeding coach horses, with foals
sucking. — First prize, £25, J. Reader, Beacon Fa?m, Holms,
York ;second, £10, J. T. Whitemoor, Selby (Wasp) ; third, £5,
W. B. B. Bank, Sheffield (Fanny.)

Brood mares for breeding roadsters, with foals sucking. —
First prize, £15, T. E. Morrell, Hellaby Hall, Rotheram
(Miss Polly) ; second, £5, F. Cook, Thixendale, York.

Brood iriarei for breeding agricultural horses, with foals
sucking.— Fust prize, £30 T. Appleyard, jun., Wistow Lord-
ship, Selby (Jewel) ; second, £15, J. Thorn, Sark Hill,
Cliorley (Jeanie) ; third, £10, T. H. Hutchinson (Jean) ;
fourth, £5, C. Utrley, Stansfieid Ash, Shaffield (Depper.)

IlORSE.S FOR DRAY OR LURRY PURPOSES.

Geldings or mares, not less than 4 and not exceeding 7
years old. — First prize, £20, P. Stephenson, lUinton, Thirsk
(Prince); second, £10, G. Wood, Hayfields, Doncaster
(Violet) ; third, £5, T. Ward, Parkhouse Farm, Intake, Shef-
fiela (Farmer).

HORSES FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES.

Two-year-old agricultural geldings or fillies. — First prize,
£15, W. Baker. Moor Barns, Atherstoue.

Three-year- old agricultural geldings or fillies. — First prize,
£15, W. Bramley, Amcotts Villa, Doncaster, Lincoln ; second,
£10, J. StaniCorth, Paldoaks F'arm, SheBield Park ( H lower) ;
third, £5, J. Smith, Humbartou, Borough Bridge (Prince.)

COACH HORSES.

Two-year-old geldings. — First prize, £10, T. Jackson,
Deep Dale, Cajton, Scarborough (Talbot) ; second, £5, C.
and J. Smith, Hartliill, Kiveton Park, Sheffield.

Three-year-old geldings. — First prize, £20, J. Johnson,
Brigham, Hull (Prince Charlie) ; second, £10, T. Plummer,
Birdortli, Easingwold ; third, £5, J. Kirby, Stamford
Bridge, York (Royalty).

Three-year-old fillies. — First prize, £10, D. Wilson, Park
House, Cottingham, Hull (Wild Flower) ; second, £5, J.
Kirby (Flora.)

CARRIAGE HORSES AND PONIES.

(To be exhibited in harness.)

Match pairs, not less than loj hands high. — First prize,
£30, G. Holmes, Bar House, Beverley ; second, £10, H. E.
Watson, Shirecliffe Hall, Sheffield; third, £5, J.Rogers,
Abbeydale, Sheffield.

Match pairs, not less than l-t^ and not exceeding 15^ hands
high.— First prize, £20, G. Holmes; second, £10, G. Wilson,
Banner Cross, Sheffield ; third, £5, C. H. Firth, Givendale.

Match pairs of ponies, not exceeding 11^ hands high.—
First prize, £20, T. H. Miller, Singleton Park, Poiilton-le-
Fylde ; second, £10, Mrs. Trickett,Brinkland House, Sheffield ;
third, £5, G. Holmes.

ROADSTERS, HACKNEYS, AND PONIES.

Hackney or roadster, gelding or mare, from four to eight
years old, equal to carry 15 stone. — First prize, £25, T.
H. D. Bayley, EJwinstowe House, Ollerton (Enterprise) ;
second, £10, J. Fairbrother, Attercliffe, Sheffield (Bob).

Hackney or roadster, gelding or mare, from lour to eight
years old, equal to carry 12 stone. — First prize, £'15, F. C.
Matthews, Driffield (Ozone) ; second, £10, W. H. Cranswick,
Thorueholme, Burton Agnes (The Pet).

Pony, gelding or mare, from four to eight years old, and
not less than l3j and not exceeding 14^ hands high. — First
prize, £10, W. H. Blackman, Wressle, Howden, Yorkshire
(Fairy) ; second, £5, R. Barker, Malton (My Lady).

Pony, any age or sex, not exceeding 12^ hands high, suit-
able for children, to be ridden in the ring by boys under fifteen
years of age. — I'irst prize, £10, H. T. Newcome, Kirk-
leatham Hall, Redcar (Jet) ; second, £5 and spurs, J. Hornby,
Castlegate House, Grantham (Little Wonder).

HOUNDS.

Judges. — Colonel Fairfax, John Parrington, John Walker.

Unentered hound, pupped since 1st December, 1873, £15 ;
to huntsman, £5. — First piize, the Quorn (Governor);
second, the Grove (Ambrose).

Two couples of entered hounds, no hound being older than
a seven-season hunter, £10 ; to the huntsman £3. — First prize.
Earl of Eglinton (Lincoln, Gambler, Furrier, and Tuner) ;
second. Lord Yarborough (Aider, Nathan, Gimcrack, and
Rocket).

Stallion hound, not less than a two-season hunter, £5 ; to
the huntsman, £2. — Prize, the Quorn (Alfred).

THE FAEMEH'S MAGAZINE.

231

UueiitprcJ houU.l, pupped since the 1st December,
187"-J, £15; to the huatsiiiaii, £5. — First prize, the i3urtoa
(Alice) ; second, tlie Grove (A'n:iz )n).

Two couples of entered hounds, no lionnd being older thsn
a seven-season hunter, £10; to the liuiitsnum, £3. — First
prize, the Grove (liridesmaiJ, Captive, Spinster, Langnisli) ;
second, Earl of Yarborougli (Glory, Gaudy, Namesake, aud
Nimble).

Brood biich, havin;^ reared a litter since the 1st December,
1873, £5; to the huntsman, £2.— First priz-, tlie North
Shropshire (llicket) ; second, Eirl of Yar'joron^h (Gindy).

The chanpioa cup, value twelve guineas. — Prize, the
Burton (.\lice).

Shoei:ng Smiths.— Judges : T. Bow'nan, Croome, S'ed-
mere ; and W. Gadsby, Earewood, Leeds. — First prize, £5, J,

Page, 5th Brigade Rival Artillary, SiieOfield ; second, ^3, J.
York, Maltou ; third, '£3, Watson and Hodgson, White Ilart-
yard, Wakefield ; £3 for apprentice, T. Ril^y, Halifax.

At the meeting of the Council, Lord Auckland in the chair,
there were three deputations — viz., from Driffield, Bridlington,
and Howdeu. Tiie show, it w is pointed out, had never been
at Driffield, hut it had at Howden and Bridlington. Earl
Cathcart proposed llowden, and Mr. Robert Swanu seconded
it. Major Worsley proposed that the 1S75 show should be
at Driflield, and Mr. Legnrl seconded. Mr. F. Bacon
Frank proposed Bridlington, which found a seconder in Mr.
Moorsonie, of llarewood. The question was then put to tiie
vo'e aud taken by a show of hands, when by a large mnjority
Driffield was selected for the sluw iu 1875.

BELLE VUE CATTLE
AT MANCHESTER.

SHOW,

Ten Shorthorn bulls over two and under four years old
were shown, and the first prize went to Mr. George Fox,
Harefield, VVilinslow, for Leenian, bred by Mr. Linton, of
Sheriff Hutton. The second prize of £10 was obtained by
Mr. Charles Beart, Stow Westhead Farm, Norfolk ; and
the third by Mr. Willis, iNIauor House, Carperby, Bedale,
who was also corameuded. The class of yearling bulls
was good, and the winner was Lord Godolphiu. In the
general competition for the champion bull of the shovv,
Lord Godolphin carried off the prize cup. Second to him
in his class was Baron Barringtoa IIL, shown by Mr.
Thoinpson, Mythop Lodge, Blackpool ; aud Lady Pigot
was third with Rapid Rhone. Iu the class of bull-calves.
Hero, shown by Mr. Statter, was first ; Baron Tregunter,
shown by the Rev. P. Graham, Turucroft, Over Darwen,
second ; and Cheerboy IL, shown by Mrs. Atkinson,
Ribchester, third. For cows over tliree years old, Mr.
Onthwaite's Vivandiere was placed first in her class, and
also obtained the silver cup offered for the best cow in the
yard. Victoria Victrix was placed second, aud Mr. Stat-
ter's Lady Graceful was third. The remaining prizes in
the cattle classes were awarded as follow :

Heifer, exceeding two aud not over three years old. — First
prize. Lady Pigot (Rose of VVytham) ; second, T. Statter (Ro-
salbina 6th); third, J. R. Patterson, Hallbeck, Barrow-in-
Furness.

Heifer, exceeding one and not over two years old. — First
aud second prizes, T. Statter (Robin's Rose and Robin's Stan-
ley Rose) ; third, Lady Pigot.

Heifer calf. — F'irst prize, G. Fox ; second, C. W. Brierly,
Rhodes House, Middleton ; third, W. J. Legh, M.P.

Hereford bull. — First prize, H. N. Edwards, Broalward,
Leominster ; second, R. Tanner, Frodesley, Dorrington, Silop.

Devon, in calf or milk. — First and second prizes, T. L.
Senior, Broughton, Aylesbury.

Hereford, in calf or milk — First prize, R. Tanner ; second,
T. Nott, Selton, Brampton Brian, Hereford.

Other Breeds.— Bull : First prize, T. Statter. Cow : First
and second prizes, T. Statter.

Channel Island cow. — F'irst and second prizes, J. Pilling
and Co , Davenport Green, Old Hall, Holes, Cheshire.

In the other classes the entry was very indifferent.
HORSES.

Thorough-bred stallion for getting hunters. — F'irst prize,
E. Stanley, The Height, Grange, Carnlorth ; second, Ambery
and Cocklin, Wilmslow ; third, T. Statter.

Thorough-bred stallion for getting agricultural, dray, or
lorry horses. — No first prize awarded ; second, J. and J.
Wylde, Worth Hall, Poynton, Stockport.

Stallion colt foaled in 1872.— Prize, J. Braid, Bell Vue,
Garstang.

Stallion for getting roadsters. — First prize, J. Gill, Howden
Park, Leeds ; second, T. Statter.

Brood mare for breeding hunters. — Prize, J. Moffat, Kirk-
burton Park, Carlisle,

Mare for breeding draught horses. — First prize, J. Water-
won h, North Ashtou, U'lgan ; second, T. Stitter.

Brood m,ire for breeding hackneys or roadsters. — First
prize, T. E. i\[orrelI, Rotherham ; second and third, F. Cook,
Thexenilale, York.

Cart gelding or mare, four years old or upwards. — First,
second, and third prizes, C. W. Brieiley, Rhodes House,
Middleton.

Gelding or filly, three years old. — First prize, E. Waterworth,
Wigan : second, W. Kirkhaui, Poulton-le-F'ylde ; third, 11.
Nield, Worsley.

Gelding or filly, under three years old. — F'irst prize, D.
Partington, Kerial ; second, J. Cheers, Ches'er.

Gelding or filly under two \ears old. — Prize, T. Statter.
SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.

Ram.— E. Nock, Sutton House, Shifual.

Shearling ram. — Prize, J. Coxon, Freeford Farm, Lich-
field.

Ram of any other age. — W. Baker, Moor Barns, Atlier-
stone, Warwickshire.

Two ewe Iambs. — E. Nock.

Two shearling ewes. — J. Wilkes, Brewers' Oak, Shifnal.

Two ewes, any other age. — Sarah Beach, The Uattons,
Brewood, Stafford.

SOUTHDOWN OR HAMrSUIRE DOWN.

Shearling ram. — Prize, S. Ashton, Tiraperley.

Two shearling ewes. — First, second, and third prizes, S.
Ashton.

Long-woolled ram lamb. — Prize, F. T. Turner, Armlhorpe,
Doacaster.

Shearling ram. — F'irst, second, and third prizes, W. Nor-
man, Hall Bank, Aspatria.

Two ewe lambs. — F'irst prize, F. J. Turner ; second and
third, W. Norman.

Two shearling ewes. — First and second prizes, F. T.
Turner.

Six Irish lanibs. First prize, T. Reed, Hope Farm,

Efcles : second, C. Reed, Eccles.

Tenant farmers' classes : Ram lamb. — Prize, S. Ashtou.

Ram lamb, o\er one year old. — Prize, S. Ashton"

Two ewe lambs. — Prize, S. Ashtou.

T«o ewes over two years old. — Prize, S. Ashton.
PIGS.

Boar, large white breed, over one-year-old.— Prize, Earl
0 f Ellesmere.

Sow, large white breed, over one-year-old. — Prize, Earl of
Ellesmere.

Boar, small white breed. — Prize, Earl of Ellesmere.

So .v, small white breed. — First and second prizes. Earl of
Ellesmere.

Boar, tjlack or Berkshire breed.— Prize, M. Walker,
Burton-on -Trent.

Sow, black or Berkshire breed. — First prize, M. Walker ;
second, H. Nield ; tliird, J. Garvell, The Grange, Bolton.

Boar, middle breed. — First and second prizes. Earl of
Ellesmere.

Sow, middle breed. — F'irst and second prizes, Earl of Elles-
mere.

232

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

Boar, large white breed, uuder one-jear-old. — Prize, Earl
of Ellesmere.

Sow, white breed, under one-year-old. — Prize, J. Nuttal,
Heywood.

Boar, middle breed. — First and second prizes. Earl of Elles-
mere.

Sow, middle breed. — Prize, Earl of Ellesmere.

Boar, black or Berkshire breed. — Prize, W. H. Brady,
Stockport.

Boar, small white breed. — Prize, Earl of Ellesmere.

Sow, small white breed. — Prize, M. Walker.

Litter of two pigs, small breed. — Prize, Earl of Ellesmere.

Litter of two pigs, large breed. — Prize, M. Walker.
CHEESE.

Two cheeses, over -iOlb. — Prize, G. W. Prescot, Minshull
Vernon, Newhall Grove.

Two cheeses under 401b.— Prize, G. Harris, Lower Cain,
Dursley, Gloucestershire.

BUTTER.

Six-and-a-half pounds fresh butter.— Prize, J. Partington,
Francill, Castleton, near Heywood.

Six-and-a-half pounds of fresh butter, the production of a
tenant farmer resident within ten miles of Manchester. —
Prize, H. Nield, Worsley.

VEGETABLES.

Collection of vegetables. — First prize, T. Broadluirst,
Prestwich ; second, H. Siracock, Brighton Grange, Barton
Moss.

Stand of seeds and roots. — Prize, G. Yates, Royal Oak
Mills, Stockport.

IMPLEMENTS.

Collection of machinery for agricultural purposes. — First
prize, J. Higson; second, F. and W. Richmond.

Collection of agrieultural implements and tools. — First
prize, J. Higson ; second, F. and W, Richmond.

Collection of articles for domestic nse. — Prize, Thomas and
Tiylor, Salford.

Stable and cow-house fittings. — First prize, St. Pancras
Ironworks Company ; second, F. W. Richmond.

THE SHORTHORN IN AMERICA.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE MARK LANE EXPRESS.

Sir, — The bull 2nd Duke of Hillhurst has gone back
to his old quarters ; although with a good back, he was, like
all the rest of the Dukes, thin through the heart, and eon-
sequeatly inheriting the constitutional failing. The general
impression is, that Mr. Robins, who purchased the 2nd
Duke of Hillhurst at Mr. King's sale, did it to make a
sensatiori, and to lead fanciful men on to a state of enthu-
siasm very far beyond the bounds of reason. As to the
famous cows, you are aware that the forty-thousand
dollar cow is dead ; and her daughter, purchased by Mr.
Alexander for 20,000 dollars at the same sale, is gone
after her. Mr. Murry's cow of the same family, and
which he valued at ten thousand dollars, wai too precious
to have her hide taken off, and ought to have been buried
with a long procession 'of carriages. How many more
are gone, kept in secret, is yet a myth, but such
deaths will out. Shorthorn bulls are so numerous
in this country that they are quite a drug at sales as well
as privately, and I have seen capital bulls and good stock-
getters sold from a hundred to one hundred and fifty
dollars. Still fashion even controls the show-ring to
such an extent that a Kentucky breeder suggests whether
it would not be as well to send the pedigiee without the
animal, and let the judges make the award on that. I
know a breeder in Kentucky who had as fine and uniform
a herd of Shorthorns as any man in that State — compact,
beautiful in symmetry, quality, on short legs, fine bone,
possessing strong constitutions, and they lay on as much
flesh for food consumed as could be desired. He was
persuaded by the fanciful, fashionable breeder to sell
them. " You must have pedigree, or they will not do,"

said they. He took their advice, and sold them for less
than half their value. Another writer in The National
Live Stork Journal, speaking of him, says : " The last
we heard of our friend was, he was looking out among some
light, leggy animals for pedigrees. We suggested that,
having made some reputation by the excellence attained
in his old herd, he certainly should not begin now by
selecting animals that were far inferior to them. 'To
tell you the truth,' said he, ' I have not been able to find
their equals at any price.' " Pedigree and pam-
pering for speculative purposes are the ruin of good
breeding.

Yours,

Wm. H. Sotham.
Cass Hotel, Detroit, Michigan, Jtdy \^th.

EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. — There is at
present a great falling oif in tlie number of emigrants from
this country as compared with last year. We observe in The
Standard a statement that the leduction in the number of
emigrants from the Mersey in the mouth of July was 3,990,
and the decrease for the seven months of the year which have
now elapsed, is 49,355, which shows a very great falling off
indeed. Similarly the accounts from New York refer to a
great falling off in the immigration there, the amount of this
faUing off being so gieat that it is expected the number for
the year 1874 will be about 100,000 only, as compared with
an average of about 250,000 annually. Something has thus
evidently happened to checked emigration, and it is impossible
not to connect the facts with statements which are repeated
in many quarters as to the number of emigrants who are now
returning — from the United States especially — disappointed
with the reality which they find as compared with their anticipa-
tion. The effect of the last crisis in the United States has
been most severe, and has aggravated the evils of a protective
taritf and want of capital which have long helped to make
the United States much less of a paradise to the working
raaa relatively to his condition in older countries than was
formerly the case. The rise in wages in England and on the
Contment during the last few years has no doubt also helped
to diminish, if not altogether to remove, the relative advan-
tages which the United States possessed for rude labour, nor
even excepting, perhaps, the rudest kind of agricultural
labour, which is the sort that has hitlu^rto had the most ad-
vantage in changing from an old to a new country. Whatever
the explanation may be, the question of this re-immigration,
as well as of an immigration of foreigners into this country,
appears to us so interesting that we would again repeat a
suggestion we have more than once made — that the statistics
of both movements, the inward as well as the outward current
of population, should be collected and published with equal
care by those who are charged with the duty. Statistics of
emigration by themselves, if there is any return current of
importance at all, are entirely misleading ; and that there is
such a current at the present moment is beyond a doubt. We
showed lately that the comparison of the census returns for
1861 and 1871 indicated that an immigration on a very large
scale had taken place in that decade, and the reports now
current as to the extent of the immigration in progress make
it the more important that all the facts should be noted at
tho time, instead of one portion of them only. — The Econo-
viisf.

DESTRUCTION OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY.
— It would seem, that the outrages which characterised tiie
conduct of numerous bands of agricultural labourers many
years ago, upon the introduction of machinery into farming
work, have not yet entirely died out. At Preston Wynne, in
the county of Hereford, there was at work, in the early part
of the month, in a field on the farm of Mr. Henry Perry, a
reuping machine. During the night time it was broken to
pieces and the pole and some other important parts of the ma-
chine carried off and thrown away altogether, so that it was
rendered completely useless, and the workmen employed with
it were stopped. Inquiries are being by the police, and a re-
ward for the apprehension and conviction of the offenders of-
fered.— Hereford Times.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

233

THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

Monthly Council, Wednesday, August 5. — Present :
Vicount Bridport, President, in the chair ; Mr. Amos, Mr.
Edmonds, Mr. Brandreth Gibbs. Mr. Hemsley, Mr.
Holland, Colonel Kingscote, M.P., Mr. Leeds, Mr. Pain,
Mr. Sanday, Mr. Whitehead, and Professor Siinonds.

The following members were elected :
Addington, Thomas, Wyboston, St. Neots
Andrews, Henry, Court Lodge Farm, Great Chart, Ashford,

Kent
Arnot, James, Woodcote, Carshalton, Surrey
Barnard, Thomas, Cople House, Bedford
Bingley, Joseph, Beckinghara, Gainsborough, Notts
Bourne, John, Hankelow House, Nantwich
Brydoue, Henry Gray, Petworth, Sussex
Carey, Arthur. Rochford, Essex
Davies, Thomas William, Sugdon, WeUington
Davis, Francis Charles, Wichford, Long Comptou
Eardley, John, Norton Farm, Market Drayton
Eder, Carl, Norfolk Farm, Windsor Great Park, Staines
Edwards, Charles, The Grove, Wrington, Somerset
Evans, John, Abernant, Llanwrtyd, Brecon
Eawkes, Ayscough, Farnley Hall, Otley
Glover, James William, Warwick
Goodall, Brittaiu, Helsliaw Grange, Market Drayton
Hague, Jenkin, Biddendeu, Staplehurst, Kent
Hanmer, Wyndham E., Stockgrove, Leighton Buzzard
Hill, Lord Arthur, Wakehurst-plaee, Hayward's Heath
Hoare, Charles A. R., Eden, Beckenham, Kent
Hutchence, William A., Northallerton, Yorkshire
Ivimy, Edward Tiiomas, Herriard Grange, Basingstoke
Jones, John, Higher Grange, Ellesmere, Salop
Lester, Thomas, Ollerton, Market Drayton
Lewis, George, Mickley Farm, Prees, Salop
Lloyd, John,The Queen's Hotel, Oswestry, Salop
Lloyd, jun., Richard, Broad-street, Newtown, Mont.
Macan, Turner A., Eistow, Bedford
May, George, Harton CoUieries, South Shields
Meysey-Thompson, Bart., Sir Henry M., Kirby Hall, York
Needham, John Louth, Hutloft Grange, Alford, Lincoln
Neve, Thomas, Sissinghurst, Staplehurst, Kent
Packard, jun., Edward, Bramford, Ipswich,
Pinder, Robert, Whitwell, Oakham, Rutland
Rust, George John, Alconbury House, Huntingdon
Rutherford, George, Priutonan, Coldstream, N.B.
Scriven, Charles Herbert, Castle Ashby, Northampton
Scriven, Richard G., Castle Ashby, Northampton
Scott-Chad, Joseph S., Thursford Hall, East IDerehara
Stafford, Robert Barry, Bedford
Talbot, George C, Temple Guiting, "Winchcombe
Theobalds, Hope, Boughton Aluph, Ashford, Kent
Waterman, jun., James, Tenterden, Ashford, Kent
Wittingham, Lewis Browne, Llaudrinio Hall, Oswestry
Whitton, Joseph W., Potcote, Towcester

Finance. — Col. Kingscote, M.P., presented the re-
port, from which it appeared that the Secretary's receipts
during the past month had been examined by the Com-
mittee and by Messrs. Quilter, Ball, and Co., the Society's
accountants, and were found correct. The balance in the
hands of the bankers on July 31 was £7,288 12s. 3d., the
sum of £2,000 remaining on deposit.

The Committee recommended that the Secretary be
authorised to transfer the amount of £2,000 now on
deposit to the current account. They also proposed to
make a special report to the Council in November, on the
state of the Society's funds, and to call attention to the
desirability of appointing local agents throughout the
country, for the purpose of increasing the number of mem-
bers of the Society. — This report was adopted.

General BEOfonD.— Mr. B. T. Brandreth Gibbs
reported that the Committee had examined various bills
connected with the Bedford meeting, and recommended
their payment by the Finance Committee. They also re-

commended that the contractor be paid £1,222, as his
fourth instalment on account, in accordance with the sur-
veyor's certificate ; also that the surveyor's account,
amounting to £101 6s. 9d. iu aldition to a year's salary
of £100, be paid, together with £10 10s. for expenses and
report ujion the Harrogate show of the Yorkshire Society.
— This report was adopted.

General Taunton. — Mr. Holland (Chairman) re-
ported the I'ecommendatiou of the Committee that the
surveyor be instructed to inform the Taunton local autho-
rities what levelling and other works require to be done to
the site of the Taunton showyard. — This report wa»
adopted.

House. — Col. Kingscote, C.B., M.P., reported that
the Committee recommended that the estimate for
painting the inside of the house, sent by Messrs. D. G.
Laing and Son, be accepted, and that the usual white-
washing and house-cleaning be done during the recess. —
This report was adopted.

Selection. — Col. Kingscote, C.B., M.P. (chair-
man), reported that the Committee recommended the
election of members of Council to till the existing vacan-
cies being postponed until November. — This report was
adopted.

Veterinary. — Col. Kingscote reported that a letter
from Colonel Cory ton's agent, requesting part payment
of Professor Axe's fees for inspecting and reporting upon
an outbreak of splenic apoplexy among his cattle in Corn-
wall had been laid before the Committee, and that they
did not recommend that the request be complied with, aa
the outbreak was not in any way unusual or remarkable.
The Committee had received a report from Professor
Simonds un " the health of animals of the farm"
during the past six months, including descriptions of ex-
periments in reference to splenic apoplexy and pleuro-
pneumonia, accompanied by reports of five investigations
of special outbreaks of disease ; and they recommended
that these reports be published iu the next number of the
Journal. — This report was adopted.

The President reported the death of the Earl of
Egmont, a Vice-President of the Society ; and of Mr.
James Webb, of Fladbury, Pershore, a member of the
Council.

On behalf of Earl Cathcart and himself, as representa-
tives of the Society on the governing body of the Royal
Veterinary College, Colonel Kingscote called attention to
a proposed college charter, with a view to its considera-
tion, and asked for instructions, inasmuch as they did not
regard themselves as substantive governors of the college,
but as representatives of the council of the Royal Agricul-
tural Society. Professor Simonds thereupon explained
that the college having accumulated a considerable sum of
money, the governing body were now applying for a
charter to enable them to hold property, and to sue and
be sued ; and they were endeavouring to take advantage
of this opportunity to increase the scope of the college by
obtaining powers to hold matriculation and other examina-
tions, and to award scholarships, without interfering with
the examinining body which already had the power of
conferring degrees vested in it by Royal Charter, namely,
the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons. The President
stated that, in his opinion, the two institutions (the
College and the Society), though perfectly distinct, were
mutually useful ; and Mr. Holland congratulated the
governors on the step they were taking with a view to
increase the usefulness of the college as an educational
institutiou. Finally, it was moved by Mr. Brandreth
Gibbs, seconded by Mr. Leeds, and carried unanimously,

2U

THE i^AEMER'S MAGAZINE.

"That the Council requests that Lord Catheart, in con-
junction with Colonel Kingscote, will continue to act as
representatives of this Society on the governing body of
the Royal Veterinary College."

Mr. Holland gave notice, on behalf of the 'Earl of
Lichfield, that at the Council-meeting on November 4, he
will move for the appointment of a Committee to take
into consideration the Society's Charter, and to suggest
what alterations, if any, are advisable to be made therein,
for the purpose of bringing members of Council into more
frequent communication with members of the Society, also
for permitting the discussion in Council of measures of a
practical agricultural nature, althougli pending or to be
brought forward in either of the Houses of Parliament.
The suggestions made by members of the Society at the
General Meeting held in the showyard at Bedford having
been read, it was moved by Mr. Brandreth Gibbs,
seconded by ]\Ir. Whitehead, and carried unanimously,
" That in order to ensure the suggestions made by mem-
bers of the Society at the last general meeting having
thorough consideration, these suggestions be referred to a
special committee to report to the Council thereon, such
committee to consist of the chairmen of the standing com-
mittees, the stewards of live stock, implements, and
finance, and the honorary director."

A communication from the Society of Arts, enclosing
a prospectus of examinations in the technology of Agri-
culture and Rural Economy, was referred to the Education
Committee,

A letter was read from Mr. J. S. Parker, in reference
to the awards of the judges in class 107 at Bedford, and
the Secretary was instructed to inform Mr. Parker that
in accordance with the terms of the prize-sheet, all
protests must be sent in before six o'clock on the Mon-
day of the show week, unless a satisfactory reason can
be assigned for the delay.

Letters were read in reference to the price of Messrs.
Ball and Sons' waggon. No. 1306, and tke Secretary was
instructed to state that Messrs. Ball and Sons had under-
taken to execute all orders for that article at the catalogue
price, in compliance with the conditions on which the
entry was made.

A letter was read from Messrs. Sharman and Ladbury
in reference to the title of their second prize chisel
Harrow (Hull Trials, 1873), and the Secretary was in-
structed to inform them that any references to the So-
ciety's prizes must be in conformity with the terms of the
judges' awards.

A letter was read from Mr. T. H. Vergette, asking
for two silver cups in place of the money prizes gained
by him at Bedford, and the Secretary was instructed to
inform him that the prizes having been offered in money
must be awarded in money.

The usual holiday having been granted to the Secretary
and clerks, the Council adjourned over the recess until
Wednesday, November 4.

THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF IRELAND.

At the monthly meeting of the Council in Sackville-otreet,
Dublin, Sir George Rodson in the chair, the other members
present were : Hon. Bowes Daly, Sir Allan Walsh, Bart. ;
William Osveu, Phineas Riall,C. U.Townsend, James Robsrt-
son, Charles Caunon, Georfje A. Roch ford-Boy d. Major Bor-
rowes, Rev. R. W. Bagot, Hans H. Woods, Alderman Purdon,
and Laurence Waldron.

Jumping Prizes. — Sir Allaj^ Waxsh reported that he
had, at the solicitation of the local committee of the Wexford
show — who had been under a wrong impression — recom-
mended a mode by which jumping prizes would be provided
for horses not entered in the stipulated time. This was to be
done by creating a new class for jumping horses, not entered
for exhibition, and also for leaping 'prizes. He now moved
that his suggestion, which had been adopted by the local com-
mittee, should be ratified by the Council. If the Council
approved of the payment of half-fees, those horses would
compete for the £5 prize offered by the local committee, om
paying a fee of Ss. on entrance into the yard.

Mr. Bagot asked if that was not practically opening the
jumping prizes?

Sir Allan Walsh replied in the affirmative. The jumping
prizes were not closed, but the others were.

Mr. TowNSEND inquired who, in that case, was to receive
the money.

Sir Allan Walsh said their secretary would receive the
money and give the prizes, which latter were given by the local
committee.

Mr. Bagot conceived that they should pause before practi-
cally adding to the premium sheet.

Major BoRROWES opposed the proposition, on the ground
that it opened up competition which, by all their rules, had
been long ago closed.

Mr. Owen also expressed himself as opposed to giving ex-
tra jumping prizes. They would have quite enough to do in
attending to the competition already fixed upon, without
imposing additional responsibility upon themselves.

The Chairman, after the subject had been discussed at
considerable length, said it appeared to be the general feeling
of the members of the Council tliat the request should not be
acceeded to, and he would make an entry to that effect on the
minute book.

A communication was received from the Earl of Clancarty,
expressing regret at learning that the Royal Agricultural So-
ciety of Ireland were likely to withdraw the support which they

had heretofore kindly given to tlie Ballinasloe Farming So-
ciety, and urgently irapressiog on the Council the necessity of
paying the amount of its claims. It having appeared that the
particulars had not been sent in within the time specified by
the rules, the application was refused.

Lieuteuant-General Hall, C.B., and Mr. Anthony Lefroy,
D.L., being head of the supplemental list, were elected mem-
bers of tlie Council in the room of Sir Richard Musgrave and
Sir Percy Nugent, deceased.

The report of the fiaancial Committee was laid on the table,
from which it appeared that after payment of current expenses,
there remained to the credit of the Society a balance of £539,
being £100 more than was in their favour that time twelve
months ago.

Mr. TowNSEND said as tlie business was now disposed of,
he desired to draw attention to the course adopted at the
English shows. He had been lately speaking to several mem-
bers of the Council, who agreed with him in thinking that it
would be very judicious if they could give some encourage-
ment in the Poor-law union or district wherever the sliow was
held, by offering prizes for the best-cultivated farms. He
thought if something of the kind could be brought forward in
connection with their annual shows, it would be very desirable.
He proposed that a sub-committee should be appointed to
consider the matter, as he was in a position to offer £20 in
furtherance of the object. No doubt, it was too late to com-
mence at the Wexford show, but they might begin at London-
derry, and folio* the rotation at subsequent shows.

Mr. RocHFOET-BoYD, in seconding the motion, said he
was persuaded that the proposition, if carried out, would give
more local interest, and sp:ead the name of the Society
throughout the country more than anything that could be
done.

Major Borrowes : This is the most practical resolution
that has been brought before the Council for a long time. I
think it will be calculated to open up a new field of usefulness
and popularity for the Society.

The Chairman remarked that as the question wa« one
which required consideration, it should be postponed till the
next meeting of the Council.

Mr. TowNSEND having assented to the suggestion, the
further consideration of the matter was postponed.

New Members. — Nugent T. Everard, Randalstown,Navan ;
Walter Gilbey, Hargraves Park, Stanstead, Essex; Alfred
Gilbey, Woodburn Park, Beaconsfield, Bucks.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

235

MEETING AT WEXFORD.

The entries are more numerous than at Waterford last
year, but still in some classes there is a marked scarcity of
animals. In the cattle and sheep departments alone there
are six empty sections, the best filled division being
the Shorthorns, the heifer class, and the Border
Leicesters ; the Shorthorns being really good.
As, perhaps, was not anticipated the blue ribbon has been
won by an English breeder — Mr. A. H. Brown, of
Doxford, Chathill, Northumberland, with the well-known
bull Duke Aosta. In the stall nest but one to him was Mr.
VVm. Bolton's two-year-old, now the first in his class, as
he was at the Royal Dublin Society's Show in April last.
To his owner was also given the challenge cup of the
County Wexford Stock Improvement Society, a local
association, whose object it is to promote the rearing of
thoroughbred Shorthorns, thus recognising Mr. Bolton's
acknowledged position as chief among the leading agricul-
turists of the county Wexford. Lady Pigot carried ofi'
Mr. Purdon's second challenge cup, with two shorthorned
heifers calved in 1873. The Herefords were a poor class,
but it contained one animal of merit, Mr. P. J. Kerney's
Brandon. The Channel Island cattle are onlyscantily repre-
sented, but the mixed breeds and Kerries are better ; and
Mr. James Robertson's Kerry cow, Snowflake, rising four
years, was considered by the judges to be the finest of the
breed ever exhibited. She took a first prize last year at
Tralee, in the country of Keiries, and a like honour at
the April show in Dublin. The sheep pens were well
filled, and for the most part with fair specimens, the
Long-wool and Leicester sections being the best. Mr.
George Turner, of Northampton, took the challenge cup
offered for the best shearling ram, scoring another victory
to the English exhibitors. The horses shown were nume-
rous, but it surprised many to find such a poor display of
animals suited for agricultural purposes. Indeed it would
appear that the horse sections are, now-a-days, swelled
by the introduction of hunters,in view of the prizes offered
in the jumping competition, an innovation objected to
by many, and which, if it tended to detract from the in-
terest previously attached to the agricultural sections
should be carefully guarded against by an association
having in view the promotion of agriculture. This absurd
business, howevei-, was very properly put off until the
fag end of the meeting, as it is quite beneath the dignity
of a " Royal " society.

Of implements there are fifty-one stands. Those
stands include over thirty smaller stands. Twenty-
five hail from England — Manchester, London, War-
rington, Cheshire, Reading, Bedford, Dudley, and
Oxon ; while eighteen are from the locality and
provinces of Wexford, Gorey, Carlow, and Drogheda;
and only eight from Dublin. Among the English exhi-
bitors are Bradford, of Manchester ; Picksley, Sims, and
Co., Samuelsou and Co., Page and Co., Bedford ; Thomas
and Taylor, Cheshire ; Richmond and Chandler, Walter
Wood, and the Reading Iron Works Company. On
the whole this department is not quite up to the mark of
former years.

PRIZE LIST.

J UDGES. — Shorthorns -. C. P. Gell ; G. Atkinson. Other
Breeds : G. Hewson ; R. H. Masfen. Sheep (Leicesters
and Lincolns) : T. Harris; A. Warburton. Border Lei-
cesters : G. Hogarth; J. Clarke. Shropshire and other
Downs: C. Keeling; R. H. Masfen. Horses (thorough-
bred): H. Thurnall ; and St. George Mausergh. Agri-
cultural Horses: A. Darker; J.Byrne. Pigs : H. Thurn-
all; A. Darker. Dairy Produce : J. Byrne. Cereals:
J. Robertson.

SHORTHORNS.
Bull calved on or after 1st January, 1869. — The Purdon

Challenge Cup, value 60 gs., A. H. Brown, Doxford, Chathill,

Northumberland (Duke of Aosta) .

Heifers calved in 1873.— The Purdon Challenge Cap,
value 60 gs., Lady Pigot, Branches Park, Newmarket (Rose
of Lincoln and Moorish Captive.)

Bull, calved on or after the 1st January, 1869, and pre-
vious tu the 1st of January, 187-.— Pirst prize, A. U. Brown
(Duke of Aosta) ; second, M. O'Reilly, M.P., Knock Abbey,
Dandalk (King Richard II.). Highly commended: W. Day,
Carryback, Ballycogley (Wild Boy) ; W. S. Garnett, Williams-
town, Kells (Marmaduke).

Bull, calved in the year 1872.— Pirst prize, £10, W.Bolton,
The Island, Oulart (White King) ; second, M. O'Reilly, M.P.
(Prince Royal). Highly commended : Rev. H. B. Hill, St.
John's, Enniscortliy (King Cock).

Bull, calved in 1873.— Pirst prize, £10, Major Barton,
Straffan (Conqueror) ; second, R. Chaloner, Kingsford, Moy-
nalty (Alfred). Commended: J. Wilson, Roosko, Dunboyne
(Master Prank) ; Lady Pigot (May King) .

Cow, in calf or in milk, calved previous to 1st January,
1872. — First prize, £8, Lady Pigot (Victoria Victrix) ; second,
A. H. Brown (Primrose). Highly commended: W. Day
(Venus). Commended: J. Meadows, Thornvilie, Wexford
(Ruth) ; W. Bolton (Patty Gwynne).

Heifer, calved in 1873. First prize, £8, W. Bolton

(Pansey Gwynne) ; second. Lady Pigot (Princess of Wytham).
Commended: W.Day (Blossom).

Heifer, calved in 1873.— First prize, £8, Lady Pigot (Rose
of Lincoln) ; second, R. J. M. Gumbleton, Glanatore, Tallow,
CO. Waterford (Princess of Wales). Highly commended : W.
Bolton (Glossy the Eighth) ; Lady Pigot (Moorish Captive).

HEREFORDS.

Bull of any age. — Prize, £8, P. J. Kearney, Miltown House,
Clonmellon (Brandon).

Cow, in calf or in milk. — Prize, £1, P. J. Kearney (Cherry
Blossom).

TOLLED ANGUS.

Polled Angus or Galloway hull of any age.— Prize, £5, W.
Owen, Blesinton, Wicklow (The Earl).

Polled Angus or Galloway cow, in calf or milk. — Prize, £4,
W. Owen (Jennie).

KERRY.

Bull of any age. — Prize, £5, J. Robertson, La Mancha,
Malaiiide (George Frederick).

Cow, in calf or in milk. — First prize, £4, J. Robertson
(Snowflake) ; second, Hon. Mrs. Keane, Castletown House,
Churchtown, Wexford (Polly).

Heifer calved in 1873 or 1873.— First prize, £4, J. Robert-
sou (Pollie) ; second, J. Robertson (Snowdrop).

CHANNEL ISLANDS.

Bull of any age. — First prize, £3, Mrs. Lane, Munfin,
Ballycarney (Brown Stout) ; second. Marquis of Ormond,
The Castle, Kilkenny (Duke).

Cow or heifer, in calf or milk. — First prize, £3, J. P. Deve-
reux, Rocklands, Wexford (Daisy) ; second. Marquis of
Ormond (Minerva).

Cow in calf or milk (limited for competition to tenant-
farmers whose Poor-law valuation is under £100 per annum).
— First prize, £8, P. Murphy, Balliukeele, Oylegate, Ennis-
corthy (Fanny) ; second, F. CuUen, Killisk, Castle Ellis (May-
flower). Highly commended: F. Cullen (Daisy).

Heifer calved in 1872.— Prize, ki, F. Cullen (Rosy).

Heifer calved in 1873.— First prize, £4, P. M'Gill, The
Island, Oulart, Gorey (Queen of Trumps) ; second, P. Murphy
(Lilly).

SHEEP.
lei(;esters.

For the best shearling ram, Leicester or Border Leicester. —
Cork Challenge Cup, value £50, G. Turner, IMorthampton
(shearling Leicester).

Shearling ram. — First prize, £10, G. Turner ; second and
third, G. Turner. Highly commended : T. Marris, The Chase,
Ulceby, Northampton. Commended : W. R. Meadp, Bally-
martle, Ballinhassig.

Ram of any age. — First prize, £7, W. Tiirnrr, juii. ; second,
T. Marris. Highly commended : W. Owen, Blesington ;
W. R. Meade, Ballyraartle. Commended : W. Owen.

Pen of five shearling ewes. — Prize, £7, J. Murphy, Mount
Loftus, Goresbridge.

BORDER LEICESTERS.

Shearling ram. — First prize, £10, Duthie and Beat, Bally-
kilcavan Slills, Stradlally, Queen's County ; second, T.
Foster, jun., ElHngham, Chathill, Northumberland ; third,

236

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.*!

r. A. Leigli, RosegarlanJ, New lloss. Commended: T.
Poster, jun.

Ram of any otlier age. — First prize, £7, T. Foster ; second,
A. H. Smith-Barry, Fota Island, Queentown, Cork. Com-
mended : F. Cullen, Killisk, Castle Ellis.

Pen of five shearlins: ewe?. — First prize, £7, Duthie and
Beat; second, M.H.Franks, Westfield, Mountratli. Com-
mended : Earl Fitzwilliara, Coolattin Park, Shillelagh.

ROSCOMJIONS.

Shearling ram. — First prize, £8, 0. Kavanagh, Killisk,
Ballyraurrin ; second. Major J. Blood Smyth, Fedaraore,
Limerick. Highly commended : Major J. Blood Smyth.
Commended: J. E. Mayler, Harristown, Ballymitty, Wexford.

Kara of any age. — First prize, £7, M. Crovvley, Coolamain,
Oylegate; second. Major J. Blood Smyth.

LIJNCOLNS.

Shearling ram. — First prize, £8, J. L. Bland, Blandsford,
Abbeyleix ; second, J. L. Bland. Highly commended : J. L.
Bland. Commended : J. L. Bland.

'~ Ram of any other age. — First prize, £7, F. Cullen ; second,
M. Crowley.

SHROPSHIRE AND OTHER DOWNS.

Short-woolled shearling ram. — Prize, challenge cup, value
£30, J. L. Naper.

Shearling ram. — First prize, £10, J. L. Naper, Loiighcrew,
Oldcastle ; second, J. L. Naper; third, A. H. S. Barry, Fota
Island, Queenstown, Cork.

Ram of any age. — First prize, £7, T. Marris ; second, R.
Cosby, Stradbally Hall, Queen's County.

Fen of live shearlin;? ewes. — First prize, £7, Sir A. Walsh,
Bart., Ballykiicavan, Stradbally ; second, A. H. S. Barry.

Pen of five ewes which have reared lambs for not less than
SIX weeks in 1874 (limited for competition to tenant-farmers
whose Poor-lav/ valuation is under £100 per annum). — First
prize, £5, J. Crowley, Coolamain, Oylegate ; pecond, F. Cullen,
Killisk, Castle Ellis. Highly commended: J. Hayes, John-
street, Wexford. Commended : F. Cullen.

Pen of five shearling ewes. — Prize, £5. No award.
PIGS.

COLOURED.

Boar under eighteen months old. — First prize, £5, C. H.
Peacocke, Belmont, Wexford ; second, P. Marnane, Ballyryan
West, Tippeiary.

Boar over eighteen months and under thirty-six months old.
—First prize, £5, C. H. Peacocke ; second, P. Marnane.

Breeding sow under eighteen raontlis old. — First prize, £5,
J. Dove, Harabrook House, Ilambrook, Bristol ; second,
J. Molloy, 72, Mountjoy-street, Dublin. Commended: J.
MoUoy. ,

Breeding sow over eighteen months old. — First prize, £4.
G. Cosby; second, M. Williams, Ballingore, Castle Ellis
Commended: E. A. Byrne, Rosemount, New Ross.

Berkshire sow and litter of not less than six pigs under five
months old. — Prize, £4, (3. Cosby.

Three breeding pigs of the same litter above four and not
exceeding eight months old. — First prize, £5, J. Molloy,
Mountjoy-street, Dublin ; second, C. II. Peacocke. Com-
mended : A. Byrne.

WHITE.

Boar under eighteen months old. — First prize, £5, Earl of
Wicklow, Shelton Abbey, Arklow (Suowdrop 2nd) ; second,
J. Dove, Ilambrook House. Highly commended : J. L.
Naper, Loughcrew, Oldcastle. Commended : C. W. Wise,
Rochestown, Cahir, county Tippcrary.

Boar over eighteen months and under thirty-six months
old. — First prize, £5, J. Dovo ; second, J. Molloy. Highly
commended: H. A. Bolton, Brook Lodge, Waterford (Snow-
drop 2nd).

Breeding sow under eighteen months old. — First prize, £5,
J. Dove ; second R. W. Boyle, Milltown House, Dublin.
Commended : J. Dove.

Breeding sow over eiRhteen moutlis old. — First prize, £4,
H. A. Bolton ; second, R. W. Boyle. Highly commended :
J. Molloy.

Sow and litter of not less than six pign uuder five nionths
old. — Prize, £4, J. Molloy. Highly commended ; C. W. Wise,
Rochestown, Cahir.

Three breeding pigs of the same litter above four and not
exceeding eight months old. — Prize, £5, J. L. Naper.

Breeding .sow over six and under eighteen months old
(limited for competition to tenant-farmers whose Poor-law

valuation is over £50 and under £100 per annum). — Prize
£4, M. Williams, Ballingore, Castle Ellis.

Breeding sow over eighteen months, in pig or with a litter
under five months old.— Prize, £4, M. Williams.

Breeding sow (limited for competition to tenant-farmers
whose Poor-law valuation is under £50 per annum). — First
prize, £4, M. Marnane, Ballyryan, Tipperary ; second, M.
Crowley, sen., Coolamain, Oylegate.
HORSES.

The Croker Ciialknge Cup, value 50 sovs. — M. Douoghue,
Fullerstown, Taghmony (Aeronaut).

THOROUGHBRED STALLIONS.

For the thoroughbred sire in the Stud-book, best calculated
to improve and perpetuate the breed of sound and stout
thoroughbred horses, weight-carrying hunters, and horses for
general stud purposes. — First prize, £20, M. Donoghue
(Aeronaut) ; second, J. M'Mahon, Colt Raheen, Mountrath,
Queen's County (Roman Bee) j third, and silver medal, J
Moffat, Ballyhyland, Enniscorthy (Pole Star).

AGRICULTURAL STALLIONS.

Clydesdale or Suffolk breed. — First prize, £15, R. Good,
Aherlow, Farren, Cork ; second, W. Moody, Rathaspeck,

Wexford.

AGRICULTURAL STALLIONS OF ANY BREED.

Prize, £15, J. W. Tarr, West Park, Midleton, Cork.

IMares calculated to produce weight-carrying hunters, in
foal, or having produced foals in 1873 or 1874. — First prize,
£10, M. A. ]Maher,Ballinkeele, Enniscorthy ; second, J. Walsh,
Eastlands, Ballycogley. Highly commended : J. Breen,
Ballyhylanh ; W. Boxwell, Sarshill, Kilmore. Commended:
J. Jeffans, Ring, Broadway ; A. Byrne, Connegar, Kilkenny.

Agricultural brood mares, in foal or having produced a foal
in 1873 or 1874.— -First prize, £10, J. Cooke, New Ross;
second, A. Kavanagh, ]M.P., Borris, Carlow. Commended :
W. Moody; C. and A. Cameron, Tottenham-green, Taghmon,
Wexford.

Weight-carrying hunters, not less than five years old, fit to
carry 14 stone and upwards. — First prize, £10, M. A. Maher ;
second, F. King, Woodville, Wexford. Highly commended :
W. Boxwell.

Hunters, not less than five years old, fit to carry IZst. 71b.
to 14st. — First prize, £10, G. M. Maher, 7th Dragoon Guards,
Curragh ; second, W. H. West, Farnley, Ferns. Highly
commended : R. Cousins, Hill of Kanturk, Kilmore.

Colts or fillies calculated to make hunters, foaled in 187 0
or 1871.— First prize, £10, J. Jeffans ; secend, W. M.
Gibbon, Templesbelin, Adamstown, Enniscorthy. Highly
commended : F. King, Woodville, Wexford. Commended :
M. A. Maher ; R. Rickard, Bally Jonfui, Enniscorthy.

LOCAL PRIZES.
The Cow Challenge Cup.

Shorthorn Cows. — First prize, W. Day, Garryhack, Bally-
cogley. Highly commended : W. Bolton, The Island, Oulart,
Wexford.

Shorthorned heifers, calved on or since the 1st January,
1S7~. — First prize, W. Bolton. Highly commended : W. Day.

Shorthorned heifers. — First prize, W. Bolton. Highly com-
mended : J. Meadows, Tliornville, Wexford.

Shorthorned heifer calves, calved on or since the 1st of
January, 1874. — First piize, A. W. Connon, Cremorne, Oulart;
second, J. Meadows.

Extra special prize for best bull in classes 5, 0, and 7. —
Prize, 13, W. Bolton.

Shorthorned bulls, calved in 1870 or 1871.— Prize, £7, W.
Day. Highly commended : P. Murphy, Ballinkeclc, Bally-
mi'rrin.

Shorthorned hulls, calved iu 1872. — Prize, £7, W. Bolton.
Highly commended : Rev. II. B. Hill, St. John's, Enniscorthy.

Shorthorned bulls, calved in 1873.— Prize, £7, J. Moffatt,
Ballyhyland, Enniscorthy. Highly commended : J. Meadows.
SHEEP.

Leicester or Border Leicester ram, not exceeding four-shear.
— First prize, £3, M. Redmond, Killisk, Ballymurrin ; second,
£2, F. Cullen, Killisk, Castle Ellis. Highly commended : F.
A.A.Leigh, Ballinkeele, Ballymurrin; W.Webster, Garry-'
brit, Clondaw ; J. Brien, Kiliencooly, Kilmuckridge.

Other pure breeds, not exceeding four-she.ir. — First prize,
£2, M. Crowley, jun., Coolamain, Oylegate; second, £1, F.
Cullen. Highly commended : 0. Kav.inagh, Killisk, Bally-
murrin ; M. Redmond.

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

237

PIGS.

Pure black boar, not exceeding two 3-ears. — Pirst prize, £3,
C. H. Peacoclie, Belmont, Wexford; second, £3, C. H. Pea-
cocke.

Pure white boar, not exceeding two years. — Prize, £3, ¥.
A. Leigh, Rosegarland, New Ross.
HORSES.

Thoronglibred stallion. — Silver medal, J. Moffat.
_ Agricultural stallion. — Silver medal, J. Malcolm, V.S., En-
niscorthy.

Foal by Polestar. — Prize, ^£3, W. Lett, Balbriggau, Ennis-
corthy.

At tlie dinner, the Lord Lieutenant, the Duke of Abercoen,
said : Ireland has a pretty good balance at her banker's.
We have the satisfaction of knowing that the prosperity of
Ireland is flowing, and is likely to flow as far as human
prescience can see iu no doubtful or uncertain streams. That
there are certain difficulties in the Irisii atmosphere, and that
some clouds, though iu a measured way still darken its
liorizou no one can deny, but no one who has studied that
horizon for the last ten years can doubt that those difficulties
and clouds are only transient, or, at all events, of no alarming
magnitude. It is now six years since I had the pleasure of
attending one of your annual gatherings in my official capacity.
In a country progressing so rapidly as Ireland does, six years
is a large epoch ia its agricultural history, and it is impossible
for one deeply interested as I am, botli privately and
officially, in the development of the resources of Ireland, not
to be struck with the great improvement which has taken
place in those years both in the cultivation and reclamation
of waste lands, ia the improvement cf farm-buildings and
labourers' houses, and in the more general diffusion of
thoroughbred stock, and the following of a higher class of
farming by our agricultural communities. I assure you that
it is witii no ordinary pleasure that I again ineet so many
familiar faces and so many friends, both personal and official,
whose labours have been uniformly directed towards the
improvement of Irish agriculture in this society, nor is that
pleasure diminished by one meeting being held in a locality
which, if not familiar to all of us, is yet deserving of especial
notice and approval, both for its agricultural merits and for
the order and peace of its population. We can still see in
the county of Wexford what Arthur Young saw 100 years
ago, when he said that the land in Wexford is better tilled,
and the houses of the peasantry of Wexford are of a higher
class, than those which he had seen in most parts of Ireland.
Well, gentlemen, we shall not have far to seek for the causes
of this comfort and prosperity in the fair county of Wexford.
I believe we shall find them in the friendly relations that have
existed for a long period between the occupiers of the soil and
the large and intelligent body of landlords. In the regular
and permanent residence of those landlords on their estates,
the county of Wexford has been singularly fortunate.
and I am informed that, by the spirited exertions of the pro-
prietors of this county, a new harbour at Rosslare is in course
of formation, which will be of great benefit to the surrounding
districts. I have also great pleasure in adding what has lately
come to my knowledge, that the sobriety and order of this
district have been greatly promoted by the excellent regula-
tions made by the much respected Roman Catholic bishop of
the diocese, who, in a manner which reflects the greatest credit
both on himshlf and his spiritual jurisdiction, has induced the
closing of public-houses on all Sundays and holidays through-
out the year to the great advantage of tiie peace, sobriety, and
order of the population. With regard to the exhibition of
to-day, I think we may cousi('er the show o f Shorthorns to be
exceedingly good, and though we must regret that an Irish
bull did not carry away the first prize, yet Mr. Bolton and
Mr. Barton and tlie other Irish breeders fully sustained their
reputation in the other classes. Tlie show of horses vias
good, and that amongst a number of very excellent pens of
sheep perhaps not the least most interesting was those of tlie
tenant-farmers. I think that the result of the show to-day
may convince us that Ireland is not only not deteriorating in
its agricultural progress but that every year brings further
advance and improvement. There are, no doubt, many things
in which we could wish further advance. We should look lor
a demolition of useless fences. We should like to see a better
clearance of weeds. We should like to see more capital put
in the coil and investt d in tuperior stock as well as in im-

proved houses for the farmer and laiiourers in different portions
of the country. But I think, looking at the improvements
that have taken place in the last fifteen or twenty years, we
can have no cause to doubt tliat tlie progress of time will
bring out all these essential elements of improvement, but
that which is most essentially necessary for any agricultural
association is the certainty and confidence of corresponding
and increasing national wealth. I have ventured to express
an opinion in accordance with my noble friend's idea that the
prosperity of Ireland is running in no doubtful stream ; and
if you will give me 'your "attention for a few minutes to
what I fear, in spite of its importance, may be rather a dull
array of figures, I think I shall be able to prove that rarely,
if ever, at any period of our history, has the weal'h and
resources of Ireland been as satisfactory as they are at the
present moment. Gentlemen, I begin with that which is most
important, and certainly the most interesting. I may term It
our population and liuman wealth. I am happy to be able to
state, from the returns that have just been made to me, that
the emigration lists of the year ending 30th June, 1871', show
a decrease of ll'.OOO over the corresponding terra iu 1873.
The usual average, as it is called, at the close of the year
187-±,will show more than 21,000 decrease over the year 1873,
the number in 187-i being culcnlated 68,000, whilst those of
1873 amounted to 00,000. The numbers ilso in 1873 are
some thousands less than any year of the preceding five years,
except 1869, which is slightly below it. We have also the
satisfactory fact that looking at the number of able-bodied
males for 15 years ia workhouses, the year 1871; shows a de-
crease of some hundreds, the number for the year ending June,
1874, being 1,200 against 1,500 in 1873, the numbers in 1874;
being also a little more than one-half what they were in 1863,
and little more than one-seventh what they were in 1873. I
think, gentlemen, that these figures will show us that the
working population of this country, the bone and sinew of the
country, is in no depressed or diminished state ; and if ive tura
to that monetary and funded wealth whicli can best insure for
that population the blessings of a complete competence, we
shall find that it is in a more satisfactory state. We find that
the aggregate Irish investments for the year ending June,
1873, in Government and India Stock, in Irish Joint Stock
Banks, and in trust, and savings banks, amounts to
£67,000,000, showing an increase of £2,500,000 over the
average of the last five years, and an increase of £8,500,000-
over the averages of the five years preceding, we find that the
amount of deposits in Irish Joint Stock Banks, which I include
in the amount, for the year ending June, 1874, amount to
£29,800,000, which shows an increase over the averages of the
five preceding vears of £4,000,000, and over the five years
preceding that "of £10,000,000. The deposits in the Irish
saving banks for the year ending June, 1874, amount to
£781,000, which also shows an increase of £150,000 over the
averages of the last five years, and of no less than £550,000
for the five years previously. We find also, on looking
over the reports of the amount of money passing under
probate business for the year 1873, that it amounted to
£7,300,000, and that shows an increase of £1,500,000 over
the preceding five years. Taking these figures into proper
account, there cannot be any doubt that they are signs of in-
creasing wealth iu Ireland. If we look to the agricultural
statistics of this country we find them to be satifactory. We
find for the year ending 1874, that the estimated value of
cattle, sheep, and pigs in Ireland amounts to £7,440,000, and
that shows an increase of £1,550,000 over the average of the
five preceding years, and an increase of no less than £4,900,000
over the average of the five years preceding that beginning iu
1863. In connection with that, I received two or three days
ago an interesting report from Professor Ferguson, in which
he states that at no time has the health of agricultural stock
iu Ireland been in a more satisfactory state than at the pre-
sent moment, the only exception being a slight reappearance
of foot-and-mouth disease of a mild nature. The whole number
of farms in Ireland under restriction for contagious disease
amounts only to 69, showing a very agreeable contrast to the
year 1872, when 4,470 farms were under restriction for con-
tagious disease. The reports for the year ending June, 1874,
show a slight decrease in the number of cattle— about 29,000
under 1873, but this is most satifactorily accounted for by the,
very large exportation of cattle, amounting to 684,000, which
took place in 1873 — an exportation which was 68,000 over
the exportation of the preceding year. We find also iu 1874

o 9

238

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

tliat the number of sheep have slightly decreased — about
47,000, but this is also most satisfactorily accounted for by
the enormous exportation of sheep that has taken place within
the twelve mouths, amounting as the report shows, to
163,000 more sheep than were exported in the twelve months
previous. Gentlemen, if we come to the statistics of
crime, I am really afraid that you will think that I re-
semble the famous violinist who played a coucert during
the whole evening on one string. When I say that I must
continue, it is my pleasing duty to say that they are extremely
satisfactory. We find that the number of offences in 1873 not
summarily disposed of were only 6,900, which shows a decrease
of 1,780 over the average of the preceding five years, and not
less than 2,900 over the average of the five years before that.
While upon this subject I must congratulate the county of
Wexford upon showing one of the very lowest calendars of
crime, in proportion to its population, of any county in Ireland,
the amount of outrages during the year 1873 amounting to
32, and there not being a single ag-rarian outrage in the
county, eitlier in the year 1873 or 1871;. Gentlemen, 1 fear
that these details of figures may have been rather wearisome,
but I was unwilling to give any assurances of progress and
prosperity which I could not state upon undeniable evidence.
There is no one in this room, there are few, I believe, in Ire-
land, that would not look with pride and gladness on any
sound evidence of wealth and advancement in Ireland. But
we must remember that it is not alone liy the credit of the
husbandman or by the skilled science of the breeder of cattle,

or by the hoarded wealth of the successful merchant or trades-
man, that national progress and advancement can be attained.
Important as are all those elements, they areas yetcomparalively
valueless unless we are able to combine with them a respect and
veneration for the law. A perfect security for person as well
as for property, and that general confidence among all classes
of the population that will best give due scope to the profit-
able diffusion of whatever capital is already amongst us, as
well as give an inducement to foreign and extraneous capital
to fiud in Ireland a fructifying stream. I believe that the
people of Ireland have now tliose advantages lying easy of
access before them. Already the quiet state of a great por-
tion of the country has been the means of bringing over
fruitful streams of capital into Irish channels, and of deve-
loping many of those sources of wealth which, bountiful as
nature has made them, require only guarantees of national
peace, order, and abstinence from disturbances to become of
double value.

Lord FiTZWii.LiAM (the chairman) said: Although the
entries were not numerous, the quality of the stock was of
high character. Not only were the cattle admirable, but the
slieep were creditable to tlie owners of the soil and the tenant-
farmers. His Excellency had alluded to the progress made in
Ireland of late years, which was an undoubted fact. In fact
they had advanced in some respects more in proportion than
England or Scotland. With regard to the Shorthorns, Mr.
Bolton, Mr. Meadows, and other local men had accomplished
much, although the former had been beaten by a lady.

THE

SPENCER

S C H E M E."

PRIZES FOR BEST MANAGED SMALL FARMS IN IRELAND.

The Prize Scheme ',io which the following reports for the
year 1873 relate, is explained in the subjoined extract from a
letter andressed in March, 1872, by his Excellency's private
secretary, H. Y. Thompson, to the Commissioners of National
Education : His Excellency has long taken an especial interest
in the welfare of the very numerous class of Irish small tillage
farmers, and has held the opinion, which personal observation
of their condition and prospects in various parts of the country
has amply confirmed, that their present style of farming and
the management of their homesteads admit of considerable
improvement. It appears that more than half of all the hold-
ings in Ireland — namely, 317,457 out of 608,861 (from both
of which figures, however, some deductions must be made for
tjie cases in which two or more separate lioldings being in the
occupation of the same individual are enumerated separately)
were valued in 1866 at less than £8 a year. His Excellency
thinks it will not be disputed that in a vast maiority of cases
these holdings are imperfectly cultivated, and that the habita-
tions upon them are, speaking generally, both inferior and ill-
kept. Under these circumstances, and considering that the
settlement of the land question, under the Act of 1870, has
turned the attention of the public to the general condition of
the farming classes, and has given an impetus to many im-
provements in the manageineut of farms, the present has
seemed to his Excellency a favourable occasion for an endea-
vour to direct attention to this very large and important class
of agriculturists. In doing so, I am to state tliat he does not
desire to raise or to pronounce any opinion on the very diffi-
cult question of the proper size of farms. He would carefully
avoid that ; but, at the same time, he is confident that that
most interesting question cannot be satisfactorily solved in this
country until tlie small farmers of Ireland |avail themselves
of the means at their disposal for careful tillage much more
extensively than they do now. Among the methods employed
to promote good agricultuie, his Excellency is of opinion that
nothing has been more calculated to benefit the small farmers
than the school-farms or gardens under the inspection of the
National Board of Education, whicli, he is glad to observe, are
gradually increasing in number. Accordingly, it has occurred
to him — more in the hope of seeing his action, if successfully
carried out, imitated by others, than from any notion tliat so
small a contribution can have any very considerable effect in
itself — to offer, on certain conditions, prizes to be adjudged in
connexion with certain of these school-farms. He lias selected
eight of them in various parts of the country, viz :

In Leinster, Garryhill and Ballinvally;
In Ulster, Cornagilta and Parkanour ;
In MiJNSTER, Tervoe ani Grange ;
In CoNNAUGHT, Castlehacket andKillsolan ;

and, taking round each of them a radius of five or six miles,
he proposes to give annually for tlie next five years three
prizes to he called " The Spencer Stnall-farm Prizes," and con-
sisting of £3 10s., £2 10s., and £1 10s. respectively, to the
occupiers of the three holdings in each of the are.^s above
described, and valued under £8 a year, which shall be ad-
judged to be the most commendable on the score of (1) the
neatness and cle.inlines3 of the house ; (2) the amount and
quality of the produce of the laud; (3) the character and condi-
tion of the live stock of all sorts, from horses and cows down
to poultry and bees ; (4) any other circumstances that may
attract the favourable attention of the judges. These prizes
should be adjudged about the month of September in each
year. In no case should the same individual obtain a prize
more than three times in the five years, nor should any prize be
given unless there be both competition and merit, as to the
requisite extent of which the judges should decide. I am to
state that his Excellency's object in addressing the Commis-
sioners on this subject is to solicit the co-operation of the
Board to the extent of allowing their agricultural school in-
spectors— than whom assuredly noue could be better quali-
fied, both by their special acquaintance with the subject and
by the confidence that wovild be generally felt in the fairness
of their award — to adjudge these prizes, commencing from
September next. If this proposal is adopted by the Board,
his Excellency believes that, in addition to any direct benefits
that may accrue from increased exertion on the part of indi-
viduals, it is possible that iudirectly a good deal of valuable
information may be obtained as to the wants and position of a
very large and important class ; and that it may be found
desirable to have a short yearly report by the inspectors, con-
veying their impressions on the subject.

No. I. — Parkanour, Co. Tyrone, 1873. — We have visited
Parkanour School District, Co. Tyrone, for the purpose of ad-
judicating on the farms entered in competition for the
Spencer prizes. We were accompanied in our inspection by
Mr. Y. Burgess, son of Mr. Y. 11. Burgess, D.L., the proprietor
of the Parkanour estate. His father is most desirous of ren-
dering every assistance in his power in furthering the efforts of
His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant. Should the three Spencer

The faemer's magazine.

23

prizes be won by liis tenen!,s, be would contribute a sum equal
to the Spencer premiums, and in addition he lias otFered a sum
of £J1 10s. to be competed for by his-own tenants on the
Spencer plan, with this difference, that he puts no limit to the
valuation, tiius leaving it open to all his tenants to compete.
After a short conference, we decided on making the awards in
accordance with a scale of marks. This scale, and the results
of our inspection in the Parkanour district, will be seen in the
accompanying tables. Our awards of tlie Spencer prizes are as
fuUovvs : First prize, £3 lOs., won by Liickson Leslie, a tenant
on the Parkanour estate, wliose valuation is £6 15s. ; second
prize, £3 10s., woa by George Frizelle, wlio holds from the
Earl of Charlemont a holding valued at £i lOs. ; third prize,
£1 10s., won by Anne Thornbury, who iiolds under Lord
Charlemont a holding valued at £■!• 10s. The first of tlie Bur-
gess prizes is awarded to John Wilson, who holds twenty acres
at a rent of £20 ; second prize, Dickson Leslie, who wins the
first of the Spencer prizes ; third prize, Anne Murphy, wlio
holds fifteen acres at a rent of £15. To some persons the
Spencer prizes, taken individually, have looked small ; but to
the persons iutended to be reached they appear very differently.
Dickson Leslie, with a valuation of £6 15s., obtains £G in two
prizes ; ami had he succeeded in winning the first of the
Burgess prizes, the amount of the two prizes would have
exceeded his valuation by 5s. To a man in his position
the amount thus won in prizes must be a great boon.
But the interest created in the district by the prizes
far exceeds their pecuniary value. On all the farms we notice
with satisfaction indications of improvements made in the hope
of winning a Lord Lieutenant's prize. John Wilson has his
farm in a creditable state : his home and offices are still more
so, and the arrangements for collecting and preserving manure
are, for a man in his circumstances, as near perfection as need
be desired. He has two heifer-calves which show far more
quality than the cows. A garden has been laid out, and a new
approach has been commenced, and a respectable gate and set
of pillars already erected. Dickson Leslie's farm is cultivated
with skill, and liis home is a model of neatness and comfort.
Possibly the most remarkable of all the competitors is George
Frizelle. He labours under a physical infirmity, which unfits
him for undergoing much fatigue ; yet liis little holding is in
a high state of fertility, and it is tilled with skill and care, and
his house, yard, and offices, which adjoin the public road, at-
tract the attention of every passer by. During the year, and
stimulated in a great measure by the ambition to win one of
the Lord Lieutenant's prizes, he has enlarged and improved his
dwelling, enclosed it from the road by a good wall, and provided
two new gates. This man submitted to one of us papers which
sliow that by the exercise of intelligence and skill in the
management of his holding he has been enabled to put apart a
sum which is regarded as a fortune by persons in his rank of
life, and this is exclusive of the capital invested in his land,
oihces, and dwelling. We take lea^e to draw attention to the
circumstance that the third of the Spencer prizes is won by a
female. It has been urged that women influence the agricul-
ture of a country like Ireland to a greater extent than is gene-
rally supposed. When the head of the family is taken away by
death, the sole care of the farm may fall on the widow, or, as
in this case, on the daughter. This circumstance shows that it
is desirable to impart to females in rural schools a certain
amount of instruction in the elements of agriculture.

No. II. — Ballinvally, Co. Westmeatii, 1873.— The
Ballinvally School is on the estate of the Right Hon. Col.
Tighe, in County Westmeath, who has lent his co-operation in
furthering His Excellency's view. He from the outset has
offered to advance an equal sum to the value of any prize whicii
may be won by any of his tenants. The school is attended by
children from several adjoining estates, but as yet the proprie-
tors of these estates have not contributed to the scheme in any
way. Possibly they, like other proprietors, believe that the
system is calculated to encourage the subdivision of the land of
Ireland into excessively small holdings. His excellency has
guarded himself from putting forward his scheme with any in-
tention of favouring small as distinguished from large farms.
He takes the small farms as he finds them, and aims at render-
ing them more productive. As evidence of the improvement
effected in the competitors' holdings during the year, we would
refer to the fact that while the farm which obtained the first
prize last year has not gone back, but on the contrary has im-
proved, the farm which obtained third prize in 1873 now wins
for its occupier, Mrs. Anderson, the first prize. Mrs. Anderson

has well merited this honour. She has made several improve-
ments and has put her farm and ofllces into a very satisfactor
state. ' She does credit to the estate on which she lives. The lirst
prize was obtained lastyear by Mr. John Potterton, a tenant ot
Colonel Tighe's. Death has removed him since then, but his
widow continues to manage the farm very well, and obtains
the second prize. It will be seen from the tabulated result
that the farmers who rank second, third, and fourth in order ol
merit are very close in the sum total of marks. The num-
bers are as follows : Second, Bridget Potterton, 273 marks ;
third, James Johnston, 273 marks; fourth, James Kavanagh,
271 marks. The fifth in the border of merit, Mr. Garrett,
Kieruan, is only 15 marks below the fourth. Altogether, the
competition in this district has been very spirited

No. III.— LOUGIIGLYNX, Co. RoSCOMMON, 1873.— We
have inspected the farms wliich have been entered tliis year
in competition for the Spencer prizes in this district. The
Loughglynn estate contains some 100,000 acres, and is oc-
cupied chiefly by small farmers. It is an estate peculiarly well
fitted to test the efficucy of any scheme for improving the
condition of our small farmers. We have visited altogether
the holdings of seventeen persons, some of whom competed for
an old established system of garden prizes as well as for the
Spencer prizes. The systems of farming pursued on several ot
their holdings are so bad that it would be quite useless to go
into full details regarding them. We give a tabulated result of
our inspection of farms, which shows meritorious features,
from which it will be seen that two of them score equal marks.
It so happens that fur want of merit in one section of another
prize scheme in connexion with this school, in which one of us
took part, that a sura of 12s. 6d. came to be added to the
Spencer prize money, making in all £8 23. 6d. It was decided
to distribute this amount into five prizes— viz., £2 10s. to each
of the two at the head of the list who are equal ; third prize,
£1 10s. ; fourth prize, £1 ; fifth prize, 12s. 6d. In accordance
with this arrangement we submit the merit list : First and se-
cond, John Jordan and Peter Crawley, 453 marks each;
third, Charles Sampev, 39S marks ; fourth, Thomas Conway,
2G0 marks ; fifth, Martin Moloney, 258 marks. Jordan obtained
first prize lastyear : his farm and garden display great skill and
industry. Crawley obtained third prize last year ; since then he
has improved his holding very much. Last year he had neither
artficial grass nor roots— this year he has laid down a field in
a most creditable manner with a judicious mixture of clover
and rye-grass, and he has a plot of turnips which has been very
well cultivated. His potato crop is one of the cleanest and
most productive we have seen this year in the entire district.
The progress made by this man during the year in the culti-
vation and management of his holding affords most gratifying
evidences that His Excellency lias adopted a correct system ot
exciting a spirit of improvement among the small farmers ot
this country. Here is a small farmer who in a short space of
time has come to put into practice the most essential feature ot
improved agriculture. He got advice last year, and he acted
upon it to the fullest extent. He was not asked to do anything
beyond his means. What he has done will turn out so pro-
fitable that there is not the slightest fear that he will ever
abandon it. Sampey retains the position he held last year. A
suggestion was made to him then regarding his offices which is
of p'rimary importance, but on which lie has not yet acted. W e
trust he will act on the suggestion before next year. His larm
is cultivated with considerable skill, aud his garden is quite a
model for the class of small farmers to which he belongs, and,
indeeJ for occupiers of larger holdings. Several of the unsuc-
cessful competitors deserve credit lor their gardens and the neat-
ness of their places, among whom we would mention Friei and

No.'lV — KiLLASOL\N,Co.G.vL^VAy, 1873.- The Killasolan
National School is on the estate of Lord Clonbrock A circle
of five miles radius embraces parts of the estates ot Lord Cian-
cartv and Mrs. Grattan Bellew, and others who are anxious to
promote agricultural progress. It is not a small farm distnc
in the same sense tiiat Loughglynn may be said to be one. It
includes, however, a great many small farmers whose agricul-
tural practices are extremely bad Last year the first prize
was awarded to John Gilmore, who holds a tann ot U statute
acres from Lord Clonbrock at £6 a year. As will be seen m
the accompanying table, he also ranks highest this year. His
holdinK is a iondjhle model in many respects. His larm em-
braces three classes of soil. There is a piece of good land
' kept in permanent grass, which is the best ot all ; there is

240

THE FARMEE'S MAGAZINE.

one field in tillaf^e, which is not so well suited for grazing ;
and there is a piece of reclaimed land, now hearing indifferent
pasture, which Mr. Gilmore says it would not pay liini to
break up at the present rate of labour. The whole farm is
very productive, and enables Mr. Gilmore to live comfortably,
and to save something for his family. Partrick Potter, a
tenant of Mrs. Grattan Bellew, obtained second prize last
year ; this year, owing to ill liealth, he ranks fiftli on the list.
The second and third and fourth places are won by tenants on
the Clonbrock Estate. It will be seen that several others
come out well in the tabulated return. We w-ere glad to find
that the scheme has created very considerable interest among
the people in the district. Lord Clonbrock is good enough to
place £3 at our disposal, which enables us to give a (ew ex-
tra prizes. We have reason to believe I hat some additional
local subscriptions will be forthcoming next year.

No. v.— Garkyiiill, Co. Carlow, 1873.— Tlie Garryhill
Agricultural National School is on the Carlow estate of the Earl
of Bessborough, who, as is well knovpn, has devoted much per-
sonal attention to the improvement of the condition of his
tenantry. He undertook to add to any, or all, of the prizes
which may he won by his tenants a sum equal to his Excel-
lency's contribution. This year he proposes to meet the several
competitors at ^^Garryhill, to deliver to them au address and
to distribute the prizes. Twenty-four holders of land sent in
their names in the usual way, intending to compete ; of these,
two subsequently withdrew, feeling that they had no cliancc of
winning the prizes. We have carefully examined the farms,
gardens, houses, and offices of the remaining twenty-two per-
sons, all of whom entered into the competition with great
eagerness. The first prize is won by Peter Fox, a tenant of
Lord Besborough. Fox's holding is a bona fide model. The
tillage is good, sundry improvements have been made, and
there are evidences throughout of skill, care, and thrift. Tlie
second prize goes to Michael Hogan, who holds under Mr.
P. Newton, D.L., and who is a most deserving man. We
would draw attention to a feature in the agriculture of this
district which is most creditable to all concerned — we refer to
the circumstanc that there is a greater number of persons who
scored high tlian in any other district we have visited. In other
words the agricultural practices of tlie farmers are uniformly
better than elsewhere. This gratifying result is due to the
increased attention bestowed on the improvement of agricul-
ture by the gentry. The County Carlow Agricultural Society
has lent its aid. The Society has divided the county into five
districts, and give premiums to small farmers in each. The
mode in which the Spencer Prizes have been awarded is dif-
ferent from that adopted by the Society, but both systems tend
in the same direction. All the intelligent persons we have
met in this district agree in thinking that in order most effect-
ually to reach the smaller occupiers, the limits of each com-
peting district ought to be as small as possible. We append
the usual detailed list, which cannot fail to afford matter for
reflection. We have had ample evidence that there are in the
Garryhill district many small farmers who are prosperous and
happy. The Spencer Scheme is well calculated to aid in bring-
ing all up to tins level.

No. VI.— Tervoe, Co. Limerick, 1873.— The Tervoe
National Agricultural School is on the estate of the Right
Hon. Colonel Monsell, M.P. It is six miles from the City
of Limerick, and three from the larger Agricultural School
at Mungret. A circuit of five miles round the school includes
a great many proprietors, most of whom are non-residents.
It includes land of various degrees of quality, and farms of
very different sizes. There are several large holdings of rich
land ; but the vast majority of the occupiers near Turvoe and
Mungret Schools are small farmers, the greater number of
whom manage their land very badly and are extremely poor.
It is strange that the agricultural practices of farmers so close
to the city of Limerick should be so defective. It is, how-
ever, a fact. Several crops of grain have been raised in
succession without manure on land not able to bear it. The
land was not tilled with proper skill. The live stock is not of
the quality it ought to be. In many parts of the district the
small farmers' dwellings are as bad as in the remotest districts
ofthewes'. The manure heap is generally in front of the
entrance-door. The Spencer Scheme is the best, and indeed '
it may be almost said the only means by which those people
can be influenced. They regard agricultural societies and to
a less extent Government model farms, as instruments set up
iy the gentry for promoting their own interests . A notion

of this kind, no matter how unfounded the grounds on which
it is based, does incalculable harm. T'le Spencer Scheme
has brought agricultural education before the people iu a new
light. They see the officers of the Board of Education going
among them offering advice and encouraging and rewarding the
best of them. We are glad to find that the number of entries
has increased since last year. Ic is our pleasing duty also to
report that the local gentry appreciate the scheme.

No. VII. — Grange, Co. Waterford. — The district sur-
rounaing the Grange National School is part of a strip of land
lying betwten theBlackwateraud thesea. It may be described
as a backward district. The holdings are, generally speaking,
small. It is, therefore, a district in which a scheme for
ameliorating the condition of small farmers may be tested.
Last year the prizes were awarded by one of us Vi'ho reported
that the scheme excited considerable interest. We are in a
position to slate that an extremely keen degree of interest has
been manifested in it this year. Twenty-seven persons gave
their names to the teacher. Five of them withdrew, believing
they would have no chance of obtaining any of the prizes.
We have inspected twenty-two holdings which, as the merit
list will show, are scattered over the estates of several pro-
prietors. It is wortliy of note that Grange is an Irish-ppeaking
district. Of the heads of families we have met, the gieater
number do not speak English. One of us was able to con-
verse with these people in the Irish language. The agricul-
tural practices of the district vary very considerably. In the
neighbourhood of Ardraore, most of tlie occupiers of land com-
bine fishing with farming. Their laud is of a sandy character.
It has been well raanu:ed for years and made to yield heavy
crops. There are few districts in Ireland which yield a larger
amount of human sustenance than the tract of sandy ground in
the hands of these people. In all other parts of the district
the occupiers live exclusively by farming, and their land is for
tlie most part very unproductive. We find that the Rev. P,
Wall, P.P., Ardmore, is very much interested in the scheme.
He proposes to contribute towards a fund for increasing the
number of prizes. We are in hopes that the landlords of the
district will also subscribe fortius purpose. As an illustration
of the influence of the scheme in promoting improved modes of
management, we would cite the case of Patrick Mulcahy, who
has obtained the second prize. Last year his farm was ex-
tremely dirty ; this year it is one of the cleanest we have seen.
His root crops are very fine. The garden is in a creditable
state. We would repeat what was stated by one of us last
year — viz., that there is a very large number of small farmers in
this district who cannot maintain tlieir ground unless they
adopt a system of farming more in accordance with the times.
Their system does not materially differ from that followed be-
fore the introduction of free trade. It is very evident that the
most immediate and effectual way of reaching these people is
through the medium of the educational machinery of tue
country. The prize list is, in one or two respects, very sug-
gestive.

No. VIII.— CORNAGILTA, CO. MONAGIIAN, 1873. — The

Cornagilta National Agricultural School, Co. Monaglian, is
attended chiefly by the children of small farmers. The dis-
trict is populous. There is great need for improvement in
the agricultural practices of the farmers. The population em-
braces the several religious denominations. The radius of
five miles from the school includes parts of the estates of seve-
ral proprietors. The school is on the estate of Miss Rose, of
Mullaglimore, Monaghan. The competitors include tenants
of Sir George Foster, Bart., the Rev. Lord Plunket, and
Mr. George Greer. The Scheme has excited a lively interest
among the small farmers of this district. The number of
competitors would he very great were it not for the dread of
failing that prevails. This feeling influences the number of
entries in all_districts. Partrick Connolly, a tenant of Miss
Rose's, who heads the list this year, won first prize last year.
His holding does him credit, and is in many respects a model
for neighbouring farmers. The second prize goes to Peter
Connolly, who holds 2i a. 1 r. 7 p. from Sir George Foster, at
a yearly rent of £8 17s. 6d. Part of this farm is reclaimed
bog, and part reclaimed heathery ground. He has expended
upon it much labour. The Poor-law valuation, which is £7
10s., throws light on the former condition of this farm, which
is upwards of a mile away from the public road, and ap-
proaclied by a rough bohreen. The farm is most unfavour-
ably circumstanced ; yet, the tenant, by the application of
labour, skill, and thrift, has managed to rear a family upon it

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

241

most rpsijfxt.ibly. Ilia dflTlliug does liim great credit, lie
has Ijiiilt a suhstantial barn, aud coutemplates further im-
provctnents. All external appearances go to show that this
iaraily is well otT. The Spencer Scheme has brought this man
to the front. Ilis farm will be visited by small farmers for
several miles around, who cannot fail to derive profit Irom his
example. Patrick Rainy, who obtains lliird prize, holds his
laud from iiliss Rose. The farm is well cropped ; the garden
and dwelling admit of improvement, which we hope to see
effected next year. We are glad to be able to say that each of
tlie competitors in this district can show some feature of merit.
The agriculture of the district is, however, capable of very
great improvement. We feel justified in saying that we see
no better way of stimulating a taste for elfectiiig it among
the small farmers than by extending the Spencer Scheme of
Prizes, which comes home to every man who competes,
(Signed), Thomas Balbwi^, i -, ,

^ " ' M.13R0GAN, j J"^g'-'-

THE SCOTCH HARVEST.— Tlie general belief appears to
be that on the whole the harvest will be a favourable one
throughout the kingdom. Winter-sown wheat will be,

roughly speaking, from fen to fifteen per cent, above the
average, but not so much for spring sown. Barley, of tlie
spring-sown cereals, will be by far the best crop ; and though
in a lew districts it is said to be thin, the heads are invariably
heavy, aud the average yield will be from Ti to 10 per cent.
Over ordinary years. Oats in almost every county will be
below the average, though the ear has filled better and the
straw has shot out more within the last ten days than was
ever anticipated. This indeed will be the weak crop of the
season. Beans suffered from the drought of the early summer,
but recent rains have added strength and vigour to the haulms,
and the pods are rapidly tilling, so that a full average crop may
ba gathered. Cutting has commenced in nearly all the early
districts, and iu the Lowlands ten days will see harvest
general. Wages of labourers and reapers it is said will be
higher than last year, and as yet there appears to be a scarcity
of hands. AH early-sown turnips have brairded well, aud the
bulbs are filling the drills, and presenting a luxuriant appear-
ance, but in late-sown fields the crop will not be so heavy,
as the braird was irregular and patchy. Potatoes have never
looked better, and only in one instance — namely, Caithness —
has even the slightest appearance of disease been traced.
Hay has beeu well secured ; aud though the first crop has been
light, ii is generally conceded that the aftermath is splendid.—
The Scotsman.

HEREFORD AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING IN HEREFORD.

The cattle entries numbered 77 Herefords, 15
Shorthorns, and a few other breeds; while nearly all the best
animals have been out this year. The number of sheep
entries was 71, Shropshires being at the top with 40 pens,
Cotswolds second with 19 pens, and the others llyelauds, the
Shropshires being especially good. The horse entries reached
9(5, aud so many have never before been exhibited
ill Hereford. Amongst the exhibitors of imple-
ments and manures were the Herefordshire Manure
Company ; Walker, of the Smithfield Ironworks, Shrews-
bury ; Kell, of Ross and Gloucester ; Alexanders and Love-
ridge, of the Lion Works, Leominster : Perkins and Bellamy,
of Ross ; HoUings Brothers, of Svviudon ; Day, Son, aud
Hewitt, Dorset-street, Baker-street, London; J. Cadle aud
Co. ; H. and T. Proctor, Cathay, Bristol ; Robey aud Co.,
Lincoln; B. C. Tipper, Balsall Heath, Birmingham; J.
Morgan, of New Market Place, Shrewsbury; Lister and Co.,
Victoria Works, DursWy ; Llewelliu and i:oa, coopers, Haver-
fordwest; Ashby, Jeffery, and Luke, Stamford; J. Meredith,
and Co., Kington Iron Foundry ; Hindley, of Bourton,
Dorset ; J. Miller and Co., Chemical Works, Tewkesbury.
The show on the whole was considered to be better than any
held for some few years,

PRIZE LIST.

JUDGES. — IIeuefords — Downcs, Maiseraore ; E. H,
Davie«, Peyton, Much Wenlock. Shokthokn Cattle
AND LONGWOOL SnEEP — R. J. Newton, Woodstock ; J.
H. Butt, Dodhill House, Taunton. Siiroi'shire and

OTHER SiiOKTWOOLS AND PiGS Cureton, Beam

House, Shrewsbury, and G. Bedford, Milton, Pembridge.
Cart Horses — — Allen, Hartpury, Gloucester ; —

Yeoraans, Stretton Court. Hunters Thirlwall, Poy-

ston, Kent; Captain Helme, Master of the North Here-
ford Hounds. Cider and Perry — H, C, Beddoe and \V.
H. Apperley.

CATTLE.

HEREFORDS,

Bull, COW, and offspring. — First prize, £10, J. Thomas, St.
Hilary, Cowbridge (Sir John and Sunflower) ; second, £7, Mr.
Thomas, Lawton Bury (Long Tom and Red Cap) ; third,
Mr. Taylor, Showle (Mercury and Dainty).

Bull, calved on or after the 1st of July, 1873. — First prize,
£10, W. Tudge, Adforton (Regulator) ; second, £5, W. Tudge
(Lord Winton) ; third, Mrs, Edwards, Wintercott (Commo-
dore).

Bull, calved on or after the Ist of July, 187~.— First prize,
£5, H. N. Edwards, Broadward, Leominster (Alfred) ;
second, £3, G. Child, Weston Pembridge (Treasure Trove).

Bull, calved previous to the 1st July, 1873.— First priz",
£5, Mrs. Edwards (Winter de Cote) ; second, £3, P, Turner,
the Leen (Provost),

Heifer, calved on or after the 1st July, 1873.— First prize,
£5, Mr. Edwards ; second, £3 ; Mr. Carwardine, Leominster.

lleifer, calved on or after 1st July, 1872. — First prize, £3,
aud second, £3, Mr. Turner.

Heifer in calf or in milk. — First prize, £5, Mr. Fenn,
Ludlow.

]5reeding cow, in calf or in milk. — Prize, £5, Mr. Thomas,
St. Hilary, aud special of £25 (Rosaiiue).

Steer, calved on or after 1st July, 1873. — First prize, £5,
and second, £3, Mr. Hill, Orleton.

Steer, calved on or after 1st July, 1873. — First prize, £5,
Mr. Taylor, Showle; second, £3, Mr. Hill, Orleton.

Ox or steer, calved previous to 1st July, 1873. — First prize,
£5; Mr. Arkwright, Hampton Court ; second, £3, Sir J. R.
Bailey, M.P,

To the tenant-farmer, being a subscriber, who shall exhibit
the best lot of beasts, bred by liimself, above one year and
under two years and six months old, in proportion to the
quantity of land that he occupies as follows : (The tenant-
occupier of not exceeding 100 acres, to show two beasts ; the
tenant-occupier of not exceeding 150 acres, to show three
beasts ; the tenant-occupier of not exceeding 200 acres, to
show four beasts ; and in the same proportion for every ad-
ditional 50 acres, up to 500 acres. — First prize, £3. No entry .

Four breeding cows or heifers, not under three years old,
that have had a calf within six months, or shall be in calf at
the time of showing. — First prize, £10, Mr. Arkwright;
second, £5, Rev. A. Clive, Whitfield.

SHORTHORNS.

Cow and her offspring to be bred by the exhibitor, and to
be calved on or after 1st July, 1873.— First prize, £10, J.
Pulley, Lower Eaton ; second, i'5, J. I'uUey.

Bull, calved on or after the 1st July, 1873,— Prize, £10,
Strattou, Duffryn, Newport, (Meteor) .

Bull, calved previous to the 1st July, 1873,— Prize, £10,
Strattou, (Protector).

Heifer, calved previous to the 1st July, 1873, — Prize, £5,
Strattou.

242

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE

AXY BREED.

Pair of cows ia milk, for dairy purposes. — Prize, £10, 0.
Viveasli, Strensham.

SHEEP.

SHROrSIIIRES.

Pen of five breeding ewes that have sucked lamhs to 1st
June, IS?*.— First prize, £5, W. Baker, Moor Barnes, Ather-
stone ; second, £3, T. Jovvitt, the Weir. lli;'hly commended :
J. Pulley.

Shearling rams. — First prize, silver cup, value £7, J.
Pulley ; second, £3, J. PuUey. Highly commended : J.
Pulley.

Ram of any other age.— First prize, £5, J. Pulley ; second,
£3, J. E. Farmer, Felton, Ludlow.

Pen of five wether lambs. — Prize, £5, H. Turner, Eardisley.
Commended: J. E. Farmer.

Pen of five ram lambs.— Prize, £5, W. Baker. Com-
mended : J. E. Farmer.

Pen of five shearling ewes. — Prize, £5, J. E. Farmer.
Reserve: J. Pulley. The class commended.

Pen of five ewe lambs.— Prize, £5, J. Pulley. Highly
commended : W. Baker. The class commended.

COTSWOLDS.

Shearling ram. — First prize, £5, T. Thomas, St. Hilary ;
second, £3, J. Wheeler. Reserve : W. J. Davies, Webton.

Ram of any other age. — First prize, £5, J. Wheeler ;
iecond, £3, W. J. Davies. Reserve and commended: W. J.
Davies.

Pen of five wether lambs. — Prize, £5, Yeomans, Stretton
Court, Hereford.

Pen of five ram lambs. — Prize, £5. No entry.

Pen of five ewe rams. — Prize, £3, T. Thomas.

COTSWOLDS OR OTHER LONGWOOLS.

Pen of five breeding ewes that have suckled lambs to the
1st June, 1874.— First prize, £5, T. Allen, Thurmaston,
Leicester ; second, £3, W. J. Davies.

Pen of five shearling breeding ewes, — First prize, £5, W.
Yeomans ; second, £3, T. Thomas.

RYELiNDS, OR OTHER -WUITE-FACED CLOSE-WOOLS.

Shearling rams. — First prize, £5, J. B. Downing, Holm
Lacey ; second, £3, J. B. Downing.

Ram of any other age. — First prize, £5 ; second, £3, J. B.
Downing.

Pen of five ewes.— First prize, £5, T. Pinches, Hardwick ;
second, £3, T. Pinches. Highly commended : T. Pinches.

PIGS.

Boar, exceeding 9 months old, of the black breed. — Prize,
£3, J. Wheeler, Long Compton.

Breeding sow, in or with pigs, of the black breed. — Prize,
£3, D. PeploePeplofi, M.P.

I3oar, exceeding 9 months old, of the large white breed. —
Prize, £3, Wheeler.

Breeding sow, in or with pigs, of the large white breed. —
Prize, £3, Wheeler.

Boar of the middle breed.— Prize, £3, Rev. Sir G. H. Corne-
wall, Bart. Highly commended : Wheeler.

HORSES.

Cart stallion. — Prize, £20, Messrs. Yeomans, Pennymore
Hay, Wolverhampton (Pride of England). Reserve : J Hyde,
Riffiu Mill (King of the Dale).

Cart mare, with foal at foot.— First prize, £10, W. Priddy,
Podsraead House, Gloucester ; second, £5, W. J. Downing,
Clehonger. Reserve : G. Stanbridge, Dinedor.

Three-year-old cart gelding or filly.— Prize, £5, J. B.
Downmg, Holme Lacey. Reserve : W. Taylor, Thingehill.

Two-year-old cart gelding or filly.— Prize, £5, T. Bailey,
Hagley. Reserve : R. W. Bridwater, Porthamel ; and J. B.
Downing.

Thoroughbred stallion, calculated to produce sound and stout
weight-carrying hunters, and that have served in the county of
Hereford during the present year, or that shall serve during
the year 1875 (fee for covering half-bred mares not to exceed
£5), prize £20. — Only one entry, and that withdrawn.

Stallion calculated to produce sound and stout roadsters or
carriage horses.— Prize, £15, W. Broad, Lampeter (Young
Prickwillow). Reserve: M. Biddulph, M. P. (The Mallard).

Weight-carrying hunter, up to 1-i stone. — First prize, £15,
T. H. Ashtou, Temple, Laugharne, Worcester (The Lancer) ;
second, £5, T. H. Ashton (The Publican).

Hunter up to 13 stone.— First prize, £10, W. S. Armitage

the Field (Sweetheart); second, £5,T.H. Ashton (Sedgsvick
Reserve : A. Edwards (Alice Grey).

Four-year-old hunter. — First prize, T. H. Ashton (Hard-
ware) ; second, £5, T. H. Ashtou (Fusilier). Highly com-
mended : I. Theyer, jun., Walford (Czarewitch).

Three-year-old colt, gelding, or filly, suitable for hunting
purposes, bred by a tenant farmer resident in the county. —
First prize, £10, W. Hawkins, Weston, Bredwardine. Re-
serve : G. Morgan, Llandiuabo, Ross.

Cob of any age, not exceeding 14 hands 2 inches. — First
prize, £5, W. Williams, Broomy Hill (Little Charley).

Nag mare, not less than 15 hands 1 inch, with her foal at
foot. — First prize, £10, J. S. Mason, Ledbury (Belladonna) ;
second, £5, W. Morris, Dewsall (Polly Jones).

Pony of any age or sex, not exceeding 14 hands high, suit-
able for harness purposes. — First prize, £5, W. S. Armitage
(Don Carlos) ; second, £2, S. Smith, Woodmanton (Jack),
lit serve: Sir H. Stanhope (Ruby).

CIDER AND PERRY.

Dozeu of cider, made by the exhibitor, and from fruit grown
on land in the exhibitor's occupation. — First prize, £2 10s.,
Yeomans, Pyon (from White Norman and Cowarne Red fruit) ;
second, £1, F. W. Herbert, Credenhill (from Poxwhelp).

Dozen of perry, made by the exhibitor, and from fruit grown
on land in \lie exhibitor's occupation. — First prize, £2 10s.,
Hill, Egletou (from Taynton Sijuash and Huffcap) ; second,
£1, Hill (fromOldfield).

SPECIAL PRIZES.

Bull of the Hereford breed. — Prize, £25, Mrs. Edwards
(Winter de Cote).

Cow or heifer of the Hereford breed. — Prize, £25, Thomas,
St. Hilary. (Rosaline).

Ram.— Prize, £10, J. Wheeler.

Best pen or lot of ewes exhibited. — Cup, value £10 — Farmer.

At the dinner, Mr. Boughton Kinight, the Chairman,
said : I don't mean to say that I am simple enough to suppose
that the condition of the animals which you exiiibit here to-
day is dependent upon the abundance or scarcity of grass.
You no doubt tell jour friends, the cattle buying agriculturists
from distant counties, that the Hereford cattle will grow fat
upon a bare soil, but I know very well that not only all the
skill and attention you can give but also the most liberal ex-
penditure of money is necessary to bring cattle to tiie condition
iu which wc have seen them exhibited in our show-yard to-
day, and therefore I think more credit is due to those gentle-
men who have contributed to its success in sending their
cattle to the show in such high condition in the (ace of a
deficient season, and also I am sorry to say in the face of in-
creased disadvantages in all directions which agriculturists
have to bear at the present time. He thought they might take
it that the prosperity of the Society depended on the pros-
perity of the three classes interested in agriculture — viz., the
landlord, the tenant-farmer, and the labourer. The interests
of the landlord and tenant-farmer were identical ; it was cer-
tain that those two classes must sink or rise together. He
trusted there wsrenone present who voted the landlords to be
an almost useless class, considering nobody, but sitting still
aud receiving their rents. They had duties to perform in
various ways and they had tried to discharge them, but per-
haps the best of us found that we often did not accomplish
the half of what we desired to do. The prospects of the
farmers were uncertain at present. Although prices were
satisfactory, what were higher rates to be compared with defi-
ciency of produce ? They might be fortunate to hold by a
staff of labourers who were wise enough to turn a deaf ear to
those charmers who were now stumping the country. More-
over, there was an idea abroad that the back of the farmer was
strong enough to bear any addition that might be made to the
rates. The latest infliction which had been cast upon him had
been the management of the turnpike roads through Highway
Boards, and the creation of a sanitary authority. These were
burdens which eventually would have to be borne by the land-
lords. The land could have but a certain value — an increase
in value no doubt there was in consequence of the increased
prosperity and wealth of the country — but the more they took
out of the annual value the less was left in the shape of rent.
These payments therefore eventually came out of the land
practically, though at present they were on the tenant-farmer ;
and he trusted that in the next session of Parliament they

THE FABMER'S MAGAZlisTE.

24^

would have an Act passed to make woods and mines and such
like property liable to pay its share of the rates (A Voice : " It
is passed"). He should very incompletely fulSl the task he
had set himself when he rose if he omitted to refer to the third
class interested in agriculture — viz., the labourers ; but he
would do so briefly, because it was a subject that had been over
much discussed of late. The labourers were no doubt fully
entitled to use every legitimate means to improve their condi-
tion. But the mistake whicli they had made was the suffer-
iflg themselves to be led away by persons whose profession it
was to discover for their especial benefit grievances of which
the labourers were not before aware. Those persons were
unable to estimate what the farmers' profits were, and there-

fore they were unable to form an opiuiou as to what wage*
he was able to give to his labourers. After all the wages
paid to the labourer were but a part of the question. There
were a hundred and one little kindnesses which a farmer
could do for his labourer, and if these kindnesses were with-
drawn aud a money payment alone, according to a hard and
fast line, paid to him, it would be a very grievous thing for
the labourer. Tlie time had once been when he thought the
labourers were beginning to distrust their advisers, and in the
Eastern Counties they had already discovered the truth of the
old maxim that supply and demand regulated the wages of
labour.

PRESTON AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PRIZE LIST.

JUDGES.— Horses : Major Ballard, W. Tenant, and W. S.
Atkinson. Cattle : M. Walker aud J. Knowles. Sheep,
Pigs, Roots, &c. : S. Walker and J. Irving. Poultry :
R. Teebay. Pigeons : W. T. Tegetemeir. Dogs : W.
Lort and R. J. L. Price. Implements : A. Tomlinson,
W. Boulton, J. C. Stevenson, and S. Barge.

HORSES.

Thoroughbred stallion. — Special prize, cup or £10, R.
Hutton, London ; second, E. Stanley, Grange.

Roadster stallion. — First prize, J. Gill, Silsdon ; second, T.
Statter.

Draught stallion. — First and second prizes, T. Statter. Com-
mended : E. Musgrove and J. H. Crowther.

Brood mare for draught purposes, being in foal or having
produced a foal in 187i — First prize, T. Statter; second, J.
Thorn, Chorley. Commended: J. Waterworth ; W. Kirk-
ham, Preesal.

Brood mare for harness purposes. — First prize, T. Fox,
Singleton ; second, E. Fearnside, Wakefield.

Brood mare, for breeding hunters. — Special prize, S.
Kirkly, Manchester ; second, E. Cartmel, Lytham.

Pair of horses for draught purposes, three years old. — First
and second prizes, C. W. Brierley.

Mare or gelding for draught purposes, three years old. —
First and second prizes, C. W. Brierley. Commended : W.
Kirkham.

Mare or gelding for draught purposes, any age, to be shown
in cart and gears. — Silver cup, T. Cartmel, Clifton ; second,
J. Milner, Myerscough.

Three years old gelding or ftlly for draught. — First prize,
T. Cartmel ; second, J. Milner.

Two years old gelding or filly for draught purposes. — F'irst
prize, T. Seed, Basliall Town ; second, W. Shaw, Thornton.
Higlily commended: J. Walsh, S. Michales. Commended:
Mrs. Hotiiersall and Sons ; Rev. J. Pinnington ; T. Cartmel ;
R. J. Cornthwaite, Myrescough ; T. Statter ; R. C. Richards ;
G. Hawley, Sawley ; G. Catterall, Preston.

Yearling colt or filly for draught purposes. — First prize, T.
Walker, Barnacre; second, T. Statter, Highly commended :
W. Gardner, Lea.

Three years old gelding or filly for other purposes, not being
thoroughbred. — First prize, T. Rigg, Grunge; second, R.
Bowling, Scotforth.

Two years old gelding or filly for other purposes. — First
prize, W. Taylor, Poulton ; second, E. Fearnside.

Yearling colt or filly for other purposes. — First prize, T.
Fox ; second, P. Blundell, Weeton.

Colt or filly foal, for draught purposes. — First prize, W. F.
Sumner, Singleton ; second, G. Catterall. Commended: R.
Saul.

Colt or filly foal for other purposes, — First prize, S. Kirkby,
Manchester ; second, T. Fox.

Road or field mare or gelding, four years old. — First prize,
T. Powell, Preston ; second, T. Grigg.

Cob above ISj bauds high, and not exceeding 15 hands. —
Cup or £7 7s., J. Camps, Stonyhurst; second, R. Wright,
Salford; third, J. Maudsley, Aughton.

Cob, above 12 and not exceeding 13^ hands. — First prize,
L. Pilkington, Liverpool ; second, J. Hall, Darwen.

Mare or gelding 15 hands and upwards, and to be shown

and driven in harness. — Cup or £7 7s., J. C. Rogerson'
Manchester; second, T. Statter ; third, T. Heaps, Preston.

Cob, above 13^ and under 15 hands high, to be shown and
driven in harness. — First prize, R. Settle, Bolton ; second, R.
Wright ; third, \i. Hawkins, Preston.

Pony, not exceeding 13,^ hands high, to be shown and
driven in harness. — First prize, T. B. I'ye, Longton ; second,
J. Higson, Preston.

Hunter mare or gelding, any age, to leap over hurdles and
water. — First prize, R. Hutton ; second and third, J. Fearon,
Whitehaven.

Fencer, any age, to carry not less than 11 stone over hurdles
and water. — First prize, J. Fearon ; second, Captain Wing,
Fulwood.

CATTLE.
shorthorns.

Bull, three years old. — Prize, E. Musgrove, Aughton.
Highly commended : W. Handley, Green Head.

Bull, two years old. — First prize, B. St. J. Ackers, Pains-
wick ; second, T. Statter. Highly commended : A. W.
Sheplieard, Burton.

Bull, above one and under two years old.— F'irst prize, R.
Thompson, Mythop ; second, S. Parker, Farington. Highly
commended : B. Bee, Goosnargh.

Bull-calf, under one year old. — First prize, Mrs. Atkinson,
Dutton ; second, R. Thompson. Highly commended : G.
Ashburner.

Cow or heifer, above three years old. — First prize, T.
Statter; second, E. Musgrove. Highly commended : E.liall,
Longton.

Heifer, above two and not exceeding three years old. — First
prize, J. Thom ; second, T. Statter. Highly commended: B.
St. John Ackers. Commended : J. R. Patterson, Barrow.

Heifer, not exceeding two years old. — First and second
prizes, T. Statter. Highly commended: Mrs. Atkinson ; W.
Handley, Milnthorpe.

Heifer calf, not exceeding one year old. — First prize, B. St.
John Ackers; second, Mrs. Atkinson and Sons. Higlily
commended : J. Harrison, Hoole.

tenant farmers' class.

Bull, three years old and upwards. — First prize, J. Grim-
shaw, Penwortham; second, R. Holt, Ribbleton Hall.
Highly commended : W. Handley. Commended: J.Taylor,
Ormskirk.

Bull, two and under three years old. — First prize, B.
Fletcher, Carlton, Yeadon; second, A. W. Sheplieard,
Burton.

Bull, above one and under two years old.— First prize, R.
Thompson, Mythop Lodge; second. S. Parker, Farington,
Highly commended : B. B.

Bull calf, under one year old. — First prize, Mrs. Atkinson'
Dutton ; second, R. Thompson. Highly commended : G
Ashburner.

Cow or heifer, above three years old, and in calf or milk. —
F'irst prize, G. Ashburner; second, R. Spencer, Blackburn.
Highly commended : R. Saul, Woodplumpton. Commended :
J. Lund, Ingol.

Heifer, above two and not exceeding three y ears. — First
prize, J. R. Patterson ; second, R. Saul. Highly commended :
J. Woodhouse, Lancaster.

Heifer, not exceeding two years old. — First prize, Mrs.

244

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

Atkinson aiid Sons ; se.cond, J. R. Palterson. Highly com-
mended : W . Uaudley.

Heifer calf, not exceeding one year old.— first prize, Mrs.
Atkinson and Sons ; second, J. Lund.

Three dairy cows, above three years old. — First prize, N.
llothwell, Great Lever; second, E,. Saul.

For the best male animal. — Silver Cup, E. Musgrove.

For the best female animal. — Silver Cup, J. Tliom.
SHEEP.

Shearling ram, Leicester breed. — First prize, J. W. and T.
i'arker, Kendal; second, J. Cock, Bolton-le-Sands.

Leicesterram, any other age. — First prize, Messrs. Dovenor,
Bediile ; second, J. W. aud T. Parker.

Long-wool ram. — First and second prizes, J. and R. Earn-
»'ia\v, Grindleton.

Shearling ram of the Down breed. — First prize, W . Dodg-
son, Kirkhara ; second, W. llandley.

Ram of the Down breed, excepting shearling. — First and
second prizes, S. Ashton, Timperley.

Ram of any breed, adapted to a mountain district. — First
prize, G. Dewhurst, Riwtenstall ; secoud, J. Pickup, New-
churcli.

Three shearling gimmers. — First prize, Messrs. Dovenor ;
second, W. Uandley.

Three Leicester ewes, not to exceed four shears. — First
prize, Messrs. Dovenor ; secoud, M. Lamb, Otley.

Three shearling ewes, of the Down breed.— Prize, S.
Ashton.

Three ewes of the Down breed, not to exceed four shears.
— First prize, E.Musgrave: second, S. Ashton.

Three blackfaced Scotch ewes, not to exceed four shears. —
First and seeond prizes, A. W. Long, Kendal.

Tliree ewes, of any other breed, aud adapted to a mountain
district. — First and second prizes, T. Brigg, Keighley.

Whitefaced tup lamb.— First prize, Hon. J. 13. Ogilvy,
Kirkham ; second, J. Woodhouse, Scale Hall.

Tup lamb of the Down breed.— First prize, E. Musgrave ;
secoud, S. Ashton.

Three whitefaced gimracr lambs of the Leicester breed. —
First prize, Hon. J. B. Ogilvy ; second, M. Lamb.

Three giramer Iambs of the Down breed. — First prize, S.
As'iton ; second, W. Dodgson.

Tliree cross bred (first cross) gimmer lambs. — First prize,
M.Lamb; second, P. Grime, Preston.

Three gimmer lambs adapted to a mountain district. — First
prize, T. ISrig-g; second, A. W. Long.

Best ram in the show yard. — Triidesmen's Cup, J. and R.
E. Earushaw.

Best pen of ewes in the show yard. — Prize, S. Ashton.
PIGS.

Boar of large breed.— First prize, J. Chapman, Preston ;
W. C. Rainford, Preston.

Boar of small breed.— First prize, C. R. N. Beswicke-
Royds, Littleborough ; second, J. Parker, Preston.

Boar of Berkshire breed.— First prize, Rev. J. Pennington,
Stonyhurst ; second, J. Garnett, Bolton.

Breeding sow ot large breed, in pig or milk.— First prize,
T. Geddes, Ashton ; second, J. Carr, Leyland.

Breeding sow of small breed. — First prize, C. R. N. Bes-
wicke-Royds; second, C. Mercer, Preston.

Breeding sow of Berkshire breed. — I'irst prize, D. Ashcroft,
Haighton ; second, J. Garnett.

ROOTS A?s"D SEEDS.

Vegetables, sis varieties. — First prize, J. B. Jones, Ful-
wood; second, G. Smith, Wheellou.

Swedish turnips. — First prize, J. B. Jones ; second, G.
Smith.

Turnips (except Swedes). — first and second prizes, G.
Smith.

Long led mangolds.- First prize, T. Birkett, Weeton;
second, J. Rigby, Farriugton.

Mangolds.— first prize, J. B. Jones ; second, J. Rigby.

Round potatoes.— First prize, W, Biackhurst, Whiiting-
ham ; second, J. Rigby.

Kidney potatoes.— first prize, J. Walmsley, Broughton ;
second, G. Smith.

Carrots. — First aul second prizes, G. Smith.

BUTTER AND CHEESE.
Butter, not less than 51bs., made up in half-pounds.— First
prize, G. Bargh, Warton ; second, R. Whittaker. Highly

commended : G. Bargli ; R. Whittaker ; J. Rigby ; G. Rollet,
Presto Q ; J. Salesbury, Goosnargb ; W. Clegg, Goosuargh ;
L. Uttiey Preston ; G. Haworth, Darwen ; and C. Seaward,
Ashton.

Cheese. — First prize, H. Bluudell, Whittingham; second,
W. Milner, Inskip.

IMPLEMENTS.

Mowing machine. — First prize, II. and G. Kearsley.Ripon ;
second, Picksley, Sims, and Co., Leigh ; special medal, Harri-
son, McGregor, and Co. Highly commended : W. A. Wood,
London ; W. A. Fell, Bridge Iron Works, Windermere.

Haymaking machine. — First prize, J. S. Warhurton, Pres-
ton ; second, Carrulhers and Bagnall, Lancaster. Highly
commended : T. Standing, Preston.

Ilorscrake, — First prize, Picksley, Sims, and Co. ; second
J. S. Warburtou. Highly commended: Haughton and
Thompson, Carlisle.

Collection of agricultural implements. — Prize, T. Standing. _
Highly commended : J. S. Warburtou.

Thrashing machine in motion. — First prize, T. Standing ;
second, Clayton and Shuttleworth.

ChaQ'-cutter. — I'rize, T. Standing. Higlily commended :
J. Crowley and Co., Shefiield ; Harrison, McGregor, and Co.

Turnip pulper. — Prize, Picksley, Sims, and Co. Highly
commended : J. S. AVarburton ; Harrison, McGregor,
and Co.

Turnip-cutler. — Prize, Corbelt and Peeie, Shrewsbury.
Highly commended : J. S. Warburtou.

Grinding mill and crusher. — Prize, T. Standing. Highly
commended : J. S, Warburtou.

Winnowing machine. —Prize, C'orbett and Peele. Highly
commended : J. Richardson, Carlisle.

Oilcake mill. — Prize, Corbett and Peele. Highly com-
mended : J. S. Warhurton.

Churn. — Prize, W. Wade, Leeds. Highly commended :
The Domestic AYasliiug Machine Co., Accrington.

Washing machine. — Prize, Taylor and Wilson, Accrington.

Wringing and mangling macliiue.— ^Tliomas and Taylor,
Stockport.

Collection of carriages. — Prize, J, AValmsley, Preston.
Iliglily commended : W. Penny, Preston.

Special medals were awarded as follows : Rustic Garden-
liouse, II. Ininan. Riband Telegraph Company, medal for
Dutch barn. Denis and Company, medal for heating appara-
tus and greenhouse, and for water and steam valves. W.
Heap, for collection of horse shoes. J. A. Wade, fur inter-
locking rooffing tiles. W. H. Peake, Liverpool, for iron-
fenciug. Reynolds and Co., woodcutting machinery. Mars-
den and Co., stone-breaker. Corbett and Peele, horse hoe
clover drill. Slack and Brownlow, water filter. Standing,
for potato setter. Warburtou potato digger. J. F. Cox,
Abyssinian pump. J. S. Warburtou, apparatus for un-
loading.

THE NEW LAW ON RATING.— An Act, which has
just received the Royal assent, to amend the law as to the
valuation of property to the poor and other rates has just been
printed. Certain exemptions in the Poor-rate Act of 43rd
of Elizabeth are abolished, and lands used as plantation, or a
wood, or for growth of saleable underwood, and not subject to
any right of common, also rights of fowling, of shooting or
taking or killing game or rabbits, when severed from the occu-
pation of the land, and mines of every kind not mentioned in
the recited Act, are to be liable to be rated to the poor and
other rates. There are provisions as to deductions and the
manner in which such property is to be rated. The com-
mencement of the Act, to enable a valuation to be made in a
list to be in force after the 6lh April next, is to be on the 6th
April, 1875. A definition is given of the terms used in the
statute, which is not to apply to Scotland or Ireland. It will
however, produce a large sum in poor and other rates.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE,

245

THE BOEDER UNION AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
MEETING AT MELROSE.

The cattle exhibited were all Shorthorns with the ex-
ceptioQ of a few crosses. The display of entire horses
was not nearly so grand as might have been expected ; but
the show of Leicester shearling rams was good. There
were three or four stands of implements belonging to
Border firms.

PRIZE LIST.
JUDGES. — SiiORTiioiiNS : J. Boyd, Simprira Mains, Cold-
stream ; J. Dickinson, Bemersyde Cottage, St. Boswells ;
C. Smith, Whittiugham, Prestoukirk, Horses : t Hume,
Wormerlaw, Coldstream ; D. Aitchison, Maidenhall, St.
Boswells ; A. Calder, Yetholm Mains, Kelso. Hunting
Stock : A. TurnbuU, Coldstream ; W. Pord, Hardeugreen,
Dalkeith ; W. Shore, St. Boswells. PiGS : Same as for
Shorthorns. Border Leicester SiiiiEP : J. Dinning,
Belford ; J. Lees, Marvingston, Haddington; A. Bell,
Linton, Kelso. Cheviot Sheep : J. Brydon, Kinuelhead,
Moffat; W. Aitchison, Brieryliill, Hawick. Half-bred
AND Sheep of any Breed : Same as for Cheviots. Im-
tlements : — . Munro, Eairnington, Kelso.

SHOIITHOIINS.
Bulls calved before 1st January, 1S73.— Pirst prize and
silver medal, W. Lambert, Elrington Hall, llaydon Bridge.
Highly commended : N. Milne, Paldonsifle, Melrose. Com-
mended : J. Tweedie, Deuchrie, Prestonkirk.

Bulls calved before 1st January, 1873, and after 1st Janu-
ary, 1873. — Prize, the Duke of Buccleuch, Carterhaugh,
Selkirk.

Bulls calved after 1st January, 1873. — First prize, J.
Nisbet, llumbleton, Greenlaw ; second, J. Bell, Fans, Earls-
ton. Commended : A. Thomson, Mainhill, St. Boswells.

Cows not exceeding ten years old. — First prize, J. Bell ;
second, J. Atkinson, Bywell Hall Farm, Stocksfleld-on-Tyiie.
Highly commended : Lord Polwortli, Brooinhall Farm, St.
Boswells. Commended : W. Lambert and J- Atkinson.

Cows not exceeding ten years old and not eligible in pre-
ceding class. — First prize, G. Whitelaw, Yetholm Mill, Kelsc ;
second, A. Brownlee, Haughead, Earlston; third, J. Bell.

Two years old heifers. — Prize, J. Atkinson. Highly com-
mended : W. Lambert. Commended : J. Bell.

One year old heifers. — First prize, J. Bell ; second, J.
Tweedie. Highly commended: J. Tweedie. Cotr.mended:
N. Milne.

Pen of five one year old heifers. — First prize, R. Logan,
Birkinside, Earlston ; second, W. Riddell, Hundalee, Jed-
burgh.

Pen of five oxen, one year olds, suitable for laying on to
turnips. — G. Whitelaw ; second, W. Riddell.
HORSES.
Draught stallions. — First and second prizes, P. M'Robbie,
Sunnyside, Aberdeen.

Cart mares, with foal at foot, or in foal at the time of ex-
liibition. — First prize, J. Atkinson; second, J. Lawrie,
Mitclielston, Stow. Highly commended: J. Atkinson.
Commended : A. Smith, Stevenson Mains, Haddington.

Cart mares or geldings above three years old. — First prize,
S. Jack, Mersington, Coldstream ; second, A. Bain, Legars,
Kelso. Highly commended : T. E. Boog, Timpendean, Jed-
burgh, and T. E. Scott, Buckholm, Galashiels.

Colt and fillies for agricultural purposes, two years old.—
First and second prizes, J . Lawrie. Highly commended and
commended: J. Scott, Dudgeon, Longnewton-place, St. Bos-
wells.

Pairs of horses for agricultural purposes (mares or geld-
ings).— Prize, J. Thompson, Baillieknowe, Kelso. Highly
commended : J. Scott.

Hackneys (geldings or mares) — Prize, C. J. Cunningham,
Morebattle Tofts, Kelso. Commended : W. Watson, Easter
Softlaw, Kelso.

Hunting stock, four years old, likely to make good hunters.
—First prize, G. Riddell, Coreshope, Herriot; second, A. Cal-
der, Yetholm Mains, Kelso.

Three years old likely to make goad hunters. — First prize,
G. Riddell ; second, A. Haddon, Honeyburn, Hawick. Com-
mended: J. Purves, Thorniedykes, Lauder.

Brood raares — First prize, J. Usher, Slodrig, Kelso ;
s-cond, A.. Logan, juu., Hownam Grange, Morebattle.

Hunting colts ani fillies, iii^e years old and upwards. —
Prize, J. C. Cunningham.

Made hunters — Prize, J. C. Cunningham.

Jumpers — First prize, G. Borthwick, Frogden, Kelso;
second, J. T. Primrose, Saughlauds, Dalkeith ; third, G. Dove,
Crossflat, St. Boswelh.

Extra Stock.— Highly commended for brown fUly one
year old, J. Usher ; for piebald pony, W. L. Blaikie.

PiGS.

Boars of the large breed.— Prize, N. Milne, Dryhope,
Selkirk.

Boars of llie small breed — Prize, Lord Polwarth.
Brood pigs of the large breed. — Prize, D- Aitchison,
Maidenhall, St. Boswells.

Brood pigs of the small breed — Prize, R- Turnbull, Fal-
nash, Hawick.

Litter of pigs of any breed under sixteen weeks old, not
less than eight of one litter. — Prize, N. Milne.

SHEEP.

Border Leicester shearling rams. — First and second prizes,
with Roxburghe silver medal and bronze medal, J. and T.
Clarke, Oldlianistocks Mains, Cockburnspath. Highly com-
mended: Clarke and Torrance, Sisterpatli, Dunse.

Rams to shear- — First prize, T. EUiot, Hindhope, Jed-
burgh ; secoud, J. T. Primrose.

Pen of five gimmers or shearling ewes — First prize, G.
Torrance ; second, W. Purves. Commended : — . Nisbet,
Lambden, Greenlaw.

Pen of five ewes which have had lambs and nursed them in
187-t.— Prize, — . Nisbet. Highly commended : T. Simson,
Slainslie, Lauder.

Pen of five gimmers or shearling ewes which iiave been fed
upon turnips and grass only, and undressed. — Prize, J. Hen-
derson, Cornhill, Coldstream. Commended : T. Hume, Wor-
merlaw, Coldstream.

Pen of five ewes, fed upon grass and turnips only, and un-
dressed— Prize, J. Henderson. Highly commended : A.
Bain.

cheviots.

Rams not above one shear. — First and second prizes, T.
EUiot.

Rams not above five shear. — First and second prizes, T.
Elliot.

Pen of five ewes. — Prize, T. Elliot.

Pen of five gimmers. — Prize, T. Elliot.

IIALFBREDS.

Rams not above one shear — Prize, W. L. Blackie, Holy
dean, St. Boswells.

Rams not above three shear — Prize, W. L. Blackie.
Pen of five ewes. — Prize, A. Thompson.
Pen of five gimmers. — W. L. Blackie.

ANY BREED.

First and second prizes. Lord Polwarth.
IMPLEMENTS.

Collections of implements — Prizes to Lillie and Elder,
Berwick-on-Tweed ; Bickerston and Sons, Tweedraouth ; W.
TurnbuU, St. Boswells; J. Carrie, St. Boswells, and Stuart
and Mein, Kelso. Special prizes to Lillie and Elder, for a
combined turnip slicer; W. Turnbull, for an improved grubber-
harrow; and J. Carrie, for an improved vice for reaper
knives.

246

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

SCOTTISH CHAMBER OF AGRICULTURE.

At the half-yearly meeting, held in Perth, Mr. Bethune, of
Jilebo, in the chair,

Mr. D. CuRROR, the secretary, laid on the table a statement
of the financial transaclions of tlie Cliamber, wliich showed
that at present, if the arrears of subscriptions were got in, tlie
balance in hand would he £1,436 17s. Id-
Mr. Dun (Baldinnes) submitted the following motion,
which had been adjusted by the directors and himself: To
add to Rule XX. — " But when it appears to the directors to
be expedient they shall have power to collect the opinions of
the members of the Chamber upon such questions as may in
their opinion have been sulliciently ventilated by previous dis-
cussion, and for that purpose to adjust and issue voting papers
for each member of the Chamber by post." In doiug so he
said that he did not thiuk it necessary to say much with a view
to induce the meeting to support the motion. The matter had
been under the attention of the Chamber for a number of years,
and it had come to be known that from the small number ot
members usually taking part in divisions, the Chamber was
thought by those not belonging to it to be a very small body.
Were the motion submitted adopted, however, the Chamber
would be placed in a much more advantageous position with
regard to the public, and particularly in the sight of members
of Parliament. Lord Elcho, in the House of Commons last
year, had taken opportouity to make a remark not at all com-
plimentary, but which he (Mr. Dun) did not know exactly how
to characterise, with reference to the Chamber, so that it was
evideut that something required to be done in order to afford
members of the Chamber additional facilities for expressing
their opinions.

Mr. Anderson (Fowli>) proposed that the motion sliould
he adopted, remarking that at present members of Parliapient,
in speaking of the Chamber, were apt not by any means to
magnify their body, while, on the other hand, politicians who
iiad an end to serve might, on the occasion of a vote being
given by a small number of the members, take hold of the
opinion of such a section of the Chamber and represent it as
being very infiuential.

Mr. Dingwall (Ramovnie) seconded the motion, which on
being put to the meeting was unanimously adopted.

There was laid on the table a report on the action taken by
the Chamber in connection with the Land Tenancy Laws. The
principal part of this report was occupied with a long state-
ment of the opinions of the committee appointed to examine
and report upon the form of leases issued by Sir Patrick
Murray, of Ochterlyre, in which certain provisions as to un-
exhausted improvements are made. The chief of these are :

The tenant, at the natural expiry or earlier termination of
t'le lease, shall be entitled to compensation from the landlord
for unexhausted extraneous manure brought to I he farm, pur-
chased and paid for by the tenant, according to the undernoted
scales, the actual purchase of such manure being proved by
duly-authenticated vouchers, and its application by the solemn
declaration of the tenaat, corroborated by such further
evidence as the arbiters may see fit to require ; and during the
last three years of a lease, the tenant shall be bound to pro-
duce, for the inspection of the landlord or his factor, at each
terra of Whitsunday and Martinmas, if required, the vendor's
account for all manures and feeding-stuBs supplied to the
t nant during the previous six monhts, and he sliall also point
oat the ground to which the manure has been applied, as a
c mdition of receiving compensation for the same.

Allowance for Lime. — Lime applied to arable land shall
b; held to last for ten years; applied to permanent pasture on
grazing farms for twelve years.

Proportion of the Original Value held to he exhausted in each
Year, allowance to he made accordingly.

On Arable Land.

On Permanent Pasture.

Fifty- fifths.

Fifty-fifths

Ii 1st year ..

... 10

In 6th year ...

... 5

„ 2nd „ ..

... 9

„ 7th „ ...

... 4

„ 3rd „ ..

... 8

„ 8th „ ...

... 3

» *th „ ..

... 7

„ 9th „ ...

... 2

» 5th „ ..

... 6

»10th

... 1

Seventy

-eigh

ths.

Seventy-eighths.

In 1st year

\l

In 7th year ... 6

„ 2nd „

11

„ 8th „ ... 5

„ 3rd „

10

„ 9th „ ... 4

„ 4th „

9

„ 10th „ ... 8

„ 5tli „

8

„ nth „ ... 2

„ 6th „

7

„ 12th „ ... 1

Allowance for Manures. — Ilorse, cow, and town ma-
nure, guano, bones, and coprolites shall be held to last for four
years.

Rate of Exhaustion.

Tenths.

Tenths.

In 1st year ...

... 4

In 3rd year ...

.. 2

„ 2nd „ ...

... 3

„ 4th „ ...

... 1

Allowance for Oil-cake Feeding. — For oil-cake, or
any similar substance of equal raauurial value, purchased by
tlie tenant, and used in feeding sheep or cattle on the farm,
one-sixth part of the entire cost of all the material used during
the last three years of the leaje will be allowed, except grain in
any shape, for which no allowance will be made. These rates of
compensation for unexhausted manures are not to include the
cost of the^carriages and laying on performed by the tenant, for
which no allowance will be made.

Compensation for Carriages driven by the Tenant,
on leaving before the Natural Termination of the
Lease. — In the event of the tenant ceasing to occupy the farm
before the natural termination|of the lease, he shall have right to
compensation from the landlord for the value of any carriages of
materials for the permanent improvement of the farm performed
by the tenant, under the provisions of the lease, or with the
written consent of the landlord. The amount of compensation
to be in proportion to the number of years of the lease unex-
pired at the date of the tenant's removal from the farm ; but
under no circumstances shall the amount for value of car-
riages, at the tune of the performances thereof, be estimated
by the arbiters at more than 14 per cent, on the amount paid by
the landlord for these permanent improvements at the time of
their execution.

Buildings or Fences Erected by Tenant at his own
Cost. — If the tenant shall, at his own cost, erect any buildings
or fences on the farm, the landlord shall be entitled, if so
disposed, to take such erections at valuation of arbiters, or to
decline taking them, and in the latter case the tenant shall
be obliged to make them over to the incoming tenant, or to
remove them, on condition that he restores the ground, or the
other buildings to which they are attached, to their original
condition.

Landlord's Hypothec. — The landlord reuouaces all pre-
ferable rights as against other creditors of the tenant conferred
upon him by the law of hypothec.

Mr. GoODLET writes : 1 hope the directors will not commit
themselves to any fixed rule or scheme of compensation for
improvement, such as that adopted by Sir Patrick Murray, or
any improved scheme that may be devised. I believe no rule
can be laid down that will do justice in all cases, and I think
it would be a great mistake iu us to commit ourselves to St.
Patrick's, or any other scheme of the kind. We cannot, I
believe, do better than adhere to the resolution the Chamber
has already come to, in which the principle on which com-
pensation ought to be allowed is clearly defined, the compen-
sation in every case being to be determined by arbitration.

Mr. William Smith, West Drums, Brechin, writes : I am
of opinion that we ought to stand fast to the general principle
of being paid for " whatever is proved to add to the letting
value of the subject." I think if this were made the ground-
workof thisTenant-Rigbt agitation, it would much simplify the
whole affair, and would carry justice and equity along with it.

Mr. George Hope, of Borlands, writes : I have made
several careful experiments in growing crops during a rotation
of four years, with Peruvian guano, Ichabce guano, bones, fresh
and decomposed, and other manures, testing them with farm-
yard manure, and I found Peruvian and Ichaboe guano
equally lasting with farmyard manure, and that a hundred-
weight of guano was about equal iu manurial value to three

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

247

tons of farmyard manure. The crops, after the fresh bone
dust or meal, were inferior to the others during the first two
years, but rather superior to them in tlie last two years
of the rotation. The weight of the bones applied was a half
more than of guano. Doubtless, on diifereut qualities of soil,
different results miglit be obtained, but this is not a matter we
require to settle, as it would be absurd to propose inserting in
an Act of Parliament tlie value of manures and the period they
are supposed to last. Our duty is plainly to demand that all
improvements effected by tenants, wliich|are "suitable to the
farm, and add to its letting value," should be paid for by tlie
landlord or incoming tenant, as valued by arbiters. Tlie im-
mense superiority of crops grown on land in really high condi-
tion is universally admitted, but then this conilition can only
be obtained by a large expense, during a long course of years,
while, under the present tenancy laws, there is a strong proba-
bility of the tenant being called on to pay additional rent for
his own outlay.

Mr. Scot-Skirving : I think Sir P. Murray ought to be
thanked by the Chamber for his disinterested attempt to meet
the expressed wishes of the Chamber. Mr. Goodiet, taking
his observations as a whole, seems to tl.ink Sir P. INIurray has
not goue far enough. I venture to think, on the contrary, be
has gone much too far. I think twenty-one years would be a
better duration for a lease than nineteen, and that it might be
held as giving a larger and indeed sufficient compensation to
the tenant for manurial benefits, except such as are brought to
the farm during the last rotation. These I would have sus-
tained by proper vouchers, and the unexhausted value proved
by arbitration. Both the sliding scale of Sir P. Murray and
the annuity of Mr. Goodiet I would reject as too complex.

John Clay (Kerchesters, Kelso) : The agriculturists of
Scotland are much indebted to our President and Mr. Goodiet
for the manner in which these gentlemen have brought up this
most important question. Security of capital and payment of
tenants' improvements is a question of vital importance, not
only to the tenantry, but to the landlord and to the nation, as
it is the best mode of securing the fertility of the soil, and the
productive powers of the land being kept up for this fast-
growing age. Sir Patrick Murray is far in advance of most
landlords. In my opinion, however, some of his compensation
clauses, meant to be equitable, will be found unworkable in
practice. What we, as a Chamber, have urged is, to have the
principles of compensation admitted as just between landlord
and tenant, and beneficial to the nation ; and Sir Patrick
deserves our thanks for the progress he has made in that
direction. Soils and climates differ so much that it would be
difficult, and 1 think unwise, to attempt laying down a scale
for the whole country. But there are in every district many
practical men, whose experience in their trade makes them
expert in fixing, in any year of a rotation, what values of
draining, liming, cakes and manures of all kinds remain in the
land unexhausted ; and valuations may, with perfect safety, be
left w.th them — with this direction, that they will allow only
for " what has proved to have added letting value to the farm."
It was the opinion of the following gentlemen, given in
evidence in the Ecbline case, recently decided, that a fully
manured green crop, grown and removed, would exhaust
manures applied to it as under :

George Thomson, Pursuer. — One-third of common farmyard
manure would be exhausted ; ^ of guano exhausted ;
f of potato manure exhausted.
Professor Wilson. — I have seen Sir Patrick Murray's model

conditions, and I see no reason to object to them.
Wm. Smith, West Drums. — Estimated the exhaustion at about

^ of substantial manure, and f of the artificial.
John Clay, Kerchesters, Kelso. — One-half farmyard manure
exhausted in the crop. The amount of guano depends on
quality. If high-class ammoniacal there would iiot be
much left. I would put it below ^, perhaps 1-. Of
bones, ^ would be left ; potato manure about J left.
James Stenhouse, South Gyle, Corstorphine. — One-third of
farmyard manure exhausted io crop ; ^ of guano, but
it depends on kind of guano ; § potato manure.
James Brash, Hallyards, Kirkliston. — About J farmyard
manure exhausted ; guano and bones a little more. My
calculation ^ of whole exhausted.
Charles Rintoul, Easter Craigie and Kingston. — Farmyard
manure, ^ exhausted ; guano, f exhausted, and the
same in the case of artificial manures, except bone?, which
are more lasting.

The PuESiDENT, Mr. M'Neel Caird, sums up in these terms':
It appears to me, as the geneial results of the discussion, that
differences of climate, soil, condition, and treatment, and the
varying qualities of manures, and of the quantities applied,
make such differences in the rates of exhaustion of fertilisers,
that no fixed rules of proportion can with safety be adopted.
But these differences are quite cognisable by experienced men
in each particular case. Qualified valuers or arbitrators,
checking the vouched expenditure by their practical knowledge,
and by their personal observation of the results ou the parti-
cular farm, with the aid of such inquiry as they can easily
make (especially on the spot), will be able to arrive at conclu-
sions fair to the outgoing tenant, without injustice to his
successor. And this leads me to remark, that in practice
these ciiimpensations will iu general not be paid by the
landlord, but wil be ascertained and settled between the
outgoing and the incoming tenant. The landlord can always,
and will usually, make stipulations to that effect in letting his
farm to a new tenant, unless lie sees that he can get a better
rent by paying the compensation himself. The measure of
compensation ought never to exceed the letting value added to
the farm by the tenant's improvements as at the date of his
removal, taking into account all deteriorations which can be
brought against him. The unstinted expenditure in manures,
which a just system of compensation will encourage the tenant
to make, and to continue till the close of his occupation, will
be a new security to the landlord (of which he cannot be
deprived) for payment of the rent, and fulfilment of the
tenant's obligations. It is of high public policy that a state
of the law should be amended, which, by causing insecurity,
hinders the full use of capital to increase the productiveness
of the soil. To amend that state of the law in a wise spirit
with due consideration of all the interests involved, will result
in a vast enlargement of growth, especially of food, and, by
consequence, will add immensely to the annual income and
wealth of the country, to the fund for the employment of
labour to the prosperity of manufactures and commerce, to the
comfort and contentment of the people, and thus to the se-
curity of property, and the general welfare of the nation.

Mr. Dunn moved that a vote of thanks should be accorded
to Sir Patrick Murray for the action which he had taken, there
being, he remarked, a feeling general throughout the county
that Sir Patrick deserved all the credit that could possibly be
given him. This motion was seconded by Mr. Anderson and
unanimously agreed to.

The Secretary explained that the Marquis of Huntly's
Agricultural Tenants Improvement Bill had uot been before
the directors, as they had had no opportunity of meeting since it
had been introduced into Parliament, lie had no doubt, how-
ever, that it had come under the notice of all the members of
the Chamber through being published in the newspapers. The
bill had not succeeded in getting through Parliament this
year, but he believed that it was to form the basis of a mea-
sure to be introduced next session if the proposals contained
in it met with any encouragement.

The Chairman remarked that he agreed with what had
been said by the noble Marquis in moving the second reading
of his bill iu the House of Lords. " This hill," his Lordship
had said, "may not attain that object (the affording of security
for capital invested or improvements made), but at all events
I may claim that it is an attempt to settle in a practical way a
question which on all sides is acknowledged to be surrounded
by great difficulties and complications." lie (the Chairman)
thought that at any rate the meeting should express thanks to
the Marquis of Huntly for his endeavour to bring about a
solution of the question dealt with, althougli he for one was
not prepared to express very strongly his opinions as to the
merits or demerits of the bill.

Mr. Ballingall (Dunborg) said that his Lordship's bill was
certainly a step in the right direction — an attempted solution
of a question which the Chamber of Agriculture liad a great
interest in, and he therefore moved, in accordauce with the
Chairman's suggestion, that they should ins, met the Secretary
to convey the thanks of the meeting to the Marquis of Huntly,
without committing themselves to the practical details of the
bill.

Mr. NicOLL (Littleton, Kirriemuir) seconded the motion,

Mr. Smith (Balzeordie) was of opinion that the noble

Marquis had introduced his bill into the House of Lords this

session in order that tenant-farmers throughout Scotland

might express their opinion on it before Parliament met again

248

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

next year. In Ihese circumstances it seemed a mistake simply
to move a vote of thanks to his lordship. There was one part
of the bill which he (Mr. Smith) thought the Chamber might
express an opinion on at once — namely, that which took the
management of the land out of the hands of the owners and
put it into the hands of the Enclosure Commissiooers. He
thought that any proposal of that kind was a great mistake,
and the Chamber should therefore, in his opinion, come to a
resolution to that effect as soon as possible.

The Chairman said he did not suppose that the directors
would take any notice of the bill before the next meeting of
Parliament.

Mr. Sjiitu said he was inclined to move that so far as taking
the land out of the hands of the owners was concerned, the
bill had not tlie support of the meeting. The Prime Minister
had said that Government was giving attention to the question,
and in all likelihood there would be a Government bill intro-
duced next year. He was of opinion tliat there was a great
probability of a moderate measure being carried, if farmers
did not insist upon the condition to which he objected —
namely, the taking of the land out of the hands of landlords
and putting it into the hands of the Enclosure Commissioners,
which was surely as great an interference with freedom of
contract as anything could well be.

Mr. Gard:<er (Chapelbank) expressed his willingness to
second Mr. Smith's motion, provided there was a clause added
stipulating that after the law was made no individual should liave
a right to make a private contract which would interfere with
that law.

Mr. UiNGWALL pointed out that it would be inadvisable,
taking into consideration the sraallness of the meeting, to
enter at all into the discussion of the details, and Mr. Smith
having consented to withdraw his motion on the understanding
that the matter would be brought before the Chamber at the
November meeting, the following motion, proposed by Mr.
Ballingall, was unanimously agreed to : " Without committing
the Chamber to details, the Secretary is instructed to convey
the thanks of the meeting to the Marquis of Huntly for the
consideration wliich his Lordship has given to the Land
Tenancy Laws, and the attempt that has been made to solve
admitted abuses in these laws."

The Secretary said he had received from Sir Robert
Anstruther, M.P. for Eifeshire, a draft of a bill for the
abolition of hypothec, whicli the hon. gentleman proposed
to introduce next session. The draft was as follows :

1. This Act may be cited as "The Hypothec Abolition
(Scotland) Act, 1874," and the same shall extend to Scotland
only, and shall apply to all lands and heritages, including
dwelling-houses, shops, and other subjects, whether rural or
urban.

2. The following words and expressions, when used in this
Act, have the meanings herein respectively assigned to them :
" Lands" or " premises" mean any lands, houses, or other
heritable subjects rented or let on lease ; "landlord" means
the grantor of a lease of any lands or premises for any term of
not less than one year; and "tenant" means any occupier
under any such lease ; " goods" shall comprehend all that
was subject to the landlord's right of hypothec prior to the
passing of " The Hypothec Law Amendment (Scotland) Act,
1867," and in addition thereto, in both rural and urban
subjects, all household furniture and other personal estate and
effects of the like kind on the premises, actually belonging to
any tenant.

3. Erom and after the passing of this Act, and subject to
the provisions thereof, tlie Lnv of Hypothec in Scotland shall
be, and the same is hereby abolished : provided, nevertheless,
that it shall be lawful for any tenant to grant iu favour of his
landlord, or to any other lawful creditor, a right of hypotheca-
tion over Ills goods, in security and for payment of rent, or
of any debt or lums of money due or to become due by such
tenant : provided, further, that a definite amount shall be
specified in the deed or writing conferring sucli right of
hypothecation as tlie consideration or true cause of granting
such right, beyond which amount the right itself, together
with the expenses of recovering or enforcing the same, shall
not extend.

4. Eights of hypothecation may be included in any lease, or
may be granted by any deed or other writing, executed
according to the law of Scotland, and the same may be in like

manner assigned and discharged ; provided that every such
right or discharge thereof, in order to be valid, shall be
recorded within one week of the time of granting the same in
the register to be kept for that purpose provided by this Act.

5. Every riglit of hypothecation, on being recorded, shall
confer on the grantee, his executors and assignees, with respect
to the goods thereby hypothecated and to the extent of the
sum thereby secured, the same rights, powers, and remedies as
under the existing Law of Hypothec at present belong to any
landlord

The remaining clause provided for a register of hypotheca-
tions being kept by sheriff clerks.

The reading of this bill was the occasion of some merriment
being evinced by several members of the Chamber, and on
discussion being invited, Mr. Dun asked, amid some laugliter,
whether anyone would propose a vote of thanks to Sir
Robert, Mr. Storrar remarking that the hon. gentleraan
would be better occupied in looking after the Church.

The bill was remitted to the directors without further
conversation, and on the motion of the Chairman the meeting
agreed to take means to urge the introduction of Mr. Vans
Agnew's Hypethec Abolition Bill next session.

This concluded the business before the meeting.

THE STATE OF THE MONEY MARKET.— The rise
in the Bank rate has been, successful in its object — it has suc-
ceeded in retaining here the gold which was imported. And
in consequence the aggregate coin and bullion iu the Bank
and the reserve in the Bauking Department have both risen
considerably. Siuce the account was made up a considerable
sum of bullion has also been sent into the Bank, and any
more which arrives wi'l probably have a similar destination.
But it must not be inferred from this that money is likely
soon to go down. In the first place the state of the Bank is
much weaker than it was this time last year.

The coin and bullion last year were ... £23,950,000
Now are 21,858,000

Less this year 3,092,000

The reserve in the Banking Department

last year was 12,713,000

Now is 9,902,000

Less this year 3,811,000

It is true that this year there is no such probable demand as
was to be expected last year from Germany for the coinage.
The demand for France is essentially a demand caused by
cheapness of money here. The Bank of France want to aug-
ment their store of coin and bullion, but they want to
augment it with as little perturbation in Paris and in the
JMoney Market as possible. It will not answer their purpose
to create any kind of confusiou, for that might postpone the
resumption of cash payments, which they wish to accelerate.
In this respect the present prospect is undoubtedly clearer
than it was last year. But, on the other hand, we must
remember that the banking reserve was found to be insuf-
ficient Isst year. The. American panic suddenly came and
found the Bank cntirLly unprepared; the most serious excite-
ment we have seen since 186(3 was the consequence, for the
reserve in the Bank ceased to be such as to give confidence to
the public. After such an experience it would be a very grave
error for the Bank not now to act with sulTicieut caution.
The amount they hold as a provision not only against ex-
pected, but against unexpected events, is much smaller this
year than last, and last year at an unexpected crisis it proved
wholly insufiicient. Although, therefore, it is probable that
for the next week or two the accounts of the Bank of England
will show an increase of strength, we must believe that no
downward movement is likely to be made, for the funds in
hand are plainly not more tliau enough to meet the usual
autumn outgoings, and to provide a proper security against
possible though unforeseen contingencies. — The Economist.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

249

THE LOCAL AUTHORITIES AND THE DLSEASES OF STOCK,

At the general meeting of the Roy^l Agricultural
Society of England, as held on Bedford racecourse,
somebody who "claiired to have a voice in the manage-
ment," said " the Council was at variance with the
majority of farmers throughout the country on the
subject of the laws relating to the diseases of animals.
The resolution which the Council drew up respecting
foot-and-mouth disease he considered to be impracti-
cable." And then he went on with all due gravity
to declare how " the Central Chamber of Agricul-
ture was a purely representative assembly," and to
oifer it as an example to the Royal Agricultural Society
of England ! It is only fair to say that the meeting was
too well bred to laugh in the speaker's face, although every
one in any way conversant with the public life ot Agricul-
ture knew that of all its associations none was so
hopelessly landlord-ridden as this self-same Central
Chamber. The point, however, of the attack centred on
the charge that the Royal Council of England does not
agree with the farmers of England as to the treatment
of foot-and-mouth disease. And that is a bold word,
too ; for what is it that the farmers of England do pre-
cisely agree to in this way ? There are many who
would deal resolutely with the matter, and stamp it out ;
and there are as many more who would carefully leave it
alone, as not worth troubling about ; while a third, and
particularly busy party, would regard foot-and-mouth as
something very venal when found about home, and pro-
portionately terrible when imported from abroad. Au-
thorities, either central or local, are certainly occasionally
"at variance" as to how any outbreak of foot-and-
mouth disease should be encountered.

Over pleuro-pneumonia there should be no such difli-
culty, generally acknowledged as the disease is to be of a
far more serious character. Nothing, indeed, c n speak
stronger in this way than the Report of the Commons
Committee, and yet even pleuro is often regarded more
as a matter of inconvenience than anything else. Thus,
at Keith the other day the cattle show of the Ijauffshire
formers' Club was stopped at the last moment, much to
the annoyance alike of the exhibitors and directors. There
were 215 entries, which would have gone to make up the
best show of Shorthorns and black polls ever seen in the
county ; as the story of the prohibition is thus told by
Mr. Geddes Brown, the secretary of the Club and manager
of the meeting : " The farm of Claypots last February or
last spring was declared to be affected. On 26th May last,
the same farm was declared to be free. I appeal to you
all as farmers, or interested in agricultural matters, if it
will not stand to common sense and common reason that
(he neighbours round Claypots would have looked upon
that pkceas nothing but a plague- stricken spot. Do you
think that they would allow their cattle for a moment to
remain among those at Claypots ? No : it bears absurdity
on the face of it. I do believe — and I am perfectly satis-
fied of the truth of what I say — that there has not been a
single beast sent ofT the farm of Claypots from 2Gth i\ray
to the present date. List, year we showed tlie county of
Band', and the North of Scotland generally, that we were
perfectly able to guard ourselves, and not only to guard
ourselves, but to guard the county interests also. I do
think, with all deference to the Local Authority, that
they might very safely Irwe trusted us with the same
power this year, instead of interdicting U3 as they had
don:;." Now, it really docs seem ou the facs of this
statement that it would have been far more ju .licioms not

to have determined to hold the show on or handy to
what was at best but tainted ground. It, indeed,
sounds almost incredible that the owners of the best stock
in the district should have been so ready to run the risk
which it appears they were quite willing to do : " Much
disappointment was caused to farmers who had stock in
preparation for the valuable premiums offered." Claypots
may have a clean bill of health since May last, but under
any circumstances it would have been far better to have
chosen a show ground in some other locality.

The gravamen of the complaint, however, against the
Banffshire Local Authority would look to be that so little
notice was given, or that the prohibition was deferred
until all the preparations had been made for the exhibi-
tion, a delay not reasonably to be accounted if the place
had been declared atfected in February and free in May.
Clearly the Local Authority should have sooner arrived
at its determination, and so have saved the Club consider-
able labour, expense, and annoyance. But according to
The Banffshire Journal, a new case of pleuro-pneurho-
nia was reported, and under such circumstances it is dif-
ficult to see how any other course could have been taken.
With the knowledge of tliis fact, the Farmers' Club itself
would hardly have dared to admit the cattle iu detiance
of every law of the land and of common safety ; and yet at
the dinner it will be noticed there were continual com-
plaints, although, as Mr. Brown Geddes honestly ad-
mitted, " the interdict may have saved many a herd
from total destruction." Naturally enough, when an
able, energetic man has done his best to make a
good meeting and his friends have responded to
his call in such a way as to ensure a success, it is a hard
blow indeed to be knocked down just as he is about to
enter the ring ; but if a new case was discovered, then
we cannot but think that the tone of the discussion was
somewhat inconsiderate. Only last year the Club had to
take a precisely similar step on its own account to that
which the Local Authority was now compelled to repeat ;
as the only question is whether this interference should
not be carried further and the markets also be stopped.
At a meeting, however, in Aberdeen, ou Wednesday, a
suggestion from the Banffshire Local Authority to pro-
hibit the cattle markets iu the northern division of
Aberdeenshire was not adopted, although i.umerous fresh
outbreaks are reported. But as some people invariably
end by tracing every source of disease to foreign importa-
tions, others, and we include ourselves amongst these, see
more danger from the trade with Ireland. Thu?, at
Aberdeen the other day, Mr. Barclay maintained that it
was chiefly through the importation of Irish cattle and
not by the holding of markets that the disease wassprcad-
and it was resolved to ask the local authorities of Banff,
shire and Elginshire to co-operate with Aberdeenshire in
sanding a deputation to the Duke of Richmond, Presi-
dent of the Privy Council, to urge upon him certain
amendments on the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act,
more especially with reference to the extension of time for
the removal of cattle, after the last attack of disease on
a farm, from thirty to sixty days. A committee, including
Mr. J. W. Barclay, M.P., and Mr. W. M'Combie, M. P^,
was appointed to carry out the resolution ; and it only
remains to be seen how far these proceedings may tally
with the views of that model institution the Central
Chamber of Agriculture, which so far has not made any
yery foi'cible demonstration as to our regular supply of
lisease from Ireland.

250

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

THE CENTRAL BANFFSHIRE FARMERS'

CLUB.

THE PROHIBITION OF THE CA.TTLE SHOW.

The third summer meeting in connection with this Club was
held at Keith. Last year the Club, iii deference to
a fear of cattle disease, voluntarily refrained from in-
cluding catt'e in the exhibition, although large num-
bers ot entries had been announced. This season pre-
parations were made for a full show, and very much
interest was manifested throughout the county in the
prospective gathering. Mr. James Geddes Brown, the Secre-
tary of the Club, spared neither thought nor labour in
maturing plans for the safety and comfort of the stock, and
for the advantage of visitors. The show is held on the
Market Stance, and to prevent any possibility of danger of
disease lingering on the soil, the upper half of the ground was
fenced off a month ago. Considerable expense and very much
trouble were incurred in thus closing the ground, and in
erecting stalls for the cattle entered. Circumstances arose
wliich prevented the cattle from being shown. It was known
that pleuro-pneumonia had existed on the farm of Claypots,
in Keith parish, but it was stated at the Club dinner that no
animal iiad come off that farm since it was declared to be free
from disease in May last. A new case of pleuro-pneumonia
at Claypots was reported to the Local Authority, and the Local
Authority passed an order prohibiting the holding of the
exhibition of cattle. The resolution met in the central part
of the county with strong feelings of disapproval, and although,
efforts were made to have the order countermanded, the result
was that the show did not take place. Much disappointment was
thereby caused to those farmers who had stock in preparation
for the numerous and valuable premiums offered. There had
been 215 entries of cattle, which would have included one of the
largest entries of Shorthorn and polled cattle ever seen in
the county.

At the dinner, Mr. R. W. Duff, M.P., said : Every
day I live, and every day I mix more with men who are
employed in agriculture, the more convinced I am that what-
ever the Legislature may do for you — I have long been of
opinion that for most of the grievances which you complain
of, such as want of proper application to the soil and want of
proper farm buildings, whatever may follow afterwards, the
first thing to do is as far as possible to relax those absurd laws
of entail which tie up the landlord's capital. These are no
new sentiments for me, and I will not prolong them upon the
subject. Other things may be necessary ; I do not say that
will be sufficient ; but the longer I live, the more satisfied I
am that that is one of the first things that ought to be done to
redress those grievances which are felt by the agricultural
constituencies.

Mr. Tayler (Glenbarry) gave the Central Banffshire
Farmers' Club : I must begin my observations by expressing
the regret which I know all of us feel at the misfortune which
has befallen this club this year. It has only had three
meetings ; that is, it is only three years since the time of its
institution, and two of its meetings have been unfortunate by
successive outbreaks of disease in the county. Last year, the
eommittee of the society came itself to the conclusion that the
show of cattle must be stopped on that ground. This year the
show of cattle has been imperatively forbidden at the last
moment by the Local Authority of the county, and what-
ever we may think of the strength of the reasons which
brought them to that conclusion, we had of course no alter-
native but to submit. I may mention hear that my friend
Sir George Macpherson Grant, who, from what he said to me
at Inverness, I conlidently expected to have seen here, has, I
am sorry to say, been prevented from attending. He and I
have been specially unfortunate in respect to the shows of this
club, for not only have our animals been entered and suffered
ill connection with the other intending exhibitors by the
prohibition of showing cattle, but he and I were prevented
from exhibiting at the first and only complete show the Club
had had, the year before last, by the fact of our cattle having
contracted foot-and-mouth disease at another show. However
we may regret what has taken plac?, you will be glad to hear
that it has not interfered with the progress of the Club.

Mr. J. Geddes Brow^, said : In rising to return thanks
for the Central Banffshire Farmers' Club, I do so with mingled
feelings — feelings of disappointment in our show to-day ; and
yet with feelings of gladness at the success of our partial show

this day. Probably, some of you may wish me to make a few
remarks with reference to the untoward circumstances which
have befallen us so lately and so suddenly. Of course, I refer
to the interdiction of the cattle for the show by the Banffshire
Local Authority. I do not wish to make any uncourteous
remarks — such would be entirely out of place — but I think I
may very safely say that really more courtesy might have been
shown to me as Secretary to this Society in giving me a little
more timeous notice of what was actually to take place, or
intended to take place, at Banff last Friday. I speak, gentle-
men, for the Club in speaking for myself. Kindly bear that
in mind. With reference to the existence of pleuro-pneumonia,
or of restrictions relating to a case of pleuro-pneumonia,
permit me briefly to state to you all the actual facts of the
recent outbreaks. You will recollect that the farm of Claypots
last February or last spring was declared to be affected. On
26th May last, the same farm was declared to be free. I
appeal to you all as farmers, or interested in agricultural
matters, if it will not stand to common sense and common
reason that the neighbours round Claypots would have looked
upon that place as nothing but a plague-stricken spot. Do
you think that they would allow their cattle for a moment to
remain among those at Claypots. No : it bears absurdity in
the face of it. I do believe — and I am perfectly satisfied of
the truth of what I say — that there has not been a single
beast sent off the farm of Claypots from 26th May to the
present date. Last year we showed the county of Banff, and
the North of Scotland generally, that we were perfectly able to
guard ourselves, and not only to guard ourselves, but to guard
the county interests also. I do think, with all deference to
the Local Authority, that they might very safely have trusted
us with the same power this year, instead of interdicting us as
they had done. You will kindly forgive me, gentlemen, for
speaking thus, but bear in mind the preparation we had
made for this show, and the extent of preparations for the
number of entries that we had of all kinds of stock. When I
saw that those preparations were so thoroughly knocked on
the head, I can assure you I felt a direct personal blow, as well
as a blow to the Club. However, probably the interdict
served a certain and very good purpose ; for all we know it
may have served many a herd from total destruction. I do
not like to say more upou the subject, though probably my
feelings would carry me farther than my sense in my cooler
moments would warrant me in saying. But allow me to say,
that I hope this partial failure of our show this year will not
act as a detriment to us, but on the contrary will bind us more
closely together — and show the wisdom of adherence to that
good old Scotch proverb, ' A stout heart to a stey brae."

Mr. Leslie (Corskellie) said: Whether the Local Authority
were justified in issuing such an order, I am not in the mean-
time prepared to say, but I have no doubt they have been ac-
tuated by the same motives as we would have been ourselves,
namely, preventing as much as possible the spread of disease
among our stock. If such was their intention on the present
occasion, and I have no reason to think otherwise, then they
ought to have gone a step further, and hit the nail on the head
by stopping the markets. When cattle are congregated
together from all parts of the country, it will be a more fruitful
source of disease than the few choice animals that would have
been brought here to-day. I hope, however, with Mr. Brown,
that such proceedings as this will not have a damaging effect
upon this Club.

Mr. Hendry (Maryhill) said : The Local Authority in their
great wisdom saw fit to step in between us and our cattle. I
have read of a Justice Shallow, who before giving a decision
always asked his crerk what the decision was to be, and in-
variably acted upon the advice. I am not aware if this is the
way that the Banffshire Local Authority have acted — or if
they have allowed their clerk, who happens to be the Secre-
tary of a rival society to this, to dictate to them.

Mr. R. W. Duff, M.P., said : The toast I have been asked
to propose is to the Agricultural Interest. The other day, at
an agricultural meeting in Kincardineshire, there was a sub-
ject mooted which I think is of considerable interest to you
all here. It was a subject which had been taken up by a
neighbour of mine in that county, and it was with regard to
the traffic of fat cattle to London. It is a very common thing
we all know to see very fine cattle in the byres about Christ-
mas time. But it very often happens that these cattle, having
been taken a great deal of care of, are taken out of their com-
fortable houses and put into a cold exposed truck, and arrive

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE,

251

in London a good deal affected in condition. Such has been
the experience hitherto. My neighbour, Mr. Baird, of Ury,
had a model, which appeared to nie to be a useful thing. It
would only cost the railway companies a few pounds to put it
into operation, and as I am sitting beside two gentlemen con-
nected with the railway interest, I beg to bring it under their
notice. I til ink it is very important (or you wlio send up good
beasts, such as exist in the upper districts of Banffshire, that
they should be, taken proper care of. The model to which I
refer simply provides for a few hurdles being put across the
trucks, so that each beast is enclosed, and stands in its own
compartment. I will send to the Secretary, if he will permit
me, the model, and my friend on the right, Mr. Longraore,
has undertaken to take some notice of the subject. The other
practical subject which occurred to me was mentioned some
time ago in tiie House of Commons. I dare say many of you
may know that there is an annual vote in the House of Com-
mons for Queen's plates in Scotland. Now these Queen's
plates, as far as I know, although I do not know much about
the sporting world, do not do a great deal of good. It has
been suggested tliat the money given for that sliould be lianded
over to tlie Highland and Agricultural Society, in order that
they may be able to provide grants to local societies. Now,
this is a matter of interest whicli occurs to me as a practical
suggestion. It was suggested to me by my friend Mr. Hamil-
ton, of Dalziel. I supported liim, and if it meet witJi your
approbation, I will support it again. I think it is a good
suggestion, and one worthy to be adopted. It is of course

I only step by step iu these small things that we can do any
good, and promote the agricultural interest. I am happy to
state, so far as I know, that the agricultural interest of Scot-
land was never — well I will not say never so prosperous, but
is very prosperous. As I came along in the train, I was read-
ing reports detailing the prospects of the harvest, and although
it admitted tiiat, on the coast of Banffshire, there was a defi-
ciency, yet, in the upper districts there was every promisee
of a grod harvest. I beg to couple with this toast the name
of Mr. George.

Mr. Geokge (Haughs) said : I quite believe myself that the
interests of the landlord and tenant are identical. I liave
never myself entertained any democratic feelings in the h-ast,
but at tiie same time, with all deference to the worthy mem-
ber, Mr. Duff, tliere arc much wider questions connected with
the interests of agriculture which might be alluded to. Out
of deference to tiie meeting, I should at this late hour have
great delicacy iu alluding to these. There has been a measure
introduced lately into the House of Lords by the Marquis of
Huntly. I humbly believe that measure would be equally ad-
vantageous to the landlord and to the tenant. Certainly it
bears marks of crudeness in its details, not every one of which
I would be inclined to homologate, but at the same time 1
think it contains the germ of a very important measure on
agriculture ; and I hope at some future day that these views
may be so elaborated that they may be made a practical mea-
sure, which I say would be equally advantageous to the
proprietors as to the tenants.

BOROUGHBRIDGE AGRICULTURAL f^OCIBTY.

FARM LABOUR.

At the last quarterly meeting, Mr. Jacob Smith in the
chair, Mr. R. Brogden read the following paper :

In introducing a paper for this day's discussion, I have chosen a
subject whicli is of the greatest importence to all practical
farmers of the present day ; in fact, the labour question is one
that of necessity occupies a great amount of public interest in
all trades. Iu the past as well as the present time the large
employers of labour have bad disputes with their men ; strikes,
lock-outs, &c., have been the result, and what has been in
many cases the consequence of the strikes ? Whicli ever way
tiie dispute has ended, it has been attenc^ed by a great loss of
money, and, in many cases, ruin to tiie employer ; poverty,
want, and nisery to the employed. It is not my intention to
enter upon the strikes and disputes in the different trades in
the kingdom, as my present idea is to see how the present
aspect of the agricultural labour market will affect the good
understanding that now exists in our part of the kingdom and
the farming interest generally. First, let me say, I am very
sorry, and I am sure all well-thinking farmers are, at the un-
happy dispute that is now taking place in the Eastern Counties,
and that the tone of that dispute has assumed tiie character
that it has. So far as I understand the matter, the labourers,
with some amount of justice on their side, simply asked for an
advance of wage, and the farmers there generally would have
airreed toil, but when the Labourers' Unions were formed, and
when agitators from Leamington and elsewhere sent word
down to Umion men that they must have a certain wage or
" knock off"" work, and try to bring all the power of union to
bear upon an agricultural employer of labour, I think the
farmers there had a right (thou^li no doubt they deplored the
necessity), vihen they proceeded to the extreme measure of a
lock-out. I think there is no analogy between a trades' union
and an agricultural labourers' union, and I cannot see how
farming operations can be carried on successfully wliere an
agricultural labourers' union is in force. Fanning operations
differ essentially from any business that can be carried on
under cover. A man may shut up his shop or his warehouse,
and so close his doors against liis employes, but that rule
cannot apply to an arable land farmer. Every week brings its
particular work with it, and to miss the opportunity would be

serious to the produce. In the face of the turnip hoeing
season or harvest (or instance, if a union was in force, iud
orders came down from the " head centre" that it was to 1 e
done at a certain price, the farmer would be bound to have
it done, or be simply ruined, and have all his ye.ir's labour on
his hands, and wasted at the eleventh hour. The only remedy
I see for tliis state of things, in case agricultural labourers'
unions become general, is s six months' agreement, drawn up
in proper form, by different Chambers of Agriculture ; price
simply a matter of arrangement between masters and men ; in
fact A has to sell wliat B has to buy. A certain amount of
wages ought to be left in the hands of employers, and all
disputes to be settled by magistrates, as in the case of house-
hold servants. I think there can be little douljt in the
minds of my brotiier farmers in this part of England
that the labourers in the Eastern Counties were badly
paid, and that the principle of paying in kind is
also equally bad, though I believe a good many of us in this
part of the world do pay a little in kind, but more in kindness,
as well as paying a top price for our labour in money. By so
doing I think we promote that good understanding between
the farmer and his labourers that prevails in this district, and
I shall be sorry to see tlie day when that understanding is
broken. I am convinced it never will be so here, unless the
labourer deserts his true friends for the false teaching of the
paid agitator. Situated as we are here, near tiie great inanu-
i'aeturiug districts where many of our young men go (and
whence many of tlicni are now returning), I tliiiik it speaks
well for this district that we can keep sufficient labourers on
our fsrms, and compete with the prices earned by labourers in
our towns. We don't keep them because, as some say, tliey
were born cu the spot, not fiom any particular love to their
calling, but because tliey now earn as much money, all things
taken into consideration as an unskilled labourer can in a
town. I think the labourer in this neiglibourhood is well and
adequately paid, and is, as a rule, contpnted. Anyhow, I find
that the must discontented men are those that an; of the least
worth, and have no principle beyond seeking Saturday
nights. The principle of take work, or letting the work of a
farm, is, I think, deservedly popular, both with masters and

R

252

THE FAEMEE'S MAGAZINE.

men, auJ answers well in three ways : First, the work is more
quickly done; secondly, it is generally done at the time it
ought to be ; and thirdly, the labourers make more money and
the farmer as well, as it saves time. There is one thing shows
to me that farming work is becoming pojmlar, by the great
number of men who have been working in towns who are now
seeking work in the country. Several have applied to me
within the last month. I suppose one reason is that trade has
been rather dull in the West Riding, and that consequently we
are having an influx into the agricultural districts ; but I have
also an idea that they like the agricultural work in summer,
yet they are not so fond of it as to take 3s. here when they
could get more in towns. As I said before, a good steady
man, considering the difference in cost between living in town
and country, does as well here as he can in a town. Should I
be far wrong in fixing the average earnings of a good agricul-
tural servant at 20s. per week in this part ol Yorkshire, in-
cluding turnip hoeing and harvest P Much lias been written
in the papers some time ago, that the agricultural labourer
is wedded to the soil where he was born. I take it that he lias
a pretty good idea about the value of his labour, and if lie
knows that he can better liimself in another parish or in an-
other county, he would very soon go ; if he is dissatisfied with
the remuneration he receives at any particular farm, there are
otlier farms elsewhere where labour is wanted. Let every
man, 1 say, do the best he can for himself, but when a man has
worked a long time on any particular farm, he suits his master,
and, if you like, his master suits him, and there has grown
np between the two an amount of respect for each other.
I say, then, would it be well to interfere with that relation,
to bring a third party in, and make a new rule that he must
not work on the old place without a stated remuneration,
irrespective of what is his particular wish F There was a time
when old servants about particular farms used to class the
horses, sheep, crops, &c., as "ours," and compared "ours"
with their neighbours, and were as much offended if anyone
said or did anything against their masters as if they had done
it to themselves. But the days of strikes and lock'uuts have
altered these things altogether. Class against class seems to
nie the motto of (rades unions. Long may they keep away
from us. I believe that only on good and well-managed farms
can be had a decent rate of interest, say eight per cent., and
that only once aycar, as the farmer has no means of turning
liis capital over oltcner, and it is only by looking very smartly
iifter his work and using sound judgment that that result can
be obtained. I know that in a great many eases even that
cannot be obtained, and then it is only three per cent, more
than can be made of his capital in good security, and surely a
man's whole time applied to farming operations, risks in
stock, &.C., is worth three per cent, on his capital. Labour
has risen considerably, but has the farmer's produce kept
pace with it? IMy idea is tliat tlie cost of working arable
laud runs about 405. per acre in labour, exclusive of horse
keep, but that varies according to the district in which the
farm is situated. I think the class of work that an agricul-
tural labourer has to do will compare very favourably with
his brother labourer in our manufacturing and large towns.
INIachinery has very considerably lightened his manual labour,
and is being daily improved, as tlie fact is before our eyes
that we must have the best and newest implements, every
implement that will save hand labour. Steam must and will
in a great measure supersede horse labour, or profitable tara -
ing be a thing of the past. lam aware that it is a very
common remark from townsmen when in the country to say,
"what nice times you have" in farming, but they don't see
the disagreeable part of it. As all practical men know, the
farmer has to contend with the elements, insect life, grub,
wireworm, i\:c., in his crops, and in his cattle lung disease,
foot-and-mouth disease, and cattle jilague, before lie lands his
profit into a safe liaven ; but when, in addition to all, he is to
be in fear of strikes, that much-enduring man, the British
farmer, will be like the camel in the old fable — the last straw
will be too much for him. In conclusion I would just bring
before this meeting the subject of labourers' cottages. The
desirability of having good dwellings on or near every farm,
and also of every cottage not having less tlian three bedrooms,
and a good garden, will he admitird. I believe that by so
doing you will elevate the moral tone of the labourer, give
iiim a certain pride in his cottage and garden, and in every
sense of the word make a better man of him.
Mr. Geeen agreed with Mr. Brogden generally in his re-

marks with regard to the labour question. Labourers, he was
sure, were as well off, or perliaps better, than labourers iu
towns. The farm labourer, with 18s. per week, with a com-
fortable cottage and small garden attached, with perquisites of
milk and potatoes, and so on, which he received from the
farm-house, was iu a better position than the labourer in town
who had no such advantages, and only his wage of 2is. per
week. Then there were extra allowances at turnip hoeing,
hay time, and harvest. He himself employed a good deal of
labour iu brick-making, but his men were not better off than
farm labourers generally in that neighbourhood. They had
more wages in summer than farm labourers, but then there
was broken time on account of the weather, and iu winter
they might be out of work for weeks together. He had heard
of no discontent, and as long as the present good feeling pre-
vailed between masters and labourers, they would get on
pleasantly without any fear of strikes or lock-outs.

Mr. BK2JNETT approved of Mr. Brogdeu's address, and
rejoiced that in that district they had not even had the outer
wave of the strikes and lock-outs whicli had agitated the south
and other districts. The strikes amongst the pitmen and miners
had caused an immense amount of suffering and misery and
pecuniary loss, and he hoped that as regarded the agricultural
strikes the vast extent of misery would be prevented. As to
piece-work it was often a dilficeult matter for farmers to let
their work in this way, for the generality of labourers preferred
working by day rather than by task or piece-work. Farmers
would have to pay their men entirely in mouey and not in
kind, the latter being a very bad system, and the sooner it was
abandoned the better.

Mr. LoFTiiousE, with regard to payments in kind, took the
same view as Mr. Bennett. Labourers forgot the value of
their perquisites, looking merely at their wages, and therefore
it v^ould be far preferable to pay them tlie legitimate value of
their labour, and nothing else. The rent of cottages could be
deducted from the wage, and the milk and other things from
the farm paid for by the labourers.

Mr. Greeji considered that the only way to attach labourers
to any locality was to give them good cottages and gardens.
By these means they succeeded iu chaining them to tlie soil.

Mr. Crow said that ho was most certainly in favour of
money payment instead of in kiud, the latter being generally
overvalued by the masters and undervalued by the men. He
found much ditliculty ii inducing labourers to live in cottages
near to the farm, as they preferred to live in towns or villages.
He only charged Is. per week for a good cottage and garden,
and yet he had at the present time two cottages empty. They
were good dwellings, with tliree rooms upstairs and two down-
stairs, and he kept them in good repair, and as he could not
secure tenants it proved that the men did not value them.
He was not surprised that there had been no strikes in that
neighbourhood, as such had been the increase in the pay of
the larm labourer iu that locality that he was on a par with
the unskilled labourer in the towns. Tne farm labourers had
evidently not considered the consequences of their act iu
striking. There was a great difference between labour in
towns and in the country. The. farmer had. bad weather to
contend with, and had to go on with his work as best he could.
He had sympathy with the underpaid men in the Southern
Counties. In conclusion he referred to the importance of good
grass cnltivation, England being a splendid grass-growing
country, and having a monopoly as it were in this respect, by
which we should increase our supply of beef. By great im-
portations of corn, and the extended use of agricultural ma-
chinery, less farm labour would be required than at the present
time.

Mr. M'Caskie thought that in a national and also in a
domestic point of view it would be an unsatisfactory state of
things if unions prevented fJie good feeling which oaght to
subsist between farmers and their labourers.

Mr. Ford said that the question of cottage accommodation
was one of the myths in connection with labour. He knew
rows of cottages which were built with proper sleeping ac-
commodation, three or four bedrooms, and yet they were
never made use of. He had seen these cottages, one room
being filled with potatoes, another stored with apples, and
so on, and all the family sleeping iu one room. How far
impioved educ;atiou would tend to the welfare of the labourer
was the puzzle, the nut to crack. The question was, how far
superior education would be ccusistent with the position of the
labourer. AVIiat he complained of was that the paid professional

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253

spokesman drew pictures of the misery and wretchedness of
tlie agricul(ur;il labourer of the present day, tlie truth of
wliich he most respectfully denied. The English agricultural
labourer was living in peace, if not in contentment, with tlie
necessaries about iiira rendering life desirable. Where the
man was sober and the wile thrifty the home would exhibit
some signs of comfort not unworthy of the age in which we
lived. He was sure that no farmer present would be in favour
of the wretched wages which were paid in the South of
England, and it was no wonder that at Newmarket and in
Cambridgeshire tlie labourers wore trying to emancipate
themselves from wages of such low amount. He next spoke
of the advantages of piece-work, stating that one of his

labourers earned £56 18s. in the year, within a small fraction
of 33s. per week. If this system were generally adopted both
farmers and men would be benefited.

The Chairman was pleased with Mr. Brogden's paper,
which contained much useful information. Some six or eight
months age the aspect of the labour question was of a serious
character in that district, for trade was so good in the manu-
facturing districts that it seemed likely to absorb the greater
part of the work of the agricultural labourer. That crisis,
however, had passed, and at present they had no fear as to the
supply of labour.

A vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Brogdea for his
address.

STEAM CULTIVATION IN NORFOLK.

At the rent audit of Mr. H. E, Lombe the following paper
M'as read by Mr. T. Rose, of Melton Magna.

Sir, — When I undertook, at your request, to prepare a
paper on steam cultivation, I did not think of the criticisms
I might subject myself to, but I hope it raay not be considered
presumption on ray part, as I do not do so with a feeling or
wish to dictate, or to try to lay down a law of my own to so
many men of far greater experieuce than myself; but as you
had more than once asked me to relate my experience in regard
to steam cultivation, and I did not feel competent then to do
so, becanse I had not tried it sufficiently long to arrive at any
fair conclusion as to its benefits, I have now assented. Besides
we, the tenants of the Lombe estate, are licre together with
our future landlord at tiic head of us, and I say that on such
an occasion we should open our minds to each other. I be-
lieve if farmers were more ready to interchange ideas, it would
be more beneficial to them as a community, and to this country
at large. We have not hitlierto combined as other classes of
trades and professions have done. Farmers, as a rule, do not
enter altogether into a new scheme or system ; each awaits the
result of his neighbour's venture. This certainly lias been the
case in my immediate neighbourhood. In my opinion, agri-
culture is passing through a crisis in its history. Farmers as
a body cannot do much without the countenance of their land-
lords, and perhaps we Norfolk agriculturists liave been in
rather a drowsy condition since the days of Coke, of Ilolkham.
lie was a most enlighteue d and generous man, and one wlio
took great pride and interest in agricultural matters ; and
through him and his exertions there is little doubt that Nor-
folk farmers gained their celebrity, and for some years after-
wards they strove to maintain their reputation as first-class
agriculturists. Tlie present noble lord has inherited his
father's love of agricultural pursuits, and has generously
olferej a handsome sum of £300 for the best essay on the im-
prove ments effected in farming in the Eastern counties during
t!ie last twenty years. This may give a fresh impetus in
awakening our minds, and stirring us up to make exertions to
keep up with the times, and place ourselve again in the fore-
most ranks. I have no doubt his lordship thought we were
but too content with our laurels of the past, in fact too much
inclined " to rest and be thankful," and therefore he offers tliis
munificent sum in order to give us a chance of comparing notes
with our neighbours, and to open the eyes of us stay-at-home
farmers to the fact that others are progressing fast, and if we
do not keep a sharp outlook they will send us to tlie bottom
of the class, and properly place themselves at the top. Hand-
some as is the aiiionnt Lord Leicester offers, and which we
inu'it all acknovvlcdge, and heartily thank him for, I must say
I think the Norfolk Agricultural Society and the various
societies of the selected counties ought to have shown their
appreciation of his gift by sup[)lementing it witii a grant of a
further sum, rather than to have done what practically amounts
to the opposite, and by claiming the copyright of the essay to
prevent its being worth any man's while to gather the neces-
sary facts. For in order that a man may v\ rite on a subject,
he must have knowledge of tliat subject, aud I do not see that
in this case it can be gaiued in any other way than by visiting
the different counties, aud, gentlemen, travelling expenses are
heavy — " so I have heard." I, fur ime, most anxiously look
forward to the appearance of the award and the essays. I fear
there will not be many candidates in the field, as it must neces-

sarily be a very expensive affair to prosecute the inquiry fairly.
I iiave no doubt that tlie modes of cultivating land will be one
of the foremost subjects treated on in such essays. Here the
advance has been most marked. You will all agree that the
double-furrow plough has already done something towards
economising farm labour by saving the work of horses as well
as men, and that which has already been accomplished in this
way is but a prelude to the further improvements culminating
in the substitution of the great power of steam in place of the
less effective horse-power and manual labour. The cultiva-
tion of land by steam power is approved, allowed, and practised
by the leading agriculturists of our day ; therefore, I think
those who have had no practical experience ought to watch
carefully its results, and pause awhile before they unhesitatingly
condemn it. I have by me letters containing the opinion of
various friends to whom I have written on this subject, one
from Mr. J. K. Fowler, who, you will remember, was a judge
at our recent show at Norwich, which I will read. Another,
from a friend of mine now present, and whose opinion you al
esteem, viz., Mr. Wigg. After speaking highly of it,
he says he has no doubt, although the hiring system
is very expensive, it will pay iu the end. His barley
looks remarkably well, aud in his case without men this
year it has been invaluable to him. Mr. John Hastings
writes nic to the same effeer. Gentlemen, I dare say yon
remember my saying last year at this time 1 feared we should
iiave to encounter great diflieulties in regard to manual labour.
I now say again I can see diflieulties looming in the future:
our labourers will most likely ask us for more money. It is
but human nature for every one to do tue best he can lor him-
self. What other power have we to fly to but steam? It is
not many years since our crop.3 were thrashed by the old wood
flail ; that system is now entindy exploded. Such is being
the case with the wood plough. After the flail came the
horse-power thrashing machine. That has now made way
for the steam-engine. Many of us here present doubtless
have heard our fathers condemn the use of steam-power for
tiirashiug as being both dangerous and expensive ; but who
among u.-. here would like to go back to the old system, and
haug"half-a-hozen horses on to a horse-power thrashing
machine to thrash fifty or sixty coombs of corn per day, when
we can now thrash by steam as much as 100 or 130_ coombs?
Why, in these days it is not jjraetieable ; and so iu a few
years will the steam plough occupy the place of the horse.
Since I began to use the steam plough I have had many difS-
culties to contend with. As in most trial cases, many people
have doubtless been anxiously watching results, and without
knowing all details or taking into consideration that which so
materially afl'ects all farming operations — viz., good or bad
seasons — have been ready to condemn if there has been failure;
but ought we to live for ourse'ves alone? May not a man,
even if unsuccessful himself, be considered to have effected
some good in his generation if he has paved the way for others
to profit by his experience ? Before giving you my experience,
which at present is somewhit limited, I wish to offer you my
opinions on steam cultivation, confining myself for tho most
part to light, mixed soil and sharp land. I thoroughly believe,
and have no hesitation in saying that this kind of land can
be a.id is cultivated deeply \iy i.lt.am power as advantageously
as heavy land, in the firut place, to bring all its producing
powers into operation, the hard pan that lies beneath the
working of the common plough must be broken. This cer-

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264

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

tainly is the great object of breaking up the land to a greater
depth. We thus allow the water to pass freely through the
surface and filter itself, leaving its valuable properties behind
in the surface soil ; otherwise it is uuable to find its way
downwards, but remains long enough to become stagnant,
poisoning the soil, and of course injuring the seed or plant to
a serious extent. To illustrate this, I have no doubt many
here present have heard old labouring men talk of dry rot and
wet rot, or something of that sort, and declare the latter to be
the most injurious to the youug turnip plant. Why, gentle-
men, any amount of rain that we get in England will not hurt
our young turnip plants, provided it can pass quickly away so
as to leave the ammonia it contains for the youngster. Also
there are many weeks in the summer we neither expect nor
get enough moisture from the clouds for our barley and roots ;
bnt if this pan be broken there is moisture beneath, and the
rootlets of the plant will cause it to ascend as freeb as it
descended, and so give nourishment to our annuals and help
them on to maturity. It is not clear to my mind which is the
most beneficial season to smash up land, autumn or spring.
Of course our corn stubbles and the land intended for a root
crop is the right land to begin on, because by the time it is
wanted for the wheat crop it becomes iu a sufficiently consoli-
dated state. Many people prefer doing it in the autumn. It
may be right on heavy soils, especially if the farmer has tackle
of his own so that he could run the cultivator througli again
in the spring, which would enable him to obtain the enviable
fine seed-bed. But at the same time, if he is depending and
working on the hiring system, the chances are he cannot then
get the tackle to do it witii ; consequently the lind has become
in a too consolidated state; he is unable then to get a
fine seed-bed, and the land can not produce so fine a crop as
it otherwise would have done. I am inclined to believe that
on our mixed soil and sharp land the early spring is the best
time of year to cultivate for a good root crop, provided it
can be done early enough to ventilate the soil, and to
allow injurious gases which may be contained in the
land to escape, which, if remaining, would be injurious to
vegetation. As far as my experience goes, if one has not] a
set of tackle of his own, it is better to plough the land with
horses after harvest, and that not too soon, but let what weeds
there are to grow at that time of the year get w^ell up before
ploughiug, then take the first opportuuity in the spring and
smash up the land. You have tiien completed and generally
obtained a good and fine seed bed, with plenty of soil for the
roots of the plant to work in. The chief object in smashing the
land up in the autumn is, that it may have tiie benefit of the
frosts to pulverise it, and to obtain the seed bed ; but on mixed
or light land this course of proceeding or system is not neces-
sary, and if a wet winter follow, the land becomes bound, aud
liardened again, which we like to avoid for roots; the weeds
also, such as twitch, sension, and natural grass flourisli on the
top, and give an untidy[appearance to autumn cultivatiou. One
cannot help this sort of thing, because it is impossible to put
horses on tlie land to destroy weeds, and even, if possible, it
would be injudicious. This was unfortunately the case in the
autumn of 1872, considered to be one of the most disastrous
seasons we had to contend against, both as regards horse and
steam cultivation, since that great benefactor, "Smith, of
AVoolston," put his ideas into operation seventeen years ago,
a man who has conferred lasting benefit, uot only to the agri-
culturists of this country, but I may say to the whole commu-
nity, for he has spent a great part of his life, energy, and skill,
in utilising this wonderful power for the culture of the soil.
There are many reasons why steam cultivation is not at present
more extensively practised. One is the supposed costliness of
the method, which I admit has been increased by the late great
rise in the price of coal and labour ; but as my friend Mr.
Fowler says, " we must not be deterred from our great work
by the addition of a few pence per day to our labourers' wages,
nor by a few shillings per day to the price of our coal." J5y
and by I will tell you what it has cost rae per acre (as nearly
as lean calculate). Yon can then judge for yourselves whether
or no it is more expensive than horse culture. At the same
time you must take into consideration that you will be able to
work your farms with a less number of horses. Iu the tedious
process of larciing, with our small profits and slow returns, we
do not, comparatively speaking spend £1,000 to-day and get
£1,500 by the speculation to-morrow. No, wc must be patient
and bide our time. So also with steam cultivation. If I leave
farm at Michaelmas, I am not go foolish as to expect to get

all the £ s. d. I have spent^in the ploughing by steam during the
last few years, but it will eventually pay. In such a case my
successor would reap the benefit of my exertions. Therefore I
think if tenant-farmers undertake tliis kind of work, a lease
would in many cases be desirable, for he ought not to be too
much restricted as to cropping, provided of course that lie
farms well, aud is not too greedy and unreasonable. I have
been in the habit of using Fowler's double-engine t ackle, simply
because I could hire no other. The work is very effectually done
by this system, but I consider it in general too cumbersome for
the small ill-sliaped fields of East Norfolk. There are many
good makers of roundabout tackle, among whom I would men-
tion, Messrs. Howard, of Bedford; Barford and Perkins, of
Peterborough ; Fowler, and Fiskeu, of Leeds, any of whose
sets are suitable for our farms in this part of the world, and can
be worked by a ten or even an eight-horse portable engine.
They will, if placed in the corner of one field, either
plough, cultivate, or harrow those adjoining. I dare
say many people, like myself, have a portable engine
of their own, and 1 feel sure if I had purchased a set when I
commenced steam culture, I should have been a good sum of
money into pocket. Taking into consideration the present
price of horses, I am bound to think any person now about to
take a farm would do well to buy one. The work could then be
done more effectually, and I do not hesitate to say larger
crops would be grown. But great care should be taken not
to bring the dead soil to the top. In the spring of 1873 I
dug up 42 acres of turnip laud 15 inches deep for barley, at a
cost of 20s. per acre for men, engines, and tackle, and Gs. per
acre for coal. Part of the land was taithed by sheep, the rest
had a dressing of Laws' barley manure, at a cost of 25s. 6d.
per acre. Off this land I thrashed nine coombs of barley per
acre, against six coombs per acre four years previously, and
now the wheat on it this dry season looks as promising as 1
have ever seen it. That spring I smashed up 28 acres of
wheat stubble at the same cost per acre ; this land, with a
dressing of Laws' turnip manure, at a cost of 35s. per acre,
produced as good a crop of roots as I ever expect to grow. I
also cultivated 30 ocres, IG inches deep, which cost 12s. per
acre for tackle, &c., aud I-s. an acre for coals. Ou nine acres
of this land I am growing white peas this year, and though I
have been across England in two or three directions since the
beginning of May, I must say it is one of the best fields of
peas 1 have seen. My clover crop is not by any means a good
one this year, for which I can give good reason — viz., having
thrown some fences down, the course is altered in some of the
fields, and those having clover this season were cropped with
clover two years ago. Consequently it was clovertsick and
died off in the early spring. Also in the year 1872, having
done away with a feuce, and wanting to bring a field into
proper course with its neighbours, which was wheal, I dug up
a wheat stubble 15 inches deep, and gave it a dressing of Laws'
barley manure, at a cost of S-is. per acre. This land returned
me about ten coombs per acre of barley. There is n''-v
barley alter turnips in that field, and it is by far the best I
have. In the autumn of 1872, I cultivated all my wheat
stubbles after harvest at a cost of 12s. per acre for engine
and tackle, and about 7s. per acre for coals, with the excep-
tion of one field, which was dug the same depth. The very
wet season, however, bound the land together again. The
weeds flourished most luxuriantly on the top, and gave the
land such an untidy appearance, that it quite (for tiie time) dis-
gusted me with auuran steam tillage; so I hired the tackle
again in the si)ring, and did it a second time. This land was
carefully watched by people far and near, so I was told, and I
hear some one said I was mad, and should never get a crop.
However, to my satisfaction, aud perhaps much to their sur-
prise (one field of 30 acres iu particular, 12 acres of which had
grown a corn crop two \ears in succession), with a dressing of
Finch's turnip manure, prodncrd the finest croji of swedes that
it had ever grown. The field whicli was dug in the autumn
did notretiuire cultivating in tlie spring, but produced a good
crop of white turnips. In the autumn of the same year (1872)
I was rather behind with my work, so I thought I would try
an experiment, therefore I ploughed 30 acres of old land 9
inches deep for wheat, which cost me 20s. per acre, and at
least 10s. per acre for coals. The additional expense was
caused partly by stoppages during wet weather. It was at
this time I was practically impressed with the fact that the
single engine or round-about system was the cheapest, as there
is, of course, only one fire to feed, which is no small object

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255

when coals are dear, as they were at that time. Willi tlio
double-engine system only one engine em work at a time, but
steam must be kept up equally in the other in order that it
may be in readiness to pull tlie plough back. Many people
came to nie while tliis work was being doni', and told me I
should get DO wheat. Naturally enough I inquired why ?
The invariable rjply was, " You should uot jilough deep tor
wheat." On again asking wliy, I could get them to give me
no reason sufficiently satisfactory to stop me from proeeediag
with my work. One person alone encouraged me, and he
was a shrewd Manchester merchant. Before I give you the
result, it is only fair to tell you liow tliis laud was treated.
There were t«'0 fields — one of nine acres, a clover ley mown
for hay, which was afterwards fed with sheep eating cake, and
then had a dressing of about fourteen loads of farm-yard
manure per acre. This field produced 9| coonibs of
wheat per acre. The other 21-acre field was also a good
clover ley on whicli I put twelve loads of manure per acre in
February, 1873. I took otF it a good crop of hay, and as
soon as the clover sprung up again about 200 shearlings,
which were efich eating half a lb. of bruised cake per day,
laid on it at night. At Michaelmas I put on about eleven
loads of farmyard manure per acre, and ploughed it nine
inches deep. The result was a fine-looking piece of wheat,
yielding ten cooipbs per acre, and as clean a stubble as could
well be. This spring I smashed up this twenty-one acres 1 1
the depth of fifteen inches, it cost me £1 Gs. Gd. per acre,
including coals ; on oue part is maaguld, looking thrifty and
well, with sixteen loads of farmyard manure, and 3 cwt. of
ilallet's manure per acre underneath them. There are also
live acres of Tartar oats, with nothing under them, but I top-
dressed them in April with G st. of salt and 4 st. of nitrate of
soda per acre. I ought to say 1 had two reasons for planting
tlie oats : one was, of course, for my own benefit and use, the
other an experiment for this paper. All 1 can say of theiu
at present is that they are looking well, but, to use a
vulgar simile, tlie proof of the pudding will be in the
eating. The rest of my fallows were ploughed by horaes in
November, and smashed up by steam in the spring ; they
received a dressing of i cwt. of Ilallet's manure per acre,
and the seed put in about the 13th of May. There they are
mostly chopped out, singled, and some hoed a second lime.
They speak uot in words, but in appearance for themselves
and steam cultivation. I will conclude by giving you the esti-

mated quantity of work that can be done on mix soil land per
day, also coals used :

1st. Digging ten inches deep the engines will consume
three-quarters of a ton of coal each per day, and will do
about eight acres.

2nd. Digging twelve inches deep, seven acres per day, con-
suming one ton of coal each.

3rd. Digging sixteen inches deep, five acres per day, con-
suming one ton of coal each.

Cultivating about fifteen or sixteen inches deep, three-
quarters of a ton of coal each engine, doing from sixteen to
eighteen acres per day.

All my calculations are made exclusive of one man and.
two horses for carting coals and water. Now one or two
words for myself. I have endeavoured to give you ray opin-
ions and experience as jilainly as possible. If I have failed
to do so, you must attribute it to my inability, and I must ask
ou to excuse me. I can truly say I have not aimed a blow
at any one, but at the same time I felt bound to deal openly
and iionestly with the subject. I have also condensed the
subject as much as 1 possibly could. After all I do not know
that the actual paper itself does much good, or is of much
benefit, even if written by the most experienced of writers.
But I consider tliat the discussion which naturally follows
ventilates the subject (if I may use such expression) and
draws the attention of persons who may uot have given it
much consideration before. You all remember the sensible
wish expressed by our most esteemed and worthy Chairman,
at our last audit — viz., that these meetings should become
more prontable. Such a wish, emanating from such a
quarter, can but receive our respectful attention as far as it
lies in onr po ler to oblige him. I agree with him, that we,
the tenants on tliis large and important estate, ought not to
come here merely to enjoy the hospitality shown to us, and
make merry over our wine and cigars, but also to interchange
ideas, make known our opinions and experience foi the benefit
of each oilier. I trust JMr. Lorabe will call on another of
his tenants to read a paper on some important subject in
practical farming. Gentlemen, I have done my best, and I
thenk you heartily for tlie indulgence with which you have
listened to my crude remarks. I have endeavoured only to
set down plain facts. And if the paper has sounded some-
what egotistical, you must bear in mind that it was my own
experience I was asked to relate.

SEWAGE FAMINE.

Colouel Jones has given a very encouraging return
of all which he has so far been able to do on
the Hafod or Wrexham sewage Farm. Neverthe-
less, the gallant gentleman has not been in a position to
do the system justice ; for, strange as it may sound, there
is just at present, in certain districts where its employment
prevails, a kind of sewage famine. The more common
complaint once was that, whether you required it or not,
when once you had agreed to take the sewage down it still
came on you, roaring and pouring, just as the waters da at
Lodore. Colonel Jones' complaint is all the other way,
as in a pamphlet which he has recently published, and
from which we give an extract in another place, he says :
" I am thoroughly convinced that so far from obtaining
the amount of nitrogen and phosphates due to the popu-
lation— 9,000 — offered by advertisement, I cannot have
received more than one-third of that amount ; and soon
after my arrival I discovered that the Corporation of
Wrexham daily and nightly cart away from the town and
sell, periodically by auction, a large quantity of refuse
which should properly come down its sewers to my land."
The very natural consequence is that the Local Board
may get into hot water, or in other words have to answer
an indictment as to its sanitary regulations.

Recently, we were invited to join a party which
paid a visit to Mr. Hope's farm at Britton's, upon which
the sewage of Romford is expended, the more especial

object of the visit being to show the working of a sewage
farm to a few French gentlemen who are engaged on a
similar means of cultivation in the vicinity of Paris. But
as with Colonel Jones at Wrexham so it is with Mr.
Hope at Romford ; and as an illustration of how sewage
may be best expended upon the land, the example was cer-
tainly not so happy nor so telling as that which we re-
member was otfered at Britton's just four years since.
At that period and after less than a yeai''s occupation of a
poor unlikely place Mr. Hope was making experiments
over a variety of crops, all of which promised to succeed.
There were great growths of peas, selling, with the straw
left, at £15 per acre, while none of the neighbouring
farmers had in that season been able to grow any peas ;
there were carrots making £41 per acre, or £20 an acre
profit ; cabbage of all kinds flourishing exceedingly, some
sorts reaching to a marvellous size ; beetroot estimated at
£80 an acre, patches of Indian corn, and so forth. In fact,
the Paris deputation should have come over to Britton's
in 1870 instead of in 1874. Of course, •^e still heard,
rather than saw, much of the continual cuttings of rye-
grass ; there was a healthy plant of red mangel — good
only in patches — which has yet to grow up to its
weight, and some really fine level bits of spring
wheat, straight in the straw and full in the ear.
But this, more particularly after our previous visit, was
scarcely that realization of a system which we had expected

256

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

to see, auJ Mr. Hope himself readily admitted as mucli.
How was it the mangel only prospered here and there ?
Simply because it was only here and there that it had
boeu properly fed with sewage ; the local authorities of
Eomford have broken faith with Mr. Hope, just as the
Wrexham people have with Colonel Jones, and as the
sewage which it is entitled to does not flow on to Britton's
farm another system of cultivation has necessarily been
adopted, more in accordance with the common principles
of cultivation, where men grow large breadths of wheats
and roots. Indeed, what with ■Mr. Hope's difficulties and
protests, backed by the lamentations of Messrs. Chad-
wick and llawliuson over the ignorance of the people, the
several speeches at the luncheon were met with a
chorus rather of wails than cheers ; and Paris offered
more as an example to Briton's than Britton's to
Paris.

And there was also at the luncheon in that queer old
tithe barn, where a Cherry Shorthorn bull supported
the chairman, a gentleman learned in the law, who, as he
duly announced, has himself for a client. Mr. Preston, a
solicitor at Brentwood, is au apt pupil of Mr. Hope, and
has so entered on agreement to take all the sewage of ihat
town, for use on the farm whioh he holds. But, like
Colouei Jones and Mr. Hope, Mr. Preston finds that he can-
not get all the sewage, although, as he said, he had " taken
care to have a legal remedy," and as a lawyer should get
his law at uholesalc prices, it is possible that the sewage
of Brentwood may carry a perfume into the new Courts,
if these are only ready in time for the reception of Mr.
Preston's agreement. The sewage of Romford is said to
be only half as " good" as that of London, but it bears a
most abominable odour, aa it could be run breast high
in the three miles drive from the town to the farm ; and
the still quick eye of Mr. !Mechi was able to discover a
brandy llask in the side-pocket of a visitor, who " had
been here before to-day."

Mr. Hope gave a history of the long war which he
waged with Parliament, and his vain struggles against the
Fabian policy of Commons' Committees ; and Mr.
Rawlinson announced that owing to the discharge of the
sewage into the Thames the ]\Ietropolitan Board of Works
would probably be indicted for committing a nuisance.
Beyond this, neither Mr. Rawlinson nor his patron, as it
seems, ]\Ir. Chadwick had anything very encouraging to
say ; but they took their cue from the tone of the
meeting, and directed their abuse rather at Corpoiations
and civic authorities than against their favourite target, the
sloth and ignorance of the farmer. The present aspect of
the sewage question is certainly not altogether an inviting
one, unless it be to a man who has a fancy for getting out
of cold water into hot ; or in other words, for lighting a
public body, and, as Mr. Preston says, " taking himself for
a client."

TWO YEARS AT A SEWAGE FARM.

Having for many years availed myself of every opportunity
of visiting and inquiring into the different sewage farms in
England, chance threw in my way an advertisem.ent offering a
farm of Si acres with the town sewage of 9,000 population to
be had by tender for a term of years from February 2, 1872;
and upon inspection of the farm in question it seemed to pre-
sent a fair opportunity for one of Hie practical trials which
will, I trust, eventually convince the public that sewage
firiiiiiigcan b? made a success fin'incially as well as in a sani-
tary point of view. I accordingly entered upon possession of
tlie farm of Iliil'od-y-wcm in February, 1872, and suffered from
a perfect deluge of rain for the first year, no encouraging
contingency to be faced by one who would have had the power
of w:'tering his crops while his neighbour's fields were parched
with droiiglit, but could not l.iy aside the watering pot when
the natural full of water was at least double tb.e amount any

farmer could have wished to receive from the lieavens. The
second year just closed has not been so dry as a sewage farmer
might have desired, but still it has not been so constantly wet
as its predecessor, and I am thankful to say thft a profit has
been gained (as will appear from the annexed accounts) which
will more than recoup the loss upon the first year, in which,
besides the wet weather, the farm lay under the additional '
disadvantages of being understocked and having to grow fifty-
four acres of meadow hay more or less of wliich in such a
season must inevitably have been damaged. I may perhaps be
charged by some persons with comiug forward precipitately
with ray two year's practical experience, but I am so impressed
with a conviction that much human misery, disease, and death
in and near our large towns may be prevented by sewage
farming on a gigantic scale when a sufiicieatnumberof practical
men can be indneeJ to take up the subject in earnest, that I
feel it a duty by every means in my power to endeavour to excite
an interest in the matter, and if possible induce others to
educate themselves in the management of the sewage of small
towns like Wreshara, as a preparatory step towards dealing with
the larger ones, whose wants may be more pressing, but de-
maud a body of experience which is not yet forthcoming to
provide against mistakes on a large scale which throw dis-
credit upon sewage farming by unremuuerative works, and
thus retard the general advance of the cause of truth in regard
to sewage treatment. Moreover I think that more confidence
will be felt in statements of accounts published from the first
from year to year, than if they were withheld for simultaneous
production at a future period, and I desire to act upon the
following expression of opinion by Mr. H. J. Morgan, the
careful manager of tlie Lodge Farm, Barking, in his published
account of its cultivation from August 31, 1871, to December
31, 1873, viz. : " I would here agaiu express ray regret that
none of those interesteJ in sewage farms have thought fit to
publish their experience in a detailed and business-like form.
At present this farm belonging to the Metropolis Sewage Com-
pany is the only instance in which resiiLs obtained by the
application of sewage have been consistently reported during
the last six years. Our successes and our failures liave been
alike recorded under the conviction that anything less than the
ivholc truth in the matter woidd be worse than useless in the
interests of the Company and of the general public." Tlie
town of Wrexham, celebrated, like Burton and Romford, for
its beer, is bisected by a brook fordable at every point in dry
WL'ather, but bearing a large volume of water after rainfall on
the neighbouring mountains, and is thus Vi'ell situated for
drainage to the main sewer, which follows the coursf, of the
brook to some tanks at the nearest part of Uafod-y-wern
Farm to the town, from which it is only separated by two
small fields. Six acres of tlie farm lie on a bank above the
tanks, inaccessible to the liquid sewage, but conveniently situ-
ated for a trial of the sludge which is scooped out by hand
from time to time, and left to dry on the banks of the tanks,
and thus deducting these six acres with two more (.for roads,
garden, &c., included in the nominal eighty-four) a balance of
seventy-six acres appeared available for sewage irrigation if
the laud was levelled aud prepared for the purpose. The farm
had been taken by the Local Board two years before I was
acquainted with it, and although some steps had been taken to
level part of the land, it had suffered sadly from neglect and
mismanagement during those two years, which caused consi-
derable loss to the ratepayers, and made the Board anxious to
get rid of their charge. I found two-thirds of the land in per-
manent pasture, which had been treated as water-meadows
with excessively large carrieis supplied with brick and wood
penstocks for retaining considerable volumes of water ; and
the simple plan followed by the Local Board had been to fill
tlipse carriers with sewage, and allow it to ferment iu a manner
calculated to cause an intolerable nuisance to persons fre-
quenting a public footpath which traverses the whole extent
of the farm. When the sewage was not on these mea-
dows, the exhalations from the thick coating of black sludge
deposited in the wide and deep carriers must have been even
more offensive in hot weather than when they were full of
liquid sewage, and their appearance was at all times truly dis-
gusting. I was assured on all hands that the land was sa-
turated with sewage, aud that a larger extent was required
for irrigation, that tiie grass produced had been rank and unfit
for cattle, and that the Local Board had made a large annual
loss by their farming. The bad quality of some hay in stack and
abundance of docks aud nettles, &c., in the meadows gave colour

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

257

to these reports, but I could account for all by theories of ray
own, and after mature consideration agreed upon csrtain con-
ditions to relieve the Board of the uuexpired term of their
lease, i.e., eighteen years from February, 1873. It was im-
possible at the time to get any trustworthy analysis or to
gauge tlie average flow of sewage, and wanting the experience
wliich now leads me to treat ail the reports of excess of sewage
as delusions, they certainly made me anxious, and led me to
stipulate for more land if the sewage shculd be streugthened
above a certain perceutage on its existing number of house
connections ; but certain fixed outlets for overflow from the
sewer gave me the assurance that I could never be burdened
beyond a certain point in respect of volume of sewage, and
with a population advertised as 9,000 I never dreamt of fiuling
to receive enough nitrogen for my seventy-six acres, or of being
deluged with brook aud rain-water in dilution of the sewage
pure aud simple which I liad bargained for ; so I believed tlie
hearsay evidence to a certain extent, aud determined at once
to provide myself with a safety valve iu tlie shape of two
acres of filter beds on the Metliyr Tydvil plau. Mr. Bailey
Denton most kindly furnished me with full particulars at
Mertliyr, and by the beginning of May I was able to turn the
whole sewage and water coming from Wrexham upon two
acres prepared as filter beds, using them iu alternate periods
of twelve hours each for eight consecutive days and nights
without injury to a crop of cabbages planted on ridges, and
with avery clear stream of efiluent water running from the
deep drains. But since that time I have found the " safety
valve" altogether unnecessary, because the actual flow of
sewage is so very inferior in strength to what I had been led
to expect, and because by the growth of Italian rye-grass
and experience of the requirements of my land I have long
felt independent of the protection of a safety valve such as I
liad proposed to myself in constructing my filter beds. If, as
at first supposed, I had too much sewage and too little land,
t le filter bed's would have been invaluable, as the principle of
intermittent filtration is undoubtedly sound. Without going
further iuto details, I may liere say that I am thoroughly
convinced that so far from obtaining the amount of nitrogen,
phosphates, &c., due to tlie population (9,000) offered by
advertisement, I cannot have received more than one-tKird
of that amount ; and soon after my arrival I discovered that
the Corporaliou of Wrexliara daily and nightly cart away
from the town and sell, periodically, by auction a large
(jiiantity of town refuse, which should properly come dowu its
sewers to my land. This abstraction of valuable matter is
not all I have to complain of however, and in order to ex-
plain ray position, I would adduce the follovvmg letter
addressed to the Town Clerk in June, 1872, the only reply to
which was a verbal one to the elTect that the Council could
not at present face the expense necessary to remove the evil
complained of in my letter :

Hafod-y-wern Farm, Wrexham, June i 1S72.
Sir, — I regret extremely that 1 am compelled to make a
report for the information of the Sanitary Committee
of the Local Board on a subject which may involve trouble
and ultimate expense to the ratepayers of this borough, but
silence after my experience of the late rainy season might be
held as consent to defective sewerage arrangements over which
1 liave no control, and my management of the llafod-y-wern
Farm might be censured on account of pollution of the town
brook by sewage wliicli has never reached the tanks on the
outfall lands for which I am responsible if I did not put the
following statement upon record. The Farm Committee may
remember my inquiry in February last regarding the outlets
from the sewer to the brook (one at the Weir and another iu
the tank enclosure) aud that I was informed that sewage
seldom overflowed by those cbanuels. The late wet season
may have been peculiar, but I can only say that experience
has shown me that sucli overflow is of frequent occurrence
and sufficient in amount to cause very considerable nuisance
to persons living near the brook or making use of its water.
To take the case to-day as the result of some heavy rain last
night, I found on visiting the tanks at 8 a.m. that both over-
flows were running in a strong stream of most offensive sewage
while the brook itself was not much fuller than usual, and as
the tank into which the sewer flows was emptied on Saturday
last and the sewage was passing through it at not less than
the rate of 20,000 gallons an hour, it is manifest that no ob-
struction under my control was the cause of the pollution I
noticed entering the brook. At noon, at 4 and at 6 p.m. the

overflow in the tank enclosure was still running and had Iiardly
ceased at 7 p.m., eleven hours after I first observed it, und the
cour.se of sewage to the land was all the while flowing at
about the above rate — viz., 20,000 gallons an hour. I under-
stand that arrrngements are now being made to add the sew-
age of High Town to the main sewer, and this is an additional
reason for my pressing the subject upon the Board, because
the overflow 1 complain of may thereby be made more fre-
quent or perhaps even constant. It is not my province to
suggest a remedy, but the " separate system" by which the
storm water from roofs and streets could be conducted diredhj to
the natural watercourses instead of indirectly after pollution
in the sewer is so obviously the rigiit one that I may perliaps
be allowed to allude to it. — 1 have, &c.,

(Signed) Alfred S. Jones.

To the Town Clerk, Wrexham.

On October 3, 1872, I again addressed the Town Clerk oa
the subject of overflows in still stronger terms as in the fol-
lowing extract from my letter.

Extract from a letter dated Hafod-y-wern Farm, October 3,
1872, from Lieut. -Colonel Jones, addressed to the Town.
Clerk, Wrexham : " Keferring now to my letter of June 4,
1872, to your address which reported for the information of
the Sanitary Committee of the Local Board the result of my
experience regarding overflows from tlie sewer, which differed
most materially from the state of the case as represented to
me by the Farm Committee when I first had the liouour of an
interview with that body before taking the farm, I have to
state that further experience only tends to confirm liie state-
ments of that letter, and that the operation of the Public
Health Act, 1872, will probably cause the rural sanitary
authority to move against the Local Board for removal of the
nuisance I then pointed out." This second appeal brought
no better results than the first, but during the early part of
the year 1873 the borough surveyor, a gentleman of
great ability and intelligence, informed me that he had dis-
covered certain leaks in a twelve-inch connection passing along
the bed of the brook from a brewery to the main sewer by
which brook w.iter gained admittance to the latter whenever
the level of the stream was as high as the connection, and on
inspection it proved that many of the collars or flanges of the
earthenware 12-inch pipe which formed the connection in
question had been broken apparently by stones rolling down
the brook iu floods or thrown by mischievous boys, and the
openings thus afforded to brook water fully accounted for the
frequent action of the overflows noticed in the above letters.
The rainfall of the previous year had accounted to my mind
for a great deal of the evil, but as there were intervals of dry
weather during which the overflow did not cease, I had
attributed some of it to percolation of subsoil water into the
sewers, and was consequently glad to find that the intake of
water in dry weather could be so easily stopped by the Town
Councilor brewer repairing the connection ; but allhough a
neighbouring landed proprietor, who had reason to complain
of the foul state of the brook due to the overflow, has
addressed the Town Clerk on the subject as I have repeatedly
done myself, uotliiug, beyond talk in the Council chamber re-
ported in the newspapers, appears to have been done to remedy
that portion of the evil, which could be provided for so easily,
and which alfects the purity of the brook in a much greater
degree than tlie storm water because the overflow due to the
latter cause is swept away and to some extent concealed by a
larger body of water in the book itself. In order to make the
matter as plain as possible let us take three periods as follows,
viz. : 1st. During a dry season the wliole contents of
the sewers are delivered upon the land of this faim, and
the brook leaves the farm as little defiled as it entered it.
2nd. In a less dry season when the brook level is high enough
to reach the leaks communicating with the main sewer, aud
yet contains but a small volume of water, tiien part of it
enters the sewer, and meeting the ordinary flow of sewage
iu the town, forms a body of foul water greater thaa
the capacity of the sewer mouth, and thus overflows near the
tanks, causing the remaining course of the brook through my
farm and below it to flow in a very foul condition. 3rd. In
a wet season the rush of water from streets and roofs of houses
over the acreage covered by the town joins the sew.age by street
gullies, and, with the brook water admitted through the leaks
above referred to, results in a greater overflow, but in this last
case the body of water flowing down the brook from neigh,
bouring mountains hides, and to a certain extent neutralises

258

THE FAllMElfS ilAUAZLNE

tlie sewitge mixed with it in its rapid course. One great lesson
to be derived from my two years' practical study of the sewage
question, wliicli iias, I trust, been fairly stated in the above
remarks, appeirs to rae to be one of general interest to all
towns, and T take it as pointing unmistakably to the necessity
of adopting in all cases what is called the " separate system,"
reconimeiideil some years ago by Mr. Meuzies, Deiuity-Ranger
of Windsor l'"orest, &c., adopted at the Camp at Aldersliot and
promised by the War Department to be carried out as regards

the new Depot Centre BArracks about to be erected at Wrex-
Ilam, whicli will set an example lo be copied, I trust, ere long
by the municipal authorities lor the whole town. The " sepa-
rate system" consists in simply providing a clear course for all
riiiu-water fro ii roofs, streets, &;., by direct lines above or
Ijelow ground lo the natural watercourses, instead of leading
it by streets gullies in'o the sewers, and burdeuing ihe latter
with the double duty of carrying away both sewage and rainfall.
— From Colonel Jones' pamphlet, iP'iil a Scivajc Farm Pai/ .'

SALE OF MR. MEADOWS' SHORTHORNS,

At Thorxville, Wexford, on Friday, August 14.
BY MR. THORNTON.

I'or some time past Mr. Meadows' health has been so
indiH'erent that he resolved to dispose of the bulk of his
herd during the week of the Royal Agricultural Society's
meeting at Wexford. The herd is kept on his demesne at
Thoruville, about five miles from the town. Reserving
three cows, bountiful milkers, and the calves of this year,
the remaiuiug portion of the herd, consisting of nineteen
cows and heifers and one bull, were brought to a little
paddock hard by the show-yard, and there disposed of by
Mr. Thornton on i'riday afternoon, the 14th inst. The
hour fixed was that arranged for the bank jumping, so
that the local attendance was small. The cattle were
thin, and, being removed from their own homes,
looked even more empty. About eight of the lots
wei'e exhibited on the show-ground ; permission not
being granted for their removal they were sold
nnseen. Tom Quin, the well-known Irish herd
who brought out so successfully ilr. ^leadows' Bolivar
and Charlie to compete at English shows, seemed very
much at sea when the objects of his care were disposed of
away from the ring. The beautiful white calf Fanny 35th
was put up at 20 guineas, and sold at that price without
further bids. Prices were asked for some of the others,
but none being made, they were passed as unsold. Lot
21, Mr. Gumblcton's prize heifer, Frincess of Wales, went
to Canada, at 54 gs. ; and Mr. Chrisp bought Rnth
25th (which was also exhibited) for 07 gs.

The great object of competition was lot 1, Bracelet 2nd,
a fine old cow of large scale, and a good milker, descended
from the Killerby tribe of that name ; she had bred Ben
Biace, shown last year and this also, and successfully too
at the Royal and Yorkshire show ; and her last calf, St.
llonan, was exhibited at Wexford. After sharp com-
petition between Mr. Downing and Mr. Cruickshank, the
latter secured her at 290 gs. ; she will be mated with
the celebrated bull. Knight of Knowlmere, who has also
been recently purchased by Mr. Cruickshank. Lot 6 and
7, of Mr. Torr's G tribes, were the other desirable lots •
they were a little fiat, and then Golden Fin being in
use at the time of sale after service in April, told against
the prices. Mr. Downing bought both at 80 gs. and 62
gs. The descendants of the jNIason No. 2 tribe were there
and uiidesired; they made accordingly but low figures.
Some of the shorter pedigrees were animals of substance.
Mr. Doyne, Mr. Cosby, and Mr. Humphrey Smith made
several purchases of them. The sale throughout was dull,
Mr. Meadows being unable to be present, but the average
of over £50 told up well for the 22 head sold.

COWS AND HEIFERS.
Bracelet 20:?, roan, calved January 14, 18Gi ; by Vanguard

(210U9), out of Bridal by Buckingham (11219).— Mr.

Cruickshank, Aberdeen, 290 gs.
Ruth 20th (Mr. Cooke's), roan, calved February 24, 186G ;

by Knight of the Empire (22061), out of Ruth 14th by Lord

Aberdeen (20141).— Mr. R. G. Cosby, 42 gs.
Virginia, red, calved January 28, 1807; by First Fiddle

(19749), out of Vanity bv Paddy Hopewell (1G677).— Mr.

H. Smith, 40 gs.

British Queen, roan, calved April 26, 1S07 ; by Duke of Marl-
borough (23768), out of Ruby Queen by Grey Gauntlet

(19908).— Mr. S. Armstrong, 31 gs.
Fanny 15tii (Mr. Cooke's), red and a little wnite, calved June

29, 1867 ; by Duke of York (23801), out of Fanny 10th by

Dr. Mcllale (15887).— Mr. Cruickshank, 26 gs.
Golden L')cket, roan, calved September 6, 1867 ; by Grey

Gauntlet (19908), out of Golden Rose by BlooJ Royal

(14169). -Mr. J. Downing, 80 gs.
Golden I'iu, roan, calved August 14, 1868 ; by Duke of Marl-
borough (23768), out ol Golden Rose by Blood Royal

(14169).— Mr. J. Dowuiug, 62 gs.
Islaud Queen, red and white, calved February 5, 1869 ; by

Duke of ]\Irtrlborough (23768), out of Ruby Queen by Grey

Gauntlet (19908).— Mr. S. Armstrong, 34 gs.
Fanny 28tli, roan, calved April 25, 1869 ; by Prince of the

Realm (22627), out of Fanny 16ili by Fugleman (14580;.

—Mr. II. Smith, 20 gs.
Ruth 25th, roan, calved January 24,1870; by St. Ring.in

(27417), out of Uuth 20th (lot 2) by Knight of the Empire

(22061).— Mr. L. C. Chrisp, 67 gs.
Victorine, roan, calved February 23, 1870; by Prince of tlie

Realm (22627), out of Vanity by Paddy Hopewell (16677).

Mr. R. G. Cosby, 38 gs.
Fanny 33rJ, red and white, calved January 23, 1871; by

Prince of the Realm (22627), out of Fanny 14lh by Fugle-
man (14580).— Mr. II. Smith, 31 gs.
Chenedolle, red, calveJ January 24, 1871 ; by Prince of the

Realm (22627), out of Canzonette (dam of lots 20 and 24)

by First Fiddle (19749)— Mr. C. M. Dozne, 30 gs.
Medora, roaii, calved April 11, 1871 ; by Peer of the Realm

(27057), out of Graceful by Duke of Moscow (14417)—

Mr. R. J. Stanton, Canada, 52 gs.
Princess Charlotte, roan, calved May 12, 1871 ; by Prince

Mason (29645), out of Camisole by Fugleman (14580). —

Mr. C. M. Dozne, 20 gs.
Queen of the Meadow (Mr. S. Armstrong's), roan, calved

January 21, 1872; by Priuce Buckingham (29603), out of

Ruby Queen by Grey Gauntlet (19908).— Mr. H. Robert,

29 gs.
Fairy Queen (Mr. S. Armstrong's), red, calved March 12,

1872 ; by Prince Buckingham (29603), out of British

Queen (lot 4) by Duke of Marlborough (23768).— Mr. II.

Robert, 30 gs.
Honey Bee (Mr. S. Armstr ng's), roan, calved March 21,

1872; by Peacock (29536), out of Honeysuckle by Marine

(24529).— Mr. T.Rudd, 18 gs.
Miisidora, roan, calved March 25, 1872 ; by Prince Mason

(29645), out of Graceful by Duke of Moscow (14447).—

Mr. J. Downing, 20 gs.
Chardonoret, red and white, calved April 23, 1872 ; by Prince

Mason (29645), out of Canzonette by First Fiddle (19749).

—Mr. J. Cooke, 22 gs.
Princess of Wales (Mr. Gumbleton's), rich roan, calved

February 8, 1873 ; by Red Cross (32247), out of Truelove

by Ducrow (19591). — Mr. S. Pickering, Canada, 54 gs.
Fanny 35tli, white, calved May 21, 1873 ; by Prince Mason

(29645), out of Fanny 14th by Fugleman (14580).— Mr. J.

Ward, 20 gs.

Summary.

Total sale £1,108 IG 0

22 head averaged 50 8 0

THE FAU:>IEll',S :JAGAZiNE.

SHEEP SALES AND LETTINGS.

MR. BUSIIBY'S SOUrilDOWNS.— The annual sale and
letting took place at West Preston Manor, near Ang-
mering Station. Tlie sale comprised 18 rams for sale
and hire; 10 ram lambs and 115 ewe and wether lambs,
and 100 breeding ewes for sale. Sixty wether lambs sold from
30s. to 48s. each ; the ewe lambs averaged 31s. ; breeding ewes
ranged from 38s. to 6 Is. Rams let and sold from five guineas
to 16^ guineas, and ram hi'nbs sold from five guineas to O.j gs.

MR. BENNE ITS HA.MPS11IRES. — Messrs. Ewer
and Winstanley sold and let by auction, at the Market
House-yard, Salisbury, 70 ram lambs and 10 rams, the pro-
perty of Mr. W. Bennett, of Chilmark. The first four lots
were let lor a month from any date, and the prices realised
were as follow : Mr. Brown, Ulfcott, 10 guineas ; Mr. White,
lOj gs. ; Mr. White, 19 gs. ; Mr. Coombes, 10 guineas. The
next seven lots were let lor a month from the 6th ot Septem-
ber, at the following prices : Mr. John Read, 39 guineas ;
Mr. Charles Waters, 26 guineas; Mr. Jolin Read, 10 guineas;
Mr. Parsons ( WadJou), 10 guineas ; j\lr. J. Carpenter, 10| gui-
neas ; Elr. A. 13udd, 26 guineas ; Mr. Kinsman, Cranbury Park,
Winchester, 10 guineas — the average being £18 2s. lid.
per head.

MR. IIANDY'S COTSWOLDS.— This was the first sale,
Mr. ViUar, of Cheltenham, being the auctioneer. There was
a large attendance, and about 50 animals were sold at an
average of £7 13s.

MR. L.\NE'S COTSWOLDS AT BROABFIELD.— Mr.
Acock, of the firm ot Acock and Hanks, was tlie auctioneer.
Two 3.shear sheep and three shearlings were let, the highest
price being given by Mr. Brown, of Marhara, Norfolk, ■!•') gs.
47 were sold, the highest figure being 66 gs., which was given
by Mr. Coleman, of New Zealand. The average of the lot
was £20 Os. 4J., and the uet proceeds of the sale amounted to
£1,135 Is.

MR. R. GARNE'S COTSWOLDS, AT ALDSWORTH.
— Mr. Acock officiated as auctioneer, and let 2 shearlings, the
liigliest priced one to Mr. G. Hewer, Leygore, for 46 gs. ; 51
pissed the hammer, at the high average of £22 Is. 91. Mr.
Brown, of Marham Hall, Norfolk, gave tlie highest figure,
78 gs. The total amount realised was £1,170 15s.

THE TROY RAMS.— 48 animals were olTercd for competi-
tion ; but owing to the long continuance of drought and entire
failure of the root crops in the ]Midland Counties, they did not
realise extraordinary figures. For several of the animals
a sharp competition ensued, resulting in the average of
£10 Is. 6d.

OXFORD RAM SALES.— The first of these annual
gatherings was inaugurated in Sniitli's Close, when there
was an extraordinarily full attendance of flockraasters,
breeders, and dealers. The following are tlie particulars
of the sales. — By Messrs. Paxton and Castle : The first lot
consisted of 24 shearling Cotswolds, tlie property of the Exe-
cutors of the late Mr. R. Lord, of Stanton llarcourl ; the
liighest price realised was 111 gs., the average being £7 Is. Od.
11 Cotswold ram lambs, bred by and the property of Mr. II.
GiUett, of Southleigh ; the highest price reilised was £6,
and the lot averaged £4 5s. 8 Cotswold shearling rams, bred
by Mr. C. Gillett, of Lower 11 addon; average £5 15s. 6d.
Cotswold sliearling rams, bred by Mr. S. Smith, of Soraerton ;
average £9 9s. The Cotswold shearling rams drafted from
tlie flock of Mr. John AVorley, of Brize-Norton ; the average
was £7, and the highest ])rice was 9 gs. 15 Oxfordshire
Down ram lambs, bred by Mr. C. Badeock, of Radley. The
highest price reached for these was £7 10s. ; average £4 7s.
— By Messrs. Acock and Hanks : 15 Cotswold ra.n lambs, the
jiroperty of Mrs. Smith, of Shilton, near Burford, averaged
£4 16s. 6d.— By Messrs. Franklin and Gale : 25 Cotswold
ram lambs, tlie properly of BIr. Thomas Akers, of Burtou
Abbots, realised from 3i to 7^ gs.

Mil. HUGH AYLIMER'S LONGWOOLS AT WEST
DEREHAM— Mr. Simpson ofi'ered the 100 ram lambs.
These realised a total sum of £575 5s., and averaged £5 15s.
each. The highest price given for a ram lamb was £10, the
lowest £4 10s. The SO shearlings realised £927 4s., an ave-
rage of £11 lis. 9J. The highest price given for a sliearling
was £42, the lowest ±7 17s. 6d. The 10 two-shear sheep
made £92 18s. 6d., an average of £d 6s. each. The highest
price given for one of these sheep was £15 15s., the lowest
£7 7s. The total iroceeds of the letting were £1,597 7s. 6d.

MR. WALKER'S COTSWOLDS— There was a larg:
attendance, including the leading tnp breeders of tlie
neighbourhood, and the sheep were considered to be the bes:
offered this season. Mr. Acock, of the firm of Acock anl
Hanks, oU'ered the first sheep, which was knocked down a:
£24 3s. Shee|) alter sheep was brought forward and speedily
disposed of, till No. 20 was brought into tlie ring, when it was
plain theie was something more than usual in that number.
The biddings quickly rose from £20 to 70 guineas, when there
was a halt for a few seconds. From this sum the biddings
rose to 75 guineas, aad then to 100 guineas. Finally this
sheep was knocked down at 102 guineas, to go to Canada.
The other twenty were quickly disposed of. The forty, which
averaged £21 4s. yd. each, were all disposed of in about
an hour.

MR. RIGG'S HAMPSHIRE DOWNS.— One hundred and
twenty ewes were sold at Wrotham-hill Park. One pen
made £4 per head, and several lots went into Lancashire.
They averaged 5Ss. For the rams there was but a poor trade.
A few weie let at 8g3. ; one of the shearlings went at lOgs.
Those disposed of averaged £6 lOs. 9d. A number of store
cattle were sold at moderate prices.

THE WOOLDING HAMPSHIRES.— At this sale, by
Messrs. Water.s, Son, and Ravvlence, the prices ranged at
12| gs. and lOj gs., two at 10 gs., 9^ gs., and 9 gs., several
at 8^ gs., 8 gs., 71 gs., 7 gs., and 6 gs., down to (for young
lambs) 4^ gs. and 4 gs., and two at 3 gs., the average of the
whole being li gs.

THE BULBRIDGE HAMPSHIRE EWES. -Messrs.
J. and E. Raw fence have held tiieir second and last sale
at Bulbridge, when they offered the whole of their flocks
of Hampshire Down ewes, consisting of about 1,090 ewes
and ewe lambs. The auctioneers were Messrs. Ewer and
Winstanley. The sheep were in lots of ten each (except
where otherwise expressed), and the sale commenced with
the two-tooth ewes, when the/oUowin^ purchases were made :
Mr. Simmouds (agent to Mr. Walter, Bearwood), £bo ;
Mr. Dibben, Bishopstone, £72 10s., and £77 lOs. ; Mr
Newton, Dagdean (five), £57 15s. ; Mr. Charles Waters,
£02 IDs. ; Mr. Smith, of Stapleford {Hxe), £70 17s. 6d. ;
Mr. A. Morrison, Fonthill, £50, and i\ve, £42 10s.; Mr.
Pain, of Frilsham, Berks, £52 lOs. and £42. The following
were among the purchasers of the four-tooth ewes : Mr.
Pain, £57 10s. ; Mrs. Brice, Wolfhall, £70 ; Mr. Newton
(five), £49 173. 6d. ; Mr. Uoldsworth (steward of the Earl of
Pembroke), [£47 ; Mr. Taylor, £45 and £55 ; Mr. Simmonds,
two lots at £40 each ; Mr. Twitchen, from Basingstoke
(five), £30 ; Mr. Lambert, of Abingdon, £40 ; Mr. Moore,
of Littlecott, £44 ; and Mr. Homer, Athelhampton, £49.
Amongst the purchasers of the six-tooth ewes were — Mr.
Pain, £57 10s. ; Mr. Morrison, £57 10s. ; Mr. R. Brine, of
Gussage (five), £31 5s. ; Mr. Taylor, £15 ; Mr. Homer, £42 ;
Mr. Simmonds, £43 ; Mr. Buxton, of Ware, £40 ; Mr.
Godwin, of East Stour, £10- The following were the pur-
chasers of the full-mouthed ewes : Mr. Homer, £31 10s. and
£35 , Mr. Coles, Warminster, £41 ; Mr. Simmonds, £36 and
£33 ; Mr. Brine, Gu.ssage, £32 10s., and five at £21 5s. Mr.
Webb, of Newbury, £31, £31 10s., and £32 10s. Among the
purchasers of the Chilver lambs were Mr. Morrison, a lot at
£170; Mr. Taylor, £80 ; Mr. Buxton, ^£33 10s. Mr.
Holdsworth, £34, The 1,095 ewes and ewe lambs realised
£4,800. The averages were : Two-tooth, £5 8s. lOd. each ;
four-tooth, £1 lis. 5d. ; six-tooth, £4 15s. lid.; full-
mouthed, £3 6s. lOd. ; Chilver lambs, £3 19j. 6d. ; the total
average per bead being £4 8s. 6d.

MR. PARKER'S HAMPSHIRES. — Messrs. Downs
and Awbery have disposed of the Lashara Flock, late the
property of Mr. J. Parker, deceased. Twenty-three ram
lambs were first disposed of, and produced £414 4s. 6d., an
average of over £18, Lot 3 being secured by Messrs. R. and
J. Russell, of Horton, Kerby, Keut, at 50 gs. Lot 6 made
40 gs. Mr. A. Twitchen, North Oakley, purchased Lot 9 at
22 gs., Mr. F. Budd Lot 12 at 40 gs., Mr. Pearce Brown Lot
15 at 26 guineas, Messrs. Russell Lot 30 at 36 gs. The
average price of the whole flock vi'as £!• 7s. 6d. per head.

MR. LUNN'S RAMS.— ilessrs. Waters, Son, and Lawrence
at Aiidover Ttation, conducted the sale of rams belonging to
Mr. Lunn, of Woolding F'arm, AVhitchurch, Hants. The
prices ranged at 12|^gs., lO^ gs., two at lOgs., 9|^ gs., 9 gs.,
several at 8|gs., and 8gs., 7ig8,. 7gs., 6gs., ;down to (for

260

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

young Iambs) 42gs. and 4gs. auJ two at 3gs., the average
of tlie whole being 6g.s.

MR. CHARLES WATERS' UAMPSHIRES.— The
sale of 7G ram lambs, took place at the Market
House, Salisbury, being conducted by Messrs. Waters, Son,
and Rawlence. The prices obtained were for letting 23 gui-
neas, 10|^ guineas, 7 guineas, and 6 guineas ; and for lambs
sold 14j guineas, 1'2 guineas, llj guineas, lO^ guineas, 9-o gui-
neas, 9 guineas, 8j guineas, 8 guineas, 7 guineas, down to
5 guineas, the average being £8 eacli. Eighteen of the
younger lambs were passed without a bid. Jlr. Coles, of
Middletou Farm, Warminster, hired No. 3 for one month from
1st September for 23 guineas. 10 ram lambs, the property of
Sir. G. Read, of Charford; the highest brought y^- guineas.
Tiie average was £5 10s.

MR. NEWTON'S HAMPSHIRES. — At Dogdean,
Messrs. Waters, Sou, and Rawlence offered about 100
ram lambs and 10 rams, tl\e property of Mr. William
Newton. The ssile commenced with the letting of 13 ram
lambs, No. 4 being let to Mr. Dibben at 25 gs. ; No. 8, to Mr.
E. rinckney (Berwick), at 23 gs. ; No. 5, to Mr. William
Eloyer (Ridge), at li gs., who also hired No. 7, at 9 gs. ; and
No. 3, to Mr. Carpenter, at 11 gs. The selling lambs pro-
duced considerable competition, the averaee of the first 40
being £11 lis. 3d. The principal purchasers were Mr. E.
Pinckney, who secured No. 2G at 20 gs.. No. 3(3 at 13 gs.,
and No. 83 at 15 gs. ; Mr. Smith (Stapleford), No. 15 at
15 gs., and No. 17 at 15| gs. ; Mr. C. Friend (Gussage), No.
13 at 18 gs. ; Mr. F. G. Dalgety, No. 20 at 16 gs. ; Mr. II.
Friend, No. 39 at 15 gs., No. 40 at 14.1- gg.. No. 49 at
9i- gs., and No. 52 at 9 gs. ; Mr. R. Friend, No. 22 at 13^
gs.. No. 12 at 9 gs., &c. ; Mr. Hayter (Woodgates), No.
33 at 13 gs., No. 50 at 11 gs., and No. 72 at 9| gs. ; Mr.
Fleetwood (Coorabe), No. 27 at 13 gs.; Mr. Pinniger (Rock-
bourne), No. 25 at 114- gs.. No. 53, at 11 gs., Nos. 30, 32,
and 34, at 10^ gs. eacli, No. 45 at 9^ gs., and Nos. 46 and
48 at 9 gs. each ; Mr. Warner (Liss, Petersfleld), No. 38 at
11 gs.. No. 10 at lOI gs.. No. 14 at 9 gs., and No. 56 at
gs. The average of the whole was i'99 7s. lOd.

MR. PREECE'S SHROPSHIRE SALES AT
SHREWSBURY. — The numerous purchasers had
some 150 flocks to select from. As might have been
expected, Lord Chesham obtained the highest prices,
and the {highest average ever yet reached for Shropshire
rams. A shearling ram, sire, grandson of Duke of Manchester,
let for 85 gs. ; and anotlier let for 25 gs. A two-shear ram,
sire, son of JlauseU's No. 8, sold for 115 gs. ; a shearling
sold for 105 gs., one at 70 gs., and one at G5 gs. Tlie 21
brought in a total of 728 gs., giving an average of nearly 35
gs. per head. Mr. Crane, of Shrawardine, let a two-shear ram,
Caligula, for 46 gs., and Mr. J. Evans, Uffington,
let a shearling ram, by Grand Duke, sire of dam
Hardliues, for 85 gs. Mr. T. Horley, The Fosse, Leamington ;
Mr. G. Allen, Kuightley Hall ; and Mr. W. Marson, Butter-
liill, also sold several rams at satsfactory prices. The follow-
ing were among the prices obtained for ewes : Mr. Crane's lot
from 60s. to SOs. ; Mr. John Evans, 50s. to 200s. each ; Lord
Chesham's, 6O3. to 80s. ; Mr. J. W. Minton, 65s. to 95s. ; Rev.
C.P.Peters, 70s.; Mr. R.Edwards, 130s. Mr. G. lIorton,G5s.
to 85s.; Mr. Bowen Jones, GOs. to 130s.; Mr. R. Jones, 50s.
to 105s. ; Captain Wintjfleld, GOs. to 72s. Gd. ; Messrs. J. and '
G. Crane, GOs. ; Mr. W. Andrews, GOs. ; Mr. II. Lee, G5s. ; i

Mr. Peter Everal, GOs.; Mr. Frank, 55s. to 1053.; Mr. A.
Mansell, 50s. to GOs. ; Mr. W. G. Preece, 55s. to G53. ; Mr.
W. Holder, 48s. to GOs. ; Mr. G. T. Forester, 45s. to GOs.
Besides the above there was a large supply of well-bred ewes
sent by numerous well-known breeders.

MESSRS. LYTHALL AND CLARK'S SHROPSHIllES
IN BINGLEY HALL.— The trade ruled slow, many animals
passed through the ring unsold, and other breeders iiad to
submit to a fall from last year of about 30 to 50 per cent.
The thirty rams exhibited by Mr. Joseph Pulley, of Lower
Eaton, Hereford, attracted most attention ; and one, the
commended sheep at Bedford, was bought by Mr. Crawfurd
for 34 gs. Mr. William Baker, of Staffordshire, secured the
next sheep, a shearling, at 36 gs. Others made 30, 31, and
35 gs. each, the average of the thirty sheep, all shearlings,
being a trifle under 15 gs., which, however, is little more than
lialf the sum realised by the same breeder last year. Mr.
Thos. Nock, of Shiffnal, showed ten shearlings and one two-
sliear; two of the former were let, and the nine sold averaged

£13, the highe.st price being made of No. 3, who was bought
for Mrs. Henry Smith, of Sutton Maddock, for 28 gs. Mr.
U. S. Sheldon, of Brailes House, Shepston-on-Stour, showed
nine sheep, which realised a trifle under 11 gs. Mr. E.
Lythall, of Radford-hall, Ltamingtou, showed thirl?eii
yearlings ; the highest figure was 25 gs., and the average
£11 4s. Gd. Lord Sudely's rams made about £8, and Lord
Wenloek's, from "Yorkshire, £7 5s., about half the price
realised last year. There are about 500 ewes in tlie cata-
logue, not all present ; purchasers were found for most if not
all, but the drop was even greater than in the raras. Mr.
Pulley's shearling ewes commanded the best average, making
68s. a head. TVn lots of Show shearlings, belonging to Mr,
Rock and Mr. Sheldon, made an average of 71 gs. per head,
prices of the remainder ranging from 42s. to 80s. a-head.

MR. COXON'S SUROPSHIRES.— Mr. W. G.^ Preecu
conducted the annual sale and letting at Freeford,
of Mr. Coxon's selection of Shropshire sheep, which
this year consisted of 3G rams and 100 ewes, the whole of
which very successfully realised remarkably good prices, taking
into consideration the want of keep, shortness of capital, and
the duhiess of trade. The ram Confidence was first put into
the ring and offered to let. This sheep won third prize
at Hull R.A.S.E. last year as a shearling. Twelve of his ewe
lambs were run into the ring with him. After a very spirited
competition between the most celebrated breeders of Shrop-
shires, he was knocked down to Mr. Cartwright, Burton-
on-Trent, at the extraordinary sum of 200 guineas for
the season. If Confidence had been offered for sale
there is no knowing wliat price he would have made, and
500 guineas we heard had been offered last spring
for him, but refused. Champion, winner of the first prize
at Manchester, was let to Mr. C. W. Hamilton,
Ireland, at 115 gs.; Capitalist (a two-shear) sold to Mr. R.
H. Masfen, at 57 gs. ; Consol ition (a two-shear), 55 gs., to
Mr. W. H. Clare ; 3, a shearling, 63 gs., to Mr. C. Stubbs.
The Hon. Lord Falmouth purchassed Safeguard, 16, at 53 gs.,
and No. 4 at 23 gs. IMr. German purchased two rams at
42 gs. and 31 gs. each. Lot 5, 32 gs., Mr. Farmer, of
Cheadle ; lots 17 and 18 went to Mr. Pilgrim at 21 and 23
gs. Lord Bateraan, Mr. VVinterton, Mr. C. R. Keeling, Mr.
T. J. Mansell, Mr. Barnes, Mr. Booth, Mr. Kinghoru, for
the Rev. W. Inge, and other well-known breeders obtained
specimens from this renowned flock at from 12 to 40 gs. each.
The average is about 31 guineas. The ewes were sold for the
season at prices ranging from 8 to 60 gs., amongst the buyers
being Messrs. Holland, Firmstone, Cartwright, Woodall,
Bagffalay, F'owler, Meakiu, Salt, Bury, and Ball.

MR. R. H. MASFEN'S SUROPSHIRES— This sale took
place at Peudcford, Mr. Preece oiliciatiug. Only two
rams were let, Roman for 53 gs., and The General for 8
gs. Of the' fifty-five which were sold. The Admiral brought
the highest figure, namely, 81 gs. The next best prices were
45 gs. for Wildboy, 45 jrs. for Captain, 30 gs. for Lord Rock-
ingham, and 25 gs. for Nobleman. Several others brought 20
gs. each. 130 ewes were brought forward in lots of five, and
some rather spirited competition ensued. The best pen made
165s. each ewe ; others 85s., 80s., and 70s. each.

MRS. H. SMITH'S SHROPSHIRES.— Mrs. H. Smith,
of Sutton Maddock, held her annual sale of Shrop-
shire raras and ewes, when Messrs. Lythall and
Clarke brought forty rams and seventy-five ewes to the
hammer. The rams realised the good average of 13 gs. each,
the prices ranging fromSG gs. downwards, and the ewes fetch-
ing from lOjto 4 gs. each, and realising an average of 4| gs,

CIRENCESTER RAM FAIR.— Mr. Barton sent 23
rams, which made the average tf £16 3s. The highest
prices ranged from 24 gs. to 49 gs. Last year Mr.
Barton made an average of £10 6s. for 31 sheep. 18
rams from the flock of Mr. E. Fowler, of Aston F'arm,
went at an average of £8 I83. ; being £6 17s. less than
last year, when the number was 30' 7 sheep of Mr. Thomas
Clarke's, of F'rarapton Mansell, made an average of £7 each ;
last year's average was £9 9s. Mr. J. Villar sold the follow-
ing : 27 Cotswold raras from the flock of Mr. Thomas Porter,
Bauuton, at an average of £7 10s. 9d.,the highest price being
15 gs. Mr. Porter's average last year was £10 15s. 6d. for 30
sheep. Mr. Villar next sold 13 Cotswolds from Mr. H. Cole,
Ashbrook, at an average of £8 15s. 6d., the highest lot
realising 16 gs. Last year's average was £12 2s. 3jd. for 29

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

■61

slicep. Mr. Villur then offerpd ?5 Oxfordshire Down rams
from tlie flock of Mr. Cliarles llobbs, of Moysey Hampton, at
an average of £11 IGs. ; one of the lots realised 21 gs. Messrs.
Acock and llauks sold 36 Cotswold rams, the property of Mr.
C. Barton, Fifield, realising an average of £11 12s. Od., one
being bought by Mr. Jacobs, of Bury Barns, Burford, for 30 gs.
Mr. C. PinncU, of Westwell, and Mr, Game, of Filkins, also
bought rams at 22 gs. and 20 gs. respectively. Messrs.
Acock and Hanks next offered S rams from the flock of Mr.
llnssell Swauwick, of Cirencester, at aaaveragc of £10 lis.,
tlie highest price being 1-5 gs. 18 rams, bred by Mr. J.
Gillett, of Tangley, realised an average of £10 14s. 8d., the
liighest price being given by Mr. Clarke, of Frampton Man-
sell, 27 gs. 20 rams from Mr. J. Tedley, of Bibury, averaged
£9 2s. 8d. (a fe-.v shillings iiigher than last year), two of the
number bringing 18 gs. and 17 gs. 12 rams, bred by Mr.
Joseph Walker, of Compton Abdale, averaged £9 Is. 12
rams from the flock of Mr. Jacobs, Bury Barns, Burford,
realised an average of £9 9s. 17 rams from Messrs. T. and S.
Gillett's flock, ol Kilkenny, brought an average of £7 15s.,
against an average last year of £6 19s. Gd. 10 rams bred by
Mr. G. Hewer, of Northleach, averaged £7 Is., little more
than half last year's average. There were also offered for sale
20 O.xfordshire Down rams, bred by Mr. Samuel Davis, of
Sevenhampton. The 19 sold realised an average of a little
over £12 12s., the highest price obtained being 20 gs. This
was a slight increase on the average of last year. 40 shear-
ling Cotswold rams, bred by and the property of Mr. Henry
Howell, offered at Coates, realised an average of £11 3s. 4-d.,
tlie highest price obtained being 40 gs. Last year's average
was £12 12s. Mr. Newton's Hampshire Downs were sold at
Ilsley fair by Messrs. Franklin and Gale, of Wallingford ; thers
were 73 ram lambs and 1 two-toothed sheep. T'he hightt,
priced lamb was knocked down to A. Morrison, Esq., FonthiU
Wilts, for 28 gs., Mr. John Kirby, of Moreton, securing
another at 27 gs., and the prices of the others ranging from
4| gs. to 16 gs. 72 out of the 74 others being sold at an ave-
age of £8 a piece.

THE MARHAM COTSWOLD LE'l'TING.— The annual
letting of Mr. Thomas Brown's celebrated Norfolk Cotswold
rams took place at the Marham Hall Farm, Dowuham
Market, under the direction of Salter and Simpson.
Tiie 100 rams lambs averaged £6 3s. each; the 80 shearling
rams averaged £11 17s. Gd. each ; and the 10 two-shear rams
averaged £7 7s. each, the total proceeds of the letting being
£1,G50 13s. 2d. Amongst the hirers were Messrs. Kobert
Game, Aldsworth, Gloucestershire ; T. H. Coleman, New
Zealand ; and Thomas Allen, Markshall.

MR. J. GIBLIN'S COTSWOLD AND OXFORD
DOWNS.— This sale took place at Little Bardfield. The
following is the general result : Cotswolds, 35 shearlings,
averaged £8 9s. 8d. ; 2 two-shears, £5 each. Oxford Downs —
Eight shearlings averaged £G lOs. 7d. ; 2 two-shears, £5

MR. HALL'S LEICESTER RAMS.— The Scorborough
rams were let by auction, at Scarborough, near
Beverley. There was a very large attendance of the leading
farmers of the neighbourhood, and also many from other coun-
ties and from Ireland. The number of sheep offered was
ninety, of which fifty-five were shearlings. The average price
of the shearlings was £7 15s., and the aged sheep £7 12s. Gd.
The total average was £7 13s. Gd. per head. The highest
price given for a shearling was £17 10s., and for an aged
sheep £15 15s.

MR. H. FOOKES'S SOUTHDOWNS.— Mr. T. Euson,
of Dorchester, submitted 80 Southdown rams and 150
ewes from the flock of Mr. H. Fookes, of White-
church. The sale and letting took place in the fair-field,
Blandford, and commenced with the two-tooth rams, of which
there were fifty offered, in lots of ten, alternately for sale and
letting. The highest of the first 10 was let for 16 guineas to
Mr. John Scutt, of Winforth, near Dorchester ; lots 13 and 17
were bought by Mr. Hutchings, of Chard, at 15 guineas each.
Tlie third ten, from 21 to 30, were a very fine lot of sheep.
Lot 21 was let at 21 guineas ; 22 was let to Lord Walsiug-
ham at 55 guineas ; lots 23 and 24 were let for 13 and 10
guineas, and 30 for 20 guineas. The six-tooth rams were
sold at 11 guineas and 6 guineas. Colonel Kingscote, of
Kingscote, Gloucester, purchased lot 56 at 17i guineas ; and
57, which formed the first prize at Dorchester show last year,
was sold to Mr. John Ford, of Rushton, at 18|- guineas. The

average of those sold and let at the sale was about 11 guineas
per head. Down ewes realized from 47s. to 50s.

MESSRS. MANSELL'S SHROrSHlRES.— This sale
took place at Ercall Park, near Wellington. About 40 rams
and 120 breeding ewes were sold by auction, by Mr. I'reece
The average for the rams was about 21 guineas each, and the
ewes ranged from 60s. to 93s. each.

MR. G. WALLIS' OXFORDSHIRE DOWN RAMS.—
Messrs. Paxton and Cattle sold at Old Shifford, Faringdon,
50 shearling rams and 50 ewes, at an average of
£14 2s. 8d. This was the first auction sale of sheep held at
Shifford.

MR. TREADWELL'S OXFORDSHIRE DOWNS.— At
Mr. Treadwell's seventeenth annual sale, about 50 Oxfordshire
shearling rams, together with a few older sheep, were submitted
to competition by Mr. J. A, Muraford, at the Model Farm,
Upper Winchendon. There was a numerous attendance of
purchasers. In 1871 the average was something over £13 13s.,
in 1872 it reached upwards of £18, and in 1873 it exceeded
£23; this year, however, ov\ing no doubt to the dry season,
the average was only £17 Is. 3d. The total proceeds of the
sale amounted to £921 3s. The following were the chief sales :
Mr. Street, £22 Is. ; Mr. Mather, £21 ;" Mr. W. Scovell, £21;
Mr. R. Foster, £21 ; Mr. N. Stilgoe, £21; Mr. P. Bulford,
£31 lOs. ; Mr. Taylor, £;22 Is. ; Mr. T\umer, £31 10s. ; Mr.
Cooper, £21 ; Mr. Roberts, £21 ; Mr. Wright, £21 ; Mr.
King, £22 Is. The WiQchcndon estate, which includes Mr.
Treadwell's farm, has just been sold by the Duke of Marl-
borough to Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild, the son of Baron
Rothschild of Austria, wliose death was recently announced.

MRS. BEACH'S SUROPSUiRES. — This annual sale
took place at the Hattons, Brewood, Peukridge. The
catalogue comprised 31 entries of shearling rams, four older
rams and twelve pens of five each, ewes and theaves. The
sale, ccnducted by Mr. J. B. Lythall, commenced with the
shearling rams ; the first lot submitted being the reserved at
Bedford, which fell to Mr. Preece for 50 guineas. Several
subsequent lots bordered on that sum, fetching 48 (to let), 40
and 50 gs., until at the eighth lot, which, with the succeeding
was also on hire for the season, let for the season at 135 gs.
to Mr. Crawford. After this the hammer fell to what may be
termed ordinary prices ranging from 25 to as low as 8 gs. for
shearlings, while thejiighest prices made for the older rams was
26gs., the shearling rams averaging £25 3s. Cd. each, including
three or four let for the season. For I he theaves and young
stock ewes there was a deal of competition, but the prices
were not comparable with former years, the highest figure
in the ewes class being 12 gs. each for a pen of five show
theaves. The other lots of theaves nuide from 70s. to 8O3
each, and tlie young stock ewes Irora G7s. 6d. to lOUs. each.

OXFORDS AND COTSWOLDS AT OXFORD FAIR.—
Messrs. Paxton and Castle sold by auction some Oxfordshire
Down stock ewes, from the flock of Mr. J. Jakeraan, Chester-
ton Fields, the average being 41s. 6d. ; 30 ewes of this class, the
property of Mr. H. Howse, Weston-ou-the-Green, averaged
50s. ; 78 ewes of the same age and breed drafted from the
flock of Mr. J. Rowles, Weston-on-tlie-Green, obtained the
average of 47s. 6d., including the largest figured pen in the
fair, which reached 58s, per head. About 500 sheep were
penned, consigned by the Earl of Jersey (Middleton Park),
Messrs. W. Rowles (Weston-on-the-Green), Cave (Merton),
Waiuc (Blackthorn), G. T. Drake (Bignell House), and
other llockmasters in the district. The ram business was ex-
cessively slow, but G Oxfordshire Downs from the flock ef Sir
Henry W. Dashwood, Bart., Kirtlingfon Park, averaged
£7 143. The prices ranged between 5^ gs. to 12 gs., the
purchaser of the highest-priced animal at the latter sum was
Mr. Brett, Walton, Stoney Stratford. A few shearlings se-
lected from the flock of Mr. F. Gillett, Upton Downs Farm,
Burford, changed ownership at from 5| gs., averaging £/ 5s.
Some shearlings of the same class, the property of Mr. Howe.
Weston-on-the- Green, fetched from 4^ gs. to 5J gs. each,
S Cotswold shearlings made from 5i gs. to 8 gs., averaging
£6 10s.

MR. DIBBEN'S UAMPSHIRES. — Messrs. Ewer
and Winstanley offered at the Market House Yard, Salisbury,
about 100 ram lambs and rams, the property of Mr.
E. Dibben, of Bishopstone. The letting of ten ram lambs for a
month or lor the season was proceeded with, and the following
prices were realised ; 8^ gs., 0 gs., 28 gs., Mr. Taylor , 8 gs.,
8 gs,, 9| gs., 9 gs., 9 gs., 21 gs., Mr. W. Bennett ; 8 gs. The

■2&2

'iilhl FAltMEirs :\IAGAZ1NE.

following prices were realisrd lor t .e liiiibs nirrred for
sale: 7 gs. (three lots), iO gs., Mr. King; 2C gs., Mr.
Piuckaey ; 17 gs., Mr. Pearce lirown, liurJerop ; G^gs., 5.j gs ,
13^ gs., Mr. Ferris ; 26 gs., Mr. Pearce Brown ; 7 gs., 5.j g?.,
6 gs., 7gs., 23.^ gs., Mr. I'earce Browu ; 10.^ gs , Mr. Ferris ;
5^ gs., 6 gs., 6^- gs., li| gs., Mr. Bu.\toa, Essex ; 13 gs., I\Ir.
Pearce iironu ; 13 gs., Mr. Pearce Brown ; 9^ gs., Mr.
Eerris; 9|^ gs., Mr. Xing; ITj gs., Mr. Parry ; 8> gs., Mr.
Piuckuey ; and 6 gs., Mr. Branston.

SOUTHUOWiNS. — Messrs. Wyatt and Sou held their
second annual sale of Southdown rams at Chichester. The
catalogue contained 58 lots, drawn from the flocks of Mr.
G. \y. Homer (Dorchester), Mr. A. T. Newman (Westdean),
the Earl of Portsmouth, Mr. 11. Upton (tVldwick), Mr. C.
Combes (Birdham), and Mr. F. Padwick (Thorney). Filteen
of Mr. Homer's slieep sold at prices ranging from £3 to £5
15s. ; the average price being £1 5s. Mr. J. Boys, of Comp-
ton, was the principal purchaser. Mr. A. T. Newman's two
two-tootbs were let for the season at 11 ^ gs. (to Mr. ¥.
Eushby), and at 10^ gs. (to ]Mr. H. E. Sadler). Ol those sold
Mr. llabin gave 12 gs. for a two-tooth, and the others fetched
10| gs., lU gs., 8 gs., G gs., and 4 gs. each respectively. The
Earl of Portsmoutli's, which included five two-tooths bred i)y
Lord Walsinghani, sold at from £1 to £G 15s., the last price
being given by Mr. Fifield, who «as buying for Mr. Goater, of
Findon. Mr. H. Upton sent nine for sale, the highest price
realised being £5 (Mr. Fifield). Five of Mr. Combes' sold at
from £2 10s. to £3 7s. Cd. Mr. Padwick only had two in the
catalogue — a couple of two-tooths from the late Mr. John
Pinui.\'s breed ; and Mr. C. Combes took both, the price being
C trs. each.

LAMMAS L.VilB SALE AT ST. BOSWELLS.— The
annual great sale of lambs, inaugurated several jears ago
by the Messrs. Swan, took place again at St. Boswells.
There was a large attendance of farmers and dealers, not only
from the norihern counties of Scotland, but i'rom various
counties of England, and several from Ireland. The sales
were an improvement on the recent markets — no doubt occa-
sioned by the recent showers and the excellent turnip pros-
pect in tiie Border counties. Lambs were selling at prices
rather higher than those obtained at St. Boswells Fair, but, in
comparison with last year, first-class lambs would be from
6s. to 8s. lower, and second class lambs, whicli sold un-
equally, were sold at reduction of from Is. to 10s. a-head. The
number disposed of was nearly 30,000.

THE MAKKSHALL HAMS.— The annual letting of Mr.
Allen's longwools took place at Marshall Farm, when the
result of the letting was as follows : There were forty lambs
let at an average of £-i 10s. Gd., forty-five shearlings averaged
£8 7s. 6d., and five two-shear sheep averaged £5 5s. The
liighest price paid for a lamb was £12 10s., for a shearling
£22 10s.

MR. DAVIES' SHROPSHIRES.-Mr. E. Sunderland
sold in the Hereford market some Shropshre rams, belooging
to Mr. Davies, of Burlton Court, at prices ranging from
5 gs. to 10 gs.

SUFFOLK LAMB SALES.— Mr. Robert Bond held his
tiiird Sutton lamb sale at Woodbridge. The number of lambs
was considerably in advance of that of either of the preced-
ing sales, about 5,500 being brought to the hammer. Amongst
those who favoured Mr. Bond with instructions were — Mr. J.
S. Clarke's Executors, Eyke ; Messrs. C. Walker, Melton ; W.
Toller, Gedgrave ; W. AV. Flat, Wantisden ; J. Smith, Has-
keton ; S. Wolton, Butley ; G. Eastaugh, Sudbourne ; D.
Nunn, Eyke ; J. Toller, Blaxhall ; \V. 11. Borrett, Tunstall ;
Mrs. 13orrett, Framliugham ; Messrs. R. Cooper, Iken Hall;
D. Burrows, Dallinghoo ; A. Bendall, Sutton ; A. Smith,
Eyke ; R. Welton, Marlesford ; T. Roberts, Aiderton ; H. M.
Gobbilt, Capel St. Andrew ; E. T. Uuckett, Sutton Haugh ;
A. Talnian, Saxstead ; C. K. Cordy, Trimley ; J. B. Cordy,
Felixstowe ; II. Walker, Letheriiigham ; AV. Toller, Ged-
grave ; M. Murrell, Earl Sohara ; G. Chaplin, Sudbourne ; H.
Clarke, Iken: T.Waller, Sutton Hall; M. Jary, Under-
wood Hall; Westby, Newmarket; J. Cracknell, Wickham
Market ; R. C. Ablitt, Grundisburg ; C. Capon, Fraralinghara ;
Walker, Chillisford. There was a good attendance of buyers,
including several gentlemen from a distance. One invested no
less than £1,500 in stock. Trade for all descriptions was
considered to be satisfactory. The highest price tor
black-faced ewe lambs was realised for GO by |Mr. J. M.
Green's tups, bred by and the property of Mr. C. K. Cordy ;

they brouglit 4fis. eac'n. 100 black-faced sh.earling ewes,
consigned by Mr. ,1. Smith, Hasketon. realised 68s. 6d. a-
jiiece ; 140 half-bred shearling ewes, from Mr. Walker, Le-
theriugham, and bred by Mr. R. Welton, fetched 53s. ; 200
black-laced ewe lambs, from Mr. J. S. Clarke's Executors,
averaged 27s. Gd. each, and 320 wether lambs averaged 263.;
200 black-faced shearling ewes, from Mr. Cileb Walker, aver-
aged nearly 60s. each. 160 half-bred lambs, from Mr. W.
Toller, averaged 21s. Gd. ; and half-bred shearling ewes, from
iMr. J. Toller, made from 5Gp. Gd. to 61s. ; 180 half-bred two-
shear ewes, from Mr. D. Burrows, fetched from 44s. to 52s.
and averaged 47s. ; 100 black-faced ewe lambs, from Mr.
Roberts, made from 29j. to 36s. ; 140 half-bred lambs, from
Mr. J. B. Cordy, averged 24s. 6d. ; aad 200 from Mr. Mur-
rell, realised from 22s. 6d. to 30s. Gd. each. The bulk of the
hall-bred lambs were knocked down at from 20s. to 30s. a-
head.

MR. GERMAN'S ANNUAL SALE OF SHROP-
SHIRE SHEEP took place at Measham Fields. The
business commenced with the shearling rams. The first fell
to the bid of Mr. May, Elford Park, for £31 10s. ; the second
to Mr. Berry, for the same sum ; the third to Mr. Price, for
£19 19s. ; No. 5, to Mr. F. Gretton, Burton-on-Trent, £37
16?. ; 6, to Mr. Coxon, £17 17s. ; 7, to Mr. Cartwright, £38
17s.; 9, to Mr. T. Tompson, Manor Farm, £25 4s. ; 13, to
Mr. Tompson, Wilson, £24 3s.; 17, to Mr. J. Mouse'y, £21 ;
19, Mr. G. F. Brown, Desford, £17 17s.; 21, to Mr. C.
Mouslev, £15 15s. ; 24 (to let), Mr. Cartwright, £40 19s. ;
25 (to let), Mr. Coxon, £15 15s.; 26, Mr. J. Ratcliff, £17
17s. ; 27, Hon. F. Strntt, £15 15s.; 28, Mr. Faux, £16 16s. ;
£9, Mr. Madan, Elford, £16 16s. ; 31, Mr. Clare, £16 16s. ;
34, Mr. Loift, Bury St. Edmunds, £16 16s. ; who also bought
N... 10 at £12 12s., and 32 at £11 lis. ; 38 (to let), Mr. F.
Byrd, £26 6s. ; 49, reserved No. R.A.S.E., Bedford, 1874, to
Mr. Uavenpoir, on commission, £21 ; 51, Mr. K. Bourne, £25
4s. : 52, Mr. Smith, £16 16s. ; 50, Mrs. Walker, £15 15s. ;
others ranged from £6 Gs. to £15 15s. The rams averaged
£17 4s. 2d. each. The ewes and theaves ranged from £3 3s.
Gd. to £5 7s. Gd. each, and brought an average of £3 12s. 6d.
The total amount of the sale, £1,339 lis.

MR. MOORE'S HAMPSHIRES.— The second portion,
consisting of 30 joung ram lambs, 20 two- teeth and five four-
teeth rams, together with 700 ewes and ewe lambs, of the
Improved Hampshire breed, was sold by auction by Messrs.
Waters, Son, and Rawlence, at Littlecott. The young
ram lambs brought 9|, 8|, 7i, 7, and G|, down to 3 gs.,
averaging ±5 12s. Gd. each, and the two-teeth and four-teeth
rams 11, 10, 9, 8j, 8, 7|, 7 gs., &c., down to 3 gs., averaging
fortwoteeth £6 9s. 6d., and for four-teeth £7 9s. Id. each;
for six-teeth ewes, highest 70s., lowest 50s., average 53s. 8d. ;
for four teeth ewes, highest 72s., lowest 53s., average 61s. ;
for two-teeth ewes, highest 83s., lowest 50s., average 63s. 7d.
Chilver lambs, highest 31s., lowest 30s.
^ MR. WALMSLEY'S RAM SHOW A.T RUDSTON.—
The sheep were in good condition, and several fetched
high prices. No. 3 was knocked down to Mr. Cranswick,
Caythorpe, for £38 ; 30, to Mr. R. Crowe, Speeton, for £35 ;

10, to Mr. Bowser, Reigliton, for £25, and 20, for £17 ;

11, to Sir Tatton Sykes, £22; 14, Mr. Simpson, Pilmore
House, £21., snd 2, £21 10s. ; Mr. G. L. Fox, Bramham Park,
16, for £15. The total amount of the letting was £528.

SALE OP RAMS AT BRACKLEY. — Messrs.
Russel and Son offered a number of Oxfordshire Down
rams, the property of Mr. J. Chapman, of Westbury, and bred
by Mr. King, of Wiuslow. The sheep were of high pedigree,
being descended from the Winchendon flock. The following
were purchasers, at prices annexed : Mr. Denchfield, Lilling-
stone, 9 gs. ; Mr. A. Weston, Brackley, 5| gs. ; Mr. Hawkins,
ll|gs. ; Mr. Luckett, 8j gs. ; Mr. Greaves, 8 gs. ; Mr.
Clarke, 9 gs. ; Mr. Ilawtin, 7 gs. ; Mr. Luckett, 6 gs. ; Mr.
Salmon, 7i gs. ; Mr. George, G gs. ; Mr. Strange, 7 gs. The
average of tliose sold was £8 2s. 3d. per head. Two Oxford-
shire shearling rams, the property of Mr. King, Bicester, were
also sold : Mr. J. Bliss, 7 gs. ; Mr. J. Cave, 6 gs.

SALE OF SHROPSHIRE EWES AND RAMS.—
The Bridgnorth fair was held, and was very largely
attended by local agriculturists and sheep breeders. Messrs.
T. and F. Nock lield their annual sale of Shropshire sheep iu
their Smithfield. The sheep included a collection of ewes and
rams from flocks of breeders in the neighbourhood, vi^., Mrs.
Wadlow, of Haughton, near Morville ; Mr, W. 0. Foster, of

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

263

Apley Park, near Shi ffual; Mr. T. Instone, of CoUauglitou,
near Wenlock ; Mr. W. Yates, of Gnndle, near Shiffnal ; Mr.
Massie, of Bradley, Corvedale ; Mr. H. J. Wilde, The Hay,
near Erdiugton ; Mr. A. Gordon, The Hills, Clietton ; Messrs.
E. Webb and Son, Kinver Hill, near Stourbridge, and several
other gentlemen. There was a good competition for the
choice ewes, in wliicli class tiiere was a large number. Mrs.
Wadlow's ewes sold at from 56s, to 70s. ; Mr. Instone's, 56s.
to 70s. ; Mr. Hassle's, 50s. to 60s. ; fat wethers fetched from
50s. to 68s. 6d. ; fat cows, £15 to £33 ; cows and calves,
£16 to £19 10s. ; sows and pigs, £5 to £9. The sale of rams
was spirited. Mrs. Wadlow's, 6 gs. to 15 gs. ; Mr. lustone's,
10 gs. to 18 gs. ; Mr. Yates's, 7 gs. to 16 gs. About 60 rams,
1,000 slieep, and 150 pigs were disposed of, and the sale
averaged good prices.

SALE OF HEREEORDS.— At the Herefordshire Agri-
culiural Society's show, Messrs. Edwards an I Weaver
offered for sale several lots of pedigree Hereford cattle.
Among the lots Mr. Wm. Taylor's Tredegar was bought,
in at 110 gs. The following lots were sold : Livingstone, to
Mr. F. Haines, of Mansell, (or 36 gs. ; Augustus, Mr. George,
of Felton, 30 gs. ; Bachelor 3nd, Mr. Chas. Davia, of Crumlin,
35 gs. ; Sir Oliver 4tli, Mr. Thomas Wall, 30^- gs. ; The
Baronet, Mr. C. T. Hunt, Hereford, 30 gs. Messrs. Pye and
Sunderland also had several consignments, but witii the ex-
ception of one lot they were all bought in; this was Baron,
which fetched 37^ gs.

REVIEW OE THE CORN TRADE

DURING THE PAST MONTH.

The eventful weeks of harvest have now been reached
and nearly passed with a very variable aspect. The first
fortnight of August brought a great deal of rain and
uncertainty with it, for much corn was in the fields and
waiting to be housed, and some in their hurry were too
hasty in this work, as shown in the samples newly
thrashed, but the weather then gave signs of improve-
ment, which have since been realised beyond expectation,
and brought about a complete change. Prices at first
varied with the weather, and tended upwards for old
wheat. But on the successful gathering of the new,
and its appearance in quantity in the London market,
Talavera, which at first was worth 62s., closed, as well
as all other sorts, at a decline of 10s., with only a slow
sale at the reduction. As to foreign old, there was less
depression in prices, for the previous large supplies had
brought it much below old English samples, though to
sell it freely was difficult at a reduction of 4s. to 5s. per
qr. ; in fact, a sort of panic was produced, partly by the
markets in France, which having for a time risen several
shillings above our own, so suddenly and seriously
gave way that the best white in Paris fell to
49s. to 50s., and the best flour to 38s. 6d. per
sack, while foreign cargots bought for Havre
were reshipped to this country as not wanted. Yet, after
all, we believe that neither France nor Englandcan report
much, if any, beyond an average crop ; but it was a
change from the fear of famine rates to those of plenty
that brought prices down so seriously. Some of
the provincial markets had, indeed, overpassed Paris rates,
and on the appearance of new samples of fine quality from
the South, and fine weather for the completion of the
Northern harvest, the trade perfectly lost heart, and
there was a helter-skelter sative qui jtent. But bread will
be wanted there as well as here; and the last crop, if as
good as some believe it^to be, is not backed by accumu-
lated stores as in times past, when there was far less ex-
citement and depression. It is true foreign importers
begin safely at low prices, and growers can have nothing
to fear when there is little room for reduction ; and upon
this principle we hope they will take courage, and not be
unduly depressed, especially as feeding-stull's keep so
relatively dear, that we have heard of Eivett wheat
being used for cattle as giving most nourishment for its
weight. The following rates were recently quoted at the
places named : White Mayenne wheat at Paris 4'Js., red
45s. to 46s. ; Polish at JMarseilles 46s. 'kl., Ghirka 49s. ;
new white at Bordeaux 50s. ; fine wheat at Courtrai
51s.; old at Louvain 63s., new 53s. ; old at Brussels 57s.,
new 51s.; old wheat at Hambro' 52s. ; wheat atBerlin 48s.,

at ]\Iayenne 50s. ; best old white at Danzig 57s., new 52s.
to 56s. ; wheat at Cologne 48s. In Southern Russia
prices were declining fast, and were yet unsettled. At San
Francisco rates had fallen to 50s. per SOOlbs., cost,
freight, and insurance ; at New York spring red to 37s.
3d. per 4801bs. free on board.

The first Monday being a Bank holiday, we note the
market of 31st July instead, which was not included in
last month's review. There was but little business
passing on that day. The trade opened with a small
supply of English wheat, but there was plenty of foreign,
and that principally from the United States. Very few
fresh samples appeared on the Essex and Kentish stands.
Though the weather was unsettled the demand was very
slack, and to have forced sales would certainly have
lowered the values of home growth. There was less
depression in the foreign trade, and some considerable
sales were made, at something belo'.v the previous Mon-
day's quotations. In cargoes afloat there was very great
quietness, but values were little changed. The country
wheat trade, being generally very poorly supplied, from the
exhaustion of stocks, was .little altered, though business
was slow and the tendency downwards, excepting where
there was bad weather ; though at Thirsk there was
noted a decline of 2s. to 3s. per qr. Two-pence per
cental more was demanded at Liverpool on Tuesday,
which stopped business, but a slight rise was confirmed
on Friday. At Edinburgh and Leith wheat advanced Is.
per qr., and there was a firmness at Glasgow. I'oreigu
at Dublin was firmly held. Of Irish scarcely anything
was shown.

On the second Monday the supply of English wheat
was very scanty, but with an abundance of foreign,
all from America except about one-fi(th. The
show of fresh samples on the Essex and Kentish
stands was moderate, and nearly all new. The prices asked
for red were up to 56s., and those for Talevara 62^. ; but
to sell it would have been necessary to take about 23. less,
though rain was often falling. The foreign trade was
limited, but the values of red for a fortnight back were
maintained, though white samples rather gave way.
Floating cargoes sold better at Is. more money. The rain
fallen hitherto has not afl'ected the gatherings, excepting in
the way of hindrance. The country trade this week was
languid anl drooping. In spite of very small supplies, some
places were Is. per quarter lower, and others Is. to 2s.,
as Shcflield and Ilothcrham. Liverpool was Id.
dearer per cental on Tuesday, and Id. more on I'riday.
Glasgow improved Is. per quarter, but at Edinburgh there
was no alteration. Old maintained its value at Dublin,

264

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

and tlie only new sample exhibited brought 26s. per
barrel.

On the third Monday there was an increased English
supply, but the foreign arrivals were somewliat less.
But few English samples were exhibited this morning,
and these were nearly all new. The weather, however,
having taken up fine, it was difficult to sell at fully Is.
decline ; foreign also manifested a downward tendency,
and was an exceedingly slow sale, though nominally
quoted as on the previous Monday. Floating cargoes,
though held at former rates, were not so ready a sale.
The country trade this week tended downwards, and was
Is. to 2s. lower. Wakefield and Exeter were 3s. to
4s. lowei", and Liverpool 5d. per cental. Glasgow was
dull, Leith and Edinburgh Is. down, and Dublin 6d.
per barrel.

The fourth Monday in London opened with a further
increase of the English supply of wheat, and plenty still
from foreign ports, about half being from America,
with liberal supplies from Australia, India, and the
Baltic, and a return cargo from Havre. There was a
good show of new English wheat this morning, and, with
the finest possible weather for a week past, sales could
only be made at a decline of Gs. per qr. both on red and
white samples, and that slowly. A reduction in foreign
was also noted of 2s. to Ss. per qr., with very little done.

The arrivals into London for four weeks were 10,076
qrs. English wheat, 182,140 qrs. foreign, against 9,462
qrs. English, 246,624 qrs. foreign, for the same period
last year. The London exports were 1,868 qrs. Wheat,
1,520 cwts. flour. The London averages commenced at
GOs. 3J. and closed at 57s. 9d. The imports into the
kingdom for four weeks, ending 15th August, were
3,828,039 cwts. wheat, 127,516 cwts. flour, against
3,829,380 cwts. wheat, 320,080 cwts. flour in 1873.
The general averages opened at 6O3. 5d. and closed at
58s.

The flour trade has been dull and drooping in conse-
quence of the unsettled aspect of the wheat trade. On
the 10th town millers lowered their rates from 54s. to
50s., and on the 24th it was further reduced to 473.,
country sorts having fallen from 41s. to 39s., and
foreign barrels given way Is. to Is.' Cd. Extra State
had fallen at New York to 2I3. 5d. per brl., and flour nt
Paris had declined to 3Ss. 6d. per sack.

The London imports for four weeks were 41,809 sacks
country sorts, 5,284 sacks 28,079 hrls. foreign, agiinst
49,285 sacks country, 21,543 sacks 48,430 brls. foreign
in 1873.

There having been large arrivals of maize till the
fourth Jilonday, this grain till then was depressed, at
reduced rates — say 32s. 6d. for mixed flat American, aud
37s. for round sorts. But rates having fallen below
those of the places of growth, the decline seems to have
reached its lowest, barley and pulse being relatively
dearer. Tiie imports in four weeks were 123,034 qrs.,
against 61,366 qrs. for the same period in 1873.

The malting season not having commenced, and very
little new English barley having yet appeared, business
has almost been limited to tlie sale of grinding qualities,
which, from the small foreign supplies, have pretty well
kept up their values — say, 32s. to 36s. per qr. New
French ])ircels have been selling at 45s. per qr. and there-
about ; but on the last marki't they were Is. to 33. per qr.
cheaper, and a small parcel of new English only brought
453. per qr. The arrivals fur four weeks were 359 qrs.
British 9,178 qrs. foreign, agaiust 204 qrs. British,
767 qrs. Irish, 26,924 qis. foreign for 1873.

The malt trade has been \-(^\-^' quiet thrnu.!;li the month.
Some quantity of old ytl leraaiuing on liaud, holders were
more aiixions to sell, and prices were looking down,
though they have been nominally without change.

The oat trade, with heavy supplies, chiefly from Russia,
every week, has fluctuated with the demand, and at
the close of the month was about 6d. per qr. lower,
Low 351bs. Russian were worth about 23s. 6d.,
fresh 381bs. 25s. 6d., and 401bs. 28s. per quarter ;
but, as the bulk of the Russian supplies was
now I'eceived, there was a possibility of the markets be-
coming dearer, our own crops being very short, and
the stock in granary being comparatively very light.
The London imports in four weeks were 677 qrs.
English, 910 qrs. Scotch, and 239,928 qrs. foreign,
agamst 1,098 qrs. English, 98 qrs. Irish, aud 290,954
qrs. foreign in 1873.

Of English beans the supplies have been unusually small ;
and though they have been more than made up by foreign,
the prices of this grain have been well maintained all
through the month, from the constant demand. The new
winter sorts that have hitherto come to hand have been
remarkably dry and sound, and some small have brought
as much as 463., weighing 661bs. per bushel. Alexandrian
were scarcely worth over 43s., Smyrna and Algerian 443.
Very few as yet seem to be arriving in Egypt, but the fine.
weather with which the harvest has closed may bring
plenty from France and Italy. The arrivals in four
weeks were 1,031 qrs. English and 12,575 qrs. foreign,
against 1,027 qrs. English aud 7,839 qrs. foreign in
1873.

The supplies of English peas have been entirely of new
sorts, principally hog feed, of good dry quality;
but the yield is considered short. Duns have brought
43s. to 44s., while old white foreign have only been
worth 453. to 463., so were relatively cheaper. This
having brought them into demand for feeding, the prices
have been hardening, but since the wheat trade has so
gone down, we may find rivett sorts used as a cheaper
and more fattening food. The London supplies for four
weeks were 1,285 qrs. English, 9,491 qrs. foreign, against
1,027 qrs. English, 7,839 qrs. foreign, in 1873.

Of linseed the receipts have been more liberal, espe-
cially from India, but stocks generally being limited, holders
have found no necessity to give way in price ; all feeding
stuffs lately having been relatively dear from the drought.
The four weeks' imports into London, were 52,037 qrs.,
against 37,067 qrs. in 1873.

The seed trade has been generally firm. No heavy
seed crop is expected from the clover plant, though we
have generally considered a hot August highly favourable,
and more may yet be produced than expected ; but stocln
of over remaming have been too small for speculative
purposes, and accounts from France are favourable as to
tlie probable yield. The crop of winter tares has been
scanty, and but few have yet been brotight to market,
and for these high prices were asked, say lOs. 6d. per
bush., but, we believe, less would be taken.

COMPARATIVE AVERAGES.

WHEAT
Years. Qrs. i
1870... 48,690;- .
1871... 33,780J .
1873... 30,'132f .
1873... 25,2831

d.

51, 10
57 10

59 10

60 3

1874... 17,0794 ... 53 0

BARLEY,
Qrs.

1981
1151

69 J
261J
119i

8.

d.

32

11

35

9

30

3

37

2

45

0

OATS.

Qrs. 8. d

2,037i - 28 0

1,201J ... 27 6

1,136 ... 23 7

1,1955 ... 23 8

1.492 ... 30 6

A V BRA GE S

Fob the Six Webks

BITDIKO

11, 1874

18, 1874

25, 1871

1, 1874

8, 1874

15, 1874

Aggregate of tlie above..
The same period in 1873..

July
July
July
Aug.
Aug,
Aug.

Wheat.

Barley.

8. d.

s. d.

60 9

41 7

60 10

39 6

60 5

40 1

59 8

46 1

53 6

3!) 1

58 0

45 0

59 8

41 11

69 10

36 4

Oats.

B. d.

29 11

31 2

29 8

30 9
30 8
30 6
30 6
28 7

Printed by Watson and Hazeil, 265, Strand, London, W.C.

THE FAEMEE'S MAGAZINE.

CON T J^: N T S

SEPTEMBER, 1874.
Plate.— THE COMTESSE.

Description of Plate ......

Holiday Time ........

The Tea Trade .......

Thin Seeding ........

The Landlord and Tenant Bill .....

Mangold Wurzel. — By the Northern Farmer ....

The Birmingham Horse Show ......

East Cumberland Agricultural Society: Meeting at Carlisle.
Penistone Agricultural Society .....

Mr. Prout and his System ......

Sale of Mr. T. E. Middleditch's Standing Crops

Sale of Mr. Prout's Standing Crops .....

The Lothian Farmers' Club ......

The Galawater Farmers' Club .....

The Bedfordshire Prize Farms : The Gold Medal Farm

Maidstone Farmers' Club: Horse v. Steam Poaver

The Use of Sewage and the Prospects of Farming

The Bath and West of England Society and Southern Counties Association

Leicestershire Agricultural Society : Meeting at Leicester .

The Gloucestershire Agricultural Society: Meeting at Tewkesbury .

Malton Agricultural Society .....

The Dorchester Agricultural Society : Meeting at Dorchester

The Bridlington Agricultural Society ....

The Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland : Meeting at Inverness
The Duke of Sutherland's Reclamations ....

Agriculture in Inverness ......

The Yorkshire Agricultural Society : Meeting at Sheffield .

Belle Vue Cattle Show, at Manchester ....

The Shorthorn in America ......

The Royal Agricultural Society of England ....

The Royal Agricultural Society of Ireland: Meeting at Wexford

"The Spencer Scheme:" Prizes for Best-managed Small Farms in Ireland

Hereford Agricultural Society : Meeting in Hereford

Preston Agricultural Society .....

The Border Union Agricultural Society : Meeting at Melrose
Scottish Chamber of Agriculture . . . .

The Local Authorities and the Diseases of Stock

The Central Banffshire Farmers' Club : The Prohibition of the Cattle Show

Borobridge Agricultural Society

Steam Cultivation in Norfolk

A Sewage Famine ....

Two Years at a Sewage Farm

Sale of Mr. Meadows' Shorthorns

Sheep Sales and Lettings

Review of the Corn Trade during the Past Month

Market Currencies ....

Page.

187
187
188
190
191
192
193
194
196
197
197
198
199
200
203
204
207
212
213
214
217
218
218
219
223
224
226
231
232
233
231
231
231
243
245
245
249
250
251
253
255
256
258
259
263
2 04

THK

MARK LANE EXPRESS

AND

AGBICULTURAL JOURNAL

IS THB

LARGEST AND THE LEADING FARMER'S AND GRAZIER'S NEWSPAPER.

PUBLISHED EVERY MONDAY EVENING, IN TIME FOR POST.

Office of Publication and for Advertisements, 265, Strand, London. May be had of all Booksellers and
Newpmen throughout the Kingdom , price Sevenpcnce, or ^1 lOs. 4d. per annum.

IMPORTAiT TO FLOCKMASTERS.

THOMAS BIGG, Agricultural and Veterinary
Chemist, by Appointment to his late Royal Highness
The Prince Consort, K.G., Leicester House, Great Dover
Street, Borough, London, begs to call the attention of
Farmers and Graziers to his valuable SHEEP and LAMB
DIPPING COMPOSITION, which requires no Boiling, and
may be used with Warm or Cold Water, for eSectually
destrojing the Tick, Lice, and all other insects injurious to
the Flock, preventing the alarming attacks of Fly and Shab,
and cleansing and purifying the Skin, thereby greatly im-
proving the Wool, both in quantity and quality, and highly
Contributing to the general health of the animal.

Prepared only by Thomas Bigg, Chemist, &c., at his Manu-
factory as above, and sold as lollows, although any other
quantity may be had, if required: —

1 lb. for 20 sheep, price, jar included £0 2 0

6 1b. 30 „ „ „ 0 3 0

8 1b. 40 „ „ „ 0 4 0

101b. 50 „ „ „ 0 5 0

20 lb. 100 „ „ (Caftk and measuro 0 10 0
301b. 150 „ „ included) 0 15 0

401b. 200 „ „ , 10 0

601b. 250 „ ., „ 13 6

60 1b. 300 „ „ , 17 6

80 lb. 400 ,. „ , 1 17 6

1001b. 500 ,, „ 2 5 0

Should any Flockmaster prefer boiling tho Composition, it
will be equally effective.

MOST IMPORTANT CERTIFICATE,
From Mr. Hehepath, the celebrated Analytical Chemist :—
Bristol Laboratory, Old Park, January 18th, 1861.
Sir, — I have submitted your Sheep Dipping Composition to
analysis, and find that the ingredients are well blended, and
the mixture neutral. If it is used according to the directions
given, I feel satisfied, that while it effectually destroys vermin,
it will not injure the hair roots (or "yolk ") in the skin, the
fleece, or the carcase. I think it deserves the numerous
testimonials published. I am. Sir, yours respectfully,

William Hbbapath, Sen., F.C.S., &c., &c.,
To Mr. Thomas Bigg Professor of Chemistry.

Leicester House, Great iyover-street, Borough, London.

He would also especially call attention to his SPECIFIC,
or LOTION, for the SCAB or SHAB, which wiU be found
a certain remedy for eradicating that loathsome and ruinous
disorder in Sheep, and which may be safely used in all
climates, and at all seasons of the year, and to all descriptions
of sheep, even ewes in lamb. Price FIVE SHILLINGS per
gallon— suflacient on an average for thirty Sheep (according
to the virulence of the disease) ; also in wine quart bottles,

IMPORTANT TESTIMONIAL.
" Scoulton, near Htagham, Norfolk, April 16th, 1855,

"Dear Sir,— In answer to yours ol the 4th inst., which
would have been rephed to before this had I been at home, I
have much pleasure in bearing testimony to the efficacy of
your invaluable ' Specific for the cure of Scab in Sheep.' The
600 sheep were all dressed in August last with 84 gallons of
the ' NoN-poisoNous Specific,' that was so highly recom-
mended at the Lincoln Show, and by their own dresser, the
best attention being paid to the flock oy my shepherd after
dressing according to instructions left ; but notwithstanding
the Scab continued getting worse. Being determined to have
the Scab cured if possible, I vprote to you for a supply of your
Specific, which I received the foUovraig day; and although
the weather was most severe in February during the dressing,
your Specific proved itself an invahiable remedy, for in
three weeks the Sheep were quite cureil ; and I am happy to
say the young lambs are doing remansably weU at present.
In conclusion, I beUeve it to be the safest and best remedy
now in use. " I remain, dear Sir,

" For JOHN TINGEY, Esq.,

" To Mr. Thomas Bigg. ' " R. RENNEY.

B3r Flockmasters would be well to beware of such pre-
parations as " Non-poisonous Compositions :" it is only
necessary to appeal to their good common sense and judg-
ment to be thoroughly convinced that no "Non-poisonous"
article can poison or destroy insect vermin, particularly such
as the Tick, Lice, and Scab Parasites— creatures so tenacious
of life. Such advertised preparations must be wholly useless ,
or they are not what they are represented to be,

DIPPING APPARATUS £14, £5, £4, & £3.

BRYANt&MAY'S
MATCHES.

HAIL STOEMS.

THE EOYAL FARMERS' COMPANY,

No. 3, NORFOLK STREET, STRAND, LONDON,
INSURES

WHEAT, BAELEY, OATS/ BEANS, PEAS, & OTHER CROPS,

AGAINST

LOSS BY HAIL STORMS AT

FIYEPEIN^CE PER ACRE.

FI
LI

SEEDS and GLASS are also Insured,
anees at rates as low as other well-established Offices.

ances of any description at equitable rates* Four-fiftnb of the profits divided
ifth Year.
LOSSES. — Prompt and Liberal settlement of claiirs.

Further particulars may be had at the Chief Office, or of the Agents.

JOHN SHARP, Secretary.

'^

No. 4, Vol. XLVL] OCTOBER, 1874. [Third Sekies.

THE

FARMER'S MAGAZINE,

AND

MONTHLY JOURNAL

OF

THE AOIIICULTURAL INTEREST.

TO THE

FARMERS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.

LONDON :
PUBLISHED BYROGERSON AND TUXFORD, 265, STRAND.

PRICE TWO SHILLINGS.

WATSON AND HAZELL,] [PRINTBRS, 266, STRAND.

THE FAEMEE'S MAGAZII^E.

CONTENTS.

OCTOBER, 1874.

Plate.— WINTER-DE-COTE.

Page.

Description of Plate ....... 265

Practical and Parliamentary Senses ...... 266

The Sickness of the Soil . . . . . . • 267

On the Banks of the Nile ....... 268

The Implement Trade and the Strike ...... 269

The Queen's Plates — " A More Useful Purpose" .... 270

Northamptonshire Agricultural Society : Meeting at Northampton . . 271

Warwickshire Agricultural Society : Meeting at Knowle . . . 375

Staffordshire Agricultural Society : Meeeing at Tamworth . . . 278

The Eumoured Reform of the Game-Laws ..... 280

The Impediment to Agricultural Improvement. .... 281

Business Hours and Business Habits ...... 282

Australian Wines ........ 282

Farmers' Politics in Scotland. . . . ... . 283

The Agricultural Statistics of Ireland for 1874 .... 285

The Growth of Flax in Ireland ...... 287

The Local Authority in Scotland ...... 288

Scotch Game Case ........ 290

Manchester . ........ 291

The Adulteration Committee Report ...... 293

The Potato Bug . . . , . . . .295

A Disbanded Grange ........ 296

Poor-Law Conference in the North ...... 297

Carmarthenshire Farmers' Club : Tenant-Right .... 301

Horse-Breeding in France . . . . . . . 302

Wiltshire Bacon . . . . . . . . 303

Highway Legislation ........ 305

Agricultural Geology : The Northern Division .... 307

The Agricultural Statistics of Ireland ..... 3ll

Welsh Cattle and Cattle Shows ...... 312

The Worcestershire Agricultural Society: Meeting at Dudley . . 313

Airedale Agricultural Society : Meeting at Bingley .... 316

Lytham and Kirkham Agricultural Society : Meeting at Lytham , . 317

The Bury (Lancaster) Agricultural Society: Meeting at Chesham . . 318

Craven Agricultural Society : Meeting at Skipton .... 319

Whitby Agricultural Society. ...... 321

worsley and swinton agricultural society ..... 322

East Cheshire Agricultural Society : Meeting at Macclesfield . . 3'23

The Halifax and Calder Vale Agricultural Society .... 323

The Amalgamated Manchester and Liverpool and Royal North Lancashire

Agricultural Society: Meeting at Stalybridge. . . . 324

Huntingdonshire Agricultural Society : Meeting at St. Neots . . 327
Stock Sales :

The Duke of Devonshire's Shorthorns ..... 329

Lord Bective's Shorthorns ...... 331

The Late Mr. Gibbon's Herd . . . . . . 333

Mr. Richardson's Shorthorns ...... 333

Mr. Cheyney's Shorthorns . . . . . . 334

Suffolk Horses and other Stock at Covehithe .... 336

Sheep Sales and Lettings . . . . . . . 337

Fancy Stock Sales ... ..... 342

Review of the Corn Trade during the Past ^Jonth .... 343

Market Currencies ........ ?44

nMi

'"\

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

OCTOBER, 1874.

PLATE.
WINTER - DE - COTE,
A Royal Hereford Bull.

Wintcr-de-Cote (4253), bred by the late Mr. Thomas
Edwards, at Wintercote, Leominster, and now the pro-
perty of his widow, a red with a white face, was calved on
August 10th, 1870, and is by Leominster 3rd (3211), out
of Pinky 3rd, by Young Grore (2888), her dam Pinky,
by Rambler (1046)— Pink 2ud, by Wellington (1113)
—Pink, by Stretford (1749).

Leominster 3i-d, also bred by the late Mr. Edwards,
a red with white face, calved April 22nd, 1868, was by
Tomboy (3546), out of Primrose, by Adforton (1839), her
dam Gloucester, by Sir Newton (1731) — Red Rose, by
Wellington (1113)— Rose, by Stretford (1749). Leo-
minster 3rd was another Royal bull, having taken a first
prize as a yearling at the Manchester meeting of the Royal
Agricultural Society, as well as other premiums later on.

Pink 3rd, also bred by Mr. Edwards, a red with a
white face, was calved on November 1st, 1866, and
dropped her first calf. Sir Robert (4131), by Tomboy
(3546), in April, 1869 ; Winter-de-Cote following in
1870.

The first time we encountered Winter-de-Cote
was at the Hereford Show, in the autumn of 1872, when
he won in the two-year-old class, and we thus wrote of
him : " For the best bull in the yard people turned to
the two-year-olds, where Mrs. Edwards was first with
Winter-de-Cote, the best yearling of last autumn, and
hitherto unbeaten ; though he has never ventured far from
home, his only trials having been at Leominster and
Hereford. He is a straight, deep, heavy-fleshed bull.

high-bred in appearance, but with a good masculine
stamp about his head and in his general character. The
class was a superior one to that at Cardiff, and Wiuter-
de-Cote, if he goes on, threatens to be the best bull of
his year."

In 1873, at the Bath and AVest of Eagland show at
Plymouth, Winter-de-Cote was only highly-commended
in the aged class. Von Moltke and the Provost being put
above him ; although we thought that " the Provost
would never beat him again." At the Hull Royal
Winter-de-Cote took the first prize in the two and three-
year-old class, another first in the family class at Here-
ford, and a similar prize at Leominster.

In 1874 Winter-de-Cote has taken a first prize at the
Bath and West of England meeting at Bristol, and a
first prize at the Bedford meeting of the Royal
Agricultural Society at Bedford, where he "looked
to have fed and thrived" only too well. At
Hereford Winter-de-Cote was also first when he beat the
Provost ; but at Dudley he was beaten in turn by old
Bachelor, put second to him at Bedford. These are the
chief of Winter-de-Cote's performances.

TO THE BINDER.— Through a mistake on the part
of the printer during the Editor's absence from town, the
wrong plate was used for the September number ; the
print in which should be cancelled, and that of the mare,
Comtesse, placed to face the description.

Old St;kies.]

Vol. LXXVI.— No. 4.

266

THE FAEMEE'S MAGAZINE.

PRACTICAL AND PAELIAMENTARY SENSES.

" In reviewing the past session from a country-sid
point of view, it is really difficult to surmise what the
honourable gentleman will be able to say beyond the fact
of his having consistently voted with Blue and White and
resolutely opposed Black and Yellow." It was thus that
we wrote immediately on the breakiug-up of Parliaraeut
and since then the honourable gentleman on the country-
side has found the simplest possible solution of the
difficulty — by saying nothing whatever. For some years
past we have week for week during the autumn been able
to string together column after column of agricultural
table-talk ; whereas, so far, during the round of meetings
we have had to be content with a few words or so fi"om the
chairman, as tacked on to the now fashionable luncheon
or more orthodox dinner. The county member has be-
come shy even of " the hazy platitudes of Local-taxation ;"
and when he has eared to talk, his speech, as we had antici-
pated, turns on the Labour Question and the good harvest.
Not that the honourable gentleman has commonly cora-
mitted himself to much more than mere congratulatiou, as
far away the most able address of the off-season
has been that of Lord Spencer at Northampton ou
Thursday, which we give in another column. As chair-
man of a dinner where he was well-supported by farmers
he told the meeting that in some parts of the country the
agricultural labourer was in a wretched condition, and
that " he was not surprised at an endeavour having been
made to improve it." He spoke to the great number of
empty cottages in many of their large villages, one in his
own neighbourhood " having now no less than fifty-two
empty cottages," a result consequent on the state of
things as brought about by the Law of Settlement, when
short-sighted landlords pulled down their cottages wher-
ever they could, and drove the labourer away from his
work into the towns and villages. Naturally so vicious a
system is coming to correct itself, while there is some-
thing very judicial in the manner in which Lord Spencer
sums up the case, and his speech is one of the few which
will tell with thinking men and really do good.

In the more complimentary effusions from the dinner-
table it is noticeable, nevertheless, how very little jubila-
tion has been uttered over the fact that the right Party is
now in power. We hear nothing of what Mr. Disraeli's
Government did for the farmer during the past session,
and not much more of anything which it is likely to do
hereafter. It is true, certainly, that when in Warwick-
shire the other day Mr. Newdegate with a gentleman-
like melancholy assured his constituents that " the present
Parliament had shown itself more ready to turn its atten-
tion in a practical and legislative sense to the requirements
of agriculture than any Parliament of late years." Now,
of all the nice subtilties of expression, what in the world
can this practical sense mean when uttered in a Parlia-
mentary sense ? Has the present Government — for this
is what it really comes to — shown itself ready to attend
to anything which Agriculture has required of it ? Has
it not, on the contrary, carefully turned away its attention
from such agricultural requirements as the extension of
Tenant-Right " in a legislative sense," the correction of
the Game evil "in a legislativi sense," or the repeal of
the Malt-tax in any sense ? But a fine phrase, surely,
is this same " practical sense," and honourable gen-
tlemen are not the only people, as it would appear,
who may indulge in it. Thus, in tiie adjoining couuty
of Stafford, Mr. IMasfen ignores the Club and the Office,
and even the editor's room, and wants the opinion of
practical men on such vital and intricate questions as

whether at a breeding show they should encourage pure
blood, or mongrels or animals of doubtful lineage ? He
would have the judges adhere to the true type, and
breeders of sheep who reared from cross-breds should not
be put forward as pioneers. In " a practical sense" we
cannot say much for the discussion which followed on
this text word. One of the Shorthorn judges, Mr,
Robinson, thought very prudently the less he said about
his department the better ; Mr. Mansell and Mr. Little,
two of the sheep judges, never noticed the cross-bred
question, and Mr. Evans, a third judge, fairly snuffed
it out by saying, all to the point, that " it was
no compliment to exhibitors to suppose that they would
show cross-bred animals, though of course any man
might sometimes make a mistake in purchasing. It might
be taken for granted that a man who bred sheep or cattle
would do so from animals of the right type and character.
That principle would no doubt be recognised by the
judges, but perhaps the less that was said on the subject
before the show the better." And so it was left to
the meeting to make the greatest goose they
could by putting two together.

But perhaps the most remarkable feature in these pro-
ceedings was ignoring, in " a practical sense," the Club
and the Office at the office-dinner of an institution which
s a club. The Staffordshire Agricultural Society is as
much a club as the Smithfield Club or the Bake well
Club, that is a body of men banded together with a
particular purpose, and that purpose a cattle show.
Then, again, this was an office dinner, that is, so far as
our experience goes, of such officers as judges, stewards,
and committee men, where, according to T/ie Midland
Counties Herald, " the committee do not even carry
out their own rules in the selection of judges, but appoint
members of their own body in the face of rule 24 : That
the jud(/es appointed for general purposes should he
vjholly unconnected v:ith the Society." Speaking in
" a practical sense," it would be only wholesome that rules
should be either observed or expunged, or the manage-
ment stultifies itself. These Birmingham or Midland
strictures, moreover, serve to remind one that as Mr.
Masfen is himself a frequent speaker at the meetings of
the Midland Club he may have encountered there
eloquent gentlemen " whose forming was confined to the
office, or the club, or the editor's room," just as Mr.
Mechi was wont a long time ago to be reminded of his
City offices when speaking at (he London Club. But
the agricultural world has, to its credit, outgrown any
such narrow petty prejudice as this ; for in almost every
pursuit, that of agriculture included, some of the most
marked improvements and advancements have come from
the outsider, who has thought out his idea in the office
or the library rather than at the plough-tail. It behoves
us to say as little as possible of the Editor's room, or of
any reforms in the conduct of our Agricultural Societies
which may have come from such a quarter ; but we may
venture to say, speaking in a strictly " practical sense,"
that an Editor has been invited before now to act as
judge at a meeting of this very Staffordshire Society, and
that at the office dinner preceding the show, he, like the
judges of last week, declined to indicate any special line
which he might take when discharging his duties.

Nowhere have the "opinions" and authority of the prac-
tical man been more thoroughly upheld than in the columns
of this Journal; but we question very much the policy of a
farmer by profession going out of his way, as it were, to
sneer at people who unfortunately do not happen to unite

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

267

the highest intellect with the nicest practice. That such
policy did not tell at Tamworth is sufficiently evident,
for the discussion provoked after this fashion came to a

ludicrous conclusion ; as we may show further, should we
care to return to the momentous principles involved in
this memorable debate.

THE SICKNESS OF THE SOIL.

The partial failure of the wheat crops for the three last
years has led many persons to conclude that the laud of
England has become sick of such grain, and that it will never
recover, except by a protracted fallow ; in other words, by
laying it down for pasturage, or by resuming the triennial
course of husbandry, which consists of two white crops
and a fallow. The present year will be enough, one
would suppose, to dissipate the idea of sickness of the soil
through any other known means than injudicious cultiva-
tion, or starvation, by the witliolding of manure. There is
no doubt that, like working horses or any other animals,
hard labour and scanty feeding will have its effect,
whether upon sensitive animals or insensible plants. Dr.
Hooker's theory notwithstanding, which, literally speak-
ing, gives plants the power of swallowing and digesting
their food. If the farmer neglects, or is
too poor to cultivate his land in the proper
manner, he must expect the certain consequence — a
short yield and poor quality, as the inevitable result.
This complaint of sickness of the soil is no new one,
but the rather very old — say as the Christian Era itself.
Did not Columella during the first century write on the
subject, in reply to those who just discovered the same
mare's nest? He has a whole chapter about it
but we shall be content with a paragraph : " It is not,
therefore, from weariness, as very many have believed,
nor from old age, but indeed from our own slothfulness,
that our cultivated lands do not so bountifully answer
our expectations as formerly ; for we might receive a
greater product if the earth were refreshed and cherished
Vv'ith frequent seasonable and moderate stercoration."

Arthur Young, whose opinions were ever founded on
facts, made a series of thirty-six experiments of a six-
years' course of cropping or rotation, the results of which
were published in the 23rd volume of the Annals of
Agriculture of which he was the sole editor. The
experiments were made upon a piece of old pasture of
many years' standing, the soil a sandy loam, with a
clay-marl subsoil, and his deductions were as follows :
That potatoes, as a fallovt^ crop, were more exhausting than
any other without plenty of manure, and that barley,
beans, and oats succeed better than wheat after potatoes.
That beans ai"e the most valuable crop on new land, and
that the fertility of such land depends for its continuance
greatly on the number of bean crops planted on it, and
that the oftener they were grown on it, the better were
the succeeding crops of other kinds of produce, and that
three successive crops of beans were followed by an extra-
ordinary produce of wheat. He also found that succes-
sive crops of white corn are destructive of fertility, and
that three such crops will reduce the land to a foul and
unprofitable condition. He also ascertained by the ex-
periment that beans and barley alternately, and beans
and wheat, also alternately, were the two most productive
courses ; and lastly, that five crops of beans and one of
wheat not only yielded good profit, but left the land in
the very best condition. On new laud also, as is well
known by every farmer of any intelligence, oats are the
most profitable crop that can be grown. On the other
hand, turnips, cabbages, and potatoes are declared to be
the most unprofitable in any course of cropping ; and
yet, what would the farmers of such light lands as those
of Norfolk, Suffolk, and others of the Eastern Counties
do without the four-course husbandry ? And how could

the supply of animal food be provided without green
crops ? The number of cattle and sheep kept in Arthur
Young's time was much smaller than at present, but the
graziers had learned to know the value of green crops,
although they were chiefly valuable as substitutes for the
bare fallow, and as materials of which, with the help of
cattle, manure is manufactured, besides keeping the land
clean by hoeing. There is an improvement in this
respect, in the value of root and green crops from
the increased consumption and enhanced value of fat
cattle ; indeed, of animals of every kind on the farm,
by which the profits of breeding as well as of fattening
are rendered more remunerative. A good deal of land has
been withdrawn from the cultivation of cereal produce,
and laid down in grass, especially in Ireland ; but this is
quite irrespective of any decadence or diminished fertility of
the soil, and is in consequence of the increased value of
pasture laud and the high price of butcher's meat ; but in
Ireland specially, from the climate being more adapted,
by its dampness, to pasture land and the rearing of cattle
than for the cultivation of cereal produce. Ireland shows a
decline in breadth of land sown yearly ; and whilst meat
is dear, and the transit of cattle from abroad diSicult,
and therefore limited to the nearest countries on the Con-
tinent, the acreage in corn crops cannot increase.

Returning to the subject on which we started : Those
who are croaking over the alleged decadence of the
soil in Eugland will he disappointed this season by the
goodness of many grain crops and a partial failure of green
and root crops. If the land does not produce what it
ought or what it formerly did, this is the fault either of
the farmer, who does not bestow the outlay upon it, or
that of the landlord who will not allow the tenant to
deviate from the stereotyped course of cropping laid down
in the lease or agreement. No absolute rules can
be laid down for a rotation of crops applicable
to all soils or situations. The fact is, that except
for the greater convenience of the farmer, a rota-
tion of crops is not absolutely essential to good or
profitable farming. By working on scientific principles,
for which a large number of the present race of farmers
are qualified, they may, without impoverishing the land,
grow any crops they please, but the landlord, or rather
his factotum, the lawyer, steps in and condemns, very
probably, the very course that would both benefit the
land and best remunerate the farmer ; and thus, half
the land of England is only half profitable to any of those
parties who possess an interest in it.

SLAUGHTER-HOUSES.— The Cattle Markets' Committee
of the Corporation, in view of the approaching compulsory
closing of private slaughter-houses in the Metropohs, have
been authorised to construct fmm time to time, as may be re-
quired, 20 additioual sh\uditer-houses upon vacant ground on
the east side of tlie Metropulitau Cattle Market in Copenliagen-
fields, Islington, contiguous to the Great Nortliern Railway.
The plans have received the approval ofthe trade, and the new
buildings will be replete with every accommodation. The
slaughter-house?, when erected, will be let on short leases, and
at rents varying according to the size and construction of the
buildings, from £130 to £36 a year. The rents in all are
estunated to produce about £1,900 a year, or a little over 7
per cent, on the cost of the works.

S 2

268

THE FAEMEE'S MAGAZINE.

ON THE BANKS OF THE NILE.

That a vast population once dwelt alonj; the banks of the
Nile the numerous remains of the ruins of cities, pyramids-
temples, and obelisks sufficiently attest. Even at the pre-
sent day, with all our experience of great centres where
people congregate together, the visitor is astonished at
the incomprehensible vastness of these monuments of an-
tiquity. Although many thousands of years have rolled be-
tween, whilst Athens, Rome, Pekin, Delhi, the deserted
cities of j\Ionf ezuma, may be judged in comparison, yet the
immense exteut of what was "hundred-gated" Thebes
becomes as much a marvel to ourselves as it was to the
world in the days of Homer. Were it not for the bar-
barian acts of man, the propitious climate and the dura-
bility of the buildings would have permitted the palaces
to be seen and the streets to be trodden in the same con-
ditions as they were by the feet of Moses. The judgment
of modern critics has been passed upon the exact position
held by Egyptian architecture amongst the other
works of the kind, but the engineering methods
that must have been brought into existence to accomplish
such feats in stonemanship seem to remain unfathomed.
With regard to the laws that governed the landed system
and the condition of agriculture that would have provided
for the multitudes who then lived, worked, and died,
somewhat may be gleaned from Holy Writ, somewhat
from ocular evidences, and the void must still further be
supplied by conjecture. An ingenious and interesting
theory has been advanced by M. Barthelemy St. Hilaire,
member of the Institute, and one of the learned
Erenchmen engaged in the preparatory surveys for
the Suez Canal, and this seems to receive confirmation
from the state of landed property in Egypt ft the present
time. The preservation of this tract of land from the
surrounding desert depended upon the rise and fall of the
Nile, which might well be worshipped as a deity, whose
fertilising influence shaped alike the destinies of the na-
tion that lived upon the soil Ihus created. To retain the
waters required a complicated system of irrigation that
could not be left to the caprice of individual proprietors ;
and to the operation of this necessity may be attributed
the fact mentioned in the Bible of Joseph having acquired
for Pharaoh the whole of the lands of Egypt. The river
has never ceased to flow its regular course ; and when
irrigation has been carried to the highest perfection, the
labours of man have obtained the greatest advantages from
the bounties of Nature. Thus, ever since the time of
Joseph, nearly two thousand years before the Christian
era, all claim on the part of individuals to territorial
property has been abolished iu Egypt. The State is the
sole possessor of the soil, and the people have only the
usufruct. The Nile therefore, which exercises its bene-
ficent influence, has been the means of creating a despotism
that has lasted to the present day.

The soil is so fertile that it seldom requires the plough.
Every year, about the summer solstice, at the end of
June, from causes still imperfectly known, the river
gradually rises in the upper country whence it descends,
and continues to swell as it approaches the sea, into
which it empties itself. This progressive increase con-
tinues for nearly four months, and reaches its height in
the middle of October. The river then sinks, as slowly
as it has risen, and when, in June, its waters are at the
lowest, it begins to rise again as in the preceding year.
The periodical recurrence of this phenomenon is itself a
great benetit ; but the Nile has also two other advantages,
no less admirable : it never devastates its shores, and its
swollen waters perpetually deposit a mud, which is the

most fertilizing of manures. From the supplies of slime
brought down annually, the country has been enabled to
bear three, and even four, crops without the least im-
poverishment. In LovTcr Egypt sowing commences
immediately after the waters subside, the seed only rcr
quiring to be strewed over the land, and it either sinks
into the soft earth by its own weight, or is trodden down
by the cattle driven over it. This is generally done in
November : in Eebrnary the fields are verdant, and in
May the harvest takes place. In July rice and maize are
again planted, and yield a second harvest in September.
In Upper Egypt the constant artificial supply of irriga-
tion required by the land gives to the farmer increasing
employment. Deprived of rain and exposed to a burning
sun, the land would be arid and barren if not constantly
refreshed with moisture. After the water has been pre-
served in canals and wells, it is raised by Persian water-
wheels, worked by oxen, or by means of hand machines
of more simple construction. Sovviug begins here about
November, as in lyower Egypt, and the corn begins to
spring up before the end of the mouth, and by December
gives the country tlie ap])earance of a verdant spring. In
January lupins, dolicoes, and cumins are cut for the
press. By April flax has been ripened, and the plants
pulled up ; tobacco leaves are gathered, and the wheat-
harvest is got in. In July there is a third crop of
trefoil and a second of rice. October is the month for
all sorts of leicuniinous seeds to be sown.

In one of the tombs of the Pharaohs there are paintings
of the arts and sciences in vogue in E'zypt, illustrating
probably the predominant features of the reign, and from
these we learn that the customs of agriculture have
remained unchanged. The shadonfs, or machines for
drawing water, which are seen at every step on the banks
of the river, are precisely the same as those equally rude
and clumsy used in ancient times. The ploutjh is still
constructed of two simple pieces of wood, seldom fur-
nished with an iron share : there is neither shovel nor
wheelbarrow, and the fellahs very often remove the earth
with their hands, or at most in baskets made of palm-
leaves, which they put on their shoulders. The dwellin£;s
in the villages and provincial towns are all formed
of clay, there being scarcely any wood for building.
The suu-baked bricks, of which they are constructed, give
them a dull and sombre appearance, which the sun cannot
enliven in the narrow streets, built to exclude the heat :
they usually consist merely of a ground-floor. Most of
them are only an occasional shelter, being inhabited very
little during the day, and barely used to sleep in at night.
The people have no furniture of any value to lock up ;
the animals lie on the open ground, like their masters,
in a climate where it never rains. The house serves as
a shelter for the women only, and infants at the breast.
With this indiff'erence to progress, so visible throughout
the East, and the use of the most imperfect instruments,
there are evidences of incessant toil in the innumerable
earth-works, indispensable not only for the great embank-
ments from village to village, and for the canals, but for
any cultivation of the fields. To Egypt the subject of the
greatest importance is the construction and maintenance
of these canals : the more she has of them, the richer she
becomes. She possesses neither forests nor mines, which
is an immense want, but she has this wonderful stream,
capable of supplying many, if not all her wants and
deficiencies.

The Viceroy has directed attention to an extended pro-
duction of cotton, and more recently to the sugar-cane.

TSD FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

269

The cost of tlie cultivation, including ploughing and irri-
gation, is about eight pounds per feddan, or acre, which
produces about one hundred pounds weight of sugar. The
hugar makers, the refiners, and the engineers at the Vice-
roy's establishments are all Europeans, and most of them
Englishmen. The strange anomaly was witnessed for
some time of this country, which has always been the
granary of surrounding nations, being transformed into an
importer of grain. The o])pression of the fellahs, from
whom even seed corn is extracted, has been another cause
of this falling oiF. In this land, which from time imme-
morial has always been dominated by one all-powerful
and imperious will, it is not unusual for a village sheikh
to be seized and flogged, and even the women have been
flogged, to make them give up their jewellery for
taxes due by their husbands. Whether jnuch of this
tyranny is efl'ected without the direct cognizance of the
Government it is difficult to ascertain ; but a successful
tax-gatherer is considered as sure to obtain favour and
promotion. Since 1872 a system of compounding for
taxes has been introduced, Government having invited
landowners to pay in six years t?- e taxes for twelve years.
To those who accept this proposition — and it is considered
"by the Egyptian landowners as a command — half the

present tax is for ever remitted on their having made six
double payments, nor will the tax be subjcet to future
variations. Thus, 'he o vner of laud now pnying £100
a year will, should he pay £1,200 in six years, receive a
title by which he will hold his land for ever, subject to
the payment of £50 anuually.

There are about 5,450,000 feddans, or acres, of land
under cultivation in Egypt, and a feddan that in 1865 was
worth £50 might have been purchased since for about £5
The whole of the population is available for agricultural
purposes. Were Europeans, who could have redress
against direct opjiression, to purchase land and cultivate
it scieutifically, considerable profits might be made.
They would have many annoyances to contend against,
but none that an energetic Englishman with the support
he would be entitled to claim would not be able by
tact, firmness, and patience to overcome. Such is the
wonderful fertility of the soil, when fairly treated
according to the normal succession of crops and the
perfection of the irrigatiou system when not arbitrarily
interfered with for the enriching of certain ground, that
a good crop of grass and grain of all kinds can always
be expected.

THE IMPLEMENT TRADE AND THE STRIKE.

Whether on the whole the recent agitation has been
or is likely to be beneficial to the farm labourer
as a body, is an open question, and one to which a decisive
reply is hardly warrantable at present ; but there can be
no doubt that the implement manufacturers have reason
to congratulate themselves upon an influx of trade due in
great measure to the labour disturbances. As long as
labour was plentiful, wages low, and the relationship of
employers and employed on a pleasant footing, a large
proportion of farmers did not trouble themselves much
about labour-saving machinery. There were many rea-
sons for keeping on in the old way, the chief of which
was the dislike to discharging men who had served them
for years. Then, the use of machinery involves a little
extra anxiety and superintendence on the part of the
master, as well as an outlay which he is often strangely
unwilling to make, although it will be so speedily repaid
out of his wages account. In short, the force of habit
was entirely in favour of the employment of many men at
low wages, and against the increased use of labour-
saving machinery. Hundreds of intelligent and well-to-
do farmers have hitherto never used a reaping-machine,
and declare that they will uot use one as long as they
can get men enough to do the work at anything like
moderate wages. One explanation of this strange fact is,
that where the harvest is let to the men to "see
it in," that is, by piecework, their prejudice
against new machines has prevented them from making
due allowance for the assistance aflbrded to them by the
reaping machine ; but this is not all. Even where the
harvest is let by the month, no machine is used in num-
bers of instances, although the use of one would effect a
saving of at least 10 per cent, on the cost of getting in the
crops. The truth is that the farmers of this country re-
quire well stirring up before they adopt any new courses,
whether in relation to business or to politics, and in this
case the stirring has been done by the Labourers' Union.

If the Union gives increased independence to the
labourers, it gives it also to the employers ; the farmer
having long laboured under the serious disadvantage of a
feeling of dependence upon a very burdensome obligation
— namely, that of finding employment for a larger num-
ber of men than were absolutely required. Now that the

men have ruptured the old relations, this obligation is no
longer felt, or if still felt, is at least much weakened.
Probably it will be best for both parties concerned that it
shall be altogether lost sight of, and the relationship of
the agricultural labourer to his employer be placed upon a
strictly commercial footing. Wherever there is charity
there is pauperism, and it was in every way desirable to
sever the men from their semi-pauperised position ; but
the Union leaders were wrong in declaring that the
masters should not reduce the number of their workmen.
The cultivation of the soil by a minimum of skilled and
well-paid workmen using improved machinery is what the
best friends of the labourer must look forward to, if they
will not blind themselves to the signs of the times. There
is nothing more safely to be trusted as a rule than the
careful regard of men of business for their own interest.
Employers will not be content with few men when they
knowit wouldbe to their advautagetoemploymany; and any
attempt to induce them from motives of philanthropy to
keep on more than they require for the profitable conduct
of their business, is a great mistake, and one that is in the
long run injurious to all concerned. The consumer not
less than the employer or the workman is interested in
the economy of the expense of food production. Con-
trary to the views of those mistaken philanthropists who
advocate a system which involves, according to their own
representation, a maximum of producers and a maximum
of produce, it is the interest of the nation at large
that a maximum of produce should be obtained by
a minimum of producers. Improved machinery,
forced into greater use by the agitation of the labourers,
is tending to this result, and in the end all
classes may be thereby benefited. It is true that the
removal ot surplus labourers may be necessary, but as the
leaders of the Agricultural Labourers' Union profess to
have found their Canaan in Canada, they should be the
last to regret even the enforced emigration of the " serfs
of the soil" from the land of bondage.

But have we, after all, more farm labourers in the
country than might be profitably employed even at in-
creased wages, and with the utmost available use of agri-
cultural machinery, if it were made the interest of every
tenant-farmer to do his very best by the land? We be-

270

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

lieve not. Surplus and deficiency are relative terms, and
the surplus of to-day may easily become the deficiency of
to-morrow. To men who dare not farm at their best
there is a surplus of labourers in many parts of the
country, but with perfect security for tenants' capital the
complaint would soon be reversed. The change would, of
course, be a work of time, and emigration might still go
on in the interval. Not only is the capital of farmers
unprotected, but it is unfortunately in many instances defi-
cient. But for any such failing our iniquitous land
tenancy laws are in great measure responsible, since
through theuimen are tempted to hire more land than their
capital enables them to do justice to, simply because they
would not dare to do justice to the small holding instead.
With a fair law of Tenant-Right, capital would soon flow
to the land, -which is everywhere a favourite investment
when artificial hindrances are not imposed. After a
reasonable time, then, it is probable that, even with the
utmost advancement of agricultural mechanism, our pre-
sent number of agricultural labourers would find ready
employment at satisfactory wages, and would no longer be
tempted to go where, according to travellers' tales the frost
and the mosquito alike bite sharply.

In the absence of the desired incentive to improved
farming, who will derive the chief benefit from the
economy of labour-saving machinery ? Undoubtedly
those who have hitherto swallowed nearly all the advan-
tages of agricultural improvement — the landlords. Of

course the increased use of machinery tends in the first
instance to keep wages down, and, other things being
equal, must always have that effect. But as machinery
advances in perfection, its common effect is to stimulate
production, and this it will undoubtedly do in agriculture
if unfavourable conditions are removed. Then labour will
reap its proper share of the advantage derived from the
cheaper production of food, and will have reason to bless
and not to curse the advancement of mechanical science.
But if much work, which is at present done by hand, is in
future to be done by machinery, whilst tenant-farmers are
still to be left without the security which alone will pro-
mote their highest enterprise, what will be the result ?
Why that they will reduce the number of their men, and
that the few who are even then employed will, unless emi-
gration shall be mere extensive than we have any reason
to expect, have but little command over the wages market.
In that case it is easy to see that the economy effected by
the machinery will soon chiefly go to increase the rent-
rolls of our landowners, and neither farmer, labourer, nor
consumer will be materially benefited. Such a result
could only take place in a branch of enterprise hampered
by burdensome and unnatural restrictions. Everyone
knows what those restrictions are in the case under con-'
sideration, but few have yet had their eyes opened to
the vastness of the interests involved in their retention or
removal.

THE QUEEN'S PLATES— "A MORE USEFUL PURPOSE."

In our report of the last meeting of the Royal Agri-
cultural Society of England, as held upon Bedford race-
course, we were enabled to state that the fifty-pound
plate which had been given by the Dukes of Bedford for
nearly a century had now been withdrawn, and that, as
s omething of a consequence, the races had fallen through
"The course has been turned to other uses, and the
Queen's Plate, for which there can be now no call, should
be transferred to the horse-ring." Since then the Marquis
of Exeter has taken more direct action, and given notice
that after this year he "intends to devote Stamford
course and stand to more useful purposes," as, " under
these circumstances," the race-meeting will be abandoned.
No reasonable man can quarrel with tbe resolution arrived
at almost simultaneously by the Duke of Bedford and the
Marquis of Exeter. In fact, it has long been a matter of
astonishment that country gentlemen of position should
continue to give their countenance to that open rascality
and utter demoralisation, the now common features of a
country race-day. The neighbours, as a rule, carefully
keep out of the way, and the full attendance is con-
tributed through special trains, which bring in the scum
of London, Manchester, or Birmingham, as the site
may suit. And yet noblemen, country squires, and
members of Parliament fed it to\ be* " a duty" to
subscribe towards such scenes, to sutler their names
to appear on the lists of stewards, or even to give
over their grounds for purposes which have for some
time past become far more typical of a national disgrace
than a national sport.

It is only to be hoped that the example which we have
cited may be followed by others, and that one of its first
effects may be to induce the Government to move.
Everybody, including the racing men themselves, sees the
absurdity of continuing the custom of olferinsr Royal
Plates at these meetings, the competition for which" is
commonly so small as to preclude even betting on the
result. A correspondent of The Times has, al; length
really come to see this, as his letter has been supported by

another through the same channel from Mr. S. Sidney,
who subscribes himself as " the author of the Book of the
Horse," and who states that Corisande won a Queen's
Plate by twenty lengths. In point of fact she won by
thirti/ lengths, but the author of " The Horse "
is evidently well up in the history of this famous
mare, as he also states in " the book" that Corisande
won the 2,000 Guineas stakes— /or tvhicli she did not
start — and the Oaks at Epsom — for which she icas not
placcdj. But Tlie Times, when it touches on outside
subjects, does manage to get hold of funny authorities.
Still the author of " The Horse" has, in turn, been fol-
lowed by a man who does know something of that which
he is writing about — Mr. W. E. Welby, who says, as to
the Royal grants, that " the best use for the money is
to be found in the encouragement and improvement of
hunter-getting stallions, as from sires of this class spring
almost all our best riding, harness, and troop horses.
But the diflSculty is to know how to make so small a sum
(£3,465 for England) at all generally profitable. Distri-
bution of it among local agricultural societies as a subsidy
to their prize-lists has been frequently suggested, but to
this there arc obvious objections. These societies are so
numerous, and many of them so nearly on a par, that it
would be most invidious, if not impossible, to select from
among them, while without such a selection the grant
would be simply frittered away in driblets. Again, many
owners of valuable stallions dislike sending them to agricul-
tural shows. The prizes there are generally concentrated
on the one or two best horses exhibited, and a man will
not send his animal when he knows there will be a better
in the show- yard." It is many years since the sugges-
tion for converting Royal racing plates into agricultural
show plates was first, that is originally, made through
the columns of The Marie Lane Express, and, despite Mr.
Welby's protest, we adhere to an opinion, which has now
found so much favour elsewhere. It is, however, only
fair to hear Mr. Welby out, as to what would be hetter :
" Discontinue the Queen's Plates. Let Governraeut

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

271

select haif-a-dozen of our railway centres — say, e. g.,
London, Bristol, or Exeter, Birmingham, Manchester, or
some other Lancashire town, York, and Peterborough —
and at each of these let £500 be given annually in len
equal prizes of £50 each. This would leave £465 for ex-
penses. Let the prizes be for the ten best stallions brought
lor inspection, which shall fulfil certain specified condi-
tions as to soundness, pedigree, and age, and which shall
be at the service of the public at a limited price withiu a
given distance (say 80 or 100 miles) of the town. Let
the inspection be held shortly before the commencement
of the covering time, and the payment of a premium
made contingent on the stallion being available during
the ensuing season, to prevent the money being wasted
through his going abroad. Let no horse be eligible for
more than one prize in a year. Have forjudges in each
case a cavalry or artillery officer and a civilian, appointed
by Government, with competent veterinary assistance ;
let them attend at each centre on a given day, examine
each horse submitted to them separately, and, when all
had been examined, award the ten prizes to the ten most
worthy competitors, without further classification ; and
lastly, let the judges be changed every year, so as to
avoid all suspicion of prejudice and favouritism. By
these means, it seems to me, most of the sound and stout
sires in the country would be attracted."

Many of these proposed conditions as to limited service-
fees, the prize horses standing in the district and so
forth, have of course been offered over and over again, as
in truth they are borrowed from the rules of some agri-
cultural societies ; whilst Mr. Welby's objections to our
plan apply equally to his own. If premiums be oflered,
and these prove attractive, some of the horses exhibited
must be better and some inferior ; while we are very con-
fident that the business of judging would be much better
done under the control of the agricultural society than if
left in the hands of a cavalry officer and a government
civilian 1 One so^iehow shudders at the very notion.
Further, the choice of agricultural societies would not
be a difficulty, simply because these societies are not
" nearly on a par ;" and the very districts which Mr.
Welby cites are already well provided with institutions
which might be safely trusted with the distribution of
these grants. Thus, " Bristol or Exeter" would naturally
fall to the Bath and West of England Society ; " Man-
chester or some other Lancashire town," to the jManclies-
ter and Liverpool Society ; " York," to the Yorkshire
Society ; " Peterborough," to the Northamptonshire

Society; and Birmingham to the Midland Counties So-
ciety, where the machinery is all ready-made, and where
the benefit would be as mutual as direct. In place of
London, where such a grant would have very little effect,
one of these plates should follow the migratory movement
of the Koyal Agricultural Society.

There is more weight when Mr. Welby objects to " the
risk of exposure for two or three days, or moi'e, to cold,
or wet, or burning sun, the fear of accident, and other
causes for misgiving," as we are inclined to think that a
show of valuable horses should not extend beyond two
days ; while if you smuggle the awards up in the time
during which the cavalry ofllcer and the government
civilian are at work, half the effect of the lesson, and
half of the winner's advertisement must be lost.
The strong line which we would draw should go against
any of these plates being put under the control of people
who go in for the jumping business — a practice which
threatens to eventually disgrace our agricultural meetings
as much as gate-money, hurdle-jumping, and light handi-
caps have our minorrace-meetings. Of the Societies we have
named the Royal, the West of England, theBirmingham and
the Yorkshire donotoffer jumpingprizes, and others must re-
form their ways before they can become qualified for stallion
plates. The abuse has now grown to be something intoler-
able; and at the last meeting of the Council of the Iloyal
Agricultural Societiy of Ireland, Mr. Bagot proposed
" That in future shows horse jumping shall commence at
four o'clock, and that the only additional charge for
admission shall be to the stand." Major Borrowes, in
seconding the motion, said he did so in the hope that
this was only a step towards the total abolition of jumping
at the Society's shows. Sir Allan Walsh said there
had been a great falling off in the exhibition of imple-
ments at late shows, and he attributed that principally
to the prevalence of horse-jumping. Colonel Vesey and
several other members stated that they would rather
have no show at all than have the horse-jumping con-
tinued. Major Borrowes gave notice that at next
meeting he would move that after the forthcoming
show at Derry no horse-jumping be allowed at the
Society's exhibitions ; and eventually a Committee was
appointed to consider and report on the whole question
of horse-jumping.

All this speaks for itself, and if the Irish Society is
really desirous of holding its ground as a national insti-
tution, it must go with Major Borrowes for the total
abolition of jumping at shows.

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,
MEETING AT NORTHAMPTON.

A certain special interest has come to be attached to
the meetings of this Society, as, no question, the opeu
classes of fat stock afford something of a trial for the ap-
proaching Christmas shows. Thus, at Kettering last
year, the best Shorthorn in Bingley Hall, in 1873, fore-
sliadowed his subsequent failure by taking no prize ; while
the best of the class had his position there something
more than confirmed at Birmingham in two or three
months' time, Avhere he was declared to be the champion
beast of the Midlands. And of this ox we said, im-
mediately on his being so distinguished, that he " hardly
looks like a thorough-bred one, but is simply a great
mountain of beef, of not very prime quality,
while he begins with a poor, plain, mean head, and has
as little style about him as any beast which ever took so
high a place ; as, what with standing terribly in at his
hocks, he is anything but clever from behind." And for

saying so much against the champion we were called to
account, perhaps a little too soon, by some "authorities!"
The Organ complacently quoted T/ie Times tru " the
grandest beast in the show," and went on to settle the
question in a very off-hand manner : " of course the
beast is a grand one, or else all the different sets of judges
must have been wc fully wrong and Tke Mark Lane
Express right." And within a few weeks or days of the
question being thus settled the Birmingham champion
ox was beaten again and again, directly or indirectly, by
beasts which he had beaten in Bingley Hall. Moreover,
in accordance with a very absurd and pernicious practice,
which we have already exposed, Mr. Wortley has kept
this animal on for another year, and so at Northampton on
Thursday, at five years and some months old, he was
brought out once more in the fat ox class. And all we
have said of the Midland champion of 'seventy-three we

272

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

emphatically say agaia : he is simply a great or greater
mouQtain of beef, as his size aud weight, over tweaty-six
cwt., now only serve the more to bring out his defects —
his lack of breed and style, his poor, mean, common head,
and his coarse, faulty thighs and hocks. Naturally
he showed signs of having been overdone, and
could barely hobble under the burden of his
fine broad back, bis one redeeming point. We
seldom saw a worse show out, and not one of the judges
would have him ; taking for first and best a younger and
far more comely white, which was only second to the
other last year at Oakham, but has since furnished capitally,
and with the exception of being a little patchy behind
came out very fresh, blooming, and ripe. And with two
Shorthorn men in office they even went further, and for
second prize selected a pretty, high-bred little Devon,
whose want of scale and weight looked almost ludicrous
as he braved the leviathans on the Pytchley race-course.
The fact of Mr. Senior's beast finishing so forward did
not say much for the rest of the class, but spoke more
decidedly to the discomfiture of the champion, whose
days should be numbered. The best in the younger class
of steers was a thick, wealthy three-year old of quite Mr.
Howe's type, but standing badly on his feet ; while
Mr. Wortley was second with a really nice two-year-old,
which so far has a deal more promise about him than
the Tidy bargain, his triumphs notwithstanding. Mr.
"VY ells' fat cow had better character, and more beef than
the Moss Rose placed before her, aud the award was
pretty generally regarded as a mistake ; but either of the
two capital Shorthorn heiiers, which stood first and second
in a small class, will be heard of again in better company.
Maiden, indeed, has already distinguished herself about
home, and JNIary Ann alas ! was the best heifer in calf or
in milk at the Royal show at Hull and also at the West
of England show at Plymouth in 1873.

To look on from the near side, for he has his side, one can
still scarcely comprehend how so true, stylish, and neat —
in the best sense — a bnll as Telemachus could this season
have ever been put below the white Irwin. With his
length and depth, his rich coat, and his placid high-bred
" expression," a pupil might study the modern Shorthorn
from such a model, the more especially when put side by
side with such afoil as Notley,and yet saythe judges on the
ordeal by touch " that is a useful bull, too." Worthy of
the Burghley hero, and, indeed, his only opponent for the
extra premium, was Victoria Victrix, looking all the
better as more level to the eye from having left her
baby, just a week old, behind at Branches.
And then there was Telemachus 6th, a far better youug
bull than they thought him at Bedford, and Telemacina
— if there ever could be such a title; and John Ward
leading fortli one of his conquering Roses, though soon
doomed to be more surprised than satisfied when he saw
his high-bred calves actually beaten by a little bit of a
Devon. But Roses, reds or roans, will flourish almost
anywhere. The Devous finished first once more in a cow
class of Shorthorns, against one of Mr. Sharpc's Julias,
and so forth, aud people began to look on Mr. George
Baker, of Luton Hoo, as a very strong man, matched
though he might be against Mr. Bowly. There were
other classes of more or less merit and interest, of
which the prize-list may tell out the story ; though Mr.
Clapton Wood supplied but an indifferent advertisement
for his coming sale, and Captain Oliver was kind enough
to put a chip of the old Dukes into the extra class, just
to show the folks what a Shorthorn should be.

The sheep were shown in very mixed classes, and some
of the Longwools under the disadvantage of having got
wet through in the heavy rain which fell in the Shires on
Wednesday. A damp Lincoln is not an agreeable neigh-
bour either to handle or look on, and so Mr. Gunaell's

dripping theaves lost their place. It seemed to us that
the different breeds were more confounded than should be
at a show of the calibre of tlie Northamptonshire ; and it
might be well if the classes were occasionally more clearly
defined. It is not every man who can carry a Devon or
Leicester against bigger animals, and Mr. George Turner
kept his rams at home, atThorpelands. The strongest entry
throughout was that of Lincolns, but some of the smartest
aud most sorty pens in the show were the theaves and
lambs sent by Mr. George Street from Maulden, of a
really handsome Oxford type, while his brother's entries
from Harrwoden were continually labelled as too late for
competition, the railway authorities having failed to deliver
the sheep in due season. The pig show was short, but
with some strong names in the entry ; and here also, as
when amongst the sheep, Mr. Tread well had to do "the
best he could" against his Lincolnshire colleagues.

In most places the meeting was a legitimate success, and
the horse section, with plenty of competition here and there,
opened with a capital class of cart mares, which took a
deal of judging, so generally good were the entries; and
an honest half or more appeared to be in it. The two
premiums were eventually taken by the same breeder,
Mr. Tomlinson, from oft' the Sutton marsh in Lincoln-
shire, with a couple of mares which have been continually
winning about the country, and for which it is said £400
the pair has been refused. We should rather go for the
bay put second, a famous mover in her walk, as we hear
that she has beaten the chesnut before now. The cart
geldings and fillies ran up to only small entries, but with
one or two very good amongst them ; and when we left it
looked as if the riding horse business would go on to the
end of the week. It was literally riding the horses, as
each one of the three judges would get on the same animal,
and we should be afraid to say how long it took to appraise
a hunter class of some twenty odd entries, in which
Marshal MacMahon had placed himself in tea minutes,
although it took hours to get so far. It was simply
anything for second, and this turned up in a flashy,
white-legged chesnut from Husband's Bosworth,
although there were better in the class, such as Mr.
Whitehead's chesnut, a good third at Bedford, and a
winner in Warwickshire the other day. Considering the
fuss they made over it, the judging occasionally was very
faulty, as amongst the three-year-olds they left out quite a
Shire stamp of colt, shown by Lord Spencer and got by
Dalesman, but probably " riding purposes" might suit any
purpose a judge might turn this to ; although in the very
next class, under precisely the same conditions, they put
another Dalesman fitly enough first, but if Mr. Ken-
ning's hunting colt had a right to be in, so most assuredly
should have been Lord Spencer's entry. And then when
the hackneys proper came in the judges threatened to ride
everything, aud we fairly ran for it, having seldom or
ever felt so sick of that noble animal — the horse. The
tedium attendant on this sort of thing is becoming insuf-
ferable, and would almost warrant the management iu
going back to judging in private, and having the horses
afterwards paraded in public.

It is, however, only fair to say that in consequence of
the show coming immediately on the St. Leger the
management encountered in turn some fifteen refusals from
horse-judges ; while so really good a man as Mr. George
Higgins would look to have been only put on at the last
moment, as his name does not appear in the cata-
logue. The sporting farmers, led by Messrs. Drage and
Saunders, did credit to the county, although they went
mostly for made horses, the younger stock being often in-
different. We do not despair of the jumping being
abandoned at a meeting of the repute of the Northamp-
shire ; and, as it was, this absurdity was very properly
put off, as we have suggested, to the cheap or shilling day,

THE FARMER*S MAGAZINE.

273

when of course fesv or no good horses take part in the
performances. It will be seen how, at the dinner, Lord
Speucer, a very able chairman, announced that the show
in ] 875 will be held in Lord Exeter's park at Burleigh,
and Stamford stand and course put, as we stated,
to " more useful purposes."

PRIZE LIST.

JUDGES. — Beasts: E. Bowly, Siddingtoo, Cirencester ; G.
W. Baker, Luton ; George Bland, Colby, Liucolu. Nak
Houses : G. Higgins, Bedford ; F. Oldaker, London ; G.
Hewitt, Drauglitou, Maidwell. Cakt Horses: T.TurDelJ,
Irchester, Wallingborough ; ¥. J. Berry, Stanion ; R. Craw-
ley, Meichbouroe, Bed'brd. Sheep and Pigs : J. Lynn,
Stroxton, GrantliatQ ; E. Howard, Nocton Rise, Lincoln;
J. Treadwell, Upper Wincliendon. Buiter: J. Hudson,
Lndgate Hill, London. Implements: J. Craig, Fotlier-
inghay, Oundle ; Gilbert JMurray, Elvaston, Derby; A.
Hughes, Brampton Ash, Market Harboro'. Veterinary
Surgeon : T. J. Merrick, Northampton.

CATTLE.
Fat Stock. — (Open to all.)
Ox, exceeding three years and three months old on the 1st
of December next. — First prize, £10, and a piece of plate value
£5, Earl of Lonsdale, Barleythorpe Hall, Oakliam ; second,
£5, T. Lee Senior, Broughton House, Aylesbury. Highly
commended. Lord Spencer and E. Wortley.

Steer, uot exceeding three years and three months old on
the 1st of December next. — First prize, £10, J. How, Brough-
toD, Huntingdon ; second, £5, E. Wortley, Ridlington, Up-
pingham.

Cow of any age. — First prize, £10, 0. Bennon, Cresswell,
near Stafford ; second, £5, W. T. Wells, Witheru Hall, Alford,
Lincoln.

Heifer, uot exceeding four years old on the 1st of December
next. — First prize, £10, R. Wright, Noctou Heath, Lincoln ;
second, £5, 0. Viveash, Strensham, Tewkesbury. Commended,
r. L. Senior.

Breeding and Stoke Stock.
Bull of any ate (open to all England). — First prize, i'lO,
the Marquis of Exeter, Burghley House, Stamford ; second,
£5, B. S. J. Ackers, Prinknash Park, Painswick. Com-
mended: J. A. Mumford, Brill.

Bull, above two years old. — First prize, £10. T. H. Bland,
Dingley Grange, Market Harborough ; second, £5, H. Sanders,
Brampton Hill, Northampton.

Bull, above one and under two years of age. — First prize,
£10, the Marquis of Exeter ; second, £5, J. J. Sharp, Brough-
ton, Kettering. Highly commended : T. U. Sartoris.

Extra prize of £5, tor the best beast in either the breeding

or store stock classes. — The Marquis of Exeter (Telemachus).

Bull calf, above six and under twelve months old. — First

prize, ^10, J. N. Beasley, Pitsford Hall, Northampton ; second,

£5, T. Simonds, Carter's Hill, Arborfield.

Cow, in-milk or in-calf. — First prize, £7, T. Lee Senior ;
second, £3, J. J. Sharp.

Heifer, of any breed, in milk or in-calf, above three and
under four years old. — First prize, £7, Lady Emily Pigot,
Branches Park, Newmarket ; second, £3, Marquis of Exeter.

Heifer, of any breed, in n.ilk or in calf, above two and
under three years old. — First prize, £7, D. Dainty, Belmis-
thorpe, Stamford; second, £3, J, Chaplain, Three Cliimneys,
llidwells, Halstead.

Heifer, of any breed, above one and under two years old. —
First prize, £7, Lady Emily Pigot ; second, £3, G. Under-
wood, Little Gaddesden, Hemel Hempstead.

Heifer calf, of any breed, under twelve months old. — First
prize, £3, T. Lee Senior ; second, £3, Marquis of Exeter.

Short-horned heiier, above one and under two years old,
to have been in the exhibitor's possession six months previous
to the day of show. (Open to the above subscribers, and to
all members of the society resident in the county.) — First
prize, £10, R. E. Oliver, Sliolebrooke Lodge, Towcaster ;
second £5, J. J. Sharp.

Prize for extra stock, awarded to the Marquis of Northamp-
ton.— Alderney bull.

HORSES.
Mare and foal, for hunting purposes. — First prize, £15, S.
Middleton, Water Newton, Wansford ; second, £5, W. Kenn-
ing, Bradden, Towcester. Commended; W. Faulkner,

Rothersthorpe, Northampton ; C. W. Scriven, Willen House,
Newport Pagnel.

Mare or gelding, five years old and upwards, adapted for
hunting purposes (open to all Eaa;landj. — £15, J. Goodlitf,
Huntingdon ; second, £5, J. Sineeton, Husbands Bosworth
Rugby. Commended: J. Drage, Moultou Lodge, Northamp-
ton.

Mare or gelding, above four and under five years old
adapted for hunting purposes, bred within the county o-
Northampton. — £-20 and second prizes, J. Drage, Moultonf
Lodge, Northampton.

Mare or gelding, above four and under five years old,
adapted for liunting purposes. — First prize, £10, W. A.
Harrison, Oxenden House, Market Harborough ; second, R.
Horreil, Oakeley Beds. Commended : H. Sanders, Brampton
Hill.

Gelding or filly, above three and under four years old,
adapted for riding purposes. — First prize, £7, J. Goodlitf,
Huntingdon ; second, £3, J. Wiggins, Market Harborough.

Gelding or filly, above two and under three years old,
adapted for riding purposes. — First prize, £7, W. Kenning,
Bradden, Towcester ; second, £3, J. P. Wright, Priors
Marston, Daventry. Commended: J. A. Craven, Whiltou
Lodge, Daventry.

Gelding or filly, above one and under two years old, adapted
for riding purposes. — First prize, £7, W. George, Gayton,
Northampton ; second, £3, C. Cottrell Dormer, Courteenhall,
Northampton. Commended : J. Goodliff, Huntingdon.

Mare, not exceeding 15 hands 1 inch high, with foal at
foot, for breeding hackneys. — First prize, £7, W. Catton
Branford, Upton, Southsea ; second, £3, J. Cooper, Overstone.
Commended : W. Linnell, Woodford Grange, Trapston.

Hackney (mare or gelding), not exceeding 15 hands 1 inch
high. — First prize, £7, J- G. Franklin, Shutlanger Grove,
Towcester; second, £3, Lee Bevau, Brixworth-hall, North-
ampton. Commended: J. Reeve, The Grange, Newnhara,
Daventry.

Cob (mare or gelding), not exceeding U hands 2 inches
high. — First prize, £5, J. Wiggins, Market Harborough;
second, £2 10s., J. Marsh, Benetield Lodge, Oundle. Com-
mended : H. Sanders, Brampton-hill, Northampton.

Pony (mare or gelding), not exceeding 13 hands high.—
First prize, £3, Captain T. Wetherall, Loddington, Kettering ;
second, £2, Rev. H. Stobart, Warkton Rectory, Kettering.
Commended : J. H. Smith, Highcroft Lodge, Oadby,
Leicester.

Cart mare, with foal at foot. — First prize, £10, J. Tomlin-
son, Lutton Marsh, Long Sutton ; second, £5, J. TomUnson,
Highly commended : W. Colpman, Naseby Grange, Rugby.
Commended : J. Ashby, Murcott, Long Buckby.

Best foal in the class, the foal to be the progeny of the
mare suckling the same. — Prize, £5, T. Marchant, Great
Eastou Park, Leicester. Commended: Captain J. Borlase
Tibbits, Barton Seagrave, Kettering.

Cart gelding, above two aud under three years old. — First
prize, £5, J. Walker, Newnham ; second, £2 10s., G. Street,
Maulden, Ampthill.

Cart filly, above two and under three years old. — First
prize, £5, H. Burgess, Middleton, Rockingham ; second, £2
10s., T. H. Vergette, Borough Fen, Peterborough.

Cart gelding, above one and under two years old. — Prize
£7 lOs. (first and second prizes), R. Timms, Manor House,
Braunston, Rugby.

Filly, above one and under (wo years old. — First prize, £5,
T. Messinger, Cold Higham Downs, Towcester ; second, £2
10s., G. Stops, Greensnorton, Towcester.

SHEEP.

Ten longwoolled ewes that have suckled lambs to the 1st
June, 1874..— First prize £7 7s., T. W. D. Harris, Wootton,
Northampton ; second, £3s. 3s., T. Gunnell, Willow House,
Milton, Cambridgeshire.

Five longwoolled theaves. — First prize, £5, J. Byron,
Kirk Gi-een, Sleaford; second, £3 10s., T. Close, jun., Barnock
Villa, Stamford. Highly commended : J.Byron. Commended:
T. Gunnell.

Five shortwooUed or cross-bred ewes, that have suckled
lambs to the 1st of June, 187*. — First prize, £5, C. Barge,
Weedon ; second, £2 10s., C. Barge.

Five shortwooUed or cross-bred theaves.— First prize, £5,
G. Street, Maulden, Ampthill, Beds; second, £2 10s., G.

274

THE FARMEE'S MAGAZmE.

Street. Ilighly commended : JP. Street, llarrowden House,
Bedford.

Three shortwoolled or cross-bred shearhogffs. — First prize,
£5, G. Street; second, £3 lOs., G. Street. Highly com-
mended ; W. G. Duncan, Bradwell House, Stony Stratford.

Three longwoolled shearhoggs. — First prize, £5, T. Close,
jun. ; second, £2 10s., T. Gunnell.

Shearling longwoolled tup. — First prize, £7, R. Wright,
Nockton Heath, Lincoln ; second, £3. T. Close, jun. Highly
commended : J. Byron. Commended : A. Hack, Buckmiu-
ster, Grantham.

Longwoolled tup, two-shear and upwards, that has proved
himself a stock-getter. — First prize, £7, R. Johnson, West-
borough, Grantham. — Prize, £3, &. Wright. Highly com-
mended : R. Wright.

Shearling Down tup, of any distinct breed. — Prize £5, F.
Street.

Five long-woolled wether lambs. — First prize, £3, T. Close,
jun. ; second, £1 10s., T. Gunnell. Highly commended : J.
ByroD.

Five long-wooljed ewe lambs. — First prize, £3, T. Close,
jun. ; second, £1 10s., J. Byron. Highly commended : T.
Gunnell.

Five short- woolled or cross-bred wether lambs. — First prize,
£3, G. Street ; second, £1 10s., G. Street.

ExTKA SiiEEP. — R. Linnell, Moreton Pinkney, Banbury,
five shear, bred by the late A. Linnell, Crockwell tarin, Eydon,
Banbury.

PIGS.

Boar of the large breed. — First prize, £3, M. Walker,
Stockley Park, Anslow ; second, £2, R. E. Duckering, Nor-
thorpe, Kirton-in-Lindsay.

Boar of the small breed. — First prize, £3, R. E. Ducker-
ing ; second, £2, S. Deacon, Polebrooke Hall, Oundle.
Highly commended : J. Wheeler, Long Compton, Shipstou-
on-Stour.

Breeding or suckling sow. — First prize, £3, M. Walker ;
second, £3, R. E. Duckering. Highly commended : M.
Walker.

Breeding or suckling sow of a small breed. — First prize,
£3, J. Wheeler ; second, £3, R. E. Duckering. Highly com-
mended : M. Walker.

Three fat pigs of one litter, of any breed or age. — First
prize, £3, M. Walker ; second, £2, M. Walker.

Five breeding pigs of one litter. — First prize, £3, M.
Walker ; second, J. Wheeler.

BUTTER.

Twelve pounds of butter, made up in two pound lumps,
wholly or partially the production of Alderney cows. — First
prize, £3, W. G. Duncan, Bradwell, Stony Stratford; second,
£1, Lieut.-Col. Clarke, Welton Place, Daveutry.

Twelve pounds of butter, made up in two pound lumps. —
First prize, £3, W. Newitt, Bradden, Towcester; second, £1, J.
Tew, West Haddon Lodge.

Sis pounds of butter, made up in one pound rolls. — First
prize, £3, J. Robinson, Courteenhall Lodge, Northampton ;
second, £1, J. Wareing, Berry Fields, Daventry. Highly
commended : W. Everett, Great Doddington, Kettering.
Commended: S. Lea, Cransley Lodge, Kettering.
IMPLEMENTS.

A silver medal to Ball and Son, Rothwell, for collection of
implements ; and tlie Society's medal for waggons and
carts.

The Society's medal for Coulta's improved press for corn-
drill, exhibited by Ball and Son.

A silver medal to Smith and Grace, of Thrapston, for their
improved steerage horse-hoes.

A silver medal to W. Smith, Kettering, for his turnip
thinners.

A silver medal for Barford and Perkin's steam tackle and
elevator.

The Society's medal to G. Lewis and Son, Kettering, for
their improved sack elevator and shooter.

The Society's medal to Marshall, Sons, and Co., Gains-
borough, for improvement in engine and thrashing machine.

The Society's medal to Hayes and Son, Stamford and
Peterborough, for market cart.

Very highly commended, A. Hughes, Brampton Ash, Market
Harborongh, for patent laid corn-lifter attached to Samuelson's
jeaper.

Highly commended : Whitwell's patent warming and venti-
lating fire grate.

Commended : Burdick's self-delivery reaper, r>nd Kiiby'.s
mower and reaper, exhibited by D. M. Osborne and Co.,
Fox-street, Liverpool.

The Society's medal to H. Smith, Midland Carriage Works,
Northaaipton, for Stanhope wagonette.

At the dinner, Sir Rainalo Knigiitley, 'M.V., was glad
to find that they had not been much troubled with the labour
movement which they had all been watching with the greatest
interest. He was very glad the struggle had terminated as it
did. It was perfectly right that the poor man should endeavour
to obtain the best price he could for his labour ; but if they
had persons living at a distance and knowing nothing at all
about the districts coming amongst them tnul dictating to the
farmers what wages they should pay, it would be utterly im-
possible for farming to be carried ou ; the greater part of the
land would have to be laid down in grass, and only a certain
number of labourers — a very few — could be employed ; and as
these few would be the best men the others would have no
resource but to go to the union. He did not want to see
landlords deprived of their rents, farmers of their profits, or
the deserving labourer obliged to go to the workhouse. The
question then was what was the best way of meeting the
difficulty, as it would inevitably ciop up again some time or
other. What luid been resorted to in the Eastern counties
was a perfectly legitimate mode of warfare ; the lock-out was
the only means of protection the employer had against the
strike. Both, however, were harsh and objectionable measures,
\\hich should be resorted to as little as possible ; and the best
way to avoid those measures was to endeavour to make the
labourers as comfortable as possible. The best means of doing
this was by letting them have comfortable, well-drained, and
well-ventilated cottages, with allotments let at a moderate rent
— this, however, was a landlord's question — and by the
establishment of coal and book clubs as counteracting influences
to the attractions of the public-houses ; while it was the duty
of all those amongst them to employ the intellect and means
with which they had been blessed for the amelioration of the
condition of their less fortunate fellow-men.

Mr. Pickering Piiipps, M.P., said the interest of the
town and country were not all divided, and one ot the very
best things for agriculturists was that they now obtained com-
paratively high prices in consequence of the beef-consuming
and bread-consuming power of the artisans in towns being
increased by the prosperity of trade. All classes of which
this country consisted had an interest in each other's welfare ;
and the gteatest enemy to be fonnd in this country, in which
all ought to be striving to do their duty to the Queen and
constitution — the greatest carse was the man who went about
striving to set class against class. The union had been tried
and had failed, but there were two other kinds of unions — one
which they should try to keep out of, the union workhouse, and
the other which he should wisli all to try and maintain, the
union of good fellowship and kindly feeliug. So long as the
interests of the large centres of commerce were prosperous, so
long would agriculturists be prosperous. But they must take
care that their local burdens were not allowed to increase. He
was quite sure that real property in this country — the
land and houses — bore quite as much as it ought to do of the
share of taxation, and he was glad to find that allowances liad
recently been made from the Consolidated Fund for some pur-
poses formerly looked upon as local, but now recognised as
imperial.

Lord Spencer, the chairman, regretfully alluded to the
removal from amongst them, he was afraid on account of his
health, of Mr. Owen Wallis, and to the recent death of Mr.
John 13easley, who, not only as au agriculturist set them au
excellent example in high farming, but who was at all times
ready to give them tlie assistance of his valuable and wise
counsels. He felt that he could to-day congratulate the
Society on the success of its meeting. What they wished to
do by means of these societies was to give the highest possi-
ble examples of what good stock and horses should be, and also
to show the most recent and useful inventions in the way of
agricultural implements. In both these particulars they found
as good examples in their showyards that day as could be
found in the whole of England. They had in Telemachus an
animalof which the county ought to be proud — au anunal
who had travelled about England almost as much as the young

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

275

hero, from whom he got his name, travelled about the Gre-
cian seas. And he understood that he had brought to his
noble owner nearly £1,000 in prizes. They could not have a
nobler example of what stock should be than in Teleraachus.
So in the horse classes, they had had splendid specimens of
what horses should be ; whilst implements for ploughing,
carting, and other agricultural operations had been fully re-
presented. When they saw the increasing space which was
taken up by the implements it led them to reflect what a great
change was taking place in the culture of land — in the mode
in which it was cultivated, and in the population who lived
on our soil. Seeing how much agricultural machinery was
lessening the necessity for human labour, that their own obser-
vation supported by the results of the last census indicated
that there were fewer men engaged in the cuhivation of the
soil than there were ten years ago. Another indication of
this was to be found in the large number, of empty cottages in
many of their large villages — a large village in his neighbour-
hood having no less than fifty-two empty cottages, whichafew
years ago were full of tenants. Though this was partly to be
accounted for by the use of labour-saving machinery, yet there
was another cause, and one upon which he thought they
might congratulate themselves. The farmers and occupiers of
the land were most anxious to get their labourers as close to
their work as possible. Some years ago there were many
places with hardly a single cottage on the farms, and the
labourers had to go a great way to their work, and a great
waste of power was the result. This had been largely obviated
by the erection of cottages on the close parish, and the open
parisli had lost many of its inhabitants. It was a great ad-
vantage to the farmer ; and it was an advantage and an addi-
tional comfort to the labourer, not only to find himself nearer
to his work, but with a better house, and probably at a raiicli
cheaper rent. What became of a large class who used to
remain in our parishes, often to fall into idleness, and even-
tually on the poor-rates ? Most of them he thought, went to
tlie towns, and there got assistance in the shape of employ-
ment from commerce and trade, to which the member for
Northampton had referred in such sensible terms. This was
a great advantage, but it pointed to the importance of their
giving, as far as possible, a good education to the labouring
classes. With steam cultivation and the employment of
agricultural machinery in other operations of the farm^
they would need more education and intelligence in their
labourers. And as to what he might call tlie surplus
labour, that, if educated, would be enabled to gain
an independent livelihood in the towns. They would see a yet
greater increase in machinery, and a greater need for an intel-
ligent and educated class of labourers. The result of recent
changes had been to make a certain class of our labouring
classes not satisfied with the lot in which they lived. He was

not referring to this county, for here, as a lule, the agricultural
population were in a satisfactory position. The labourers, as a
rule, were well housed, and the farmers had met the demand
for increased wages with liberality. No one would deny that in
some parts of the country the agricultural labourer was in a
wretched condition ; and he was not surprised that an en-
deavour should be made to improve his position by combination.
No one would deny that the agricultural labourer had a full
riglit to combine; and in dealing with these matters, as Sir
Raiiiald Knightley had justly observed, they sho\ild try to use
the utmost forbearance and moderation. With regard to the
strike and lock-out in the Eastern Counties, one side took
matters with too high a hand, and were hardly justified in the
demand they made. But still, on the other hand, extreme
demands were made. A useful lesson would perhaps be learnt
by both sides. Each party would see that the other could com-
bine, and that in dealing with each other there should be the
utmost forbearance and moderation. If they did this throughout
the country he thought they would get rid of this difliculty of
agricultural strikes. It was a necessary consequeuce of a
popular movement that some men who joined it would use
intemperate and violent language ; b'lt they ought not to repu-
diate a whole movement on that account. Looking over some
recent Government returns, he observed that there were more
allotments in Northamptonshire than in any other county in
England, save one — namely, the county of Leicester. There
was a per-ceut;ige of 6-78 of the whole of the allotments in
England to be found in Northamptonshire, the per-eentage in
Leicestershire being 7- Ue attached great importance to this,
because, altliough a labourer might not get much from his
allotment, yet it gave him an amount of self-respect and inde-
pendence which he vvould not otherwise have- If they by such
means led their labourers to be self-dependent, and to rely on
their own exertions, they would be less liable to become the
victims of agitators who went about the country, and more
likely to be reasonable with their employers. He believed that
at this moment there was considerable prosperity amongst
the agricultural classes of England. He believed they would
find, when the returns were published this year, that there were
more lands under corn crops than last year, and that the head
of stock had greatly increased. He was sure they would receive
the announcement with entliusiasm, and very heartily acknow-
ledge the liberality of Lord Exeter — that as the Agricultural
Society held its next year's show in Burghley Park, he desired
to give certain special prizes. The prizes were exceedingly
handsome and would do much to attract from all parts of Eng-
land the best stock to compete for them. The noble marquis
would offer a £100 prize for the best bull in the yard ; £50 for
the best cow ; and £30 for the best pen of sheep. He added
that if Telemachus were successful to-day — as he had been —
he would give a further prize for the labourers.

WARWICKSHIEE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
MEETING AT KNOV/LE.

The entries of cattle were sixty-seven animals, against
forty-three of last year ; and these were generally useful, but
without any of great repute. The Shorthorns took the
leading place, and the Longhorns the secoud ; the Here-
lords, though prizes were olTered for them, being entirely
absent. In the class for Shorthorn bulls over three years
old, of live entered the two best were Puck and Earl of
Warwickshire, both bred by Mr. H. J. Sheldon, of Brailes,
but exhibited, the oue by Mr. 11. Pensou, and the other
by Mr. J. W. Wilson. The judges differed as to which
was the better bull, and Mr. Lynn was called in, and
the premium was awarded to Mr. Wortley's fancy,
appropriately enough here, as a Warwickshire noble. For
two-year-olds Mr. Ackers took the first prize with Cym-
beline. lu the Shorthorn bulls over 10 aud under
20 months, the first prize was awarded to Mr. J. J.
Sharp, of Kettering; and for the second, Mr. Ro-
bot ham, who took second at Tamworth, was beaten by
Earl Beauchamp with Robin Adair. The next three
classes were those for Shorthorn cows and heifers, aud

among the exhibitors was Mr. Owen Benion, of Cress well,
Stafford, whose cow, which was disqualified, as it is
not in milk; and Mr. Sliarp took the first prize,
the second going to Mr. W. B. Gibbins, of Eatington.
The class for heifers under three years old, in milk or in
calf, was poorly filled. The best was Mr. B. St. John
Acker's Queen of the Georgians, which took first prize at
the Worcestershire show. The seven heifers under two
years old were better, Mr. Ackers taking the first prize
with Lady Carew, and Mr. J. J. Sharp second. The only
remaining Shorthorn class was that in which entries
could be made to compete for the prizes of £23 and £7
ofl'ered by the local committee for the best Shorthorn hulls
from any place in the kingdom, introduced into or bred in
the neighbourhood, of not more than ten miles from the
show, and to be kept for the use of tenant farmers in the
district, at a price not exceeding £1 Is. per cow during
the succeeding twelve months. There were only three
competitors, and the prize was awarded to a red-and- white
three-year-old, bred and exhibited by Mr. Thos. Walker,

276

THE) FARMER'S MAaAZlNl).

of Berkswcll. Six animals were exhibited iu the three
Iionghorn classes, of which four were the property of Mr.
S, Forest of Keuilworth, aud Air. John Godfrey, of Wig-
stou Parva. The entry chielly served to show that the
breed is now falling away even in the IMidland Counties.
The pairs cf cows for dairy purposes ran to six entries,
aud the first-priz3 pair was that exhibited by Earl
Beauchamp, aud the second by Mr. J. Dugdale, both
being good. There was a class for pairs of dairy cows
belonging to tenant farmers residing in the county, but
the animals exhibited were of little merit.

The show of sheep, as of cattle, was larger than last
year. Mr. G. Turner, of Thorpelands, sent in some of
his Leicesters, aud took the three first and three second
prizes. The Cotswolds, a breed seldom found on farms
in this district, was represented by Messrs. llayubird and
Wheeler ; while Mr. T. W. D Harris, of "Wootton, North-
ampton, took the prizes which were offered for "other"
longwools. The Shropshire?, as at all shows in the Mid-
lands, were the principal feature in the sheep department ;
and the first prizes in the principal classes were set down to
Mr. H. J. Sheldon, Mr. ^Y. Baker, aud Mrs. Sarah Beach.
Mr. E. Street, of Bedford, was the only exhibitor of
Oxfords, but with some very good specimens of the breed.

Iu several classes the number of entries of pigs was
small. In class for boars of large breed Mr. Hicken,
of Dunchurch, took first prize, and Mr. Matthew Walker
second. Small-breed boars were scantily-filled classes ;
but in the Berkshire boar class the competition was keen,
the show being large, and the quality of the animals high
class, Mr. Heber Humfrey, of Shrivenham, Berks, sending
a number. In breeding sows ]Mr. Hicken again won,
as did Mr. Humfrey with Berkshires.

The show of horses was but moderate. In the mare-
with-foal class there were several animals which would have
been better away There was only one entry in the cart
gelding class above four years old, and although the com-
mittee ottered a handsome prize for a pair of agricultural
draught horses, there was no entry whatever. The hunters'
classes filled much better, and there were some promising
things amongst the four-year-olds. There were several
weight-carrying hunters, Mr. Goodlilf, of Hunting-
don, taking the prize of £40 with ^Marshal McMahon.
The mares were an uneven class, and there was a great
falling off noticeable. Hacks were fairly good, and there
was a good show of ponies.

PRIZE LIST.
JUDGES. — Cattle: T.Morris, Maisemore Court, Glouces-
ter ; E. Wortley, Ridlington, Uppingham. Agricultural
Horses : T. Rush, Chalk Farm, Babraham ; S. Burchnall,
Catton, Burton-upon-Trent. Hunters, Hacks, Ponies,
itc. : Col. Luttrell, Badgworth Court, Axbridge, Somerset ;
H. J. Thurnall, Royston. Siiee? ani> Pigs : J. Lynn,
Church Farm, Stroxtoo, Grantham ; T. Horton, Harnage
Grange, Salop. Implements: J. A. Beale, Brockhurst,
Lutterworth. Cheese : P. Jacks, Leamington.

CATTLE.
shorthorns.

Bulli above three years old. — Prize, £10, J. Wilson Wilson,
Broadway. Highly commended: 11. Penson, Chipping
Norton.

Bull, over twenty months aud under three years old. — First
prize, £10, B. St. J. Ackers, Painswick ; second, £5, T. H.
Bland, Dingley Grange.

Bull, over ten and under twenty months old. — Firbt prize,
£8, J. J. Siiarp, Kettering ; second, £4, Earl Beauchamp,
Madresfield Court.

Cow, in milk, above three years old. — First prize, £6, J. J.
Sharp ; second, W. B. Gibbous, Eatiugton, Stratford-on-
Avon.

Heifer, under three years old, in milk or in calf. — First
prize, £6, B. St. J. Ackers ; second, £3, A. Robotham, Oak
Farm, Drayton Bassett. Highly commended : Earl Beau-
champ.

Heifer, under two years old. — First prize, £6, B. St. J.
Ackers ; second, £3, J. J. Sharp. Highly coiunieuded : J. A.
Mumford, Thame.

Bull, provided for the use of tenant-farmsrs within ten
miles of the show, at a price not exceeding £1 Is. per cow,
during the succeeding twelvemonths. — First prize, £22, T.
Walker, Berkswell Hall ; second, £2, with £5 added, J. Dug-
dale, VVroxall Abbey (Bismarck).

LONGHORNS.

Bull.— Prize, £5, J. Godfrey, Wigston Parya (Royal
Charlie).

Cow or lieifer, iu milk. — First prize, £5, J. Godfrey
(Fairv) ; second, £3, S- Forrest, The Chase, Kenilworth.

Bull, for breeding purpose?, of any pure breed. — Prize, £3,
W. A. Battiue, Eathorpe Hall (Alderney).

dairy CATTLE.

Pair of cows in milk, which have been used in the exhibitor's
dairy for the last two seasons. — First prize, £10, Earl Beau-
champ ; second, £5, J. Dugdale.

Pair of dairy cows in milk, belonging to a tenant farmer
residing in the county. — First prize, £7, J. F. Paekwood ;
second, T. Satchwell, Hearnfield, Knowle.

EXTRA stock.

Highly commended. — J. Dugdale (two Shorthorn calves).
SHEEP.

LEICESTERS.

Shearling ram. — First prize, £6, and second, ^3, G. Turner,
juu., Thorpelands, Northampton.

Two-shear rams. — First prize, £6, and second, £3, G.
Turner, jun.

Five shearling ewes. — First prize, £5, and second, £2, G.
Turner, jun.

COTSWOLDS.

Shearling ram. — Firse prize, £5, and second, £3, U. E,
Rajnbird, Basingstoke.

Two-shear ram. — First prize, £6, H. E. Raynbird ; second,
£3, J. Wheeler, Long Compton. Highly commended : U.
E. Raynbird.

Five shearling ewes. — No entry.

OTHER LONG-WOOLLED SHEEP.

Shearling ram. — First prize, £5, and second, £3, T. W. D.
Harris, Wootton, Northampton.
Five shearling ewes. — First prize, £5, T. W. D. Harris.

SHROrsHIRES.

Shearlitg ram. — First prize, £6, H. J. Sheldon, Brailes
House, Warwickshire ; second, £3, S. C. Pilgrim, Hinckley.
Highly commended : S. C. Pilgrim.

Two-shear ram. — First prize, £6, W. Baker, Moor Barnes,
Atherstone ; second, £3, S. C. Pilgrim. Highly commended :
B. Long, Middleton.

Five shearling ewes. — First prize, £5, Mrs. Sarah Beach,
Penkridge ; second, £2, S. Wilkes, Brewers' Oak Farm,
Shiffaal.

OTHER SHORT-WOOLLED SHEEP.

ShearHng ram. — First prize, £5, F. Street, Harrowden
House, near Bedford.

Five shearling ewes. — First prize, £5, F. Street ; second
not awarded.

Tup, the property of a member, and to be used this season
in the county.— Prize, £2, E. Lythall, Radford Hall.

EXTRA STOCK.

Highly commended : H. E. Raynbird.
PIGS.

Boar of the large breed (except Berkshire), under 18
months old. — First prize, £3, J. Hicken, Dunchurch ; second,
£2, M. Walker, Stockley Park, Anslow.

13oar of the large breed (except Berkshire), above 18
months old. — First prize, £3, C. Benson, Grove Farm, Knowle ;
second, M. Walker.

Boar of the small breed, under 18 months old.— First
prize, £3, M. Walker; second,£2, J. Wheeler, Long Compton.

Boar of the small breed, above 18 months old. — First prize,
£3, M. Walker ; second, £2, J. Wheeler.

I3oar of the Berkshire breed, under 18 months old. — First
prize, £3, H. Humfrey, Kingstone Farm, Shrivenham ; second,
£2, M. Walker.

Boar of the Berkshire breed, above 18 months old. — First
prize, £3, J. Spencer, Villiers Hall ; second, £3, G. C. Green-
way, Ashorae.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

277

Breeding sow, suckling pigs of lier own farrow, and in milk,
of the large breed (except Berkshire). — First prize, £3, J.
Hicken, Dunchurch ; second, £2, C. Benson, Grove Farm,
Knowle.

Breeding sow of the small breed, suckling pigs of her own
farrow, and in milk. — Only one entry ; prize withheld.

Berkshire sow, suckling pigs of lier own farrow, and iu milk.
— First prize, £3 and second, £3, H. HumlVey.

Three breeding pit;s of one farrow of 187i, of large breed.
— First prize, £2, M. Walker.

Three breeding pigs of one farrow of 187+, of small breed.
■^Only one entry ; prize withheld.

Til ree breeding pigs of one farrow of 187i, of Berkshire
breed. — First prize, £2, H. Hnrafrey.

Sow of any breed sucklinfr pigs of her own farrow, and in
milk. — First prize, £3, J. Hicken.

HORSES.

AGRICULTURAL.

Stallion.— First prize, £15, T.Statter, Stand Hall, Wbitfield,
Manchester; second, £5, Messrs. Yeomans, Four Aslies, Wol-
verhampton. Highly commended : T. Tagg, Newhall, Burton-
on-Trent.

Mare, with foal at foot. — First prize, £10, W. Hulston,
Ditchford Friary, Moreton-iu-the-Marsli ; second, £5, S.
Abbotts, Arley Hall, Coventry. Highly commended : T.
Russell, Lower Shuckborough.

Gelding, under three years old. — First prize, £5, and highly
commended, C. Burton, Temple Balsall.

Filly, under three years old. — First prize, £5, S. Davis,
Woolashill, Pershore. Higbly commended : W. Baker, Ather-
gtone.

Cart gelding, above four years old, regularly worked. — First
prize, £5, T. T. Burman, Hockley Jieatli.

Cart mare, above four years old, regularly worked. — First
prize, £5, J. Dugdale, Wioxliall Abbey. Highly corameuded :
11. Timms, Braunstone.

Pair of agricultural draught horses, regularly worked, the
property of a tenant farmer, residing witiiia ten miles of the
show. — No entry.

HUNTFRS.

Stallion adapted for hunting purposes. — First prize, £15,
R. Hulton, Portman-square, London.

Hunter ridden during the past season with the Warwick-
shire, Atherstone, Pytchley, Bicester, Quorn, Lord Coventry's,
Heythorp, or Cotswold hounds. — First and second prizes, £15
and £5, W. Whitehead, Woolaston, Wellingborough. Com-
mended : A. llobertson, Banbury.

Huater, four years old and upwards. — First prize, £15, J,
Hicken, Dunchurcu ; second, L. Riley, The Outwoods,
Meriden.

Weigiit-carrying hunter. — First prize, £40, J. Goodliff,
Huntingdon. Higlily commended : R. Hutton, London.

Mare, best calculated to produce weight-carrying hunters,
the property of a Warwickshire farmer. — First prize, £4'0, J.
E. Bennett, Bosworth Grange, Rugby. Commended : H.
Green, Hatton.

Four-year-old gelding or filly, adapted for hunting purposes,
the property of a tenant farmer residing witbin the limits of
the Warwickshire or North Warwickshire hunts. — First prize,
"W. Mann, Brookhampton.

Half-bred two-year-old colt or filly, the property of and bred
by a member. — First prize, £3, J. Griffiu, Burton. Higiily
commended : W. Tyler, Birmingham.

Mare best calculated to breed hunters, with foal at foot, the
property of a member of the Society. — First prize, £5, T.
Watson, Wliitacre.

Weight-carrier, equal to no less than 15 stone, the property
of a Warwickshire larraer, and that has been hunted during
the past season. — First prize, £5, L. Riley, Meriden.

Hunter, hunted during the past season, the property of a
tenant farmer. — Only one entry. No award made.

HACKNEYS AND POMES.

Hackney, exceeding lilteen bauds.— First prize, £10, W. T.
Stanley, Leamington.

Hackney, not exceeding fifteen hands. — First prize, £10,
Major Quentin, Woodleigli, Cheltenham.

Pony, above thirteen and not exceeding fourteen hands. —
First prize, £5, W. S. Cooper, Hilmorton Paddox, Rugby.

Pony, above twelve and not exceeding thirteen hands. —
First prize, £5, W. Tyler, Birmingham.

At the dinner Lord Leigh thought with the Earl of Yar-
mouth that the department for horses was a weak part of tho
show, but be iioped that exhibitions in future years would be
more successful in that respect. He was pleased to learn
that there liad been more competitors for the cottagers'
prizes this year. It had often been said, and with justice,
tliat it was most iraporiant that the labouring classes should
have their cottages improved. He had visited that day some
cottages in that neighbourhood which were setting a good
example, and he was glad to see that the cottages generally
throughout the country were being improved But while they
were building new cottages, he did think that it was im-
portant to give every encouragtment they possibly could to
make tlie labourers themselves know bow to make those cot-
tages comfortable. He knew from his experience that many
cottages well built were miserably kept, and therefore he
thought that encouragement given to cottagers to keep their
bouses and gardens neat and tidy was a step in the right
direction.

Mr. MuNTZ, the chairman, said, in regard to the proposal
which was made to amalgamate that Society with others, he
could not see sufficient reason for it. He thought it would
not be creditable to that Society to do so. There were many
jiarts of the county that they liad not visited, lie was a be-
liever in the usefulness of such societies as that, the primary
object of which was the education of agriculturists, and as
there wer"; parts of the county which bad not been visited,
he thought that the work of the Society was not complete.
They had felt the need in that neighbourhood of such a
Society. They bad a small local society, and by bringing the
county society tbere they should accomplish greater good
than tliey iiad done. One of the great objects of the Society
was to establish comcetitiou, which was an excellent means
of improvement and of gaining infonnatiou. He only hoped
that what was now done iu Knowle would be repeated in
other parts of the county which had not experienced the
advantages resulting from a visit of the Society. Several
gentlemen had expressed to him the opinion that the Society
had done its work, and was getting antiquated, and that it
would not go ou much longer ; but if they vppuld only put
tlieir slioulders to the wheel the AVarwickshire Society would
not die, and he hoped it would live much longer thau be
should. He was in favour of a meeting of the associated
societies ot the counties, and no one would be a greater sup-
porter of such a meeting than he, but he should, at the same
time, like every county to maintain its own independence.

Mr. C. N. Newdegate, M.P., felt that in the presidency
of ilr. Muntz tliat day they had a union of all opinions in
the cause of agriculture, which boded well for the success of
that association, and it was creditable to the temper of good
old Warwickshire. The agricultural interests had been ex-
posed to storms, as they all knew, during the last four years.
Social didiculties — tliat was, difficulties between employers
and employed — be believed were passing away, thanks to the
steadiness, the good temper of all classes employed in agri-
culture. There was an agitation, justifiable at first, but which
some intended to urge beyond tiie legitimate objects of that
movement. Those engaged in that agitation began by doing
some good, but he thought tlipy bad shown that they meant
mischief. The effect of that had been to draw closer toge-
ther the landlords and tenants. He believed also that the
effect of this movement was this — that the agricultural la-
bourers, who were induced to believe that there were ready
cultivated Edeus [open for them iu foreign lands, bad learnt
that, though they were free to leave tiie country, still the
homes tliey would find abroad were some of them colder,
some of them hotter, and some of them less enjoyable than
the homes they would leave behind. It rested with the land-
lords and tenants to improve that feeling amongst their
employes, and he recommended them to consult with those
whom tliey did employ. If they expected intelligent service
they must consult with their labourers. They would be dis-
ajipoiiited if tliey jailed iu intelligence, and how could they
give to them intelligence but by conveying to them their own.
Let this leeliug pervade the agriculture of the country, any
the difficulties that they had passed through would be for
their good. In conclusion, the present Parliament had shown
itself more ready to turn its attention in a practical and
legislative sense to the requirements of agriculture than any
Parliament of late years.

278

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

Mt. H. J. Sheldon referred to the system of over-feeding.
He dare not, himself, at one of these exhibitions, show any
animal above eighteen months old ; as he could not afford to
feed up an animal worth £500, and not make him worth a
£10 note. If that system were amended, instead of thirty
or forty beasts being exhibited, there would be 500. A man
could not be expected to be preparing an animal for a show
for twelve or eighteen months, and then not be any use after.

wards. As a practical man, he could not refrain from making
these remarks.

Mr. T. HoRLEX, jun., had been sorry to see the way in
which the horses were worked. If any officers of the Society
for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals had been present,
they might have objected. With regard to the relations
between employers and employed, the farmers owed a debt
of gratitude to the noble-hearted men in the Eastern
Couubies.

STAFFOEDSHIRE AGEIOULTUEAL SOCIETY.
MEETING AT TAMWORTH.

The cattle numbered seventy-four entries, and con-
sist of Shorthorns ; but the strength of the meeting is
in the Shropshire sheep classes, which, however, are so re-
stricted by the regulations that the best bree(5ers are unable
to compete in many instances, and therefore several
classes must not be taken as containing first-class speci-
mens of the breed. It is time, says The M/dlancl Coun-
ties' Herald., several of these regulations were expunged,
as we observe that the committee do not even carry out
their own rules in the selection of the judges, but ap-
point members of their own body in the face of the fol-
lowing, Eule 24 : " That the judges appointed for genei-al
purposes shall be wholly unconnected with the Society."
In the class for aged bulls the prizes were awarded to
Hindoo Chief, a very promising two-year-old of Lord
Shrewsbury, and to a large-framed white bull Duke, bred
by one of the judges, and owned by Mr. F. Stanier
Broade. For yearling bulls, Bloorafield, the property of
Mr. A. S. Hill, M.P., was first, and Mr. A. llobotham's
Red Rover second, the last named being purchased at the
Bingley Hall sale in the spring, whence many other
prize winners in the yard were obtained. In a large class
of bull-calves Mr. A. Robotham was placed first, and
Major Webb second with a calf of the Gwynne family.
Mr. A. Robotham was again to the fore in the cow class,
as the breeder of Miss Bloomer, the three-year-old shown
by Mr. F. Cartwright, and also as the owner of the
second-prize cow, Eleanor. In two-year-old heifers Mr.
"Wolfertan was successful, aud Mr. A. Robotham com-
pleted his list of honours by winning in the yearling
heifer class with a pair of reds of his own breeding. In
the classes for cattle for dairy pui'poses, Mr. Joseph
Bickford, of Moseley Hall, Bushbury, was the most pro-
minent competitor. i\Ir. F. Cartwright's red Shorthorn
heifer won as a fat beast, and also as the best Shorthorn
iu the yard, though closely pressed by iloss Rose, a fre-
quent winner. Mr. Harcourt Grifliu's two-shear Shrop-
shire ram was first, and next to him Mr. S. C. Pilgrim's
ram of the same age. Mr. Pilgrim also won with a
shearling ram, beating a sheep of Mrs. Beach's, which
obtained honours at Bedford, where Mr. Pilgrim's ram
was unnoticed, one of the two judges acting on both
occasions. Mr. Charles Byrd won with ram lambs, Mrs.
Beach with ewes, Mr. Pilgrim with theaves, Mrs. Beach
with ewe lambs, and Mr. Owen with wethers ; Mr.
Coxou taking second for ewe lambs, and the other seconds
for ewes and theaves going to Messrs. Thomas and
Charles Smith, from the neighbourhood of Ashborne. There
was a good entry in the classes for 20 ewes and theaves,
for the former of which Mr. Thos. Wood was first, Mr.
T. F. Cheatle second, and Mr. R. Wyatt, third ; and for
theaves Mr. H. Lowe was first, Mr. W. Tidy second, and
Mr. T. F. Cheatle third ; but it is quite possible that the
awards in these two classes may be altered, as there were
several protests talked of on account of the peculiar con-
ditions under which the prizes were offered.
The long-woolled sheep comprised three cross-bred

Lincolns and Leicesters, from Mr. Robert Johnson, of
Kirkiretou, who farms these prizes.

The pig classes were short in number of entries, and
Mr. Matthew Walker's pigs carried off every prize for
large aud small white breeds and Berkshires to Stockley
Park, with the exception of two second prizes for Berk-
shires, which go to the Earl of Shrewsbury. There are
just under 100 entries of horses in 14 classes, the
competition being fair except for Suffolk stallions,
which the Earl of Shrewsbury vainly tries to introduce
to the district ; and the Clydesdale Young Lofty was once
more first in the All-England class. The Earl of Lichfield
is a successful exhibitor of working cart horses, and Mr.
W. W. Riddell sends the best mare and foal. The nag
horses were mainly from the immediate district.

The implement trials were a failure, only a few ploughs,
and a horse rake, and a haymaking machine, being
entered, and of the ploughs not one was worked by steam.
The only exhibitors of ploughs were Barnes, who
showed implements made by Ball and Sons, Howard, and
Ransome, Sims, aud Head; and Perkins, who exhibited
ploughs of his own make. Prizes were given to Mr.
Barnes for Howard's and Ransome's ploughs, and to
Mr. Perkins for those of his own make.
JUDGES. — Shorthorns A^'D Fat Stock : W. Nevett,
Yorton, Shrewsbury ; J. Robinson, Clifton, Olney. Shrop-
shire Sheep : T. Mansell, Ercall, Wellington ; J. Evans,
Uifington, Shrewbury. Dairy Cattle, Lojjg-woolled
Sheep and Pigs: E. Little, Lanhill, Chippenham; W.
Toralinson, Bradley, Ashbourne. Agricultural Horses :
J. Belcher, Moreton, Gnosall ; W. Power, Brancute, Staf-
ford. Nag Horses : C. Randell, Chadbury, Evesham ; C.
ililward, Moseley, Birmingham. Cheese and Butter :
II, Smith, Wyastone, Ashborne; J.Swain, Leicester. Corn :
J. H. Masfen, Tamworth. Implements : J. J. Rowley,
Western Bank, Sheffield ; R. Craven, Uttoxeter. Roots :
R. H. Masfen, Pendeford.

At the judges' dinner, Mr. R. H. Masfen said, what he
wanted was the opinion not of men whose farming was confined
to the office, or the club, or the editor's room, but of practical
men, and he would like to hear from the latter how stock was
to be kept during the coming winter ; and if there were any
gentlemen present who were iu favour of rearing stock from
cross-breeds, he would like to liear their reasons for pre-
ferring that plan to the use of pure-blooded animals. For
his own part he hoped that the judges would stick to true
type, and not award prizes to mongrels or to animals of
doubtful lineage. He was interested in knowing whether
there was any gentleman who would have the boldness to get
up and say that cross-breds or mongrels produced superior
animals to those which came from pure-breds. He was iu
favour of rearing from pure-breds iu the case of Shortliorns,
and be hoped nothing would be done to encourage those
breeders ot sheep who put themselves forward as pioneers,
but who reared from cross-breeds. It would also interest
the company to know the views of Mr. Rowley and Mr.
Craven with regard to the progress made by inventors and
manufacturers of implements. It would, too, be in Mr.
Hewitt's power to give them some very valuable informa-

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

279

tion with regard to poultry, and more especially with regard
to breeding. If he did not mistake, Mr. Hewitt ouce told
him at Rlarket Drayton that a goose from two pure-breds
weighed twice as mucii as a goose got by cross-breeding. If
that was true with regard to geese, it might also be true
with regard to cattle and sheep, or to any other class of
animals. For breeding purposes let the stock have as pure
blood as it was possible to get. Cross-breeds might have
great weight, but it should not be forgotten that they were
great consumers.

Mr. Kow'LEY claimed for the department of implements as
great importance as attached to the stock classes. He was
not prepared to endorse all the remarks of Mr. Masfen, for he
did not think it was advisable to confine breeding for a series
of years to one kind of animal. It was a very important
matter to assimilate animals to soil and climate, for great
failures sometimes followed the removal of animals from one
district to another, especially if the districts were distant from
each other. Close breeding was of less importance tlian
assimilation to soil and climate. The question, " What were
they to do with their stock during the coming winter? " was
one which it was very dillicult to answer " Give them plenty
of cake." He would like to ask whether there was any geutle-
raan present who could speak from experience with regard to
the use of the liquid manure-drill this dry season. He knew
of one farmer in Oxfordshire who had this season used that
drill with results so satisfactory that he had determined always
to use it and never to use the dry drill again. He was also
able to speak from his own experience with regard to the
value of the liquid manure drill in raising turnip crops in dry
seasons.

Mr. Robinson thought that as he was a judge the less he
said about his department the better.

Mr. Mansell said Mr. Lowe had told them to give their
cattle plenty of cake, but how conld that be made to pay
with cake at £13 15s. a ton ? (Mr. E. Lowe : You can get
it at £13 delivered.) Tlie question was, " What was wheat
worth?" With wheat selling at £10 a ton, how could they
afford to pay £13 for cake? No ; the best thing to do would
be to mix wheat with cake and oat straw and otiier things,
and feed tlie animals with it. Let treacle and water be poured
over the wheat, and a capital food would be made for the
winter; but it was absurd to suppose tliat I'armers could at
the present time afford to pay £13 a ton for cake. He trusted
that other gentlemeu present would take up this subject.

Mr. Little said he had not sown turnips for the last fifteen
years without using the liquid manure drill, and during the
whole of that time until the present year he had not lost a
" plant." This year they had no rain in his part of tlie coun-
try from the 9th of April to the 10th of July, and the conse-
quence was that the plant was attacked by the lly and then by
the green aphis. He had some turnips which were as good as
could be shown, but they were not a " plant." It was usual
for him to begin about the middle of May and go on until
about tills time. He could show a regular " plant" over the
whole of his farm, but the black grub and the dry weather had
been great enemies. The rough wind of Sunday week blew
the plant by hundreds into heaps, and it was found that the
grub had eaten them through excepting a small portion of the
heart. Every man who grew turnips should have a liquid
manure drill, with a well or pond, a pump, and all proper
appliances. He endorsed all that Mr. Mansell had said with
regard to using up their own produce as food for stock during
the ensuing winter. With wheat at £2 a quarter, they could
have nothing cheaper, and in fact there were some inferior
qualities, like the Ilivett, which could be bought for less than
£3 a quarter. When boiled, wheat made a very fine mucilage,
and when mixed with oat-straw and hay it would make an
excellent food, and save the growing of extra turnips. If they
could only tide over the winter they might depend upon being
able to get a good price for their stock. Every pound would
be wanted to feed the population, and even if they had to go
to a little extra expense some means must be devised for keep-
ing the animals. They must make the most of every bit of
hay and straw that they had.

Mr. Mansell feared that coal was too dear to permit of
the boiling of wheat.

Mr. Evans thous'lit that the end would bo gained by soak-
ing the grain for 3i hours.

Mr. Little thought not ; it was desirable that the wheat
should be made into furmety.

Mr. Evans thought it no compliment to exhibitors to sup-
pose that they would show cross-bred animals, though of
course any man might sometimes make a mistake in purchasing.
It might be taken for granted that a man who bred sheep or
cattle would do so from animals of the right type and charac-
ter. That principle would no doubt be recognised by the
judges, but perhaps the less that was said on the subject before
the show the better. He trusted that all the exhibitors would
be satisfied. Of course those who won would be content, and
he trussed that those who were unsuccessful would resolve,
ike true Euglishmeu, to win another year.

Mr. Johnson said they heard a good deal about modern breeds,
but 35 or 30 years ago they used to rear animals which at this
day would take a good deal of beating — a right good, honest,
sound type of sheep, with good features and plenty of wool and
mutton, and with a hardy constitution. They were sheep upon
whose backs you might have jumped to ride. In that ueigh-
bourliood they liad made the mistake of seUiug all the best ewes
and taking the inferior animals for breeding.

Mr. Tojilinson said he would be the last in the world to
deprecate good breed, but he must say, as a dairy farmer, that
you could not make cheese without milk, and it was frequently
found that the more blood the less milk. He wished to im-
press upon breeders that it was of importance to dairy farmers
that tliey should have milk-yielding animals as well as true
shape and quality. Hairy farmers must have cows which give
milk fur eight or nine mouths in tlie year and not three or four
months. He could not help thinking that of late, while they
had cows of good breed, they had been deficient as milkers,
and he supposed this was to be attributed to the fact that cows
used for breeding had not good firm udders and liad not been
accustomed to give milk for eight or nine months out of the
twelve. There would be more satisfaction in purchasing
pure Shorthorns if they could only give plenty of milk.

Mr. Nevttt said breeders must be very particular in the
choice of the bull if they wanted to get good milkers.

Mr. Hewitt said many persons made the mistake of
buying fancy poultry which had been kept up in small
pens and were not of strong constitution, and turning
tiiem out on to large bleak farms, expecting they would
do as well as fowls which received careful attention from
regular exhibitors. The fact was that an ordinary farmer
could not grow show poultry and make it pay. They
sometimes read of fowls fetching £3 10s. a pair, but how
many pairs were sold at that price? When fowls were
very high-bred they did not lay anythiug like so many
eggs as birds less distinguished. Eor the use of the table
simply there was nothing better than to get two first-rate
birds of two breeds and cross them. As to geese, he thought
there was no more useful bird for a working man with a '
family than the much-abused goose. If they took an
Empden gander and a Toulouse goose, they would Vet a very
much larger bird than by other parents ; but if they took a
Toulouse gander and an Empden goose, the birds would be three
or four pounds lieavier than with the sexes reversed. The
Empdeu was white with blue eyes, and the Toulouse was a grey
bird ; when crossed they produce a saddle-backed bird with a
little brown on the thighs, the geese weighing lolbs., and the
ganders ranging from ISlbs. to 261bs. If, however, they were
to breed next year from the produce of the cross, the birds
would not weigh more than 71bs. or Slbs., which was a wonder-
ful fact. One great advantage in the case of geese could not
be passed over : they lived to a greater age than almost any,
other bird, lie once knew a goose which positively lived on
the side of the same common for 42 years. Her mistress was
ill upon a sofa, and the old bird laid her eggs at the foot of the
sofa, and hatched two goslings when she was 43 years old. As
a poultry judge the bird was placed before him, and he guessed
it was about a quarter of that age. The wisest plan in breed-
ing turkeys was to get the largest-framed hen possible, and it
did not matter if the cock was not so large so long as it was
strong and lively. It was well known that a turkey which
weighed 28 or 3U pounds was worth more tiian four turkeys of
half that weight, because almost any price could be got for
birds exceptioually heavy. If farmers would breed from Dork-
ings and liramahs and then kill off they would have as o-ood
a fowl as possible for their purpose. Game was undoubtedly
the best for tlie table ; and the best time to kill the
pullets, if they wanted a luxury, was just before they lay.
When a game fowl was reared with proper attention to the
framework it carried more ffesh than any other kind. For

280

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

eggs they would cross game atul Malay, and then they would
have eggs more like those of a guinea fowl than anything ehe.
He repeated that if farmers tried to hreed faacy poultry on
bleak lands without the care and coddling which they got Irom
exhibitors they would get neither prizes nor profit.

Mr. E. Lowe said the only legitimate cross for the table
must have game on one side or the other. He had proved this
fifty times. No rule could be laid down with regard to the
keeping of fowls in exposed places. He oucetook with golden-
peacilled Haraburghs all the prizes wliich could be ohtaiaed by

one man, and the birds never roosted anywhere but under a
h.edfte in a bleak field.

Mr. Maxsell : It is quite clear there are no foxes in your
country.

Mr. Hewitt thought Mr. Lowe had misapprehended him.
He said that if fancy birds were taken from a place where they
had been coddled up, and were turned on to a bleak farm, they
would be of no service ; but if the efrgs were bought and the
chickens were acclimatised they would do more good.

THE RUMOURED REFORM OF THE GAME-LAWS.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE MARK XANE EXPRESS.

Sir, — Kemcmbering that many of the members of
tlie present landlord administration, and the great
majority of its supporters iu Parliament — thanks to
the tenant-farmers of England— are game-preservers, and
having due regard to the rumour which is afloat, that it is
coBtemplated by Disraeli and Co., in the next session, to
legislate upon the game question, it is pertinent, I think,
to ask, through your columns, How is such a ministry,
backed up as it is by such supporters, likely to deal with
such an important subject ? And before the question is
answered, it is to be hoped that many of your readers will
well consider (1) what the Game-laws are, and (2) what
they are accountable for.

Of this there cannot be a doubt, namely, that these laws
are of feudal origin, and still retain a feudal character.
By the common law of England game is the property of
the occupier. But then comes in the operation of what
the landlords of England call " free contracts ;" and
under these \cry jjrecioKs " free contracts" the occupier
is universally coerced into contracting over to his landlord
his lawful right to possess the game. The game is thus
"freely contacted" over to one who knows no better
wisdom seemingly than to oppress if not to " kill the hen
which lays the golden eggs," and who, judging by actual
facts, does not think that he has any interest whatever in
keeping game withiu reasonable bounds, or his tenants from
being despoiled by it ; and if the enforcing of such con-
tracts for such purposes means anything, it means simply
the exercising of a power which is unreasoning, reckless,
imperious, arbitrary, and entirely feudal in its nature.

In the second place, the Game-laws, when taken in
connection with the preservation or over-preservation of
this form of vermin upon the occupier's crops, and in
despite of his consent, are a serious tax upon the said
occupier, and, by the human food which is partly de-
stroyed and partly consumed by the refcrred-to vermin,
ultimately a serious tax upon the consumer — in other
words, upon the nation. This tax, too, is imposed in the
face of the fact that foreign food to the annual amount
of some £140,000,000 sterling, which is vir-
tually an impoverishment of Great Britain to that
amount, requires to be imported to supplement
the inadequate supplies annually grown at home.
By all this a sample is shown of what our
Earmers' Friends and " old nobility" are capable of,
for sake of self-indulgence, or of what they term " sport" !
— that is, sport at such a sacrifice pecuniarily, at the
expense of so much destruction to the tenants' crops and
to the people's food ! In days of yore, when " he took
who had the power, and when he kept who could," the
feudal lord openly levied what was then called black-mail
and what vas really a plunder tax upon his inferiors.
This was long ago declared to be oppressive and illegal,
and as such put down by Government by force. Under,
the preservation of game system, however, what
is virtually the same thing as was the levying

of black-mail has been revived, and he who at
the present day either preserves game upon his tenants'
crops, through means of an enforced contract, or re-
ceives a game-rent of his farms in addition to an agricul-
tural rent, is doing neither more nor less than levying
black-mail upon his tenants and inferiors under another
name.

And, in the third place, the Game-laws are car-
ried out at the expense of a violation and suspension
of the British Constitution, inasmuch as by the Game-
laws Amendment Act, commonly known as Sir Baldwin
Leighton's Act (certainly it was not the Act of the
majority of the British people), any ordinary policeman,
071 the merest suspicion, or even in the gratification of
private malice, is empowered, of his own accord, to seize
upon and to search any of her Majesy's subjects on the
highway. He requires no magisterial warrant or autho-
rity whatever for doing so. Such is a part of the Game-
laws, such an Act is the insolence of a class, and such is
the Christianity, or the flunkeyism, or the moral coward-
ice of the people, or whatever else the supineness may
be called, that the said insolence has been hitherto quietly,
calmly, and tamely submitted to ! It is under these cir-
cumatances, be it remembered, that the present landlord
Ministry, with the aid of their game-preserving majority
in Parliament, propose to reform the Game-laws! and it
is hoped and supposed by the said landlords and game-
preservers that the British lion will neither " roar nor
lash his tail" under the infliction of the sort of game-
law reform which need only be expected from such legis-
lators— legislators, as already said, returned as their repre-
sentatives by the highly-educated and intelligent body of
English tenant-farmers.

The above, however short it may fall of the whole
truth, is a description of what the Game-laws are. With
your kindly permission I will, in a future letter, endea-
vour to describe what these iniquitous laws are account-
able for.

Your obedient servant,
Thomas Robertson.

Narragmore, Athy, Sept. \Wi.

THE NORFOLK COUNTY SCHOOL.— The pile of build-
ings erected at Elmham has just been opened for the accoramoda-
of 300 boys. The style of architecture adopted is described as
Old English Domestic. The buildings are substantial and
commodious, but there is little, if any, superflaous ornament,
and the contract price of £8,000, for which the erection of the
entire structure was undertaken, has not been
exceeded. The exterior of the building is of red
brick, with flint dressings, and with large dormers
at intervals. All the timber work, externally and internally,
is stained and varnished. There is a hall on the ground floor
whereadistributionofprizeswasraadebytheRev.J.L. Brereton.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

281

THE IMPEDIMENT TO AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENT.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE

SiK, — "We are a loyal people, not given to sudden
changes, but strongly attached to old customs, which is
a safe and proper desire vfithin certain limits ; but we
resisted the introduction of railways, and most of our
great towns repented when too late ; we smashed up the
first power-looms, spinning jennies, and thrashing ma-
chines ; and it took us thirty years to make us believe in the
potato. Jethro TuU's drill and horse hoe required half a
century, and the Rev. Patrick Bell's reaping machine
quite as long, before it was partially used, and even now
the reaping maciines are by no means general. The
steam plough is working its way slowly, but it will re-
quire at least another century before town sewage and
human voidances are appreciated and utilised. The hedge-
row system and roaming at large of animals, and the at-
tachment to plenty of poor permanent pasture, slowly
give way to arable land and a more profitable practice.
My neighbours took twenty odd years to believe in the
iron fold hurdle on wheels, instead of cheap wooden ones,
and it will be fifty years before a fixed engine will be con-
sidered indispensable on every arable farm of 200 acres.

Landowners, tenants, and labourers participate in this
loyal attachment to old things and old practices, but it a
sad bar to rapid advance. We want more food, much more
home-grown food, so as to keep our money at home, and
our people employed in producing it. This, I know from
thirty years of observation and practical experience, can
only be done by giving up some of our ancient but now
unprofitable agricultural attachments.

I frequently converse with landowners and land agents
who are desirous to improve land, but the great difficulty
is to get tenants willing to pay a fair interast for such im-
provements, and invest the necessary increased tenant's
acreable capital. On the other hand, intelligent wealthy
farmers lament that their landlords cannot or will not
make the necessary landowners' improvements, or give, by
lease, a valuation for such improvements when made by
the tenant at his own cost. In backward districts there
is an unfortunate satisfaction with things as they are, and
a want of belief in modem agricultural innovations. In
such a case it becomes necessary for the landowner
gradually to lead the way, and also to exercise a mild
despotism as the late admirable Mr. Coke did. Twenty-
seven years ago the late Sir Robert Peel expressed to me his
difficulties in this respect, and why he could not suddenly
" convert" certain tenants. When the itinerating meetings
of the Royal Agricultural Society found their way to be-
nighted bat very self-satisfied districts, how it astonished
ttie natives to see the old plough worth £5 superseded by
Fowler's £3,000 plough, and the old flail represented by a
j£450 thrashing machine ; as the song said, " What an
alteration !" Liebig in his Morleni AyricuUure, p. 198,
gives an amusing instance of strong prejudice when red
clover was first introduced into Germany -. " The Birken-
feld peasants of last century grievously complained that
Government wanted to compel them to cultivate a foreign
weed (clover). They told the officers in the plainest
terms ' to stick to their lasts,' and concern themselves
about things they had learned. As for husbandry, they
(the peasants) were likely to know much more about
it than all the margraves and overseers in the world.
They did not wish to give the matter a single
trial, and when ultimately compelled to sow the clover,
they demanded, after a time, a magisterial inspection of
the fields, and showed ' that not a leaf of the clover had
come up.' And no wonder, for it turned out at last that
the peasants had boiled the seed before putting it in the
ground. In our day scientific principles are treated

MARK LANE EXPRESS.

somewhat in a similar manner, the professors of
modern agriculture boil them in their pot, and it is theu
openly shown that not a grain has come up."

Many do not know that at one time— before the in-
troduction of clover, root crops, and oilcake— we had no
roast beef at Christmas ; for, as soon as the grass failed,
the fattened beasts were killed to prevent their becoming
lean, and were then salted. The past history of agricul-
ture is interesting as showing how gradually we have
become civilised, "and also points to still further changes
than have yet taken place. I am, therefore, justified in
foreseeing the time when we " clever" people of the prt-
sent shall be looked back upon as " the lights of other
day 5."

I am a believer in imp.-oved agricultural education
combining theory with practice. It will dispel much of
the fog of doubt and disbelief. The intelligent farmers
who have emanated from the Royal Agricultural College
at Cirencester, atFord ample evidence that the multipli-
cation of such institutions in every county of Britain
would be of vast benefit and encouragement to a more
enlightened and more profitable use of the soil. Our
landowners would be none the worse for an education in
modern agricultural principles. They would then, con-
currently with their tenants, adapt their fields, roads, and
buildings to the modern requirements of the steam plough,
the covered yards, and the modern shecpfold, which
render hedgerows and trees unnecessary.

The evidences of non-education are painful, and na-
tionally disgraceful. None of my men of 50 can read
or write. When two of Fowler's great ploughing engines
came on to my farm last week, and brought their " house,"
in which four men and a boy reside, I otfered them news-
papers to interest them in their leisure hours, but none
of them could read, except the boy ! That made a deep
and painful impression upon my mind, and I said to my-
self, '■ Ignorance cannot be bliss."

Two farmers in my neighbourhood (one deceased) could
neither read nor write, though successful men. The edu-
cation movement has come none too soon, for it is the
general education of the American people that has, in the
brief period of their independence, enabled thein to excel
by far in enterprise, and equal in wealth, their British
parents; but then they have more than 120,000 public
schools and collei^es, &c., an 1 32 agi-icultural colleges to
our poor " one." Each agricultural college has a farm of
400 acres attached to it. The American people and their
Legislatures are keenly alive to the importance of educa-
tion in its relation to the business of life.

Not quite so with us, for I have heard many a wealthy
farmer say that education would spoil his best meu.
The Americans have 67,000 miles of railway against our
16,000.

I am quite aware that I have been, and perhaps am
now, considered by my " practical" brother farmers " a
torment" to agriculture, never letting old things alone,
and disquieting the agricultural mind; but so strong is
my conviction of the necessity for progress in the art of
filling the British stomach (the most important of all the
arts), that the short period still allotted to me shall, D.V.,
be a continuance of my determination in the good cause
oiFnu/ibus vita al'itur, which is the motto on my armo-
rial bearings at the Herald's College, believing that my
eft'orts are for the good of my country and of my brother
agriculturists. Your?,

Tiptree, August. J. J. Mechi.

282

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

BUSINESS HOURS AND BUSINESS HABITS,

TO THE EDITOR OF THE MARK LANE EXPRESS.

Sir, — ^Vlly do so few well-educated city young men
turn to agricultural pursuits as a business ? and those
country-born turn from their fields, and find their
way to city and town, to otRce and warehouse ? Is it
because these are more inviting than the sweet fresh
valleys and bracing hills ? Scarcely so, for the summer
holiday is anticipated with pleasure because of the oppor-
tunity to get away from the smoke and din. Is not the
reason to be found in t'.:e fact that, as a class, farmers and
corn and flour factors are not so business-like in hours
and mode, but conduct thiir affairs in a muddling old-
world style, particularly irksome to those who possess
the faculties of promptitude and method ? I speak more
particularly of buying and selling as conducted amongst
the middle-class country traders. To illustrate my mean-
ing I will give an instance which I witnessed. A farmer
had some wheat for sale, and called on a neighbouring factor
with the sample : time, soon after dinner. Well, he made
various remarks on weather, markets, aud so forth, dis-
cussed at some length the mode of his neighbours' farming,
how many times a certain field had been used for a certain
produce in so many years, which was "altogether
wrong ;" then the manner of fattening his cattle was
brought forward, but not a word about the wheat.
He was asked to take refreshment, and decanters were
introduced ; after which he was increasingly eloquent
upon what " ought to be done" by others. "Well, I
thought, how long is this to last ? The afternoon sped
on. At length the sample \\as produced, and much
praised ; but no price asked. His customer was asked
" what he would give for such a fine lot ?" and of course,
the figure did not suit. Some perfectly irrelevant subject
was started, which occupied his reasoning powers till
nearly five o'clock ; then came, " Well, shall I send in
the wheat ?" " Oh, not at that price ;" he objected, and
thought and thought again, shook hands, walked to the
end of the premises, and in another fifteen or twenty

minutes decided to take the i)rice. Three hours over one
transaction ! and this is not by any means unusuil.

Another objection to the country mode is people coming
on business are brought into the family room. Now, there
are many persons who meet ui often in business whom
ice cannot take as friends, and would not wish our wives
or sisters to ; why then intrude upon them, at any
hour, men— -possibly plainly evidencing a recent visit to
cowshed or piggery — whom they cannot be pleased to
associate with ? Their city cousins are not subjected to
such annoyances, and their expressions of dislike doubtless
influence the young men to choose a different profession.

There should be neutral ground for business trans-
actions. Every mill and farm should have an ofiicej so
as not to disturb that sweetest blessing of home — privacy,
without which home is but a name. Much discomfiture
is often brought upon a family where there is no
provision of the kind.

A tradesman has his shop, the accountant his office,
and so on, and certain hours. When closed, the public
know that they must wait for re-opening ; but in the
country at any hour from 6a.m. to 10p.m. the miller, at least,
must be open to his customers' calls. And, in consequence
of the style of doing business already noticed, the family
are also deprived of the privileee of feeling free from
intiusion, which sometimes is most inconvenient. Many
feel this, and take steps to have it different ; but it is
regarded almost as an absurdity, aud they are esteemed
as being above their business ; something, as the old
Scotch guJe wife considered ber neighbour who had taken
to clean her house, " So ower proud to want her floor
clean soopit ; na such fash in the gude old days."

But our business-like young people wish for a better
mode of doing things, and if they cannot succeed at home
they will try elsewhere, leaving many who aie unable to
wish they could do likewise. Yours,

A Miller's W^ife.

AUSTRALIAN WINES.

It is not very probable that the wines of Traufc, Spain,
and the Rhine will be surpassed, or even equalled by any
competitors, near or remote; but however ample the re-
sources of existing vine\ards, it is certain they cannot
keep pace with the constantly-increasing demand produced
by the rapid growth of our wealth and its accompanying
habits of luxury. An opportunity has been afforded at
the International Exhibition, held at Kensington, for the
growers throughout the world to enter into competition ;
and in addition to the wine from the wine countriesy;^/-^?.):-
celltnce, the public have been enabled to form an acquaint-
ance with the vintages of Italy, Hungary, Greece, Sicily,
Australia, and even America. This collection possesses
considerable interest, for it has not been possible hitherto
to bring together such a variety as may be seen in the
limited space afiorded by the cellars of the Albert Hall.
The older wine countries of Europe have up to quite a
recent period produced all the wine consumed in England,
and the advantages attached to the sale of such un-
doubtedly excellent products has retarded the introduc-
tion of any less known or favoured. There is enough,
however, in this exhibition to show that no spcciality°of
climate and soil exists, and when viticulture shall have
become sufficiently established elsewhere, the monopoly

enjoyed by them at the present time will not remaia alto-
gether unchallenged.

The success of the samples of Australian wines that
have been tested at Vienna, and again in the British me-
tropolis, has encouraged the belief amongst the colonists
of Australia in the capabilities of their country to produce
a good drinkable wine. By competent judges, who have
made it their business to traverse all the principal wine dis-
tricts of Europe, it is asserted that in Australia many
millions of acres may be found, which, from their situation,
as regards climate, aspect, and soil, are especially adapted
for the culture of the grape. Superior advantages may be
derived from the seasons, which are not so uncertain as
in Europe, whilst the fruit obtained is equal to any in
the world ; and with experience in the different niceties
during the manufacture, it is confidently anticipated that
an article can be produced that will be in no way behind
many of the productions of Europe. The progress of the
vine since its introduction is worthy of atteutiou, as it
may hereafter form an important eleinent in the material
resources of Australia, already so rich in mineral, vege-
table, aud animal products.

The first vine was planted in the valley of the Murray
by German settlers, who were struck by the resemblance

THE FABMER'S MAGAZINE.

183

ia the locality to their owa native Rhineland, aad the
success attending this first attempt led to the whole of the
hills and slopes around being transformed from rough
wild bush into blooming vineyards, orchards, and gardens.
The example of the Germans was followed by British
settlers in this part of the colony, aud an iudustry un-
known twenty years ago now extends over a distance of
one hundred and fifty miles along the banks of the
Murray River, yielding abundant crops, and producing
various wines known in the market as " Murray wines."
l*Vom this original stock cuttings were transferred to
Victoria, whilst in South Australia certain other enter-
prising settlers were introducing the varieties of plants
derived from the wine districts of Spain, Portugal, and
France, accompanied by foreign labour to superintend
their growth. Both as regards variety of stock and of
locality the vine, therefore, has been tolerably widely
diifused, and only awaits the encouragement of the public
to make it a substantial and remunerative industry, as in
every probability it will hereafter become. Under the
disadvantages attached to a modern culture in an article
that has been matured in the greatest possible perfection
in Europe, even at the present time the wines of Australia,
comparatively speaking, show much promise. In cha-
racter some closely resemble the Rhenish, while others
approximate more to the finer description of white Portu-
gal, and the old wines of the Rhine. Amongst the
grapes that have been found by experience to produce the
best white wines are the Riessling, which, although not a
large bearer, is always a hardy vine, aud the fruit is less
liable to damage from wet before vintage than other kinds.
The Verdeilho that produces a fine bouquet, the Aucarot,
the Chasselas, a hardy plant, aud the Pedro Ximenes.
Amongst the red varieties preference is given to the
Shiraz, Maalbec, Carbinet, Burgundy, and Ronssillon.

The difficulties attending the first cuUivatiou of the
vine were far greater than in the case of any other natural
product. There were difficulties in the choice of the
soil, the kind of grape, the mode of planting, the making
of the wine, its treatment and transport ; and it must be
borne in mind that although the colonies possess every
variety of climate and soil obtainable in any of the wine
producing countries, yet they have not been fully tested or
even reviewed as to their capabilities. The vines best
suited to each locality are yet by no means clearly
ascertained, and the system of making wine must for
some time longer be experimental. The earliest in-
troduction of the vine took place about the year
1850, and statistics show that South Australia in
1871 possessed 6,131 acres of well-established vine-
yards under culture, in which 5,783,674 vines were
bearing and 385,081 unbearing, and from which 801,691;

gallons of wine were produced, and 8,584 cwts. of grapes
sold. Next in order was Victoria, which had in 1872-
5,523 acres under cultivation, in which were planted
9,671,292 vines, producing 713,609 gallons of wine
and 30,896 cwts. of grapes. In the same year
Nevv South Wales possessed 4,152 acres, producing
413,321 gallons aud 508 tons of grapes sold, besides
607 acres of vines unproductive. The whole extent of
laud occupied by the vine exceeds therefore 16,000 acres,
and the production nearly approaches two million gallons.
At the outset the prejudice in Australia agiinst the
home-grown wines was very great ; but the consumption,
which is principally colonial, has increased to such an
extent that the article has a prominent place in every
household, and far exceeds the ordinary imported wine.
By acting as a check upon the use of ardeut spirits,
perceptible effects have been produced upon the morality
of the people, particularly amongst the rising generation.
Before the introduction of Australian wines, the majority
in the colonies, especially the working classes, drank no-
thing but strong rum or brandy of inferior quality,
and the effects of the unrestricted consumption of these
liquids had become most demoralising. But owing to the
resources possessed by the manufacture from the pure
juice of the grape, a very sensible change for the better
has taken place in the habits of all classes. The labourers
now prefer colonial wine, which can be procured at a
cheap rate, instead of bad spirits. The decrease in the
imports of foreign wines shows clearly that similar pre-
ference has been given over the stronger fortified wines
imported from Europe. The vine may therefore be re-
garded as a salutary instrument to further the rural
progress aud consequent prosperity of the great island-
continent of Australia.

It is to be ho[>ed that when the Australian wines be-
come better known and more generally used that they
may commend themselves to the British public. There is
said to be something new in their fiavour, not to be fouud
in the strongly fortified kinds of Spain aud Portugal, and
the purity for which they are now condemned may cause
them hereafter to be liked and appreciated. The success
of the vignerons will depend upon their own appreciative
faculties, and the awards of jurors, so far satisfactory,
must be followed by the verdict of the great body of the
consuming public. The high rate of alcoholic properties
produced by the climate are found lo hinder their importa-
tion into this country under the lower scale of duties
accorded to the French clarets, and we shoiUd gladly wel-
come any adjustment that would foster these distant
efforts at viticulture ; but at the same time much might
be urged upon the Australian colonists upon the subject of
reciprocity in commercial tariffs.

FARMERS' POLITICS IN SCOTLAND.

At the Tarland show dinner Mr. M'Combie, M.P., said :
I am certain every one here has the interest of the tenant-
farmers at heart, and, as I only wish to speak on their behalf,
I am sure that even those gentlemen who are on the oppo-
site side of politics will favour me with a fair bearing. 1
trust it may not be out of place in a meeting of farmers
wliose interests are identical to make a few observations with
regard to the past, and onr present and our future prospects.
In the few observations I sliould wish to make, I will make
no difference as to the Liberal or Conservative interest.
Neitlier shall I speak on any subject that had not the con-
currence of the CouservHtive CHndidates at tiie last election,
and the concurrence of my bonourable opponent at tlie late
contested election in West Aberdeenshire. A great number
of our large landed proprietors supported Mr. Edward Ross,
and are compromised to his utterances. I should be sorry
to say one word as to their consistency, but in speaking a

few words as to our common interests, to which the Con-
servative members pledged themselves at the late election, and
on questions where we all agree, I trust my remarks will not
be offensive to any one. Now it cannot be denied, and it is
deeply to be regretted, that the late Government did less than
nothing for the tenant-farmers. There is no doubt we were
deeply injured, for it was to the Scotch counties they mainly
owed their majority. Now, what was the result ? The
farmers at the late election resented the injustice, turned out
tlie Liberals, and put in the Conservatives. The old Liberal
members of the Scotch and English counties had generally to
give plaje to Conservative candidates. The Conservatives
are now in power, with an everwhelmiog majority at their
backs. How have they redeemed their pledges ? The Scotch
Conservatives who turned out the Liberal members pledged
themselves to repeal the Law of Hypothec, virtually to re-
peal the Game-laws, to give compensation for unexhausted

284

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

improvements, and to abolish the gun and shepherds' dog-tax.
The English farmers were promised repeal of the Malt-tax,
security of tenure, and compensation for improvements. How
have these solemn pledges been fullillpd ? Not one of these
measures has even got a hearing. We have got no redress
for our grievances. But an influential member of the Con-
servative side of the House, professing to be a tenant-farmer
and the tenant-farmer's friend, introduced a bill — the Rabbit
Bill. [ had nearly forgotten about it. It was just a new
Game-law in disguise. The members of his own side of the
House were so much ashamed of it, that after the few re-
marks I made in proposing that the bill be read a second
time that day three months, which was so ably seconded by
my friend Sir George Balfour ; without further discussion the
bill was withdrawn. And this is the only measure that has
been brought before the House by the Conservatives for our
relief. Now, as to Mr. Vans Agnew's Hypothec Bill. From
week to week we found it on the paper, but as the session
advanced it was always further down, and the last time there
were twelve important measures before it. To do Mr. Vans
Agnew justice, 1 do believe he wished to pass his bill, and at
the beginning of the session he had strong hopes of it being
carried, but a great opposition arose against it by a few in-
fluential Conservative members, and their influence prevailed,
and the bill never even got a hearing. I know more about
the postponement of the bill than it would be prudent to
mention. I was deeiily interested on the subject, and I do
not blame Mr. Vans Agnew ; but this I may say, that it was
shelved by a few noisy agitators, who wish to give no con-
cession to the farmers. But the tenant-farmers will continue
to press their tjuestions, and if they are resolute and firm they
will, I feel sure, obtain from the country the justice which is
due to them. The tenant-farmers will, I believe, be offered a
sop, viz., the repeal of the gun-tax and the shepherds' dogs
tax next session. But will the tenant-farmers accept of this
sop ? No. We will only take it as an instalment, but we
will support the repeal of all such obnoxious taxes. The
tenant-farmers were indebted to the right hon. gentleman,
Mr. Lowe, for the gun-tax, the shepherds' dogs-tax, and many
other good actions during his imperious reign. But it is my
belief that, except compelled, the majority of the Government
are not particularly anxious to redress our main grievances.
The truth is we have been completely sold by the late Govern-
ment, and still more egregiously by the present, for they
pledged themselves more deeply than the former. Now I
should wish to put it to the tenant-farmers, " How long are
you disposed to allow the present state of matters to go on ?
Are you to sit down and rest on your oars under such in-
justice staring you in the face? If you do not bring your
members to book during the recess for the gross injustice you
have received at their hands, you are not the men I believe
you to be. You have the matter in your own hands, and you
will have yourselves to blame if you do not assert the influ-
ence of your position." I can safely say, speaking for the
tenant-farmers of Scotland, that if the present Conservative
members don't redeem their pledges — " it is as sure as death "
— that at the first opportunity their services will be dispensed
with. It is but justice to say that the farmers have a few
friends in the Government, but they are puzzled and over-
weighted by other members of the Government, but the great
farce has been principally played out by the wirepullers be-
hind the curtain, who are determined to give no concessions
that they can prevent to the tenant-farmers.

The Marquis of Huntly said the suggestions of Mr.
M'Combie were such as every landlord should take specially to
heart. He wished to say upon his own behalf, and he was
certain on behalf of most of the landlords upon Deeside, that
they would certainly freely give to the tenants the right they
claim, if they would show that they were right. He went a
great length with Mr. M'Combie, and was clearly of opinion
thrt there were some things which the Legislature would do
well to set right. There were gentlemen who differed from
him, and some in a way that sometimes amused him. Of this
stamp was the writer of a letter in the Aberdeen Journal,
signing himself "Donside," who made several pointed references
to himself a splaying off aerated politics in the north. Without
taking further notice of "Donside," he advised him to make
himself master of his subject before he commenced writing about
it. The writer dealt out a good deal of abuse on him (the Mar-
quis) for naming the Enclosure Commissioners as unpractical
people, and was evidently unaware that this present moment

no landlord could move hand or foot without the Enclosure Com-
missioners of the Court of Session. Landed proprietors under
the Law of Entail, who wished to do anything on their
property and to charge the property a reasonable rate for it,
cannot do so without going to the Enclosure Commissioners or
the Court of Session, necessitating a long and expensive process.

At the New Deer cactle show dinner, Provost Leslie, pro-
prietor of Netherrauir, said the constituency of Aberdeenshire
were favoured with two most excellent members, who stood
true to their colours and faithfully performed the promises
which they made. The present company were, doubtless,
better acquainted with Mr. Eordyce than he was, and knew
well the attention he paid to his duties, while his kindness and
urbanity to every one was of the most laudable nature. On
questions affecting agriculture, Mr. Eordyce was in Parliament
always to be found on the side of progress, and the speeches
made and measures produced there spoke more forcibly of his
worth than he could. Mr. M'Combie was a tried man, who
had done very much to raise the character of Agriculture in
Aberdeenshire. His name was not only well-known in this
district, but in England and abroad, as a successful rearer of
cattle, and he had helped more than many to advance
that great interest upon which so much depended
in Aberdeenshire, namely, the rearing of fat stock,
which brought so much revenue into the country. In all Mr.
M'Combie had done he had shown himself to be a good man
and a true. Mr. M'Combie did not speak often, but always
spoke with effect on subjects which he understood, and when
he did speak he was listened to with attention from both sides
of the House.

Mr. FoKDYCE, M.P., spoke in high terras of M'Combie's
worth, both as a Member of Parliament and a colleague. The
past session has been exceeding devoid of interest when looked at
from an agricultural standpoint ; and from his own experience
of the present Parliament, he thought that the tenant farmers
of Scotland had very little to expect from it. They might
possibly find that collie dogs might be exempted from taxation,
and that the occupiers of land would be allowed to destroy wood
pigeons and crows free from the necessity of taking out the
gun licence, but as for any thorough revision of the Game-laws
and land-laws, he feared they would look in vain. For himself
he expected more from the gradual formation of public opinion
and its influences upon the minds of the landowners, apart from
legislation. He had read with great interest the discussion in
the Chamber of Agriculture, and the report upon leases of
Patrick Murray, of Ochtertyre. It seemed to him that the
terms of these leases furnished a good basis for securing the
tenant farmers of Scotland in the benefit of the capital which
they put into the soil, apart from legislation. He was of
opinion that if this suggestion was carried out by the land-
owners, the land question would be practically settled. Unless
the law of entail was abolished such form of lease would be
inoperative in many cases, because many proprietors could not
afford to pay large sums for improvement. He meant, however
always to urge upon the membersof the Government the neces-
sity of having the law of entail abolished. The bill which he
and Mr. M'Combie had brought before Parliament this year
and which, like many more bills, had to be withdrawn, he had
good reason to believe that if it had gone on he would have,
received the support of the majority of the Scotch members.
It seemed surely a reasonable proposition, and very moderate,
that where the tenant had to build additional houses for his
accommodation, if he did not get compensation for them at
the end of the lease, he should be allowed to remove thematerial ;
and that where labourers' cottages did not exist for every
100 acres of land cultivated, and where the tenant supplied the
deficiency, he should be allowed for every cottage found suit-
able by the Sheriff of the county, £100 of compensation.
These propositions were embodied in his bill, and he thought
they were not only fair and just, but very moderate. If any-
one cared to read the evidence of Mr. Caird he would find
that that gentleman was much dissatisfied with the labourers'
cottage accommodation, and brought forward the fact that on
two-thirds of the farms in Scotland the working classes were
living in houses deficient of the requisites of decency and
comfort. Such statements were to a great extent the means
of inducing him to bring in the bill, aud he intended to peg
away at it till he got it carried through. It liad been said
that when bills were first brought into Parliament they were
laughed at, secondly they were abused, and thirdly carried.
He thought his bill had pasBcd the ^rst stage at least.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

285

THE AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS OF
IRELAND, FOR 1874.

To HIS Grace James, the Duke of Abercorn, K.G., Lord
Lieutenant- GENERAL and General Governor of
Ireland.
May it please your Grace, — I had the honour of sub-
mitting, on the 31st ultimo, a return by counties of the
acreage under flax in the years 1873 and 1874, with the num-
ber of scutching mills in 1873. I now beg to submit the
annual general abstracts, which give, as usual, by counties and
provinces, tlie entire area under each description of crop ; also
the total number of liorses, cattle, sheep, and pigs, and tlieir
estimated value. The collection of the Agricultural Statistics,
wiiich commenced on the 1st of June, occupied about two
mouths. Tile enumerators, of whom nearly 3,800 were
employed, were selected from the Royal Irish Constabulary and
Metropolitan Pohce, and, I need scarcely observe, discharged
this duty with their usual efficiency. The various holdings,
which amount in all to about 600,0()0, were visited by them,
and the names of the several parties from whom the particulars
of tillage and live stock for each holding were obtained, are
stated on the returns, with a view to further inquiry in any
case, should it be found necessary. Your Grace is aware that
the information given to the enumerators is altogether volun-
tary ; and I feel assured it will afford pleasure to your Grare
to learn, as, I beg to say, it is most gratifying to have it in my
power to state, that so far as I am informed by the officers
wiio acted as superintendents of districts, the returns have
been collected without difficulty — a fact highly creditable to the
good feeling and intelligence of all ranks and classes connected
with land in this country. In all Irelaud there was this year
only one refusal to give the required information reiiorted by
the enumerators; but on my writing to the party, and sending
him blank forms for tillage and stock, as I have for many years
been in the liabit of doing in similar cases, I in a few days re-
ceived the returns filled up, together with a very courteous
reply. The abstracts have been carefully compiled from sum-
miries made by the enumerators for their respective districts.
They may differ in some degree from the revised figures which
will be hereafter published ; but I do not apprehend that any
clianges of importance will become necessary.

Acres.
The total acreage under all crops this year was 5,267,839
Ditto in 1873 (revised numbers) 5,270,746

Showing a decrease in the extent under crops in

1874of

The crops which increased in extent this year are — ■

Acres. Acres.

Cereals P^''"^"^ ^''^^'^^

*^"^*'' iBereandrye 639;

r Mangel and beet-root 65

J Cabbage 4,930

2,907

21,796

Green crops < ^ ° '""■ j","i""-> '

'^ I Carrots, parsnips, and other 7 q ijL
L green crops ) '

Meadow and clover

8,119
67,835

^otal increase on the foregoing crops 97,750
The crops which decreased in acreage in 1874 are —

Acres. Acres.

rOats 30,786)

Cereals -5 Barley 18,769 [■ 51,026

(.Beans and peas 1,471 J

(■Potatoes 10,841-)

Green crops -J Turnips 14,361 [■ 27,220

(.Vetches and rape 2,0183

Total decrease in the foregoing crops 100,657

Making a net decrease in the area under all crops of 2,907
It appears from the foregoing summaries that, compared
with 1873, wheat shows an increase of 21,157 acres, here and
rye of G39 acres, mangel and beet-root of 65 acres, cabbage
4,930 acres, carrots, parsnips, and other green crops of 3,124
acres, and meadow and clover 67,835 acres.

In oats there is a decrease of 30,786 acres, barley of 18,769
acres, beans and peas of 1,471 acres, potatoes of 10,841 acres,
turnips of 14,361 acres, vetches and rape of 2,018 acres, and
flax of 32,411 acres.

Abstract of Green CROfS.

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Bere and rye...,
Beans and peas.

1873.

Acres.

167,554

1,510,972

230,115

9,224

12,873

1874.

Acres.

188,711

1,480,186

211,346

9,863

11,402

Increase
in 1874.

Acres.
21,157

Decrease
in 1874.

Acres.

30,786
18,769

1,471

Total 1,930,738 11,901,508 — 29,230

Decrease in cereal crops in 1874 29,230 acres

AssTBACT OF Green Crops.

1873.

1874.

Increase
in 1874.

Decrs.
inl874.

Acres.
903,262

347,848

38,231
28,115

31,590
23,417

Acres.

892,421

333,487

38,296
33,045

34,714
21,399

Acres.

65
4,930

3,124

Acres.
10,841

Turnips

14,361

Mangel Wurzel & Beet
Root

Carrots, Parsnips, and

other Green Crops

Vetches and Rape ...

2,018

Total

1,372,463

1,353,362

—

19,101

Decrease in Green Crops 1874

.19,101 Acres.

General Summary of Cereal

AND G

REEN Crops, &c.

Decrease in Cereal Crops

in

1874..

...29,230")

Do.

Green Crops
I'las

do. ..

...19,101 [ 70,742

Do.

in

do. ..

...22,411)

Increase in Meadow and Clover in do

Total decrease in the extent of Land under Crops in 1

... 67,835

874 2,9n,j-

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The acreage under the head of " Bog and "Waste niioccu-
pied," had not any Live Stock on it at the period of the
enumeration.

286

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

The area under the several Crops in each yea- from 1S70
to 1874; inclusive was as under :

Cbops

"Wheat

Oats

Barley

Bere and Rye
Beans and Peas

Potatoes

Tiimips

Mangel and Beet Root

Cabbage

Carrots, Parsnips, and
other Green ( rops..

Vetches and Rape

riax

Meadow and Clover..

277ri 29869 31196 .31590 34711

2790" 31-422 30172 23417 21399

191910 156670 121992| 129297 1068S6

l773Sol ,1829041 1800273: 183 s248 1906083

Returns or Live Stock.

It appears from the following Table that the Returns of
Live Stock for 187-1' when compared with 1873 show a
decrease in the number of Horses of 6,377, in Cattle of
28,989, and in Sheep of 46,907 ; and an increase of Pigs
amounting to 52,040.

The following are the numbers of Live Stock for each year
from 1864 to 1874., inclusive :

Tears.

I No. of I No, of
, horses. \ cattle.

1864 562,158

1865 548,339

1866 535,799

1867 524,180

1863 524,703

1869 528,201

1870 532,657

1871 538,095

1872 540,974

1873 532,447

1874 525,770

Difference in Numbors| Deors
beetwen 1M73 and 1874' 6,67

Incrs.
52,040

The total estimat-rd value of Horses, Cattle, Sheep, and
Pigs this year, is £37,225,887, being a decrease of £228,392
vehen compared with 1873, as appears from the following
Table :

Estimated V.4.lue of Live Stock in Ireland in each Year
from 1864 to 1874, inclusive, calculated according to the
rates assumed by the Census Commiissioners of 1841— viz. :
For Horses, £S each ; Cattle, £6 10s. ; Sheep, 22s. ; and
Pigs, 25s. each. [These rates have been retained since
1841, in order to facilitate a comparison of the value — one
j-ear with another. A per-centage may be added by any
one at pleasure on account of the increased value of live
stock since that period.]

Years.

1861..
1865..
1866..
1867..
1868..
1869..
1870..
1871.,
1872,.
1873,.
1874..

Difference in") !)„„.„„„„
value between } f^l.fl '
1873 and 1874J ^-^-llib

Horses.

£
4497264
4386712
4286392
4193440
4197624
4225608
4261256
4304760
4327792
4259576
4206160

Cattle.

£
21204911
22734062

24350020
4100719
23704174
2426888S
24699428
25846418
2G386081
26956163
26767735

Sheep. Pigs. ^^*^l

Dec.

£188128

£
3703635
4063792
4701710
5319071
5361646
5116314
4770572
4656779
4689579
4932972
4801374

Dec.
£51598

£
1323100
1632441
1871593
1543989
1086972
1352780
1826519
2026779
1735714
1305568
1370618

£
30728910
32817007
35157219
34380416
34380416
34963590
35557775
36834736
37139166
37454279
37225887

Inc. Dec.
£65050 £228392

Scutching Mills.— Tlie number of mills for scutching flax
fn each province, in 1873, was — In Ulster, 1,335 ; Leinster,
29 ; Munster, 33 ; Connaught, 30 .making in all 1,427.

Emigration-. — In the first six months of 1873 the returns
of emigrants from the several ports of Ireland show that
60,140 persons left this country. The number for the same
period in 1874 was 45,781, being a decrease of 14',359 persons
in the first half of this year.

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en

THE FAEMEB'S MAGAZINE.

287

The entire number of emigrants (Irish) from Ireland, from
1st May, 1851 — the period wlien the Enumeration commenced
—to the 30th June last, was 2,298,520, of whom 1,228,863
were males, and 1,069,663 were females.

Laboureks' Dwellings. — It is impossible, both on social
and sanitary grounds, to exaggerate the importance of im-
proving the dwellings of the labouring classes in Ireland ; the
Legislature has enabled the Treasury to grant loans for this
most desirable object through the medium of the Board of
Public Works, Dublin. According to the census of 1871, the
number of fourth-class houses in Ireland, most of which had
only one room for the entire family of every age and sex, was
ascertained to be very considerable, and iu these were living
nearly half a million of persons.

Weeds. — Although very great improvement in the breeds
and value of every description of farm stock has been etfected
in Ireland, it must be admitted that a corresponding improve-
ment has not taken place in the cultivation of the land. On
several occasions I have felt it my duty to solicit public atten-
tion to the incalculable injury arising from the unchecked
growth of weeds which is, unhappily, permitted in almost every
part of the country, and also along the sides of roads, rail-
ways, and canals. On this subject 1 have now given extracts
from former abstracts containing valuable information from the
writings of Sir John Sinclair and other eminent persons, which
I trust will prove useful to those engaged in the cultivation of
land. I have also appended some extracts respecting the vast
injury and great pecuniary loss (estimated at nearly two mil-
lions sterling) caused by weeds in Ireland from that valuable
publication, the " Leisure Hour," iu its number for May and
June of last year, together with two articles on the subject
which appeared in the " Freeman's Journal." At the annual
meeting iu 1872 of the Royal Agricultural Society in Belfast,
the noble President, Lord Lurgan, K.P., referred to " the
necessity of acting on the suggestions thro^'n out in the reports
of the Registrar-General in relation to the extirpation of
weeds. They did a deal of mischief, and he thought they
should carry out the sentence wliich the old Scotch law pro-
nounced, declaring anyone to be a traitor who poisoned the
queen's land with weeds."

I again beg to repeat my respectful acknowledgments to the
landed proprietors, tenant-farmers, the clergy of all denomina-
tions, and to the public press in Ireland, for a continuance of
the same generous and valuable assistance which I have now
for so many years experienced in connexion with these statis-
tics, I have the honour to be your Grace's very faithful
servant, William Donnelly, Registrar-General.

General 'Regisier Office, Cliarlemont House, Bubliii,
Wth August, 187'I.

A HONEY YEAR.— 1874 will be belter for honey than
any of the six preceding years. March and the first half of
April were very unfavourable for bees in this part of the
country ; also the whole of May. This, together with the
weak state of the hives, made swarming late generally. In
June the weather took a more favourable turn for bees, which
have been doing moderately well ever since. From a bee-
keeping point of view, rain is much wanted in this locality ;
we have had one shower only for many months, and that
shower did not penetrate more than three inches deep. Here
we have a thin peaty soil resting on twelve or fifteen feet of
white 5and and gravel. Hence the fields are parched, and
white clover is not yielding honey so pleiitilully as it usually
does in similar hot weather. On heavier land, where clover
is more plentiful, bees are doing better. Still, all are moving
onwards ; swarms are filling their hives, and old stocks that
yielded them are now pretty well filled with honey. We have
turned out a lot of ours from which we get about 201bs. per
hive of excellent honey. Though honey-dew appeared on
sycamore and oak trees, the bees fortunately did not touch it
tnis year. I am encouraged to believe that the honey harvest
will generally be large throughout Great Britain and Ireland.
Apiarians should take notes ol observations and results, and
send them to the editors. The practical work of the bee-
master is now to prevent swarming, by giving his bees room
enough in ekes, supers, and nadirs. — Journal of Horticulture.

THE GEOWTH OF EL AX IN IRELAND.

Return, showing, in Statute Acres, the Extent under Flax
in each County and Province in 1873 and 1874, compiled
from Information obtained by the Royal Irish Constabulary
aud Metropolitan Police, who act as Enumerators ; also the
number of Scutchiui; Mills in each County and Province in
1873.

Counties

AND

Provinces.

Extent of Land
under F'lax.

1873. 1874.

Ulster.

Antrim

Armagh

Cavan

Donegal

Down

Fermanagh ...
Londonderry .,

Monaghan

Tyrone

Acres.

11,749

9,692

7,235

14,496

27,093

3,454

18,709

11,557

19,270

Total of Ulster 123,315

Acres.
9,182
7,907
5,741

11,417

22,367
2,526

17,360
8,691

17,592

102,789

MUNSTEK.

Clare

Cork

Kerry

Limerick

Tipperary

Waterford

Total of Munster..

253

993

296

42

15

3

1,602

267

720

246

41

9

1

1,284

Difference

between

1873 and 1874.

In-

De-

crease.

crease.

Acres.

Acres.

—

2,567
1,785
1,494
3,079
4,726
928

—

1,403
2,866

—

1,678

Decrease, |

20,

526

Number

of
Scutch-
ing
Mills in
1873.

157
123

34
273
249

28
197

65
209

1,335

14 1 —
273
50

Decrease,
318

2

23

2

33

Leinster.

Carlow

Dubhn

Kildare

Kilkenny

King's

Longford

Louth

Meath

Queen's

Westmeath ....

Wexford

Wicklow

Total of Leinster,

6

1

1

1

5

4

30

20

540

379

1,012

588

230

56

1

1

54

43

20

9

—

5

1,905

1,113

1

4
167

424
174

11
11

Decrease,

792

29

Connaugiit.

Galway

Leitriiu

Mayo

Roscommon

Sliso

103

44

59 1

460

382

78

1,132

839

—

293 i

' 272

119

—

153 j

508

316

—

192

Decrease, |

2,475

1700

77

a

30

1874.

Acres.

106,880

1873.

Total Acreage under Flax in Acres.

Ireland in 1873 and 1874 129,297

Total Decrease in 1874 22,411

Total number of Scutching Mills in Ireland in 1873 1,427

288

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

Total Extent of flax grown in Ireland in each of tlie
following years :

Acres.

1S51 14.0,536

]852 137,008

1S.J3 174.579

1854 151,403

1855 97,075

1850 100,311

1857 "J7,7:il

1858 Sn.OlG

1859 130,->8-3

1860 1^8 595

1861 147,957

1862 150,070

Arres.

1863 214,099

1864. 301,693

1865 251,4.33

1866 263,507

1867 253,257

1868 -206,483

1869 229,252

1S70 194,910

1871 156,070

1872 121,992

1873 129,-297

1874 106,886

The foregoing Return — which exhibits a Decrease of 22,4-11
acres in the totnl area under Flax in Ireland in 1874., com-
pared with 1873 — is published, as in previous years, in antici-
pation of the General Abstracts of Tillage and Live Stock. In
the Province of Ulster alone the decrease is 20,526 acres. Of
tlie entire number (1,427) of Scutcliing Mills in 1873, 1,335
were in Ulster, 29 iu Ijcinster, 33 in Munster, and 30 in
Cuunauglit. 1 do not apprehend tliat any important difference
will be found in the acreage under Flax given above, and that
which will appear in the Tables of the General Abstracts,
which are now being compiled, and will soon be published ;
they will aive the acreage under the various crops, and also
the number of Live Stock, by Counties and Provinces.

General Register Office, William Do>'Nelly,

Dublin, 31st July, 187i. Registrar-GeueraL

THE LOCAL AUTHORITY IN SCOTLAND.

A special meeting of tlie Local Authority for Atierdeenshire,
under the (Jontagious Diseases Animals' Act, was held in
Aberdeen, Sheriff Comrie Thomson, presidins^.

Tiie report from the Inspector of the County, with rel"erence
to the present state of pleuro-pneumonia, was read as follows :
Aberdeen, 12th August, 1874.

My Lords and Gentlemen, — Since my last detailed
report on 10th April last, I regret to say that there has been
22 new outbreaks of pleuro-pneumonia. The following are
the particulars of each of these outbreaks, so far as they are
known to me : Pleure-pneumonia was declared to exist
amongst the stock of i\lrs. John Walker, Blackpots, Old Deer,
on the lllh April. The stock consisted of 63 animals, 38 of
which have become affected and been slaughtered. The last
case occurred on 7th July, aud the pi ice has now been cleansed
and disinfected. Mrs. Walker purchase i a lot of Irish cattle
in the.month of January last, aiuj there is little doubt but that
they brought the disease along with them. That a great
number ot the animals on this larm became atfected is to be
attributed to the fact that a severe attack of foot-and-mouth
disease liroke out at the same time ; free communication
beween the byres also assisted to spread the disease. On 28th
April, pleuro-pneumonia was declared to exist amongst a lot
of dairy cows belonging to Alex. Singer, South Denmore, Old-
inachar. Tlie stock consisted ot 14 animah, 12 of which have
become affected and been slaughtered. The last case occurred
on 2ist July. The owner purchased two cows from John
Duncan, cattle salesman, Aberdeen, about the beginning of
April, one of which became alfected first. Pleuro-pneumonia
was declared lo exist at North Murcar, Oldmachar, occupied
by Mrs. Beattie, on 28th April. The stock consisted of 9
animals, 3 of which have been slaughtered. The last case
occured on 16th July. The farm adjoins South Murcar where
disease previously existed, aud unless the animals on the two
places came in contact, the cause of this outbreak is not
apparent. Pleuro-pneumonia was declared to exist amongst
the stock of Robert Wilson, Lethenty, Tullynessle, on 23rd
June. The stock consisted of 43 animals, 8 of which have
become affected and been slaughtered. The last case occurred
on 22nd July. Mr. Wilson purchased some English cattle
from William Gordon, cattle dealer, Aberdeen, on 17th October
last, and disea»e first showed itself in one of them. Pleuro-
pneumonia was declared to exist at Upper Cairntield, Old-
maclier, occupied by William Cruicksliank, on 27tli May. The
whole of the animals (4 in number) have been slaughtered,
and the place thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. The owner
purchased a cow from John Duncan, Aberdeen, on 4lh April,
which became first affected. Pleuro-pueuinonia was declared
to exist amongst a lot of 6 one-year-old Irish stirks belonging
to James Leys, South Meanecht, on 2nd June. Four animals
have become affected, and been slaughtered. The owner
purchased the cattle from John Duncan, Aberdeen, about
20th April, and they no doubt give rise to this out-
break. The last attack occurred on 16th July. James Hay,
Little Ythsie, Tarves, purchased a cow from Wm. Wood,
cattle dealer, Newmachar, on 28ih May, which was killed and
foQud to be affected, on the 3rd June. She had not mixed
with the rest ot the cattle, and no more cases occurred.
Pleuro-pneumonia was declared to exist amongst the stock of
Alexander Murray, Nethermill, Cruden, on ith June. There

were 61 animals on the farm, six of which have been slaugh-
tered. The last attack occurred on 29th June. Mr. Murray
p irchased seven Orkney cattle from John Duncan, Aberdeen,
on 22nd April, and they have been the only animals affected.
Pleuro-pneumonia was declared to exist at Berryliill amongst
a lot of twelve Irish cattle belonging to John Hunter, brewer,
Peterhead, on 9th June. Mr. Hunter purchased the lot in an
Ellon market on 2nd March. They were kept for some time
at his farm of Damhead until put out to grass at Berryhill.
Five of the animals have become affected and been slaughtered.
The last attack occurred on the 11th July. The disease
manifested itself at the same time in a cow belonging
to William Alexander, SpriughiU, Peterhead, which had been
brought from the farm of Damhead on the 28th of May, and
had been in contact with the Irish cattle above alluded to.
No more cases have occurred at Springhill. Pleuro-pneumonia
was declared to exist amongst the stock of Thomas Findlay,
auctioneer and cattle dealer, Peterhead, on the Iltli June.
The owner had placed eight cattle on turnips at the farm of
Annieswells, Old Deer, and had removed them on the 25th
May to a grass field at Little Kirkhill, where they became
affected. Two animals became affected, and have been
slaughtered. The last attack occurred on 18th June. In
consequence of disease appealing amongst Mr. Findlay's
cattle, after having been removed so recently from Annies-
wells, 1 examined the stock on this farm, belonging to John
Mitchell. I made a post-mortem examination of a calf which
had died on the 26th of May, and found undoubted evidence
of the disease. The owner states that he lost two calves in
the end of April, both of which he is now convinced were
atfected with pleuro-pneumonia. Five animals have become
affected, and been slaughtered. The last attack occurred on
7th July. Mr. Mitchell has lost a number of calves at in-
tervals, and these were principally purchased from Mr.
Anderson, Clochcan, Old Deer, who imports large numbers
from the south. There is little doubt but that disease has
been bronglit to this farm by one or other of those imported
calves. Pleuro-pneumonia was declared to exist among the
stock of Charles Watt, Meikle, Balthangie, Monquhitter, on
23rd June. 'I'liere were 28 animals. Five became affected,
and have beeii slaughtered. The last attack occurred on 23rd
July. The owner purchased an ox in Cuminestown fair about
the 30tli April from James Carmichael, cattle dealer, Keith.
It died about the 6tli of June. I examined the lungs, and
found that the ox had been affected with the disease. One of
two cows belonging to William M'William, crofter, Gether-
dams, Tullynessle, became affected on 24th June, and was
slaughtered. The other cow and a calf, being the whole stock
on the croft, remain healthy. The owner, who is grieve to
Robert Wilson, Lethenty, had taken the cow from tliat farm
about six weeks previous to the outbreak. The disease was
declared to exist at Wester Kinglesser, Fraserburgh, occupied
by John Oliphant, on 6th July. The stock consisted of 20
cattle, 4 of which have been slaughtered while suffering from
the disease. The last attack occurred on 1st August. The owner
purchased two cows at a sale of cattle belonging to John Smith,
Fraserburgh, about 20th February ; one of these cows was
the first to become affected. I examined a cow belonging to
George Elmslie, crofter, Hill of Cotburn, Turriff, on the 7th
J uly, found her affected, and ordered her slaughter. James-

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

2S9

Carrnichael, cattle dealer, Keith, sold an ox in a Turriff
market, about 13tli May, to Alex. Thom, crofter, Litterty,
Monquhitter, who resold the animal on tlie 27tli M;ty to
George Elmslie. The auiinal died, but the true nature of tiie
disease was not ascertained till the cow became alFecletl. A
cow, the only animal on the plate, belonging to J.imes
Henry, crofter, Davisliill, Foveran, was found affected on lith
July, and was slaughtered. The cow was purcluised from
William Wood, cattle dealer, Newm^char, on tbe 1st May.
Pleuro-pneuraouia was declared to exist among tbe stock of
Andrew Cowieson, Millseat, King Edward, on tiie 17th July.
He purchased an ox iu a Turriff market about 13lh May,
from James Uarniicliael, cattle dealer, Keith, aud there is
little doubt the ox brougbt tlie disease to this (arm. 'Ibere
were 27 animals on tlie farm, one of vvhicii has become
affected and been slaughtered. Pleuro pneumonia broke out
among the stock of Janins M'Kessor, Percy horuer, Fraser-
burgh, on 18th July. Tlie stock consisted of 25 animals, 4
of which have become affected and been slaughtered. Tbe
owner purchased a cow from John Mowatt, Moss of Carduo,
Fraserburgh, on the 20tli of April. Mowatt was a purchaser
of cattle at the same sale of stock in Fraserburgh, at wbicb Jobu
Oliphant, above mentioned, bought, and it is therefore not
unlikely that the di-ease has been brought to this place by
the cow. Pleuro-pneiimonia was declared to exist at lirae-
side of Kinraundy, Skene, occupied by John Henderson, on
6th August. The stock numbers 3t, one of which has become
affected and been slaughtered. The owner had a calf which
died on loth July, and affected in the lungs. I have not yet
ascertained the cause of this outbreak. I visited Abbotshaugh,
parish of Monquhitter, occupied by Walter Allan, on the 19lh
instant, and found 2 cows affected. One calf, 7 moutiis old,
died about the end of May, and the owner is now convinced
it also was affected with pleuro. I have not ascertained par-
ticulars as to the cause of this outbreak. Yesterday I ex-
amined 12 cattle belonging to James Carrnichael, cattle
dealer, Keith, which are iu one of tiie Castle Parks at
Huntley, aud found one of them affected witii pleuro. The
owner had removed the animals about the middle of May from
the farm of Colleouard, Banffshire, where disease was after-
wards found to exist. 1 have before reported that I consider
30 days after the last case too limited a period during which
an infected place should be under tiie restrictions of the Act.
And you have more than once memorialised the Privy
Council on the subject. I am still convinced that a con-
siderable extension of the period is absolutely necessary before
we can effectually deal with the disease ; aud I hope you will
again urge upon the Privy Council tbe expediency of in-
creasing it to 60 days at least. In many cases I find that
cattle have been removed from an infected place shortly before
the declaration of disease. I am of opinion that Local
Authorities should be authorised, if the removal has taken
place within 30 days prior to the discovery of disease, to put
the places to which cattle have been removed also under
restrictions,

I am, my lords and gentleman, your obedient servant,

James Thomson.

The following communication from the Clerk to tiie Banff-
shire Local Authority was read : In consequence of
the prevalence of pleuro - pneumonia in this county,
the Local Authority under the Contagious Diseases (Animals)
Act, 1869, met and passed an order prohibiting the
holding of cattle markets within the county for the next
month. And I was instructed to forward a copy thereof to
you, in the hope that your Local Authority would issue an
order to prohibit the holding cattle markets at TurrilF, as
disease exists in that district. I send herewith a print of the
order. I also, by desire of the meeting, send you a copy of
the memorial to the Privy Council, which explains itself; and
will be glad to know if the Local Authority of your county
will make any representation.

Mr. Thomson, the Inspector, at the request of the Chair-
man, gave his opinion on the question of whether it was of
much practical use to stop the cattle markets. As long as the
sales of dealers were allowed to go on he did not see that tlie
suspension of the ordinary markets would produce much good
in the way of stopping the spread of the disease. It was well
known that it was at these sales and auctions that the disease
was spread, where parties could easily get their beasts put up
for sale without their own names becoming known as the
sellers.

Mr. Barclay, M.P. : I am sure we all sympathise very
much with the Local Authority of Baaffahire in their anxiety
to take measures to limit and exterminate pleuro-pneumonia,
which, I believe, in certain respects, is a more troublesome and
dangerous disease to deal with than cattle plague. We are all
very gl:id to see the vigilance wbicb is beiug exercised by the
people in Banffshire, for, alihough they have always been ready
to deal vigorously in checking the disease, as much cannot be
said for other Local Authorities elsewhere. We are also all
very anxious, 1 am sure, as well on our own behalf as that
of the people of Banffshire, to take any measure which pro-
mises to be effective in preventing the spread of disease ; but
I think it incumbeat upon us, before taking steps which v»'ill
certainly give inconvenience lo many, to satisfy ours;dves that
the restrictions contemplated will really liave a tendency, or
are calculated to produce results preventing tbe spread of tiie
disease. Iu our experience in Aberdeenshire, we have found,
and I think the Inspector will bear me out in saying so, that
the disease has been introduced into aud spread in the county,
not so much by local markets as by English or Irish cattle in-
troduced directly to the county, or by tlie public sales of
dealers which periodically take place iu various districts. No
doubt cattle imported into the county are exposed in the local
markets, but to prevent the holding of these markets would be
to encourage these local dealers' sales, which have been the
great meaus of spreading the disease in this county. Were
this a proposal to prohibit the import of cattle from the south
— say Irish and English cattle — I am quite of opinioa that such
a measure would have great effect, coupled with a vigorous
treatment of the existing cases within the county, in extermi-
nating the disease, but 1 do not say that, looking to the very
serious inconveniences that would arise, I am prepared to
advocate or support such a proposal. Before the House of
Commons' Committee last year, it was conclusively proved
that pleuro-pneumonia could not be corarauuicated by any
external matter ; that attempts to communicate the disease
from one animal to another by inoculating with
diseased lung — by introducing parts of the diseased
lung into tbe nostrils — or by any other extreme m a-
sures that could be [devised, had entirely failed. The only
exception was the evidence of Mr. Gamgee, who stated that in
one case he had succeeded in communicating the disease. But
the Committee from the evidence laid before them by all the
leading authorities arrived at the conclusion, without any
doubt, that pleuro-pneumonia could only be communicated by
the live animal to the live animal, and with the death of an
animal affected with pleuro-pneumonia all risk ot infection
ceased. If, therefore, the Local Authority in Banffshire took
care — and I have no doubt they will take care — to prevent
animals beiug removed from farms where disease exists, that is,
with the present powers which Local Authorities possessed,
the only really effective measure which could be adopted. But
I do not believe that the stoppage of the markets would pro-
duce any material result in the direction they hope, and would
cause very serious inconvenience, not only lo the cattle trade,
but to other agricultural business. I think ii would be unfor-
tunate to cause inconvenience unless there was reason to be-
lieve that advantages would arise from the restrictions, because
when the county was subjected to restrictions which were ot no
use, it made people impatient and unwilling to submit to such
restrictions as the Local Authority might af erwards come to
see would really be of benefit, aud likely to prevent the further
spread of the disease. I therefore propose that we should
express our regret that we cannot comply with the request of
the Local Authority for Banffshire, and that we do not see it
expedient at preseut to prohibit Turritf markets.

Mr. H. L. L. Morrison, of Blair, seconded.

The Chairman concurred entirely with what Mr. Barclay
had said in regard to the matter. The Banffshire Local Au-
thority had ever since the Act bad been passed, been anxious
to carry it out, and they had never had to complain of that
Local Authority, as they had of others. He therefore came
to the consitleration of this memorial with the feeling that un-
less some good reason could be shown to the contrary they
should accede to the suggestions it contained, and adopt the
course they had taken in Banffshire. Although he had not
the practical knowledge of some on this question, yet his own
observation — and he had made it his business to observe the
matter closely — concurred with the views of the inspector and
Mr. Barclay, and he believed they need not at present take

290

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the very strong step of putting a stop to tlie ordinary local
cattle markets.

The motion proposed by Mr. Barclay was agreed to.

The Chairman drew attention to the reference in the me-
morial from Banffshire, and in their own report, of the exten-
sion of time from thirty days to sixty or ninety days. He had
no hesitation in saying tliat they entirely concurred with the
views of tlie Banffshire Local Authority on tliat subject. The
Aberdeenshire Local Authority had for years repeatedly memo-
rialised the Privy Council on the subject, and tliey could have
no hesitation now in expressing concurrence with tlie Banff-
shire Local Authority ; at the same time, liowever, bearing in
mind tliat it was the House of Commons and the Government
thay had to memorialise, and not the Privy Council, as tlie
point involved an alteration in the Act of Parliament, and not
a mere Order in Council.

Mr. Barclay : It occurs to me that the most direct way
for the people of Banffshire to give effect to their views on the
amendment of cattle lejjislation would be to submit their sug-
gestion to the Duke of Richmond, who is a large landed pro-
prietor in the county, and who is at the head of the veterinary
department of the Government. Formerly the Vice-President
of the Council, Mr. Forstei, had charge of tliis department, but
when the subject was before the House of Commons, Lord
Sandon, the present Vice-President of the Council, informed
me that he did not know anything regarding the veterinary
department, wliich the Duke of Richmond had taken under
his control. If the local authority for Banffshire then can
satisfy the Duke of Eichmond as to the expediency of the
change they suggest, that will be the direct way to the
amendment of the law, for the Government would doubtless

give effect to and support any measure which the Duke would
recommend in a department under his own charge ; and as
regards the proposal to extend the period from thirty to sixty
days during which cattle should not be removed from a
place where pleuro-pneumonia existed, the committee of the
House of Commons was unanimous in recommending that
ciiange.

On the suggestion of the chairman, a committee was ap-
poiiiled, consisting of the following gentlemen: Colonel Innes
ofLearney; Mr. Barclay, M. P.; Mr. Cochrane, Little Haddo ;
Mr. M'Combie, M.L". ; and Mr. Scott, Glendronach ; and
Sheriff Tliomson, to confer with the committees that might be
appointed by the counties of Banff and Moray, for the purpose
of making representations to the Duke of Richmond by depu-
tation and otherwise.

A communication from the Elginshire local authority, in re-
ference to a letter fro;n the Queen's Remembrancer, requesting
that payment be made of a moiety of the penalties that liad been
recovered in prosecutions under the Contagious Diseases
(Animals) Act, 1869, was read. The chairman pointed out
that, according to this Act, one-half of the penalties recovered
fell to the Crown, but hitherto this had not been paid. The
Elginshire authority wished them to join in a representation that
this claim might be departed from, as the counties had been
at considerable expense with regard to the matter, and to tliis
suggestion lie supposed there would be no ohjeciion. From
their own accounts, it appeared that £155 had been paid for
the prosecutions, and only £61 penalties recovered. It was
agreed to concur with the Elginshire authority in any action
they might take on the matter.

SCOTCH GAME CASE.

Tn the Justice of Peace Court at Forfar — Bailie Grant
on the bench — the case of Major Lyon, of Ballintore,
Forfarshire, against James M'Nicoll, jun., farmer. Wester
Ballintore, was disposed of. The question involved was,
whether the son of a tenant-farmer can go upon the uncul-
tivated portion of the land of which his lather has the
right of pasturage and shoot rabbits.

Wra. Lindsay, gamekeeper, Ballintore, said, on evidence,
that three or four years ago respondent commenced to shoot
rabbits, and three years ago went on to the muir. Latterly he
went to the hill pasture. Witness found respondent's son
there, with his gun and dog, and often remonstrated with him
for disturbing the game. On 17th July last saw him on the
hill in question, which did not form part of the arable land.
There were rabbits there. He tired several shots. There
were also hares and grouse there. He killed two rabbits.
He did not see the dog on the first occasion. When witness
remonstrated with him he said he was ordered to shoot rabbits
by his father. His dog disturbed the game. There was a
fence across the hill for the benefit of the tenant. William
Dunn, game watcher, Ballintore, corroborated.

James M'Nicol, farmer, Ballintore, said his son was em-
ployed on the farm and managed it for him. He looked after
the sheep on the hill. The rabbits had increased greatly since
Mr. Austin became tenant of the shootings. Witness found
it necessary to keep them down for the protection of his
crops, and furnished his son with a gun licence lor that pur-
pose. His crops had been injured by the rabbits. They sel-
dom saw any grouse on the ridge between the pasture and the
arable land.

David Clarke, farmer, Clintlaw, Airlie, said the rabbits
appeared to have damaged the crops to a greater extent than
he had ever seen.

Peter Smith, Easter Coul, said the rabbits had increased to
a great est«nt since Mr. Austin became tenant of the shoot-
ings.

Mr. Anderson, for the petitioner, maintaioed that, though
it had been held by a narrow majority of the Court that a
tenant cannot be said to trespass on his own farm yet that the
son or brother of a tenant can be said to trespass in exactly
the same way as it had been held that a farm-servant may be
guilty of trespassing on the farm on which he is a servant,
because he trespassed in pursuit of game. The tenant's copy

of the lease was put in process, but Mr. Anderson, for the
petitioner, held that that was not sufiicient. However, even if
it were sufiicient, he maintained that he was entitled to a
conviction in respect the tenant's right to the ground on which
the trespass was alleged to have taken place was restricted to
pasturage, the reason being, he understood, that the rent pay-
able for the pasturage was so small compared with that given
for the right of shooting. He had proved that the trespass
took place not on the arable land, but on the pasturage.

Mr. Thornton, for respondent, maintained that, it had no''
been proved that the respondent shot at hares or grouse or
other game. The point, therefore, was whether the tenant
had a right to shoot rabbits. Now, rabbits were not reserved
in the lease, and he quoted cases to show that an agricultural
tenant was entitled to shoot rabbits if they were not reserved
iu the lease, and in this case the reservation in the lease was
game only. This was the usual way in which farms were let,
and the respondent was as much tenant of the hill as of the
other portion ot the farm. Were this low-lying country in-
stead of hill, it would have been let as an agricultural subject.
The hill could not be ploughed. 1 hen a neighbouring farmer
had told the Court that at the sheep-clipping, before there was
any word of this action, the respondent had said that his rea-
son for not trapping instead of shooting the rabbits was that
he did not want to trap hares. This prosecution had been
brought because, the year being so bad for grouse, the tenant
of the shootings, Mr. Austin, wanted to get as much as pos-
sible out of the land.

The Justice, in giving judgment, said : It is not proved here
that the respondent was in search of anything else than rab-
bits. There is no evidence to that effect. In point of fact,
the gamekeeper spoke to the fact distinctly that he was only
killing rabbits, and nothing else, and as they are vermin I hold
it proved that he had authority from his lather to kill them,
and that his father had the right to grant him that authority,
and he had an equal right to act upon it. I shall find that
rabbits are vermin, that his father was tenant, and that he
granted the right to his son, and dismiss the complaint. This
finding does not in the slightest degree touch the civil case.

Mr. Thornton : I move for expenses in this case.

The Justice : Of course.

Mr. Anderson : I shall intimate an appeal in the usual way

The expenses amounted to £3 7s. 6d.

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

291

MANCHESTER.

To Manchester belongs the honour of having formed
a distinctive school of public men in the Free Trade
struggle; but Reform preceded, and vias, indeed, the
necessary forerunner of Free Trade. Like Birmingham,
Leeds, and other large centres of industry, Manchester had
been unrepresented in the House of Commons. The member
given by Cromwell was of course taken away after the
Restoration. The French War resulted in dear food, heavy
taxes, and distress. The colliers dragged two cart-loads of
coal from Bilston to Carlton House, the residence of the
Prince Regent, in the hope that if they could bring their
sufferings and want visibly before the actual head of tlie State
lie might put an end to tliem. A similar fancy took possession
of the poor workmen of Manchester. In 1819, a year of
fearful distress, they proposed to March to London and lay
their complaints before the Regent. They proposed, of course,
to walk all the way, to sleep under hedges or in barns at night,
and the poor simple souls had provided themselves with
blankets for that purpose. They were rather roughly treated
by the not over-scrupulous authorities of the time. These
eloquent though almost speechless proclaimers of the people's
miseries were dispersed, imprisoned, and never allowed to
reach the august presence of him whom they fondly hoped to
move by their tale of woe. The remedy in which the people
believed was Parliamentary Reform. Early in this memorable
year of 1819 a great meeting was held at Manchester, and
again the people resolved not to apply to Parliament but
directly to the Prince Regent. Their profound disbelief in the
want of sympathy between the Legislature and the people led
to this infatuation. The year was destined not to pass with-
out making wider the gulf between the rulers and the ruled,
and the hatred of class against class, whicli had recently been
of a grievously quick growth, was intensified by the shedding
of innocent blood. This was the Peterloo massacre. Tlie
Government had published proclamations against " seditious
meetings." The two " legislatorial attorneys and representa-
tives for Birmingham" had been elected, and a proclamation
against mock elections had also been issued. Nevertheless it
was determined to hold a meeting in Manchester to petition
the House of Commons for a reform of Parliament and the
repeal of the Corn-laws. August 16 was the day fixed for the
meeting, and a field near St. Peter's Church, called St. Peter's
Field, the place. The | people were assembled — 60,000 in
number — and the chairman, " Orator Hunt," was addressing
them, when they were attacked by a body of yeomanry, who
killed eight persons and wounded about 600 in the attempt
to disperse the meeting and arrest its chairman. This attack
of the yeomanry on the people has inspired several local
ballads. I quote a verse from one of these broadsides as a
specimen of the popular political muse of tlie time :

Mr. Himtneawcoom forrard an' spoke a few words,
When the Peterloo cut-my-throats shaken'd th' swords ;
Aw thort sure enoof they were running ther rigs,
Till aw seed mom nor twenty lay bleeding like pigs.

From this time the people of Manchester became bitterly
earnest supporters of Parliamentary Reform, and when the
time came rendered effective help in carrying the bill. It
was here that in 1833, on the last defeat of the bill by the
Lords, the advice was first given to " go for gold and stop
the Duke." That tliis advice was given in earnest and with
the intention of carrying it out to the fullest is proved by tiie
fact that there was a run on the Manchester savings-banks,
and no fewer than 620 depositors gave notice of withdrawals
to the amount of upwards of £16,000. In a few graphic
sentences Lord Macaulay has described the Manchester of
1685, when its popnlatiou was under six thousand people. The
Rev. W. N. Moleswortii says that iu 1830 " it was a political
cypher, unrepresented ia Parliament, and having the municipal
institutions of a village." By 1846 it had grown to be "the
metropolis of a great part of the northern and midland coun-
ties, and was more especially the centre of a district which was
regarded as one that was emerging from barbarism, the in-
habitants of which still used an uncouth dialect which pro-
voked the derision of their southern countrymen, and which
was chiefly known by its smoking chimneys, its perpetual

rains, the length and severity of its winter, its almost sunless
summer, as well as by a hiwless turbulence which embarrassed
the Governmeut, perplexed the Legislature, and dismayed the
inhabitants of the more favoured parts of the kingdom." But
the day of Manchester's poli'ical greatness was approaching.
The inventions of Arkwright and the application of steam had
developed her old cotton trade into one of the most thriving
industries of the kingdom. The passing of the Reform Bill
gave two members to the constituency, and hastened ou the
agitation for the repeal of the Corn-Laws— an agitation which
was organised and conducted mainly by Manchester men, and
carried to a successful issue by Manchester influence. Free
Trade had its birth and growth in this grtat town, and its
victories are due to the skill, the indomitable energy, and the
irresistible logic of the Manchester School. The first mem-
bers returued for Manchester were Poulett Thompson, " after-
wards Lord Sydenham, who at that time was the most con-
spicuous Free Trader in the kingdom, and Mr. Mark Phillips,
well known as an ardent radical and a zealous Free Trader."
Public opinion in the great towns was being educated by the
teachings of these early advocates, by the stirring poems of
Ebenezer Elliot, and by those still more effectual tutors —
bad trade, low wages, high taxes, and empty stomaehs.
Manchester was by situation and by condition of the people
admirably fitted to conduct such an agitation. She was tlie
active and industrious centre of the rapidly increasing cotton
trade, a trade largely depending on foreign markets, and the
great mill owners and manufacturers found their energies
crippled, their skill baffled, their resources jeopardised, and
the industry and skill of their workpeople rendered of little
avail by the influence of the Corn-Laws and the prevalence of
projection. It was a question of life and death to the manu-
facturing interests, who entered on their Free Trade crusade
with all the resolute calmness and unflinching courage of men
wiio had calculated the strength of the enemy's entrenchments
and were resolved to carry the position. The struggle cost ten
years of sharp and unceasing agitation. Tlie first Anti-Corn
Law Association was organised in London in the year 1836,
but it did little work, had comparatively no influence, and
speedily died of inanition. It was in 1838 that the agitation
became powerful, and it was then that an association was
formed which whs not dissolved until the work was done. The
Anti-Corn Law League was founded in Manchester. When
the time was ripe the man was ready. Richard Cobden came
to the front, and with him were associated a bold array of
able and earnest lieutenants : Poulett Thompson, Mark
Phillips, Dr. Bowring, J.B.Smith, Milner Gibson, George
Wilson, C. P. Villiers, and John Briglit. Cobden and Bright
were the Achates of the agitation. They were iu some re-
spects the antitheses of each other. Cobden was calm, logical,
unimpulsive ; strong in reasoning, powerful in figures, a perfect
master of the subject, he exercised an enormous influence over
hearers and readers. Bright was fervid, eloquent, " terribly
in earaest," and denunciatory. The difiiculties were increased
by the course taken by a large portion of the working classes.
The time of the Corn Law League was also the period of the
Chartist agitation, and Feargus O'Connor and his forces were
arrayed against those led by Ricliard Cobden. Free Trade
meetings were disturbed by Chartists. Ameudraents were
proposed, although rarely, if ever, carried ; and the battle of
Protection was fought by Protection's own victims. Tlie
Chartists contended that the shortest way to repeal the Corn-
Laws was to pass the Charter. Yet the corn laws were re-
pealed twenty-five years ago by the unreformed Parliraent,
the Charter is not yet the law of the land, and the second
Household Suffrage Parliament is governed by the old Protec-
tionist party. For six years the Anti-Corn Law League
worked unceasingly. The Leaguers built a Free Trade Hall
in Mancliester, and when that was burnt down they erected
another : " the largest room available" for such purposes " in
the kingdom." Bazaars were held in support of the League,
and at one of these the money realised amounted to £25,000.
The money raised for this agitation was enormous. In a
speech at Coveut Garden Theatre on February I9th, 1845,
Mr. Bright said : " In tlie year 1839 we first asked for sub-
scriptions, and £5,000 was given. In 1840 we asked for

292

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

more, and between £7,000 and £8,000 was subscribed. In
18il we held the great conference at Manchester, at which
upwards of 700 ministers attended. In 1812 we had our
great bazaar in Manchester, from which £10,000 was reahsed.
In 18i3 we asked for £50,000, and got it. In 184i we
called for £100,000, and between £80,000 and £90,000 has
been paid in, besides what will be received from the bazaar
to be held in May. This year is yet younp:, but we have
not been idle. We have asked our Free Trade friends in
the northern counties to convert some of their property, so as
to be able to defend tlieir rights, and properties at the hust-
ings. This has been done, and it now appears that, at the
recommendation of the Council of the League, our friends in
Lancashire, Cheshire, and Yorkshire have invested a sum of
not less than £250,000 in the purchase of county qualifica-
tions." But this was not enough. Another appeal was made
to the Manchester free-traders. A meeting was held at the
League offices on December 13, 18i5, of seventy of the largest
subscribers to the funds, and it was resolved to make appeal
for £250,000. Another meeting for this purpose was held on
the 23rd, at which in an hour and a-half upwards of sixty
thousand pounds was subscribed. Such is provincial public
spirit in England. London was little more tlian a spectator
of this stupendous agitation. Manchester was the political
capital for the time. Free-traders throughout the land fixed
their eyes on Manchester and from Manchester took their cue.
To the great cotton capital belong the chief honours of the
campaign and the victory. Manchester converted Sir Robert
Peel and the Duke of WeUington from the old dogma of Pro-
tection to the new creed of free-trade. The town, which was
unrepresented in the House of Commons in 1830, in 1846
dictated to the British Parliament a policy which is revolu-
tionising the commerce of the world. The bill was adopted
by the House of Lords on the 25th of June, and on the 2nd
of July the League was dissolved. Its last acts were to vote
£10,000 to its chairman, Mr. Geo. Wilson, and to take steps to
raise a fund sufficient to enable Mr. Cobdeu to devote himself
to the public service. The public influence of Manchester
culminated for the time in the success of this famous agita-
tion. To-day the " Manchester School" is a phrase of his-
tory and not of current politics. But its work did not quite
cease in 1846. The Manchester School was inspired by two
leading principles ; Free-trade and non-intervention in foreign
affairs. Non-intervention is not now the badge of a political
section or the motto of an agitation ; but tl e theory has had
an immense influence on British statesmanship, and Man-
chester may fairly lay claim to much of the houour of such
incidents as the Geneva Arbitration and the Frencli Treaty.
But if non-intervention has set its mark pretty deeply on
Bntish Imperial policy, as a banner of agitation it almost
extinguished the " Manchester School." Cobden defeated
Lord Palmerston in 1857 on the Chinese question, but it was
upon our policy in the Crimea rather than upon our acts iu
China that iu the general election which followed the Man-
chester School was defeated along the whole line. Cobden
lost his seat, and Manchester rejected both John Bright and
Milner Gibson by large majorities. But the decadence of the
direct influence of the Manchester School is not a measure of
the fall of the city's political influence. The school dies, but
Manchester lives, and presently, when the time comes for
understanding the political developments through which we
are now passing, it will perhaps be seen that the great town
which was once the capital of the free-trade movement became
the real centre of that " Conservative Reaction" which has
had almost as potent an influence upon a ];eriod of Parlia-
mentary history as had the Anti-Corn Law League of thirty
years ago. It must not be forgoUen tliat the Manchester
School, or rather the great body of politicians identified with
it, were early leaders in the agitation for national education.
In 1849 the Lancashire Public School Association was formed
for the purpose of obtaining a system of national education
very like that now advocated by the League. In October,
1850, a conference on the subject was held at Manchester, at
which it was resolved " Tliat the Lancashire Public School
Association be resolved into a society to be called the National
Public School Association, for the establishment by law in
England and Wales of a general system of secular instruction,
to be maintained by local rates and under the management of
local authorities specially elected by the ratepayers." Mr,
Cobden was one of the most earnest supporters of this asso-
ciation, and at a public meeting of the National Association

held also in Manchester on January 23, 1851, he moved a
resolution and made one of his best speeches in support of
the system proposed. The labours of this society prepared
the way for future action on the education question ; and al-
tliou;<h it failed in its direct object, it materially helped to
form a healthy public opinion, to remove many prejudices,
and to disseminate a large amount of information which has
since been used with much practical effect. When this asso-
ciation failed it was speodily followed by the formation of an
Eilucation Aid Society, whose objects were to gather statistics,
to create a demand for education, to inform and direct public
opinion, and to pay the scliool fees, either in whole or part, of
indigent parents. So useful was this society and so thoroughly
praiseworthy its work that similar societies were formed in
otlier large towns, and thus the way was prepared for the
Government to deal with elementary education as a
national question. In the formation of tlie National
Education League Manchester took au early and somewhat
influential part ; but subsequently, in accordance with that
turn of the great cotton capital towards Conservative
reaction whicii began with the Crimean War and was
strengthened by the course of the American War of Secession
and its influence on Manchester manufacture, the chief educa-
tional influeuce of Manchester has been thrown into the scale
of the rival society, the National Education Union, which has
its liead-quarters in that city. In fact, at the present moment
Manchester is the greatest opponent of the doctrines of the
National Education League ; and if it is with any propriety
that this last society is called the " Birmingham League" its
formidable antagonist may with equal truth be described as
the " Manchester Union." The town that accomplished free
trade has done more than any other place in the country to
prevent the repeal of the Twenty-fifth Section of the Educa-
tion Act and to defend the denominational system of education
from i's enemies. The triumphs of Manchester are of various
sorts, but they are triumphs none the less ; and none can call
in question the great influence of the famous metropolis of the
North any more to-day than iu 1846. In local matters the
public spirit of Manchester has rarely been equalled and never
surpassed. The wealthy have never failed in their duty.
The public buildings which adorn the city are among
the finest and most costly of modern structures. The
Assize Courts, the Exchange, the new Free-Trade Hall, and
the Town Hall are splendid examples of their kind. The
charities are numerous, extensive, and munificently supported.
Including the Peel Park at Salford, which is really a Man-
chester institution, there are four free parks, three of whicli
were purchased by public subscription. To Manchester belongs
the honour of establishing the first free library, in 1852, thanks
to the unceasing exertions of Sir John Patlen and Dr. John
Watts. There are now one splendid Reference and six district
Lending Libraries, each with a news-room attached. From
the last published report (the twenty-first) I find that during
the year 1872-3 '• 609,462 volumes were issued for home
reading, 149,692 volumes were used by 137,728 readers in the
branch reading-rooms, 92,852 voluraas and 91,702 specifications
of patents were issued in tlie principal or Reference Library to
54,172 and 984 readers respectively, being in the aggregate
943,708 issnes to 703,300 readers." It is also stated that
1,741,960 persons have used the reading-rooms. "This, added
to the number of borrowers and readers, makes an aggregate of
2,501,564 persons who have availed themselves of tiie free
libraries" in one year. Every reader will remember the mag-
nificent Art Treasures Exhibition which was opened in Man-
chester in 1857. In 1847 the town was created a see, and the
Rev. Dr. James Prince Lee, then Head Master of King Edward
VI.'s Free Grammar School at Birmingham, was appointed the
first bishop ; the second is the already famous Dr. Eraser. In
the words ot Mr. Disraeli, " What art was to the ancient world
science is to the modern — the distinctive faculty. In the minds
of men the useful has succeeded to the beautiful. Instead of
the City of the Violet Crown, a Lancashire village has expanded
into a mighty region of factories and warehouses. Yet, rightly
understood, Manchester is as great a human exploit as Athens."
It is, no doubt, to the doctrine of non-intervention, which was
so conspicuous an article of the political creed d the Manches-
ter School under Mr. Cobden's leadership, that is due in a great
measure the change which has come over the course of
Manchester politics. Free trade was thirty-five years ago a
thing capable of realisation in the immediate future ; non-
intervention was a much more remote possibility. We are not

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293

yet ?o civilised as to listen with cool blood to the trumpet of
battle. The Crimean War was one of the turning points in
the history of Manchester influence, and the doctors of univer-
sal peace came for the time to be regarded less as politicians
than as prophets of the time foreshadowed by the poet —

When the war-drum throbs no longer, and the battle-flags

are furled
In the Parliament of man, the federation of the world.

There are other causes, however, for the more recent relations
of Manchester towards the policy and proo;res3 of the nation.
Apart from the Corn-laws, free trade was looked upon by the
body of the working clnss rather as a manufacturer's than as a
workman's question. No sooner was the Act passed abolishing
the duty on corn than other social questions arose, in dis-
cussing which the Manchester School, true to its particular
principles of political economy, was placed in direct antago-
nism to the tolerably well-understood wishes and wants of the
working classes. They opposed all factory legislation, and in
opposing the Factory Acts they committed apolitical blunder,
from the effects of which they have never yet recovered. The
Protectionists, smarting under their recent defeat, supported
Mr. Fielden's Bill for shortening the hours of labour in fac-
tories. The Manchester School opposed these measures. This
was free trade with a vengeance, and Manchester was defeated,
and the School lost its hold upon the sympathies of the working
classes. The great body of the people in Manchester are
divided into two classes — the wealthy mill-owners and the
operatives who depend upon their daily work for their daily
bread. It is almost impossible to avoid a certain lack of social
sympathy between the two classes. They are too widely
separated from each other in habits, tastes, manners, modes of

thought, and ways of living to produce that harmonious and
organic whole which is requiied for joint action or for a deeply
sympathetic pursuit of a common object and end. In this
respect Mancliester is in curious and not advantageous contrast
with Birmingham. In the Midland capital, in consequence of
the vast variety of industries and the small amount of capital
needed to begin business in so many of tliem, the wealth of
the place is more equally divided among its people, and there
is consequently a closer union ot interests, of tastes, and of
common fellowship than perhaps under the circumstances is
possible in Manchester. In Birmingham there are fewer
millionaires and more well-to-do people in proportion to the
population than in any other large town in the kingdom ; in
Manchester the case is reversed. Nevertheless in a city of
upwards of half a million inhabitants, of almost exhaustless
wealth, of great public spirit, of trained skill, of quick prac-
tical intelligence, the centre of one of the most important of
the industries of the kingdom, it will always be comparatively
easy so to awaken public interest and to excite public opinion
as to give the city a powerful and for a time even a paramount
influence in public atfairs. That influence is less conspicuous
to-day than at certain past periods in our political history. Tlie
school of politicians bearing the city's name on its banner,
which passed laws and overturned ministries, has for all prac-
tical purposes ceased to exist. The work which has been done
remains a great work in history ; it has enriched our Statute
Book, benefited the country, and earned and well deserved the
thanks and gratitude of the nation ; but the school is dead and
its influence is gone, even before the departure of all those
who took part in its creation. For such a city probably is
reserved other and even nobler work in the future. — The
GenilemaiCs Magazine.

THE ADULTERATION COMMITTEE REPORT.

The report of the select committee appointed to
inquire into the operation of the Adulteration of Food
Act, 1872, runs thus :

Your committee having held 14< meetings, and examined 57
witnesses, have arrived at the unanimous conclusion that
the Act has done much good. It ha8,at the same time,
inflicted considerable injury, and imposed heavy and undeserved
penalties upon some respectable tradesmen. This appears to
have been owing mainly to the want of a clear understanding
as to what does and what does not constitute adulteration ;
and in some cases to the conflicting decision and inrxperience
of the analysts. Your committee, however, are of opinion
that the Act itself is defective, and needs amendment.

Tea. — Tt appears that, since the report of 1856, certain
grossly prepared teas have been imported from China, some
being largely mixed with exhausted leaves and ferruginous
sand, and others much too highly faced or coloured ; the in-
gredients used for colouring being chiefly Prussian blue or
indigo, powered gypsum, and turmeric ; but the total amount
of such teas has been small, aud is kept in check mainly by
the low price of pure teas. The import of green teas has
recently fallen considerably, in consequence, it is stated, of the
operation of the act. Facing tea after the
duty is paid was, prior to the Act of 1872,
practised to a small extent in this country ; but
whether in China or at home, the evidence is conclusive that
in colouring tea no deleterious matter is used to such an extent
as to be absolutely injurious to health ; at the same time
facing may be employed to conceal tea of a bad quality. Your
committee have reason to believe that very little adulteration
of tea is practised in this country. They would further
observe that defacing tea, or removing artificial colour, seems
now much more common, but this process does not appear to
extract the ingredients which form the base of the colouring
matter ; it simply removes the colour, leaving all the other
materials on the tea. It is proved that the bright green teas
of China are always faced, and that the natural green teas of
Japan, India, &c., are frequently of a colour hardly distinuish-
able from some qualities of black tea. While condemning the
practice of highly facing tea, your committee cannot rocom-
mend that fairly faced green tea should be condemned as an
adulterated article. Suggestions have been made that a certain
percentage should be allowed for colouring matters and other

impurities in tea. But your committee consider that the
limitation to a very small per-centage of foreign matter would
exclude from the country some wholesome low-priced teas, which
are largely consumed by the poor, and if a less stringent limit
were adopted, it might have the effect of increasing the
amount of facing laid upon the better descriptions of green
teas. The Act has borne with considerable hardship upon the
retail grocers, among others, from the following causes : — The
evidence and samples being, in the first instance, entirely iu
the hands of the prosecution ; the defendant being incapa-
citated as a witness ; the sole employment of analysts, to the
exclusion of practical judges of the article ; the differences
among analysts, and the magisterial decisions thereon ; and
the recent judgment of the Court of Queen's Bench, that
under this Act the faced tea known as green tea is adulter-
ated ; but more esperially that the alleged adulteration has
taken place before the tea reached the retailer, and that he is
not responsible for the frauds and tricks of the Chinese
manufacturer. It has been repeatedly suggested to your com-
mittee that an examination of tea, for the purpose of detecting
impurities, should be undertaken on landing by the Customs,
and that all tea found to be seriously adulterated should not
be admitted for home comsunption. The Chairman of the
Customs admitted that such an inspection of tea in bond
could be undertaken by the Custom House oflicers, and that
the great bulk of the tea would require but a brief examination
by good practical oflicials, while suspected samples could be
analysed at the laboratory at Somerset House. Your com-
mittee recommend that this examination should be made, as
they believe it would practically stop the sale in this country
of tea adulterated abroad, and relieve the retail dealer from the
hardship which now arises from his being held answerable for
certain manipulatious of which he may be wholly ignorant.
Milk. — The evidence before your committee points to the
fact that previous to the passing of the Act of 1873, milk was
very generally adulterated with water. It has since greatly
improved in quality wherever the Act has been enforced, but
the good results in improving the milk supply have not been
attained without some serious case of injury and injustice to
milk-sellers. Too high and rigid a standard has been fixed by
some analysts, and no sufficient allowances have been made for
the natural variations in milk. Ten per cent, of milk solids
may be more difiicult to obtaiu under certain unfavourable
conditions than 12 or 1^ under a more generous diet, a

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THE FARMEE'S MAGAZINE

warmer atmosphere, and more comfortable lodging. Not only
does the quality of milk vary with the food, the breed of
cattle, the time of year, and treatment of the animals, but
the milk of one cow of the same breed will differ greatly
from that of another, managed under a precisely similar
system ; and further, the first and last pint of milk which a
cow gives at the same milking will present all the difference
between an extremely poor and an exceedingly rich milk.
Allowances should therefore be made for these natural
variations, which some purely scientific chemists seem to have
occasionally o\erlooked. It has been argued that, notwitli-
standing all these discrepancies, a certain percentage of solids
might be agreed upon below which no milk should be con-
sidered pure. If a low standard were fixed there would be a
great inducement for the vendors of really rich milk to
abstract a portion of the cream without reducing the milk
below the recognised standard, aud, on the other hand, it
might offer a premium upon the production of a naturally poor
class of milk. Your committee are decidedly of opinion that the
fraudulent abstraction of cream should be punishable ; at the
same time they consider the sale of skim milk should be en-
couraged, as it is certainly a nutritions and valuable article of
food ; but your committee are unanimous that the sale of
s/dm'm'x\k for new should decidedly be regarded as a punish-
able otTence.

Butter. — Butter is often imperfectly made in the United
Kingdom, aud somestimes contains too much water, and now
and theu an unfair proportion of salt, beyond this, it does
not appear that adulteration is much practised in this
country. Certain foreign butters are mixed with lard and
other fats, and there is reason to believe that salt and water,
after the butter comes from the farmer, are added in some
manufactories abroad. Attempts are being made in France
and elsewhere to manufacture artificial butter, chiefly from the
fat of animals ; if these articles are composed of wholesome
materials, and not sold as butter, your committee see no
reason to forbid their sale. The slight colouring matter
occasionally added to butter, cheese, &c , should not, iu the
opinion of your committee, be regarded as an adulteration.

Bread. — Bread, on the whole, appears to be fairly pure.
Totatoes are used to help fermentation, and rice flour is era-
ployed in dusting the loaves. No doubt the chief adulteration
is alum, and evidence was adduced showing the great difficulty
which the best chemists experience in discoveriiig minute
quantities of alum in bread.

Mixtures. — Your committee have had under their con-
sideration the sale of mixed articles of food and condiments ;
amongst them great prominence has been given to mustard
and cocoa. The evidence tends to show that these articles
have been sold pure, as well as mixed with other ingredients,
to suit the requirements of consumers. And it has also been
demonstrated to the satisfaction of your committee that the
compounds are frequently made quite as much to suit the
public taste as to increase the profit of the manufacturers,
inasmuch as by using a lower q\iality of mustard seed or cocoa
bean, a pure article may be made at a lower price than some
of tlie mixtures. For this reason the statement of tlie pro-
portion of each ingredit nt used could not be any real pro-
tection to the consumer, and should not be required. It is
due to the manufacturer te record that mixed mustard and
prepared cocoa are and have long been manufactured at the
l)eptford-yard for the supply of the navy. Y^our committee
therefore come to the conclusion that the sale of such mixtures
or compounds is allowable, and indeed needful to meet the
public requirements, provided the fact of their being mixtures
is plainly indicated to the purchaser by a legible label or
notice conspicuously attached to the outside of each package
in which, or vessel froui which, such mixture is sold. A
verbal declaration at the time of sale is impracticable, and if
practicable would be unnecessary, ulien a proper label is
used.

Corn Flour. — The attention of your committee has been
called to the article known as corn Hour, in reference to
which important evideuce as to its purity and its useful
dietetic qualities has been given by some eminent medical and
chemical authorities, whicli, however is denied by one witness.
Your committee are fully convinced that the manufacture is
quite legitimate, and that like arrowroot, saj^o, and other starch
foods, corn flour is perfectly wholesome, but that it should
not in any case be given to iufantss without a considerable
admixture of milk.

Wines, Spirits, and Beer. — The adulteration of wines,
spirits, and beer has not been extensively examined under the
act of 1872. The Licensing Act, which was passed in the
same year, contained special clauses against the adulteration
of these articles. The evidence before your committee is of
a negative character, and it may be that alcoliolic drinks have
slipped through between the two acts. The adulteration
clauses in the Licensing Act are sought to be repealed by a
bill that lias just passed the House of Commons, and there
appears to be no reason to doubt that if this act is amended
as vour committee suggest, it will contain ample powers for
detecting the adulteration in driuk as well as the food of the
people. Witnesses have stated that spirits are largely diluted
with water, but are rarely adulterated with sulphuric acid ;
that almost all n iues are more or less " fortified" for th.e
English market ; aud the water is often added by the publican
to brer and pnr'.pr (perhaps with an addition of salt or
sugar), but few of those villanous compounds with which
malt liquors were formerly much adulterated have been re-
cently discovered by any analjsts. There was a singularly
unanimous expression of opinion from many scientific witnesses
as to the baneful and maddening effects produced by the
consumption of very new and roughly distilled spirits.

Several witnesses have complained to your committee of the
manner in which the cases under this act have been tried
before justices. They state that, in some instances, the
magistrates, considering the prosecution to be a criminal one,
would not allow the defendant to be examined. Your com-
mittee believe that, in all cases, this privilege should be ac-
corded the accused and his wife. Your committee also think
that when a retail dealer, charged with adulterating an article,
shall produce evidence that he bought the article under
guarantee from a wholesale dealer, and that he sold the
article in the same state and condition as he received it from
such wholesale dealers, it shall be lawful for the magistrate,
upon the retail dealer giving security for costs, to summon
the wholesale dealer, as well as the retailer. In some cases,
magistrates have declined to allow any other analysis than
that of the analyst appointed to act for the district to be taken
as evidence. Your committee think that evidence from well-
established analysts should be allowed to he produced for the
defence, and they suggest that when cases of dispute arise
between the chemical authorities, there should be some court
of appeal to settle the disputed points. It has been suggested
that such an authority might be easily established at the
laboratory of Somerset House, and the official witness from
that department gave your committee to understand that, with
a little enlargement and assistance, the existing laboratory and
staff could undertake these important duties. In the absence
of further information as to any better appeal, your committee
suggest that where the anyalsis of the chemist of the local
autiiority is challenged, the sample which is the matter of
dispute shall be analysed at the laboratory of Somerset House,
and the decision arrived at there be regarded as final. It was
stated to your committee that some justices would not accept
the analysis of the chemist of the local authority without liis
presence in court ; others insisted on his signature to his
analysis being duly witnessed, and in all cases it appears that
the inspector If bound himself to deliver the sample of goods
to the analyst. This, besides taking the inspector for two
days from his legitimate duties, entails considerable expense
upon the local authority, in the case where the auahst resides
outside the district, or where one gentleman holds several
appointments. Your committee consider that if the sample is
duly secured, and properly scaled, it may be sent by post, or by
other safe means; and they are of opinion that the analysis of
the chemist of the hical authority should be received in evi-
dence without his presence being necessary, unless tiie defend-
ant should demand the personal attendance of sucli analyst.
There does not seem to be much necessity for attestation of
the analyst's signature, nor is it apparently re;|uired by exist-
ing acts, but in any case your committee consider that tiie
practice that pro|)er forms (or the analysis of different articles
should be issued by some central authority, so as to secure
greater unilbrmity and more detail in these docu.nents in all
courts of justice. Many witnesses have declared that the
failures and hardships in carrying out the act have been
chielly due to the incompetence aud inexperience of the
analysts. Your committee, whilst refraining from endorsing
thiii wholesale condemnation, admit that some of these gentle-
men appear to have evinced more zeal than discretion iu carry-

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295

njc out tlieir novel and JifHcult duties. In some cases indeed
a decided want of clipinical knowledge Has been proved, but
no more titan mms to be expected from tlie sudden call raa ^
for the services of adepts in a branch of chemistry which had
not previously been very highly valued. Witnesses testified
their belief that few really competent analysts were at present
to be found in this country, and one eminent chemist stated
lie did not think more than " a dozen such men existed ;" but,
as chemical analysis will now be better taught and better
understood, there seems to be no reason to doubt tliat in a few
years there will be an abundant supply of reliable scientific
analysts. In the meantime, it seems to your committee that
small districts should be as much as possible consolidated ;
that, as a rule, the boroughs in a county should be united
With the county for the purposes of appointing one analyst
for the entire district, and that the only way of securing the
services of really efficient analysts is to offer them a fair
remuneration, which can hardly be done without the union
of several local authorities in one appointment. To the Local
Government Board has been confided the power of revoking
or confirming the appointments of the analysts ; but without
any recognised authority to guide them (beyond the long list
of testimonials which seem always forthcoming), the board
have not the means of performing satisfactorily the task
imposed upon them. Your committee tiiink some practical
test might reasonably be required from the analysts to prove
their competencey to perform the duties of their otfice.
Evidence bas been offered to your committee that the requisites
for a thorough examination of the knowledge and skill of the
analyst exist at the School of Chemisty at South Kensington ;
and they suggest that the local government board shi)uld have
the option of calling upon the analyst for a certificate of
having there passed such an examination. Complaints have
been made by the metropolitan vestries that the fines inflicted
under the act are paid to the General Police Fund. Your
committee think that the act of 18()0 intended that the fines
should be paid to the vestries, and they are of opinion that it
is only reasonable the fines should go to the local authority
which has had the trouble and expense of enforcing the act.
Your committee consider that inspectors, when traders refuse
to sell thera articles which are exposed for sale, should be

empowered to take samples of goods they suspect to be
adulterated, upon tendering payments of the full value of the
article. That in all cases the inspector should leave with the
trader a duplicate sample of the goods he intends to have
analysed, properly securing and sealing the same iu the
presence of tlie vendor ; and that in no case shall more than
one month elapse before the result of the investigation is
made known to the trader. Your committee suggests that the
two acts to wliich this inquiry refers, viz., the Adulteration
Acts of 1S60 and 187^ (23 and 24. Vict. c. 8i, and 35 and 36
Vict. 0. 71')i sliould be repealed, and another act, consoli-
dating and amending these statutes, substituted for them.
That in the new act besides the changes already recommended,
it should be provided that the fraudulent abstraction of
important properties of any commodity should be a punishable
offence, but that a distinction should be drawn between tiiis
and the fraudulent or noxious addition of ingredisnts, which
more strictly speaking constitutes adulteration ; and that
clause 9 of the act of 1872 should be so far modified as not to
make it incumbent on the analyst to give a certificate, except
when he finds the articles submitted to him to be adulterated
or debased. They further recommend that the act should be
made compulsory.

In conclusion, your committee believe it will afford some
consolation to the public to know that in the matter of adul-
teration they SiTe c/iea/ed Tuiher ih&n jioisoned. Witnesses of
the highest standing concur in stating that, in the numerous
articles of food and drink which they have analysed, they have
found scarcely anything absolutely injurious to health, and
that if deleterious substances are occasionally employed for
the purposes of pdulleratioii they are used in such minute
quantities as to be comparatively harmless. Your committee
believe that it is the intention of Parliament that consumers
should be protected from frauds, and that they should be en-
abled to procure the articles they ask for and require. But
your committee do not consider that parliament desires need-
lessly to hamper or fetter trade, still less to interfere between
the buyer and seller with the view of regulating prices, or
attempting to assit the consumer in ascertaining the real
money value of any marketable commodity.

THE

POTATO BUG.

The potato bug — the veritable Colorado potato beetle — is
in our midst. Charles H. Moore, of Washington Mills,
brought to us in a bottle on Saturday a handsome beetle
which Roswell T. Eastman had caught upon the farm of
Andrew J. Green, in the town of Paris, just over the New
Hartford line. Our correspondents in the neighbouring
counties report the approach of the beetle ; and in order that
our readers may know how to recognise the wandering insect
and give him a warm reception, we enter into a brief review
of his character and prospects, and of the materials which
bring ruin upon his constitution. The Colorado beetle is an
insect built something upon the " lady bug" model, but
several times larger. He is striped after the cucumber bug
style. An observing writer describes the insect as follows :
" Imagine a grain of coffee, pulled up on the convex side, wi-
dened considerably, covered with a tough, shiny, yellow skin,
with a row of black spots on either side ; a small head, armed
with strong claws, stuck on one end just behind : and under-
neath it the strong, short legs that drag tlie ponderous,
humped body ; and you cannot fail to know the hateful
creature at sight."

Concerning the history of the Colorado bug, Walsh, the
State-entomologist of Illinois, has written : " The Colorado
potato beetle has been known to exist for nearly fi;ty years iu
cauons of the llocky Mountains, feeding upon a wild species
of potato peculiar to that region. AVhen civilisation marched
up to the llocky Mountains, and potatoes began to be grown
in that region, it gradually acquired the habit ot feeding upon
the cultivated ])0tatn. In 1859, spreading eastward from
potato-patch to potato-patch, it reached a point one liundred
miles west of Omaha. In 1861 it invaded Iowa, gradually in
the next three or four years spreading eastward over that
state. In 1864; and 1865 it crossed the Mississipfii. In 1868
it reached Danville, Indiana ; thus passing eastwardly at the

rate of about sixty miles a year. In 1869 it reached Ohio.
In 1871 it made its appearance at Marietta." Since this date
the insect has moved gradually eastward, aud this summer
finds it in our midst. In this section it comes late, and can
probably do little damage this season ; but if measures are
not promptly taken, next spring will find the vines covered
and the crop ruined.

Concerning the speed with which the insect produces its
kind, Walsh says, " There are three broods of larvae every
year, each of which goes under-ground to pass into the pupa
state, the two first broods coming out of the ground in the
beetle state, about ten or twelve days afterwards, while the
last one stays under-ground all winter, and only emerges in
the beetle state in the following spring, just in time to lay its
eggs upon the young potato-leaves." Mr. Walsh was the first
person in the United States to breed the Colorado bug from
the egg to the beetle, and found that it required less than a
month to pass through its changes. The lateness of the ap-
pearance of the bug in tliis vicinity would lead to the infer-
ence that it will devote the time to a brood which will be
ready for business early next spring. Next spring we may
expect to see what an Illinois gentleman describes as follows :
" They were found all over the county by the 10th of May,
1872, so numerous as to attract the attention of persons to
whom the beetle was unknown. Its yellow eggs, in patches
from twenty to forty, were soon found on the under-side of
potato-leaves. By the 26th of May the larvae were coming
forth, and at this date the potato-fields were covered with the
filthy, slimy-looking vermin." It is the larvae that are the
most greedy eaters, and from them comes the greatest injury
to the vines. Although there is a probability that this year's
crop will not be materially affected, a moment should not be
lost in crushing out everything that promises next spring's
growth. Fowls and birds will not touch the grubs j but it

296

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

has foes, and of these Walsh says : " Over twenty might be
named. In the egg state the Colorado potato bug is preyed
upon by no less than four distinct species of lady bug. The
eggs of lady bugs greatly resemble those of Colorado potato
bugs, and scarcely distinguishable except by a smaller number
being usually collected together in a single group. As tliese
eggs are often laid in the same situation as those of the po-
tato-feeding insect, care must be taken by persons who under-
take to destroy the latter, not to confound those of their best
friends with those of their bitterest enemies." But the
greatest reliance must be placed upon the war whicli the
potato-grower is able to wage upon the insect with pressure
and poison. The Western farmers have given much atten-
tion to this matter. One of them sends to the Germantown
Telegraph his " remedies," as follows :

Ist. Have rich soil, well prepared.

2nd. Plant early varieties only, in March, and thus have to
fight but one generation.

3rd. Pick off and destroy beetles and eggs every day.

4th. Use Paris green, one teaspoonful to a ooramon wooden
bucketful of water, sprinkled on the tops as soon as tiie larvae
begin to hatch.

Another Western potato-grower furnishes the same journal
his method, as follows: "I use plaster, or gypsum, and mix
about one part Paris green to twenty parts plaster, and

sprinkle or dust it over the vines just as soon as the bugs ap-
pear. It there is no dew or rain, I sprinkle the vines with a
watering-pot, and then dust on the mixture. I claim that in
this way the old beetles may be killed and the depositing of
the eggs prevented. This is on the principle that prevention
is better than a cure. As they travel constantly and are con-
tinually putting in their appearance, so must the poison be
on the vines constantly, as long as any of the enemy is to be
fonnd. The plaster is an excellent fertiliser for the potato,
and the poison is no injury to the plant or tubers. Good,
clean ventilation is indispensable ; for these vermin will de-
posit their eggs on weeds, grass, or anything they happen to
fasten to. I have picked them six or seven years, and know
all about the trouble it is ; and my experience is practical,
sharp, and sure, and the least trouble and expense of anything
I have heard of. Don't wait to see the bunches of orange-
coloured eggs, but don't let any be laid ; and don't plant any
more potatoes than you can keep free from these very unplea-
sant visitors."

We cannot urge too strongly upon potato-growers the ne-
cessity for close observation of their vines, and immediate war
npoii the bugs, if any be found. In this way next spring's
danger may be lessened, and every bug killed this sumnier
will be a marked decrease of next season's supply. — The Utica
Herald.

DISBANDED GRANGE.

The Good Hope grange of McDonough county, Illinois, on
the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroad, have just held
a meeting, and almost unanimously resolved to dis-
band, surrender its charter and dissolve all its relations, social,
business or political, with the State and national grange
organisations. The Good Hope grange has been one of the
largest and most promising in the country. It has not voted
itself out of existence without substantial reasons. These
reasons were clearly stated in a series of resolutions : —

1. That the original principles for which the organization
was instituted have been entirely overlooked and ignored, in
that the officers have assumed powers that are tyrannical,
arbitrary, and entirely subversive of good order in the lodge
and in the community ; that the officers composing our grand
or State organization are not the true representatives of the
members of the order selected for that purpose, being ex-
officio members of the same ; and also , that the officers of the
national grange have arrogated to themselves — and that, too,
under the workings of the order — unwarranted and systematic
autocratic authority, ruling as with a rod o f iron, from whose
edicts there is no appeal.

3. That large sums of money have been (and now, and in
time to come) collected by the several State granges and the
national grange, for which no adequate return has ever been
realised by the individual members of the order.

3. And further, there has been, from time to time, through
the State and other officers of the order, a disposition to
change the organization from its original plan of mutual
benefits to the members thereof, to that of a political party,
thereby injuring and destroying all that was calculated to
unite and elevate the community it was designed to benefit.

4. It is burdensome and expensive to the membrrs of the
order, without adequate compensation for money expenses ;
that it is now engendering a spirit of class legislation,
mutual distrust between the agricultural and commercial in-
tercourse of the land, thereby demoralising and debasing the
standard of relations the community bears to each other. And
farther, that the order, as ruled by designing men connected
therewith, has been entirely prostituted from its original pur-
pose and brought into subjection to further their personal and
political interests — to all of which we do most sincerely and
emphatically protest.

The dissatisfaction expressed in the foregoing resolutions is
not of a local or of a temporary character. The grange which
passed them, has thus early had an experience which accords
most strikingly with the predictions which were generally made
regarding this organisation of the farmers in the early stages
of the movement. Undoubtedly the rank and file of the grange
enrolled their name upon its books and took its oath of secresy
in the utmost good faith, and with the sincerest convictions as

to the benefits that would accrue to them in their social and
business relations. The members of the Good Hope Grange
discover from experience, that these benefits are of a fictitious
and impracticable character. We learn from various sources
that one of the avowed objects of the grange — the securing of
a uniform market for farmers' produce and the purchasing of
their supplies through agencies at reduced rates — is found in
many localities to be productive of more trouble than profit, to
be prolific of dishonest practices, and to be wholly unsuccessful
in accomplishing its object. But the chief complaint of these
ex-grangers is, that the officers of the organisation are men
with personal and political objects to serve, and bent
upon changing the character of the organisation from
its original plan to that of a political party. They
well say that this has a tendency to injure and to
destroy ; to demoralise and debase thp standard of rela-
tions in a community ; to engender the mischievous practice of
class legislation ; and to breed a mutual and suicidal distrust
between the agricultural and commercial interests of the
country. They seem to have become fully cognizant of the
unnumbered evils that must grow out of such a condition of
things. Differences grow up between people, wholly unlike
political differences. One class is arraigned against another
in actual hostility. One class seeks to grasp another by the
tliroat. Pure selfishness is at the bottom of such differences.
Discord and strife are their inevitable fruit. The dwellers in
one community work against each other, not only in political
matters, but in all that relates to society, to business, to law,
and to general prosperity. The material progress of a com-
munity can receive no greater check than that growing out of
such antagonisms. The grange may not yet have brought any
such unfortunate development in any commnnity. But the
tendency in that direction has been plain and progressive in
many quarters. In some sections it has already taken the
shape of a war to the knife against the railroads. If this war
is persisted in in the spirit which has thus far controlled
it, it can have but one termination. That termination
will be the utter prostration of the railroads. The
legislalBve body of a State is arrayed against these
corporations. The executive is arrayed against them. The
courts are arrayed against them. A large class of the people
are arrayed against them. Instead of being in a condition to
extort and to overcharge, the railroads are unable to obtain
justice ; are oppressed by an organised hostility which kills
their business, destroys their profits, and will inevitably lead,
if persited in, to their temporary abandonment. Such a result
as this would work more evil to the people than ever accrued
to them from the extortion and monopoly of the railroads.
They seek to remedy one evil by creating another and a greater
evil. The remedy they have devised will, in the end, work

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297

them infinitely more harm than the injury they would correct.
This has been one of the extreme consequences of the organiza-
tion and misdirection of the grange. There are other conse-
quences equally unfortunate, of which the Good Hope dis-
banded grange complains. The workings of the order destroy
all personal independence in political matters. This is a
consequence which the originators of the movement hoped to
avoid. But it has come about in almost every locality where
the grange has obtained a flourishing footing. It is
useless to say that there is nothing of a po-
litical character in its constitution and laws. This
is probably the fact. But this does not affect the result. The
farmers who belong to the grange have been drawn together
into a solid, recognised, definite, political movement. Adhe-
sion to this movement is made the test of their fidelity to the
grange. The Good Hope grange deplores this political com-
bination as a great calamity, fraught with bad results, the
beginning of which we have hardly yet seen. They see no
way of withdrawing themselves from an unfortunate political
movement save by separation from the grange itself. We have
no doubt, that as the tendencies and consequences of this poli-
tical misdirection of a great class organisation become more
evident, other granges will follow the example of the Good
Hope. The farmers are a class of men too intelligent and too
independent to long consent to bind themselves by iron-clad

covenants to political movements which do not accord with
their own convictions. They esteem good citizenship above
all else. They pride themselves upon the high reputation
which the farmer .has [always borne as a citizen and
as a patriot. They will be found in the end to be
unwilling to sacrifice or hazard that reputation, by commit-
ting themselves in favour of political action which is in its
very nature unpatriotic, because it is unindependent — because
it makes the greatest good of the greatest number and of the
nation, secondary vni subservient to good of one class alone. We
say nothing against the grange as it was originally devised.
We say nothing against the good objects which it was origin-
ally intended to secure to the farmer. Those objects were
legitimate and proper. But they have been lost sight of. Or
their attainment has been sought in ways most improper
and unfortunate. When the grange becomes a political
institution managed by politicians for political ends, then it
ceases to be a benefit and becomes only an injury to the
farmers. Then it becomes an unfortunate and a dangerous
organisation, based wholly upon class distinctions. It is
because they saw this tendency so clearly outlined that the
farmers who composed the Good Hope lodge have surrendered
their charter and resumed their political independence. — The
Udca Herald,

POOR-LAW CONFERENCE IN THE NORTH.

At the annual conference of members of Poor-law Unions in
the counties of Durham, Northumberland, Westmoreland, and
Cumberland, at the Central Station Hotel, Newcastle. on-Tyne,
Lord Eslington, M.P., the president of the conference, was in
the chair. There was a large attendance.

The President said they were met, in pursuance of that
which he was very glad to observe had become an annual cus-
tom, to discuss various matters of a particular character and
of vital interest and importance to the most dependent classes
of the community. It was a very high function, and he was very
glad to see a very comsiderable assembly of, he believed, tho-
roughly practical men, who were prepared to bring to bear their
knowledge and experience upon the discussion of that great
crop of questions which might be summarised under the head
of Poor-law administration. He attached the greatest possible
value to these conferences, because they were the means of
bringing together tnoroughly experienced and practical men
who came to compare notes, and, if he might speak in Parlia-
mentary fashion, report progress on the various matters which
he believed ihey were prepared to discuss. He wished to ex-
press his thorough concurrence in their utility and value. He
thought it was of more importance now than usually that this
conference and others throughout the country should be held
to discuss some of the questions which bear on our paupers,
and there were essential reasons which he, coming fresh from
Parliament, would, with their permission, shortly lay before
them, why this was an opportune time for a conference of this
nature. Since they had met, some very important, and he
might say large, steps had been taken by Parliament, steps
with which he might be supposed to be more or less acquainted,
in promoting the great objects that they had in view; and he
would very briefly allude to them, in order that they might be
aufait to what had been passing in the Imperial Parliament
on these subjects. First of all, since last they met, a very im-
portant Commission, very ably composed, which sat for three
years, had presented a report-— namely, the Prieiidly Societies
Commission. Tliat was one of the subjects in which, he knew,
they all took a very deep interest. The report was of a very
lengthy, most able, and exhaustive character ; and it required
a very strong digestion indeed to digest all the matters con-
tained in it. He had had an opportunity of only cursorily exam-
ining it. He misht remind them that a bill embodying the
main recommendations in that report was presented to Parlia-
ment, and the main provisions of the bill were to this effect :
To strengthen and improve central machinery. It proposed to
divide the country mto forty or fifty registration districts, and
to appoint in each district deputy-registrars. It proposed, too,
this very important feature — a recommendation to publish
correct tables of " premiums" and " benefits" based upon re-
liable statistics and calculations, for the use of industrial and

provident societies, charitable societies, scientific and literary
associations, trades unions, and loan societies ; to encourage
and as far as possible enforce a sjetera of periodical valuations
at least once in five years ; to promote an effective audit and
appoint a competent staff of auditors ; and last, but certainly
not least, to consolidate in one bill the existing statutes regu-
lating those most valuable institutions. There was only one
clause to which he wished to make a short allusion. There
were clauses in the bill which he confessed he viewed with the
greatest possible dislike — those which proposed to prohibit the
insurance of any payment on the death of a child under three
years of age. Now, it struck him, when first he looked at the
bill, that this clause contained a very unwise and certainly a
very unmerited stigma upon the working classes of this country.
He might be single in the opinion, but he certainly should feel
it his duty to oppose any such provision as that in any future
bill ; for he believed, as he had said, that it contained a stigma
certainly not intended, but certainly not deserved. He be-
lieved a very unfavourable impression had been created in the
minds of the industrial classes of this country by that clause.
There would be strong and good reasons given for ex-
cluding or limiting to some extent the assurance of young
lives, but to prohibit it absolutely altogether would be
an injustice, and, as he had said, un unmerited reproach
to these classes. That bill was very wisely with-
drawn by the Government. In the first place, there was
not time for its consideration, and it was felt that a report of
so exhaustive a character ought to be thoroughly understood
and digested by the country before legislation was proceeded
with, and he thought, as this matter had been relegated to
another Session, it was most important that at this and
similar conferences tke subject should be most thoroughly dis-
cussed. To go on to what had occurred in Parliament this
year, they had passed — and it would be law in two or three
days — the Sanitary Laws Amendment Bill, which was also a
subject deeply interesting to most of them. That bill was
chiefly a bill of detail for explaining, amending, and extending
the Public Health Act of 1873, and there were one or two
very important clauses in it. The 20th clause was a most
important one, because it empowered the Local Government
Board to enforce any order of their own against a defaulting
sanitary authority by writ of mandanius. Clause 21 was also
an important clause, because it compelled the urban sanitary
authorities to cleanse their streets, ash-pits, privies, &c.,
under heavy penalties upon the neglect of such duties. Clause
22 and some of the following clauses were still more import-
ant, and better understood by them than by him, for he was
sorry to say tiiat it was a subject with which he was very
imperfectly acquainted. They were clauses to regulate the
constitution and election of the Local Boards. They would

S98

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

see by this short allusion that it was mainly a bill of detail,
intended to carry forward the work of the great sanitary
legislation of which we had heard so much, and it was chiefly
important because it was, as described by its promoters, a
consolidation of the Public Health Acts and sanitary laws,
and he was surs he should receive the assent of every member
of this conference when he said that such consolidation vpas
very much needed indeed ; for he believed the whole of our
sanitary laws were in a condition of very great confusion, and
extremely perplexing from that very fact. They wanted codi-
fication for those who had to administer them in the country.
There were two very important subjects which had been dealt
with already in the present Session of Parliament, and only
on Thursday last the Home Secretary proposed to the House
of Commons — and he was happy to say it was unanimously
agreed to — such alterations in their standing orders as should
require the promoters of railway bills and other great public
works to furnish the committees of Parliament precise infor-
mation as to the number of dwellings of the poor removed by
such operations, and as to the facilities for providing accommo-
dation elsewhere, and giving to such committees the discretion
to provide such accommodation. He looked upon that as a
very important step now taken by Parliament. It had
reference chiefly to London and other large towns. He always
had believed that there was no greater injustice under the
guise of promoting public welfare than that enterprises of
this kind, which were intended to benefit the wealthy and
the great trading communities — shopkeepers, &c.— should be
made at the expense of the poor, and that they should be dis-
possessed wholesale under.these great Improvement Acts. He
had always thought it a grievous injustice, and he knew it had
been so felt, and now Parliament had taken an important
preliminary step to take care that ample accommodation
should be provided for the poorer classes if their dwellings were
removed. He passed on to another great branch of their
subject, namely, local finances, and here an important step
had been taken in a late Session of Parliament. They had
heard of, he would not call it a new Rating Bill, for it was
a very old one, though it had never passed into law until
now, and it was perhaps more accurate to define it as the
Exemption Removal Bill. He looked upon it as in the right
direction, for it was hardly necessary to remind them that all
exemptions were necessarily unjust, inasmuch as the exemption
of one class of property meant the increase of taxation to
another class. If you increased the area of assessment,
you naturally and necessarily relieved yjro tanto the individual
ratepayers, whereas by exempting property you increased
the burden that ought to be borne by the ratepayers.
Therefore, the Exemption Removal Bill, expressly for the
purpose of removing the exemptions, was, to his mind, a step
entirely in the right direction. Another and still more impor-
tant step had been taken with reference to the great question
of local taxation by the present Parliament, for the budget of
the present year contained proposals to apply annually a sum
of £1,300,000 in aid of local taxation, and a portion of it had
been expended in increasing the grant voted for the mainte-
nance of the police, and another portion was to,be devoted in aid
of the maintenance of lunatics. There was also a considerable
amount of contribution to local rates in respect to Government
property, amounting in the whole to £170,000, under the
budget of this year, in addition to the £60,000 which had
been vested in previous years in respect to Crown property in
aid of local rates. £1,200,000 to local taxation seemed a very
trivial sum, and was in itself a very trivial sum ; but the
principle involved in this was a most important one, because
this was the first time that Parliament had thoroughly recog-
nised the principle of imperial aid to local taxation raised for
national purposes. That was a great principle for which many
of them had contended in Parliament for several years. The
principle was capable of extension in the future, and he hailed
it as an imperial step in advance as amatterof justice, namely,
that the imperial funds should contribute, in part at any rate,
in aid of local taxation raised for national purposes. He would,
with their kind permission, make a very few observations more
iu reference to the general question of poor-law administration.
The remarks he had made hitherto had been to point out that
Parliament had not been altogether careless of the local
interests of the country during the present session, and, as he
had already explained to them, some very important steps had
been taken in reference to many of the matters which would
occupy their attention. In regard to the general subject, he

took it that the objects sought to be attained by a proper ad-
ministration of tlie poor laws were mainly three. Pirst of all,
how best they could check pauperism; secondly, how best they
could relieve want ; and thirdly, how best they could promote
thrift. He took it these were the three great objects to be
attained, and in dealing with them it appeared to him neces-
sary that they should draw iu their own minds a very clear
distinction between pauperism and poverty ; for they appeared
to him to be two totally different things. Pauperism was a
weed — if he might use a strong expression, and there was
no expression too strong — a weed of noxious growth which
flaunts itself in our very faces, iu our streets, in our highways,
in every sort of obtrusive form. He thought they should
devise stringent and — he would go a step further — stern
measures to repress it. But poverty was a very different thing.
Poverty was a visitation of the Almighty, which he thought
they were bound to deal with kindly, gently, and mercifully.
Poverty was a silent, patient thing, aud a suffering thing, and
it was to be sought out in secret places. It was too often
unknown to the relieving officers, and it was to be sought out
in secret places by agencies beyond and outside the expensive
Poor-law machinery ; and it had always appeared to hira,
looking at it in this light — and he thought they would admit
that there was justice in the comparison — looking at it in this
light, he had never been able to see good reasons why
the Charity Organisation societies, and the Charitable Aid
societies, which were doing and working so well iu all parts
of the Metropolis, to his knowledge, should not, with advan-
tage, be brought into co-operation with those who administered
the Poor-law. He did not think there would be any jealousy
between them, for he believed they might serve one common
purpose. He had endeavoured to describe, under these two
heads, the checking of pauperism on the one hand, and the
relief of poverty on the other. But these were all questions
for their consideration ; he merely threw them out as sugges-
tions for discussion. Well, then, they came to the next head,
how best to relieve want. Now, it appeared to him that if
they were to deal with poverty in a kind aad lenient manner,
that there was considerable necessity for an alteration in the
system of the workhouse itself, and, therefore, he noticed with
great satisfaction that on the paper that was one ot the sub-
jects put down for discussion. He thought that a somewhat
different classification from that which had as yet existed was
necessary within the workhouse itself for its members, and
there was only one thing he should like to allude to, and that
was a rule which he hoped did not exist in all work-
houses, but which he knew existed •in some — and it
appeared to him to be a most arbitrary and cruel rule —
that the aged and infirm married couples were ipso facto
separated from each other after living together perhaps 50
years. He did trust that, under an improved system of work-
house accommodation, they would have an improved classifi-
cation of its inmates into what they might call two parts —
they might have that which would be a penal department,
and a department which would render the workhouse no
longer an object of dislike to deserving and aged poor^ but
an asylum of comfort in their latter days. He thought that
that was a very necessary change, and these were all matters
that they would discuss. In regard to the whole question of
relief, he was perfectly convinced that it was impossible to
lay down a hard and fast rule. He believed the cases were
so different, and the circumstances surrounding them so
various, and beyond the control even of the best-intentioned
men, that a discretion must be left to the guardians themselves
to deal witli each individual case ; but one thing he would
say, that in order to repress pauperism it was absolutely neces-
sary that each case should be considered strictly on its own
merits, and with a view of doing this lie could conceive no
economy more mistaken and mischievous than that which
would seek to starve the relieving staff in any Union, more
especially in urban or crowded places. It was necessary to
have a strict investigation into each individual case. He
would only say this much with a view to the efticieucy of the
workhouse itself, which was really the only true check, with
careful investigation, that they could place on the growth of
pauperism. He had seen some remarkable instances of late.
He would tell them one, and that was that, at a meeting of
St. Pancras Guardians only last week or the week before, out
of 174- applications for relief, the workhouse being made the
test, only 18, or less than one-ninth of the whole number,
accepted the workhouse as a condition of relief. That to his

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299

mind was a very startling proof of the efficacy of the work-
house test when applied, as it ought to be, in the case of
every able-bodied pauper. He might be told that, after all,
these sentiments of his were mere truisms ; that they all knew
that, and that they were the principles on which they tried to
act. But if they were truisms, how came it that they were
collected there to discuss the various means and resolutions
which their knowledge and experience suggested to their
minds for the improvement of our Poor-law administration ?
He believed that that system was very far from being perfect
at the present moment, and it was only by bringing different
minds and different experiences upon these subjects that that
improved administration could be reached, and therefore it
was that he laid such value upon this conference. There was
one more head — how best to encourage thrift. He knew that
there was a scheme which had been very often advocated at
their own conference (where it had been ably urged by his
friend Mr. Wallace) and elsewhere by very influential persons.
The scheme simply was to create a great national provident
fund. Now, he was bound to say, fairly and openly, that it
would take a great deal more discussion, much more careful
consideration than this scheme had ever yet received, and
much weightier arguments must be adduced before he per-
sonally should be prepared to throw in his adhesion to any
such scheme. Por what was the fact now in regard to these
friendly societies ? It was estimated that there were no less
than 33,000 societies of this nature. There were four million
members enrolled, and four millions more in the shape of
widows and children, and the female relatives more or less
intimately connected with this vast organisation, which was
based on the highest principles which could actuate a people,
viz., independence and self-reliance. He thought that Go-
vernment interference should be a minimum and not a maxi-
mum in regard to those valuable associations. In addition
to the eight millions of persons more or less intimately con-
nected either as members or recipients with the funds of these
associations there were no less than eleven millions of money
subscribed. If a great central fund were to be established
as proposed, it must be under the guarantee of the State,
and under the management of Government officers ;
and if Government management was to supersede
local management, they would open the way to
a considerable amount of fraud, possibly, at any rate to a con-
siderable amount of waste. He did not believe that it would
be possible by any Government machinery that they could in-
vent a substitute for that close supervision which every one
could exercise over his neighbour in a locality. He believed
that was of essential importance, and he was extremely loth
and most unwilling to sacrifice the amount of independent
feeling which they created and fostered among the working
classes ; and last, but not least, that which was a very important
feature in these organisations, namely, the self-education which
tliey furnished to the humbler classes of the country. And all
this would inevitably be in very great danger if they substituted
central and Government machinery for the local management
which now conducted them. He was quite willing that Govern-
ment should go this far — that they should increase, or ratlier
extend, the system of life assurance, and facilitate the creation
of life annuities among the industrial classes of this country.
He was quite willing that Government should go this length,
and even anxious that it should go a step further ;
and he believed, from the best information which he
could obtain, that Government were prepared to move
in that direction, namely, to facilitate the obtaining of
Consols by dividing one hundred into small sums. The Chan-
cellor of the Exchequer had expressed himself in favour of this
scheme. But he was opposed to the Government mixing itself
up with what was called sick and burial business, which local
societies provided for. He was quite ready that Government
should extend the system of life insurances, and extend and
facilitate the obtaining of deferred annuities or small sums in
the Consols by the working classes. And why did he say this ?
Because it appeared to him to be the highest stroke of public
policy to extend through tlie whole body corporate an interest
in the stability of the public funds of this country. He believed
that to be more worthy of tlie highest statesmanship, because it
would give to every man in the country, frojn the highest to the
lowest, a stake in the country, and give the greatest amount of
security that could be given to its interests. These were his
views, and he was very thankful for the patience with which
they had listened to him. He had expressed himself strongly

upon one or two points of general principle, but had not at-
tempted to deal with detail ; hut they were perfectly
competent to deal with it, and to give the result of their
experience and practice in the administration of the Poor-law.
He had merely thrown out certain points, which he trusted
might commend themselves to their consideration, and receive
at their hands some discussion.

Mr. James Cropper (Kendal Union) read a paper on" What
accommodation is essential in a workhouse to enable guardians
to carry out an efficient administration of the Poor-law, and to
meet the present requirements of tlie Local Government Board."
A long discussion took place, in which the Secretary (the Rev.
J. Elphinstone Elliot), Mr. Heatley (Alnwick), Mr. Thompson
(Berwick), Archdeacon Hamilton, Mr. Wallace, Mr. Hedley
(Inspector), the Rev. Dr. Simpson (Kendal), Captain Johnson
(Bromptou), the R^t. W. L. J. Cooley (Alnwick Union), Mr.
Dods (Hexham Union), Mr. Ridley (Hexham), and other gen-
tlemen took part. Tlie principal points discussed related to the
separation in the workliouse of aged married couples, which was
generally condemned ; the education ofpauper children, several
of the gentlemen stating that in their union the children were
sent to the national or other schools with no distinctive clothing ;
the use of wine and spirits, which, contrary to general wish, the
medical officers usually recommended for pauper patients instead
of medicine, the medical chests being suggested as means of
remedying the evil ; the place for pauper lunatics — the work-
house in preference to the lunatic asylum being disapproved of ;
the treatment, and, as Archdeacon Hamilton termed it, the
" sorting" of vagrants ; and generally the material and out-door
or labour arrangements of the workhouse.

The President, in some observations at the close of the
discussion, said that with their permission he would read them
a passage which would interest them when they knew the
source from whence it came. It was a short passage with
reference to the relief of a famine, and if they would kindly
follow him they would see that the principles laid down were
the soundest and justest principles for workhouse administra-
tion which they could follow. It was written in reference to
the relief of a famine in India : " The principle of the mode I
propose to relieve the distresses of the inhabitants is not to
give grain or money in charity. Those who suffer from famine
may properly be divided into two classes — those who can, and
those who cannot work. In the latter class may,be included old
persons, children, and the sick women. The former — viz.,
those of both sexes wiio can work— ought to be employed by the
public ; those who cannot ought to be taken into an hospital
and fed, receive medical aid and medicines at the public ex-
pense ; suitable buildings to be provided for this purpose.
According to this plan subsistence will be provided for all.
The public will receive some benefit from the expense incurred,
and, above all, it will be certain that no able-bodied person
will apply for relief unless he shall be willing to work for his
subsistence ; that none will apply who are able to work, and
who are not real objects of charity ; and none would come for
the purpose of partaking of the food which must be procured
by their labour, or to obtain which they must submit to the
restraint of an hospital." These words were written seventy
years ago in Bengal by no less a man than the Duke of Welling-
ton. He had ventured to quote them because, mutatis mutandis
they contained the principle of workhouse administration they
had been discussing. They were interesting from the source
from which they came, and instructive for the valuable princi-
ples they contained.

Mr. B. C. Brown read a'paper on " Self-help and Poor
Relief," which gave rise to a discussion as to the best means
of encouraging provident habits among the artisan and
agricultural classes, and as to the mode of dealing with those
applicants for relief who were reduced to poverty in spite of
industry and prudence.

The conference then adjourned until the following day, when
the sitting was resumed.

Mr. R. BuRDON Sanderson read a paper on " The En-
gineering Necessities created under the operation of the Public
Health Act." Recent legislation, in imposing upon boards
of guardians under the new name of Rural Sanitary Authori-
ties the charge of the public health of their unions, had
rendered it their duty to pay attention to and provide for the
following matters : The removal of refuse, solid and liquid,
injurious to health in such a way as to be innocous, and the
provision of proper water supply where it did not exist, with
the supervision of that at present in use. To these mu»t

V 2

300

THE FAKMBR'S MAGAZINE.

undoubtedly verj' soon be added some control over the erection
of human habitations so as to secure proper dryness and
foundations and adequate ventilation, for which urban autho-
rities already possess large powers. The construction of
sewers, the dealing with sewage, and the providing of water
seemed pretty fully provided for under the powers of the very
numerous Acts embodied in the Sanitary Act of 1872. But
it seemed to him that that Act coiitained one very great
omission, which it was the purpose of his paper to discuss, in
not providing for an oificer in whose hands alone these matters
conld safely be left, and by whose advice the authority could
only satisfactorily act. Two executive officers were provided
for — the medical officer and the inspector of nuisances. In
the hands of neither of these could the construction of the
works he had mentioned be placed, nor did it fall to either of
tiieir provinces to say what were tlie proper means of con-
struction to ensure the qualifications in a dwelling-house which
the medical officer would state to be necessary. The laws that
governed the proper arrangement of sewers and house drainage
were so ranch more complicated than many uninformed persons
suppose, that they taxed even the best-educated and most
experienced engineer to arrange them satisfactorily to himself
and his employer. What hope, then, had they of any success
if these works were placed in the hands of men of the
class of most of the sanitary inspectors, who, how-
ever worthy and painstaking, had neither the education
Bor the means of obtaining information requisite. To show
the necessity of proper professional experience being at the
command of the sanitary authority, Mr. Sanderson referred
to the condition of sewers, the removal of sewage, and the
water supply. On the latter point, and speaking of wells,
he said these receptacles of underground waste when in the
neighbourhood of houses or farmsteads required the very
greatest vigilance. Unknown drains or porous subsoils caused
impure water and other matters Irom the house or farmstead
to find their way into them, and without in the slightest de-
f:ree atfecting either the taste or brightness of the water.
And what was| very important to remember was this — that a
well which for years had provided a wholesome water, might
suddenly, either from an exceptionally wet season or drought,
or from some change in the upper drainage, alter the cha-
racter of its supply and become a source of incalculable mis-
chief. Mr. Sanderson concluded by moving, " That this
Conference is of opinion that the Sanitary Acts are deficient,
in not providing, in the person of a special officer for efficient
engineering advice, for the guidance of rural sanitary autho-
rities in the various matters now placed under their control
and imperatively requiring such advice."

Mr. Cropper (Kendal Union) was much obliged to Mr.
Sanderson for the remarks he had made as to the economising
of water, and, with regard to the pollution of wells, h's own
experience was very much the same as Mr. Sanderson's.
Until the present Act they could not close those wells which
were polluted ; and, even now, he believed they could be closed
only by substituting some other source of water supply. They
had to find out whether the sources of water supply must be
equally near the population, and whether any one could stop
a well without providing another, lie did not intend that a
sanitary authority was to encourage or go into any system for
bringing the water from a distance. He did not think that
that was contemplated by the Act ; but he thought they were
rather intended to obviate difficulties, and to meet immediate
simple interests rather than to provide the means for a large
outlay.

Mr. FoRSTER (Chester-le-Street) spoke of the importance
of utilising colliery water by filtering beds, and suggested the
employment of scavengers in coUieiy villages.

The President asked, if in the event of a colliery or coal
company in the course of their mining operations depriving a
district.of its water supply, there was any power by law by which
the company could be compelled to give a supply.

Mr. Ridley (Hexham) : No, my Lord.

The President : I think there is no power at law.

Mr. Ridley: There is not, my Lord. I have examined it
closely.

The Rev. John Bigge (Stamfordham) said he had himself
lost a very valuable spring by the Whittle Dene Water Com-
pany. He took counsel's opinion upon the manner, and he
was told that they could not legislate upon what went under-
ground. There was an enormous quantity of water taken
underground by the collieries and wasted, while it might be

put into the reservoirs and supply the whole of the district.
A very eminent architect in Newcastle told him that he con-
sidered that every house ought to supply itself with water for
domestic purposes from the roof, while the water for drinking
could be obtained from other sources. He knew that in one
or two houses enormous tanks were placed under the kitchen,
and these houses were never without water.

Captain Johnstone (Brampton) said that as far as his ex-
perience went it certainly tended to show that they could not
trust such important matters as the management and engineer-
ing of water supply, which might involve considerable expense
and perhaps risk of failure, to ignorant persons. But he
thought the manner in which it had been met, as far as the
rural districts were concerned, quite met their wants in tiiat
respect. In the event of any parish wishing to raise money
on loan for the purpose of sewage or water, they were re-
quired to send in a plan designed by a competent architect,
and unless the Local Government Board were satisfied of the
competence of the person, they did not graut the money.
That appeared to him to give them the protection which the
resolution asked. He quite agreed with Jlr. Cropper as to
his remarks on the supplying of water, and said that in his
union they were carrying out the plan of bringing the water
to \illages and collections of lieuses, and making a charge not
exceeding 2d. per week.

The Secretary (the Rev. J. Elphinstone Elliot) made
some remarks on the waste of water and pollution of springs
by collieries.

A long discussion followed, the general opinion being
against the appointment of a third officer under the Sanitary
Authority ; more especially as the Local Government would
make inquiries, and, if necessary, inspect, when any important
works were proposed to be couitructed. The gentlemen who
took part in the discussion were — Mr. Culley, inspector ; the
Rev. W. L. J. Cooley, Alnwick Union ; Mr. Ridley, Hex-
ham ; the Rev. Dr. Simpson, Kendal; Mr. Heatly, Alnwick ;
Mr. Proctor, Tynemouth ; the Rev. G. T. Weston, aud Mr. T.
P. Dods.

The President, in closing the discussion, said he thought
they could all perceive from the course the discussion liad
taken, that they were in the infancy of this legislation, and
that the subject was so large and the Acts of Parliament so
intricate and in such a confused condition, that the first
necessity which was incumbent on the Legislature was to
press absolutely for the consolidation of the laws ; that he
believed to be the most important step that could be taken
in order to enable those who had to adminster tiie hw really
to understand in what position they stood. That appeared to
him to be the essential duty which devolved on the Local
Government of this country. They were told that the Sanitary
Laws Amendment Act was a step in the right direction, but it
would be the duty of members of Parliament, in the forth-
coming session, to press for the consolidation of these laws.
He was sorry, indeed, if he should appear in any way to differ
from Mr. Sanderson, because he felt that his experience de-
served great weight, and he (his Lordship) professed to have
very little. He must remind them that Mr. Sanderson's
experience was very different from that of most others. If
Mr. Sanderson had exalted notions, they were derived from liis
large connection in a great town. But they had to deal with
simple rural districts, and he confessed it seemed to him ab-
solutely impossible to call upon a rural union to employ a
permanent engineer for the sake of his advice, and for this
reason — it would necessitate the employment of at least three
distinct officers. And depend upon it if they once appointed
a permanent engineer his business would be to create work for
himself, and that was what they must guard against. If they
took good advice at first, and constructed work which would
last a long time, it would be worth while to pay a competent
man. But he took objection to the appointment of a per-
manent officer. If the law did not give them the power, they
must press for an alteration in this respect. [Mr. Culley : It
does.] His Lordship concluded by thanking Mr. Sanderson
for his paper.

Mr. Sanderson withdrew his motion, aud substituted the
following, which was carried unanimously : " That this con-
ference is of opinion that in cases where mines or other works'
by their operations, can be reasonably believed to have de-
prived a district of its existing water supply, it should be made
incumbent on the owners of these mines and other works to
make good the deficiency so created."

™^ ARMER'S MAGAZINE.

301

Mr. T. P. DoDS read a paper on "The Working ^ ,,
Assessment Committees," as a supplement to his papv
"Local Taxation," read before the Farmers' Club some moS^
since. He concluded by proposmg a series of six resolutioiiv
The first resolution was " That only one-third of the As-
sessment Committee (who may be eligible for re-election) retire
in each year,"

In answer to an objection that the Boards of Guardians ap-
pointed their committees annually, and that there was uo
guarantee that every member of the Assessment Committee
would be returned,

Dr. Simpson said there was no reason wliy the Assessment

Committee should be members of the Board of .^^i^ardians at
St .nd he Board of Guardians might be permitted to elect
hel"«eft Committee from outside of th«r own body
By the motion they would only e.pre.s an opinion: let the
Leo-islature discover the mode of carrying it out.

Tlie resolution was, after a discussion,, earned unam-

Mi^ijoBS next moved, " That the qualification of members
of Assessment Committees be considerably raised.
The motion ^as genera^y opposed, and was ultimately

negatived.

CARMARTHENSHIRE FARMERS' CLUB.
TENANT-RIGHT.

At the qaarterly meeting Mr. J. Buckley, Penfai, Llanelly,
president, was in the chair.

Dinnei was provided at one o'clock, and after tlie removal
of the cloth the following articles were disposed of by lot :
Horse-rake, winner to pay £i to the fund of the Club, Mr.
E. Humphreys, Trelimsi ; sack-lifter, Mr. R. Thomas, Wood-
bine Cottage; stubble-rake, Mr. J. Jones, ironmonger;
clipping machine, Mr. J. Tliomas, Pealan ; knife stand, Mr.
J. Buckley, Castle Gorfod ; cart rope, Mr. Harris, Pilrotli ;
dung-fork, Mr. H. Morgan, Llwya ; dung-fork, Mr. W.
Jones, Llwynygroes ; dung-fork, Mr. W. Lawrence ; hay-
fork, Mr. J. Lewis, Gurrey ; hay-fork, Mr. H. Tiiomas, Pante ;
hay-fork, Mr. Philip Lewis, Carmarthen ; hay-fork, Mr.
Lockyer, Carmarthen ; hay-fork, Mr. T. Davies, Wernddn ;
hay-fork, Mr. T. Rees, Llaithdy.

The Chairman then introduced the subject for discussioir,
viz., "The Landlord and Tenant Compensation Bill," con-
tinued from the last meeting. He said tlie Landlord and
Tenant Compensation Bill was taken into Parhament by Mr.
James Howard and Mr. Clare S. Read, and contained some
34) clauses and schedules, and it had been largely discussed at
this Club, as well as, he might say, every other agricultural
club in the country. On a former occasion he stated that in
the main he quite agreed with the object of this bill — the
protection of tenants ; for it was only right and just that the
tenant should have compensation for what he left behind him
in the land, and termed in this bill unexhausted improve-
ments. He believed that if the measure was passed what was
stated in the preamble would in time become a conserjuence,
viz., the increased production of food for the outgoing tenant
would not attempt to exhaust the land. It would be to his
advantage, in order to secure proper valuation, not to do so,
and as a result the incoming tenant would enter the f^rm in
its full state of production, paying for what the outgoing
tenant had left unexhausted. He was, however, inclined to
the opinion that this bill would be far too cumbrous to effect
the objects stated, and that it wsuld be likely to entail too
heavy a charge on the incoming tenant. In giving this
opinion he only referred to the valuation clausses relating to
corn and cake that had been consumed by stock during the
last four years, and ether clauses under the head of durable im-
provements. The 12th clause, again, wiiicli would make the
Act universally binding, would, he felt sure, never be got
through Parliament. Why should freedom of contract be
taken from the farmer when such freedom was in the power
of others ? Still there were some good things in the bill, and
if a simpler measure were drawn up, and introduced, pro-
viding, in all cases where there did not exist a full agreement
between the landlord and tenant, that the tenant should have
reasonable and substantial compensation for unexhausted im-
provements, such a bill might perhaps be passed, and become
law. His idea was that all improvement should be classed
under two heads — durable or permanent improvements, and
temporary improvements, or such as the tenant would do to
bring the farm into the best state of cultivation and such as,
it would be to the advantage ot the incoming tenant to take
and to pay for. The permanent improvement, if done by tlie
tenaut, should be done with the landlord's consent in writing.
The amount of compensation, too, he thought, should vary
according to the party by whom notice to quit was given. If
such notice was given by the landlord the compensation might
be extended, if by the tenant it might be limited. He firmly

believed the legislation in this respect would liave the effect
of raising the productiveness of some farms, and would in a
few years be found to have considerably increased the produce
of the country.

Mr. W. Jo.NEs (Llwyngroes') admitted that the subject had
often been discussed during tiie last twelve months, and
hoped the effect of all this ventilation would be a good bill in
the end. lie did not think farmers should be in a hurry to
get a measure passed ; it would be better to thoroughly dis-
cuss the matter, and then no doubt the resulting bill would be
something worth having. He quite agreed with the remarks
of Mr. Buckley with respect to varying the compensation
according to which party gave the notice to quit. The
tenants ousfht to have compensation for unexhausted iraproTe-
ment, and he could not imagine why they had remained quiet
for so many years. The present was the strike epoch, and he
wondered the farmers did not join together and strike. He
hoped to see the day when a good Act would be passed to
remedy the present state of things.

Mr. Davies (Cincoed) advocated arbitration as a means of
settling the amount to be awarded to tenants.

Mr. Lewis (Gurrey) quoted some remarks lately made by
Sir John Pakiugton, who held that it would be no use pass-
ing an Act giving the tenant the value of unexhausted im-
provements if tlie landlords were able to make contracts with
their tenants. At tlie last meeting a charge was made, by a,
gentleman not present on this occasion, against a large landed
proprietor in Wales, to the effect that a tenaut of his who
iiad made an outlay of two or thiee thousand pounds had
been turned out of his farm without a penny compensation.
He denied this statement altogether. He believed with the
Chairman, that both landlords and tenants should be protected,
and if a tenant left a farm in an exhausted condition he ought
to pay for the exhaustion. Mr. Lewis concluded by saying
that he believed the bill, if shorn of the 12th clause, would be
useless. He hoped the tenant-farmers would not strike for the
purpose of getting their rights, but should not be sorry to see
them do so unless proper security was granted them.

The CiiAiRMAJN mentioned, in regard to the right of con-
tract, that the Act uuder discussion was to come in where no
agreement existed between landlord and tenant. The Act he
had mentioned would, however, come into force in cases
where there was no agreement, or in cases where there was
an agreement which did not give the tenants substantial com-
pensation.

Mr. BiiODiE thought they would admit that he had taken a
full share in regard to this matter at previous meetings. Ho
had often heard children say to one another " open your
mouth, shut your eyes, and see what the king will send you,"
and he thought the farmers might now open their mouths,
shut their eyes, and see what Mr. Disraeli would send them.
Mr. Disraeli attended well to the wants of the British farmer,
and it seemed to him (the speaker) that it would be well to
let him have a swing at this matter. He hoped the coming
bill would be for the good of the agriculturists, and for the
benefit of the community at large ; and that it would also
emancipate the land lioiu the many old-fashioned siiackles
which now existed, and prevented its improvement. He
earnestly hoped that Mr. Disraeli would go boldly into the
matter, and gain laurels for himself that would never fade.

Mr. Morgan (Llwyu) agreed with the Chairman that the
bill under consideration was too cumbersome. There was no

302

doubt it was advisable to

THE FARMER'S m^'^^^^^'

oet a better understanainT betwppn „„^ .e defect would be remedied. There were thousands of

Jandlordi and tenants, the only question was how to do that ' ^ of ^^^'^ ^^ ^'>^^ country in a most imperfect state ot
Difference lu the soil, climate, &c., made it almost imno«iM» I -Itivation, which could by means of capital and energy be
to legislate for the whole kingdom, but they would see what 'Ji'0"gh'^ ^° profitable and advantageous condition.

"' ■ ■ ' Mr. Prosser, the secretary, being blessed with a good

landlord, was not so much in favour of the bill. He knew,
however, of farms in tiiis county where four white crops had
been taken from the land in succession, and the effect of the
bill in such cases w^ould be that landlords would claim com-
pensation from tenants.

The Chairman, in closing the discussion, said if a good
moderate bill was passed even then he did not believe it
would suit all circumstances. He still thought that there
should be freedom of contract between landlord and tenant,
but that the tenant should have ample compensation for un-
exhausted improvements.

Mr. Disraeli could do in the matter

bill L^°^''°''^'' (Llandilo) and Mr. James approved of ''^
bill both arguing strongly in favour of security bein^ Imted
totenants— a course which would benefit farmers aud im-
prove the .and immensely.

Mr. Warren was then callad upcn, and/in the course of
his remarks said the questJon involved ii the bill was a
national one. There wa. no doubt but that insecurity of
tenure paralysed the en-^rgies of any man, whether he was a
farmer or not. He should like to see an A.ct passed pro-
viding security, and he almost believed that a bad Act would
be better than no Act at all, because the effect of such an Act
would be to draw the attention of the country to the matter,

HORSE-BREEDING IN FRANCE.

The following correspondence respecting horse-breeding
establishments in France has "been published as a Parlia-
mentary paper :

Lord Lyons to the Earl of Derby.

Paris, June 2, 1874.

My Lord, — I have the honour to inclose herewith to your
Lordship, extracted from the " Journal Officiel" of this "day,
the promulgation of the Law on "Haras" (horse-breeding
establishments) and remounts in France.

I have, &c., (Signed) Lyons.

Law on Sreedi/i// and Remount Esiahlishmgnis.

The National Assembly has passed the Law of which the
tenor is as follows :

Article 1. The chief mauaging body of the breeding esta-
blishment shall consist of a director-general, who shall be
also the inspector-general ; six inspectors-general ; twenty-
two managers of depots ; twenty-two assistant managers, and
an efficient number of superintendents.

Art. 2. A committee for the management of breeding esta-
blishments shall be named by the President of the Republic
for nine years. It shall consist of twenty-four members, and
shall be renewed every three years, by a third of its members
retiring, and shall represent the different classes. Members
retiring are re-eligible. It shall hold at least two sittings a-
year. It shall report on the estimates of the breeding esta-
blishments, on the general regulations for exhibitions and
race meetings, on the kind and amount of encouragement to
be given for breeding and rearing, and on all questions which
may be submitted to it by the Minister or, in his absence, by
the Director-General of the Haras. The decisions of the
Departmental Councils (Conseils-Gene'raux) as also their de-
bates concerning the horse question shall be communicated to
them. After each sitting a full and detailed report on its
labours shall be drawn up, and this report shall be communi-
cated to the National Assembly.

Art. 3. The school of the " Haras du Pin" shall be re-
established. No one shall become an officer of the Haras
unless he has received a diploma certifying that he has passed
the final examinations of this school.

Art. 4. From the year 1875, the actual number of stallions
kept by the managing body of the Haras shall be increased
by 200 stallions each year, until the maximum of 2,500 shall
be reached. These stallions shall be chosen from the different
breeds, and there shall be as many thoroughbred stallions
among them as possible.

Art. 5. Independently of the sums voted each year for
race meetings, training schools, &c., the present grant of
683,000 fr. destined for prizes, shall in 1875 be increased to
800,00 fr., and after that by an annual increase of 100,000 fr.
up to the sum of 1,500,000 fr., in order to provide prizes for—
1. Stallions belonging to private individuals, clubs, or depart-
ments, that have been approved of by the managing body of the
Haras ; 2. Brood mares, fillies, and colts. A grant of 50,000
fr. shall be devoted to trials of Arabs and Anglo- Arabs.

Art. 6. The establishment for brood mares at Pompadour
shall be re-established. It shall consist of sixty mares devoted
exclusively to the breeding of Arab and Anglo-Arab horses.

Done in the public sitting at Versailles, of the 29th May,
1874. (Signed) L. Bufeet, President.

(Signed) Felix Voisin,

Francisque Hive,
Viscount Blin de Bourdon,
Louis de Segur,

Secretaries.
The President of the Kepublic hereby promulgates this law.
(Signed) Marshal De Mac Mahon, Due de Magenta.
(Countersigned) L. Gritart,

Minister of Agriculture and Commeree.

Lord Lyons to the Earl of Derby.

Paris, June 5, 1874.
My Lord, — I have the honour to transmit herewith to
your Lordship a despatch of this day's date from Colonel
Conolly on horse-breeding establishments in France.

I have, &c., (Signed) Ltons.

Colonel Conolly to Lord Lyons.

Paris, June 5, 1874.
My Lord, — Seeing by the newspapers that the subject of
" horses" is likely to come again soon before the British
Parliament, I have the honour ,to inclose copy of a Law
which has just been passed by the French National Assembly
for the encouragement of horse-breeding in general, and upon
establishments for remounting the army. I shall be in a
position to give further information on this subject by the
next messenger, and to forward additional documents.

I have, &c., (Signed) James Conolly.

Lord Lyons to the Earl of Derby.

Paris, June 9, 1874.
My Lord, — I have the honour to transmit herewith to
your Lordship a despatch from Colonel Conolly dated the 8th
instant, on the subject of breeding horses for the French
army. I have, &c., (Signed) Lyons.

Colonel Conolly to Lord Lyons.
My Lord, — With reference to my last two despatches on
the subject of horses, I have the honour to forward the fol-
lowing additional documents : Law passed by the National
Assembly upon breeding and remount establishments ; Two
days' debate on the above Law in the Chamber at Versailles ;
Observations on encouragement and improvement of the
breed of horses in France. I now beg to offer the following
remarks upon the whole question, which excites considerable
attention in the French Government and throughout the
country. The school of the Haras du Pin, in Normandy,
re-established by Article 3 of the Law, is destined to give an
education in the veterinary art, and in the judgment and ma-
nagement of horses, which will qualify young men who have
diplomas from thence for the higher positions in Government
" Haras." The utility of this school is contested by many
who advocate, for such diplomas, a competitive examination
open to all France. The establishment for brood-mares at
Pompadour, in the Limousin, has many opponents, on the

THE ^^ER's MAGAZINE.

303

ground of its interfering with private enterprise
worii by M. de Croix, principal veterinary surgeon to'

♦Aate

in Trance :

Head.

debate of th a Nation.1 Assembly v^reuuanlr^s^

arnjy. gives the following census of horses', mulesV and'aslv \ '°^''^!ood kdS'mustSi'avrSS iu^the French diligences
^ every gu j ^^ ^ ^ „ „„ii;^loa It is seen by Article *

Grand total in Trance 3,633,605

,, „ Algeria included... 4,000,000

They are divided thus :

Colts and fillies under three years 400,45-t

Entire horses 351,654

Geldings 872',911

Mares 1,257,852

Mules 299,129

Asses 450,625

Among them are —

Covering stallions 12,000

Broodmares '.,.. 600',000

Which produce annually —

Colts aud filly foals 300,000

The rise in the price of horses during the last tliree years lias
given a great impulse to the breeding of them by the popula-
tions of Algeria. The debate in the National Assembly at
Versailles is worth reading i/i exienso by any one interested
in horse-breeding or the mounting of an army. The pith of
it, however, may be extracted from the speeches of M. Bocher,
reporter Of the Committee, and of M. de Carajon-Latour,
who is a large landed proprietor, master of hounds, and a
good judge of all classes of liorses. M. de Carayon is for
restricting, to tlie utmost the action of Government in tiiis
direction, and insists that its stallions should not cover at a
lower price than would remunerate a private proprietor. M.
Bocher answers tliat this is all very well in England, but that,
with the Trench system of subdivision of property, very lew
private individuals can stand the expenses of a well-found
breeding establishment. All parties agree that Government
should interfere to prevent a circulation through the country
of unsound covering stallions. The best remedy for such an
evil consists in a heavy duty upon this class of animals, which
can be mitigated or remitted where certificates are held from
a superintendent of " Haras." It is also advocated that prizes
should be given at agricultural meetings, horse exhibitions,
&c., for the best brood mares and foals. The speakers in the

^?SSt^S:\^KlSrn,^iit covering sj^^s
WK 'ventually be raised to 2,500 instead of (as at present)
\.^i"Zx that, by tV introduction of judicious economies,
the annu,V cos*-, of each animal will be reduced fro'n^,'^'^^"/^-
90c. to 1,460 fr. 78c. ^The 'whole financial system of the biU is
developed in the weeches of l\ve Marquis de Dampricre, page
3567, aud of M. Bocher, page 3573 of the Debate The
late horse exhibition (spring of thii year) was decidedly inte-
rior to that of 1873. 1 can strongly itecoramend the inciosure
of my despatch, ■ Observations by the Society for Encou-
raging and Improving the Breed of Horses in France, to the
perusal of all of my countrymen who take an interest m this
important subject. It gives a carefully prepated history ot
thoroughbred stock and of racing in this country, and it com-
bats the argument that an excessive number of handicaps
aua of t^<> jcnr cU nud oiiuft raccs have had a deteriorating
effect (combined with inordinate betting) as well upon the
breed of horses as on public morality. Many good sportsmen
in England, with whom I agree, and who are of opinion that
evils of this kind have ensued from the multiplication of
small race meetings, will read with impartiality this defence
of the French system, which is not yet nearly as far advanced
in that direction as our own. The pamphlet in question is
not published for the trade, and copies of it are diflicult to he
procured. The military considerations wliich influenced tlie
Committee are fully explained by its reporter, pages 3571 and
3572 of the Debate. When the peace establisiiment of the
army required 70,000 saddle horses, France had to import
annually from 6,000 to 7,000; that establishment is now
raised to 90,000. To pass from a peace to a war footing
under the new military law demands 176,000 horses, and a
large proportion of them of superior quality to what was
formerly considered serviceable. The movements of field
artillery are now so much accelerated that many of the draught
horses of that arm must come from the same class as those
for the cavalry. I have, &c.,

(Signed) James Conollt.

WILTSHIRE BACON.

We recently had occasion to visit a small Wiltshire town
which has been for many years, and still is, the principal seat
of bacon manulacture. There is nothing in the cleanly, quiet
appearance of the town itself to indicate either the nature or
the magnitude of tlie trade there carried on. Though our
hotel was within a stone's throw of the principal slanghter-
house, we were greeted with no shrill dissonant cries of pigs in
distress, and protesting in their own way against having their
tliroats cut. There were no open sewers flowing with blood
and garbage, nor blackened slums reeking witli the smoke of
burnt straw and hair. All was clean and orderly, as it there
was no such a thing as a pig within filty miles. The only
thing which struck us as unusual was the passage of several
waggons laden with huge blocksof Norwegian ice, the summer
supply of fifteen hundred tons being then about to be laid in.
An uniform temperature is thus secured for the curing vaults,
under a system patented by the proprietors, who are thus
secured against heavy losses by unfavourable weather, and also
enabled to meet the constant demand lor their bacon, aud send
it out in a comparatively fresh condition all the year round.
It stands by reason that if sufHcient bacon were cured during
the cold weather to last all the summer months, which was
the old-fashioned plan, the present system of curing would not
answer, as the bacon would not keep An immense stock
must also be necessarily accamulated in the spring to meet the
supply, and the consumption of the offal, instead of being
equalised, as now throughout the year, would in some seasons
be far in excess and in others far inadequate to the demand.
Fifty thousand pigs per annum are slaughtered in this estab-
lishment, giving an average of about a thousand a week.
Through the kindness of the proprietor I was enabled to see
and make a note of the arrangements, notwithstanding the
notice which met my eye at the entrance that there is " no

admittance except on business." I use the word proprieto
advisedly, for this is no joiit-stock affair, but is conducted by
the skill and capital of one man, or rather one family, alone.
The business has been in existence for more than half a cen-
tury, and had comparatively a very small beginning, but has
grown to the present magnitude through the indefatigable
efforts of managers to meet the taste and requirements of the
times. At first 1 was conducted to the shed in which the live
stock are temporarily housed to await operations. There they
were, comfortably nestling in clean straw, and with but little
of the usual odour of the stye, a number of fine, plump,
medium-sized pigs, grunting, snuffing, or groaning contentedly,
and liappily unconscious of the late wliich awaited them on
the morrow. I had neither tiie opportunity nor desire to see
them brought to the knife, hut tlie modus operandi was lucidly
explained to me by one of the operators. A chain is attached,
by means of a noose, to one of the hind legs, and the animal
is suddenly drawn up, head downwards, by means of a windlass.
An incision is skilfully made in the throat. There is a mulfled
shriek, a copious discharge of blood from the orifice, a few
convulsive kicks, and the sanguinary deed is completed. The
carcase is then removed to the singeing furnace, for Wiltshire
bacon must not have its hair entirely removed by scalding,
after the Yankee method, or it would Icse one of its cliarac-
teristic marks, and consequcutly much of its value in the
market. The old-fashioned plan was to lay the carcase on the
ground in the open air, cover it up with straw, which was
then set fire to, and the process continued as long as necessary,
perhaps ten minutes or a quarter of an hour to a pig. This
consumption of time and straw would never do on an extensive
scale. A furnace is therefore contrived with a fiery aperture,
into which the carcase of the pig is lifted by an ingeniously
contrived lever, is there denuded of hair, and removed in

804

THE FARMER'S MAr^^^*

about half a minute, it is then waslied and scraped clean a i • ^^ *^'°^ themselves. The proprietor is, we hear, a
"'»'• ♦'^° +""J~-- of tijg jjjiJ^j jg^^ ^^^ j sajipg of John Bright, and conducts his establishment as far

gambrel is inseited under the tendons or me luud Jess and , n -

the carcase is suspended by an iron hook to a horizontal' bar ^possible on teetotal principles. There was, however, an un

which traverses the whole length of the slauehter l,n„c<.' mistakable odour in the room of the weed which soothes and

serving as a sort Of tramway, having sidings and crossinr-
along which the carcase is easily slid from one operX°o
another, until it is finally cut asunder avd taken dona ^'^^
disembowelling process comes nex*, the viscera fapu's the
butcher's perquisites if the animal be bought by '(weight, are
entirely removed.'; the liver, hear*, &c., forming a cheap and
savoury dish for a poor man'? table, find a leady sale to meat
pedlars, who hawk them aKiut the country, the overplus being
sent to London or the nnghbouring towns. The entrails are
passed down a kind of /unnel to the vaults below, where they
are denuded of fat, sud passed on to women, who wash and
cleanse them for sausage skins and " chitlings." The old-
fashioned hog's pudding, composed of the blood and fat of the
animal, mned with prepared oats and savoury herbs, stuffed
into the entrails, a revolting looking mass, but when boiled and
afterwards tcasted, a didi inr j,, (-picure. is not in so mnnh
favour now as formerly ; the blood is consequently sold and
highly prized for manure. The pig may now be said to be
kifled and dressed by a series of operations which are per-
formed, when " in full swing," at the rate of about ninety per
hour. It is next weighed, and then slit down the middle, the
lazaras, or back-bone, flake flat, head, and leg are removed,
the sides neatly trimmed to shape, and they are then ready for
salting. There is but little fresh meat taken from the pigs in
this establishment ; the spare rib is " spare" indeed, and seldom
weighs more than one or two pounds. The griskin is a mere
attenuated strip, composed mostly of short transverse pieces of
bone. The whole side, consequently, from the abundance of
lean meat in its constitution, partakes more or less of the
character of delicately flavoured ham, whilst the difficulty of
disposing of the enormous quantity of fresh meat which would
accrue were the sides trimmed in the ordinary manner is done
away with. In favourable weather the meat is cut into
sausages and sent to London and other larpe towns, where
they are readily disposed of in fresh and prime condition. At
other times the meat is sold to the hawkers, or salted down to
be consumed at leisure. I was next conducted to the curing
department, which is vaulted over, and surmounted by the
large quantity of fresh ice as before mentioned. Were it not for
this contrivance, the system pursued here could not be properly
carried out. Each side receives its just proportion of salt, and
neither more nor less, the conditions being equalised throughout
the year by an equalisation of temperature. As may be supposed,
everything here is scrupulously clean. The flooring, which would
otherwise be inevitably sloppy, is composed of a patent pavement,
■which forms a complete series of grooves and channels, and is
so laid as to drain itself. Here were huge piles of hams,
cheeks, and sides of bacon undergoing the curing process,
which is performed with salt and finely-pulverised Bengal salt-
petre alone, the use of sugar, which is only necessary to
counteract excessive saltness, being here unnecessary. The
different sized sides are all arranged in separate piles, as the
heavy ones require a somewhat longer time than the light
ones. From the curing vaults to tl'.e drying houses, where they
are either white or smoke dried, to suit the tastes of the pur-
chaser, and then to the consumer, averages about a month
from the time the pig is taken alive into the establishment.
About ten million pounds of first-class bacon are sent out
yearly, most of it finding its way to London and other large
towns, where good things wUl always command a good price.
Our sister countries, Scotland and Ireland, notwithstanding
their pride in native produce, are not insensible to the charms
of Wiltshire bacon, and figure largely as customers. The
proprietor is thus enabled to obtain the highest price of any
other curer in the world, though he has no advantage such as
a monopoly of the raw material or a secret in the mode of
treatment would give him. The method is open to anyone
who chooses to exercise it with the same care and discretion
as are here observed. We must not forget the lard, which is
run into bladders and shallow tin pans, and sold by the ton to
large consumers. " This is our readin' room," said my guide,
opening a door, and ushering me into a spacious and well-
lighted apartment, well furnished with books, newspapers,
and periodicals. Here the men who reside at a distance take
their meals, and spend, if they are so minded, the intervals of
labour. The literary character given to the apartment looks
well, and shows that those who kill fat swine need not neces-

not inebriates, which showed some amount of toleration of
the weaknesses of our fellow men, inasmuch as smoking was
not strictly prohibited.— /Fi7('* Gazette.

SLAUGHTERHOUSES ACT, 1874.— By the Building Act
of 1844 certain businesses were put under regulation as offensive
or noxious, as they were then carried on in a manner injurious
to health. Dwelling-houses were not to be built withiu 50ft.
from any buildings in use for such a business. If the building
was (]pstroj-ca or pulled down it might be rebuilt, but no new
business could be established at a less distance than 40ft. from
a public way, or 50ft. from a dwelling-house, and if then
carried on within such distances it was prohibited to be so
carried on after 30 years from the 9ih of August, 1844, unless
means were used to mitigate the nuisance to the satisfaction of
a jury at Quarter Sessions in Middlesex, which was declared to
be the reiiiie for the whole metropolis. Last year those con-
cerned in the trade of slaughtering cattle became alarmed at
the existence of these prohibitory enactments, and the penalty
of £50 a day for infringing them ; and an attempt was made
to get a repealing Bill passed, but it was withdrawn, and a
Select Committee substituted to take evidence regarding
noxious businesses. Those concerned in most of the business
were fully heard, and much useful information was recorded to
show how much the practice was improved in each trade under
the system of inspection prescribed by the Metropolis Local
Management Acts and the Nuisance Laws, which are executed
by the corporative Vestries and District Boards. The trades
specified in 1844 were blood boiler, bone boiler, fellmonger,
slaughterer of cattle, sheep, or horses, soap boiler, tallow
melter, and tripe boiler. Those who promoted the agitation
were the Butchers' Trade Society, as they were most numerous,
and, although that trade had never been required to conform
to the law, they yet feared the penal construction which might
be put upon it at the end of the period of 30 years. It did
not appear to be understood that the " business of a slaughterer
of cattle, sheep, or horses" did not refer to the butcher who
killed his own beasts, but applied to those who killed for other
persons for hire, or kept knackers' yards, and the letter used
to be the most offensive places. By the new Act the trades
are divided into two classes. The blood boiler, bone boiler,
manute manufacturer, soap boiler, tallow melter, and knacker
are prohibited from anew estabUshing such businesses within
the metropolis, subject to apenaly of £50 for establishing, and
also a hke penalty per day for carrying on the same. The
word " anew" has a wide meaning as given in the statute.
The other businesses of a fellmonger, tripe boiler, or
slaughterer of cattle, and any other businesses declared to be
offensive, are not to be established anew without the sanction
of the local authority. That authority is to inspect and make
orders and by-laws for the regulation of these trades after
hearing all objections. The local authority for the metropolis
(except the City of London) is the Metropolitan Board of
Works, and the Commissioners of Sewers within the City.
The Vestries and District Boards are to inspect as to nuisances,
and the Privy Council inspectors can inspect as to disease in
animals. The magistrates are to enforce the law under the
Summary Jurisdiction Act, subject to appeal to Quarter Ses-
sions. Justices at Special Sessions are to grant licences for
slaughterhouses, as a matter of course, where the sanction of
the local authority is obtained. A " slaughterer of cattle"
means a person whose business it is to kill any description of
cattle, including sheep, goats, or swine, killed for use as
butchers' meat. A " knacker" means a person whose busi-
ness it is to slaughter any iiorse, ass, or mule, or any cattle,
&c., not for use as butchers' meat. One notion is put in
print — that business premises may be extended anew " half an
acre," whereas it was "half their original extent in area;"
but that is now altered to an enlargement without the sanction
of the local authority. Great exaggeration lias also been used
in reference to public slaughterhouses and the defects of pri-

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

305

vate places, whereas the raeinbers of the committee who visited
several of both kinds, tbuud the latter greatly to be preferred
to the former in regard to cleanliaess. The butcher who
slaughters can kill when it suits him and clean up, but the

public slaughterer has to meet the demands of numerous per-
sons at any time, and may be always in an uatidy state, as was
found at the slaughterhouses of tlie Metropolitan Cattle
Market by the members of the committee who visited it.

HIGHWAY LEGISLATION.

At the quarterly meeting of the Notts Chamber of
Agriculture, the minutes of the last meeting having
been read and confirmed. Lord GalWay, M.P., the
Chairman, said the attendance was probably not so
large as it would otherwise have been owitg to the
Lincolnshire Agricultural Society holding their show at
Grantham that day. The subject put down for discussion
was Higliway Legislation. lie was bound to say that he did
not exactly know what that meant, because there was nothing
before Parliament at the present moment which bore on that
question. The subject, however, was influenced by that of
local taxation, wliicli raiglit be discussed another session, and
it |was no doubt highly desirable tliat this Chamber should
discuss the matter. It was a great satisfaction to llicir repre-
sentatives in Parliament to know their opinions on matters of
this kind. It was a sort of guide to them, and although luckily
they were not delegates and did not quite do wliat people told
them to do, they likej to know the opinions of tlieir consti-
tuents before voting on questions in Parliament. He had now
to ask Mr. Gilbert to read his paper on the subject of High-
way Legislation.

Mr. Hy. Gilbert, of Barnby-in-the- Willows, said it was
perhaps presumptuous in him to have undertaken tiie task of
introducing this question, but having been requested to do so
by tlie Council of the Chamber, and believing it to be worthy
of their attention, he would do his best to discharge the task
lie had undertaken. Mr. Gilbert then proceeded : Every public
way which is a thoroughfare and common to all people is a
highway, whether carriage ways, bridle, or foot ways. Sone
have become so by use, some by dedication, and some are
awarded roads, and a few of these are repaired by private per-
sons, but the greater part are now, and have been for a great
length of time, repaired by the respective parishes in which
tliey are situate. In 1385anAct was passed enjoiniugthe "lords
of the soil" to enlarge those ways_ where bushes, woods, and
ditches were situated, in order to prevent robberies, clearly
showing that the lands over which the public had a right of
way belonged to the owners of the soil, which I believe is the
case to this day, the public only having the right of way. An
Act was passed in the reign of Philip and Mary enacting that
two surveyors should be appointed annually, and the inhabit-
ants of the parishes were obliged according to their respec-
tive ability to provide labourers, carriages, and tools, &c.,
to work on the roads four days in each year under
the direction of the surveyor. In the reign of Charles
II. power was given to raise an assessment and the power
of levying a toll was first established. In the reign of
William III. and following reigns turnpike Acts were
passed, and commissioners appointed to carry them
into execution, and in the reign of George II. turnpikes
were distinguished from other highways. In the reign of
George III. the turnpike Acts were consolidated. The high-
ways were repaired at the expense of the parishes, and the
turnpikes at the expense of the persons using them, tolls being
collected, but if sufficient could not be collected then a portion
of the cost was thrown upon the parishes. The Justices of the
Peace had power to inflict a fine of £5 on any surveyor not doing
his duty, or not keeping the roads in good repair, and in case
of his neglect to put them in repair, then they had the power
to fine him the full amount the road would cost, and also the
expense of a person to superintend and put the road in good
order. Notwithstanding these extraordinary powers which
the magistrates still retain, our county magistrates iiave
adopted the Permissive Act, and divided this county into high-
way districts — 25 and 26 Victoria. The district we are now
in — the Newark highway district — comprises 50 parishes, and
200 miles of road. There is one surveyor (and I must say
the board are perfectly satisfied with him) to superintend it,
and it is not competent for the board to appoint another,
unless as a deputy under him. So he has to look over 200
miles^ to see how the labour is performed, to set out the work

and see it is properly done, keep books, &c. Why, the thing
is perfectly impossible. Some may say, " Oh, the waywardens
may look after the men ;" but if so what use is tlie surveyor at
all. But the waywardens liave no authority or power except as
the board may order. After giving a humorous instance of
the difficulty of men working uuder two masters, the way-
warden and the surveyor, he proceeded : I find that this dis-
trict cost last year about £18 per mile, and the turnpike roads
£32 -altogether £i,8i9. The Clerk, Mr. Newbald, has
kindly allowed me to look over the expenses incurred by the
fifty parislies before they were formed into a district, and I find
that in the two years 1863 and 1864; the cost was £6,730. lu
tlie two years ending Dec, 1873, £7,677, being an increase of
£9i7, or £i73 per year. Add to lliis the cost of turnpikes
ast year, £1,156, and we find £1,630 per annum in excess of
the old system chargeable to this district. I attended by re-
quest a few months ago a meeting of the Central Chamber in
London, aird a discussion took place respecting highway legis-
lation. The feeling was most decidedly against the highway
district system. One gentleman from Lincolnshire stated that
a deputation from the parishes had requested the justices not
to form these districts, but to fiue the overseers £5 —
they not having done their duty. Tlie consequence is
that the roads are better looked after and ouly three
surveyors have been fined. Only one district has been
formed in that county — Gainsborough, and the chairman,
Sir C. Anderson, has expressed his regret that that sliould
have been made, and tbe gentlemen said they had declined
to appoint a surveyor in their district, the waywardens
performing that duty and so rendering the Act inoperative.
Another gentleman placed in my hands a printed statement of
the working of the Act in Worcestershire, which couuty is
divided into seven districts. In one district the expenses are
6| per cent, less than in the other six districts. The e.xpenses
are increased 46j per ceut. on the average. If the present
Highway Boards thought the old system less expensive and
preferable to the new, they should represent that to the
magistrates who had still the power to deal with them. Should
that be the case, aud parish surveyors were appointed, they
ought to be allowed a mileage to remunerate them for their
trouble. He fully accorded with the abolition of toll-bars,
believing that in many cases they were expensively managed.
Having referred to the Worksop and Kelham turnpikes and
Newark and Leadenham asexamples, he concluded by moving the
following resolutions : " Tiiat it is the opinion of this Chamber
that the roads should be under parochial management subject to,
the control and financial supervision of the justices or of a
local or district board. That compelling the various parishes
(in the highway district) to repair and maintain the abandoned
turnpike roads is an act of great injustice, thereby relieving
the public at the expense of the country ratepayers, and that
Parliament should be requested to pay out of the public purse
annually three-fourths of the expenses of repairing aud main-
taining such roads to such parishes or highway districts."

In reply to the Chairman, Mr. Gilbert said he would not
press his resolution to a division, but he should be glad to hear
the opinions of members upon it.

Mr, C. Nevile (Thomley Hall) said the question of
turnpikes and the maintainence of highways were matters that
had not specially engaged his attention, but as a land owner
and county magistrate he was compelled to have some general
knowledge of these subjects. The difficulty seemed this, that
assuming there was a grievance, what was the remedy ? Now
add to that he might say that some years ago a great states-
man asked him his opinion on a matter of importance at that
time. The statesman listened to liim for a considerable time,
and then asked what was his remedy ? To that he (the speaker)
replied that he was only a country squire, and that ministers
were paid £5,000 a year to provide remedies. In the same
way they should discuss matters of this kind, and their
members of Parliament were the proper persons to provide

306

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE

remedies. Reveitiug to tlie questiou of highways, he thought
it very hard that a small parish should be taxed for the main-
tenance of a turnpike which the inhabitants never went on a
single foot. He also thought the system was bad of having
one surveyor in large districts. Take his own parish of Thorney.
They paid a gentleman for driving about iu a gig. Why he
would engage to do that work for half the money. And as to
his superintending the whole of the roads, it was an impossi-
bility. He suggested as he did at a meeting at which the late
speaker attended, that the Highway Board should occupy the
same position as the bench of magistrates, and that if com-
plaints were made of a road being bad, the parish should be
ordered to repair them. There was no occasion to pay
a surveyor to look after them, because if there was an
intelligent man in any parish lie could see the work was
done.

The Chairman : You have some bad roads at Thorney,
have yon not ?

lUr. Is'evile : Very good, my lord. There is not a better
parish going. He went on to say that every parish should be
left to maintain its own roads. What with the poor-rate,
highway-rate, and other burdens, local taxation was rapidly
increasing, and whether it fell on landlord or tenant, they were
both interested, and he tliought no landlord ought to sit by
and see his tenantry overburdened if he could help it.

Mr. Cjripwell (Mansfield-Woodhouse) said he had had
some experience in the questions raised by Mr. Gilbert. He
was most familiar with tlie Mansfield district, tlie accounts of
which he had now before him. He found that the Rlansfield
district compared favourably with the Newark, and tliat had
led him to inquire the reasons why the Blansfield district did the
work so much better. It seemed to him that there was some-
thing wrong in the system pursued in this locality, and that
more money was spent than there was any good reason for.
He made these remarks because Mr. Gilbert seemed to have
based his observations on what was being done in the Newark
district. Witii regard to the Mansfield district, they had 122
miles of road, whereas in Newark they had 201.

The Chairman : Newark is rather an awkwardly-fixed
district.

Mr. Cripwell said the cost per mile for repairs only in
the Manfield district was £9 7s. 6d., whilst at Newark it was
£17 lis. The common charges for turnpike repairs in the
Mansfield district were £3 per mile, whilst in the Newark
district they were £5 15s. Probably, however, tliey had a
larger proportion of turnpikes in the Newark district. With
regard to salaries the Mansfield district paid £1 5s. per mile,
and the Newark district only £1. They paid a lower salary
per mile because the mileage was less. Their clerk's salary
was £30, and the surveyor's £120 ; in the Newark district the
clerk's salary w?.s £40, and the surveyor's £175. For manual
labour they paid in the i\Iansfield district £5 IGs. 3d. per mile;
in the Newark district it was £7 16s. ; for daily labour they
paid in tlie Mansfield district £1 2s. per mile, whilst in New-
ark they paid £2 12s. 8d. ; for materials (and they were rather
favourably fixed) the cost per mile in the Mansfield district
was £1 123. lOd., whilst iu Newark it was £G ; tradesmen's
bills were 7s. per mile in tlie Mansfield district, and 13s. 8d.
in this district. As far as the Mansfield district was concerned
it was admitted by all, that under the new system the roads
had very much improved, aud that they were getting the im-
provements made at a less expense.

Mr. Pinder: What kind of material do you use?

Mr. Cripwell said they used the materials best adapted to
the various districts. Tnry had one surveyor who looked over
the whole district, but the waywarden was expected to super-
vise him in his own parish, and if he had any fault to find, it
was hie duty to attend the Board and make a complaint. The
surveyor in their district had shown the greatest readiness to
listen to any suggestion made to him. He had thought it his
duty to lay this fact before the meeting, as showing how the
system worked in his district.

Mr. GoDBER asked whether there wais any desire in the
Mansfield district to return to the old system ?

Mr. Cripwell said they would be very sorry to do it. Their
roads had very much improved, wliilst it had cost them no
more.

The Secretary, Mr. Browne, stated that he had received a
letter from Mr. Walker, of Mattersea, in which he referred to
the subject under discussion.

The CHA.IRMA.N proceeded to read the letter. Writing from

Scarborough Mr. Walker said : " I see your subject for discus-
sion is ' Highway Legislation.' Under the old system of toll-
bars the maintenance of the through roads was paid by those
who used the roads and charged back on the consumer in the
price of goods so carried. Now goods are can led by rail and
the cross roads are cut up more than the through roads are. I
have always held that all taxes gathered on horses, carriages,
&c., should go towards the maintenance of through roads, the
bye-roads being maintained by the farmers as theirs of right by
usage. This is one thing to be brought forward in our
Chambers, aud is on the same principle as this, that all taxes
should be paid by consumers either directly or indirectly, for
all are consumers but all are not producers, and any tax which
presses on the fully-manufactured article is a consumers' tax,
but not unless. The incidence of taxation is the first thing to
be considered, and is of much more consequence than some
measures which, though good in principle, interfere with free-
dom of contract and drive the thin wedge into the rights of
property. Conservatism should be to adopt what is right,
root out what is wrong : let all the good we know of old be
dovetailed with the new.

Mr. Godber (Balderton) said in his opinion the whole
subject seemed to resolve itself iuto two questions — ef&cieney
and economy — how they could iu the cheapest and most econo-
mical manner eEHciently maintain the roads. He referred to
the improvements which had taken place in the condition of
the roads since the time when he was a boy, when it used to
be said they were up to the axletree, and he observed that
there had been a great improvement under the present system,
not only with regard to the material used but in the securing
a greater amount of uniformity. He wished to point out that
here they were in a very bad condition as compared with the
Mansfield district in point of material. It seemed that the
question of material made up the whole of the difference
between the two districts. The questiou was, could they mend
themselves by going back to the old system ? He was afraid not.
He really thought that although the new system had cost a cer-
tain amount more money the increased cost would not continue.
He maintained that their roads would not cost them so much
henceforward as they had done in bringing them to the state
they were in at the present time. The surveyors were not
responsible for the size of the districts, and where a surveyor
acted well with a waywarden they got on very well. In his
own parish, where they had an efficient waywarden, they got
on very well. He did not think so much cost would be re-
quired for years to come, and therefore he did not look upon
this as money lost or thrown away. As to the turnpikes, it
had been said tliat there was no agitation about them, that
there was a great deal of dissatisfaction about it, aud
it was dissatisfaction that generally grew into agitation.
The question arose, how would they remedy this real
grievance ? He believed the question would require a good deal
of discussion before they could arrive at any satisfactory
solution of it. During his last election Mr. Disraeli was asked
by one of his constituents, " What about the turnpikes P" and
his reply was that it was a mess. If they were a mess then,
they were a mess now. It was for the agriculturists, however,
to press their grievances, and to ask that some plan may be
devised for relieving them of some of their heavy burdens.
The education question, the sanicary regulations, and the
turnpike question, had all come on during the last four years,
aud they had made a difference of 6d. in the pound. He
pointed out tliat every man, woman, and child paid £1 per head
to local charges throughout the country, quoting Mr. Goschen
to the effect that the local taxation of the country amounts to
30 millions a year, and as agriculturists paid so much to impe-
rial taxation, they ought to be relieved as much as possible of
local taxation, lie could not. however, bring his mind to vote
for the old system of managing their highway, though he
thought some more economical plan should be devised for
dealing with the turnpike roads.

Mr. Nevile asked whether the expenses of the new system
vrere diminishing ?

Mr. Godber said they were, and would do so in time to
come.

Lord Galway said he was much gratified at the tone the
discussion had taken. Mr. Gilbert's resolution he thought
from the first, was rather too general and sweeping in its cha-
racter to command universal approval, aud therefore he thought
that gentleman had acted very wisely in saying he would be
satisfied if a discussiou took place withoait taking the feeling

THE FAEMBR'S MAGAZINE.

307

of the meeting on the resolution. He tliouglit they ought to
return their thanks to Mr. Gilbert tor bringing the subject
forward. The more I'u'Iy these questions were discussed
llie better able they were to form a judgment on
them. Now, Mr. Gilbert's resolution almost seemed
to express that the existence of these highway roads
was very unsatisfactory to the country generally. There
were two sides to the question however, and he knew there
were many who considered tliat their roads were in a much
better state than before. The question of expense was of
course one of great consideration, and it only showed the
difficulty of the subject when they heard Mr. Gilbert's figures,
and the figures given by Mr. Cripwell in his excellent speech,
and stating the difference between the Mansfield and Newark
districts. With regard to the surveyors, it was said that it
was impossible for them to go over the whole of a large
district, but he world remind them that they had to keep
accounts.

Mr. Cripwell : Only his own, my lord, not the general
account ; they are kejit by a clerk.

Lord G.VLWAi : Still he would have to keep small accounts,
and they required a fairly educated man to do this. One
observation struck him as perfectly true, that surveyors could
not be expected to see every portion of the roads kept in good
order, but he must say that, as far as his judgment went, the
waywardens did not exert themselves sufficiently. He would
suggest that they ought to have the power to give directions
to those who were repairing the road. If they saw a man
acting wrongly in his work they ought to send for the sur-
veyor to attend to it. (Mr. Cripwell : They do so with us.)
It struck him (the noble lord) that a great deal more might
be done by the waywardens if they would take a little more
trouble. There was no one more alive to the advantages of
local management than he was. In some of these Acts of

Parliament there was too great a tendency to centralise than
to leave matters in the hands of gentlemen on the spot who
are able to judge for themselves. With regard to local tax-
ation, he reminded them that the Chancellor of the Ex-
cliequer had shown his good will to the country by putting
£150,000 on one side for local expenses. That might
be said to be a drop in a bucket, but still it was a step-
in the right direction. They were aware perhaps a new
Valuation Bill had been introduced, bringing mines, plan-
tations, and game into valuation. " He told them
fairly, however, that he did not see how game
could be rated, except where it was let. He remarked that
he had hitherto had his plantations rated as land in an un-
cultivated state, aud if the Assessment Committee only used
their common sense, aud act fairly to the landowners and be-
tween themselves, there would be no difficulty about it, and it
would be ten times better than going up to head-quarteis to
know how to do it. This proposal, however, would relieve
the farmer of a small amount of rate, and he only mentioned it
to show that it was a step in the right direction, and to express
the hope that next session, if the present Government remained
in power, of which he was glad to say there was very little
doubt, something would be done to benefit the agricultural as
well as the urban interests. The noble lord then remarked
that he took great interest in the turnpike question, having
been on a committee consisting of Lord Peurhyn, Lord G.
Cavendish, Mr. Wyvill, &c., and said he thought they would be
acting wisely in not committing themselves on this subject,
inasmuch as some general Act would probably be introduced
next session.

Mr. Gilbert, in reply, said he was perfectly satisfied with
the discussion his paper had elicited, and now withdrew his
resolution, and expressed his acknowledgments.

AGRICULTURAL GEOLOGY.
THE NORTHERN DIVISION.

At a meeting of the Institution of Surveyors, Mr. John
Glutton in the chair, Mr. E. J. Smith read the following
paper :

In the discussion on Mr. Squarey's excellent paper
on this subject [already given], I observed that the
geological formations might be conveniently identified
with the letters of the alphabet, and that whether we
pass from hence to Cornwall, or to Wales, or to Cumber-
land, or to Scotland, we equally pass over a series of for-
mations corresponding to the series of letters between V and
A. The igneous rocks form part of the Scottish border, and
the granitic rocks are the basis of the Cumberland mountains,
and all the intermediate formations, except the old red sand-
stones, will be traversed between those rocks and the forma-
tions already described by Mr. Squarey. In the northern part
of England, the formation which attains the greatest height
and governs the climate and the directions of rivers and roads,
and affected the course of traffic, is the great mountain lime-
stone and Yoredale rock, corresponding to the letter £ ; the
formation which is the most valuable is the coal formation
identified by G ; while the new red sandstone formation
(marked K) is the most extensive ; lying upon the rivers Tees,
Trent, Severn, aud Mersey, and touching the tidal waters of
all the three seas which guard the English shores. This
mountain liruestoue range forms the Peniue change or back-
hone of England, the great watershed and high ground of the
north with a length of 200 miles and an extreme elevation of
3,000 feet, whence the rivers fall rapidly westwards to the Irish
Sea, and, by longer courses, eastwards to the German Ocean,
whilst the ancient roads from south to north run along its
eastern side, guided mainly by the facilities for passing each
successive eastern river. Bounded to the westward by the
igneous rocks which form the Cheviot hills, this mountain
limestone range enters England on the Scottish border, and
extending along the eastern coast for about thirty-five miles,
strikes across the western sides of the counties of Northumber-
land and Durham to Crossfell, 3,000 feet above sea level, and
thence enters Yorkshire above Barnard Castle. At Brough
there is a remarkable depression of 1,000 feet, through which

ran the British aud Roman roads from east to west, after which
the range again rises to 2,400 feet, and throws a nothern arm
westwards to Cockermouth on the Irish Sea. Brough is
nearly the centre of the limestone range from north to south ;
from Brougli to Clithero in Lancashire, it continues at its full
width ; and from Ingleborough, 2,360 feet high, a southern
arm is thrown across Eurness to the Irish Sea ; the main body
extending south vvards to Ashbourne in Derbyshire, and reach-
ing a height of 2,500 feet in that county. Detached portions
of this range appear an the counties of Leicester, Gloucester,
Somerset, Carmarthen, Brecon, and Monmouth, generally con-
nected with coal fields ; but these portions are comparatively
insignificant in extent. This formation is of more value in a
geological than in an agricultural point of view, and is chiefly
in pasture ; where there is sufficient soil and not too much
height or exposure it is productive as arable, but this is upon
only a small portion of the range. On the north side of Cross-
fell, at an elevation of 1,800 feet, laud not worth one shilling
per acre has been brought to ten times that value, by cutting
surface drains to carry off the rain-water — some sixty inches
of annual (all. At Alston, which is 900 feet above sea level,
a very narrow strip of land on the South Tjne river may be
worth £3 an acre, and this is surmounted by a zone of land
worth 30s. to 20s. an acre, and then the hillside runs up to
moorland very rapidly. Near here, at a level of 1,800 feet
above the sea, the Gildersdale enclosure has remained uneffected
for many years, because a recreation ground of 280 acres was
considered indispensable. There is no house within two
miles, and the nearest habitation is 800 feet below the com-
mon. Not far from llaydon Bridge, about 500 feet above sea
level, Mr. Grey, the receiver for the Greenwich Hospital
Estates, has also greatly improved a large extent of land. The
sheltered lands along this part of the South Tyne, rising to a
level of 700 feet, are uow fair arable land^ let at from 30s. to
20s. an acre. Lands let on lease at 30s. during the high prices
of 1813, were in 1822 obliged to be reduced to 20s. on account
of the fall in prices. The greater part of the lower land
throughout Northumberland is on this formation, and has been
brouglit into good cultivation, and is admirably farmed at rents

308

THE FARMER'S MAGAZmE.

averaging fully 30s. an acre. Oa that coast line are several
remarkable peaks of igneous rocks (Bainborough Castle and
the ruins of Dunstanborough Castle stand upon two of tliem),
and where these igneous rocks form soil they are very good
turnip land, worth 35s. to 40s. an acre. They are, liowever,
of small extent. From Barnard Castle to Clithero, and,
indeed, wherever the elevation of the limestone range exceeds
700 feet above the sea,tius formatiou is almost wholly in pas-
ture ; but there are variations in its character. Near Skiptou
and throughout the Craven district, it carries very good grass,
worth 30s. an acre on the high grounds, and 70s. in tlie dales,
and generally along its eastern side, where it is at all sheltered,
it is fair pasture if well cared for. The western side is exposed
and precipitous. The northern arm to Cockermouth (crossed
at Shap by the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway) being chiefly
at a higli level, and subject to great exposure is, perhaps, the
portion least capable ot improvement. The southern arm
crossing Furness, where not too much exposed to the westerly
winds, presents on the contrary, some of its most favourable
cultivation, for the range falls rapidly to Morecambe Bay, aud
this portion is good land, chiefly under arable cultivation, at
rents of fully 30s. an acre. As a general rule altitude and
exposure have more to do with the unproductiveness of this
formation than its natural character ; for wherever limestone
soil on any formation has depth, the grass is sweet and healthy,
and sheep farming can be profitably undertaken. There is
very little residential value attaching to any part of this range,
except where mineral springs have brought a population for
medicinal purposes. On its western side, at sea level, the rain-
fall ranges from 33 to 65 inches yearly ; while on the
eastern aide, at sea level, the rainfall ranges from
20 to 40 inches yearly. The western side,
therefore, is more suitable for the growth of grass, and the
eastern side for the growth of corn. The Government returns
of agricultural produce have for some years been divided into
tvvo parts, the one headed grazing, and the other corn ; but the
grazing division includes Northumberlaud, Durham, and
the North and West Ridings of Yorkshire, on account of the
large proportion of mountainous laud within them — the eleva-
tion and latitude occ isioning a climate ill suited to the growth
of corn. As regards minerals, this mountain limestone range
comprises at the Derbyshire end four limestone strata, 1,800
feet thick, with three layers of basalt, 360 feet thick, with
some lead ore and zinc. But as the range continues north-
wards, the limestone strata part from each other, aud the
basalt wears out, until in the vicinity of the junction of the
three counties of Durham, Cumberland, and Northumberlaud,
the limestone strata lie apart in sixteen beds, with 700 feet of
sand and shale between tlie highest and the lowest, while the
basalt is confined to one bed, 120 feet thick. At this northern
end are lead ore, zinc, and some copper, and the lead ore has
been so largely recovered that one-fourth of the whole annual
supply of English lead has come from it. At this point also
large detached ranges of iron ore, better in character tlian the
Cleveland ore but not equal to the haematite iron ore, are
found. At this point also seams of coal put in as the lime-
stone thins out, and one of the best house coals is found in
J} rt of this range, although at other points the seams contain
comparatively inferior coal. I may add that the limestone
strata continue to diminish after entering Scotland, and the
coal strata to increase, so that in Scotland tlie greater part of
the house coal is derived from tiiis formation. These coal
seams have nuthlLg whatever to do with the Newcastle or
witli any other of the English coal fields, being part of a pre-
vious geological formation. Near the western extremities of
both the arms of tliis range is found that most valuable iron
ore called hieraatite. There are no certain surface indications,
but pots or bowls of haematite iron ore, without connections
with each other, or anything to indicate whether any one will
prove to have only a trace of iron ore, or will extend to fifty
or to any larger number of acres, are found and worked. This
ore on the surface may be worth 30s. a ton, and by this iron
ore has been raised tlie uewly-erectcd borough of Barrow-in-
Eurness. It contained 200 inhabitants in 1851, and in 1871
returned to the census a population of 18,585 persons. In this
borough a single order to build 1,000 new houses lias been
given, and each house has been occupied as soon as finished.
Having taken as our central basis the great mountain limestone
range passing down the centre of the North of England, we
shall find on the western coast that many earlier formations are
altogether absent, and on the eastern coast that three steps take

us from the oolitic series marked N, to alluvial soil marked 'L ;
an interval which, in the south-east of England, requires all
the intervening letters of the alphabet. I will first remark
upon the country westward of the range to the Irish Sea.
There are three granite rocks in Cumberland (marked A), and
at the central point where Cumberland, Westmoreland, and
Lancashire meet, there is the green slate and porphyry rock
(marked B), and this appears to be the centre of disturbance
which brought upon the surface the Cumberland mountains
and their accompanying lakes. Agriculturally, this area is of
little value ; but for residential purposes many sequestered
nooks and sheltered lake-side spots are of a value dependent
entirely on the enthusiastic temperament of the purchaser.
Notiiing is more thoroughly enjoyable than a well-selected
residence in the lake district. On its northern side this green
slate has the before-mentioned northern arm of the mountain
limestone immediately upon it, aud the coal measures (marked
G) are immediately below the mountain limestone. The upper
silurian, and the old red sandstoue, and tne millstone grit,
above the coal, and the maguesian limestone below it (denoted
by C, D, E, aud I), are all certainly absent in this district. Thes*
coal measures were long used only for local consumption and
for the supply of coal to Dublin. Some mines are 1,000 feet
deep, and have, in part, been worked under the sea for many
centuries, aud at one point the workings extend nearly two
miles from the shore. Occasionally the sea breaks in and
drowns a colliery — the last instance was in 1837. The coals ■
are now worked also further inland, as the facilities for railway
carriage have rendered inland pits commercially practicable.
The coal measures rest directly upon the conglomerate sand-
stone (marked H), and this upon the new red sandstone
(marked K) — the rock which lies lowest between the sea and
the Cumtierland hills, aud chiefly along the courses of the
rivers. The Valley of the Eden contains as good land as any
in the north, letting at from 70s. to 40j. an acre, and good
feeding laud is found along the rivers ; but the greater part
of the higher land of the district is arable, ranging from 10s.
to 30s. an acre, surmoutcd by pasture land of little value, and
by mountain moorland. There are many residential situations
within this area, but they are not easily accessible from the
great centres of wealtii. Reverting to the before-mentioned
central point, where Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Lan-
cashire meet (marked B), and proceeding southwards instead
of northwards, the green slate rock is followed by the upper
Silurian (marked C), which is entirely wanting on the northern
side, and whicli is divided into four sections, aud this rests upon
the mountain limestone. The old red sandstoue, and the mill-
stone grit, aud the coal measures, and the conglomerate sand-
stoue, and the magnesian limestone (denoted by D, E, G, H,
and I), are all absent, and the new red sandstoue (marked K)
rests directly upon the mountain limestone before referred to.
This new red sandstone extends southwards over the western
side of the w iiole county of Lancaster, and is low-lyiug (seldom
more than 100 feet above sea level), fertile, sheltered from the
east winds, aud sulject to much rain, and is specially fitted for
market gardens. The district in Lancashire, called the
" Eilde," has for many generations been lamed for its fertility;
a great part is in pasture, and there are many portions pos-
sessing a high residential value, as well as the more immediate
vicinities of the great towns aud of the city of Manchester.
This new red sandstone continues southwards from Lancashire
through Cheshire to the tidal level on the Mersey. Cheshire
is, as you are aware, the great dairy county. About four-
fifths ot the dairy farms are in grass, the other fifth providing
the straw and the turnips, and a good dairy farm may average
a rent of 38s. an acre. The land runs naturally to grass, so
that a grass field, which if ploughed up in Yorkshire or Not-
tinghamshire would take twenty years to restore itself, would
in Cheshire become, in four years' time, indistinguishable from
old pasture. The new red sandstone contiuues to Statlbrd-
shire, and then sweeping round at the lowest level which would
efl'ectually create a watershed, unites with the Derbyshire,
Nottinghamshire, and Yorkshire red sandstone plain, which
reaches the tidal level on the Trent, the Ouse, and the Tees,
while another portion runs down soutliwards from Stafford-
shire to the tidal level of the river Severn. This formation is
sometimes a thick sandstone, and there the land is sought
after for building purposes, and is very costly. The millstone
grit (marked F) appears on this western side, chiefly between
Clitliero and Preston, on the edge of the mountain
limestone, and the conglomerate sandstone and the mag-

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

509

nesiah liraesto-^^ /"'''"■'^e'l i^^,/""^, ^\ ^'^' \ \f^''^' *^^?-
o-ether abse" '^ neld, which we shall presently

find on t^'"^ eastern side of the mountain limestone, seems to
have ■^^'^ broken through by its uplieaval, aud is in full
fpf^ on this Lancashire side. This Lancashire coal field still
^ntains 5,000 millions o I tons of coal, and if the coal in the
whole of the seams existed under any one acre, and could be
produced at the same moment on the surface, its value would
exceed £4,000. Preston, Blackburn, Bolton, Bury, Rochdale,
St. Helen's, Manchester, and the other western manufacturing
towns owe their existence to this coal, and depend entirely
upon its cheap production. I will now leave altogether the
western side, and pass in review the formations to the east-
ward of the mountain limestone. The ceveral formations, from
the mountain limestone to the upper oolite, appear successively
on the coast of the German Ocean, and extend in a south-
westerly direction, as does also the' chalk formation. The
millstone grit (marked F) fails to proceed further southward
than Derbyshire ; the coal (marked G) extends with intervals
as far as the Bristol Channel; the conglomerate sandstone
(marked H) exists as far as the magnesian limestone extends,
and both fail to appear further south than Nottinghamshire.
The rest of the formations run through from the German
Ocean to the Dorsetshire coast. Along the east side of
the mountain limestone, from the German Ocean to
Derbyshire, lies the millstone grit (marked F). Three
miles, perhaps, in width from the coast at its northern
extremity, it rises to an elevation of 1,800 feet, not far from
Brough, about twenty miles south of the liighest elevation of
the mountain limestone at Crcssfell, and forms the eastern
side of the Yorkshire hills, by Hawes, Middleshaai, and
Halifax ; one portion crops out under the limestone near
Chesterfield, and another east of Macclesfield, near Cheadle.
In Lancashire it is found, as before stated, from Clithero to
Preston, and it luus up again to Ingleton, where a little de-
tached plot of coal is found above it. There is little agricul-
tural produce upon it, and in many parts there is peat mos*,
which may become valuable when our coal is exhausted, but
not till then, and a part of the range is valuable only for
grouse. From want of staple and its poor character, the
arable and pasture land of this formation is far less improv-
able, agriculturally, than those of the greater part of the
mountain limestone, but lying at a lower level it is more shel-
tered. Nor are there any mineral treasures within it. The
portion immediately to the south of the Tees is, however, full
of residential mansions of great antiquity, lying between the
Roman roads, which passed from Catterick to Wallsend at the
eastern and to Carlisle at the western end of the Roman wall
Next to this formation follow the coal measures (marked G).
to which we owe our commercial prosperity for tlie last 100
years. The certain exhaustion of our coal in a very few years,
in consequence of the enormous consumption to be occasioned
by the use of steam-engines, was one of the griefs of the author
of the Agricultural Survey of Lancashire, in 1793. But the
use of these steam-engines enabled the recovery of thousands
of acres of deep coal, and added fuel for 400 years. This
formation contains little land of much agricultural value, its
general characteristic being a cold, poor, wettish clay ; when
in pasture, full of carnation grass ; and when in arable, expen-
sive to cultivate. Lime is the only alternative calculated to
render it productive, and is generally to be obtained at a mode-
rate cost. Well limed, well draiued, aud well farmed, the
soil is remunerative, and as soon as the tenant saves money he
invests it in coal mines and gives up farming. The high price
of labour, consequent on the contiguity of the coal mines, is
met by the ready sale of the produce when the land lies among
the collieries ; but the cost of labour, at a slight distance from
the collieries, has long been to northern agriculturists au item
of more importance than it has been, even during the late
scarcity of labour, in the southern counties. The leading coal
fields, within my limits, are those of Cumberland aud Lanca-
shire before mentioned, of Durham, of Yorkshire and Derby-
shire, of Staffordshire, and of Leicestershire, in addition to the
first-mentioned Northumberland coal field on the mountain
limestone. There are reasons for believing that all these
(except the last) once formed one continuous coal field. The
Durham coal field was certainly worked 700 years since for
the London market. It comprises about 1,000 miles square,
with two remarkable arms : one less than half a mile broad
running due west, near the South Tyue, for thirty miles ; and
the other extending along the coast of Northumberland due

north from the main field for a distance of twenty miles, with
an average width of eight miles. The main body of the Dur-
ham coal crops out on the western surface, against the mill-
stone grit, reaching its most distant point from the sea in the
neighbourhood of Raby Castle, and gradually falls to a level
of 1,500 feet below the surface of the land under the sea coast
at Sunderland. It contains about 5,500 millions of tons of
unexhausted coal, and the present rate of yearly consumption
is about 28 millions of tons. The coal measures have been
washed out from beneath the southern part of Durham and the
northern part of Yorkshire, so that there is a distance of sixty
miles between the sonthern end of the Durham coal field and
the northern end of the Yorkshire coal field, which also crops
out on the millstone grit, and falls eastwards, and there is no
coal-pit east of Rotherham. But there is no geological
reason why the coal should not be found further eastwards.
The Yorkshire and Derbyshire coal field is one continuous
range, extending eighty miles in length, and containing 1,800
square miles. Its unexhausted contents would be moderately
estimated at 25,000 millions of tons, and the present consump-
tion is about 25 millions of tons yearly. The Derbyshire
and Nottinghamshire portion has only been largely developed
since railways afforded facilities for the sale of its coal, and of
the produce of its iron furnaces. New pits are now in course
of being won in these districts, equal to one-fourth of those in
existence within them before the late coal famine. If the
Shire Oak Colliery, 1,600 feet deep, lies in the centre of the
Nottingham coal basin, aud the seams rise (as is suggested)
to the eastward, the whole of Nottinghamshire along the
Trent, and of Lincolnshire nearly up to Lincoln, may contain
workable coal. But this is very doubtful. The little but
valuable North Staffordshire field lies thirty miles from the
Lancashire and the Derbyshire coal fields, iu a basin, with
iron furnaces aud the potteries upon it. This coal is chiefly
used for manufacturing purposes, and no other article used in
the manufactures for which the potteries are famous is found
within the district. The chiua clay comes from Cornwall, and
the pottery clay from the coast of Dorset. • Separated from
the North Staffordshire coal field by a distance of thirty miles,
the South Staffordshire coal field, recently enlarged by the
Caunock Chase district, is next to the southward. The dis-
tinguishing feature of tliis district is the ten-yard or thirty-foot
coal, oa which its prosperity was founded. This seam, which
is now for the greater part exhausted, divides, as it passes to
the north-east, into several seams. The coal was very shallow
over a great part of this South Staffordshire district, and
was, therefore, won very cheaply. Tiie shale lies upoa
the surface for miles together, rendering the land incapable
of cultivation. Many acres are in possession of tithe-
owners, because the tithe rent-charges on them are not
paid ; but the possession is worthless, and the tithe rent-charge
is irrecoverable. The land cannot be made available for any
purpose. The Leicestershire coal field is deserving of special
mention. Charnwood Forest is formed of the green slate and
porphyries, which we met with in Cumberland (marked B).
On eacli side of it is a small coal field, at Moira on the east
and Coleorton on the vi'est, identified like the other coal fields
by the letter G, aud the intervening portions, of the series of
formations between B and G are wanting, or are too insignifi-
cant to be recognised. The seams of coal are 50 feet thick at
Moira and 40 feet at Coleorton. At Moira, at a depth of
600 feet, is a salt spring of a character very much resembling
sea water, and it is raised and carried to the medicinal baths at
Ashby-de-la-Zouche. The only other case of such a spring is
in a coal seam under the bed of the sea ou the Durham coast,
and there, as here, the water, although as salt as sea water,
is composed of different ingredients. The worst clay land I
know is upoa the Durham coal field. The consumption of
produce by the towns of Newcastle, Shields, Sunderland,
Durham, and Stockton, and by the masses of colliery
population scattered about, keep the greater part of
the d'strict under arable cultivation, at rents of
fr3m lOs. to 30s. per acre. The same character pervades the
other coal fields. Leeds, Wakefield, Sheffield, and the other
manufacturing towns of Yorkshire keep up its rental value, and
the masses of population congregated at the iron works of
Derbyshire operate in like manner ; but the shale and sand-
stone of the coal series are ungrateful to the agriculturist.
Colliery sites pay at least double agricultural rents, frequently
more ; and when collieries require special accommodation,
they have to pay accordingly. The conglomerate sandstone

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THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

(marked H) is almost altogether absent on this side of the
Penine range, and very difficult to distinguish when present.
The raagnesian limestone range (denoted by I) follows the coal
series on its eastern side, from the sea coast at Sunderland to
nearly tlie southern side of the county of Durham, where the
limestone has been washed out together with the coal forma-
tion. Along the Tees the new red sandstone lies directly upon
the millstone grit, from whence it is evident that the coal
series and the magnesian limestone are at that point both
absent. Borings have been recently made 3 miles north of
Darlington to the depth of GOO feet, which have confirmed the
expectation that the millstone grit underlies the new red sand-
stone at that point, and consequently that there is no coal there.
The magnesian limestone is found again about 20 miles south-
wards at Bedale, and extends thence to Nottingham. On the
eastern side of the part in the county of Durham this forma-
tion is covered with clay and is generally poor ; but about
Staindrop, and along the Tees Valley, and during the rest of
its course it is good farming land, and well repays spirited
cultivation, being worth sometimes 40s. an acre as arable
land; but the value of this range may be taken as varying
from 20s. to 30s. an acre, according to the depth of soil. It
is a favourite residential soil, especially the eastern side, which
overlooks the new red sandstone plain to the eastward. East
of the magnesian limestone we return to the new red sandstone
(denoted by K), which we found to a small extent in Cumber-
land and largely in Lancashire, Cheshire, and Staffordshire.
The portion adjacent to the magnesian limestone is residential
in character, as well as those portions which attain a higher
level in. Nottinghamshire and other counties. This is attribu-
table to the sandy nature of those parts of the formation, which
otherwise is of a purely agricultural, although very various
character. On the north side of the fertile valley of the Tees
the calcareous particles having been washed into it, it is
generally good ; but, beyond the reach of ancient floods, it is
very heavy clay, expensive to cultivate. On the southern side
the bank of the Tees is less than 150 feet above the level of
the sea, and theland falls continuously to tidal level at York.
It is a cold clay soil throughout this range, better fitted for
pasture than for arable on account of the cost of cultivation,
but producing a poor thin herbage. The rents vary from ISs.
to 30s. an acre. In the vicinity of towns and villages, where
continuous management for centuries has to a certain extent
modified its character, and in some other special situations the
produce is good. Liming is indispensable, and thorough
drainage relieves it of superfluous moisture, but it is very sub-
ject to the uncertainties of the seasons. In Nottinghamshire,
on the forest, this formation is a light sand, very agreeable for
residence and, cultivated by sheep-farming, ranging from 20s.
to ■' Os. an acre, and in the plain it is generally a cold strong
clay, chiefly in arable, worth on an average 2is. an acre. In
AVarwickshire it is in some parts perfect land for residence
and for farming ; and in others cold clay, and the same in
Worcestershire. The rent on land on this formation, well
farmed, should seldom be less than 18s. an acre, while .£3 an
acre may be regarded as the highest rent except in very
exceptional cases. The mineral products of this formation are
gypsum and salt. The former has been for many years worked
in Cumberland and in Nottinghamshire, and the latter in
Cheshire both as rock salt aud brine springs. Attempts are
now being made to discover it at the south-east corner of the
county of Durham ; the existence of a good salt bed at that
point having been proved, and the question being only one of
cost. The lias (marked L) commences at the east coast, at
the northernmost point of Yorkshire, and extends, almost un-
interruptedly, in a narrow band to the south coast at Lyme
Regis, in Dorsetshire. It is, in the north, for the most part
cold wet clay, with bands of limestone a few inches thick within
it, and abounding in saurian remains, and is worth from 15s. to
25s. an acre to rent. The greater portion is in pasture, for
which it is best adapted. Where the soil is immediately upon
the stone, or where it is a loam rather than clay, it is pro-
ductive, and such is its character in parts of Leicestershire and
in the dairy districts of the West of England. The highest
rent in proportion to the gross farming produce of land
probably arises in the southern dairy districts on this soil.
Tiie lower oolite (marked M), the next in order to the south-
east, is very various in its character between the coasts of
Yorkshire and of Dorsetshire. It is in the centre and south, a
brown dry soil through which the rain-water runs until it
meets, and is thrown out by the lias clay below. It follows

that the greater part is under arable cultivat^p „.j jjj^^ it
affords fair and moderately certain returns. i„ rents vary
from 25s. to 35s., or even 403. an acre. Thi^^j^u-yj; j^g
course there are ironstone beds. The great value ol ly^g jfQjj
ore near Middlesborough is due in part to the proximity rthe
Durham coal, and of the water carriage of the Tees, anu .-^
part to the quantity of the ironstone to be readily obtained by
open working on the face of the hills or by drifts of moderate
depth and extent. At this northern termination of this range
the hills rise to an elevation of 1,500 feet abruptly from the
valley of the Tees, and form a table land of the wildest
kind, over the space of 300,000 acres, in the triangle be-
tween Whitby, Pickering, and Middlesborough. In other
parts, the elevation of this range is inconsiderable. .Middle-
borough contained in 1831 431, and in 1871 39,415 inhabi-
tants, and is to the east coast what Barrow is to the west coast.
The intei section of Northamptonshire by railways has brought
into value the ironstone long known to be present at that por-
tion of the course of this formation, and there is no geological
reason why this ironstone should not be found at the soutiiern
end of tha formation, and carried to the coal of South Wales
and of the Forest of Dean. In Yorkshire, the coral rag, and
Oxford clay (marked N), are found, in the northern part of the
North-Riding, only at the base of the Cleveland Hills ; but
they re-appear on the south of the Humber — and the whole
of the fen country soutli of the Humber — across the Wash
to Huntingdon and Ely, is bassd upon the Oxford clay. The
value of the fen land is maintained by the occasional digging
up of the Oxford clay beneath it, and its incorporation with
the present soil — a process costing on an average about £4 an
acre. The rental of fen land depends chiefly upon the out-
goings for drainage rates, otherwise, from 40s. to 45s. an acre
would be the average rental. In Yorkshire, also, the Kimme-
ridge clay (marked O) is found only along the rivers Rye and
Dei went, above Malton. A very narrow bed crosses the
Humber, and is a little more pronounced south-east of Horn-
castle ; but, practically, this formation is absent until it re-
appears near Aylesbury. One of the distinguishing geological
features of this Yorkshire and Lincolnshire coast is the total
absence of the whole of these formations between the Kim-
meridge clay and the chalk, which, in the South of England,
lie south and east of the chalk, and constitute one of the
leading fields for geological investigation and discussion. The
Portland and the Purbeck limestones, the Weald clay, Lnd the
Hastings sands, even tiie lower green-sands and the gault, are
all unknown beyond the Lincolnshire Wash, while the upper
green-sand is a narrow band not always to be distinguished.
The chalk (marked S) follows almost immediately on the
Oxford clay (marked N), and constitutes one of the best cul-
tivated and most profitable farming districts in England. From
Filey to Burgh near Waiufleet, may be 160 miles, and the
chalk range may average 10 miles vi'ide, and it would be very
diflicult to find an ill-managed farm throughout the whole
extent. Whether you think Yorkshire or Lincolnshire chalk
farming the best, depends upon which side of the Humber you
are born. You may take a hard day's ride on the one side or
on the other without seeing any property which is otherwise
than a credit to its owner aud to its tenant. The rents range
from 25s. to lOs. an acre. On leaving the chalk, the other
distinquishiug feature of the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire coaat
presents itself. The whole of the formations which in the
South of England, interpose between the chalk and the allu-
vium (markek Z) — the London clay, the Bagshot beds, the
crag, and the drift — are all absent, and the alluvium rests
directly upon the chalk. Originally extending mxch further
into the present sea, opposite Esington in Yorkshire, this allu-
vial soil has been deposited at the foot of the chalk hills
between them aud the sea, and is called, in Yorkshire, Holder-
ness, und in Lincolnshire, the Marsh. Some of these lands
may hold their own against Somersetshire and Devonshire
pastures; all maintain the proverbial fertility of alluvial soil.
The last accretion is that of Sunk Island, one of the most
valuable of the agricultural estates of the Crown. It com-
prises 6,600 acres on the north side ot the Humber, and has been
almost wholly recovered within the last 200 years. About 1660
it contained 12 acres ; about 1740 it comprised 1,550 acres;
about 1810 it contained 4,500 acres, and in 1854 about 6,600
acres. It has been under the charge of Mr. Higgins from that
time to his recent decease, and is held in fourteen farms, with
some small tenancies, at rents amounting to more than £12,000
a year. It was open to general inspection at the Royal Agri-

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

311

cultur^a Society''^^*^®®'''"" ^^ ^"^^ *'''^ ^^'^ ' *''^® buildings,
cottages road" *'^^' ^"'^ general arrangements liaviug been
njfi^g Ij' jyi. Iliggius after 1854, in tlie most perfect manner
corapati>-'' ^'''^ ^ proper return upon the capital expended. I
shall ''*v^ pleasure at any time in enabling any Member or
_A.s"Jciate of the Institution to view tiiis property. In concln-
nOn, speaking however imperfectly on geology, I should neglect
a duty if I failed to remind you that, since we listened to Mr.

Squarey's paper, we [have lost Professor Phillips, one of the
most accomplished geologists, antiquarians and naturalists of
the period. I would impress upon the younger Members of
the Institution that, in the journeys which they necessarily
take, any acquaintiince with the geology, or the antiquities, or
the flora of the districts, will add a charm to their professional
labours, and, not unfreqncutly, be of great value to them in
their professional career.

THE AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS OF IRELAND.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE MARK LANE EXPRESS.

SiK, — It is very natural that those who have hitherto
governed in Ireland should take every opportunity of
trying to prove that government a success. At every
annual meeting of the Irish Koyal Agricultural Improve-
ment Society, accordingly, the country is treated by the
Lord-Lieutenant for the time being to statistics, with
this end in view. At the recent meeting of the Irish
Royal Society at Wexford, this time-honoured custom
was observed, and at the first blush the statistics then
quoted by his Grace of Abercorn seem to be incontro-
vertible. A closer consideration of these, however, by
those who know intimately the real circumstances of
of Ireland, shows them to be in a great measure
fallacious. It is indeed most amusing to read the
Wexford speech of the Duke of Abercorn by the light
of a thorough knowledge of the actual condition
of the Irish people. By the speech in question it
appears there is not at present a single hitch in con-
nection with the social state and the Goverumeat of
Ireland. Wealth is accumulating, on the authority of the
statistics quoted by his Grace ; emigration is stayed
owing to the good government which is abroad ; the
able-bodied are leaving the workhouses, and crime is
everywhere decreasing. Why then the necessity for a large
standing army in the country, for a large force of armed
constabulary, for a Peace Pressrvatiou Act, and for the
suspension of the Constitution over a great portion of
Ireland ? it may be asked. When everything is so
peaceful, so happy, and so prosperous, surely the surplus
army, the armed police, and the extensive application of
coersive conditious of Government are superlluous, and
calculated to oppress, to irritate, and to insult.

But setting aside the inconsistency of governing so peace-
ful and prosperous a country at the point of the bayonet and
by acts of coercion, and, turning to a narrow examination
of the statistics quoted by the Lord-Lieutenant at Wexford,
what conclusion is to be arrived at by those most con-
versant with Ireland? Simply that by these a most erro-
neous and mischievous impression is sought to be conveyed.
What are the facts ? Emigration is stayed because there
is a monetary crisis in America, and, as the upshot, a
cessation of public works and demand for labour there.
The workhouses of Ireland are being emptied a very little
of their able-bodied inmates, partly because of the extra
British demand for labour, and partly because of the de-
population of the country and of the scarcity of labour,
in consequence, at home. It is grass and stock farming
iu every direction, and stock have sold high, partly
owing to rinderpest in England a lew years
ago, partly owing to inflated trade across
the Channel, and to the high prices for beef and muttsn
there, as the result of that inflated trade. Irish rents
have in consequence been pushing up gradually from
60 to 70 per cent., and greatly-increased grist has thereby
been going into the landlord's mill. Banks have extended

amazingly over Ireland withiu the last twenty years, and
the o'-d-fashioned system of hoarding money privately to
a large extent thereby put an end to. Profitable grazing,
increased rents, and less hoarding have contributed each
its share to the purchases of Government stock and to the
increased deposits iu banks referred to by the Lord-
Lieutenant. That is, the population of Ireland, to the
extent of two and a-half millions or thereabout, has been
shoved out since 1S48, and the residue of the twenty-five
millions worth or so which it annually took to support
these has been successfully scrambled for by the landlords
and the graziers and through these parties the funds, the
banks, and the probate office have been in turn enriched.
Adam Smith, in his Wealth of Nations, lays down the
axiom that " labour is the only true source of national
prosperity and wealth." The extraordinary thing, how-
ever, in connection with the Irish prosperity and increased
wealth of which his Grace of Abercorn made so much at
Wexford, is that labour has had little, comparatively
speaking, to do with their production, for if Adam
Smith is correct, the enrichment of the landlords and
the graziers has been achieved at the expense of the social
ruin of a nation, mainly owing to its misgovernment by
an interested, shortsighted, and selfishly-calculating class.

Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey.
Where wealth accumulates and men decay .

A far surer indication of what is really the present
social and internal condition of Ireland is to be found in
the last yeai's carrying statistics of the Irish Great
Southern and Western Railway. A feather is said to
shovv how the wind blows, and a falling off for the last
year in the carrying trade of this extensive railway of
£10,000, is of the weight of many feathers in demon-
strating a falling off in ttie prosperity of the country — is
of a weight, in fact, sufficient of itself to in a great
measure invalidate the voluminous statistics of the Lord
Lieutenant at Wexford, and at the same time to verify
the saying that figures can be made to prove anything and
everything almost but the truth.

Contemporaneously with the speech of the Lord-Lieu-
teuant at Wexford there is reported the speech of the
Earl of Erne to his tenants iu the county of Donegal.
Lord Erne has been in Belgium and in Switzerland, the
lands of yeoman and peasant proprietors — one a Catholic
and the other principally a Protestant community. In
neither country have the people been shoved out that
rents might be increased and landlords enriched ; and
what does Lord Erue state of those thickly-populated
lands and of those owners of the soil they till ? They
are models, he tells his Donegal tenants, of industry, of
clean and good cultivation, and of happiness, contentment,
and prosperity ; valuable and important and unimpeach-
able testimony to an altogether dilferent state of things
from that of Ireland, is this testimony of Lord Erne.
The people of these countries, and not a class, get the
benefit of the wealth which, by their industry, they pro-

312

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

dace. How glad would his Grace of Abercorn have been
if he had been able to show by statistics at Wexford, that
the conditions of Belgium and Switzerland, as described
by Lord Erne, were those of the "hewers of wood and
carriers of water " of Ireland ; but he could not. Under |

imperial and landlord rule, the thing hat,ijgea hlflerto
is now, and ever will be, impossible.

Your obedient servant,

Thomas RoEEBi-r^jj^
Narraghmore, Athy, Ireland, 2!>th August.

WELSH CATTLE AND CATTLE SHOWS.

At tlie Tivyside Show Mr. Gwyn, for the judges, said, I am
agreeably surprised by what I have seen liere to-day, by your
show altogetber,and particularly by those departments in which
I shared with Mr. Pryse the honour of officiating as the
judges. I was quite prepared, from my former acc|uaintance
with it, to find a good show altogether ; but I can and do
assure you I did not expect to see so many good animals, first
class animals, indeed, as I have done. In some cases they
were very specially good, the merits were great and general.
Mr. Pryse and myself, in many cases, had considerable trouble
in coming to a conclusion. And I suppose that, even with all
our trouble, there is no doubt we have made mistakes. I can
mention one class — the yearling hacks — in which we bad no
easy work. There were 8 or 10 animals. We brought them down
to five or six, and we were both quite puzzled as to which we
should award the first prize. Now the colt that we both liked
was a very poor one ; and it may be some of you are dissatisfied.
We believed her, however, to be the best-bred animal in her
class, and that although not in good condition, she deserved
the prize. The filly belongs to Mr. Blacker ; and to him, as
well as to some of the other exhibitors in that class, allow me
to make one suggestion, that the feeding be a little more
liberal. Depend upoa it, Mr. Blacker, if you feed that filly
better she will become a very fine mare. Then as to the pigs.
We were asked to judge them (they were not originally in our
department) when it was found that the other judges were not
getting on so fast as had previously been expected. The pigs,
I must tell you, were capital. They were not numerous, but I
have never seen better. At Llanboidy, there were one or two
pigs, perhaps, equal to some of those shown here to-day ; but
they were not, even at Llanboidy, better. The prize sow was
a particularly fine animal. And now I come to a class with
regard to which I would make the same suggestion that I
made at Pembroke. I have been rather disappointed in not
seeing a better class of good real brood mares. I would say
this, gentlemen, that unless you breed from a good dam, in this
class as in all others, it is true you cannot expect as good an
animal. Breed from a good dam. With all humility, but
still with all force, I would urge on you to get abetter class of
mares for your hackney classes. 01 the mares whicli we had
before us to-day, there were not over three or four good ones.
We weeded them down to that, and it was with no great diffi-
culty ; so I think we may say tliere were not more really good
mares. The mare we placed first struck us as being a
remarkably good and useful animal ; and if you had ten or a
dozen like her in this neighbourhood, using the valuable sires
you secure the services of, I believe you would have as fine a
class of young hunters in this district as you could well wish
for.

Mr. Prosser said, I had the pleasure of being with you and
occupying the same office some six or seven years ago, and can
compare the present occasion favourably with that, so far as
the class of the cattle and sheep shown is concerned. The
coloured cattle shown here to-day beat anything in Carmarthen,
I believe. The aged cattle are not to be easily excelled ; I
have not seen a better show in Carmarthen. Indeed from
the excellent character of all the animals shown, I should have
expected some trouble in coming to a decision iu some of the
classes; but I had Mr. Jenkins and Mr. Griffiths, two very
excellent judges, with me, and we iiad not the trouble which
might have been expected. In the matter of the prize for
coloured cows perhaps some of you may blame us. We gave
it to a small cow, but she was one of the finest and most per-
fect Ayrshires I have seen for a long time. I have not seen
anything better in Carmarthen for some years. Some of the
others were good cows, and well bred ; but they were in poor
condition. There was some very good stock in sheep, and I
hope we shall see those who have been exhibitors here to-day at
the Carmarthen Show.

Mr. Grifpiths said, I have been exceedingly pleased with

the show in every way. I was very glad to find that black
stock was so well represented. I was pleased to find so good
black stock in the county. Eor ray own part, I would like to
see our poiition better with regard to the breeding of black
cattle. I am exceedingly pleased on the whole. I was sorry
to find the prizes so low for the blacks, and grieved tiiat when
we had a good animal before us we could not give him a prize.
It may be that by another year, increased support being given
to the Society, there may be no like regret. There was one
thing with which I was disappointed. I was not pleased to
find the cattle being turned out of the yard so soon. And,
again, there was a good deal of the time spent, after the judg-
ing should have been commenced, in arranging the cattle.

Mr. Bagnell, with regard to the butter, was sorry there
was not a greater quantity shown. It was good butter, but
rather highly salted. That was a fault common in that dis-
trict ; they were all given to salt their butter too highly. He
was sorry there had been no cheese on which he could have
passed an opinion. The dairy produce on the whole was good.

HORSE BREEDING BY FARMERS.— At the show of
West Gloucester Farmers' Club, Colonel Kingscote, M.P., said
as regarded the department which he came there to help to
judge — he meant the horses — he saw a great improvement.
They all knew the price of horse flesh had very much
increased. Population increased, and more people got money,
and those people required horses and liked to get the best. It
had often puzzled him in former years where on earth the
horses could be bred, and, what was more, how on earth they
could be bred to any profit for the price given for them.
He did not mean the best class of horses, but such as were
used in the cavalry and artillery. The utmost price given for
them at one time was £30. He asked practical men how they
could breed a horse at a profit for £30 ? He had asked
dealers how the farmers managed to do it, and they said the
fact was they bred four or five, and if they got a little money
out of one of them they thought they got money out of the
lot, but they lost by all. However, the time had come when
they could breed a horse to some profit. He knew more
capital was required than to breed oxen and sheep, but, at the
price horseflesh was now, if they used their judgment carefully
he felt convinced that they could breed horses at a profit. At
the Gloucestershire show he himself gave 150 guineas for a
three-year-old that took the first prize, and although he did
not know it at the time, it was b^ed five miles from his own
place, from Badminton stock, and if anybody were to write
him a check for £300 for the horse he thought he should
look twice at it before he took it. With regard to the evidence
he had given in the House of Lords, he thought tiie money
given in Queen's plates might be usefully and properly given
for the encouragement of people keeping horses in different
districts of the country. He added that such a price was now
given by the Government for cavalry and artillery horses as to
make it worth a farmer's while to keep a mare or two.

REAPER TRIAL BY THE BANNFSHIRE FARM-
ERS' CLUB. — This trial was the allotment half-an-acre to
each reaper. The judges were : Messrs. Hay, Trochelhill,
Fochabers ; Hunter, Dipple, Fochabers ; Fortune, CuUen,
Bans'; Turnbuli, Smithston, Huntly ; and the folia wing the
awards : Self-delivery reapers — 1, A. Gray, Floors (Woods) ;
2, Auchinachie and Simpson, Keith (Wood's new) ; 3, Jack
and Sons, Maybole (improved European self-acting); 4, Ben.
Reid and Co., Aberdeen (Samuelson's). Manual reapers — 1,
A. Sim, Elgin (Jack and Sons) ; 2, Ben. Reid and Co., Aber-
deen (Picksley and Sims) ; 3, D. M. Osborne and Co., Liver-
pool (Kirby's combined mower and reaper). Oae-horse
machines — 1, J. Barclay, Huntly (Kemp, Murray, and
Nicholson) ; 2, Auchinachie and Simpson, Keith (Wood's
new).

THE FARMEE'S MAGAZINE.

318

THE WORCESTERSHIRE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
MEETING AT DUDLEY.

Amongst the Shorthorns were the bulls Telemachus and
Lord Irwin, the judges reversing the decision at Bedford
by placing Telemachus first ; he was also awarded (he
£25 for the best Shorthorn bull, and the Toddington
Challenge Cup as the best specimen — male or female — of
the breed. This champion prize had been pre-
viously carried off by both the bulls who disputed
its possession on Tuesday ; the owner of Telemachus
having been the recipient of it at Malvern in 1871,
and the owner of Lord Irwin at Stourbridge, in
1872, and at Evesham, in 1873. It must, however, be
won three years in succession by the same exhibitor before
it becomes his property. In the class of yearling bulls
one of the sons of Telemachus came to the fore as an easy
winner, and thus further proved his sire's worth as the
best bull out. Next to him came Prince of the Blood
Royal, a roan, the property of Mr. Akers ; Mr. Hill's
son of the Grand Duke of Kent being third ; and Earl
Beauchamp's Robiu Adair the reserve. The cows in milk
or in calf are a small collection, headed by Mr. Outh-
waite's Vivandiere, who also obtained the £10 for the
best cow or heifer upon the ground. In a small class of
two-year-old heifers the first and second prizes n'ere given
to the Queen of the Georgians, sent by Mr. Akers, and
Lord Beauchamp's Lady Adair ; the third being withheld
in consequence of there being less than six entries. The
yearling heifers were so inferior that they were deemed
unworthy of any of the prizes offered.

The Hereford bulls above two years old are only a trio,
but two of them were the best of the aged bulls at
Bedford. Their positions, however, are here reversed,
Messrs. Fenn and Harding's Bachelor being accorded the
precedence over Mr. Edwards's "\Vinter-de-Cote, and
the extra £20 for the best Hereford. The first of the
yearling bulls is Mr. Taylor's Tredegar, and the second
iVIr. Edwards's Alfred. The cows are very good, and
there was close competition between Mr. Taylor and
Mr. Harding, who were respectively first and second.
Only three appeared for the two-year-old heifer prizes,
Mr. Edwsrds's Annie being the reserve for the extra £20
for the best of the Herefords. The first prize for pairs
of dairy cows, in a class of four entries, was won by Earl
Beauchamp. There is a moderate lot of Alderneys and
Guernseys ; three of the prizes going to Col. Barrows,
and one to Mr. Henry Parkes.

The Shropshire sheep are not numerous. For pens of
five breeding ewes Mrs. Beach is first, Mr. Baker second,
and Mrs. Smith third. For theaves Mrs. Beach is first,
Mr. Pulley second, and Mr. Firmstone third. Mr.
Pulley takes all the prizes for shearling rams ; those for
older rams being divided between Mrs. Smith and Mr.
Firmstone. The Southdowrs are also but few, and the
loDg-woolled classes consist mainly of Liucolns and
Cotswolds.

The show of pigs is good, and some of the awards at
Bedford reversed. The most successful exhibitors of the
large white breeds, are Mr. Jacob Dave, Mr. John Wheeler,
Mr. R. N. Clement, and Mr. R. E. Duckering ; of the
small breeds, Mr. Clement, who has the cup for the best
white pig, Mr. Wheeler, and Mr. Duckering; of Berk-
shires, Mr. Heber Humfrey, who is first in all the classes,
Mr. Spencer, and Mr. Matthew Walker.

Of horses, first came the agricultural stallions, ot which
there is a good entry ; Mr. Statter's Young Champion,
^Jiird at Bedford, being first ; and Messrs. Yeoman's Pride

of England, second. The other cart and dray horses are
moderate. The thorough-bred stallions are limited to four
entries, but they include Citadel and Laughing Stock, .
who again occupy the same positions as they did "t
Bingley Hall, at Bedford, and other places. Their com- •
panions are Thunderer, bred by Colonel Barlow, by
Thunderbolt, and Mr. T. E. Walker's Jock of Oran, a son
of Blair Athol, bred by the late Mr. Blenkirou. The
class for thoroughbred stallions, "constitutionally sound,"
which have been used in Worcestershire during 1874, or
certified to be used in the county during the next
next season, brought only four entries, of which Mr. T. E.
Walker's Statesman was selected for the Earl of Coventry's
£20 prize. In the class of hunters above five years old,
equal to 15 stone, Mr. Goodlifi"s Marshal M'Mahon was
still the best ; the second prize being conferred upon Mr.
Hutton's Iron King ; while in the class for hunters equal to
twelve stone, Mr. Ashton's The Lancer was first, and Mr.
Whitehe d's Rufus second. Two prizes offered by Mr.
Amos, the master of the Worcestershire Hounds, for
horses the property of tenant-farmers, resident in the
county, were awarded, the first to Mr. Ockey, Suckley
Court, and the second to Mr Cottrill, Temple Broughton,
the only candidate. In a very meritorious lot of hunters
under five years old, Mr. Goo'dliff's Lady ilary, second at
Bingley Hall, last week, is first, and Mr. Hayward's
Richelieu, highly commended on that occasion, second.
Brood mares for breeding hunters are indifferent. The
first prize for roadsters, not exceeding 15 hands 2 inches,
was taken by Mr. Holmes, of Beverley ; and the second
by Mr. Westley. For hacks not exceeding 15 hands, Mr.
Woodall is first with a black mare ; and Colonel Barrows
second. The ponies aie few.

PRIZE LIST.
JUDGES.— Cattle : R. Doig, Lillingstone, Buckingham
F.Evans, Bredwardiue, Hereford; C. Raudeli, Chadbury,
Evesham. Sheep and PiRS : R.J. Newton, Campsfield
Farm, Woodstock; R. H. Masf'en, Pendeford, Wolverhamp-
ton ; J. Dale, Spetchley, Worcester. Horses : J. M.
Richardson, Corapton Verney, Warwick ; H. Lowe, Cora-
berford, Tamworth ; T.H. D. Bayly, Edwinstowe, Ollerton,
Notts. Implements : B. Bomford, Pitchill, Evesham.
Veterinary Inspectors: Perrins and Carlese, Worcester.

CATTLE.

SHORTHORNS.

Best bull in Shorthorn classes.— Prize, i'25. Marquis of
Exeter (Telemachus). „, ,. • r

Bulls above two years old.— First prize, £10, Marquis ol
Exeter, Burghley Park, Stamford (Telemachus) ; second, £5,
R. Brace, Newton-of-Struthers, Forres, N. B. (Lord Irwin).
Highly commended: J. W. Wilson, Broadway, Worcestershire
(Earl of Warwickshire III.). Commended: J. Outhwaite,
Bainesse, Catterick. _ ■ a^n

Bulls, above one and under two years old. — First prize, £10,
Martiuis of Exeter (Telemachus Gth) ; second, £5, B. St. John
Ackers, Prinknash Park, Painswick (Prince of the Blood) ;
third, £2, A. S. Hill, Oxley Manor, Wolverhampton.

Cow, in milk or in calf.— First prize, £8, J. Outhwaite ;
second, fi4. Marquis of Exeter (Moll Gwynne).

Two-year-old heifer, in milk or in calf.— First prize, £8, B.
St. John Ackers (Queen of the Georsians) ; second, £4, Earl
Beauchamp, Madresfield Court, Great Malvern (Lady Adair).

Yearling heifers.— First prize, £6 ; second, £4 ; third, £3.

No award. , ..„ . ^ j

The Toddington Challenge Cup, value 50 guineas, presented
by the Right Hon. Lord Studeley.— Awarded to the Marquis
of Exeter's Telemaciius.

314

THE FARMEE'SMAGAZINE.

HEREFORDS.

Best animal in the Hereford classes. — Prize, £30, Mr.
Fenn's nged bull.

Bulls above two years old. — first prize, £10, T. Fenn,
Stonehook House, Ludlow, and J. Harding, The Green-house,
Bridgnorth ; second, £5, Mrs. Sarah Edwards, Wintercott'
Leominster (Winter-de-cote).

Bulls, above one and under two years old. — First prize, £10,
W. Taylor, Showle Court, Ledbury (Tredegar) ; second, £5,'
H. N. Edwards, Broadward, Leominster (Alfred) ; third, £3*
J, Harding.

Cow, in milk or in calf.— First prize, £8, W. Taylor (Dainty) ;
second, £4, J. Harding. Highly commended: T. Rogers',
Coxall, Bucknell, Salop (Sunset). Corameaded : Mrs. Sarah
Edwards (Young Mermaid 2nQ).

Two-year- old heifers, in milk or in calf.— First prize, £8,
H. N. Edwards (Annie 2nd) ; second, £4, J. Harding ■ third
£2, J. Morris, Madeley, Herefordshire.

Yearling heifers.— First prize, £6, H. N. Edwards (Gary) •
second, £4, W. Taylor ; third, £2, J. Harding.

SHORTHORN DAIRY COWS.

Pair of cows, in milk, any breed.— First prize, £8, Earl
Beauchamp, Great Malvern ; second, £4, T. Kingsby, Boars
Croft, Tring, Herts (Seraptriana).

Alderney or Guernsey bull.— First prize, a silver cup, value
£5, Col. Barrows, Hagley, Stourbridge (Alderney) ; second,
£2 IDs., H. P. Parkes, Castlebourne, Belbroughton, Stour-
bridge (Royalty).

Alderney or Guernsey cow, in milk or in calf, — First prize,
£5, Col. Barrows (Goldthorne) ; second, £2 10s., Col. Bar-
rows (Madcap).

Best cow or heifer intlie cattle classes. — Prize, a silver cup,
value £10, Mr. Outhwaite's cow.

SHEEP.

SIIROPSHIRE.S.

Five breeding ewes, having had lambs in 1874, and suckled
them up to June 1st.— First prize, £5, Mrs. S. Beach ; second,
^3, VV. Baker, Moor Barns, Atherstone ; third, Mrs. H. Smith,
Sutton Maddock, Shifnal. Commended: W. F. Firrastone,
Rockingham Hall, Hagley, Stourbridge.

Five theaves.— First prize, £5, Mrs. S. Beach ; second, £3, J.
Pulley, Lower Eaton, Hereford ; third, £2, W. F. Firmstone.

Sheading ram.— First prize, £5, second, £3, and third £2,
J. Pulley.

Ram of any age.— First prize, £5, Mrs. H. Smith ; second,
£3, W. F. Firmstone.

SOUTH AND HAMPSHIRE DOWNS.

Five breeding ewes, having had lambs in 1874, and suckled
them up to June 1st.— First prize, £4, and second, £2, H.
Sydney Waller, Farmingham, Northleach (Southdowns).

Shearling ram.— First prize, £4, H. Sydney Waller (South-
down).

Ram of any age.— First prize, £4, H. Sydney Waller
(Southdown).

LONGWOOLS.

Five breeding ewes, having had lambs in 1874, and suckled
them up to June 1st.— First prize, £5, and second, £3, T. W. D.
Harris, Wootton, Northampton.

Five theaves.— First prize, £5, T. W. D. Harris.

Sheading ram.— First prize, £5, and second, £3, R.
Swanwick, Royal Agricultural College Farm, Cirencester
(Cotswold).

Ram of any age.— First prize, £5, J. Wheeler, Long
Compton, Shipton-on-Stoiir (Cotswold) ; second, £2, R.
Swanwick (Cotswold). Highly commended: T. w! D.
Harris.

The best animal in the sheep classes. — Prize, a silver cup
R. Swanwick.

PIGS.

The best pig of white breed.— Prize, C. R. N. Beswicke-
Royds, Pyke-house, Littleborough.

Boar pig of large breed.— First prize, £5, J. Dove, Ham-
brook (Lord Hambrook) ; second, £3, J. Dove (Sailor).
Highly commended : J. Wheeler, Shipston-on-Stour. Com-
mended ; C. R. N. Beswicke-Royds.

Breeding sow of large breed.— First prize, £5, J. Wheeler ,
second, £3, R. E. Duckering, Northorpe, Kirton Lindsey.
Highly commended : C. R. N. Beswi^ke-Royds.

Two hilts of large breed.— First prize, £5, C. R. N.
Beswicke-Royds ; second. £3, J. Dove (Perfection Hilts).
Highly commended : J, Dove (Roses).

Boar big of small breed.— First prize, £5, C. R. N.
Beswicke-Royds ; second, £3, R. E. Duckering. Highly
commended : G. M. Sexton, Wherstead-hall, Ipswich, Suffolk
(Disturbance).

Breeding sow of small breed. — First prize, £5, J. Wheeler ;
second, £3, R. E. Duckering. The class corameaded.

Two hilts of small breed. — First prize, £5, C. R. N.
Beswicke-Royds ; second, £3, Ditto.

Boar pig of the Berkshire breed. — First prize, £5, H.
Humfrey, Kingstone Farm ; second, £3, J. Spencer, Villiers-
hill, Kenilworth.

Breeding sow of the Berkshire breed. — First prize, £5, H.
Humfrey ; secoud, £3, M. Walker, Stockley-park, Anslow,
Burton-on-Trent.

Two hilts of the Berkshire breed. — First prize, £5, H.
Humfrey ; second, £3, Ditto.

HORSES.
Stallion cart-horse for agricultural purposes. — First prize,
£15, T. Statter, Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester (Young
Champion) ; second, £10, Messrs. Yeomans, Pennyraore Hay,
Four Ashes, Wolverhampton (Pride of England).

Stallion cart colt, for agricultural purposes, not exceeding
three years old. — Prize, £5, S. Davis, Wollas Hill, Pershore.

Cart gelding or mare, three years old or upwards, which has
been regularly worked. — Prize, £5, T. E. Walker, Studley
Castle, Warwickshire.

Cart mare and foal. — First prize, £5, G. Thompson, The
Hill, Dudley ; second, £3, T. E. Walker (Jewel). Com-
mended : J. W. Webb, Cradley, Malvern (Frolic) .

Cart filly or gelding, two and under three years old. — First
prize, £5, S. Davis ; second, £3, G. Thompson.

Dray horse, light-legged (gelding or mare), 16 hands, capa-
ble of trotting six miles an hour with a load of a ton weight.
— First prize, £10, G. Groves, Crookberrow Farm, Whitting-
ton, Worcester ; second, a silver cup value £5, J. Smith, Bank
Farm, Pedmore, Stourbridge (Snip).

Thoroughbred stallion (open to all England). — First prize,
£50, Lieut. -Col. Frederick Barlow, Hasketon, near Wood-
bridge, Suffolk (Citadel) ; second, £10, R. Hutton, Gloucester-
place, Portman-square, London (Laughing Stock).

Thoroughbred stallion, constitutionally sound, that has
served mares regularly in the county of Worcester during the
season of 1874, or that is certified to serve mares in the county
of Worcester in the season of 1875, and whose covering fee
for half-bred mares has not exceeded the sum of five pounds. —
Prize, £20, T. E. Walker (Statesman).

Hunter, above five years old, equal to 15 stone weight. —
First prize, £25, J. Goodliff, Huntingdon (Marshal M'Mahon) ;
second, £10, R. Hutton. Commended : W. Whitehead, Wol-
laston, Wellingborough ; C. C. Hayward, Southill, Biggles-
wade (Paramoui).

Huuter, equal to 12 stone weight. — First prize, £20, T. H.
Ashton, Temple Laugherne, Worcester (The Lancer) ; second,
£10, W. AVhitehead.

Iluuter, the property of tenant farmers resident in AVorces-
tershire. — First prize, £10, W. Ockey, Suckley Court, near
Worcester (The Lawyer) ; second, N. Cottrill, Temple Brough-
ton, Droitwich (The Claimant).

Hunting mare or gelding, under five years old. — First prize,
£10, J. Goodliff (Lady Mary) ; second, £5, C. C. Hayward
(Richelieu).

Roadster, not exceeding fifteen hands two inches, over two
years old. — First prize, £10, G. Holmes, Bar House, Beverley ;
second, £5, C. H. Westley, Queen's Cross, Dudley.

Hack, not exceeding fifteen hands. — First prize, £5 Ss., S.
Woodall, Netiierton, near Dudley ; second, £3, W. Barrows,
Hagley, Stourbridge (The Pony).

Pony, under fourteen hands. — First prize, £5, G. Thompson ;
second, £3, J. Grove, Catshill, Bromsgrove (Quicksilver).

Brood mare, for producing hunters. — First prize, £10, F.
Blakeway, Stourbridge (Ledbury Lass) ; second, £5, The Earl
of Coventry, Croome Court, Worcester.
IMPLEMENTS.
The prizes in this department were awarded bs follows:
Best general collection of implements. — £5 and silver medal,
J. L. Larkworlhy and Co., Worcester.

Best collection of implements manufactured by exhibitor. —
£5 and silver medal. Hill and Smith, Brierley Hill.

Silver medals to the following : H. Webb and Co., Chemical
Manure Works, Worcester ; Corbett and Peele ; R. A. Lister
and Co. ; Lewis and Co. ; E. Humphries ; Wallis aad Ste-

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

315

vens; Head, Wrightson, and Co.; G. Hathaway; E. Webb
and Sons ; J. Carter aud Co.

At the dinner Lord Dudley, the chairman, firmly believed,
and he thought he should be borne out by those who took upon
themselves all the anxiety of keeping the society together, tliat,
if the association had stopped in the capital of the county it
would before this time have ceased to exist. It was a ques-
tion however, how they could make the meeting even better
than it was now. That they had found that its vitality con-
sisted in moving it about instead of having one local habita-
tion was something, but it seemed to him there was even more
that might be done without adding very greatly to the work of
those who were good enough through many years to watch
over the success of the association. It must not be supposed
that the visitors to the show came to look at the things that
were presented to them without thinking that the arrange-
ments involved much thought aud trouble, aud that honour
was due to those who from one year to another were constantly
studying how they could best secure the success of the society.
But there was no doubt of one thing — and it was brought
home to him more that day than ever before by casual remarks
that were made — that the great object to be aimed at was this,
that they should get such funds together as would make it
worth while for the owners of the best animals to exhibit
them, and at the same time would enable prizes to be given to
local competitors who would not have the fear of having to
pit their animals against those that were already marked with
public approbation. It was not to be supposed that the two
magnificent animals who were the prize-winners in the first
class of beasts were brought as a mere matter of speculation ;
their pre-eminence had already been attested, although number
one might become two, and two become one, according to
different judgments. A. great deal of love was doubtless em-
bodied in such beasts, and it was natural there should be, if
the prices now realised were any criterion of what a man felt
towards the animal he bought. He remembered, at a sale
of Lord Ducie's some years ago, £600 was thought to be an
immense sum, but a fiiend of his had gone to America and
brought a cow back to England at a cost of £6,000. If it
were true that their love was where their treasure lay, then
the man who gave £6,000 for a cow must have a certain love
for it. After the birth of a calf from so valuable a mother,
he must anxiously watch the development of it as to whether
it was perfectly straight in its limbs and back, and whether it
was capable of being made fat — because some had such
natures that they could not fatten — and then he had to
submit it to judges, some of whom might declare it to be
number 1, while others might pronounce it number 2. There-
fore, in such a society as theirs, they must see that they
offered prizes worth competing for by the owners of such
valuable animals, but at the same time gave something worth
striving for by those living in the county who were likely to
compete among themselves. He had regretted the fact that
the farmers of the county did not take any very great interest
in a show which was peculiarly their own. The reason,
perhaps, was this, if a man had an animal which the judges
would not think worthy of remark, and which, consequently,
would be open to criticism, he was prevented from sending it,
and the society lost the exhibition of it. Therefore he (Lord
Dudley) urged that, if it were possible, they should so arrange
the prizes as that they should attract competition from other
counties, while they bore in mind that the society was among
themselves aud for themselves, and offered inducements to
men living in the county to become careful breeders. It
was surely not too much to offer a £10 prize to a breeder
— not that the £10 was in itself any great consideration,
but it made the exhibitor a marked man among his fellows
as one who chose to invest more than they of time,
trouble aud money. In coming there that morning he had
heard that there was a falling off in the numbers exhibited at
that show, but when he came upon the ground and asked
some questions — which they might suppose he did with interest,
because he might be pardoned for wishing that if the society
were successful anywhere it might be at Dudley — he was glad
to find that, although what he had heard was to a certain
extent true, the exhibition altogether was a good one. He
would venture to assert that if the funds were forthcoming —
and he firmly believed they would be, for the society had
wanted support not among its friends but from exhibitors —
and the prizes were so arranged that a man could feel that the

best of what he could produce would have a fair chance of
being a successful specimen, the society would be prosperoiis
and long-lived. It was no longer a purely agricultural exhi-
bition. There was introduced much that tickled the popular
fan«y, and the jumping contests especially had large numbers
of admirers, but although that part of the show was good
enough in its way, and although that part of the show was
good enough in its way, and although horses, as a matter of
course, formed a valuable part of any such exhibition, ho
trusted it would never be forgotten that the foremost object
of such an association should be to improve the breeding of
cattle, and next the breeding of that smaller, but equally
profitable, class of animals, sheep.

Mr. W. E. DowDESWELL, M.P., said when the society
first left the cattle market at Worcester and went to Henwick
it was really saved from ruin. There was still a large number
of persons in the county who regretted that the society had an
open show, and would like to have it confined to owners and
occupiers resident within the county. More thau one of the
judges had recoiumeuded them to adopt a new policy. They
pointed out that the animals which were exhibited here bad
previously been shown at the meetings of the Royal, the West
of England, and other societies, and they suggested that those
animals should be prohibited from being shown at the local
meetings in the same year in which Ihey were exhibited at the
national and large district meetings. He could not think that
the prohibition for one year would make any real difference in
the shows. Very few animals were exhibited a second time at
the Royal or Bath and West of England shows ; after ap-
pearing there they went on a local tour — he believed with
great advantage to the places were they were exhibited — and.
if the prohibition were adopted, it would only be postponing
the present results for a year. He would wish, however, to
say to the members of the society that, if they thought the
present principle was not correct, and would communicate
with the stewards or committee, the best attention would be
given to their suggestions. He could not sit down without
expressing another sentiment which had been in his mind ever
since the migratory system was started, namely, that a plan
which brought the agriculturists of the county every other
year, and sometimes two years running, into an urban district
— manufacturing, mining, or otherwise — must do a great deal
to rub off those rough corners which once existed in the rela-
tions between town and country populations.

Lord Hampton offered his hearty congratulations to his
brethren, members of the society, and to all who wished well to
it, on the proof which that meeting afforded of the signal
success of the migratory system. It was an excellent system,
and gave a stimulus such as nothing else ever had done to their
operations by calling into action not only the good feeling of
those who were active members of the society and active agri-
culturists, but also the interest and good feeling of the several
localities in which the meetings were held. He should like
also to offer them one word of congratulation on those blessings
for which they had all to be thankful in connection with the
present year's harvest. As regarded the wheat crop, seldom,
if ever, had Worcestershire seen a better. Barley was good,
and beans were not bad, and they had been blessed with the
finest possible weather for getting in this great harvest.
There was one crop that had not been good, and he almost
thought had never been worse, that was the crop of grass.
He could not help hoping that this season might teach a lesson
to those who might be disposed somewhat too hastily
to be alarmed by difficulties respecting labour, or difficul-
ties of any other kind, to say the time was come when
they must get rid of all their arable land and become grass
farmers. He was afraid the grass farmers in the present year
had not found the pursuit so profitable as it sometimes was.
He congratulated the agriculturists of the county on the show
that was before them. He was glad to hear what fell from
his noble friend in the chair, and from Mr. Dowdeswell. He
thought they were right in inviting the owners of the best
stock in the kingdom to come there and exhibit it ; and al-
though Worcestershire farmers might not be sanguine — he
did not know any personal friend of his who was sanguine —
of selling a cow for £6,000, still they might depend upon it
that tlie exhibition of such animals as were in that show
yard did act as a stimulus to making them anxious to get the
best stock they could. There was one remark that hs had not;
unfrequently made on such occasions, and after what he had
seen that morning he could not help making it again. Whether

X 2

316

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

the idea was or was not welcome, he must say, as a matter of
humanity, that he shrunk from looking at the unfortunate pigs
that were brought together on those occasions. lie hoped he
•hould li»e to see the day when it would be one of the rules of
those societies that no pig should be exhibited that was not
able both to see and to stand.

The Chairman did not think it would be wise, in regard to
those raagnificeut animals which were the pick of the whole
country, to put them on one side for a year before being
brought to the local meetings. In that year they might lose
much of their character from diseases which occasionally
visited our herds, and which no care on the part of the breeder
could avert. lie advocated the bringing such animals into
competition with one another in a class of their own, and giving
handsome prizes for them. They should not be brought into

compttitioD with animals whose owners did not pretend to be
able to rival them, for if this wer« done an act of injustice was,
perhaps unwittingly, committed. What they had at heart was
to improv* the prosperity of those among whom they lived,
and the desire of many was that there should be a corapetitioa
confined to the county. Local agriculture might be promoted
in two vfays — one was to encourage the agriculturists of the
county in the breeding of stock, and the other was to put
before them the best proofs of what could be done when capi-
tal and skill were combined. No president of an association,
whether political or agricultural, or anything else, could do
much good unless he was present in person and showed more
than an indifferent feeling with regard to it. It was, there-
fore, with the greatest pleasure tliat he found himselt able to
occupy the chair that day.

AIREDALE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
MEETING AT BINGLEY.

The cattle, though not very numerous, were good, par-
ticularly the aged Shorthorn bulls and cows. la the
first-class — bulls over twelve months — the first place was
taken by ilr. Fox's Leemau ; and the second was awarded
to Lady Pigot's Rapid Rhone ; Mr. Rocket's Speedwell
being highly commended, and Oxford Cheerboy, third in
his class at Bedford, passed over. la the competition for
Shorthorn cows and heifers over twelve months, the entries
included three from Mr. T. Statter ; two from Mr. T. H.
Hutchinson, Catterick ; two from Lady Pigot ; and one
from I\Ir. J. 11. Rocket. The class was a very good one,
and the prizes were awarded to Mr. Ilutchiusou's Dairy
Girl and Lady Pigot's Victoria Victrix. A silver cup of
the value of £12, for the best two Shorthorns of auy age
or sex, was gained by Lady Pigot, Mr. Hutchinson's pa,ir
standing second. Horses generally form an important
feature at the Bmgley show, aud roadsters and agricul-
tural horses were good classes. A silver cup of the value
of £20, given for the best hunter, equal to not less than
15 stone, was awarded to ^Marmalade, with Mr. William
Armstrong's Cashier second, and Mr. Brady Nichol-
son's bay horse Wallett third, lu the second class for
hunter3,'without condition as to weight, a silver cup of the
value of £20 was also given ; and here Mr. T. H. Hutchin-
son's Jester was first, Mr. John E. lagham's chesnut
Monarch second, and Mr. E. Charlesworth's bay Bank
Note third. Sheep were generally good classes.

PRIZE LIST.
JUDGES.— Cattle and Sheep : R. Jefferson, Preston

Hows, Whitehaven ; G. Smart, Woodhouse Grange, near

Abberford, South Milford. Horses : J. VVilders, Croxton

Kyriel, Grantham ; E. Hird, Copeland-street, Manchester;

and T. Smith, Holme, York. Pigs : J. Gledhill, Heck-

mondvvike.

CATTLE
(Open).

Shorthorn bull, over twelve months. — First prize, G. Fox,
Wilmslow ; second. Lady Pigot, Newmarket.

Shorthorn bull calf, under twelve mouths.— First prize, T.
Statter, Manchester; second, J. Coates, Cleckheaton.

Shorthorn cow or heifer, over twelve months. — First prize,
T. H. Hutchinson, Catterick ; second. Lady Pigot. ^

Shorthorn heifer calf, under twelve months. — First prize.
Lady Pigot ; second, G. F'ox.

Alderney or Guernsey cow or heifer. — First prize, E. Posselt,
Shipley ; second, H. Beldou, Bingley.

Two Shorthorns, any sex or age.— First prize, cup, Lady
Pigot; second, T. H. Hutchinson.

(Open only to the district.)

Bull, over twelve months.— First prize, 11. Moulding, Bing-
ley ; second, J. Horner, Bingley.

Bull, under twelve months. — First aud second prize, J.
Horner.

Cow for dairy purposes. — First prize, T. Wilkinson, Bing-
ley ; second, J. Robertshaw, AHerton Grange, near Bradford.

Heifer under two years. — First prize, M. Moulding, Gil-
stead, Bingley ; second, J. Horner.

Heifer calf, under twelve months. — First prize, J. Horner ;
second, W. Whittingham, Cottingley.

HORSES
(Open).

Draught colt, gelding, or filly, one year. — First prize, J. E.
Crowther, Knowl Grove, Mirfield ; second, E. Haley, Been
Lane Head, Allerton.

Draught gelding or filly, two years. — First prize, M. Lassey,
Mount Tabor, near Halifax ; second, R. Hird, Shipley.

Roadster colt, gelding, or filly, one year. — First prize, J. W.
Mills, Clievin Grange, Menston ; second, L. Margerison, Brad-
ford.

Roadster gelding or illy, two years. — First prize, J. F.
Crowther ; second, J. Clarke, Beeston, near Leeds.

Roadster gelding or filly, three years. — First prize, J . Robin-
son, Hull ; second, R. Farnhill, Batley.

Draught mare or gelding. — First prize, T. Statter ; second,
M. Lassey.

Mare or gelding for agricultural or general purposes. — First
prize, J. R, Armitage, Bradford ; second, J. Robinson, Lai?-
terdyke.

Mare or gelding for agricultural or general purposes, open
to the district. — First and second prize, E. Towuend.

Pony, in saddle, not exceeding 14 hands. — First prize, T.
Mitchell, Bradford ; second, G. F. Fletcher, Sheffield.

Draught stallion. — First prize, J, Edmondson, Burnley ;
second, R. Marshall, Keyingham, near Hull.

Coaching stallion. — First prize, T. Long, Menston, near
Guiseley ; second, J. Morphet, Studfo, near Settle.

Roadster stallion. — First prize, W. Vary, Stamford Bridge,
York ; second, T. West, Wilberfoss, York.

Cob, not exceeding 15 hands. — First prize, W. Stephenson,
Cottingham, near Hull ; second, W. Sadler, Hyde-terrace,
Leeds; third, W. H. Cranswick, Thornholme, near Burton
Agnes.

Nag or roadster. — First prize, J. Robinson ; second, W.
Sadler, Vicar-lane, Leeds; third, S. Watkinson, Highgate
House, Gargrave.

Pony, in single harness, not exceeding 14 hands. — First
prize, G. F.Fletcher; second, W.Thorpe, jun., Bingley.

Horse or mare, in single harness. — First prize, T. Statter ;
second, T. Marshall, Kirkgate, Bradford.

Ladies' hackney, mare or gelding. — First prize, J. Wellbnrn,
Scackleton Grange, Hovingham ; second, J. Terry, Bradford ;
third, W. McLauchlan.Ilkley.

Hunters (weight carriers), equal to not less than 15 stone.
— First prize and cup, J. M. T. Musgrave, Beverley ; second,
W. Armstrong ; third, B. Nicholson.

Hunters, without condition as to weight. — First prize and
cup, T. H. Hutchinson ; second, J. E. Ingham, Bradford ;
third, E. Charleswortii, Bradford.

Leaper.— First prize, J. Wellburn ; second, W. T. Tilford,
jVIicklefield ; third, J.Scatcherd, Whirkirk.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

315

SHEEP.
Leicsster or other LONG-WOOLLED
(Open to the district only).
Uam, one-ahear or aged. — First prize, E. Holden, Bingley ;
second, F. H. Butterfield, Bingley.

Ram lamb. — First prize, E. Lund ; second, T. Wilkiusou,
Bingley.

Bwe, one-shear, or aged. — First prize, E. Lund, Culling-
worth ; second, J. Smith.

Ewe lamb. — First prize, W. Anderton, Bingley ; second, J.
Wilkinson, Bingley.

LONrs
(Open to the distiict only).
Ram, one-shear or aged. — First and second prize, J. Smith.
Ram lamb. — First and second prize, J. Smith.
Ewe, one-shear or aged. — First and second prize, J. Smith.
Ewe lamb. — First and second prize, J. Smith.

Ilall-bred ewe, one-shear or aged. — First prize, \V. Ander-
ton ; second, W. Greenwood.

Halt-bred ewe lamb. — Firsts and second prize, E. Lund.
PIGS
(Open to the district only).

Boar, any age. — First prize, W. Uracup, Saltaire ; second,
G. Hargreaves, Shipley.

Sow, middle breed. — First prize, N. Holmes, Bingley ;
second, W. Firtli.

Sow, small breed. — First prize, G. Hargreaves ; second, W.
Firth.

Store, under nine months old. — First prize, W. Dracup ;
second, J. Leach, Bingley.

Fat or store pig, confined to the parish of Bingley, and to
persons in receipt of weekly wages. — l^irst prize and cup, W.
Preston, Bingley ; second, M. Tiiompson, Harden,

LYTHAM AND KIRKHAM AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
MEETING AT LYTHAM.

The show, as a whole, was superior to any previously
held by this Society, the total number of entries being
507, or 102 more than those of last year. The cattle
were extremely good, particularly the bulls ; and the
horses, especially those for agricultural purposes, showed
much improvement, but better mares are wanted. Sheep
and pigs were but few.

PRIZE LIST.
JUDGES. — Light Horses -. Mr. Atkinson, Barrowby Hall,

Leeds, and Mr. Gray, Brampton. Heavy Horses : Mr.

Brierley,Middletou, and Mr. Hutchinson, Catterick. Cattle,

Sherf, AJMD Pigs : Mr. Dodds, Wakefield, and Mr. Ash-
burner, Ulverston.

CATTLE.

Bull, above three years. — Prize, R. Thomson, Mythop
Lodge.

Bull, above two and under three years. — First prize, T. H.
Clifton, Lytham ; second, N. Cartmell, Westby.

Bull, above one and under two years. — First prize, T.
Rigby, Carleton Lodge ; second, J. Salthouse, Westby.

Bull-calf, under twelve months. — First prize, W. Porter,
St. Michaels ; second, R. Thomson.

Premium of £10 for the best bull, one year and upwards,
the property of a tenant-farmer, and to serve in the district to
the 24th June, 1875, subject to the rules of the Society. —
Prize, T. Rigby.

Cow, in calf or milk, having had a calf, and above three
years. — First prize, T. H. Miller, Singleton Park ; second,
R. Saul, Woodplumpton.

Heifer, above two and not exceeding three years. — First
prize, T. H. Miller ; second, R. Saul.

Heifer, above one and not exceeding two years. — First
prize, Jas. Sykes, Breck House ; second, R. C. Richards,
Clifton Lodge.

Heifer-calf, not above one year. — First prize, T. H. Miller ;
second, J. T. Clifton.

Cow, in calf or milk. — Prize, R. C. Richards.

Three heifers, two years old. — Prize, R. C. Richards.

Three heifers, one year old. — Prize, R. C. Richards.

Three heifer-calves, one year old. — Prize, R. C. Richards.
Silver challenge cups, to be competed for by animals entered

for the foregoing premiums, and for which first prizes have

been awarded only :

Shorthorned male animal, of any age, the property of the
exhibitor. — W. Porter.

Shorthorned female animal, of any age, the property of the
exhibitor.— T. H. Miller.

Cottagers' cows. — First prize, J. Butler, Lytham ; second,
J. Riley, Wesham.

SHEEP.

LongwooUed ram, other than shearling. — First prize, Hon.
J. B. Ogilvy, Westby ; second, T. L. Birley, Kirkham.

Shearhng longwooUed ram. — First prize, T. L. Birley;
second, T, L. Birley.

LongwooUed ram lamb. — Krst prize, Hon. J. B. Ogilvy ;
second, Hon. J. B. Ogilvy.

Shortwoolled ram, other than shearling, — First prize, T. H.
Miller ; second, T. L. Birley.

Shearling shortwoolled ram. — First prize, W. Dodgson,
Plurapton Hall ; second, T. L. Birley.

Shortwoolled ram lamb. — F'irst prize, W. Dodgson ; second,
T. H. Miller.

Three longwooUed ewes, any breed, to have been grazed in
the district not less than three months, and to be kept for
breeding. — First prize, J. T. Chiton ; second, Hon. J. B.
Ogilvy.

Three shortwoolled ditto. — First prize, T. L. Birley ;
second, T. L. Birley.

Three longwooUed gimmer lambs. — First prize, Hon. J. B.
Ogilvy; second, T. L. Birley.

Three shortwooUed gimmer lambs. — First prize, T. H.
MiUer ; second, W. Dodgson.

PIGS.
Boar of large breed. — Prize, 11. Kirkham, Wrea Green.
Boar of small breed. — Prize, T. Crook, Inskip.
Sow of large breed. — Prize, J. Hall, Freckleton.
Sow of small breed. — Prize, J. Hall.
Cottagers' pig. — Prize, R. Fisher, Wrea Green.

HORSES.
Pair for agricultural purposes. — Prize, J. Parkinson,
Lytham.

Brood mare for agricultural purposes. — Prize, J. Par-
kinson.

Three-year-old gelding or filly for agricultural purposes. —

First prize, T. Cartmell, Clifton ; second, W. Fisher, Lytham.

Two-year-old gelding or filly for agricultural purposes. —

First prize, W. Shaw, jun., Thornton ; second, R. C. Richards,

Clifton Lodge.

Yearling gelding or filly for agricultural purposes.— First
prize, G. Rea, Solwick; second, J. Marquis, Wesham Hall.

Colt or filly foal for agricultural purposes. — First prize, C,
Fare, Clifton ; second, T. Rigby, Carleton Lodge.

Brood mare in foal, or having had one in 1874, for hunting
purposes. — First prize, T. H. MiUer, Singleton Park ; second,
T. H. Miller.

Brood mare in foal, or having had one in 1874, for harness.
— First prize, T. Fox, Singleton; second, W.Taylor, Hard-
horn.

Gelding or mare, three or four years old, for hunting.—

First prize, T. H. MiUer; second, W. S. Hodgson, Kirkham.

Gelding or mare, three or four years old, for harness. —

First prize, W. Cartmell, Morton ; second, J. Nickson,

Ballham.

Gelding or mare, three or four years old, for hackney pur-
poses, exceeding U hands and not above 15 hands. — First
prize, P. Catterall, Lytham ; second, R. Hall, Thistletou.

Two-year-old gelding or filly for hunting. — First prize, T.
H. Miller ; second, W. Taylor.

Two-year-old gelding or filly for harness. — First prize,
Warbrick, Lytham; second, E. Cartmell, Westbv

318

THE f ARMEY'S MAGAZINE.

Yearliug geldingr or filly for liimting. — First prize, T. H.
Miller ; second, H. Birley, Kirkham.

Yearling gelding or filly for harness. — First prize, T. Swar-
biick, Lytliam ; second, G. H. Catterall, Lytham.

Colt or filly foal for hunting.— First prize, T. 11. Miller ;
second, H. Birley.

Colt or filly foal for harness. — First prize, T. Fox ; second,
E. Billington, Myerscough.

loonies, being 13, and not exceeding 14 hands. — First prize,
L. Uttley, Nevvsham Lodge ; second, W. Birch, Blackpool.

Ponies under 13 hands. — First prize, 11. C. Ricliatds, Clif-
ton Lodge, second, Miss E. J. Birley, Kirkhara.

Cups, for foals got by the thorougli-bred horse Carbineer, and
by the draught horse Honest Tom. — Colt foal by Carbineer, T.
Fox; filly foal by Carbineer, T. H. Miller; colt foal by
Honest Tom, C. Fare ; filly foal by ditto, J. T. Chorley.

Cup for best colt or filly foal by Honest Tom. — C. Fare.

Premiums to be competed for only by animals entered in the
catalogue of the Lytham sale. — Gelding or filly in class 1, T.
H. Miller ; in class 3, T. Bradshaw, Pilling.

Hunters, open to general competition, to be ridden over
hurdles not more than 4ft. high, fixed in a field. — First and
second prize, R. M. Knowles, Ousel Nest, Bolton ; third.
Captain Fleming, 05th Regiment, Fulwood.

THE BURY (LANCASTER) AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
MEETING AT CHESHAM.

PRIZE LIST.
JUDGES.— Cattle: Rev. L. C. Woods, Kirkham, B,
Baxter, Elslack Hall, Skipton. Light Horses: J. S.
Wilson, Taltenhall, Chester; J. Boote, Weston Hall,
Crewe ; S. Leese, West Clifl'e, Pendleton. Heavy Horses :
J. Noden, Dunham Massey ; Mr. Dodds, Mount Pleasant,
Wakefield. Sheep : W. Midgeley, Salesbury Old Hall.
Pigs : P. Eden, Salford ; S. Lord, Blue Pits.
CATTLE.
(Open).
Bull of any breed.— First prize, G. Fox, Harefield, Wilms-
low ; second,'T. Statter, Whitefield.

Bull-calf, above one and under two years old.— Prize, T.
Statter.

Bull-calf, under twelve mouths old. — First prize, T. Stat-
ter ; second, Mrs, Atkinson, Ribchestcr.

Cow in calf or milk. — First and second prizes, T. Statter.
Heifer, not more than three years old. — Prize, T. Statter,
and J. Thom, Chorley, were equal.

Heifer, not more than two years old. — First and second
prizes, T. Statter.

Ueifer-calf, under twelve months old. — First prize, C. W.
Brierley, Rhodes ; second, Mrs. Atkinson.

Ox, cow, or heifer, showing the most symmetry, fat, and
weight. — First and second prizes, T. Statter. »

Drove of milch cows, not less than six in number, exhibited
by a cattle dealer. — First prize, P. Johnson, Great Lever;
second, \V. Green, Kersal Hall.

Dairy cow (special prizes). — First prize, Mrs. Atkinson;
second, W. Green.

Bull of any breed, above two and under three years old
(district competition for tenant farmers). — First prize, D. Par-
tington, ITusworth ; second, R. Alderson.

Bull of any breed, above one and under two years old (dis-
trict competition for tenant farmers). — First prize, L. R.
Duckworth, Bank-lane ; second, L. Roston, Tottington.

Bull-calf, under twelve months old. — First prize, J. Altham,
Snmmerseat ; second, G. Partington, Middleton.

Cow for dairy purposes, in milk or calf. — First and second
prizes, A. Wardle, Bury.

Heifer, of any breed, not more than two years old. — First
prize, L. Hoyle, Heap ; second, J. Morris, Heywood.

Geld cow, ia milk. — First prize, A. Wardle; second, D.
Fletcher, Heywood.

Heifer-calf, under twelve months old. — First prize, T.
Taylor, Elton Farm ; second, J. Haworth, Tottington.

Fat calf, under three months old. — First prize, J. Livesey,
Bury; second, J. Smethurst, Bury.

Lot of not less than six milch cows. — First prize, J. Taylor,
Bury ; second, D. Fletcher.

Lot of not less than four calves, reared by exhibitor, and
not more than twelve months old. — First prize, D. Fletcher ;
second, Houghton and Sons, Elton.

Collection of Shorthorns, — I'irst priie, T. Statter ; second,
G. Fox, Wilmslow.

HORSES.
(Open).
Stallion, for agricultural or draught purposes. — First and
second prizes, T. Statter.

Brood raare, for agricultural or draught purposes. — Prize,
J. Thora.

Pair of horses, for agricultural or draught purposes, he.
longing to one party or firm. — Piize, C. W. Brierley.

Mare or gelding, over 10 hands, for agricultural or draught
purposes. — Prize, C. W. Brierley.

Mare or gelding under 16 hands. — Prize, T. Warburton,
Haslingden.

Three-year-old gelding or filly, for agricultural or draught
purposes. — Prize, C. U. Cheethara, Middleton.

Two-year-old gelding or filly, fsr agricultural or draught
purposes. — Prize, T. Seed, Clitheroe.

One-year-old gelding or filly, for agricultural or draught
purposes. — Prize, T. Statter.

String of four horses. — Prize, T. Statter.
Thoroughbred stallion, for saddle and harness.— First prize,
T. Statter ; second, A. Lund, Darcy Lever.

Brood mare, for road or field. — First prize, S. Kirby, City-
road, Manchester ; second, E. Fearnside, Wakefield.

Roadster stallion. — First prize, T. Statter ; second, W.
Varey, Buckthorpe.

Mare or gelding, over 15 hands. — First prize, W. Arm-
strong, Kendal ; second, S. Wilkinson, York.

Three-year-old gelding or filly. — First prize, W. Stephen-
son, Cottingham ; second, T. Statter.

Two-year-old gelding or filly. — First prize, J. F. Crowther
Mirfield ; second, E. Fearnside.

One-year-old gelding or filly. — First prize, J. Nelson
Broughton ; second, W. Mills, Radcliffe.

Foal. — First prize, S. Kirby, Manchester; second, T. Stat-
ter.

Cobs and ponies, mare or gelding, not exceeding 15 hands.
— I'irst prize, A. Woodhead, Bowdon ; second, W. Stephen-
son, Cottingham.

Pony, not exceeding 14 hands. — First prize, R. Wright,
Regent-road, Salford ; second, J. M'Adam, Newton Vale.

Pony, not exceeding 13 liands. — First prize, L. Pilkington,
Gateacre ; second, T. Whitton, Tottington.

Pony, not exceeding 12 hands. — First prize, H. Marshall,
Chorlton-cum-Hardy ; second, J. Nelson, 13roughton.

The prize offered by T. Statter for the best foal got by any
of his entire horses was awarded to R. Chambers, White-
field.

Brood mare, for agricultural or draught purposes (for tenant
farmers' competition, in tiie district only). — First prize, D.
Partington, Unsworth ; second, L. Hoyle, Heap.

Pair of horses in regular work. — Prize, J. Partington,
Heywood.

Mare or gelding over 16 hands. — First and second prizes,
L. Hoyle.

Mare or gelding under 16 hands. — First prize, W. Lindsay,
Roach Bank ; second, J. Hulme, Heywood.

Three-year-old gelding or filly. — Prize, Captain Bridson,
Outwood.

Two-year-old gelding or filly. — First prize, T. Isherwood,
Holcombe ; second, D. Partington.

One-year-old gelding or filly. — Prize, P. Street, Radcliffe.

Foal. — First prize, D. Partington ; second, L. Hoyle.

Hunters, mare or gelding, of any age (open). — First prize,
W. Armstrong, Kendal ; second, J. M. Tattersall, Beverley.

Cobs, not exceeding 15 hands. — First prize, T. H. Newton
second, I. Hall, Lower Darwen.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

319

DISTRICT PRIZES.

Pair of horses in regular work, beloaging to one party or
firm. — Prize, R. Chambers, Whitefield.

Mare or gelding iu regular work, over IG hands. — Prize,
Walker and Loraax, Bury.

Mare or gelding in regular work, under 16 hands. — Prize,
T. L. Livesey, Hollins Vale.

TURN-OUTS (open).

Two-wheeled conveyance, horse, and harness. — First prize,
T. Statter ; second, J. C. Rogerson, Oldhain-street, Man-
chester.

Two-wheeled conveyance, with cob under IG hands. — First
prize, R. Wright, Salford ; second, R. Smith, The Poplars,
Manchester.

Four-wheeled conveyance, horse, and harness. — First prize,
J. H. Openshaw, Stand ; second, J. Wild, Stand.

Four-wheeled conveyance, pony and harness, under 14
hands. — First prize, T. Bullough, Bolton ; second, H. Mar-
shall, Chorlton-cum-Hardy.

PIGS.
(Open).

Boar, large breed. — Prize, II. Bolton, Churchtown, Roch-
dale.

Boar, middle breed. — First prize, and cup. Earl of EUes-
mere.

Boar, small breed. — Prize, Earl of Ellesraere.

Breeding sow, large breed. — Prize, Earl of Ellesmere, who
a'so obtained first prizes for middle and small breed. The
second prize in the latter class was awarded to T. Statter.

Fat hog, gelt, or sow, of any breed. — Prize, T. Bolton,
Rochdale.

Litter of pigs, any breed, not more than eight weeks old.
— First prize. Earl of Ellesmere ; second, T. Statter.

DISTRICT COMPETITION.

Boar, large breed. — Prize, S. Wilson, Ramsbottom.

Boar, middle breed.^First prize, and cup, S. Wilson.

Boar, small breed. — First and second prizes, S. Wilson.

Breeding sow, middle breed. — First prize, W. Handley,
Bury ; second, S. Wilson.

Boar, small breed. — First prize, S. Wilson ; second, J.
Halliwell, Bury.

Litter of pigs, any breed, not to exceed eight weeks old. —
First prize, S. Wilson ; second, W. Handley.

Fat pig, any breed, not more than eighteen months old. —
Prize, J. Openshaw.

Pen of store pigs, not more than, six months old. — First
prize, J. Halliwell ; second, W. Howarth.

Cottagers' pigs. — The best fat pig was shown by S. Yates,
Huntley Brook ; and the best breeding sow by J. Nuttall,
Heywood.

SHEEP.
(Open).

Tup. — First prize, T. Brigg, Keighley ; second, J. Pickup,
Kewchurch.

Tup hog. — First prize, G. Dewhurst, Rawtenstall ; second,
T. Brigg.

Tup lamb. — First prize, T. Brigg ; second, J. Pickup.

Three ewes.. — First and second prizes, T. Brigg.

Three shearling ewes. — First and second prizes, T. Brigg.

Three ewe lambs. — First prize, G. Dewhurst ; second, T.
Brigg.

Three fat wethers. — F"irst and second prizes, T. Statter.

CRAVEN AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
MEETING AT SKIPTON.

Cattle have been more largely represented, but, as re-
gards the quality of the stock, this show has never been
surpassed. The herd of Lady Pigot had its representatives
in nearly all the classes, and succeeded in carrying olF the
principal honours including the cup for the three best
Shorthorns, the property of one exhibitor. In the class
of best cow in calf or milk of any age, the judges reversed
the decision given at the Bingley show by awarding the
first position to Lady Pigot's Victoria A ictrix, over Air.
T. H. Hutchinson's Dairy Girl. Mr. Hutchinson was
more successful in the two-year-old heifer class, where he
carried the prize with Lady Playful. In the classes of
Shorthorned cattle, open to tenant-farmers only, Mr. B.
Fletcher won the first place with a really handsome roan
two-year-old bull. The silver cup for the best three
Shorthorns in the tenant-farm classes was awarded to
Mrs. Atkinson. Horses were an unusually large show.
There was agood turn-out of stallions, thoroughbred, road-
ster and draught, but all the awards went to exhibitors
from a distance. Ihe leaping of the hunters formed as
usual a great source of attraction ; but this could not be
said to have been very successful. Sheep were a good
show in the majority of classes, but more particularly of
half-breds. The leading honours were carried off by Mr.
AVilliam Varley and Mr. John Markendale — the former
for pens of black-faced Scotch ewes, and the latter for
half-bred Cheviots, and Mr. Henry Nutter, of Aireville
Grange, Skipton, was a very successful exhibitor of half-
bred lonk ewes. In the class of mountain sheep (Scotch
breed), several pens of fine wethers were shown, and the
class fully merited the commendations bestowed on it by
the judges. Pigs were largely represented, especially in
the classes open to general competition.

PRIZE LIST.
JUDGES.— Cattle : H. Ambler, Watkinaon Hall, Halifax ;

R. Jefferson, Preston Hows, Whitehaven. Horses : Capt.

Childers Thompson, The Mount, York ; T. Gibbons, Burn-

foot-on-Esk, Longtown, Carlisle ; W. J. Robson, Ramshaw,

Whixley, York. Sheep : C. Fawcett, Svviunythwaite,

Bedale ; J. Nelson, Cockerham Hall, Laueaster ; T. Dodds,

Wakefield. Pigs : J. Cnlshaw, Towneley, Burnley ; S.

Barrett, Harewood. Roots, Butter, Cheese, Oatcake,

Implements: J. Culshaw, Towneley; S. Barrett,

Harewood.

SHORTHORNS.

Best bull, two years old and upwards. — First prize, G. Fox,
Harefteld, Wilmslow, Manchester ; second, T. Statter, Stand,
Whitefield, Manchester.

Yearling bull. — First and second prizes, fiady Pigot, Branches
Park, Newmaiket.

Bull calf under twelve months old. — First prize, T. Statter.

Cow in calf or milk of any age. — First prize. Lady Pigot;
second, T. H. Hutchinson, Manor-house, Catterick.

Two-year-old heifer. — First prize, T. H. Hutchinson ; second.
Lady Pigot.

Yearling heifer. — First prize, T. Statter ; second. Lady
Pigot.

Heifer calf under twelve months old. — -First prize, Lidy
Pigot; second, R. Lodge, Southport.

Collection of Shorthorns, of not less than three in number,
the l/o/ut jide property of one exhibitor. — First prize (silver
cup, value 20 guineas), Lady Pigot.

Bull, two years old and upwards (open to tenant-farmers in
the district only). — First prize, B. Fletcher, Carlton, Yeadon,
Leeds; second, Mrs. Atkinson, Dutton, Blackburn.

Yearling bull. — Firstprize, Micah Lamb, Cayley (arm, Otley;
second, R. Whittam, Mount Pleasant, Brierfield.

Bull-calf nnder twelve months old. — First prize, Mrs. Atkin-
son; second. Miss Hird, Smallhouse, Skipton.

Cow in calf or milk of any age. — First prize, J. Farrer,
Thorneyholme, Burnley ; second, Mrs. Atkinson.

Three years old heifer in calf or milk, — First prize, 11.
Birtwhistle, Skibeden, Skipton; second, T. Walker and Sons,
Draughton, Skipton.

Two years old heifer in calf or milk. — First prize. Miss
Hird ; second, J. and M. A.. Green, Heslaker, Skipton.

Yearling heifer. — First prize, Mrs. Atkinson ; second, R.
Whittam.

Heifer-calf under twelve months old. — First prize, Mrs.
Atkinson ; second, Wm, Lawson, Beamsley, Skipton.

320

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

Collection of Shoftlioras, of uot less than three in number,
the bona fide property of one exhibitor. — First prize (silver
cup value 10 guineas), Mrs. Atkiason.

Cattle of any Breed.
Fat cow. — First prize, T. Thornton, Bradlej ; second. Miss
Hird.

Fat heifer. — First and second prizes, J. Wilkinson, Cook-
rise, Skipton.

Two store bullocks. — First prize, J. B. Beckwith, Winter-
burn, Gargrave ; second, J. Harrison, Carleton, Skipton.
HORSES.
Thoroughbred stallion. — First prize, Robt.Huttou, Glouces-
ter-place, I'ortman -square, London ; second, J. Bawman,
Masongi.l.

Roadster stallion. — First prize, W. Vary, Buckthorpe,
York ; second, T. West, Bishoa Wilton, York.

Draught stallion.— First prize, T. Stattrr, Whitefield, Man-
chester ; second, R. Marshall, Keyinghara, near Hull.

Brood inare for ininters. — First prize, E. Fearuside, Wake-
field ; second, W. Wilkinson, Skipton.

Brood mare for coaching. — First prize, Col. G. Robinson,
Skipton ; second, W. H. Davis, Gargrave.

Brood mare for roadsters. — First prize, S. Jaekson, Silsdon ;
second, B. B. Laycock, Rylstoue.

Brood mare for draught. — First prize, J. W. Waterhouse,
Apperley Bridge ; second, J. Edmondson, Burnley.

One year old colt or gelding for hunters. — First prize, W.
G. I'erlect, Settle ; second, R. H. Gill, Silsden.

One year old colt or gelding for roadsters. — First prize, O.
Coates, Malhara ; second, W. Fort, Silsden.

One year old colt or Alley for coaching. — First prize, G.
Heyworth, Eastby ; second, N. Hitching, Cracoe.

One year old colt or filly for draught. — First prize, J. Wit-
taker, Trawden ; second, T. Ttiornton, Bradley.

One year old filly for hunters. — Firstprize, T. Green, Cross-
bills ; second, W. Roberts, Burnley.

One year old filly for roadsters. — First prize, J. W. Yeadon,
Fewston ; second, H. Green, Glusburn.

Two years old gelding for hunters. — First prize, E. Fearn-
side, Wakefield ; second, R. W. Edmondson, West Newton.

Two years old gelding fur coaching. — First prize, H. Ward,
Hazlewood ; second, T. Brigg, Keighley.

Two years old gelding for roadsters. — First prize, G. Kayley,
Sawley Bridge; second, J. B. Beckwith, G.irgrave.

Two years old gelding or filly for draught. — First prize, T.
Seed, Clitheroe ; second, W. L. Chester, ISradley.

Two years old filly for hunters. — First prize, W. Roberts,
Burnley ; second, J. M. Wilson, Crossbills.

Two years old filly for coaching. — First prize, P. Parker,
Crossbills ; second, Mrs. Mason, Gargrave.

Two years old filly for roadsters. — First prize, G. Heyworth,
Eastby ; second, W. Beck, Cracoe.

Three years old gelding for hunters. — First prize. Col. G.
Robinson, Skipton ; second, J. Markendale, Gargrave.

Three years old gelding for coaching. — First prize, E.
Airy's executors, Bel Busk; second, J. and M. A. Green,
Skipton.

Three years old gelding for roadsters. — First prize, J.
Orrarod, Embsay ; second, J. Guy, Long Preston.

Three yeara old gelding or filly for draught. — First prize,
B. Fletcher, Carlton, Yeadon ; second, H. Nutter, Skipton.

Three years old filly for hunters. — First prize, Capt. T. W.
Lawson, Pannal ; second, J. Exley, Menston.

Tliree years old filly for coaching. — First prize, G. S.
Taylor, Silsden ; second, H. Ward, Hazlewood.

Three years old filly for roadsters. — Prize, L. Wrathall,
Appletreewick.

Mare or gelding for roadsters of any age, to be ridden. —
First prize, W. H. Cranswick, Burton Agnes; second, W.
Stephenson, Cottenham.

Cob, not exceeding 14^ hands high, to be ridden. — First and
second prizes, J. T. Butler, Bui ley.

i'ony, under 13 hands high. — First prize, W. Morrison,
Malham Tarn ; second, W. H. Watson, Leeds.

Hunters of any age. — First prize, W. Armstrong, Kendal ;
second, J. Fearon, Corkicle, Whitehaven.
SHEEP.

LONGWOOLS.

(Open.)
Ram of any age.— First prize, J . and R. Earnahaw, Clithe-
roe ; second, J . Styan, Bedale.

(Local.)
Ram of any age. — First prize, J. and R. Earnshaw ; second,
R. Surr, Ripley.

Shearling ram. — Prize, J. and R. Earnshaw.
Tup lamb. — First and second prizes, M. Lamb, Otley.
Pen of five ewes of any age. — Prize, M. Lamb.
Pen of five shearling gimmers. — Prize, M. Lamb.
Peu of five gimmer lambs. — Prize, M. Lamb.

MOUNTAINS (SCOTCH BREED).

(Local.)

Blackfaced ram. — First prize, T. Hudson, Hazlewood ;
second, H. Ward, Hazlewood.

Shearling ram. — First prize, ^T. Hudson ; second, W.
Young, Hazlewood.

Tup lamb. — Prize, W. Young.

Peu of five ewes. — Prize, W. Young.

Pen of five shearling gimmers. — First prize, T. Young,
Barden ; second, W. Robinson, Bedale.

Pen of five giinu. er lambs. — First prize, T. Young ; second,
W. Young.

Pen of five wethers.— First prize, J. Metcalfe, Darnbrook,
Arncliffe ; second, W. Robinson.

LONKS.

(Local.)

Ram. — First prize, T. Brigg, Keighley ; second, J. Pickup,
Rose Cottage, Newchurch.

Shearling ram. — First prize, T. Brigg ; second, J. Smith,
Keighley.

Tup lamb. — First and second prizes, T. Brigg.

Pen of five ewes. — First and second prizes, T. Brigg.

Pen of five shearling gimmers. — First prize, T. Brigg ;
second, J. Smith.

Pen of five gimmer lambs. — First prize, T. Brigg ; second,
J. Smith.

HAXF-BREDS.

(Local.)
Pen of five blackfaced Scotch ewes. — First and second prizes,
W. Varley, Hetton.

Pen of five two-shear blackfaced Scotch ewes. — First prize,
W. Varley ; second, H. Nutter, Skipton.

Pen of five blackfaced shearling gimmers. — First prize, W.
Varley ; second, J. and M. A. Green, Heslaker, Skipton.

Pen of five blackfaced gimmers. — First prize, A. Robinson,
Skipton ; second, W. Carlisle, Skipton.

Pen of five two-shear Cheviot ewes. — First and second
prizes, J. Msrkendale, Gargrave.

Pen of five shearling Cheviot gimmers. — First and second
prizes, J. Markendale.

Pen of five Cheviot gimmer lambs. — First prize, J. Marken-
dale ; second, W. Wilkinson, Skipton.

Pen of five ewes. — First prize, J. Gill, Silden ; second, H.
Nutter, Skipton.

Pen of five two-shear ewes. — First prize, J. Gill ; second,
H. Nutter.

Pen of five shearling gimmers. — First prize, H. Natter ;
second, J. Gill.

Pen of five gimmer lambs. — First prize, J. Gill ; second, E.
Lund, Bingley.

PIGS.
(Open.)

Boar of the large breed. — Prize, W. Lister, Armley.

Boar of the middle breed. — Second prize, H. Bell, Nelson.

Boar of the small breed. — First prize, W. Hatton, Adding-
ham ; second, — Graham, Leeds.

Sow of the large breed. — First prize, -r- Graham ; second,
W. Birtwhistle, Bradley.

Sow of the middle breed.— First prize, W. Lister ; second,
T. Holmes, Keighley.

Sow of the small breed. — First prize, W. Lister ; second, J.
Speed, Bolton Bridge.

Boar of the large breed, under nine months. — First prize,
J. Reeday, Keighley ; second, J. Palmer, Skipton.

Boar of the middle breed, under nine months old. — First
prize, W. Hatton; second, J. Reeday.

Boar of the small breed, under nine months old. — First prize,
W. Hatton ; second, W. Lister.

Gilt of the large breed, under nine months old, for breedinj^.
— First prize, J. Reeday; second, J. Palmer.

Gilt of the middle breed, under nine months old, for breed-
ing.—First and second prize, T. Phillip, Skipton.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

321

Gilt of the small breed, under nine mouths old, for breeding.
— First and second prizes, 11. Bell.

Store pig, under twelve months old. — First prize, — Graham ;
second, W. Hanson, Siladen Moor.

Store pig, above nine months old (open to local competition).
First prize, R. Shuttleworth, Skipton ; second, L. C. Jackson,
Silsden.

Store pig, under nine months old. — First prize, L. C. Jack-
sou ; second, J. Fort, Cowing.

Gilt of the large breed, under nine months old. — First prize,
J. Harrison, Cowing ; second, M. Gill, Steeton.

Gilt of the middle breed, under nine months old. — First
prize, T. Holmes ; second, L. C- Jackson.

Gilt of the small breed, under nine months old. — First prize,
J. Riley, Crossbills ; second, T. Holmes.

Sow of the large breed. — First prize, T. Birtvvhistle, Brad-
ley ; second, R. Shuttleworth.

Sow of the middle breed. — First prize, Driver Keighley,
Keighley ; second, C. Thompson, Skipton.

Sow of the small breed. — Prize, T. Holmes.

ROOTS.

Six swede turnips. — First prize, S. Redman, Farnhill ; second,
E. Fort, Hayhills, Silsden.

Six white turnips. — First prize, T. Throup, Silsden ; second,
J. Riley, Crosshills.

Six cabbages for cattle. — Prize, W. Lockwood, Skipton.

Six roots of long mangle wurtzel. — Prize, J. Kidd, Cross-
hills.

Six carrots. — First prize, W. Higson, Carleton ; second, J.
Riley.

Stone of round potatoes. — First prize, W. Thornton, Car-
leton ; second, T. Eataugh, Clitheroe.

Stone of kidney potatoes. — First prize, T. Eataugh ; second,
C. Maud, Carleton.

Stone of fluke potatoes. — First prize, W. Lockwood,
Skipton ; second, E. Fort.

WHITBY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Whitby Society is one of the oldest ia the county,
having been established so far back as 1834. In the
horse classes there was a very good entry, and the show of
cattle was another meritorious feature, both numerically
and as regards quality ; while the sheep and pigs were
rather above the average.

PRIZE LIST.
JUDGES. — Horses — Hunters, Roadsters, and Ponies : W.

Annett, Ulgham, Morpeth, and A. Dunhill, Heslerton

Grange, York. — Coaching and Agricultural : J. Kirby,

Burton Fields, Stamford Bridge, and R. Hodgson, Langton

Grange, Northallerton. Cattle, Sueep, and Pigs : J .

Cattley, Stearsby, Easingwold, and G. Hamilton, Northal-
lerton. MooK Sheep : G. Prodham, Harwood Dale, and

I. Garbutt, Farndale.

HORSES.

Thoroughbred staUion. — Prize, P. Hogarth, Lytlie.

Coaching stallion. — Prize, C. Walker, Stakesby Mill.

Agricultural stallion. — Prize, R. Marshall, Keyingham,Hull.

Coaching brood mare, with her foal or stinted. — First prize,
J. Reader, Holme, York; second, F. Stainthorpe, Newton
Mulgrave.

Coaching foal, colt or filly. — First prize, W. Ward, Aislaby;
second, P. Campion, Overdale, Lythe.

Yearling coaching colt or gelding. — First prize, M. Well-
burn, Fylingdales ; second, T. Jackson, Barmby East.

Yearlinct coaching filly. — Prize, P. Campion.

Two years old coaching gelding. — First /irize, M. Wellburn ;
second, J. Jackson, Goldsbro', Whitby.

Two years old coaching filly. — First prize, J. and J. Welford,
Newton Mulgrave ; second, W. Daniel, Greenhamrcerton, near
York.

Three years old coaching gelding. — First prize, I. Scarth,
West Rounton ; second, W. S. Gray, Whitby.

Three years old coaching filly. — First prize, J. Burton,
Thirsk ; second, T. Dobson, Saltburn-by-the-Sea.

Cleveland bay brood mare, with her foal or stinted. — Special
prize, a cup, F. Stainthorp ; second, J. and J. Welford.

Agricultural brood mare, with her foal or stinted. — First
prize, W. Burnett, Whitby ; second, R. Dennison, Whitby.

Agricultural foal, colt or filly. — First and second prizes, R.
Middleton, Hawsker.

Agricultural yearling, colt or filly. — First prize, T. Scoby,
Kirbymoorside ; second, J. Cross, Whitby.

Two years old agricultural filly or gelding. — First prize, R.
P. Pet«h, Skelton ; second, T. Newton, Easington.

Three years old agricultural filly or gelding. — First prize, R.
Lee, Ferry HiU ; second, W. S. Gray.

Pair of agricultural horses. — First prize, W.Burnett; se-
cond, R. Middleton

Hunting brood mare, with her foal or stinted. — First prize,
J. F. Leighton, Scarbro' ; second, W. Muzeen, Slingsby.

Hunting foal, colt or filly. — First prize, W. Muzeen, South
Holme ; second, H. Ward, Whitby.

Hunting yearling, colt or filly. — First prize, W. Muzeen ;
second, J. Weighill, Whitby.

Two years old hunting gelding. — First prize, J. Sedman,
Pickering; second, J. Cross.

Two years old huntinsf filly. — First prize, S. B. Robson,
Ganton ; second, J. Dowson, Danby Castle.

Three years old hunting gelding. — First prize, S. B. Rob-
son ; second, J. and J. Blackbwrn, Stokesley.

Three years old hunting filly. — First prize, A. Brighara,
Malton ; second, E. W. Chapman, Whitby.

Hunting mare or gelding. — First prize, T. Darrell, Scarbro';
second, W. S. W. Topham, Malton; third, F. J. Walker.
York.

Special prize for leaping. — First, J. H. Peart, Malton ; se-
cond, J. Cross.

Hunting mare or gelding. — First prize, H. A. H., Rastall,
Ruswarp ; second, P. Campion.

Gentlemen's hackney or roadster mare or gelding, over 14^
hands. — First prize, W. H. Cranswick, Burton Agnes ; second,
J. Robson, Malton ; third, J. Snarry, Malton.

Lady's hackney mare or gelding. — First prize, J. Wellburn,
Shackleton Grange; second, C. B. Musgrave, Whitby; third,
Mrs. F. J. Walker, York.

Pony mare or gelding, over 12^ hands, and not over 14|
hands. — F'lrst prize, M. Wellburn ; second, J.C.Hutchinson,
•Middlesbro' ; third, D. Allison, Stainsacre.

Pony mare or gelding, not exceeding 12 J hands. — First
prize, J. Wright, Guisbro' ; second, G. Cummings, jun., Coul-
dyke ; third, J. Robson, Malton.

Donkeys in tlie district. — First prize, W. Blytheman, Ais-
laby ; second, R. Jackson, Lythe ; third, T. Richardson,
Sandsend.

Special prize for the best foal by Ivory Black. — First and
second, W. Ward, Aislaby.

CATTLE.

Bull calf, under 12 months old. — First prize, H. Clay,
Northallerton ; second, J. Wood, Spaunton, Pickering.

Yearling bull.— First prize, C. and J. Smith, Westerdale,
Yarra ; second, W. Harrison, Underpick.

Two years old bull. — First prize, J. G. S. Hebron, Wester-
dale ; second, Jane Attlay, Whitby.

Heifer calf, under 12 months old. — First prize, J. Hebron,
Castleton ; second, C. and J. Smith.

Yearling heifer. — First prize, T. Strickland, Thirsk Junc-
tion ; second, H. Clay.

Two years old heifer, in milk or calf. — First prize, T. Strick-
land ; second, C, and J. Smith.

Cow in milk or calf. — First prize, W. Rivis, Castleton ; se-
cond, C. and J. Smith.

District Prizes.

Bull calf. — First prize, G. D. Yeoman, Whitby ; second, E.
Corner, Sleights.

Yearling bull. — First prize, W. Harrison ; second, G. D.
Yeoman.

322

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

Four store calves — First prize, G. D. Yeoman ; second, 11.
Ward, Whitby.

Four yearlings. — First prize, J. Weighill ; second, E. Cor-
ner, Wliitby.

Two years old heifer, in milk or calf. — First prize, C. and
J. Smith ; second, E. Corner.

Special Prize.

Pen of cattle, as follows : Cow iu milk or calf, not under
four years of age ; cow or heifer in milk or calf, two or three
years old ; heifer or steer, one year old ; calf, lieifer, or steer,
under one year. — First prize, a silver cup, value £7 7s., C. and
J. Smith; secend, JE3, J. Kerr, Lythe Hall; third, £1, E.
Corner.

Dairy cow. — First prize, E. Lamb, Yew Cote ; second, J.
Ward, Ruswarp; third, C. Walker, Whitby.

Cottager's cow of any breed, with special reference to milk-
ing, the owner not being occupier of more than three acres of
land. — Prize, J. Richardson, Sandsend.
SHEEP.
Leicesters.

Two-shear or aged ram. — First prize, Messrs. Doveners,
Bedale ; second, R. Tarbottom, York.

Shearling ram. — First prize, Messrs. Doveners ; second, R.
Harrison.

Tup lamb. — First prize, W. S. Gray, Whitby ; second,
Messrs. Doveners ; third, W. Ward, Aislaby.

Pen of five ewes, having reared lambs in 187'i, — First prize,
Messrs. Doveners ; second, Jane Attlay.

Pen of five shearling gimraers. — First prize, R, Tarbottom ;
second, Messrs. Doveners.

Pen of five gimmer lambs. — First prize, R. Tarbottom ; se-
cond, W. S. Gray.

District Prize.

Three Leicester tup lambs, bred by exhibitor. — First and
second prizes, W. S. Gray.

Moor Sheep.

Two-shear or aged tup. — Prize, J. Waind, Kirbymoorside.

Shearling tup. — First and second prizes, J. Waind.

Tup lamb. — First and second prizes, J. Waind.

Pen of five ewes, liaving reared lambs in 1874. — First prize,
C. and J. Smith ; second, J. Waind.

Pen of five shearling gimmers. — First prize, J. Waind ; se-
cond, C. and J. Smitli.

Pen of five wethers, two-shear or upwards, bred by the ex-
hibitor.— First and second prizes, J. Waind.
' PIGS.

Boar of any breed, under twelve months old. — First prize,
W. Lister, Armley ; second, J. Cele, Whitby.

Sow ot any breed, under twelve months old. — First prize,
W. Lister ; second, T Strickland, Thirsk.

Boar of any large breed, over twelve months old. — First
prize, W. Lister ; second, D. Shaw, Moorsholm.

Sow or gilt of any large breed, over twelve months old.—
First prize, S. Graham, York-road, Leeds ; second, .J. Wood-
cock, Egton.

Boar of any small breed, over twelve months old. — First
Prize, S. Graham ; second, G. Chapman, Searaer.

Sow or gilt of any small breed, over twelve months old. —
First prize, W. Lister ; second, G. Chapman.

Cottager'it pig. — First prize, J. Cole ; second, T. Dickenson,
Whitby.

At the luncheon Captain TuiiTorJ, the Chairman, said
that free trade was as fixed as the sun, and that the
prices of 1818 would never again be experienced in this
country. In his opinion, butter in this country would soon
become a luxury. Wool was very remunerative, and horses
were fetching fabulous prices, which proved that grass paid
better than arable land, and that butter was more profitable
than wheat. He believed that they had far too many fields
under the plough. He was glad that the ploughmen in this
district had not been dictated to by demagogues, and were
content with the fair day's wage for the fair day's work which
the farmers were giving them. This had obviated ill-will
between the farmers and their servants, and was a matter for
congratulation.

WORSLEY AND SWINTON AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In the open competition for Shorthorns the prize for
the best old bull was given to Mr. R. Bruce, Newton of
Struthers, Forres, N.B., for Lord Irwin ; Mr. George
For, of Hare Field, Wilmslow, being second with
Leeman. Mr. Fox also entered for heifer-calves, and
was beaten by the Earl of Ellesmere, the only other
exhibitor in the class. His lordship showed in several
other open classes, and was placed second for one-year-
old bulls, Mr. R. Thompson, Mythop, being first, and
second in that for one-year-old heifers. Mr. Staffer, of
Whitefield, won several prizes ; the first in the classes
for bull-calves, two-year-old heifers, one-year-old, and
first and second for three-year-old cows and Ayrshire
cows. In the class for bull-calves Mr. Boddington
won the second prize, and in that for cows of the
Channel Islands breed Mr. H. Dunlop was first, and Mr.
H. Neild second. Some special prizes were given to Mr.
John Gardner for extra stock ; and in the horse and
sheep classes Mr. Gardner was awarded several special
prizes for stock sent for show, but not entered for com-
petition. Mr. Neild was a successful exhibitor in the
cattle classes, open only to farmers residing within the
district. There was a large show of horses, par-
ticularly in the open classes, and Mr. Statter won
several prizes ; the first for the draught stallions, and
second as well in this class ; the second for thorough-
bred stallions, Mr. S. Norbury, Cheadle, being first; and
the second in the class for mares or geldings shown in
harness. The prize for the best hunter, able to carry 14
stone, went to Mr. H. Charlton, Mr. R. M. Knowles
being second ; that for the best hunter, up to 12 stone,
to Mr. Thos. Newton, Altrincham, Mr. Charlton being
second ; that for the best mare or gelding, 15 hands high,
in actual use as a roadster, to Mr. J. Robinson, Hull;

!Mr. E. M. Williams, London-road Mills, Manchester,
being second; that for the best roadster under 15 hands,
to Mr. T. D. Pritchard, Eccles ; Mr. E. Armitage, Pen-
dleton, being second ; that for the best mare or gelding
in actual use as a roadster, and under 14 hands, to Mr.
R. AVright, Salford, Mr. C. L. Clare, Higher
Bronghton, being second ; that for the best foals of
1874 got by the entire horse belonging to Mr. A. Lund,
Darcy Lever, to Mr. W. Smith, Prestwich ; that for the
best pony, mare or gelding, under 13 hands, to Mr. W.
S. Armitage, Hereford, Mr. L. Pilkington, Gateacre,
being second ; that for the best pony, mare or gelding,
under 12 hnnds, to Mr. H. Marshall, Chorlton-cum-
Hardy, Mr. J. Statham, Salford, being second ; that for
the best draught horse or mare to the Earl of Ellesmere,
!Mr. C. W. Brierley, IMiddleton, being second; that for
the best mare or gelding over 14 hands, and shown in
harness, to Mr. J. C. Rogerson, Oldham-street, Manches-
ter ; and that for the best under 14 hands to Mr. R.
Wright, Salford, Mr. H. Marshall being second. First
prizes for sheep were taken by Mr. H. Neild, Mr. Thomas
Harrison (Barton-upon-Irwell), the Earl of Ellesmere,
and Mrs. Ellen Edge. In the pig classes the Earl of
Ellesmere took the great majority of the prizes ; but in
the two classes iu which his lordship did not enter first
prizes were given to Mr. G. Holland (Worsley) and Mr.
D. Ashcroft (Preston), and a special prize to Mr. H.
Neild. Judges — Cattle, sheep, and pigs: Mr. J. Wood-
house, Scale Hall, Lancaster ; Mr. T. Dodds, Mount
Pleasant, Wakefield. Light horses : Mr. W. S. Atkin-
son, Barrowley Hall, Woodlesford, Leeds ; Mr. J.
Bromley, Lancaster. Heavy horses : Mr. W. Carter,
Grosvenor-street, Manchester ; Mr. D. Ashcroft, Haigh-
ton-house, Preston.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

323

EAST CHESHIRE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
MEETING AT MACCLESFIELD.

The horses, on the whole, were an indifferent collection ,
and were considerably less in number than last year; but
there were some roadsters and horses for agricultural
purposes. Mr. C. W. Brierley, of Middleton, was placed
first in the open classes for pairs of draught horses, mares,
or geldings, and mare or gelding for draught purposes.
The Stoneleigh Colliery Co., of Lawton, were first in the
class for three-year-old mares or geldings for draught
purposes, but the competition was limited in many of the
classes. In the class for two-year-old colt or tilly for
draught purposes Mr. W. J. Legh, M.P., Lyme Park,
won the first prize ; and in the class for stallions for
draught purposes the prize for the best animal was taken
by Messrs. Jos. and Jas. Wylde Pojnton ; Mr. T. Staf-
fer, Stand Hall, Whitefield, near Manchester, being
second. Prizes were given for the best hunter, mare, or
gelding, carrying not less than 13 stone, to Mr. P. P.
Brocklehurst, Macclesfield ; light-weight hunter and
hack roadster, mare, or gelding, about 15 hands, Jlr. W.
C. Brocklehurst, M.P., Butley Hall; cob, not to ex-
ceed 15 hands, Mr. E. M. Williams, London Road Mills,
Manchester; pony not to exceed 13 hands, the Rev.
B. Lowther, Shrigley Park. There were also district
classes.

As with horses, the show of cattle was not so good as
last year. The silver cup for the best bull in the yard
was taken by Mr. G. Fox, for Leeman. Mr. "\V. J. Legh,
M.P., was first in the open class for bulls under two
years old, and second in the classes for pair of heifers
under three years, ditto under two years, and pair of heifei'-

calves, Mr. George Fox being first in the three last-named
classes. The Stoneclough Colliery Co. took the prize for
the best bull calf, and Viscount Petersham that for the
best Alderney or Guernsey cow. Of the sheep, the long-
woolled classes were the best, the rams of all ages being
of more than the average merit ; but, on the whole, the
show of sheep was an inferior one. Mr. J. Nixon, jun.,
Harrop, carried off all the first prizes for long-wools,
with two exceptions, the prizes for the best pen of long-
woolled ewes, and ditto one year old. In these classes,
however, Mr. Nixon did not exhibit. In the classes for
short wools, Mr. J. Hague, Gawsworth, won the prize
for the best pen of five ewes ; Mr. W. J. Legh, M.P.,
those for rams of any age, and tup lambs ; the Rev. J.
Thornycroft, Siddington, that for the best pen of five
ewes, one year old : Mr. A. Gardiner, Rainow, that for
the best pen of five ewe lambs ; and Mr. William Thomp-
stone, Siddington, that for the best pen of five ewe-lambs.
The classes for pigs were open only to members residing
in the district, aod the silver cup for the best boar in the
yard was awarded to Mr. D. Briscoe, of Stockport.
The judges were — of cattle, Mr. Hornby, MinshuU
Vernon, Crewe ; Mr. Balmer, Tattenhall ; Mr. Gilbert
Murray, Elvaston, Derby. Horses (heavy) : Mr. Ball-
harry, St. Helens ; Mr. Whitelegge, Ashton-on-Mersey.
Horses (light) : Mr. James Boote, Weston Hall, Crewe ;
Mr. Samuel Holmes, Grosvenor-street, Chorlton-on-
Medlock. Sheep and pigs : Mr. M. Walker, Stockley
Park, Burton-on-Trent ; Mr. William Smith, Top-o'th'-
Lea, Shuttleworth.

THE HALIFAX AND CALDER VALE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

There were 99 entries of cattle, and Mr. Stephen
Watkinson, Gargrave, and ]\Ir. Thomas Wetherill, Dur-
ham, made the awards. Lord Irwin, brought his
owner, Mr. R. Bruce, the cup for the best aged
Shorthorn bull ; Mr. Thomas Staffer, Stand second.
In the one-year-old Shorthorns Lady Pigot took
the first and second prizes with Rapid Rhone and
May King. Mr. Statter, with Hero, carried off the
prize for the best bull-calf, and took one first prize and
one second in Shorthorn cows with his Robin's Rose and
Lady Graceful. Lady Pigot took the cup and several
honours in the Shorthorn cow classes, showing the
best three-year-old, Victoria Victrix ; the best calf and
the second best two-year-old. j\Ir. Hutchinson won the
first prize for two-year-olds with Lady Playful, and the
second for one-year-olds with Lady Alicia. Mr. Riley
showed the best and second-best Ayrshire cow, the best
and second-best dairy cow of any age, and the best and
second-best in a class of miscellaneous breeds and cross
breeds with a Highland Scot and a half-bred Angus and
Shorthorn. Mr. Hall, Cleckheaton, showed the best
Alderney, and Mr. Lewis, Halifax, the second, and was
first in Guernsey cows, and Mr. E. Akroyd second. Mr.
J. Wright, Warley, took a cup with three dairy cows ; Mr.
Nicholls, Luddendenfoot, second. Four of the cups
were for competition by farmers in the parish of Halifax
and adjoining townships only. The horse show was a
large one, and the judges, Mr. J. J. Clark, Welton-le-
W^old, South Lincolnshire, and Mr. W. F. Barwick,
Nawton, York, made the awards for hunters and
roadsters ; and Mr. George Robson, Easingwold, and

;Mr. J. P. Edwards, Lytham, for coaching and draught
horses. INIr. J. H. Wright won Mr. G. Davis' silver
cup with Schuloff, the best thorough-bred stallion. For
hunters the cup was won by Mr. W. Armstrong's
Cashier ; a second prize fell to iMr. Topham, and a high
commendation to Mr. F. H. Hutchinson's Jester. Mr.
W. A^ary, York, showed the best roadster stallion, and
won the President's cup. The best roadster mare or
gelding was Mr. W, H. Blackman's, who took the silver
cup. Other cups were awarded as follow : Mr. G. E.
Emmett, Halifax, for the best mare or gelding for
saddle or harness ; Mr. J. F. Crowther, Mirfield, for the
best roadster mare aud foal, and also for the best draught
stallion; Mr. C. W. Brierley, Middleton, for the best
four-year-old draught mare ; Crossley and Sons for the
best tradesman's or farmer's draught animal, not ex-
ceeding IGj hands, aud the best pair of draught horses;
Mrs. Joseph Crossley, Halifax, for the best carriage horse
and best harness gelding ; Mr. John Wellburn for the
best lady's pad ; Mr. W. H. Blackman for the best cob ;
and Mr. G. F. Fletcher, Sheffield, for the best pony in
harness. Mr. Statter, Stand, took money prizes offered
for the best yearling draught colt or filly, for the second-
best draught mare or gelding, and for second-best
harnessed mare or gelding. Mr. Jonathan Statham,
Sunnyside Works, Salford, showed the best-mounted
pony not exceeding 12 hands. The wool entries are
naturally of great local interest at this show. The
principal exhibitors and prizetakers were Holdsworth
and Cockin, Halifax; Mr. J. A. Holmes, Bradford;
Daniel Parker and Co., Halifax ; W. Appleyard and So»,

324

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

Halifax ; Mr. Young Ilaworlh, Halifax ; J. Eastwood
and Co., Halifax. The judges were John Dewhirst,
EUand, and Mr. D. Crossley, Ovenden. In the pig
competitions the principal winners were the Earl of
EUesmere, Mr. C. R. N. Beswicke-Royds, who divide
the honours. Three first-class prizes were, however,
carried off by Halifax men, Mr. George Spenceley,
Mr. John Holdsworth, and Mr. John Ingham. A
district competition, open to working men, was en-
couraged by the presentation of two cups, and the chance
of four others, opeu to nearly all exhibitors. Mr. Allen

Coates, Sheffield, and Mr. Jeseph Richardson, Halifax
were winners of medals, Mr. Thomas Stamper, Oswald-
wistle, and Mr. Stephen Barratt, of Leeds, made the
awards. There was a good show of implements,
there being in the yard 179 entries. The judges, Mr.
H. Ambler and Mr. John Smith, Halifax, awarded silver
medals to T. Rhodes, Halifax, for a Singer sewing
machine; to Hartley and Sugden, Halifax, for a chaff
cutter ; and to J. Ho worth, Farnworth, for an 11 in.
diameter revolving archimedeau screw ventilator.

THE AMALGAMATED MANCHESTER AND LIVERPOOL AND ROYAL NORTH
LANCASHIRE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MEETING AT STALYBRIDGE.

The entries, notwithstanding the amalgamation, were
not so numerous as those of the Liverpool Society, at
Chester, in 1873 ; but iu the chief feature, that is the
Shorthorn section, the classes were well filled. The first
prize in the aged bulls went to Lord Irwin, who has now
travelled upwards of 1,200 miles in meeting engage-
ments ; and besides the first prize in its class Lord Irwin
was awarded the £10 cup for the best bull in the yard ;
but much of the interest iu this class evaporated when
it was found that Telemachus was not iu the ring ; and
the second prize went to Royal Lancaster, exhibited by
Mr. Edward Musgrove, Oughton, Ormskirk ; with the
third prize to Mr. Linton's Sir Arthur Ingram, a two-
year-old bull, which, by the conditions, was pitted against
veterans. The propriety of au alteration in the rule was
further shown by Mr. Outhwaite's Lord Godolphin, which
being now two weeks over two years old, was shown in
the class of aged bulls. There was a small entry of bulls
between one and two years old, where the first prize was
awarded to Rapid Rhone, and Lady Pigot was third in
the same class with May King, the second prize going to
Telemachus 6th. There was a small entry of bull-
calves, the first prize going to Mr. Thomas Staffer for
Hero. Ten entered in the class of aged cows ; the first
prize being Vivandiere, to which was also awarded the
£10 cup for the best cow or heifer over two years old in
the yard ; while Mr. Statter was second and third with
Lady Graceful and Lady Ann against the Marquis of
Exeter and Lady Pigot. Another Lancashire exhibitor
won in the class of two-year-old heifers with Royal
Rose, and Rose of Wytham again followed Royal Rose,
though Rosalbina 6th, shown by Mr. Statter, and bred
by Mr. Dickinson, Wigan, was placed third. In the
class of yearling heifers the honours were awarded to
Robin's Rose, shown by Mr. Statter, and to Lady Pigot,
with Rose of Lincoln and Princess Wytham ; while Lady
Pigot was first in a fair class of calves. The premiums
which the Society offers for Shorthorns exhibited by
tenant-farmers principally dependant upon farming, and
resident in the Society's district, did not bring a good
entry, while the other breeds included Alderneys, Ayr-
shires, and Welsh.

The horse classes were but indifferently filled, the
more especially as tested by the amount of competition.
Eor thoroughbred stallions suitable for getting hunters or
carriage horses the class ran to six entries. The first prize
was awarded to Laughingstock, and the second to Messrs.
Ambery and Cockin, Feathers Inn, Manchester, for Kid-
derminster. The roadster stallions reached only to five
entries, with the prize awarded to Shepherd F. Knapp, the
second to J. Gill ; the roadsters above 14 hands had seven,
and only four cobs were entered. Prize money amounting to
£23 was offered for carriage or brougham horses, but tke

class, numbering four, was very indifferent, and only one
prize was awarded ; while of single-karness horses of any
age there were only three exhibitors. In the
class for hunters, equal to carry 14 stone, Mr.
Joseph Fearon's Erl King beat Mr. W. Armstrong's
Cashier ! and Loiterer, shown by Messrs. W. Thompson
and Son, was put third. In the class for hunters up to
12 stone, the first prize was given to Jester, shown by
Mr. T. H. Hutchinson, of Catterick, for which, as the
best huuter in the yard, the £25 cup was also awarded.
Prizes were oft'ered by the Staleybridge local committee
for hunters shown by residents within the local district,
which commanded a fair entry.

The sheep classes included some good Shropshires from
Messrs. Baker, Nock, and Firmstoue ; aud a very
mixed lot in the longwool classes of Leieesters, Lincolns,
and Cotswolds ; Mr. Hutchinson, of Catterick, having a
long lead with his capital type of Leicester, and taking all
the chief prizes alike for rams and ewes. The competi-
tion here again was iu fact but indifferent, and the local
display of sheep simply noticeable as a curiosity. The
pig show was stronger, supported as it was by many of
our most famous exhibitors, including, as the prize-list
will tell, Messrs. Howard, Duckering, Royds, Matthew
Walker, Peter Eden, Wheeler, Lord EUesmere, and Mr.
Rose, a new exhibitor from Norfolk.

Over what The Manchester Exa7niner calls " the
sometimes too much neglected implements," money
prizes are given in very few instances, but the distribution
of silver medals was duly appreciated by the successful
exhibitors.

PRIZE LIST.
JUDGES.— Shorthorns : G. H. Sanday, Bedale ; T. Dodds,
Wakefield. Other breeds or cross-breds : J. Roberts,
Saltney ; J. Gardner, Worsley, Manchester. Light
Horses : W. S. Atkinson, Leeds ; J. Bromley, Lancaster.
Cart Horses: R. S.Reynolds, Liverpool; T.J. Rider,
Kenwick, Shrewsbury. Sheep : C Byrd, Littywood ;
E. Riley, Kipling Coates. Pigs: J. Birch, Sefton; J.
Fisher, Cross Hills. Poultry: — . Teebay, FuUwood.
Pigeons: M. Hedley, Redhill. Dogs: M. Hedley ; R.
Gorton, Eccles ; W. Lort, Birmingham. Harriers : C.
B. Speight, Stannington ; S- Ridge, Sheffield. Farm and
Garden Produce : E. Rothwell, Winwick ; J. Hornby,
MinshuU Vernon. Cheese : R. Pedley, Crewe. Butter :
G. Jennison, Belle Vue, Manchester ; T. Muirhead, Man-
chester. Implements : J. Wright, Croxteth ; R. Mauds-
ley, Eccleston ; U. T. Smith, Whitchurch.
CATTLE.
Shorthorns.
Bull, above two years old. — Firstprize, £15, and extra prize,
R. Bruce, Newton-ofStruthers, Forres (Lord Irwin^ ; second.
£10, E. Musgrove, Aughtou, Ormskirk (Royal Lancaster) ;
third, £5, W. Linton, Sheriff Button, York (Sir Arthur In-
Rram). Highly commended : J. Outhwaite, Bainesse, Catt«-

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

325

rick (Lord Godolphin). Commended: B. St. John Ackers,
Painswiek (Cymbeline).

Bull, above one but under tsvo years old. — First prize, £15,
Lady Pigot, Branches Park (Rapid Rhone) ; second, £10,
Marquis of Exeter, Bur^hley Park (Telemachus 6th) ; third,
£5, Lady Pigot (May King).

Bull calf, above six and under twelve months old. — First
prize, £6, T. Statter, Stand Hall (Hero) ; second, £4, J.
Coates, Hartshead, Cleckheaton ; third, £2, 11. Tliompson,
Mythorp Lodge, Blackpool (Winsome's Heir).

Cow, above three years old, in milk or in calf. — First prize,
£8, and extra prize, J. Onthwaite, Bainesse (Vivandiere) ;
spcond, £6, T. Statter (Lady Graceful) ; third, £+, T. Statter
(Lady Ann). Highly commended: Marquis of Exeter (Sea
Gull).

Heifer, two years old hut nnder three. — First prize, £8, J.
Thorn, Larkhill, Chorley (Royal Rose) ; second, £0, Lady
Pigot (Rose of Witham) ; third, £4., T. Statter (Rosalbina
6th). Commended : B. St. John Ackers, Painswiek (Queen
of the Georgians).

Heifer, above one but under two years old. — First prize, £6,
T. Statter (Robin's Rose) ; second, £4, Lady Pigot (Rose of
Lincoln) ; third, £2, Lady Pigot (Princess of Witham). Highly
commended : T. Statter (Robin's Stanley Rose).

Heifer calf, above six but under twelve months old. — First
prize, £5, Lady Pigot (Moorish Captive) ; second, £3 , G. Fox,
Harefield (Lady Faverley 6th) ; third, £2, W. J. Legh, M.P.,
Lyme Park, Disley (Jessamin). Commended: B. St. John
Ackers (Lady Carew.)

OTHER BREEDS.

Channel Islands bull, of any age. — Silver medal, T. H.
Miller, Poulton-le-Fyide (Mentor). Highly commmeded : R.
H. Norreys, Davey Hulme Hall.

Ayrshire bull of any age. — Silver medal, T. Statter.

Welsh bull of any age. — Silver medal, R. Humplireys, Bedd-
gelert (Prince Llewelyn).

Channel Islands' cow or heifer of any age. — Fir.st prize, £5,
A. Hall, Cleckheaton ; second, £3, R. Smith, The Poplars,
Manchester. Commended : T. H. Miller, Singleton Park
(Maid of the Mist).

Ayrshire cow or heifer, of any age — First prize, £5, T.
Statter (Dairymaid) ; second, £3, T. Statter (Buttercup).

Welsh cow or heifer, of any age. — First prize, R. Hum-
phreys ; second, £3, G. Jones, Mold (Pride). Commended :
R. Humphreys.

LOCAL PRIZES.

A piece of plate, value £ 10, to the best bull in any of the fore-
going classes, for Lord Irwin.

Ditto, value £5, to the best cow or heifer above two years
old, for Vivandiere.

Ditto, value £5, to the best heifer or heifer-calf under two
years old, for Robin's Rose.

HORSES.

Young horses for road and field, three years old, gelding or
filly. — First and second prizes, C. E. Ashworth, Fairfield,
Manchester; third, J. F. Crowther, Kuowl Grove, Mirfield.

Two years old, gelding or filly. — First prize, T. F. Jackson,
Tattenhall Hall, Chester; second, J. F. Crowther.

Cart horses (open), stallions for getting cart or waggon
horses (prize money £45). — T. Statter, Staid Hall ; second,
F. Crowther; third, R. Hopper, North Bank, Whittlesey,
near Peterborough.

Stallion colts, foaled in 1871. — First prize, J. and J.
Wylde, Worth Hall, Poynton, Stockport ; second, T. Statter.

StaUion colts, foaled in 1872. — This was a poor class, and
only the third prize was awarded, to J. Gould, Hyde Hall,
Denton.

Stallion colts, foaled in 1873. — First prize, T. Statter ;
second, J. F. Crowther; third, J. Tomlinson, Lutton Marsh.

Pairs of horses, mares, ot geldings, for farm work, property
of tenant-farmers principally dependent on farming. — First
prize, W. Birch, Aintree, Liverpool ; second, J. Partington,
Whittalfold, Birch, Middleton.

Cart horse, four years old, or upwards, mare or gelding,
property of tenant-farmers principally dependant on farmiug.
— First prize, H. Nield, Worsley ; second, J. Waterworth,
North Ashton, Wigan ; third, J. Pover, Elton Hall, Chester.

Pairs of waggon horses, mares or geldings, most suitable
for heavy town work. — First prize, T. George, Wellington
Saw Mills ; second and third, C W. Brierley, Rhodes House,
Middleton.

Cart or van horse, four years old or upwards, mare or
gelding. — First prize, C. W. Brierley ; second, T. Statter ;
third, J. W. Crosby, Crosby Green.

Van horse, four years old or upwards, mare or gelding. —
Prize, C. \V. Brierley (only entry).

Young horses, three years old, cart breed, gelding or filly .
— First prize, G. Prescott, MinshiiU Vernon, Middlewich ;
second, W. Birch, Aintree ; third, E. Waterworth, Brimelow
Farm, Wigan.

Two years old, cart breed, gelding or filly. — First prize, J.
Walsh, Moss House, Upper Rawcliffe, Garstang ; second and
third, T. Seed, Bashall Town, Clitheroe.

One year old, cart breed, gelding or filly. — First prize, T.
Statter ; second, J. and F. Crowther.

Brood mares, cart mare with foal at foot. — First prize, J.
Tomlinson, Sutton Marsh (foal and mare) ; second, T. Statter
(foal and mare).

Stallion for getting cart or waggon horses, which has
served mares in the local district during the season 187'i. —
Prize, W. Chantler, Hurst Nook, Ashton. A medal was
awarded to T. Statter for extra stock.

Pair of horses, maies or geldings, the property of a tenant-
farmer principally dependent on farming. — Prize, J. Hyde,
Denton (only one entry).

Cart horse, four years old and upwards, mare or gelding,
the property of a tenant-farmer principally dependent on
farming. — Prize, L. Hyde, Hartshead, Ashton-under-Lyne
(only one entry).

Cart horse, four years old or upwards, mare or gelding. —
First prize, T. George ; second, T- A. Harrison, Stalybridge.

Young horses, three years old gelding or filly — Prize, D.
Adarason, Newton Heath, Hyde.

Two years old gelding or filly. — Prize, J. Bardsley, Birdies
Farm, Lees.

One vear old colt or filly. — Prize, H. Smith, Bagshaw
Farm, Glossop.

Brood mare, for breeding horses suitable for farm work,
with foal at foot. — First prize, J. Bardsley ; second, C. Stocks,
Cheadle.

Thoroughbred mare, with foal at foot. — First prize, S.
Kirhy, 3, City-terrace, City-road, Manchester; second, L.
Rawstorne, Hutton Hall, Preston.

Halfbred mare, for road or field, with foal at foot. — First
prize, S. Kirby ; second, J. F. Crowther, Knowl-grove, Mir-
fii-ld. Highly commended : B. Bee, BuUsnape Hall.
(Local prizes given by the Stalybridge local committee for
residents within the local district.)

LIGHT HORSES.

Stallion, for getting weight-carrying hunters or roadsters,
having served mares within the local district during the
season 187-i. — Prize, W. Laycock, Crows-i'th-Wood, Staley,
Staleybridge.

Roadsters, four years old, mare or gelding, above 14 hands
2 inches. — First prize, W. Sidebottom, Etheron House, Hol-
lingworth, Hadfield ; second, Lucy H. Sidebottom, Etheron
House.

Cobs, mare or gelding, above IS but under 14 hands 2
inches. — Prize, R. Heap, Brun Micklehurst, Mossley.

Pony, mare or gelding, not over 13 hands. — Prize, T. Hall,
Hollingworth.

YOUNG HORSES FOR ROAD OR FIELD.

Three-year-old-gelding or filly. — Prize, G. Kay, Sidebottom
Fold, Stalybridge.

Two-year-old colt or filly. — First prize, H. Smith, Bagshaw
Farm, Glossop, Derbyshire ; second, R. Bridwake, Delph,
Saddle wortli.

One-year-old colt or filiy. — First prize, T. Ashton Harrison,
Stalybridge; second, A. Holt, Liinehurst Farm, Ashton-
under-Lyne.

Brood mare, for road or field, with foal at foot. — First
prize, M. H. H. Bardsley, Ashton-under-Tyne ; second, J.
Bottomley, Hill Top, Stalybridge.
SHEEP.
(Open for competition to the United Kingdom.)

SHROPSHIRE DOWNS.

Shearling ram. — First prize, T. liigby, Darnhall Mill Farm ;
second, W. Baker, Moor Barns, Atherstone ; third, T. Nock,
Sutton House, Shifnal, Salop.

Ram of any other age. — First prize, W. Baker ; second, W.
F. Firmstone, Rockingham Hall, Hagley, Worcestershire :
third, T. Rigby.

326

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE

Ram lamb.— first prize, T. Nock ; second, W. Baker ; third,
T. Nock. , ^

Three shearling ewes.— First prize, W. Baker; second, i.
Nock ; third, W. F. Firmstone.

Three ewes, having reared lambs this year. — First prize, W.
Baker; second, W. F. Firmstone ; third, T. Nock.

Three ewe lambs. — First prize, T. Nock ; second, W. Baker ;
Third, T. Nock.

LONG-WOOLLED OF ANT BREED.

Shearling ram. — First, second, and third priies, T. II.
Hutchinson, Manor House, Catterick.

Ram of any other age. — First and second prizes, T. H.
Hutchinson ; third, W. Norman, Hall Bank.

Ram lamb. — First prize, W. Norman ; second, J.T. Clifton,
Lytham Hall; third, T. H. Hutchinson.

'Three shearling ewes. — First and second prizes, T. H.
Hutchinson.

Three ewes having reared lambs tliis year. — First and second
prizes, T. H. Hutchinson ; third, W. Norman.

Three ewe lambs. — First prize, T. H.Hutchinson; second,
J. T Clifton ; third, \Y. Norman.

Three Cheviot ewes of any age. — First and second prizes,
T. Roddick, Pembedw.

Three half-bred Cheviot lambs, ewe or wether. — Prize, 11.
Smith, Blackshaw Farm, Glossop, Derbyshire.
Local Prizes.
(For residents within the Stalybridge district.)

White-faced horned ram of any age. — Prize, 11. Heap,
Micklehurst, Mossley.

Pen of not less than five white-faced ewes of same breed. —
First prize, R. Heap; second, D. Heap, Micklehurst,

Mossley.

Pen of not less than five white-faced wethers of same breed.
— First prize, D. Heap ; second, R. Heap.

BlacK or speckled-faced horned ram. — Prize, R. Heap.

Pen of not less than five ewes of same breed. — First prize,
R. Heap ; second, W. Nield, HoUingworth Hall.

Pen of not less than five wethers of same breed. — Prize, R.
Heap.

Pen of not less than five store sheep of any other variety. —
Prize, W. Nield.

PIGS.
(Open for competition to the United Kingdom.)

Boar of large white breed, above one year old. — First prize,
J. and F. Howard, Britannia Farms, Bedford ; second and
third, C. R. N. Beswicke-Royds, Pyke House, Littleborough.

Breeding sow of large white breed, above one year old. —
First prize, C. R. N. Beswick-Royds ; second. Earl of EUes-
mere; third, R. E.Duckering.

Boar pigs of large white breed, under one year old. — First
and second prizes, M. Walker, Stockley Park ; third, R. E.
Dnckering.

Pair of sow pigs, lar^je white breed, under one year old. —
First prize, Earl of Ellesmere ; second, C. R. N. Beswicke-
Royds ; third, P. Eden, Cross Lane, Salford.

Boar of small white breed, above one year old. — First prize.
Earl of Ellesmere ; second, C. R. N. Beswicke-Royds ; third,
R. E. Duckering.

Breeding sow, white breed, above one year "Id. — First prize.
Earl of Ellesmere; second, C. R. N. Beswicke-Royds.

Boar pig, white breed, above i/ne year old.— First prize, P.
Eden ; second, M. Walker ; third, R. E. Duckering.

Pair of sow pigs, white breed, above one year old. — First
prize, C. R. N. Beswicke-Royds ; second. Earl of Ellesmere.

Breeding sow of the middle breed, above one year old. —
Firat prize, Earl of Ellesmere; second, R. E. Duckering;
third, C. R. N. Beswick-Royds.

Boar pig of the middle breed, under one year old. — First
prize, P. Eden; second, R. E. Duckering; third, H. Nield.

Pair of sow pigs of the middle breed, under one year old. —
First prize, P. Eden ; second, C. R. N. Beswicke-Royds.

Boar of the Berkshire breed, above one year old. — First
prize, Mrs. CunlifTe, Darnhall Hall ; second and third, J.
Wheeler, Long Compton.

Breeding sow of the Berkshire breed, above one year old. —
Fitjt prize, M. Walker ; second and third, J. Wheeler.

Pair of sows of the Berkshire breed, under one year old. —
First prize, Mrs. Cunliffe ; second, J. Wheeler.

Boar, improved Essex, above one year old. — First prize, T.
Rose, Meltham Magna, Norfolk ; second and third, C. R. N.
Beswicke-Royds.

•* Breeding sow, improved Essex, one year old. — First prize,
C. R. N. Beswicke-Royds ; second, J. Wheleer ; third, R. E.
Duckering.

Pair of sows, improved Essex, under one year old. — First
prize, C. R. N. Beswicke-Royds ; second, T. Rose; third, C.
R. N. Beswicke-Royds.

Boar of any breed belonging to landlords in the district. —
Prize, silver medal, W. J. Leigh, M.P., Lyme Park.

LOCAL PRIZES.

Boar of large breed. — First prize, H. Garside, Stalybridge;
second, 11. Dyson, Stalybridge.

Boar of small breed. — First prize, W. Winterbottom, Dukin-
field ; second, R. Brierley, Stalywood.

Sow of large breed. — First prize, R.Worthington, Moltram
road ; second, E. Ford, Lunzley End.

Sow of small breed. — Prize, R. Worthington.

Litter of sucking pigs (with sow), under ten weeks old. —
First prize, W. V/illiamson, Dukinfield ; second, 11. Worth-
ington.

Fat pig, any age. — Prize, J. Byrom, Commercial Inn, Staley.

Pair of store pigs, under ten months old. — First prize, J.
Turner, HoUingworth, Uadfield ; second, J. Bottoraley, Hill
Top, Staley.

GRAIN AND ROOTS.

White wheat. — First prize, W. A. Gray, Dawpool, Birken-
head ; second, J. Comes, New Farm, Hurleston.

Yellow or red wheat. — First prize, T. Rigby, Darnhall Mill
Farm, Winsford ; second, J. Comes.

Any variety of white oats. — First prize, P. M'Gregor,
Onston ; second, J. Greatorex, Stretton.

Any variety of yellow oats. — Prize, H. Nield, The Grange,
Worsiey.

Black oats. — First prize, W. A. Gray, Dawpool ; second, H.
Neild.

Any variety of barley. — First prize, J. Greatorex ; second,
W. K. Fowler, Prebendal Farm, Aylesbury.

Any variety of beans. — i'irst prize, J. K. Fowler; second,
W. A. Gray.

Six roots Swedish turnips of any kind. — First prize, J. K.
Fowler ; second, S. Taylor.

Six roots of any other kind of turnips. — First prize, G.
Smith, Flash Green Farm, Wheelton, near Chorley ; second,
G. Ashbume, Low Hall, Broughton-m-Furness.

Six roots of long red mangel wurtzel. — First prize, J. K,
Fowler ; second, J. Greatorex.

Six roots yellow mangel wurtzel — First prize, J. K. Fowler ;
sscond, J. Greatorex.

Six roots of any kind of globe manuel wurtzel. — First prize
J. K. Fowler ; second, J. Greatorex.

Six carrots, any variety. — G. Smith, Flash Green Farm ;
second, II. Simcock, Brighton Grange.

Two Scotch cabbages. — First prize, J. Greatorox ; second,
II. Neild.

Samples of twenty round potatoes. — First prize, J. Rigby,
Spindle Hall Farm, Farringdon, Preston ; second, J. Taylor,
Malpas, Cheshire.

Samples of twenty flat potatoes. — First prize, G. Smith ;
second, J. Taylor.

Collections of farm and garden produce of any kind, the
bona fide growth or manufacture of exhibitor. — First prize, T.
F. Jackson, Tattenhall, Chester ; second, H. Simcock, Brighton
Grange, Barton Moss ; third, F. Lythall, Offchurch, Lea-
mington.

CHEESE.

Four cheeses, any colour, above 501b. each. — First prize, G.
Prescott, Minshnll Vernon, Middlewich ; second, J. Robinson,
Lee Green Hall, Middlewich; third, J. Cornes, New Farm,
Hurleston.

Four cheeses, under 501b. — First prize, W. Moieton, Acton
Hill, Northwich ; second, .1. Beckett, Bechton Lawton, Che-
shire ; third, R. Prescott, Iddinshall Hall.

Three cheeses (for residents within the Stalybridge local
district). — First prize, W. Nield, HoUingworth Hall, near
Hadfield ; second, R. H. Ashton, Roe Cross, Mottram.

BUTTER.
Six half-pounds of fresh butter (for residents within the
Stalybridge local district). — First prize, cup, J. Marson, Acton
Trussell, Stafford ; second, H. Nield, The Grange, Worsiey ;
third, S. W. Wildman, Park House, Shaw ; fourth, J. Lloyd,
Rhuallt, St. Asaph, Flintshire.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

327

Six half-pounds of butter, made by exhibitors resident in the
local district. — First prize, R. Jaffrey, Oak Farm, Stalybridge ;
second, Mrs. M. Heginbotham, Shepley Farm, Hooley Hill ;
third, A. Holt. Liraeliurst Farm, Ashton-under-Lyne ; fourth,
W. Kirkham, Boar Fold, Stalybridge.
IMPLEMENTS.

Best arranged machiaery for preparing food for farm stock,
to be exhibited in motion at work. — -First prize, S. Gorbett
and Son, Park-street Works, Wellington, Salop ; second,
Picksley, Sims, and Co., Bedford Foundry, Leigh ; medal,
Richmond and Chandler, Salford ; medal, A. Woods and
Cocksedge.

Collection of farm implements and tools. — First prize, Rich-
mond and Chandler • second. Standing, Preston.

Articles of domestic use. — First prize, T. Bradford and Co.,
Cathedral Steps, Manchester ; second, R. Sykes, Stalybridge.

Dairy vessels for butter and cheese-making. — First prize, G.
Llewellin and Son, Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire ; second,
W. and F. Richmond, Colne, Lancashire.

Useful articles in slate. — First prize. Belcher, Gee, and Co.,
Gloucester ; second, Lewis, Ford, and Co., Bristol Road,
Gloucester.

Best assortment of stable and cowhouse fittings. — Prize,
Musgrave and Co., Belfast.

Silver medals. — Richmond and Chandler, Salford, for a
chaff-cutter; Harrison, M'Gregor, and Co., Leigh,
for a two-horse Albion combined mower and reaper,
and for a chafT-cutter ; 0 shorn e and Co., Liver

pool, for a collection of agricultural implements by-
American manufacturers ; J. Fowler and Co., Leeds, for
six-horse traction engine; T. Standing, Preston, for
Coultas' improved 6 ft. 6 in. 12-row corn and seed drill;
David Harkes, Mere, Knutsford, for a drill plough ; Ran-
somes, Sims, and Head for a six-horse power portable steam
engine ; R. Horusby and Sons, Grantham, for a spring
balance self raker ; Fallows and Bate, Manchester, for a
lawn mower ; Picksley, Sims, and Co., for their general
collection; Corbett and Peel, Shrewsbury, for a clover
and seed barrow drill ; AV. Rainforth and Son, Lincoln,
for their collection ; S . Corbett and Son, Wellington, for
the best mode of fastening the mouldboard to a ridge
plough ; J. Braggins, Banbury, for patent hangings for
carriage gate ; W. Milburn, Manchester, for a combined
vertical steam engine and boiler ; Wheeler and Wilson
Company, Manchester, for a sewing machine, designed
especially for heavy manufacturing purposes, tailoring, and
leather work ; R. Jones, Liverpool, for a collection of
sporting guns ; R. Sykes, Stalybridge, for kitchen-ranged
grates ; G. Cheaven, Boston, for a collection of
filters ; J. Crowley and Co., Sheffield, for an arm-stopping
motion in a hay cutter ; J. Edwards, Manchester, for
leather machine bands ; Dohson Brothers and Wormald,
Leeds, for a double-reel sewing machine ; Hodgson
and Stead, Salford, for a collection of weighing machines.

HUNTINGDONSHIRE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
MEETING AT ST. NEOTS.

The total number of enti-ies was 592, against .526 last
year and 413 in 1872, showing an increase of over GO
compared with 1873. The show of horses was good,
especially the hunters. The total number of horses entered
was 153, against 141 last year. Mr. J. Goodliff, of
Huntingdon, was very successful as an exhibitor of
horses ; for he was awarded as many as five cups, and
Marshal McMahon took the Duke of Manchester's silver
cup, while Lady Mary carried off both cups, the owner
being both exhibitor and breeder. Mr. Hayward, of
Southill, took the £25 cup with Richelieu, and the horses
on the whole were the best exhibition ever seen at this
show. The entry of horned stock was not quite so large
as last year. The 20 gs. cup for the best bull was secured
by Mr. W. Dolby, of Bingley, Yorkshire, against sixteen
exhibitors, and the piece of plate for the best cow or heifer,
value 20 gs., by Mr. Dolby also. The show of sheep was
not so large as last year, the number of entries only 36.
The £10 cup for the best pen of ewes was carried off by
Mr. T. Gunnell, who also took the £5 cup for the best pen
of lambs. There was a fair show of pigs, and the root show
was quite up to the average. There was a small show of
implements ; and the ploughing matches were again dis-
pensed with.

PRIZE LIST.
JUDGES. — Cart-horses : J. Coates Sharpley, Kerstern
Hall, Louth; J. Plowright, Manea, Isle of Ely. RiDiNK
Horses : J. Martin, W'ainfleet ; J. Plowright, Manea; J.
Bennett, Husbands Bosworth. Breeding and Store
Stock : F. Dunn, Weston, Shipton-on-Stour ; E. A.
Fawcett, Ciiildwick Hall, St. Alban's. Sheep and Pigs :
T. Cartwright, Dunstaa Pillar, Lincoln ; H. Overman,
Weasenham, Norfolk.

HORSES.

Cart stallions (open to all England). — First prize, £15, R.
Hopper, Whittlesey ; second, £7, J. Smalley, Whittlesey.

Cart mares suckling foals (open to all England). — First
prize, cup, value £10, J. Warlli, jun., Chatteris; second, £3,
R. H. Ekins, Wennington.

Two-year-old cart geldings. — First prije, £6, S. Fyson,
Warboys ; second, £3, S. Fyson.

Two-year-old cart fillies. — First prize, £6, W. Nix, jun.,
Soraersliam ; second, £3, T. H. Vergeste, Boro' Fen.

Cart foals. — First prize, £2, R. H. Ekins ; second, £1, J.
Hall, Little Barford, St. Neots.

Pair of cart-horses. — Prize, cup, value 5 gs., IMr. Fyson.

Hunting mares or geldings, above three or under four years
old. — Prize, cup, value 10 gs., as breeder, and a cup, value
5 gs., as owner, J. Goodliff, Huntingdon.

Hunting mares or geldings, above four and under five years
old (open to all England). — Prize, cup, value £25, Mr. Hay-
ward, Southill, Biggleswade.

Hunting mares or geldings, five years old or upwards (open).
— Prize, cup, value 20 gs., J. Goodliff.

Mares and foals for hunting purposes, the foals by thorough-
bred stallions. — First prize, cup, value £10, J. Goodliff ; second,
cup, value £5, J. Goodliff.

Roadster mares or geldings, above four and under five years
old, and not exceeding 15 bauds 1 inch (open). — Prize, cup,
value £10, Mr. Tebbutt, Bluntisham, St. Ives.

Roadster mares or geldings, above five years old, over 14
hands and not exceeding 15 hands 3 inches (open). — First
prize, cup, value £5, T. Banyard, Horning.sea, Cambs ; second,
£3, S. Day, St. Neots.

Hackney mares, not exceeding 15 hands 1 inch. — Prize, £5,
J. Topiiara, Great Staughton.

Hackney cobs, not exceeding 14 hands. — Prize, cup, value
5 gs., W. R. Cockle, Hill-row, Haddenhara, Ely.

Ponies, not exceeding 13 hands. — Prize, 3 gs., J. Goodliff.

Mares or geldings, not less than 14 hands, with action and
pace in harness. — Prize, cup, value 5 gs., J. Benton, Somer-
sham.

Mares or geldings, for jumping. — Prize, cup, value £5, W.
and A. T. Wagstaff, Offord, Cluney.
CATTLE.

Bulls not under two years old. — First prize, £8, Mr. Wood,
Clapton, Thrapston; second, £4, T. Smith, Tilbrook.

Bulls under two years old. — First prize, £6, J. J. Sharp,
Broughton, Kettering; second, £3, B. Brown, Huntingdon.

Cows of any age, in milk or in calf. — First prize, £5, J.J.
Sharp ; second, £3, S. Armstrong, Shingay, Royston.

Cows of any age adapted for dairy purposes, and not eligible
to be entered in the Herd-book. — First prize, silver inkstand
value 10 gs., G. E, Daintree, Fenton ; second, £3, ^^Ir. Looker,
Wyton Manor.

328

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

Heifers under three and over two years old.— First prize,
£4, Mr. Looker.

Heifers under two years old, and not eligible to be entered
in the Herd-book.— First prize, £3. B. Brown ; second,
£1 10s., C. Daintree. !

Heifers under two years old. — First prize, £3, J. J. Sharp ;
second, £1 10s., C. Daintree.

Steers under three and over two years old. — First prize, £5,
Mr. Sisman, Buckworth Lodge, Hunts.

Steers under two years old. — First prize, £3, C. Daintree ;
second, £1 10s., Mr. Sisraan.

Pair of steers of any ajre or breed, not being Shorthorns. —
First prize, £4, C. Hall, Eaton Socon; second, £2, IMr.
Sisman.

Bulls (open to all England). — Prize, cup, value 20 gs., W.
Dolby, Bingley, Tiorkshire.

Cows or heifers (open). — Prize, piece of plate, value 20 gs.,
W. Dolby.

SHEEP.

LOUG-WOOLS.

Three sbearling wethers. — First prize, £4', T. Gunnell,
Milton, Cambs; second, £2, J. Looker, Hemingford Abbotts.

Five ewes that have suckled lambs to the 1st of June last. —
First prize, £4-, T. Gannell ; second, £2, J. T. Roseblade, Hil-
ton, Hunts.

Five wether lambs. — First prize, £4, T. Gunnell; second,
0. Daintree.

Five ewe lambs. — First prize, £4, T. Gunnell ; second, £2,
J. T. Roseblade.

Five tup lambs. — First prize, £4-, T. Gunnell ; second, £2,
Mr. Looker, Wyton Manor.

SHORT-AVOOL OR MIXED BREED.

Three shearling wethers. — Prize, £4, W. Wells, Holme
Wood House, Hunts.

Five ewes that have suckled lambs to the 1st of June. — First
prize, £4, Mr. Street, Harrowden House, near Bedford ;
second, £2, J. Hall, Little Barford, St. Neols.

Five wether lambs. — First prize, £4, W. Welh; second,
£2. J. Hall.

Five ewe lambs. — Prize, £4, F. Street.

Best pen of ewes exhibited in the foregoing classes. — Prize,
cup, value £10, T. Gunnell.

Best pen of lambs exhibited. — Prize, cup, value £5, T.
Gunnell.

Best ram (open to all England). — Prize, cup, value £10,
W. F. Marshall, Branston, Lincoln.
PIGS.

Boars, large breed.— First prize, £3, Hon. C. W. W. Fitz-
wiUiam, M.P. AUwaton, Peterboro' ; second, £1 10s., Duke of
Manchester, Kimbolton Castle.

Boars, small breed. — First prize, £3, Enrl of Carysfort,
Elton Hall ; second, £1 10s., Mr. Deacon, Polebrook Hall.

Breeding or suckling sows, large breed. — First prize, £3, J.
Looker; second, £1 10s., Mr. Deacon.

Breeding or suckling sows, small breed. — First prize, £3,
Mr. Deacon; second, £1 10s., Earl of Carysfort.

Three yelts over six and under twelve months old. — First
prize, £3, J. Looker ; second, £1 10s., J. Looker.

Best animal exhibited in the pig classes. — Prize, cup,
value £5, J. Looker.

At the dinner, Mr. E. Fellowes, M.P., the Chairman,
wished to congratulate his agricultural friends upon the har-
vest they had seen that day. They had had a most satisfactory
harvest, and, thanks to God, they had had magnificent weather
to gather in their crops, so that they had reason to be thank-
ful. But he thought he heard them reminding him of the low
price of wheat. Well, the price bad undoubtedly gone down,
but they would hope that the fall was not a permanent one,
but that wheat would be at such a price as to be remunerative
to the farmer and advantageous to the consumer. He thought
and hoped he might also congratulate them upon the termina-
tion of those disagreeable feelings which had existed for some
little time between the employers and their labourers. He was
in great hopes that that was now terminated. He hoped -that

the labourers had found now who were their best friends. He
trusted that they had found that Mr. Arch and those people
who went about the country setting class against class were not
the real friends of the agricultural labourer. He thought the
labourers had learnt that, although not without great loss.
Their present experience had cost a good many of them a great
deal. Many hundreds and thousands had been out of work a
considerable time, and had gained nothing by it. He hoped
he might say it was at an end. It was past, but perliaps there
might be a little advantage in what had taken place to them all.
The labourers deserved consideration, and whenever opportu-
nity arose it should be shown to them. They must endeavour
to show the labourers that they were their real true friends.
They should endeavour to the utmost of their power, to advance
the happiness, welfare, and prosperity of the labourer. He was
far from saying that such was not the case. Those who re-
collected what the agricultural labourers were a few years ago,
and recoUectinz the state they were then in, must observe the
great improvement that has taken place in their condition in
the last few years. The labourers might be told that the
farmers were their enemies, but they would know that such
was not the case. The recent circumstances through which
they had passed ought to teach them to do what they could to
promote the welfare of the labourer. There was a suggestion
that would be sure to engage the attention of Parliament next
session, and which was of considerable importance. If he
were not convinced that it would be taken up by Parliament,
he would have brought the matter before the attention of his
brother landowners. He referred to the establishment of
country friendly societies. That was a matter that he believed
was of importance for the consideration of them all. He knew
where they had been established, they had been attended with
the most beneficial results. They were aware that there were
various clubs existing, but he was afraid it was not always the
case that these clubs were on a sound footing, and they had
heard of such thing as these clubs becoming insolvent. A young
man entered one of these clubs early in life, contributed to its funds
nearly all his life, and towards the close, when he hoped to de-
rive some benefit from it, he found it was insolvent. This was a
very great hardship. If friendly societies were established
on a proper footing, and were governed by good rules, and
based on proper tables, there would be no fear of such clubs
becoming insolvent, but would be a great benefit to the la-
bouring classes, If it was taken up as a county matter he
believed the labourers would largely support it. If they had
a large area over which the society would spread it would be
successful and would confer great benefit. What they wanted
to do was to instil into the minds of the labourers a spirit of
frugality and independence. At the present time, if one of
these men became sick or old, he had to go to the Uuion and
be supported at the expense of the rates. What they wanted
to do was to make a man provident, to make him leel that
when he is ill or old, he can go on the funds of his club as a
right. The great advantage of the clubs was that they in-
duced men to lay by a small allowance every week or month
towards sickness and old age. He believed that if the matter
was taken up by landowners generally and a good fund pro-
vided to fall back upon, there would be no want of confidence
on the part of the l^bourers, but that they would much more
readily become members than they did of the present societies.
About two years ago the Speaker had called upon his labourers
to invest their money in his farm, and he promised they should
have part of the profits. It sounded all very well in theory,
but he believed at the time and still believed that it was im-
practicable. He wished to pay great deference to the opinion
of the right hon. gentleman, but he thought he had made a
very great error, and had proved that himself, as he had
said tliat he was very sorry to say he had not received
one single application from any of his labourers. At
the same time, Mr. Brand still held out the offer that
he would receive the money in the concern and share the
profits with them proportionately. How those profits were
to be arrived at he did not know. At all events to that day
no single application had been made, nor did he believe it
would, or if it were that it would be beneficial to either the
employer or the labourer. On the contrary, he thought it
would throw down the apple of discord, and would do a great
deal of harm. What they wanted was to promote harmony
and good will, and instead of that it would produce just the
reverse, and the sooupr his right hon. friend dropped the
whole question the better,

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

!-20

STOCK

SALES.

V

SALE OF THE DUKE OF DEVOXSHIRE'S
SHORTHORNS.

At Holker, on Wednesday, September Oth.
By MR. H. STRAPFORD.

On the 9th of September, 1864, Mr. Strafford sold by
auotion at Holker a selection of nineteen cows and heifers
and eleven bulls at an average of £60 3s., making a total
sum of £1,984 lOs. The highest-priced female was a red
three-year-old Barrington heifer, Countess of Barrington
2nd, which Wr. Sheldon, of Brailes, bought for 135 gs.
The highest-priced bull was Twelfth Duke of Oxford
(19633), which Messrs. Adcock and Longland bought for
?A0 gs. Three Oxford bulls were sold at the same time
for :> total of 415 gs., but no Oxford females were offered.
Ten yea.- later, on the 9th of September, 1874, twenty-
eight cows and heifers were sold at an average of £462
8s., and fifteen bulls at £236 13s. 6d., or a total of
£16,497 12s. Are any further facts necessary to
indicate the extraordinary rise in the value of high-bred
stock ? The Duke's herd is an old-established one, and
its position in the Shorthorn world ten years ago was
equal to what it is now. As far back as 1851 a portion
of it wa.s sold. The late Mr. John CoUing's Rosey, one
of the grandest cows of her day, went to Holker about
*46, but the cow which elevatad the herd was Oxford
15th. She was bought at Lord Ducie's sale at Tortworth,
1853, for 210 gs., and a large family has been reared at
Holker from her and her offspring. Indeed, it has been
the custom, until a few years back, to look to Wetherby
for the Duchess blood and to Holker for the Oxford.
Comparing, as far as one is capable of doing — for we are
prone to think things better than they were by lapse of
time — the cattle ten years ago were neater, deeper,
rounder, and broader in their carcases, and with sweeter
heads and horns, than those shown last Wednesday. The
frame appeared to be lengthened, and with it came a
looseness of structure ; many of the cows were forward in
their shoulders, and very patchy, particularly in their
hind-quarters ; the head seemed larger and "the horns
darker coloured, longer, and outspreading. Two of the
lots. Music and Minstrel, were of the old type, the latter
being generally acknowledged the handsomest animal in
the sale. The heifers, particularly the yearlings and some
of the calves, were excellent, and fit to exhibit -^ they were
mostly dark colours, reds or roans, and in excellent con-
dition. Some of the calves were thin, especially two or
three of the younger bulls.

The hotels in the surrounding district were full, and
before the Askholme special train arrived there was a
goodly company. The sale lots, except the calves and
bulls, were grazing in the sale field, and about eleven the
bulls were paraded. Three of the Barrington tribe were
white, and much admired ; level, thick, massive bulls
they were, particularly the youngest. Baron Barrington
6th. Baron "Winsome 3rd, a thick good roan, ex-
cellent in his fore-hand, was another favourite. It was
rumoured that this bull was resold at a profit the follow-
ing day to Lord Sudeley. Neither Baron Oxford 5th
nor Duke of Nancy met with great public fancy, indeed the
low price the Duke realised can hardly be taken as a test
of his merit. Mr. Drewry had thought well enough of
him to mate "Winsome 12th with him, but the produce, a
May bull-calf, only went for 48 gs.,against 360 gs. for the
dam.

Luncheon, although announced for one o'clock, com-
menced soon after twelve ; it was laid for some hundreds
in the schoolrooms, and a great squeeze took place to get
in. The Duke presided, and after the loyal toast. Lord
Dunmore, as before, gave the Duke's health, which was
very heartily received. Mr. Strafford's was also eiveu,
and it is but simple justice to say that the sale was as
expeditiously as it was excellently conducted.
The company was much divided, and taking a careful
survey of the numbers, five deep round the ring,
in the rostrums, and in the conveyances, it was esti-
mated that eight or nine hundred persons were assembled.
Mr. Drewry supported Mr. Strafford, and with him wen;
Mr. Leney, Mr. Fox, Mr. Longman, Mr. Barnes, and
several others. The Duke and a large party of ladies were
in a dray, with Sir John Whit worth on the box. Below,
in Lord Bective's pony carriage, which had been specially
sent over, was Capt. Oliver, and around him Mr. Holford,
Mr. Sartoris, Mr. Sheldon, Mr. Beauford, Col. Kingscote,
and many others. Lords Bective, Dunmore, Fevershani,
and Cavendish, occupied another drag, and in the opposite
rostnun to the auctioneer's. Lord Cheshara, Rev. P.
Graham, Rev. Mr. Bradshaw, as well as others from
Ireland, Mr. Coleman, and appropriately Mr. Thornton,
and many others stood. The Bowuess'bus contained the
Storrs party, among whom were Mr. Booth, Mr. Pole
Gell, Mr. Aylraer, and Mr. Jacob W^ilsou. Mr. Angerstein,
Mr.Wilson, of Shotley, and Mr. Mitchell, of Scotland, were
also here ; while the Cumberland fasliiou of sitting inside
the ring was naturally enough adopted by Sir Wilfrid Law-
son, Mr. George Moore, and Mr. J. P. Foster; as also by
Mr. Gow, Mr. Loder, Mr. Robinson, Mr. Ashburner,
Mr. Crowdson, and other local breeders.

"When the animals came into the ring the Oxford cows
were certainly most in demand, and realised the highest
prices. The sale opened with Grand Duchess of Oxford
6th, a red ten years old, rather patchy from years, but
very massive, and half gone in calf. Having produced
six heifers she might naturally be expected to coutiuue
this profitable career, and ]\Ir. Frank Allen,
of Thurmaston, got her at 805 gs. It was
a great opening and indicated a high average.
Mr. Sheldon gave 300 gs. for lot 2, another Barrington,
nearly own sister to that which he bought ten years ago.
Winsome 4th being amiss, was withdrawn, and her hand-
some yearling heifer substituted, when she went to Mr.
Wilson, of Shotley, one of Mr. Bates' oldest friends, and
who has had a herd of Shorthorns in Northumberland for
nearly half a century. Then came the two crack lots of
the sale, Grand Duchesses of Oxford 11th and 12th; the
former, the dam of Lord Bective's 1,005 gs. heifer at the
1871 sale (although her dam was by the late Dr. Dickin-
son's Priam of the Cressida blood), was one of the evenest
and best Oxfords, and, after a 500 gs. start and brief com-
petition, she soon realised a thousand, from Mr. George
Moore. The other. Grand Duchess of Oxford 12th, had
bred the two bulls of which IMr. Drewry had made a
thousand guineas each ; and it would seem a young cow,
six and a-half years old, was worth more tiian the
1,010 gs. Mr. Brogden paid for her. In appearance,
however, she differed much from the rest, being small and
rather light-fleshed ; still she looked like a bull breeder.
As times go, Mr. Ashburner got a bargain in the two
white Oxford heifers at 760 gs. and 675 gs. each.

Baroness Oxford 3rd was the " gem" of the young
lots ; and the public were justified in putting her as

330

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

the higlieot-piiced auimal. She was calved in Novem-
ber last — a handsome hairy red, and a grand-daughter of
Lady Oxford olh, one of the best Holker cows. Started
at 500 gs., there was sharp bidding from various quarters
till 1,000 guineas was reached, and Mr. Holford outbid
Northumberland at 1,100 gs., getting her at least 100,
or some said 400 gs., below the public estimate of her
value. Still it was an excellent price for a calf, and a
great improvement on her grand-dam's price, COO gs.,
in 1867.

Of the Winsoraes much might be written : they are
large-framed good cattle, and rose considerably in value
on former sales. Mr. Geo. Fox gave 700 gs. for a lovely
heifer, Winsome 16th, fit to go into a Royal show. Sir
Wilfrid Lawson gave 605 gs. for another heifer, Winsome
14th, and the twelve of the tribe sold averaged £333.

Many breeders have not hesitated to say that the
Oxford Roses, or Rose of Raby tribe has produced some
of the finest animals at Holker. Mr. Drewry has care-
fully guarded the tribe and kept them together from Sir
Joseph Whitworth's sale. Mr. Longman effected a good
stroke of policy in buying the entire tribe, saving a
rather weedy one, which went to Wetherby, at an aver-
age of £237.

Towards the close of the sale of the cows and heifers
the biddings certainly became flat ; and more so at the
finish, when several of the bull-calves went cheap.
Whether the public, excited with the high prices made by
the first few lots, suddenly became enervated and
apathetic, or whether anticipating something better the
next day at Underley, it is difficult to tell ; nevertheless,
the sale was dull, great as the averages afterwards
proved. Forty-three head averaged £383 13s. 3d., against
forty-three at £240 13s. lOd. in 1871, and with this
enormous increase in the space of three years, there was
a corresponding increase in the value of the tribe.
Breeders did not, however, hesitate to express opinions
that the Oxfords and Barringtons had somewhat declined
in value and the Winsome had risen, notwithstanding any
increase in value. Certainly the voice of the people was
in favour of the Winsome tribe, and the wonderful result
of the sale is strong evidence of the high position still
maintained by the Holker herd.

COWS AND HEIFERS.
Grand Duchess of Oxford 6th, red, calved April 18th, 1864 ;

by Imperial Oxford (18084), out of Grand Duchess of

Oxford 4th. — Mr. Allen, Leicestershire, 805 gs.
Countess of Barriugton 4th, roan, calved May 23rd, 1864 ; by

Lord Oxford (20214), out of Countess of Barrington.— Mr.

Shildon, Warwickshire, 800 gs.
Music, roan, calvedlOctober 14th, 1866 ; by Juryman (20043),

out of Minstrel 3rd.— Mr. Postlethwaite, Whitehaven,

200 gs.
Winsome 4th, red, calved Dec. 2, 1866 ; by Grand Duke 10th

(21848), out of Wmsome.— Mr. T. Wilson, Shotley, 310 gs.
Grand Duchess of Oxford 11th, red, calved July 6th, 1867 ;

by Grand Duke 10th (21848), out of Grand Duchess of

Oxford 6th.— Mr. Geo. Moore, Whitehall, near Wigton,

Cumberland, 1,000 gs.
Grand Duchess of Oxford 12th, rich roan, calved Feb. 28th,

1868 ; by 2nd Duke of Wetherby (21618), out of Grand

Duchess of Oxford 7tb.— Mr. Brogden, M.P., 1,090 gs.
Bright Eyes 5th, roan, calved May 4th, 1868 ; by Grand

Duke 6th (19876), out of Bonny.— Lord Skelmersdale,

800 gs.
Winsome 5th, red and white, calved Oct. 19th, 1868 ; by

Grand Duke 10th (21848), out of Winsome 2nd.— Lord

Feversham, 850 gs.
Musical, roan, calved June 24tli, 1869 ; by Grenadier

(21876), out of Minstrel 3rd.— Sir Wilfrid Lawson,

360 gs.
Oxford Rose 3rd, roan, calved June 24th, 1869 ; by Baron

Oxford 3rd ,(25679), out of Rose of Raby.— Mr. Longman,

Herts, 250 gs^

Lady Blanche 3rd, roan, calved Feb. 23rd, 1870 ; by Genera 1

Napier (24023), out of Lady Blanche. — Sir W. Lawson,

380 gs.
Severn Girl, red, calved March 6, 1871 ; by 3rd Duke of

Clarence (23727), out of Severn Lady. — Mr. Postlethwaite,

130 gs.
Winsome 12th, roan, calved April 20, 1871 ; by Baron

Oxford 4th (25580), out of Winsome 2nd.— Mr. Ilalford,

Market Harbro', 360 gs.
Countess of Barrington 6th, roan, calved Nov. 24, 1871; by

Baron Oxford 4tb (25580).— Mr. Levy, 860 gs.
Carry 2nd, roan, calved Sept. 4, 1871 ; by Baron Oxford 4th

(25580), out of Caroline.— Sir J. Whitworth, 205 gs.
Oxford Rose 7th, roan, calved Feb. 13, 1872 ; by Baron

Oxford 4th (25580), out of Oxford Rose 2nd.— Mr. Long-
man, 305 gs.
Winsome 14th, roan, calved April 2, 1872 ; by Baron Oxford

4th (25580), out of Winsome 4th.— Sir W. Lawson, 605 gs.
Harmony, red and white, calved Oct. 9, 1872 ; by Prince of

Lightburne (29653), out of Music— Mr. Foster, Kilhow,

200 gs.
Grand Duchess of Oxford 25th, white, calved Nov. 30, 1872 ;

by Baron Oxford 4th (25580), out of Grand Duchess of

Oxford 15th. — Mr. Ashburner, CJlverstone, 160 gs.
Maid of Lome 2nd, red, calved April 16th, 1873 ; by Baron

Wellington (30495), out of Maid of Lome.— Col. Gunter,

Wetherby, 150 gs.
Winsome 16th, roan, calved Aug. lOtli, 1873 ; by Baron

Oxford 4th (25580), out of Bright Eyes 5th.— Mr. G. Fox,

Hertfield, 700 gs.
Melaby, white, calved September 4th, 1873 ; by Baron

Oxford 4th (25570), out of Music— Mr. G. Fox, 310 gs.
Blanche 13th, red and white, calved October 16th, 1873 ; by

Duke of Oxford 24th (31002), out of Lady Blanche 3rd.

—Sir J. Whitworth, 205 gs.
Winsome 17th, roan, calved Oct. 24th, 1873 ; by Duke of

Oxford 24th (31002), out of Lady Bright Eyes 3rd.— Lord

Skelmersdale, 310 gs.
Oxford Rose 9th, roan, calved Oct. 30th, 1873 ; by Duke of

Oxford 24th (31002), out of Oxford Rose 5th.~Mr. Long-
man, 230 gs.
Baroness Oxford 3rd, red, calved Nov. 12th, 1873 ; by Duke

of Hillhurst (28401), out of Baroness Oxford.— Mr. Hol-
ford, 1,100 gs.
Grand Duchess of Oxford 28th, white, calved Nov. 17th,

1873 ; by Duke of Oxford 24th (31002), out of Grand

Duchess of Oxford 15th. — Mr. Ashburner, 675 gs.
Severn Maid, red, calved Feb. 8th, 1874; by Cleveland, out

of Severn Girl. — Mr. Markworth, of New Zealand, 675 gs.
Clarissa (the property of Mr. Dewry), red and white, calved

Feb. 20th, 1866 ; by Oxford (20150), out of Clarence.— Mr.

Loder, 110 gs.

BULLS.
Baron Oxford 5th (27958), red, calved Feb. 7th, 1870 ;

by 2nd Duke of Claro (21576), out of Lady Oxford

7th.— The Duke of Roxburgh, 250 gs.
Duke of Nancy (30991), red, calved Feb. 17th, 1872 ; by

Cherry Duke (25752), out of Dorothy.— Mr, Dalzell,

Cumberland, 46 gs.
Baron Winsome 3rd, roan, calved Dec. 4th, 1872 ; by Baron

Oxford 4th (25580), out of Winsome.— Mr. Coleman,

Stoke Park, 250 gs.
Baron Barrington 4th, white, calved Feb. 10th, 1873 ; by

Baron Oxford 4th (25580), out of Countess of Barrington

4th.— Mr. W. H. Wakefield, Kendal, 210 gs.
Baron Barrington 5th, white, calved April 10th, 1873 ; by

Baron Oxford 4th (25580), out of Countess of Barrington

5th. — Tjord Skelmersdale, 300 gs.
Duke of Oxford 26th, roan, calved June 10th, 1873 ; by

Baron Oxford 4th (25580), out of Grand Duchess of Oxford

19th. — Mr. Robinson, Beckhampstead, 420 gs.
Baron Tregunter, red, calved Sept. 30th, 1873 ; by 3rd Duke

of Tregunter (31026), out of Evening Star.— Mr. Postle-
thwaite, 250 gs.
Baron Barrington 6th, white, calved Nov. 23rd, 1873 ; by

Baron Oxford 4th (25580), out of Lady Ellen Barrington.

— Mr. Howard, Winterfold, Worcestershire, 185 gs.
Duke of Oxford 28th, roan, calved December 24th, 1873 ; by

the Duke of Oxford 24th (31002), out of Grand Duchess of

Oxford 17th.— Lord Chesham, 560 gs.

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

331

Duke of Oxford 29th, roan, calved January 12tli, 1874 ; by
Baron Oxford 4th (35580), out of Grand Duchess of Oxford
12th.— Sir J. Whitworth, 400 gs.

Duke of Oxford 30th, red, calved February 1st, 1874; by
Fifth Duke of Wetherby (31033), out of Grand Duchess of
Oxfora 21st. — Mr. Morris, Liverpool, 275 gs.

Baron Barriugton 7th, white, calved April 22nd, 1874 ; by
3rd Duke of Clarence (23727), out of Countess of I5ar-
rington 5th — Mr. Martin, Cornwall, 71 gs.

Baroa Wiusorae 5tli, roan, calved May 13th, 1874 ; by Duke
of Nancy (30991), out of Winsome 12th.— Mr. Fawkes,
Fariiley Hall, 71 gs.

Baron Winsome 6th, roan, calved May 20th, 1874 ; by Baron
Oxford 4th (25580), out of Winsome 5th,— Mr. Crowd-
son, Ulverston, 50 gs.

SALE OF LORD BECTIVE'S SHORTHORNS.

AT UNDERLEY, KIRKBY LONSDALE. ON

SEPTEMBER 10.

BY MR. JOHN THORNTON.

" His Lordship has been a liberal and judicious
buyer." — Thus was the sale introduced to a company far
larger than that assembled at Holker. The morning was
cloudy and often wet, as during the sale great gusts of
wind accompanied with hail and drenching showers
occasionally interrupted the business — a very dififerent
day to the one preceding. The catalogue of the TJnderley
herd was accompanied by a map coloured with the
diiferent lines of railways and towns iu the district.
This made clear what otherwise would have been an
obscure district to find, though the finding of it
would repay the seach when the beauties of the
place were seen. A special train, happily arranged from
Lancaster, picked up scores of passengers at Carnforth,
Oxenholrae and Low Gill ; and although several convey-
ances were provided at Barbon, the nearest station to
TJnderley, yet many had to walk, the numbers being so
great.

The history of the stock was given in the preface to the
catalogue, which stated that the herd was commenced
in 1868, with purchases from the herd belonging to Mr.
Foster, of Killhow. It was next increased by animals
bought from Lord Penrhyn, Col. Kingscote ; Mr. Rich, of
Didmarton ; Mr. Mcintosh, of Havering Park ; and Mr.
Saunders, of Nunwick Hall. Subsequently several first-
class animals were added from the Holker, Dun7nore, and
Gaddesby herds, and more recently the famous cow Tenth
Duchess of Geneva, her heifer-calf, and the Ninth Duchess
of Oneida, were purchased at the well-known sale at New
York Mills, U.S.A. Baron Oxford 3rd (35579), bred at
Holker, a son of that magnificent cow Lady Oxford 5th,
was first used. He was succeeded by Grand Duke of
Kent 2nd (28759), by Lord Oxford 2nd from Grand
Duchess 9th, who is the sire of seventeen of the younger
animals in the catalogue ; while latterly Second Duke of
Tregunter (26022), a son of Fourth Duke of Thorndale and
Duchess 94th, for three seasons at Siddington, and third
Duke of Glo'ster from Gaddesby, also of the Duchess
tribe, have been, and are still, in service. The animals
whose pedigrees are herein given comprise the entire herd,
with the exception of the Duchesses from America, a few
favourite old cows, and Grand Duchess of Oxford 18th
and Cherry Princess, whose daughters were both included
in the sale. Eight lots are of the Kirklevington tribe,
and eleven of the Gwyune or Princess family. Five are
descended from the handsome Winsomes, of tiie Wild
Eyes tribe, obtained from Holker ; three are of the Bar-
riugton tribe, and seven of the popular Darlington family.
Among the remainder are specimens of the Towndey
Blanche, the Chaffs from Kingscote, the Craggs, and
Violet tribes, while the old-established herds of Mr. A. L.

Maynard and Messrs. Crofton are represented by the
Flora and Garland strains. The principal sires are bulls
of the fashionsble Duchess blood, more than two-thirds of
the animals being by the well-known sires Seventh Duke
of York (17754), Duke of Wetherby (17753), Third
Duke of Wharfdale (21619), Third Duke of Clarence
(23727), Fourth Duke of Thorndale (17750), Second Duke
of Collingham (237304), Grand Duke 17th (24064), Grand
Duke of Kent 2nd (28759), and Second Duke of Tregunter
(26022). Three sons of the Duke of Devonshire's Lady
Oxford 5th — Baron Oxford 3rd, 4th and 5th— are likewise
among the sires, and it will be seen that the cows and
heifers are nearly all in-calf either to Second Dnke ot Tre-
gunter (26022), or Third Duke of Glo'stsr (lot 43), the
latter with Grand Duke of Kent 2nd (28759) being in-
cluded in the sale.

As the cattle roamed in the park, it soon became mani-
fest that the cows and heifers were quite equal to those
offered at Holker. They were not so patchy, and al-
though loosely made and large-framed — as their blood
would naturally lead one to expect — they were perhaps
altogether a better lot of cows, though not a more bloom-
ing lot of heifers. The bulls were by some considered
not equal to those at Holker, by others superior. Be that
as it may, the spirited sale, and capital prices got for
them, were inferences greatly in their favour. The most
conspicuous lots to attract the eye were 1, 3, 8, 10, 13,
15, 16, 18, 24, 25, 27, 29, 83, 34, 35, 36, 39, Perhaps
for choice, old Duchess Gwynne, Siddingtons 4th and 7th,
and the Darlingtons ; among the heifers, Winsomedale,
Cherry Queen and Empress of Oxford. Fair Maid of
Kent and Princess Sale were beautiful little calves.

The reserved cows were viewed during the morning,
and the company drawn together at lunch-time, by the
parade of Tenth Duchess of Geneva, her yearUing heifer,
and her red bull-calf. The other American importation had
injured a hind leg in the iron railings, and was unable to
be led out. The cow is a magnificent animal, nicely pro-
portioned, a lightish roan, with a grand back and ribs,
good shoulders, somewhat hollow hind-quarters, but with
a lovely head and beautiful pair of horns nicely set on.
The heifer, although thick, handsome, and a beautiful
roan, is not so highly finished as her dam, whose excellence
is imparted to her son — a red calf, full of hair and mas-
culine character, with great style and length of body,
without being disjointed. Mr. Leney's Sixth Duke of
Oneida is out of the same dam, and her last calf promises
to make equally as good a bull. The possession of these
three Shorthorns is sufficient of itself to make a herd of
great reputation ; and the brilliant sale which followed
undoubtedly stamps the TJnderley herd as one of the best
Bates herds in the kingdom, if not the topmost one.

Luncheon was provided in a large marquee for 600,
and not being ready by noon threw the sale a little late.
Lord Bective presided, and Mr. Booth, of Warlaby, pro-
posed his health. Mr, Sheldon, of Geneva, U.S.A., being
present, his health was also given, and happily responded
to, and by a quarter to two the company had gathered
round the ring.

The biddings throughout were quick, general, and
lively. Duchess Gwynne, rising 12 years old and down
calving, created great excitement when she ran up to 430
gs. (Mr. Salt), and the spirit of the sale was of the same
character. Mr. Coleman, who bid well at Holker, made
several judicious purchases of cows, and took as a mate
for them the Third Duke of Glo'ster, which Lord Bective
bought at Gaddesby last year, Mr. Cheney's agent being
against Mr. Coleman on this occasion. Mr. Wilson, of
Shotley, purchased Violante's Butterfly, bred at Towneley,
of the Blanche tribe, as well as one of the best Winsomes.
Lord Ellesmere secured some of the Siddingtons. The
Darlingtons, the tribe most fancied by the public — large,

Y 2

332

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

massive animals as they are — were all purchased by Mr.
Jjoder; and Col. Loyd-Liadsay took the Chaff faoiily.
Lord Fitzhardinge bid very firmly both for Siddingtou
7th — now swollen into a lias cow — and Winsomedale,
securing both of them. Mr. Brogden, having the
Princess tribe, still kept to it. Great excitement took
place when Cherry Queen entered ; as she had been
exhibited and admired, though not placed at Hull. From
500 gs. to TOO gs., and on to a thousand, were rapid bids,
Mr. Larking and i\lr. Ilolford concluding the joust, and
Sussex won at 1,220 gs. A handsome Winsome calf
accomjDanies her. The calves came galloping into the ringj;
they made excellent prices, as also the bulls. Grand Duke
of Kent 2ad, returned from hire, looked thin ; but the
liandsome calves he had left on the herd added much
to his fame. Mr. De Vitre takes him at 750 gs. into
Berkshire, where he has a fine herd of Bates and Towneley
cattle. This bull, bred by jNIr. Leney, was sold to Mr.
Slye, from whom Lord Bective purchased him for
1,000 gs. Lord Lunesdale Bates was a promising
young bull, and Mr.Casswell bid strongly and last for him
against Mr. Longman, and he goes into Lincolnshire.
Major Webb bought INIarquis, a very handsome calf, at
330 gs., and Ostrogoth, a young bull bred from
Turks Darling a reserved cow, of the old Sarsden
blood, made the same figure, ]\Ir. Percival Maxwell
competing for both of them. A few bulls, the
property of Mr. Fawcett, of Scaleby, and his tenants,
were afterwards sold at lower figures. Considering the
number sold, 55 head, 15 of which were bulls, the average
of £363 is nearly twice asmuchas was generally anticipated,
and the sum realised is the largest yet made by any herd of
Shorthorns in England. Subjoined are prices and
buyers.

COWS AND HEIFERS.
Duclipss Gwynne, roan, calved December 15, 1862 ; bv Duke

of Wetherby(17753),out of PollyGwynne.— Mr. Salt, Leices-
ter, 430 guineas.
Violante's Butterflv, red and white, calved November 17, 1862-

by Royal Butterfly (16862), out of Violante.— Mr. T. Wilson,

Shotley Hall, 22U gs.
Kirklevington 16th, roan, calved January 6, 1865; bv Duke

of Wetherby (17753), out of Kirklevington 12th.— Sir John

Swinburne, 420 gs.
Flora M'lvor, red, calved January 6, 1864; by Third Duke of

Lancaster (19624), out of Fata Morgana.— Mr. E. J. Cole-
man, Stoke Park, 150 gs.
Winsome 2nd, red and white, calved March 12, 1865; by

Lord Oxford (20214), out of Winsome.— Mr. E. J. Coleman,

305 gs.
Lady Oxford, roan, calved September 12, 18G5 ; bv Lord Clian-

cellor (20160), out of Lady Richmond.— Mr. E" J. Coleman,

100 gs.
Oxford Belle, roan, calved October 24, 1866 ; by Thirteenth

Duke of Oxford (21604), out of Oxford Witch.— Mr. J.

Robinson, Birkhampstead, 60 gs.
Siddington 4th, roan, calved Marcli 14, 1S67; by Seventh

Duke of York (17754), out of Siddington 2nd.— Lord Elles-

mere, 600 gs.
Carolina 7th, red, calved October 8, 1867; by Grand Duke

13th (21850), out of Carolina 5th.— Mr. E. J. Coleman

170 gs.
Darlington 17th, red and white, calved January 29, 1868 ; by

Eleventh Grand Duke (21849), out of Darlington 13th.—

Mr. R. Loder, Whittfebury, SOU gs.
Chaff 13th, roan, calved February 8, 1868 ; hy Second Earl of

W^alton (19672), out of Clarissa. — Col. Loyd Lindsay,

270 gs. J :>

Goneril 4th, roan, calved August 3, 1868 ; by Third Duke of
Clarence (23727), out of Goneril— Not ufi'ered.

Siddingtou 7th, roan, calved October 9, 1868 ; hy Seventh
Duke of York (17754), out of Sicldington 3rd.— Lo-d
litzhardinge, 750 gs.

Fdir Maid of Collinsham, roan, calved April 22, 1869 • by
Second Duke of Collinghara (23730), out of Fair Maid of
lork.— Mr. A. Brogden, M.P., 300 gs.

Lady Cambridge, roan, calved June 20, 1869, by Royal Cam

bridge (25009), out of Lady Oxford. — Sir Wilfred Lavvson,

Bart., 180 ga.
Darlington 19th, roan, calved August 12, 1869; by Third

Duke of Wharfdale (21619), out of DarUugton loth.— Mr.

R. Loder, 050 gs.
Princpss 4th, white, calved September 27, 1869 ; by Baron

Oxford 3rd (25579), out of Princess 3rd. — Mr. A. Brogden,

M.P., 300 gs.
Winsome 9th, red, calved December 17, 1869 ; by Grand

Duke 17th (24064), out of Winsome 2nd.— Mr. T. Wilson,

Shotley, 505 gs.
Marchioness 3r(], roan, calved J ulv 21, 1870 ; by Second Duke

of Collingham (23730), out of Siddingtou 1st.— Lord EUes-

mere, 600 gs.
Dentsdale, red, calved September 14, 1870 ; by Second Duke

of Collingham (23730), out of Darlington 15th.— Mr. R.

Loder, 550 gs.
Lady Laura Barrington, white, calved November 11, 1870; by

Baron Oxford 4th (25580), out of Lady Ellen Barrington. —

Duke of Devonshire, 305 gs.
Barbon Belle, red and white, calved August 8, 1371 ; by

Baron Oxford 3rd (25579), out of Oxford Belle.— Not

offered.
Baroness Bradwardine, roan, calved December 29, 1871 ; by

Baron Oxford 3rd (25579), out ot Flora Mclvor.— Mr.

J. Grant Morris, Liverpool, 165 gs.
Duchess Gwynne 4th, roan, calved March 6th, 1872 ; by

Baron Oxford 5th (27958), out of Duchess Gwynne 2nd. —

Mr. R. Loder, 580 gs.
W^insoradale, roan, calved Msreh 12, 1872 ; by Baron Oxford

4th (25580), out of Winsome 2ad. — Lord Fitzhardinge,

650 gs.
Princess Gwynne 2nd, roan, calved May 6, 1872 ; by Royal

Cambridge (25009), out of Duchess Gwynne. — Rsv. f.

Graham, Lancashire, 250 gs.
Cherry Queen, roan, calved October 3, 1872 ; by Baron

Oxford 5th (27958), out of Cherry Princess.— Mr. J. W.

Larkin, Ashdown, Sussex, 1,320 gs.
Duchess Gwynne 5th, while, calved February 17th, 1873 ; by

Grand Duke of Kent 2ud (2S759), out of IDuchess Gwynne

2ud.— Mr. T. Ilolford, Market Harborough.
Era[)ress of Oxford, white, cilved February 26, 1873; by

Grand Duke of Kent 2ud (28759), out of Grand Duchess

of Oxford ISth.— Mr. T. Ilolford, 770 gs.
Deepdale, roan, calved March 2, 1873 ; by Second Duke of

Treguuter (26022), out of Darlington 17th.— Mr. G. Fox,

Cheshire, 315 gs.
Oxford Lily, white, roan ears, calved February 27, 1873; by

Grand Duke of Kent 2nd (28759), out of Lady Oxford. —

^Ir. J. Pustlethwaite, Whitehaven, 130 gs.
Clotilde, roan, calved March 12, 1873; by Grand Duke of

Kent 2ud (28759), out of Chaif 13th. — Col. Loyd Lindsay,

250 gs.
Underley Darling 2ud, roan, calved August 29, 1873 ; by

Grand Duke of Kent 2nd (2S759), out of Underley Dwling.

— ]\[r. J. Postlethvvaite, ^Miitehaven, 200 gs.
Dentsdale 2nd, roan, calved July 21, 1873; hy Grand Duke

of Kent 2ud (2S759), out of Deutsdale. — Lord Penrliyu

420 gs.
Princess 6th, roan, calved August 29, 1873 ; by Grand Duke

of Kent 2nd (28759), out of Princess 5th. — Marquis of

lleadforf, Ireland, 450 gs.
Fair Maid of Kent, roan, calved December 21, 1873 ; bv

Grand Duke of Kent 2nd (28759), out of Fair Maid of

Collinghara. — Marquis of Headfort, 275 gs.
Lady Kendal, roan, Cilved March 7, 1874 ; by Grand Duke of

Kent 2nd (28759), out of Lady Oxford.— Mr. J. Robinson,

Berkhampsiead, I40gs.
Lily Beckfoot, white, calved May 3, 1874; by Grand Duke

of Kent 2nd (28759), outot Oxford Belle.— Mr. A. Staveley

Hill, M.P., 40gs.
Princess Sale, red, calved May 23, 1874 ; by Second Duke of

Treguuter (26022), out of Lady Sale of Putney. — Sir John

Swinhurn, 370 gs.
Winsomdale 2ud, roan, calved June 4, 1874 ; by Second Duke

oflVegunter (26022), out of Winsome 9th.— Mr. J. W^

Larkin, 330 gs.
Princess 7th, roan, calvel July 10, 187'i ; by Second Duke

of Treguuter (26022), out of Piiacess 4th.— Mr. W. H.

Salt, 265 gs.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

333

Castalia, white, calved July 18, 1874 ; \>y Secoud Duke of

Tregunter (26022), out of Chaff 13th.— Col. Loyd Lindsay,

70 gs.

BULLS.
Third Duke of Glo'ster, red, calved Decemher 1, 1872 ; by

Tenth Duke of Tliorndale (28'i58), out of Duchess of

Airdrie 8th.— Mr. E. J. Coleman, 900 gs.
Grand Duke of Kent 2ud (28759), white, roan ears, calved

May 12, 1870 ; by Lord Oxlord 2nd (20215), out of Grand

Duchess 9th.— Mr. H. D. de Vitre, Berkshire, 750 gs.
Marquis 3rd (31826), roan, calved July 13, 1871 ; by Second

Duke of Coliinshara (23730), out of Siddingtou 7lh.—

Capt. Gandy, 175 gs.
Duke of Dentsdale 2nd, red and white, calved March 17

1873 ; by Second Duke of Tregunter (26022), out of Dar-
lington 19th. — Mr. W. Hutchinson, Penrith, 125 gs.
Duke of Kirklevington, roan, calved March 24«, 1873 ; by

Second Duke of Tregunter (26022), out of Kirklevington

16th. — Sir Richard Musgrave, 305 gs.
Lord Lunesdale Bates, red, calved March 26, 1873 ; by

Baron Oxford 5tli (27958), out of Lady T'ndale Bates

2nd. — Mr. J. H. Caswell, Lincolnshire, 510 gs.
Araadeus, white, calved July 14, 1873 ; by Grand Duke of

Kent 2nd (28759), out of Princess 4th.— Mr. A. Dalzell,

Workington, 61 gs.
Duke of Tosca, roan, calved October 23, 1873 ; by Grand

Duke of Kent 2nd (28759), out of Duchess Gwynne.— Mr.

M. Kennedy, Ulverstoue, 300 gs.
Marquis 4th, white, calved November 23, 1873 ; by Grand

Duke of Kent 2nd (28759), out of Siddington 6th.— Mr.

Williamson, Cheshire, 220 gs.
Marquis 6th, roan, calved December 16, 1873; by Grand

Duke of Kent 2Qd (28759), out of Marchioness 2nd.—

Major Webb, Tamworth, 330 gs.
Ostrogoth, roan, calved December 24, 1873 ; by Grand Duke

of Kent 2nd (28759), out of Turk's Darling— Messrs. S.

and J. Lindow, Park House, Whitehaven, 330 gs.
Lord of Garsdale, white, calved January 21, 1874 ; by Grand

Duke of Kent 2nd (28759), out of Duchess Gwynne 2nd. —

Mr. W. H. Wakefield, Sedgwick, 115 gs.
Visigoth, roan, calved April 25, 1874 ; by Grand Duke of

Kent 2nd (28759), out of Winsome 2nd.— Mr. ¥. W. Lowe,

Tipperary, 120 gs.
Duke of Dentsdale 3rd, roan, calved May 5, 1874; by 2nd

Duke of Tregunter (26022), out of Darlington 19th.—

Marquis of Headfort, 110 gs.
Lawrence Barrington, roan, calved July 14, 1874 ; by 2nd

Duke of Tregunter (26022), out of Lady Laura Barton.—

Mr. C. A. Barnes, Hertfordshire, 100 gs.
Summary.

40 cows averaged i'382 11 10 £15,303 15 0

15 bulls „ 311 11 5 4,673 11 0

55 bead

363 4 6 £19.977 6 0

The following first-class bulls were sold by permission of
Lord Bective, after the dispersion of the Underlej herd :
lloyal Cambridge Gwynne (29849) (Mr. Wilson's), rich roan,

calved November 22,1868; by Royal Cambridge (25009),

out of Duchess Gwynne.— Mr. Becton,40 gs.
Charmer Duke Echter 3rd (Mr. Fawcett's), white, calved

Janaury 1, 1874 ; by Eighth Duke of York (28480), out

of Constancy. — Mr. Marshall, 41 gs.
Lord Spencer (Mr. Fawcett's), rich roan, calved December 4,

1873; by Eighth Duke of York (28480), out of Oxford's

Juliana. — Mr T. C. Thompson, Kirkhouse, Bramptou, 62 gs.

THE LATE MR. GIBBON'S HERD.

This sale took place at Holmescales, between
Kirby Lonsdale and Oxenholme, in consequence of the
early and sudden death of Mr. H. J. Gibbon. The larger
portion of the herd was sold last year at Storr's, and now
it only numbered 15 head, consisting mostly of cows and
calves, and two old bulls of Booth blood. The cattle had
run out with their calves and vrere wholly unprepared
for sale; moreover a steady downpour all day long detracted
from their appearance.

There were four lots descended from the Aylesby herd,
and these were most in request. Golden Star, a plain red
and white, but a well formed sweet-looking cow, hadbred an
extraordinarily good red bull-calf, and Mr. Waldo, of Keat,
bought the cow at 180 gs., and Mr. Miller, of Singleton,
the calf at 105 gs. It is not at all improbable he may be
seen at the lloyal next ye\ The Rev. J. Micklethwaite
bought both the other G ien heifers at 135 gs. and
100 gs. respectively. Eai )f Clare, a Mantalini bull in
use, was plain in colour an(^ tmall in stature; Mr. Beattie
bought him at 56 gs., and 1 rince of Imperial (32142) of
the Bliss tribe, a large roan, broad horned bull, somewhat
deficient in his fore-quarters, goes to Mr. H. Fawcett, of
Leeds, at 110 gs. A set of Coates' Herd-book brought
21 gs., and the Royal Society's Journal 20 gs., well-
bound. Thus the " great Shorthorn drama" was
concluded in three acts, after what in Loudon phrase may
be called a brilliant and successful performance to crowded
houses, and it is likely that the Shorthorns will still con-
tinue to hold the public estimation for many years to
come. One noticeable feature in all the sales was that
the best beast made the most money.

SALE OF MR, RICHARDSON'S

SHORTHORNS.

BY MR. THORNTON.

For thirty years and more Mr. J. M. Richardson has
kept a few Shorthorns round about the green pastures at
Hutton. Within a short distance is Netherscales, Blen-
cow, Skelton, and other places, well known for good
blood, and Mr. Untbank was the means of inducing Mr.
Eichardson to keep a good beast as he has many other
breeders. He started him with the Diamonds, a short
pedigree tribe, originating with a good Darlington cow, on
which Gainford (2044), one of the best and most favourite
sires that ever came into the district, was put. Thalberg,
one of Mr. Troutbeck's Gwynne bulls, was mated with
the produce, and begot a heifer which, in her turn,
brought forth Dewdrop to Captain Shaftoe. Mr. Unthank
bred a heifer from the sort which beat everything
around, even the Lowther cattle. By his bull Lofty,
Diamond was begotten from Dewdrop, and there
were several of the tribe in the herd which, al-
though small, yet contained many useful animals. The
most favourite trite was the Gwynne, of which there
were three females. The Pearls, of Crofton blood, but
well-known at Nunwick, had many representatives and
several good animals. With two or three odd lots the
catalogue was completed. When Mr. Richardson first
started breeding, he was a great feeder and exhibitor ;
hut in time he gave up showing, and went more in for milk
and lower keeping. The Pearls were quite after his
heart in this matter — neat, well-formed, handsome, stylish
cattle : they did their duty at the pail by giving 20 to
25 quarts daily. They were no great flesh carriers, yet
some of them were capital cows. Lot 2, Pearl 9th, thin
and well-shaped, was kept in the county by Mr. J. C,
Bow stead at 55 gs. ; but the nest lot. Pearl 10th,
made a guinea more, and goes to Mr. Tisdall, at
Holland Park, Kensington. One of the best lots.
Pearl 12th was brought in with a large bull-calf beside
her. After some good bidding from the Rev. O. James,
Mr. Brunton secured her at 78 gs. for Kelso. He also
purchased what may be considered the best lot in the
sale. This was Riot, a roau two-year-old heifer, down
calving. She had a grand top and ribs, but stood a little
close on her legs, and was plain about the head. Still
Sir Richard Musgrave had a great fancy for her, and bid
100 gs., but Mr Bruutoii took hiv across the Border too

)

334

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

at 105 g8, Mr. Gow got a handsome Pearl calf, lot 17,
at 44 gs., and two or three others to go to Northumber-
land. Princess Gwynne, lot 5, a large-framed handsome
roan cow, came through JMr. Caddy's stock, which he
got at Blencow in 1839. Having lost two quarters, and
being recently served, she was uot everybody's money.
She had bred two calves. Mr. Smith, however, gave
100 gs. for her, and 72 gs. for her calf, to join the Storr's
herd. The calf was a handsome roan by Mr. Toppin's
Knight of Killerby. Mr. Toppin bid well for the calf,
having purchased her elder sister. Agues Gwynne, very
cheap at 51 gs. Sir K. Musgrave bought Diamond 5th,
a good red heifer, by Mr. Lamb's prize bull Ignoramus,
at 41 gs., and Mr. Lamb gave the same price for Dia-
mond 4th, by Mr. Saunders' Waterloo Boy. Lot 4,
Patchouli 5th, a stylish true-made cow, bred by Mr.
Christy in Essex, was purchased by Mr. Unthank for
60 gs., after competition with Mr. Heskett ; her calf, a
young bull, went for 21 gs., but there is little demand
for bull-calves in that season of the year and in that part of
the country. A few dairy cows went cheap. The sale
thi'oughout was slow, yet it averaged well, the seventeen
cows and heifers making 55 gs. each, and the seven bull-
calves £25. Sir Henry Vane presided at the lunch,
where a goodly company assembled to congratulate Mr.
Richardson on his restoration to health after a long and
serious illness, and which was the cause of the sale. A
few drizzly showers fell, and soon after the sale was con-
cluded it became a down pour — little needed, as harvest is
still out, and the fields are as fresh and as green as at
May -day.

COWS AND HEEFERS.

Diamond 2nd, roan, calved March 20, 1867, by British Cherry

(23461), out by Diana by Baron of Ravensworth (17380).

—Mr. J. Eenton, 37 gs.
Pearl 9th, roan, calved February 16, 1868, by British Cherry

(23461), out of Pearl 6th by Welcome Guest (1549?).— Mr.

J. C. Bowstead, 55 gs.
Pearl 10th, red, calved May 11, 1868, by British Cherry

(23461), out by Pearl 7th by Lablache 2nd (20092).— Mr.

E. C.Tisdall,56gs.
Patchouli 5th, red, calved April 6, 1869, by Mandarin (26799),

out of Patchouli 4th by Duke of Grafton (21594).— Mr. J.

Unthank, 60 gs.
Princess Gwynne, roan, calved November 17, 1869, by Knight

of Santon (24275), out of Dainty Gwynne by Sir Windsor

(22927).— Rev. T. Staniforth, 100 gs.
Primrose, roan, calved March 25, 1870, by Kirbythore Waterloo

(24263), out of Red Rose 4th by Royal Oxford (22795).—

Sir R. C. Musgrave, 40 gs.
Red and white cow-calf.— Mr. T. Gow. 11 gs.
Diamond 3rd. red, calved October 25, 1870, by Inglewood

(28892), out of Diamond 2nd by British Cherry (23461).—

Mr. D. Bragg, 36 gs.
Waterloo 29th, red and white, calved November 30, 18 70, by

Grand Duke of Lightburne 2nd (26291), out of Waterloo

26th by Ravenspur (20628).— Mr. R. Jefferson, 45 gs.
Pearl 12lh, red, calved March 18, 1871, by Lord of Nunwick

(26702), out of Pearl 9th by British Cherry (23461).— Mr.

J. Brunton, 78 gs.
Pearl 13th, red, calved August 30, 1871, by Lord Bates

(29065), out of Pearl 10th by British Cherry (23461).—

Rev. 0. James, 46 gs.

Riot, roan, calved December 27, 1871, by RosoUo (32346),
out of Reckless by Mandarin (26799).— Mr. J. Brunton,
105 gs.

Diamond 4th, red, calved March 30, 1872, by Waterloo Boy
(27762), Diamond 2nd by British Cherry (23461).— Mr. J.
Lamb, 41 gs.

Agnes Gwyune, roan, calved November 9, 1872, by Lord
Bates (29064), out of Princess Gwynne by Knight ol
Santon (24275).-Mr. J. C. Toppin, 51 gs.

^o'^oqI^*''' '■^'^' '^^^•^'^ ^^'■'='' 10« 1S73, by Ignoramus
(a»»87), out of Diamond 2nd by British Cherry (23461).
—Sir R. C. Musgrave, 41 gs. J \ J

Polly Gwynne, roan, calved January 9, 1874, by Knight o f
Killerby (29000), out of Princess Gwynne by Knight of
Santon (24375).— Rev. T. Staniforth, 72 gs.

Diamond 6th, red and white, calved April 10, 1874, by Stack-
house (32591), out of Diamond 2ud by British Cherry
(23461).— Mr. T. Gow, 13 gs.

Pearl 14th, red, calved August 1, 1874, by Knight of Killerby
{390U0), out of Pearl 10th by British Cherry (23461).—
Mr. T. Gow, 44 gs.

Strawberry, roan dairy cow. — Rev. 0. James, 20 gs.

White Rose, white dairy cow, three years old. — Mr. R. Thom-
son, 14 gs.

Tulip, roan dairy cow, three years old. — Mr. Robinson,

17 gs.

White heifer, calved in 1872.— Mr. B. Sweeton, 15 gs.
Ruby, roan heifer, calved m March, 1873. — Mr. Robinson,

18 gs.

White Rose 2nd, white, calved May 2, 1874.— Mr. T. Gow,

5i- gs. BULLS.

Lilywhite, white, calved April 8, 1873, by Lord Bates

(29065), out of Pearl 9th by British Cherry (23461).— Mr.

.1. Bainbridge, 26 gs.
Familiar Pearl, roan, calved January 5, 1874, by Marquis of

Lome (31847), out of Pearl 12th by Lord of Nunwick

(26702).— Mr. H. Walker, 35 gs.
Duke of Edinbiirgli, red and a little white, calved January

20, 1874, by Knight of Killerby (29000), out of Diamond

3rd by Inglewood (28892).— Mr. Bleasdale, 20 gs.
Killerby Pearl, red roan, calved March 23, 1874, by Knight

of Killerby (29000), out of Pearl 9th by British Cherry

(23461).— Sir H. R. Vane, Bart., 20 gs.
The Do -tor, red, calved April 18, 1874, by Waterloo Boy

(27763) oat of Waterloo 39th by Grand Duke Lightburne

2nd (26291).— Mr. A. Graham, 80 gs.
Romulus, red and white, calved Mav 25, 1874, by Stackhouse

(33591), out of Pearl 13th by Lord Bates (29065).— Mr.

J. Jardine, 15 gs.
Comet, roan, calved July 14, 1874, by Bloomfieid, out of

Patchouli 5th, by Mandarin (26799).— Mr. Wm. Graham,

21 gs. SiTMMAilY.

£ s. d. £ s. d.

17 cows averaged 57 10 0 977 11 0

7buUs „ 25 1 0 175 7 0

24 averaged ...
6 dairy cows

£48 0 9 £1,152 18 0

93 19 6

Total sale £1,246 17 6

SALE OF MR. CHEYNEY'S SHORT-
HORNS.

At Gaddesby, Leicester, on September 23rd.
BY MR. H. STRAFFORD.
That " he had found a district housed in brick and left
it under stone" was once thought a boast which did
credit to an emperor, but it may be doubted if some
visitors to Leicestershire, in September 1874, would
consider such a change would invariably prove to be a gain.
For no stone that ever was quarried could give the
warmth to the landscape in Gaddesby Park which is
afforded by the bricks of which the hall is built. No
tint could come out better on a bright day, in early
autumn — when the sun has lost power, but scarcely
brilliancy — than does the yellow-red of the mansion in
contrast with the hoary church adjacent and the dark-
green of the elms and the herbage in the park. The
country between this and Melton Mowbray — noted for
horse-flesh living and for swine-flesh dead — would
scarcely be improved did Baron Haussman get a commis-
sion to reconstruct the dwellings a /a Parisian Boule-
vardes. But the master of Gaddesby has thought if
the local building material cannot be improved on the
local Shorthorns may ; for into a tract of the richest
grazing land, famous for fatted beeves for ages.

THE FAEMEK'S MAGAZINE.

335

he has imported the most fashionable strains of blood
which are at present to be found in the States. Other
breeders have done the like, no doubt ; but the attend-
ants at English Shorthorn sales have not encountered
before the produce of the late consignment of " Princess"
animals from America. A heifer-calf from " Lady Sale of
Putney" was, indeed, sold at Underlay the other day ;
but she was hardly old enough to show the character
developed beyond the Atlantic, by descendants of exported
specimens of a tribe which, on this side, has always been
deservedly esteemed. Many visitoi-s were curious to see
these Princess cattle, especially as English-bred Princesses
were to be sold at the same time and place, and so an
excellent opportunity would be atforded for comparison.
Accordingly a large company assembled on the twenty-
third, day and locality both being favourable, yet certain
magnates (among the Bates courtiers) were conspicuously
away. Every care had been taken to set the lots off to
advantage, and to arrange the sale so as to secure a high
average, and the result must have been beyond expecta-
tion. Before men have ceased to talk — like Uncle Toby's
scullion with foolish fat face of praise — about Holker
and Underley price, these are as much exceeded (jo far
as females go) as they themselves surpassed every previous
auction of a Shorthorn herd. It is not our intention to
enlarge on this fact, but it must needs be chronicled. la

1873 Mr. Cheney sold 35 animals for £10,307 17s. In

1874 19 females (mostly calves) make £10,720 10s., or
an average of £564 4s. Od. for the whole lot offered. It
is best to let the facts speak for themselves, and make no
comment. As we have intimated, " every card turned
up a trump." Weather, fashion, state of the money
market, all were " as could be wished." And the crowded
tables at the luncheon assured one that a sufficient
regiment of customers were present to buy up not merely
the lots offered, but the reserved herd as well. These
were in the park, but in the remotest part of it, so
that our inspection was confined to the sale cattle and the
old imported bull. Many have criticised 9th Duke of
Geneva. It must be conceded now that — such is the
present feeling among wealthy Shorthorn buyers-
no bull's stock ever were sold at such a high figure.
Yet the contrast between the prices made by the bulls, as
compared with the heifers, is a fact, as well as the high
average of these, as is also the curious confinement of the
list of buyers within the limit of that of ])revious com-
petitors for similar animals. Mr. A. II. Longman, we
believe, bid high for one of the Duchess lots ; but, as a
rule, there were few new bidders, and not one new buyer.
There were two of the animals offered whose portraits
appear in the last volume of the Herd-Book — Eighth
DuchessofAirdrie and Kirklevington 18th. The former
was substituted at the last minute for her daughter, who
had calved, and been unlucky. It must be said that this
Eighth Duchess— who is reported to have cost 10,000
dollars " on the other side of the water"^was a fine
slashing, if somewhat leggy, cow, heavy in calf; as was
also Kirklevington 18th, who — except the characteristic
" nipping-in" behind the shoulders, and this by no means
to a great extent — was a heavy, good cow, on very
short legs. When 8th Duchess came into the sale-ring,
which was soon after two o'clock, the chairman at
the luncheon, Mr. Cheney himself, having wisely curtailed
the lists of toasts— no healths were drunk save that of the
Royal family and his own — the cow provoked a good
deal of admiration, but no very eager bidding. She was,
however, put up at 1,000 gs., and rose slowly till the
price given below was reached, and she goes to take the
place, at Havering, vacated by Grand Duchess 21st.
Lady Waterloo 22nd, with her calf (lot 19), came next
into the ring, and the bidding, begun by Mr. Bowley at
100 gs., rose slowly to 225 gs., at which, if fashion holds.

she should not be dear. Peach Blossom 8th, the only
white female shown, began at an offer of 50 gs.,
but made her value, even taking into account her being
stinted to the I'.inth Duke of Geneva. When the next
lot— the first of the daughters of the old Princess cow, for
which Mr. Adkins gave Mr. Stephenson 100 gs., and sold
her, after having had four calves, to Mr. Cheney for thnce
as much — Princess of Geneva, came into the ring the sale
became very lively, and she ran up Irom 200 to
800 gs. without much effort from the auctioneer. Mr.
Mcintosh got her, with an in-calf to her own sire,
for 860 gs., and yet she was not the dearest lot sold
Her own sister was equally in request. They were two
nice heifers, if somewhat dark in their roan hue. Cleo-
patra's Duchess coming, like the meat in a sandwich,
between the two, was not without admirers ; nor was
Seraphina's Duchess (lot 7), who goes, as her companion,
to Stancliffe Hall. Then came a red and white Oxford
heifer, whose appearance acted like a wet blanket on the
bidders, and she was dragged up to 200 gs., then went
briskly to 310 gs. by an old admirer of the tribe- The
next lot. Duchess of Glo'ster, a charming red year-
ling, revived the sale, and, beginning, like the elder
Duchess, at 1,000 gs., went up steadily to 1,700 gs.,
when the pace slackened. At 1,750 gs. she was knocked
down, and Sir Curtis Lampson's name given as buyer;
but a little demur caused her to be put up again, and she
finally made 1,785 gs. to the same purchaser. Lady
Elizabeth, first of the Princesses, shared the fate of those
who enter next—" a well-graced actor having quitted
the stage" — for she was coldly received, and waited for an
opening bid of 200 gs. for some minutes. She was leggy
and of a plain colour,"yet her dam wasagood cow with a fine
bag, and her own brother about the best of the bull calves.
Lady Waterloo 28th was a very good heifer, of a capital
red ; and Seraphina's Duchess 2nd, a not much inferior
roan ; nor was Wild Duchess of Geneva 3rd, the lot
following these, far behind. After seeing three such
calves by one sire, it is impossible to withhold from him
the credit of having " that within which passeth show,"
for these assuredly have the grace of beauty, which he
lacks. Rosalie— lot 14, got by an American Princess
bull from an ex-American Princess cow — kept the ball a-
rolling, and made 700 gs. readily ; and after her the in-
terestlaken in the lots perceptibly diminished, as Mr.
Strafford's labour increased. From this time the sale
was slow, the biddings coming tardily from a limited number
of competitors, till with the first bull the spirit of the thmg
evaporated. The bulls were sold indeed, but they took
some selling, and any person conversant with the strains
they represented will compare with surprise the prices
made for bull-calves here and at Underley for similar
animals. It cannot be said that the calves had been badly
done by ; animals more plainly speaking of good and
liberal usage never entered a ring, and they were gay-
coloured, well-haired, stylish calves of their type.
Mr. Pavin Davies' four Kirklevington cows were
good specimens, and made good prices, though
possibly the Bates men will not allow this ; but over the
sale of the extra bulls it is best " to draw a veil" and
retire : they did not do the blood credit, and did not get
the credit their appearance deserved. Lord Garland was
a nice bull, but the company had begun to disperse, for
the hour for starting the " special" from Brooksby was at
hand. Altogether it was a remarkable and a suggestive
sale, both for what was done and what was not.

Eighth Duchess of Airdrie, calved July 10th, 1867, by Royal

Oxford, out of Duchess of Airdrie 7th.— -Mr. Mackintosh,

1,700 gs.
Lady Waterloo 22ncl, calved January 10th, 1871, by 7th

Duke of York, out of Lady Waterloo 15th.— Mr. G. Fox,

325 gs.

J36

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE

Feach Blossom 8th, calved June 25tli, 1871, by 8tli Duke

of York, out of Peach Blossom 6th. — Colonel Kinffscote,

185 gs.
Princess of Geneva, calved August 3rd, 1871, by 9th Duke of

Geneva, out of Princess. — ]\Ir. Mackintosh, 860 gs.
Cleopatra's Duchess 2nd, calved June 18th, 187-2, by 9th

Duke of Geneva, outof Cleopatra 12th.— Sir J. VVhitworth

300 gs.
Princess of Geneva 2nd, calved October 15tb, 1873, by 9th,

Duke of Geneva, outof Princess. — Mr. II. J. Sheldon, 800 gs.
Seraphina's Duchess, calved November 16th, 1873, by 9th

Duke of Geneva, out of Seraphina 22nd.— Sir J. Whitworth,

160 gs.
Lady Oxford 15th, calved May 1st, 1873, by 9th Dake of

Geneva, out of 13th Lady of Oxford. — Mr. P. Davies, 310gs.
Duchess of Glocesfer, calved July 10th, 1873, by 9th Duke of

Geneva, out of I'ith Duchess of Airdrie, — Sir Curtis Lamp-
son, 1,785 gs.
Lady Elizabeth, calved July 13th, 1873, by 9th Duke of

Geneva, out of Primula. — Mr. Leney, 430 gs.
Lady Waterloo 28tli, calved August 30th, 1873, by 9th Duke

of Geneva, out of Lady Waterloo 19th.— Mr. G. Fox, 530 gs.
Seraphina's Duchess 2nd, calved December 8th, 1873, by

9th Duke of Geneva, out of Seraphina 22nd, — Lord Pen-

rhyn, 200 gs.
Wild Duchess of Geneva 3rd, calved December 26th, 1873,

by 9th Duke of Geneva, out of Wild Oxford.— Mr. Gow,

555 gs.
Rosalie, calved February 23rd, 1874, by Saladin, out of Rosette.

—Mr. G. Fox, 700 gs.
Fantail's Duchess 2nd, calved February 28th, 1874, by

9th Duke of Geneva, out of Fantail. — Mr. J. Lynn, 135 gs.
Lady Wellesley, calved May 16, 1874, by yth Duke of Geneva,

out of Lady Wellington.— Mr. P. Davies, 360 gs.
Geneva's Minstrel 2nd, calved May 20th, 1874, by 9th Duke

of Geneva, out of Minstrel 3rd. — Mr. W. H. Salt, 260 gs.
Lady of Oxford 16th, calved June 28th, 1874, by 9tli Duke of

Geneva, out of 13th Lady of Oxford. — Mr. John Thornton,

605 gs.
Lady Waterloo 29th, calved August 26th, 1874, by 9th

Duke of Geneva, out of Lady Waterloo 22nd. — Mr. Gow,

110 gs.

BULLS.
Master Faithful, calved July 12, 1873, by Credit, out of Fidelity

2nd. — Mr. Beauford, Liverpool, 50 gs.
Duke of Goscote 2nd, calved November 23rd, 1873, by 9th

Duke of Geneva, out of Darlington 12th. — Mr. H. H. Lang-
ham, Cottesbrooke-grangp, 60 gs.
Earl of Leicester 3rd, calved December 16th, 1873, by Royal

Cambridge 2nd, out of Princess of Geneva. — Jlr. Cotterill

Dormer, 90 gs.
Earl of Leicester 4th, calved March 20th, 1874, by 9th Duke

of Geneva, out of Lady Susan 3rd.— Mr. Tliomas, 120 gs.
Earl of Leicester 5th, calved March 21st, 1874, by 9th Duke

of Geneva, out of Princess. — Mr. C. Howard, 68 gs
Earl of Leicester 6th, calved April 15th, 1874, by Saladin, out

of Rose Ann. — Mr. Smith, Leicester, 73 gs.
Lord Blanche, calved May 20th, 1874, by 9th Duke of Geneva,

out of Lady Blanche.--Mr. F. Minton, Stoke, near Grantham,

45 gs.
Earl of Leicester 7th, calved July 12th, 1874, by 9th Duke of

Geneva, out of Primula. — Mr. F. Sartoris, 60 gs.
Summary.

19 heifers averaged £564 4 9 £10,720 10 0

8 bulls „ 74 5 9 '596 8 0

27 head

£il9 1 4, £11,314 16 0

FROM MR. PAVIN DAVIES' HERD.
Kirklevington I8th, calved August 26th, 1866, by 3rd Lord

Oxford, out of Kirklevington 10th — Mr. W. H. Salt, 585 gs.
Kirklevington Duchess 2nd, calved December 31st, 1868, by

Duke of Athelstane8,out of Kirklevington, 9th.— Mr. J. H.

Casswell, 410 gs.
Kirklevington Duchess 6th, calved June 23rd, 1870, by 2nd

Duke of Claro, out of Kirklevington 18th. — Mr. Snodin

285 gs.
Kirklevington Duchess 12th, calved November 6th, 1872, by

2nd Duke of Gloucester, out of Kiiklevington Rose. — Mr.

J. H. Casswell, 250 gs.

Marquis of York (property of Mr. W. H. Salt) calved January

26th, 1871, by 7th Duke of York, outof Lndy Waterloo

14th.— Mr. J. J. Sbarpe, 40 gs.
Duke of Cerisia 2nd (property of Mr. H. J. Sheldon) calved

Dec. 20th, 1872, by 18th Duke of Oxford, outof Cherry

Countess. — Mr. J. Lynn, 35 gs.
Lord Garland (property of Mr. H. J. Sheldon), calved July

4th, 1873, by 18ih Duke of Oxford, out of Lady Florence.—

Mr. Fielding, 62 gs.

SALE OF SUFFOLK HORSES AND
OTHER STOCK AT COVEHITHE.

There were aeveuty-live head of horse stock, including
six young chesnut cart stallions, two of which are
winners at the various local and other agricultural shows;
forty-two brood mares and geldings, aud twenty-two
cart colts, fillies and foals, and four hunters and harness
horses. In addition to the horse stock there were 1,180
blackfaced ewes and half-bred lambs, eighty-four Short-
horn beasts, and eight Shorthorn cows, besides all the
implements. The sale took place under the direction of
the executors of the late Mr. S. C. Goodwyn. For Mr.
Goodwyn's horses the prices were :

I. Fancy, a cart mare, sold lo Mr. Beakbanc, Liverpool, for
97^ gs.

2. Smart, to Mr. Havers, for 67i gs.

3. Scot, to Mr. Havers, 62^ gs.

4. Diamond, to Mr. Woods, 55 gs.

5. Tinker, a gelding. — Mr. Pratt, 55 gs.

6. Farmer. — Mr. Chaplin, 72^ gs.

7. Captain.— Earl Dudley, 60 gs.

8. Raraper. — Earl Dudley, 85 gs.

9. Spright, a cart mare. — Mr. Beakbane, 125 gs.
10. Moggy, a cart mare. — Jlr. Beakbaue, 115 gs.

II. Briton.- Mr. A. Garrett, 80 gs.

12. Darby.— Earl Dudley, 80 gs.

13. Smart, a Suffolk mare.— Mr. Pratt, 52^- gs.

14. Lively. — Earl Dudley, 105 gs.

15. Brag. — Mr. Brown, 52^ gs.

16. Boxer, a goldiug. — Mr. I'earee, 40 gs.

17. Briton.— Earl Dudley, 60 gs.

18. Captain. — Mr. Scace, 65 gs.

19. Proctor. — Messrs. Lucas Brothers, London, 65 gs.

20. Sharper. — Messrs. Lucas Brothers, 60 gs.

21. Bumper. — Messrs. Lucas Brothers, 87^ gs.

22. Moggy — Messrs. Lucas Brothers, 72^ gs.

23. Darby.— Earl Dudley, 9 2^ gs.

24. Ely.- Mr. Grirnwade, 52^ gs.

25. Ramper.- Mr. Pratt, 62^ gs.

26. Captain.— Mr. Kirby, 34 gs.

28. Dodman.— Blr. Cragg, 17 gs.

29. Hero, a chesnut cart stallion, two years old, by Young
Conqueror. — Mr. Talbot, Kilkenny, 185 gs.

30. Captain, a chesnut Suffolk cart stallion, by the late Mr. T.
Crisp's Duke. — Mr. J. Grout, 95 gs.

The property of jMr. Richard Garrett, of Carleton :

The Claimant, a pure Suffolk cart stallion, by Cupbearer.—

Earl Dudley, 200 gs.
Challenger, a Suffolk cart stallion, by Cupbearer. — Mr.

Westhorp, 100 gs.

Two lots, the property of the executors of the late Mr.
James B. Cooper, of Blythburgh Lodge, and Mr. James
Deck, of \\ estleton, were also sold at 62 gs. and 55 gs.,
and a number of other cart horses at lower figures.

Mr. Goodwyn's bullocks, cows, sheep, lambs, and dead
stock were disposed of on Thursday. The result of the
sale was between £8,000 and £9,000.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

337

SHEEP SALES AND LETTINGS.

SALES OP LAMBS AT PERTH. — Messrs. Mmc-
donald and Fraser held their secoud special sale c>f store
lambs. The numbers penned were over 8,000, of wliicli
5,000 were crosses, 1,500 lialf aud three-part breds, and 1,500
blackfaced lambs. The atteudance of buyers was large, aai( ,
from the beginning to the close of the sale, a steady demand
was experienced fur all sorts at prices similar to those realised
at the special sale ten days ago. Cross lambs, best c'ass of
tops, sold from 17s. 6d. to 2Ls. ; fair to good sorts of tops,
same class, 13s. 3d. to IGs. 6d. ; secondary sorts 10s. 3d. to
128. 3d. Half and three-part bred lambs, best class of tops,
31s. to 25s. ; fair to good, same class, IGs. 6d. to 18s. 6d. ;
secondary sorts, lis. iSd. to 15s. 9d. Blackfaced middling
ewe lambs, 10s. to 13s. Shotts, 7s. 6d. to 9s. Blackfaced
wether lambs, 5s. 3d. to 10s. Tlie usual weekly sale com-
prised 194 sheep, 121 cattle, and 3 cows. Both sheep and
cattle met a slow tale. Cross hoggs, secondary sorts, sold
from 25s. to 27s. One-year-old cattle, £6 7s. 7d. to £8
10s. ; two-year-olds, small sorts, £11 5s. to £13 17s. Od.
each.

MR C. CLARKE'S LINCOLNS.— At the sule at Scopwick
the following purchases were made : Lot 1, Mr. J. Kirkham, 2-1
gs. ; 2, Mr. Slater, 10 gs. ; 3, ditto, 11 gs. ; 4, Mr. T. Kirkham,
115 gs. ; 5, Mr. Bond, 8 es. ; 6, Mr. Wiles, 9 gs. ; 7, Mr.
Foster, 13 gs ; 8, Mr. R. Kirkham, ]5gs. ; 9, Mr. Stephenson,
10 gs. ; 10, Mr. E. Paddison, 68 gs. ; 11, Mr. Coleman,
45 gs. ; 12, Mr. W. Dndding, 28 gs. ; 13, Mr. Pitchell, 8 gs. ;
14, Mr. T. Pears, 14 gs. ; 15, Mr. Chapman, 13| gs. ; 16, Mr.
T. Caswell, 70 gs. ; 17, Mr. Taylor, 7i gs. ; 18, Mr. Coleman,

9 gs. ; 19, Mr. Tindall, 7^ gs. ; 29, Mr. H. Mackinder, 26 gs. ;
21, Mr. Holmes, 21 gs. ; 22, Mr. Slater, 48 gs. ; 23, Mr.
Marshall, 16 gs. ; 24, Mr. Trotter, 7 gs. ; 25, Mr. Marshall,
13 gs. ; 26, Mr. Shillito, 20 gs. ; 27, Mr. T. Pears, 13 gs. ; 28,
Mr. Mellows, 9 gs. ; 29, Mr. Howard, 11 gs. ; 30, Mr. C.
Clarke, 20 gs. ; 31, BIr. W. GiUatt, 36 gs. ; 32, Mr. Holmes,
12 gs. ; 33, Mr. H. Paddisou, 7| gs. ; 34, Mr. Tindall,
6k gs. ; 35, Mr. G. Blaud, 12^ gs. ; 36, Mr. W. Dndding,

10 gs. ; 37, Mr. Phillips, 8 gs. ; 38, Mr. Mellows, 1 1 gs. ;
39, Mr. Lamb, 7i gs. ; 40, Mr. T. Pears, 7i gs. ; 41, Mr. T.
Stephenson, 7i gs. ; 42, Mr. Maun, 11 gs. ; 43, Mr. Tindall,
6i gs. ; 44, Mr. W. Budding, 11 gs. ; 45, Mr. G. Bland, 8|
gs.; 46, Mr. W. Cappe, 10^ gs. ; 47, Mr. Bainbridge, 6^ gs.j;
48, Mr. While, 6^ gs. ; 49, Mr. Wiles, 7 gs. ; 50, Mr. Morris,
15 gs. ; 51, Mr. Stephenson, 6^ gs. ; 52, Mr. C. Paddison, 7^
gs. ; 53, Mr. Harrison, 6 gs. Two-shears : 54, Messrs. Lister
and Byron, 100 gs. ; 58, Mr. Trotter, 12 gs. The entire lots
made £1,082 lis., or an average of £19 13s. 8d. each.

MR. BORTON'S LEICESTERS. — At the sale at
Barton, near Malton, Mr. Stafford, of Bedford, being the
auctioneer, many of the sheep were bought for New Zea-
land, and several for Ireland. The following is the result of
the sale :

SiiKAKLiNG Rams. — Mr. Gray, 21 gs. ; Mr. Smith, New
Zealand, 2U gs., 15 gs., 22 gs., 30 gs., 12 gs., aud 10 gs. ;
Mr. Key, Musley Bauk, 16 gs. aud 10 gs. : Hou. C. W. W.
Eitzwilliam, M.P., 23 gs. ; Mr. Humphrey, Leicester, 51 gs.
and 32 gs. ; Mr. Houlden, Wigganthorpe Hall, 66 gs. ; Mr.
Tinker, 8 gs. ; Major Worsley 7i gs. ; Mr. Sinithson, 11 gs. ;
Rev. C. P. Peach, 15 gs. ; The Earl of Favershara, 10 gs. and
20 gs. ; W. Robertson, Ireland, 8 gs., 10 gs., 9 gs., and 9 gs. ;
Mr. Cattle, Barton, 9 gs. ; Mr. Leel'e, Fryton, 8j gs. ; Mr.
West, 7^ gs., 8 gs., and 8 gs. ; Admiral Howard, 10 gs. ; Mr.
Jackson, 17 gs. ; Mr. Geo. Wright, Broughtou, 40 gs. ; Mr.
Scoby, 10 gs. ; Mr. Beech, Stockton, 10 gs.

Two-Shear Rams.— Mr. West, 8 gs. and 10 gs. ; Mr.
Robertson, 9 gs. ; Mr. Smithson, 10 gs. ; Mr. Tinker, 11 gs.
and 30 gs.; Earl Feversham, 10 gs.; Mr. Beech, 18 gs., 10 gs.,
12 gs., and 70 gs. ; Mr. Hattersley, 10 gs. ; EarlFitzwilliam ,
20 gs.

Three-Shear Rams. — Mr. Humphreys, 36 gs. aud 33 gs. ;
Mr. Key, It gs.

SuEARLii^G Ewes (Three in a lot). — Mr. Beech, 27 gs. ;
Mr. Holden, 43^ gs., 27 gs., and 27 gs. ; Rev. C. P. Peach,
30 gs. ; Mr. Tinker, 24 gs. ; Mr. Allen, 24 gs.

MEoUS. DUDDli\'G'S LINCOLNS. — Mr. Calihrop
sold by public auction about seventy longwoolled rams,
principally shearlings, the property of Messrs. Duddin?,
at Pauton House, near Wragby. There were in all 70
lots ; the first six being let, and the others, which com-
prised rams and lour old sheep, sold. For No. 4 there was a
very strong competition, aud it was ultim itely knocked down
to Mr. llesseltine for GO guineas. Tlie competition of the day,
however, was for lot 58. This numbers had evidently set
their minds on obtaining, althougli the principal competitors
came from the ranks of the colonists. The bidding speedily
mounted up, and at last became confined to Mr. Buchanan and
Mr. Coleman, to the latter of whom it was ultimately knocked
down for 200 gs., amidst the cheers ot'tliose standing around the
ring. Mr. Coleman afterwards became the purchaser of lot 64 for
the sum of 175 gs. The sale was altogether a most successful
one. The average of the six rams let was £33 13s. 4d. ; of
the lour old sheep, £27 16s. 9d. ; and of the rams sold £37 12s.
4d. ; the total average being estimated at £36 12s. lid.
The following is the return of the prices realised :

Lot. Gi

1— Mr. Kemp 13

2 — Mr. Laiigdale 15

3— Mr. R. Howard ... 30

4— Mr. Hesseltine ... 60

5 — Mr. Clias. Clark ... 45

6— Mr. Ghest 30

7_Mr. Wilson 21

8 — Mr. Coleman 125

9— Mr. Marshall 50

10— Mr. Dalton 57

11— Mr. Jones 29

12— Ditto 21

13— Mr. Coleman 110

14— Mr. Dulbell 25

15 — ilr. Banyard 45

16 — Mr Coleman 66

17_Mr. Strafford 16

18— Mr. Bennett 32

19— Mr. L:jngdale 40

20— Mr. Jones 40

21— Mr. Smith 21

22— Dit.o 40

23— Ditto 13

24— Mr. Hodgkinson... 30

25— Mr. Coleman 90

26— Mr. Eptou 18

27— Mr. Smith 22

28— Mr. Coleman 47

29— Mr. Dolbin 18

30 — Mr. Coleman 65

31— Mr. Russell 20

32— Mr. Coleman 31

33— Mr. Dolbell 11

34— Mr. Smith 9.0

35 — -Mr. Jones 25

Lot. Gs.

36— Mr. Wilsou 24

37— Mr. Epton 16

38— Mr. Jones 14

39— Mr. Dolbell 12

40— Mr. Elward 33

41— Mr. Livesey 16

42— Mr. Turnbull 37

43— Mr. Jones 27

44— Mr. Smith 23

4.5— Mr. Dolbell 21

46— Mr. Strafford 14

47— Mr. Smith 13

48— Ditto 24

49— Mr. Hod.son 13

50— Mr. Lamb 32

51 — Mr. Jones 34

52 — Mr. Coleman 36

53— Mr. Jones 17

54— Mr. Smith 16

55— Mr. Chambers 13

56— Mr. Smith 1?

57— Mr. McVicar 21

58— Mr. Coleman 200

59— Mr.Smith 18

60— Ditto 14

61— Mr. Coleman 28

62— Mr. R.Howard ... 38

63— Mr. Smith 34(

64 — Mr. Coleman 175

65— Mr. Giles 13

66 — Mr. Jones 21

67— Mr. H. Nelson ... 38

68— Mr. Davy 31

69— Mr. Banyard 17

70— Mr. Luugdale 2u

RAM SALES AT HEREFORD.— Messrs. Edwards and
Weaver sold a number of Shropshire rams, the
property of Mr. ¥: Evans, Bredwardine, which were dis-
posed of as follows : F'our shearling rams, 35 gs., to Mr. J.
Turner, Stanfonon-Arrow; shearling ram, 12 gs., to Mr. J.
Like, Mansel Lacey ; ditto, 8 gs., to Mr. S. Evans, Parton ;
ditto, 6 gs., to Mr. J. Marston ; ditto, 7 gs., to Mr. Williams,
Glasbury ; ditto, 11,| gs., to Mr. Farr ; ditto, 9 gs., to Mr.
James, Monuingtou : ditto, 8^ gs., to Mr. G. Bray, Haven ;
ditto, 4 guineas, to Mr. Williams, Glasbury ; ditto, 14
guineas, to Mr. Nicholas Price, The Tliornes, Ledbury ; ditto,
10 guineas, to Mr. H. Griffiths, Brick House ; ditto, 8 guineas,
to Mr. T. Goodwin, Hampton Bishop. Average £11 I4s. 6d.
The property of Col. Bridgford ; shearling Shropshire ram,
sold to Mr. Gwilliam, 5^ guineas ; ditto to Mr. Hodges,
The Moor, for 7j guiueas. Messrs. I'ye and Sunderland
disposed of large consignments of rams from the well-
known flocks of Messrs. James and Embrey, Much Birch;
Mr. T. Pearce, of Snod-hill ; Mr. A. Davif, Dorston-court

338

THE FARMBE'S MAGAZINE.

&c., the former of which changed hands at from 5| to 12^
guineas, averaging £8 2s. 6d. The Snod-hill rams went from
4:^ to 10^ guineas, averaging £6 12s. The Dorston-court
rams averaged £5 7s. 6d., and a few other small lots were sold
at satisfactory prices.

MR. J. H. VESSEY'S LINCOLNS.— At Halton Holegate
there was a large attendance of buyers, several being from
the antipodes, and the competition was very keen, especially
between two gentlemen from New Zealand. One ram fetched
the extraordinary figure of 200 gs., another 175, one 125, and
one 110. There were 70 lots sold, and the total sum realised
amounted to 2,450 gs., the average price of each sheep being
35 gs.

MR. RIGDEN'S SOUTHDOWNS.— The Hove Elock sale
took place at Mr. Rigden's new residence in Goldstone
Bottom. There was a large attendance of flockmasters
from different parts of the country. 100 ewes and 27 rams
were offered by Blr. E. Drawbridge, of Lindfield. The ewes
were put up in lots of five each, 75 being full-mouthed and
25 shearlings. Mr. Clark, the Duke of Richmond's agent,
secured five at six guineas each ; the nest lot at the same
price to Mr. field, the agent of the Duke of Portland. The
thirdj^lot realised five guineas, and was bought by Mr. E.
Cane, of Berwick ; and the remainder of the full-mouthed
ewes fetched prices varying from £2 IDs. to £3 15s., the
purchasers being the Duke of Portland, Mr. Kelsey, Mr.
Smith (Paddockhurst), Mr. Dudney, Mr. Bolting, Mr.
Gorringe, and Mr. Phillips. The prices of the shearlings
ranged from £3 to 5j guineas ; and four out of the five pens
offered were bought by Sir Curtis Lampson, of Worth, Mr.
Sharp being the purchaser of the other lot at £3 5s. per head.
Ten rams were then offered for hire, but, notwithstanding the
competition was keen at limes, the prices obtained were not
so great as at some of Mr. Rigden's sales in past years. The
highest figure reached was 83 gs., at which sum Mr. Carew-
Gibson obtained the services of the one-year-old animal that
carried off the first prizes at Bristol and at Bedford ; the nest
highest (potation being 50 gs., given by Mr. Greviile, M.P., for
a one-year-3ld,'which received high commendation at those two
shows. Mr. Hart, of Beddingham, gave 42 gs. for the ram
(two years old) which carried off the first prize at Cardiff and
second at Bedford ; and the Duke of Portland possessed him-
self of the one-year-old which obtained second prize at Bristol,
giving 41 gs. for it. The prices given for the others ranged
from 12 gs. to 26 gs., and were hired, three by the Duke of
Portland, one by Mr. More .Stevens, one by Mous. Nouette
Delorme, and the other by Mr. Oldacre. The rams for sale —
seventeen in number, all (with one exception) being one-year-
olds — were then put up and realised various prices, the lowest
being 10 and the highest 46 gs. ; M. Delorme being the
purchaser of the animal last alluded to. He also secured two
others at 31 and 34 gs. The other purchasers were the Duke
of Beaufort (two), Mr. Carew-Gibson, Mr. Hart, Mr. Thorn-
hill (t«o), Mr. Wodehouse, Mr. More-Stevens (two), Mr.
Raikes, Mr. Phillips, Mr. Hempson, Mr. Wilson, Mr. Ellis,
and Mr. J. Uodson.

MR. KIRKHAM'S LONGWOOLS.— At the luncheon
which preceded the sale a testimonial portrait of Mr.
Kirkhaiii was presented by Colonel Amcotts who pre-
sided on the part of the subscribers. Seventy shearlings were
subsequently offered by Mr. Briggs ; one of which went to
Messrs. iJadding at 200 gs. ; another to Mr. Clark of Scop-
wicke for 175 gs. ; while Mr. E. J. Davy gave 68 gs. for a
sheep ; the Rev. T. O'Grady, 62 gs. ; Mr. J. R. Kirkham,
62 gs. ; Mr. Needliara, 50 gs. ; Mr. Buchanan, of New
Zealand, 75 gs. for No. 61 ; Mr. Jones, 42 gs. for No. 19 ;
Mr. E. Howard, 30 gs. for No. 62. The total amount was
£3,2'J1, or an average of £32 14s. lid.

THE SELSEY SOUTHDOWNS.— A number of rams and
ewos from Mr. Hugh H. Penfold's flock have lately been
sold. Twenty-four rams were offered for letting, but the
first, which took the first prize for ram lambs at Southampton
last year, did not sell. Eoiir yearlings, from the blood of Mr.
T. Ellman's No. 14, were then knocked down to Mr. E. Hob-
gen (Sidlesham), 64gs.; Mr. G. Penfold (Wiggonholt), 7gs.;
Mr. S. Seward (Petersfield), 2'dhgs. ; and Mr. Tribe (Palmer,
Lewes), 11 gs. The remainder of the yearlings were from Lord
Walsingham's blood, and were taken by Mr. G. Duke (Blake-
hurst) at 3 gs. ; Mr. Tribe, 7 gs. ; Mr. G. Penfold, 5^ gs. and
8gs.; Mr. R. Drewett (Peppering), 13|gs. ; Mr. W. Woods
(Craw's Hall), 21ig8. ; Mr, E. Herring'ton (Pagham), 8igs.;

and Mr. T. Saxby (Firle, Lewes), 15 gs. Three two-year-
olds from the same blood were taken by Mr. G. Duke, 13^ gs. ;
Mr. P. Ellis (Clayton Court), 9|gs.; and Mr. C. Hobgen
(Shripney), 165^ gs. Pour two-year-olds, from Mr. Ellman's
blood, Mr. E. B. Green (Stoughton), 5igs. ; Mr. G. Boni-
face (Ford), 10 gs. ; Mr. S. V. Clarke (Kingston), 13 gs. ; and
Mr. G. Duke, II2 gs. Two three-year-olds from Mr. Hart's
No. 5, Mr. G. Blaker (Pangdean), 15|gs.; and Mr. G. B.
Green, 6| gs. The rams for sale did not fetch high prices,
and the ewes went cheap ; 5| gs. was the highest price for a
ram, and 60 full-mouthed ewes were disposed of at from 44s.

THE HAGLEY SHROPSHIRES.— This sale was held on
August 3, and some animals from the flocks of Messrs. Webb,
Kinver Hill ; J. Harward, Winterfold ; W. F. Firmstone,
Hagley ; and W. Yates, Grindle, were put up to competition.
Mr. Hayward's highest price realised £7 17s. 6d. The Kinver
Hill flock averaged a little over £8, the highest price being £11
lis. Of the eleven shearlings of Mr. Firmstone only six were
sold, the best price being £6 16s. 6d. Mr. Yates' seven shear-
lings s.veraged £8 15s., the highest price being £15 15s.

MR. ROBINSON'S LINCOLNS.— At Huttoft, by Messrs.
Mason and Sons. — The number offered was sixty-five, thirty-
six of which were shearlings. Of these, No. 20 was
hired by Mr. J. Byron, for £53 10s., No. 14 by Mr. W.
Chatterton, for £42, and No. 10 by Mr. G. A. Oliver,
for £22 Is. Mr. S. R. Kemp took the highest priced aged
sheep. No. 52, for £31 10s. Mr. Chatterton took the second,
No. 56, for ^£25 4s., and Mr. J. W. Parker the third. No. 54,
for £21. Tlie total amount realised by the letting was £879
1 8s , giving an average of about £13 1 Is.

THE OWERSBY RAMS. — Mr. Calthrop offered
for sale 80 longwool shearling rams belonging to the
representatives of the late Mr. John Davy; 79 of the 80 lots
were speedily disposed of. There was considerable com-
petition for No. 5, which was at last knocked down to Mr.
Cartwright for £75. The top sheep of the day was No. 13-
of which Mr. Havercroft became the purchaser for £100,
No. 20, at £30, was knocked down to Sir J. D. Astley, Bart.,
M.P. The total sum realised was £1,567 13s., the average
being £19 16s. lOJd.

THE AYLESBY RAMS.— A select company assembled
at Aylesby Manor, to view the show rams bred by Mr.
Torr. There were about 40 pure-bred Leicesters ex-
hibited, and of these 28 were let at an average of £17 15s.
One of the rams was sold to a gentleman from New Zealand
for £100.

THE GIVENDALE RAMS. — At the annual letting
of these Leicesters, Mr. Boulton, of Malton, was the
auctioneer. No. 1 shearling was let to Mr. Jordan, of
Eastborne, for £34. The average was £11 14s. The two-
shears averaged over £9. The average of the aged sheep was
over £9.

MR. CLARE'S SHROPSHIRES.— The business at Twy-
cross commenced with Midshipman, a three-shear ram, by
Mansion 3rd, falling to the lot of Mr. Bakor, at 13 guineas.
Then came a shearling. Captious, which fell to Mr. Savidge,
at 11 guineas. The Leicestershire prize sheep was bought
by Mr. Peerman at 13 guineas ; whilst the commended sheep
made 20 guineas to Mr. Coxon ; and another realised 22 gs.
to Earl Howe. Other rams ranged Irom 18 guineas to five-
and-a-half guineas. The ewes made a fair average for the
season. The sale was conducted by Messrs. Davenport,
German, and Allen, of Ashby-de-la-Zouch.

HEREFORD SALES. — Messrs. Pye and Sunderland's
sales included upwards of 50 high-class rams, con-
signed by the following eminent breeders, viz: Mr. J. N.
Downing's pure Ryelands, 23 in number, tlie competition for
which was brisk, were purchased as follows : Lots 1 and 7,
Mr. Hall, Ripple, 9 gs. and 14^ gs. ; lot 2, Mr. T. H. Pitt,
Freetown, 14 gs. ; lot 3, Mr. Mutlow, 12^ gs. ; lot 4, Mr. Hill,
Newend, 7 gs. ; lot 5, Mr. Downes, 7 gs. ; lots 6 and 13, Mr.
Wedge, 10 gs. and 7 gs. ; lot 9, Mr. Williams, 7i gs. ;
lot 10, Mr. Griffiths, 5^ gs. ; lot 11, Mr. T. Duckliam, 9^
K8. ; lot 12, Mr. B. Galliers, 6 gs. ; lot 14, Mr. Timaeus, 6^ gs. ;
lots 16 and 20, Mr. Powell, 6^ gs. each ; lot 17, Mr. Vaughan,
5^ gs. ; lot 19, Mr. Payne, Birch, 7 gs. ; lot 30, Mr. Oakley,
5| gs. ; lot 22, Mr. James, 7 gs. ; lot 23, Mr. Powell, Brecon,
6 gs. ; lot 24, Mr. Vevers, Yarkhill, 5 J gs. The average price
realised is 8 gs. Mr. Pulley's Shropshires, 6 of whidi were
consigned and readily sold as follows: Lot 1, Mr. T. S.

THE FAEMBR'S MAGAZINE.

339

Wathen, Coldbrook, 12 gs. ; 2 and 3, Mr. Williams, Cow-
bridge, 7^ gs. and 7 gs. ; 4, Mr. H. T. Taylor, Holmer, 9 gs. ;
5 and 6, Mr. A. Goodwin, Wilmaston, 31 gs. The average
price 11 gs. Mr. J. Waddell, Canon Bridge, pure Cotswolds,
S in number, ranged from 5i gs. to 8 gs., the purchasers being
Messrs. Till (Bullingham), Blashill (Bridge), Large (Madley),
Daw (Shenmore), Lydiatt (Dinedor), Matthews (Tiberton),
and Morgan (Monkton). The average price 6 gs. Several
other lots were disposed of at full average prices.

PETERBOKOUGH RAM FAIR.— There were 800 sheep
penned, being an increase of 302 over last year. The highest
pricts realised was £74 8s. for one of the Dunstau
Dunstan Pillar flock (Mr. Cartwright's). It vpas purchased by
Mr. Davey, who also gave 50 gs. for another out of the same
pen. One of the Nocton Heath flock (Mr. Robert
Wright's) fetched 58 gs., and another 52 gs.
The Pointon Rams (Mr. T. Caswell's) made good
prices, ranging from 50 gs. downwards, and the Laughton
flock from 53 gs. Several of the latter were purchased for
New Zealand. A number of Croston Kerriel rams were let at
good sums. The average prices obtained were — The Pointon,
18 gs. ; the Buckminster, 141 gs. ; the Laughton, £18 6s.
(id. ; the Kiroy Green, 10 gs. ; Dowsby Hall, 8 gs. ; Wellin-
gore, 65^ gs. ; Cranwell, 10 gs., the Mere 13 gs. ; Dunstan
Pillar, £18 Us. 6d. ; Mr. Looker's (Hartford, Hunts), £19 ;
the Nocton Heath, £18 13s. lOd.; the Branston, 10 gs.

SHROPSHIRES AT SHREWSBURY.— The Shropshire
Sheep Autumn Sale was held at Shrewsbury. The
catalogue contained 349 rams and 2,665 ewes from
tlio flocks of many leading breeders, and the attend-
ance included buyers for Australia, the European continent,
and various parts of the United Kingdom. The demand was
good and competition spirited, the whole number being dis-
posed of at satisfactory figures, including the following prices :
for rams — Mr. Evan's from 84 gs. to 10 gs., Jlr. Mansell's
averaged 12 gs,, Mr. Crane's averaged 18 gs., Lord Chesham's
30 gs., Mr. Thomas Tanner's 10 gs., Mr. Marson's 10 gs., Mr.
Edwards' 16gs.,Mr.Yate3' 7 gs.,Mr. W.O.Foster's 11 gs.,Mr.J.K.
Fowler's 15 gs., Mr. Keeling's 11 gs.. Colonel Dyott's,
9j gs., Messrs. Fenn and Harding's 9 gs., Mr. Horton's 8 gs.,
Mr. Tanner's from 15 gs. to 7 gs., the Hon E.Kenyon's 15 gs.
to 9 gs., Mr. J.B. Jones averaged 10 gs.,Mr. J. W. Ninton's
15 gs., Mr. M. Williams' 9 gs., Mr. Andrews' 12 gs., Messrs.
J. and G. Crane 7 gs., Mr. Bache 7 gs., Messrs. Ibbs 5 gs.,
Mr. J. Horton 7 gs., Mr. Nock 7i gs., Messrs. Wheeler and
others 7 gs. The price of ewes ranged from 180s. to 55s.,
Mr. Foster's average being 3 gs., Mr. Andrews' 3 gs., Mr.
Ninton's SJ gs., Mr. Tanner's £5, Mr. W. G. Preece's £5 2s.6d.,
Mr. Bache'sGOs., Mr. Horton's 63s., Mr.Barber's £5 7s. 6(l.,Mr.
Lloyd's 63s., Mrs. Smith's 80s., Mr. Fowler's £4 15s., Mr. R.
Everall's 60s., Mr. Nevett's £4 2s. 6d.,Mr. J. Lee's £4 10s.,and
others from good flocks from 75s. to 55s. each. Mr. W. 6.
Preece of course conducted the sale.

SHROPSHIRES IN IRELAND.— The annual sale of
Shropshire rams, belonging to Mr. J. L. Naper, took place at
Loughcrew. Mr. Preece auctioneer. 39 shearling Shrop-
shire rams were sold at prices ranging up to £48 6s., paid by
Mr. R. G. Cosby for a first prize ram ; his highly commended
ram having brought £25 4s. The average of the Shropshire
shearling rams was £11 7s. The shearling ewes sold at prices
ranging from 42s. to 60s., and stock ewes from 47s. to 71s.
Ten shearling Ijcicester rams realised from £5 5s. to £12 12s.,
and Lambs up to 38s.

COL. LANE'S SHROPSHIRES, at the Echills Farm,
Kins's Bromley. The rams sold at prices varying from 6gs.
to 24gs, twenty averaging £9 16s. 4d., exclusive of a shear-
ling, which was let for the season at llOgs. The ewes found
customers at prices from 453. to 81s. per head. Messrs.
Wintertou and Beale conducted tl>e sale.

MR. BAICER'S SALE, at Moor Barns, near Athcrstone,
by Messrs. Lythall and Clarke. The first lot, a three-shear
ram, was disposed of for 28gs. Another fetched 18gs. several
16gs., 15g3., 14gs., and smaller sums ; the average being
nearly lOgs. The ewes did not sell so well as usual, b;it tlie
first lot of five prize shearliugs were sold for 5^gs. each, and
others realised fro.m 56s. to 87s. each.

MISS ROSE'S SHROPSHIRES.— This sale took place at
MuUaghmore, County Mouaghan. Tiie sale int-Iuded
over 200 Shropshire rams, ewes, and lambs ; 70
Leicester rams and ewes, 17 pure Devon heifers, 16 Devon
and cross-bred bullocks, with the following prices : Shrop-

shire rams 35 guineas to 8 guineas, ditto ewes 120s. to 60a.
ditto lambs 50s. to 30s., Leicester rams 16 guineas to 6
guineas, ditto ewes 80s. to 50s., Devon heifers 45 guineas to
18 guineas, ditto and cross-bred bullocks (yearlings) about
£13 a head. Mr. W. G. Preece, of Shrewsbury, conducted

the' LITTYWOOD SHROPSHIRES. — Mr. Charles
Byrd's sale and letting took place at Littywood Farm,
near Stafford, when 31 rams and 100 ewes were disposed
of by Mr. W. G. Preece. The rams realised from 25 to 10
guineas, and the 100 ewes averaged about £4.

MR. TURNER'S LONQWOOLS.— At Ulceby Grange,
by Mr. Calthrop. The sheep, 60 in number, were offered, 49
sold, and 11 were withdrawn. The average was £12 9s. 4d.
on the number sold. The plum of the flock was bought by
Mr. Brady Nicholson, Stourton Grange, near Leeds, for £40.

MR. HAVERCROFT'S LINCOLNSHIRE LONG-
WOOLS. — The Wootton Dale flock was sold on Friday week,
by Mr. Calthrop, at Wootton Dale, Bartou-on-Humber. The
60 rams were sold at an average of over £16 per head.

CADEBY RAMS.— The sale of this first and direct branch
of the Biscathorpe flock took place at the residence of
Mr. J. W. Kirkham, at Cadeby. Forty shearlings were
offered for sale, and the whole were sold. The lot
realised £737 12s. 6d., the average being about £18 9s. The
following are the particulars : Messrs. Brigg £12 12s., Young
£36 15s., Needham £44 2s., Stokes £14 14s., Skipworth
£23 2s., Parr £24 3s., Sharp £31 10s., Mackinder £16 18s.,
Hewson £16 16s., Hodgson £13 13s., Dawber £13 13s.,
Bennett ^'14 14s., Boyntou £50 8s., D. G. Briggs £16 16s.,
Bennett £10 10s., Sharp £10 10s., Morley £13 2s., W.
Wright £18 18s., Hodgson £10 10s., Calvert £16 16s., Parr
£29 3s., Law £31 10s., Casswell £U 14s., Sharp £10 10s.,
Needham £18 73. 6d., Twidale £14 3s. 6d., Weightraan £12
12s., Godfrey £10 10s., Swift £9 93., Barker £10 lOs., West-
moreland £10 10s., R. Houlden £9 9s., Morley £9 9s.,0dhng
£13 13s., Sharp £27 6d., Chapman £7 17s. 6d., Hundleby
£7 7s.,Halliday£12 12s., Chapman £9 93., Calvert £14 3s, 6d.

LOUTH SEPTEMBER RAM FAIR. — This fair was
held in The Quarry. Mr. John J. Clark's Welton-le-
Wold flock of 30 long-wooUed rams realised an average of not
quite 12 guineas. The plum of the flock made 35 guineas.
The iluttoft Grange sheep, the property of Mr. John Louth,
Needham, realised an average of nearly 15 guineas, Mr.
John Walisby, Kirkham, giving 40 guineas for the plum of
the flock. Several others sold at high figures for New Zealand.

MR. CARPENTER'S HAMPSHIRES.— Messrs. Waters,
Son, and Rawlence, of Salisbury, sold by auction at
Lake Farm, the stock of Mr, Joseph Carpenter, The
two-teeth ewes ranged from 110s. (Mr. Newton), down to
54s. per head, at which latter figure, however, only one lot was
sold, Mr, Brine, of Gussage, was a purchaser at 71s. The
four-teeth ewes from 55s. to 100s. (Mr. Dibben), The six-
teeth ewes made from 55s. to 83s. (Mr. Dibben), The ram
lambs fetched from 4gs. to lOgs., and one four-teeth ram
realised 21gs. The highest price obtained for chilver lambs
was 63s., the lowest 34s, ; the general run being from 36s. to
48s. The cart horses, of which there were twelve, realised
satisfactory prices. A chesnut mare in foal fell to Mr. Read
;it 75gs. ; Mr. Blake gave 70gs. for a black mare iu foal ; and
Mr. Pinkney was the purchaser of a chesnut iiorse at 74gs.
The lowest price 29gs, Two foals fetched 26gs. and 16gs,

MR. GALPIN'S HAMPSHIRES— At Little Laugford,
by Messrs. Waters, Son, and Rawlence. The sale com-
iiieiiced with the two-teeth ewes, which reached an average of
o6s. 6d. per head, the principal pens falling to Mr. J. Read at
75s., Mr. Newton at 70s., Mr. J. Friend at 66s., Mr. F, Moore
at 65s., Mr. Smith at 62s., Mr. Blake at 61s., 58s., 57s,, and
55s., and JNIr. Andrews at 60s., 5is., and 49s. The four-teeth
ewes brought an average of 54s. 6d. each, the chief purchasers
being Mr. J. Friend at 64s., Mr. Blake at 64s., Mr. Taunton
at 593., Mr. Tabor at 58s., Mr. Torey at 56s., Mr. Hart at
55s., 54s., and 47s., Mr. Rawlins at 54s., Mr, Andrew at 55s.,
Mr. Read at 53s, and Mr. Hinxman at 50s. The average of
the six-teeth ewes was 58i>. 3d., the highest lots being secured
Mr. Newon at 81s., Mr. Andrews at 70s., 57s., 54s., and 53s.,
Mr. 1. Moor at 72s, Mr, W. Flower at 66s. and 62s., Mr. T.
Parham at 62s., Mr. Blake at 61s., Mr. Torey at 61s. and Mr,
Humby at 60s. The full-mouthed ewes averaged 48s. 6d.,
and the Chilver lambs 39s.

340

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

CAPT. TAYLOR'S DEVONS AND SOUTHDOWNS.—

The first periodical sale of pedigree Devons and Soutlidowns,
from the established herd and flock of Captain Taylor, took
place at Priesthaws, Westham ; Mr. Thornton the auctioneer.
Ewes ranged from 40s. to 80s., the rams from 5gs. to 21gs.,
and the Devon cows and heifers from 15gs. to 28gs. The
young hulls sold at 22gs. and 19gs. respectively.

SOUTHDOWN SHEEP AND SUSSEX CATTLE AT
SANDGATE. — This annual sale took place at Sand-
gate, on the estate of Mr. G. C. Carew-Gibson. Twenty
)"ots of ten full-mouthed Southdown ewes sold at from 38s. to
65s. a head. Mr. Dotting bought at 65s., Mr. Plummer (Bol-
ney) at 55s., Mr. Dendy (Cuckfield) at 42s., Mr. E. Tomkins
at 42s., Mr. J. Tomkins at 40s. (three lots), Mr. Hide (Ang-
mering) at 40s. (four lots) and 38s., Mr. Marsh at 40s., Mr.
Page (Perching) at 40s., Mr. Friend Duke at 40s. (three lots)
and 3Ss., and Mr. Sharp and Mr. Howell at 38s. Two lots of
ten two-tooth ewes were bought by Mr. Hylton (Upper Deed-
ing) at 52s., and by Mr. Knight at 48s. Two lots of broken-
mouthed ewes sold at 32s. and 36s., Mr. Howell being the
purchaser- Twelve rams were offered for letting, but there
was no demand. Mr. Humphrey (Ashinglon) hired two at
10 gs. each — No. 2, a four-tooth, by Lord Walsingham's sheep,
by Manchester Reserve, and No. 6, a shearling, by Mr. Rig-
den's sheep, which took second prize at Dorchester, Cardiff,
Plymouth, and Hull. There were 23 rams for sale, which
found purchasers at from 17 gs. down to 9 gs. A Sussex bull
made 37 gs., and 20 Sussex heifers went at prices ranging from
27 gs. to 13 gs.

THE BLENHEIM STOCK SALE.— The sale of live and
dead stock, on the Park and Home Farms, which are now let,
comprising 1,636 sheep, 90 head of Shorthorn cattle, 64 choice
Scotch oxen and heifers, 20 horses and colts, 37 pure-bred
Berkshire pigs, and a large and general assortment of agricul-
tural implements. The attendance was very numerous, up-
wards of 5,000 persons being present. Messrs. Paxton and
Castle were the auctioneers, and the sum realised over £8,000.

MR. GAMBLE'S SHORTHORNS, BY ]\Ul.
WETHERELL. — A portion of Mr. Gamble's herd of
Shorthorns was sold at Shouldhamthorpe, Downham,
Norfolk. The summer drought affected that part of the country
perhaps, more seriously than any other, and told greatly against
the condition of the stock ; and the absence of any of the
Prudence tribe, one of the best of the late Lord
Spencer's families, went against the prices, which
were generally low. Lot 1, Florest and calf, brought
35 gs. ; lot 6, Coral, made 54 gs., and Lady Agony 42 gs. : the
others, rising from 20 gs., went up to 33 gs. A young bull,
Quid Coral, made 35 gs., but there was no great demand for
them. Mr. Brackenbury sold twenty -two head at the same
time, which were quite a nice selection, the animals beiug
well-shaped, with good countenance, and several fit to ex-
hibit. They had been principally bred from Mr. Gamble's
bulls, for nearly 40 years. A three-year-old heifer ^went
as high as 110 gs. ; others made 55 gs., 52 gs., 43 gs.,
and downwards. The twenty-two head sold realised
£929 5s

SHORTHORNS BY LYTHALL AND CLARKE
AT THE MIDLAND COUNTIES REPOSITORY,
BIRMINGHAM. — These were from the herds of
Messrs. Holbeck, Baruett, Pulley, Upson, Wliitehouse, G.
Game, and J. Beckford. The catalogue contained 31 cows
and heifers, and 15 bulls. The following are the better prices :
Lot 1, Lady Stuart, 53 gs. (G. Garnc) ; lot 4, Hellenor, 35gs.
(Robotham) ; lot G, Ammonia, 80 gs. (Beunior) ; lot 7, Lady,
Nore Burdett, 52 gs. (Bradburn) ; lot 13, Helen 30 gs. (Brad-
burn) ; lot 14, Miss Moseley, 38s. ; lot 22, Maria Stuart.
46 gs. (G. Game) ; lot 28, Quality Fogg, 25 gs. (Upson)
The bulls made rather lower figures.

MR. C. TIMMIS' SHROPSHIRES.— At the Brick House,
Stafford, by Mr. B. Lytiiam, about 30 shearling and 3 older
rams, and 100 ewes. Lord Lichfield took the best, a three-
shear ram, at 18 gs., and the average of the rams was close
upon 11 gs., while the ewes ranged from 45s. to 92s., re-
sulting in an average of nearly 60s. per head.

SHROPSHIRES IN BINGLEY HALL, BIRMING-
HAM, on Thursday, September 17th, by Messrs. Lythall
and Clarke.— Mr. E. Lythall's average was 11 gs., Mr.
T. Nock's 13 gs., Lord Wenlock's 12 gs. One of Mr. Joseph
Pulley's rams, a two-shear, made 27 gs., and a shearling 20 gs.
Mr. T. Jowitt's made 26 gs., Earl of Zetland's average was

11 gs. ; Mr. Harcourt Griffin's average 13 gs., a two-shear
making 43 gs. ; Mr. T. J. Mansell's average was 9 gs. Ewes :
Mr. Tidy averaged 80s., Mr. B. Long averaged 63s., Mr. E.
Jenkins 50s. to 57s., Mr. T. Watson 49s. to 53s., five young
stock ewes from Mr. T. Wood, of Grendon, made 168s.

MR. GORRINGE'S SOUTHDOWNS AT KINGSTON-
ON-SEA, SUSSEX, BY MR. THORNTON.— The shearling
ewes were first offered, and sold at an average of about 55s.
Mr. Rigdeu, Mr. Taylor (Glenbeigh), Mr. Steyning Beard,
Mr. Bushby, Mr. F. D. Carew Gibson, Mr. Wemyss, were
among the buyers. The 90 two-shear ewes topped the average
with not quite 3 gs., and fifty of these go to Mons. Barthes,
France. The 100 three-shear just exceeded the average
of the shearlings,theRev. J.Goring, Mr. Cane, Mr. Humphrey,
and Mr. Biel taking several pens. In the old ewes were some
of the best sold, but a few pens going to the butcher reduced
the average to 48s. The rams were principally shearlings,
and three of these were put up for letting, and two of them
taken, Mr. Steyning Beard one at 16 gs., and Messrs. Page,
Essex, the other at 10 gs., while Mr. Verrall gave 15 gs. for
another. The others ranged from 5 to 16J gs. ; the 29 aver-
agine £11 4s. The sale realised a total of about £1,640.

LONG-WOOLLED RAMS IN EAST YORKSHIRE.—
The flock of long-woolled Lincoln rams, the property of Mr.
Richard Stephenson, of HoUym, were sold by auction at the
Royal Station Hotel Yard, Hull, by Mr. C. B.
Stamford, at an average of £8 — one half from last year. Mr.
Park sold tlie Ulrorae Grange rams, the property of Mr.
Boynton, Bridlington, at the same time. The average was
£7 10s.

RAMS AT ROTHBURY.— On Thursday, Sept. 17, by
Messrs. S. Donkin and Son, nearly four hundred Border
Leicesters, shearling rams, half-bred, and Cheviot rams and
tup lambs, from tlie flocks of breeders in the district, were
brought to the hammer, and the whole were sold — upwards of
370 lots, nearly all the rams being sold singly — in four hours
and seventeen minutes. The financial business was very ably
managed by Mr. James Hope, of Feiton. The following is a
summary of the sale : Messrs. Morrison, average £3 8s. 9d. ;
S. Langdale, average £3 13s. lOjd. ; Thompson, average £3
Is. 9jd. ; Cairns, average £6 2s. 72d. ; Davidson, average £3
18s. 3d.; E. Allen, average £3 5s. lOd. ; Mrs. Readheard,
average £4 4s. lOd. ; Messrs. Sproat, average £2 17s. 6d. ;
Shotton, average £3 15s. 84d. ; Hogg, average £4 7s. 75d. ;
Hills, average £5 Ss. 3jd. ; Common, average £3 4s. 4^id. ;
Sir W. G. Armstrong, average £3 lOs. 6id. ; Messrs. I. Lang-
dale, average £5 17s. S^d. ; T. Allan, average £5 Is. 5d. ;
Dickman, average £9 3s. 3d. ; Angus, average £3 19s. B^i.;
Trevelyan, average £4 17s. 9id. ; Linn, average £3 3s. 4d. ;
Forster, £3 4s. 6^d. ; Dixon, average £6 Os. lOd. ; Bosanquet,
average £6 10s. 6d. ; J. Forster, average £3 6s.; Wealleans,
average £3 63. 8d. ; Donkin, average £1 14s. , Riddell,
average £1 Is. 6d.— total £1,648 188. 61I.

EVESHAM RAM FAIR. — The supply of rams
was rather in excess of the demand. Messrs. Smith and
Righton sold a number of Shropshire Down rams from the
flock of Mr. RandeU, which averaged about eight guineas,
the highest figure reached for a two-shear ram being sixteen
guineas. Cotswolds were in force, and those of Mr. Walker,
of Compton Abdale, averaged nearly twelve guineas. They
were sold by Messrs. Acock and Hanks, of Stow-on-the-Wold.
The Cotswolds of Mr. Fletcher, of Shipton, made an average of
about eight guineas. The other auctioneers who disposed of
rams were Mr. Villa, of Cheltenham, and Mr. Keck, of
Shipton-under-Wychwood. Fat stock was scarce, and the
trade was improved, beef making S,^'!. to 9d., and mutton
about the same.

THE LATE MRS. GUY'S SOUTHDOWNS AT HAM-
SEY, by Mr. 11. Morris, of Lewes and Hailsham.
Ewes averaged nearly 498., and lambs were also sold at good
a figure, the leading buyers being Mr. S. Leigh, Mr. C. Ellis,
Mr. W. H. Taylor, Mr. Turner, Mr. Mills, Mr. Killick, Ox-
ted, &c. The following is a summary of the sale of sheep
and lambs : Five full-mouthed ewes by Emery rams 43s., five
41s., ten 40s., ten 42s., ten 42s., ten 42s., ten 383., ten 39s.,
ten 41s., ten SSs., ten 41s., ten 41s., ten 398., ten 408., five
£3s., five 523., five 54s., ten 47s., ten 48s., ten 51s., ten 508.,
ten 56s., ten 55s., ten 50s., ten 528., ten 49s., ten 50s., ten 50s.,
ten 48s„ ten 48s., ten 50s.,jtwelve 48s. Five four-tooth ewes by
Emery rams, and rams bred by Mr. EUis, of Beddingham by
an Ellman ram, 58s., five 61s., ten 60s., ten 50s., ten 55s.

THE FARMER'^ MAGAZINE.

$41

ten 'I'Qs., ten 50s., teu 52s., ten 483., ten 50s., ten 50.s., teu
49s., ten 51s., ten 46s., ten 47s., ten 49s., ten 49s. I'ive two-
toot li by Ellis rams, by an Ellraan ram, 55s., five 57s., ten
51s., ten 543., ten 56s., ten 51s., ten 48s., ten 54s., tea 533.,
ten 50s., ten 50s., ten 52s., ten Sis., ten 51s., teu 52s., ten
53s., ten 50s., ten 48s. Ten Soutbdown lambs 34s., ten 27s.,
ten 32g., ten 34s., ten 33s., ten 31s., ten 27s., ten 32s., ten
34s., ton 33s., ten 31s., ten 27s., ten 33s., ten 39s., ten 26s.,
twenty 29s., twenty 29s. twenty 28s., twenty 263. Eleven
rams, four full-raoutbed, five six-tooths, and two two-tootbs,
fetched respectively 57s., 50s., 95s., 60s., 533. 6d., 110s,,
6^ ss., 80s.. 110s., 65s., and 35s.

PARTNEY GREA.T SHEEP FAIR.— There was a large
number of sheep in the fair on Friday. Ewes made
from £17 to £30 each. Messrs. Mason and Son sold by auc-
tion the Huttoft Grange rams, the property of Mr. John
Louth, Needham, at an average of over £13. No. 6 was sold
to Mr. Bond, of Toynton for 28 gs., who afterwards refused
40 es. for the same ram to go to Australia. Mr. Hesseltine,
of Barton, secured No. 8 for 18 gs. Mr. E. J. Davy, of Tath •
well, got No. 20 for the like figure. The flock of Mr. H. F.
Kemp, Thurlby Grange, Alford, 44 in number, was then,
offered. Mr. Little, of Blyborough, secured No. 4 for 30 gs..
No. 8 18 gs., No. 9 15 gs., No. 10 31 gs., No. 14 12 gs., No.
21 14 gs. Mr. Williams, of Ashby-cum-Tenby, obtained No
12 for 20 gs., and No 17 for 18 gs. Mr. Clark, of Sales by'
bought No. 23 for 19 gs. Mr. Wells, of Withern, No. 27 for
15 gs., and No. 33 for 16 gs.

THE RAM FAIR AT LINCOLN.— Mr. T. I?. Ricliard-
son, auctioneer, Lincoln, sold for Messrs. C. Lister, of Culeby ;
C. M. Ward, of Washiogboro' ; aud J. R. E;iland, of Ais-
thorpe, with the following result: Mr. Lister's : Lot 1, Mr.
F. Codd, 5^gs. ; 2, Mr. C. Adams, 5igs. ; 3, Mr. Searson,
5Jgs. ; 4, Mr. Pickworth, 7gs. ; 5, Mr. Pickworth, 7 gs. ; 6,
Mr. Taylor, 5 gs. ; 7, Mr. Searson, o| gs. ; 8, Mr. Taylor,
13^ gs. ; 9, Mr. S. Steeper, B^gs. ; 10, Mr. Ripon, 6^- gs. ;
11, Mr. Wright, 8 gs. ; 12, Mr. Wray, U^ gs. ; 13, Mr.
Gaunt, 7 gs. ; 14, Mr. Challens, 5^ gs. ; 15, Mr. Ripon, 11| gs. ;
16, Mr. Tunnard, 5^ gs. ; 17, Mr. Hales, 5igs. ; 18. Mr.
Tinley, 5igs. ; 19, Mr. Picker, 11 gs. Mr. C. Ward's: Lot 1,
Mr. W. Dixon, 7^ gs. ; 2, Mr. Godfrey, 5^ gs. ; 3, Mr. Cart-
wright, 5^ss. ; 4, Mr. SwBn,6i gs. ; 5, Mr. B. Codd, 6^ gs. ;
6, Mr. E. Griffin, 94 gs, ; 7, Mr. F. Mawer, 6^ gs. ; 8, Mr.
Lake, 5| gs. : 9, Mr. Pickwell, 6| gs. ; 10, Mr. Mawer, 7 gs. ;
11, Mr. J. M. Sra-'th, 4^ gs. ; 12, Mr. Godfrey, 5 gs. ; 13,
Mr. Dear, 6^ gs. ; 14, Mr. Dear, 5 gs. ; 15, Mr. Hurd, 5 gs. ;
16, Mr. Dixon, 12 gs. Mr. J. R. Baland's : Lot 1, Mr.
Houldershaw, S^gs,; 2, Mr, Swift, 54gs.; 3, Mr. Maud,
6 gs. ; 4, Mr. J. Coupland, 7i gs. ; 5, Mr. Buxton, 21 gs. ; 6,
Mr. Harding, 6^ gs. ; 7, Mr. B. Codd, 6^ gs. ; 8, Mr. Smith,
Hi gs. ; 9, Mr. Mawer, 5^ gs. ; 10, Mr. Curtis, Sk gs. ; 11,
Mr. Sleightholme, 6J gs. ; 12, Mr. Sleightholrae, 6^ gs. ; 13,
Mr. Clarke, 7 gs. Mr. E. Bailey sold 30 of Mr. Morley's, of
Leadenham, the prices realised running from 5|gs. to 14 gs.
each. Messrs. Briggs and Son offered 50 shearlings bred by
Mr. Paddison, of lugleby. Mr. C. F. Paddison gave 31 gs.
for one, Mr. Wright 28 gs., and Mr. R. Howard and Mr.
Evens one each at 20 gs. Tiie whole made £643 13s., or an
average of £12 17s. The Messrs. Biiggs also sold for Mr.
Arthur Garfit, of Scothorne : Mr. Swann secured one
for 21 gs., and Mr. Godson one at 17 gs. The lot, consisting
of 21 animals, made a total £216 16s. 6d., or an average of
£10 6s. 6d. each. The Branston rams of Mr. Marshall were
likewise offered by Messrs. Briggs and Son, and they fetched
prices ranging from 6 to 10 gs. A dozen of Mr. Walesby's
rams (Ranby) realised from 6 gs. to 13| gs.

THEQUARTLY HERD OFDEVONS AND FLOCK OF
EXMOORS.— Near fifty years ago Mr. James Quartly, like
his father before him, took to the business of farming and
cattle-breeding, and tjie whole of the stock has been
brought under the auctioneer's hammer at Molland, in the
wildest district of North Devon, and almost at the foot of
Exmoor. The flock of nearly 300 Exmoor sheep formed the
first division of the sale, and the chief purchasers were
Messrs. Babbage (Southmolton), Yeo (Swymbridge), Hitch-
cock (Southmoiton), and Harris. Of these the largest buyer
was Mr. Babbage. There were seventy full-mouthed ewes, in
lots of ten each, and these averaged 38s, a head ; 29s. was the
lowest, and 55s. the highest price. The eighty three-year-old

wethers averaged 51s. each — the prices runuiag from 40s. to
60s. The 110 two-year-old wethers brought in an average of
463. each — the lowest price was 40s. and the highest 573. each.
Fourteen remained unsold. There were teu rams, but one of
these having damaged his leg, was not offered. The purchasers
of the nine v/ere Mr. Lovelace, who gave 15 gs. for a very
handsome one ; Messrs. F. Shider (Higlibury), Follett (Dul-
verton), Westacott (Dulverton), Tamlin (Windsor), _ C.
Burdori (Swymbridge), Stranger, and C. Burrington ; "the
average was £9, and the lowest price £4 10s. The total sum
realised by the sale of the sheep was £581 13s. There were alto-
gether 70 Devons offered ; but the herd seemed hardly to come up
to wliat some had expected, and prices were not so high as was
anticipated. Topsy, a six-year-old cow, and whose grnndsire was
King of the Britons, went to Mr. Tapp, of the arljoining
estate of Twitchen, for 29 gs. Of the next best were Dolly
Varden, a yearling heifer, whose grandsire was Duke of
Flittou IV., and sire, Duke of Devon, and Bertha, a heifer
calf, also from the same blood ; the former went to Mr.
Azariah Smith, Bradford Peverell, for 25 gs., and five less
secured Bertha for Mr. Tapp. All hut two of the cows and
heifers were in calf by Butterfly, Baron, or Bismarck, and
their prices varied from 16J to 29 gs. Peaceful, adecendant
of King of the Britons, out of a pnrcliased dam, fetciied
22 gs., at which price she was taken to Wales by the the Rev.
Mr. Morgan, brother of Lord Tredegar. Flora, calved in
1869, whose grandsire was Garibaldi 844, and sire Trio 941,
fetched 24^ gs. from Mr. Pitfield, of Bridport, Dorset.
Duchess, of the Baronet 7§1 stock, was taken by Mr. Yeo,
Swimliridge, for 25 gs. Stately, calved in 1871, and got by a
bull of Jlr. Buller's, went to Mr. Pitfield for 20 gs. Pretty-
maid, calved in 1871, sire Champion, grandsire Baronet (781),
dam Peaceful (3904), became the property of Mr.
Jackman, of Hexworthy, Cornwall, for 23 guineas
Saunders came with the character of a good breeder, bnt she
was knocked down at 17 gs. to Mr. Pitfield. Buttercup,
calved in 1873, sire Y'oung Turk, grandsire Young Ensign,
went for 20j gs. to Sir. Loveband, Bishopsnympton. Princess
and Marchioness, both descended from the same stock, were
also noticeable, the former went at 19 gs. to Mr. Norton, of
Chulmleigh, and the latter to Mr. Hebditch, of Dorset, for
24| gs. These twenty-nine cows and heifers fetched 579 gs.,
and averaged about 30 gs. each, 'i'he purchasers were Rev.
Mr. Jlorgan, Messrs. Yeo (Swymbridge), Tapp (Twitchen),
Pitfield (Bridford), H. Wippell (Alphington), Jackman (Hex-
worthy), Zftlley, A. Wood (Utfculme), Norton (Chulmleigh),
Hebditch (Dorset), J.Beedeil (Stoodleigh), Tamlin (Windsor),
Loveband (Bishopsnympton), W. Shapland (Nortlimolton),
and Loosemore (Plyratree). There were but half-a-dozen
lieifer yearlings, three of ttiem liad for their grandsires Duke
of Edinburgh (833), and two of them Duke of Flittou IV.
they brought in 77 gs., and averaged 13 gs. each. The pur ;
chasers were Messrs. A. Smith, Norton, Tamlin, and Fether-
ston (Wiveliscombe). The heifer-calves numbered thirteen,
and in addition to Bertha, already mentioned, the most
noticeable were Dora, by a bull of Mr, Passmore's, bought by
Mr. Shapland for 9 gs., and Snow, sire Butterfly, grandsire
Champion, which was sold to Mr. J. Jlilton. The lot realised
103 gs., giving an average of 8 gs. The thirteen were
divided lietween Messrs. Tapp, J. Milton (Wiveliscombe), A.
Capel (Wiveliscombe), Timlin, W. Shapland, J. Westcott
(Dulverion), and Passmore (Bishopsnympton). The bulls
were next brought out. The olders was Butterfly, calved in
1871, sire Champion, grandsire Baronet; he went for 36 gs.
to ilr. Hartnoll, Swymbridge. The other bulls were
yearlings. Baron by Old England, and Bismarck by Byron ;
the first was sold to Mr. Tapp for 23 gs., and Bismarck
fetched 25 gs. from Mr. King, of Brompton. The three
brought in 74 gs. The three bull-calves were — Pickwick, de-
scended from Duke of Flittou IV., llj gs. to Mr. Martin, of
Molland ; Young England bought by Mr, Burdon (Swym-
bridge) for £13 10s,, and Livingstone fetched 15 gs. from Blr.
Tazewell (Bridgwater). The sixteen steers brought £333
10s. ; the lowest price for a pair was 10 gs., and the highest
£50 10s. The disposal of these concluded the cattle sale,
which realised altogether £1,343 10s. The horses, sixteen
in number, were all bred by Mr. Quartly. The top price was
for a five-year-old chesnutgeldingup to eighteen stone with the
hounds, which was sold to Mr. Bissett, of Anstey, at 85 gs.
The total realised by the sale was about £2,300. Mr. Quartly
now retires from farming.

342

THE FABMER'S MAGAZINE.

FANCY STOCK SALES.

Within the last few days there have been two or three
more than usually noticeable sales of stock ; thus on Wed-
nesday, iu Leicestershire, where the Shorthorn has driven
out the Longhorn, there was a sale of Shorthorns, the
average for which exceeded anything on record in this
country. As much however, had been anticipated,
as immediately after the Duke of Devonshire's
sale, at Holker, the same average for the females was, as
it is said, offered Mr. Cheney and declined. Then, on
Friday there occurred in Radnorshire a sale of Here-
fords, announced as The Herd of Wonders, and
worthy the notice of " the scientific and philanthropic
promoters of agricultural progress thoughuut the world."
On the same day Mr. Marjoribanks' herd of Anglo- Alder-
neys was offered to people about town who have a fancy
for " rich dairy qualities ;" w^hile in the previous week
the most celebrated breeder of Devous cleared out his
reds from the Molland farm, at the very foot of Esmoor.
Yet more remarkable is it that none of these diiferent
varieties were what is known as show stock. High as he
may stand in his own neighbourhood, visitors to the
Royal and Western meetings have never heard of Mr.
Green as a breeder of Herefords ; while Mr. Quartley
has for a long season been content to look on and watch
Messrs. Davey and Farthing fight out the battles of the
North and Somerset Devons. Mr. Marjoribanks, again,
though once famous in the Shorthorn ring, has done little
more of late than make his mark with a Jersey steer at a
local meeting ; and the owners of high-bred Shorthorns
now rarely deign to exhibit. With fashion and fancy run-
ning after them, they can afford to be very much above that
sort of thing ; whereas the other breeds clearly languish
without the incentive of such an advertisement. Mr.
Quartley does not show, and his Devons, full of the best
blood made merely market prices : heifers and cows of
high degree reached, for twenty-nine in number,
to an average of barely 20 guineas, and nothing over
30 guineas. But it may be, well though they always
stand at our Christmas shows, that the Devons are
gradually narrowing their confines and growing out of
use. Whereas, the Alderneys, as commonly so distin-
guished, are fast growing into repute, alike on and off the
show-ground. And yet Mr. Marjoribanks had a very bad
fale. Bred of course quite regardless of cost from the
stock of Mr. Dauncey, Mr. Simpson, Mr. Duncan, and
others, the forty-one cows and heifers, sold on
Friday, reached to no better average than 34 gs. ; whilst
the four bulls realised amongst them 107 gs., or about
"a pony" a-piece. But the Bushey sale of Jerseys
spoke to an experiment, and more directly to the failure
of that experiment. "The argument" here offered was
that Jerseys should carry beef as well as give milk ; and
bred altogether from home stock, that is from sire and
dam both calved in England, they have under special
treatment grown into great coarse animals, sadly wanting
many of the fine points of the Jersey, and more properly
to be distinguished as the Anglo-Alderney, a whole-
coloured or "self-coloured" beast as they call it, more,
after the manner of the butcher than the dairy maid.
This run, indeed, on greys, duns and fawns, is "fast ap-
proaching an absurdity ; and, as we said when at Mr.
Dauncey's sale of seven years since, " the preference for
a grey herd has nothing further to recommend it than a
fancy, for the lemon and white and other parti-coloured
cows from the Channel Islands are quite as good milkers
as, if anything, they show more style and breeding than
their Quaker-coated sisters." In truth, the Horwood
greys were inclined to coarseness, but at the sale Mr.
Marjoribanks' bailiff gave the top price, 100 gs., for

Landscape, a great lengthy cow, and her produce, as
tried by Friday's sale, were scarcely worth rearing.
There was a two-year out of her called Landlady, which
looked more like a Scotch cross than a Jersey, and sold
for 33 gs. ; while an elder daughter was worse still,
" mere beef," as a connoisseur said turning away in dis-
gust, and she went for 28 gs.; two rather better but
sadly coarse going at 37 and 40 gs. There were, no
question, a few large handsome cows in the cata-
logue, which made more money; but the only
brisk feature of the sale was for the calves,
showing as these did more Jersey character, as so far not
developed according to the system adopted at Bushey.
But the general business was slow, and so little zest had
followed a look through the herd, that one of the early
lots was knocked down to Mr. Simpson for 32 gs., having
come in from Mr. Duncan a few months back at 87 gs.
We draw two or three conclusions from this sale, as we
must admit entirely in accordance with our previous
opinions : people who go for beef in Jerseys are very likely
to go wrong ; there :s little or nothing more to be said for
greys and fawns than that this is a mere fancy, and to
keep to the true type of the Jersey it will be necessary
every now and then to have a fresh cross from the Island.
Tried by Bushey, your Anglo-Alderney is often
going far away from " the guinea stamp."
Properly cultivated, however, there is no reason why the
Jersey should not in his degree become as fashionable as
the Shorthorn ; although just now "everybody" would look
to want one quite as much as the other. At the great Short-
horn sales of late it has been the outsider who has done so
much to make the average, as, without being invidious, a
run through the price-lists will show ; whilst instead of
animals dropping to half or a third of their previous price
like the Brad well cow at Bushey, they still keep in-
creasing in value up to almost any age. Thus, at
Underley the other day, Duchess Gwynne, the first lot
offered, made at twelve years old 430 gs., having eight
years previously been sold at Brampton for 60 gs., and two
years subsequently by Mr. Foster for 180 gs. At the
same sale Cherry Queen, the highest priced cow at
1,220 gs., goes back to Bolden's Brandy, bought by
public auction some twenty years since for 33 gs. At the
Holker sale of the same week Musical, sold to Sir Wilfrid
Lawson for 360 gs., was purchased just a year since for
71 gs. ; while the Roses of Raby, now the Duke's
favourite tribe, are from a cow sold as a calf in 1862 for
76 gs. Oxford 14th was once priced at 20 gs. ; while at
Mr. Bates' sale in 1850 ten Oxfords reached to an average
of under 59 gs. ; and now gentlemen who are mere
beginners at this business take them readily at thousands.
But " with so much money about " something
must be done with it, as it is not quite clear why Shorthorn
cows or thorough-bred yearlings should monopolise all
the best business. For much of this, at least in one di-
rection, the outsider is answerable ; and, until he comes
to frequent the red Devon or white-faced ring, breeders
must be content with such prices as they can afford to
pay to each other. Still, if the old Duchess
Gwynne, like the nails in the horse- shoe, can
double her value every time she comes out
up to twelve years old, surely a herd possessing so much of
the blood of Governess, who bredupto twenty-six years old
backed by a bull like Zealous, who is useful at half that
age, should have made more money than did Mr. Green's
Herefords. But the outsider did not open his cheque-
book at Knighton, where a large company was composed
mainly of men who had been educated in the school,
and the sale, though a fairly good one, was not a wonder.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

343

REVIEW OE THE CORN TRADE

DURING THE PAST MONTH.

The month of September has beeu unusually fine and
warm, helping to clear up the arrears of harvest in the
late districts and the North, where their condition was
becoming doubtful from the frequent previous rain, while
every kind of field preparation has been facilitated by the
changes in the weather. The autumnal sowings seem to
have the promise of a good seed-bed at an early period ;
80 the plants will have a fair chance of establishment
before the winter. The season, however, turns out to be
one of unusual inequality in prices. Wheat, having the
best reputation as to its yield, has suffered, as we think,
unreasonably, for we have seen quite enough inferior
samples to convince us that many a farmer has gone short ;
nor do we think there has been such an abundance as auy
where to justify a fall, from this time last year, of 17s.
4d. per qr., as shown by the averages. Why should the
public be benefited as much as £2 12s. per annum for
every famUy of four at the farmers' expense of 16s. lO^d.
per acre, when the previous rates, considering the poor
yield, were very moderate — that is, supposing the present
not to exceed 363. 8d. per acre ? In some cases it will
doubtless be more, but in others less. A rise of 5s. per
qr. on the present low average — 47s. 2d. — would only
bring it to 52s. 2d. ; that would right the growers, and
yet give the public a considerable benefit, and we hope
the late undue pressure will give place to what seems so
equitable and just. Already a reaction has set in through-
out France, and as the same reason for it exists here, we
hope farmers to the same extent will succeed, and feel
confident that as the season advances prices will find about
their level. In Hungary there is a feeling of resistance
as well as in France, though they certainly have one
million quarters to spare for export, whereas England on
the average only grows half its consumption. Germany
shows the same disposition to resist. Belgium is reviving
from the panic, and though Odessa feels it still, prices
there were relatively higher than here, and a reaction was
certain. After all, we must wait for more accurate
returns to know how as a nation we have fared. But it
seems something untoward, in an agriculturist's lot, to be
threatened in his labour, screwed in his rent, and pressed
by public opinion, for a moderately successful growth in
his produce. Such a result would be turning an apparent
success into a real disaster. The following were the prices
recently quoted at the several places named : W^hite
Mayeune wheat at Paris 51s., red ditto 48s. ; white at
Bordeaux 50s. ; wheat at Courtrai 50s., at Brussels 50s.,
at Antwerp 52s., at Liege 50s. 6d., at Maestrecht 50s. ;
new at Hambro' 50s. c. f. i., at Stettin 44s. f. o. b., at
Cologne for November 44s., at Berlin for October 40s. ;
best new at Danzig 50s., red at Odessa 36s., finest red at
Budapesth 48s. ; soft white at San Francisco 47s. c. f. i. ;
spring red at New York 37s. lOd. per 4801bs.

Monday, the 31st August, not being included in last
month's review, we call it the 1st of the present month
(September). The supply of English Wheat was then
moderate, and so were the foreign arrivals. The show
of fresh samples on the Essex and Kentish stands was
fair, but by no means large. There was therefore no
further decline, but the demand was far from active, at the
previous Monday's rates. The foreign trade had a more
settled appearance, and there was a steady quiet trade at
unaltered rates. Cargoes afloat not being numerous, there
was no change of value to note. Wheat prices in the
country appeared as yet unsettled, but the rates generally

realised were about 2s. per qr. higher thau the quotations
of London. The only change at Liverpool was a decline
of Id. to 2d. per cental on all descriptions of foreign,
excepting red spring American. At Edinburgh and Leith
values were unaltered, but Glasgow noted a'reduction of
Is. perqr. The small business done in wheat at Dublin
was at fully former quotations.

On the second Monday there was an increased supply
of home-growth, and a considerable arrival of foreign,
half being from America and some quantity from Australia.
But the number of fresh samples from the near counties
being limited, a steady trade was noted at the previous
currency for all descriptions of fine English new, there
being scarcely a sample of old. Danzic and all de-
scriptions of foreiga wheat, with the exception
of Southern white, were unaltered in value ; the
latter being over-plentiful, was Is. per qr. lower.
Cargoes afloat not being numerous were unaltered in value.
This week the irregularities of the country wheat trade
were brought more to a level, some that had not fallen so
heavily yielding to necessity, and others rather recover-
ing from the depression so generally felt. But Liver-
pool, as if rebuking the London decline in white wheat,
advanced tor this sort 3d. per cental, with a further rise
of 2d. on Friday. Though Edinburgh was steady as to
wheat, and Leith firmer, Glasgow again gave way 6d.
to Is. per qr. No change was noted at Dublin, either in
English or foreign wheat.

On the third Monday there was rather less English
wheat, and the foreign arrivals fell ofi' to one-third of the
previous week. Again the show of fresh samples from
Kent and Esses was limited, showing more dissatisfac-
tion with London rates. Yet factors did not succeed in
obtaining any increase over the previous values, and sales
were only slow on those terms. There was, however, a
fair foreign demand, especially for good old, at quite the
previous currency. Cargoes afloat not being plentiful,
prices were fully maintained. The country markets this
week were generally steady, but mostly above Lon-
don rates, not being so subject to the influence
of large foreign arrivals. Liverpool oq Tuesday
noted slow sales, and on Friday there was a
decline of Id. to 2d. per cental on foreign. Edinburgh
and Leith noted no change in wheat, but Glasgow this
week recovered, and was Is. dearer. The Dublin trade
evinced signs of revival, being firm for both native and
foreign qualities.

On the fourth Monday, the supply of home-growth
was moderate, and that from abroad considerably reduced.
The show of fresh samples on the Essex and Kentish
stands was larger than of late, though not heavy. Fine
qualities went off steadily at the previous Monday's rates,
but inferior were difficult to place without some reduc-
tion. The foreign trade was quiet, there beiug no dis-
position the part of holders to press sales at any less
money. Floating cargoes were unaltered in value.

The imports into London for four weeks were 28,638
qrs. English, 123,561 qrs. foreign wheat, against 31,130
qrs. English, 188,119 qrs. foreign iu September, 1873.
The London exports were 2,897 qrs., against 24,985 qrs.
in 1873. The imports into the United Kingdom for
four weeks ending 12th September were 3,613,264 cwts.
wheat, 258,897 cwts flour, against 3,439,269 cwts wheat,
325,856 cwts. flour in 1873. The London averages
goaimenced at 53s. 4d., and closed at 483. 9d. The

344

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

general avcrazc opened at 57s. 3i]. and closed at 47s. 2J.,
showing a reduction in four weeks of 10s. Id. per qr.

The flour trade his been dull and deliiiing ever since
24!th August, when tie top price of Town-made samples
was reduced to 47s., Norfolks v ilh dilFieultv bringiug as
much as oSs., and low sorfs 32-*. Hurrels have also
falleu to 2Gs., extra S^ateat New York being only quoted
21s. 7d., and good flour at Paris to 37s. fid. ])er sacdi.

Maize has lately ad vanned 2-;. to 3-i. per qr., not-
withstanding liberal supplies, ])rifes Laving previously
risen in America, and the crop, being a partial failu'-e at
Odessa, lu Hungary, &c., flat American has become
worth 353., and round sorts 37s. per qr., but as grindinsr
barley has been gradually declining we scarcely think
these high rates will last. The imports into London
for four weeks were 72,040 qrs., against 58,840 qrs. in
1873.

Till the month was well advanced the supplies of new
barley were scanty, it being too early for the nialtingc
season. French qualities were the first to appear, and
brought 3Gs. to 40s., but fell subsequently to about 37s.
Our own crop has since been appearing in fair quantities
for the time of year, and has brought 44s. to 483. for
fine sorts. P^neign arrivals having lately been more
liberal in grinding sorts they have been reduced about 2*.
in value, such being procurable at 29s. to 33j. Oher
pig feed being d"ar we scarcely expect much lower rates.
Fine malting .Sialeat Hambro' was quoted as high as 51s.,
cost, freight, a id insurance. The imports into London
for four weeks were 3,424 qrs. British, G6,18'J qr.*.
foreign, again.st 1,743 qrs. British, 8,782 qrs. foreign for
the same period iu 1873.

The malt trade has been very quiet through the mouth,
more especially for old qualities, the new being preferred,
its future value must of course be determined by the
course of fine barley.

The oat trade has fluctuated with the supplies. The
first market being over-charged with a double quantity
rates gave way 6d. to Is. per qr. for sll sorts, but as the
quantities, though still good, every week were lessened
there was a read ion to a similar extent, excepting on the
last Monday, when the abundance about placed the mar-
ket 6d. below its starting price. Fresh 361bs. Russian
sorts closed worth about 25s. 6<1., 381b3. 28^., and 401bs.
30s., and Swei'es in proportion, but the bulk of the sup-
plies has conisted of inferior Russian, and the late long
sitting of Parliament greatly kept up the demand. Tiiis
grain is, therefore, relatively dear, and we fear the general
deficiency of the crop, both here and on the Continent,
will keej) it so all through the season. The imports into
London for fi.ur weeks were 2,741 qrs. English, 160 qrs.
Scotch, 70'l qrs. Irish, 316,737 qrs. foreign, against
2.396 qrs. Englibh, 75 qrs. Irish, 241,203 qrs. foreign in
1873.

The bean trade has been rather against buyers all
through the month, from the very short stocks in the
country and the lightness of the crop, though the quality
has turned out very fine. New harrows have become
worth 47-3. to 48s., and extra fine old to SGs., 'Egyptian
43s. to 443., Italian and French 45s. I\Iaize may be a
check upon any material advance as well as grinding barley,
while Rivett wheat at 43s. may be used for feeding as a
cheaper substitute. The imports into London for four
weeks were 1,292 qrs. English, 7,307 qrs. foreign,
against 1,497 qrs. English, 8,927 qrs. foreign in 1873.

The stock of old peas being limited and the English
supplies hitherto small, this pulse has also rather hardened
in value — say to the extent of Is. per qr. There has
been a large consumption of old white Canadian as horse
food, though as white boilers they have not been in de-
mand ; pig-feeding sorts being sent up sparingly have
also brought the same advance, duns being worth 448. to

453. ; maples have become quite a fancy article from their
scarcity, and whites have readily sold at 46s. Should the
next winter be severe and cause a demand for boilers
they would of course be susceptible of a further advance.
The imports into London for four weeks were 2,424 qrs.
Enelish, 6,390 qrs. foreign, against 2,135 qrs. English,
7,790 qrs. foreign 1873."

Tiie linseed trade, with modiirate receipts, has been
steady and unaltered all through the month. The im-
ports were 25,495 against 27,251 qrs. in 1873.

In cloverseed but little has been passing, stocks being
too limited for speculative purposes, and holders too firm
to induce buyers to come forward. Here the crop is
considered short, in some parts of France it is reckoned
good, but no large transactions have yet taken place, and
])rices were not settled. Winter Tares have been rather
more in demand, at 8s. to 9s. per beshel for fine qualities.

IMPERIAL AVERAGES

For the week ended Sept. 19, 1874.

Wheat 72,6241 qrs. 468. 8d.

Barley 3B,o28i „ 423. 5d.

Oata 5,191| ,, 278. 2d.

COMPARATIVE AVERAGES.

WHEAT.

BARLEY.

OATS.

Years. Qrs. s. d.

Qrs. 8. d.

Qrs. 8.

d.

1870... 91,81U ... 46 6

21,4111 ... 36 4

4,7491 ... 23

9

1371... 9-i.7t2J ... 57 7

6,856i ... 35 6

2,979J ... 23

6

1872... 63 108i ... 58 9

5,665i ... 37 9

3,036j ... 22

6

187:<... 62,693^ .. 61 7

ll,466i ... 45 1

3,094i ... 27

5

1874... 72,5211 __ 4s g

36,02Si ... 42 5

5,191| ... 27

2

LONDON AVERAGES.

Wheat 4,849 qrs. 47s. 6d.

Barley 478 „ 438. 6d.

Oata — ,, —8. Od.

CORN IMPORTED AND EXPORTED

For the week ending Sept. 19.

Imported into
angrd.|8cotrd. Ireland.

Expo
British.

rted.
Foreign

Wheat

Cwts. Cwts.
590199 1 in2.=;o

Cwts.

123397

2120

849i4

Cwt.8.

7608
73
75

120

Cwts.
6706

280410
216578
13514
13201
37739
50975

10500

"30

2892
23299

Rye

Peaa...

Beans

Indian Corn

Buckwheat

7993

Total

1202996

176971

215731

7876

14701

Wheat Flour

Oat Meal

80111

11

2005

91

31231

500

806
239

'"s

2071

Rye Meal

Pea Meal

Ind'n Com Meal

"o

Total

82221
1285220

31234
211205

sno

216231

1053

8929

505

2073

Grand Total..
Malt qrs.

16771

CURRENT PRICES OP BRITISH GRAIN AND FLOOR
IN MARK LANE.

SbUUni^s per Quarter

WHBAT.Essex&Kent, white.. .new 45 fine 50

., ,, red new 43 ,, 46

Norfolk, LinclnBh., and Yorkah., red 42 46

BARLEY 38 to 42, Chevalier 40 48

Grinding 33 35 Distilling 39 42

MALT, pale, new ...73 76 brown .. 66 61

RYE 42 41

OATS, English, feed 20 to 33 Potato — —

8cotch,foed 00

Irish, feed, white 25
Ditto, black 26

BEANS, Mazagan ...43
Harrow 46

PEAS, white, boiler8.45

00 Potato.

30 Fine — —

29 Potato — —

45 Ticks 43 44

50 Pigeon 50 66

48 Maple 45 to 47 Grey 42 44

FLOUR, per Back of 2801b8., best town hoaseholda... 38 47

Beat country households 35 36

Norfolk and Suffolk 30 33

Printed by Watson and Hazell, 265, Strand, London, W.C.

THB

MARK LANE EXPRESS

AND

AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL

IS TUB

LARGEST AND THB LEADING FARMER'S AND GRAZIER'S NEWSPAPER.

PUBLISHED EVERY MONDAY EVENING, IN TIME FOR POST.

Office of Publication and for Advertisements, 265, Strand, London. May be had of all Booksellers and
Newsmen throughout the Kingdom , price Serenpence, or £1 lOs. 4d. oer annum.

IMPORTANT TO FLOCKMASTERS.

rr 1 HOM AS BIGG, Agricultural and Veterinary

_L Chemist, by Appointment to his late Royal Highness
The Prince Consort, K.G., Leicester House, Great Dover
Street, Borough, London, begs to call the attention of
Fai'mers and Graziers to his valuable SHEEP and LAMB
DIPPING COMPOSITION, which requires no Boiling, and
may be used with Warm or Cold Water, for effectually
destroying the Tick, Lice, and all other insects injurious to
the Flock, preventing the alarming attacks of Fly and Shab,
and cleansing and pui-ifying the Skin, thereby greatly im-
proving the Wool, both in quantity and quality, and highly
Contributing to the general health of the animal.

Prepared only by Thomas Bigg, Chemist, ,&c., at his Manu-
factory as above, and sold as loUows, although any other
quantity may be had, if required: —

i lb. for 20 sheep, price, jar included £0 2 0

61b. 30 „ „ „ 0 3 0

81b. 40 „ „ „ 0 4 0

101b. 60 „ „ „ 0 5 0

20 lb. 100 „ „ (Cask and measure 0 10 0
301b. 150 „ „ included) 0 15 0

401b. 200 „ „ , 10 0

601b. 250 „ ., „ 13 6

601b. 300 „ „ „ 17 6

80 lb. 400 ,. „ 1 17 6

1001b. 500 „ „ 2 5 0

Should any Flockmaster prefer boiling the Composition, it
will be equally effective.

MOST IMPORTANT CERTIFICATE.
From Mr. Heeepath, the celebrated Analytical Chemist :—
Bristol Laboratory, Old Park, January 18th, 1861.
Sir,— I have submitted your Sheep Dipping Composition to
analysis, and find that the ingredients are well blenkied, and
the mixture neutral. If it is used according to the directions
given, I feel satisfied, that while it effectually destroys vermin,
it vnll not injure the hair roots (or " yolk") in the skin, the
fleece, or the carcase. I think it deserves the numerous
testimonials published. I am. Sir, yours respectfully,

William Hbbapath, Sen., F.C.S., &c., &C.,
To Mr. Thomas Bigg Professor of Chemistry.

Leicester House, Great i/over-street, Borough, London.

He would also especially call attention to his SPECIFIC,
or LOTION, for the SCAB or SHAB, which will be found
a certain remedy for eradicating that loathsome and ruinous
disorder in Sheep, and which may be safely used in all
climates, and at all seasons of the year, and to all descriptions
of sheep, even ewes in lamb. Price FIVE SHILLINGS per
gallon — sufficient on an average for thirty Sheep (according
to the virulence of the disease) j also in wine quart bottles,

IMPORTANT TESTIMONIAL.
" Scoulton, near Hingham, Norfolk, April 16th, 1855.

"Dear Sir, — In answer to yours ot the 4th inst., which
would have been replied to before this had I been at home, I
have much pleasure in bearing testimony to the efficacy of
your invaluable ' Specific for the cure of Scab in Sheep.' The
600 sheep were all dressed in August last with 84 gallons of
the ' NoN-PoisoNOUS Specific,* that was so highly recom-
mended at the Lincoln Show, and by their own dresser, the
best attention being paid to the flock oy my shepherd after
dressing according to instructions left ; but notwithstanding
the Scab continued getting worse. Being determined to have
the Scab cured if possible, I vsrote to you for a supply of your
Specific, which I received the following day ; and although
the weather was most severe in February during the dressing,
your Specific proved itself an invaluable remedy, for in
three weeks the Sheep were quite cureil ; and I am happy to
say the young lambs are doing remarKably well at present.
In conclusion, I believe it to be the safest and best remedy
now in use. " I remain, dear Sir,

"For JOHN TINGEY, Esq.,

" To Mr. Thomas Bigg. * "R. RENNBY.

UW Flockmasters would be well to beware of such pre-
parations as " Non-poisonous Compositions :" it is only
necessary to appeal to their good common sense and judg-
ment to be thoroughly convinced that no "Non-poisonous"
article can poison or destroy insect vermin, particularly such
as the Tick, Lice, and Scab Parasites — creatures so tenacious
of Ufe. Such advertised preparations must be wholly useless ,
or they are not what they are represented to be.

DIPPING APPARATUS £1*, £5, £i, & £3.

bryant&may's

MATCHES.

LONDON AND COUNTY BANKING COMPANY.

ESTABLISHED 1836.

SUBSCRIBED CAPITAL... £3,000,000, in 60,000 SHAEES of £50 EACH.

PAID-UP CAPITAL... £1,196,880; INSTALMENTS UNPAID, £3,120 (£1,200,000).

RESERVE FUND (paid up) ...£598,440; INSTALMENTS UNPAID, £1,560 (£600,000).

NATHANIEL ALEXANDER, Esq.

T. TYRINGHAM BERNARD, Esq.

THOMAS STOCK COWIE, Esq.

FREDERICK FRANCIS, Esq.

Joint General Managees-
chief inspector.
W. J. NORFOLK, Esq.

DIRECTORS.
FREDERICK HARRISON, Esq.
WM. CHAMPION JONES, Esq.
E. HARBORD LUSHINGTON, Esq
JAMES MORLEr, Esq.
WILLIAM McKEWAN, Esq. and WHITBREAD TOMSON, Esq,
CHIEF ACCOUNTANT. SECRETARY.

JAMES GRAY, Esq. GEORGE GOUGH, Esq,

WILLIAM NICOL, Esq.
A. HODGSON PHILLPOTTS, Esq.
JAMES DUNCAN THOMSON, Esq.
FREDERICK YOULE, Esq.

HEAD OFFICE, 21, LOMBARD STREET.

Manaser— WHITBREAD TOMSON, Esq. | Assistant Manager— WILLIAM HOWARD, Esq.

THE LONDON AND COUNTY BANK opens—

DRAWING ACCOUNTS with Commercial Houses and Private Individuals, either upon the plan usually adopted by
rther Bankers, or by charging a small Commission to those persons to whom it may not be convenient to sustain an agreed
Permanent Balance.

DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS.— Deposit Receipts are issued for sums of Money placed upon these Accoimts, and Interest is
allowed for such periods and at such rates as may be agreed upon, reference being had to the state of the Money Market.

CIRCULAR NOTES AND LETTERS OP CREDIT are issued, payable in the principal Cities and Towns of the Cob -
tincut, in Australia, Canada, India, and China, the United States, and elsewhere.

The Agency of Foreign and Country Banks is undertaken.

The PcBCHASB and Salb of Government and other Stocks, of English or Foreign Shares effected, and Dividends,
Aknditibs, &c , received for Customers of the Bank.

Great faciUties are also afforded to the Customers of the Bank for the receipt of Money ftom the Towns where the Com-
pany has Branches.

The Officers of the Bank are bound not to disclose the transactions of any of its Customers.

By Order of the Directors, WM. MoKEWAN, ") Joint Geneial

WHITBREAD TOMSON, i Managers.

Twenty-seventh Edition.

WABREN'S FABMER'S ACCOUNT BOOK.

PRICES : Folio, for large farms, Ss. ; quarto, for small farms, and for schools where youths are trained for
Agricultural Pursuits, 53. Also, folio, with pages for a weekly instead of a daily account of labour, 78.

Royston : John. Warren. London : Simpkin, Marshall, and Co. ; Whittaker and Co. ; Longman and Co. ; Ridgway.

i

No. 6, Vol. XLVI.] NOVEMBER, 1874. [Third Sbbks.

THE

FARMER'S MAGAZINE,

AND

MONTHLY JOURNAL

OP

THE AGEICULTUEAL INTEEEST.

Sttrfiattti

TO THE

FARMERS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.

LONDON :
PUBLISHED BYROGERSON AND TUXFORD, 265, STRAND.

PRICB TWO SMILLINCS.

WATBOK AHD H4y.M.T.,3 [PBIMTKBS, M6. STBA17D.

THE FAEMEE'S MAGAZINE.

CONTENTS.

NOVEMBER, 1874.

Plat k.— Q UEEN MARY.

Page.

Description of Platk ....... 345

The Winter Session ........ 345

The Agriculture of Denmark. - . . . . . . 346

The 12th Clause . . . . . . . .348

Success to Agriculture ....... 349

Prize Farming ........ 350

Auxiliary Foods. — By the Northern Farmer . . . . .351

Highway Legislation ........ 352

Steam Cultivation ........ 359

Steam Ploughing ........ 360

Farming in Wales ........ 361

North Shropshire Agricultural Society : Meeting at Newport . . . 367

Northallerton Agricultural Society ...... 369

Long Sutton Agricultural Society ...... 370

The Royal and Central Bucks Agricultural Association: Meeting at Aylesbury . 371

The Derbyshire Agricultural Society : Meeting at Derby . . . 374

Ayrshire Farmers' Club: The Relations of Landlord and Tenant . . 377

Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act: Deputation to the Duke of Richmond . 381

Liverpool ......... ?84

Inoculation for Pleuro-Pneumonia in Australia .... 387

Sheep in Australia ........ 389

Emigration in 1873 . . . . . . . .390

Tenant-Right and Labour-Right ...... 390

The Farmer's Interest in the "Re-Adjustmbnt" .... 390

A Landlord's Lecture ....... 392

Tenant-Right. ........ 393

The Farmers' and the Labourers' Interests ..... 397

"The Cow Theory" . . . . . . . , . . 398

Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act ...... 399

The Pleuro-Pneumonia Orders ...... 400

The Contagious Nature of Pleuro-Pneumonia .... 400

Shropshire Chamber of Agriculture ...... 401

Kelso Farmers' Club: Autumn Manuring ..... 403

The East Lothian Farmers' Club : Diseases in Animals . . . 405

Labourers' Unions in the West ...... 408

Northampton to Wit ........ 408

Stock and Sheep Sales ....... 410

Review of the Cattle Trade During the Past Month. . . . 422

Review of the Corn Trade during the Past Month . • . . 423

Market Currencies . . . . • • • . 424

i

t

1
1

i

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

NOVEMBER, 1S74.

PLATE.

QUEEN MAR

A Royal ShortH'jrx IIeifek, tue Pkopertv of the Rev. R

Marnhull, Blandeokd.

Omnes exsuperans rurmA Regina Maria,
Hoc sibi grande decus pulchra juvenca tulit.

Queen Marj', roan, calved July 11, 1872, and bred by
Mr. Kennard, at Marnbull, is by Grand Duke of
Oxford (28763), out of Queen Ann by Lord Stanley 2Qd
(26745), her dam Queen Bertha by Maccaroni (24498)—
Mildred by Duke of Norfolk (17735)— Moss Rose by
Fanatic (17828)— Lily by Lillivick (10421)— Delight by
Nelson (4547)— Dahlia by Milton (8315)— Lily by Merlin
(2302)— by Midas (435)— by Denton (198).

Grand Duke of Oxford (28763), a roan bred by Lord
Braybrooke and calved on May 23rd, 1870, but who
early passed into Mr. Kennard's possession, is by Clara's
Rose (25784), out of Grand Duchess of Oxford by Seventh
Grand Duke (19877), her dam Duchess of Oxford by
Rembrandt (13587)— Duchess Nancy by Jasper (11609)
— Duchess Nancy by Second Duke of Oxford (9046) — by
Second Duke of Northumberland (3646) — by Belvidere
(1706)— by son of Second Hubback (2683)— a cow of
Mr. Bates', of Kirklevington.

Queen Mary is the winner of the following prizes :
In 1873, as a heifer-calf, first prize at the meeting of
the Bath and West of England Society at Plymouth, in
June ; first prize at the meeting of the Royal Counties
Society at Southampton, in June ; first prize, as yearling
heifer,at the Worcestershire Show at Evesham,in August.

Y:
B.

Kennard, of the Rectory,

In 1874, as a yearling heifer, first prize at
the meeting of the Bath and West of England
Society at Bristol, in June ; first prize at the
Essex County Show at Stratford, and the Essex Challenge
Cup of 100 guineas, as the best Shorthorn in the show,
open to the United Kingdom, in June ; first prize at the
meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society at Bedford, in
July ; first prize at the meeting of the Gloucester Agri-
cultural Society at Tewkesbury, and the Gloucester
Challenge Cup of 100 guineas, as the best Shorthorn in
the show, open to the United Kingdom, in July.

We thus wrote of this famous heifer at Bristol :
" Straight and square, with a beautiful coat, and of good
quality. Queen Mary is yet more proraisiog than when
she came out at Plymouth in 1873, when we thus spoke
of her: ' Jlr. Kennard's calf was quite in keeping for
good points with the other winners amongst the Short-
horn females, having touch, hair, and style ; and she was
a long way in advance of the rest of the class.' " At
Bedford, speaking of the champion Shorthorn of the
time, we said there were some well-merited commendations
beyond the prizes in the Shorthorn yearling heifer class,
but these were nowhere near the Regina Maria, which
has already beaten Telemachus, Vivandiere, Victoria
Victrix, Lord Godolphin, and Baroness Conyers ou
their merits.

THE

WINTER

SESSION.

A polite refresher from Piccadilly serves not only to
remind members who wish to see the next Smithtield
show that they should pay up their subscriptions, but,
even further, that Christmas is coming and both town
and country getting back to London. By the last day in
October or the first Monday in November the entries
close for Birmingham and Islington, as some other more
local meetings will reckon up the strength of their classes
much about the same time. The Council of the Smith-
field Club will again decline to receive any animal which
has been exhibited about the country within a month of
its arrival at the Agricultural Hall ; but tlicre is a very
attractive prsvincial tour open to any star who may not
Old SpcRiis.]

care to tread the London boards. Thus, he may open at
Manchester, and shirking the last day at the Pomona
Palace, travel on for a next appearance at Oakham, while
he may w'ind up one week and draw a deal of company
during the next in Birmingham. After a few days' wel-
come rest he shidl turn up again at Leeds, and in due
course get through the labours of a month or so at New-
castle on this side of the Border or in Edinburgh on the
other. ^ eriiy, the life of a prize beast is not all mangel
and cake. During the earlier part of this same period
a number of now concomitant root shows will be held,
such as Sutton's Royal iu Reading, Carter's Royal in
London, King's at Coggeshall, and Webb's at Wordsley ;
Z Vol. LXXVL— N--. 5.

3i6

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE

while on the last day of October the entries will also
close for the Farm Prizes of Somersetshire, as offered by
the Royal Agricultural Society, and extending to no less
than three classes — Hill Farms, Dairy Farms, and other
Farms.

This, however, is somewhat in anticipatiou, for life in
London really begins again witb the discussions of The
Farmers' Club, and the conarideration of a paper by
Mr. James Howard on Our Villages : their Sanitary
Reform. There is certainly a smack of novelty about
this subject, which may afford us a look at the labourer
in another light. The main topic of the Autumn
meetings, the more especially as taken up by the land-
lords, has been the working-man's case, and wearisome
enough has this become ; but as a question of health there
is every opportunity of doing a deal more to develope
an Englishman's love for sweet home. On the Tuesday
the meeting of the Central Chamber of Agricul-
ture will follow ; and on the Wednesday that of the
CouncQ of the Royal Agricultural Society in Hanover-
square, when it is possible that something more may be
heard of the suggestions offered on Bedford race-course,
more particularly perhaps as regards the appointment of
judges.

The Chamber Council has thrown out a series of ques-
tions, which promise to lead to an almost interminable
discussion. They run thus : 1. Is an entire re-organisa-
tion of our road system in England, including the manage-
ment and maintenance of turnpikes and highways de-
sirable ? 2. Is a re-classiScation of all roads needed ?
3. How many different classes of roads should be estab-
lished under a new system ? 4. How should the funds
be raised, and from what sources, for the maintenance of
each class of road ? 5. What should be the constitution
of the governing body of the whole, or of any one class
of roads ? Unlike our villages, our highways are
getting very worn, as apparently commanding less and
less interest. At the meeting of the new Bucks
Chamber in Aylesbury the other day there were not
more than half a dozen people present, even with
two papers read, and no resolution arrived at ; al-
though the opening address from the chairman " had
the help of one of the members of the present Government.
Mr. Sclater Booth." Still, this half-dozen "House" at
Aylesbury was by no means unanimous as to what was
best to be done, no more than the dozen or so which at

the call of the East Suffolk Chamber made up a meeting
at Ipswich. It was here decided by five to four not to
answer the questions put by the Central Chamber, and by
seven to three that " it will be necessary to understand
what will be the tendency of future legislation," or, in
other words, as a rider ran, " what is the opinion of the
Government." This cannot count for much, if the people
with a grievance have no opinion of their own to put
forward. Then, in West Suffolk on Wednesday, nine
versus three decided against the proposal for appointing a
general inspector, half the meeting having apparently gone
away before the business was over ; while at York, on
Thursday a company of just a dozen was very nicely
balanced, sis going for and six against two classes of roads ;
although at Peterborough they ask for three. The
Committee, at least, of the Leicestershire Chamber has
adopted a more decisive course, and the following
replies to the Central circular were put into our hands
during the past week: 1. That it is desirable to re-
organise the system of highway management in so far as
making the Highway Act of 1862 and 1864 compulsory,
and to include the whole management of the turnpikes by
the District Highway Boards. 2. Only so far as implied
by the answers to the first and third questions. 3. Two.
4. As at present for the highway, but all roads that have
been turnpikes should be assisted to the amount of one-
half of the expense of repairs from the Consolidated Funds,
and the other half from the common fund of the highway
district. 5. Highway Boards. It is only right to say
that a leading member of another Chamber objected to
the "system" recommended here so soon as he heard of
it ; but the general meeting in Leicester on Saturday went
very much with the Committee. Whatever may be the
nature of any further answers received, the Central
Chamber should encounter at its next meeting even more
than the ordinary difficulty in framing and carrying
a resolution. The catechism put forth does not so
far seem to have done much to further such an object ;
as the discussions have been attended with con-
tinual divisions, and the meetings ])retty generally
small, tame, and forced. By far the most telling
discussion has been that held at Norwich on Saturday,
when, at the instance of Mr. Sewell Read, another im-
portant demonstration was made in favour of the estab-
lishment of County Boards, as distinguished from
Quarter Sessions' or mere magistrates' business.

THE AGRICULTURE OF DENMARK.

Between Denmark and this country there existed in
early times the most intimate relations, but the causes
which led to the migration of ths people from these
northern latitudes can only faintly be discerned.
The submersion of considerable tracts of land by the
overflow of the waters around the shores of the Baltic,
followed by the distress of the inhabitants, was pro-
bably in operation ; as the same combination of
causes has since driven the Anglo-Saxon race to
people America and Australia. From our Scan-
dinavian ancestors much that is practical, ener-
getic, and good in the English and Scotch character
has been inherited ; and the community of feeling
that ought to subsist between kindred races has
been happily strengthened by the union of the Heir
Apparent to the British throne with one of the
Princesses of Denmark. The existence of steam power
has made one of the most disjointed kingdoms in Europe
the most compact, and the facilities for transporting pro-
duce to London and our manufacturing districts has prac-
tically added another county to England. All the islands

and the towns on the Baltic side of the peninsula have
thereby been connected with each other and with the capital.
Along the northern coast for an extent of nearly three hun-
dred miles, which could not be approached by sailing vessels
of any ordinary size, owing to sand-banks and the want of
harbours, si cam has restored to navigation the only ad-
vantage which the ancient mariners in their small vessels
with sails and oars had over the modern.

The capabilities of the country are essentially agri-
cultural. It has no minerals, no water power, from
the want of running streams, no fuel for steam-power,
no trade or manufactures, except for the supply of
its own agricultural population. In all these respects
the natural capabilities of Denmark stand out in strange
contrast to England. The great progress made every-
where of late years in the science of agriculture has
extended to this country, and its productive resources
continue from year to year to develope. Its corn pro-
duction especially has greatly increased. The prominence
given to the dairy in aU agricultural operations, whether
upon the large or the smallest scale, denote the excess of

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

347

grain beyond the waats of the iohabitauts. The large
dairy farms aud baronial estates are almost confined to
the coast-side land along the Baltic, and the rest of the
country is in the hands of small proprietors. Here we
find that the tendency to the division of land into por-
tions too small to afford the owner a civilised subsistence
is counteracted by causes which do not exist in France and
Belgium. There are certain natural seasons in operation :
the shortness of the spring season prevents spade hus-
bandry ; the want of any building material that is cheap
and on the spot, and the severity of the winter requiring
substantial houses for all kinds of stock and crops. The
fuel also, peat, although cheaper than >?6od, costs some-
thing, and a piece of land without a peat moss, or a privi-
lege in a moss, would be untenable if it were too small
to yield any but a bare subsistence. Amongst even the
lowest of the labouring classes, the high standard of
education induces a higli standard of living as regards
food and lodging ; the tendency therefore of the peasantry
is to augment, not to divide and diminish their land ; and
it is not at all an uncommon thing for them to club
together and purchase crown lands or other estates, and
then divide the property amongst themselves according
to their share in the purchase.

Agriculture and cattle rearing are the chief pursuit and
staple wealth of the country, and whilst the productive
power of the land has extended, the principal market for
the agricultural produce is Great Britain, other countries
receiving but little in comparison with ourselves. The
yearly average export of corn for British account may be
calculated at about 1,319,000 imperial quarters, or nearly
the whole of the surplus cereal harvest ; of this quan-
tity about half is barley, which is much liked in
England for malting purposes. Danish butter also com-
mands a good price in the English and Scotch markets,
especially the latter, for the Leith market prices dc])end
much on the supplies from Denmark. The produce of
agriculture in 1872 was greater than in any preceding
year. The export of corn, of which the largest propor-
tion consisted of barley, amounted to 3,691,730 tonder,
or 1,000,000 more than the average shipments of the
foregoing seven years. The export of flour showed also
an increase of -52,000 barrels. The export of horned
cattle was very great ; it amounted to 45,984 he id,
against 37,086 in" 1864-71. Sheep to the number of
17,313 were exported, which is about three times above
the average of the same period. The fattening and
rearing of pigs had increased, and the numbers exported
were 111,637, compared with the annual average of only
25,843. In 1872 there were 101,234 barrels of butter
exported, compared with an average export of 47,360
barrels. The net value of the agricultural produce
amounted to 51,250,000 rix-doUars, whilst the average
value of the previous seven years amounted to 23,000,000
rix-dollars, which shows an increase of 18,250,000 rix-
dollars. Of the total amount, 271 millions of rix- dollars
is obtained from the export of cereals, which had increased
by 8,500,000 rix-dollars, and 23 t^ millions of rix-dollars
from the export of cattle and their produce, which had
increased more than 10,000,000. Of the latter amount
8,000,000 relates to the export of butter, 6,500,000 to
that of horned cattle, more than 3| millions of pounds
to that of pigs, 2,500,000 to horses, and 2,500,000 to
pork and butchers' meat.

The efforts of the Danish agriculturist have hitherto been
chiefly directed to the cultivation of corn and cattle rear-
ing, but at present the tendency is to decrease their cereal
and increase their dairy produce and live stock, as being
likely to yield a steady return. The potato has been
grown chiefly for home consumption and for cattle fodder,
and the frequent appearance of the disease has led the
Danes to depend less upon it than other agricultural pro-

duce ; the yearly sowings arc about 400,000 barrels.
Considerable quantities of rapeseed are pressed for oil
and the cake used for cattle-feeding, but as it is in this
climate a diflicult plant to rear aud often fails, no effort
is made to extend its cultivation. Linseed, hemp, and
hops are grown to some extent ; but their quantities are
unimportant. Cattle-breeding is greatly improved, and
more importance is now attached to the increase of good
stocks, both from native and foreign breeds. The fodder
question had also occupied the attention of the agricul-
turist, and the import of oilcake is increasing ; during
the year 1864-5 7,500,000 lbs. above the import were
exported, whereas during 1872 6,000,000 lbs. oilcake
above the export were imported. The result has shown
itself in the increase of the export of cattle,
pigs and butter. In dairy produce much im-
provement had also been made, the cold-
water method gaining ground. A dairy with the accessory
of ice had been successfully constructed, being the first of
its kind introduced into the country. The production of
butter in sealed tins for Transatlantic consumption has
been^largely taken up. Danish butter has even found its
way to the Egyptian markets. The use of artificial
manure lias also increased : 12,500,000 lbs. were imported
in 1872 against 8f millions of pounds in 1871, and
that of natural manure increased from 14,000,000 to
21,000,000 lbs. in the latter year.

The conclusion to be drawn from all these facts is that
very remarkable activity is noticeable in the agricultural
operations of the little kingdom of Denmark ; whilst the
increased facilities for communication by land and w. ter
has naturally increased the value of all Danish produce.
The port of Aarhuus has become the chief place of export
for cattle and agricultural produce to Great Britain. In
1865, after the cessation of the war with Germany, there
arose a desire among the merchants at the capital and
throughout Jutland to export the agricultural produce of
the province and its live stock direct to England, on a
larger scale than had hitherto been practised, the greater
portion of this tratlic having, previous to the war, been
effected through Hamburg aud other Holstein ports. The
English shipowners were induced to run some of their
steamers, and a direct communication with Great Britain
was commenced both by steam and sailing vessels. Since
then the number employed has somewhat decreased, owing
to the Danes themselves having taken a shnre in this
carrying traffic. The trade itself has, however, continued to
increase ; next to Copenhagen Aarhuus carries on the largest
commerce with Great Britain.

THE MODERN MARIUS.— On the face of it Mr. Clare
Read was appropriately placed as Secretary to tlie Local
Government Board, or no doubt he must have been born a poor-
law guardian. Somehow, after he was in office, he seemed to
have a pensive — nay, lugubrious — look, and he accounted for
this in a speech to his constituents a few days since. It scerns
that he likes oiticial duties well enough, but even in regard to
them his expression was not hearty, whereas he uttered a
melancholy jeremiad on what may be called his corporate
Ministerial duties. He is sorely tried by those functions of
subordinate ofticials which are more imperative than those of
their immediate ofiices — namely, those of making a house and
keeping a house from four o'clock one day to any hour the next
morning. Certainly, sometimes when be has hren sitting on
the Treasury bench deep in the small hours liis attitude and
demeanour and expression of face were somehow suggestive of
Marius amidst the ruins of Cartilage. No doubt he hns often
iieard " bright chanticleer proclaim the morn" with pleasure,
but then he had not to sit up all night to meet the cheerful
bird. He is a representative man in the Administration, and
it is to be hoped that he will be able to mould himself to the
discomforts which he deplore?, — The Illnstrated News.

z 2

348

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE,

THE 12th clause.

There can be no question but that the farmers as a
body have long since ceased to take much interest in the
new Parliament. They lost heart, for they felt they
had been thrown over ; as perhaps the best evidence of
this has been the tone of indifference which has pretty
generally characterised the autumn gatherings — " their
tameness is shocking to see." As the Session passed
away the agriculturist only saw day by day more clearly
how remote was the chance of his ever having a hearing.
And yet this is all his own fault, as he has just been
coolly told by a large landed proprietor at a meeting in
Nottinghamshire — " the farmers now had more power
than the landlords ; the present Parliament, so far as the
county constituencies went, was elected under the ballot,
and it was really the tenant farmers who had made the
opposition to the 12th clause of the Tenant-Right Bill so
strong." This is tolerably plain speaking ; and hence-
forth, if the farmer should ever think it worth while to
grumble again about no attention being paid to his case,
he may expect to hear in answer from some sympathising
landlord how " he did it himself — he voted by ballot —
why did he not vote for somebody who would do what he
wanted ?" And Mr. NevOe, the Nottinghamshire land-
lord, said so much aneut Mr. Sewell Read's declaration
that " there were not twenty men in the House of Com-
mons who would pass the 12th clause." And as Mr.
Nevile quoted Mr. Read no further, such a statement
standing alone sounds sufficiently alarming ; but in com-
mon fairness Mr. Nevile should have gone on to show
that Mr. Read himself is one of this miserable minority,
as he " would not cross a room to support any measure
from which the 12th clause was struck out." Thus, ]\Ir.
Nevile and Mr. Read are as directly at issue over this
business, when their relative positions are looked to, as it
is possible for any two men to be.

Mr. Nevile, indeed, some time since delivered
himself of a lengthy address, the text of which
was Freedom of Contract ; just as Lord Fortescue
at Exeter, on only Friday last, was " opposed to
legislative interference in this matter. It was very
undesirable indeed, where it could be helped, to interfere
with the discretion of adults, who ought to look after
their own interests. Prima facie all interference with
liberty of contract and agreement was in itself an evil
which required to be countei'balanced by some very clear
and decided advantage. Such interference with the
liberty of the subject had a debilitating influence on the
character of the people who were thus held in leading-
strings," and so on. As has been shown over and over again,
the Legislature is continually interfering with freedom of
contract, as the phrase goes, and dictating with every
advantage the terms upon which the strong man shall
deal with the weak, the employer with the employed, the
master with the ajjprentice, the buyer with the seller. As
to the imperative necessity under the altered circumstances
of agriculture for some improvement in the relations
between the owners and occupiers of land, it is only to be
hoped that for the sake of the public Lord Fortescue
and Mr. Nevile are prepared to admit so much ; while
as to such interference here conducing to auy moral
debility amongst the people whose interests are thus pro-
tected, we must hold to precisely the contrary proposition.
When some years since The Farmers' Club strung toge-
ther a series of reasous for making the Tenant-Right
principle general in its action, it declared emphatically
that " uncertainty impedes energy, and justice made sub-
servient to caprice is no justice at all, as it assumes the

power of might rather than the claim of right." And
without the 12th clause justice will still be dependent on
caprice or something worse. The Devonshire Chamber
of Agriculture passed a resolution much in accordance
with Lord Fortescue's views — viz., that the landowner
should be answerable for compensation or not, just as he
pleased to rule it ; and in the same week at a meeting of
the Devon and Cornwall Chamber of Agriculture, the
following proposal was unanimously adopted : " That
the present position of agriculture and the general
welfare of the country require early legislation
respecting the tenure and occupation of land. That
legislation for the purpose of protecting the landlord's
property and the tenant's capital should be compulsory
excepting in cases where they are mutually and fully
protected by lease or agreement." This is about the
most straightforward demonstration made for a
long day, representing as it really does the opinions of
the farmers themselves, when uninfluenced by others.
And it is for this the farmers and their friends — if they
have any — toust harden their hearts to go ; for as Mr.
Snell, who moved the resolution, said, " a permissive
bill would not be worth the paper it was printed on,
but be a snare, a mockery, and a delusion." Just as
Mr. John Fowler said under the Chiltern hills on AVed-
nesday, " without the 12tb clause being carried any bill
which Government might bring forward on the question
would be utterly useless and of not the least benefit
to the tenant-farmer ; " or as Mr. Sewell Read
puts it, " not worth crossing a room to support."
But already the farmers do not quite stand alone,
for at Retford Mr. Foljambe, the chairman of the
meeting, a large landowner in the county, and, moreover,
a member of the House of Commons, declared in oppo-
sition to Mr. Neville, that "he disliked permissive
bills, and he thought that any measure should apply lo
all alike, and be equally binding on all. To take any
other course would be unfair." With this before him
Mr. Read may begin to count his minority over again.

We said in the outset that the farmers have lost heart
and have no faith in the new Parliament ; but Mr. Read
now explains how he has been, if not openly, still quietly
furthering the interests of agriculture by " losing no
opportunity of insisting that compensation to tenants for
unexhausted improvements ought to be embraced in a
measure next session." But Mr. Read says more than
this, and on Friday, just when Lord Fortescue and the
Devonshire Chamber were fiddling over freedom of con-
tract, Mr. Sewell Reid, as something of a corollary on
what he himself had been trying to do while in office,
told his constituents in Norfolk that " Her Majesty's
Government is quite prepared to do justice to the tenant-
farmers of England." Coming from such a quarter these
are memorable words, aftbrding the promise they do that
the tenant-farmer member may still be able to fulfil his
mission ; although it is already sufficiently palpable that
the principle of the 12th clause will be his great difficulty.

THE LATE MR. SAMUEL DRUCE.— At the general
raeetin? of the Oxfordshire Agricultural Society the president.
Lord Jersey, proposed the following resolution, which was
carried unanimously : "That the Society expresses its deep re-
gret at the loss by death during the past year of Mr. Samuel
Druce, wlio had long been an active member and exhibitor, and
begs to offer its sincere condolence to ^Mrs. Druce ou the be-
reavement she has sustained."

THE FAKMER'S MAGAZINE.

349

SUCCESS TO AGRICULTURE.

Success to Agriculture ! The noble chairman
or some honourable gentleman has of late been giving this
nearly all over the country as one of the toasts of the
evening. Not, however, that much has often come of it.
The interests of all are identical, and the best thing to do
will be to go on pretty much as we have been, relying on
and encouraging the mutual good feeling between land-
lord and tenant and tenant and labourer. Thus, at
Braxted the other day Colonel Brise declared " the
three must sink or swim together ;" and, further, that it
would never do for the farmers to go and complain how
" in the present state of fai-ming we only get a very pre-
carious livelihood." But here is one of the most awk vard
facts of the present state, or of going on as we Lave gone.
If agriculture is to advance, under the present state of
things the enterprising tenant is in a most precarious
condition, as there is no other word for it than that which
Colonel Brise employs. If he spends his money freely,
often enough, perhaps, in doing that which was more
a duty of the owner than of the occupier, the farmer does
list know whether he shall have the time or the right to
see his own again. And yet an agricultural member
would not be inclined to make any alteration in this
present state of farming. For two reasons Colonel
Brise would certainly not support any measure which
would enable owners and heirs to entailed estates to raise
money for farming : " In the lirst place I have much too
great respect for the British farmer — I look upon him as
the backbone of the country ; and, in the second place, I
have too much sympathy with owners and heirs of entailed
estates ; and, moreover, I am quite sure that if they
ventured their money on farming the heirs would
never see anything of it again." These two reasons
are virtually one, the assumption being that if a land-
owner raised money for improving, that is, for putting
his estate in a better condition for cultivation, he must
take to farming it himself. This is, so far as we remem-
ber, the first time we ever knew the question put in such
a way, as it is certain!}' not the general opinion of what
should be sought or follow from any amendment in the
law of entail. If the owner were permitted to grant
more and do more, this privilege would naturally prove
mutually advantageous to himself and his tenants, as they
would make more of the property, and he in due course
have a better rent-roll. Or, if we even confine any better
state of things to that which would atfect only the land-
lord himself, we may say with a Hereford correspondent
of last week, " I never go into Radnorshire without
thinking that a Landlord-Right is as much wanted as a
Teuant-Right. The sides of the hills that are too steep
to cultivate would carry larch trees to an enormous
amount ; but how can limited owners go to the expense
of planting them when they would all go to the heir-at-
law ?" Will Colonel Brise ponder over this query ? that
is, if he should not have so strong a sympathy with owners
and heirs of entailed estates as to prevent him, as a
member of the House of Commons, supporting any mea-
sure which would give these gentlemen larger incomes.

Success to Agriculture ! " The interest of the
tenant was bound up in that of the landlord." This is not
very definite, although liberally interpreted it may perhaps
be made to stand good for Tenant-Right,the adjustment of
the Game evil, and so forth. But just when Colonel Brise
was saying so much in Esses a tenant, who was leaving
his occupation in the neighbouring county of Suffolk, said

at his sale luncheon, distinguishing the employer's and
the labourers' interest from that of the landlord, how
" They all knew very well that if a thousand acres were
cultivated by one man, he would employ more labour
than six men farming the same extent of land. There-
fore, it was to the capitalist that the labourer would have
to look for the improvement of his condition ; and he did
not think the labourers would get that improvement unless
they got some one to represent them in Parliament who
would give them a just Tenant-Right Bill. He did not
leave the farm with the slightest amount of regret. He
had only been there six years it is true, but they had been
six years of annoyance, because he had not been able to
get on well with his landlord. He went on four or five
years and put up with a very great deal ; at last his landlord
so grossly insulted him that he told him it would be best
for them to cease their relationship as landlord and
tenant. If he had been in the position of some tenants
he should have had to leave the farm at a very great
sacrifice, but his professional ability enabled him to take
care of himself, and he had done it." Somehow or other
this does not run very well with that identity of interest
and mutual good feeling of which we hear so much as
touching on the toast of the evening.

Success to Agriculture 1 At this same Braxted
dinner, where they talked about everything in a mild
pleasant sort of way, from Mr. Mechi and his balance-
sheet to compulsory education, another county member,
Mr. Round, spoke to the great satisfaction with which
every occupier and householder would regard what the
present Government had done over local taxation. Mr.
Round says nothing as to the landlord's satisfaction,
althougti many people are apt to' regard the movement
over local taxation as far more a landlord's business than
that of an occupier, being, as it is, mainly a matter of
adjustment between rates and rent. Still, if ISIr. Round
be really in earnest as to what the occupier, or, in other
words, the farmer, is to gather from this pet movement
ou tlie part of the County Party, he would do well to
study this extract from a letter in The Bdllsbiiri/ Journal
on the " unequal incidence," as the honourable gentleman
himself phrases it, between the taxation of landlord and
tenant : " Let a calculation, in round figures, be made of
the comparative taxation of the tenant and of the landlord
respectively, on the devolution of properties from, say,
parent to child, on the death of the former. In regard to
the tenant-farmer's stock there would be on intestacy
£75 odministration and £25 legacy duty — /. <?., £100 to
be immediately provided, or at the rate of £4 per cent.
In regard to the estate, succession duty, payable only by
half-yearly instalments of about £6 for eight half-years,
commencing one year after the right of the successor to
possession, making a total of about £48, or at the rate of
something like nine shillings and sixpence per cent.; as-
suming the succession to devolve on the average of the
four ages of 25, 35, 45, and 55, at which the estate would
be respectively valued as an annuity worth 17, 10, 14,
and 11 years' purchase, giving an average of 14| years'
purchase, say £4,857, on which, at one per cent., the
duty is, say, £48 10s. These ages are merely given as
being those at which a succession might be fairly assumed
as most likely to take place. Here, then, we have tenant-
farmers taxed ou their stock devolving from parent to
child in case of intestacy, at about double for property
worth one-quarter, or, in short, at about eight times the
rate per cent, charged to the landowner." And so forth.
Of course something of this has been heard of before ; but

350

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

as it seems to us, if the agitation over local taxation be
really auvthing more than a lanJlords' cry, the " unequal
incidence" between the two classes should be amongst the

lirst things looked into, more espeL-iuUy ;is the injustice
could be remedied at little iacouvenience. If people will
talk farmers' politics they should talk them out.

PRIZE

FARMING.

Seldom is it that the caricaturist points his pencil at
the pursuits of agriculture ; or, if so, his aim is still, as
ofteu as not, taken after the good old fliut-aad-steel
fashion : a stout gentleman in a superfine blue coat, white
cords, and top-boots, is sketched as the British farmer of
'seventy-four going about his business. Whereas we
have got far beyond any such an era in the annals of the
art, and were we called on to suggest a subject it might
be something of this kind : a stranger in a hack-fly come
to a stand-still on a bad wooly road, by the side of a
gate-way wanting a post, and with a rough, untrimmed
hedge blocldng out the view. In his difficulty the visitor
asks of an intelligent youth whether they are going right
for the prize faim? "Why this oe the ll'yal prize
farm," replies the crow-keeper ; " you jist stan' up in
your carriage and you can see it — theere, where that 'ere
broken-backed hay-rick be blazing away like fun ! " A
print of this pattern would sell, say in Bedfordshire, or
it might very fitly appear as an illustration to the next
number of "the lloyal Agricultural Society's Journal.
Prize-farming, in fact, is fast becoming the feature of the
day, as no movement promists to be more serviceable,
especially when the awards are accompanied by full and
able reports ; and no r65)ort will be looked to with more
interest than that in which the Bedfordshire judges will
show the grounds upon which they arrived at their con-
clusions. There are people who have maintained from
the first that these decisions were based upon wrong
principles ; that the views taken of what really prize
farming should be at this time of day w-ere narrow and
small ; that it is not the man who can hold the most
corn who is doing the best by the land, and so forth —
points which no doubt the judges will take up in turn,
and so soothedown the dismay of that Wednesday morning's
deputation as they bumped over the roads, admired the
blooming thistles, and scented from afar off the heated
haystack.

There has lately been issued a report on the
prize-farming of the Banffshire Agricultural Society — a
report which for fidelity is something of a photograph,
or, perhaps more properly, an inventory. The home-
steads are entered with all the minutiae of a sale catalogue,
and every operation on the farm is as carefully posted
up ; there is not much criticism attempted or comparison
drawn, but a deal of information is conveyed on the
authority of an official investigation as to the best
systems of farming in a very adventurous part of Scot-
land. Turning to another remote part of the United
Kingdom we have in this day's nuuwer got together a
deal of talk on the farming of Wales, headed as this is
by a report on the prize-farms of Denbighshire and
Flintshire. And the inspector, as the single judge is
termed, has done his work well ; for brief though as is
the story of his travels, it abounds with useful matter in
the way of information and example. Thus, on a model
Welsh farm, house-feeding is very largely followed ; no
hay or straw is sold ; all field work, either by horses or
hand, is done by piece, as a bonus is given for rearing lambs
and poultry. And here the inspector intervenes with an
emphatic commentary : " This system is worthy of more
thought from farmers than it yet obtains. AVherever it
can be applied it must be the fairest way of rewarding
skill and industry in the labourer, and of stim\ilating and
sustaining him in his efforts to rise both socially and

morally, and by adopting it the farmer must get equal
value in labour for his wages, and have his work done
more quickly and equally well, with proper supervision.
Major Hughes says the ])laa v.orks admirably." Here,
again, is something of what the small farmers in Wales
are doing, as testified by Mr. Rigby : " One has eradicated
1,850 yards of old fences on a farm of 2?? acres, and
has reclaimed upwards of five acres of land by grubbing
up tree-roots and filling up ditches, and has planted G28
yards of new fences. Another, on a farm of 200 acres,
has done even more work of a similar character, and has
also made a new road of considerable length, re-formed
a stackyard at great cost to reduce labour, built a
stone wall 100 yards long, and expended a considerable
sum on improvement of farm-house. A third has gutted
his farm of all its old fences, re-formed its fields into
the most suitable size for convenience by planting nearly
6| miles of new fences, his landlord giving quicks and
providing substantial rail fences for their protection."
They have trimmed their fences, made new roads, improved
the farm-houses, and reformed the stack-yards. Why these
same small Welsh farmers, though they did not win
prizes, might fairly oifer example to the crack farmers of
Bedfordshire, provided only that they took care to make
the stack-yards fire-proof. Then, they have good imple-
ments, have planted steam engines, use artificials, and
" one of the best fields of wheat I have seen this year."
Bravo, Cymro ! But at Ruthin the prize agreement
scarcely runs up to this form — as for some reason or other
a prize agreement is seldom worlh much— and this is
studded with such big blots as a six-month's notice, a
clause compelling the tenant to do so many days' carting
for his landlord in proportion to the rent paid, and other
such obsolete enactments, which no judge should pass in
a prize paper.

Turning again to the North we give the inspectors'
report as just published, on the prize farming of West-
moreland and Kendal, wherein the judges boldly
declare that some " enterprising and industrious tenants
appear to receive tco little encouragement from their
landlords, and had at their own cost effected what are
really landlord's improvements." They speak further
to the excellence of tlie permanent grass land ; and, on
the other side, of their " surprise at finding in various
parts of the district considerable tracts of wet boggy
land still unreclaimed, but which by drainage and judi-
cious dressing might be turned at comparatively little
cost into valuable stock-rearing land." On only the
day previous to the date of this report Mr. Roths-
child referred at Aylesbury to " the loose
statements about waste lands," and how " these waste
lands were said to be held by the landlords and kept out
of cultivation for their own purposes." At any rate
there is clearly a deal of waste land in Westmoreland ;
while a nobleman has just become the tenant of a farm
of between two and three thousand acres in Suffolk —
not exactly waste land, entirely for his " own
purposes" — that is, the preservation of game. By the
way, the award of some prizes for farms has been made
during the week in that same game-ridden county of
Suffolk, but no report was presented, and the conditions
are objectionable, as a man must win three times
over before he can receive any tangible reward. Under
such a system as this the thing would soon wear itself

THE FARMER'Cs MAGAZINE.

!:.!

out; whereas, with haiidsonie premiums readily paid 1 Ihaa the principle of prize-farmiug, which, if uot iiitro-
ovcr, there is nothiug promises to work better or to do diiced, has been brought so i)rominently into notice by
more to spread information and advance agriculture j the Royal Agricultural Society.

AUXILIARY

FOODS.

By the Northerx Farmer.

No. I.

The word auxiliary, when used in reference to food for
live stock, is a most comprehensive term, c.-nbracing, as
it does, first of all, a considerable variety of crops grown
on the farm, and for the most part highly forced, so as to
secure as large a quantity as possible of rich succulent
food; thus aiding the pastures and enabling the farmer
0 keep a heavy stock of animals, and yet have au exten-
sive breadth of coru every year. Under au enlightened
nnd liberal system of husbandry, such crops are not per-
:uitted to interfere with the tixed course of croppiog
carried out on the farm, but are grown wholly during the
period which elapses from the clearing of the corn crops
»u autumn and the preparatory operations for turaip-
oowiug in the ensuing spring and early summer. By
liberal treatment in the application of stimulating manures,
d vigorous g.'owth is induced, and an enormous quantity
of food is obtained from laud which would otherwise have
been fallow. The plants being cut in any case,before seediog,
the resources of the soil are not in the slightest degree im-
paired, and the standard crop of the rotation which
succeeds as the land is cleared is actually benefited, if the
cultural operations have been carefully attended to.
Crops thus grown are strictly supplementary, and are prin-
cipally used in the house for a morning and evening feed ;
as, for instance, with dairy stock, iu sheds or yards with
store cattle, or simply thrown on the pastures, to be con-
sumed by the general stock of the farm. Food used in
this way tends largely to forward the interests aud
material prosperity of the farmer, his animals being
improved iu condition and amount of produce, his fields
are continually top-dressed with substantial manure, and
the home supply of the latter becomes after a few years so
abundant as in a great measure to preclude the necessity
of purchasing bulky manures, the mere saving in the
expense of carriage being an item well worth looking after.
The latter becomes distinctly noticeable in about five
years if auxiliary crops have been extensively and regu-
larly grown, and every known method of fertilising the
soil persisted in during that time. It is of course
premised that the farmer possesses sufficient capital for \
the extent of his holding, and that he has the spirit to :
spend it, and is protected by liberal covenants i
in so doing, either of these qualifications '
absent, the most absorbing enthusiasm, combined with
the most slavish industry on his part, will fail to command ^
success. In the catalogue of auxiliary foods available to
the farmer, there is also included a large number of
feeding substances in a concentrated form, consisting
principally of oleaginous cakes, specially manufactured for
stock-feeding purposes, immense quantities of the
various kinds being imported ready for use, the
seeds also being imported aud crushed in England.
Thus the farmer may purchase Canadian cake, as
manufactured in Canada, and shipped to this country
leady for distribution to the consumer. East Indian
iinseed-cake is another well-known designation ; this cake
not however, as its name might seem to imply, being
iTiported in the form it reaches the farmer, the seeds only
coming direct from the country of their growth, aud
afterwards manufactured in the United States, England,
and several other countries. Decorticated cotton-cake,

another excellent feeding substance, is solely prepared iu
New Orleans, aud largely imported into Great Hritain of
late years, while the undecorticated is made in England
from American, Egyptian, and Indian seeds. The whole
of these substances, which at the present day exercise
such an all-important influcace on the prosperity of
cattle-feeders, and which are brought into this country iu
uch immense quantities, very seldom reach the farmer
direct from the importer, but mostly through the local
cake and manure merchant, these branches of business
being usually combined. The cattle-feeder, though thus
taxed with an intermediate profit, is, nevertheless, greatly
benefited, as he is enabled to get his cake in quantities to
suit hij requirements at regular intervals throughout the
season, and so have it always fresh, a point of some im-
portance w ith such an expensive article, as it is highly
susceptible of injury by exposure to damp, and in large
quantities requires considerable space for storage. Large
consumers, who can calculate pretty closely to the quantity
they will require throughout the season, have it in their
power to cut the intermediate profit very low indeed, as
the merchant will be only too glad to have the
orders of kis clients placed early, so that he may
secure himself aud be able at the proper sea-
sou to contract with the importer or manufacturer
for a full supply. By this arrangement all parties are
largely benefited — the shipper, the wholesale merchant,
and consumer, and all knowing what they are about, can
carry on their business with a feeling of confidence and
security which no ordinary fluctuation in the value of
feeding- stuffs is able to disturb. Of course such a com-
prehensive arrangement, in which important interests and
large sums of money are involved, can only be carried out
by the almost unanimous consent of the farmers them-
selves, all the other parties being simply engaged in
supplying their wants, carrying out their iustruetions, and
receiving their cash. As an inducement to give an early
estimate of the amount of cake feeders are likely to require,
it will be invariably found that the dealer will cut his profit
on the transaction down to the lowest possible point at which
it is worth while to place the order on his books, contract-
ing for the entire season, and offering every accoinmoda-
dation necessary in the way of storage, aud delivery in
convenient quantities at stated periods. These remarks
are not by any means merely theoretical, but are based
on the commercial transactions of no more distant
period than the past feeding season, during which time
many agriculturists who are large consumers lost con-
siderable sums of money by omitting to contract for a
full supply of cake at the commeucement of the season,
when it was as low in price as could reasonably be ex-
pected. In the single instance of cotton-seed cake, one
of the most useful and generally popular feeding-stuffs of
the present day, arise as sudden as unexpected took place
in the very middle of the season, when it could scarcely
either be done without or economised, without excessive
inconveuieuce. The increase iu price under the most
favourable couditions was oue-fourth, rising occasionally
to one-half, when stocks became low, and from various
causes were difllcult to replace. The position of those
who had the forethought to contract contrasted most

352

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

favourably with tliat of others who merely took chance,
iilihough their necessities vere quite as uru;eat, as they
r.ot only had to pay from 25 to 50 per cent, extra for
the cake they used, but had actually to wait until those
were served who were getting it on much lower terms.
The time is now uear at hand when cike will be required
most probably in very large quantity, to supplement
what, even under the most favourable conditious as to
weather for the remainder of the growing season, can
only be but a moderate root-crop, and purchasers, profit-
ing by the experieucc of the past wiuter and spring, will
do well to make early arrangements for a continuous
supply throughout the season, ou as moderate terms as

tic lone of the market for the time bjing will permit,
adding always the cost of carriage, an item the co isumer
can never get rid of under whatever name it may be
disguised. No difHculty ne;d be ever experience 1 iu
arranging this highly important business-matter satisfac-
torily, as in every district reipeitable mcrchauls, able
ana willing to carry out their engagements, no matter
what turn the markets may take, will be found eiger to
'.oi"])Cte with each other, voluntarily otferiug a guaranteel
article at the lowest possible cash price at which it cau
be suijplied. A continuous supply at a fixed price being
thus secured for the season, the extensive feeder is saved
a vast amount of inconvenience and pecuniary loss.

HIGHWAY LEGISLATION.

At the Norfolk Chamber of Agriculture's Meeting,
in Norwich, a resolution to the following etlect was proposed:
" That in any future alteration in the nianagenu-int of liigli-
ways it is expedient that a county committee should decide
which roads should be coniili/ roads, and that the expense of
the maintenance of these should be mainly borne by the county
rate."

Mr. C. S. Head, M. P., speaking in support of the resolu-
tion, said it would be quite possible for a committee or the
county authority to say wiiich were the roads used by the
general public and had thoroughfare tratHc as to entitle them
to have a certain portion of the expense of maintenance borne
by the county rate. It would be of the greatest advantage to
the public, and to the various districts through which tlioniugii-
fare roads pass, to have those roads kept in good repair. What
few turnpike debts there were now were trilling, but they must
be got rid of somehow. The bondholders he believed received
very little, and consequently their property must be worth little.
At the same time they must be appraised, and the amount paid
by somebody, lie did not suppose that any proposal to pay
otf the debt out of the Consolidated Fund would ever be
carried into effect ; but if they were taken over as county
roads a portion of the money would have to be paid
by the county and the tolls abulished. No doubt in some
parishes the hardship was greater than iu others. Where
there were two large and populous towns with a great deal of
through traffic which rai roads would never entirely divert,
there the roads were frequently in a bad state; and certainly
the expense put upon the parish «as altogether dispropor-
tionate to the benefit derived. What beuelit did a parish
derive from having a turnpike road running through it douljle
the width required for iis local trallie, and certainly main-
tained as hitiierto managed at double the expense of the
ordinary roads of the country ? The old systeai of tolls was
really about the light one, namely, that those who used the
roads should ])ay for them ; but then it was very ineonveuient,
and consequently unpopular to be stopped on a cold morning
to get out threepence, and it was even much more disagreeable
on a dark night. But as it appeared to be the
opinion of Parliament that turnpikes should be done away
with, then came the question, llow were the roads to be kept
in the best pos>ible repair ? He saw no other way of doing it
80 economically and so well as by the course suggested in the
resolution, lie had been glad to hear the mover (Mr. K. T.
Gurdon) say he was in favour of county boards, lie did not
think they would ever get any real reform iu or improvement
of the system of local taxation unless they had good county
boards — boards altogether apirt from the quarter sessions, for
he had no wish that they should interfere with the luuctions
of the magistrates. There would be plenty left for the
magistrates to (o. They would have to admluister
justice, manage the gaols, and have charge of the
police, half the cost of which was now paid ly
the Government. The county boards n,ii;lit manage
matters relating to bridges, lunatics, weights and measures,
they raight have jurisdiction under the Health Act, and of
course they would under the Contagious Diseases (Animals)
Act, and why should they not have a few roads to look after ?
He hoped that though some might be a little bitten by any
alteration they would allow the resolution to pass.
The resolution haviug been carried by 25 to 5, another

motion was made as follows : "That the rest of the highways
should con'inue to be managed by parochial surveyors, power
being coulerrcd upon some county otlicial to enforce the proper
maintenance of the roads wheu the parish neglects to repair
them."

Mr. C. S. Head also advocated this resolution, saying that
the Highway Act of William IV., like a great many other
Acts, had failed principally because there were no public pro-
secutors iu this country. This resolution wished to put the
Act in force. It was not a pleasant thing to indict one's
neighbour, and that was the only way a parish could be
brought to book under the Act. The resolution suggested that
there s-hoald be some county official who should be a sort of
referee. One such official would b.i sufficient for the purpo^e.
He would in all probability be a man who would have to look
alter the great arterial roads, and cons-equently he would be
competent to advise and instruct the parochial survejors, who
perhaps did not altogether know their duty, and who when
they knew it were sometiiufs not quite willing to perform it.

This resolution was also adopted.

At a meeting of the Essex Chamber of Agricullur",
at Chelmsford, Mr. J. S. Gardiner brought before the
Chamber the series of ([ueslious on Highway Legislation,
received from the Central Chamber, and alter some conversa-
tion, iu the course of which a number of propositions and
couuter-pro|)Ositions were brought forward, the Chamber de-
cided on trans'nitting the following answers : Question 1. Yes.
•2. Yes. 3. Two ; county ro ids and parochial roads. 4>. All
roads, whether parochial or otherwise should be maintained,
half IroiD the Consolidated Fund and half by the parishes. 5.
Tire governing body of all the roads in the couuly should be
an elected County Financial Board.

At a meeting of the Leices'ershirc Chamber of Agriculture
a number of answers from the special committee to
questioiH submitted by the Central Chamber on the subject of
highway legislation were reci ived and discussed, and a propo-
sition was carried, after some discussion, that it was desirable
to reorganise the system of highway management in so far as
making the district system compulsory, and to include the
whole nianagenieut of the turnpikes by the district highway
boards. It w as further resolved tliat the fund for the maintenance
of the roads be derived from the common fund of the highway
district ; that there should be only one class of roads estab-
lished under the new system ; and that highway boards should
consiitirte the governing body. The following were the replies
as originally suggested by tire special committee: 1. That it is
desirab.e to reorganise the system of highway management in
so far as making the Highway Act of 1S63 and 1S61 compul-
sory, aad t') iruvu.le the wlule maaagement of the turnpikes
by the District Highway Boards. 2. Only so far as implied
oy the i'Uswers to the first Hud third questions. 3. Two. 4.
As at present lor ttie highway, but all roads that have been
turnpikes should be assisted to the amount of one-half of the
expense r.f repairs from the Consolidated Funds, and the
other half fro-n the uoinmoa fuud of the highway district.
5. Higliway Boards.

At a special meeting of the Nottinghamshire Chamber of
Agriculture, Mr. G. Storer, M.P., said that the first

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

35 5

question from tlie Ceutral Cluunber was somewhat ambiguous,
because tliere exi.-ted two systems with regard to the raanaf;e-
nienl of our roads— tiie old parochi il system, aud the new
system of having liighway boards. As far as this county was
concerned the new system worked well, though he was aware
tliat it was not so salisfiictory in some districts as in others.
lie thought they could h irdly give a categorical answer to tlie
question without distinguishing between the new and the old
systems, but he was in favour of maintaiuing the new system,
which he thought ought to be made compulsory all over the
country. lis was of opinion that permissive plans were not
satisfactory, and that they did not generally work well. The
general feeling of the Chamber was m favour of a reorganisa-
tion of the road system, and it was decided to answer the first
and second questions atfirmatively. With reference to the
other questions, the Chamber was of opinion that at least two
different classes of roads should be established under a new
system; that three-fourths of the expenses of the turnpikes
should Ije paid out of the Consolidated Fund, and that other
roHds should be supported out of local rates ; aud, as, to the
last question, the meeting thought that the whole should be
managed by district boards, subject to a Government inspection
of the roads to which they contributed part of the cost of
maintenance.

At a meeting of the Cambiidgeshire Chamber of Agricul-
ture, Mr. Kodwell, M.P. said the present permissive
act with regard to highways was inoperative and un-
satisfactory. He agreed with the principle that every parisli
should maintain its own roads; but, at the same time, some
elasticity was required to meet hardships, in exceptional cases,
and some form of classification would not be objectionable.

At a meeting of the Peterborough Chamber of Agriculture'
a resolution from the chairman, Mr. Wells, in favour
of Highway Boards, was put and carried. It was
further agreed that a re-e!assificationof roads was necessary ;
that tliere should be three classes of roads ; that turnpike
roads should be maintained out of the Consolidated Fund, and
O'dinary roads by a district rate ; and that district highway
boards would be the best form of management.

At a meeting of the East Sufi'olk Chamber of Agriculture,
at Ipswich, Lord Hea'niker, in the chair, explained that
they were met to [consider a communication which had been
received from the Central Chamber of Agriculture. This was
the first meeting that had been held this year, but he was one
of those who thought that a society of this kind should not
create a subject for discussion. He had always held that
opinion, and when he was President some years since, he
thought it his duty to do as he had done this year, to recom-
mend that they should only meet when there was anything
important which it was worth the while of the Chamber
to discuss. It was far wiser that they should keep their
organisation together in a healthy state, so that when it
was required to discuss an important subject, that organisa-
tion would be available for the purpose. He felt that it was
a great pity to meet and have an empty discussion, and he
believed that a great many members of the Council agreed
with him in that opinion. It was not really from the fact
that there was a paucity of subjects to discuss that they had
not been able to meet this year, but he observed that other
Chambers had followed their example, and had not held dis-
cussion meetings. The fact of tlie matter was, the present
Government came into power in the middle of the Session as
it were, without having time to consider any measures they
were going to bring forward, and he considered it most likely
that everybody had been waiting to see what measures the
Government would propose in the next Session. With regard
to the particular subject which they had met to consider to-
day, they were, perhaps, in the same position ; but it had been
stated on one or two public occasions that tbe Government
would probably bring in a measure next year ; and if this
Chamber could have a fair discussion upon the subject, and
could generally answer the questions which were put by the
Central Chamber, he thought it might be of service in
bringing the matter under the notice of the Government,
showing the importance of it, and how strong a feeling
existed in reference to it. A road measure had been
promised year after year by the House of Commons,
but something or other had always come in the way to pre-

vent its being brought forward, and this year, again, it ap-
peared that there might be several measures wliich might b •
likely to come in the way of any road measure, and possibly
they were no nearer than ever they were to having such a
med^l/re brought forward. Undoubtedly one of the most im-
porl.iiii local subjects was that of Local Taxation, and he felt
that this subject liad an important bearing on the settleraeut
of that question. And if a certaiu number of Chamberi
could answer the question generally in a satisfactory manner,
it would tend to show that there vvas a strong feeling that
some measure should be passed, making an alteration in the
system of road management, and i^ would have some cflVct in
inducing the Government to consider this question. For t!u t
reason it would be generally felt that the Central Chamber
had taken a wise course in the action it had adopted. The
questions they had to consider were these:

1. Is an entire reorganisation of our road system in Eng-
land, including the management and maintenance of turnpikes
and highways, desirable ?

'2. Is a re-classification of all roads needed ?

3. How many different classes of roads should be estab-
lished under a new system ?

4. How should the funds le raised, and from what sources,
for the maintenance of each class of road ?

5. What should be the constitution of the governing body
of the whole, or of any one class of roads?

Possibly there would be a great difference of opinion on these
different questions asked them by the Central Chamber, but
probably there would be a general feeling amongst all the
Chambers in favour of legislation on the subject, in (act s-.n-
ing that legislation was necessary. The present management
of roads in many parts of England was fi It to be a great
grievance, especially in the North of England, and even also
in our rural district^, particularly where turnpike trusts had
been done away. Some turnpike trusts were thrown upon
the parishes, and others were thrown upon the districts ; aud
some of the old turnpikes were used lor main roads, whilst
others were only used lor the parish roads, but even
where they were only usefcl for the latter purpose, the
parish was compelled by law to keep up these old turn-
pike roads to the original width, although they might be
a great deal wider than were actually required. In
the North of England there was a great deal of mineral
traffic passing through the rural parishes from and to tjwns
which did not contribute to the maintenance of the roail,
though they had the benefit of the traffic thereon. It some-
times happened that a parish was keeping up a turnpike road
which was out of debt, the trust being abolished, but the rate-
payers had to go but a few miles before they were on their
neighbours' roads where a toll existed, and though they pro-
vided a free road for their neighbours they could not travel far
without having to enter a parish where there was a debt and
toll still existing. He was a member of the Committee on
Iloads'iu the House of Commons for several years, and they
considered the subject very carefully indeed, aud came to the
unanimous opinion that an alteration was required, that a re-
classification of roads was necessary, and also that the burdens
should be more equally distributed according to the class of
roads to be dealt with. No doubt some persons might wish
to go back to the old parochial system. This might be possible
in some counties, and in some parts of our own county it might
work very well, but in other parts of England it would be
almost impossible, particularly in the North of England, where
with the heavy mineral and coal traflic, such a system would
be a great injustice, and he thought it would be lound, when
the matter was looked into carefully, that it would not be wise
in all cases to go into the parochial system. If they were
agreed that alteration was necessary in the management of tlid
roads, then the question arose as to how to carry it out. There
was one plan that had been often discussed, and discussed with
some reason because it was a simple one to carry into effect,
and it was this : The turnpike roads, and all roads leading
to stations, roads between great towns, and those which
were the main arteries of communication should be placed
upon the county rate, aided, if possible, by a Government
grant ; aud that all the other roads should beplaced upon
a district rate, a small district probably taking the High-
way Act as the basis, altering it in some respects, for it did
require some alteration, particularly with regard to supervision
of labour, which might be improved if properly considered.
There were a great many other plans which might be sug-

354

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

gested ; but this one liad beeu generally discussed, and liad
the merit of being a simple and easy one. Then we come to
the question as to tlie authority to carry out the niauagemeut
of these roads. As regarded the district, there would be a
District Board, and as regarded tlie county, it would have to
be some county authority : perhaps the magistrates at quarter
sessions, or perhaps a county financial board committee. He
did not anticipate, however, tliat there would be any difficulty
in that respect. He sincerely hoped one tbiug, and it was
this, that as regarded tlie parochial roads, they would not be
placed under a central authority, because he thoHght those
who lived in the district were much better able to manage and
keep a road in repair than a central authority could possibly
be. One tiling was quite certain, and that was they needed
uniformity. It sometimes happened that in one district the
roads were mostly good, and in the next tiiey were very bad ;
and there ought to be some uniform system of management,
for in a country like tliis, where we ought to manage our
affairs properly, we should have some uniform system by which
to make up the roadsequally good all over the country. With
these few remarks he would ask gentlemen present to give
their opinions, so that satisfactory answers might be sent to
the questions put by the Local Government Board.

Mr. William Gurdon contended that the roads were used
to a great extent by those who lived in the locality, and he
thought they ought to be managed by those who lived in the
immediate neighbourhood of them. He observed that the
abolition of the turnpikes threw the whole thing into disorder,
and said the question was what was to be the system lor deal-
ing with the roads in the future. Was it to be a centralising
system ? We should hardly in the present day ask the Govern-
ment to keep up the roads as they used to do in France. He
was quite sure it would add greatly to the expense of the
country. He felt that at his time of life he should never
see any change. In the Western Division of the
county the Highway Board system had been tried, and it had
not been altogether unsuccessful, because, he observed, with
respect to the Laveuhani Board, that monstrous as was the
district, they had been enabled to save over £1,000, and he was
sorry to say that at the meeting at which this fact was stated,
it was decided to dissolve the Board. This was certainly not
very encouraging. The plan of the Rev. Mr. Cox, a clergy-
man in Essex, who had taken great interest in this matter was
to have a road inspector. This was no new thing, but he
fMr. Gurdon) thought there were few genllemen present who
would like an inspector to come into their parishes and find
fault with the work which they had done. Let them consider
the whole question carefully, and possibly after all they might
come to the conclusion that it was their duty to attend to
their o^Yu roads ; that they could keep them up cheaper than
any other body, because they had the requisite knowledge, and
the opportunities of putting the materials on to the roads at
the most suitable time; and that it vi'as their concern to have
their own parish roads in as good a state as possible, lit should
like gentlemen to come and see the 1,200 yards of road he had
by the side of his farm which he made himself. It was a fact
that this c<;st less for mending thsn the other roads in the
parish, and he had this proof that the system of making a good
road was the cheaper plan.

Mr. H. CoopEK (Holton) was strongly against the Highway
Board system. He imagined that those who had adopted tlmt
Jiystem were now anxious to get rid of it, because they found
it much more costly. A person must be better able to attend
to the roads of the parish in which he resided than another
who resided some distance off, and who had a large district to
attend to. In his district the roads generally were in a very good
state, and for liis own part he did not see any necessity for any
alteration in the present system. He thought if all the
parishes in the district embraced by one of the Highway
Boards were polled there would be found a large majority in
favour of a dissolution of the Board.

Mr. B,. L. Everett said that the inequality with
which the roads in the different parishes were kept up was a
glaring anomaly. There were plenty of instances of there
being as good roads as could be desired iu one parish, but if
)ou went into another you found them very bad. If the pre-
sent system was to be continued it was necessary that there
should be an inspector or some one to force all the parishes to
do their duty; and then he thought with Mr. Cooper that
there was no cheaper way of mending the roads than under
the parochial system. There were roads wliich had a town at

■each end, and it did seem hard that the residents iu a parish
through which the road passed should have to pay the cost of
the wear and tear of the traffic by which they were benefited
but a very little. He thought the turnpike system had its
advantage, but the feeling of tlie country was decidedly against
them. He should be inclined to answer the questions put by
the Central Chamber in the affirmative, that the charges
should be divided, that the roads which were main thorough-
fares should be paid for on a different basis to those wiiich
Her parochial roads, and used entirely by those who lived
in the neighbourhood.

^Ir. J. A. Hempson said there was a very great question as
to whether this Chamber would be able to fall m with the
resolutions in the form in which they were put by the Central
Chamber. At the same time it was a large and important
question, and turnpikes and conimou roads appeared now to
be reduced to the same level. As to the main roads between
two great towns, it must be remembered that there was hardly
a town, of any importance, which had not a railway con-
nected with it, and this had the effect of very greatly re-
ducing the traffic on the roads. He did not see how, unless
they upset the whole s\ stein by putting the whole thing
under a Government Department, how it was possible
to better the present parochial system. There were,
no doubt, exceptions with regard to districts in the North,
and there were much the same giievances in some
of our districts. There was a great deal of traffic
in some cases from a considerable neighbourhood to some of
the country railway stations, and the parish in the imme-
diate neighbourhood had to bear all the expense of keeping
up the road. For some time he had observed that compari-
sons had beeu drawn between town and country expenses. It
was said tliat the towns-people used the roads extensively,
and did not pay towards keeping them up ; but it must be
borne in mind that people who lived in towns had to pay the
paving and lighting rate, and heavy expenses for keeping up
the roads, which country people when they came to the towns
had the lull benefii; of. He thouglit, therefore, the towns and
the county parishes might fairly cry quits over the matter.
He thought the question would arise before long as to whether
the whole traffic of the country should not be brought under
a Uovernment department. This was a subject that would be
the strong question of the day before long. He referred to
the railways and the traffic of the country generally. He
asked whether the management of the railways was satisfactory,
aud, referring to the late Thorpe accident, said it would have
been impossible for that accident to have occurred had the
railways been under Government control, because they would
not have tolerated a single line.

Mr. F. S. CoRRA2<CE remarked that the opening sentences
of the noble Lord reminded him that they had in this matter
a very old grievance. It brought his mind back to the time
when he and the noble Lord lleshed their maiden swords iu
the House of Commons. The noble Lord was appointed on a
Highway Committee, and he (Mr. Corrance) knew no one
better able than his Lordship to give advice on the subject
now under consideration. Mr. Corrance than proceeded to
remark that there were signs that this subject was likely to
become a new grievance, that was to say the House of Com-
mons was going to meddle with it. He could not help thinking
of what the House of Commons had done in recent limes, and
of the measure which was successfully passed through the
House of Commons and which he did his best to resist.. The
matter had been followed up by one party and the other, and
we had always been getting nearer to an issue which was to the
disadvantage of the ratepayers. He never approved of High-
way Boards, and he thought the experience he had had of
them proved that there was some reason *.o justify his dislike.
He disliked the divided responsibility of the Board, which, he
said, was formed on an area of its own which was not conter-
minous with any other authority. Tiie highway-rate itself he
characterised as an anomaly. The formation of these Boards
facilitated tlie transfer of the new obligations which were
thrust upon the parishes by the abolition of the turnpikes. As
to the questions now submitted by the Central Chamber of
Agriculture ; with reference to the first, he should like to
know ill what direction there was to be an entire re-organisa-
tion. If by expressing any such opinion as that embodied in
the first of the list of resolutions read by the noble chairman
they were going to help her Majesty's Government, to bring
the parislies into further difficulties, then all he could say was

THE FARMEK'S MAGAZLiNlJ.

he would give a most decided negative to any such proposi-
tion. As to the second question, " Is a re-classiiication of all
roads needed ?" he should not fo much object to that, lie
thought that the turnpikes ought properly to be thrown upon
the counties or counfy-rate, and that there should be a proper
revision of the rate in its present objectionable form. Then
with regard to the tliird question, he did not olijectto bringing
ti\e parochial roads under a Board of Guardians, with a pro-
perly constituted coiuinittee. As to how the funds should be
raised, he thouglit a county-rate ought to be one fund, and
as to the other the present highway-rate, it was one of tiiose
tilings wliicli if there was to be anything like a satisfactory
settlement must be wholly revised, and it was one of those
things which would tax the capacity of a great many of our
legislators. In regard to the last question, as to vihat should
be the constitution of the governing body, his answer would
be a decided negative — namely, not a highway board under
any possible circumstances.

J\lr. Heraian Bidhell said that as his term of oMlce as
representative of this Chamber at the Central Chamber « ould
not have expired at the meeting when these questions would
be fully discussed, he hoped they would be induced to return
direct answers to them, but not necessarily unqualified
answers. The subject was here discussed from a general
point of view, which he found was the course adopted by the
majority of the Chambers of Agriculture. The subject had
been brought before the Central Chamber more tlian once
during the present jear. The gentleman who had written to
this Chamber brought this matter before the Chamber last
year in London. Ee had some idea of inducing the Govern-
ment to turn over to the riiad-rate fund certiiiu of the assessed
taxes raised m the district in the same manner that the house-
tax was about to be appropriated to certain local funds by ilr.
Goschen, in a measure brought forward some years ago, but
the rapid changes that took place in our financial business
before the measure was brought forward, engulfed some of the
funds which Mr. Muntz had shadowed forth as the source of
the future road-rate, iliding-horses kept in the neighbourhood
was one of the things named, but before he had fully matured
his plan the Chancellor of the Exchequer had taken away
some of the taxes which were least expected to be taken, and
left others which it was fully expected would be removed, and
thus opposed Mr. Muntz's idea. He (Mr. Biddell) could not
of course say what was his present idea as to the substitution
of a road-rate. He expected they would hardly get the Govern-
ment grant, and thought that Government grants for this sort
of thing were likely to be closed for some time to come. He
believed it would be found if a man were stationed at Bourne
Bridge or Handford Bridge to inquire of passengers tiiat
tiiough they mostly came from the neighbourhood, not one iu
ten contributed towards the keeping-up of the road they were
using. He did not see how this was to be remedied unless
the whole system was attacked, which would be a tremendous
undertaking. They at present paid for the roads from the
same source as they paid for the maintenance of the poor. It
would require a very large effort to relieve them of that, but m
Tery many districts au enormous charge had been added to this for
doing away with turnpikes. He (Mr. Biddell) was not in any
way affected by the abrogation of tlie turnpike trust, but several
of his neighbours were. As occupiers having a long lease, and
a long piece of turnpike constautly draining upon them, tl.ey
were used very hardly. He need only go to the parish of
Kesgrave, where, as he held no land, he was qualified to speak
disinterestedly. Those who lived in the parish considered they
would never be called upon to contribute to a road rate,
being, as they believed, under a permanent system, endorsed by
the Government as legal and right. The Act, however,
allowed the Trustees to throw up the road, and the occupiers
were, therefore, immediately saddled with the entire expense of
this road through the parish. He contended that notice ought
previously to have been given to these occupiers that at such
aud such a time the roads would be thrown upon the district.
These matters that he liad mentioned were grievances, but
they need not upset the whole road system in England. They
must look very carefully into tlie matter before giving an
answer to the first question. He asked the Chairman to put
these questions to the meeting seria/im, so that they snight
have a definite answer to give to the Central Chamber.

Mr. CoRRANCE said that he did not like the id»a of recon-
struction, and until he knew in what direction they might look

for the elTecIs of such a measrue, he should be veiy chary in
giving au opinion.

The Fkusident said that before putting the question he
must say that he could not agiee with Mr. Biddell. He was
uuwilliiig at present to see any reconstruction or any re-
arrangement of the rates.

Mr. Biddell : What I meant was that I should look very
closely indeed before doing it.

The President said that if Mr. Biddell had heard all the
evidence that he had heard upon the subject, and the difficulties
that people in other parts of the country had got into, he (Lord
llenniker) thought that he would agree that the grievance to
this particular parish of throwing the turnpike upon the
parish was nothii:g compared with that suffered in the very
populous districts. It had become really a very serious question
during the last few years, aud inconsequence everybody in these
parts were striving their utmost to induce the Government to
bring in a measure to alter tlie wliole management of the road
system. He belonged to an association consisting of Chairnien
of Quarter Sessions, which included many very excellent
iiK'U of business from different parts of the country. x\.
committee have been formed, of which Mr. Hugessea was a
member, with several other gentlemen of great experience, who
were doing all they could to persuade Goveruraent to bring in
soaie measure to do away with the present anomalies. People
had come from all parts of the country, and they had been
urged on by others who were really suffering very much from
the present arrangement, and he thought tlie Chamber ought
to be careful before they gave a decided opinion against a re-
construction of the system.

Mr. Haward pointed out the difficulty of giving an answer
that should be sufliciently distinct until the measure itself was
brought forward aud might be considered. As had been ob-
served, the whole question was closely allied to that of local
taxation, and the view that they would take with regard to the
measure of local taxation would considerably affect the decision
that they might come to on this subject. The inanagenieut in,
or by parishes as considered distinct from the highway boards
had been satisfactorily compared with the reports of the latter,
but the throwing of the turnpikes upon the parishes was un-
doubtecily a great hardship. It was his misfortune to be
located in a parish which was seriously affected in that way,
but of course as there was arterial roads there should be a
general bearing of the burden which was for the general good.

Mr. Corrance proposed " That although a change is un-
doubtedly required previous to a conclusive answer to this
question, it is necessary more clearly to understand what will
be the nature and tendency of future legislation," and he added
a rider at the suggestion of the President, " That it is desirable
that the Central Chamber should bring the question before the
Government, with a view of eliciting their opinion, and of in-
ducing them to consider the subject on the first possible oppor-
tunity." This was seconded by Mr. Ileinpsou, and ]Mr.
Everett, thinking it desirable that the questions should be
answered by this Chamber, proposed an amendment," That the
Chamber should take up the questions seriatim and return an-
swers to them." This was seconded by Mr. Biddell, and som«
fuither discussion ensued, iu the course of which the President
remarked that of course they might have one system for rural
districts aud another system for another part of the country,
but he thought the Highway Act had many good poiuts in it,
and speaking personally he mi;iht say that if anybody were
carefully to draw up a lUi-asure embodying some of the prin-
ciples of that bill, It would have the effect of remedying a
great many of the present grievances, and would be found to
work very well.

His Lordship put the amendment, which was lost by 5 to i;
aud the original motion was carried by 7 to 3.

At the annual meeting of the West Suffolk Chamber of
Agriculture, iu Bury St. Edmund's, Lieut. -Col. Wilson in
the chair.

The Chairman said the Central Chamber had sent down
certain questions to which they wanted answers from the
various chambers of agriculture throughout the country. He,
in order to start the question, had written out his own views
as to the answers which he thought might be given to them.
They were as follows :

1. That the turnpike system, except, perhaps, in very ex-
ceptional cases, should be abolished.

coo

THE FARMER'S ^tAGAZlNE.

2. T!iat tliere should be but ( ne class of roads.

3. That the parochial system is, ou the whole, th; most
satisfactory.

4. Tliat it is wortliy of consideration whetlier this system
might not be effectually worked with a surveyor to see that
the roads in the various parishes were projierly attended to by
the parish authorities.

1st. As TO Turnpikes. — The only jnsiificaticm for the
turnpike system was that heavy tliroug-h traffic existeJ, in
which the intermediate parisiies liad no interest, anil inasmuch
as in almost any case the through traffic lias been diverted by
the introduction of railways, it lollows tint all ronds or none
should now be turnpike roads. But the system itseU' is extra-
vagant and inconvenient, and as applied to all roads would be
impossible.

2ud. A re- classification of roads is not desirable, and would
only lead to extravagance from double government and con-
fusion. Most roads lead directly or indirectly to large towns
or railway stations ; it is only a question of remoteness, and
though the roads nearer tlie towns or stations have more
traiTic on tliem than those more remote, the value of the
property is enhanced by the proximity to town or station, and
may, therefore, be expected to bear its somewhat iieavier
rate.

3rd. Funds. — The turnpike system havinjr been condemmd,
there remains only the system of rates alone, or rates with
Government aid. If direct Government aid is given, it will
be necesi^ary to submit to Government inspection, which would
be expensive and vexatious. If, again, grants are made ia
country districts, they must be made in to*us also, but whilst
in the former we calculate the expense of our roads at so
many pounds a mile, in the lf.ttei they are calculated at so
many thousand pounds a mile. It has been proposed th:it
certain taxes should be remitted by Government to the road
fund; but one of these, the horse-tax, is already gone, and if
the tax on carriages were given to the roads, could the farmers'
waggons and carts hope to be exempt ?

4th. The Governing Body. — After our experience of
highway boards we are not justified in advising their general
introduction. Nor can we see that any advantage would be
gained by making the boards of guardians the managers.
There are, no doubt, some objections that might be removed,
such as throwing; the old turnpikes upon the general charges.

The CiiAiitMAN remarked that tie thought they would
agree with him that whatever they might think as to who
should bear the expense of the roads, nothing did them so
much damage as the farmer's cart, especially when carting
mangold. One of tlie great grievances of one of the
Higliway Boards was that the turnpikes were thrown upon tiie
general expenses of the board, throwing part of tlie expense
of them upon other parishes than those through which the
turnpikes ran. lie had made a proviso in his first resolution
because he understood that in the North there were certain
places where there was an amount of through traffic, and
others where there was a heavy traffic from mines, and in
these places he would still maintain the turnpikes as the only
fair way of bearing the expense of the roads.

Mr. BiDDELL said he approved of all the Chairman's reso-
lutions, with the exception of one — that in favour of the
parochial system. If they reverted to that, he did not think
the roads would be managed nearly so well as if they were
formed into District Boards. He was strongly of opinion that
the expenses of roads ought to be district charges and be
governed by bodies elected from the district. He quite agreed
it was advisable to get the roads under one control. At present
they were under the control of six different bodies. The rail-
way companies had to keep up the roads for a certain distance
where they crossed them and had constructed arches. Here
and there private owners had to keep up roads. The magis-
trates bad to keep up the roads for a certain distance on each
side of the county bridges, and of these he did not suppose
there were above 25 or 30 that he would not throw upon the
district. He did not see why all these should not be placed
under one control. The great difficulty of abolishing turnpikes
was said lo be that of paying off their debts, but he thought
this might be safely met by the State. They need not be paid
off in one year, but by payments extending over a term. If
they could not get the State to do it, he thought the different
counties might pay them off. He should not in all cases pay
them off in full, because many of the bonds are not worth any-
thing like par, but would commute them at what might be

assumed to be their full value. If they did revert to the
parochial system he thought they would find now a greater
reluctance on the part of surveyors to look after the roads.
People were more commercial than they u>ed to be, and would
o..^ ,iie_v ucM- only one ratepayer, and did not see why tlu-y
should expose ihemselves to be found fault with and get no
thanks for their tiouble. They were always open to the charge
of keeping the roads nearest their ovvn residence better than
those at a dist;ince, and sometimes they luid almost been
accused of dishonesty 'but he did not think there had b'en
much of tliaf, although there had sometimes been something
approaching it). Tliey would have some security in the in-
spector which the Ciiairinan proposed, and whom they must
have under any circumstances, lie did nut think one for the
whole cmiiity wou'd do. They would require three or four;
otherwise the expense of travelling would be heavy when tliey
wanted him to look at some little thing or other. His o.va
opinion was that the roads could be most satisfactorily worked
by district boards; but, unfortunately, as people began to get
used to them, they dissolved themselves. He thought it was a
mistake of the magistrates to let them dissolve so easily. It
was a very amiable thing for them to do, but he thought
th»-y displayed more kindness than judgment in the matter. The
expense ol the large bridges, or liiree-fuurths of if, he would
throw upon the county.

Plbv. p. M. Sted.man : Would you made each parish pay for
its own roads ?

Mr. BiDDELL : No, I would make it a district charge, ex-
tending over 15 or 20 parishes, but not so many as is sometimes
included now.

The Chairman asked the meeting to deal with the resolu-
tions separately, and to consider first that condemning turn-
pikes.

Lord AuriusTUS Hervey, M.P., thought there was some
d.fficulty in dealing wi;h the question otherwise than as a
whole. The fourth question was really the key to the matter.
Unless they were prepared to say how the funds were to be
raised, he did not know how they could see their way clear as
to the other points. They were much obliged to the Central
Chamber fur bringing the subject forward, but he was uot
sure they would do wisely in saying tliey were really unable
to give definite answers to these questions until the bill in
anticipation, of which they were put, came before them in
the usual form. Whatever solution was attempted to be pro-
posed in the shape contemplated by these questions, it became
very much a matter of detail. He had not had much es-
perience in road management, but he thuught that unless they
could answer these questions categorically, they would do
wisely to return some general answer, and await the bill that
seemed to be expected. He thought it was very probable the
question of distribution of parishes in respect to roads waj
only part of a much larger qviestion, the subject of taxation
generally, which was constantly corning up, and constantly
assuming new shapes and forms. As soon as one tax was
diminished or abolished, the incidence of the remaining taxa-
tion pressed in a different ratio to what it did before. Some
years must necessarily pass before this could be rectified ; and
he could only suggest that the minds of those interested
should be constantly directed to the subject, and that when the
matter was ripe for rectification, they should put that pressure
upou their representatives which was proper.

Mr. BiDDELL thought Government might wish to have in-
formation from the Central Chamber, and so obtain the views
of the country on the matter.

Mr. Paine thought they would be a useless body if they did
not return answers to such questions as these. He approved of
the Chairman's resolutions, except one. Those who had had
experience with roads would say that the parochial manage-
ment was very bad. To revert to that was almost the last
thing they would like. He might differ from some of his
neighbours, but he was himself inclined to desire more cen-
tralisation. He would suggest the division of the county into
districts of six or ten miles wide, as the parishes might fit ;
and that the repairs of the roads should be done by contract
under the supervision of an inspector or surveyor-general, as
mentioned by the Chairnoan. He had had a great deal of
experience in the management of roads, and he always found
the contract system to be the one that answered best. AU
that was required was that some one acquainted with the
management of roads should see the contracts properly carried

THE FARMEE'S MAGAZINE,

357

out. This was better tliau having a paid surveyor or sab-
surveyor and an irresponsible body of waywardens.

Colonel Parker, M.P., said lie felt lie should not be doing
his duty to those among wliom he lived if he did not ex iress
his hearty support of the propositions of their chairman. Tlie
subject now before them reminded them of what took place
some years ago, and would confirm the impression many of
them entertained then of the unsuitability of highway boards
to meet tlie requirements of this district. The expression of
feeling by the waywardens, whether ex ojjicio or elected, hud
been almost unanimous against them ; and he was glad to hcnr
the chairman, after the great experience he had had, say that
he found the highway system, as applied under the rennissive
Bill, had not met the requirements of tne country. They now
reverted to the old parochial system, and he should likf- to
know what there was in that system that any one desiring
good roads at a cheap cost could possibly find fault uiili. Was
it for a moment to be tolerated tiiat any oue should say they
did not understand the management of their own roads ? They
had teams and cirts, and facilities for getting materials of
every kind, and what should prevent them making the best of
them? It had been himcd by the vice-cliairman that some-
times roads were not equally good all over the parish, aud
that there sometimes w»s jubbery ; but if the roads were uot
good there was un ler the old Act pnwer given to two magis-
trates to enforce improvement, and not only that, but to inflict
penalties upon the surveyois. The iniprissiou that it rr.
quired a long, tedious process of indictment was q'>ile erro-
neous. He need hardly say that the magistrates were always
ready and desirous to do all they could, in common with the
surveyors, to make the roads such as would inett the require-
ments of the country. They all wanted good roads, but at the
same time they wanted lo secure them at the cheapest cost.
Was it not monstrous tlipy should be called upon to pay people
for doing what they could do themselves ? They were re idy and
willing to do it ; and were they to be superseded in tlieir little
localities by other people, and pay the cost? As a ratepayer
and a farmer, he could not tolerate it. He was glad that, with
the dissolution of the hiuhway board, they were about to
revert to the old parochial system. Tliuse jiarishes or locali-
ties which desired to have a surveyor of their own were per-
fectly at liberty to do so und?r that Act. If two or three
parishes wished to combine for that pur])o.oe, in a way uot
very dissimilar to the higliMay boards, tliey cuiild ni.t do so.
While they retained under the old Act all these powers and
all this liberty to do what they liked with their own, he ad-
vised them not to part with it. Long experience of ten or
twelve years had shown them the Board system did not
answer. They must, therefore, revert to the old system aud
reap the advantages the experience had given tliem.

The Chairman said he was origiual'y in favour of the
board system, and he was still of opini(jn it could be made to
work ; but at the same time, though he had done all he could
to make it work, he was bound in honesty to say it had uot
worked satisfactorily. There were two reasons why the Black-
bourn Highway Board was led to afiply for a dissolution.
They might devise the most perfect system of machinery pos-
sible theoretically, but if they had a hostile board it could not
be made to work. They all knew the highway board system
was not popular from the very first in this district, and to try
to carry it on in the face of public opinion would be simple
obstinacy. If the Act had been compulsory he thought they
would have heard much less about it. The other cause for
dissolving the Blackbourn Board was that Government thought
fit to throw the charge of the turnpike roads upon the general
charges where a highway board existed ; but where one did
not exist it was thrown upon the parishes They thought it
was very unjust to saddle the general fund with this. There
was a hardship, it was true, in throwing them upon the
parishes through which they passed, but the hardship was a
very small one. It was only that the roads were a little wider
than they would have been had it uot been for the old through
traffic. He agreed with Lord Augustus Hervey that if they
could not see their way clear they had better say nothing; but
this seemed to be one of the subjects with which they were so
practically conversant that they would not like to say they did
not know what to do with ilieir highways.

The firit of the resolutions read by the chairman was unani-
mously agreed to. The second resolution also passed.

The question of the constitution of the governing bodies of
roads was then discussed.

Mr. J. Harrison thought the solution of the difficulty
would be to make highway boards compulsory. He had proved
to the satisfaction of the Blackbourn Highway Board that
notwithstanding the expense of salaries and so forth, the cost
was not above a farthing aud half a farthing more, that after
the turnpike was brought in, a trifle under a penny. Surely a
man who has his own business to attend to would not grudge
that. If the Act had been compulsory there would not have
been lialf the " to do" there had been. It ought to be withiu
the power of \\v: board to dismiss the surveyor.

Mr. MaM'IKLD : So it is, fut we never got a majority.

Mr. A. CoLSuN did not agree with tlie highway board
s\s em, because it had cost his parish about £22 a-year more
liian the (dd system, and they had had no new bridges or any-
thing of the sort. The rates were very nearly double, and the
roads were no better. He iho.igbt if each parish appointed a
surveyor, and there was an iuspector for every sixty or seventy
parishes, the work being left in the hands of the surveyor or
waywarden, it would work better. He did not think there
was anjbody better to manage the roads than some one on the
spot. He h.id driven a long distance sometimes to the Black-
bourn Highway .'joard, had heard a long discussion about a
bridge he never saw, and did not understand, and was then
asked to vote upon the question. To men who paid Income-
tax under Schedule B their time would come to more than the
bridge would cost.

Mr. Harrison called attention to the fact that two years
before the dissolution of the Blackbourn Board they passed a
unanimiius resolution that the Act was working well.

Mr. CoLsoN said it was a very small board meeting when
that was pa-sed.

Mr. J] AN KIEL!) proposed, and Mr. Smith seconded, the
adoption of tbe chairman's resolution on the subject.

The Rev. C. W. Jones thought that if they reverted to the
parochial system some supervision would be necesary, because
they knew that in some parishes they found good roads, while
iu tlie next they were just as bad. He knew there was a law
to compel the surveyor to keep thera in order, but it was an
invidious task for a neighbour to put it in motion, and a public
prosecutor would be very necessary. His experience was that
the highway hoards were cheaper than the old system. He
knew cases where men when they were ill in bed had been
paid under the old system for working on the roads.

JMr. Salmon cautioned tlie members aga'nst any system
which would introduce a stranger to interfere with their
roads.

The Chairman remaiked that the surveyor would always
have to bring the cases before the magistrates, who would have
to decide on the merits of the case.

Mr. H.ARRISON said lie knew two miles of road under the
old system that could not be put in proper repair for less than
£25 a mile.

The resolution was then put to the vote, and six voted
against it and three lor it, therefore the appointment of au
iuspector was negatived.

Lord Augustus IIervey, M.P., then moved "That this
Chamber is further of opinion that any inequality of taxation
to which the maintenance of roads as a charge upon real
property contributes, should be met by a general adjustment of
fiscal burdens."

The Chairman remarked that the purport of this was that
if they took the burden of the roads upou themselves, that
should be considered in regulating other taxation.

The resolution was seconded and agreed to, and a vote of
thanks to the Chairman terminated the proceedings.

At an adjourned meeting of the York Chamber of Agricul-
ture, in York, Mr. W. J. Ware in the chair, a
circular from the Secretary of the Central Chamber of Agri-
culture was read, submitting certain resolutions which had
been passed, and asked the opinion of the York Chamber on
five questions, which were set forth. The first question was —
Is an entire reorganisation of our road system iu England, in-
cluding the management and maintenance of turnpikes and
highways, desirable ? and on the motion of Mr. Peacock,
seconded by Mr. Lett, it was answered in the affirmative, the
latter gentleman observing that he did not agree with the
present system, and that there was not a man in his parish who
knew how to make a road. As to the second question — Is a
re-classification of all roads needed ? — Mr. T. Watkinson

358

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

thought that such an arrangement was most important and
desirable.

Mr. Lett said a re-classification of turnpikes was necessary,
because since some of these had been taken away it was very
hard upon some parishes, where the roads were used by parties
who had nothing to pay for it. He could not see why it was
necessary to have the parishes classified.

Mr. Smith said that all roads on wiiich her Majesty's
subjects could pass without let or liindrance should be brought
under one system of management ; he would make no
difference between high-roads, occupation-roads, or bridle-
paths. Tolls would certainly be better done away witli, be-
cause now, with thepreseut railway 'system, they were a com-
plete tax on some places, wliilst others were exempt. He
would have the cost of maintenance defrayed, one half by tlie
county rates and the otlier half by the Consolidated Fund, and
all the roads put ou an even principle of management.

Mr. CiiOLMELEY agreed tliat all the roads should bo on one
system. If the road was a turnpike the debt migiit be ex-
tinguished, and if an occupation road an arrangement might be
made with the proposed object iu view. If they had a divided
responsibility between the waywardens, tlie highway board,
and the occupiers, they would not know how to fix the liability
for repairs, and they would go on as they were, and in many
places they could not be much worse. All those places should
be placed under one head.

A re-classification having been resolved upon, the third
question was submitted: How many different classes of roads
should be ertablished under a new system ?

Mr. CiiOLMELEY repeated that they should, he thought,
have not more.than one^class. Of course to do that the debt on
the turnpike road would have to be extinguished by some
means; and the occupation roads could not be taken without
compensation, which could be done by arbitration. Those
turnpikes which were in dispute ought to be maintained by the
parishes first of all. He thought it was disgraceful that any-
body should now be able practically to throw up a road, and
the Act said >,hey could do so. The main principle was tJiat
every public highway should be maintained by the public, and
be made one system. In Ireland they had admirable roads,
which were all under the county rates. He proposed tiiat
there be only one class of roads.

Mr. Linton seconded the proposition.
Mi. T. Watkinson moved as an amendment that there be
two distinct classes— roads tliat were turnpike, and roads which
were not.

Mr. DuxN seconded the amendment, remarking that he did
not see how the matter could be equitably worked without
dividing the roads of the kingdom into two classes. The main
arterial roads were not made for local trafiic but for general
traffic, i'Ud it would seem hard aud unjust where turnpikes
were abolished that the expense of the main road should fall
on the real estate and property of the neighbourhood. The
introduction ofrciilways had altered the aspect of the question
very much, aud before their introduction such a question
would never have been raised; at the same time an arrange-
ment should be provided by wh'ch the n;ain arterial roads
might he helped — they ahiuld have some fund for the pur-
pose and not throw the expense altogether on the parishes.

Mr. Linton thought that all the roads should he put under
supervision of the highway board.

The amendment and resolution having been respectively put
to the meeting, six hands were held up I'or each, and tlie
numbers being thus equal the chairman gave his casting vote
in favour of two classes.

In respect to the source whence to raise the funds for the
maintenance oi' each class,

Mr. Dunn said with reference to the parish roads he would
lay the expense as it was laid at present, but as to the turn-
pike and main roads liis idea was that the taxes assessed upon
carriages and different vehicles should be made over to each
county or each riding, and that out of that fund one half the
expense should go to maintain the arterial roads, and the other
half be paid by the pansiies and townships through which
they passed. That would relieve the townships of the injustice
of making the roads altogether. This seemed to be a fair and
legitimate course.

Mr. Linton : Would you tax the farmers' carriages?
Mr. Dunn : I would not put on them a single tax more
than they have at present. What we already pay goes to the
Consolidated ^und. Give the matter a local application

and collection, and the arterial roads would be maintained
from that fund ; it would not be very much, but it would be
something.

Mr. CnoLMELEY said he was in favour of the Irish system ;
the roads in that country, under the new xVct, being simply
admirable ; in fact, he had never seen a bad road there. The
expense was borne by the separate districts, which had their
surveyors, or by what wc would here call the different wapen-
takes. They might give ten years' purchase for the roads, so
as to get entire control over them.

Mr. Lett would not have the roads put into the hands of
the county surveyor, because that would be taking them out
of their hands.

Mr. Watkinson : Suppose half the expense should be paid
for turnpikes out of the county rates, and the other half by
the districts?

IMr. KiLBY said iu the West Riding they objected to higli-
way districts, each township supervising its own roads and
paying its own expenses.

Mr. CiiOLMLEY proposed that a^und be raised out of an
increased area, and not under the parochial system. The
parishes would not fail to see that tlie roads were properly
kept, and there would be no inducement to " scamp" the roads
by doing cheap work.

Mr. Linton said they should take a broad view of the
question, and lose sight of any particular locality or place.
The Legislature looked to them, he expected, for these re-
pairs, and there were at present four Acts of Parliament with
which they ought to have been acquainted ; he would be very
glad if they had but one, which would be an advantage to the
ratepayers generally, whether it would be to the lawyers or not.
If they were to have highway boards then they could not do
better than to levy the expenses over each district. He would
do away with all parish boundaries, have an equal pound rate
in each district, and have but one account. He had found
this diflRculty, that the man who spent the least money, no
matter what damage he did to the highway or how he neg-
Ifcfed his duty — if he saved a £5 note he was the popular
man, who received the placi", but the man who set to work to
imjirove damages and set the foundations of the road, got
into dispute w'ith the ratepayers, more especially if the sur-
veyor was likely to change farms. In this manner tlie high-
way had sufi"ered most materially, and under the circumstances
always would »o long as they had a constant change of sur-
veyors without any reference to suitability, capability, or
responsibility. He suggested that all parishes be done away
with, tliat they have an equal pound rate, and ail expense be
levied on each district, and not on each parish. He supported
Mr. Cholmeley's proposition.

Mr. Dunn was in favour of Mr. Watkinson's suggestion.
Mr. KiLBY moved that each parish pay for its own roads, as
at present, but there was no seconder.

On the question being put the motion of Mr. Watkinson,
that one-half the expense of maintaining roads be raised from
the county rat?, and the other half from the district with re-
gard to turnpikes, was carried.

The fifth and last question was. What should be the cjusti-
tutiou of the governing body of the whole or of any one class
of roads ?

Mr. KiLBY proposed that the ratepayers should be t)ie
governing body as at present, Mr. Ciiolmeley moving as au
amendment that a county surveyor be appointed, who slioufd
be responsible for carrying out the rrqturements of the Act.
The original inotio i was carried.

A MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE.— At the opening of
the winter session of the Winfrith Farmers' Club,
Jlr. Waller, of the Home Cattle Defence Associatic n,
delivered an address in which he spoke against " a sham
foreign market in London," and queslionrd the necessity for
inspection. He asked, further, whether education and cittle
should be inseparably associated? and if the interests of
butchers, dealers, and retailers were to be considered para-
uiount? He proceeded to advocate the appointment of a
3Iinister of Agriculture, iu which he was supported by Mr.
Saunders, of Watercombe, and others.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

359

STEAM CULTIVATION.

[The following letter has been forwarded to us by Lord
Kinnaird.]
Kossie Priory, Inchture, 3rd October, 1874.
Deak Sir Williaji, — According to your request I
send you some papers on steam cultivation. Not having
made up a complete statement for the past two years, I jot
a few hurried remarks which may prove of service for the
purpose you mention.

I began to cultivate by steam in the year 1861 with
one of Howard's roundabout sets of tackle, that is, with
robe and anchor at each end of the field, and one engine.
In that year, while engaged on the Mines Commission in
the North of England, I made acquaintance with the late
John Fowler, who had devoted many years and a large
amount of capital towards developing the cultivation of
land by steam power; and in the year 1862 he informed
me that he had at last accomplished the object of his life
and had seen the way to repay the large advances made
by his friends. His health having broken down, became
to stay with me for a change of air, and brought with him
a 14 (nominal) horse-power engine and tackle, consisting
of a windlass which, being attached to an anchor at the
opposite corner of the field, moved forward parallel to the
engine as the work proceeded. This plan accomplished
the work better and more expeditiously than the round-
about system, which I then abandoned, as it took up more
time and required more men to attend to the anchors.
Fowler's clip drum for catching hold of the wire rope was
a most ingenious plan invented by a pianoforte maker in
his employment. Poor Fowler, who was one of the most
intelligent and enthusiastic engineers I had ever met with,
did not live to see his plan brought to perfection by the
adoption of the double engine system. At one time I
contemplated the roundabout system on an extensive
scale by the use of water-power in the middle of a farm.
It is a cnrious circumstance that the first idea of cultiva-
ting land by other power than horses originated with a
farmer in the Carse of Govvrie, who|made use of his water-
wheel to work the plough. If I mistake not. Fowler pur-
chased his patent. Late in 1864 I ordered a second
fourteen horse-power engine from Messrs. Fowler and Co.,
which, with the one I got in 1862, T have worked
regularly up to the present day not only on the level carse
but on the hillsides : these engines are in a more efficient
state than when they were started. At the earlier stages
we had various diticulties to contend with, such as keep-
ing the water in the boiler while moving on steep inclines,
signalling from the one engine to the other when rising
ground intervened, &c. On one occasion one of the
engines in crossing a bog would have disappeared alto-
getber had it not been dragged out by its coadjutor. Such
a difficulty is now met by a simple contrivance whereby
the engine is enabled to pull itself out. What I suffered
most from was the frequent breakage of tackle, and occa-
sionally the giving way of parts of the engine got in 1864.
The one I got in 1802 has required little or no repairs
beyond a new fire box, showing not only the engine, but
the implements even of every bolt should be made of steel,
or the best Low Moor, or iron of similar quality. My only
trouble now is with the tubes, which are injured by
muddy water. The cry for cheap engines is a mistake, as
the cheap engines are certain to become very expensive
through frequent repairs — breakages being the only
drawback, besides the original outlay, to the general
adoption of st^am cultivation. No set of engines should
be without an experienced mechanic, who with the aid of
a country blacksmith can execute any slight repairs, or re-

place parts which may be procured from Leeds on tele-
graph order. I have a small workshop, with an intelligent
mechanic or engineer, as I am engaged in carrying out
improvements in steam cultivation. I have successfully
brought into use on my farms a combined harrow and
roller, and expect to be able to turn out a drain plough,
to cut drains 3^ to 4 feet deep, at a cost of
only a few shillings per acre. The greatest advance,
however, that I have made is by the purchase of two
twenty (nominal) horse-power engines for the purpose of
'knifing, or subsoiling to a depth of from two lo three
feet, thus opening up the soil, taking off the water, and
letting in the air without bringing the subsoil to the
surface. I am satisfied that by this method one-half of
the number of drains might have been dispensed with.
The value of subsoiling or breaking the "pan" is now
generally admitted. It not only lets the water filter
away quickly, but facilitates the roots getting down to
the fresh soil. In the case of wheat, these would, in
congenial soil, extend as far down as the stalk rises above
the surface. The knifing can be done on clay land,
where there are no stones, at a cost not exceeding 5s. an
acre for coals, oil, and men's wages. Indeed, I find that
all other work can be done much more economically and
expeditiously by these powerful engines than by the
fourteen horse-power engines, which I intend to dispose
of. With a 7 or 8-furrow plough, rollers and harrows
12 feet wide, engines 600 yards apart on a 20 acre field,
will give you some idea of the expedition with which the
work is done by the large engines. I can even undertake
with the large engines to cultivate a greater extent of
land than the 630 acres which I work with the fourteen
horse-power engines, by which I save nine pair of horses
and six men. I'aking the present price of horses at £75
per horse, harness, ploughs, and implements at £300,
makes a saving in stocking a farm of £1,650, or within
a little of the cost of a double set of engines, with tackle
complete, costing £1,S00. The higher wages of the
engine and ploughdrivers, with the amount paid for
coals and oil, will bear no comparison with the keep of
horses — besides, when the engines are idle they do not
eat. The wire rope on clay land lasts five years. Put
the cost of repairs at the outside at £70 or £100 per
annum, which is much less than blacksmiths' bills, and
the tear and wear of horse-flesh and implements, &c.
The superiority of steam cultivation over horse work was
characteristically put in the remark of a farmer for whom
I had done some work, when he said, "the land has
never forgot it." Under steam, the farmer is to a great
extent independent of the weather, as he can take advan-
tage of the favourable days to get his crops in with an
expedition no number of horses can accomplish. The
question still remains. What are farmers on clay lauds
to do, with wages and other expenses double, a scarcity
of hands, and men nothing like so efficient as formerly ?
It is quite clear, however, that farming, like manufac-
turing, to pay must be on a large scale, and to a great
extent, by steam power. Small farmers must either
combine to purchase and work steam tackle, or hire. I
may mention that I have added to my steam force a
traction engine for conveying dung to the fields, and
carrying stones, wood, and other work on the estate, and
with which you will see by the enclosed extract, that I
have cut down and carted home corn. I hope to hear of
the Carrick farmers taking up the question of steam
cultivation. — Yours faithfully, Kixxaird.

Sir W. M. Cuninghame, Bart., M.P,,
Glenmoor, Maybole.

\

360

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

STEAM PLOUGHING.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE MARK LANE EXPRESS.

Sir, — I mucli prefer the plough to the cultivator as a
weed killer and land airer, especially in hot, dry weather.
"We know that in wet weather on stiff clays it must bg
used, for the cultivator then cannot work. The loug
5-feet breasts of the plough have no under-soles to press
down the soil, and uo horse treadings ; but the earth is
lifted from its bed, hurried, twisted, and broken, aud
dropped bottom upwards ; and it then lies so lightly and
loosely, and unpressecl, that the sun's rays and drying
winds enter freely, and parch the roots of weeds, from
which the soil has been wrung or shaken. In fact, in
dry, hot weather there is nothing equal to the steam
])lough for making a clean fallow. The cultivator moves
and pushes aside the earth, and lets down the fine por-
tions ; but it does not move or turnover all the earth, and
all the weeds : scarifying should be used after the weeds
have been uprooted aud dried by the plough. Of course
the ploughmen want looking to, for as they are paid a sum
])er acre over and above their usual pay, there is an in-
ducement to hurry the work, or omit to replace the worn
or blunted shares by new ones. In hard, dry, tenacious
claj s, the ploughs will come out of and slip over the soil
unless the shares are sharp and the plough sufficiently
weighted. In our case two or three men in addition to
the plough stecrer were required on the plough ; they had
to jump oft' occasionally where the engine was "pulled
up" by the resisting clay, and we can imagine what the
resistance must be to sto]) a 12-horse power engine work-
ing at 125 to 150 lb. to the inch. In fact, steam plough-
ing lays bare the shortcomings of the ordinary horse
])lough, where the ploughman has been obliged to " ease
off" the work when the resistance was too great for his
horses. After steam ploughing, the subsequent working
of the land becomes, by comparison, a very easy affair.
Commend me to the steam plough, and after that to cul-
tivation. The steam plough economises greatly both
horse and manual labour, and very much forwards the
work of the farm. In hard, dry ground, plenty of steam
plough shares should be provided, for some dozens per day
are occasionally required. I look upon the contract sys-
tem of steam ploughing as a great boon to British agri-
culture. The extra few shillings per acre are as nothing
when compared with the advantages gained, and I consi-
der it a great mistake to try to depreciate it, for we get a
strong fellow to do all the hard work, rendering the rest
easy. Especially it is useful to those who have only a
certain small number of horses which cannot be dispensed
with. Farmers with little crooked fields and small gate-
ways are unfavourably placed, and must expect to be left
out in the cold when competing for hired steam with
those whose lands are more acceptable to the contractors.
Landowners should consider this, and remove the diifi-
culties. Farmers are exposed to great competition as
among themselves. The occupiers of undrained, ill- shaped
and over-timbered fields, with bad roads and insufScient
buildings, suffer tremendously in competition with their
more fortunate neighbours. The buyer of wheat makes
uo allowance for agricultural shortcomings.

Your?,

October 20^'/^ J. J. Mechi.

MR. BRUCE'S SHORTHORNS.— Mr. John Cran, Kirk-
ton, InTcrness, has bought the whole herd of Shorthorns
belonging to Mr. Bruce, Burnside, Fochabers, consisting of
twenty-two animals.

THE LATE DUKE OF LEINSTER.— He was one
of the original founders of the national system of education,
and for many years acted as a Commissioner of
the Board. He warmly supported the establishment of the
Royal Agricultural Society in ISll, and filled the office.of
President until December, 1857. During the presidency oi
his Grace an incident occurred which threatened to upset the
Society. During the famine years Mr. O'Connell became a
member of the Society " for the purpose of using it to ' put
the screw' on the Government. On his motion a resolution
forbidding the discussion of political subjects was repealed
al>er a long debate. The Duke, who was in the chair, imme-
diately resigned, aa he saw that the effect of so radical a change
would create dissention in a society which had hitherto com-
bined all parlies for the good of the country, and that the
effect w ould soon be to break it up altogether. His prompt
and decisive action induced the members to retrace their
steps, and the Society was saved." The Duke was also much
interested in the prosperity of the Royal Dublin Society, and
for many years was President of the Council. He was also
President of the Royal Horticultural Society, and other public
bodies of a non-political character. He was for over sixty
years Grand Master of the Freemasons of Ireland, and in
the Orphan School of that institution, and other charities
connected with the Masonic body, he took a deep interest,
As a landlord, his Grace was much respected by his tenants,
among whom lie spent most part of his life. Affable and
courteous in his deportment, he was at all times accessible to
those who desired to bring their affairs under his notice, and
in this he made no distinction between the humblest and the
most important of his tenants. His private charities were
large. He taught that singularly tortuous tributary of the
Liffey, the Wrye, on entering tlie demesne, to expand into a
broad river, and this again into a large and beautifid lake,
the waters of which, conducted over an admirably constructed
artificial, and, withal, most natural-looking cascade, again to
take their natural course, and broadly flow for a long distance
through woodland and rocky scenery of a very imposing cha-
racter. At spots suitable for connecting the splendid drives
on its north and south sides he spanned this river with stately
and elaborately constructed stone bridges. The Duke was
very fond of arboriculture, and many a fine breadth of planting
now forms a lofty and enduring monument to his memory.
Though practically not so much of a horticulturist, or taking
as much of an active and personal interest in gardening as in
its kindred pursuits. Carton gardens and grounds were always
kept up in the finest condition. The beautiful and imposing
Italian garden adjoining the mansion was his Grace's crea-
tion, and formed at the cost of a great amount of labour and
expense. For nearly forty years he was President of the
Royal Horticultural Society — an office which he held to the
close of his life. His habits were as active as they were sys-
tematic. He was very fond of walking exercise, and few of
his friends after taking a spin with him would care to repeat
it. He conld handle the felling axe with the skUl of a back-
woodsman, aud many an aspiring pine, lofty ash, and tough
oak tottered with mathematical accuracy to the desired line of
fall from the nicely-balanced swing and unerring strokes of
his Grace's axe. He was most punctual in everything, and
especially so in the matter of correspondence. No matter who
had occasion to write to him, even the humblest applicant for
his bounty, we doubt if ever, unless under most peculiar cir-
cumstances, they had to wait much beyond the return post for
a reply. We have heard it said that on occasions when his
house was filled with company he always rose at five a.m., in
order to dispose of his correspondence and other matters, and
have thus time to give his undivided attention to his guests.
His puctuality as regards payments v/as of a piece with that in
respect of his correspondence and all other matters. Annui-
ties, subscriptions to public bodies, charitable institutions,
and they were not a few, had never to be applied for. The first
day of the new year was never allowed to be anight old before
tliey were discharged. Indeed it was one of the joys of his
life to lie down each night conscious of owing no man any-
thing but good will. — Irish Farmers' Gazette.

A GOOD CROP. — There is a pear-tree in an orchard ad-
joining the Crown Hotel, Stoke Ferr^, Norfolk, which has
this year produced 160 pecks of fruit.

THE FARMEK'S MAGAZINE*

361

FARMING

I N

WALES.

THE PRIZE FARMS OF DENBTGUSHIRE AND FLINTSHIRE.

The following is the report and awards for the best cultivated
farms :

To the Committee of the Denbighshire and Flintshire Agri-
cultural Society.

Gentlemen, — My inspection of the farms entered for your
prizes commenced this year oa the 10th August, and terminated
on the lith. I selected this period as being the most
saitable for seeing the graia crops at their best and
tlie stubbles at their worst. A good corn crop in a
clean stubble is one of the best evidences of good farming.
It is a certain testimony to the previous cultivation while under
green crop, and aa equal guarantee of good " seeds" and of
clean " permanent pasture" when the land is laid down to
grass. Last year the corn crops were neither heavy nor clean,
chiefly because the season was adverse. This year they are
above the average, and the heaviest crops are on the best
farmed land. Land is very honest, " Clean it well, feed it well,
and work it well," and it will respond liberally to the treat-
ment. All the farms I have inspected this year have good corn
crops on them ; their green crops vary in character, as also do
their seeds and pastures, but they are all under superior manage-
ment. The first prize ii offered for "the farm not less in quan-
tity than 150 acres, including all the land held, which is pro-
perly subdivided with fences, and is in the neatest and best
order, judicious draining, watercourses, roads, gates, stiles,
farmyard, &c., included ; the arable land under the most ap-
proved course of cropping, and also the grass land in the
neatest and best condition, soil and situation considered.

Of the four competing farms in this class I select that oc-
cupied by Mr. John Roberts, Geinas House, Bodfari, as coming
nearest to this description. It is the smallest of the four, and
is not so compact or conveniently situated for the homestead as
the others, being intersected by a railway, and having a large
piece of land in the centre, on which the church and village
stands ; but all is done that is possible to counteract these dis-
advantages. Its extent is I765 acres, forty of it is moun-
tain land, 35 being in pasture and 5 in clover ; 30 acres were
in corn, 18 of it wheat and 12 oats. The wheat in one field
of II acres was remarkably good, thick on the ground, and the
straw bright and well headed ; in the other field of 7 acres there
was some coltsfoot and a few annual weeds in the stubble, but
the crop was a fuU average, and this was the only field to which
any exception could be taken as regards cleanliness. The
barley, lOj acres, was a full crop, with a good root of seeds
under. First year's clover, mowed, 30 acres, very good. Man-
gold wurtzel, 6 acres remarkably forward and well managed.
Swede turnips, 6 acres, regular iu plant and growing
fast. Potatoes, 2J acres, vigorous and clean. The pasture
land lying near the homestead greatly improved by a dressing
of bone manure, full of white clover, and free from all noxious
weeds. The upland pasture very clean and sweet. The stock
consisted of 200 breeding ewes and lambs, well suited in cha-
racter to the high-lying land, 13 dairy cows of a very superior
class, 16 heifers and 16 rearing calves, quite equal in quality,
and 2 handsome pedigree buUs, 6 farm horses, 3 colts, and 8
pigs. The poultry yard and bee stands testified also to the at-
tention of Mrs. Roberts, as also did the state of the dairy. The
garden was neat, but not made as productive as it might be. Mr.
Roberts says he uses about eight tons of bone and artificial ma-
nures annually, and 50 tons of lime, applies all the liquid ma-
nure of the homestead to his grass land, and ploughs under
lurrow all the farmyard manure his stock makes ; and he claims
to have made such permanent improvements as the eradication
of 3,500 yards of old fences, and the planting and raising of 900
yards of new ditto. He has a very useful collection of farm
implements, a fixed steam-engine, and a well-arranged farmyard
and buildings. He is an enterprising man, and has evidently
done his best to win, and he well deserves the prize. All the
other claimants have made a great outlay in permanent
improvements and in increasing the fertility of their soils.
One has eradicated 1,850 yards of old fences on a farm
of 227 acres, and has reclaimed upwards of five acres
of land by grubbing up tree roots and filling up ditches,

and has planted 628 yards of new fences. He also
expends £100 per year iu bone-dust and artificial ma-
nures, and all has been done so well that it has greatly improved
the value of the occupation. Another, on a farm of 200 acres,
has done even more work of a similar character, and has
also made a new road of considerable length, re-formed a
stack yard at great cost to reduce labour, built a stone wall 100
yards long, and expended a considerable sum on improvement
of farm-house. He has also greatly improved the cultivation
of one hall the farm, which was much uxliausied by ploughing
and very foul when it came into his hands four years age, for
all of which he deserves the highest commendation. He had
one of the best fields of wheat 1 have seen this year. The
third has gutted his farm of all its old fences, re-formed its
fields into the most suitable size for convenience by planting
nearly 6^ miles of new fences, his landlord giving quicks and
providing substantial rail fences for their protection. He has
also made many other improvements, and he must ultimately
bring his farm into the prize list if he perseveres in the way
he has commenced. Time, and sometimes a long period of
time, is essential to substantial improvement of land and to its
being made as productive and profitable as all good farmers
desire.

There is only one claimant for the Silver Medal of the
Society, offered 10 owners and occupiers for the best farm under
the same conditions, but 1 have no hesitancy in awarding it to
the claimant. Major Hughes, of Ystrad. His farm is fast
becoming a model larm, and after a more practical manner
than attaches to most of those which go by this name. There
is some extra expense incurred for ctppearance sake in the
buildings near the hall, but the profit and loss sheet is evidently
kept well under eye. The farm is a light dry soil and consists of
343 acres, divided into thirteen fields : 88 acres were in wheat,
33 oats, 25 turnips, 12 mangold wurzel, 2 cabbages, 2 vetches,
30 mowing, 95 clover, and 40 grass, pastured with cattle and
sheep. All the crops were remarkably good except the tur-
nips, which had utterly failed through the dry weather, but
had been re-sown and were now making a fair start. The
stock consisted of 9 farm horses, 24 dairy cows, 40 heifers and
bullocks, and 24 calves. The milk of the cows is churned by
steam power and made into butter, and from 24 to 30 calves
are annually reared on the farm. The sheep flock consists of
250 breeding ewes, supplemented by about 200 wethers, bought
in the autumn and sold out in the following spring, 6 breeding
sows, and about 30 store pigs. House feeding is largely fol-
lowed with the horned stock. All clover and vetches used
green are passed through the chaff-cutter and mixed with
brewer's grains, bean meal, oilcake, &c. No hay or straw sold.
This system yields a large quantity of manure, and places it
where it can be most economically and advantageously dealt
with. All the field labour, both team work and manual, is
done by the piece, and a bonus is given for success in rearing
lambs, poultry, &c. This system is worthy of more thought
from farmers than it yet obtains. Wherever it can be applied
it must be the fairest way of rewarding skill and industry in
the labourer, and ol stimulating and sustaining him in his
efforts to rise both socially and morally, and by adopting it the
farmer must get equal value in labour for his wages, and have
his work done more quickly and equally well with proper
supervision. Major Hughes says the plan works admirably,
but he combines the practical with the theoretical on his farm
more than most men, and carries out his plans with all the
system and discipline of a soldier. His farming must have a
beneficial influence in the neighbourhood, in showing both what
can be done and how to do it.

For Premium 8, " Farms over 80 acres but under 150,"
there is no claimant ; and for Premium 9, " Farms over 50
acres and under 80," only one — Mr. Edwards, the Brewery,
Ruthin. His farm is situate about a mile from the town, and
contains 52 acres, lying compactly together round the home-
stead. Since entering upon it last year, under lease, he has
drained 6 acres, eradicated 125 yards old fences, marled II
acres, repaired the occupation road and footpaths, which were

A A

362

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE

in a neglected state, and set up and fixed 13 gates. He lias
also had a large fall of timber made since entering on the fann,
in accordance with agreement made with the landlurd, and
the place, it is evident, is already greatly improved iu appear-
ance and value by these works. His barley (10 acres) was an
average crop. Beans (3 acres) a light crop. Turnips (i^
acres) patchy in places, through the ravages of the beetle grub.
Potatoes (2 acres) very healthy looking, and all the laud clean
and well cultivated. The pasture land (21 acres) had been
much improved by draining and the application of marl and
manure, and the clover (9 acres) was very good. The hedges
had all been cut in and properly laid, so as to make good
fences in a year or two with proper care. The stock (20 cattle,
20 sheep, and 8 pigs) were of suitable character, and the whole
occupation was in commendable order.

Thomas Kigby, Inspector.

At Llanboidy Mr. Pugh, without trespassing on the
province of the judges,' might say that splendid specimens
of the black breed were shown that day, and he believed that
henceforth Llanboidy would be known as the home of the
blacks. They were now establishing a Herd-book of the stock
and he hoped they would tnke an interest in it ; it would be
a thousand pities to let such a splendid lot go by. " The
proof of the pudding was in tiie eating," and he believed that
the black breed would produce as nice a bit of beef as could be
vFished. For himself, he was fond of a bit of colour, and did
a little in the way of Shorthorn. In his opinion everv man
should be allowed to do as he thought best, only he ought to
try and keep the breed pare ; he certainly thought there was
something in that. They ought to thoronghlv understand
breeding. With regard to horses, tlipy had a really splendid
show that day. In a book he got hold of a short time ago it
was stated, with regard to horses, that if a thorou?h-bred
mare was put to a common horse, ever afterwards she lost her
excellence, and would never breed racers again. This, he
believed, was said to be the case not only with horses, 'but
with other animals. Suppose, for instance, a man had a
splendid Shorthorn cow worth, perhaps, £500 or a thousand
pounds, not much in these days, and she came across a £10
black bull, then according to his doctrine she would never
again breed anything worth having. He did not sav that this
doctrine was true, but it was worth some consideration ; in
the meantime he would ask them to take care of their fences,
and let those who had good animals try to keep them up.

The Rev. Mr. Morgan was very happy to find that a new
feature had been added to this Society— an hortisultural show.
About four years since he paid a visit to North Wales, and
noticed that the houses of the labouring classes, especially
those employed at the Peurhyn quarries, were extraordinarily
clean. On inquiring the cause of this, and how it was that
the gardens were so well kept, he found that Lord Penrhyn
encouraged the cottagers to keep their houses clean and tidy
by giving prizes. He had not the least doubt that this new
feature of the agricultural society— the horticultural society-
would be of much use and benefit in the future.

Mr. Lewis (Gurrey), oue of the judges of the cattle, said
that Mr. Ormond and himself had had a very dillicult task to
perform, particularly with regard to the black cattle. He had
heard a great deal about the Llanboidy show, but had never
had the pleasure of attending it before that day. The black
cattle exhibited in the yard he would have been glad to posses
when he was farming, and the two-year-old heifers formed a
stock which no man need be ashamed to own. In speakin°-
thus he did not refer to the two-year-olds more than the
reraMuder of the blacks, for Mr. Ormond and himself recom-
mended the whole of the classes as good. When he (Mr
Lewis) did more farming he kept to the black cattle, but since
he had retired he had been trying other breeds— Shorthorns
Ayrshires, and many others; but of oue thing he was certain'
that he had found nothing to equal the black for a dairy cow'
Mrs. Lewis had said to him the other day, " If you are going
to let me have a few cows, let me have
good ones," and although he had tried other
breeds, he was now going to fall back upon the black breed.
He had tried an experiment with each cow, separately, with
the aid of a lactometer, an instrument he would recommend '
them all to procure, and then they would be able to see what '
difference there was iu the qnality of the milk. By not refer- '
ring to the quality of the milk, it was impossible to know i
what the value of the produce of the cow was. lie could not '

speak highly of the coloured cattle in the yard. He hardly
expected to see good coloured cattle, for they were not in the
same position as his neighbour, Mr. Pugh, who could buy
some of the best pedigree stock in England. In his opiniou
more prizes ought to be given for the stock shown.

Mr. James (Haverfordwest), one of the judges for the
horses, they said when asked him to act he had no idea there
would be such a good show. He was afraid their patience
had been tried in the horse show, but the various classes were
so good that the judges really could not decide. The yearling
colts and the two-year-old hunters were especially good.

Mr. GiBBY (Copy Bush) referred more particularly to the
sheep, which were extraordinarily good. In the district from
whence he came the Llanboidy sheep had always had a good
character. When he went home he should be able to tell the
farmers that in the future they need not go to Shropshire or
Wiltshire for sheep, and he should advise them to go to
Llanboidy where they could get animals of sound constitution
well worth the attention of any man. He had some sheep
which he should be hnppy to exhibit in any show but Llan-
boidy ; he could not bring them there, for he was certain he
should be beatn. He had no doubt that once he got back the
farmers in his di.'.trict would never go anywhere else for their
auimals hut to Llanboidy. He could not say so much for the
pigs ; the long-eared sows and the short-eared sows were very
good, but the boars ought to be much better. Pig-breeding,
if properly carried out, was not a small item iu the profi.ts of a
farmer. He found the Berkshire breed the most profitable, and
believed, if they gave it a trial, they would find so too. Iu
the course of a few years they would have to come to Llanboidy
for the best things in the country.

Mr. Or.moxd (Wedlock) said it was the .first time he had
ever acted as judge at Llanboidy, and he was really surprised
at the show of sheep ; it was first-class. The boars were not
up to the mark, and some ought not to have come into the
yard at all. The sows, however, were very good.

Mr. Thomas (Derllys) said some years ago it was enough
to bring an ordinary animal and take the prize ; but now the
horses must be brought in good condition, reared well from the
time they were foaled. It was the same with sheep and cattle ;
it' they did not bring good things they had no chance of
winning at Llanboidy. The sheep were, as the judges had
remarked, first-class, and they were getting better. Three or
four years ago they never saw a sheep trimmed ; now he pro-
posed that the Society should offer a prize for the sheep that
was best trimmed. Next year he himself intended offering a
prize of one sovereign for the best trimmed sheep in the yard.

Mr. Buckley, the Vice-chjiirman, ssid this was the first
exhibition of this soeiety at Llanboidy that he had yet
attended. Agricultural shows of this kiad were very interest-
ing to him, as farming had always been one of his hobbies.
The stock ahown at their show was well worth looking at.
He had kept a large quantity of Shropshire sheep, aud had
bought [some at Mr. Preece's sale in Shropshire, but in his
opinion the shet p exhibited in the yard to-day were as good
as those, and were quite fttto go to Shropshire, and cut a very
respectable figure there.

Mr. Powell, the Secretary, said with all the improvement
which societies such as these created between landlord and
tenant, aud with'rill the improvements made in stock, there was
yet oue class which had not changed for the better in this
country. The class to which he alluded was one of the most
important to the farmer, without which he would not be able
to cairy out his affairs ; he meant the labouring class, the most
helpless and dependent of any class in the county. As long
as health and strength and work remains everything was
right, but let sickness or old age come on, the whole
machinery was put out of gear, and he had to depend upon
the charity of others, or to tender mercies of a board of
guardians. To provide against that there had been established
in this county — in fact, in the three counties — a society which
he hoped would better the class to which he referred. He
would no lurtliir detain them on this point, but would
earnestly beg and entreat the serious attention of all farmers
to this society. He was sure that if they once put it to their
hearts they would give it their warmest support. The presi-
dent of this meeting-, and the vice-president also, had allowed
their names to be added to the list of .trustees, and they were
also liberal supporters of the scheme. He believed that the
Society would do a vast amount of good ; it would enable the
labouring man to provide for sickness and old age, lay by an

THE FARMER' 8 MAGAZINE.

36:

annuity for himself or his cliildren, and make provision for
death. He was happy to say that BIr. Buckley had undei taken
to occupy the chair at a meeting to be held at St. Clears.

Mr. Buckley said, as Mr. Powell meutioued his name in
connection with this Friendly Society, he would like to make
a few remarks ou the matter. He had put his shoulder to the
wheel in connection with it, because he thought it would be a
most excellent thing for the labouring classes. The labourer
of this part of the country, as far as he could judge, seemed
to be pretty comfortable, but the thought must sometimes
occur to iiira, " What will become of ray wife and family if I
am overtaken by illness ? we have nothing but the workhouse
before us." That was a very gloomy thought, and must hang
continaally like a cloud over the labourers' mind. He (Mr.
Buckley) had taken the opportunity to speak on this subject,
because most of the gentlemen present had it in tlieir power
to help forward this great Society, for the three counties. He
believed this Society was a most admirable one, and one that
would work an immense amount of good. He should like to
mention what he considered a serious omission in the pro-
ceedings. No notice had been taken of the beautiful llower
show, under the teut in the fteld near the school, which had
been got up at very considerable labour and expense. The
wonder was how such a show could have been brought
togetlier, and he was sure the visitors would have been more
numerous, had not the weather militated so much azaiust it.
The fruit show was very fine, and was much to the commen-
dation of the neighbourhood. There were also some beautiful
flowers, and the cottagers' exhibits of wild flower devices were
really so beautiful, and so tastefully got up, that they excited
the admiration of all present, who were best able to form an
opinion on such things.

Mr. Thomas, the secretary of the United Counties Friendly
Benefit Society, said, long before this Society was commenced,
he had thought of something of the kind. The time for
talking about it was now gone by, the time for action had
arrived, and tiiey were now working in right earnest. Still
everything could not be completed at once ; the work was
being done as fast as possible, and a good deal of necessary
routine matter had been completed. He had visited Cardigan
in the course of the week for the purpose of establishing a
branch there, and he was glad to say the Society would meet
with a good rece])tion in the town of Cardigan. He was
surprised to find that in that town there was only one society,
a branch of the Odd-fellows, and a small club. This fact
would serve to show the great need there was in three coun-
ties for a society of the kind they were establishing, and he
had no doubt it would work its way in a short tim?.

At Carmarihen, Mr. PtGU, the High Sheriff, expressed
his great satisfaction with the show as a whole ; the blacks,
the horses, and the sheep w^re all first rate. He read a short
extract from louatt on breeding, which set forth the danger
that lay, in using a poor stallion with a good mare, of ruining
that mare for ever, and making her quite unfit even if the
best stallion obtainable were afterwards used, to give a pure
racer. He had referred to this fact at Llaiiboidy, and now
gave them the exact words of the writer he quoted. He
strongly urged them all to keep to pure blood.

Lord Emlyn, the Chairman, desired to say a few words on
some important subjects which interested them, and this
without entrenching on the rule of the Society. A question
greatly afi'ecting agriculture, which had been the subject of
considerable controversy and discussion, and the cause of
annoyance and diificulty in this county, it was proposed to
deal with by Act of Parliament last Session. This had not been
done. Now, before blaming tiie Government for not bringing
forward the subject, they had to remember the circumstances
under which they came into power. Whoever deserved blame
for the present Governmcut not coming into power soouer it
certainly was not the Government themselves, and it would,
therefore, be unfair to blame them. They had no recess in
which to prepare their important plans, and nothing had been
done last session in this matter. Mention, however, of such
a bill might be looked for ou the House re-assembling. There
could be but little difference of opinion as to tiie necessity of
some such measure as he referred to ; of course, he spoke of
a measure for in some way allowing the tenant the benefit of
unexhausted improvements. He hoped that before they met
here again on the occasion of the annual show that some
measure of that kind will have been passed by Parliament.
The concessions that had been made by the budget in the

relief of a farmer from various imposts could not but be gra-
tifjing to them ; they were, besides, promised a consideration
of the whole question of Local Taxation next session.

Mr. Jokes, M.P., congratulated the Society on the show
held that day and the excellence of the cattle, reminding the
farmers ot the great value there was in the rearing of Here-
fords, which he should like to see spread more over the
country than was the case. He referred briefly to the capa-
bilities of the country for cattle breeding and came then to
speak of matters parliamentary. This last session the Govern-
ment had been blamed for making it uninteresting ; it might
have heen uuinteresting to those who were bound up in the
sensational legislation of the times which had gone before ;
but it could nut be said with truth, that there had been little
doing to advance the interests of the country ; that had indeed
been asserted, but the complaint was not founded on any
correct estimate of what had been accomplished, as he be-
lieved could be proved by a few words. The expense of
lunatic paupers to the local ratepayers had been very much
lessened ; tlie tax on agricultural horses had been abolished
— a great and undoubted boon to the farmers, which he hoped
would be followed before long by the removal of the tax ou
sheep dogs as well. The consideration of the whole question
of Local Taxation would be a prominent work of the next
session. There was an undue preponderance of the rates he
thought falling on the land. As to the lessening of the
Income-tax, he was of opinion that Schedule D was the only
one as to which (here was just ground for complaint ; were
Schedule D modified, he would not object to the rate, nor to
seeing it one levied at 6d. in the £.

At Tarpoley, Mr. Tollemache, JLP., believed, on the
whole, they might congratulate themselves on their agricul-
tural prospects this year. During the spring he was engaged
in London, but if he had been down in Cheshire during the
very dry weather which then prevailed, he feared he would
have availed himself of the truly British privilege of grumbling.
But matters afterwards turned out better than we thought,
and we knew there had been a very good harvest throughout
the country. In Suffolk the wheat crop had been most ex-
cellent, and he believed it was also very good in Cheshire.
Barley was good, and the potatoes very promising. We
might, he feared, be rather short of hay, but he hoped v\ c should
not have a severe winter. We had plenty of grass at present,
stock was generally healthy, and if proper precautionary
measures were used we might continue to remain in the same
satisfactory condition. Some years ago his father tried an
interesting experiment, which perhaps Mr. lligby and others
would remember ; he had two yearling heifers vaccinated
after which he sent thein to stand for some weeks between
animals affected with pleuro-pneumonia. Notwithstanding
their proximity to the infected animals the heifers returned
home perfectly sound, and although he knew there were great
differences of opinion on the subject of vaccination, still
he could not help feeling that if vaccination received a
fair trial it migiit prove an effectual safeguard. He had re-
ferred to the harvest m Suffolk. In the west the wheat crop
might not be so pleutilul, but at the same time they had not
shared the dilficulties there which the east had with regard to
labour. ALhough not a single labourer ou his father's Suffolk
estatejoined the Uuion, there was no doubt whatev .that there
was a better feeling between employer and employed, and he
trusted that the warning they had from their Eastern Counties
friends might not be lost upon them. He hoped employers
would show increasing forbearance, ioresight, and kindness in
relation to the employed, and thus establish a permanent bond
of union between them.

Sir Philip Grey EGEiiiOA', M.P., dared say that some of his
friends who saw him scrambling about in the vales, endeavour-
ing to put salt ou partridges' tails, thought he might be better
at home instead of idling his time away like that, and perhaps
they might be right in one sense ; but while he was rambling
across the country in search of wild partridges, endeavouring
to put salt on their tails, he was also taking care that no one
should put salt ou his tail. He read a story in his youth,
" Eyes and no eyes," which materially helped to induce in him
the habit, whether hunting, shooting, or walking about, of
using his eyes ; and though ostensibly in search of sport, he
had opportunities of seeing what lie could not see otlierwise.
He thought he could tell them where to find a field of docks
and rushes, or a field of good white clover ; and he not only

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364

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

knew tbe field, but the farm where it was. Of course he went
into every field, because if he missed one he might miss a covey
of birds. He thought he kaew, too, every ditch that wanted
cleaning out and every gaie that wanted repairs — and
he might tell them that whenever he found a gate
tied with a withy he always cut it. It was a
slovenly, idle plan wliicli he could not endure. If he were a
farmer he would never go out without a small hammer and a
few nails iu his pocket. As a geologist he had been accus-
tomed to carry a hammer, and he was quite sure he had often
carried more fossils than the weight of a few nails would be.
One nail might help to make up a gap, or save a gate, which
it would cost a good deal to repair afterwards. Therefore he
did not devote liiniself entirely to sporting, but took note of
what he saw, and remembered it too, and perhaps his neigh-
bours might hear of it some day or other. He knew fields
which would he very much advantaged by draining, and he
knew fields where there was as fine grass aud clover as anyone
could wish to see. Tlien the search for sport gave him an
opportunity of seeing what damage was done by hares and
rabbits, so that he could give his keppers instructions respect-
injt them ; also the opportunity of seeing what trees were
killing the fences, and which should be removed, and he took
note of that. He could also see what mischief bad been done
by the hounds in the previous season, aud without taking that
for granted, lie could see where wires had been run through
fences, and assured them that if an accident happened as the
consequence of that, and he were on the jury, he would never
quit it until a verdict of wilful murder had been returned.
All these matters lie might tell them in confidence came before
him in walking across country, and he did not trust to one
pair of eyes, for his friend Mr. Beckett, who was fond of
sporting, generally went with him. And he would say this
much, while upon what he had seen, that the general eS'ect of
what he had seen was highly satisfactory, aud he did not think
there was any county in England where agriculture was more
extensively and judiciously carried out than it had been in this
for the last few years. With reference to the present season,
thougli they had had a very serious drought — and when he
went afloat in Lord Ducie's yacht, he felt very downhearted at
the prospect — he never in his life had seen such fine crops,
such splendid pastures and clover, as he had seen this season ;
and if it was only open wheather this side of Christmas, he
thought the deficiency of the hay harvest would not be felt.
He thought proof of what he had been saying was afforded in
the condition of the animals exhibited, for he had never seen
finer, and he trusted the show would continue to be what it
was, one of the best local shows in the county.

Mr. ToMKiNSON, the chairman, congratulated them upon
the prosperous season they had passed. In Leicestershire and
other counties they had suffered more than iu Cheshire, for
which we here had reason to be thankful. Lastly, he con-
gratulated them upon the absence of those differences between
employers and employed which culminated in the disastrous
strike in the Eastern Counties, and which so embittered the
mutual relations which previously existed between the various
classes of society.

Mr. FiNCHETT, in responding for the " Successful Exhi-
bitors" strongly condemned the practice of over-feeding, and
thought the most fastidious could not find fault with the stock
exhibited at the Tarporley show. As an exhibitor of cattle, he
gave it as his opinion that the pure-bred Shorthorn was not
the best adapted for dairy purposes ; at the same time he would
advise every farmer to purchase a thorough-bred bull as a crop
to the stocks now kept in Cheshire ; the progeny of this crop
if not good milkers were much improved for feeders — a fact
not to be lost sight of in these days of dear beef.

At Ruthin, Major Cor:nwallis West, the chaiiman, had
often heard it asked among his friends, " Do these societies do
any good to the small Welsh farmers ?" That was the ques-
tion 'Jot them to decide. If they did not, he would say let
them try to make such an alteration that the small farmers
could compete in separate classes, and not oblige them to com-
pete against the tenants of large farms, who possessed nearly
the same advantages as landed proprietors. The importance
of agricultural pursuits was growing with the question. How
shall we provide for the increasing population of the country ?
Thank God we had a harvest this year the yield of which had
been almost unprecedented, nqt only in this country but in
ra nee, and it would be an immense gain to the people.

What did it mean ? It meant that this year we should not be
obliged to purchase so much corn as we should have had to
purchase otherwise ; in fact, we should have to purchase two
million quarters less, which represents a sum of £12,000,000
that will go into the pockets of the working men of this
country. He hoped that they would be the better off for it,
that they would at least indulge themselves, their wives and
children, in some harmless luxuries, instead of spending their
money upon an article the sale of which was becoming an
increasing item in the revenue of the Chancellor of the Ex-
chequer, he meant the consumption of spirits, for which a sum
of £15,000,000 was spent last year. He would not attempt au
amateur lecture on farming, for it would be absurd to do so,
but he might observe that, owing to the fickleness of our climate
in a great measure, no positive rules could be laid down in
regard to successful agriculture. Next to the climate, it
depended so much upon the industry, ability, and intellect of
the farmer. They could not say what crops should be grown
in a particular district, and whether a farm should be large or
small. It was ridiculous to suppose that in mountainous
districts people could be found with capital who would take a
farm of any size. He recollected a friend of his said he was
farming on a large scale, and, when asked how many fields, he
said, "Only three." Well, thit did not sound like a large
farm, but he explained that the fields were 600 acres each. It
would be absurd to have such farms as that in Wales. He
congratulated them upon the absence of such disturhances as
had taken place in the Eastern Counties. He believed that
the labouring classes in those parts were better paid, more
contented, that they had nothing to fear on their part that
there would be any such rising. Let it not be supposed that
he was saying a word against the right of any labouring man
to better his condition, if he could do so. What he deprecated
was the interference of those lo4uacious emissaries who went
about setting class against class. But at the same time — and
in that his friend Mr. Scott-Bankes could bear hira out — all
who knew anything of the frightfully-abject condition of the
labourers in the south must admit that they had a right to do
what they did. Speaking next of the tenure of farms, he
thought it of so much importance that he had offered a trifling
prize for the best agreement, and no doubt upon that a few
remarks would be made by Mr. Sandbach, and, as Mr. Osborne
Morgan would have to speak to the toast, he (the speaker)
ventured to express the hope that the Legislature would do
nothing but what was fair and just in regard to contracts
which should bind landlord and tenant. He would not pro-
long his speech except to say that he believed the general condi-
tion of that part of Wales was improving, for the last statistics
issued showed that the rates were diminished, and that there
were fewer paupers than in any other district of the United
Kingdom. He was delighted with the change which had been
made in regard to the dinner, as it had resulted in such a large
assemblage as he saw before him, landlords and tenants, and
their wives and daughters, sitting down together irrespective
of differences upon political and other matters. He hoped
that would still be the case.

Mr. H. R. Sandbach, for the judges, speaking of the farm
agreements which had been sent in to compete for the Pre-
sident's prize, said that one thing which struck them was the
extreme variety, each differing from the other. He did not
think any two were the same as to the period of entry, and
with regard to the one which they thought to be decidedly
the best, there were two points upon which he wished to
make some remarks. They considered the science of agri-
culture a progressive one, and thought, therefore, that the
tenant should not be obliged to observe one stereotyped
method of farming, as that would bar his progress. The
fewer restrictions placed upon the tenant the better, until the
period when he had notice to quit, and then it was necessary
to protect the interests of the landlord, as between out-going
and in-coming tenant. The agreement to which the prize
was awarded was that signed by Mr. Jones, of Aberystwith,
but in that they thought the notice to quit was too short : it
was six months, and it should be twelve months. The other
point was as to the cartage which the tenant engaged to do
for the landlord. A blank was left in the agreement, but a
note suggested that the tenant should do a day's carting for
every £20. They thought that a day's carting for every £40
would be sufficient. He mentioned those two points because
the Society would wish probably to obtain all the benefit they
could from the publication of the agreements. The date of

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

365

entry was the 29th of September, one not very usual, but that
was not of much consequence, providing it could be made to
coincide with the entry of the iu-coming tenant. The con-
dition was that the whole crop being then on the land the
landlord should have the option of taking it at a valuation.
Tiie 2nd of February, the 25th of March, and 25th of
November, were amoug the dates of entry which they met
with in the other agreenieuts.

Mr. OsBOKME Morgan, M.f., had lived amongst Welsh
farmers from childhood, and had often noticed the kindly
relations which existed between the farmers and labourers of
Wales. He did not think there was another part of tiie
kingdom in which tliere was such a kindly understanding as
in tliat part. In a letter to The Times a correspondent had
adverted to the fact, and it was supported by his own ex-
perience, that the same was the case between landlords and
tenants ; and he could not help thinking that one of the chief
objects, and one of the chief uses of meetings like that — of
course the first object was to encourage agriculture — was to
promote friendly feeling between landlord and tenant, to make
the landlord something more than a mere receiver of rent, and
the farmer something more than a mere producing machine.

At AVelshpool, Mr. Hanbury Tracy, M.P., thought that the
state and prosperity of the country was a matter of congra-
tulation. As to the show, they were also to be congratulated
on the many excellent productions it contained, but he re-
gretted that there was no competition for implements. Had
there been, the show in that department would have been
much larger, and he certainly should have been pleased with
a larger show of implements, because the present and future
welfare of agriculture depended almost entirely upon them.
But machinery was daily progressing and creeping into
places where it was never seen before, inasmuch as farmers
were seeing the necessity of it. They had had a serious
strike of agricultural labourers in the country, but it
had not come to their county, because both farmers
and labourers work well together. He thought that strike
had shown one or two things, and one of those things was
that where they had a fixed rent to pay, the wages ought to be
fixed also, if they had to keep up a certaiu number of labourers
all the year. Farmers might be able to pay higher wages
with a smaller number of labourers, but they must be skilled
labourers. The introduction of machinery was, as it had
ever been, the result of strikes, and there could be no doubt
that machinery was gradually fiadiug its way into agriculture,
from the steam harrow to the steam thrasher. He and his
colleages were well aware that they had gone ahead in Mont-
gomeryshiie with machinery, some of which, it must be con-
fessed, was very unpopular ; and he need scarcely tell them that
he alluded to that very unpopular specimen of it — the Forden
traction engine. There had been no end of correspondence
on this subject, and complaints of the nuisance the engine
was, but I'l,'" all that he or Mr. Wynn could do, as yet, the
Forden traction engine was still on the road. A bill was
introduced into Parliament too late last session to be of any
use to remedy these nuisances, and it fell to the ground. He
might be allowed to remark, in closing, that he believed
machinery was re-organising and settling the question of labour
more effectually than any strikes ever could do.

Mr. W. W. Wynn, M.P., the chairman, thought the county
could not support three or four societies of the kind, and for that
reason he advocated concentrated support. Machynlleth had
one for a short time, but it fell through, and the Llangollen
society could not hold its meeting this year, and was languish-
ing for want of pecuniary assistance. He could not think that
so many societies could offer prizes worth competing for. He
hoped they would become a circulating Society, and then they
could support one good one. These things may not be
palatable ; but as president of the society he thought they
were wholesome truths that it was his duty to tell them. He
was sure the two larger towns of Newtown and Welshpool
would know that in doing what he had he had done what he
could for the best. He hoped, in settling the show of 1876,
they would be actuated by the liberal feeling of give and take,
and see whether it would not be well to try one of the other
smaller towns next year. He thought, on the whole, and
considering the drawbacks to which he had adverted, that the
show this year had been a tolerably successful one. Amongst
the ponies, from 11 to 14< hands, he saw nothing worth looking
at. There was room for a good deal of improvement in the

cobs, and he thought a large quantity of grass land in that
county could be profitably used in rearing good ones. Prices
for this class of horses were very high. Ponies that he
could have bought 20 years ago for £20 to £25, were now
fetching with ease £50. But of all the stock that in his
opinion paid well, he thought nothing could equal their Mont-
gomeryshire waggon horses, and every colt that a farmer bred
from these horses was a good bank-note in his pocket.

Mr. Alderman Withy, the President, did not seem to
take a very flattering view of the show, but it should be borne
in mind what a bad season — from the long drought — it had
been for cattle. In fact, it was doubted at one time whether
they should have a show at all. They had certainly a larger
number in some classes than last year, but there were some
splendid sheep and cattle in the show for all that.

At Penybont, Radnorshire, the Hon. A. Walsh, M.P., said
measures were passed during the last session for reducing lociil
taxation, for which he believed that next year all ratepayers
would feel the benefit. There was besides the repeal of the
duty on horses, and he did not know any class who would be
more benefited by that measure than farmers in the grazing
districts, whether of cattle or of sheep, because it was a neces-
sity for the farmer to have a horse to ride over his farm, and
to look after and herd his sheep ; in fact, in those mountainous
districts it would be impossible lor a sheep farmer to carry on
his business without. They were as much a beast of labour as
the cart horses. The rates had been lightened also by the
rating of plantations, game, and mines, although — and he
wished there were more mines in the county — he feared that
rating of mines would not so much benefit the ratepayers of
Radnorshire as it would those of some other counties. He
believed that from the sources he had mentioned there would
be a great alleviation in the rates next year. There would be
many questions that would have to come before Parliament
next session in the interest of the farmer, but he would forbear
to enter into them, not wishing to disturb the serenity of the
company. They would entail many questions which could not
be mooted in an unpolitical spirit, and therefore he would not
go into them. Turning to the subject of the show, he must
remark with pleasure on the increased attendance over last
year, and he was told by competent judges that the show gene-
rally that day was very good indeed. He must say, however,
that he should like to see a little more competition. He knew
that the committee had very great difficulties to contend with,
because it was hard to draw a line between the different dis-
tricts to compete one with the other. It was quite ridiculous
to say that farmers from the Valley of the Wye, from whence
the chief winner that day— a personal friend of his, though not
a political one— had come, could compete on equal terras with
the higher portions of the country and those farmers whose
lands were not so valuable by nature, but he did hope that the
committee, having the advantage of practical men to guide
them, would be able gradually to institute different prizes for
those districts, so that they would be able to see the hard-
working farmer who worked for his livelihood, and spent his
whole capital ou one of the less favoured farms, competing for
and receiving the best rewards for the most meritorious ani-
mals. It could hardly be supposed that an association only
two years old should be brought to perfection in that time,
and he had no doubt that every succeeding year would bring a
fresh stimulus to it. So long as the farmers supported it, so
long would the gentry do so, and they would all go hand in
hand in trying to keep the association on its legs, totally
irrespective of politics, and with a view to increasing the value
of the stock on the farms in the county. The Radnorshire
Company had this year given a prize for turnips, and he under-
stood it was the intention of Mr. Price, of the Mill, to give
next year a £5 cup, because they must all remember how much
the cattle depended for their winter feeding upon those and
other roots. They must, therefore, give their attention, not
only to the best breed of animals, which might fail for want of
subsistence, but also attend to the feeding of the same. He
should therefore like to see, another year, additional prizes
given for roots.

Mr. Severne, the chairman, said one of its most in-
teresting parts had been the trial of sheep dogs ; and, apropos
of them, he must say he should certainly like to see the tax
upon such dogs removed. Mr. Walsh was iu Parliament he
believed when that tax was put on, but he then represented
I Leominster, where the people did not care for those dogs, and

366

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

perhaps would rather have the tax levied upou them. As for
any reductions of taxation he believed that those reductions
were suggested by the permanent officials of the Inland
Uevenue and adopted by whatever party might be in power, so
that noparty was responsible. Asahumhleindividual hisopinion
UDon the subject was powerless, but as the president of the
E.Hdiiorshire Asjricultural Society his voice perhaps might have
s jme weight, and lie must say that a more shameful tax than that
upon sheep-dogs was never imposed. He did not think that a
farmer ought to keep a dog or starving curs to run all over the
country and bark about the neighbouring houses at night, but
it might be left to the magistrates to say how many sheep-dogs
were required on each farm. No doubt Mr. Walsh vrould take
crjtiit for his friends the present Government, and to a certain
extent they were his (the Chairman's) friends too, though
he was no party politician, for having removed the tax upon
horses, but in his (the Chairman's) opinion they ought rather
to have taken off the tax upon sheep-dogs, and put them on
the same footing as sporting dogs. The tax upon sheep dogs
he considered ought far more to have been removed than that
upon horses, and he was satisfied tliat the present anoma-
lous state of things upon the subject could not long continue.
The tax was in fact equivalent to a tax upon a man's tools of
trade. As for tlie Radnorshire Agricultural Society, he
thought they had placed it upon such a basis that it would be
an institution of the country. Soon after it was founded, Mr.
Dansey Price had communicated to the secretary that a gen-
tleman would give £600 towards it, provided that it was to
be moveable to Knighton and Presteign. The founders of it
had, however, invested their money upon the principle of its
being held in a central positional Penybont,and to that effect
a reply had been sent to Mr. Dansey Price. He was sorry to
say that the gentleman who offered the £500, and who
appeared to be a well-wisher to KaUnorshire, was very much
hurt at the reply. The committee were unable to ascertain
who that gentleman was.

Mr. D.vNSEY l^RicE, in returning thanks on behalf of " the
unknown gentleman" who was a well-wisher to the interests
of the Society, said he was excessively pleased to see how
much the Society was progressing and promised to report to his
unknown friend accordingly. The offer, as the Chairman well
knew, was a bona Jide one. It might, he thought, be modified
in any way to suu the feelings and wishes of the Society, and
was one that would, he was sure, if accepted be the means of
making the Society a permanent institution of the country.
It must not be omitted that in asking for the Society to be
onsidered a county association they were giving up the
meetings tluit were held at present at Knighton, Presteign and
Wye-side. What his unknown friend proposed was to make the
Society to a certain extent migratory. He dared say, however,
the offer might be modified, and iliat the gentleman would
not wish to make a hard and fast bargain. If the Society
Cdrried out the object it was endeavouring to do — namely, to
g^t the proprietors of both the upper and lower districts to
send their cattle to one show, and could afford both like
aivantages, so as to please all parties, it would be doing
what a county society ought to do — namely, improving every
part of tlie county from one end to the other, and especially
those districts which most required improvement. He hoped
the Society would try to come to an agreement with his un-
known friend, and so try to put the Radnorshire Agricultural
Society on a firmer basis than ever it had a chance ot being
before.

Mr. W. Hawkins (Weston), a judge, had been at two or
three other shows this season, but he did not know that in the
cart-iiorse classes he had seen better horses at any of them.
They were good enough to be shown at any exhibition in
England. In fact he had never seen better in his life.

Mr. W. Ball (Kington) confirmed Mr. Hawkins' remark.
Although he knew the county well, he was certainly very much
aston»ihed to see the horses exhibited that day, and he must
comphment the gentlemen of the upper part of the county on
the class of cart horses they had produced. He wished he
could say the same of the other classes.

Mr. P. Rogers (Coxall) thought in some classes the stock
shown last year was uetirr thau mat wliicii he aud. Mr. Evaus
had been called on to judge that day. He thought that
another year it would be well for the committee to get other
than Herefordshire men to act as judges, although some of
r hem were Radnorshire men ; he was himself ibr one, and he
still thought there was not a better county in all England

Still it was better that in some classes — the mountain sheep-
especially, which were very important stock in Radnorshire —
there should be gentlemen of greater experience of them than
Herefordshire men to judge of their merits.

The Hon. A. Walsu, M.P., explained that there was no
man in Radnorshire had a greater hatred to the tax on sheep
dogs than himself, as he thouglit it was a most unjust tax, and
he was fully prepared in that session, if no one else had done
it, to move that that tax should be abolished, but the Chan-
cellor of the Exchequer, in introducing his Bunget, stated that
next year he would hand over the tax on sheep-dogs to rate-
payers, for them to do what they thought fit with it; and,
therefore he (the Hon. A. Walsh) and other members who re -
presented feeding and sheep breeding counties determined to
wait until next session, to see if he (the Chancellor) would
redeem his promise. If he did not, then they would bring
forward a motion upon the subject, and would fight it to
the last.

TOLL ON STEAM AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS
— A case came on at the Steyning Petty Session in which
George Woolgar, of the Bramber Turnpike Gate, summoned
the Penshurst and Chiddingstone Agricultural Steam Company
(Limited) for refusing to pay toll in respect of two steam road
locomotive engines, containing within themselves (using the
words of the Act) the machinery for their own propulsion,
together with certain carriages or implements annexed thereto.
Mr. Lamb, of Brighton, appeared for the toll-gate keeper
and Mr. Goodman, also of Brighton, appeared for the Com-
pany. Mr. Lamb opened the case for the prosecution 6y
putting in the Local Act obtained in the year 1860 by the
trustees of the Bramber-road, in which certain tolls were
authorised to be taken in respect of agricultural road steam
engines and carriages drawn by them. Mr. Lamb also referred
to what is generally termed the " Locomotive Act, 1871," by
which it is enacted that all clauses and provisions of any Local
Act relating to turnpike roads shall apply to locomotives so as
to render the owners liable (notwithstanding the General Act
may have been passed subsequently to the Local Act) to those
tolls specified in such Local Act. It should be stated that in
the General Act referred to tolls are authorised to be taken by
trustees of local turnpike roads, as follows: " Such a toll for
every two tons weight that the locomotive shall weigh, as shall
be equal to the toll by the Local Act made payable for every
horse drawing any waggon, &c., with wheels of a width similar
to those of the locomotive." Mr. Lamb then called the gate-
keeper to prove the passing through the gate, on the 10th
ult., of the two locomotives, attached to one of which was a
van used for sleeping purposes by the men, but admitted not to
be for agricultural purposes. Mr. Lamb also put in the Acts
of Parliament relating to exemptions from toll, which were
afterwards referred to argumentatively by Mr. Goodman, as
will be seen below. This was stated to be the case for the
complainant, with the exception of a point raised by Mr. Lamb
as to whether a contract ibr ploughing land could be consi-
dered as a hiring of the implements by the person contracting.
On this point tlie magistrates expressed an opinion, as it did
not immediately arise. Mr. Goodman then addressed the
Court in an able manner on the part of the defendants. He
contended (citing several cases in support) that the mere fact
of a person contracting with another to do certain work did
not make the one who engaged the other a hirer in respect of
the articles and goods employed in carrying out the contract,
for inasmuch as uo action of trover in this case could have been
maintained by the farmer against any one who might have
removed the engine, there could be no bailment. It was also
contended that inasmuch as toll had been tendered and refused
in respect of the van no liability attached, and that as the
locomotive was drawing implements of primary importance in
agriculture, toll was not payable on the locomotive drawing
the van. Mr. Goodman quoted several Acts of Parliament,
aud cited several cases, the most important of which was
" Reg. against Matly." The magistrates retired to consider
their decisioa, and on their return the Chairman stated the
justices were of opinion that the exemption from toll attempted
to be made out in respect of the van had not been proved, and
also that the liability to toll of the locoTiotive drawing the
same had not been established. Accordingly toll had to be
paid for the van and not for the engine. A clergyman, the
Rev. J . Gorring, was Chairman of the Bench.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

367

NORTH SHROPSHIRE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
MEETING AT NEWPORT.

Of horses there was a large show, but as regards qual-
ity not hardly equal to what had been seen on one or two
previous occasions. Over 220 animals were shown, and
they were divided into 17 classes. The Shorthorns formed
a large class, but were a good deal mixed. The entries of
Messrs. Sneyd, Bradburn, Horton, RadclifFe, Bennion, and
Bickford were good specimens ; while the Duke of Suther-
land's bull's pedigree was not given. Of Shropshire sheep
there was really a great show ; the n umber of entrie? was 120,
and the animals were divided into seven classes, namely
— Aged rams 11 entries, shearlings 10, ram-lambs 22,
seven pens of ewes of 20, five pens of five ewes each, nine
pens of five each each, lambed in 1873 ; ten pens of five
ewes each, lambed in 1874 ; or, in all, 303 Shropshire
sheep. The names of the winners — Griffith, Mansell,
Beech, Nock, Yates, Smith, and Wilkes, are guarantees
of the character of the stock. The pigs made a poor show ;
there were only eight entries, comprising twenty-four
pigs, certainly a bad muster for a show which embraces
so wide a district. Of cheese and butter there was also a
rather limited show ; but ia wool some good competition.
Of implements the show was the largest ever seen at an
exhibition of the Society, and holding a conspicuous place
in the showyard was a collection by Messrs. Corbett and
Peele, of the Perseverance Iron Works, Shrewsbury.
Lewis and Co., of Shrewsbury, also showed an assort-
ment of implements, and Underbill, of Newport a very
large stand ; while Corbett and Son, of Wellington,
also had a large assortment. Gower and Son, Market
Drayton, another varied collection. G. Aston, New-
port, showed a number of Bradford's washing machines.
E. Webb and Sons, of Ivy Mills, Wordsley, Stour-
bridge, had a stand of seeds, manures, and agricul-
tural produce ; and Proctor and Ryland a collection of
bone manures for autumn use, and several fiue samples of
roots.

PRIZE LIST.
JUDGES. — Agricultural Hunting and Hack Horses:

Mr. J. Lea and JVIr. J. Belcher. Cattle : Mr. Jackson,

Mr. J. Heatley, and Mr. Groves. Sheep: Mr. J. Evans,

Uflingtou ; Mr. Keeling. PiGS : Mr. Burgess and Mr.

Eiirdley. Implements : Mr. Stanley and Mr. Gouldbour«.

Cheese and Butter : Mr. G. Lewis, Market Drayton ;

Mr. Piatt, Mauchester. Wool : Mr. Thompson, Shrews-
bury ; Mr. Smith, Shrewsbury.

HORSES.

Stallion for agricultural purposes. — First prize, £8, W.
Williams, Dryton, Wroxeter. Highly commended : I. Lowe,
Donington, Newport. Commended : W. Allen, Cherrington
Manor, Newport.

Mare with foal, for agricultural purposes. — First prize, £7,
R. C. Pooler, Adney House, Newport ; second, £3, S. Lea
Castle Hill, Spoonley, Market Drayton. Highly commended :
T. Jackson,*jun., Sowdley, Market Drayton. Commended :
S. Bourne, Goldsmith House, Burleydam, Whitchurch.

Pair of horses for agricultural purposes. — First prize, £6,
S. Bourne ; second, £3, W. Hunter, Oifoxey, Shitfnal. Highly
cemmended : J. Heatley, Old Springs Farm, Market Drayton.

Horse for Agricultural purposes. — First prize, £i, T.
Booker, Sutton, Newport, Salop ; second, £3, J. Swift, Weston
Jones, Newport, Salop. Highly commended : T. Ratclitfe,
Cheswell Grange, Newport, Salop. Commended : G.
McKuiglit, Mossey Green, Oakengates, Wellington.

Colt tor agricultural purposes, (baled in 1871. — First prize,
£!■, R. Heatley, Eaton Grange, Market Drayton ; second, £2,
H. Pooler, Cheswell, Newport. Highly commended: J.
Attwood, Weston Jones, Newport.

Colt for agrieultQtal purposes, foaled in 1873. — First prize,
£3, S. Lea; second, £3, J. Hammonds, Heath Hill, Newporr.

Highly commended : W. D. Turner, Oulton House, Newport.
Commended: Mrs. M. Davies, Harrington, Shifnal.

Colt for agricultural purposes, foaled in 1873. — First prize,
£3, J. Paddock; second, £2, B. Wainman, Whitley Manor,
Newport. Highly commended : J. Lockley, Little Hales
Manor, Newport.

Stallion for hunting purposes.— Prize, £5, A. Bayley, New-
castle-under-Lyme.

additional frizes.

Brood mare, with foal at foot.— First prize, a silver cup, 10
gs., C. R. Liddle, Highfield, Newport ; second, silver cup, T.
Williams, Albrightlee, Battlefield, Shrewsbury. Highly com-
mended, W. H. P. Nock, Burlington, Newport. Commended:
A. H. Gordon, Brineton, Newport.

Hunter, five years old and upwards, the hond fide property
of a member of the Society smce March, IS?!*.— First prize,
silver cup, 7 gs., and second, 3 gs., R. Ogle, Kinnersley
Manor, Wellington. Highly commended: G. Waine, The
Rowney Farm, Market Drayton,

Hack or roadster, 15 hands or over.— First prize, £5, T.
Radclitfe, and highly commended ; second, £2 10s. T. Powell,
Cotton Farm, Hoduet.

Cob, hack, or roadster, under 15 hands.— First prize, £5,
R. M. Leeke, Longford Hall, Newport ; second, £2 10s.,
J. Deane, Betley, Crewe. Hi?hly commended : R. N. Heane,
Newport., Commended : — Kemp, Market Drayton.

Colt, foaled 1870, within the limits of the Society, likely to
make a hunter.— First prize, £5, W. Bradburn, Wednesfield ;
second, £3 10s., G. T. Phillips, Sheriffhales Manor.

Colt, suitable for hack or roadster, foaled 1871— First pnze,
£4, W. Davies, Hinstock, Market Drayton; second, £2, J.
Bourne. Commended : G. Waiue.

Colt, for the same purpose, foaled 1872— First prize, £3,
and secoud, £2, W. H. P. Nock.

Colt, for the same purpose, foaled 1873.— First prize, £3,
H. Jones, Wrockwardine, Wellington ; second, £2, M. Lester,
Petsy Farm, llodnet. Highly commended and commended :
T Pciddoclc

Pouv, under 13 hands.— First prize, £3, Mrs. A. Bird and
Son; second, £1, J. Attwood. Commended: Mrs. A. Birdand
Son.

CATTLE.

SHORTHORNS.

Bull of any age, age to be taken into consideration. — First
prize, £7, and silver cup, the Duke of Sutherland, Lilleshall
Home Farm; second, £3 lOs. T. Williams, Albrightlee,
Battlefield, Shrewsbury. Highly commended: F. S. Broade,
Betley Hall, Crewe. "Commended: S. Dicken, Little Ness,
Baschurch.

Bull, calved 1872.— First prize, £7, B. Wainman, Whitley
Manor, Newport ; second, £3 10s., S. L. Horton, Park House,
Shilnal. Highly commended : T. Lester, Ollerton, Market
Drayton. Commended: R. W. Ralph, Honington Grange,
Newport.

Bull, calved 1873.— First prize, £5, W. Bradburn, Wednes-
field, Wolverhampton ; second, £2 10s., J. Morrey, Sutton,
Market Drayton. Highly commended : H. Walker, Lilleshall
Hill Farm, Newport. Commended: T. Radcliffe, Cheswell
Grange, Newport.

Bull, calved 187L— First prize, £3, T. Radcliffe ; second,
£3, W. Bradburn. Highly commended : Rev. W. Sneyd,
Keele Hall, Newcastle, Stafi'ordshire. Commended; T.
Booker, Sutton, Newport.

Cow, of any age, age to be taken into consideration, having
produced a calf in 1874'.— First prize, £5, O. Bennion, Cress-
v\ell, Stafford; second, £3, Rev. W. Sneyd. Highly com-
mended and commended : W. Bradburn.

Pair of heifers, calved 1873.— First prize, £4-, J. Bourne,
Arbour Farm, Market Drayton ; second, £3, Rev. W. Sneyd.
Highly commended : W. Yates, Griudle House, Shifnal.

Heiter, calved 1873.— First prize, £3, S. L. Horton, Park
House, Shifnal ; second, £2, J. Bickford, Moseley, Wolver-
hampton. Highly commended : S. Wilkes, Brewer's Oak
Farm, Shifnal.

368

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.1

Pair of heifers, calved 1873.— First prize, £3, S. L. Horton ;
second, £2, and highly commeaded, R. Dicken, Aston, Wel-
linffton.

Pair of heifers, calved 1874.— First prize, £3, W. Brad-
burn.

Bull, calved 1872.— First prize £7, W. U. Corser, Moor-
house, Much Wenlock.

Cow, of any age, age to be considered, having produced a
calf in 1874.— Prize, £5, M. Williams, Dryton, Wroxeter.
Highly commended : E. II. Uavies, Patton, Much Wenlock.
Commended : K. C. Pooler, Adney House, Newport.

Heifer, calved 1872.— Prize, £4, E. H. Davies. Highly
commended : W. E,. Corser.

Pair of heifers, calved 1873.— Prize, £3, M. Williams.

ADDITIONAL FRIZES.

Alderney or other Channel Island cow, in milk, having pro-
duced a calf in 1874. — First prize, silver cup, value £5, Rev.
J. Hill, The Citadel, Hawkestone: second, £2, Mrs. D.
Hudson, Cheswardine Hall, Market Drayton. Highly com-
mended: Rev. J. Hill. Commended: Mrs. D. Hudson.

Cow of any breed for dairy purposes, having produced a calf
in 1874. — First prize, £5, J. Bickford ; second, £3, J. Booker,
Wilbrighton, Newport. Highly commended : J. Booker.
Commended : W. Bradburn.

Fat ox, cow, steer, or heifer. — First prize, £4, Rev. W.
Sneyd ; second, £2, E. H. Davies.
SHEEP.

Ram of any age (age to be considered). — First prize, £7, and
econd, £3 10s., H. Griffin, Pell Wall, Market Drayton. HigWy
commended : T. Mansell, Ercall-park, Wellington. Com-
mended : E. H. Davies, Patton, Much Wenlock.

Ram, lambed 1873.— First prize, £7, Mrs. S. Beach, The
Hattous, Brewood, Staffordshire ; second, £3 10s. ,W. H. P. Nock,
Burlington, Newport. Highly commended : H. Griffin. Com-
mendded : T. Nock, Sutton-house, Snifual.

Ram lamb, lambed 1874.— First prize, £4, Mrs. S. Beach ;
second, £2, T. Nock. Highly commended : W. Yates, Grindle-
house, Suifal. Commended : S. Wilkes, Brewer's Oak Farm,
Snifnal.

Twenty ewes, of any age, each having produced a lamb in
1874.— First prize, £10, T. Mansell, Ercall-park, Wellington ;
second, £5, Mrs. H. Smith, New-house, Sutton Maddock, Snifnal.
Highly commenaed : M. Williams, Dryton, Wroxeter. Com-
mended : W. Yates, Grindle-house, Snifnal.

Five ewes of any age, each having produced a lamb in 1874.
— First prize, £6, Mrs. S. Beach ; second, £3, Mrs. H. Smith.
Highly commended : M. Williams, Dryton, Wroxeter. Com-
mended : J. C. Burton Borough, Chetwynd Park, Newport.

Five ewes, lambed in 1873. — First prize, £5, S. Wilkes ;
second, £2 10s., W. Yates. Highly commended : T. Mansel :
Commended : W. H. P. Nock, Burlington, Newport.

Five ewe-lambs, lambed in 1874. — First prize, £4, Mrs. S.
Beach ; second, £2, W. Yates. Highly commended : M.
Williams. Commended : W. H. P. Nock, Burlington, New-
port ; W. Nevett, Yorton-villa, Shrewsbury.

Long- wool ram of any age (age to be considered). — First
prize, £4, and highly commended, J. Wheeler, Long Compton,
Shipston-on-Stour, Warwick. Commended : T. Radcliffe,
Cheswell Grange, Newport.

Ram lambed in 1873.— Prize, £2, J. Wheeler.

Five ewes of any age, each having produced a lamb in 1874.
—First prize, £3, T. Furber, High Offley, Newport.
PIGS.

Boar, large breed, of any age. — First prize £3, J. Wheeler,
Long Comptou, Shipston-on-Stour ; second, £2, B. Waiaham,
Whitley Manor, Newport.

Breeding sow, in pig, or with farrow of sucking pigs not
exceeding ten weeks old. — First prize, £3, T. Radcliffe, Ches-
well Grange, Newport ; second, £2, W. Earp, Lower Bar, New-
port. Commended : S. Wilkes, Brewers' Oak Farm, Snifnal.

Boar, small breed of any ag;e. — Prize, £3, J. Wheeler.

Breeding sow, in pig, or with farrow of sucking pigs, not
exceeding ten weeks old. — First prize, £3, J.Wheeler; second,
£2, and commended, C D. Hudson, Cheswardine Hall, Market
Drayton. Highly commended : R. Cooke, Chipual, Market
Drayton.

Three sows, of any breed, of the same farrow, about four
and under eight months old. — First prize, £3, J. Wheeler ;
second, £2, T. Radcliffe.

Fat pig. — First prize, £2, J. Wheeler ; second £1, J . Bray,
Weston, Snifnal.

EXTRA STOCK PRIZES.
Horses.

G. H. Haslam, Market Drayton.
Cattle.

J. Bickford, Moseley, Wolverhampton — wliite calf (A.my).
G. T. Phillips, Sheriff hales Manor, Newport — red-and- white
Shorthorn heifer.

CHEESE.

Thick cheese. — First prize, £5, J. Heatley, Old Springs,
Market Drayton ; second, J. Bourne, The Arbour, Market
Drayton. Highly commended : E. Massey, The Pool Farm,
Adderley, Market Drayton.

Thin cheese. — First prize, £5,G. Pierce, Guild Farm, New-
port; second, Mrs. A. Podmore, Chetwynd Grange Farm,
Newport. Highly commended: J. Paddock, Chetwynd Aston,
Newport. Commeaded : Mrs. Busby, Haugliton Cottage
Stafford. The cheese was the manufacture of the exhibitor in
the year 1874, was not expressly to show, but a fair sample of
the dairy, and not less than 1 cwt.
BUTTER.

First prize, £1, G. Pierce ; second, W. W. Derington, Chet-
wynd Villa, Newport. Highly commended : Rev- C. F. C.
Pigott, Edgmond Reotory, Newport. Commended : C. D,
Hudson, Cheswardine Hall, Market Drayton.
WOOL.

Five fleeces of Sliropshire wool. — First prize, £5, W. Fowler,
Acton Reynold, Shrewsbury ; second, J. Broughall, Sutton
Maddock, Shiffnal ; third, T. Rider, Edgebculton, Shawbury.
Highly commended : W. H. P. Nock, Burlington, Newport.
Commended : J. C. Burton, Borougli, Chetwynd Park, New-
port.

IMPLEMENTS.

1st Class Medals. — W. S. Underbill, Newport, for general
assortment; Corbett and Son, Wellington, fur an improved
two-horse gear ; Lewis and Co., Shrewsbury, for Emperor
combined mower and reaper.

2ud Class Medals. — W. S. Underbill, for six-horse steam
eneine; ditto, for six-horse thrashing machine ; Corbett and
Son, Wellington, for a R.A.S. grinding mill ; Corbett and
Peele, Shrewsbury, for Eclipse combined blowing and winnow-
ing machine; also for combined corn barrow drill; A. W.
Gower and Son, Market Drayton, for mne-coulter corn drill.

At the dinner, the President, Mr. C. C. Coates, M.P., said,
there had been proposals made in certain quarters that societies
like that should be merged in a large society which should in-
clude in its area the whole of this and possibly one of the
adjoining counties. That, however, was not the place for the
discussion of that question, but he hoped after the success of
the show that day, both as regards the number of people who
were present, and the quantity and quality of the stock that
was exhibited, that the claims of Newport as a place suitable
for holding the show, whether of the Kortii Shropshire or any
other agricultural society, would always be fairly and favour-
ably considered. With regard to the present show, he believed
that they had good reason to congratulate themselves on the
fact that, not only had tiie North Shropshire Agricultural
Society this year held its own, but that it had made a great
stride of progress. He had, himself, only seen three shows of
the Society ; the first, two years ago, at Wellington, the second,
last year, at Market Drayton, and the present show ; and he
must say that, whether they regarded the number or the qualiiy
of the entries, this show was far superior to any of the Society
he had witnessed. The horses and cattle were good, and the
sheep classes presented such an appearance as was seldom to
be witnessed at a local show. There was one question to
which he wished to allude before he sat down, and which had
been touclied upon earlier in the evening by a gentleman who
was well qualified to do so, and whom they always listened to
with pleasure, either in public or from the pulpit — the rector
of Edgmond. It was a question of the very highest impor-
tance to the agricultural community, and was occupying a
considerable amount of attention at the present time. Hap-
pily, so far as he knew, in that district there had been none
of those unfortunate disputes which had for some months
convulsed almost the wliole of the Eastern Counties. He
earnestly trusted that no cause for dispute would hereafter
arise, but that those amicable relations which had so far existed
between employer and employed, those social ties which
had liitherto bound them together (more valuable in his
opinion than any mere commercial agreement), would be long

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

369

maintained, as he considered that if they were carried out in
a spirit of equity and fairness both sides would reap the
benefit, lie did not like to look forward to the prospect of
any such dilTerences arising, and he lioped that th.it day miglit
be far distant. But sliould tliey unfortunately arise, and dis-
putes should take place between employer and employed, he
earnestly hoped that both sides would be wise enough to be
guided by their own counsels without having recourse to those
who came from a distance, and who were, to say the least of
it, imperfectly acquainted with the facts of the case. He had
been very much struck by the fact that in the recent dispute iu
the Eastern Counties, gentlemen, eminent in the mercantile
world, had come forward to speak authoritatively on the agri-
cultural labourers' question, with which they could have no
practical acquaintance. He thought that were the cases re-
versed and were he and his friends to take part in matters
which affected the mercantile interest they would at once be
told that they knew nothing of the matter with which' they
were attempting to deal. Now tiiat the struggle was over he
hoped that the conquerors would use their victory with mode-
ration, and that, as lar as possible, the kindly feeling which
had previously existed would return, and that no business or
spirit of retaliation jFould be shown by eitiier side in the
future.
J\Jr. Ormsby Gore, M.P., had never seen a better show of

_ — the rams were fine, and so were the ewes, while the
lambs were more than fine. He was glad to see the crops
were so good in this neiglibourhood, and in Wales he had never
seen finer crops than tliey had had this year. With reference
to the malt, he might say lie had had a conversation with Mr.
Bass, M.f ., and that gentleman assured him that there would
be good returns of bnrley this year. With reference to the
proposed araalgation of this Society with others, or with the
merging of it into a general society for the county, he did not
agree. If it was desirable there should be a society of the
latter description, well and good ; but wiiy should the existence
of such a society interfere with the existence of the North
Shropshire as a district Society ? Seeing the district Society
had done so much good, let them continue, rather than
give it up.

Lord Newport, M.P., said there was one thing the Chan-
cellor of the Exchequer had refused to deal with, and which
he himself would like to have seen repealed — tlie Malt-lax.
[Mr. Mansell : " We want it off."] He was pleased with the
abolition of the horse-duty, for that would be a great boon to
agriculturists. The recent legislation with regard to local
taxation would also be welcomed by the agricultural commu-
nity, and he might say that her Majesty's minister's had been
advised, in another session, to deal with the question in
geueral.

NORTHALLERTON AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Horses and cattle were not as largely represented as
usual. The roots were quite a feature of the exhibition,
forming the best show of the kind come across this sea-
son. Horses included a representation of the best
animals in the North Riding, and for the cup given by
the member for the borough there was a keen competi-
tion, the class including some well-known prize-winners.

PRIZE LIST.
HORSES.

HUNTERS.

Colt foal for the field. — First prize, T. Hengh, Romauby
Parm, Northallerton ; second, W. Clarke, Asenby, Thirsk.

Pilly foal ior the field.— Pirst prize, R. Mothersill, Brock-
holme, Northallerton ; second, J. and H. Ward, Pairholm,
Nothallerton.

Yearhng gelding for the field. — First prize, G. Lancaster,
Morton Grange, Northallerton ; second, T. and G. Knowles,
Windy Hill, Hutton, Rudby, Yarm.

Yearling filly for the field. — First prize, J. Weighell,
Whitby ; secondj G. Potts, Greenhow Hill, Great Ayton,
Northallerton.

Two years old gelding for the field. — First prize, J. Sed-
man, Wilton, Pickering ; second, T. H. Hutchinson, Manor
House, Catterick.

Two years old filly for the field. — First prize, T. H. Hutchin-
son ; second, T. and G. Knowles.

Three years old geldings for the field. — First and second
prizes, G. Lancaster.

Three years old for the field. — First prize, A. Brigham,
Settrington, York ; second, M. Raw, Piercebridge Grange,
Darlington.

COACHING.

Colt foal. — First prize, W. Sidgwick, Knowles Farm, Kirk-
leavington ; second, J. Wood, Park House, Gilling, York.

Filly foal. — First prize, J. Pattison, Brompton ; second, J.
Reader, Beacon Farm, Holme, York.

Yearling gelding. — First prize, W. Watson, Cockerton,
Darlington ; second, G. Lancaster.

Yearling filly. — First prize, J. Campion, Overdale Farm,
Lythe; second, J. Patiison.

Two years old gelding. — First prize, J. Smith, Gyll Hall,
Catterick ; second, G. Meynell, Wardle liouse, Patrick Bromp-
ton, Bedule.

Two years old filly. — First prize, C. and J. Smith, Broad-
gate, Westerdale, Yarm ; second, J. and J. Welford, Newton
Mulgrave, Hinderwell, Saltburn.

Three years old gelding.— First prize, T. Phimmer, Bird-
forth, Easingwoldj second, I, Scartli, Mouut Pleasant, West
^ounton.

Three years old filly. — First prize, J. and F. Hill, Nether
Silton, Northallertou ; second, T. Dobson, Easington, Salt-
biira.

ROADSTERS.

Colt or filly. — First prize, E. Shepherd, Aiskew, Bedale ;
second, A. Kirby, High Grange, Market Weigliton.

Yearling gelding or filly. — First prize, Kirby, R. Kirby
Sigston, Northallerton ; second, W. Dixon, Sharow, Ripon.

Two years old gelding or filly. — First prize, M. Harrison,
Water, Pocklington ; second, M. Morton, Leak Hall, Tliirsk.

Three years old gelding or filly. — First prize, T. Foster,
Allen's Grange, Piercebridge, Darlington ; second, R. Kirby,
Kirby Sigston.

AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES.

Colt or filly foal. — First prize, T. Pick, Street House, New-
sham, Thirsk ; second, Mrs. Kitchen and Sons, Whorlton,
Swainby Stokesley.

Yearling gelding or filly. — First prize, Mrs. Kitching and
Sons; second, T. Potts, Swainby Mill, Northallerton.

Two years old gelding. — First prize, W. Kitching, Summer-
field ; second, D. Sanderson, Richmond.

Two years old filly. — First prize, W. Appleton, Balk ;
second, W". Wilkinson, South Kilviiigton.

Three years old gelding. — First prize, R. Lee, Ferryhill ;
second, R. Tweedie, Catterick.

Three J ears old filly. — First and second prizes, Mrs. Hed-
don, Baldersby.

Pair of horses of either sex. — First prize, T. H. Hutchin-
son; second, Mrs. Heddou.

BROOD MARES.

Mares fur breeding hunters, with a foal or stinted. — First
prize, W. Johnson, Bagby ; second, Vv'^. Clarke, Asenby.

Mare for breeding coach-horses, with a foal or stinted. —
First prize, M. Robinson, Hauswell ; second, J. Reader,
Holme.

Mare for breeding roadsters, with a foal or stinted. — First
prize, A. Kirby, Market Weighton ; second, H. R. W. Hart,
York.

Mare for breedina; agricultural horses, with a foal or stinted.
— First prize, R. Watson, Stockton-on-Tees ; second, T. H.
Hutcliinsun.

SPECIAL DISTRICT PRIZE.

Mare for breeding agricultural horses, with a foal or
stinted. — Prize, J. Smith, Northallertou.

Horses to be Ridden in the Ring.

HUNTERS.

Four years old gelding or mare. — First prize, D. and R
Batty, Helperby ; second, T. Darrell, West Ayton ; third, T
H. Hutciunson.

370

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

SPECIAL PKIZE.

Hunter, gelding, or mare, not exceeding eight years old, by
a thorougli-bred horse, capable of carrying 1-i stones with
iiouuds, and that has been regularly hunted with an estab-
lished pack of foxhounds in the counties of Yorkshire or
Durham. — First prize, Cup, T. 11. Hutchinson ; second, D.
aud il. Batty ; third, T. Danell.

HACKNEYS.

Hackney mare or gelding, under eight years old. — First
prize, W. H. Blackman, Wressle ; second, W. Stephenso3,
Cottingham.

PONIES.

Pony not exceeding 14- hands. — First prize, W. H. Black-
man; second, Viscount Castlereagh, Stockton-on-Tees; third,
Mrs. Barnes, Warlaby Lodge.

CATTLE.

SHORTHORNS.

Bull, above two years old. — First prize, G. Yeates, Studley,
llipou ; second, L Garbutt, Farndale.

Bull, above one and under two years old. — First prize, C.
aud J. Smith, Broadgate, Yarm ; second, N. Russell, Northal-
lerton.

Bull-calf, under twelve months old. — First prize. — H. Clay,
Northallerton ; second, E. and VV. Dovener, 13edale.

Cow, in calf or milk, having had a calf within twelve
months. — First prize, T. H. Hutchinson, Catterick ; second,
T. H. Hutchinson.

Heifer, under three years old, in calf or milk. — First prize,
T. H. Hutchinson ; second, H. Clay.

Heifer, under two years old. — First prize, T. H. Hutchin-
son ; second, T. Strickland, Thirsk Junction.

Heifer, under twelve months old. — First prize, T. H.
Hutchinson ; second, W. White, Bedale.

DISTRICT PRIZES.

Cow, in calf or milk, having liad a calf within twelve
months. — First prize, G. K. Harlan d, Northallerton ; second,
N. Russell.

Heifer, under three yeirs old, in calf or milk. — First prize,
T. Strickland ; second, VV. White.

Heifer, uuder two years old. — First prize, T. Strickland ,
second, H. Clay.

Heifer, under twelve months old. — First prize, W. Bear-
park, Ainderby Steeple ; second, C. Wailes, Northallerton.

A cup, given by Mrs. Elliot, for the best heifer exhibited
and bred in the district. — Prize, H. Clay.

DAIRY COWS.

Cow for dairy purposes, in calf or milk. — First prize, G. K.
Harland, Northallerton ; second, R. Kirby aud Son, Northal-
lerton ; third, J. B. Braithwaite, Northallerton.

Cow for dairy purposes, the property of a cottager. — First
prize, J. Wilson, Thirsk ; second, T. Gill, Thirsk.

EAT BEASTS.

Fat beast. — First prize, M. and W. Boville, Orraotherley ;
second, M. and VV. Boville.

SHEEP.

LF.ICESTERS.

Ram, one shear. — First prize, T. H. Hutchinson ; second,
T. H. Hutchinson.

Ram, aged. — First prize, T. H. Hutchinson ; second, R.
Tarbotton, York.

Tup lamb. — First prize, R. Harrison, Richmond ; second,
R. Harrison.

Pen of five ewes, having suckled lambs in 1874. — First
prize, T. H. Hutchinson ; second, E. and W. Dovener.

Pen of five gimmer shearlings. — First prize, T. H. Hutch-
j iuson ; second, R. Tarbotton.

Pen of five gimmer lambs. — First prize, T. H. Hutchinson ;
second, R. Tarbotton, Corton.

OTHER LONGWOOLS.

Ram, one shear. — First prize, R. Harrison ; second, F.
Heugh, Nortiiallerton.
Ram, aged. — First prize, F. Heugh ; second, G. Lancaster,

Northallerton.

LEICESTERS OF LONGWOOLS.

District Prizes.

Ram, aged. — First prize, F. Heugh ; second, E. and W.
Dovener.

Ram, one shear. — First prize, E. and W. Dovener ; second,
F. Heugh.

Tup lamb. — First prize, W. Clapham, W^est Harsley, North-
allerton ; second, W. Clapham.

Pen of five ewes, having suckled lambs in 1874. — First
prize, W. Hall, Thirsk ; second, E. and W. Dovener.

Pen of five gimmer shearlings. — First prize, E. and W.
Dovener ; second, Thomas Carter, Thirsk.

Pen of five gimmer lambs. — First prize, T. Kirby, Northal-
lerton ; second, Thomas Carter.

b'en of five fat sheep. — First prize, W. Robinson, Morton-
on-Swale ; second, W. Robinson.

PIGS.

Boar, large breed. — First prize, J. Wilson, Rainton, Thirsk;
second, D. Sanderson, Richmond.

Boar, small breed. — First prize, T. Strickland ; second, D.
Sanderson.

Sow, large breed, in jig or milk. — First prize, J. Tutin,
Brompton Moor, Northallerton ; second, J. B. Braithwaite,
North Otterington, Northallerton.

Sow, small breed, m pig or milk. — First prize, D. Sander-
son ; second, George Hamilton, Northallerton.

Fat pig. — First prize, D. Sandersou ; second, T. Strick-
land.

Pig, the property of a cottager, being a householder, whose
total rental does not exceed £8 per annum. — First prize,
Thomas Dickens, Roraanby ; second, James Eden, Thirsk;
third, John Thackeray, Yafforth.

SPECIAL PRIZE.

Black pig, the produce of his breed. — Prize, Thomas
Dickens.

ROOTS.

Six swede turnips grown by exhibitor. — First prize, G.
Oliver, Northallerton ; second, T. C. Booth, Warlaby.

Six turnips, any other variety, grown by exhibitor. — T. C.
Booth ; second, R. Leak, Bedale.

Six mangolds grown by exhibitor. — First prize, T. Pick,
Tliirsk ; second, Hon. G. E. Lascelles, Thirsk.

Twelve kidney potatoes grown by exhibitor. — First prize,
W. Harker, Northallerton ; second, G. J. Hinchcliffe, Northal-
lerton.

Twelve round potatoes grown by exhibitor. — Firtt prize,
11. Leak ; second, W. Bell, Thornton-le-Moor.

Collection of roots grown by exhibitor. — First prize, W.
Shipley, Thornton-le-Moor; second, G. J. Robinson, Thirsk.

Special Prizes: Twelve swede turnips. — Prize, J, and
H. Ward, Northallerton.

Collection of roots. — Prize, G. Lancaster, Northallerton.

Collection of roots.— Krst prize, J. S. Atkinson, Northal-
lerton ; second, G, Lancaster; third, W. Shipley.

LONG SUTTON AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PRIZE LIST.

JUDGES.— Horses : W. Barber, Routh, Beverley; L.
Nicholson. Gosberton, Spalding ; C. Banks, Holbeach
Marsh. Beasts, Sheep, and Pius : J. Parish, Toynton,
Spilsby ; C. Mason, Beeclmmwell, Swatfliam, Norlolk,
Implements and Roots : S. W. Campaign, Deeping St.
Nicholas; J. A. Clarke, Long Sutton Marsh.

HORSES.
Cart stallion. — First prize, J. Tomlinson, Lutton Marsh,

Long Sutton ; second, R. Kiiham, Folley, Long Sutton.
Cart mare, with foal. — First and second prize, J. Tomlinson.

Pair of draught geldings or mares. — First prize, J. Tom-
linson ; second, VV. and G. Horn.

Two-year-old cart gelding. — First prize, F. Howard, the
Crosses, Long Sutton ; second, L. Egar, Wryde, Thorney.

Two-year-old cart filly. — Fir'st and second prize, VV. and G.
Horn.

Cart foal. — First prize, J. Cropper, Long Sutton ; second,
J. Tomlinson.

Hackney stallion. — First prize, W. Giddens, Hill House,
W^alpole, VVisbech ; second, T. Uptou, Gosberton.

Hackney horse or mare, not under 14 hands 2 inches. —

THE FARMEE'S MAGAZINE.

871

First prize, W. Giddens ; second, E. B. Bcttinson, Manor
House, Gedney.

Harness horse or mare, not under li hands 3 inches. —
First prize, J. Baker, Wisbech ; second, S. Campaign, jun.,
Deeping St. Micholas, Spalding.

Gelding or mare, over 13 hands and under li hands 2 inches.
— Prize, VV. Johnson, Walpole, Wisbech.

Pony, not exceeding 13 hands. — Prize, G. Snarey, jun.. Old
Mark"!, Wisbech.

Hunter, not under four years old. — First prize, J. G. Hobson,
Long Sutton ; second, S. S. Mossop, Long Sutton.

CATTLE.

Bull, any age. — First prize, C. Beart, Stow Bardolph,
Downliam Market ; second, T. Y. Siudall, Fulney Hall,
Spalding.

Cow in-calf, orin-milk. — First prize, W. Johnson ; second,
J. H. Barker, Holbeach.

Heifer in-calf or milk, not exceeding three years old. — First
and second prize, W. Johnson.

Pair of steers, not exceeding two years old. — First prize,
W. Wright, Button ; second, W. Naylor, Long Sutton.

Pair of fat oxen, cuws, or heifers. — Prize, J. Bett, Holbeach.

Heifer, not exceediutj two years old. — First prize, R.
Parker, North Creake, Fakenhara ; second, W. Wright.

Heifer calf, under twelve mouths. — Prize, W. Wright.

SHEEP.

Five longwooUed '.reeding ewes, any age. — First and second
prize, W. Wright.

Five longwooUed sliearling ewes. — First and second prize,
W. Wright.

Five shearling wethers. — First prize, J. Cooke, Pode Hole,
Spalding; second, G. Bettiuson, Button.

Five heder lambs. — First prize, Mrs. Portugal, Tydd, St.
Giles, Wisbeach ; second, W. Webster, Gedney Marsh.

Five ewe lambs.— First prize, Mrs. Portugal; second, G.
Fletcher, Holbeach Hurn.

Extra class.— First prize, J. Cooke; second, H.R.U. the
Prince of Wales, K.G., Sandringhani.
PIGS.

Boar, small breed. — First prize, T. Y. Sindall ; second, H.
A. Kiliiam, Tydd St. Mary.

Sow in-pig or suckling, large breed. — Prize, H. A. Kilhatn.

Sow in-pig or suckling, sm:dl breed.— Prize, H. A.Kilham.

Three pigs, under six months old. — Prize, W. J. Wright,
Button.

E.xtra class. — Prize, G. and R. W.Oldershaw, Gedney Marsh.
ROOTS.

Ten swede turnips. — Prize, W. Wright.

Ten long mangolds. — Prize, J. G. Hobson, Curlew Lodge,
Long Sutton.

Ten globe mangolds. — Priz», J. T. Bettiuson, Gadney, Lons
Sutton.^

Ten kohl rabi. — Prize, J. Snushall, Fleet.

Ten drumhead cabbnges. — Prize, J. C. Anderson, Long
Sutton, Marsh.

Peck of potatoes, any kind. — Prize, G. Clarke, Lutton Marsh.
IMPLEMENTS.

Stand of implements. — Prize, Barford and Perkins, Peter-
borough.

General purpose drill. — Prize, Barford and Perkins.

Set of harrows. — Prize, C. Hardy, Button.

THE ROYAL AND CENTRAL BUCKS AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION.

MEETING AT AYLESBURY.

Amongst the Shorthorns Mr. J. A. Muniford was first
in the bull class with his Notley, which last year was
second ; ia the class of bulls under two years
the first prize went to a bull belong to Mr. Sharp,
of Kettering ; ia the class of single cows in milk or in
calf, Mr. T. L. Senior's Devon Moss Rose was first in a
good entry of eight. For the three cow prizes, Mr. J. A.
Mumford and Mr. T. Kingsley took first and second,
while for in-calf heifers Mr. T. Hewer's Shorthorn
Huntress and Mr. Senior's Moss Rose were the best,
the Shorthorn standing first. In the class of heifers, in
pairs, under two years, jMr. Muinford's pair obtained first
prize and Mr. J. Sharpe the second, with a third pair
shown by Mr. J. Denchfield highly commended. In
the two fat cattle classes the eotrits were not numerous,
and Mr. Senior carried off the first prize for fat cows and
both for oxen ; the two steers were one Devon and the
other half-bred. The competition in the sheep classes was
not so large. In the ram class there were six entries, and
Mr. John Treadwell took the first prize, his most formid-
able competitor being Mr. George Street, of Maulden,
who came second ; and was first in store ewe lambs
for breeding purposes, as also in those for fat shear-
lings and breeding theaves. The cup for the best pen of
breeding ewes or theaves, and likewise the cup for the best
pen of sheep in the yard, were also both awarded to Mr.
Street, who has this year competed at these shows for the
first time. The pig classes also were not very largely
filled. Mr. J. Wheeler won the first prize for boars, while
thesecond was taken by Mr. Buli'ord, of V/inchendon. In
the two sow classes, Mr. R. Fowler carried ott" both prizes
for Berkshires, and Mr. J. Wheeler for any other breed,
while the fat pig prizes were awarded, the first prize to
I\lr. Biggs, of Cublington, and the second to Mr. Elliott,
of Hulcott. For cart stallions two valuable cups, pre-
sented by Sir A. de Rothschild, attracted a total of fifteen

eatrics ; and the judges avt'arded the first prize to
Nonpareil, a five-year-old chestnut, shown by Mr. John
Manning, of Orlingbury ; with the second prize to Mr.
W. Coles's King Lincoln. Mr. E. Denchfield won for
working horses, as he did also for mares and foals ; and
there was a good entry of cart yearlings, the first prize
falling to Messrs. Richman, of St. Ives. In the hunter class
there were nine entries, Mr. C. Elliott, of Hulcott, stand-
ing first, and Mrs. White, of Pollicott, second. Of the
remaining horse classes, the nags had an entry of fourteen,
and Mr. J. Tompkins, of Ivinghoe, stood first ; while
Mr. Leppcr was the winner of Baroness M. A de
Rothschild's cup for the best yearling nag colt, with a son
of Rapid Roan. Despite the exceedingly unfavourable
season for root cultivation, Thursday's show produced a
very creditable entry.

PRIZE LIST.
JUDGES.— Ploughing and Pigs: W. Hawkes, Thenford,
Banbury ; W. Denchfield, Banbury. Hokses : J. K.'
Elhott, Heathencote, Towcester ; T. Berridge, Ratley
Kineton, Warwick ; —Plowright, jun., The Hall, Pinchbeck^
Lincoln. Cattle: M. Savidge, Sarsden Lodge Farm,
Chipping Norton ; C. Hobbs, Maisy Hampton, Cricklade'.
Sheep : A.F.Milton Druce, Twelve Acres, Eynsham ; G.
Bagnall, Westwell, Burford. Butter: H. Pybus, jun.,
1(), Charterhouse-lane, London. Root Crops: J. Crouch',
Court Farm, Aylesbury : R. Fowler, Broughton. Roots :
J. Crouch ; C. Elliott^, Hulcott.

HORSES

FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES.

Cart stallions, 3 years old and upwards ; the winners of the
first and second prizes to remain at Aylesbury at least three
nights in each week during the ensuiag season. Members of
the Association to have the pritilege ot sending mares to be
served at the rate ot£l lis. 6d. each, including groom's fee.
— First prize, £60, J. Manning, OrUugbnry, Wellingborough ;
second, £25, W. Coles, Long Crendon. Commended : s'.
Davies, Wooiashill.

372

THE FABMER'S MAGAZINE.

Geldings, three years old and upwards. — First prize, a silver
cup or piece of plate, value £5 5s., J. P. Terry, Pultowes ;
second, £2. Commended : J. P. Terry.

Geldings, under three years. — First prize, a silver cup or
piece of plate, value £5 Ss., W. B. Clark, Uppings, Weedon ;
second, £:2,E. J. Clift, Weedon. Commended : J. Hughes,
Stone.

Mares, over three years. — First prize, a silver cup or piece
of plate, value £5 5s., E. Denchfield, Burston; second, £2,
E.'l'erry, Buckingham-road, Aylesbury. Commended: E.Terry.

Mare and foal. — First prize, a silver cup or piece of plate,
value £5 5s., E. Denchfield ; second, £2, W. R. Rowland,
Creslow. Commended: T. Birdsey, Leighton Buzzard.

Mares, under three years. — First prize, a silver cup or piece
of plate, value, £5 5s., W.and J. Rose, Eythrope ; second, £2,
J. Hughes, .Stone. Commended : Harris and Biggs, Cub-
lington.

Yearling cart colt or filly. — First prize, a silver cup, value
£10 10s., H. Reynolds, The Idover, Dauntsey, Chippenham;
second, £2, J. R. Simons, Berryfield. Commended : W. R.
Rowland.

Horses or mares, for hunting purposes. — First prize, a silver
cup or piece of plate, value £7 7s., C. Elliott, Hulcott ;
second, £3 3s., Mrs. M. White, Pollicott. Commended : W.
Hawkins, Edlesborough.

Nag geldings and mares, for riding and general purposes. —
First prize, £5, J. Tomkins, Ivinghoe ; second, £2, J. P. Terry,
Putlowes. Commended : Mrs M. White.

Hunters. — First prize, a silver cup or piece of plate, value
£21, J.Pettit, Leightou 13uzzard ; second, £5 5s., W. Hawkins.
Commended : T. Pain, Lower Pertwood, Hindon, Wilts.

Sucking colt or filly. — For the best sucking colt or filly, by
either of the Vale of Aylesbury Horse Company's horses —
Prize, a silver cup, value £10 10s., E. J. Clii't, Weedon.

A silver cup, value £10 10s., for the best cart-horse or mare
in the show yard, was awarded to W. B. Clark, Uppings.

A silver cup, for the best yearling nag colt, G. A. Lepper,
Aylesbury. Commended, J. Denchfield.
CATTLE.

Bulls, any breed, two years old and upwards. — First prize,
a silver cup or piece of plate, value £5 6s., J. A. Mumford,
Chilton ; second, £2, T. Kingsley, Boarscraft. Commended :
G. Underwood, Little Gaddesden.

Bulls, under two yrars. — First prize, a silver cup or piece of
plate, value £5 5s., J. J. Sharp, Broughton, Kettering;
second, £2, T. Hewer, Hylesham, Lechdale. Highly com-
mended; J. Denchfield, Burston. Commended: J. A. Mum-
ford, Brill.

Cows, in milk or in calf. — First prize, a silver cup or piece
of plate, value £5 5s., T. L. Senior, Broughton House, Ayles-
bury ; second, £2, J. J. Sharp. Highly commended : J,
Denchfield ; T. Kingsley, Boarscraft.

Three cows, in milk or in calf. — First prize, a silver cup or
piece of plate, value £10 10s., J. A. Mumford, Chilton;
second, a silver cup or piece of plate, value £5 5s., T. Kings-
ley. Highly commended : J. Denchfield.

Heifers, in milk or in calf, under three and over two years.
— First prize, a silver cup or piece of plate, value £5 5s., T.
Hewer ; second, i'2, T. L. Senior. Highly commended : F.
R. Denchfisld, Aston Abbotts. Commended: F. R. Dench-
field.

Heifers, in pairs, under two years. — First prize, a silver cup
or piece of plate, value £5 5s., J. A. Mumford ; second, £2,
J. J. Sharp. Highly commended : J. Denchfield.

Fat heifers or cows. — First prize, a silver cup or piece of
plate, value £5 5s., T. L. Senior ; second, £2, R. Fowler,
Broughton.

Oien (any breed). — First prize, a silver cup or piece of
plate, value £5 5s., T. L. Senior ; second, £2, T. L. Senior.
Commended : T. Taylor, Aston Rowant.

Extra Stock. — Commended : T. L. Senior (Devon ox) ,
H. Wyatt, Walton, Aylesbury (heifer).

A silver cup, value £5 5s., for the best animal, bred by the
exhibitor, exhibited in the classes of horned 8tock,_was awarded
to T. L. Senior.

A silver cup or piece of plate, value £10 10s., to the best
horned animal in the yard, being the property of a tenant-
farmer within twelve raiies of Aylesbury, was taken by J. A.
Mumford, Chilton.

SHEEP.
Rams, any breed. — First prize, a silver cup oi piece of plate,
value £6 5s., J. Treadwell, Upper Winchendon ; second, £2
2s., F. Street, Harrowden House, Bedford.

Five store ewe lambs, for breeding purposes. — First prize,
a silver cup or piece of plate, value £5 5s., G. Street, Maulden,
Ampthill ; second, £2, G. Street. Highly commended : F.
Street.

Five fat ewes, any breed or age. — First prize, a silver cup
or piece of plate, value £5 5s., J. Treadwell ; second, £2, R.
Fowler, Broughton.

Five fat shearlings. — First prize, a silver cup or piece of
plate, value £5 5s., G. Street; second, £2, Z. W. Stilgoe,
Adderbury Grounds, Banbury.

Five ewes, of any breed, intended for breeding purposes.—
First prize, a silver cup or piece of plate, value £5 5s., N.
Stilgoe ; second, £2, R. Fowler. Commended : E. Dench-
field, Burston.

Five theaves, any breed, intended for breeding purposes. — •
First prize, a silver cup or piece of plate, value £5 5s., G.
Street; second, £2, G. Street. Highly commended; F»
Street.

Ten ewes, for breeding purposes, any breed. — Prize, a silver
cup or piece of plate, value £5 Ss., J. P. Terry, Putlowes.
Highly commended : E. Terry, Buckingham-road, Aylesbury.
Ten ewe lambs, any breed. — Prize, a silver cup, value £5
5s., J. F. Perkins, Chilton.

A silver cup, value £5 5s., to the owner of the best pen of
breeding ewes or theaves in the yard, was awarded to G.
Street.

A gold pencil-case, value £3, to the owner of the best pen
of fat sheep, was taken by G. Street.

Best pen of sheep in tiie yard. — Prize, silver cup or piece
of plate, value £5 5s., G. Street.
PIGS.
Boars of any breed. — First prize, £o 3s. J. Wheeler, Long
Compton, Shipton-on-Stour ; second, £2, Pv. Fowler, Brough-
ton. Highly commended : J. Bulford, Upper Winchendon.

Sows, Berkshire, either in pig or with litter, of which the
young pigs shall not be over eight weeks old. — First prize, a
silver cup or piece of plate, value £5 5s., and second, £2, R.
Fowler. Commended : E. D. Lee, Hartwell House.

Sows of any breed. — First prize £3 Ss., and second, £2, J.
Wheeler. Commended : P. Payne, jun., Walton, Aylesbury.
Three fat pigs. — First prize, £3 3s., J. Biggs, Cublington;
second, £2, C. Elliott, Hulcott.

BUTTER.
Twelve pounds of butter, in 21b. lumps. — First prize £3 3s.,
A. Roads, Rowsham, dairymaid £1; second, £2 2s., R.
Fowler, dairymaid 10s. Highly commended; T.Matthews,
Waddesdon. Commended: J- R. Simonds, Berryfield.
ROOTS.
For the best crop of mangold wurtzel, of not less than three
acre (the whole of the mangolds on the farm to be taken into
consideration). — First prize, a silver cup or piece of plate,
value £7 7s., E. Denchfield, Burston ; second, £3 3s., T.
Birdsey, Leighton Buzzard.

To the member who shall grow the best crop of mangold
wurtzel of not less than three acres, within 12 miles of Ayles-
bury.— Prize, a silver cup or piece of plate, value £5 5s., E.
Denchfield, Burston.

To the member who shall grow the best crop of Swedish
turnips, of not less than five acres, within 12 miles of Ayles-
bury.— Prize, a silver cup or plate, value £5 5s., E. Freeman,
Chilton.

For the best crop of swedes, of not less than six acres (the
whole of the swedes on the farm to be taken into considera-
tion), for tenant-farmers only, within 12 raiies of Aylesbury.
— First prize, a silver cup or piece of plate, value £7 Vs., J.
P. Parrott ; .second, £3 3s., J. Bulford, Upper Winchendon.

Collection of not less tiian four varieties, to include Sutton's
new Golden Tankard Yellow Fleshed Mangolds. — Prize, a,
silver cup, value £5 5s., J. Bates, Aylesbary. Highly com-
mended : T. Birdsey, Leighton Buzzard.

Twenty-five mangolds, taken from a piece of not less than
two acres. — First prize, £2, E. Denchfieled ; second, £1, O.
Hatton, Chinnor. Reserved: J. Bates, Alesbury. Com-
mended : J. H. Guy, Whitchurch.

Twenty-five swedes, taken from a piece of not less than
two acres.— First prize, £2, J.H.Guy; second, £1, J. H.
Guy.

THE FABMER'S MAGAZINE*

373

At the diauer, Mr. J. K. Fowler said : The House of
Commons had a great deal to do, notwithstaading that the
past one had been called a barren session, and perhaps before
the next one there would be no harm in their learning the
opinions of their constituents upoa some of the legisktion
which might have to be dealt with by them. It was not for
him to introduce general politics at the meetings of that
association, but there were certain questions of agricultural
politics which they had a perfect right to discuss on these occa-
sions, which were the only ones they had of commuoicating
their views to their members. One of the first of those agri-
cultural questions was Tenant-Right. It was all very well to
try to put that down, but it must and would come to the front
sooner or later, and would have to be considered. He rejoiced
that tlipy had in tiie present Government a gentleman, Mr.
Clare Read, who was a great champion of the farmer?, which
ought to be an earnest that their claims would be considered
by the Ministry of which he was a member. It was to be
regretted that they had lost the parliamentary services of Mr.
James Howard, for he and Mr. Read were in themselves a
power second to none iu the House of Commons ; aud tiieir
opinions were siiared by farmers throughout the length and
breadth of the land. It was said by many who supported the
Tenant-Right Bill, that the great cause of opposition to it
was the twelfth claui-e, and that that clause would have to be
altered. He believed, however, that both the farmers of this
neighbourhood and of every county in England were of opinion
tliat in any efficient Tenant-Right Bill that clause must be
maintained, though his friend John Treadwell and he had
differed upon it on several occasions. It was quite true that
tenants might remain under the same landlord all their lives,
but if they were tenants at will they were always liable to be
turned out, of which what occurred on the very estate on
which Mr. Treadwell was tenant was an instance. The pro-
perty had changed hands, and Mr. Treadwell and all the other
farmers upon it might have had notice to quit, if it had not
fallen into the hands of one of the best families in this king-
dom or any other. Tiie estate might have been purchased by
some northern manufacturing millionaire, whose only thouglit
was to screw as large an interest as he could on his invest-
ment, and therefore both its tenants and the neighbourhood
might congratulate themselves upon the coming amongst them
of another member of a family whose kindness and liberality
were so well known throughout the district. He contended,
however, for all that, that that the tenant-farmers would never
be in the position they ought to be so long as they were liable,
at sis months' notice, to be turned out of their farms without
compensation for any improvements they might have made in
them. He asked the gentlemen who were now present, and
who were representatives of both the great political parties, to
give this subject their careful attention, for he was quite sure
it deserved it. Then there was the labour questiou. That
was, perhaps, hardly a subject for legislation, but it had forced
itself upon them. For his own part he thoughi the labourers
had been down-trodden too long, and that their wages had
been too small. He thought that the great rise which had
taken place in the value of money during tlie last twenty years
should also have raised the value of labour, and therefore the
question was a pressing and important one, even though it
one with which the legislature could have little to do directly.
As, however, it had been proposed by one of the members of
the county to introduce Mr. Arch to members of the then
Government, it was evident that he must have received some
support from those members themselves, and he would ask
them to give the same attention to the labour subject as they
would give to others.

Mr. M. N. De Rothschild, the chairman, said his friend
Fowler, as they all knew, was much in the habit of riding his
hobby to death — sometimes the Malt-tax — sometimes compensa-
tion to farmers. After all, however, agriculture in England was
flourishing, as it flourished in no other country. As a proof
he would point to those agricultural implements which far-
mers did not now know how to dispense with. He doubted
if in any other part of the world the science of agriculture
had made the strides it had in this country, or was upon the
whole so flourishing. A great many loose statements had
been made lately about the waste lands of the country, and it
was said that these waste lands were held by the landlords and
kept out of cultivation for their own purposes. He had
looked over the blue books and found the statistics upon that
subject required some consideration. They had been told

that there were seven millions of acres of Wdste lands in the
kingdom, of which five millions were iu the six northern
counties. In reality, however, there were not more than four
millions, the remainder being occupied by houses and gardens,
in towns, and by-roads, hedges, railways, and canals. He
mentioned this because it always struck him that the proposal
to cut up the country into small farms and allotments would
not, after all, tend to increase the actual productiveness of the
soil, but, on the contrary, would rather diminish it.

Mr. J. Treadwei,l was emphatically what his friend Mr.
Paxton would call " a showman," for he believed thorouglily in
agricultural show-f. He knew some farmers were of a dif-
ferent opinion, but he would ask tiiem how any man could
look into the shoivyard, and see the competing animals, with-
out coming to the couclusiou that competition must of neces-
sity ttud to improve the stock of the district. He believed
when people went to a show, and there saw animals calculated
to improve their own stock, they would be induced to pur-
chase them for that purpose, and he was certain that since
these shows had become so numerous, stock had been very
much improved. He could not believe when they saw those
Shorthorns, and sheep, and pigs, they would not themselves
lik"; to possess them, and be induced to make exertions to
equal, and if possible, surpass them in the animals on tlieir
own farms. That was in his opinion one of the great ad-
vantages of these shows. There was another way in which
agricultural shows did good. They brought together the far-
mers aud gentlemen of the district. He always rejoiced to
see the country gentlemen present, especially when tliey were
of the right sort, and should liave been very much pleased if
they had had more at the present meeting. He was not
going to follow his friend Fowler into matters which he
tliought had better be discussed elsewhere, but there was one
thing which was worth touching upon, and that was the ques-
tion of waste lands. From what he had seen of the returns
on that subject, he thought they were most fallacious and
misleading. Ouly lately he had seen in a return of the waste
lands in this county, a statement of waste lands in a parish
where he knew they had been enclosed and in cultivation for
years and years. If one item was wrong, others might be
wrong also, and the return would be really worth nothing at
all. He was glad the President had mentioned that subject,
because it gave him an opportunity of saying a few words on
it, and of expressing the opinion that the sooner all ideas de-
rived from those returns were exploded, the better.

Mr. G. Street did not know that anything gave him more
pleasure than the success of his men in the competition for
the prizes for length of servitude. They had taken about
£25 for length of service within little more than a week.
When so much had been said about the way in which farmers
treated their men, that was a fact which gave him special
pleasure. Those men had attended tiis show, two of them
all the way from Maulden, at some inconvenience to himself,
to receive the prizes the Bucks Association had so liberally
offered. He had also been much pleased with some of the
remarks which had been made about waste land. They had
heard a great deal about waste lands, and a good deal had
been said about Government taking them into its own hand,
and allotting them lor cottage cultivation by the labourers.
It was said by that means a larger amount of crops would
be raised for the benefit of the nation, but he had a most de-
cided view that there was no country in Europe better culti-
vated than England, and he believed under no system of land
management would it be likely to produce more.

A HARVEST FESTIVAL.— The Rev. C. C. Sharpe, vicar
of Bucknell, Shropshire, was charged before the county
magistrates at I3ishop's Castle, with liaving rX a
harvest festival for his parish sold ale a; a supper which took
place in the schoolroom. On the 9tli September Mr. Sharpe
had thanksgiving services in his church in the morning, and
in the evening a supper took place. Tickets were sold at half-
a-crown each, and during and after the supper the guests v.'ere
supplied with ale. F'or the defence it was alleged that Mr
Sharpe was ignorant of the law, and that if he had broken it
at all, he had not done it wilfully or with the object of making
a profit out of the sale of the beer. The defendant was ordered
to pay a fine of Is. and 12s. costs, and the chairmau said he
thought the charge a bit of sharp practice.

374

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

THE DERBYSHIRE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
MEETING AT DERBY.

There were a good many vacancies iu some of the
cattle classes, which it is supposed were owing to the
prevalence of the foot-and-mouth disease. A fat ox,
shown by Mr. Towle, of Draycott Hall, was the pro-
minent feature of the show. The horses were numerous,
and the hunter, hack, and harness classes were well
filled ; three classes being specially commended by the
judges. The show of dairy stock was small, with only
four competitors for the three prizes for lots of four cows,
and one in the pairs of dairy cows. Mr. Chamberlain
took first prize with a good bull and three useful dairy
cows, and Mr. J. Langley second. There was a fair
show of sheep, both of loug and shortwoolled ; and
amongst the latter Mr. Baker stands pre-eminent with
his Shropshires. He was first and second in breeding
ewes, first and third in the theaves, first in the ewe lambs,
the only exhibitor in the aged rams, third in the shear-
lings, and first and second in the ram lambs. Of pigs
the entries were not sufficient to fill all the pens allotted
to the departments ; and the entries of cheese were
scarcely equal in number to former years. For factory
cheese the judges awarded the prize to the cheese made
at Mickleover, and two guineas were given to each of
the factories at Derby and Longford, and one to the
Holme Factory. There was but little competition in
wool, there being only five competitors for the prize for
longwool, and two for that for shortwools.

PRIZE LIST.

JUDGES.— Cattle : J. Widdowson, Hucknall Torkard ; R.
Hall, Borough Fields, Walton-on -Trent. Aguicultukal
Horses : J. JMauning, OrlinKbury ; — Saint, Alkraoutou.
Hunters and Hacks : — Grummett, Westby, Grantham ;
— Colton, Newark. Sheep and Pigs : H. Budding, Pantou
House, Wragby ; C. Keeling, Yew Tree Farm, Penkridge.
Roots and Grain: S. Robson, Melbourne; U. Sowter,
Derby. Cheese and Butter : G. Smith,' High-street,
Barton ; — Daniels, Ashby. Lmplements : — Abell,
Engineer, Derbv ; E. G. James, Thurlston ; J. Rose, The
Ash.

CATTLE.

DAIRY CATTLE.

Four COWS for dairying purposes, belonging to members
keeping more than twenty cows ; tliey must have calved be-
tween the 1st of January and 1st of May. Also a silver cup,
value £5. — First prize, T. H. Cakes, Riddings House ; second,
W. T. Carringtou, Crosden Abbey ; third, M. T. Hopkinson,
Woodthorpe, Tupton.

Two cows for dairying purposes, belonging to members not
keeping more than twenty cows. — Prize, E. Vale, Rose Hill.

Pure-bred Shorthorned cow, having had a living calf since
January 1st, 1874. — First prize, F. Cartwright, Drakelow ;
se(M»nd and third, T. H Cakes.

ueifees.

Pair of heifers under three years old. — First prize, E. Vale ;
second, T. H. Cakes ; third, — Tomlinson, Alvaston.

Pair of in-calf heifers, belonging to a tenant-farmer dairying
not less than twelve cows. — First prize, W. T. Carriugton ;
second, W. S. Woodroffe, Norraantonon-Soar.

STIEKS.

Pair of stirks, in milk, not exceeding two years and eight
months old, belonging to members not dairying less than 13
cows, and bred by exhibitor. — No entry.

Pair of stirks under two years old, most adapted for dairy
purposes, belonging to a tenant farmer. — First and second
prizes, E. Vale, Rose Hill.

Pair of stirks under two years old, most adapted for dairy
purposes, belonging to members not dairying less than 12
cows, and bred by exhibitor. — First prize, F. Cartwright,
Drakelow ; second, C. R. Chamberlain.

calves.
Tvvo rearing cow calves, bred by the exhibitor since 1st
January, 1S7-1*. — First prize, C. R. Chamberhtin ; second, C.
R. Morewood, Alfreton Hall. Highly commended : F. Cart-
vvriglit. Commended : S. Robson, Melbourne.

BULLS.

Shorthorn bull, three years old and upwards. — First prize,
J. Rose, The Ash; second, J. J. Crofts, Staveley ; third, C.
R. Chamberlain.

Shorthorn bull, two years old and not exceeding three years.
—First prize, A. M. Mundy, Shipley Hall ; second, C. R.
Chamberlain; third, J. Brooks, Shottle House.

Yearling (or not exceeding two) bull of the pure Shorthorn
breed, most suitable for breeding purposes, and which shall
he, and has been, the property of the exhibitor six montlis
previous to the dav of exhibition. — First prize, J. Wood,
Spondon ; second, J. Harris, RoUeston Park.

Bull-calf, not exceeding twelve months old. — First prize,
C. R. Morewood ; second, F. Cartvvriglit.
eat stock.

Beast of any breed. — First prize, J. H. Towle, Draycolt
Hall ; second and third, C. R. Chamberlain.

SPECIAL PRIZES.

Bull and three females of any age, the property of one
member ; any of the females above eighteen months, to be in
milk or iu calf at tbe time of show. — First prize, C. R.
Chamberlain ; second, J. Langley, Derby.
HORSES.

Brood mare and foal for agricultural purposes. — First prize,
H. Thompson, Chilwell ; second, W. Hollingworth, Dale
Abbey ; third, S. Porter, Locko. Highly commended : W.
Hollingworth. Commended : M. Audinwood, Weston.

Two years old gelding for aaricultural purposes. — First
prize, W. Hollingworth ; second, M. Audinwood, jun. Highly
commended : J. Crammer, Sawley. Commended : J. Hawks-
worth, Barton Fields.

Two years old filly far agricultural purposes. — First prize,
T. Orme, Boon ; second, J. Hawsworth.

Pair of horses for agricultural purposes. — First prize, J.
Porter, Weston-on-Trent ; second and third, C. R. Chamber-
lain. Highly commended : J. Poyser, Swarkestone.

Brood mare, best fitted for breeding hunters and hacks,
with foal at her foot. — First prize, E. Harrison, AUestree ;
second, P. Wallis, Derby. Commended : S. J. Clay, Long
Eaton.

Hack above four years. — First prize, J. J. Crofts ; second,
H. BuUen, Ashby.

Harness horse above four years old. — First prize, J. Mayer i!,
Derby ; second, W. R. Dick, Ticknall.

Gelding or filly, of the value of ^£50, not thoroughbicj,
above three and under four years old. — First prize, M. Audin-
wood, sen ; second, C. Smith, Kirk Langley. Highly com-
mended : T. Cowley, Smisby.

Two years old for hunting purposes. — First prize, W.
Parker, Alvaston ; second, T. Martin, Derby. The class com-
mended.

Cob not exceeding 14r hands. — First prize, C. Smith ; second,
A. Ford, Quarndon. Highly commended : C. Jordan,
Thulston.

Hunter four years old and upwards, equal to 15 stone. —
First prize, J. Hanson, Burrows ; second, T. Radford, Cole-
orton ; third, G. Meynell. Langley. The class commended.

Best hunter in eitlier class, four years old and upwards,
equal to 12 stone. — First prize, W. Bodeu, Derby ; second,
S. Robson, Melbourne; third, Mr. Flower, Derby. The class
commended.

SHEEP.

LONG-WOOLS.

Five breeding ewes, having had lambs in 1874, and suckled
them up to tlie 1st of June. — First prize, R. Johnson, Kirk
Ireton ; second, M. Scorer, Scarcliffe. Commended : S. W.
Cox, The Cottage; R. Syliray, Atnhergate ; J. Brooks,
Shottle.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

375

il'ive theaves. — First prize, R. Jolmsou ; second, M. ScorerJ ;
third, A. Bryer, Quarndon. Commeaded : A. Bryer; W. S.
Woodroffe, Norraantoa-ou-Soar.

live ewe Irabs. — First prize, M. Scorer ; second, A. Bryer.
Commended : S. llobson, Melbourne.

Ram of any age above a sbearling, bond fide the property
of the exhibitor at the time of entry. — First prize, R. John-
son ; second, R. Lee, Knivetou ; third, R. Lee.

Sliearling ram, bona fide the property of the exhibitor at
the time of entry. — First, second, and third prizes, R. John-
son. Highly commended : R.Lee. Commended: R.Lee;
R. Johnson.

Ram lamb. — First prize, R. Johnson ; second, M. Scorer.
Commended ; M. Scorer.

SHORT-WOOLS.

Five breeding ewes, having had lambs in 187^, and suckled
them up to the 1st of June. — First and second prizes, W.
Baker, Moor Bams ; third, T. C. Smith.

Five theaves. — First prize, W. Baker ; second, C. Smith ;
third, W. Baker.

Five ewe lambs. — First prize, W. Baker ; second, C.
Smith.

Ram of any age above a shearling, bonS. fide the property
of the exhibitor at the time of entry. — First and second prizes,
W. Baker.

Shearling ram, bon.^ fide the property of the exhibitor at
the time of entry. — First prize, C. Smith ; second, A. Findlay,
Wingfield Park ; third, W. Baker. Commended : J. Lea,
Sudbury.

Ram lamb. — First and second prizes, W. Baker.

Five fat wether sheep, of any breed, not exceeding twenty -
two months old. — Prize, M. Walker, Stockley Park.

PIGS.

L.VRGE BREED.

Boar of any age best adapted for general use. — First prize,
M. Walker ; second, J. Harris.

Sow of any age. — First and second prizes, M. Walker.

Three breeding pigs of one litter, not exceeding eight
months old. — First prize, J. Harris; second, M. Walker.
Commended : J. Wood, Spondon.

SMALL 15REED.

Boar of any age best adapted for general use. — First prize,
M. Walker : second, F. W. Meynell, Coxbench Hall.

Sow of any age. — First prize, M, Walker ; second, F. W.
Meynell.

Three breeding pigs of one litter, not exceeding eight
months old. — First and second prizes, M. Walker.

Pig, the property of an agricultural labourer. — First prize,
T. Poxon, Alvaston ; second, J. King, Hartshorn ; third, J.
Moley, Thulston.

ROOTS.

Collection (bonS fide the growth of the exhibitor), to con-
sist of Ions and globe mangolds, Swede and common turnips,
and cabbage : six specimens of eacli sort to be exhibited. —
First j-irize, J. Greatorex, Stretton ; second, J. Sturtin,
Hooper's Farm, Hartshorne.

GROWING CROPS.

Swede turnips, to consist of not less than three acres. —
First prize, J. Smith, LuUingtou ; second, J. H. Joyce, Black-
ford by.

Mangold wurtzel, to consist of not less than two acres. —
First prize, T. M. Ward, Craythorne; second, J. Grea-
torex.

Cabbage, to consist of not less than two acres. — First
prize, W. HoUingworth, Stanton Grove ; second, J. Grea-
torex.

' CHEESE.

Cheese of not less than 1 cwt., made by exhibitor in the
year IS?^. — First prize, J. Felthouse, Greudon House, Ather-
stone; second, W. T. Carrington, Croxden Abbey; third, J.
Brooks, Burrows.

Cheese, of not less than 1 cwt., made by the exhibitor in
1874, to be competed fur only by those persons who, being
members of the Derbyshire Agricultural Society, shall not
have made any cheese on the Sunday after the Mth June,
1874! — Factory cheese, Mickleover Clieese Factory. 2 guineas
each to Derby and Longleat Factories ; 1 guinea to Holme
Factorv.

BUTTER.

Milk butter (not less than six pounds) made by the exhibi-

tor.— First prize, A. M. Mundy, Shipley Hall ; second, A. F.
Hurt, Ravenstone.

Milk butter (not less than six pounds) made by the daugh-
ter of a member. — First prize, W. Jackson, Atlow; second,
J. Greatorex.

WOOL.

Three fleeces of long vpool. — Prize, R. Johnson, Kirk
Ireton.

Three fleeces of short wool. — Prize, J. Rose, The Asli,
Etwall.

GRAIN.

Sample of red wheat, three bushels, and to represent a bulk
of not less than ten quarters, to be subject to the inspection
of the judges. — Prize, J. Greatorex.

Sample of white wheat. — First prize, J. Greatorex; second,
W. Woodrofi'e.

Sample of barley. — Prize, J. Greatorex.

Sample ot oats. — First prize, J. Greatorex ; second, J.
Startin.

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS.

Selection of implements for agricultural purposes. — First
prize, J. and G. Haywood, Derby ; second, G. Ratcliffe, Derby.

Messrs. Ratditt" and Co. also obtained a silver medal for a
reaper, the inventor of which was Mr. Earl, of Melbourne.
A medal was also awarded to Messrs. Hathaway, Chippenham,
for a churn.

At the dinner. Lord Scarsdale, the chairman, believed he
might congratulate all present upon having witnessed a very
good show. The cattle classes were unfortunately short in
numbers, but he had been told they were very good in quality,
and he was afraid tiiat tiie paucity of numbers arose from the
prevalence of the foot-and-mouth disease, and very possibly
from tlie shortness of keep owing to the dry season through
which they had just passed. The show of sheep had been a
very good one, the animals being large in number and ex-
cellent in quality. He had also been told that the classes of
agricultural horses had been exceedingly good, better, per-
haps, than had ever been seen in Derby before. He should
like to suggest that, if possible, a few more prizes should be
given, and that the competition in some cases might be ex-
tended, perhaps to all England. He believed that during the
past year there had not been any papers read or lectures given
upon subjects connected with agriculture, at the committee
meetings of the Society, which was to be regretted for many
reasons, and he hoped that during the coning year the Com-
mittee would see their way to remedy this defect, if it was
one. He «ished to say a few words respecting tlie great ex-
tension of the factory system of cheese-making in Derbyshire,
and he was sure it would be a great source of regret to all
present that the Hon. Mr. Coke and Mr. Crotnpton, wlio
might be looked upon as the founders of this movement in
Derbyshire, were absent on the present occasion, for they
would liave given a great amount of useful information on the
subject, and Mr. Crompton would have been prepared with a
great many interesting details. One great advantage which
had accrued from the factory system of cheese-making was
that it had opened the eyes of farmers to the value and im-
portance of co-operation, and he hoped tliat was a fact which
would not be lost sight of by them ; for he Ijelieved the co-
operative system was capable of far greater development than
it had at present attained, and might be of considerable ad-
vantage to the farmers in their business. If it would meet
with the approbation of the Committee he should be very
happy to offer a prize of ten guineas for the best practical
paper on co-operation amongst farmers. Another advantage
arising from tlie factory system was that it tended to bring
landlords and tenants together; they met together in com-
mittees, and exchanged ideas upon subjects in which they
were both interested ; it improved the relations between
them, and it enlightened the one as to the requirements of the
other ; and surely everything that tended to the benefit of the
landlord must also be to the advantage of the tenant, for
their interests ever were and would be identical. He wished
also to allude to the use of the steam plough. He believed
two of these iuiplemeuts were in operation in the neighbour-
hood of Derby ; they had had plenty of work to do, and were
likely to be kept fully employed, and he looked upon this also
as a sign of the progress of agriculture in this county. It
was a matter of congratulation that in this district they had

376

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

been free fi'om those disputes between employers and em-
ployed whicli had agitated many districts, especially in the
Eastern Counties. Certainly the wages of agricultural
labourers here were higher than were given in some parts of
England, where, he must admit, it was only right and proper
to raise the scale of the labourers' wages. In this neigh-
bourhood, however, he believed the labourers had been pro-
perly and fairly remunerated for their work, and had been
justly dealt with by their employers ; and it had always been
a pleasure and the wish of the farmers to contribute to the
happiness and welfare of their labourers. He only wished
that in many parts of tlie country the labourers were better
housed, for he believed that to be the source of the dissatis-
tion which had lately existed amongst them. They were all
aware of the extreme difficulty of cottage building in these
days, and if there were only some means provided of building
habitable cottages at a less cost it would be a very great ad-
vantage. He ought perhaps before that moment to have
referred to the abundant harvest with which they had been
happily blessed, and for which they ouglit all to be thankful
to Providence, and also for the exceedingly favourable
weather which had been experienced during the gatliering of
the crops. Bread would be cheap and plentiful, which, with
the prospect of winter before them, would be of great ad-
vantage. He wished to say a few words with regard to the
sale of milk in this district, which had lately assumed con-
siderable proportions. This was a very important matter,
Jnasmuch as a large supply of milk was furnished from this
district to the large and populous centres of industry, and it
was very desirable that the commodity thus supplied should
be pure. He thought the Society mii^ht be of use in col-
lecting information in relation to various questions affecting
the milk supply, such as the price of milk in various towns,
the carriage of milk by rail, the best mode of conveying it,
and the proper temperature at which it should be conveyed,
so as to keep as long as possible. All such matters as these
might come under the observation of the Society, and their
investigation would be of great benefit. He had had pleasure
in walking through the horticultural show, but he should like
to have seen a larjjer number of entries, though the show was
a good one as far as it went. In one corner of tlie horticul-
tural show he saw a plan of the Mickleover Lunatic Asylum ;
he did not quite underhand that, for he did not think that
horticulture was likely to cause people to lose their reason.

Mr. T. W. Evans, M.P., proposed " The Chairman." From
the fact that he had lived so long in the immediate neigh-
bourhood, he had had opportunities of knowing what his
lordship had done with respect to his land better than those
farther removed. He would, then, say that he had never
seen any property which had undergone such a great and re-
markable improvement as had Lord Scarsdale's during his
possession of it. Since he had taken it in hand, great im-
provement had become manifest ; he had just taken up draining
as a most important point, and then the erection of houses,
setting, in this respect, a most excellent example. By this
means not only was the land made of greater fertility, and
tenants enabled to benefit by this greater power of production,
but it was of advantage to the entire community.

Mr. Coleman had been struck with the greater prominence
and merit lately assumed by the cart-horse, which was now
regarded as of more importance to the farmers. Competi-
tion must improve the articles brought together; if a man
thought his things were better than anyone else's there was
nothing like letting him compare them with his neighbours'.
As to the Mickleover cheese factory, tiiey might not go to
Mickleover for the greatest sense in all matters, but when
they found that cheese from that place could produce 86s. 6d.
at sis weeks of age, they would see that it could do some
thing.

Mr. Alderman Roe was of opinion that the operations of
the Society ouglit to be extended, and recommended that the
show should be open to all England ; the horticultural de-
partment was not successful until a similar step was taken
with regard to it. He recommended that a prize should not
be awarded when only one animal was exhibited in any class,
believing that that would tend to cause a larger number of
entries, neither would he allow a person to take a prize above
once for the same animal.

Mr. M. Walker here interposed, and said the nearer the
Society confined its operations to the county the better. As
an exhibitor of this Society, and a travelling exhibitor visiting
many shows in the country, he could say that those county
societies which opened their exhibitions to all England, were
all going to the ground. Last year he did not exhibit any
pigs at the county show, and he believed it was in conse-
quence of that circumstance that there was such a good show
of pigs that day. He had observed to some of his neighbours
that he must " sweep the deck " of prizes, and if he had done
so he should not have come to the show again, preferring to
allow other persons to have an opportunity of gaining the
prizes, for when it was known that such competitors as him-
self, whether in the cattle or pig classes, were about to exhibit,
it prevented outsiders from competing. Shropshire sheep
were not so well represented as they ought to be, which he
attributed to the fact of Mr. Baker taking the whole of the
prizes in that class. [Mr. Walker was about to make some
further observations when there were loud cries of " Chair"
and his Lordship requested Mr. Walker to give way.]

THE NORFOLK CATTLE PLAGUE ASSOCIATION.
— A testimonial was never better earned than the one which
has been voted by the Norfolk Cattle Plague Association to
their chairman, Mr. Clare Sewell Read, M.P. The work of
the Association is happily now a thing of the past, but the
Committee know how indefatigably Mr. Read worked when the
occasion required, and how well he won a title to a recognition
of his services. We cannot conceive it possible that any single
member of the Association will demur to the course adopted,
with respect to a small portion of their money, not only with
reference to the presentation to Mr. Read, but also the de-
served acknowledgment to the painstaking secretary, Mr. C.
R. Oilman ; and can only hope that the occasion will not
again arise to call for the disturbance of the large amount
now vested in the Funds. — The Norfolk Chronicle.

TENANT-RIGHT FOR SCOTLAND.— At a dinner and
presentation to Mr. Davidson, late farmer, Culbae, Wigtown-
shire, in responding for the tenant-farmers of Wigtownshire,
Mr. M 'Cracken said that in his recollection, through enterprise,
energy, and the appication of manure, , the tenant-farmers of

the district had many times multiplied their capital. Their stock
had so much increased in value, and they had to expend so
much more in labour, manure, and implements, that the capital
has increased perhaps four-fold in many farms ; and, there-
fore, these tenants should have a far greater securitv for that
capital than they iiave. The circumstance that had brought
them together that night was one of the strongest proofs that
they could have of the necessity for that security. If they
had a law in the country to give a tenant compensation for
his improvements, he qoestioued very much if they would have
seen their friend Mr. Davidson going out of the country.
He could recollect seeing when a boy bogs and banksof briars
and thorns on the farm of which their guest was lately tenant,
and now on the same farm there had sprung up smooth
green pasture. And as far as he could understand, all that was
done at Mr. Davidson's own expense. Certainly in these
circumstances, a man's labour and improvements ought to be
taken into account, or the State, in some shape or other, should
step in to protect him from being turned to the road without
any consideration for the improvements he has effected. If
we had a lawgiving compensation for these improvements, then
the agriculture of the country could go on steadily. There was
an old saying in his part of the country, " He that stints, sits ;
and he that improves, ilits." He thought if tenant-farmers
would only set themselves to examine that question, and re-
member it when certain gentlemen come round asking Par-
lamentary favours, he thought they might come to bring about
an improvement on that point.

THE FARMEE'S MAGAZINE.

377

AYESHIRE FARMEES' CLUB.
' THE KELATIONS OF LANDLOKD AND TENANT.

At the annual meeting, held in Ayr, Mr. J. P. Willison,
Maxwellton, in the chair, the subject for discussion was,
" The Present Relations between Landlord and Tenant."

The Chairman read the following paper : The earliest in-
formation history gives of the cultivators of the soil teUs us
that they were in a state of villenage or slavery, and at the
unlimited disposal of the ownnrs of the land for life or for
death. How they obtained their liberty is not very clear. I
believe the Church of Rome claims the merit of getting it for
t lem, and there appear no good grounds for proving that they
obtained it by any other means. Their next state seems to
•^ ave been that of steel bow tenants ; tlfe landlords providing
the farm stock and implements of husbandry and the tenants
the labour, the production of which was equally divided be-
tween them. In this state the tenants were enabled to acquire
capital. With tlie increase of commerce and national wealth
the tenants by degrees obtained the means to stock the land
with capital of their own, and to be in much the same position
in relation to their landlords as they are now. Yet this third
stage, although similar in many lespects to that of the present
day, was in others very much different. This might be called
the patriarchal stage. At this time the value of land was very
low, and yielded but a small income to either landlord or
tenant. The tenants might still be styled, as they were in the
second stage, " the poor bodies who tilled the land." The
competition for farms was not great, and the habits of both
lairds and tenants were much more plain and simple than they
are now. it was very rare that an industrious tenant ever
dreamed of leaving his farm or of a laird parting with an
iudustr.ous tenant. The lairds might be said to dwell among
their own people. There is much in tiiis stage that is pic-
turesque. Of course there was much " scraping and bowing"
on the one side, but on the other there was also much real
interest felt and kindly communing. The tenant looked upon
his laird as his only governor and protector, and the laird on
his tenant as something tliat was really a part of himself. As
wealth and commerce increased, and of course the value of
land, the lairds began to see that the state of things was not
good, and that, for the benefit of the tenants no doubt, rents
must be raised, and they by that means stimulated to make
greater exertion. None of us, I am sure, can find fault with
this, because without some such stimulant no progress can be
made in anything whatever. Our just complaint is, that while
the landlords have withdrawn the patriarchal wages, they still
continue to demand the patriarclial service. Now, this is
hardly fair. The landlord is not now a patriarch, he is simply
a land-merchant, who, according to the strict rules of political
economy, sells his land in the dearest market. The changes
that have taken place in the relation of the different classes of
society to each other during the last forty years have been very
great. No one class can be said to be dependent on another
except the tenant-farmers ; indeed they may be said to be the
only class that is not yet emancipated. As a proof of this, I
have only to remind you of tlie contracts which we sign ; con-
tracts containing clauses the like of which are not to be
found in any other contracts under the sun, and above all
this, we are expected to pay the wages of complete
political subservience, aud to acknowledge at leajt by silence
that the government of a landed aristocracy is the only govern-
ment that is good. You may naturally ask rae " Where is the
remedy for all this ?" I believe there is a remedy if we seek
it in the right direction, but not in the direction we have
hitherto sought. It is held to be a maxiiu that the interests
of landlords and tenants are exactly alike, but before that
maxim can be applied here, we must first find out whether
both parties have agreed as to what is their common interest.
I have no doubt landlords, as a rule, are anxious to have their
land well farmed, but, unfortunately, they want something
more, aud that somethiug is far more precious in tiieir eyes
than the other. They want as much game as their land will
feed ; and they want their tenants' votes at county elections.
Said an English squire the other day in public — " 1 respect
my tenants as much as any man can do, but if I must part
either with my tenauts or my game, I will uot pact with my

game." These few words of this frank, outspoken English
squire leave nothing to be added on this head. The interests
of landlords and tenants are alike ! Are they ? Let me recall
to your memory a few incidents in Parliament and out of it.
I shall not go very far back in time, and I think you will dis-
tinctly remember them all. Not long since, Lord Derby told
an assemblage of English farmers that the land of England did
not produce above half what it ought to do under good culti-
vation. I think you wiU agree with me in saying that if there
is one man in Britain who is more remarkable than another
ibr common sense, that man is Lord Derby. Lord Derby must
have known that before the tenants could be expected to era-
ploy more capital in the cultivation of the laud, they must first
have some sscurity that they would reap the benefit. But
Lord Derby did not tell them, uor, so far as I know, has he
since told them, that he would grant them leases aud assist
them in securing Tenant-Right. Very lately, Lord Malmesbury
caUed for a return to Parliament of all tiie ground game sold
under licence in England, for the purpose of showing what a
boon the labouring classes were receiving, in being able to get
so much cheap and nourishing food. I never heard, though,
of Lord Malmesbury having called for a return of the cost at
which that game was reared aud fattened by the English far-
mers. I will here put a question to Lord Alalmesbury. which,
I hope, somebody will be geod enough to convey to him.
Supposing all the field fences over England were levelled
to the ground, and all the sheep and cattle allowed to roam at
pleasure, would their beef and mutton be a cheap food to the
British nation ? If Lord Derby is remarkable for common
sense, surely Lord Malmesbury must be remarkable for some
other kiud sense. You will uot have forgotten a gun bill and
a farm dog bill, which costs each farm fi.fteen shillings a year,
and some a great deal more. It is the only tax that I know of
on implements of labour of any kind. It may be said that the
lauded party in Parliament did uot bring in these bills. True,
but why did they not oppose them ; they can always muster
strength enough to strangle a game bill. If the interests of
their tenants are so dear to them as they pretend sometimes,
here was a famous chance for proving it. Some outspoken
people said that they rather liked these bills, as they
would afford more protection to their darling game ; and cer-
tainly they would have some grounds for saying so. Our
member for South Ayrshire is a Conservative, but is said to
be a very liberal one. On the eve of the last general election,
what did he say on the game question ? He said " he would
give the ground game to the tenants by law ; but would not
interfere with right of contract." The honourable gentleman
must have known that the English tenants have possession of
the game by law just now, andvife all know what it is worth to
them. He very much reminded me of the old farmer who,
when his servant complained to him of his food, said, "My
good fellow, you will have no need to complain again on that
score, instead of giving you potatoes and herring, I will now
give you herring and potatoes." Yet this is the gentle aian we
have sent to represent us in Parliament. For my part, I have
come to the conclusion that we have been altogether wrong in
our way of dealing with the game question in trying to carry
out what is called Mr. Loch's bill. I pay no heed to the argu-
ment about the sacredness of the right of contract. There is
not a year in which Parliament does not interfere with the right
of contract in some way. In fact such legislation has been a
favourite hobby with the landed party for the last forty years.
They have carried it into ships, mines, manufactories, truck
shops, aud almost into every shop but their own shop. We must
confess, however, that it has never been applied to any class so
high in the social scale as we are. Besides, I do not see how
it might uot be evaded in some way as it is evaded by the truck
merchant. Further, what can we say to the otiier working
classes of the nation, who may well ars-ne, «s tliev do, that if
game preserving :s an evil, by Mr. Loch's bill that evil would
only be taken out of the bauds of Hie landlurif, and put
into the hands of the tenant. We all believe, of course,
that no tenant would preserve game to do injury, but still the
argumeut is just euongh, aad we have no proper answer to

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THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

give it. They say, too, and very justly, if these Game-laws
are so very oppressive, why not get quit of them altogether ?
The power is in your own hands. Tarliament long ago gave
you the franchise, and now, that you may act independent of
your landlords, it has given you the ballot. If year after year
you send members te Parliament who are determined at all
hazards to preserve these laws, you at least have no reason to
complain. I would have dropped this part of the subject here
had I not read some remarks on this question spoken the other
day at Maybcle by the member for Ayr burghs. Sir Wm. Cun-
ninghame said, " Farmers seem to have forgot that tlie Game-
laws conferred many benefits on the general public, who had a
right to have their interests considered as well as the farmers.
Tliere could be no doubt that the preservation of game had
a great effect in keeping country houses occupied, for many
such houses would be vacant if it were not for the amusement
of shooting, which induced the proprietor not only to reside
there himself, bat often to collect a large party to fill his
house." Now I for one protest against the picture that we
are obliged to draw from words such as these of the Scottish
landed gentlemen. Is it possible that he can have no love for
the hills over which he may have first seen the sun rise ; for
the stream which he waded when a boy, and in which he may
have caught his first little trout ; for the trees which were then
like himself, little saplings, now sending out their branches
high and wide to the breeze — an emilem of passing time, and
well fitted to beget the reflection, " What am I doing, what
have I done." Is there no allurement in all the charms of
nature where nature is most lovely, a prize for which thou-
sands amid dust and smoke are daily toiling, and which few
succeed in getting ? High above these things, can he feel no
interest in the people who work and toil on these lands of his —
lands which though but yesterday may have been the product
of so many bales of cotton, or so many tons of iron, yet a
people to whom he is bound hy all moral ties as firm as' parch-
ment could bind him to his acres ? Is there no suffering
among them that he can help to alleviate ? are there none
whom lie can help onward and upward ? May there not be
some from whom he can learn ? If all these things will not
allure and attach him to his country home, then, I say, away
with him, he is of no manner of use here ; off with him to the
jungles of luQia, let him have shooting and killiag to his
heart's content ; there at least his sport will have the dignity
of toil and danger. Sir WiUiara further says, "Every village
carpenter, grocer, doctor, smith, and trades of every kind were
benefitea, more or less, by the Game-laws, to say nothing of
the benefit and healthful exercise it afforded to those who
were in a po'^ition to take advantage of them." My answer to
this may be very short, for I never knew of any village
carpenter, blacksmith, or grocer getting twenty shillings'
worth of benefit from the Game-laws, unless he was a poacher ;
and the exercise of shooting being such a healthy thing there'
must be a very few windfalls for the village doctor. Sir
William must have been thinking at the time of some wilder-
ness of man's making in the Highlands, where some cotton
lord may rule over fifty or a hundred thousand acres, and where
there is not a living soul but himself and his gillies to employ
tradesmen of any kind. Again Sir William says, " There was
also a benefit which should not be forgotten, the greater
amount of occupation the Game-laws gave to labourers and
working men, noi merely gamekeepers and g-mewatchers, but
gardeners, grooms, and odd men." Sir William surely does
not know that there is such a thing as political economy, and
that all intelligent men understand and believe in it. If a
political economist came to ask anyone here. Where is the
product of your year's labour ? your answer would not be far
to seek ; indeed you need hardly speak at all— you might only
point to your stackyard, the mason and carpenter could point
to the houses they had built, but I do not know what answer
h-^ could get from the employer of grooms and gamekeepers.
T ) be sure he might say I have enjoyed myself and got a good
appetite, as for the rest, I suppose it is none
o your business. When we hear the Game-laws upheld
by such arguments as these, one is apt to feel more sorrow
than anger, and no one who is not a bitter enemy to the landed
aristocracy could ever wish to hear them repeated. I at one
time entertained the hope that the signs of the times would
have educated a number of clever young lairds in every
county, and that they would have come forward and volun-
teered to lead U8 and champion our cause, but so far from '

this being the case, we have experienced exactly the reverse.
Many of the young reform chiefs have gone over to the other
side ; and if we may judge from the attitude of some of the
older ones at tlie last general election, they even have no great
stomach for reforms in our line. This, I believe, is counted
by some as an omen of great strength and long life to the
Conservative cause. I do not share in that opinion. I look
upon it rather as an omen of great danger, which if it goes
on, must ultimately tend to unite the tenant class into one
compact political body, and then I would say landlords need
not bother themselves much longer about politics. When I
think of the present position of the landed class, there is a
picture that often rises in ray mind. It is that of a captain
about to go into battle while the crew of his ship is in a state
of mutiny. Whether landlords like it or no, the Game-laws
must go, Hypothec must go, and Tenant-Right must come ;
and if they do not wash their hands of these things, there will
be a mutiny some day. One day talkative Boswell said to the
famous Samuel Johnson, " Sir, flon't you think the people
were happier under feudal rule than they are now P" " No,
sir," returned Samuel ; " and the proof of it is they wished
to get out of it, and have no wish to return to it." Burly
Sam, sturdy Tory though he was, had too much regard for
the truth to give his countenance to a falsehood. We have
now no specimens of the feudal rule, but we may still look
upon its offspring, the patriarchal. In some of the fairest
and most fertile counties of England, where baron's castles,
squire's halls, and lawns, and parks, are the finest — even where
rosy, well-paid churchmen are plentiful, tell me how it is you
will there see the land worst farmed, and the farm labourer a
spectacle of poverty and ignorance. Naturally one would ex-
pect to find there every man sitting under his own vine.
Hodge, the other day, found fault with his beans, and rebelled
against his master, the English farmer. Hodge had not
enough of wind in him, and has been beat in the struggle.
Now, it is rather an important question — What is to be the
future of poor Hodge ! Is he to continue the same half-
starved ignorant drudge that he has been ? No ! I have
much better hopes for Hodge. I hope and believe he will
emigrate to lands where he will find the fitting elements for
his growth to manhood. This, too, I believe, is the best
thing that could happen for the English tenants. They will
then be forced to direct their energies to the right object —
that of procuring leases and Tenant-Right — and will find out
by-and-b}e that they have a somewhat nobler mission to per-
form in this world than rearing game for their landlords'
amusement. I doubt not many conscientiously believe that
the government of a landed aristocracy is the best. Be that
right or wrong, of this I am certain, it is a thing which we
Scotch tenants have not the slightest interest in upholding.
Our real interest is to get liberty to cultivate the land in such
a way as we may find most profitable, and to get security for
the money and labour we expend on it. It is clear we shall
never get that, so long as we send the present kind of mem-
bers to Parliament — I am speaking of neither Whig nor
Tory. I mean that our work is just like other people's
work, if it is to be well done, it must be done by ourselves ;
or, as our friend Sir William says, " We may wait in
vain till the ' crack of doom.''' The time is not far distant when
no man, however high born or wealthy, will be trusted and
followed as a leader who does not employ himself in some
useful pursuit. It is for our young lords and lairds to look to
this. If they allow the Government of the country to pass
out of their hands, they may not get it back again, though
they seek it with their tears. I do not know in this wme
world a field lor work like that possessed by the British land-
owner— a work, which, by all wise and good men, is considered
the highest and noblest. He has a little kingdom of his own,
which contains all the elements lor thought and study that is
coutaiued in the biggest kingdom in Europe. He can tell
his people, like Lord Derby, that the laud might be able to
produce double ; but he need not stop there. He can say,
" Come with me and I will assist you in finding out how it is
to be done, and then I will help you to do it." I beg a parting
word to the young men ot us who are just beginning the world.
According to my view, the time may not be far off when their
influence may have much weight for good or for evil in the
destinies of our country. If they study with care the science
and literature of their calling — if they carry into their business
the utmost integrity, diligence, and skill they can command
— they will find that they have received the best education

THE FAEMBR'S MAGAZINE.

379

that can be got for giving efficient aid in the governraent of
the State,

Mr. Cunningham (Chapelton) was exceedinprly pleased
with the paperjust read. The subject — the relations between
the landlord and tenant — was a most important one, and he
thought the tenants would do well to consult that relation- [
ship and on their part do everything that lay in their power to
meet the views of the landlords consistent with the spirit of
the age. It had been jnstly brought out in the paper that
there had been something like serfJora in their profession.
They were certainly now in a better position, and though he
believed the most of them had good landlords, still owing to
the state of the existing law it was almost impossible for a
landlord to be a just man. There was the greatest need for
au alteration of the existing laws both for the benefit of the land-
lord and tenant. He fondly hoped the day was not far dis-
tant when our legislators would see the necessity of doing
something on behalf of the landlord and tenant, and therefore
on behalf of society at large. He had not the smallest doubt
the outside world was as great a sufferer as tliey were them-
selves by the present system.

J. B. Lindsay (Irvine) said that, to maintain a harmonious
relationship between landlord and tenant is much to be desired,
and is favourable to the prosperity aud comfort of both parties.
Land as a subject of property, while capable of much improve-
ment, is also liable to serious depreciation. It is, therefore, a
serious matter for a proprietor to alienate from himself his
property for nineteen years. In doing so he requires protec-
tion, and it has hitherto been for the most part sought in the
many clauses and restri<-tions of leases. 1 venture to doubt
if all the clauses and restrictions yet devised will compel
the improvement of land or afford the protection sought. I
would respectfully suggest that a far more efficient protection
is to be found in a well-devised scheme of compensation for im-
provements, and not only would protection be found, but it
would afford to the landlord a legitimate source of enrichment,
while at the same time bring comfort and security to the
tenant.

Mr. Bruce (Aucbengate) said this question is one which
requires to be handled with delicacy, and very carefully consi-
dered. It is important that the relationship existing between
landlord and tenant he liarmoniously maintained, and the solu-
tion sought in a spirit of equity. The landlord has risks during
the currency of a lease — for instance he may let a farm to a
tenant who shortly afterwards becomes insolvent. As a set
off to this, hypothec is at present the landlord's safeguard.
But it is very doubtful if such protection is equivalent to that
which would be gamed by a well-approved system of compensa-
tion for permanent improvements. Under the present arrange-
ments the land is too often deteriorated in value, especially at
the expiring of leases. Whereas a compensation scheme pro-
viding for the safely of the tenant's expended capital would
effect an increase in the letting value of the land, bestowing as
it would undoubtedly do, a reciprocal benefit on the outgoing
tenant, incoming tenant, and landlord, through the most
powerful of all motives, that of self interest. I am of opinion
that if a tenant reduces the value of a farm it is proper that
the landlord get full damages. Whereas if a tenant can show
improvement he ought in equity to receive sompensation for
such wlien quitting his holding.

Mr. Howie (Law, Dreghorn) said that they were apt to
expect far too much from Parliament. He did not see that
the farmer could be very much bettered by Parliament. He
believed that compensation should be given to the farmer at
the end of the lease for improvements, and that landlords
should receive compensation ifthe farm had been deteriorated.
Mr. Wallace said the subject was one which was allowed
to be a very critical one to deal with. It was a pity that is
should be so, because there was a tendency to make niistaked
about it. It gave rise to one mistake. Landlords were apt to
think that farmers as a class liked to go against them, and
tney might be a little selfish. It was a very natural thing
vthen the proprietor did as they did — went to the market
where he would get the greatest price. But he thought pro-
prietors might make a mistake, and in some cases they did, in
thinking too much of how they could deal with this and that
bargain. If they wish to do it all to their own advantage,
they would try to chalk out the bargain in such a way that
they miglit profit by it. But the great deal that had been
said in the public political artna, that the farmer was
Rfain.st the landlord, only required to be tried, He thouht

if people would look into the matter aud give it a
trial they would find that the farmers were not against them,
and what they differed upon would really be for the advantage
of both. He thought the proprietors had the same
interest, although they were in different circumstances.
It w.^s natural they should have a great interest in the land,
and for that reason great sympathy for and in the interest of
the tenant. He was convinced that they (the farmers) had
lairds who were ready to sympathise and encourage them, and
though they (the landlords) mighrnot be in a position to give
them money, he did not think it was necessary. The farmers
con'd not expect them to give away money without some bene-
fit from it. If they got intelligent proprietors — men with
whom it was easy to deal, who understood what was a right
and what was a wrong thing, and encourage them as far as in
them lay by their countenance, it was a great help to them to
go on doing what they could towards their land, and them-
selves. He thought they should take up the question in a
broad light, and not take any selfish view of it. It would ex-
pedite matters if they were to do something to disabuse people
of the idea that tney were there separately as a class.

Mr. Dalgeish (Teraplant Mains) said one did not like to
say anything about their superiors ; but still there was no
doubt that there were great faults in their landlords in the way
they conducted their estates, and the usage they gave to their
tenants. But he had no doubt that by the process of riddling
they would get as much hair grass and fully as many weeds
among the tenantry as amongst the landlords. To begin to
legislate he did not know would make a decided settlement.
As long as human nature was as it was presently, they might
look for nothing but faults and failings amongst the rich as
well as tlie poor and middle classes. Instead of legislating to
make alterations in the relations between landlord and tenant,
he thought if they could diffuse a spirit of equity and honesty,
reciprocal by both parties, it would be far better than taking
np an attitude of force or defiance. At the same time it was
necessary to have regulations to secure parties to a certain
extent. But a tenant taking a farm for nineteen years uuder
certain stipulations — that he was to plough under a certain
rotation, and would grant that that rotation was actually the
best adapted to the circumstances of the farm, that he would
manure up to a certain quantity — he often found it — at least
in the leases with which he (the speaker) was acquainted — to
his own profit to go beyond the landlord's stipulation in
manuring rather than to keep within them. And wlien a
person took a farm they ought to calculate what was to be
the consequences during the currency of their lease, and what
was to be the issue at the termination ; and while they im-
proved the farm, they improved their condition besides, if the
improvement was conducted on a proper footing. At any
rate, it would pay the tenant better to improve his farm
during the currency of his lease than to impoverish it ; for the
moment that he attempted to impoverish his farm he would
impoverish himself. It was very far wrong to remove the
regular quantity of manure at the end of the lease ; and in
proportion as he withdrew his support to the farm he will
withdraw the support from himself. He would advise, how-
ever, that instead of using a great deal of farm manures it
would pay well enough to take artificials at the latter end.
It was perfectly natural in the increase of the value of every-
thing that the landlord should look for a rise of rent at the
end of the lease, provided that he was up to the times. For
the landlords had their expenditure to meet as well as the
tenant, and really he did not see well what could be
done. Tlie matter must stand as it was, and they
must take the good and the bad as they came.
He for one would rather have our aristocracy as they
were than have the lands put into the hands of the
Government, and to submit to the supervision of the
Government officials. Amongst very many of the land-
lords there was the greatest sympathy and kindness to
the tenants. He would be very dry himself in receiving the
Governraent ofticial when he came round to see that every
nicknack was as It ought to be. He rather thought they
would not meet their case better than by letting things take
their natural course. There was a great many faults that they
might find with the management of and contracts in lands one
way and another, but then, if they looked at the tenantry who
were of widely different characters, it was a'.isolutely necessary
that the landlords sliould Secure themselves against the con-
duct that may be prHcti«cd by thorn, and the ca»e with rcgurd

B B 2

380

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

to the landlords might be stated as Just vice versa. So it was
not easy to lay down rules that would be generally permanent
and good in their effect, so long aa society had so much selfish-
ness mixed in it.

Mr. Cu:>j:n INGHAM (Chapelton) wished to state that he
thought there was no desire on the part of the present or any
other farmers' club to injure the landlord, nor yet to have his
land under-valued. He thought they could not be accused of
attempting to under-value his land : he thought their inten-
tions were the very reverse of that. He should be sorry that
they should meet together to read papers and discuss them, to
find out any way to cheapen land. They only wanted to give a
fair field for the benefit of the landlord and tenant when they
showed tliemselves anxious to negotiate or propose any arrange-
ment different from what at present existed. It would be a
mistake to leave such an idea unaasailed, because he really
believed that in the present time landlords were as much
fettered as tlie tenants were through the existing laws.

Mr. Young (Kilwinning) said some people thought the
present subject just a little too political for the Farmers' Club.
He shared in.that opinion to a certain extent. His opinion in
regard to the relation between landlord and tenant was that
it might be improved in three respects, not only with advan-
tage to the landlord and tenant, but also to the public. He
was persuaded that the law of hypothec should be abolished, and
the Game-laws modified to the extent that every occupier of
land should have the right in common with his proprietor
to kill all wild animals, which would enable him to protect
his crops, which were his own, and for which, in his
humble opinion, every tenant eught to have protection.
The other point was Tenant-Right, or what was better called,
compensation for unexhausted improvements. He hoped the
laudlords would take these subjects into their consideration.
He was satisfied that no class in the community would derive
greater benefit from a change in that direction than they. At
present, if the majority of farmers knew that they were not to
continue on the farm, they did not farm in the same way in
the last two years of their lease. The most of them carried
that too far, and the consequence was that the proprietor had
his land to let, and he was desirous of doing so with the farm
in the best possible condition when it was found in the worst.
He was glad to see that in England the large proprietors liad
already admitted the justice of the proposals he had referred
to, and were quite willing to give their aid in getting a fair
and reasonable measure passed which would give compensa-
tion for unexhausted improvements. On the other hand, he
felt it was quite right and proper whenever a tenant through
his negligence and bad farming depreciated the natural fertility
of tlie soil, he ought to be compelled to pay for such depre-
ciation. The chairman made some allusion to the Game-laws,
which was the only point upon which he could not agree with
him. He (the chairman) seem to have thought that if the
tenants hid the right to the game, brobably they might keep a
large head of game. Now, he ventured to say that not one in
fitty tenants would try to keep up a large head of game.
They could not afi'ord it, and were not so foolish. The game
destroyed eight or ten times more than they ate. The only
other point to which he would refer was the fact that the
interests of the landlord and tenant were mniual, more so
than the chairman seemed to hint. He believed what was
good lor the one was good for the other.

Mr. Cunningham (Shields) said the subject seemed one
not very piolific of discussion amongst farmers. There seemed
to be a teeling abroad that there was a danger in saying much
or anything in regard to the relations between landlord and
tenant, lie could not see why that should be so. There was
undoubtedly uneasiness amongst the tenant-farmers in regard
to this question. There was considerable discussion, writing,
and talking in reference to those questions concerning the
landed interest, and it was their bounden duty and privi-
lege to meet togetlier to talk over those matters which con-
cerned their welfare, and to devise means whereby the evils
with which they were beset might be partly removed or
altogether abolished. The chairman traced the relationship
of lancilord and tenant down from the very coraraeucement,
and he showed that early in history the tenant-farmer was in
a state of serfdom, and if he (the speaker) understood him
right he showed that in the 19th century and Christian land
of Scotland they were in a great measure still in the same con-
ton. He quite agreed with liim, and it was quite a mistake

talk in such a way as if there were not a more independent

class existing than the tenant-farmers. He denied that in ioto.
So long as they were compelled to sign leases on the conditions
that were frequently attached to them, tliey were virtually
serfs. They could call themselves nothing else, and they
could not help themselves until those questions in connection
with laud were legislatively settled. He quite believed, and
would verify the statement of Lord Derby, that the land of
this country might yield double it did at present. There was
not the slightest doubt about this if there was suSicient capi-
tal, and there would never be sufiicient capital until they had
security for the capital, and were placed on an equal footing
with their landlords in making their bargains. It was well known
that if a landlord and a tenant made an agreement, it was
always one-sided, because the landlords, having the making of
the laws, made them for themselves. In regard to the ques-
tion of the Game-laws, it was^an impossibility to have high-
farming and a large head of game. He believed that was
thoroughly experienced by the late Marquis of Ailsa. He
found it utterly impossible to farm well and keep up a large
stock of game. Therefore, if they were to have over-preservation
of game they might bid adieu to high farming or farming to
pay. He believed very few tenants would complain of
game unless there was considerable damage done. But
what they had to complain of was that instead of
any improvement in the young landlords it was worse. The
hand dial instead of going forward was going back. It had
been said that there was a prospect of this game question
being settled. The party was in power who would do it ; and
therefore there was no doubt that if farmers would just be a
little more moderate in their proposals, and by doing very
little and saying almost nothing, tlie thing would soon be
settled. All he had to say was that if it was to be settled in
the way in which it was talked about, they would settle it for
themselves. That put him in mind of some strangers from a
foreign country who were attending the Ayr races. They
were amused with the actions of the light-fingered gentry who
were endeavouring to inveigle a plain countryman. But the
countryman was not to be done, and the strangers were par-
ticularly amused at the answers he gave to the light-fingered
gentlemen-^" Ye can play wi' yoursels." So it was with the
party who were to settle the matter for the farmers ; they
must do it themselves, and he did not think the farmers would
be inclined to go into the matter. As to game being a
blessing to the country, it was rather a curse. He believed
there were statistics, but he had been unable to lay his finger
upon them. He knew, however, the number of criminals
these Game-laws occasioned. And they all knew that when
once a countryman was imprisoned, it did not matter forwliat
it was, he ran the risk of his character being ruined for life ;
his whole life, as it were, was pilfered away from him by these
iniquitous Game-laws, and the other day there was a case in
point in Aberdeen where a very heavy penalty was inflicted,
and the Slieriflf himself was obliged to admit that the penalty
was far too great for the offence. The law that punished a
man so iniquitously — for he had never been brought to see
tliat the killing of a hare or rabbit was a crime — should not
be on the statute book of a Christian land. In regard to what
had been said about the Conservative party being tlie party to
grant rrlief, and that the Liberals had done nothing, and it
was not their interest to do it, he would read a game clause
of a landed proprietor, who was a Liberal, auu also a clause
of his successor on the very same estate, but who was now a
Conservative. The game clause of the Liberal landlord was
to this effect : " And reserve to the landlord the exclusive
right to hunt, shoot, and fisli by himself, or any person having
his power and authority." The clause of the Conservative
landlord was somewhat as follows : " That lie shall reserve to
the landlord the whole game on the said land with the ex-
clusive right to hunt, and those having his authority, aud no
claim shall be raised for damage done by game, and the tenaiit
binds himself to protect the plantations, preserve the game,
and, so far as in his power, prevent poachers aud others from
trespassing on the land." He should leave that to any one
wlio should like to judge which of the two landlords was
likely to command the respect of the tenant farmers, aud those
who had to do business in the way of land. As regards the
other question, he was glad to see that a number of the pro-
prietors themselves were moving in the matter, and they had
good reason to believe that the Marquis of Huntly, who last
year introduced a bill on the subject, but they knew with whit
reception from the landocracy, meant to re-introduce it. He

THE FARMER'S MAZGAINE.

381

was the more glad becanse he (the speaker) believed it was
framed in accordance witli equity to both landlord and tenant,
and would be the means if passed by the Legislature of im-
proving the relations between landlord and tenant, and of
setting at rest a great many of those questions at present
irritating one another.

Mr. RiLLiE said the statement of Mr. Cunningham with
regard to the keeping of game on the farms of the late Marquis
of Ailsa WHS scarcely accurate. When Mr. M'Call had the farm
referred to, the rent of it was only £700, and there was a
great deal of game upon it then. He had occasion to pass it
frequently, and he did so only the other day, and the game
seemed more abundant now than ever, and the present rent was
more than £1,000, and the present tenant seemed thriving,
looked well and smiling.

The Chairman remarked he thought he had been mis-
understood in his statement about farmers rearing game. He
qualified his statement by saying that it was not at all likely
that farmers would rear game, although he believed there
were certain foolish farmers who might rear game. They
must admit there were foolish ones amongst them. As to
Mr. Young's observation that the subject was too political for
a meeting like the present, he (the chairman) found the
subject so mixed up with politics that he did not see how he
was to separate them, and he could not do otherwise if he
were to treat the subject again.

This concluded the discussion.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES (ANIMALS) ACT.
DEPUTATION TO THE DUKE OF RICHMOND.

Te Duke of Richmond has received a deputation from
the local authorities of the counties of Aberdeen, Banff,
and Moray, within the Gordon Schools, at Huntly, for
the purpose of hearing representations regarding the operation
of the Cattle Diseases Acts. The deputation consisted of
Sheriff Corarie Thomson, Mr. J. W. Barclay, M.P., and Col.
Innes, of Learney, as representing the Aberdeenshire Local
authority ; Sheriff Gordon representing Banffshire ; and Dr.
M'Lean, Provost Cameron of Elgin, and Mr. Geddes, Orblis-
ton, representing Morayshire.

Sheriff Thomson introduced the deputation, and ex-
plained that they represented the local authorities of the three
counties who thought it desirable to submit to his Grace their
views as to the amendment of the cattle diseases legislation.
Deputations from the several local authorities now represented
had met at Keith on Saturday last, and agreed upon certain
suggestions to place before his Grace. As one of their number
had been a member of the Select Committee of the House of
Commons on this subject last session, and had much
experience in practically dealing with the subject, he pro-
posed that Mr. Barclay should state the views of the local
authorities.

Mr. Barclay said he should endeavour very briefly to state
the reasons which the local authorities had in support of the
suggestions which he had now the honour of submitting to his
Grace, but before doing so he might be allowed to observe
that the suggestions were not of the nature of theoretical
obj'ictious to the cattle disease legislation, but practical
difficulties and hindrances which the local authorities had
experienced in proceeding to carry out the Acts and Orders
in Council with efficiency. The first suggestion was that
the period of thirty days, provided by the pleuro-pneumonia
regulation, was not sufficiently long, and the meeting
at Keith were unanimously of opinion that this period should
be extended to sixty days. They did not say that even this
lengthened period would be altogether sufficient to determine
whether disease continued to exist at the infected place or not.
Pleuro-pneumonia was in his opinion much more difficult to
deal with than rinderpest. The period of incubation, or the
time during which disease might exist in an animal without
manifesting external symptoms, was sometimes very pro-
tracted, and they had instances wherf; three, tour, or even
more months had elapsed before the disease again manifested
itself. But if the period were to be extended beyond sixty
days, very grave hardship would arise to the owner of cattle,
and it might easily be the case where one animal took it after
another at considerable intervals, that the farmer might be
prevented from removing apparently healthy stock from his
farm for twelve months. Looking at the question practically,
they were of opinion, in the whole circumstances, that sixty
days was the period to which the control of the local autho-
rities should be extended. The second suggestion, that the
slaughtering provisions of the Act should be carried out the
same in Ireland as in England and in Scotland, was, he be-
lieved, by far the most important question which he had to
submit. In urging this point, the local authorities did not
assert that there was more disease in Ireland than in this
country, neither were they actuated by any hostility towards
the Irish farmers. Indeed, he believed that the slaughtering-

out of pleuro-pneumonia in Ireland would be of greater ad-
vantage to the Irish farmers tlian even to the English and
Scotch. He was quite satisfied that he was speaking within
the due limit in stating that the value of Irish store cattle
was depreciated not less than from ten to fifteen per cent, by
the suspicions which existed in regard to their being affected
with disease. Experience had shown so strongly the danger
of purchasing Irish cattle that it was considered to partake
of recklessness on the part of farmers to purchase them,
unless they had within themselves facilities for keeping such
animals isolated for a considerable period from the rest
of their stock. But Irish store cattle could not be
dispensed with in the Southern counties. The farmers
were as glad to have them as tlie Irish farmers were
to sell them, and it was therefore very evident that any
measure which tended to increase confidence in the health of
Irish cattle would be quite as beneficial to the farmers iu
Ireland as it would be to the farmers on this side of the
Channel. The local authorities were quite satisfied that the
disease in these northern counties was due to the import of
cattle — particularly of Irish cattle — and he did not make this
statement without being able to support it by facts. The local
authority of Aberdeenshire had instructed their inspectors to
investigate the circumstances of every new outbreak of disease,
with a view to ascertain its origin. The inspector, in conse-
quence, had iuquired into the various cases of disease, and his
report was to tlie following effect : In 1871 there were 30 new
outbreaks of pleuro-pneumonia in Aberdeenshire, and 11 of
these were traced directly to cattle brought into the county.
In 1872 there were 3t outbreaks, and of .these 15 were
directly due to imported cattle. In 1873 there were 13 cases,
and 7 of these were due to imported cattle. As stated, 26
cases were due in 1871 and 1872 directly to imported cattle,
but it was found that other 21 cases had sprung directly from
these 26 ; so that out of 64 new cases in 1871 and 1872, 47
were traced to imported cattle. The inspector failed to trace
the remaining 17. Now, of the 26 cases directly due to
imported cattle the cattle which brought the disease were in
15 cases from Ireland ; in 8 cases from Holland ; in 4 cases
from England ; and in 4i cases from other Scotcli counties.
He did not assert, as he had already stated, that disease was
more rife in Ireland than in England and Scotland, but the
mischief arose in this way. If one or two animals from an
infected place, and containing the germs of the disease, were
presented for shipment, no inspector at the port of shipment
or elsewhere could detect the disease in its initial stages. One
or two animals affected with pleuro-pneumonia pent up in the
hold of a vessel, along with many different lots, might infect
one or two in several of these lots, and so by only one
or two diseased animals in a cargo, the disease
might be coramunieated to the different lots and
be thus spread widely over the country. The local authorities
there represented had strenuously endeavoured to carry out
the provisions ot the Act with regard to slaughtering affected
animals ; and, so far as regarded disease within the county,
they had every reason to believe that tliey would soon succeed
in entirely exterminating it; but it was extremely discouraging
tofindthatasthey succeeded in exterminating the disease which
existed within the county, it was again brought in afresh from

382

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

other parts of the coantry by infected animals. He had
reason to believe that the same feeling of disappointment was
experienced in several districts of England, and he had no
doubt that in the coming session of Parliament strong repre-
sentations would be made to his Grace to rescind the Order in
Council providing for slaughtering. He had been specially
directed to state that the opinion of the local authorities now
represented was strongly in favour of tlie expediency of
slaughtering out animals affected with this disease. Indeed,
the evidence taken before the Select Committee last session
was all but unanimous in the conclusion that slaughtering,
animals affected with pleuro-pneumonia was the most advisable
course both in the interests of the owner and of the public ;
and he believed he was strictly correct in saying that no
diversity exists on this point among the numerous witnesses
Irom Ireland who were examined before the Committee. As
regards Aberdeenshire, the clerk to the Local Authority had
prepared a statement of the experience of the last three years
(which we give in the table annexed hereto, and a copy of
which was submitted to the Duke), showing that the average
cost to the country during the last three years, during which
slaughtering had been carried out,had been three-farthings per
pound on the assessable rental — one half payable by the land-
lords and the other half by the tenants. The third suggestion
desired the Privy Council to take measures to ensure the active
and uniform enforcement of the law amongst all local
authorities throughout tlie kingdom; and in support of this he
referred to the figures which he had previously given, showing
that of those cases of disease in Aberdeenshire a certain
number were due to cattle from England, as well as from other
countries in Scotland. The fourth suggestion proposed the
amalgamation of county and burgh local authorities in
Scotland. No doubt the burgh and the county local authori-
ties in the counties which they represented had acted with
great unanimity and cordiality together ; but such had not
been the case in certain parts of Scotland and England. In a
few cases the burgh local authorities seemed to consider that
their interests were antagonistic to those ot the county local
authorities. He referred to a case which had occurred in
Scotland, where the county local authority had prohibited the
import of cattle, but the burgh local authority had failed to do
so. A large number of cattle was brought into the county to
a market held within the burgh. Farmers brought largely at
the market, took the cattle into the county ; and the breaches
of the law were so numerous, besides being inadvertent, that
the authorities tailed to prosecute. No great harm had
directly arisen in this case; but when certain regulations were
set at nought in this manner, it threw discredit upon other
more esseulial restrictions. Provision would be made for
assessing the general expenses over the whole district rateably,
and the expenses of slaughtering would, it was contemplated,
fall exclusively on that burgh or landward part of the county
wherein the cattle were slaughtered. The fifth suggestion was
expressing the desirability of simplifying and consolidating the
Order in Council, and of adopting a settled policy in dealing
with cattle disease by the Government, in order that the local
authorities and the public generally might become acquainted
with the regulations. Speaking generally, the local authorities
were of opinion that the regulations and restrictions should be
the minimum absolutely necessary ; that such regulations and
restrictions as were imposed should be rigorously enforced
throughout the whole country ; and that discretion should not
be left with local authorities, but made generally imperative
by an Order in Council. When the Orders were permissive,
some local authorities proceeded stringently ; others neglected
to take measures ; and experience had abundantly shown that
unless uniform measures were carried out throughout the whole
country, it was useless for exceptional local authorities to be
more stringent than their neighbours. The carrying out of
the Act was at first no doubt expensive, but experience would
enable them to reduce the cost very considerably ; and if the
slaughtering-out policy were carried out in Ireland, and
vigorously throughout England and Scotland, he had no doubt
that, within a reasonable time, that policy would be attended
with complete success.

Provost Cameron said that the amalgamation of county and
burgh local authorities would tend very considerably towards
economy, as well as to efficiency in the carrying out of the
Act. Under the existing law, regulations had to be made and
advertised both by the county and burgh local authorities,
with double meetings and ofi^ciaU. There would be no difh*

culty in one local authority administering the Act for the
whole country.

Sheriff Gokdon said some doubt existed as to whether sixty
days was sufficient time to elapse before declaring an infected
place free. The Banff local authority considered three
months necessary, but he thought that it might be placed in
the discretion of the Privy Council to grant powers to such
local authorities as might want to extend the time beyond
the sixty days. With regard to the amalgamation of the
county and burgh local authorities, he was not aware what
the opinion ot the Burgh of Banff was on this subject. He
was strongly persuaded of the necessity for simplifying and
consolidating the various Orders in Council, in order that
Local Authorities might have no doubt as to the powers they
possessed.

The Duke of Richmond said he was very glad to have an
opportunity of hearing the views of the local authorities of
the three counties on the practical operation of the cattle
disease legislation. It was his duty, as President of the
Council, and having this department in charge, to make him-
self acquainted with the operation of the Acts ; and he naturally,
as a landed proprietor in each of the three counties, took a
lively interest in the subject. With regard to the period
during which a place was made subject to the pleuro-pneumonia
regulations, that was not within his control as President of the
Council, but was specially provided for by the Act of Parlia-
ment. To alter the period, an amending Act would be neces-
sary. The proposal to slaughter-out cattle affected with
pleuro-pneumonia in Ireland was one of considerable difficulty.
Amongst other difficulties he might refer to this, that local
machinery for carrying out the Act did not exist in Ireland, as
in England and Scotland. As they were doubtless aware, the
Act was carried out from the central authority — the Lord-
Lieutenant — chiefly by mfans of the police; and it was doubt-
ful whether there was a sufficient number of qualified veterinary
surgeons to enable the central authority to carry the slaughter-
ing provisions of the Act into effect, and at the same time to
secure the confidence oi the country. He had had the subject
under consideration during the past session, and had been in
communication with Sir Michael Hicks Beach, the Under-
Secretary lor Ireland. He did not say that the difficulties
which he had stated were insuperable. The subject was still
under consideration, and he should be glad if he and the Irish
Government could see their way to enforce the slaughter of
animals affected with pleuro-pneumonia in Ireland. With re.
gard tij the inspection of Irish cattle which had been inci-
dentally referred to, he had, early last session, arranged with
the Chancellor of tlie Exchequer for additional inspectors, some
ofwhom had been appointed then, while others had been ap-
pointed quite recently. He had been informed that the ca'tle
were marked in such a manner on leaving Ireland that if any
animal was found to be affected with disease, the mark upon it
enabled the inspector to state the date of shipment and the
farm from which the animal had been brought. If the local
authority found cause of complaint against any Irish cattle,
they ought to communicate with the vertinary department in
London, in order that the animal miglit be traced ; but, as he
was informed, there had been very few, if any, complaints of
that nature.

Dr. M'Lean expressed his belief that a very considerable
amount of disease was due to bad treatment of the cattle in the
transit from Ireland to this country, and certainly the confine-
ment in the holds of vessels, and the subsequent exposure, would
develop the germs of the disease.

Mr. Barclay agreed that the evidence before the Select
Committee last year showed that confinement in the holds of
vessels, and subsequent exposure, developed the germs of the
disease in cattle, but did not produce contagious pleuro-pneu-
monia, which all the witnesses agreed insajing to be a disease
of foreign origin, which had been brought into this country,
and subsequently propagated and continued by contagion.
Ordinary pleuro-pneumonia would be produced by exposure
and hard treatment ; but although similar in external symp-
toms, it was a quite different disease from contagious pleuro-
pneumonia.

The Duke of Richmond was aware that a very general
opinion prevailed that the proper course to deal with pleuro-
pneumonia was by slaughtering-out the animals ; but he might
say that he had already had a deputation from Yorkshire,
pressing upon him the expediency of rescinding the slaughter-
ing Order in Council. He should be very glad if the variooi

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

383

local authorities could be iuduceJ to carry out the Acts
efficiently, but lie iid not know what further steps the Privy
Council could take to that eud. He should be glad to hear
any suggestions on this poiat.

Colonel IjMNES suggested that the slaughtering-out of cattle,
with the view of preventing disease, ought to be looked upon
as a national question quite as much as a farmer's one, and he
believed that inquiry would show that disease, by enhancing
the price of meat, was of greater importance to the general
consumer than even to the farmer, who was recouped for his
loss by the trifling assessment of three-eights of a penny in the
pound. It seemed to hiin that it was a proper subject for con-
sideration whether part of the general expendituie might not
be paid out of Imperial funds, the Government, on the other
hand, having some direct control and supervision in the carry-
ing out of the Act.

Sheriff Thoji.son said that, as regards the Government
supervision, there was a precedent, to a certain extent, in the
case of the police. The counties managed them, but there was
a Goverumeut inspector.

Tlie Duke of Kichmo^id, with regard to the amalgamation
of county and burgh local authorities, thought that that was a
proposition which might be practicable iu Scotland, but he
feared it would be impracticable in England, where the burgh
and county local authorities seemed to consider iu some casts
their interests autagouistic. His Grace having referred to the
question of foot-and-mouth disease,

Mr. Barclay explained tliat, although the subject was not
referred to in the memorandum submitted to the Uuke, it had
been discussed at the meeting of the local authorities in Keith
last week. The representatives of the local authorities there
preseut_were unHnimously,of opinion that it was in expedient to
attempt to deal with foot and-mouth disease by special restric-
tions or regulations, and that it ought to be left simply under
the operation of the general Act, which provided that persons
exposing animals affected with foot-and-mouth disease in a
market or public place, or by driving them along a highway,
were subject to penalties. The local authorities had come to
this conclusion, not because they thought foot-and-mouth
disease a trilling matter — for they were of opinion that foot-
and-mouth disease on the whole caused far greater loss than
pleuro-pueumonia — but the result of their experience showed
that any restrictions which could be enforced had little effect
in putting down the disease. The restrictions might make the
progress of the disease less rapid, but they seemed powerless to
prevent the disease from spreading over the country ; and,
indeed, it had been urged, not without a certain amount of
force, that the restrictions were rather harmful than otherwise.
It was considered that the more rapidly the disease spread over
the country, the sooner it was got clear of altogether, as,
like epidemics, it would in a definite time exhaust itself. The
restrictions retarded the course of the disease, and by the time
it had got over the country a new crop of animals had grown
up to come under the influence of the disease. The local au-
thorities of these three counties had passed the most stringent
regulations in their power regarding foot-and-mouth disease,
and had endeavoured to carry them into effect most stringently,
but yet they could not say that any beneficial effects had re-
sulted, and if any beneficial results did arise from the restric-
tions, they certainly did not equal the trouble and inconve-
nience which were occasioned by them.

Dr. M'Lean said that the local authority for Morayshire,
quite concurred in the views expressed. In their experience,
ioot-and-mouth had not been a fatal disease.

The Duke of Richmo2<d said very stroag representations
had been made to him, to issue very stringent regulations in
regard to foot-and-mouth disease ; but he understood the
experience of the local authorities here did not support fnrthei
restrictions. He quite agreed in the desirability of simpUfying
and codifying the Orders in Council, and indicated that this
would have his consideration.

Provost Cameron suggested that a new Order in Council
might be issued, rescinding all previous Orders in Council,
and embodying in itself the whole of the piovisions of the
Privy Council.

The Duke of Ricumond said, that of course new Orders in
Council were required Irom time to time.

Sheriff Thomson remarked, that if a settled policy were
adopted by the Government, new Orders in Council w ould refer
almost entirely to the regulation of the import of foreign
animals, and would not aSect the action of authorities inter*

nally, or as to cattle within their respective districts. The
Sheriff concluded by thanking his Grace on behalf of the depu-
tation, for the patient attention and courtesy with which their
representations had been received.

The deputation then withdrew.

The following is the table referred to by Mr. Barclay :

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STATUTE HIKINGS.— A circular on the subject of the
hiring of servants has just been issued by the Howdenshke
Chamber of Agriculture. It states that great inconvenience
has resulted from the increasing practice of servants sending
back their " earnest money," and refusing to fulfil the engage-
ments they entered into at the statutes, which have usually
been held about a fortnight before Martinmas. In several
instances employers have sought redress from the magistrates
when thus left in the lurch, but it has been decided that as
the engagements were legally from the day of hiring until
Martinmas of tlie eusoing year, they were not binding ttules»

384

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

put into writing, a parole contract not being legal or valid for
any period exceedia^ twelve months. Much dissatisfaction
has naturally been felt with these decisions, and the Howden-
shire Chamber has appealed against one of them to the Court
of Queen's Bench, but the case has not yet come on for
hearing. The simplest way to remedy this defect in the law
would doubtless be the universal adoption of written contracts,
but servants, aud some masters also, have such great objection
to signing written dooumeuts that it does not seem at all
liljely it could be carried out. There are many objections to
holding the statutes before Martinmas, amongst which are the
loss of time sustained by the absence of servants so near the
end of their contract, and the great unsettleraent and
frequently recklessness and idleness shown by many of them

during the rest of their time. The circular concludes by sug-
gesting that in order to prevent this state of confusion, un-
certainty, and loss, the statute hirings should all be held in
Martinmas week. Three advantages would be derived from so
doing. 1. The contracts would then be valid. 2. There
would be no unsettled time between the holding of the first
statutes and the leaving day. 3. A greater disposition amongst
masters and servants to complete contr acts for future service
without unnecessary loss of time. A copy of the circular has
been sent to all the neighbouring Chambers, with a request
that they will co-operate with the Howden Chamber in en-
deavouring to secure the settlement of what is now a vexed
question to many employers of labour in the agricultural dis-
tricts of the country.

LIVERPOOL.

Compared vnth Bristol, Liverpool is a town of yesterday.
It was late in taking a start, but a time came when the ad-
vantages of its position and the energies of its people quickly
placed it in the front rank of English towns. Not even
Birmingham surpasses it in the prodigious rapidity of its
growth and the largeness of its development. Very old men
can remember it as a comparatively small place, and can trace
its marvellous increase in wealth, population, and splendour
emerging from a small fishing-village and growing into the
second seaport of England. Old citizens still narrate with a
glow of pride how rapidly the magnificent docks extended
from mile to mile along the side of the noble Mersey ; how
streets of miehty warehouses seemed to arise ; how in quick
succession Exchange, TownhHil, Corporate buildings, hospitals,
churches, and shops rivalling those of London were erected to
meet the never-ceasing demands of this wonderfully increasing
town ; and how, after having covered the Lancashire side ol
the river with evidences of growing wealth, active industry,
and civic prosperity, the never-sleeping energy of its merchant
princes and great ship-builders crossed the watery barrier,
and how a mighty town, with similar proofs of riches, rose on
the Chester side of these waters crowded with shipping.
Liverpool is one of the crowning illustrations of the commer-
cial and industrial capacities of the English nation. A very
brief glance at the past will suffice to bring us to the Liver-
pool of our own day. The most popular of its many deriva-
tions is that which traces its name to a mytholngical sort of a
bird called "lever" or "liver," though no such bird has ever
been known to exist ; but, in confirmation of this theory, the
crest of the borough arras is to this day the figure of this
identical bird ! Anyhow, it is bpyond question tliat in early
times Liverpool was verv small aud insignificant. In the
time of Edward III.— 1338-77— it consisted only of five
streets. Some 170 years later, in Henry Vlll.'s reign, Leland
thus described it : " Lyrpole,«i'/V7*Lyverpole, a proud town, hath
but a chapel. Walton, four miles off", not far from the sea, is the
parish church. The King hath a castelet there, and the Earl
of Derby hath a stone house. Irish merchants come much
thither, as to a good haven. At Lyrpole is small custom
paid ; that causeth merchants to resort. Good merchandise
at Lyrpole ; and much Irish yarn, that Manchester men do
buy there." In Ehzabeth's reign the town made some pro-
gress, but not much ; although Camden relates that it was
then the " most commodious and the most frequented route
to Ireland." He adds that it was more remarkable for ele-
gance and populousness than for antiquity. In this and the
focceeding reign the number of its freemen nearly doubled.
There was, however, little promise of its present greatness ;
and Liverpool was in the reign of Charles I. a very poor place
indeed. This is shown in the ratal for ship-money. When
these unhappy and mischievous councils prevailed, and the
King issued his writs for this levy, while Chester was charged
vrith £100, and Bristol at the then very large sum of £1,000,
Liverpool was rated at only £15. And the High Sheriff of
Lancashire wrote to the anthorities : "If you shall tax and
assess men according to their estate, then Liver'jole being
poor, and now goes, as it were, a begging, must pay very
little." At the beginning of the Civil War Liverpool was
seized by the Royalists. It was then besieged by the forces
of the Parliament, who after a severe contest won it, driving
the Royalists out with considerable loss. The fact that thi

port was the direct route to Ireland rendered its possession of
great importance to both parties, and accordingly Prince Ru-
pert again laid siege to the place ; but it cost him and his
army eighteen days, a hundred barrels of gunpowder, and the
loss of some 1,500 men before the crow's nest was taken. la
November of the same year it was surrendered again to the
Parliament, after a siege of fifty-five days both by sea and
land. During the eighteenth century the progress of Liver-
pool was enormous. In 1700 the population was 5,714; in
1800 it had risen to 75,000. Mr. Leone Levi states that in
1773 " the population of Liverpool was ascertained to be
34,000. She possessed only three floating docks, a tolerably-
sized basin, and three graving docks. The gross receipts of
customs in 1775 were £^74,000 ; and in that year eighty-one
ships of 9,200 tons cleared from Liverpool for the African or
slave trade. In 1775 there was only one letter-carrier for all
Liverpool, and the mail-bags were carried in and out of the
town on horseback." This was the period during which the
slave trade flourished and was a source of untold riches to
Liverpool, which shared with London and Bristol the profits
and the shame of this iniquitous traffic. When Clarksoa
went on his merciful mission of inquiry, he found that, while
eighteen vessels engaged in this trade sailed from Bristol, no fewer
than eighty left Liverpool. He heard " horrible facts" from
everybody ; the people were more hardened, and talked on the
subject with more cool indifference than in any other seaport.
This he assigns to their greater familiarity with the cruelties
incidental to the traffic. The Liverpool people, too, were
exceptionally bitter aud furious in their opposition. More
than once the apostle of abolition was threatened with per-
sonal violence, and on one occasion enly narrowly escaped from
being thrown into a dock to drown ; and drowned he would
have been immediately, for no one would have attempted his
rescue. Liverpool was thoroughly roused in the defence of
what she considered the most important source of her wealth
and the most valuable of her vested interests. The earliest
attempts to legislate on this subject were rigorously opposed
by the members for Liverpool, who in this only obeyed the all
but unanimous wishes — nay, indeed, the commands of their
constituents. Mr. Gascoyne declared abolition to be unne-
cessary, visionary, aud impracticable." Petition on petition was
poured into the House of Commons opposing all steps towards
abolition, and proclaiming that utter ruin would follow such
pernicious and injurious legislation. Through the twenty
years' agitation by which the abolition of the slave trade was
preceded the influence of Liverpool in opposing the measure
was second only, if even it were second to that of London.
Liverpool was not ruined by the abolition of the slave trade,
as its opponents gloomily prophesied. On the contrary, the
town took a wider, a nobler, and a more rapid course in pro-
gressive prosperity. During the present century her career
has been one of extraordinary growth and development. A
writer who is fully informed on the subject says : " Rapid as
was the progress of the commerce of Liverpool in the last cen-
tury it is more than equalled in the present day. Erom the
larsje share the merchants possessed in the African slave trade
it might have been apprehended that the cessation of that
traffic would have seriously affected their interests. But it
was not so. A succession of causes continually tended to open
up fresh channels for enterprise and to give increased facility
to mercantile operations. The most powerful of these was the

\

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

385

warehousing system, which gave all the advantajres of a free port
to one possessing so many natural and artificial advantages.
It was followed by the partial opening of the trade to the
East Indies ; next by the introduction of steam navigation ;
and, during late years, by the complete abolition of the East
India Company's monopoly. la addition to these causes the
rapid advance of our original descendants in the New World
in wealth and population has called into operation the inter-
course chiefly carried on tiirough this port. Lastly, with her
skilful engineers and fortunate position as the outport of a
country abounding in mineral tuel, she holds the sinews of
that mighty power which is extending its conquests over the
wide world ; walking the waters through storm and calm, and
bridging the Atlantic itself ; gliding over the peopled plains of
the Old World, through the eternal forests of the New, and as
it passes along scattering in its train civilised man, his energies
guided by Christian knowledge and by his expanding wants
and national desires." In proof of this marvellous accretion
it is only necessary to mention the increase of population since
1800. It was then, as I have already stated, about 75,000 ;
in 1861 it was 443,938, and at the last census in 1871 it was
^QS.SiB — thus in ssventy years showing the enormous increase
of 4-1 8,&46 persons. Figures are not always interesting read-
ing, but in most cases it is only by figures that we can obtain
anything like a comprehensible and accurate idea of th" extra-
ordinary development of our great towns during the present
century. The political influence of Liverpool has generally
been exercised in the Conservative interest, but in tiie great
Reform agitation a large and influen ial Union was founded,
which co-operated with that at Birmingbain in its active sup-
port of the hill. Petitions very numerously signed in favour
of the measure were sent to Parliament, and a vast amount of
Liberal enthusiasm prevailed. This was, however, of short
duration, and in less than three years after the passing of the
bill the burgesses returned to their favourite political side.
The second general election alter the passing of the Act was
in January 1835, and then, notwithstanding the extension of
the suffrage and the enlarged register produced by the
addition of the ten pound householders to the number of
voters, the Conservatives headed the poll. Since that time
the public influence of Liverpool has almost uniformly
been Conservative. This state ol opinion in such an active
community, added to the great change which within a few years
has taken place at Manchester, will afford some explanation
of the general Conservative reaction by which nearly tlie whole
county of Lancashire was so signally distinguished at the
last election. During the American civil war Liverpool
ardently sympathised with the Southern States, and all her
infiueuce was exerted in that direction. A large number of
privateers were fitted out in, and sailed from, her docks in
tlieir hazardous and illegal enterprises. Persistent but unsuc-
' cesstul efforts were made to induce the English Government to
recognise the Southern States. At Birkenhead, a place which
bears the same relation to Liverpool as Gateshead does to
Newcastle-on-Tyne, Salford to Manchester, and Aston to
Birmingham — in fact for political purposes the two places may
be considered as one — at Birkenhead the Messrs. Laird built
for the Confederates the vessel which, under the name ''Ala-
bama," won such a notoriety as a privateer, and drew this
kingdom into a series of ditficulties which at any moment
might have led to war, and which ended in inflicting a heavy
penalty on the nation. Beyond question, Liverpool must be
credited with the chief of those acts which after ten years of
mutual recrimination led up to judgment against us in the
Court of Arbitration at Geneva. Liverpool is the birth-place
of an association which is slowly growing in importance, and
which promises at no very distant date to exercise a great
influence on public opinion. To various large towns
}ias been given the aceomplistiment of some particular public
work as the crowning glory of its public life and history : to
Birmingham the first Reform Bill, to Munchester the repeal
of the Com Laws, and it appears all but certain that to Liver-
pool will be given the no less important labour of system-
atising and reforming our national finances. lu April, 1848,
the Financial Reform Association was founded. Its objects
brieily stated are " economical government, just taxation, and
perfect freedom of trade." Its method is to create an educated
public opinion ou all subjects connected with taxation, national
expenditure, and the influence of imports and duties on trade
aud commerce. To efl'ect this end tracts ou every part of our
fiuaucial system, ou taxatioa in all ita branches, aspects, and

bearings, its incidence and its application, are printed and
widely circulated. Lectures on similar subjects are delivered
by thorougiily well informed gentlemen in the different towns
throughout the country. Leaflets on how the public money
came and went in each past year, and how it is coming and
going in the current year are published in large numbers, giving
in the briefest possible manner the amount raised from the
various sources of revenue and the way in which it is expended ;
the cause and origin of the National Debt, and the way in which
the public burdens have been transferred from the land to
the Excise and other taxes ; while the advantages of a system
of direct taxation over that of Customs and Excise are dis-
played in the simplest manner. At the end of each year is
issued the Financial Refo>-m AbnanacJc, in which is presented a
vast amount of '' tabulated, fiscal, commercial, social, and
political information," all relating to the objects ot the asso-
ciation, and furnishing in a clear and lucid manner a complete
history of taxation as it afl'ects the life and industry of the
nation. Since July 1858, the association has published a
monthly paper entitled the Financial Reformer, the recognised
advocate ot its objects, which are : 1. " To use all lawful aud
constitutional means of inducing the most rigid economy in
the expenditure of the Government, consistent with due efK-
ciency in the several departments of the public service. 2. To
advocate the adoption of a simple and equitable system of
direct taxation, fairly levied upon property and income, in lieu
of the present unequal, complicated, aud expensively-collected
duties upon commodities." In this work " political partisan-
ship is distinctly disowned, the association being composed of
men of all political parties.'* In illustration of tlie influence
already exercised by this association we have only to read a
speech delivered by Mr. Bright at a large meeting which it
held in Liverpool, in December 1859, the views which
he advocated being adopted as those of the association. The
speaker proposed tne repeal of taxes which pressed on the
bulk of the people aud ou precarious incomes, and the substi-
tution of otliers on properly producing fixed incomes ; tlie
abolition of the Income-tax, the assessed taxes (except the
liouse tax), taxes ou marine insurances, fire insurances, and
the duty ou paper ; the remission of all duties iroui the Cus-
toms tariff, except on foreign wines (and that these should be
reduced from 5s. 6d. to Is. on the gallon), foreign spirits, and
tobacco. These proposals would have reduced the revenue by
more than £26,000,000 ; to meet this loss he suggested a tax
of 8s. per cent, on all persons whose property was more than
£100, which would produce £27,000,1.100, or an excess of
£1,000,000. As to the wisdom or justice of these proposals
I am not now called upon to express an opinion ; i give the
statement to show the influence which the Reform Association
lifts had on the subject of taxation. Since this speech in
1859 the assessed taxes have been lesseued, the duties on
marine and fire insurances taken off, the paper duty abolished,
and the Income-tax made small by degrees and beautifully less.
This epitome of the gradual change which is taking place in
the public mind on the subject of taxation is a sufficient proof of
the influence which this nuu-political association of Liverpool
has exercised during its existeuce, and is, doubtless, a prophecy
of still greater fiscal reforms which it will effect. Mr. Cobden
gave his full adhesion to its objects. In all that concerns their
local life and institutions the spirit of Liverpool is rivalled Oy
few large towns, iind surpassed by none. In its public expen-
diture the corporation, which is very rich, rarely counts the
cost if it is necessary that a great work should be done. Over
£900,000 has been expended in constructing the splendid sys-
tem of sewerage, in perfecting which " no expense or care seems
to have been spared." The Town Hallcostupwardsof £110,00(t,
and the Exchange more than £360,000, while some £400,000
was expended in the erection ot St. George's Hall and the Assize
Courts. All the public buildings are on a similar scale of inajj-
nittcence, the charitiesare numerous andmuniticently supported,
the docks are the admiration of strangers from all parts of the
world. For some time past Liverpool has run a neck-and-
neck race with Bristol as to which place should be the most
heavily rated in the kingdom. The muuificence of many of
her wealthy citizens is princely. A free Library has been
established for twenty-one years, and in 1857 Sir William
Brown, Bart., began the building of a fitting receptacle for
the literary treasures of the town. This was finished in 1860,
at a total cost of £40,000, the whole of wliich was borne by
tne generous donor. The Report for 1873 is now before me.
I find that at the end of that year the. reference library con -

386

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

tained 56,828 volumes, and durin? the year there had been
489,370 issues. There are also two branch lending libraries
called the north and south : the former contains 20,031
volumes, and the latter 20,799, making a total of 40,830.
The united issues of books in 1873 were 422,531. During
the same period 42 8,501 persons visited the museum. A free
art gallery has been greatly needed in the town, and, to quote
from the last report of the free libraries committee, " an
attempt was made without success during the past year to
gain the aid of the council towards the erection of such
a building, and subsequently offers of contributions
were made by private individuals to the extent of £7,000
for the same purpose. The public, however, did not come for-
ward in response, and the whole project was on the eve of a
collapse when the Mayor, Mr. A. B. Walker, nobly came to
the rescue, and immediately after his election to the chair on
the 10th of November announced his intention of devoting the
sum of £20,000 to the erection of a building lor an Art
Gallery." Thus two citizens alone will have devoted the sum
of £60,000 for the proper location of works of literature and
art. The new building is to be called " The Walker Art
Gallery." It is a fact full of healthy promise and rich in en-
couraging example that so many of our large towns have been
remarkable, not only for having organised and carried to a suc-
cessful issue some one great public question, but having
exercised a co-operative influence in moulding and forming
public opinion on all questions that atfect the general well-
being of the nation. This distribution of power and this influ-
ence shared with so many other places render it sometimes a
little difficult to trace accurately what has been the particular
influence which this or that town has exercised on questions of
public pulley, and still more difficult to point out its
exact bearing and show its precise extent. In cases of
broad political changes, such as the eff'ect of Birming-
ham on the Reform Bill of 1832, of Manchester on the
repeal of the Corn Laws, and of both places on the
question of national education, the lines are very clear and dis-
t pct. Liverpool has exercised an enormous public influence in
various ways during the present ceutury, but not in carrying
any particular law or in repealing any old statute by which
lier name has been imperishably associated and In which her
influence was parainountly displayed. In the discussion and
settlement of most modern questions she has had a " voice
potential," but it has been a voice united with other voices,
and not so much a distinct and separate power which, acting
alone, would have decided the fate of a measure or created
and destroyed governments. In producing the great Conser-
vative reaction which dethroned Mr. Gladstone and placed
Mr. Disraeli in power the influence of Liverpool has been
very great. It was mainly through tliis influence that Mr.
Gladstone lost South Lancashire in 1868, and since that year
the county has been one of the most active forces in giving a
Conservative turn to the electoral power of the country. The
eight members returned for the four divisions of the county
of Lancashire were all Conservatives. In Liverpool the
two Conservative candidates headed the poll by large majori-
ties, Mr. John Torr, the junior member, having upwards of
3,000 votes more than Mr. W. Rathbone, the elected Liberal
candidate ; ana but for the operation of the provision in the
last Reform Bill by which no elector in a constituency re-
turning three members can vote for more than two, three
Conservatives would in all probability have been returned. As
an indication of the growing influence of the Financial Reform
Association it may be stated that Mr. Torr declared himself
" in favour of a reduction of the public expenditure." At
Manchester the two Conservatives were also returned at the
head of the poll, and one of the rejected candidates was Mr.
Jacob Bright. Liverpool and the county generally is well re-
presented in the Government : Lord Derby being the Secretary
for Foreign Affairs ; Viscount Sandon, one of the members for
Liverpool, Vice-President of the Council ; and the Right Hon.
R,. Assheton Cross, one of the members of the south-western
division of the county, Secretary of State for tlie Home
Department ; the Hon. Algernon F. Egerton, member of the
south-eastern division, is Secretary to the Admiralty ; and the
Hon. Frederick A. Stanley, member for tlie northern division,
is one of the Under-Secretaries of War. Tiiis is pretty well
for one county. But the appointments in their relation to the
coKuty have been well deserved, owing to the great inflaence
whicli Liverpool in particular and Lancashire iu general have
had la producing that state of affairs which has made them

possible. At the present time Liverpool is engaged in a public
work of such magnitude as to partake more of the character of
an imperial than a provincial undertaking. The extent of her
docks is enormous, but the existing system, great as it is, is
not sufficient for the accommodation of her ever-increasing
maritime requirements, and it is now being extended in a
manner characteristic alike of the enterprise and wealth of
this great town. The extension of the docks now in course of
construction is for the accommodation of the steam trade. The
new docks will occupy the space reclaimed from the foreshore
of the Mersey between the north quay of the Canada basin and
the Seafurth shore. The area of this space is nearly 1,365,000
square yards, tiie length about 6,200 feet, and the breadth
2,000 feet. It will be fronted by a wall of enormous strength,
which will be faced with granite. At the back of the wall
a public promenade will be laid out, which will, doubtless,
form one of the most pleasant and attractive places of summer
resort in or near the town. The cost will be very great, and
the whole work will be one more monument added to the
many already existing of the honourable public spirit of the
people of Liverpool. Visitors to Liverpool at intervals of only
a few years are habitually astonished at the rapid changes in
the town and the tokens of marvellous growth. Again and
again have I been struck with amazement at the new street*,
new buildings, mighty warehouses, and palatial structures
which have sprung up, seemingly by magic, during my com-
paratively brief absence from the town. This wonderful material
progress of Liverpool — these manifest proofs of restless energy
united with exhaustless wealth — produced a marked impressicn
on the mind of Lord Erskiue. Writing of a visit to Liverpool
he says : " 1 had before often been at the principal seaports in
this island ; and, believing that, having seen Bristol and those
other towns that deservedly pass for grep.t ones, I had seen
everything in this great nation of navigators on which a sub-
ject should pride himself 1 own I was astonished and astounded
when, after passing a different ferry and ascending a hill, I
was told by my guide, ' All you see spread out beneath you^
that immense plain, which stands like another Venice upon
the water — which is intersected by those numerous docks—
which glitters with those cheerful habitations of well-protected
men — which is the busy seat of trade, and the gay scene of
elegant amusements, growing out of its prosperity — where
there is the most cheerlul face of industry — where there are
riches overflowing, and everything that can delight a man who
wishes to see the prosperity of a great community and a great
empire — all this has been created by the industry and well-
disciplined management of a handful of men since you were a
boy.' I must have been a stick or a stone not to be affected
by such a picture." These feelings must have been experienced
by all who, like the present writer, have stood many, many
times during the last half-century, and traced the continual
growth and mighty expansion of this queen of English sea-
ports.— The GentlemaiCs Macjazine.

HOW TO JUDGE OF WOOL. — There is perhaps
no defect which renders wool, and other wise good
wool too, so absolutely useless for manufacturing
and especially for combing purposes, as tenderness, or
breachiness ; and it is my conviction that this defect is more
general and causes greater loss to the country, through the
puckets of our sheep-owners, than all the other defects in our
wools together. However fine, or however much your wool
in every other desirable quality may excel, no sooner is it
submitted to the wonderfully acute and skilful examination of
the European wool-sorter, classer, buyer, or manufacturer,
than its deficiency in this respect is detected, and a price is
bid for it scarcely exceeding that offered for hicks and pieces ;
in fact, nothing is wanting to reduce fleece to that class, but
the solution of continuity which is sure to take place in the
course of the very first manufacturing process to which it is
subjected. Except, however, possibly, in cases where neglect
or mismanagement have been the rule for generations, it is
not hereditary ; nor is any one breed of siieep more liable to
it than another. To these conclusions I have come by re-
peatedly finding an entire flock affected with break one year,
and quite free from it the next, in couLsequence of a change
in management. On the whole, it is to be feared that this
defect is yearly gaining ground ; and I am credibly assured

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

387

that for the last two or three years we have produced more
wool of this descriptioa thaa was ever kaowa before. Certaia
it is that wheresoever this most objectionable teadency mani-
fests itself, sheer carelessness, neglect, ignorance, over-
stocking:, inordinately large paddocks, or scarcity of feed or
water — each or all — will be found. When sheep get into
very low condition, the pores of the skin contract, and permit
only wool of a very fine fibre to extrude. Wlien the feed
once more becomes abundant, the pores again expand, and
permit the passage of a larger and stronger fibre. In conse-
quence of this, the extremities of the fibres are stronger than
their centres, and the wool upon the slightest strain snaps at
the weakest place — namely, at the portion which grew when
the sheep were in the lowest condition. But nothing is so
sure to cause a break in wool, or indeed, in many sheep, a
perfect stripping or shedding of the entire fleece, as want of
water. It is not ouly important that wools should be free
from the defects above described, but it is desirable that the
whole of the various parts of the fleece should have as nearly
as possible a uniformity of character — that is, as regards
fineness, length of staple, density, and softness. The method
of determining this quality of evenness is thus described :
" Always assuming that the wool to be inspected is really a

fine wool, we first examine the shoulder at the part where the
finest and best wool is usually found. This we taki as the
standard, and compare it with, in turn, the wool from the
ribs, the tliigh, the rump, and the hinder parts ; and tlie
nearer the wool from these various portions of the animal
approaches the standard, the better. First we scrutinise the
fineness ; and if the result be satisfactory, we pronounce the
fleece, iu respect of fineness, very ' even.' Next we inquire
into the lengtii of the staple ; and if we find that tlie wool oa
the ribs, thigh, and back approximates reasonably in length
to that of our standard, we again declare the sheep, as regards
length of stiple, true and even. We next desire to satisfy
ourselves of the density of the fleece ; and we do this by
closing the hand upon a portion of the rump and of the loin
wool, the fleece at these points being usually the thinnest, and
faulty ; and if this again give satisfaction, we signify the fact
by designating the wool ' even' as respects density. Now to
summarise these separate examinations : If you find the fleece
of nearly equal fineness from the shoulder to the thigh ; of
nearly equal length at the shoulder, rib, thigh, and back ; and
of equal density at the shoulder and across the loins — you
may conclude that you have a nearly-perfect sheep."—
Bulleliii Association of Wool Manufacturers.

mOCULATION FOR PLEURO-PNEUMOmA IN AUSTRALIA.

I may unhesitatingly state that I am most decidedly of
opinion that inoculation acts both as a remedy and a preven-
tive— as a remedy to a certain but not very considerable ex-
tent, but as a preventive with great and almost unfailing effi-
cacy. I am ot opinion that the chances of recovery for a
diseased beast are improved by subjecting the animal to
inoculation, and that uninfected cattle, after undergoing that
operation, may be regarded as almost certainly insured against
attack, at least for some years. These opinions are the result
of a rather too extensive acquaintance with the disease in
question, and to a series of experiences which appear to me
to leave no room for doubt — experiences, I may also say,
which have been purchased at a cost that renders me but too
conscious of their value, and of which I shall now therefore
proceed to give a detailed account at some length, becaune I
am aware that mere opinions, however confidently or authori-
tatively expressed, seldom convince, and because I am de-
sirous to convince all such of your readers who are interested
in this subject of the efficacy of a process from the adoption of
which I have myself derived so much advantage. For these
reasons also I shall not deem apology to be necessary if I
obtrude to some considerable extent on your valuable space.
The Clarence River district was for the first time visited by
pleuro-pneumouia in 1866, the disease appearing amongst a
herd occupying the run adjoining mine on the northern side,
and having been introduced, as was believed, by infected
bullocks among the teams travelling the road between Tenter-
field and the ports of the Clarence. The owner of this herd,
being a believer in the efficacy of inoculation, immediately set
about to subject his cattle to the process, and being in a fa-
vourable position tor obtaining supplies of lymph or virus, by
the purchase from time to time of diseased bullocks from the
teamsters passing through his station, he in the course of a
few months, and before the disease had obtained any hold in
the district, had succeeded in inoculating his entire herd, and
with what result will be shown in the sequel. Not long after
this first appearance of pleuro on the north, a partial outbreak
of the disease occurred in my immediate neighbourhood, on
the run to the south of mine, and a few hundred cattle
occupying the infected locality were at once inoculated ; but
the disease not appearing to spread beyond the limits of a
very circumscribed area, and the owner beiug, in common
with the majority of us, sceptical as to the advantages of the
process, the inoculation was not proceeded with. Some
animals died from the efi'ects of the operation ; many others
were saved only by depriving them of their tails ; and, alto-
gether, the immediate effects of the process were considered
80 disheartening, while the prospect of ultimate advantage
appeared so uncertain, that the general feeling of reluctance
to inoculate was rather strengthened and confirmed. Meau-
wliile, the disease gradually spread, breaking out suddenly
now here now there, ia almost all parts of the district, but

confining itself in nearly all eases within more or less circum-
scribed areas on the several runs, destroying but few cattle,
and consequently not causing any great degree of alarm.
Most of the cattle-owners tried inoculation to a more or less
limited extent, but desisted, from motives similar to those
mentioned above, my friend on the north alone going steadily
and persistently forward with the operation. Matters went
on in this manner for nearly a year before the disease showed
itself in my herd ; and although I had during the interval
used every means in my power to obtain reliable information
as to the value of inoculation, I found myself, wlien the enemy
was upon me, as much as ever in doubt. Inquiry only seemed
to increase uncertainty. The investigations and report of the
Victorian Koyal Commissiou had but perplexed the question ;
and of all those of my friends who, by residence in the south-
ern districts, had acquired some acquaintance with the disease,
and whose counsel I sought, the advice of one generally neu-
tralised that of another. At length, however, having resolved
to make a trial of the operation, I early in 1867 inoculated
about two hundred cows and their calves, occupying three
difl'erent paddocks, and about a hundred young bulls running
in a fourth paddock, in which were also some bullocks and
steers which were not at that time operated upon. Symp-
toms of pleuro had already appeared in some of these
paddocks ; but so doubtful did I yet feel as to the advantages
of the operation as compared with its risks, that I most
unfortunately (as will presently be shown) decided not to
inoculate my imported bulls, one of each was kept in each of
the three paddocks first mentioned. These three more valu-
able animals were thus alone exempted, while the cows and
calves occupying the same paddocks with them were operated
upon. After proceeding tlius far tentatively, and with consi-
derable misgiving, I, like ray neighbours, paused to watch re-
sults, and in a few weeks, having lost eight or ten of my most
valuable cows from the swelling of their tails, and saved the
lives of seversl others only by the excision of those useful and
symmetrising appendages, ray doubts as to the expediency of
inoculating became stronger, and I took credit to myself for
the exercise of caution which had saved ray much prized Short-
horn iraportations from subjection to so serious a risk. How
far the self gratulation was justifiable we shall presently see.
But the danger to be guarded against had not as yet assumed
alarming proportions. Throughout the district the disease
seemed to have taken a mild form, and had not been to any
extent fatal, and we flattered ourselves that there might be
something iu the climate or in the quality of the pastures of the
district which disharmed the raalady of its sting, and'that here,
at any rute, to have recourse to inoculation was to apply a
remedy which might prove worse than the disease. Vain de-
lusion, which by ill fortune too generally prevailed — prevailed
till the favourable opportuity for inoculation had passed away-
prevailed till violently dispelled by a sudden and devastating

388

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

spread of the disease, which caused all previous losses through
inoculation to appear trivial indeed. This terrible outbreak
was simultaneous with the setting^ in of the autumn rains of
1867. During the months of March, April, and May, the
rains were unusually heavy and continuous, flooding tbe rivers
and creeks, and rendering it nearly impossible to work cattle in
yards, and very difficult even to collect them. During all this time
cattle of all ages were dying by hundreds throughout the
length and breadth of the district, the atmosphere was tainted
by the decaying carcases, and miserable animals in all stages
of the disease were everywhere to be seen. On my own run,
over an extent of the thirty miles, the disease burst forth in
every part within two weeks ; my three English bulls sickened
and died oue after the other, many of the bullocks and steers
running in the bull paddock also died, while their inoculated
companions, the young bulls (one only of which had died
alter inoculation) and all the inoculated cows and calves in
the other paddocks remaiued unscathed. All hesitation, all
doubt as to the value of inoculation vanished now, but
nothing could be done, the continuous rains rendered action
impossible. Week after week the awful destruction went
forward, and we could only look on, and, from week to
week, endeavour to hope that the worst had passed. At
length the rain ceased, inoculation was vigorously proceeded
with, and the plague stayed ; possibly the disease had now
spent itself, and the remedy came too late. Be that as it may,
the disease died away after inoculation had become the general
practice, and we could then muster herds and count losses.
These, as a rule, were found to be far in excess of the worst
anticipations, reaching generally fifty, and in some cases even
more than fifty per cent, of the entire herds. In my
own herd the loss reached fully fifty per cent., and of the
bulls running with the herd quite sixty per cent. It may be
thought that this estimate of losses is excessive and erroneous ;
that owners may have over-calculated the numbers of their
herds prior to the visitation, but in the estimate above stated
every allowance has been made for such over-
Cilculation, and when it is told that after the
plague had passed away the country so far changed in
appearance that, instead of a fully stocked, it came to look
like a new and unoccupied country, grass everywhere up
to a horses' knees, and scarcely any traces or tracks
of cattle to be seen. When it is told that in
my own herd there was a fall from three thousand
calves branded and weaned in 1866, to eight hundred
branded and weaned in the following year, it must
be seen that the estimate arrived at and above given
cannot he regarded as excessive or exaggerated. Your
readers may now ask how fared it during all this disas-
trous period with my neighbour on the north, that sole and
singular true believer of the year before in the virtues of
inoculation. I answer that so lightly did the devastating
enemy pass over the region under his authority and control,
tliat while the rest of us had to compute our losses by
thousands, he could reckon his by scores: and while the
other portions of the district became, as I have already
said, overgrown with rank grass and assumed an unstocked
and deserted aspect, his run alone retained the usual ap-
pearance of well-stocked country. During 1868 and the
two or three following years, the contrast between the con-
dition of this run and that of the runs surrounding was
so striking as to prove beyond question how enormous
must have been the diS'erence between the losses sus-
tained here and those sustained elsewhere thoughout the
district. I have not much more to say, except to give a
description of the modus operandi, ys\{\<^, after some experience
in the process of inoculation, was found to be the most ett'ective
and convenient. Before doing this, however, I sliall mention
that alter the destruction of so large a portion of my herd, I
purchased for the partial re-stocking of my run five hundred
store cattle from a herd which was said to have baen exempted
from the disease, and which had not been inoculated. These
cattle had not been six weeks upon my run when pleuro-
pneumonia broke out among them with some virulence. The
whole were immediately inoculated, and the disease suppressed,
the loss not exceeding four per cent. One word more, and 1
shall have done with this purt of my subject — the evidences
of efficacy of inoculation. Last year plearo-pneumonia
again visited the Clarence district, and appeared in my
herd. I immediately had recourse to inoculation, begin-
ning with my imported and other more valuable

animals. Of the former I lost none, and among
the latter the loss was quite nominal, not reaching one per
cent. It may now be well shortly to describe the mode of
procedure which experience taught us to adopt as combining a
suflicient degree of efficacy with the smallest degree ol injury
and danger to the animals operated upon. The inoculating
knife we consider to be much preferable to the needle, mainly
because the former can be so much more rapidly applied as to
render unnecessary the confinement and crowding of the ani-
mals under operation to at all the same extent as wlien the
latter is used. In using the needles, the tail of the animal must
be retained for some moments in the hand of the operator, this
rendering necessary the crowding and confining the cattle m
narrow enclosures appropriately called crush pens, causing
injury more or less serious, especially to the weaker animals ;
whereas when the knife is used the operation is accomplished,
in an instant, and before the animal has taken alarm at the ma-
nipulation of its tail. Thus close crowding is rendered unne-
cessary, and a yard of five panels by four is found most suitable
and convenient. Into such a yard fifty to sixty grown cattle,
or double the number of weaners, are admitted at one time, and
the operator enters and works inside, not from the outside
of the yard. In this manner a single operator, attended by
a boy to hold the cup of virus, and a man to bang tails, may
with ease inoculate five hundred cattle in the day, and without
subjecting the animals to any rough or injurious treatment. I
admit that with wild, rough, ill-managed herds, the mode of pro-
cedure above described might be found difficult, that with
such the operator might naturally prefer the outside to the in-
side of the fence, thus rendering necessary a much narrower
enclosure and a greater degree of crowding, but of such herds
I have had but little experience. It now only remains to
speak of the proper selection of the lymph or virus to be used,
which though here coming last, is by no means the least im-
portant matter for consideration. It is not, 1 think, generally
understood that the liquid which (as all who have any
acquaintance with pleuro-pneuraonia willknow),is so frequently
found secreted in large quantity within the cavity of the chesC
of infected animals, is the best and safest description of virus
to use lor the purpose of inoculation. By the use of this
liquid, instead of that obtaineJ from the diseased lung, the risk
of loss from swelled tail is almost entirely avoided. In fact,
the dangers attendant upon innoeulation are to a very large
extent escaped, while the beneficial influence of the operation
is in no degree impaired. Of this so little doubt is entertained
in the Clarence district that the use of virus taken from the
lung was very early, and, I believe I am justified in saying,
very generally abandoned. In obtaining the liquid spoken of,
care has always been taken to procure it in a bright and
pellucid condition, but I am not prepared to say that such
precaution is really necessary. In the virus obtained from the
lung, pellucidity and a pale colour were so generally
acknowledged to be indispensable conditions, that it was
taken for granted that similar conditions must also be requisite
in this new kind of virus or lymph when it was adopted,
and, as far as I am aware, no one has hitherto
in using this lymph thought it expedient to venture to dispense
with these conditions. This description of lymph moreover is
readily obtained in the required condition, much more so than
the lung virus ; 1 have usually been enabled to obtain it from
the first or seconl animal killed for the purpose, and have
never found it necessary to go beyond a third. In short, I
think this to be so much preferred to the lung virus, that I
cannot too strongly recommend its use. In conclusion, I have
only to add that should a perusal of the foregoing contribute
to induce those among your readers who are engaged in the
breeding of cattle to adopt a practice, to arrive at a knowledge
of the great value of which cost me so dearly, I shall not
regard as mis-spent the fev\ hours which have been devotad to
the penning of this record of my experiences. — E, D. Ogiloie in
the Rieerme Grazier.

A DELUSION AND A SNAEE.— Chambers of Agricnl-
ture as generally constituted are a delusion and a snare to
tenant farmers, and so far from their being a means of secur-
ing their just rights and legitimate influence, they are practi*
cally the reverse. Joseph Arch, in his speech already named>
perceived this clearly, and thus expressed his thoughts on the
matter : — " They are not worth a straw to them, for if tenant
farmers are to do any justice to themselves in their Chamber ,

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

589

they must have men of their own class in oftice, and until
they have they may ' Chamber of Agriculture' to the day of
resurrection, but they will never make any progress." The reason
is, the Chambers have been, and are, overshadowed, and their
freedom crushed by the influence of the landlords, so that
they have been of no essential advantage to farmers ; and
they have failed to gain the appreciation of shrewdly practi-
cal agriculturists who do not attend them, but look blank or
shrng their shoulders when they are mentioned. The paucity
of attendance seems to bk the most remarkable feature about

them, judging others by those in this district ; but with one
landlord chairman, another vice-ditto, and a land steward as
secretary, there is no wonder that the farmers attending their
meetings may, be counted on one's tiugers, though the surround-
ing conditions ought to send them nearly as many hundreds.
They would do so if they were really and truly independently
farmers' Chambers of Agriculture and politically educational,
as they ought to be if farmers mean to achieve through tliein
their just rights and their legitimate status in the common-
wealth.— Mr. James Hutchinys, of Banbury, in The Organ.

SHEEP IN AUSTRALIA.

The conditions under which sheep farming in Australia is
carried on being very similar to those exist.ng in our Western
pastoral regions, it is very interesting for us "^o learn something
of sheep management in tliat country. This we may gather
from a very interesting little work recently pubhshed in Mel-
bourne, Australia, entitled " A Treatise upon the Australian
Merino," by J. R. Graham, who lias beea a shepherd all his
life, having been born upon a sheep-run, and is now superin-
tendent of a very extensive " station" or sheep-run in that part of
the world. From that work we gather the following useful facts :
" The building up of a race of sheep is the work of many years.
Twenty-three years' were spent hy the most successful sheep
breeders in building up the pure breed of Australian merinos.
Climate is of secondary importance ; it is blood which produces
the desired effect. Hot climates can be used to produce as good
a wool as any, but the breeder must not aim at large sheep. A
sheep ' short on the pins with bodies close to the ground' is the
one for hot countries. The moment the breeder aims at size
he goes wrong. Feed will make mutton sheep out of any race.
The merino, by proper alimentation, can be made equal to the
Southdown as a mutton sheep. In breeding for size, the sheep
must be born fat, and must not know a check from that period to the
moment they are sold or slaughtered. Pastures for such sheep
should be kept understocked. Crossing of races, especially with
the Englisli sheep, is ruinous. Size is destructive of quality of
wool, and merinos crossed with longwools produce sheep whose
fleece becomes harsh and loose, and whose belly and joints be-
come bare and naked. An acclimatised native sheep is better
than any foreign one, unless it be the American merino, wnich,
in Australia, is the best of all imported breeds. The best effects
are produced by in-and-in breeding, with careful and juoicious
selection ; and the more skiltul the selection made the sooner
a perfect flock, able to transmit perfectly its qualities, may be
built up. If a ram possesses the requisite (jualities he should
be used even with his own dam. By this course the quality of
sire and dam are both improved upon, and perfection is
soon reached. The closer bred, the more even and regular a
flock becomes and the more certainly the characteristics desired
can be reproduced. By the opposite course a flock has been
so run down that 207 fleeces weighed only 205 pounds. Fresh
rams had been purchased each year for this flock, and rams had
been exchanged with neighbours for the express purpose of
avoiding close breeding. There had been no selection as to
the needed qualities, and the flock was ruined. No improve-
ment can be made without dividing the flocks and keeping only
the best for breeding. A large flock sho'xld be divided into
three ; the best for breeders, second-best to replenish the first
with selected lambs, and a third kept for sale or slaughter only.
Foreign blood may bring in some desired improvement, but
generally with ^ whole colony of defects, and the greatest cir-
cumspection should be used in bringing in i"..ch blood. Over-
stocking a pasture diminishes size and brings on premature
old age in a flock, for the short bite compels the sheep to take
up grass roots, along with the soil adherinfr, by which their
teeth are ground away, aud in four or five years the teeth
are often worn to the gums. The wool is also deteriorated in
quality. When feed falls otf and partial staivation occurs, a
break or tenderness in the wool marks that exact period of its
growth, and its market value is reduced as well as the weight
of the fleece. Besides, in all pastures there are plants and
herbs either noxious to sheep or which tliey dislike. In a bare
pasture these are left closely denuded of all shade from other
plants and grow and thrive out of all proportion, in time
crowding the proper herbage aud taking sole possession of the
ground. They also seed freely, while the better herbage has

no chance to seed, and very soon the pasture becomes run out.
lu culling flocks, the following should be rejected — viz.,
short-stapled and hard-wooUed sheep ; sheep that strip at the
point*, have no top-knot, and lose the belly wool; those that
have black, brown, or yellow spots on the legs or face ; very
small sheep, aud those that are thin and feeble ; those which
have thin and light wool, or which have white hair upon the
face, under the arm, or inside the thigh ; those with very
coarse wool upon the breech, or having long hairs upon the
surface of the fleece ; those having wool less than one inch in
length on the ribs or withers ; long-legged, small-bodied sheep,
or those dipped in the back or misshapen in any way. Tfie
fleece of a perfectly-woolled merino sheep should not open in
layers, but should remain closed at a distance of three to four
inches from the point touched, and 'every fibre of a good
fleece should grow independently of any other, just like hairs
in a broom.' Tiie neck of the merino ram should be short
and thick, free from straight hairs on the under part, and
without dewlap ; the horns should be spiral, and not too close
to the head. The shortness aud regularity of the curve of the
horn and that of the wool will be found proportionate. On
the forehead should be a good top-knot coming down to the
eyes, the face small, free from wool, and covered with fine
down. The eye should be quiet, mild, and full. The body
should be round, straight, but not too long upon the back, aud
wide across the shoulders and loins. The legs should be short
and well placed. Upon the shoulder the wool should be three
to four inches long, and elsewhere as near to this standard as
possible both in length and fineness. The fleece should be
smooth and level over the entire surface, thick, sofi to the
touch, with abundance of gold, aud wlieu handled should fill
the hand. The chief defects of a merino fleece are (1)
' watery wool,' which renders it fit for the manufacture of
inferior goods only. This defect consists iu an absence of
the natural curves aud an appearance as if the wool had been
crimped, a want of elasticity when the wool is squeezed, and
deadness of handling, similar to that of flax : it is found below
the shoulder precisely where the best wool should be. This
defect is markedly perpetuated by breeding from rams thus de-
fective, (2) Toppiness, which consists of a pointed appear-
ance of the fleece, from the fibres being of uneven length,
when the wool curls at the end and forms ' noils :' these are
dead wool, and break off in carding, and cause a loss which
reduces the value. (3) Broad-topped wool, or that which,
while seeming to the inexperienced eye to be even and well
grown, is interlaced and almost felted together, the top of the
fleece clings together and breaks when separated, the wool,
being split frim the top downward for half an inch, and dead
and without strength, breaks with a shght strain, and causes
loss and annoyance, (i) Felty and clouay wool, or what is
known as ' cotty' wool, originally owing to starvation or un-
favourable weather. This is also a property transmitted
by descent, and sheep owning such a fault should not
be bred from. This fault consists in a flossy appearance
of the staple, which causes the wool to mat, and when carded
or combed there is a great consequent waste. (5) Meshy
wool, or that which is light, weak, unsound, and without body,
and is consequent upon neglect. Lockywool,orthat which opens
or breaks into separate locks, and is generally seen upon the
shoulder and ribs. Kempy wool is that which is mixed with
coarse wliite hairs, and appears generally upon the face,
forearm, and inside the flank more conspicuously, but its ap-
pearance there unfortunately is a proof that the greater part
of the fleece is adulterated with it. These hairs do not take
the dye, aud the consequent loss of value in the fleece is easily

390

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

perceived This amounts to 50 per cent. (6) Teuder or
breachy wool, which is absolutely unfit for manufacturing.
Tliis defect depends solely upon bad management, and results
from poor care or scarcity of feed or water. When low condition
from want of nutrition occurs, the growth of wool is contracted
and the fibres become attenuated or very fine. When the
cause is removed, the growth is stronger and the fibres become
of their normal character. The wool is then weak in the
middle of the fibre, and snaps apart upon a strain at that
part which grew while the sheep were in poor condition.
' There is nothing which more effectually causes " break in
wool" than the want of water.' Most of these defects being
fixed constitutionally upon the animals and descending to their
progeny, it is of the utmost importance to select breeding stock
free from them." From these foregoing fac is we should gatlier
tliat it is of the greatest importance for our shepherds to gi»e
proper attention to the improvement of their3ocks from within,
or at least from selections made in their own locality ; thus
building up a class of sheep suitable for the peculiarities of
8')il and other conditions to which they are subject, rather than
by ill-selected or promiscuous foreign importations. — New York
Tribune.

EMIGRATION IN 1873.

The emigration of 1873, which amounted to 310,612
persons, was greater than that of any previous year since 1854,
when the so-called " Irish Exodus," which began in 1847,
may be deemed to have terminated. The number of emigrants
embarked last year from each of the three divisions of the
United Kingdom was —

From England 232,885

„ Scotland 24,526

„ Ireland 53,201

The destination and nationalities of the emigrants are
shown in the following short abstract :

Nationalities.

Destination.

i

"En

a

J

8

3

2

s

U

o

o
It

1

The United States.
British N. America

78,968
19,438
18,814
6,123

12,226

5,423

2,852

809

75,536

4,184

3,471

501

61,320
7,687
1,029
2,162

72,198

5,023
476
262

4,308

233,073

37,208
26,428
13,903

Ail other Places....

Total

123,34,3

21,310

83,692

10,069

310,612

In 1872 the totals
were

118,190

19,541

72,763

79,023

6,696

295,213

There was an increase, therefore, as compared with 1873, of —

English 5,153

Scotch 1,769

Irish 10,929

and a decrease of foreigners of 6,825.

The per-centage of emigrants of each nationality was in
1873—

English 39-70

Scotch 6-84

Irish 26-94

Foreigners 2324

Not distinguished 3.24

The total emigration for the year exceeded that of 1872 by
15,399 persons. The excess was divided chiefly betwfen the
colonies in British North America and those in Australasia.
About 5,000 more persons than in the previous year having
gone to the North American colonies, and about 10,500 more
to the Australian colonies. The large increase in the emigra-
tion to Australasia is no doubt attributable to the re-opeaing
of aasieted emigration,— jFVom ihg Official Tvhlet,

TENANT-RIGHT AND LABOUR-RIGHT.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE MARK LANE EXPRESS.

Sir, — It would appear from your leading article on the
discussiou on Tenants' Compensations in the Notts
Chamber of Agriculture that I was in fear of a permU-
s/oe bill. It appears to me that a permissive bill is
simply ridiculous. Some landlords join their tenants ia
asking for a Tenant-Right Bill for their mutual benefit.
Why do they not also ask for a bill to enable the tenants
to raise their labourers a shilling or two a-week ? In my
humble judgment that would benefit everybody.

"We have had two sets of discussions this year — Tenants'
Compensation and the Labourers' Unions. We are told
by the very same class of persons that as the demand for
farms is greater than the supply, the tenant-farmers,
however rich and intelligent tliey may be, must be
jirotected, inasmuch as they are not in a position to make
just and proper agreements for their farms. On the other
hand, when the supply of labourers is greater than the
demand, the flag o\ political economy is hoisted at once,
and the poor half-starved men are told they must exist on
bread and tea, or migrate, or emigrate, in obedience to a
great law, which is not to be broken. As a sincere
democrat, I ask Why are a class with, it is said, 800
millions of capital to be protected, when a far larger
class, who have nothing but their labour, are not to be pro-
tected at all ? Yours,

Christopher Nevile.

Thorney, Oct. 22.

THE
IN

FARMER'S INTEREST

" RE-ADJUSTMENT."

TO THE EDITOR OF THE MARK LANE EXPRESS.

Sir, — In your last issue there was a report of the
Devon and Cornwall Chamber of Agriculture, at which
an estimate was given of £800,000,000, as the capital
employed in farming in England.

It may be useful to remind the agriculturist that if
the movement for assessing personal property to the poor
were carried out, this would have to be assessed, and
tenant-farmers have to contribute on their respective stocks.
As a rule, farmers have lately been less anxious to reduce
the rates than some few years ago was their desire, no
doubt being of opinion that Mr. Genge Andrews, in his
evidence before a Select Committee of the House of Com-
mons, was quite correct in stating substantially that i
£90 rates were taken otf, £90 rent would be put on ; in
short, that so much less rates meant so much more rent.

Now what would be the annual assessment of the 800
millions of farming stock ?

The special reporter of The Times, in an article headed
"Farming in Suffolk," which appeared in that
journal of 26th September last, giving some practical
details, showed rather over 10 per cent, as the average
profit of occupation of 200 acres, of which the rent was
£335 for the ten years 1862 to 1871, on a capital of
£2,500 ; the recent increased price of labour for the last
year had been £102, thereby reducing the tenant-farmer's
profit from £250 (round figures) to £150, or from 10 to
6 per cent.

If this be a fair representative case, and The Times
correspondent says " I have every reason to trust the
good faith of the farmer in this instance," the assessment
would have stood on the 800 millions at SO millions, the
increased price of labour rendering an appeal of over-
assessment to be reduced to 48 millions annually ; perhaps,
however, it may be safe to take a medium, and fix 8 per
cent, as a reasonable rate of profit, making 64 millions a«
the annual value at which the estimated 800 milliQue of

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

391

farming stock should be assessed. £140,000,000 was
the estimated annual value of the land, therefore farming
stock -would have to contribute nearly one-half the pro-
portion charged on the laud. How any other person
than the landlord could derive advantage from such re-
adjustment of taxation is beyond my power to under-
stand.

Then, on the subject of what may shortly be called
succession duties, so ably noted in your leading article of
12th Oct., it seems that when a tenant-farmer pays £1
the landlord only pays 2s. 6d. !

Can any sane man justify this anomaly ? Still, not
one word is spoken at agricultural dinners on the subject,
notwithstanding the great interest which country gentle-
men appear to take in behalf of tenant-farmers. Is a
taxation of £80 on farming stock, when the landlord is
taxed £10 only on the land, a reasonable inducement for
the application of more capital by tenant-farmers?

Where is the man who will in common justice bring
this subject before the House of Commons ? Once men-
tioned the present inequality could not stand the pressure
of public opinion beyond the existing Parliament.

Oct. 22. Your obedient servant. Common Sense.

A. MILD AUTUMN.— A mild autumn is the nile rather,
than the exception in this country. Britishers who have by
travel become familiarised with the climate of the prairie
region of the United States designate such weather as we are
now enjoying the " Indian summer," because of its likeness to
the pleasant autumnal weather of the States, which colours
the woods as they are coloured here, but with more fire and
greater variety. The gigantic gooseberry and prodigious
potato that help the newspaper reader to roll easily out of
political excitement into bucolic rest will now be superseded
by a second crop of apple-blossom, an unwonted late produc-
tion of ripe strawberries, and a second golden-green growth of
the forest trees, which have been long starved by drought, and
are uow considerably excited by a welcome fall of rSin and a
renewal of the summer sunshine. We have had two small
frosts in the neighbourhood of London — one of about three
degrees on the 8t"a, and one of about five degrees on the 20th.
But vegetation is as yet scarcely affected, and in our own
garden, on the cold clay of the great Uottora that connects the
valley of the Lpa with the east of MuswpII Hill, geraniums out
of doors are now flowering freely, Berheris Banvi/ii is richly
adorned with racemes of its peculiar apricot-tinted flowers
kidney beans are producing plentifully, balsams are buxom
green bushes showing still a few of their handsome flowers,
and several plants of the dianthus and primula families are in
flower. As the gardener fears a forward spring as the pre-
cursor of a poor summer, so he cannot but regard tlie present
enjoyable weather as dangerous to vegetation, for it promotes
activity in plants that should be going to rest, and renders
them the more liable to suffer should intense cold suddenly
supervene. It is not much we can do to avert possible loss iu
the event of winter coming early upon us, and findin? vegeta-
tion soft and sappy and unprepared for frost. As regards pro-
babilities, they are in favour of another mild winter, but, as
we know nothing of the future, it is well to be always prepared
for the worst. Now, as regards every tree and shrub that is
to be bouglit and planted, or simply moved from one part of
the garden to another, the prudent cultivator will take advan-
tage of the dryness of the ground, and the other agreeable con-
ditions that prevail for outdoor work, to make an end of all
planting and transplanting as soon as possible. Every tree
and shrub lifted now, even if full of green leaves and actually
making new shoots, will go through a hard winter better than
those of its own kind in the same climate that have not been
disturbed. We have many times saved fine specimen plants
ol questionable hardiness by simply lifting tliem carefully, and
planting them again on the very same sites. The tender tea
roses are especially benefited by this procedure. The lifting
stops the growing, and operates in some degree as an artificial
winter. The gardener may now with advantage look around
to discover for himself the subjects that it may be advisable to
subject to the process. Trees that are known to be hardy and
that are doing well should of course be left alone, for these
remarks apply onlj to subjects that usually suffer whea they

grow too late and are frozen too soon. As for greenhouse
plants of all kinds, the sunshine is good for them, and if they
have plenty of air, and the smallest possible supplies of water,
they will go to rest quietly. On the other hand, many things
tiiat are to be forced will require to be made to feel that winter
has actually come upon them, and this to some extent may be
managed. Stools of rhubarb, seakale, and suchlike that are
to be forced should be lifted and left out to be just touched by
Irost. A thin coat of leaves should be put over them to pre-
vent injurious desiccation, but they should come out of the
warm ground into the cool night air to experience the rigours
of a make-believe winter, before being tucked in comfortably
in the forcing-house. It may not occur to the mind of the
Church to pray for rain just now, but, as a matter of fact, we
want a steady downpour, day and night, for a whole week at
least. On our strong clay in the marshy bottom on the western
side of the Seven Sisters Head, the ground is fairly moist for
a depth of two inches only ; below that depth for five feet at
least it is as dry as dust, and we are actually compelled to keep
the water-cart going as a necessary implement in the business
of plantiflg, which is unusual at this season of the year. We
may reasonably expect rain in plenty shortly, and it may be
some comfort now to bear in mind that we are always more
sure of the winter than of the summer. — The Gardener's
Blagazine.

A HIGH HARVEST FESTIVAL— The festival of St.
Luke was selected by the Rev. W. J. Richardson, of St.
'i'homas's, Regent-street, as the day for Harvest Thanksgiving ;
and very tastefully indeed, though not profusely, was the ugly
old chapel decorated with fruits and flowers. The altar was
crowded with candles — I will not commit myself even to a
guess at their number — and bright with flowers. The choristers'
stalls were hung with bunches of grapes that must have made
the little boys' mouths water ; and the font and pulpit were
also gay with autumn garlands and ears of corn. Banners
were stationed by the vestry door as I entered, and young men
clad in cassocks, with the badges of their guilds hanging from
their necks, were busily marshalling the vast congregation to
their places. "Matins" were commenced in a lugubriously low
pitch at eleven ; but Tallis' festival responses with accompani-
ment soon raised this. Special psalms were chanted to different
tunes by the soprani and adults of the choir antiphonically ;
and Dr. Stainer's harmonised Gregorian Te 2)i?k;» was remark-
able, as showing how much miglit be made by a little orna-
mentation of that antiquated and generally rather distressing
kind of music. After the sermon, which was not appropriate,
came the offertory, collected while the choir sang the fine
harvest hymn, " We plough the fields and scatter the good
seed on the land ;" and then the ofliciating minister, standing
in the " eastward position" at the altar, concluded matters with
the General Thanksgiving, Prayer of St. Chrysostom, and
Benediction. At 12.15 ten tapers were lighted on the altar,
and the choir, which had left the chancel, entered in proces-
sion, with two banners, and a handsome new cross of silver
gilt, glittering with gems, the choristers carrying bouquets,
and singing, " Come, ye faithful people, come ; raise the song
of Harvest Home!" Then commenced the " High Celebra-
tion." This, it need scarcely be said, was choral throughout ;
even the Epistle and Gospel being intoned. The Kyrie, Credo,
and Gloria were by Dykes; ami the beautiful hymn " Jerusa-
lem, my iiappy home," was selected for the offertory. The
" Comfortable Words" and "' Sursum Corda" was sung to a
complicated melody by the officiating minister, very much after
the manner of the reader in a synagogue service. Tlie
" Sanctus" was a beautiful one ; and before the Consecration
Prayer was sung a soprano solo and chorus. Verily, the Public
Worship Regulation Bill will make a revolution in St.
Thomas' next summer 1 The celebrant stood full in front of
the altar with uplifted hands during the former portion of the
prayer, and afterwards elevating the elements. The congre-
gatiim prostrated themselves during the consecration ; but few
communicated, for was it not a " High" celebration ? Several
sacramental hymns succeeded, including Gounod's " Bene-
dictus" and " Agnus Dei," and the whole closed with a reces-
sional hymn. In the meantime, we poor outsiders looked dowa
from the gallery, feeling how far we had been left behind by
the advancing tide of Ritualism, and wondering what our ola-
fashioned country cousins would have tiiought could
they by any possibility have anticipated such"a High Harvest
Eestival as that exceedingly beautiful one we had just wit-
nessed \'-Th9 Daily News,

392

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

"DRY" EUMOUR. — The House had not merely no
Berual Osborne, but it was fairly at a loss to discover any one
on whom a slired of Mr. Berual Osborne's mantle might have
fallen. Some exppctation was aroused by the return of Mr.
Patrick Boyle Smollett lor Cambridge. Mr. Smollett had
long since acquainted the world with the fact that he was not
destitute of a certain power of manufacturing coarse jocosities.
In a past session he had styled the late Mr. Maguire " a talking
potato." The phrase was a plagiarism, but it was felicitous.
Unhappily Mr.'Smollett had no sooner made his attack on
Mr. Gladstone tlian honourable members perceived that his
faculty of amusing them had gone, and that only the dregs of
scurrility were left behind. At this dispiriting conjuncture of
affairs Sir Wilfrid Lawson asserted his presence in the House
as the good genius of the hour. Anything more dreary than
the debates on the Licensing Bill was never heard in St.
Stephen's itself. But Sir "Wilfrid Lawson extracted merriment
from the theme, cracked his jokes, and kept liis audience, in a
tremor of suppressed laughter. He did not gush seutentioiisly
like Mr. Beresford Hope, nor essay a humour so broad as that
attempted by tlie colossal ]\Ir. O'Gorman. He adapted his
tone to his listeners, and it must be confessed that, high or
low in itself, it was singularly level with the intelHi^ence and
appreciation of a larfie majority of the House of Commons.
It was a positive relief after the interchausce of trite contro-
versial trivialities between the gentlemen on the right and left
hand of the Speaker, after the prosers bad done with their
ptaiitudes, and the bores had rested from their questions ; after
Mr. Gobclicu in a fit of simulated indignation had twitted the
Government first with canting, then with recanting, and next
with recanting their recantation ; alter Mr. Cross had feebly
vindicated, in that peculiarly thin and mean voice with which
the Home Secretary is blessed, what by a conventional euphe-
mism he was pleased to call the " principle" of the bill — it was
a positive relief when Sir Wilfrid Lawson rose. There is no
surer test of the repute in which a speaker is held than the
appearance presented by the House on his starting to his legs.
If the benches are thin and grow thinner, or if from being
densely packed they swittly show a series of vacancies, you
may be sure that the tongue of a bore of the first magnitude is
about to wag. What happened when Sir Wilfrid Lawson
emerged from his place just behind Mr. Walter was the con-
verse of this. The attendance in the House was certain to
be thin ; it is computed that no honourable gentleman, save
the occupants of the Ministerial bench, ever endured more
ihan half an hour of the Licensing Bill continually ; but the
intelligence that the member for Carlisle was riding his
favourite hobby was sufficient to rekindle the expiring ashes of
interest, and to replenish a whole row of empty places. The
bores and prosers hate Sir Wilfrid. His flippancy, they
solemnly inform you, covers his cause with ridicule, niraself
with contempt, and is a direct insult to the House. It must
be admitted that Sir Wilfrid Lawson is flippant. Cold water,
as he himself admits, is not a cheery theme ; but it is his mis-
sion to show that with a due measure of facetious treatment it
may become as amusing as any other which engages the atten-
tion of the Imperial Farliament. If Sir Wiltrid had assumed
the heavily tragic role of Mr. J. B. Gough, and had composed
rhapsodies on mountain streamlets and flashing rivers, the
House would have declined to hear him. But he has no am-
bition to be the Demosthenes of teetotalism ; he is quite con-
tent to discharge the more humble, more entertaining, and not
less useful functions of i's Hierocles. The topic which en-
gaged Sir Willrid Lawsou's energies last session in the House
was somewhat musty. Quite enough of "Beer and Bible"
had been heard iu the course of the last general election, and
in the comments of politicians and journalists which had suc-
ceeded it. Sir Wilfrid Lawson really contrived to impart
freshness to the matter. His criticism was superficial, but it
was often apposite. He has the faculty, exceedingly rare in
the present Parliament, of gauging precisely the temper of the
House at any given moment; and the consequence was, that
his remarks seldom failed to hit between the wind and water.
And in a degree inferior to Mr. Disraeli, Sir Wilfrid Lawson
is not destitute oi something of Mr. Disraeli's power of in-
venting phrases that stick. They have not the subtle aroma
which makes the word-combinations of tlie Premier such in-
tellectual treats. But they serve their turn ; and when he
said the other day at Manchester that " populous places" under
the new Licensing Act were dependent, not on the density of
the population, but the density of the magistrates, he achieved

a very respectable epigram. But it is when Sir Wilfrid Law-
son has his own particular project in hand — the prohibitory
Permissive Bill— th.at he is seen and heard at his best. To
defend a paradox was an ancient academic exercise for stimu-
lating the intellectual powers ; and Sir Wilfrid Lawson gathers
the very inspiration of well-bred buffoonery when retailing his
humorous arguments in favour of the proposition, that because
some persons drink to excess, theiefore it is right to allow no
one to drink at all. — The World.

A LANDLORD'S LECTURE.

At a show on the Ormsby Gore estate, Ireland, Major Ormsbi
Gore said : There are several matters connected with this
show which have come to my ears that I cannot pass
over without expressing a candid and clear opinion upon.
In the first place, I have to congratulate you all on the
bountiful returns of the harvest, and upon the general pro-
sperity which appears in the country. With the exception of
the price of store cattle, in every department of farming there
are good prices, and returns are bountiful. The condition of the
cattle in the show-field to-day was not so good as on former
occasions. I do not attribute this to any fault of the farmers
for not having them in better condition. It was mainly owing
to the seaso)!. Then, with regard to the number of entries, I
have gone through the list with Mr. Layng, the secretary,
and I fiud that in the first class this year there were seventy-
eight specimens exhibited, compared with sixty-eight of last
year. In the second class there were fifty-four, compared with
forty. five of last year. These are gratifying features of this
year's show so far ; but in the third class, which is a very im-
portant class, there is this year a great falling off. There were
forty-six specimens exhibited in this class last year, but
to-day there were only twenty- five. The total number of
entries have been 203, compared with 188 of last year, show-
ing, on the whole, an increase of 15. That is a satisfac-
factory, though not a large difference. I must also say that in
the horse department there was a marked improvement on
former years. In pigs and sheep there was a falling off. I novy
come to a more unpleasant subject, and that is that I have
heard of more than one instance where the third rule of the
Society has not been adhered lo, but on the contrary, where it
has hi en disgracefully infringed upon. The third rule is a
very simple one, and easily understood. It runs as follows:
" Every specimen exhibited must be the property of the exhi-
bitor for at least three month previous to the exhibition," On
a former occasion I had reason to remark upon an infringes
ment of this rule, audi then told you all tiiat if sucli things
went on I would break up the Society; for it is a scandalous
thing that any tenant should be so degraded to as swindle his
neighbour — for I can call it nothing else but swindlug — out
of what should fairly come to that neighbour — what he earned
by exhibiting an animal which was not his own. There is
also another unpleasant matter I must refer to, and that is
that the very small subscriptions which you are asked to pay
are in many cases grudgingly given, and sometimes not paid
at all. That is not a fair thing to do to the Society. My
own subscription to the Society is seven or ten times more
than the subscriptions of the tenants put all together. If you
do not pay in the few shillings you are asked to give, how can
it be expected that I cau consider you take any interest in the
Society at all? It is not a creditable thing that you sliould,
neglect these matters. Indeed, seeing such a state of things
and finding that the supporters are nearly all confined to the
parish of Achonry, I have been recommended to break up the
Society (several voices: " Do not, your honour"). Well, I will
not do so at present. I will give you one more chance ; but
assuredly, if I have grounds for making the same complaints,
I will break up the Society, and I will consider in what other
way a similar expenditure on my part would be best laid out
for the advantage of my tenants. It is only for their advan-
tage that I do subscribe to the Society as it exists ; and if the
tenants are so dead to their own interests as not to think it
worth their while to support it, I must only find out some
other means whereby loan benefit tlieiu. It is not lor the
sake of putting money in my own pocket I have ke[)t up the
Society so long : it is lo benefit you ; and so long as you give
it a fair and proper support, I will support it too. You can-
not expect me to do so when you infringe a plain rule which
can be easily observed. I^o doubt the Society iu past times

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

393

did mucli good ; but I am begiuniug to think tliat those days
are past, and that the benefits are not extending so rapidly as
in former years. There is one thing apparent — that, since
the formation of the Society, there has been a marked improve-
ment in the making of butter. When we first established this
Society, 27 years ago, the butter of this locality was very infe-
rior ; now it is very good. The consec|uence is, the tenants

have derived a considerable amount of profit by the improve-
ment. Major Gore then referred to the benefits which would
accrue to the farmers of tlie county if they could put their
hay into wooden hay barns, such as he saw in the Abbey visw
farm-yard, and he recommended some improvement in tlie
formation of Buch.

TENANT

At the quarterly meeting of the Notts. Chamber of Agri-
culture, held at E-etford, Mr. Toljambe, M.P., in the chair,

Mr. GoDBER read the following paper :

I believe it was proposed by the Council in the first
instance that the discussion to-day should be based upon tiie
report of a committee appointed by the Central Chamber to
consider this question in all its bearings, copies of which it
was then expected would be forthcoming sufficiently early to
aid us in our discussion to-day. At a subsequent meeting of
the Council it was ascertained that the report would not be
available in time. I was then requested to open the dis-
cussion here in what the Council please to call my own way.
I much regret the circumstance that the schedules containing
the customs collected over the whole conntry bearing on this
subject with the report I have referred to have not been
forthcoming, there being no doubt of their greatly facilitating
our discussion on the subject. You are all aware that the
subject for discussion is by no means a new one ; it has been
discussed by this Chamber at AVorksop, where it was intro-
duced by Jlr. Huskinsou, it has also been discussed at a
meeting of the Chamber held at Newark, 18 months ago,
when an important paper was read by Jlr. Nevile, and I
believe all the provincial chambers have given to it a like
prominency ; it has also been a standing dish with the Central
Chamber, and further it has on one occasion put in an ap-
pearance in the House of Commons, from whence it disap-
peared through the forced absence of one of its sponsors and
the timidity of the other. We therefore take it for granted
that whenever and wherever it is now publicly discussed, it is
with a view to legislation. The first question naturally
arising, is what change has come over the agricultural world
or the community at large, to render legislation on this
subject desirable (or a proper solution of this question, it is
not necessary to go back to a very remote period in the
history of our country. We have no need to go beyond the
limits of the present century to find agriculture in a rude and
undeveloped state. The same would also apply to our
mining, manufacturing, shipping, commercial, and other in-
terests— interests which have in our day attained to such
gigantic dimensions. At the period referred to the habits of
the people were plain and simple, aud their wants were few.
Rents were but a trifle, implements of husbandry were rude and
uncostly. Chemical and engineering science were but in their
bud. The wants aud requirements of particular plants were
little understood; nitrates, phosphates, muriates, ammonias, &c..
&c., were things unheard of ; yea, a great portion of the land in
this country, our feus, forest,, aud heath lands, were thought
to be of little worth, but the commercial spirit, the growth of
the last fifty years, with the great increase in our population,
has changed the whole aspect of affairs. Land is now dealt
in on commercial principles, and is annually becoming of
more value aud importance. Not only have we a population
trebled in numbers, but their habits, tastes, and means have
undergone an inconceivable change. Under such circum-
stances a more per.''ect development of the capabilities of the
soil is a question not merely affecting the parties directly
concerned, but one indirectly affecting the whole community.
Men of noble birih and high position, and men, too, of low
estate, have proclaimed to the world that the land does not
produce half what it is capable of producing ; but all men of
a practical character, men who have had no little experience
of the vicissitudes of seasons, will look upou these assertions
as bordering upon the extravagant. You may treat your land
most liberally, and raise it to the highest degree of fertility,
but you have neither the keys of tlie clouds nor the com-
mand of the sun, and xhea looking for the return you
feel entitled to expect your crops may be either stunted
by drought or ruined by excess of moisture. No

RIGHT.

doubt a great deal of land is capable of producing
much more under more liberal treatment, but the first thing
necessary to accomplish this is the application of capital. The
amount already employed in conducting the operations of agri-
culture is not millions merely, but hundreds of millions, and it
is notorious that in no other occupation or pursuit in this conn-
try is there so much capital employed where the profits are so
small and the security so inadequate and undefined. In this
respect, with all our vaunted progress, we have not got beyond
a few crude,' irregular, and, some of them, ridiculous customs,
varying in almost every county. Hitherto, the best guarantee
the teuant has had for the investment of his capital in agri-
culture has been the good name and high character of the
landlord. But it not unfrequently happens that another Pha-
raoh comes upon the scene, who has no knowledge of Joseph.
Estates are brought into the market, and pass into the hands
of speculators, manufacturers, or wealthy merchants, who bow
to nothing but the golden image, and listen to no doctrine but
the one of pounds, shillings, and pence. Reviewing the cir-
cumstances interwoven with the whole question, it must be
conceded that the demand for a uniform, definite, arid more
substantial guarantee for the investment of capital in improv-
ing the land, increasing its fertility, and augmenting the sup-
ply of food, is a just and reasonable one, and one that must
commend itself to the consideration of the Legislature. The
details of this subject will form matter for much discussion,
and will lead to the expression of a variety of opinions. What
is wanted is simply that the line should be drawn fairly
between the parties concerned. I think the opinion is pretty
general that all really permanent improvements properly be-
long to the landlord. Under this head we may name the
thorough drainage of clay land, the making of all permanent
roads necessary for conducting the operations of the farm,
the planting and fencing of quicks for making proper enclo-
sures, the erection of suitable farm buildings and cottages,
providing for a proper and permanent water supply, reclaim-
ing waste lands, &c. Many different methods have been
pursued with respect to draining. On many of our largest
estates the whole has been carried out by the landlord under
proper supervision, interest being charged for the cost of labour
only. This is no doubtithe]most commendable system; others
have had recourse to the loan system, the repayment of which
is extended over some 20 years, at the rate of six or seven
per cent. This charge is commonly placed upon the tenant,
making an addition to his rent. In such case the improvement
is really effected by the tenant. Tliere are, too, many instances
in which tlie landlord has found the material, the teuant find-
ing labour. Much of the work done upon this principle has
not been well and efticiently done. There are also many instances
where the whole cost has been borne by the tenant. In these
cases an allowance is made on quitting, extending over a
limited period, generally from three to seven years, a period
much too short. But there are many lands that yet require
draining, the landlord being unwilling or unable, and the
tenant not liking to embark in the undertaking,
the conditions as to compensation not being satisfactory
and encouraging. I can only compare this drainage
business to the education qnestion at the time the
Legis ature took it up. A great deal has been done during
the past 50 years by a variety of parties upon many different
principles. Much has been done imperfectly, and requires to
be done over again. I have dwelt at some length u])on this
question of drainage because it is really the first and most im-
portant step in improving our clay lands, and specially so when
viewed in connection with the revolution that has taken place
in the mode of cultivation. The old high-oacked ridges and
deep furrows will not do for the steam cultivator, reaping
machine, and modern horse hoe. Iliere arc no doubt many

394

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

improvements of importance peculiar to certain localities, witli
which we are not familiar, which may be placed in the same
category, being of a permanent character, and therefore pro-
perly belonging to the owner. We will now pKss ou to notice
very briefly such improvements as come within the province of
the tenant they, although of an exhaustible character, neces-
sitate a large outlay. To raise a naturally poor or an esliausted
soil to a good and fair state of fertility is not the work of
twelve months but a work of years. Mr. Mechiis, I believe, a
good authority on such a question ; to do this under a system
of short tenure, or in the absence of proper guarantees
for compensation on quitting, ought not to be expected.
Cleansing, claying, chalking, liming, manuring, boning, &c.,
added to which a large outlay on food is necessary, especially
ou all hght lands, as cake, corn, &c. The increasing demand
for meat brought about by the increased means and altered
habits of the people, lias rendered it desirable that much more
should be done in this direction. While upon this point I
should like to call your attention to what has long appeared to
me a great anomaly in the existing customs. \Ve are foolish
enough to give a premium in favour of using foreign produce,
a liberal allowance being given wliere cakes are used, the
poorer sorts of which often contain a large proportion of olTal
from onr own grain. All this sort of thing is allowed for ;
but wiien our own pure grain is used, as beans, oats, or wheat
(which at its present price is cheaper than anything), no
allowance is made. Surely this requires to be remedied. It
is said that in Lincolnshire and Notts, we have the best cus-
toms in the country, but they difl'er widely. In Nottf. where
the turnip crop is consumed on tlie land, the rent and rates
arc allowed, but in Lincolnshire no such aliowauce is made,
and I am informed that in parts of the neighbouring county of
York half orders are allowed, even after the succeeding barley
crop is taken; such is the great want of uniformity that no
two counties are alike. We now come to the most delicate
and intricate part of tlie subject; what form do we desire to
see legislation take upon this question ? Sliall it be permis-
sive, or of general application. We will not have the word
comptilsion, it always seems to carry with it so much alarm to
the mind of an Englishman. To have a measure merely per-
missive would, to my mind, be making confusion worse" con-
founded. I would prefer it should be of general application,
making an exception only in favour of leases from seven yesrs and
upwards. Upon this part of the subject we have some little
data upon which to go. Haviug watched the discussions
of the Central Chamber, I think "they propose to make it
permissive, rejecting the twelth clause in the late Bill ;
it would then be open for any one to say I will have nothing
to do with that abominable Compensation Act, I will make my
own conditions, and from that court you know there could be
appeal. No law is wanted to compel liberal and enterprising
landlords to eflfect improvements, or to get tliem to allow their
tenants to do so. What is wanted is something tliat will reach
the do-nothing class. I can scarcely believe it to be true that
the Central Chamber has passed a resolution recommending
tliat no permanent improvement, such as draining, erecting
farm premises, or cottages, shall be effected without the
owner's consent in writing. If done without this all claims
to compensation to be forfeited. It has long been one of the
most ridiculous feature of our crude old customs to give a
premium for collecting togetlier a pile of combustible materials
in the shape of farm buildings. A wooden house, barn, and
stable, and two or three post sheds, and your claim to com-
pensation is admitted. But if you have built a substantial cot-
tage, or other building of brick and slate, all you get from
valuers is a significent shake of the head, followed by the word
" No claim— great hardship." They tell us to admit tiiis would
be an interference with the rights of property. AV'ell, the
rights of property are a difficult thing to understand. When
you discharge your labourer you certainly allow liim to carry
off his tools. Is not the tenant-farmer equally entitled to
carry off what he has brought at his own cost for his own
use and convenience, or what would bo still better, why not
give compensation to the extent such improvements havecon-
tributed to increase the letting vulue of the estate ? There is
just one other point. 1 beheve the Central Chamber propose
to give power to dilapidate where the general condition of the
farm is not satisfactoiy. This would be a serious power to
place in the hands of valuers, and would lead to never-ending
disputes and litigation. A succession of wet seasons, despite
all efforts, will nentraliae to a great extent the labour of both

man and horse, and this power might be used in a ruiuou^
manner, and would contribute in no small degree to throw
much inferior clay land out of cultivation. Many estates are
thoroughly neglected, the owner being non-practical, and, to
mend matters, injudicious in the selection of his agent, and so
the estates suffer for want of practical supervision, and would
it be wise for the State to give to such a guarantee for the good
management of their lands ? The rent-roll of this country is a
standing proof thst the balance of condition as regards the
land, if taken every ten years, is greatly in the landlord's
favour. Tlien let us have no penal statutes hanging over the
heads of struggling tenants. Mr. Arch charges our Chambers
of Agriculture with having done nothing. They will, no
doubt, think he has done a little too much. Certainly we do
not pretend to siiake England ; it has taken us a long time to
expose and impress upon the Legislature the injustice of our old
friend local taxation. We have now passed him up to higher
quarters, wliere, no doubt, he will give some tough work. In
my opinion the Government that deals with that question, and
brings it to u just and satisfactory settlement, and also gives
to the country a Tenant-ilight Bill, based upon sound prin-
ciples, will be entiled to as large an amount of popularity as
the Government tliat di-established the Irish Church and
passed the Ballot Act.

Mr. J. Walker (IMattersea), thought some care ought to
be taken not to inflict expenses on landlords which they ought
not to incur. There were small owners and large owners, and
small holdings and large ones, and recollecting the large num-
ber of farms in England under 50 acres, and that small ten-
ants might erect buildings that would suit no one else, he
thouglit it would be a hard case for the landlord to pay for
buildings erected by tenants to gratify their own caprice.
Speaking as a landlord and tenant as well, he thought it was
desirable the consent of the landlord should be obtained be-
fore any buildings were erected. At the same time the tenant
was entitled to compensation for whatever gave additional
letting value to the estate.

The Chairman said he would briefly state what he con-
sidered was the feeling of English landlords on this question.
As Mr. Godber had told them, this subject was introduced
into the House of Commons, but no conclusive result was
arrived at. There was suflicient discussion, however, to show
that the question was considered to be one of great import-
ance. He did not think English landlords would wish to
reap where they had not sown, or to take advantage of the
outlay of their tsnants without compensating them for it,
wherever that outlay had been beneficial to the estate. He
heartily agreed with Mr. Walker when he said that it would be
an objectionable thing to allow compensation where building
had been done without the consent of the landlord. Mr.
Walker mentioned instances where it would be prejudicial to
the landlord's interests, and it certainly might interfere with
any improvements whicii the landlords might consider it
ne essary to make. The building of cottages was a very
great want and requirement in places where the labourers had
to live in the town, but from his ov/n experience he found
that where cottages had been provided in some cases the ladies
' — it was always the ladies who were to blame — did not like
to live so far away from the towu. The men were willing to
come, but the cottages were empty because the women would
not live so far away. Therefore a tenant might build cottages
about his farm, and, having a difficulty in filling them, ex-
pect his landlord to pay for cottages which were of no use.
He thought that in any legislation the landlord would be en-
titled to some guarantee that he should not be called upon to
pay fur any unnecessary outlay. He felt convinced that com-
l)iMi^;ition for any increase in the letting value would meet
with no opposition from any one. [Mr. Gouber : That is all
we want]. He must say he dislikea Permissive Bills, and lie
thought any measure should apply to all parties alike — be
equally binding on all. If the tenant had made no outlay in
wluit v/as a permanent improvement he would not be entitled
to compensation, but if the tenant had laid out his money in
wiiat were material and permanent improvements of the
estate he was entitled to receive compensation, so far as it in-
creased the letting value, at his landlord's hands. To take
any other course would be unfair, and he thought all men of
sense and honour would agree upon that.

.Mr. JijiiN Hemsley said however much pleased he had
been by the very able paper of Mr. Godber, he had been still
more gratified with the remarks that had fallen from the

THE FARMBR'B MAGAZINE.

395

Chairmau, because it was the want of a combination of opinion ]
in an argumentative sense, that prevented them from agreeing
on some basis for a legislative enactment, which might be
considered of a permanent character. If landlords and tenants
could meet as they do now, and express their views freely,
easting forth that which was rotten and unsound to the winds,
and retaining tliat which was weighty and sound and sending it
forth to the world, they then would arrive at something like a
proper basis whereby legislative enactments might be establish-
ed. Mr. Godber had said that the discussions on this subject
must be considered as for the purposes of legislation, and he (the
speaker) thought that point must be conceded. Therefore the
question could not be too fully discussed, and he was suprised
that the landlords seemed rather to stand aloof from meeting
tliis question as he imagined was the case with some. He
was sure there was the utmost anxiety to obtain the assistance
of the landlords in arranging some bill which would be likely
to be of service to them, and he thought it was important
that this should be done by the landlords and tenants them-
selves, instead of by parties outside, though if something was not
done by those connected with the land it would certainly be taken
out of their hands by parties outside. He considered that the
question of drainage was in a very unsatisfactory state, and
that it ought to extend over a much longer period. Mr.
Godber started the point that legislation should be compul-
sory, except in the case of a seven years' lease. He consi-
dered this gave rather an important turn to tlie subject, and
one whicli would meet the views of some landlords who
seemed a little nervous on this compulsory question. He was,
however, inclined to think that under tlie present Egyptian
cloud that overhangs the British farmer, a lease of seven years
would not be received with general favour. Where pressed it
might give a certain amount of freedom to owners, without pro-
ducing the desired result. AVhatever measure was submitted,
he thought sliould have the freest discussion throughout the
country. Tlie last bill, introduced by the Marquis of Hunt-
ley, , was one of a crude character, and passed over the inte-
rests of owners in a captious manner, so that the field seemed
now to be open for a measure which might be agreed upon by
both landlord and tenant, and to attain that end it must be
freely discussed.

Mr. Nevile said when he read a paper on this subject before
the Newark meeting, he opposed the 12th clause in the late
bill, because it interfered with freedom of contract. There was
not a single landlord who made any communication to liim,
nor one who told him lie was opposed to the bill, but the op-
position to it came from a number of gentlemen wit!i whom he
had lived on terms of friendship for many years — the tenant-
farmers of Lincolnshire and JNottinghamshire. They consi-
dered it would lake away from them the power of making any
contract, and he, for his part, maintained that the tenant-larracr
ought not to have his hands tied by any act of Parliament.
Prom that point he really could uot recede. The tact was, tlie
resolution directed against the 13th clause was carried by 70
farmers without the least hesitation, and he would add that the
strongest opposition to it came from the farmers of Notts.,
Lincolnshire, and the East Hiding. Mr. Read, who, apart
from all chaff as to his being " muzzled" by office, was a
person who ought to know, had said there were not twenty
men in the House of Commons who would pass the 13th
clause, and it was really the tenant-farmers who made the
opposition so strong, The farmers now had more power than
the landlords ; the present rarlianient, as far as the county
constituencies went, was elected under the ballot. At the
same time he would admit that there was room for a most
useful bill to be passed. He considered that any bill whicli
dictated any particular Tenant-Right would be most injurious,
especially if it called in arbitration. Having remarked that
the Marquis of Huntley, in his late bill, made out a strong case
for compensation, he said that for his part he should always be
disposed to dealfairly with his tenants, if, for no other reason,
that if his 4,000 acres were thrown on his hands he should have
to spend £45,000 in farming the land. His tenants were quite
secure against him robbing them. He thought the best course
would be for the landlords and tenants to freely discuss the
matter, and he would add that if any of his tenants brought
liim an agreement which he could sign without doing himself
harm he would sign it with pleasure.

Mr. Gilbert said he had always thought that a bill estab-
lishing the payment of compensation for permanent improve-
ments would be equally advantageous to the landlord as to the

tenant. He mentioned an instance in which the absence, of a
law had worked unjustly, and said a short bill would facilitate
matters, but as to Tenant-Right, omas to customs being so
various he thought a permissive measure would best meet the
case.

The CiiAiiiJiAN then moved a vote of thanks to Mr. Godber
for his very able paper, which was seconded by Mr. Walker,
and carried unanimously.

Mr. GoDBEK, in reply, said he was rather surprised to find
his views pretty nearly in accordance with those of every other
gentleman who had spoken. In reply to Mr. Walker, he
would not have the landlord charged with anything but what
had improved the value of his estate, because it was just pos-
sible some tenants might have peculiar crotchets. Some might
fancy dogs and build large kennels, whilst others might fancy
poultry, and therefore nothing ought to be considered but what
improved the letting value of the estate. Then, again, they
could not legislate for any particular cases, and certainly con-
cessions must be made to both parties. He was pleased by
the line of argument taken by the chairman, and if all the
landowners were like him or the Duke of Rutland, they would
have no need to talk about improvements. He had his own
views about the Central Chamber. The Central Chambe /
consisted of a number of landlords who took the greatest in-
terest in improving their estates, together with the cream of
the tenantry, men who lived under noblemen who did every-
thing they asked for. Such a body, however, was not a fair
representation of the agriculture of this country. They no
more represented the struggling: life of agriculture than the
West-end did the struggling life of London. As to the 12th
clause in the late bill, the feeling seemed to be calming down ,
and by discussion, and each party giving way a Jlittle, he had
no doubt some proper arrangement would ultimately be
arrived at.

At a meeting of the Devon and Cornwall Chamber of Agri-
culture at Modbury, Mr. Wm. Snell introduced
the subject of " Legislation with regard to Compensation for
Unexhausted Improvements." He said : If agriculture li:ia
remained stationary, there would have been no object for their
meeting that day. He had heard his father say that he was
the first man who found it necessary to hoe turnips in the field.
As to compensation for improvements formerly, improvements
were then never effected. TMiere was, therefore, no uecessily
then for what they were talking about that day. The necessity
for legislation had now become urgent, because more capital
was required and the population had increased. They should
remember that any well-digested scheme, receiving the approval
of that|meeting and of the Central Chamber, and the other cham-
bers throughout the country, might possibly intluence future leg-
islation. He wished to show them the magnitude of the capital
employed in the business in which they, as farmers, were en-
gaged. Under Schedule B the tenant-farmers of England were
assessed to the income-tax at about £60,000,000 a-year ; and
when speaking of rent they should turn the £00,000,000 into
£12U,000,G00, because they were assessed at one-half their
rcutul. T1k-ii £20,000,000 was to be added for small holdings
— one-seventh of the land of England — and this made the
rental value of the agricultural land of England £140,000,000.
If they took the fair number of years' rental that was required
to farm an estate, they would see the amount of capital used ic
their business. Farming an estate in a proper manner could
not be done with less than six years' rental. If the rent were
£140,000,000, and they required six years' rental, the capital
meant £800,000,000, which was more than the national debt,
and more than all the other capital throughout the length and
breadth of the laud. The farmers outweighed all others so
far as capital was concerned. Let them look, too, at the im-
portance of the work in wtiich they were engaged — providing
food for the people. Then as to the present position of the
occupiers of the soil. There was one class not so numerous as
it should be — the tenant farmers — some protected by lease —
and he called this the perfection of the holding of land — and
receiving compensation for unexhausted improvements at tlip
end of their term. Nothing could be belter than this, but
this protected class was only a small body. Then there was
another class who had their estate for a teriu of years ; but
with no clause for compensation at the end of those years, and
there came the evil which they wanted to provide against. They
wanted the land not only for their own sakes, cut for the sake of
the community, and not to be "sharping out avery seven o> 14

c c 2

396

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

years, but alwaysin good condition. Then there were tenants-at-
will ; and more than half the land of England was thus let. What
position was this, for a man to farm with spirit ? When there
was a clause for compensation, tliere was no excuse for not
farming ; well but when there was no clause for compensation, a
man farmed well for only a certain number of years, and then
swept all he could into his pocket. So far as the tenancy -at-
will was concerned, there was no inducement for a man to
farm well, because if he put his property into the soil lie put
himself into the power of another man and mucli as he (the
speaker) respected the landlords of England, lie should not
like to trust to any man. He wanted a law to protect his
capital, as well as that of the landlord, who had a law to pro-
tect his. He knew a tenant who was turned out of his hold-
ing at the end of the first half of his term. He was as good a
practical farmer as he had ever been acquainted with, and he
farmed the estate well, for he had put a lot of capital in his soil
Bnd was looking forward to the hist seven years o! his lease to re-
coup himself. He set up a claim for compensation, but of
course, gut not a farthing. A serious loss accrued to him ; and
every tenant under the same landlord said, " Who knows liow
soon my turn will come ?" Consequently they refrained from
putting property into the land, and the land suffered thereby.
In Cornwall there was a man of title, who died, and left his
property to a scapegrace son. It soon got into the hands of
the Jews, and on quarter-day all the tenants that could be
made to go had notice to quit; and they had to quit, leaving a lot
of capital in the ground, but they received not a farthing com-
pensation. The Jew s did not, like Shy lock, have the pound of flesh
because it was in the bond ; but tiiey turned the tenant? out
because there was nothing iu the bond to prevent them. As
British farmers they asked for security for their capital in a
shape that no reasonable or lionest man could object to. They
said that when a farmer entered into an estate and effected
certain improvements, and was there for a certain number of
years, he should liuve no claim on the landlords, because lie liad
been on the estate long enough to recoup himself, but if he
liad not been there long enough to do so the landlord must pay
the little bill. A farmer could effect an improvement at half
the cost that the landlord could, and if the arrangement sug-
gested were carried out, it would be a great benefit to the
tenant and to the people. The knotty point between the
landlords and tenants was just this. The landlords said Parlia-
ment must pass a just law with reference to compensation, but
it must be left with the landlords to say whether they would
come under the operation of the law or not. That would be a
permissive bill, and would not be worth the paper it was printed
on, but would be a snare, a mockery, and a delusion. The
principal argument used by farmers against an alteration of the
law was tiiat they had the farm much cheaper because they
were to have no compensation, and, therefore, it would be
better to leave well alone. If he went into a farm as a mere
slug, he would farm on those conditions, and would never im-
prove, and never invest any capital, so that he could not have
it taken away. But lie would much rather pay a full rental
for the estate, have his capital secure, and be free. They did
not want to be servile to the landlord, humble to the steward
and congenial to the keeper, for fear of being turned out. They
should liold up their heads as men, and live in an independent
manner. It was said tliat landlord and tenant met as man and
man, and could make such terms as they pleased. That was
incorrect. I'arins were decreasing, but larmers were multiply-
iug, and if Ihey wanted to take a farm, they had to take it on
such terms as the landlord drew up. He hoped Mr.
Disraeli would bring in a good bill, and be unfettered by party
considerations, for tlie country would support hiin if he did
well, and lie had an opportunity of immortalising himself.
.Mr. Snell, concluded by proposing — "That the present
position ot agriculture, and the general welfare of the country,
require early legislation respecting the tenure and occupation
of land. That legislation for the purpose of protecting the
landlords' property and the tenants' cajiital should be compul-
sory, excepting in cases where they are mutually and fully
protected by lease or agreement."

Mr. Andrews remarked that where there was no
trust there could be no mistrust. He had a little
land and good tenants, but he did not want to
trust them, nor did they want to trust him. When Mr. Snell
spoke of the £800,000,000, it should be remembered tliat
there was a good deal of moving stock in that ; but still, there
could be no doubt that there were a few millions in the hands

of the wrong men. He seconded the resolution that had been
proposed. An Act of Parliament should be binding under
every circumstance and condition in matters affecting agree-
ments between landlords and tenants.
The resolution was unanimously carried.

THE BALA SHEEP-DOG TRIALS.— At Garth Goch,
on Wednesday, Oct. I4th. — Judges : Messrs. John WilUaras,
Griffith Jones, and R. V. Jones.
Rhiwaedog States, for dog or bitch puppies of 1873 ;

entrance, 10s. ; first prize £5, second £2 10s., third £1 58.,

fourth 15s.
John Williams, Bryneinin, Darowen, Machynlleth, bk t

Black, 2 years 1

J. Robson, Hafod, ]\Iinera, bk w Fan 1 yr. 5 mos 2

Four others were tried. The winner greatly distinguished
herself, while Mr. Robson's Pan lost one of her three
sheep, but Jolded tlie other two pretty cleverly, showing a little
impetuosity, which seemed to hav3 caused the loss of the
sheep. She was the winner of the stake at the recent trials
held at Llangollen.
Penllyjst Stakes, for all -aged dogs or hitches ; entrance, 10s. ;

first prize £5, second £2 10s., third £1 5s., fourth 15s.
Robert Roberts, Blaenycoed, bk t b iJawa^y, aged ...(div.) f
Edward Pugh, Tanybwlch, Dmasmawddy, be d Scoft 4

yrs (div.) f

Thomas Dobie, Graiguchaf, Llanbedr, bk w Drenny, 7 yrs 3

Robert Morris, Tymawr, Llangynog, bk w /arf, 5 yrs 4

Fifteen others were tried. In the last trial Handy No. 1 — and
Al, as it turned out — was first selected. Down the hill came
Handy at a fearful pace, wasting not a jot of time in " coming
to terms" with his three sheep ; but these, being just released
from a fold which contained some dozen future victims,
declined for some minutes to part company with their com-
rades in misfortune ; but our shceji-dog finding them obdurate,
and too wise to use force of any sort, vocal or physical, con-
tented himself by driving the sheep a step or two at a time,
and then lying down, giving, we presume, by this means time
for the inferior animals, as we must fain designate them, to
consider that the open country and the chance of " a run for
it" were better than the continued effort to rejoin a set of not
over-hospitable companions. These tactics succeeded ; for
Handy, after feeling his sheep up as far as the turnips, of
which half the field of operations was composed, was enabled
to put '• the steam on," and deliver them, in the very sense
that his name applies, to bis master, Mr. Roberts, after eight
minutes had only elapsed ; the sheep, one old ewe and two
wethers, being anything but an accommodating trio.

BARREN HONOUR.— It would not be difficult to gather
from the pages of our bucolic contemporaries. The Mark Lane
Express or The Farmer, that breeding and feeding stock for
the edification of the urban population are far from being
profitable operations. Whether the complaint has its rise in
the indiscriminate grumbling of our broad- wheeled neighbours
is liardly worth considering ; certain it is that the exhibiting
of stock — and especially of fat stock — is not unfrequently
designated more a fancy than a paying concern. If such is
the sad state of matters in England with feeders, the case
appears to be very much worse with the enterprising exhibi-
tors who send their animals abroad. A successful fanner does
occasionally manage to secure a jirize of £30 or £40 with a
beast that pleases a judge's eye at a " Royal" or a local show,
> and to that extent is of course recouped for his outlay in
bringing a symmetrical animal into the stalls to be stared at
and poked with umbrellas by a crowd of town-folk who know
as much about the " points" of a prime ox or an Ayrshire
cow as they do about Chinese metaphysics. But they com-
pensate exhibitors differently on the Contiucut, according to
the story related by Mr. John K. I'owler in The Times of
yesterday. The fortunate breeder, of Prebrndal Parm, Ayles-
bury, informs the readers of the leading journal that the merits
of the exhibits which he forwarded to the agricultural depart-
ment of the Vienna Exhibition were so far recognised by the
judges that they were awarded bronze medals. The prizes,
Mr. Fowler tells us, were awarded ; but, notwithstanding " the
repeated apphcations of myself and others to the proper
authorities, we can neither get our medals nor any answer
to onr requests." An authority has told us that " he that
drives fat oxen should himself be fat ;" but the Austrians are
evidently desirous of showing us that he who exhibits fat
oxen is bound to be fooled. — The Sportsman.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

397

THE FARMERS' AND THE LABOURERS' INTERESTS.

Mr. C. S. Read, M.P., at the Blofield and Walsham Agri-
cultural Association, after preseatiug prizes to labourers who
had bt^ea successful ia competition in various departments of
husbandry, said : Two years ago at Blofield I tried to persuade
those present from joining the Labourers' Union, for seeing
before me tiien, as I see now, tiie picked men of the district,
men who had proved themselves skilled, industrious, and
careful labourers, I contended that by joining the Union you
would place yourselves on a level with the unskilled, the idle,
and the careless, and further assured the old men tliat the bait
held out to them by the Union of having a pension in their old
age was an impossibility. No doubt you thought that ray
advice was founded on a farmer's desire to keep down wages,
but I would remind you that four or five years ago, before
we heard of Unionism in Norfolk, I suggested a payment of
13s. a week, even in the short days of winter. 1 fancy my
Blofield advice, like most other advice whicli cost nothing, wus
unheeded, and some of you became members of the Union, and
thus compelled the farmers to form a defence association.
When Unionism was first started in my parish 1 called my men
together and said, " I pay away in labour more per acre than
any other tenant-farmer in this district ; it you don't join a
Union, which avowedly intends to force me to give you more
wages, I will not join any association of employers ;" but they
did, and as a result I am a member of the Farmers' Defence
Association. It was simply self-defence. I have sacrificed my
independence for safety, but I tliink I have this pull over your
Union — that whereas my orders will come from a centre of
Norfolk farmers, yours are issued from Warwickshire or Lin-
colnshire, by men who can know but little of the real state of
things in Norfolk. Unions may temporarily raise wages by
strikes in busy seasons, but no permanent advance can be se-
cured unless you reduce the supply of labour or increase the em-
ployer's profits. No combination of employers can keep down
wages fl hen hands are scarce, trade is brisk, and profits are
large : no combination of labourers can keep up wages when
hands are plentiful, trade dull, and profits small — certainly
not when losses are great. Unionists argue that labour has
not received a fair proportion of the profits, and that capital
has received the lion's share. That may be the case in some i
industries ; but is it so injfarming ? When the coal and iron j
masters of the kingdom agree to put up their balf-a-crown a i
ton, they can very well afford to pay their men an extra price
for raising it ; but if all the farmers of Norfolk or, indeed, of
England were for once united, they could not raise the price of
wheat 2d. per bushel. It was said this year by a high autho-
rity in the House of Commons that the wealth of this country j
had increased during the past five years to the astounding
amount of £1,500,000,000. I fail to comprehend so vast a
sum, but, after taking out Sundays and holidays, it is some-
thing like a million a day increase. How much of that in-
creased wealth has found its way into this quiet locality ?
Landlords know their expenses increase, but I am not aware
that there is any general rise in rents. It certainly requires
more money to stock a farm, but I do not believe tenants'
profits are any larger. You have been earning better wages
than you ever did before ; yet you with large families doubtless
find it necessary to spend more, and you young men discover
that skittles, beer, and sweethearts swallow up all your cash.
I therefore come to the conclusion that only a microscopic
proportion of the " leaps and bouudi" of England's prosperity
has lallen to agricultute, and of that little a chief part, at any
rate a large proportion, lias been secured by the labourers. If
the foundation of your Unions had been right, they must have
prevailed in the Newmarket Lock-out. The whole world was
on your side. A bishop said the " fanners were mad," noble
lords sympathised with you, M.P.'s raised their voices and
opened their purses on your behalf. Trades' Unions gave you
money for support. Public opinion was entirely with you,
and so was the whole London Press. The contest was carried
on for six months in the busiest part of tlie agricultural year ;
and at harvest, when you were assured your triumph would be
complete, your leaders, with cruel irony, told you they could
no longer maintain you in idleness — an idleness which they
themselves enforced. But strikes open farmers' eyes. I had
two last year, and in consequence I managed to reduce my

labour account £100. It may be done by employing new
machinery, keeping more land in grass, putting out work,
employing fewer regular labourers and hiring a tew odd hands
when they are wanted ; but the chief saving is in leaving much
of the neat work of the farm undone. Time was when an
untrimmed fence, a rough ditch, a few great stones, some
sprawling weeds among the turnips, or even runaway mangolds,
were pain and grief to me. I now regard them, if not with
complacency, certainly with indifference. If this sort of
tidiness can be secured at a certain price, as I am happy to
say it can be now, the work is done ; if not, it remains undone,
for I know the farm cannot afford it ; and if it could, no one
nowadays thanks the farmer for employing profitless labour.
We have been told that all the objectionable rules of the
Union are withdrawn. I do not profess to know what they
were. One, I believe, was that Unionists might strike
at a week's notice. My experience is that they strike
without any notice at all. Another was against piecework,
whicli I contend is the only way in which a skilful and
dexterous labourer can secure his fair wages. Shorter hours
are demanded, while you know that, excluding haysel and
harvest, when you receive extra wages, your day's work does
not average nine hours. Lastly, the Unions are dead against
yearly hires. I have said that in matters of work and wages
I should make no difference between Union and uon-Union
men. But I find, as I hire my team-men by the year, with so
much extra weekly wages and so much standing wages payable
at Michaelmas, I must have non-Union carters and shepherds,
or, if they are Unionists, they break the rules of their order.
Now, suppose farmers hired their cart-horses as well as their
men, and one jobmaster should offer horses by the year and
another by the week, with full liberty to deprive the farmer
of the horses when he most needed them, woflld not the
farmer pay more for the yearly horses and take more care of
and feed them better than the others, and would he not most
probably say to the other offer, " I shall prefer hiring your
horses only when I really want them, even if I pay double
the price you ask per week ? " Apply that to labourers and
compare the yearly agreements of the North with the weekly
hire insisted upon by the Union. I find the average pay of a
common day labourer for the whole of last year was about
17s. Gd. In Northumberland and Scotland I am assured the
value is nearly 25s., which, after making all allowances for
locality, better market, &c., is greatly in favour of the long
liire. Then lake the farmers' interest. Mr. Barclay, the
member for Forfarshire, is, like me, a tenant-farmer, but,
unlike me, he is fortunately a successful merchant as well. He
farms 380 acres of arable land, which is exactly the amount
of land I have at Honiugiiam. He has 75 acres of rough pas-
ture, and I have 40 acres of good permanent grass ; he grows
20 acres more corn than I do, but he has less roots and more
grass seeds than I have. Taking the cold, damp northern
climate ]|into consideration, I should say he would require
as much manual labour on his farm as I do on mine. But
mark the difference. For the four years ending 1871 the
average annual payment for labour (two-thirds in cash and
one-third in milk, meal, potatoes, &;c.) was £100, while mine
was £750. In 1872 and 1873 Mr. Barclay's had risen to £510,
but as he puts £30 of it down to extraordiaary labour, he con-
siders the real increase to be only 20 per cent. Now, take my
expenditure for those years, whicli, being about £850 and £750,
would average £800, and you must surely admit that which I
knew long ago — that the Scotchman is a sharper and keener
man of business than I am ; and 1 also come reluctantly to the
conclusion that the highly-paid Scotch hind is a cheaper and
better man than the Norfolk labourer, and that after all there
is no such thing as cheap labour. Let us, the employer and
the employed, take stock of our altered positions. You have
elected to be independent — that supply and demand shall rule
wages, that you w ill sell your labour in the dearest market, and,
therefore, we farmers must buy in the cheapest ; that labour
should combine : and consequently capital must do the same.
I believe your choice, if you will giv cover striking and the an-
sound features of Unionism, will in the end be better for us both.
Wecertainly need be no worse friends. Two independent parties,
if they really understand each other, do not want to quarrel

3&8

THE FAliMlOR'S MAGAZINE

you may be less subservient, but quite as civil, and tlie farmer
maybe more mathematically just without beiug harsh or un-
kind. But I must irajiress upon you that you cannot expect
to retaiu all the advantages of your former state. You must
not be iudepeudent in the matter of wages only, but also be
self-supporting and self-reliant. If you desire better pay, you
should devote your energies to doing better work rather than
to striving so hard for tlie greatest possible amount of pay for
the least possible amount of labour. If you desire better cot-
tages from the landowner, you must not expect to liire them
at half their value; neither must you any longer expect your
employer to fisd you employment all the year round, wet and
dry, whether he wants you or wants you not ; nor ask him to
pay you full wages because you are an ailing man and have a
sick wife or a house full ol small children. Above all, you
must not look to the rales to support you in sickness and old
aj;e, nor to the parish doctor for medicine and porter ; and
though, as lung as women have kindly liearts, the larmer's
wife will still dispense her kitchen and dairy comforts, you
must not regard them, as so many do now, as matters
of business rather than of charity. If you find yourselves
too numerous, instead of striking or shirking work,
the young and vigorous men must emigrate to the
North or to the Colonies. They will find I5s. in
Norfolk go quite as far as a guinea in a manufacturing town,
and if a strong, active, and sober labourer is careful and in-
dustrious abroad he can soon save a lot of money, and so, I
must add, in a limited degree, can any healthy, unmarried
young man wlio will practise the same self-denial at home.
The object of your leaders seems to be a desire to make every
labourer discontented with himself and jealous of all aiound
him ; but the unerring Word of God has said, " The poor shall
never cease out of the land," and, therefore, you should use
every legitimate means to improve your conditiou and work
yourselves into a better one, rather than repine at your lowly
lot. Both parties should rule their relations one to the other
upon the golden maxim of doing to others as they would be
done by ; and while the labourer must not forget the declara-
tion, " Ye have the poor with you always," we farmers must
specially remember the gracious words which followed—" And
whensoever ye will ye can do them good." It has been
charged against me tliat when I became a member of
the Government I committed political suicide. Reading the
criticisms in the agricultural papers and the speeches now
made at agricultural meetings and at farmers' clubs, I have
arrived at the conclusion that I was something like " the dear
departed husband," who had become a perfect saint when
dead, but who, somehow or other, contrived to beat his wife
when alive. Whenever I am silent upon an agricultural
question discussed in the House of Commons, I am sure to be
" twitted ;" but it was not until I had duly considered my
constituents' interests and my own position that I ven-
tured to accept the post offered me by the Prime Minister,
regarded it as a great compliment paid through
.-..e to the constituency, and thought I ought to
accept it unless there were good and sufilcient rea-
sons for not doing so. Without egotism I also believe that
the post ofi'ercd me was one that I could fill, being mainly
connected with the administration of the Poor-law, to which I
have always paid particular interest. As to the legislation of tlie
past Session, very little had been done, it was true, but the
department with which I am connected, the Local Government
-Board, had passed one good measure, the Rating Bill. Eor
hat bill I have striven since 1868. for its necessity in the
ptereat of justice, among other instances, there was the fact
tiiat the ironstone mines, with all the wealth they returned,
ua not contributed a sixpence to the local rates. If nothine
else had been done, the passing of that useful measure entitled
the Government to their thanks. As to future agricultural
legislation, although of course, I could not bring in the Tenant-
Right Bill which had been before introduced by Mr. Howard and
myself, yet, having access to "the powers that be," I lost no
opportunity of insisting that compensation to tenants for un-
exhausted improvements ought to bejembraced in a measure next
session. Answering an imaginary question, "How do you
like your ofKcial lite," I say, " I don't like it at all." To
the office work I have no objection, and I consider the per-
manent officials of the Government Board an excellent, meri-
torious, but underpaid class of public servants ; further, I
have no objection to committee work, but I do not like the
House of Commons. After being at the office from eleven to

five o'clock I am marched down to the House, with a certainty
of not beiug able to leave it for dinner or for a walk until one
o'clock. Nothing so dull, tiresome, and irksome has been ex-
perienced by me since I went to school. In fact, I might
alter the nursery rhyme thus :

Speak when you arc ordered,

Vote as you are told ;
Make a house, keep a house,

Or the Whips will scold.
I assure you I have at heart as much as ever the interest of
the tenant-larmers of Eugland, and I shall use my utmost
endeavours to see that it is not forgotten ; and if I find that
your cause is wilfully or even carelessly disregarded, I shall
not long continue to be a member of Her Majesty's Adminis-
tration. But I do not believe that it will be. On the con-
trary, when the time comes you will find that Her Majesty's
Goverument is quite prepared to do justice to the tenant-
farmers of Eugland.

"THE COW THEORY."

TO THE EDITOR OF THE MARK LANE EXPRESS.

Sir, — lu your account of the speeches delivered at the
luncheon on the occasion of the sale of Mr. Henry Stan-
ley's farming effects, at Fornhain Lodge Farm, Bury St.
Edmunds, Mr. Hunter Rodwell, the new member for
Cambridgeshire, is reported to have said, " he believed
the time was very far distant when the ' cow theory'
would come into operatiou — the theory, that a mau with
live acres of land should maintain himself, his family, and
a cow. If Lord Bristol, the Duke of Grafton, and Mr.
Benyon, for instance, were to give up five acres each to
all who wished it, he thought it would not be very long
before some large capitalist bought up all the cows aud
calves." With this opinion of Mr. Rodwell I should pro-
bably have been inclined to agree, had it not been proved
to me last year, while on a visit at Sir Baldwin Leigh-
ton's, that exactly the contrary is the case, where the
" cow theory" has been in actual practice for many years.
On Sir Baldwin Leighton's estate in Shropshire pauper-
ism is almost exterminated by means of the cow, it being
the rule rather than the exception for a labourer to have
sums varying from £20 to £80 put by iu the savings
bank, out of ihe proceeds of the sale of butter. I have
seen the books with the sums entered to their credit.
Most cottages hav e two or three small fields attached to
the holding, mostly laid down iu grass. The cow, how-
ever, is only a second string to the labourer's bow, and
does not in auy way interfere with his giving efficient
service to the farmer as the cow can be looked after by
the wife, who makes the butter and sends it to market
by the can-ier.

I am only too well aware that there are many districts,
where, from the lightness of the soil aud a small rainfall,
it is almost hopeless to lay down land in grass, and where
the " cow theory" will not work, hut I am anxious to
point out what a great boon the cow is to the labourer
where grass will grow, as it will iu a large portion even
of East Anglia, though not on the light lands of Norfolk
and Cambridgeshire. Yours faithfully,

W. H. Hall.
Six Mile Bottom, Neivmarket, Oct. \4sth.

ANOTHER AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.— At a com-
mittee meeting of the North-east Agricultural Association of
Ireland, a communication was read from the secretary
of the Society of Arts, London, asking the co-operation
of the North-east Agricultural Association in the founding
of an Agricultural College, in which it is proposed to hold
periodical " examinations in the technology of agriculture, and
rural economy, with the view of promoting a more extended
and intelligent study of agriculture and of the sciences bearing
upon it."

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

399

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES (ANIMALS) ACT.

A mcetiiij? of 1I18 comralttces appointed by the local authori-
ties of the couuties of Aberdeen, Banff, and Moray, to bring
the state of the existing law as to contagious diseases among
animals under the notice of tlie Duke of Richmond, President
of the Privy Council, who controls the Veterinary Department,
was lield at Keith. There were present — on belialf of Aberdeen-
shire— Sherilf Comrie Thomson, Colonel Inues of Learney,
Mr. Barclay, M.P., and Mr. Scott, Glendronach ; on behalf of
Banffshire — Sir George Macpherson Grant, ]5art., and Mr.
Garland, Cowhythe ; on behalf of Moray— Dr. Maclean,
Elgin; Provost Cameron, Elgin; Mr. Geddes, Orblistou ; Mr.
Williamson, Sliempstou ; and Mr. Yule, Coulard Bank ; Sir
George Macpherson Grant iu the chair.

Sheriff Thomson having explained the circumstances unde''
whicli the committees had been appointed by the tliree coun-
ties, stated that the Aberdeen Committee held a meeting on
Friday for the purpose of coming to an understanding as to
the matters to be laid before the Duke of Richmond. The
first defect in the existing law related to the period during
which a place infected with pleuro-pneumonia was subject to
the restrictions of the Act after the last fresh case. The Aber-
deenshire Committee were unanimous in thinking the period
of thirty days too short. The second was that the provisions
of the Act for enforcing the slaughter of cattle alfected with
pleuro-pneumonia should be put in operation in Ireland as well
as in England and Scotland, as the experience of this district
showed that the importation of Irish cattle was a fruitful
source of tbe disease. On this matter, too, the Aberdeen Com-
mittee was unanimous. And the tliird point related to tlie
remissness of certain local authorities, and the want of uni-
formity in enforcing the law throughout the kingdom. In the
counties here represented the provisions of the Act were, he
believed, properly enforced ; but there was too much reason
to believe that in certain counties comparatively slight efforts
were made to exterminate disease.

The CiiAiRJiAX suggested that these points might be dis-
cussed one by one.

Mr. Barclay, M.P., said there was a general concurrence of
opinion that the period of thirty days provided by tbe Act was
too short, but differences existed as to how tar it sliould be ex-
tended. Some thought sixty days sulhcient, others thought it
should be three months, and others even four months. The
Select Committee in tlie House of Commons in tlieir report had
recommended sixty days. He had suggested three months ;
but on further consideration, he thought sixty ddys as long as
C'juld be effectively enforced. If the period were made three
or four months, licenses for removals would be extensively re-
quired, and in granting licenses he feared laxity would
prevail. Sixty days would be a great improvement, and as
long a period as could be enforced with efficiency.

After fully discussing the question in its different bearings,
the meeting were unanimously of opiniau that although the
disease might re-appear after a longer interval tlian two
months, that period was as long as could be effectively en-
forced.

The second point — namely, that the provisions as to
slaughtering animals affected with pleuro-pneumonia should
be extended to Ireland — was then taken up.

Mr. Barclay stated that he was of ©pinion (and he knew
that his opinion was generally shared by those taking a lead-
ing interest in the subject in England and some couuties in
Scotland), that they could not hope to be successful in exter-
minating this disease unless the same policy of slaughtering
out was pursued iu Ireland as on this side of the Channel.
The efforts to eradicate the disease liad been so far successful,
but it was from time to time again imported into the country,
and in the case of the north-eastern counties, investigation
showed that a large proportion of the new outbreaks were due,
directly or indirectly, to Irish cattle, lie believed the slaughter-
ing of diseased cattle would be more beneficial to Ireland than
to England and Scotland, for he was sure he would be borne
out in stating that the doubtful character of Irish store cattle
as regards disease, depreciated their price in this country 10
to 15 per cent. It was clearly unjust that this country should
h e put to the heavy expense of attempting to slaughter out

the disease, so long as it was renewed by the import of Irish
cattle. He believed these views were so strongly held in
England that if the compulsory slaughtering was not extended
to Ireland, strong representations would be made to the Privy
Council by English local authorities to have the Order in
Council for compulsory slaughter in England and Scotland re-
scinded.

Sheriff THOJIso^" suggested that the Duke of Richmond
should be informed that the three countries vvere clearly of
opinion that.these provisions should be continued, and extended
to Ireland.

The Chairman said that so long as they were bound to
slaughter affected animals in Scotland and England, he saw no
reason why Ireland should be exempt. The local authority of
this country certainly approved of that provision.

Provost Cameron said that they were aUo approved of in
Morayshire. It was then unanimously agreed to urge on his
Grace the necessity of rendering the slaughter of affected
animals compulsory in Ireland.

Necessity for Uniformity in Enforcing the Law. —
The third point was then discussed, and the meeting was una-
nimous in thinking that there was great laxity in carrying
out the provisions of the Act in certain parts of the kingdom,
and that the Duke should be requested to give the matter his
serious consideration, with tlie view of having the law more
stringently and uniformly enforced.

Colonel Innes thought it might be weU to suggest to his
Grace some way by which it could be enforced more strictly
and uniformly, whether by the appointment of Government
inspectors or otherwise.

Sheriff Thomson concurred in thinking it might be desir-
able that Government inspectors should be appointed, but
thought the details of the matter might be left to the Duke.

Mr. Garland complained of the number of Orders in Coun-
cil iu force, and of the difficulty experienced by local authori-
ties in understanding the law they had to carry into effect.

The meeting concurred in the view that a simplification and
consolidation of the various Orders in Council were extremely
desirable ; and if a settled policy iu dealing with disease was
adopted and adhered to by the Government, local authorities
and the public generally would become familiar v«ith the law,
and have mucli less difficulty in carrying out the various regu-
lations.

Mr. Barclay then called attention to the fact that in most
counties there were several local authorities, and in consequence
a want of uniformity of action , He thought it very desirable
that the burghs should be alraalgamated with the counties iu
which they are situated, with proper representation of the
burghs at the county board. He had brought this under the
notice of the Select Committee of the House of Commons, and
they had reported that amalgamation was desirable in Scot-
land, that the general expenses should be levied over the whole
district, and the cost attending the slaughter of cattle only
over the burgh or landward part of the county wherein the
slaughter takes place.

The meeting unanimously agreed that this alteration of the
Act should also be recommended to the Duke of Richmond.

Sheriff Thomson tiien moved that a deputation should be
appointed to wait on the Duke of Richmond, and bring these
matters under his consideration. This was agreed to, and
three gentlemen were chosen from each of the tliree counties.
Eor Aberdeenshire, Sheriff Thomson, Colonel Innes, of Lear-
ney, and Mr. Barclay, M.P. ; for Banffshire, Sir George Mac-
pherson Grant. Mr, Taylor, of Glenbarry, and Sheriff Gordon ;
and for Morayshire, Provost Cameron, Dr. Maclean, and Mr,
Geddes, Orbliston.

THE YORKSHIRE WOLDS. — Major Cochrane, of
Langtou Grange, Darlington, has just hired for a long term
Lord Walsingham's house on Aldwark Manor, near Easing-
wold, as well as one of the principal farms on the estate. —
York Herald. [It would seem from this that Lord Walsing-
ham has settled down to Norfolk as his home county.]

400

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

THE PLEURO-PNEUMONIA ORDERS.

At the 'nreting of tlie committee in Norwich, a
discussion to^K place on a motion, of which notice had
heea given by Mr. Jex Blake, as follows, namely, "That
tlie Court of Quarter Sessions be requested to present a
memorial to the Privy Council, praying that the order of the
3nd August, lS7o, as to the slaughter of cattle affected with
pjeuro-pneumonia, be extended to the whole of the IJnited
Kingdom ; or that such order be rescinded "

Mr. Jex Blake duly moved liis resolution, which was
seconded by Mr. R. Gillett.

The Earl of Kijiberley said the line he took on the sub-
ject in the few remarks he had made this year in Parliament
was very much the same as tliat indicated in the resolution.
It was clear that if the experiment of slaughtering cattle
affected with pleuro-pneumonia were tried it must be tried
lairly. It was ridiculous to pretend we were trying the ex-
periment when we were sltughtering only in one part of the
kingdom and not in unotlier. The thing was so absurd, as he
siid in Parliament, and no one could venture to say a word
n reply. He consulted the late Lord-Lieutenant of Ire-
and. Earl Spencer, who liad much experience in
Irisn atl'airs, on the subject, and he said tliat lie
tliought the Order ought to ',be extended to Ireland.
Althougli pleuro-pneumonia might not be bad now in Ire-
land, yet it had been bad there. When he lived at Phojaix
Park it was impossible for him to keep a cow alive, so bad was
pleuro-pneumonia. Having Government money to spend he
took the greatest possible pains ; but as fast as he got them iu
they died. Phcenix Park was a hotbed of disease. It was a
place where agist stock were taken in, and as it was not far
from the markets, it might be imagined how the disease spread
all over the country.

Mr. C. S. Read, M.P., said there was now a very rigid ex-
amination at the ports of embarkation in Ireland, and
that the Privy Council were doing all they could by
nspection to prevent the spread of the disease. That was
what Privy Councils in England and Ireland had relied upon.
But it was utterly impossible to detect a disease which was for
so long a period incubating.

The Earl of Kimberley : Absolutely impossible.

Mr. Read said that there was said to be very little pleuro-
pneumonia now in Ireland, but that did not prove to his mind
it did not exist. The Government would find that the moment
they gave compensation to owners of stock in Ireland affected
with pleuro-pneumonia it would be found there would be many
cases where there now was one. Speaking of the extent of the

disease in Norfolk they were constantly being laughed at in
the Privy Council because it was considered to be the most
diseased county in England. Of course it was, because it
was where there was sent the residuum of everybody's stock. If
an ordinary Dullock could not be sold in Ireland, Scotland, or
Wales, as a matter of course it came to Norfolk, where it
found a market. And then they were told, after they killed
an extraordinary quantity of stock — no less than a thousand
a year — and paid upwards of £5,000 out of the county rate as
compensation and inspectors' salaries, that they were not doing
their duty. But he contended that Norfolk was doing its
duty to the best of its power, regardless of the cost and
trouble inflicted upon the owners of stock. When they
applied to the official of the Privy Council for advice they were
recommended to separate the healthy from the diseased cattle,
and were told to take the temperature of the animals every
morning to ascertain whether they were likely to become subject
to the disease. He should like an inspector from the Privy
Council office to be stationed on the Yarmouth marshes to
have the fun of introducing a thermometer into the rectum
of a bullock on those marshes, and he feared he would be
sick of the performance at the end of the week (laughter), and
when he returned to London he certainly would not recom-
mend any such tomfoolery to them in Norfolk in future.
The theory propounded by the veterinary surgeons of the day
was that pleuro-pneumonia could only be communicated by
the breath of a diseased animal. Therefore a lot of cattle might
be huddled together and if there was not a diseased or
partially diseased bullock amongst them they would not have
pleuro-pneumonia.

The Earl of Kijiberley supposed the breath of diseased
animals was blown a long distance, for an animal belonging
to him that was never in communication with any diseased
animal had pleuro-pneumonia ; and what was more remark-
able, none of the other animals took the disease. No doubt
there were some indigenous cases of disease. The sudden change
of climate had perhaps something to do with the disease of
Irish cattle. There was a vast difference between the climate
of Ireland and that of Norfolk, especially at the time of year
when cattle were brought over. Many animals predisposed
to disease then ran considerable risk. This was a stong argu-
ment for bringing over only thoroughly sound cattle. Cattle
coming from Galway and Balinasloe markets experienced a
great change of climate, which had no doubt much to do with
the disease.

The resolution was unanimously agreed to.

THE CONTAGIOUS NATURE OF PLEURO-PNEUMONIA.

Recent investigations have thrown much light on the con-
tagiousness of pleuro-pneumonia, and the means by which
the disease extends the area of its existence. Like some other
diseases affecting cattle which are known to be infectious,
pleuro-pneumonia has been supposed to be easily communi-
cated by disease to healthy animals, through various means
othertaan tha( of actual cohabitation. It will be admitted that
a correct solut.'on of a question of this kind is of considerable
importance to the best interests of the country, and that it
must greatly assist local authorities in deciding what is best
to be done to stay the progress of the disease. It has long
b een known that we have been dissentients to the views enter-
tained by many veterinary surgeons, that pleuro-pneumonia —
ike cattle plague, for example — can be freely communicated
by fames. The failure of the so-called pleuro-pneumonia
inoculations, so extensively practiced for upwards of twenty
years, in Europe and elsewhere, to produce the disease in the
animals operated upon, shook our belief originally in the
facile contagiousness of the disease. As far back as 1853 we
dwelt on this in our report to the Royal Agricultural Society
on tne inoculation of cattle, and the experience since gained
has only tended to confirm the opinion then enunciated. The
revival of the question consequent on the adoption of legisla-
tive measures for stamping out pleuro-pneumonia led us, in

1870, to have recourse to some further experiments with a
view to its solution. The details of these were communicated
at the time to the Royal Agricultural Society, and pubhshed in
their Journal: " The first experiment consisted in exposing a
steer to the inhalation of the vapour of some diseased lungs.
for this purpose a dairyman's cow, suffering from pleuro-
pneumonia in its advanced stage, was killed, and the lungs
immediately removed from the chest and placed with the
experimental animal in a closed loose-box, care being taken
so to secure the head of the steer that at each inspiration the
vapour should enter the respiratory organs. The steer was
kept in this position until the lungs had become cold ; but
even then they were not removed from the box, it being deter-
mined to leave them with the animal until visible decomposi-
tion had begun. The animal was carefully watched day by
day until the expiration of the tenth week, but not the least
deviation from health was observed during any part of the
time. Subsequently it was determined to repeat the experi-
ment in a modified form, and for this purpose a sponge was
placed in the nostril of a diseased cow, and allowed to remain
until it had become thoroughly saturated with the breath and
also with the mucus discharged from the nostril. It was then
transferred to the nostril of an experimental animal, and
retained there for upwards of half an hour. As in the former

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

401

case, the animal was closely watched I'or several weeks ; but
again no ill effects followed. Besides these two experiments, some
mucus obtained from the respiratory organs of diseased cattle
was rubbed, on several occasions, upon the mucus membrane of
the nostrils of other experimental animals, with a view to effect
its absorption. These experiments had also a negative result."
Some additional experiments have since been instituted. It
was tirst determined to ascertain whether any portion of the
serous exudation from a diseased lunfc could safely be injected
into the lungs of an animal. For this purpose two sheep were
selected, and a drachm of exudation tluid injected into the
left lung of each by puncturing the upper part of the chest
with a small tubular stylet fitted to a syringe. The animals
presently began to feed with quite a natural appetite, and did
not apparently suffer any pain. They were kept under close
observation, and their temperature registered day by day, but
no indications of disturbed health were detected. Weeks
passed away, and during the whole time they remained
perfectly healthy. On April 10th of the present year two
drachms of serous exudation from the lung of a cow, the sub-
ject of pleuro-pneumouia, were injected into the left lung of an
eight mouths old heifer-calf. At the same time a like quan-
tity was injected into the left jugular veiu of another calf of
the same age ; and to a third calf, seventeen days old, half an
ounce of the same fluid uii.red with two ounces of milk icds j iven
as a draught. As no ill effect had been recognised in either
animal by April 12th, an ounce of the same serous exudation

was given to the yonnr; calf, mixed with milk as before. A
microscopic examination of the fluid showed the presence of
Bacteridies in large numbers. On the 15lh the young calf
gave evidence of blood- poisonhnj, and on the evening of the
16th it died. No lesions, other than those common to blood-
poisoning, were met with on a /)o,9//)iorfc/« examination, in
any organ of the body. The heifer-calves, like the sheep,
entirely escaped any pulmonic attacks ; indeed, with the ex-
ception of a small slough being detaclied from the site of the
pucture into the jugular vein, they have continued well down
to this time — a period of upwards of five months. In the
month of June last two other experiments of a similar kind
were had recourse to, the subjects being a young steer and
heifer, both about teu months old. Six drachms of exudation
fluid from a diseased lung were injected into the lung of one
animal, and the same quantity into the windpipe of the other.
Both these animals gave indications of local disease in little
more than a fortnight afterwards, and in another fortnight
one died and the other was killed. In both cases, however,
the lungs toere found perfectly free from these lesions which
specially belong to pleuro-ptieumonia. It is thus conclusively
proved that pleuro- pneumonia does not extend the area of its
existence by any of the ordinary means which cause the spread
of infectious diseases. Full details of these experiments will
appear in next number of the Journal of the Royal Agricultu-
ral Society. — The Veterinarian.

SHROPSHIRE CHAMBER OF AGRICULTURE.

At the annual general meeting, Mr. Jasper More in the
chair, the following report of the committee for the year ending
September 29th, IST-i, was read :

The committee, in making their eighth annual report,
have to announce tiiat during the past year the
Society has lost through deaths, withdrawals,
and removals, 57 subscribers, but has added to its strength by
the enrolment of 45 new members. The number of subscrib-
ing members now on the books is 649. Two discussions have
taken place in Shropshire during the last year. The first, an
adjourned discussion on the poor relief, showed the feeling in
favour of rigidly enforcing the workhouse test to be different
at Welhngton to what it was, as shown by a previous discus-
sion at Ludlow. The committee wish to draw attention to the
want of unanimity amongst different boards of guardians as to
the principles of affording poor relief, and suggest that the
various boards in this county should use their influence to
bring about by conference or otherwise a greater uniformity
of action in the administration of poor relief in the different
unions. The object of the second discussion of the Chamber
at Bridgnorth is shown by the following resolution proposed
by Mr. B. Dudfield, seconded by Mr. E. Rainforth : "That
this Chamber considers that the over-preservation of game and
the absence of Tenant-Right are among the principal detri-
ments to the improvement of agricultural land, and is of
opinion that such a bill as that introduced into the House o
Commons by Messrs. Howard and Read last session, and one
to protect the occupying tenant from injury from over-preser-
vation of game, are necessary for the improvemeut of such
land." The committee are glad to find some concession made
to ratepayers, though not so large as expected, in the manner
of increased subvention to the expenses of police and lunatics.
They regret to hear, however, as a matter of general rumour,
that the Government are advised to stop the usual payment
awarded to Shropshire on behalf of the expenses of the police,
as well as the additional one, on account of the alleged inef-
ficiency of the police force of the county. The President and
Mr. Bowen Jones attended the Malt-tax deputation to the
Chancellor of the Exchequer, but while the surplus at the
disposal of the Government was unparalleled in amount no
concession was made or any expectation held out to the agri-
culturists of their claims being considered in future. Only 18
members were found to vote for the repeal of the Malt-tax,
when the subject being declined by Colonel Barttelot was taken
up by Mr. Fielden. The committee are glad to find the name
of Mr. Gore amongst this number, but regret that he was the
only Shropshire member who supported Mr. Fielden on the
occasion. The committee regret that the expectation embodied

in their report of last year, that the bill of Messrs. Howard
and Read giving compensation for unexhausted improvements
would be re-introduced in the last session, has not been fulfilled ;
whilst they consider it possible that a permissive bill may be
introduced on the subject they regret to see no sign of the
measure previously supported by this Chamber being brought
forward.

Mr. Stanley Leighton said there was one remark he
should like to make. There was a paragraph in the report
which stated that the allowances from the Government tor
the police rate had been refused to this county. He wished
to state that that was incorrect.

The Chairman : 1 think you are mistaken.

Mr. S. Leighton : Then read it again, if you please.

The Secretary read the paragraph alluded to.

Mr. S. Leighton said he thought it best not to mention it
in the report, as the matter was still under consideration. If
the grant was refused he thought it quite proper for the rate-
payers to know of it, and consider the matter ; but since it had
not been refused he thought it unwise to mention it in a re-
port of that sort.

The Chairman : Do you move the omission of the para-
graph ?

Mr. Leighton : No, 1 merely notice it. It struck me it
was unwise to introduce it since it is based upon incorrect
information.

The Rev. E. Wartek : As one of the members of the
Police Committee I beg to state that it is incorrect inasmuch
as the report of Col. Cobbe is that he has no complaint to
make of the police, excepting as to their inefficiency in point
of numbers, which is a very different thing from the " in-
efficiency of the police force in the county," as will be under-
stood from the report. It was on that ground only that Col.
Cobbe stated that he could not see how he could make such a
report as will get the grant for the county.

Mr. J. Bather said he disagreed with all the report, and he
wished to call the attention of the Chamber to what he con-
sidered to be a violation of the charter of the Chamber by
such a report as that read having been issued, and by that
Chamber being asked to sanction it. He did Hot think it was
any part of the business of the committee to express all these
" regrets" upon political subjects, over which members might
hold different opinions. He did not believe the committee
did " regret" when they said they did, his opinion being that
what was alluded to were things thrown out for political pur-
poses. Having read the rule under which the committee
acted, Mr. Bather pointed out that its memho— "...o uuuaeu
from north and south, independent of their political views.

402

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

The committee met, he urged, to transact the business of the
society, and, if in a private asseml)ly, they expressed politiciil
opinions, and embodied thera in their report, it was iu strict
violation of the rules of the Chamber. When they met for
public discussion, lie always advocated for others, as he claimed
for himself, the greatest liberty of speech ; but if the committee
are to be permitted to sit privately, to discuss and to vote upou
political matters, and if the opinion of those in the minority
are to be compromised by those in the majority, he believed it
would prove fatal to the Chamber. Let thera look at the
report. He was a member of the committee, and he was made
to regret that only one of their members voted for the repeal
of the Malt-tax. But he did not regret it ! He was glad that
£8,000,000 had not been thrown away, that their barley was still
protected, and that they were getting a good price for it. He
did not regret that there was a rumour that the police allow-
ance was not to be paid by Government to the county. If the
gentlemen who undertook to manage the affairs of the county
were to be bribed to do what they thought was not right, or
necessary, by the gift of public money, there would be an end
of all public dealing, and he was glad that this county had set
the example of holding up their hands against such a state of
things and that they refused a small trumpery sum which they
did not care about. He should not move that the report be
sent back to the committee (for that would be a round-about
way), but that, as was sometimes said when a person signed a
paper which he had not time to read — that it be received
"errors excepted." He saw no harm ^iii the report being
received in that way, but he was strongly opposed to having
his convictions compromised by its being adopted in the usual
manner.

Mr. BowEN .Jo^■ES said it seemed to him important that the
clause should appear. It had already been the means of elicit-
ing more information upon the subject than the committee
was aware of. Notwithstanding that, they had applied to the
Clerk of the Peace for information. It seemed to him, after
working for five or six years in the cause of local taxation,
and liaviug got a small modicum of relief from the present
Government, in the shape of a greater allowance to the county
police, it seemed very hard they should now sacrifice £4,000or
£5,000 in a siujfle couuty. He was very glad tlie paragraph
had appeared iu the report, and he thought it was perfectly
harmless, for it did not say that the allowance would not be paid,
but thst there was a rumour about it. If the money was not
paid, the members of that chamber, being large rate-payers,
would like tokuow why. He thought that it pointed plainly
to the fact that couuty finance boards ought to be established ;
aud he hoped a measure with that object would be brought for-
ward next year.

Mr. Bathek asked the chairman whether, iu his opinion, it
formed any part of the duties of the committee to make such
report.

I'he Chairman' read from the rules what were the objects of
the Chamber, and said he thought it was entirely within tlic pro-
vince of the committee to make remarks upou political mea-
sures. He wished to say, in confirmation of his opiuion, that
in the report of last year those matters were discussed iu the
freest possible manner, aud Mr. Bather was on the committee
at the time.

The Rev, E. Wakter : I shall second Mr. Bather, simply
on the giound of the one paragraph which Mr. Bowen Jones
thinks is desirable, and which I look upon as a mis-state-
ment.

Mr. Bather called attention to rule number four, and
asked the chairman if he held that the business of the
committee was not limited to transacting business in the
stricter sense of the word, but also to express opinions upon
political matters.

The CiiAiRMAA said he should be very sorry to set his
opinion against that of former chairmen, and, as others had
allowed it, he was not going to rule differently.

Mr. Bather said till the question was raised it could not be
decided. If the committee was consideredjustified iu expressing
an opiuion upon all political subjects that came before them,and
if the opinions of the minority were to be compromised iu that
way, all he could say was that never again would he sit upon a
committee unless it was elected in a ditferent way.

Mr. Jones : I should be sorry to support the paragraph.
Mr. Warter and Mr. Leighton object to if it can be shown to be
a mis-statement.

The Rev. E. Warter : It is not Colonel Cobb who grants, or
who does not grant the money. He makes a report, and upon
that report the Government will act, unless they see cause to
alter thei/ opiuion, as 1 believe they will do in this case.
Colonci Cobbe complains of inefliciency in point of numbers,
which is a very different thiug from what will be understood
by the report.

Mr. Jones said he did not see that Mr. Warter had proved
his assertion, for he admitted that there was inefficiency of
some sort.

Mr. Stanley Leighton thought it was unwise (or them to
set about discussing rumours. He thought as large ratepayers
they had a right to discuss all questions connected with the
rates. But the question was, how far they were wise in get-
ting hold of a rumour aud acting upon it. He was speaking
under correction, but he believed that Colonel Cobbe had no
business to " advise" the Government ; and yet in the report
it was stated that the Government were advised. He should
like to know who advised the Government. He could see
what was the feeling of the Chamber with regard to the mat-
ter. It was this : " You are trying to prevent us discussing
matters counected with the rates." He fully agreed that the
members of that Chamber ought to discuss matters connected
with the rates ; the only question was whether they ought to
discuss them before they iiad got something tangible before
them. There were plenty of subjects for them to disc\iss, and
plenty of things for thera to lay hold of; and was it wise,
before the time, to lay hold of a matter of that sort, and put it
into tlie report ? There was not a question connected either
with agriculture or with the rates that he should not like to
see discussed by them ; but was the committee sure it was cor-
rect that the Government was " advised" to withdraw the
grant ? Certain private letters had, he knew, passed upon the
subject, and who had given information in regard to them ?
Whoever had done so had been guilty of a sort of breach of
confidence. Mr. Jones complained that the Clerk of the Peace
had not laid the whole subject before them —

Mr. JoNE.s : We did not know whether the correspondence
was private or public, aud, as a body of ratepayers, we applied
to the Clerk of the Peace for information, ana the answer we
had was that he could not give it to us.

Mr. Stanley Leighton said, of course, the Clerk of the
Peace could not ; and he again urged that it would not be wise
to insert the paragraph in the report.

The Rev. E. Warter said if Mr. Jones would consent to
insert the words " in point of numbers" after " inefficient," he
should be satisfied. As it was, he looked upon the paragraph
as a mis-statement. Whether magistrates or not magistrates,
they were all anxious that they should have an efficient police
force, and they were also anxious, if they could, to get the
allowance from Government. Crime had of late diminished
greatly in the county, and he should not like it to go forth
that the poHce were inefficient in any respect but the one he
had mentioned.

Mr. Jones said he had no objection to add the words Mr.
Warter had suggested.

Mr. Bather again urged that the report should he adopted,
" errors excepted."
;_ Mr. Minor said he saw nothing political about the report.

Mr. Bather : Do you not contider the repeal of the Malt-
tax a political question ?

Several Members : No, certainly not.

Mr. T. HoRTON : I think if this Chamber is not to discuss
political questions, the sooner it is dissolved the better.

Mr. Harding asked what they were to discuss if they were
not to discuss such subjects as those in the report ? He be-
lieved the duties of the committee to be to transact all the
ordinary business of the Society, to draw up and present the
report, and to call the attention of the Chamber to any agri-
cultural questions which had arisen, or were likely to arise.
He understood that the committee had to bring all such
matters before the Chamber, otherwise how were things to be
brought forward? As to the Malt-tas, he believed the
Chamber had already come to a resolution in favour of its
repeal or reduction. He regretted, and he thought they all
regretted, that neither had been done — and yet it was urged
that they had no right to mention it iu their report.

Mr. Bather said he proposed at the committee meeting
that the subject be brought before the Chamber, but the word
" regret" should not be put in. He simply wanted the atten-
tion of the Chamber to be called to it. The committee should

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

403

couflne itself to reportiug facts. jN'o man wlio sat ou the
committee could say that he had ever wished to suppress facts :
what he wished to suppress in the report were opinions.

Mr. Harding said the Chamber would be asked '.o say
whether or not it did regret that Mr. Gore was the only mem-
ber who supported Mr. I'ielding and the only one who had
severed himself from his party for tlie good of his constituents.
If those questions were not to be raised and if their members
of the Chamber were not allowed to tell their representatives
whether they were serving them rightly or wrongly, then the
sooner the better they abolished the Chamber. As regarded tiie
inefficiency of the police, if they were inefficient and so the
county lost the Government grant he did not see that it
mattered much what the cause of inefficiency was. If it simply
arose from inefficiency of strength it was a lesser evil, but still
it was inefficiency. He thought, however, that the addition of
the words Mr. Warter suggested would meet the objection
which had been raised.

Mr. J. R. 0. Gore, M.P., said he should not have risen liad
not his name been so prominently brought forward ; but he
wished to explain the grounds upon whicli he had acted
differently to the rest of the members of the county. When
he was returned, one of the very few pledges he gave was that
he would do all he could for the reduction or the repeal of the
Malt-tax. He did not think the question was brought forward
at the right time, and he urged Mr. Pielding not to press it un-
less he saw some better chance of success ; but having given
his word he supported Mr. Fielding. He should give the same
vote again if the subject was brought forward, as he hoped it
would be, and when it was, he hoped it would be more
favourably received. Mr. Gore concluded by moving the
adoption of the report with the addition of the words suggested
by Mr, Warter.

Mr. C. C. Cotes, M.P., seconded the proposition, and it
was carried by a lar^e majority.

Mr. ]MoRE, the chairman, recollected once saying i:i i.iat
room that if they met in three years' time they would not, he
believed, have got compensation for unexhausted improvements,
and he still believed it was a very difficult thing to carry. He
did not think there was any member in the present House of
Commons that was likely to bring forward Sir Massey Lopes'
bill. A gentlemen wlio was once president of that Chamber,
Mr. Tomline, had remarked that Chambers of Agriculture
might do harm insteadof good, because members attached too
much importance to them, and paid too little attention to what
was done in Parliament. He thought Chambers of Agriculture
should take every opportunity of expresing their opinions
upon political questions, meaning of course, agricultural political
question, and not party political questions. He thought it was
satisfactory to find that tliey had made some impressions upon
the Government in regard to financial matters, and he was
sorry to hear Mr. Bather talk of the sums given by the Govern-
ment as trumpery.

Mr. Bather said he meant trumpery when he compared it
with the loss of honour.

Mr. More said he did not suppose that anyone expected
that honour should be sacrificed for a bribe.

The CuARMAN said a communication had been received from
the Central Chamber stating that the question of the main-
tenance of highways was shortly to be discussed.

Colonel Corbett, M.P., proposed that it also form the
subject of the next discussion of the Shropshire Chamber.

Mr. Mansell : I should like to discuss how we are to keep
our stock during the next winter. I think that would be a
very proper subject.

KELSO FARMERS' CLUB.

AUTUMN MANURING.

At the usual monthly meeting, Mr. Wm. Purves, Linton
Burnfoot, in the chair, the subject set down for discussion was
" Should dung be applied to stubble or lea in autumn ?"

Mr. George Sholto Douglas, Riddleton Hill, said :
I have selected as the subject of our evening's discussion the
disposal of farmyard manure in autumn. I think this is a
question which we ought to study carel'ully, inasmuch as the
cost of producing this manure is always on the increase — that
is to say, cattle, straw, turnips, cake, and attendance cost more
than they used to do, as it were, yesterday, and there is every
probability that their price will not be diminished, but rather
enhanced, by to-morrow. What is more proper, therefore,
than that we should think of how we can obtain full value
for this important product of the farm ? I have not got the
results of any experience to offer to you, as experiments, espe-
cially in agriculture, are tedious, costly, and often misleading.
As regards the case in point, it would require experiments
extending over many years, and carried on simultaneously
at not a few different places, and under different conditions of
soil and climate to convince me of the superiority of one sys-
tem over another, and we must therefore look at the matter
in the light of common sense if any such be afforded us.
The manure I refer to is that made during the spring, at the
conclusion of the feeding season, and which, byjstress of time,
or from being in too crude a state, cannot be applied to the
turnip crop before sowing. This, being made when cattle are
improving, or well advanced in condition, and during a season
of the year best adapted for the purpose by reason of its dry-
ness, ought to be the best that is produced on the farm. I say
ought to he ; and, indeed, wlien it is made in boxes or covered
sheds it is the best. But, gentlemen, with the system of open
courtyards that unfortunately prevails in this district, what is
the state in which we find the dung after harvest, alter it has
got all the summer rain ? As I was preparing of the paper
which I now read to you, my people were cleaning out the
cattle courts, and it was really lamentable to see such stuff.
It was nothing but cold, wet, black, half-rotten straws, with,
1 fear, every particle of fertilising vigour wasted out of it.
What a contrast is presented to that which the boxes yielded,
the latter beiug hot, dry, and smoking like a furnace. This,

unfortunately forms only a small portion of what we have at
our command. The question is therefore what to do with
this stuff which we are pleased to call dung. When the
summer work of the farm will not admit of anything being
done towards preserving the contents|of the yard iu a good con-
dition, and we have to remove them after harvest, the only
thing is to take them to the land and cover them out of sight as
soon as possible. It is the general practice to apply the manure
to the stubble break that is intended for root crops in the
following year, and, being spread, it is ploughed in and allowed
to lie till the land is stirred preparatory to sowing. This is
the quickest way of getting quit of it, but I am not sure it is
put to the best use by such a method. We all know that it is
a great point to get the stubble ploughed as dry as possible,
aud that being done, we reasonably expect to liud it turn up
in fine condition next spring. And, in order to insure this
consummation, we plough into it a lot of wet straw. In ex-
ceptionally fine weather the manure may dry after being
spread, but the humidity which generally prevails after October
sets in prevents this. Further, it keeps hold of all the rain
which falls ; it cannot dry below the ground, aud the soil can-
not help, as it dries, drawing continual supplies of moisture
from what acts as a sponge. Can it be wondered at that land
which has been autumn dunged often turns up, especially if it
be clayey, worse than that which has not been so treated .P I
have repeatedly seen it so, and the consequences are an in-
creased application of artificial manure of the ammoniacal
class, with their usual concomitants of over luxuriant straws
aud imperfectly grown bulbs. It is stated that manuring
stubble tends to keep the ground open and allow the frost to
obtain readier access to it. I cannot see the force of this
argument, as the frost, if it does get below the surface, con-
geals the moisture it finds there, aud, departing, leaves the
ground as it was before, and the surface being disintegrated
by the falls down and seals up the lower stratum more elfect-
ually than ever. Besides I have heard it stated in this room
by gentlemen of undoubted authority that heavy land (which
autumn manuring is supposed chiefly to benefit) is much better
lelt untouched till the spring, and only lifted from the stubble
before putting in tho turnips. If this be the case then, a

401.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZiKE.

fortiori, it does not profit to keep it open if ploughed, but
rather to leave it as close as possible. If, on the other hand,
dung be applied to lea, none of the ol)jeclions 1 have stated
can be urged against its use. It is not nioistcr thau the her-
bage with which thegouud is covered, and so can do no liarni
by retaining wet. Containing a large proportion of silica, it
is likely to promote the growth of straw in the corn crop.
Tlie undissolved poition which is not taken up by the corn is
much better amalgamated with tlie soil, and therefore more
likely to be serviceable to the turnips. We continually see,
both in autumn and spring dunged laud great masses of
manure sticking above the surface and on the middle of the
drills, yielding nourishment to nothing but weeds, and attract-
ing flies and every species of abomination. All this would be
avoided by raanuriug the lea. This method has another point
in its favour. Most of us grow a few weeds among our corn,
and a great many among our hay. The seeds of these get
among the dung, and fermeutalion, often slight, does not kill
them. Most of them will not germinate unless at a very
small depth ; and there is a greater chance of their being brought
to the surface the second year after they are deposited, and
this is more likely to be accomplished by the stirrings which
the land so frequently receives in the manipulations to which
the turnip crop is subjected. These remarks may also apply
to the seed of any of them that may flourish among the corn.
I am unable to state whether the different times of applying
dung may have any iuflueuce on the development of these
insects which liarm us so much, but if any one could supply
us with information on the point it might be turned to good
account. When a crop of hay has been taken an application
of dung is sureto prove very beneficial to land, us, besides the
exhaustion which this crop is apt to induce, the stimulating
manures which are often employed leave no fertilising effects,
but rather the contrary. Nature abhors a vacuum, and fills up
vacant space at her own discretion, and the best way to keep
down such is to promote vigorous growth of useful plants. I
might follow up the foregoing remarks by discussing the ad-
visability of laying up all our dung, and applying it to the lea,
but that would involve the consideration of subjects loreign to
the matter in hand, and I would conclude by saying that it
would be very profitable were the contents of the yards carted
off dnring the summer as early as possible, and lay into a heap
near the place where they are intended to be applied. In that
case the manure could be laid on to the field and spread in
frosty weather when there is nothing else doing.

Mr. TJsiiER, Stodrig. — I must say that generally I approve
very much of Mr. Douglas's suggestion, and I think he has
taken a very scientific view of the subject. With regard to the
laying oa of dung in the spring of the year, although I highly
approve of that system, still it must be borne in mind that the
labour question enters greatly into this question. If we were
to leave all our dung to be put on in the spring of the year it
would involve a great deal of extra labour, and, I think, if we
look at the great question of convenience, it is a great benefit
to get the dung made in the spring of the year laid on in the
backend of the year when we have not so much to do. I
have no doubt that dung laid on to the drill generally speaking
goes further. There is a great deal of waste in 1 aying on
dung in the backend of the year, and 1 also think it lias tlie
effect of wearing the land a good deal by carting it on in the
backend and ploughing it wet in. But a great many of the
members of the club have steep land, and if they did not lay
it on in the backend they could not get it on at all. In ad-
dition to the extra labour it involves, it has the effect of
levelling the drills and leaving the half of the dung on the
surface. Looking at the subject from a practical point of
view, the best plan is to lay on the dung we have made in the
spring of the year the best way we possibly can, and to plough
it in, and still leaves us with as much work as we can possibly
overtake with the workers we have at our command.

Mr. Howie, Iladdon, stated the system adopted in Yorkshire
and Lancashire, and concurred generally with what Mr.
Douglas had said.

Mr. Robertson, Ladyrig. — If I read this subject aright it
is simply a question to be answered, viz., Should dung be ap-
plied to stubble or lea in autumn ? Now that the question
has been thoroughly put before me, I think it is a subject for
very fair criticism. To answer the question, I should certainly
say has a great deal to do with the solution of the point. If
any of you were to ask me whether I would put the dung I
make on to my lea or my stubble, I would answer that I

divide the thing. I would put a portion on my lea, and I would
dung my stubble. There is one thing to which I would like
to draw attention. I certainly think if we could throw back
our crops a twelvemonth, or use something else for a year, we
would profit greatly in after years. We would benefit both
by the oats and the turnip crop, and, according to the quality,
you could either give artificial dung or not ; but you must
bear in mind that you sacrifice the first year's manure.

Mr. Usher, Stodrig. — I am perfectly willing to take up
what Mr. Robertson has said, and I do think that if we could
manage to get a year in advance with the dung it would be a
great advantage on a lea field. I think from the experience I
have had there is one obstacle — we would be under the neces-
sity of working entirely with extraneous manures, which very
few farmers with plenty of dung would be inclined to do.
iVom the experience I have had of laying dung on lea, it al-
ways had a very good efi"ect on the oat crop. There is no
doubt if you grow a strong crop of oats it has the effect of
keeping down dirt and keeping the land cleaner. If you were
to put extraneous manures on your turnip crop, there is no
doubt that in the year succeeding the dunging you wonld have
a better crop than you would have under other circumstances.
If we were to adopt Mr. Douglas's principle of reducing the
dung to a proper state before laying it on it would have this
benefit : that we would be able to lay it on in frosty weather.
But the labour question has to be considered, as it would in-
volve a great deal of extra expense and extra labour.

Mr. Robertson, Ladyrig. — I think, from what has fallen
from the lips of Mr. Usher, that we must calculate what it
costs to grow the crops. We must calculate that the labour
market has risen 30 per cent. I think we should always keep
in view what anything costs when introducing any change, and
always keep in mind the price we have to pay for labour, as
it is a very material question in the solution of any point as
regards farming.

Mr.PuRVES narrated his experience as regards the manur-
ing of fields, and was of opinion that they should look at things
as they generally stood, and not look a year before them.

A vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Douglas for his paper,
and a similar compliment having been paid to Mr, Purves in
the chair, the meeting separated.

THE HEXHAM FARMERS' CLUB.— The following
subjects stand for discussion duringtheSessionl874' and 1875 ;
Dec. 8th, Disintegration and Reconstruction — Mr. Spiers.
Jan. 19th, the Exhaustion of the Soil of Ureat Britain
— the President, Captain Nicholson. Feb. 16th, Ought
Agricultural Politics be discussed by Farmers' Clubs, Mr. Newby
Fraser. March 16th, Agricultural Measures before the House
of Commons. April 13th, The Sheep of Scotland, and the
Management of them — Mr. William Lyat, Caddonlee.

SALE OF MESSRS. M'COMBIE'S BLACK POLLED
CATTLE.— This sale was held at Afford. Mr. McCombie,
M.P., exhibited a lot of 46 animals in capital con-
dition, and mostly bred by himself. His cows were very
heavy, admirably fleshed, well-bred animals, and with one or
two exceptions early calvers. They brought the good average
of £45 153,, which is the highest on record lor cows of the
breed. This average, however, was surpassed by eight two-
year-old heifers in calf, for they realised nearly £58 each.
Ten yearling heifers averaged £35 a head. Four heifer-calves
exceeded £23 each, and eight bulls sold fairly. The most
handsome cow of the lot was Pride of Alford, the three-year-old
which was first at Kelso as a yearling. Mr. Walker got her at
60 gs. The best of the two-year-old heifers was Ruth Second,
which Mr. Barclay, Yonderton, took at70gs. The best pedigreed
two-year-old was Diana, half-sister to Lord Huntly's cup cow,
which went rapidly up to 76 gs. for Lord Airlie. The best
yearling heifer was Nugget ; sold at 53 gs. The buU-calves
did not sell so well as the female animals. Mr. M'Combie, of
Easter Skene, got a very fair sale for 17 animals drafted from
his herd.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE,

405

THE BAST LOTHIAN FARMERS' CLUB.
DISEASES IN ANIMALS.

At the first meeting for the season in Haddington, Mr.
DouciLAS (Athelstaneford), the Chairman, intimated that the
subject set down for discussion was. What steps should be
adopted to prevent the spread of disease in the transit of
cattle and sheep ?

This, he said, was a very serious subject, and the
present Government were anxious to do something
to prevent the spread of disease in animals, and
were desirous to obtain reliable information. The prevention
of disease in animals was not only a most important matter
to the farmers but to the community in general. There would,
no doubt, be more or less disease in this country so long as
the transit of stock went on. There were many difficulties in
the way of preventing disease in cattle conveyed by rail or in
steamer, but he had no doubt remedial measures could be pro-
vided. Those parties in charge of stock moving about the
country were desirous of attending as many markets as pos-
sible, and in order to do this sometimes they drove their stock
at too great a speed, thereby overheating and exhausting the
animals. Thus exhausted and heated, tlie animals had no
heart to feed, and often lay down, contracting cold and pro-
ducing disease. They could not avoid transferring stock
from one country to anothet. Erom Ireland, for instance, a
great many cattle were brought to this country for feeding
purposes. In fact, the conveyance of cattle across the Irish
Channel had become a considerable trade. The animals were
packed up into steamboats not specially adapted for the pur-
pose, and containing very imperfect accommodation. It might
be worth while considering whether or not special boats should
not be built for the purpose of conveying stock from Ireland,
containing plenty of room, ventilation, and shelter. From
that, no doubt, good results would How. Very probably the
cost of transit might be increased, but the better condition
in which the animals would he disembarked would war-
rant the paym-'nt of liigber charges. In these
steamers the cattle were often huddled together in
a very small space, and the excrements, specially
the fluids, saturated the wood work on the deck so much
that it was no wonder that disease was bred. He would have
all decks and trucks for the conveyance of cattle thoroughly
cleaned, and cloride of lime or any other disinfecting agents
regularly applied. As steamers were kept just now cattle very
often contracted disease, and then were sent all over the
country before it made its appearance. Then as to the con-
veyance of stock by rail, he thought cattle should not be sent
more than 100 miles without water. A drink of good water
was a most important thing the animals. It acted as food for
the time being. If they got some such attention as that, the
animals would go a long journey in much better form than
they do presently when jammed together in trucks without
either food or water for a journey of some hundred miles.
Regarding the importation of cattle from abroad, there was a
great danger of introducing disease in that way, but he did not
wish to do anything calculated to spot the introduction of foreign
cattle. No doubt it tended to reduce the prices of the home
cattle by increasing the supplies, but still he did not complain
of it on that account. Recently it had been said that those
foreign cattle, as they were being sent mostly for beef, might
be killed at the port of landing. But lately there had arisen
a pretty extensive trade in dairy cows from Holland to this
country. The animals were large, heavy, well-fleshed, superior
milking cows, and they sold some of them at upwards of £30
— a high price for a dairy cow. Some went to cow-feeders
and some to farmers. Such animals as these could not be
slaughtered without considerable sacrifice on landing, and he
thought that provision should be made for a thorough examina-
tion as to their healthiness when they are embarked. This
was quite as necessary as when they were disembarked. Some
people think a quarantine should be instituted for foreign
cattle. Many present would remember that some years ago a
lot of condemned cattle were prevented from landing at Leith
and the ship turned to sea, and the animals were thrown
overboard. The carcases were washed ashore here and
there over a large portion of the coast. This was

most reprehensible conduct, and the Local Authori-
ties should do everything in their power to prevent a
repetition of such a thing. He thought people should not
complain of the pressure of Privy Council enactments, so long
as the measures were taken with the great end in view of
lessening the spread of the disease throughout the country.
At this moment that awful scourge the rinderpest was raging
in the steppes of Russia, and with the foreign traffic going on
it might be brought to this country. If such were unfortu-
nately the case it would decimate their herds, and be a very
sad tiling for the country, making them pay dear for the free-
dom of importation, and telling on the food supplies for many
years to come. He believed the hands of the Government
would be strengthened if farmers' clubs throughout the coun-
try seriously considered the subject, and offered suggestions
founded on the experience of the various members. The
chairman here stated that hs learned from a private letter
received by one of the members of the club from Mr. Barclay,
M.P. for Forfarshire, that a deputation of the local autliorities
in the northern counties was being organised to wait upon the
Duke of Richmond, President of the Council, on the subject,
about the middle of this month. He was of opinion that this
club should do what it could to co-operate with their brethren
in the north in this movement. In reference to the treatment
of disease after it had appeared, the farmers found considerable
difficulty in carrying out the system of isolation. Farm build-
ings now-a-days were, for economic purposes, so closely joined
together that tiie means afforded for separation of diseased
animals were insufficient. If some sanitary arrangement were
established by which the animals affected by disease could be
isolated, it would he a great matter. F'or instance, if a farmer
went to the market and bought a horse, he found perhaps after
the animal came home that it had got cold or disease, and as
the farmer had no means to separate it from the rest of the
horses, the infection soon spread over the whole of the stable.
In some counties the amount of compensation paid to owners
of animals slaughtered, by order of the local authority, was
one-half of the value, in others two-thirds, and in some even
three-fourths. If farmers and farmers' clubs throughout the
country ventilated the matter properly, and gave advice and a
helping hand to the Government, he believed something might
be done.

Mr. Paton (Standingstane) said it will not for a moment
be dispnted that the subject before the Club to-night is of the
utmost importance, not only to the British farmer, but to
every British subject. It would have been not only interest-
ing, but most satisfactory, to have had statistics of the num-
ber and value of animals carried annually in Britain by rail,
as well as of those imported from Ireland and the Continent.
This could have been done so far, with time and a good deal
of hunting up, but for practical purposes they can be done
without. It is well known that the capital involved in live
stock is something enormous, and yet the cattle trade is con-
ducted in a most reckless and haphazard manner in many
cases. The subject naturally divides itself into two — viz.,
transit by rail and transit by sea. As to the first we have
heard a great deal lately about animals being so many hours
on rail without water, and various sorts of trucks have been
constructed and brought before the public with water troughs
and other appliances for the comfort ol the cattle. That is
all very well meant, and it is quite possible to fill these troughs
at different stations, but the practical difficulty is great. Sup-
pose a train of thirty or forty waggons filled with cattle start-
ing from the next F'alkirk tryst, and allowing that the troughs
were all filled when the cattle were put in, and suppose that
the cattle had stood on the moor all day, the water in the
troughs would very soon disappear, even before they got
started. Then, suppose that the said cattle were to be in
these trucks for .36 hours, or even longer, no doubt water
would be a very excellent thing for them during that time,
but where are the men to be got to supply it, even were every
convenience at the stations. They might pretend to do it,
but it would not be done, a great deal of time would be lost
and expenses incurred. It seems to me that instead ef stop-

406

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

ping and attempting to water, eitiier by turning the animals
out or running the water into the troughs, the much better
plan is to hurry them to their destination, and see that they
are not allowed to stand at side stations for hours as is some
times done. But a very simple and easily-manatced atfair is
the washiug out the trucks with hot lime each time they are
used. Were this always done there would be decidedly less
disease in the country. We believe that the railway officials
do their best to have it done, as a rule, but it is often not done
both for want of time and the material to do it with. Were stock
owners to take the trouble of giving notice to the station officials
that trucks properly cleansed would he required at a certain
hour the following day, then if it turned out that from neglect
these trucks had not been cleansed, and that the stock being
forward had to be put in as they were, in such a caae the com-
pany ought to ha sharply dealt with. It seems, then, that practi-
cally in transit by rail the proper cleansing of tlie trucks is
about the most that can be done to prevent the spread of dis-
ease. In the transit by sea, however, more especially from
Ireland and the Continent, many difficulties arise. It is a
well-known fact that before Irish cattle were so plentiful in
Scotland, pleuro-pneumouia was unknown, and that until we
had cattle from the Continent rinderpest was only seen in
print. But we must take tilings as we find them and make
tlie best oftliem. We would perhaps like to be able to do
without Irish and foreign cattle, but we can't. It is admitted
that Irish cattle with us are much more liable to take pleuro
than English are. Looking at the two, one would readily
conclue that the Irisli would be the more hardy ; but the
reason for the opposite is not far to seek. It is natural to
suppose that the Irish farmer or dealer will not send to Britain
any animals that he supposes have pleuro. We believe, as a
rule, they are sound before entering the steamboats that ply
between tne two countries, but there the fatal seeds are sown
that often bear fruits months hence. How can it be other-
wise ? Here are a lot of animals stowed away for hours in a
space not sufficient for half the number, and with bad ventila-
♦ion in many cases. In a short time the temperature is some-
thing intolerable. By the time the animals arrive at port and
appear on the quay, they look as if they had just come out of
a very dirty vapour bath, with their sides reeking, and so
besmeared with dirt tiiat it is often impossible to tell the
original colour. Driven from this, perhaps to lie the night, or
even nights, ou the hare stones, witli the elements in all their
wrath above, is it to be wondered that cases of pleuro are not
even of more frequent occurrence than they really are? Of
course, it is tiie interest of owners of steamers to put as many
auiraals on board as possible. 1 thoro\ighly believe that those'
steamers are tlie regular hotbeds of disease, and that
Government could not do a wiser thing, not only for the
farmer, but for the nation, than to compel companies to have
vessels constructed on the most approved principles for
the transit of Irish cattle, and having a certain
amount of accommodation and space for each ani-
mals. It would he also greatly to the advantage of
tile Irish store farmer were such arrangements made,
as farmers here would buy with much greater confidence than
tiiey do at present. Then, as \o the foreign trade ; the animals
iiutil lately were lor the most part fat ; now, however, we have
large numbers of dairy cows, as well as a few stores now and
again, but the latter do not take the market well, and until a
better class of stock can be sent we are not likely to have
many o'' tliis sort. Govorunicnt has all ;iloug been doing a
good deal at the ports where foreign cattle are lauded to keep
down disease. They have a staff of ofHci-ds to inspect the cattle
when landed, but tb.at inspection often amounts to very little.
It is impossible to say at a glance whether an animal is affected
or not. Is it not also possible, very likely probable, that in
not a few cases the inspectors may be ou very friendly terms
with the importers, and give them too often the benefit
of the doubt? This is too often, I understand, the case.
1'he only remedy is slaughter on landing. Butchers some-
times make a noiis at the restrictions imposed, but that is
only one class of the community, and surely if tlie best
beef that goes to London is slaughtered at A.berdeen
and sent in carcase, there can be no reason why tlie foreign
cattle might not be killed in Lsith and sent to Edinburgh.
It is strange, however, that the idea prevails almost amongst
every class that such restrictions are entirely for the benefit of
the farmer and proprietor, the public never for a moment
thinking that if there were no disease amongst cattle, beef

would be very much cheaper. Another thing I would like to
mention here is the insane practice of holding the store
markets ou the same ground and on the same day as fat
markets. This ought to be stopped by Government. Perhaps
a little more trouble would be caused at first, but that would
soon be got over. Then, again, although not immediately
connected with the transit of cattle, still quite as important is
the question — What is to be done with cattle after they are
affected ? It is very hard that a farmer should be compelled
to kill his cattle and not be paid a considerable proportion of
their value, and yet stamping out in the case of pleuro or rinder-
pest seems to be the only means to get clear of it. Were Govern-
ment to come forward and offer, say, three-fourths the value
of the animals, farmers, as a rule, would give information
at once — otherwise, many would take the chance of running
the blockade, and disposing of many of their animals as possible
rather than give information of their having disease about their
place. I understand that at present Government has several
agents scouring the country gathering all the information they
can as to the cattle trade and traffic, and it is only by hints
from practical men that any good will arise from it. They
are anxious to get information, and I think that it is only the
duty of farmers to express their several opinions, however
crude they may be.

Mr. Smith Stevenson (Mains) thought'this subject of the
very greatest importance, not only to the farmers but to the
community at large. The prevention of the spread of disease
amongst cattle must interest the whole nation. Not very long
ago a number of butchers in London and other large English towns
waited, if he was not mistaken, on the Government, or petitionel
for the admission of foreign animals into this country without
almost any restrictions. He believed those gentlemen were ac-
tuated by a desire to have cheap meat. He could not forget
that the agricultural interest and the interest of the whole
community were the same on this subject, although it seemed
very difficult for the latter to think so. He held that they
were the same for this reason, that if foreign cattle were ad-
mitted freely and unrestrictedly it might cheapen meat for a
time, but he had no doubt it would tend to raise it in the long
run, for if they brought in disease into this country and spread
it among the cattle the tendency would be to raise the price
of meat rather than otherwise. He thought the public were
quite entitled to do what in them lay to have a good supply
of meat at the cheapest price. It was for the agricultural
interest to endeavour to produce as much as possible. The
farmer would be better producing a larger (juantity even
at a lower price, than raising a small supply for a high
price. And this was certainly the consumer's interest
also. He quite agreed with Mr. Paton in regard to
the restrictions on foreign cattle. The rules and regu-
lations for the transit of cattle by rail in this country
were pretty good, but unfortunately they were very
seldom enforced. The cleansing and disinfecting of railway
trucks was carried out perhaps at the largest stations, but at
many of the smaller stations it was very seldom done. In re-
gard to the importation of foreign fat cattle, he was of opinion
that they should be slaughtered at tlie port of debarkation,
and that store animals coming from abroad should be put in
quarantine. It was of special interest to the Scotch farmer to
have a cheap and good supply of store cattle, because he
believed for one farmer that bred his owu stores iu Scotland
three or four had to buy feeding beasts, but he did not think
tiiere would be any great hardship, and ccrtaiuly there would
be advantage to the public to have all fat cattle slaughtered at
the port oi lauding. The carcases could then be sent safely
over the country, and no risk would he run of spreading the
disease among the livestock. He was clearly of opinion that
there should be separate markets or fairs for fat stock and
store animals. The amalgamation of the fat and the
store markets just now was the means of spreading
a good deal of the disease in the country. It was a great
mistake to throw condemned carcases into the sea. They
should be sent to the chemical manure works, where they
would be disinfected thoroughly and made into manure instead
of being washed along their shores.

-Mr. Wyllie Bolton : Will an animal drowned in salt
water infect anything P

jMr. Smith : Well, I would not like to risk it.

Mr. DuKiE (Barneymains) thought the proper thing would
be for the Government to ascertain what diseases were really
infectious. For instance, he scarcely thought that pleuro

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

407

was iuffictious (several voices, "Oh! oh!"). Mr. Durie
repeated that he did not ihink it was infectious, and there
certainly was nothing said to convince liini that it was. It
spread, to be sure, but in his experience only among the
animals that were submitted to the same atmospheric influ-
encies as those first affected. jMurrain and sheep-scab were infec-
tious. Scab was brought on by over-heating andover-drivingthe
flocks to or from the market, and unless there could be some
more restrictions on the mode of driving, which he was afraid
was impossible, he did not see any eflectual way out of the
difficulties, so far assheed-scab was concerned. The best pre-
ventive he knew of for pleuro was to get cattle' conveyed by
tlie steamers well protected from cold and wet on board, lie
was afraid that would jbe rather expensive lor the importers,
but he saw no other way of lessening the spread of pleuro
than avoiding the alternate heats and colds in transit. If cattle
got infected with foot-and-mouth disease, t'le best tiling to do
was to avoid driving them. Exertion irritated the disease
greatly, and it would be much sooner got ovsr if the aniraiils
were allowed to rest whenever it was observed.

Mr. Harvey (Whittinghame Mains) alluded to the various
modes in which the different local authorities tliroughout the
country carried out the provisions in the Privy Council
orders. They had, he said, the Local Authorities of East
Lothian, Roxburgh, Selkirk, Mid-Lothian, and others all
working more or less differently. Whatever regulations were
made should be enforced, so that in the working one
county should be consonant with another. As regards the
importation of cattle from Ireland, he thought there should be
a special staff of inspectors appointed to examine the stock on
the steamers and at ports. He did not think that those
local veterinary ^inspectors in different parts of the country
were sufficient, for they all knew there was such a thing as
" tip" in this country. If something like uniformity of action
in the various counties were rendered imperative many of the
present practical difficulties would be got over. They should
have some highly qualified man or men, responsible to Govern-
ment, appointed for the purpose of visiting such ports as Hull,
Leith, and Yarmouth, and going over the country seeing that
those local inspectors did their duty. Then as to scab in sheep,
it might be materially lesseuedif they had uniformity of action,
instead of every local board working out as at present its own
small problems.

Mr. SuiRREFF (Saltcoats) thought it was the duty of every
practical man to give his experience to aid the scientific on
such an important subject as this. It was admitted on all
hands that stock were very apt to contract disease in transit^
and the question was how to check or prevent the disease.
Some years ago, when in England, he bought a lot of superior
pigs in Wiltshire, and took them to East Lolhian. They
were taken down by steamer ; they had a good voyage, got
safely to their destination, and did so well in the county that
some friends requested him to get more of them. Accordiugly
he obtained other two " litters" from the same party and
place. They had a stormy voyage, but arrived seemingly all
right. But in the course of a week or so the second arrival
of pigs not only took disease aud died, hut infected all the
other pigs which had come in contact with them. They had
a perfectly clean bill of health when they started, and he had
not the slightest doubt disease had been caught on the voyage.
The cause of such an outbreak, as he had meutioned, was a
highly scientific question. Instead of putting store animals
into quarantine, and keeping them there for some weeks,
where, exposed as they might be, disease might be brought on,
he would have them taken at once home to warm, com.fortable
quarters.

Mr. Robertson (New Mains) said nobody could deny that
there were great grievances aud risks connected with the pre-
sent system of stock transit. It was of great importance that
every endeavour should be made to travel tiie stock with as
much comfort as possible. When tlie animals were exhausted
in transit, they were much more liable to contract disease.
Stock in transit should be dealt with in a very different
manner from what they were at present. He complained
strongly of the shameful usage the dumb animals underwent
at markets and fairs from those individuals — he could s(-arcely
call them men — who equipped themselves with sharp-pointed
sticks and rods. He thought local authorities should take
cognisance of the usage the animals sufitained at the hands of
drovers, &c. They were all aware that this country could
not be supplied without importations. It would be a great

boon if Government would make some such regulations as
would ensure the safer and speedier transit of animals from
Ireland. Ihc Government should have vessels specially con-
structed for the Irish cattle traffic. lie was sure tliat two
such vessels would cope with the whole trade. The vessels
should be built aud fitted up in such a manner that there
would be no danger to stock on the voyage. With such a
short passage, he did not see that it should he diflicult for
the Government to make provision for the shipping of cattle
from Ireland to this country in perfect safety. The present
mode of conveying stock by rail in this country was also in
many respects unsatisfactory. He had known of cattle being
twenty hours iu trucks, in thnir own district, accomplishing
a journey of as many miles. That was .simply ridiculous. It
was too bad that the railway companies siiould have it in
their power to deal thus recklessly with the valuable stock of
the farmer, representing a great deal of money. The railway
people turned out the cattle alive, so that the farmer had no
hold of them; but the beasts were often constitutionally in-
jured, and did not thrive. That meant a great loss to the
farmer. These were matters which should be impressed on
the Government. With reference to the foreign cattle trade,
he coincided with much that had been already well said.
Their experience was that the more dangerous epidemics that
swept across the country came from abroad. He would have
all fat stock from foreign countries slaughtered at the port of
debarkation. The carcases could be sent to the market as
well dead as alive, and with much more safety to the country.
In reference to the importation of store cattle, certain spots
at ports could be marked out, with a eordon throvsn around,
and the animals kept there until they were perfectly purified.
Mr. Charles Smith (Whittinghame) proposed the fol-
lowing resolution, which was seconded by Mr. Robertson
(New Mains), and unanimously agreed to : " Tliat this club,
recognising the importance of Imperial measures for prevent-
ing the spread of infectious disease among cattle and sheep,
approve of the Privy Council continuing and extending their
regulations throughout tlie country, and agree that Lord
Elcho should be respectfully requested to forward to the
Duke of Richmond a copy of this resolution, pressing the
subject on his attention."

SHEEP SCAB.— At the Police Court, Sherborne, Mr. J.
Day, of Lillesdou Court, was summoned for having in his
pos.session certain sheep affected with a contagious disease,
and neglecting to give notice to a police-constable with all
practicable speed, cout rary to an order in Council. Evidence
was given by Mr. J. Gibbs, one of tiie veterinary inspectors
appointed by the Court of Quarter Session, to show that the
m;!Jor part of defendant's tiock of 000 sheep were very badly
affected with scab, and that the outbreak must have been of
some months' standing. Ten of the sheep had been minutely
examined, and found to be suffering iu an advanced stage of
tlie disease, and the Bench convietej for tiiose ten, mitigating
the penalty from £50 to £30, including costs. The proceed-
ings were instituted by Superintendent Goldsmith, inspector
under the Act, and it was proved that defendant allowed the
sheep to mingle aud ts stray on the highv\'ay.

POTATO PROFESSORS.— As for the fertility jf the Aiucy
in discovering explanations of potato-disease, it is really a
matter demanding the instant attention of psychologists, for it
is evidence of wide-spread stupidity or insanity or vanity, or
something equally dreadful, that should be cured by the Social
Science Congress. The past season has been characterised by
continuous sunshine, and potato-disease was unheard of until
the sunshine failed, and then the crops still in the ground became
more or less diseased. There is no mystery about the potato-
disease : it is a question of sunshine from firs^t to last, and if
Mr. Torbitt is resolved to eradicate it, he must go to the sun
and abolish his spots, and make such other arrangements as
shall ensure to this globe uniform and favourable cosmical
influences. A wet cold summer makes potato-disease, a hot
dry summer makes a healthy crop of potatoes. The facts are
patent, and yet there is a crowd of clamorous people always
ready with some nonsensical and injurious fancy to explain
the cause and cure of the murrain that decimates the noble
root. — The Gardener's Magaxine.

408

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

liABOURERS' UNIONS IN THE WEST.

Sir T. D. Acland has placed a room at Broadclyst at
the disposal of those who are organising Union meetings,
and at the same time addressed the following letter to
Mr. S. Mitchell :

Holnicote, Oct. 10, 1874.

Sir, — I thank you for your courteous letter, and for sending
rae your list of the necessary weekly expenses of a Somerset-
shire farm labourer, which you estimate at 21s., and also
your notice to the farm labourers of the large meetings to be
held in their favour in the West of England, and to be fol-
lowed by collections for the support of the local delegates. I
willingly believe that you are not acting from any selfish
motive, and that you desire to awaken sympathy for a class
from which 1 gather that you have risen yourself by hard
striving. I am not aware of the reasons which have led to
the selection of Broadclyst as the only agricultural village in
Devonshire at whicii a meeting is to be held. You will find
in that parisii owners and occupiers of land of every grade,
.some of whose families have risen by honourable efforts like
your own, and about 300 labourers, most of whom have good
gardens with their cottages, and allotments besides. Some
few are keeping cows or dairies — the first upward step on
the ladder. I wish there were more. The money rate of
weekly wages, as compared with that of some other parts
of England, is affected by two circumstances — 1, the hours
of daywork are shorter; 2, the majority of the labourers
persist in demiindincr nearly one-sixth of their earnings in the
form of liquor for themselves instead of money for tiie whole
family. Some men receive los. per week in money regularly ;
others earn on an average 16s. or 17s. for piece-work. I think
it unreasonable to set in contrast with these wages a rate of
money payment equal to, if not higher than, that paid iu towns
to labourers who have no gardens and no cheap fuel, and who
jiay much higher rents for inferior house accommodation. Two
carters (one unmarried) left Broadclyst last spring for wages
at 24s. in Wales. They found it did not answer, and came
hack after a few weeks' trial. You do me the justice to believe
that I desire to discover what is the best way to get our
labourers belter fed and better housed. I am well aware that
there is great need for improvement — more, liowever, in some
]ilaces than in others. I will say nothing of the progress
w hich has been sroing on for the last half-century ; of the

amount of money, time, and attention which many land-
owners and their agents are devoting to these questions.
Nor will I dwell on the difficulties more or less connected
with the rapid growth of wealth in trade, the rise in prices
in building, the need of more capital for the improvement
of land, the narrow margin of profit, the increase of popu-
lation, the deficiency, or more often the neglect, of the
means of education, the working of the Poor-law and of
the laws affecting the tenure of land. The influence of
each of these circumstances on the condition of the labourer
should neither be overlooked nor exaggerated. They sug-
gest matter for reflection and patient effort, not for sluggish
acquiescence in the things as they are nor for delusive expec-
tation of sudden changes for the better. But I must say that
I think it unjust that one class — namely, the practical farmers
•^should be singled out, as they have been by the advocates
of the Labourers' Union, for obloquy on account of evils beyond
their control, or because I hey do not offer wages in excess of
tlie demand, and beyond the market value of the work done.
Nor do I think that torch-light meetings, stimulated by hand-
bills such as you sent me a specimen of, at the head of which
are representations of labourers as ghastly skeletons, and
caricatures of well-fed farmers, will be favourable to the de-
tailed discussion of the means of improvement to which you
invite me. Still if you and those with whom you are acting
believe that public meetings will arouse the labourers to com-
bined exertion for their own good, and persuade them to
cultivate self-reliance, providence, and temperance, objects for
which 1 am glad to welcome the support of the Union, or if
you hope to hasten the progressive reform of laws unfavourable
to the condition of the labourer, as far as I am concerned you
shall have every facility for making your appeal without
hindrance. 1 have great confidence in the good sense of my
neiglibours, and in the mutual good feeling of masters and men.
I believe they will listen to what you have to say and form a
reasonable estimate of the value of your statements. Whether
the Union will make more rapid progress in Broadclyst or in
Devonshire than it has liitherto made, remains to be seen ; at
any rate it has not been stimulated by organised opposition.
I am, sir, yours faithfully,

T. D. ACLAJJD.

Mt. G, Mitchell, " One from the Plough."

NORTHAMPTON TO W I T.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHAMPTON HERALD.

Appeal if yon will,

You're sold if you do ;
Its settled and fixed

Without asking you.

Sir, — Such was the tone and spirit of a mandate whicli,dated
September 15, 1874, issued shortly afterwards from the office
of the Clerk of the Peace for the county of Northampton.
It was addressed by " The "Committee of Justices appointed
to revise the basis of the rate now in force for this county" to
" The overseers of the poor" of each parish. No Russian
ukase was ever more arbitrary ; no Delphian oracle ever more
(jljseure.

This circular merely informed the overseers that the com-
mittee had, "after due inquiry and investigation by them,
thought fit to alter such basis, and they propose to alter your
rate, by increasing (or ' decreasing,' as the case migiil be,
liiit much, most generally the former) the same from £
f..£

In the case of this parish it was an increase of £331 —
namely, " from £2,926 to £3,257." We cannot understand
the cause of this increase.

Tuesday, the 29th of Sept., was named as the day of appeal,
and it was requested that a previous notice of the intention to
appeal might be given.

Fourteen days only were allowed for the clerk to issue the
notice, for the overseers to receive it, for them to call the rate-
payers together in vestry, for the rate-payers to deliberate and
determine, for previous notice of appeal to be given, and for
the representative of the parish to attend the meeting of the
committee, and object to the rate.

Not only was no information given with regard to any de-
tails or reasons for the proposed increase, but the basis itself
of the proposed rate was studiously concealed. It was only
after a further portion of this miserable modicum of 14 days
had been consumed in writing to the Clerk of the Peace to
inquire, that the ratepayers of Hellidon ascertained that the
basis taken was the Income-tax Returns: on every other point
they remained as ignorant as before. It was evident that the
ratepayers of Northamptonshire had been purposely pinned
into a corner, that they were the victims of a foregone con-
clusion, and that the ex post f<ic(o appeal which they were
offered was only a sham and a blind to save appearances.

Appeal indeed ! against what ? Against a rate of which
they knew only the increased sum total, but of the principles on
which it was made they had been kept altogether in ignorance.
They could form no opinion whatever on the fairness or un-
fairness, as applied to themselves, of this intended rate. It
was never intended they should ; no appeals were desired but
such as might easily be quashed.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

409

This notice fell upon the rural ratepayers of Northarepton-
shire like a thunder-clap. They could scarcely believe that a
notoriously effete and exploded tax, characterised by every
species of unfairness in its collection, a mere makeshift at
iirst, by public opinion universally condemned, except ?s a
mere war-tax, since, rough and barbarous in its construction,
partial and unfair in its operation, a tax wliich it is to be
presumed and hoped will soon die a natural death — that such
a tax as this was to be made the basis on which a great part
of their local rates, already too oppressive, were to be raised,
increased, and made more oppressive still.

Many as have been the valid objections which have been made
against the Income-tax on the ground of its unfairness,scarcely
one is more felt anywhere than the system under which the
tax is levied in the rural districts — by returns of rental. The
actual value of the land is not the point on which stress is laid,
as it should be, but the sole question is " What rent it pays P"
The return of that is what the Income-tax requires, and the
amount paid on any particular farm is therefore regulated by
the whim and caprice of tlie landlord. It is less or more ac-
cording to whether he happens to be liberal or a screw. Such
is the debased basis oq which the Committee of Justices pro-
pose to rate us for the future. Woe to the parishes which
have avaricious landlords ; their payments will be sensibly
increased.

And it is to be feared that this is not the only evil. Though
the rate is assessed upon the parish as a whole, according to
its payments to the Income-tax, most of the rural ratepayers
believe that a different basis must be adopted in rating the
individual parishioner. The rate must in the parish itself be
raised as now by an assessment based upon the actual value
of the property each man occupies, and not upon the rent he
pays. They believe this for an obvious reason. The returns
of rental are and must be secret — the parish officers have no
access to them. Their only basis for rating the parishioners ?'«;'«/•
se must be actual value. If their belief is not true, what a pity
it is th "t tlie committee did not condescend to enlighten, by a
little more openness, their rustic ignorance 1 But if their
belief is correct, in what a slough of despond have the com-
mittee sunk us, adopting for the purpose of raising a rate two
utterly opposite systems based on conflicting principles — one
for the parish as a whole, the other for the ratepayer in par-
ticular! Ihey have flung the sum total at our heads, and left
us to raise it any how vie can. Was there ever such needless
complication ?

And how palpably unfair ! Lord ■ has two farms in

some particular parish. His agent comes down and raises the
rents of them 30 per cent. The Income-tax retnrns of the
parish are raised too, and the parish rate is, according to the
basis the committee has taken, raised too. The increased
payment is marie, not from those two farms alone, but by the
overseer levying a part of it from every ratepayer in the
parish in proportion to the sum at which he is locally assessed,
though neither his rent nor the actual value of his occupation
has been in the slightest degree altered.

Such were the opinions which made the ratepayers of
Ilellidon, in vestry assembled, request me to attend as their
representative at Northampton, on Sept. 29 h, the day of
appeal. I declined to do so, for the reasons above mentioned ;
because the notice itself discouraged such an appeal, and
showed that it would be a farce in tlie face of a foregone con-
clusion. With this opinion the vestry generally agreed.
But though Hellidon did not appeal, other parishes did. A
noble band, representatives of fifty parishes, undertook the
hopeless task, and so staggered the committee that even the
noble chairman (Earl Spencer) himself confessed to them that
at first he had himself disapproved the basis which had been
now agreed upon. But the issue was as I expected. It was
impossible on surh a point as the lasis on wliich the county
rate should be levifd to take the opinion of rustic ratepayers.
Lord Henley twitted them with being " too late." " Too late,"
indeed ! Wliose fault was that ? Surely the fault of an
overbearing commitlee, which, acting on the sic rolo, sic
jvJ)eo principle, kept its intentions studiously concealed from
those principally interested till it had made them " too late."
His lordship also told these good men and true, that they re-
presented filty parishes only, and that tlie committee might as-
sume that the other 250, which had not appealed, were in their
favour. A sophistical argument, of the lallacy of whicli this
letter is a proof.

To these fifty men who volunteered to act as a " forlorn

hope" and to mount the breach first, the ratepayers of North-
amptonshire return their grateful thanks. They passed
unanimously, with two exceptions, a resolution condemnatory
of the Income-tax returns as a basis for the county rate. We
can only iigret that they did unt lead us one step further, by
taking a leaf out of the hook of their Cambridgeshire brothers,
and asking us to assist them in forming what is so much
needed, now that the farmers are attacked both from above
and from below — A Farmers' Defence Association. We
should not he slow in responding to their invitation.

Though we have not appealed, we can still protest ; and we
do most heartily protest against this unfair, secret, and arbi-
tary system of county legislation ; we utterly repudiate the
very Irish conclusions of the casuistical Irish peer, and we
demand, as Englishmen, to be heard in our own defence.

Two great facts we should learn from this one-sided busi-
ness— that there should be no taxation without representation ;
and that we should fight as shy as possible of all Government
returns. When tradesmen return their hales of cotton and
of calico, or their hogsheads of sugar and chests of tea, it will
be time enough for the farmers to return their corn, their
beeves, their muttons, and their hogs. Remember, it was said
the Income-tax returns were only made for one particdlar pur-
pose, that they were secret and inviolable, and could never be
injurious to those who made them. We have now plain proof
to the contrary.

Yours, obediently,

John Stoker.

Hellidon, Oct. 8, 187*.

SHOW ROOTS. — Specimen roots must be evidences of
what may be done by liberal %V\Vlw\ farming, not the results of
nursing. The following are some of the methods of cultivating
" specimen roots :" (I) Holes dug in the earth are filled with
compost ; the plants, raised in flower-pots, are placed in them
at a distance of a yard apart ; these pets receive great atten-
tion throughout the summer— the result is " Magnificent agri-
cultural (?) roots." (2) A few perches of suitable land are
selected (very often newly-broken-up old pasture) ; this plot of
ground receives nursery treatment, and the plants are allowed
a space not compatible on a large scale, even in farming of
the highest order — roots thus cultivated are exhibited as
specimens of wliat ? (3) A strip in a field is chosen, a few
ridges receive a greatly-increased quantity of farmyard manure,
extra artificial is used, and the plants on these selected ridges
are " set out" at a much greater distance than the rest of the
field ; liquid manure is sometimes supplied to them during the
period of growth, and roots " for competition" are taken from
these pawpererl a\)ecimens of what? (4) Roots culled from
the root-quarters of two or three farms and shown by one ex-
hibitor as specimens of what ? By these modes of proce-
dure the /a?v«e;-, who draws his roots for exhibition from a
business-hke area, finds himself outdone ; deceptions are prac-
tised upon the public ; that iallacious assertion, which the dis-
turbers of the peace of the present day are so fond of making
— viz., that small holdings produce more food for man and
beast than large ones, is supported; those who have a " peep
behind the scenes" are disgusted ; and those who receive
prizes for roots so cultivated and shown as specimens of agri-
cural roots obtain those prizes under false pretences. The
foregoing observations apply to root shows in general, not to
any particular show. — 2/ie O.tford Journal.

THE FARMERS' ASSOCIATION SWINDLE.— At the
Warwickshire Quarter Sessions, a person styhng himself
Dr. James Philips was convicted of obtaining several sub-
scriptions to the sham National Farmers' Association from
Warwickshire agriculturists. It was shown that taking
advantage of the differences between farmers and labourers the
prisoner issued prospectuses of a National Farmers' Associa-
tion to counteract the National Agricultural Labourers'
Union. He had for the last eighteen months been thus en-
gaged collecting subscriptions in Wiltshire, Oxfordshire,
Berkshire, W^arwickshire, and other counties, and amongst the
alleged supporters were Lord Walsiughara, Mr. C. S. Read,
and other well-known agriculturists. A previous convictio*
at Devizes was proved against the prisoner, who was now
sentenced to twelve months' imprisonment.

D D

410

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

STOCK AND SHEEP SALES.

SALE OF MR. J. B. GREEN'S HEREFORD '
HERD.

At Gwernaitel, Knighton, on Sept, 25.
BY MR. W. G. PREECE.
" A man who had come over from Australia p:ave as
his experience that three Hereford cattle would thrive
where two Shorthorns would starve, and that for breeding;
in his rough country they were far preferable to Shorthorns.
Seeing that the Australian colonies would be now open again
for the importation of foreign stock, after being closed for
two years ou account of the disease, it might, under these
circumstances, be safely concluded that the white-faces and
beautiful countenances of our Hereford cattle would soon
be seen covering the Australian pastures to feed the
million." So said Sir Joseph Bailey at Leominster the
other day ; while an angler on the Wharfe by Bolton
Abbey, in Yorkshire, has just told us through The Gentle-
mans Magazine how "a fine herd of Herefords, the most
effective of all cattle as component parts of a landscape,
contentedly lie uuder the trees or crop the succulent
herbage." Again, a Hereford ox was in the opinion of
many the best beast in Bingley Hall last Christmas-time ;
as the breed has now been put further on its trial by the
sale of one of the best herds in the kingdom. During a
long career, Mr. Joseph Green, of Marlow, has carefully
cultivated the Hereford cattle ; and, although he has
declined to exhibit, his stock has for many years been
known by other breeders as of the best blood and fiuest
character. For either home use or exportation the Gwer-
naffels have always commanded good prices, and their
dispersion is now only consequent on their o/yner giving
up his occupation by Knighton.

As the lots will show, the herd is full of "good breeding."
Renown, the bull used chiefly for some seasons, is a son
of Severn, while he has since been backed by the twin
Zealous ; as further will be found in the pedigrees the
names of such bulls as Walford, Battenhall, and Tom King,
from old Governess ; as, in fact, bachelor though he be, Mr.
Green was considered to have the handsomest Governess
in the country in his family, and her head has been thus
cited as a model :

Length of face 21^ inches.

Between eyes 12 „

Round nose 25 ,,

Length of horns 20 „

Width of horns, from tip to tip 37^ „

Governess, however, was, as times go, on a large scale,
and Mr. Green's Herefords pretty generally more weighty
and wealthy than those we often see in the ring.
Indeed, the Gwernaffel herd owes much to this good lady.
Originally established at Marlow, near Leintwardine,
where Mr. Green lives, in 1843 and '44, by selections of
some of the oldest and best stock in the country, the
Herefords were shifted to Knighton some fifteen or six-
teen years since. Here they soon received a very useful
addition by the purchase of Governess, an aged cow from
the stock of the late Mr. Jeifries, possessing great con-
stitution, as was proved by her living and breeding up to
the age of 26. This same strength of constitution was an
especially valuable property at such a place as Gwernaffel,
which is a high cold farm, where, previous to Mr. Green
entering on it, the stock maintained ran to nine or ten
cows and a flock of some hundred and thirty long-tailed
Welsli ewes. Governess was sent to Sir Benjamin, and
the produce the twin bulls Zeal and Zealous, Zeal, of

little use, was soon sent on to the butcher ; but Zealous
proved himself a grand stock-getter, and is still at thirteen
years old doing good service ; thus inheriting his dam's
fine properties. I'he heifers and younger stock are
chiefly by Renown, a bull bred by Lord Berwick, and
purchased of Mr. George Smythies. Renown has also
been another marked success, his stock being very hardy
and great flesh-carriers, if the cows are better than the
bulls ; much liked nevertheless as they are by those who
have used them. Nearly all the herd has been bred up to
one certain standard by Mr. Green himself; but
Jessie and Countess were bought last autumn at Mr.
Gibbons' sale for the purpose of introducing a little fresh
blood, and the heifer Adelaide 2nd, bred by Her Majesty,
was a purchase at the Royal Cardiff Show in 1872 ; but
so far she has proved barren.

Without seeming to care about it, as certainly in a very
quiet way, Mr. Green has achieved a deservedly high re-
putation not only as a breeder, but as a farmer ; as his
practice has been alike a benefit to his landlord and to the
country, and an example to his brother-agriculturists.
The land has greatly increased in value as in produce during
the time he has held the farm at Gwernaffel, now runniug
towards the close of a twenty-one years' lease : not only
has he reared much more stock, but all of the best kind,
as beyond the Herefords, a flock of five or six hundred
well-bred Shropshires will be sold in the spring, when
Mr. Green gives over the farm to the incoming tenant,
Mr. Morris.

It is some years since we looked through the Herefords
handy home to the Lodge by Leintwardine, where any
man who can appreciate the pleasures of a country life
might spend " a happy day." He shall see a fox found in
one of the romantic Downton dingles, come across a cock
in the covers, or throw his fly for a trout ; while in the
evening when he is made welcome again at Bachelors'
Hall, he shall join in a deal of talk over his glass of honest
port about the white and the mottled faces, and the sort
of horse — " that you don't see now" — which old Spectre
left about in these parts as a monument to his memory.
And Mr. Green will, now again, centre his strength on
the home herd here at Marlow.

On Friday we toiled up from Knighton under a splendid
autumn sun two miles, all up hill, but were well repaid
by the sight of the magnificent stock that was waiting our
inspection. It was certainly astonishing that cattle all
lying out on the top of a Welsh mountain could be brought
to such a great size — one cow. Beauty the 3rd, though
suckling a calf, was supposed to weigh near twelve score
per quarter. The|first lot, 15 years old and lame, fell to
Messrs. Smythies and Grasett for 36 gs., and her heifer-
calf to Mr. Arkwright, of Hampton Court, Herefordshire,
for 80 gs., which was the highest-priced calf. 130 gs. (the
best price reached by any auimal) was given for Duchess the
7th (lot 68) by Mr. Jones, of Shropshire. She is from
the famous Dowager, and is own sister to Dauphin the 2nd,
now in the possession of Mr. John Hill, of Felhampton,
Salop, not him late of Goldiug, but a nephew of Lord
Hill, the Lord-Lieutenant of Shropshire, who is taking a
high position as a bidl breeder, and who was the second
largest purchaser at the Gwernaffel sale, the incoming
tenant, Mr. Morris, taking the first place in that respect.
Another own brother (lot 68), Dauphiu 4th, is now at
Marlow, as well as his half brother, Dauphin the 1st.
Perhaps the most remarkable lots were the Cherries, of
which there were twelve, all showing a most remarkabls

THE FAKMER'S MAGAZINE.

411

family likeness, the twelve, iacluding one heifer-calf,
made 661 gs. The cow stock, including the
bull-calves on their dams, averaged £44 lis., which must
be considered a f^ir price, as Mr. Green has reserved some
of his best animals for his Marlow farm.

The only animal on which there was the least reserve
was the bull Renown, who, being 14 years old and lame,
nobody felt inclined to buy at 50 gs., so he will go to
Marlow. The 2ud lot of bulls was Candour the 5th, a
bull bred by Mr. Green, but now the property of his neigh-
bour, Mr. Farr, who was allowed to put him in the sale.
The next lot was Reform, a bull kept by Mr. Green for
the use of his small neighbours, whose cows he always
Served at a nominal sum to prevent their keeping bulls of
their own which they turn out. Mr. Green has always
grown bulls for the million, never castrating a calf, and
having a fixed price, " first come first served" being his
motto ; the bulls offered for sale had therefore not been
picked over up to the time of the publication of the cata-
logue. Mr. Green'sprice being £30, and the average of those
left being 41 gs. must be considered a tolerably good one.
It would probably have been higher had not Mr. Preece's
conversational powers led him into darkness before he
finished. The chief features of the herd were their great
size, constitution and flesh, and their docile tempers were
remarked by everybody.

Scattered through a very large company were
Sir J. R. Bailey, Bart., M.P. ; Sir R. G. Price,
Bart.; Major Peploe, M.P. ; Mr. G. H. Arkwright ;
Colonel Bridgford ; Colonel Price ; Mr. R. D. G. Price ;
Rev. J. Rogers ; Rev. E. J. Green ; Mr. R. E. L. Burton ;
Mr. Heywood ; Mr. G. Smythies ; Mr. Thomas,
Monauglity ; aud nearly all the leading breeders and
farmers from the homes of the whitefaces.

COWS AND HEIFERS.

1 Miss Grove, calved 1859; by Vanguard (1109), out of Old

Governess by Old Sovereigu (401). — Smythies and
Gresset, 36 gs.

Her heiler-calf, calved February 4th, 1874.

2 Miss Grove the 5tli, by Renown (2719)— Mr. G. H. Ark-

wright, 80 gs.

3 Jessie, calved October 22ad, 1861 ; by Shamrock the 2nd

(2210), out of Lolty by Tlie Admiral (1078).— Mr.
Morris, 33 gs.

Her heifer-calf, calved March 30th, 1874.

4 Jessie the 2nd, by Gift (3125).— Mr. Morris, 16 gs.

5 Countess, calved December 22nd, 1862 ; by Shamrock the

2iid (2210), out of Pretty Maid by The Admiral (1078).
— Mr. F. (J. Cobden, 35 gs.

6 Duchess, calved 1862 ; by Kiulet (1293), out of Dowager

by Beely Bpu (1869).— Mr. Morris, 40 gs.

7 Cowslip, calved 1865 ; by Z-alous (2349), out of Cowslip

by Vanguard (1109).— Mr. Bailey, Rosedale, 32 gs.
Her heifer-calf, calved July Ist, 1874.

8 Cowslip the 7th, by Dauphm (3058).— Mr. Bailey, Rose-

dale, 14 gs.

9 Duchess the 2Dd, calved 1865 ; by Zealous (2349), out of

Dowager by Beefy Ben (1869).— Mr. J. Hill, 71 gs.
Her lieifer-calf, calved December 25th, 1873.

10 Duchess the 14th, by Sir Roger (4133).— Mr. T.L. Brewer,

66 as.

11 Gem the 2nd, calved 1865 ; by Zealous (2349), out of Gem

by Beefy Ben (1869).— Sir V. Cornwall, 48 gs.

12 Cherry the 2nd, calved 1865 ; by Zealous (23f9), out of

Cherry by Vanguard (1109).— Mr. J. Hill, 51 gs.
Her hei'er-calf, calved July 27ih, 1874.

13 Cherry the 20th by Renown (2719).— Mr. J. Hill, 16 gs.

14 Vanity, calved 1865 ; by Vanguard (1109), out of

Vanquish by Beefy Ben (1869). — Mr. Morris, 50 gs.
Her bull-calf, calved June 11th, 1874.

15 Victor the 4th, by Renown (2719). — Mr. Morris, 36 gs.

16 Violet, calved 1865 ; by Vanguurd (1109), out ol Vixen

by Beefy Ben (1869).— Sir J. R. Bailey, 51 gs.
Her ball-call, calved May 8th, 1874.

17 Victory the 6th, by Renown (3719).— Mr, Cocks, 60 gs,

18 Lady Mary the 3nd, calved 1866 ; by Zealous (2349), out

of Lady Mary by Vanguard (1109).— Mr. F. C. Cobdeu,
60 gs.

19 Curly the 2nd, calved 1866 ; by Zealous (2349), out of

Cnrly by Beefy Ben (1809).— Mr. Bailey, Rosedale,
37 gs.

20 Bella, calved 1866 ; by Zealous (2349), out of Bella by

Vanguard (1109).— Mr. Burton, 46 gs.
Her bull-calf, calved March 28th, 1874.

21 Beau the 3rd, by Nobleman the 3rd (3991).— Mr. Powell,

21 gs.

22 Governess the 3rd, calved December 29th, 1866 ; by

Loadstone (3213), out of Old Governess by Old
Sovereign (404). — Mr. Morris, 46 gs.
Her bull-calf, calved May 16th, 1874.

23 Alderman the 4th by Renown (2719).— Rev. A. Clive,

27 gs.

24 Kitty, calved 1866 ; by Zealoas (2349), out of Kitty by

Vanguard (1109).— Mr. J. Hill, 35 gs.
Her heifer-calf, calved May 4th, 1874.

25 Kitty the 4th, by Renown (2719).— Mr. Richard Tanner,

22 gs.

26 Polly, calved 1866 ; by Zealous (2349), out of Polly by

Zealot (2344).— Mr. Hernev, 78 gs.

27 Violet, calved 1867 : by Tom King (2829), out of Violet by

Zealot (2344).— Mr. F. C. Cobden, 43 gs.

28 Kate, calved 1867; by Renown (2719), out of Kate by

Zealous (2349).— Mr. Hughes, 41 gs.

Her heifer-calf, calved March 17th, 1874.

29 Kate the 4th, by Nobleman the 3rd (3991).— Mr. F. C.

Cobden, 26 gs.

30 Duchess the 3rd, calved 1867 ; by Renown (2719), out of

Dowager by Beefy Ben (1869).— Mr. Burton, Longnor,
44 gs.

31 Plum, calved 1867 ; by Lord of the Manor (2622), out of

Constance by Sir Benjamin (1387)— Sir J. R. Bailey,
43 gs.
Her bull-calf, calved July 8th, 1874.

32 Protector the 2ad; by Renown (2719).— Sir J. R. Bailey

31 gs.

33 Cherry the 3rd, calved 1867 ; by Zealous (2349), out of

Cherry by Vanguard (1109).— Mr. Featlierstone 62 gs.

34 Prettylass, calved 1867 ; by Zealous (2319), out of Pretty-

lass by Cholstrey (217).— Mr. Wheeler, 53 gs.

35 Beauty 2nd, calved 1867; by Zealous (2349), out of

Beauty by Beefy Ben (1869).— Mr. J. Hill, 61 gs.
Her heifer calf, calved May 12th, 1874.

36 Beauty the 6th; by Renown (2719).— Mr. Purdon, 31 gs.

37 Pheasant, calved 1868 ; by Tom King (2829), out of

Pheasant by "Wellington (1112).— Mr. Wyndhara, 45 gs.

38 Eer heifer-calf, calved July 11th, 1874.— Mr. Wynd-

ham, 38 gs.

39 Polly the 2nd, calved 1868 ; by Zealous (2349), out of

Polly by Zealot (2344).— Mr. Morris, 50 gs.

40 Pearl, calved 1868 ; by Zealous (2349), out of Pearl by

Beefy Ben (1869)— Mr. Morris, 44 gs.
Her heifer-calf, calved May 31st, 1874.

41 Pearl the 4th ; by Renown (2719).— Mr. Morris, 33 gs.
43 Rosebud, calved 1868 ; by Zealous (2349), out of Ringlet

by Grenadier (961).— Mr. F. C. Cobden, 31 gs.
Her bull-calf, calved May 23, 1874.

43 Rambler, by Renown (2719).— Mr. Hemer, 37 gs.

44 Peach, calved 1868 ; by Zealous (2349), out of Peach by

Beefy Ben (1869).— Colonel Bridgford, 40 gs.
Her heifer-calf, calved June 2, 1874.

45 Peach the 4tii, by Renown (2719).— Colonel Bridgford,

26 gs.

46 Beauty the 3rd, calved 1869; by Zealeus (2349), out of

Beautv by Beefy Ben (1869).— Mr. Wyndhara, 62 gs.
Her bull-calf, calved July 29, 1874.

47 Bondsman the 4th, by Dauphin (3058). — Mr. Preece,

Cressage, 23 gs.

48 Rella the 2nd, calved 1869 ; by Renown (2719), out of

Bella by Zealous (2349)).— Mr. T. L. Brewer, 53 gs.
Her heifer-calf, calved March 28, 1874.

49 Bella the 6th, by Zealous (2349).— Mr. Burton, Ross, 21 gs.

50 Violet the 2iid, calved April 15, 1869; by Renown (2719),

out of Violet by Vanguard (1109).— Mr. Morris, 60 gs.
• Her bull-calf, calved July 4, 1874.

51 Victory the 7th, by Prisomaa (4063).— Mr. Morris, 14 gs,

s s 2

412

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

62 Vanity the 2nd, calved May 6, 1869 ; by Kenown (2719),
out of Vanity by Vanguard (1109).— Sir J. R. Bailey,
76 gs.

53 Cherry the 7th, calved March 26, 1869; by Renown

(2719), out of Cherry 2nd by Zealous (2349).— Colonel
Bridgford, 72 gs.

Her bull-calf, calved July 13, 1874.

54 Benjamin the 7th, by Prizeman (4063). — Mr. Jones, 24 gs.

55 Rose, calved 1870 ; by Renown (2719), out of Ringlet

by Grenadier (961).— Mr. Parr, 40 gs.
Her heifer-calf, calved May 17, 1874.

56 Rose the 3rd, by Prizeman (4063).— Mr. Richards, 20 gs.

57 Miss Grove the 2nd, calved April 9, 1870; by Renown

(2719), out of Miss Grove by Vanguard (1109).— Mr.
Wheeler, 71 gs.

58 Pink, calved 1870 ; by Renown (2719), out of Pink by

Zealous (2349).— Sir J. R. Bailey, 49 gs.
Her buU-calf, calved April 14, 1874.

59 Pilgrim, by Prizeman (4063).— Sir J.R. Bailey, 38 gs.

60 Peggy the 2nd, calved May 8, 1870; by Renown (2342),

out of Peggy by Zealous (2349). — Mr. J. Preece, Cres-
sage,41 gs.

61 Cherry the 10th, calved May 8, 1870; by Renown (2719),

out of Cherry the 3rd by Zealous (2349).— Mr. T. L.
Brewer, 60 gs.

62 Governess the 6th, calved June 20th, 1870 ; by Renown

(2719), out of Governess the 3rd by Loadstone (3213).
Mr. Jones, 51 gs.

Her heifer-calf, calved May 15th, 1874.

63 Governess the 11th, by Prizeman (4063).— Mr. Morris,

22 gs.

64 Vixen, calved 1870 ; by Confessor the 2nd (3038), out of

Vixen by Premier (3329).— Mr. Jones, 32 gs.
Her heifer-calf, calved May 14th, 1874.

65 Vixen the 2nd, by Zealous (2349).— Mr. R. Tanner, 14 gs.

66 Cherry the 5th, calved June 14th, 1870; by Zealous

(2349), out of Cherry by Vanguard (1109).— Mr. Fenn,
81 gs.

Her bull-calf, calved May 28th, 1874,

67 Character the 7th, by Prizeman (4063).— Mr. Tanner,

40 gs.

68 Duchess the 7th, calved March 27th, 1871 ; bv Zealous

(2349), out of Dowager by Beefy Ben (1869).— Mr.
Burton, 130 gs.

69 Adelaide the 2nd, calved 1871 ; by Prince Leopold, out

of Adelaide by Deception. — Mr. Preece, 50 gs .

70 Kate the 2nd, calved 1871 ; by Dauphin the 2nd (3783)

out of Kate bv Renown (2719).— Mr. J. Hill, 46 gs. '
Her buU-caif, calved April Ist, 1874.

71 Kinsman the 2nd, by Nobleman the 3rd (3991).— Mr.

Older, 41 gs.

72 Venus, calved January 15th, 1871 ; by Dauphin the 2nd

(3783), out of Violet by Tom King (2829).— Mr. Wood,

41 gs.

73 Beatrice the 2nd, calved April 24th, 1871 ; bv Renown

(2719), out of Beatrice by Zealous (2349),— Mr. Jones,
37 ps.

Her bull-calf, calved April 17th, 1874.

74 Boatman, by Zealous (2349).— Mr. Jones, 20 gs.

75 Miss Benjamin the 4th, calved April 28th, 1871 ; by Re-

nown (2719), out of Miss Benjamin the 2nd by Lord
of the Manor (2622).— Mr. J. Hill, 38 gs.
Her bull-calf, calved April 15th, 1874.

76 Benjamin the 5th, by Zealous (2349).— Mr. Preece, Cres-

SHge, 25 gs.

77 Comely 3rd, calved April 28th, 1871 ; by Zenlous (2349),

out of Comely by Vanguard (1109). — Mr. Bailey, Rose-
dale, 40 gs. c

78 Polly the 4th, calved Jnne 2nd, 1871 ; by Renown (2719)

out of Polly the 2nd by Zealous (2349).— Mr. Nott'
48 gs.

79 Clierry the 9th, calved July 12th, 1871 ; by Renown

(2719), out of Cherry the 2nd by Zealous (2349).— Mr.
Morris, 58 gs.

Her ball-calf, calved April 2nd, 1874.

80 Character the 6th, by Zealous (2349).— Mr. Andrews,

36 KS.

81 Duchess the 8lh, calved July 15th, 1871 ; by Battenhall

(2406), out of Duchess the 2ad by Zealous (2349).—
Mr. Wyndham, 45 gs.

83 Silver tt^e 3rd, calved November 3rd, 1871 ; by Zealous
(2349), out of Silver by Albert (2380).— Mr. Beamond,
43 gs.

83 Violet the 3rd, calved April 16th, 1872 ; by Renown

(2719), out of Violet by Vanguard (1109).— Mr. J.
Hill, 36 gs.

84 Cherry the 11th, calved April 16th, 1872; by Character

2nd (3011), out of Cherry 7th by Renown (2719).—
Miss Sproule, 71 gs.

85 Bella the 3rd, calved April 18th, 1872 ; by Pirate (3317),

out of Bella by Zealous (2349).— Mr. Stone, 34 gs.

86 Kate the 3rd, calved April 23rd, 1872 ; by Dauphin (3058) ,

out of Kate by Renown (2719). — Mr. J. and G. Crane,
56 gs.

87 Cherry the 15th, calved May 8th, 1872 ; by Character

(3010), out of Cherry the 4th by Zealous (2349)— Mr.
Wood, 41 gs.

88 Beatrice the 3r(l, calved May 9th, 1872 ; by Renown

(2719), out of Beatrice by Zealous (2349).— Mr. Burton,
42 gs.

89 Governess the 7th, calved May 12th, 1872 ; by Renown

(2719), out of Governess 2nd, by Agriculturist (1842).—
Mr. Bach, 50 gs.

90 Cherry, the 13th, calved May 13th, 1872 ; by Renown

(2719), out of Cherry by Vanguard (1109).— Mr. Pur-
den, 61 gs.

91 Satin the 2nd, calved October 17th, 1873; by Grove

(3859), out of Satin by Shamrock the 2nd (2210).—
Sir. Morris, 25 gs.

92 Pearl the 2nd. calved Jnne 9th, 1873 ; by Renown (2719),

out of Pearl by Zealous (2349).— Mr. J. Hill, 25 gs.

93 Pearl the 3rd, calved June 9th, 1873; by Renown (2719),

out of Pearl by Zealous (2349).— Mr. Garlick, 26 gs.

94 Rose the 2nd, calved June 18th, 1873 ; by Prizeman

(4063), out of Rose by Renown (2719).— Mr. T. L.
Miere, 32 gs.

95 Kitty the 3rd, calved June 20th, 1873; by Renown

(2719), out of Kitty by Zealous (2349).— Mr. J. Hill,
31 gs.

96 Beatrice the 4th, calved June 21st, 1873 ; by Renown

(2719), out of Beatrice by Zealous (2349).— Mr. Morris,
37 gs.

97 Pheasant the 3rd, calved June 30th, 1873 ; bv Nobleman

the 3rd (3991), out of Pheasant by Tom King (2829).
—Mr. T. Dnckham, 26 gs.

98 Cherry the 16th, calved July 7th, 1873 ; by Prizeman

(4063), out of Cherry the 4th by Zealous (2349).— Mr.
G. Preece, Jun., 51 gs.

99 Governess the 9th, calved July 10th, 1873 ; by Prizeman

(4063), out of Governess 6th by Renown (2719).— Mr.
Crawshay, 31 gs.

100 Peach the 3rd, calved July 17th, 1873; by Renown,

(2719), out of Peach by Zealous (2349).— Mr. T. L.
Miere, 55 gs.

101 Polly the 6th, calved July 26th, 1873; by Prizeman

(4063), out of Polly the 3rd by Renown (3719).— Mr.
Morris, 52 gs.

102 Plum the 3rd, calved August 1st, 1873; by Renown

(2719), out of Plum by Lord of the Manor (2622).—
Sir J. R. Bailey, 61 gs.

103 Marlow Rinslet the 3rd, calved August 3rd, 1873 ; by

Prizeman (4063), out of Ringlet the 2ud by Renown
(2719).— Mr. Darling, 27 gs.

104 Cherry the 17th, calved August 5th, 1873 ; bv Prizeman

(4063), out of Cherry the 7tli by Renown (2719).— Mr.
Wyndham, 37 gs.

105 PoUv the 5th, calved August 7th, 1873 ; by Renown

(2719), out of Polly the 2nd by Zealous (2349).— Mr.
Burton, 37 gs.

106 Fairy the 2nd, calved September 2nd, 1873 ; by Grateful

(2555), out of Fairy by St. Clement (2201).— Mr.
Wyndham, 26 gs.

107 Gem the 11th, calved October 14th, 1873 ; by Renown

(2719), out of Gem by Zealous (2349).— Mr. J. Hill,
31 gs.

108 Vanity the 7th, calved November 1st, 1873 ; by Prizeman

(4063), out of Vanity the 2nd by Renown (2719).—
Messrs. Smythies and Gresset.
BULLS.
1 Renown, calved November 11th, 1860 ; by Severn (1382).
out of Star by Albert Edward (859). — Reserved at 50 gs,

THE FABMEK'S MAGAZINE.

413

2 Candour the 5th (3720), calved 1870 ; by Zealous (3349),

out of Curly by Beety Beu (1869).— Mr. Hall, 40 gs.

3 Reform, calved June 17th, 1872 ; by Character the 2ad

(3011), out of Ringlet the 2ud by Renown (2719).— Mr.
Kerney, 40 gs.

4 Viceroy, calved June 11th, 1873 ; by Valour (4221), out of

Vixen by Confessor the 2nd (3038).— Mr. Hutton,41 gs.

5 Bachelor the 2nd, calved July 5th, 1873 ; by Prizeman

(4063), out of Browney by Zealous (2349).— Mr, Thomas,
26 gs.
16 Sultan the 2nd, calved July 7th, 1873; by Renown (2719),
out of Sunflower by Lord of the Manor (2622). — Mr.
Shipway, 50 gs.

7 Peter the 2ud, calved July 7th, 1873 ; by Renown (2719),

out of Polly by Zealous (2349).— Mr. Powell, 30 gs.

8 Provost the 3ud, calved July 16th, 1873 ; by Renown

(2719), out of Prettylass by Zealous (2349).— Mr. i\ C.
Cobden, 51 gs.

9 Provost the 3rd, calved July 18th, 1873 ; by Prizeman

(4063), out of Prettylass 2nd by Renown (2719).— Mr.
T. Duckham, 25 gs.

10 Victory the 5th, calved August 8th, 1873 ; by Prizeman

(4063), out by Violet 2ud by Renown (2719).— Mr.
Williams, 35 gs.

11 Candour the 11th, calved Aus^ust 18th, 1873 ; by Zealous

(2349), out of Curly the 3rd by Dauphin (3058).— Mr.
Newbury, 36 gs.

12 Portrait the 2ud, calved August 2l8t, 1873; by Renown

(2719), out of Peggy by Zealous (2349).— Mr. Hole,
41 gs.

13 Governor the 4th, calved November 26th, 1873 ; by

Prizeman (4063), out of Miss Grove the 2ud by Renowu
(3712).— Mr. Stone, 65 gs.

14 Portrait the 3rd, calved December 25th, 1873 ; by Prize-

man (4063), out of Peggy the 2nd by Renown (2719).
— Mr. Stone, 32 gs.

SALE OF MR. MARJORIBANKS'
ANGLO-ALDBRNBYS,

At Bushey, Watford, on September 25. ,
BY MR. JOHN THORNTON.
Some years since Mr. Marjoribanks changed over from
Shorthorns to Alderueys, but his second venture has not
been so successful. His present herd, bred from the
whole-coloured stock of Mr. Dauucey, Mr. Simpson, and
Mr. Duncan, was often coarse, and the prices realised indif-
ferent, considering the original outlay. Forty-one cows
and heifers made 1,406 gs., at an average of just over
34 gs. ; and four bulls 107 gs., at about 27 gs. each.
Gladstoue, the bull used of late, is chiefly noticeable for
his size ; and he was sold for a price at which if he carries
all that " fat within," he might be salted down.
Amongst the company were Mr. Simpson, Mr.
Middleton, Mr. Fuller, and Mr. Beadel, all Jersey
" fancy," but they were not very keen ; and Mr. Drake,
Mr. Barnes and others, did more to help the sale, while
Colonel Wilson and Mr. Capel took a few really good
cows at the best prices. A Southdown flock, showing
more breeding than the cattle, was also sold, as Mr.
Marjoribanks contemplates leaving Bushey, and 405
sheep, made £889 143. 6d. The following are the
prices and purchasers of the herd, all " self-coloured,"
and bred from English stock.

COWS AND HEIFERS.
Peach, by Bushey, out of Pink. — Mr. Mutton, Brighton, 35 gs.
Amy, by Bushey, out of Ada, — Mr. W. J ones Loyd, Langley-

bury, Watford, 37 gs.
Queen, by Bushey, out of Quality. — Mr. W. H. Wakefield,

Kendal, 30 gs.
Young Vision, by Mr. Dauncey's Dorsay, out of Vision. — Mr

J. Anderson, Wraysbury, 24 gs.
Grade, by Bushey, out of Gracious. — Mr. T. T. Drake, Shar-

deloes, 40 gs.

Princess Ada, by Bushey, out of Pretty Maid.— Col. F. M.
Wilson, Bury St. Edmunds, 34 gs.

Mab, by Bedesman, out of Madge. — Mr. G. Simpson, Wray
Park, Reigate, 32 gs.

Lantana, by Bushey, out of Landscape. — Mr. J. T. Maunsey,
Barnet, 40 gs.

Lady, by Lothair, out of Landscape. — Sir J. Marjoribanks,
Coldstream, 38 gs.

Lobelia, by Lothair, out of Landscape. — Mr. J. Robinson,
Berkhampstead, 37 gs.

Heiress, by Bushey, out of Harebell. — Col. F. M. Wilson,
Bury St. Edmunds, 68 gs.

Miss Vision, by Bushey, out of Young Vision. — Mr. Capel,
52 gs.

Heliotrope, by Bushey, out of Harebell. — Mr. Capel, 63 gs.

Maggie.— Mr. W. H. Wakefield, Kendal, 30 gs.

Sunflower. — Mr. T. A. Mantel and Sou, 47 gs.

Bluebell. — Miss Lyon, Emswoith, Hants, 36 gs.

Margaret, by Whaddon, out of Maggie. — Mr. Capel, 71 gs.

Beauty, by Bushey, out of Blossom. — Mr. J. Robinson, Berk-
hampstead, 36 gs.

Bracelet, by a bull of Mr. G. Simpson's, out of Bluebell. — Mr.
J. Robinson, Berkhampstead, 27 gs.

Clara, by Bushey, out oi Countess. — Mr. W. J. Beadel, 37 gs.

Rose, by Lothair, out of Ribbon.— Mr. T. H. Miller, Single-
ton, Lancashire, 34 gs.

Daisy, by Bushey, out of Dahlia. — Mr. W. H. Wakefield,
Kendal, 25 gs.

Flora, by Lothair, out of Favourite. — Mr. J. Robinson, Berk-
hampstead, 30 gs.

Landlady, by Bismarck, out of Landscape. — Mr. W. Game,
Broadmoor, Gloucestershire, 33 gs.

Sunshade, by Lotbair, out of Sunflower. — Mr. W. ChamberUn,
Adderbury, Oxon, 40 gs.

Viola, by Dr. Syntax, out of Violante.— Mr. J. G. Smith,
Watford, 37 gs.

Magenta, by The Palmer, out of Magnet. — Mr. Ely, Watford,
40 gs.

Laurustina, by Gladstone, out of Lady. — Mr. W. H. Wake-
field, Kendal, 46 gs.

Buttermaid, by Bismarck, out of Beauty. — Mr. S. Hanbury,
34 gs.

Cowslip, by Bismarck, out of Clara. — Mr. W. J. Beadel, 26 gs.

Queenie, by Lothair, out of Queen. — Mr, J. Robinson, 30 gs.

Pineapple, by Gladstone, out of Peach. — Mr. J.F. Burrell,
Surrey, 29 gs.

Verbena, by Lothair, out of Young Vision. — Mr. C. A. Barnes,
Rickmansworth, 40 gs.

Butterfly, by Gladstone, out of Beauty. — Mr. H. E. Gurney,
Norwich, 16 gs.

Graceful, by Gladstone, out of Grade. — Mr. C. Snewing, 16 gs.

Fanny, by Gladstone, out of Flora. — Mr. J. F. Christy, Kent,
16 gs.

Quamoclit, by Gladstoue, out of Queen. — Mr. W. J. Beadel,
15 gs.

Ban, by Gladstone, out of Bluebell.— Mr. W. A. Peel, Wat-
ford, 17 gs.

Daflodil, by Gladstone, out of Daisy.— Mr. T. T. Drake, 30 gs-

Lapwing, by Gladstone, out of Lady. — Mr. J. F. Christy, 27 gs.

Hyacinth, by Gladstone, out of Heiress. — Mr. H. D. Lock,
31 gs.

BULLS.

Gladstone, by Lothair, out of Sunflower. — Mr. S. Armstrong,
Watford, 28 gs.

Marquis of Salisbury, by Gladstone, out of Maggie. — Mr. W.
Cbamberlin, 50 gs.

Peter, by Gladstone, out of Peach. — Mr. J. Anderson, 7 gs.

Lord Landover, by Gladstone, out of Lobelia. — Sir J. Marjori-
banks, 22 gs.

One Jersey Steer. — Mr. H. Squire, 15 gs.

One ditto. — Mr. A. Coleman, 13^ gs.

One Jersey Steer Calf.— Mr. Ely, 8 gs.

One ditto. — Mr. H. Squire, 5 gs.

One ditto. — Mr. H. S. Squire, 6 gs.

Summary.

45 Jerseys £1,588 13 0

6 Steers 49 17 6

405 Sheep 889 14 6

Aifiii 5 0

4,14,

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

SALE OF MR. DUGDALB'S SHORT-
HORNS,
At Wroxhall, Warwick, ox Septejiber 23.
BY LYTHALL AND CLARKE.

The Shorthorns were full of Milcote blood, and the sale
cousequent oa Mr. Dugdale giving up one of his farms.

COWS.
Wild Agnes. — Mr. J. Canning, 39 gs.
Lady Hews.— Mr. T. E. Walker, M.P., 44 gs.
Lady Hews 2nd.— Mr. T. E. Walker, 32 gs.
Lady Manchester. — Mr. S. Canning, 30 gs.
Lady Diana. — Mr. J. Canning, 30 gs.
Lady Columbine. — Mr. J. Cookes, 45 gs.
Lady Worsey. — Mr. Looker, 37 gs.
Lenton Lady. — Mr. Cruickshank, 56 gs.
Lady Snowdon. — Mr. J. Canning, 30 gs.
Miss Mann and Crocus. — Mr. T. E. Walker, 57 gs.
Hanley Lass. — Mr. Looker, 21 gs.
The Queeu.— Mr. T. E. Walker, 32 gs.
Miss Jones. — Mr. G. Cooke, 17 gs.
Short-Horn.— Mr. G. Cooke, 22 gs.
Cock-Horn.— Mr. Staite, 20 gs.
Lily.— Mr. Staite, 20 rs.
Miss Hinks. — Mr. J. Kinp, 21 gs.
Rosalind.— Mr. T. E. Walker, 24 gs.

BULLS.
Wellington. — Mr. Staite, Jan., 42 gs.
Sir Roger —Mr. J. Staite, 21 gs.
Leo. — Mr. Parry, 17 gs.
The Shah.— Mr. J. Smith, 15 gs.
Cremorne. — Mr. J. Cooke, 8 gs.
The Buck.— Mr. J. Ball, 10 gs.

STEER.
Master Hews. — Mr. Looker, 28 gs.

The Shropshire ewes sold at from 50s. to 60s., the ewe
lambs from 30s. to 40s., and the rams from 4 gs. to 13 gs.

SHORTHORN SALES IN LANCASHIRE.

BY MR. JOHN THORNTON.

MR. ROBINSON'S SHORTHORNS,

At Edge Hill, Ulverstone, on Tuesday, Sept. 29.

The excitement naturally arising from the great prices
realised at the Holker and Underley sales had hardly
subsided when three other sales took place in the county.
These were, although good and pure bred Shorthorn
cattle, not of the fashionable blood, nor in, we might
almost say, the same element. Mr. Robinson, al-
though living within half-a-dozen miles of Holker,
had pinned his fancy to the show-yard and Booth blood,
and certainly brought out some very fine cows and young
bulls. The Rita tribe had taken a large number of prizes
at the IJlverston and North Lancashire shows, and old
Rita herself, lot 2, was a very grand cow to see ; on
short legs, while very deep and round in the body, with
a sweet head, to these qualities she added milk and a
propensity to breed heifers. Mr. Robert Jefferson got
her in-calf at 71 gs. ; the daughter, lot 7, was, if
anything, as good if not better than herself, but having
been gored by another cow she lost her calf prematurely
and made but 50 gs. Another good tribe came from Mr.
Jon. Peel, of Knowlmere. They were of short descent,
with a missing link in the son of Major, whose daughter,
Principessa, by Mr. Booth's Valasco, grew into a massive
cow, and left her structure and heavy flesh to her issue.
Lot 6, Queen of Somerton 2nd, was quite a model of
symmetry, but being in use Mr. Chapman got her at a
trifle over market price. He also took her heifer, a
thick, good white, at 42 gs. ; and here was noticeable the
large number of whites, and their general excellence.
They came doubtless, by their colour and their goodness
also, through their sire Prince Alfred, a remarkably long,
&Qe, wlute bull, bred by Mr. Hugh Aylmer, by Prince

Christian, from Chamian by Valasco (15443). This bull
had won several prizes and cups, but being now in years
was retained with two or three cows as a nucleus for
another herd.

The best day's work, however, that Mr. Robinson did
in buying, was when he purchased two cows and calves of
the Waterloo and Flower tribes from Aylesby. They were
sold as culls, still they had the blood, and the public
appreciated it ; ^^ ater Fay, a white seven - year -
old cow, rather rough but very useful and a good breeder,
ran up to 100 gs., and her two heifers, both white, and
of great promise, were bought at 95 gs. and 110 gs.
respectively, by Mr. Beattie, of Newby, who has others
of the same tribe, with one of which, Warrior's Plume,
he won the first prize for cows at the Wolverhamptoa
Royal. The Flowers had bred bulls, and nice calves they
were, making 63 gs., 56 gs , and 30 gs. each. Julius Csesar
(31452), a red bull of the Fame tribe, bred by Messrs.
Atkinson, having been bought of them as a calf.had grown
into a massive thick show-bull, and had also taken several
prizes in the county. Mr. Sisman took him at 165 ga.
into Huntingdonshire, after competition from Mr. Eastoa
on the part of an Aberdeenshire breeder. The sale was
well attended by a large local company, Mr. Robert
Jefferson doing the honours at the lunch ; but heavy
showers occasionally interrupted the business, which
nevertheless was very satisfactory, the total exceeding the
anticipations of the owners. Some pure Leicester sheep,
the property of Mr. Kennedy, were sold after the Short-
horns, at prices ranging from 58s. to 72s. for ewes, and
about 30s. for lambs.

COWS.

Bridesmaid, white, calved Nov. 2, 1864. — J. Grimes, Lincoln-
shire, 29 gs.

Rita, roan, calved Feb. 1, 1865. — R. Jefferson, Preston Hows,
Whitehaven, 71 gs.

Flora, red, calved Aug. 13, 1865. — Grimes, Lincolnshire, 46 gs.

Rita 1st, roau. calved May 11, 1867. — Richardson, Hutton,
Penrith, 30 gs.

Water Fay, white, calved Aug. 29, 1867. — Jefferson, Preston
Hows, 100 gs.

Queen of Somerton 2nd, roan, calved Jan. 2, 1868. — W. Chap-
man, Nottingham, 36 gs.

Rita 2nd, roan, calved April 16th, 1868. — Richardson Hutton,
50 gs.

Lady Fitz, light roan, calved March 25, 1869.— John Ash-
burner, EUiscales, Dalton, 31 gs.

Laura Maria, roan, calved Oct. 4, 1869. — Proud, Lane House,
Ulverstone, 36 gs.

Christiana, roan, calved July 5, 1870. — Toppin, Skelton, Pen-
rith, 58 gs.

Audrey 12th, roan, calved Sept. 6th, 1870.— H. Caddy,
Rougholm, Ravenglass, 24 gs.

Lily, white, calved Sept. 25, 1871.— Mr. Jefferson, Preston
Hows, 45 gs.

Rila 4th, roan, calved Oct. 18, 1871.— Mr. Jefferson, Si gs.

Lavina, white, calved March 7, 1872. — Wm. Barton, Ulver-
stone, 65 gs.

Ehza 19th, red and white, calved April 21, 1872.— Currie,
Halkerston, Gorebridge, 43 gs.

Christine, white, calved AprU 26, 1872.— W. Chapman, Not-
tinghamshire, 42 gs.

Rita 5th, white, calved Sept. 29, 1872.— E. Wortley, Ridliug-
ton, Uppingham, 33 gs.

Water Well, white, calved Oct. 3, 1872.— James Beattie,
Newbie House, Annan, 95 gs.

Lively, white, calved Oct. 18, 1872.— Jefferson, 35 gs.

Catherine, roan, calved Jan. 1, 1873.— Currie, Halkerston,
Gorebridge, 55 gs.

Nursemaid, white, calved March 30, 1873.— J. Atkinson,
Peepy, Bywell, Felton, 32 gs.

Lady Fitz 2nd, white, calved July 28, 1873.— Withdrawn.

Flora's Beauty, roan, calved Aug. 10, 1873.— Grimes, Lincoln-
shire, 31 gs.

Audrey 13th, wliite, calvsd Aug. 24, 1873.— E. Warhurst,
Lowick, 21 g».

THE FARMER'S MAGAZLNE.

415

Rita 6th, white, calved Aug. 27, 1873 — Gaitskell HaU, Santon,

31 gs.
Water Daisy, white, calved Sept. 18, 1873. — James Beattie,

Newbie Uouse, Annan, 110 gs.
Nursegirl, roan, calved March 16, 187'i. — Atkinson, Peepy,

25 gs.
Comfort, white, calved June 14, 1874. — J. M. Richardson,

Hutton, Penrith, 18 gs.
Caroline, red and a little white, calved June 19, 1874'.— Top-
pin, Skelton, 22 gs.

BULLS.
Julius Caesar, red and white, calved January 14, 1872. —

Sisman, Buckworth, Hants, 166 gs.
Baron Rokeley, roan, calved Nov. 14, 1870. — Mr. Woodburn,

Sandscale, IJlverstone, 45 gs.
Royal Hope, white, calved March 31, 1872. — J. Ashburner,

Elliscales, 63 gs.
Rocca, roan, calved May 31, 1873.— B. Wilson, Cark, 32 gs.
Patroclus, roan, calved Sept. 16, 1873. — Bond, Lane House,

28 gs.
Borneo, roan, calved Dec. 18, 1873,— W. Threlfall, St. Helens,

Wigan, 56 gs.
Royal William, roan, calved May 8, 1874. — R. Ashburner

Gleaston Park, 30 gs.
Baron Sludley, white, calved May 14, 1874. — Barton, Outcast,

9 gs.
Pandarus, roan, calved May 26, 1874. — R. Riley, Sunbreck,

17 gs.
Fitzroy, red and white, calved July 7, 1874.— Kellet, Wind

Hill, 11 gs.
Finis, red and a little wliite, calved Aug. 3, 1874. — E. War-
hurst, 5 gs.

Summary.

28 Cows averaged £47 3 1 .£1,330 7 0

11 Bulls „ 44 0 1 484 1 0

39

46 10 6

£1,814 8 0

MR. WHITESIDE'S SHORTHORNS,

At Hesketh, Pkeston, on September 30.

Living on the borders of the Lancashire and Yorkhire
Fells Mr. Whiteside had stocked a rather small grass-
farm with a few well-bred Shorthorns, to which he added
some of the Blauclie tribe from Mr. Eaton's herd, and
two or three from Lord Fitzhardinge and other breeders.
The Rev. J. Swarbriek also put the bulk of his herd into
the sale, so that the catalogue was swelled to forty-
two head. The day was bright and cheerful, and
Mr. Drewry, Mr. Harward, Mr. Purkis, Mr.
Beattie, Mr. Atkinson, Mr. McLaughlin from
Buncombe Park, Mr. Taylor from Wetherly Grange,
were noticeable among the company. Some of the lots
were large-framed good cows, but the heifers were thin
and not very even. For the best-bred lots there was
good competition ; Mr. Willougiiby Wood taking Emily
by Second Duke of ColJingham from Star of Eve, of Mr.
Rich's breeding, of the old Bustin blood, at 61gs. Mr.
Drewry purchased Wild Rose, a Booth topped cow, of the
Wild Eyes tribe, at 50gs.; while she had just calved a roan
heifer-calf, for which Mr. Harward gave 37gs. ; as he also
took a very good yearling from her at 61gs., quite the
pick of the young things. Lot 7, a Sweetheart cow by
Patrician, made 70gs., and her heifer, not of great
promise, 37g3., to remain in the district. Lot 16,
Minstrel 3rd, a cow bred by Lord Fitzhardinge, realised
120gs., the top price of the day, and goes to Capt. Schofield.
The Blanche cows were in good demand. After com-
petition from Mr. Drewy and Mr. Harward, Mr.
McLaughlin purchased Lot 11, Midnight, down-calving,
at 105 gs. Her sister, a year younger, having cast her calf
went very cheap to Mr. Harward at 43 gs.; but Twilight,
a promising red calf from Emily, created some competition
between Mr. Wood and Mr. Harward, the latter finally
getting her at 71 gs.

Baron Napier, descended from the Blanche tribe on
both sides, had been ia use, aad a level bull he had grown

into, although not of large scale. He went cheap at
40 gs., and oddly enough the highest priced bull-calf,
lot 40 was by a bull of Mr. Jon. Peel's breeding. The
sale all through was slow, but considering the stock they
realised fair prices, as some of the calves were under a
month old. The average of about 40 gs. was accordingly
reduced to £38 17s. 6d. for the 42 head catalogued.

SUMMABY.

36 Cows averaged £40 11 5 £1,460 11 0

6 Bulls „ 28 14 0 172 4 0

42 head averaged £38 17 6 £1,632 15 0

MR. THOM'S SHORTHORNS,
At Burgh, Chorley, on October I.
A heavy steady downpour, a place in a state of general
repair, and the contractor's conveyance with the luncheon
broken down two miles away, were not inspiring for a
Shorthorn sale. However, the cattle were got nicely
under cover in the low steadings generally prevalent
in Lancashire. Mr. Thom's herd is' of short
duration. Mr. Davies' sale supplied several, but
most of them died olf in that bleak bit of country, and
other herds were resorted to. Mr. Blackwell's supplied
Anna 5th and Lioness, as well as some others, at good
figures. Mr. Bracewell's contributed Diamond Rose and
Belle Flora, and Flag of Ireland and Bismarck Baron
were private investments from Mr. Torr of Aylesby.
Two very fine bulls they were : one a white, brother to
Mr. Boustead's show-yard crask, I'lag of Britain;
the other a red thick-fleshed animal of the Bright
tribe. Three Gwynnes from Mr. Caddy, and one
or two Lucys from Mr. Dickinson, completed the pur-
chases for a time, and with them the herd made a
fair start. But last autumn Royal Rose was bought
at Mr. Downing's Sale, County Cork ; as she was at the
time a show heifer, and her excellence as one of the most
promising of those out this season made her a general
topic both in the Yorkshire and the Lancashire show-
yards. Hustled by a crowd at Preston, she became very
excited ; and the excitement brought on premature calving,
spoiling her sale and also her chances of not only claiming
her premiums, but affecting her future productiveness.
Circumstances, however, caused the herd to be brought
suddenly into the market, and although there were many
breeders present, yet the wet day kept the bulk of the
local people away. After some assistance, the tent was
got into fair order, and a stand-up lunch took place, Mr.
Towneley Parker not hesitating to give the company a
toast. For the best lots there was ready and quick
competition, bat for the outsiders the bidding was
slow and some bargains were to be had. Several of the
cows were very grand animals, particularly Anna 5th, a
fine roan, bred by the Rev. J. Storer, and one of the best
cows out this season. She was bought by Mr. Tindall,
of Lincolnshire, for Mr. Junius, as it was rumoured to go
abroad. Rhoda Gwynne, another grand cow not
breeding, made hardly beef price ; and her
heifer, Rhoda Gwynne 2nd, down calving, was
a bargain at 135 gs. Mr. Pickersgill, who was the last
bidder on Anna 5th, took two of the Gwynne heifers at
moderate prices ; and Lioness, a fine I'ed cow which had just
calved a roan heifer-calf, was also purchased by Mr. Tindall
He likewise bought Flag of Ireland at a ridiculously
low price, and Bismarck Baron goes to Mr. Smith, of
Hull. Royal Rose was put up at 150 gs., but there
being no bid she was reserved. After the sale an ofler
was made, but it was reported " not a thousand guineas
would buy her." Some cart mares sold fairly well, some
thought cheap ; and a small lot of Leicesters went mostly
to the butchers.

416

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINB.

SUMMART.

£ 9. d.

28 Cows averaged 56 14

9 Bulls „ 35 4

0 1,587 12 0

8 317 2 0

37 averaged £51 9 7 £1,90114 0

SALE OF THE WESTERTOWN BLACK
POLLED HERD.

This herd was begun ia the time of the father of the late
tenant, Mr. Brown, but it only arose into notice under the
management of the gentleman whose death is the cause of
the sale. The best blood in the herd was drawn from the
stock of Tillyfour and Mains of Kelly. No one better
discerned the true promise of an animal of the Polled
breed than the late Mr. Brown ; and to this quality was
due his success as an exhibitor and the reputation in which
the herd was held. At the luncheon Mr.
M'CoMBiE, M.P., said although Mr. Brown
was not born with a silver spoon in his
mouth, he placed himself in the highest rauk amongst the
farmers of Scotland. He had left few equals in Scotland.
Mr. Brown was one of his oldest acquaiutances, and
his confidence in his skill as a breeder was unlimited.
He iiad examined the stock for sale, and he must, in
justice, pronounce them to be of the very highest character.
This stock consisted of 23 cows, 2 two-year old heifers,
21 yearling heifers and heifer-calves, and 11 bulls and
bull-calves. The whole were descended from two cows,
Violet (389), and Rose of Westertown (381) ; a two-year-
old heifer, Victoria (385) ; and three heifer calves. Rose
3rd (925), a daughter of Rose just mentioned ;
Duchess of Westertown (927), and Lady Ann of Wester-
town (926) ; being the sole survivors of the herd Mr.
Brown had raised at Westertown previous to its decima-
tion by pleuro-pneumonia, caught at the Dumfries show
in 1 860. The most numerous were ihe Rose and Duchess
tribes, and the latter were particularly in favour on Thurs-
day. The highest average was brought by the descen-
denta of Victoria. The cows realised a total of £998
lis., or an average of £43 8s.

The following is the list of purchasers and the prices
paid :

Cows.
Maggie (935).— Mr. Leslie M. Gartwright, Lady Bank House,

Fife, 40 gs.
Mary (933).— Mr. Leslie M. Cartwright, 45 gs.
Duchess 6th (1243). — Duke of Richmond, 45 gs.
Rosemary (936). — Col. Ferguson, of Pitfour, 54 gs.
Beatrice (937).— Mr. M'Combie, M.P., of Tillyfour, 53 gs.
Carrie (939).— Mr. Paterson, Mulben, 35 gs.
Rosa Bonheur (910). — Mr. Brodie, of Lethen, 56 gs.
Kate (93-2).— Mr. Brodie, of Lethen, 29 gs.
Duchess 5th (1241). — Sir George Macpherson Grant, of Ballin-

dalloch, Bart., 66 gs.
Victoria Regina (931).— Duke of Richmond, 51 gs.
Alice (124.3).— Earl of Aberdeen, 55 gs.
Susaane (942).— Mr. Gwjer, Biallid, Badenoch, 46 gs.
Duchess 2nd (938).— Mr. Gwyer, Biallid, Badenoch, 46 gs.
Rosebud (1244).— :Mr. Diogwall Fordyce, M.P., 41 gs.
Violet (929).— Duke of Richmond, 30 gs.
Lizzie Ann (1210).— Mr. Barclay, M.P., 32 gs.
Rosedale (934).— Mr. Brooke, Cardney, Dunkeld, 38 gs.
Blackberry (1903).— Mr. Hunter, Dipple, 30 gs.
Rose 3rd (925).— Sir G. M. Grant, Bart, for Tomore, 30 gs.
Dandy (949).— Mr. Leslie M. Cartwright, Fife, 37 gs.
Duchess (927).— Mr. Barclay, M.P., 29 gs.
Lady Ann (926).— Mr. Mackessack, Earnside, 39 gs.
Lucy, (1906).— Mr. Hay, Trochelhill, 24 gs,
Two-tEAK-OLD Heifers.
Rosalind (1905). — Mr. Anderson, Viewfield, Urquhart, 49 gs.
Aagiuta (1904).— Mr. M'Combie, of Easter Skene, 4i8 gs.

Yearling HEirERS and Heifer Calves.
Duchess 8th (1912).— The Earl of Fife, 38 gs.
Rosy Morn (1909). —Mr. Adam, Bowiebank, King Edward,

27 gs.
Mary Anne (1907).— Mr. Calder, Muriton, 23 gs.
Rosamond (1910). — Mr. Gordon, of Wardhouse, 45 gs.
Rosette (1911).— Mr. John Grant, Methlick, 25 gs.
Rosa (1908). — Sir George Macpherson Grant, Bart, 38 gs.
Maud (1913).— Mr. M'Kenzie, Elgin, for Mr. Fobes.of Cul-

loden, 32 gs.
Rosanna (1914).— Mr. M'Kenzie, for CuUoden, 20 gs.
Duchess 9th. — Mr. Paterson, Mulben, 24 gs.
Blaeberry. — Mr. Jas. Milne, Gateside, Tarves, 15 gs.
Heifer calf of Rose 3rd (925).— Mr. Walker, Altyre, 16 gs.
Heifer calf of Kate (932). — Mr. Brown, Linkwood, 10 gs.
Heifer calf of Mary (933).— Mr. Walker, Altyre, 36 gs.
Heifer calf of Maggie (935). — Mr. Bruce, Broadland, 18 gs.
Heifer calf of Beatrice (937).— Mr. M'Combie, M.P., 27 gs.
Heifer calf of Lizzie Ann (1240). — Mr. M'Kenzie, Elgin, for

Mr. Walker, Geddes, Nairn, 19 gs.
Heiter call of Duchess 5th (1241).— Mr.Fortune,Cullen House,

29 gs.

Heifer calf of Dandy (949). — Mr. Mitchell, Balgreen, King-
Edward, 22 gs.

Heifer calf of Duchess 6th (1242). — Mr. Anderson, Viewfield,
17 gs.

Heifer calf of Rosa Boaheur (910). — Mr. Grant, Ballifurth,
16 gs.

Bulls and Bull Calves.

Duke of Perth (357).— The Marquis of Huutly, 95 gs.

The Shah (719).— Mr. Beattie, Dunnydeer, 27 gs.

Bull calf of Rosedale (934).— Mr. Hunter, Dipple, 25 gs.

Bull calf of Duchess (927).— The Earl of Aberdeen 48 gs.

Bull calf of Violet (929).— Mr. W. M. Skinner, Drumin, 16 gs.

Bull calf of Victoria Regina (931),— Mr. Brodie, of Lethen,

30 gs.

Bull calf of Carrie (939).— Mr. Skene, Skene Park, Nairn,

21 gs.
Bull calf of Rosa Bonheur (940). — Mr. Grant, Glenfarclas,

14 gs.
Bull calf of Alice (1243).— Mr. Davidson, Lochyhill, 15 gs.
Bull calf of Rosebud (1244).— The Duke of Richmond, 60 gs.
Bull calf of Lucy (1906).— Mr. Walker, Geddes, 21 gs.

The total proceeds of the sale amount to £2,002 7s.

SALE OF THE DUKE OF RICHMOND'S
SHORIHORNS AND LEICESTERS.

At Gordon Castle, N.B.
The prices realised will scarcely compensate for the great
outlays that are made every now and again by the introduction
of fresh blood. The first lot exposed vras a strong dark roan,
Cairngorm, calved 11th May, 1873, and got by Royal Hope, a
roan bred by Mr. Pawlett, Beestou, and out of Duchess 8th,
by Baron CoUiug, a buU that has been of signal service in the
Gordon Castle herd. Cairngorm is descended from a cow Juno,
got by Monsieur Vestris, got by Bates' 2ud Duke of Northum-
land, and own brother to the celebrated Duke of Northumber-
land. Monsieur Vestris, we may mention, was the first sire
imported into the herd, and was perhaps one of the most valua-
ble animals ever in it. Cairngorm was knocked out at 39 gs.
to Mr. Thomson, Tynet. The second lot was a red, calved on
6th January, 1874, and is got by Baron Colling, bred by Colonel
Towneley, Towneley Park. Out of Duchess 6th, the second lot
is descended, like the first, from J uno by Monsieur Vestris. He
was knocked out at 21 gs. to Mr. John Adams, Wester Un-
thanli, Duifus. The third lot is a roan, calved 21tti Decem-
ber, 1873, and is got by Royal Hope, out of Fairy Queen 5th
by Baron Colling. He was knocked out cheaply at 27 gs. to
Mr. Alex. Gardon, Mains of Tannachy. The fourth lot, red,
calved 8th January last, got by Royal Hope, out of Queen by
Baron Colling, was sold for 20 gs. to Mr. Pirie, Auciianachie,
Keith. The fifth lot, a red, calved on 18th January last, got
by Royal Hope, and descended from the cow Sugar Candy, a
daughter of Almond Flower, sold at 20 gs. to Mr. George
Eraser, Aquherton, Kintore. The sixth lot, a red, calved 20th
Januarj, 1874, and got by Royal Hope, was knocked out for
28 g»< to Mr, Oiegor, Wester Alves. The next, a red roaa,

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

417

calved 26th January, got by Baron Colling, and descended
through the fine Ury cow Queen, Mr. Stevenson, Durn, Port-
soy, purchased at 20 gs. Lot 8, red, calved lOth February,
1874, and possessing the same pedigree as lot 6, was disposed
of at 18 gs. lo Mr. Traser, Dryburn. The ninth lot, a roan,
calved 27th February last, by Baron Colling, and out of Destiny,
descended through Queen, of Ury extraction, is of large size
for his age, very evenly fleshed, and has fine long soft hair.
He was knocked out to Mr. Grant, Dandaleith, for 39 gs., the
highest price paid for any of tlie young bulls, and a figure at
which also the highest priced cow was sold. The tentli lot, a
red calf by Royal Hope, was disposed of to Mr. Fletcher, Rose-
haugh, for 28 gs. The succeeding lot was a roan, calved 18th
March last, got by Baron Colling, and descended from the cow
Lustre by 2ud Duke of Northumberland, was sold for 30 gs. to
Mr. James Shearer, Mains of Croy. Lot 13, red, calved 21st
March last, is a son of King Butterfly, bred by Mr. Jefferson,
Preston Hows, a bull presently in the herd at Gordon Castle,
and embracing in his pedigree four crosses of Towneley But-
terfly blood. On tlie female side, lot 12 is descended through
the Ury cow, Queen, before mentioned. The bull was disposed
of for 28 gs. to Mr. Robertson, Auchiureath. The last lot of
the bulls was a red and white, calved 17th April, 1874', by
Baron Colling, and out of Crown Princess 4th by Resource,
was knocked out at 16 gs. to Mr. Lipp, Hai.'doch, Rothiemay.
The average price of the thirteen bulls was £27 9s. 3d. Seven-
teen cows and heifers were offered for sale, but, like the bulls,
they did not fetch remunerative prices. The cows and heifers
were all supposed to be in calT either to Royal Hope or to King
Butterfly. Tlie average price of the five cows was £34 4s. 7d. ;
of three two-year-old heifers, £3i os. ; and of nine yearling
heifers, £23 9s. Immediately after the sale of cattle, 95
Leicester ewes and gimmeis and 45 Leicester rams were offered
for sale. The ewes and gimraers were sold lu lots of five, and
the rams were disposed of singly. The sheep were on the whole
fully up to the average of the lots exposed at Gordon Castle,
but the prices obtained were scarcely up to the mark, the ave-
rage price of the ewes and gimmers being £2 18s. 6d., and of
the 45 rams within a fraction of £4 Is. The total proceeds of
the sale amount to £1,299 Is.

SALE OF SIR CHARLES F. SMYTHE'S

SHORTHORNS,

At Acton Buenell, Salop, on October 7.

BY MR. W. G. PREECE.

A meagre affair at first sight in the eyes of the Short-
horn breeder was the Acton Buruell catalogue. Just
some halt-dozen bulls recently used had their names
recorded, while on the fly-leaf it was remarked that " the
foundation of this herd of Shorthorns was laid about forty
years ago by the late Sir Edward Smythe, and first-class
bulls were used from the late Lord Spencer and the Rev.
Henry Berry. Unfortunately about twenty years ago
the pedigrees of the herd were lost, and although every
animal except one, now offered for sale, has been bred by
Sir Frederick Smythe, and directly descended from a fine
herd then in possession of his father, the pedigrees cannot
be traced further back." Now, as we happen to know,
both by oral testimony of several of the performers as
well as from a bundle of carefully-stored letters, something
of the breeding of Shorthorns in those days when the
names of Vincent, Crofton, Priestley, Mostyn, Dawson,
Hill, Hampton, Pennant, and Harvey represented an
enthusiastic band who gathered around Berry and drew
direct inspiration from Mr. Bates himself, and when Hen-
wood, Wharfdale, aud Badsworth were household names
upon the Welsh border, we were anxious to criticise in
the flesh the actual existing merits of those early
sires, to whose solid merits none can better testify
than the famous breeder of the Siddington Gazelles.
Breeders calculated carefully at that date, and with the
gravity of a senate, what move should next be taken.
And they were ever ready, even for a small herd, to iuve»t

fifty to a hundred guineas in a bull-calf at a period when
long prices were comparatively unknown. Now-a-days,
when numbers buy who have no idea what they are about
except that such aud such a tribe made startling prices at
such and such a sale, and when every catalogue they lay
hands on is prefaced with a reference to Mr. So-and-so's
celebrated cow, of which no one ever heard before, men
have no conception of the trouble taken in building up
those old herds ; of the days spent in consultation and
the pilgrimages taken in search of a cross, of the high-
priced postal conferences upon the next move, when it
took a fortnight to travel what you can now traverse in
SIX hours. Never was coterie kept more select, never
club more exclusive, than the deliberately sanctioned
elements of those early Shorthorn herds. They went
then for milk no less than for the mellow skin aud quickly
forming beef. They would have nothing to do (we have heard
it from their lips many times) with any bull whose female
relatives gave less than from 20 to 30 quarts of milk a day.
Now that the era of keeping a conglomerate herd, some-
thing of all sorts, in fact, bought here aud there and every-
where, is passing, and men are setting down each one to
develop a distinctive family, it is to those early sorts
that they will have to resort. The trade in Short-
horns is increasing, its delicious interest nnabated.
There is necessity for a new infusion into the veins of the
precious Duchess tribe to which breeders will look long as
they can for their bulls. Some would use the Red Roses,
some (condoning the Bridecake blot) would sanction the
Grand Dukes, others state fairly that they look for a
coming race. Whatever shall it be ? Time alone can tell.
Mr. Bates in his sphere, and under his circumstances, was
undoubtedly a grand man, and had grand chances. But
would anyone superstitiously deny that now-a-days such
chances are multiplied a thousandfold, or that there are
breeders alive who are scarcely, if at all inferior to that
distinguished pioneer. How did Messrs. Bolden,
Wetherell, Eastwood venture to leave this beaten course,
with such success, too, both pecuniarly and otherwise ?
Who can forget at the Dunmore sale the distinct and ex-
quisite style of beauty a certain Blight Eyes heifer had
clearly derived from a Butterfly cross ?

And in last week's paper is not Mr. Drewry recorded
to have bought a Wild Eyes cow havicg "some high-class
intermixture of Booth blood" in her? This is the right
thing to do, as this Acton Buruell sale amply snowed.
Their bulls, recently used, had in their veins the blood of
the Charmers of Booth's Grown Prince, of Mussulman, of
Favorite, of Bolinbroke and the Lame Bull, all upona sort
of Bates' foundation and the result in elegant type of
really first-class cattle of which some dozen might have
graced the proud pastures of Underley and Holker was imme-
diately and heartily acknowledged, and those who viewed
them. The old disused silver mines will, consequently,
have to be re-opened. Upon our arrival we were
led at once to admire the deep meaty backs of the deer,
which fed up right to the very windows of the hall, which
is an interesting place at first sight. The two standing
gables of the ruined house, where once an English Par-
liament sat, close by in the park, carried the miud deep
back amidst the pages of history, yet prior to Shorthoru
records. Substituting " lake" for " stream," the man-
sion of Acton Buruell involuntarily suggests Mrs.
Heman's lines :

The stately homes of Endand,

How beautiful they stand !
Amidst their tall ancestral trees,

O'er all the pleasant land.
The deer across their greensward bound

Through shade and sunny gleam.
And the swan glides past them with the sound

Of some lejoicing stream.

418

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

But hastening to the well littered and comfortable folds,
where our business lay at the home farm, two hundred yards
ofiF, we found a lot of cattle that took our breath away at
once with admiration. We had in our pocket a commission
to buy two within certain limits of price, but we were
able to secure not a single specimen, so well was their true
worth recognised by the assem bled crowd. Every neighbour
knew how correct was the statement, that for forty years
they had been bred from recognised sources, and of late
with exceeding care. The shortleggedness of the Acton
Burnell herd was once a joke. But, in a word, the aui-
mals subjected to the auctioneer's hammer this day were
of about the most ximform type throughout that we ever
remember to have seen. A number of short-cross ani-
mals disfigured the pure-bred lot and reduced the average.
Their general character was this — their colour tbe old-
fashioned yellow, neat stylish heads well set on,
with full deer-like eyes ; their quarters were long,
dewlap square, their backs wide, their ribs round as
a cask, and their meat was put on throughout where it
was wanted. They were as stylish a lot as we have seen
for some time. The company was small, but there was
no lingering ; and the average throughout (including
all pure and half-bred) nearly 30 guineas.

Taking the pure-bred tribes — five being calves — of the
females —

£ s. d.

Four Janettes averaged 29 14 3

Seven Z?<we^^<'j averaged 38 5 0

Two Daisies averaged 42 0 6

Three -Rwi/f* averaged 49 7 0

One Chilton Duchess (doubtful breeder) 63 0 0

Three Xi7ii?j averaged 58 9 0

which must be considered, under all circumstances, an
encouraging first sale. A number were bought for ex-
portation to Canada, and will doubtless be heard of
again. There was a hearty wish expressed that Sir
Frederick Smythe may be able to put together as good a
lot again. He has the same adviser to go on with in
Mr. Smith, of Drax Abbey, a gentleman of proved ex-
perienee in the business.

SALE OF Mr. W.BA.RNES' SHORTHORNS.
A.T VVESTLAND, IRELAND, ON OGIOBER 13.
BY Mli. THORNTON.
Three years since the late JVIr. Thomas Barnes died, and
his herd, when sold whilst passing through
a severe attack of foot-and-mouth disease, averaged
nearly £100. From a few old cows the present
proprietor of Westland, Mr. W. Barnes, endeavoured to
rear another herd ; but so severe was the complaint, that
most of them turned out useless. From one of them
(Blossom — lot 3) the bull-calves were bred, and another,
also of the Isabella tribe, produced a heifer — Princess
Charlotte — which sold for 61 gs. At Mr. Grove Wood's
sale, Mr. Barnes purchased three females of the Lady
Sarah tribe ; but these were also smitten with the disease,
resulting in abortions and the slaughter of the best of
them. Lady of the Lake, as hopeless by barren. A few
animuls were got from Mr. Reynell's sale, and were more
fruitful. Royal Prince (27384), of the Mantalini tribe,
that had been hired by Mr. Torr just prior to the late
Mr. Barnes' death, was returned in due course to
Westland, and just as he was proving one of the
finest sires of the day, he too died. Mr. Chaloner, whose
beautiful demesne adjoins Westland, latterly increased his
herd and continued the practice so long carried on by him
and his neighbour, of hiring a bull from Mr. Booth, of
Warlaby. Mr. Wm. Barnes joined Mr. Chaloner in this
taking, and had a part share of King James (28971),

whose calves were greatly admired, not only at King's
Fort, where seventeen of them disported themselves in the
park — the perfection of hair, colour, and symmetry — but
at Westland, where the three youngest heifer-calves, all by
King James, were quite the pick of the herd. There
were also three nice bull-calves, two being white, an un.
fortunate colour for Ireland.

The company was not large, owing to the Kells quar-
ter sessions, but they comprised several of the leading
breeders from Ireland, Mr. E. A. Fawcett and Mr. Jackson
(Sir F. C.Smythe's agent) being present from England. For
lot I, Lady Martha, of the Lady Sarah tribe, one of the
best Booth and Mason bred cows in the country, there
was keen competition, notwithstanding that she had
broken her service and Mr.Gumbleton took her into County
Cork at 71 gs. ; as also Lady of the Valley, a red heifer of
the same line, at 165 gs. Blossom, a good Isabella cow,
still slightly lame from the effects of the distemper, had
bred a couple of white bulls, both of which Lord Dartrey
bought, whilst the dam herself goes to County Cork.
Lot 5, Duke's Butterfly, with two Booth crosses on the
Barnton Rose, was small and thin, still a good breeder,
as her calf by King James made 140 gs., the second best
price of the day, to remain in the county as an orna-
ment to the herd of Mr. Garnett, who also got Princess
Butterfly at 83 gs., and lot 5, Duke's Butterfly
ran up to 81 gs., Mr. J. M. Dorau the buyer. There
were some nice animals of Mr. Holmes' Fairy Queen
tribe, descended from a Matchem 22 gs. cow, which
he bought of Mr. Bown in 1829, and from whom
originally came the Oxfords. Lot 8, Arragh-na-Pogue,
was a very cheap purchase at 37 gs. (Mr. Braikenridge),
and a heifer-calf, the Last Rose of Westland, a very
handsome roan, with abundance of hair and great sub-
stance, also went to the same purchaser at 41gs., as it was
rumoured to go to England. Remus, the first bull, a
twin, had the disease badly as a calf, and never grew to
any size, so Major O'Reilly got him at 51 gs. The sale
quite exceeded what every one had anticipated, owing to
the doubtful state of several of the best heifers ; while it
was helped unquestionably by Mr. Barnes' known de-
termination to relinquish Shorthorn breeding, the average
being 63 gs. for Mr. Barnes' eighteen head, while
Mr. Reynell's made about £34.

SALE OF MR. WELSTED'S SHORTHORNS.

At Ballywalter, Ireland, on October 15.
BY MR. THORN ION.
This sale took place, as usual, the second week iu
October at Ballywalter, County Cork. Nine bull-calves
of this year were catalogued, and twenty-two cows and
heifers, several of which were missers — a complaint gene-
ral this season throughout the South of Ireland. For the
bull-calves, which were all after England's Glory (23889),
one of Mr. Booth's sires recently in service at the Royal
Farm, Windsor, there was brisk and keen competition,
the two just making 51 gs. each; while Lord Rosslyn, a
very fine roan calf of February, ran up to 73 gs. (Capt.
Butler). As usual with Irish white calves, a very hand-
some-looking, and well-bred one too, made only
16 gs. ; but a red and white April calf of the Vic-
toria tribe was bought by Mr. David Gibson
for 68 gs. For those cows and heifers which were
safe in calf, there were half-a-dozen good bidders. Mr.
Braikenridge got the two best — Cowslips the 15th and
17th — both heavy in-calf, at 61 gs. and 83 gs. respectively.
Mr. Stowell Garnett, after strong opposition from Major
McCraith, Mr. Franks, and Mr. Cremer, of Kenmare,
bought Perseverance at 58 gs. and Golden Tint at 57g3.,
which may be considered the pick of the heifers. For
the others the prices were low, owing, perhaps, to the
Baudou show and a Limerick fair, which kept people away.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

419

The cattle were brought fresh off the grass, and were not
in any way prepared for sale. The bulls averaged £43, the
highest yet obtained at Ballywalter, and the nineteen
cows and heifers £38. It was rumoured that King
Richard 2ad is likely to be here during the next season.

MR. R. WOOD'S SHORTHORNS AT CLA.PTON.
On October 9. By Mr. H. Strafford.

The Clapton herd has been very carefully bred for the
past thirty years, chiefly from the stock at Burleigh Park,
and of Messrs. Bagshaw, Jobson, Manning, and other
breeders. During this period the following first-class
bulls have been used : Reo Bulla (10703), Henry 5th
(19944), Britannicus (17452), Fitz Sir James (19761),
and Viscount Oxford (23151) ; latterly the Royal prize-
winner. Lord Chancellor (20160), and his son. Lord
Aberdeen 2nd (29055), along with the Worcester Knight
30156). Lord Chancellor was bred by the late Mr.
Jonas Webb, and sold at his sale in 1863 for 400 gs. The
herd included twenty-one cows and heifers and eleven
bulls. The former averaged £39 3s. each, equalling £822
3s. for the lot. The bulls averaged £35 4s. 5id. each,
making £387 9s. for the eleven. This made an average
for the 32 head of £37 I63., thus giving a total of £1,209
12s. The following are the chief prices : Cows and
Heifers — Alexandra, 44 gs., Mr. J. Freeman, Seven-
oaks ; Louisa 13th, 31 gs.. Marquis of Exeter; Mysie
24th, 46 gs., Mr. J. Freeman, Stoke Doyle ; Louisa 11th,
51 gs., Mr. Thomas Mace, Sherborn ; Joan 17th, 44 gs.,
Mr. J. Freeman ; Dahlia, 40 gs., Mr. Wortley ; Louisa
12th, 61 gs., Mr. Thomas Mace ; Joan 19th, 43 gs., Mr.
Wright, Nottingham ; Louisa 14th, 55 gs.. Marquis of
Exeter ; Louisa 15th, 55 gs.. Marquis of Exeter. — Bulls :
Lord Chancellor, 50 gs., Mr. H. Webb, Streetly Hall ;
Dairyman, 40 gs., Mr. G. Hodgkinson, Newark ; Duke
of Aberdeen, 41 gs., Mr. W. Linnell, Woodford Lodge ;
Lord Waterford, 42 gs., Mr. Thomas Elderkin, Keystone.
Fawsley Star, 49 gs., Mr. J. Webb, Melton Ross, Lincoln.

SALE OF THE EARL OF SOUTHESK'S HERE-
FORDS AT BRECHIEN. N.B., BY MR. THORN-
TON.— On October 7, there was a large company,
and a good competition for the Hereford cattle, several
visitors coming all the way from the native district of the
Whitefaces, and coming to buy. Some of the
best went back — as lot 1, a cow twelve years
old to Herefordshire — but more remained in the North,
whilst a few go to Ireland and some cross the Atlantic.
Diadem, lot 7 (a first prize heifer at the English Royal),
was dead, but her calf made 27 gs. ; this was said to go
to America. Queen of Hearts (lot 11), a grand cow, with
quality and style equal to any Shorthorn, was bought for
68 gs. by Mr. T. Rogers, Herefordshire. She was the
top price for females ; but Desdemona and her calf made
between them 91 gs. ; while King of the Lilies, the bull,
after some strong competition, was knocked down for
135 gs. to Mr. W. J. Britten. The 43 lots sold made
£1,495 4s., or an average of £36 15s. 6d.

SALE OF MR. LYALL'S SHORTHORNS AT
SOUTHESK, BY MR. THORNTON.— Immediately
after the sale of Lord Southesk's Herefords, a herd of
Shorthorns, belonging to Mr. Lyall, was disposed of.
The cows sold cheap, and possibly the sudden thought—
to avail himself of the opportunity to relieve himself of
the charge of a breeding stock, which had been in ex-
istence a quarter of a century— cost Mr. Lyall somewhat
dear ; as the local buyers took most of the lots, at
their owa prices ; Mr. Jouathaa Rigg (of Wrotham Park,

Kent), and Mr. J. D. Allen (Wilts), and Mr. F. R.
Smith (Derby), being, apparently, the only Eng-
lish competitors. The first named took the two best
females of the Duchess Nancy (same as Kirklevington)
tribe, at a little over 100 gs. the pair. Cactus, lot 19,
caught Mr. Allen's fancy at 60 gs., the top price made by
any of the herd ; whilst Duchess Annie, lot 8, the oldest
of her family, the Duchess Nancy, was not offered,
though a good bull-calf from her was making 34 gs.
The 36 lots sold made a total of £1,069 19s., or an aver-
age of £29 Us. 6d. The old Darlington bull, Duke of
Dursley (25953), was reserved. His calves were of no
special character.

SALE OF MR. FISHER'S SHORTHORNS AT
PITLOCHRIB, N. B., OCTOBER 8th, BY MR.
THORNTON.— Although the company at Mr. Donald
Fisher's could not be called large, it was evidently intent
on business. The distance was too great to permit of the
influx of the ordinary lookers-on ; but the English buyers
who did attend were active for all the Knightley lots
(the average of the Coldcream family being nearly £113
a-piece), and the results of the sale exceeded expectation.
The cattle proved to be in appearance fully up to their
high pedigree, having plenty of hair, good quality, and
were shown in excellent condition. The names of the
buyers are a guarantee for this, as some of the most careful
owners of fine cattle in Great Britain are to be found
among the number. Besides these there were present:
Mr. Chandos Pole Gell, Mr. Lesby Combe (Kentucky),
Mr. Beans (Illinois), and Mr. H. W. B. Berwick. Mr.
Mitchell, of Alloa, took the chair at the luncheon.
Duchess of Knightley (lot 12) made the top price of the
day (280 gs.) ; she had three fine Booth crosses in un-
broken succession — i.e.. Great Hope, of the Vivandiere ;
Lord ^Hopewell, cf the Halnaby, and Fitzclarence,
of the Blossom tribes, from Warlaby. She was
put up at lOOgs. by the chairman of the
day, and after keen competition knocked down to
Mr. W. R. Davis (Middlesex), who took three others of
the tribe, " quite the pick of the herd." Mr. A. H.
Longman (Herts) gave 215 gs. for Fawsley (the solitary
specimen of the Rosy tribe), and a good Coldcream
heifer, too, for three figures, as did the Rev. J.
Micklethwaite, of Taverham Hall, Norfolk for another
heifer. The bulls were not so much iu request ;
indeed, excepting the two sires in use these were
only young calves. The oldest bull, of the same
tribe as Lady Pigot's Rose of Wytham had a double
cross of Lord of the Valley, and went into Aberdeenshire,
where they go in for reds. But Mr. Fawkes.ofFarnley, and
Mr. Statler, of Manchester, brought bull-calves into
England. Summary : 34 cows averaged £98 13s. 9d. —
£3,353 14s. ; 8 bulls averaged £34 ISs.— £277 4s. 42
lots averaged £86 9s. — total, £3,630 18s.

SALE OF THE LATE MR. WETTON'S SHORT-
HORNS AT COLLINGTREE, BY MR. JOHN
SHAW, ON TUESDAY, OCTOBER 7th.— The total
amount produced by the sale was £3,700. The following
are some of the best prices : Cows — Charlotte Bronte,
31 gs., Mr. J. Gurney ; Rose of Wellingborough, 48 gs.,
Mr. R. Phipps ; Sweetbriar, 41 gs., Mr. P. Phipps,
M.P. ; Russett, 42 gs., Mr. H. Sanders; Duchess of
Blaston, 41 gs., Mr. P. Phipps, M.P. ; Juanita, 38 gs.,
Mr. J. N. Beasley ; Ringdove, 45 gs., Mr. J. Gurney ;
Judy, 72 gs., Mr. F. U. Sartoris. Bulls — Fawsley Ox-
ford 2nd, 29 gs., Mr. J. Watkins ; Savoy, 35 gs., Mr. J.
Gurney ; George Frederick, 24 gs., Mr. R. Phipps ;
Robin Hood, 36 gs., Mr. R. Phipps ; Sterling, 27 gs.,
Mr. R. York; Leolinus, 11 gs., Mr. Gillitt. A good
flock of long-wools and horses went to make up the
total.

420

THE FAEMEE'S MAGAZINE.

LINCOLNS AT PETERBOROUGH BRIDGE FAIR
(October 2). — There was a very large uumber of stock in the
fair to-day. Bullocks, of which there was a very fine sample,
made from £35 to £35 each. A parcel of 23 cows were sold
at £23 6s. A few milch cows of prime quality made from
£36 to £31 each, stirks from £10 to £15 each. Cart horses
from £50 to £80 each, Irish horses from £80 to £185 each,
la the ram fair not above 200 were penaed. The Welton-le-
Wold (Louth) Plock, the property of Mr. J. J. Clark, were
sold by auction ; one made 17 gs., five rams 14 gs. each, two
13 gs. each, with an average of £11 ISs. each. The Silk
Wiiloughby Rams, the property of Mr. W. L F. llack, of
Silk Wiiloughby, near Sleaford, thirty in number,
are descended from the Riscathorpe and other leading Lin-
colnshire longwools; one made 19| gs. and others 16 gs., 10
gs., 13 gs., and 10 gs. The Bloxholme Rams, the property
of Mr. Robert Graves, nineteen in number, were sold at an
average of £7. The Nocton Rise Rams, the property of Mr*
Howard, twelve in number, made from £4 14s. 6d. to 5 gs. ;
the Potterhanworth Ramj, the property of Mr. Thomas
PetcheU, twenty in number, at an average of 6 gs. The
Ketton Rams (Mr. Swinford's) were sold privately, and made
an average of from 8 gs. to 9 gs.

LINCOLN RAMS.— Messrs. Mason and Son, of Louth,
offered for sale by auction, in the Cattle Market, three lot» of
rams. The first lot offered comprised about a dozeu, bred by
Mr. J. L. Needham, of Huttoft Grange, near Alloft. They
sold from five to ten guineas each, among the purchases beiug
Mr. F. Turner, of Armthorpe (at ten guineas), and Mr.
Skelsey, of Fark-laue (three at 7, 8|, and 9^ guineas). A lot
of 35, bred by Mr. John Byron, of Kirby Green, made from 5
to 18| gs. each. Amongst the purchasers were Mr. Vickers,
of Pigburn (two at 9 guineas each), Mr. Keyworth, of Marr
(at 8 guineas), Mr. Milward, of Clifton (at 8| and 11^
guineas), Mr. Batty, of Conisbro' (at 18 guineas), Mr.
Hewitt, of Almhome (at 8 and 11 guineas), and Mr. Eland,
of Hatiield (at 10 guineas). Some very fiue rams belonging
to Mr. J. F. Clark, of Welton-le-Wold, were also dis-
posed of.

THE HAMSEY PLACE SUSSEX CATTLE.— On Wed-
nesday, Sept. 30, the herd of Sussex stock, the property of the
late Mrs. IJorothy Guy, were sold by order of the executors,
wlien the majority of the stock was bought by Mr.
Ellis. Of the cows Mr. E. Cane (Berwick), bought one five
years, for26^gs. ; Mr. C. Ellis (lieddin^hani), one 7 years,
21| gs., ditto, 24| gs., one six (with calf) 22| gs., one seven,
21 gs., and one four, 21^ gs. ; Mr. W. Maaniugton, one five,
20j gs. ; and Mr. H. Poole (Lewes), one seven, I8j gs. For
an Alderney, Mr. Aylwin gave £12 12s., and for a cross-bred
Mr. J. Martiu gave £11. Of the heifers Mr. EUi.s bought
six three-years-old heifers for 17 gs., 20 gs., 23 gs., 22^ gs., 23
gs., and 20 gs. respectively, and four two-year-olds for 22 gs., 23
gs., 23| gs, and 26 gs. respectively ; Mr. J . Gay bought a two-
years-old for 22| gs. ; Mr. Ellis also purchased five yearlings for
16 gs., 15 gs., 18 gs., 15^ gs., and 17 g3.,anda yearling (with
a cross-bred) for 23| gs. ; Mr. W. Mauuington gave 22| gs.
for a yearling ; and Mr. Ellis purchased a weanyer for 71 gs.
Air. G. T. Coote bought five weanyears for 10^ gs., 10 gs., 9J
gs., 7 gs., and 12^ gs., whilst Mr. Thomas gave 5^ gs. for a
cross-bred ditto. For steers Mr. R. U. EUman paid 43^ gs.
for a pair of two-year-olds, and £14 10s. for one; Mr. Ellis
giving 39^ gs. for a pair. Mr. W. Minnington bought a pair
of yearlings for 35 gs., and Mr. Ellis three for 40 gs. For a
pair of weanyers Mr. Ellraan gave 18 gs., and for three Mr.
Colgate (Glynde), paid 26 gs., whilst Mr. J. S. Ade obtained
one ditto, and one cross-bred for 17 gs. Mr. Ellis purchased a
pair of two-year old cross-breds for £44 10s., and one for £14
lOs. For two Mr. Colgate gave £37 10s., Mr. Rosseter (Iford),
(three lots), £39 10s., £31 10s., aud £33 10s. ; Mr. S. Wat-
ford (Lewes), £37 10s., aud one for Mr. EUman gave £16 10s.
For the two-year-old Sussex bull Warwick (315), calved
December 6th, 1871, bred by the Right Honourable the
Speaker, Mr. EUman gave 23 gs. There was a good lot of
horses, Mr. Ellis, the principal buyer, obtaining a cart mare,
fourteen years, for 50 gs. ; a gelding, five years, 77 gs. ; four
years, 48 gs.; a mare, eight years, 66 gs. ; five years, 77 gs. ;
a gelding ten years, 4S gs. ; a mare eight years, 42 gs. ; and a
mure, eleven years 30 gs. Mr. James Peckhara gave 65 gs.
for a gelding five years ; Messrs. Nash and Co. (Brighton),
43 gs, for a gelding, tv^elve years ; Mr. W, Smith (Lewes),

51 gs. for a mare lour years, and Mr. Botting 26^ gs. for a
black cob.

MR. GIRLING'S SUFFOLK CATTLE AT RENDHAM
ROOKEK.Y. — Of the several tribes the following were sold:
Gloss, Vll, five years old, Mr. R. E. Lofft, 31^ guineas;
Penguin, VI 1, three years old, Mr. Patrick, 28^ guineas;
Kitty, Vll, nine years old, Mr. D. Burrows, 29 guineas;
a heifer-calf, 6j guineas, Mr. Burrows ; and a year-old bull,
Young Monarch (246), Mr. W. Toller, 16^ guineas ; Grimace
3rd, VIO, five yea rs old, Mr. Patrick, 28 guineas; Grace 4th,
VIO, a yearling heifer, Mr. Toller, 9 guineas ; Glee 2nd, V9,
five years old, Mr. Patrick, 29 guineas ; and a yearling heifer,
Mr. Woods, of Martlesham, 17 guineas. Glad, the graud-
dam of Glee 2ud, sold for 16 guineas, Mr. Smith, the pur-
chaser ; Gambol 3rd, V8, went for 26^ guineas to Mr. Winter ;
Gaiety, V8, a yearling heifer of the same tribe, for 11^ guineas,
Mr. Patrick, purctiaser ; and a heifer-calf from Gambol 3rd,
for 8 guineas. Lord Sondes, the purchaser. Mr. Woods gave
17 guineas for Prince (244), a Gambol bull. Mr. Patrick also
bought a three-year-old heifer. Lady Rowley, for 23 guineas,
and her yearling heifer for 14| guineas ; her heifer-oalf went
to Mr. Burrows for 5 guineas. Mr. Allen was the purchaser,
at 23 guineas, of Glitcliam, a tliree-year-old heifer, and of
Cherry, an eight-year-old cow, at 24^ guineas. Lord Sondes
bought at 4 guineas a bull-calf from Cherry, and Mr. P. A.
Damant at 7i guineas, a bull-calf frem Penguin Vll. The
first four cows offered averaged upwards of i'30, six others
£26, including one purchased by Mr. R. E. Lofft at 31^ gs.
The year-old bulls realised £17 10s. each. The yearling
heifers averajed £11 15s., and the voung calves £6 4s.

THE SUSSEX HERD AND SOUTHDOWN FLOCK, AT
COURT LODGE, CKOWHURST.— Theherd numberedabout
50 head, and the Southdown flock 350. The sale took place by
direction of the trustees under the will of the late Mr. B. Larkin,
of Court Lorige Farm, Crowhurst, Battle. Two-tooth ewes (six
lots of 10), Mr. T. Wood (Sidley) bought at 60s., Mr. D. Noakes
(Pett) at49s.,Mr. Bradford (Charleston) at 45s. (threelots), and
Mr. Newman (Eastbourne) 45s. ; four-tooth ewes (from lots
of 10 and one of 13), Mr. G. Shorter (Pembury), bought at
57s. and 54s., Mr. Noakes at 55s., and Mr. Withersden at
51s. and 48s. ; six-tooth ewes (three lo',s of 10 and one of 13).
Mr. Hayler (the in-coming tenant), bought at 56s., 47s., and
46s., and Mr. C. Mannington (Battle) at 48s. ; full-mouthed
ewes (nine lots of 10 and one of 13), Mr. Hayler bought at
44s., 43s , 41s., 40s. (two Iocs), and 35s., Mr. James Wren at
44s., Mr. Simmous (Cowden) at 44s , Mr. Manner Rosehill
at 43s., and Mr. Bratt (Bexhill) at 39s., Mr. Torapsett (Hol-
liugtou) bought one lot of 10 broken-mouthed ewes at 31s. ;
ewe lambs (one lot of 10 aud three of 20), Mr. G. Shorter
puroliased at 28s., Mr. Wood (Wesifield) at 23s. and 33s. (two
lots) ; ram tegs, Mr. Bradford bought at £5 15s., Mr. G.
Keuward at £5 5s., Mr. W. Thomas at £4 as., Mr. Pocock at
£3 5s., Mr. Noakes at £3 13s. 6d., and Mr. Christmas at £2;
ram lambs, Mr. Brett bought at 44s., Mr. Robinson (Kelsey)
at 33s., Mr. Hayler at SOs. and 253., and Mr. Newingtoa
(Battle) at 30s. For Sussex cattle the highest prices were
for cows — 21, 24, and 31 guineas. Two-years-old heifer in
calf, Mr. C. Mannington, 23gs. ; ditto, Mr. Howard, Mill-
house, Crowhurst, 23gs. For steers, as follows : Pair of Iwo-
years-old steers, Mr. C. Lawrence, Battle, 50gs. ; ditto, Mr
C. Lawence, 40 gs.

HEXHAM HAM SALE, Oct. 6.— Leicester shearlings
and aged rams: Messrs. Snowball, Hedley Grange, three
£5 17s. 6d. ; John Sturtees, Starafordham, two, £3 10s. ;
Ralph Cowing, Low Morley, nine, £4 15s. ; Messrs. Atkinson,
By well Hall Farm, thirty, £6 2s. 6d.; John Annandale and
Sons, Lintz Ford, thirteen, £8; A. Wood, Broxbrushes,
twenty, £9 5s. ; T. Barron, Hexham, fourteen (unfed), £4
15s.; Wm. Lambert, Erlington HaU, seven (part unfed), £7;
Thomas Bulraan, Hexham, five, £5 5s. ; James and Robert
Teller, Donkley Wood, four, £3 23. 6d. ; the executors of the
late G. Angus, Broomley, twelve, £11 15s. ; W. Cutlibert,
Beautront Castle, two, £4 5s. ; Geo. M. Angus, Matfen, High
House, one, £6 ; Thomas Telfer, Green Carts, five, £5 ;
Messrs. Dining, Nilston Bridge, twenty-two, £11 ; G. T.
Dickinson, Esq., Wheelbirks, one, £8 lOs. ; Wm. White, Har-
sondale, one, £5 ; William Glendinning, Swinburne Hermitage,
two, £3 13s. 6d. ; Wra. Charlton, Linnel Wood, one, £3 12s.
6d. ; Thomas White Hedley, one, £7 15 ; John Stoke, Summer-
rods, one, £4 ISs. 6d. ; J. S. Young, Breckou Hill, three,
M lOd. ; Scott Nichol, Whitfield one, M 28. 6d, j John

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

421

Berwick, Prior House, one, £2 5s. : A. Hunter, Haydon
Bridge, one, £3 ; T. Pickerinfr, EUfoot House, one, £,'i
15s. Leicester ram lambs: Mr. E^hton, Chesterwood, two,
£3 3s. 6d. ; Thomas White Hedley, West Rytoii, five, £3 17s.
6d. ; Thomas Pickering, EUfoot House, nine, £3 13s. 6d. ;
George Ellison, Lead Hill, Stocksfield, six, £2 15s. ; J. and R.
Teller, Donkley Wood, two, £1 17s. 6d.; H. Carr, Slaley
Strothers, two, £3 13s. 6d. ; T. Diekinson, Low Gate, one,
£2 2s. 6d. ; R. Bell, New Rift, two, £3 13s. 6d.; W. Charl-
ton, Linnel Wood, four, £1 15s. ; G. T. Diekinson, Wheel-
birks, eight, £3 13s. 6d. ; Messrs. Snowball, Iledley Grange,
five, £3 ; J. B. Lee, Stocksfield Hall, twelve, £3 5s. ; J.
Stokoe, Summer-rods, fonr, £3 15s. ; George M. Angus,
Matfen High Honse, five, £5 ; Thomas Rowell, Slaley, three,
£3 ; C. and T. Richardson, New Ridley, ten, £4-. Leicester
ewes and gimmers : Messrs. Dinning, Nilstone Ridge, five,
£6 13s. 6d. ; Thomas Barron, Hexham, fourteen, £3 17s. 6d. ;
Thomas Bulman, Hexham, six, £3 3s. 6d. ; Messrs. Atkinson
(including eight Shropshire gimmers), eighteen, £3 13s. 6d.
Sliropshires : Executors of G. Angus, Broomley, twenty-two,
£3; J. and R. Telfer, Donkley Wood, ten, £3 15s. ; Thomas
Dickinson, Low Gate, one, £3 ; Mr. Cook, Hexham, two, £3 ;
McAllum,Oakerland, eleven, £3 13s. 6d. ; Jasper Stephenson,
Newbiggen House, fifteen, £3. Black-faced rams: Scot
Nichol, Agars Hill, Whitfield, five, £3 ; A. Johnstone, High
Aydley, one, £2. These sales were conducted by Mr. W.
Cook.

ROTHBURY SHEEP SALE, Oct. 5.— The total amount
realised was £8,936 3s. 6d. Fat sheep and lambs ; Bleldon,
twenty, 37s. to 38s. 6d. ; Ryehill, ten, 45s. ; Yetlington, teu,
40s. ; Row, six, 37s. ; Nnocklaw, four, 33s. ; Scrainwood,
thirteen, 18s. ; Thrunton Low Field, ten, 38s. 6d. ; Holystone,
twenty' 30s. ; Woodhouse, eight, 14s. to 38s. ; Long Lee, five,
33s. 6d.; Burradou, forty, 43s. 6d. to 43s 6d. ; Easington Hill,
twenty, 30s. to 32s. 6d. ; Cartington, twenty, SSs. to 41s. ;
Blagdon Burn, four, 36s. 6d. ; Snifter, six, 41s. ; Overthwarts,
ten, 36s. ; Fraratington, ten, 33s. to 39s. ; Caterside, fat lambs,
twenty, 33s. ; Holystone, ten, lis. to 15s. ; Lee, two, 33s. 6d. ;
Longhorsley Birks, four, 20s. ; Liuden, five, 24s. ; North Tyne,
thirty, 338. to 39s. 6d. ; Thropton, twelve, 17s. 6d. ; Carr,
eight, 238. 6d. Wethers : Ingram " Pack," fifteen, 38s. ;
Hazelton Ri^, twenty-seven, 30s. to 31s. ; Clennell, thirteen,
37s.; Long Edlingham, tliirteen, 36s. to 76s. Tups: Hind-
hope Cheviots, eight, 61s. lOJd.to 105s. ; Alnliam,eiffht, 37s. ;
Blagdon Burn, three, 40s. Pigs: Rothbury Hotel, three, 60s.
Draft ewes — Border Leicester ewes : Hepburn Bill, forty-five,
44s. ; Roseden, eighty, 36s. ; Snitter, fifty, 50s. ; Wooler Haugh
Head, three, 45s. Three parts and half-bred ewes and gimmers :
Brockley Hall, half-bred, forty-five, 45s. 6d. ; Lee, half-bred,
forty, 33s. 3d. ; Farnham, three-parts bred, thirty-three,
46s. 6d. to 47s.; Trewitt Demesne, three parts and hal'-
bred, six, 40s. 6d. to 46s. ; Low Trewhitt, tliree-parts and
half-bred, eighty, 41s. to 47s. 6d. ; Rosebrou^h, half-bred,
one hundred and twenty, 37s. 6d. to 39s. 6d. ; Lorbottle,
three-parts and half-bred, one hundred and forty, 42s. to 46s. ;
Crossbill, three-parts and half-bred, part gimmers, forty,
84s. to 38s. 6d. ; Great Ryle, half-bred, fifty, 44s. 6d. ;
Biddleston, half-bred, thirty, 37s. ; Netberwittim, half-bred,
forty, 33s. ; Colt Park, half-bred, gimmers, thirty, 38s. ;
Roughlees, half-bred, seven, 38s. 6d. ; Ewesley, half-bred,
thirty, 4l8. ; Yetlington, three-parts bred, forty, 41s. 6d. ;
Titlington Mount, half-bred, one hundred and forty, 33s. to
41. 6d. ; Meldon, half-bred, twenty, 36s. 6d. ; Thrunton Low
Field, iialf-bred, forty, 43s. ; Rothbury Brewery, forty-five,
45s.; Ryehill, three-parts bred, twenty-three, 44s.; Roseden,
half-bred, forty-seven, 35s. ; Clifton, half-bred, one hun-
dred and twenty, 34s. to 36s. ; Darlingfield, half-bred,
eighty, 29s. 6d. ; Akeld , half-bred, one hundred and eighty-six,
26s. 6d. ; Longhorsley Birks, half-bred gimmers, 30*., 343. ;
Kirkhill, half-bred, thirty, 40s. 6d. ; Hollinghill, half-bred,
thirty-five, 37s. 6d. ; Burradon, half-bred, forty, 36s. ; Burra-
don, half-bred, forty-four, 37s. ; Brinkburn, half-bred, twenty,
43s. ; Titlington, half-bred, sixty, 40s. 6d., 40s., 37s. ; Thirs-
ton, half-bred, ten, 35s. 6d. ; Longlee, half-bred, ten, 34s. 6d. ;
Lorbottle Steads, lialf-bred, fifteen, 33s., 358., 25s. ; Tliorney-
hangh, half-bred, fifteen, 45s. ; Fawdon " Packs," half-bred,
twenty, 35s.; Brandon " Packs," half-bred, six, 42s. ; Roddam
"Packs," half-bred, nine, 39s. 6d. ; Newton" Packs,'' half-
bred, twelve, 253.; Alnliam " Packs," half-bred, seven, 46s.,
39s.; Whittingham, three-parts bred, five, 40s. ; I3room Park,
half-bred, seven, 41s. ; FoUions, half-bred gimmers. ten, 30s. ;

Holystone, half-bred, twelve, 21s. ; Barnhill, half-bred gim-
nurs, forty, 35s. ; Todburn, half-bred gimmers, forty, 33s. ;
Nuuriding, half-bred gimmers, twenty, 408. ; Linden, half-bred
gimmers, thirty, 40s. ; Uuthank, half-bred, thirty-five, 31s. ;
Elilaw, half-bred, forty, 30s., 24s. 6d. ; Caistron," three-parts
bred, twenty, 44s. 6d. ; Whittingham, three-parts bred, twenty-
four, 38s. ; Shawdon, half-bred, forty, 46s. 6d., 43s.; Over-
thwarts, half-breds, fifteen, 388. ; Flotterton, half-bred.s, gim-
mers, thirty, 26s.; Middletoii, half-bred, six, 43s. Cheviot
ewes : Ingram, two hundred and thirty-five, 37s., 3Ss. fid.,
148. 6d., 36s. ; Alnhara, three hundred and twenty, 30s., 2'Js.,
28s., 37s. 6d., 37s. 6d. ; Fawdon, two hundred and three, 33s ,
23s. 6d. ; Alnhara Moor, one hundred, 31s. ; Ilderton Dod,
one hundred and thirty, 27s., 26s., 27s. 6d , 178. ; Woolen
Common, one hundred and three, 20s. ; Kirknewtou, eighty,
23s., 228., 33s. 6d., 15s.: Newbiggin, sixty, 348. 6d. ; Pike,
forty 20s. 6d. Messrs. Dunkin and Sou conducted the sale.

EWES AT BRA.MPTON.— The large annual sale of
draught ewes from Tarn House and Geitsdale took place on
Wednesday on Brampton Sands. Abont 800 sheep were pre-
sented and disposed of in three hours, there being a larcre
attendance of ready buyers. The following is the quotation of
some of the prices : Cheviot ewes from 25s. to 31s. per head,
averaging 28s. 6d. ; black-faced ewes, the average was 30s.
3d. ; and a few Cheviot ewes were sold for 36s. each.

SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.— There was a sale of Shropshires
at Shrewsbury on Monday. Several rams were bought for exporta-
tion. Mr. Minton, of Forton, obtained 33 guineas for a ram ;
Mr. Crane, of Shrawardine, 38 guineas for one and 16 guineas
for another ; Mr. Thomas Baschurch, 35 guineas and 20
guineas; Mr. Evans, Uffington, 13 guineas and 13 guineas;
Lord Leigh, Kenilworth, 34 guineas ; Mr. Nock, Shiffnall,
20 guineas ; and Mr. Wainmau, Newport (Salop), 19 guineas
and 13 guineas. Mr. R. Wyatt, of Aeton Hill, Stafi'ord, sold
ram lambs at £8, £4 10s., and £4. A pen of prize ewes of Mr.
Wyatt's realised £6 10s. each. Mr. Pickering, Halston, sold
two pens at £5 each, and one at £4 5s. Mr. E. Crane sold a
pen at £4 16s., and another at £4 93. per head. Mr. Preece
was the auctioneer.

SIR G. JENKINSON'S STOCK AT EASTWOOD
PARK. — Ten lots of ten each of wether lambs, by Cotswold
rams, out of Shropshire Down ewes, made a total of £175
10s. ; ten lots of ten Chilver lambs £157 15s., and 17 steers
and fat cows and heifers made up the total of tlie sale to
£§23 5s.

MR. FROUDE'S, AT STOCKLEIGH, DEVON.— The
sheep offered comprised 114 store ewes, 70 ewe hoggs, 61
wethers. 111 ewe and wether lambs, and 5 rams. The ewes
fetched from two guineas to 55s. a piece, the wethers about
50s., the ewe lambs from £1 6d. to £1 14s. each, the wether
ditto from £1 Is. to £1 18s. The rams sold at from £2 17s.
to £3 6s. a piece. Two fat sows realised £6 10s. and £6 6s.
respectively, and a barrener was sold for £4. Two yearling
heifers made £22 and £21 respectively. A Molland cow, one
of Halse's breed, fetched £15 10s., a Jersey £11, and a
Guernsey £19 10s. A large number of iieifers were next
offered. One three-year-old Down fetched £25, and three
Appledore heifers realised £19, £18, and £17 10s., while
another was sold for £15. The remainder realised from £8
to £10 a piece. The steers were sold in pairs. The first pair,
two-year-old ones, were sold at £33, and the others at £31
10s., £20 5s., and £19 a pair. One steer was disposed of by
itself for £12. A Guernsey calf fetched £8 5s., a heifer £5,
and two heifer-calves, put up together, made £14 5s. A
Devon bull, 16 months old, bred by Mr. Boweher, was sold
for £39 10s. A collection of agricultural horses came next,
with hunters and hacks, several of them prize animals. A
cart mare, Violet, was sold for 45 guineas. A grey mare was
knocked down at 41 guineas. A young cart mare realised 50
guineas, and all the cart-horses fetched over 50 guineas each,
the highest price realised beins 58 guineas

THE Marquis op AILESBURY'S stock. — The
sale occupied two days, and attracted a large assemblage of
leading agriculturists. The Hampshire Downs fetched good
prices. A lot of six-teeth ewes sold for 70s. per head, and
out of several lots of similar age tlie lowest price was 45s. per
head. The four-tooth ewes were the best lot, realising 81s.
per head, and others 75s., 61s., and 58s. The two-teeth ewes
started at 80s. per head, and rauged downwards to 47s. The
best of the Chilver lambs fetched 63s., 61s., and 58s. per
head, whilst the wether lambs sold at from 58a. to 478. per

422

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

head. The cart horses brought good figures, a mare fetching
75 gs., and others 67 gs. and 64 gs. A good-looking horse,
24 years old, sold for 54 gs. Two two-year-old colts sold for
51 gs. and 43 gs. respectively. The Shorthorns originated in
a cow, Violet, by Mazeppa, bought by Lord Ailesbury 18 years
since at the sale of the herd of the late Mr. Hurwood, of
Thirsk, Yorkshire. The best animals realised from 50 gs.
down to £35, but the majority sold at between 40 gs. and 50
gs. The yearlings sold at from 24 gs. to 14 gs., and the
heifer-calves from 23 gs. to 11 gs. The Berkshire pigs came
from a stock that has obtained much celebrity, breeding sows

realising 10 gs., pairs of young sows 10 gs., and a young
boar 12 gs. Messrs. Marsh and Dawes, of Devizes, were the

MR. DUNN'S SALE AT INLEASE, NEWBURN.—
The Hampshire full-mouthed ewes sold at figures varying: from
27s. to 41s. 6d. per head; 66 four-tooth ewes, 32s. to' 41s. ;
68 ewe tegs, 373. to 4l8. 6d. ; 32 wether tegs, 42s. to 43s. ;
129 ewe lambs, 2Is. 6d. to 34s. ; 81 wether lambs, 21s. to
30s. 6d. ; rams, 45s. 6d. to 63s. A herd of well-bred Short-
horns made only a moderate average.

REVIEW OF THE CATTLE TRADE DURING THE PAST MONTH.

Nothing of importance has transpired in the cattle trade
during the past month. The supplies of beasts from our
own grazing districts have been tolerably good, but the qua-
lity, although showing an improvement compared with the
previous month, has been various. The condition of the
Lincolnshire stock has, on the whole, been satisfactory, but
the quality of the receipts from miscellaneous quarters has
been rather diversified. Scotland has contributed more
liberally than nsual at this season of the year, and the appear-
ance of the stock has been good. From Ireland a large num-
ber has come to hand, principally cows. The foreign re-
ceipts have been on a full average scale, chiefly from Tonning-
Some of the animals have been of good quality. As regards
trade, a moderate amount of animation has prevailed, and the
general top quotation for the best Scots and crosses has been
68. 2d. to 6s. 4d. per 8 lbs.

The sheep pens have been fairly supplied. The condition
of the English stock has been mostly good, and that of the
foreign has improved. Although not active, the trade has, on
the whole, presented a fine appearance, and prices have been
steady. For the best downs and half-breds 5s. 8d. to 58. lOd.
per 8 lbs. has been paid.

As regards.calves, the trade has been alternately steady and
depressed. At one time the top price did not exceed 5s. per
8 lbs., but it has since risen to 6s.

Pigs have been quiet, and without feature.

The total imports of foreign stock into London last month
■were as under :

Beasts 12,919

Sheep 48,769

Calves 1,994

Pigs 3,036

Comparison of Imports.

Oct. Beasts.

1873 12,897

1873 11,694

1871 1:^,606

1870 16,698

1869 11,496

1868 12,744

1867 13,061

1866 15,876

1865 15,344

1864 16,074

1863 11,563

1862 7,906

1861 5,577

1060 6,750

1869 6,026

1858 4,600

Sheep.

Calves

48,690

2,465

47,906

916

47,933

1,532

42,58 1.

3,035

28,282

2,365

17,891

962

29,265

957

30.108

1,578

69,611

1,953

38,715

3,339

37,521

1,129

28,109

1,327

42,538

1,207

24,980

1,662

24,323

784

24,145

1,581

Pigs.
3,465
820
2,660
3,370
1,902
l,9i8
2,911
4,859
9,135
5,537
2,965
1,600
5,316
2,074
878 1
653

Oct.

Oct. Oct.

Oct.

1871.

1872. 1873.

1874.

6,200

9,300 11,520

8,540

1,100
25
350

1,560 4,720

308 14

1,740 1,000

1,800

469

2,000

The arrivals of beasts from our own grazing districts, as

well as from Scotland and Ireland, thus compare with the four

previous years :

Oct.
1870.

From Lincolnshire, Lei-
cestershire, & Nor-
thamptonshire 8,690

Other parts of England,
including Norfolk and
Suffolk 2,200

Scotland 625

Ireland 1,300

The total supplies of stock exhibited and sold in the Metro-
politan Cattle Market during the month have been as under :

Beasts 27,170

Sheep 111,240

Calves 2,945

Pigs 480

Comparison of Supplies.

Oct. Beasts.

1873 33,270

1872 22,906

1871 23,415

1870 23,290

1869 23,840

1868 26,582

1867 28,340

1866 27,060

1865 30,210

1864 83,840

1863 30,612

1862 28,975

1861 28,220

1860 26,240

Beasts have sold at 4s. to 6s. 4d., sheep at 5s. to 5s. lOd.,
calves 4s. 8d. to 5s. lOd., and pigs 4s. 4d. to 5s. 4d. per 8 lbs.
sinking the offal.

Comparison of Pricfs.
Oct., 1870. Oct., 1871.

Sheep.

Calves.

Pigs.

112,910

3,450

1,480

116,000

1,500

1,000

116,330

2,011

970

130,820

2,955

1,995

86,930

2,375

830

109,160

1,446

L380

103,870

1,129

2,865

99,200

1,666

4,340

157,840

2,933

2,478

137,454

2,671

3,820

110,100

2,029

3,439

118,870

1,855

3.286

121,390

1,626

3,650

128,250

2,289

2,620

Beef, from

s. d. s. d.
3 8 to 6 0 ....

8. d. s. d
.... 3 8 to 6 2

3 6 to 6 0 ....

.... 4 4 to 7 0

Veal

3 6 to 5 10 ....

.... 3 8 to 5 8

Pork

4 4 to 6 2 ....

3 6 to 4 8

Oct., 1872.

Oct., 1873.

8. d. 3. d. s. d. s. d.

Beef, from 3 10 to 6 0 4 4 to 6 4

Mutton ... 4 3 to 7 0 4 4 to 7 0

Veal 5 0to6 6 4 4 to 6 2

Pork 3 8 to 6 2 4 6 to 5 8

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

423

REVIEW OF THE CORN TRADE

DURING THE PAST MONTH.

The weather of Octoher has been very variable, there
having been much rain, producing floods in the North,
while a tremendous gale blew on the third week, occasion-
ing very serious disasters. We have had some cold also,
and a few light frosts, but generally mildness has been
the rule, and all vegetation has been makiag nearly a
sping progress, as the greenness of the meadows aad the
revival of the esculents have testified. The previous
drought has therefore made the rain of great benefit, and
little or no hindrance has been felt in the work of
autumnal sowing and the labours of the land. The
young wheat now up may, however, yet become winter-
proud, though everywhere hitherto it has gone on well.
Prices have by no means recovered the shock they felt on
the gathering of the last crop, Eaglish qualities having
further yielded about 2s., with only moderate supplies in
London, and foreign fully 3s., from the continued heavy
arrivals and prospective imports, while the failure of a
large house in tbe foreign trade towards the month's
close greatly added to the dulness felt. It is true on the
part of growers we have some signs of resistance to un-
remunerative rates, as seen practically by the weekly
sales, for October this year, after a better crop, only sums
up 263,807 quarters as the whole, when 1873, a really
deficient crop, reported sales of 287,453 quarters. The
difference certainly is not great, but the circumstances
make it worthy of note, and if foreign importers were
equally careful not to overdo the market there would
be some chance of amelioration as to prices. But
perhaps the most certain, though gradual, way to effect
this, is more largely to employ the use of low-quality
wheat for cattle- feed, as all spring corn of home-growth
is literally dearer, and Europe has not yet conformed to
English quotations. France and Belgium have lately
been rather looking up, and in Hungary large growers
are so dissatisfied with present rates that they send to
market only enough for home consumption. Danzic has
picked up a little ; but in Southern Russia, where the
crops have been unequal., those who are well off are
availing themselves of every means of transit before
winter sets in to get off what they can. While American
rates keep low, and with the present crop equal to the
last, wheat is sure to be largely used for export if rates be-
come more encouraging. The following prices were last
quoted at the several places named : Wheat at Paris 43s.
to 49s. 9d. for native sorts, white at Bordeaux 50s.,
Berdianski at Marseilles 47s., Ghirka 48s., red Richeile
50s. per qr. Wheat at Bruges 46s., at Liege and Brussells
48s., at Louvain 49s., at Maestrecht 46s., at Amsterdam
423., at Hamburg, cost, freight, and insurance ; 49s., fine
at Danzic 503. to 54s., cost, freight, and insurance ;
Mayence 46s. 6d., free on board ; Cologne 45s., Berlin
403., Pesth 453., Odessa 383. per qr. ; New York, red
spring, per qr. of 480 lbs., 36s. Id., free on board ; San
Francisco 453., cost, freight, and insurance.

The first Monday in Mark-lane opened on a moderate
quantity of home-grown wheat and a fair arrival from
abroad, about half being American. The show of fresh
samples from the near counties was limited, yet the trade
was extremely dull, and, not finding buyers at previous
rates, factors were obliged towards the close of the
day to accept a decline of Is. per qr. to make a clearance.
In foreign there was a moderate retail trade for fine par-
cels of old, at former rates, but new were occasionally

sold at less money. There was but a limited inquiry for
cargoes afloat, without change of values. Town advices
continued the dull feeling in the country wheat trade,
but several places made no change. Such was the case
at Leeds, Gainsborough, Sheffield, Rotherham, Thirsk,
&c. Some noted a downward tendency, as Alford, Bir-
mingham, Louth, Lynn, Manchester, Newcastle, &c., but
Hull was Is. lower, and a decline of Is. to 2s. was noted
at St. Ives and Market'Rasen. Liverpool was unaltered,
both on Tuesday and Friday. Glasgow was 6d. lower
for wheat, and Leith Is., but a demand for seed at Edin-
burgh kept up prices. Dublin found but a slow sale for
Irish qualities, yet a steady demand existed for foreign,
at unaltered rates.

On the second Monday there was a fair supply of
English wheat, and the quantity of foreign was nearly
double, three-fourths being American, and the remainder
from Russia. Tfie exhibition of English samples this
morning was small, and a firmer feeling was apparent in
response to the country markets of Saturday, but no ad-
vance was realised, neither was there any activity in the
demand, so much foreign being -on offer. A retail
demand for this latter obtained at previous rates for red
sorts, and fine white occasionally obtained Is. advance.
Though but few floating cargoes were on the market,
prices were in buyers' favour. The features of the wheat
trade in the country were a stoppage in any further
decline, while a rise of Is. was reported at Brigg, Louth,
Melton Mowbray, Manchester, &c. Liverpool was firm
at both markets, Friday's being rather dearer for red
American. Leith was again reported Is. cheaper, and
Glasgow 6d. to Is., but Edinburgh only continued dull.
A demand for Irish wheat was experienced at Dublin,
but foreign was less in request, though unaltered in value.

On the third Monday the English supply was about
the usual average, and the foreign plentiful, though rather
less than the week previous. The fresh samples of Eng-
lish growth were not numerous yet there was but a
quiet trade, at the previous rates. Old foreign went off
steadily at the former currency but new American was
rather in buyers' favour where pressed ex ship. Though
the number of floating cargoes was limited, prices were
unchanged. The wheat trade this week in the country
was steady with very little alteration, and that upward in
its tendency, and at Hull, Rotherham, Thirsk, &c., it was
Is. dearer. Liverpool on Tuesday noted an improvement
of Id. to 2d. per. cental on fine qualities. On Friday the
market was the same. The wheat trade at Edinburgh
was dull but not lower. Glasgow found but a slow sale.
At Aberdeen no wheat was offered. Dublin found but a
limited inquiry for native wheat, and Black Sea qualities
gave way 6d. per barrel.

On the fourth Monday the English supplies were some-
what lessened, but the foreign were largely increased ;
chiefly from Russia and America, with a free scattering
from various ports. Not many fresh samples were ex-
hibited during the morning on the English stands, and
the dampness of the weather had rather affected the con-
dition. Business was excessively dull and sales could
only be made by a concession of Is. per. qr., a heavy
failure in the foreign trade having almost paralysed the
market. New American red was quite as much lower
and to sell generally it was neccessary to make the same
reduction. Floating cargoea alao, though not isuraerous,
tended downwards.

424

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

The arrivals in London for fonr weeks were 29,544
qrs. English wheat, 164,487 qrs. foreign, against 26,026
qrs. English, 194,619 qrs. foreign in 1873. The arrivals
into the kingdom for the four weeks ending 17th October
were 3,397,940 cwts. wheat, 336,424 cwts. flour, against
3,296,174 cwts. wheat, 505,114 cwts. flour in 1873.
The London exports were 4,493 qrs., against 18,167 qrs.
in 1873. The London averages commenced at 47s. 7d.,
and closed at 47s. 3d. The general averages opened at
46s. 9d., and finished at 43s. lOd.

The flour trade has ruled dull and declining, but the
first Monday was the worst, when town millers let down
the top price 43., making it 433. per sack ; while country
descriptions were Is. to 2s. lower, and foreign also about
Is. per sack and barrel. Since then there has been no
rally, but prices have not been further reduced, Norfolks
being worth 31s., and barrels 24s. 6d. to 25s. 6d. for
mixine, but the finest qualities in Paris were not worth
over 37s. per sack, and at New York extra State barrels
were only quoted 203. Id.

The receipts of maize have been extremely light, but
grinding barley being very abundant and seriously de-
clining, it was impossible that this grain, though scarce,
could maintain its price, and it has given way Is. 6d.
per qr., best mixed American not being worth over 35s.,
and round 36s. 6d. The arrivals into London for four
weeks were 10,078 qrs., against 46,647 qrs. in 1873.

The arrivals of malting barley of home growth have
been gradually increasing, but so small has been the pro-
portion of fine that it has about maintained its price, say
45s. to 48s., but secondary French has given way 5s.,
and grinding sorts, from the Black Sea especially, have
continued so abundant that it has been down Is. per qr.
everv Monday's market, till rates are now lower than
oats, say 25s. per qr., at 501bs. per bushel ; and as large
shipments are still on their way, we see nothing to revive
the trade, but rather a further decline, unless it should
enter largely into consumption for horse-food as a substi-
tute for oats, though lately there has been some foreign
inquiry. The supplies of all sorts for London were
14,599 qrs. English, 131,392 qrs. foreign, against 15,857
qrs. English, 69,882 qrs. foreign in 1873.

The malt trade, with more new samples showing, has
ruled dull, and rather cheaper for inferior qualities, though
fine old has about maintained its price.

The supplies of foreign oats during the four weeks were
fair, but scarcely more than half the arrivals in Sep-
tember ; the surplus, however, of that time has kept prices
quiet, and indeed on the first Monday there was a decline
of 6d., which now seems likely to be soon cancelled, as
the final Monday was short of an average. Kates, there-
fore, have been little changed since our last, and we can-
not look for much reduction, as all over the Continent
the drought was felt and sent up the value of this grain.
The Loudon receipts for four weeks were 4,750 qrs.
English, 395 qrs. Scotch, 165,144 qrs. foreign, against
10,718 qrs. English, 790 qrs. Scotch, 722 qrs. Irish,
121,178 qrs. foreign for the same time in 1873.

The tendency of beans has certainly been upwards, but
they have been kept from rising by the increased arrivals
ft-om abroad, though little can be expected from Egypt,
and none from Morocco, from whence there is a prohibi-
tion to exports. The London supplies in four weeks were
4,442 qrs. English, 9,491 qrs. foreign, against 4,343 qrs.
English, 9,013 qrs. fjteign in 1873.

The supplies of English peas have only been moderate,
and the foreign arrivals short, but the plentifulness of
low barley has limited the demand for hog feed, and the
warm weather has been Is. against white boilers. The
imports into London lor four weeks were 4,469 qrs.
English, 1,213 qrs. foreign, against 3,527 qrs. English,
1,595 qrs. foreign in 1873,

With moderate arrivals of linseed, this grain, without
any stir, has kept its value. Receipts 15,551 qrs.,
against 24,557 qrs. in 1873.

With the belief in a poor crop of cloverseed holders of
the small stock on hand were not willing to part with it
on rates easy enough to satisfy speculators ; so scarcely
anything has been doing. Winter tares also have main-
tained their value — say 9s. per bushel.

IMPERIAL AVERAGES

For the week ended Oct. 17, 1874.

Wheat 56,188 qrs. 438. lOd.

Barley 77,072 „ 42s. 8d.

Oats 3.420i ,, 278. 2(i.

COMPARATIVE AVERAGES.

WHEAT. BAKLEY. OATS.
Years, Qrs. s. d. Qrs. 8. d. Qrs. s. d.

1870... 86,1061 ... 47 10 72,0231 ... 33 7 4,217| ... 22 5
1871... 73,7H7i... 56 6 52,420 ... 36 10 4,047^... 23 2
1872... 62,H61i ... 58 8 51,579J- ... 42 11 3,85(»i ... 23 3
187S... 66,9674 ... 60 2 72,992^ ... 43 1 6,023i ... 24 2
1874... 66,188 ... 43 10 77,072 ... 42 8 3,420| ... 27 2

A V EI

Fob thh Six Wbkcs
BNDnfa
Sept. 12, 1874

!, A GE

Wheat.
8. d.
47 2
46 8
46 9
46 1

44 8
43 10

45 10
62 9

S
Barley.

43 2"

42 6

41 11

42 4
42 7
42 8

Oats.
B. d.
28 6

Sept. 19, 1874

27 2

Sept. 26, 1874

27 9

Oct. 3, 1874

27 4

Oct. 10, 1874

27 11

Oct. 17, 1874

27 2

Aggregate of the above....
The sameperiod in 1873....

42 6
44 3

27 8
26 6

LONDON AVERAGES.

Wheat 5,399 qre. 47a. 3d.

Barley 2,321 „ 43s. 5d.

Oats — ,, — s. Od.

CORN IMPORTED AND EXPORTED

For the week ending Oct. 17.

Im
Engl'd.

ported into
Scotl'd. Ireland.

Expo
British.

rted.
Foreign

Wheat

Cwts.

463832

365581

145748

9711

16198

77750

160866

80

Cwts.
168728
30811

27700

439

22558

Cwts.
284964

72347

Cwts.

8676

48

3163

784
18

Cwts.
1316

8

1084

Rye

Indian Com

Buckwheat

Total

1239766

250239

357311

12989

2387

Wheat Flour

Oat Meal

27699

32524

1312

119S
225

215

Rye Meal

Pea Meal

Ind'n Corn Meal

Total

Grand Total ..
Malt qrs.

27699
1267465

32524
282763

1312
358823

1418

14407

803

215
2602

FOREIGN GRAIN ENTERED FOR HOME CON-
SUMPTION DURING THE WEEK ENDING Oct. 23.

Wheat cwt8.286439

Barley 94332

Oats „ 90950

Beans , 6717

Peaa cwts. —

Maize , 21

Flour 15718

FLUCTUATIONS in the AVERAGE PRICE of WHEAT.

Pbiob.

478. 2d.
46s. 9d.
468. 8d.
46s. Id.
4fe. 8d.
438. lOd.

Sept. 12.

Sept. 19.
... r

Sept. 26.
... 1

Oct. 3.

Oct. 10.

... 1

... '-

k

Oct. 17.

Printed by Watson and Hazell, 365, Strand, London, W.C.

SEVEN INTERNATIONAL MEDALS

AWAEDED TO

JAMES GIBBS & COMPANY,

SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THE

PATENT AMMONIA-FiMEO GUANO-

THE CHEAPEST AND BEST MANUEE IN USE.

Consumers are warned that none is Genuine unless the Bags bear the Trade Make, and are secured with a Leaden Seal.

ALSO,

GIBBS' BONE, BLOOD, AND SPECIAL MANURES OF THE

BEST QUALITY,

AND IN THE HIGHEST CONDITION.

PARTICULARS OF

JAMES GIBBS AND COMPANY,

WORKS: VICTORIA DOCKS, LONDON, E., AND CATTBDOWN, PLYMOUTH.

OFFICES— 16, MARK LANE, LONDON, E.G.,

OR THEIR AGENTS.

iMPORTAS^T TO FLOCKMASTERS.

THOMAS BIGG, Agricultural and Veterinary
Chemist, by Appointment to his late Royal Highness
The Prince Consort, K.G., Leicester House, Great Dover
fitreet. Borough, London, begs to call the attention of
Farmers and Graziers to his valuable SHEEP and LAMB
DIPPING COMPOSITION, which requires no Boiling, and
may be used with Warm or Cold Water, for effectually
destroying the Tick, Lice, and all other insects injurious to
the Flock, preventing the alarmmg attacks of Ply and Shab,
and cleansing and purifying the Skin, thereby greatly im-
proving the Wool, both in quantity and quality, and highly
Oontributing to the general health of the animal.

Prepared only by Thomas Bigg, Chemist, &c. , at his Mann-
Sactory as above, and sold as follows, although any other
quantity may be had, if required : —

1 lb. for 20 sheep, price, jar included £0

61b.

30

81b.

40

101b.

50

201b.

100

301b.

150

401b.

200

501b.

250

60 lb.

300

801b.

400

100 lb.

500

(Cask and measure
included)

2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 10

0 15

1 0
1 3
1 7

1 17

2 5

Should any Flockmaster prefer boUing the Composition, it
will be equally effective.

MOST IMPORTANT CERTIFICATE.
From Mr. Hebepath, the celebrated Analytical Chemist :—
Bristol Laboratory, Old Park, January 18th, 1861.
Sir, — I have submitted your Sheep Dipping Composition to
analysis, and find that the ingredients are well blended, and
the mixtm-e neutral. If it is used according to the directions
Riven, I feel satisfied, that while it effectually destroys vermin,
M will not injure the hair roots (or "yolk ") in the skin, the
fleece, or the carcase. I think it deserves the numerous
testimonials pubUshed. I am, Sir, yours respectfully,

William Hheapath, Sen., P.O.S., &c., &c..
To Mr. Thomas Bigg Professor of Chemistry.

Loioester House, Great Uover-street, Borough, London,

He would also especially call attention to his SPECIFIC,
or LOTION, for thfe SCAB or SHAB, which will be found
a certain remedy for eradicating that loathsome and ruinous
cUsorder in Sheep, and which may be safely used in all
climates, and at all seasons of the year, and to all descriptions
of sheep, even ewes in lamb. Price FIVE SHILLINGS per
gallon— sufficient on an average for thirty Sheep (according
to the virulence of the disease) ; also in wine quart bottles,

IMPORTANT TESTIMONIAL.
" Scoulton, near Hingham, Norfolk, April 16th, 1855.

" Dear Sir, — In answer to yours ot the 4th inst., which
would have been replied to before this had I been at home, I
have much pleasure in bearing testimony to the efficacy of
your invaluable ' Specific for the cure of Scab in Sheep.' The
600 sheep were all dressed in August last with 84 gallons of
the 'NoN-poisoNOus Specific,' that was so highly recom-
mended at the Lincoln Show, and by their own dresser, the
best attention being paid to the flock oy my shepherd after
dressing according to instructions left ; but notwithstanding
the Scab continued getting worse. Being determined to have
the Scab cured if possible, I wrote to you for a supply of your
Specific, which I received the following day; and although
the weather was most severe in February during the dressing,
your Specific proved itself an invahiable remedy, for in
three weeks the Sheep were quite cured ; and I am happy to
say the young lambs are doing remaricably well at present.
In conclusion, I beUeve it to be the safest and best remedy
now in use. " I remain, dear Sir,

"For JOHN TINGET, Esq.,

•• To Mr. Thomas Bigg. ' " R. RENNEY.

RSf" Flockmasters would be well to beware of such pre-
parations as "Non-poisonous Compositions:" it is only
necessary to appeal to their good common sense and judg-
ment to be thoroughly convinced that no "Non-poisonous"
article can poison or destroy insect vermin, particularly sndh
as the Tick, Lice, and Scab Parasites — creatures so tenacious
of life. Such advertised preparations must be wholly useless,
or they are not what they are represented to be.

DIPPINft APPARATUS £14. £5, Si, & £3.

BRYANT&MAY'S
MATCHES.

LONDON AND COUNTY BANKING COMPANT.

ESTABLISHED 1836.

SUBSCEIBBD CAPITAL... £3,000,000, in 60,000 SHARES of £60 EACH.

PAID-UP CAPITAL... £1,196,880; INSTALMENTS UNPAID, £3,120 (£1,200,000).

RESERVE FUND (paid up) ...£598,440; INSTALMENTS UNPAID, £1,560 (£600,000).

NATHANIEL ALEXANDER, Esq.
T. TYRINGHAM BERNARD, Esq.
TfiOfclAS STOCK COWIE, Esq.
HEIEDERICK FRANCIS, Esq.

Joint General Managers-
CHIBF INSPECTOR.

W. J. NORFOLK, Esq.

DIRECTORS.
FREDERICK HARRISON, Esq.
WM. CHAMPION JONES, Esq.
E. HARBORD LUSHINGTON, Esq
JAMES MORLEY, Esq.
WILLIAM McKEWAN, Esq. and WHITBREAD TOMSON, Esq.
CHIEF ACCOUNTANT. SECRETARY.

JAMES GRAY, Esq. GEORGE GOUGH, Esq.

WILLLiM NICOL, Esq.
A. HODGSON PHILLPOTTS, Esq,
JAMES DUNCAN THOMSON, Esq.
FREDERICK YOULE, Esq.

HEAD OFFICE, 21, LOMBARD STREET.

Mawager—WHITBREAD TOMSON, Esq. | Assistant Manager— WILLIAM HOWARD, Esq.

»

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allowed for such periods and at such rates as may be agreed upon, reference being had to the state of the Money Mafkist.

CIRCULAR NOTES AND LETTERS OP CRBDIT are issued, payable in the principal Cities and Towns of theOon*
tinent, in Australia, Canada, India, and China, the United States, and elsewhere.

The Agency of Foreign and Country Banks is undertaken.

The PuBCHASB and Salb of Government and other Stocks, of English or Foreign Shares eflfected, and Dinsavsi,
AlTHUiTiBB, &c., received for Customers of the Bank.

Great facilities are also afforded to the Customers of the Bank for the receipt of Money firom the Towns where the Ck)B>
ptiuy has Branches.

The Officers of the Bank are bound not to disclose the transactions of any of its Customws.

By Order of the Directors, WM. MoKEWAN, *) Joint Genaral

WHITBREAD TOMSON, i Manage™.

No. 6, Vol. XLVL] DECEMBER, 1874. [Third Series.

THE

FARMER'S MAGAZINE,

AND

MONTHLT JOURNAL

ov

THE AGEICULTUEAL INTEEEST.

TO 7^^
FARMERS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.

LONDON :
PUBLISHED BY ROGERSON AND TUXFORD, 265, STRAND.

PRICK TWO SHILLINGS.

WATSON AND HAZBLL,] [PRIKTBRS. 266,STRAND

THE FAEMEE'S MAGAZIJ^E.

CONTENTS

DECEMBER, 1874.

Platb. — A PRIZE LEICESTER.

Description of Plate . . . .

The Opening of the Winter Session .

BoYAL Agricultural Society op England

The Farmers' Club : Our Villages — Their Sanitary Reform

The SiiiTHFiBLD Club . .

The Royal Agricultukal Benevolent Institution

The Shorthorn Herd-Book and Society

Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland

Manures ......

The Sewage of Towns, Villages, and Country Houses. — By Mb. J
Denton, C.E. . . . . .

The Price of Wheat .....

Night Soil ......

Boroughbridge Agricultural Society : Farm Buildings

Hexham Farmers' Club: Farm Buildings

The Scottish and English Chambers of Agriculture .

The Central Chamber of Agriculture.

The Scottish Chamber of Agriculture

Tenants' Improvements ....

Irish Tknant-Right .....

" Mr Thompson, of Kirby Hall"

Maidstone Farmers' Club: Indigestion in the Horse

Gloucester Root Show ....

Carmarthenshire Farmers' Club: Manures

Conference of Poor-Law Guardians in the West

Bath and West of England Society and Southern Counties Association

A Show at Holkham .

The Royal Agricultural Society of Ireland

The Tiptree Letters .

Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act

The Assessment of Mines

A Satisfied Farmer

The Agriculture of Algeria .

County Business and County Boards .

The Maintenance of Highways

Stcck Sales ....

The Law of Distraint for Rent

Barley or Wheat- Malt

The Manchester and Salford Fat Stock Show

Land Tenure ....

Mr. Sewell Read's Budget

The Rabbit in Devon.

Mr. Hope's Sewage Farm

Staindrop Farmers' Club

Laying Down Land to Pasture

Morayshire Farmers' Club

Review of the Cattle Trade During the Past Month .

Review of the Corn Trade during the Past Month .

Bailey

Page.

. 425

. 425

. 426

. 430

. 438

. 438

. 439

. 439
441

447
449
450
452
455
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476
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481
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494
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50S

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

DECEMBER, 1874.

PLATE.

PRIZE

LEICESTER

The Property of Mr. T, H. Hutchinson, of Manor House, Catterick.

This ram, now a two-shear, bred by !Mr. Hutchin-
son, and known as Prince Charlie, is by Borton's Blair
Athol, a Royal and All-Yorkshire first-prize sheep, out of
a ewe from the Barton flock, also by a Royal ram.

In 1873, as a shearling. Prince Charlie took first
prizes at the following shows : Doncaster, Ripon,
Driffield, Crook, Thirsk, The Highland Society, Royal
Noith Lancashire (Chorley), Keighley, Dui-ham County,
Richmondshire, Manchester and Liverpool (Chester),
Northallerton, Barnard Castle, and Wetherby. In 1874
he was second at Doncaster, and first at Ripon, Malton,
DrifBelJ, Bishop Auckland, Durham County, Manchester
and Liverpool (Staley bridge), Northallerton, Wetherby,
and first at the Yorkshire Show at Sheffield, beating,
amongst others, the second and third Royal sheep, tlius
making a total of 23 first prizes.

Last season this ram was used at homo, although many
tempting offers had been refused for his hire. This year
he has becUj with two others, let to Mr. James
Hall, of Scorbro, master of the Ilokleruess hounds.

one of the best judges of a Leicester in Eug*
land and the largest ram-breeder in Yorkshire.
Prince Charlie has brought his owner upwards of £220
in prizes, exclusive of his services in 1873. His half-
brother was sold last year with another shearling to the
Hon, C. Sladen, Green Vale, Victoria, for 200 gs. ; while
his dam has bred sheep which have made upwards of
£500 in prizes and letting. Mr. Hutchinson's Lei-
cesters have become great favourites with foreigners,
and of late years many have been shipped to Australia,
New Zealand, Canada, Holland, Belgium, France, a-.d
Germany. Daring the last two years sheep from the
Manor House flock have gained upwards of 100 prizes,
and won £443 13s. in the principal show-yards of
England. At Bedford we spoke of the Catterick ewes as
a very neat, uniform lot, symmetrical in their frames and of
good thoroughbred character; while Prince Charlie is
quite a prize sheep, what with his blood-like head, thick
neck, wide loins, long hind-quarters, capital thighs, and
bold carriage, backed by a heavy fleece of fine quality.

THE OPENING OF THE WINTER SESSION IN LONDON.

Rarely in the memory of man has there been so delight-
ful or, at the same time, so dreary an autumn. The agri-
cultural labourer has much to answer for, as he has over-
laid alike rural gatherings and learned disquisitions ; and
if ever a topic were talked out, it has been his " condition."
At the Farmers' Club, indeed, on the Monday evening Mr.
James Howard fairly apologised for once more bringing
such a thing forward. Had he foreseen how, morning
after morning, special commissioners would have been
giving " graphic accounts of village life," Mr. Howard
himself might have shrunk from the subject. But the
Club lecturer might have gone yet further when speaking
to the way in which he had been anticipated. The land-
lords and county members have pretty generally taken
refuge here ; merely glancing at other agricultural ques-
tions, they have grown eloquent over the labour difficulty,
as they counselled mutual concessions between master and
servant. The squire, however, has found that it would
not do to stop short at this point, but has commonly gone
on to admit his share in the adjustment, and to speak to
the necessity for more care being given to cottage accom-
modation and home comforts. In a word, the sanitary
reform of our villages come as well-timed as many of the
subjects at The Farmers' Club frequently fall, and the
discussion cannot but do good, the more especially perhaps
Oi.D Series.]

throuarh the examples cited from Bedfordshire, Bucking-
hamshire, and Oxfordshire. Landowners will learn to
show not merely their stables, their kennels and their
homesteads, but their cottages; as, on the other hand, the
labourer will himself be required to look a little more care-
fully to his own condition. There is no doubt but country
folks have something like an indifferene to the enjoyment
of such blessings as fresh water and pure air ; and the
tenour of the discussion on Monday went to show that the
villager himself was but too often an obstacle to the
sanitary reform of Our Village, as dear Miss Mitford
wrote it long before the dawn of Mr. Howard. Coming
from the quarter it did, all the main features were
sketched in the opening paper ; but the debate threatened
to get wild at the very outset, as with Mr. Hope the very
mention of sewage —

That well-known name awakens all his woes.

And it was only a thoroughly practical speech
from Mr. Treadwell that diverted the discourse
again into its proper channel. We give a full
report " upon authority," the day's proceedings
being pointed by a very popular appointment —
that of Dr. Voelcker to the Chairmanship of the Club for
1875, upon which we shall ask our contemporary, Tlie
E E Vol. LXXVI,— No. 6,

426

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

AgriciiUural Gaxetfe, to say more : " The London
rariners' Club have elected Dr. Augustus Voelcker, F.R.S.,
as their President for the coming year. Proving both life
and vigour by stepping thus boldly out of the tield from
which their selections have hitherto been made, they have
done honour both to themselves and to the scientific side
of agriculture by a choice which will certainly bring iuto
prominence, during their ensuing session, the importance
of the agricultural aids which are offered by the student of
science." In fact, the Committee may be congratulated
on cari'ying out the motto of a kindred society, and
strengthening the union between Sciexck and Practice.

At the meeting of the Council of this said Society in
Hanover-square on Wednesday, a very strong feeling was
expressed as to the desirability of breaking through the
bonds of the charter, which, as Air. Holland, the ex-
president, well said, "was more than a quarter of a cen-
tury old, and since it was granted times and feelings had
changed." Lord Lichfield, however, as the moving spirit,
broached a resolution which should " bring members of
the Council into more frequent communication with mem-
bers of the Society," and permit the discussion of " mea-
sures of a practical agricultural nature, although pending
or to be brought forward in either of the Houses of Par-
liament." And as all this was carried unanimously the
shades of Colonel Challoner and Mr. llaymond Barker will
surely shudder ai such astounding revolutions. Then, Lord
Cathcart went so far as to characterise the general meetings
as " shams" — as shams they will continue to be if the
proceedings are not considered worth reporting, an
omission which we have already dwelt on in our notice of
the new number of the Society's Journal. However, the
demonstration at Bedford has already been attended with
other good effects, as a large proportion of the judges for
the next Smithfield Club show, as appointed during the
week, are new men. " Times," as Mr. Holland has it,
" have changed" here also since they rang the changes of
Steward and Judge, and Judge and Steward over each
others' heads.

" The consideration of reform in Local Government
will continue to demand the care and investigation of the
Local Taxation Committee. The irregularity of ex-
isting divisions, the coufusion of jurisdiction, and the
multiplication of authorities are all evils for which a
remedy is urgently demanded. A proper classification of
local and imperial duties should, in their opinion, be
followed by careful inquiry as to the areas, constitution,
and duties of the local governing bodies, so as to ensure
not only efficient representation to the local taxpayer.

but wise and economic administration. Tlie promises of
the Chancellor of the Exchequer with reference to the
possibility of nUimately handing over to locd authorities
some branch of the general revenue will have to be stead-
fastly kept ill view." So says the annual report of the
Local Taxation Committee of the Ceulral Chamber of
Agriculture, as just issued ; and if this bo really intended
to mean anything, it must mean a movement for the
establishment of County Boards, already foreshadowed by
jNfr. Sewell Read. Accordingly, at the meeting of the
Chamber, on Tuesday, the very mention of County Boards,
so far as we can see, was carefully avoided ; while the
Council appeared to be quite at sea as to any other system
of administration. Thus, the Business Committee in their
No. 6 resolution proposed that all roads should be " under
the management of Highway Boards," but these words
were omitted when the resolution was put before the full
meeting, and, ou being replaced through an araendraeut,
were again struck out by 14 to 13. The divisions, in
truth, were close and continual, as the report, which we
give with something of an apology for so doing, will show.
This, however, can convey no proper notion of the hope-
less muddle and utter confusion of the proceedings ; as a
contemporary, who perhaps with more discretion cut it
down, says, " to every resolution nearly every person
spoke twice, and several three and four times. The reso-
lutions were in no case put until the entire patience of
the meeting was gone, and the room resounded with cries
oi Divide— for pit fs sake, clivifh'." We' prefer to quote
thus much, as our own opinion of the administrative
ability displayed by the Council of the Central Chamber
of Agriculture has long been known. Such agricultural
exhibitions are happily not common.

As we intimated some months since, the Shorthorn
Committee has been unable to come to terms for the pur-
chase of The Herd Book from iMr. Strafford, who insisted
on appointing his successor as editor, although the person
named by him declined to act on such nomination. It
is still satisfactory to see that the establishment of the
Shorthorn Society, an institution much needed, will be
proceeded with. There is only further to notice in
the business of the past week the lecture delivered
through its new chairman by the Council to the subscribers
to the Royal Agricultural Benevolent Institi»tion. It would
appear to be considered very improper to take any
notice of any merely general complaints, whereas we
should have thought it the duty of the direction to
ascertain, for its own sake, how much or how little com-
plaint was warranted.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

MoNTFitY Council, Wednesday, Nov. 4, 1874. —
Present : Viscount Bridport, president, in the chair, the
Duke of Bedford, Earl Cathcart, the Earl of Lichfield,
Lord Chesham, Lord Kesteven, Lord Tredegar, the
Hon. W. Egerton, M.P., Sir Massey Lopes, Bart., M.P,
Sir A. K. Macdonald, Bart., Mr. Barnett, Mr. Booth, Mr.
Bowly, Mr. Cantrell, Mr. Dent, Mr. Druce, Mr.
Edmonds, Mr. Brandreth Gibbs, Mr. Hemsley, Mr. T.
Horley, jun., Mr. Holland, Mr. Hornsby, Col. Kingscote,
M.P., Mr. Bowen Jones, Col. Loyd Lindsay, M. P.,
Mr. Mcintosh, Mr. Masfen, Mr. Mil ward, Mr. Ransome,
Mr. Ridley. M.P., Mr. Rigdcu, Mr. Sanday, Mr. G.
Turner, Mr. Jabez Turner, Mr. Wakefield, Mr. Welby,
M.P., Mr. Wells, Mr. Jacob Wilson, Mr, Whitehead,
and Dr. Voelcker.

The following new members were elected:
Adams, George, Tidwcll Farm, Faringdon.
Barwell, Tliomas, Spalding Common, liucoln.

Best, Captain John Charles, Plas-yn-Vivod, LlangoUen.

Brown, George Fowler, Newton, Desford, Leicester.

Burr:i, William, Pomfret, Ashford, Kent.

Callau, I'liilip, Dowdstown, Ardee, Louth, Ireland.

Cummins, Edward Russell, Enfield, Middlesex.

Elkins, William, Elliington, Yelvertoft, Rugby.

Gartside, William, Smethcott, Wroxeter, Shrewsbury.

Gibbons, George, Tunley Farm, Bath.

Griffith, Charles Marshall, LlwTudurio, Llandyssil, South

Wales.
Horner, George Wood, Athelhampton Hall, Dorchester.
Hosegood, Obed, Deliington, lliminster.
Ingham, John, Marr, Doncaster.
James, James, Les Vauxbelets, Guernsey.
Keane, Richard F., Derriheen, Cappoquin, Co., Waterford.
Kennard, Rev. R. B., Marnhull, Blaudford.
Langham, Herbert Hay, Cottesbrooke Park, Northampton,
Lyon, William, Arlington Manor, Newbury, Berks.
Morgan, Charles Elliot, Flatts House, Bishop Auckland.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

427

riiillips, \Tliomas Henry, Broolsluuds Farm, Perry Barr,

Staffs.
Reynolds, AVilliani Smith, Spalding Common, Lincoln.
Robinson, William V\''alker, Sonthfield Honse, Sedgpfield,

Ferryhill.
Smith, Henry, jun., The Grove, Cropwell Butler, Bingham.
Starkie, Major L. N., Huutroyde, Burnley, Lancashire.
Stephenson, Robert, Brierton, Greatham, Durham.
Whee'er, Rowland, Steephill Farm, Ventnor, Isle of Wight.
Young, Captain F., The Terrace, Ryde, Isle of Wight.

Fii\ANCES. — Colonel Kingscote, M.P., presented the
report, from which it appeared that the Secretary's re-
ceipts during the past three months had been duly exa-
mined by the committee, and by Messrs. Quiltcr, Ball,
and Co., the society's accountants, and found correct.
The balance in the hands of the bankers on Oct. 31, was
£622 Gs. lOd. The quarterly statement of subscriptions
and arrears to Sept. 30, and the quarterly cash account,
were laid on the table. The arrc;irs then amounted to
£1,372.

The Committee recommended that the Secretary be
instructed to take the necessary steps to sell out of the
funded property of the Society, the sum of £3,000, to
meet the excess of expeaditureover receipts at the Bedford
meeting.

The Committee directed the attention of the Council to
the constantly increasing expenditure in connection with
the country meetings. At present the expenditure on
show-yard plant exceeds £6,000 per annum; that on trials
of implements exceeds £2,000; the stock prizes and ex-
penses of judges, forage, and other matters connected
with the exhibition of stock, costs £5,000 per anaum :
printing, advertising, and bill-posting exceeds £1,000;
while sundry matters bring the total to over .£15,000.
The Committee, tkerefore, suggested that the attention
of the stock prizes, the implement, and the show-yai'd
contract committees be specially drawn to this subject.

The ordinary receipts of the society have of late ex-
ceeded the expenditure by about £1,000 per annum, but
the recent increase in the grants for education, potato in-
vestigations, and farm prize competitions, have now
deprived the society of this aid towards supplying the
deficiency in the show-yard receipts ; it is, therefore,
more than ever necessary that the expenses of the coun-
try meetings should be reduced, if possible.

With reference to the suggestion proposed by this
Committee in August last, that local agents should be ap-
pointed throughout the country, for the purpose of in-
creasing the number of members of the society, the com-
mittee recommended that the secretary be instructed to
communicate with each member of council requesting
nominations of suitable persons in their several counties.

Mr. Milward regarded the final paragraph of this report
as derogatory to the society, and moved that it be can-
celled, and jNIr. Masfeu seconded this proposition, which
was supported by Mr. Jacob Wilson and Mr. Dent Dent,
who hoped that the expenditure of the society on the
country meetings would be reduced, but not that on ex-
periments, education, or farm prizes. Lord Cathcart
having asked a question as to the cost of the new dyna-
mometer, which was replied to by Mr. Booth and Mr.
Brandreth Gibbs, the paragraph in question was expunged,
and the remainder of the report adopted.

General Tauntox. — Lord Kesteven reported that
Mr. J. S. Bult had been appointed steward of forage for
the Taunton meeting, and had accepted the appointment.
The Committee had consulted the members of the Taunton
local committee, who were of opinion that Exmoor and
Dartmoor sheep should be shorn before exhibition, and
not shown in their wool as at Plymouth ; the Committee
recommended that this opinion be acted upon, and
that copies of the proof of the stock prize sheet be sent

to the local committee when printed. They also recom-
mended that Mr. G. Turner and Mr. J. Hemsley be
added to the Committee. This report was adopted.

Stock Phizes. — Mr. IMilward (chairman) reported
that the Committee recommended several alterations iu
ihe Bedford prize sheet for adoption by the Council for
the Taunton meeting, and that the proposed new prize
sheet be printed and taken into consideration in Decem-
ber. This report was adopted after a conversation, in
the course of which Mr. Dent suggested the omission of
prizes for Suffolk horses and hunters over four years old;
Mr. Wells, the omission of the Clydesdale classes, Lord
Cathcart the fixing of a superior limit of six years at the
age for hunters ; and Mr. Masfen, that the local com-
mittee might take up some of the classes.

Mr. Wakefield gave notice that at the December meet-
ing he would move that no prizes be given for hunters
over six years old.

Repobt of Journal Committee. — Mr. J. Dent
Dent (chairman) reported that the committee, in placing
upon the table the autumn number of the Journal, re-
gretted the delay iu its publication, which had been
caused by the heavy work falling upon the reporter of
the implement trials. No less than 370 implements, iu
33 classes, iu addition to those entered for the special
prizes given for guards for thrashing-machines, had been
tried and reported upon. This had also caused a con-
siderable increase iu the cost of the Journal, both in
i'.rinting and in illustrations.

The committee recommended payments amounting to
£859 18s.

There are 17 entries for farms in the three classes for
Somersetshire, as follows :

CL.VSS I. — Hill Farms.
George Babbage, of Nettlecombe, Taunton.
Joseph King, of Norton HautviUe, Bristol.

Class II.— Dairy Farms.
Cornelius Collins, of Orchard Leigh, Frome.
Robert A. Day, of TJbley Finn, Bristol.
George Gibbons, of Tunley Farm, Bath.

Class III.— Other Farms.
Alfred Bowerraan, of Capton Farm, Williton, Taunton.
William Bulleu, of Crewkerne.

Wm. Thomas Culverwell, of Durlcigh Farm, Bridgwater.
John G. Davis, of Blagroves Farm, Milverton, Taunton.
Thomas Hembrow, of Stoke St. Gregory, Taunton.
Obed Hosegood, of DiUington Farm, lirainster.
John R. Keen, of Chewton Mendip, Wells.
Thos. M. Lang, of Barrington Court, Ilrainster.
James Mead, of Curry Mallett, Taunton.
Messrs. Musgrave and Sons, of Pyrlaud, Taunton.
Edward Paget, of Burnett, laristol.
Thos. P. Waltham, of Spaxton Court Farm, Bridgwater.

Mr. Little, of Lanhill, Chippenham ; Mr. Thomas
Outhwaite, of Goldboro', Knaresboro' ; and Mr. Bowen
Jones, of Ensdon, Shrewsbury, had accepted the office ot
judge ; and Mr. Bowen Jones will write the report.
The committee trust that the first inspection will take
place during the present month. This report was
adopted.

Members' Suggestion Special Committee. — Mr.
M. W. Ridley, M.P. (chairman), reported that the com-
mittee had met and considered the various suggestions
referred to them. Many of these being of some im-
portance they recommended that the suggestions and the
decisions hitherto arrived at be printed for circulation
among the members of the committee, in order that they
may be revised if necessary, and a report presented to the
December Council. This report was adopted.

Potato Disease.— Mr. C. Whitehead, chairman,
presented the following report : The judges appointed to
inspect the growth of the six varieties of potatoes which

E £ 2

428

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

were eutered for compctitiou as disease-proof, and planted
ill trial plots iu twenty ditterent places in England, Scot-
land, and Ireland, have reported that none of the varieties
have resisted the potato disease. During the period of
vigorous growth, in all the varieties, in five out of the
twenty localities the disease was virulent, and by the end
of the season it was found that in almost all these places
more or less disease was apparent ; so that the question of
disease-proof potatoes, as far as these trials are concerned,
has been practically decided in the first year. The note-
books of the growers and the reports of the judges contain
much valuable information as to the influence of soil,
climate, and various methods of cultivation upon the action
and jjrogress of the potato disease. The committee, there-
fore, recommend that Mr. Carruthers, who has carefully
i:!spected every trial plot, be requested to collate these
experiences for publication in the next Journal of the
Society. The potatoes which were grown upon the trial
plots, after having been carefully examined by the judges,
and the per-centages of diseased tubers ascertained, have
been seat to the Agricultural Hall. It is proposed that
the competitors shall have the first offer to purchase the
produce of their own entries, and that if they, or any of
them, decline, the potatoes shall be sold by auction or by
salesmen, as the committee may determine. It will be
remembered that the Council reserved a power to enforce
a penalty of £20 in case of the failure of the entries of
any competitor to resist the disease, but the committee
recommend that this penalty be not enforced in any in-
stance. ]Most important communications have been re-
ceived from Professor De Bary, who has ascertained, by
recent experiments, that the potato disease is not propa-
gated by infected tubers ; that although the mycelium of
the fungus {.Peronospora infestans) was distinctly ap-
parent in the stalks of plants raised directly from diseased
tubers, no gonidia or germs were evolved. The Professor
remarks upon this curious circumstance that he is struck
by this result of seeing the fungus with the naked eye
during two or three months in his little field, and all the
plants and leaves intact. Professor De Bary, in a later
comnnunication, expresses sanguine hopes that he has
at last discovered the certain nidi, or resting-places, of
the oospores, or active primary germs of the fungus,
which, as he says, would essentially accomplish its life
history ; and the great practical results of these disco-
veries, if perfected, will obviously be that measures may
be taken by potato growers to avoid planting potatoes
after, or in the immediate vicinity of plants known to be
suitable to the development of the oospores of the fungus,
or that steps may be taken to destroy them In situ. —
This report was adopted.

House. — Colonel Kingscote, C.B., M.P., reported that
the painting of the inside of the house had been done to
the satisfaction of the committee, and that they recom-
mended that the Secretary be instructed to procure two
new hall lamps at a cost not exceeding £10. This report
was adopted.

Implement. — Mr. B. T. Brandreth Gibbs reported
that the committee recommended that a meeting of the
Implement Committee be held on the Tuesday of the
Smithfield Club week, and that the judges who adjudi-
cated on mowing machines at Manchester be invited to
attend, to assist the committee in determining the scale
of points and the method of trial. The committee re-
commended that the competing towns be requested to
provide 50 acres of early-sown rye, for the trials of reap-
ng machines iu 1876 ; and that, upon the recommenda -
tion of the judges, there be a final trial of the selected
machines at the time of wheat harvest. This report was
adopted.

Selection. — Colonel Kingscote, C.B., M.P. (chair-
man), reported the following recommendations of the

committee: 1, that the Duke of Bedford be elected a
vice-president, in the room of the Earl of Egmont, de-
ceased ; 3, that the following new members of Council
be elected, in the place of Colonel Kingscote, elected a
trustee ; Messrs. J. Wells, of Booth Ferry, and Mr.
James Webb, of Fladbury, deceased, viz., the Earl Spen-
cer, K.G., of Althorp, Northampton; Mr. J. Martin, of
Littleport, Ely ; and Mr. II. Chandos Pole-Gell, of Hop-
ton Hall, Wirksworth. This report having been received,
it was moved by Colonel Kingscote, seconded by Mr.
Mil ward, and carried unanimously, "That the Duke of
Bedford be elected a vice-president of the Society." The
election of Earl Spencer as a member of the Council was
then moved by Colonel Kingscote, seconded by Lord
Kesteven, and carried unanimously ; that of Mr. Martin
was movsd by Colonel Kingscote, seconded by Mr. Dent
Dent, and carried unanimously ; and that of Mr. Pole-
Gell was moved by Colonel Kingscote, seconded by Mr.
Booth, and also carried unanimously.

Education. — The Duke of Bedford (chairman) re-
ported that 29 candidates had entered to compete for the
Society's elementary scholarships, viz., two from the
Bedford Middle-class Public School, and 27 from the
Surrey Couuly School at Cranleigh. Also that Mr.
Charles Howard, of Biddenham, Bedford, and Mr. J.
Bradshaw, of The Knovvle, near Cranleigh, had consented
to act as local secretaries. ]\Ir. Bowen Jones having
brought the question before the committee whether en-
dowed schools, otherwise eligible, should be entitled to
send candidates to compete for these scholarships in future
years, the committee were of opinion that an endowment
is no disqualification. This report was adopted. The
committee gave notice that at the December Council
they would apply for a renewal of the Education Grant
for 1875.

Siiowi'ARD Contracts. — Mr. B. T. Brandketh
Gibbs reported that the surveyor's report had been re-
ceived, showing a balance due to Mr. Penny (after de-
ducting the 5 per cent, discount stipulated in his contract)
to be £331.
The gross cost of the showyard, grand stand,

and other works, amounted to £6,055 14 7

Being an excess over Hull, 1873, of £249 3 8
And over Cardiff, 1872, of 397 8 7

The surveyor reports that the levelling and preparation
of the showyard at Taunton has been placed by the
Taunton committee in the hands of Mr. Penny. The
preliminary plan for the Taunton showyard was laid before
the committee, and it was resolved that the same be re-
duced so as not to exceed the preliminary plan of the
Cardifi' meeting, and be subject to such alterations
as may be found necessary hereafter. The surveyor handed
in the agreement between the secretary and the contractor
for the repairs to be done (as already ordered) to the per-
manent buildings, and the committee recommended that
the secretary be authorised to sign the same. This report
was adopted. The president reported the resignation of
Viscount Hill, a vice-president of the Society.

The Earl of Lichfield then brought forward the reso-
lution, of which notice on his behalf had been given by
Mr. Holland, as follows : " That a committee be appointed
to take into consideration the Society's charter, and to
suggest what alterations, if any, are advisable to be made
therein, for the purpose of bringing members of Council
into more frequent communication with members of the
Society, and also for permitting the discussion iu Council
of measures of a practical agricultural nature, although
pending or to be brought forward in either of the Houses
of Parliament." He wished at once to disclaim any sug-
gestion that he or any other member of Council who had
moved in this matter felt any dissatisfaction with the pre-
sent management of the Society. His chief object was to

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429

popularise the Society with its own members aud
with the public , as there was a general impression
abroad that the members have no voice iu the
management of the Society's affairs. He also wished
to remove the prohibition upon the Council to dis-
cuss matters pending or to be brought forward before
either House of Parliament, as he considered that this pi-o-
hibition impaired the usefulness and efficiency of the So-
ciety. With regard to his first object, he looked upon the
prevalent opinion of the members as well-fouuded, and he
referred to the ordinary course of proceedings at the general
meetings, and the stringenjt rule in the Charter (section 9),
as showing that the sole management of the Society was
vested in the Council, without any control on the part of
the members, as is usual in other societies. The function
of the members was limited to the making of suggestions at
the invitation of the chairman, and to their comments in
their individual capacity. It was no doubt true that mem-
bers could express their sense of mismanagement by the
Council, by declining to re-elect any of the trustees or
vice-presidents, and any of the twenty-five members of
Council who annually retire by rotation, and are eligible
for re-election ; but the Charter fixes the day for the
trausactiou of such business so inconveniently, that the
members have uot a fair and full opportunity of bringing
their opinions before the Council, even on that occasion.
He considered that these questions alone furnished
ample grounds for asking for a committee to
consider the question of au alteration of the Charter.
On the question of the prohibition of certain subjects from
their discussions, he averred that nobody felt more strongly
than himself the importance of excluding party politics
from them ; but he held that to be a very ditTereut matter
from the childish law that the Council were not to discuss
a given subject simply and solely because it already was
before Parliament, or was about to be brought before
either House of the Legislature. The progressive legisla-
tion of the present day often rendered it very desirable
that the Government should obtain the opinion of the
Council on practical questions ; but their charter pre-
vented them from discussing such questions as cattle
diseases, except during the Parliamentary recess. It had
also, some time ago, prevented their giving the Govern-
ment any information as to the value of malt as food for
stock ; and although good roads were as useful to the
farmer as good machinery, the Council could not take up
any aspect of such a question. He confessed, however,
that this matter alone would not have induced him to ask
for a committee to consider a revision of the charter, and
he thought that if it were granted they would require a
very stringent bye-law to prevent the introduction of a
question of party politics upon any pretence or in any
guise whatever. lie had heard with regret that it was
found desirable to curtail their expenditure, for he held
rather that the Society should increase its income. The
number of subscribers was small in comparison ivith the
extensive privileges which members enjoyed for a small
subscription, greater, he believed, than that offered by any
other society in the world ; and therefore he could not
help thinking that the small number of members pointed
to a defect in the constitution of the Society. He be-
lieved that defect chiefly to be that members had not that
share in the management of the Society that subscribers
to all institutions naturally looked for. He, therefore,
moved for the appointment of a committee in the terms of
his notice.

Mr. Holland seconded the motion. He had brought
forward the notice in Lord Lichlield's name, as his lord-
ship was out of England at the time, and had on a previous
occasion brought forward a similar resolution. He be-
lieved that by a judicious alteration of ^the Charter they
would gain subscribers, without altering the character of

the institution. He thought that they should alter the
date of the general meeting when the members of Council
were to be elected, and that the members of the Society
should have an opportunity of knowing beforehand what
was proposed to be done. The Charter was now more
than a quarter of a century old, and since it was granted
times and feelings had changed. He, therefore, thought
that the Charter should be amended to suit the circum-
stances of the present day, but that at the same time they
should be careful not to admit party politic3 into their
discussions.

Earl Cathcart, in supporting the motion, expressed the
pleasure that he had felt in discharging the duties of
president during his term of office on every occasion
when his services were required in that honourable
position, with the single exception of the general meetings
of members. These meetings he held to be un-English,
because the Charter did not allow the members to be out-
spoken, and at Bedford pa^-ticularly not only his successor
Mr. Holland) but also every member of the Council who
was present at the general meeting must have felt that
they occupied a false position, aud that the meeting
itself was a sham. He then urged the great importance
of popularising the Society, the framework of which was
now too narrow. He would himself suggest one important
general meeting of the Society in December, to which the
election of members of the Council should be submitted.
He held that the more fresh air and ventilation they
obtained the better ; but they should always consider that
the great object of the Society was to promote the pro-
duction of the greatest quantity of food ou a given space,
and that the prosperity of the Society was only to be
obtained by its promotion of English agriculture.

The President remarked that this was a question of
the greatest possible importance to the Society, and was
deserving of great attention. He thoroughly agreed that
menjbers of the Society should have more voice in the
elec:ion of members of the Council; but, in discussing
the list of members, it should be borne in mind that since
the formation of this Society many other agricultural
societies had arisen, which ottered locally somewhat simi-
lar advantages to its members. He feared that farmers
too often looked only to the circumstances of their own
locality, and uot to*English agriculture generally. With
regard' to the question of discussing matters before Par-
liament, or having a political tendency, he thought they
should exercise great caution.

The Earl of Lichfield expressed his great satisfaction
that no opposition had been offered to the principle of his
motion, as ou the previous occasion when he had brought
forward the question he had been met with the argument
that the Charter had worked very well, and that it was
better to let well alone.

Mr. Cantrell quite agreed with the object of the
motion, and stated that it was generally considered the
Council was too exclusive in electing its members.

Mr. Dent Dent observed that at present the Council
had no option as to the mode in which its members were
elected, but he thought it most desirable that they should
be enabled to consult the members of the Society on such
matters. With reference to the other question, he re-
minded the Council that the motto of the Society was,
" Practice with Science," and he hoped that they would
always confine themselves within its meaning.

Mr W' EuERTON would be sorry to see such questions
as road-legislation brought before the Council, and he
1 bought it most undesirable that they should trespass mto
the inovince of Chambers of Agriculture.

The motion having been put to the Couucil was carried
unanimously, and the appointment of the committee was
postponed until the next Monthly Council.

430

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

The Secretary was instructed to send letters relative to
the Country meeting of 1876 to the authorities of Bir-
mingham, Peterborough, Nottingham, Lincoln, and Derby.

The Secretary was authorised to sign and seal with the
common seal of the Society, a power of attorney to enable
the London and Westminster Bank to receive the divi-
dends on the Society's funded property.

Au application from the Boiler Insurance and Steam
Power Company (Limited), for the loan of the Society's
Dynamometer, was granted on the usual terms and con-
ditions.

A commuuication was received from the statistical and
commercial de2)artment of the Board of Trade, enclosing

a copy of the programme of an international agricultural
exhibition to be held in Algiers.

The following special Committee for re^^ising the list
of judges was appointed on the motion of Mr. Milward : —
Colonel Kingscote, Mr. Barthropp, iMr. Booth, Mr.
Bowly, Mr. Cautrell, Mr. Dent, Mr. Druce, Mr. Hemsley,
Mr. Horley, Mr. Leeds, Mr. Masfen, Mr. Milward, Mr.
Eandell, Mr. Rigden, Mr. Sanday, Mr. George Turner,
IMr. Wells, Mr. Jacob Wilson, with the Hon. Director,
and the Stewards of stock and implements.

The general meeting of members was fixed for Thurs-
I day, December 10, at 12 o'clock. The Council then
adjourned to Wednesday, December 'J.

THE FARMER S' CLUB.
OUR VILLAGES: THEIR SANITARY REEORM.

The first meeting of the Farmers' Club for the Winter Ses-
sion took place on Monday evening, November 2, at the Salisbury
Hotel, Mr. E. M. Major Luca« in the chair. The subject
fixed for discussion, as given above, stood iu tlie name of
Mr. James Howard, of Clapham Park, Bedford.

The Chairman, in opening the proceedias^s, said he was
extremely pleased to see so good an attendance after what was
termed the recess and he hoped the gentlemen before him
had all as good crops that year as they might expect, jn April
and May they discussed the interests of farmers and the subject
of land-laws and landlords ; that evening they were going to
overhaul tlie villages and talk about sanitary reform. The
subject before tliem would be introduced by a gentleman wlio
had already read many excellent papers, and who did not re-
quire any introduction from him to ensure attention to his
contributions to tiie discussions of that Club. Without any
further remark', he would call upon Mr. James Howard to
open tiie subject.

Mr. Howard then read the following paper -. —

Introduction. — Revival or Sanitary Science. — As
far back as 1848, and on many subsequent occasions down to
qiite a recent date, the Loudon Earmers' Club has discussed
tlie great subject of the sewage of our towns and cities ; but,
singularly enough, it has never once turned its attention to
the more home question of village sewage, and the sanitary
condition of our rural population therein involved. Two or
three months after the subjects for discussion in 1874 had
been selected by the committee of the Club, the great contest
in the rural districts between capital and labour occurred
Tliis naturally attracted a large share of public sttention to
the general condition of our rural population. Could 1 have
foreseen that "special commissioners" would have been de-
spatched to the disturbed districts, and graphic accounts of
village-life morning after morning would liave been given to
the country by the daily papers, I should probably have
shrunk from handling a subject which was shortly to eugage
the attention of so many able men. There are, however,
phases of the question, and questions of a practical character,
the discussion of which by the members of this club may
tend to tiirow light on some of the problems yet unsolved.

In a celebrated speech of the present Prime Minister of
England the remarkable statement occurred tiiat " the first
consideration of a minister should be the Jiealth of the
people." Mr. Disraeli, like ministers in another sphere, did
not, however, lead his hearers to suppose that the work was
to be left exclusively to the ministers ; for he observed, " I
think public attention ought to be concentrated on sanitary
legislation. I cannot impress upon you too strongly my con-
viction of the importance of the legislature and society uuiting
together in favour of these important results." The prime
minister evidently recognises the force of the well-
known aphorism of Franklin, " Public health is public wealth."
My object in bringing the subject bsfore the Club is to enforce
the same maxim, and to induce its members and the agricul-
tural public to unite in supporting the legislature in carrying
into practice a wise, a thorough, and a beneficent system of
sanitary legislation.

The stage of civilisation at which a country has arrived may

be gauged by the attention paid to cleanliness, and a natural
observance by its members of the laws which govern health.
The Greeks, the Romans, the Egyptians — to say nothing of
the Jews — have left behind them faithful records, both in their
literature and in the ruins of their cities, of the care they
bestowed upon cleauliuess and its kindred subjects. After a
long reign of ignorance, extending over many centuries, the
present generation has witnessed a gradual awakening to the
importance of sanitary matters ; already great strides have
been made in sanitary science, and, as Dr. Arthur Ransome
has remarked, when the time comes for writing the history of
the reign of Queen Victoria, among the long list of beneficent
enactments, it will be found that all the legislation of any real
importance for securing the public health has beeti the work of
the brilliant Victorian era.

It would be easy ta quote sensational paragraplis from the
official reports of commissioners as well as from other sources,
but 1 shall refrain from attempting at any length to prove that
our villages stand greatly in need of sanitary reform, for, not-
withstanding Lady Stradbroke's pleasing picture, we must all
admit the fact that a state of things exists in many, nay, I may
say in most of our villages, which, as members of a civilised
community, we deplore and would gladly see remedied. To
retort that there is as great or greater need of refiorm in towns
and cities, does not help the case, for, as a well-known Bir-
mingham radical, in a recent article in T/te Fortnujhihj, says,
" the dwellers in towns ought to be the first to admit the
charge, and its justice should make them chary of condemning
landlords und fanners in the country as more hard-hearted or
illiberal than others. Both town and country are alike power-
less to deal with the evil by individual effort or merely personal
exertion, and they should strive to concert measures together
for discovering and applying a remedy."

I have said that I should not take up time iu attempting to
prove, at any length, the necessity for reform, still, I cannot
pass over the question without remark. I happen to reside in
one of the best cared-for counties in England. The Dukes of
Bedford liave, during the past 30 years, erected many hundreds
of convenient and handsome labourers' cottages ; they have also
carried out a variety of sanitary improvements upon their
estate ; their efforts to raise the labourer's condition have stimu-
lated other proprietors, many of whom, I am glad to say, have
followed their example, and yet what do we find to be the state
of things in many of the villages of this highly-favoured
county P If time permitted, I could, from the reports of the
Medical Officers to the Rural Sanitary Authority, give a cata-
logue of facts and scenes as appalling and revolting as any to
be found in Mr. CuUey's or Dr. Eraser's (the present Bishop
of Manoiiester) reports to the late Government Whole vil-
lages almost devoid of water, and dependent upon ponds and
holes made by the roadside ; families herded together in
wretched houses unfit for human dwellings, without drainage
or privy accommodation, and with foul middens at their very
doors. Writing of overcrowding (against which evil, as I shall
hereafter show, the law has not provided a remedy), the medical
officer of the Lorthem division of the county of Bedford, states
" it is a comnon thing to find a married couple with five or
six, and even ieven or eight sons and daughters of all ages

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

431

sleeping iu oi e, or at most, tno small rooms, without any
chimney or effl lent means of ventilation. I have often, in the
course of ray professional work, been called into these rooms at
night when tlie greater part of the family have been in bed and
when the state of the room has been sickening." Having
alluded to such conditions militating against health, morality,
and common decency, he concludes, " no more fertile source of
the scrofulous diseases which are the scourge of our population
can be conceived." Until the passing of the Public Health
Act, 1873, the various Sanitary Act, so far as rural districts
were concerned, were all but a dead letter, and useless. The
Act of 1872, which, I may remark, was passed with tlie general
concurrence of the public, although deficient in many particu-
lars (a point I propose to take up at a later stage) was most
important in tliis particular — it rendered the action of local
authorities compulsory, so that most of the evils which exist
can no longer be shirked, but must be dealt with in some way
or other. Without dwelling farther upou the present condition
of our villages, or wasting time in discussing tlieories, I propose
at once to proceed to the more practical question, What can be
done to remedy the existing evils ? and in the first place I will
take up the question of that essential requirement of every
community — water.

W^ATER Supply. — I place water first, because, next to the
food of the people, it is the most important requirement for
every community ; and an abundant supply of pure water is
not only of primary iraportauce in a sanitary point of view,
but one of the greatest blessings of life. On the other hand,
it is now generally recognised that no more fertile source of
disease and human decay exists than bad and contaminated
water. One authority asserts that to its use he has traced the
origin of a variety of diseases ; among them he states " diarrhoea,
dyspepsia, dysentery, malarious aud typhoid fevers are the
most prominent."

" At present the majority of villages suffer either from scarcity
or impurity of water, or from both. Too long has the country
been deluded by the fallacy that good water and plenty of it is
the special quality of country districts." So wrote Mr. Bailey
Denton, in the Ro>jal AjricnUnral Joiiriud, in 1870, and that
the remarks were truthful has since been but too abuadautly
proved by the reports of medical oiiicers iu all parts of the
kingdom. The incumbent of a parish near to ray own writes
me : "In this parish, ot over 3,000 acies, there are no springs,
and wells are out of the question, owing to the great depth of
the stratum of clay. During tliis last dry summer poor people
had to go miles for their pailsf'ul of water, aud farmers had to
send carts to the river for their supply" — a distance of several
miles. There are no natural causes for sucli a state of things.
Providence supplies us with an abundance of water, and the
fault rests with the community. This, one of the most precious
gifts of Nature, is grievously wasted and neglected. We have
our wet seasons and our dry seasons; we canuot yet store up
the heat of our summers, but there are no insuperable difficul-
ties in storing tlie rains of winter.

The average rainfall of England and Wales is at the rate of
33 inches per annum. Every inch per annum is equal to about
23,000 gallons — in weight no less than 100 tons — per acre. In
our drier counties, with a rainfall of 20 inches, to say nothing
of dew fall, upwards of 3,000 tons of water fall annually upon
every acre.

It is calculated tliat for the twenty- five millions of popula-
tion in England and Wales, the supply of water, by rain alone,
is twenty-seven railliou millions of gallons, or one hundred and
eighteen thousand four hundred millious of tons ; that the
quantity consumed by man and beast as well as by engines
and other contrivances, is three hundred and sixty-five thou-
sand millions of gallons — in other words, we only use about
one-seventy-forth part of our total rainfall.

From wells, streams, rivers, reservoirs, and tanks our wants
are supplied. It appears to be the general opinion of sanitary
authorities, that where good water can be obtained at a depth
not exceeding thirty feet, a well is the best provision. Having
sunk many wells myself, as well as some reservoirs, my expe-
rience leads me to concur in this opinion. The only remark I
would make about wells is, the great danger of contamination,
if cesspools, privies, middens, sewers, or foul ponds are allowed
near them. Many cases of filtration to wells from these
sources, both in towns and villages, have come under my ob-
servation, so that, long ago, having narrowly escaped from
dangers of the kind, I resolved that the first thing to be done

in going into a new liouse is to have the well examined aud
the water tested. At a farmhouse in a village near Bedford,
the occupier, some years ago, put up a water-closet, and ran
the excreta into a large pond or moat some 100 or 120 feet
from his well. No thought of danger was apprehended until
an outbreak of illness occurred, when it was discovered that
the well had been contaminated with human excrement.

As to wells, however, there are very wide tracts of country
where they are quite out of the question, and where storage is
the only available method ; having long since been convinced
by the reasoning of my friend, Mr. Bailey Denton, that it was
a wise policy to husband the water which falls in winter for
use in summer, ten years ago I dug a reservoir at Clapham
Park for this purpose ; it is situated in the line of a master
drain which conveys the drainage water of about 150 acres.
This reservoir contains about 400,000 gallons, and cost £50
excavating ; a vast quantity of water passes through it in
winter, aud, ever since it was made, we have had an abundant
supply through the driest summers. So satisfied was I with
the experiment, that last year I made a second one, of about
double the size, at the other side of the farm. I am convinced
that on the retentive clay soils of the kingdom, where wells
cannot be provided, an abundant supply of water might thus
be stored in reservoirs, connected either with main drains or
streams. Where the natural formation of the ground is
favourable for embanking at one end, as was the case with the
second reservoir I made, they could be constructed at a com-
paratively small expense. The water in my reservoirs is good
enough throughout the year for most domestic uses ; but, for
drinking purposes, it should be boiled or filtered, especially in
the summer months. A collateral advantage from the general
adoption of reservoirs would be that our winter floods in the
valleys would be sensibly diminished.

The vicar of a high-lying parish near to my own writes me
as follows : " When I first came here (some 20 years ago), I
had a well dug 40 feet deep, and bored anotlier 40 feet, with-
out any change in the liard clay ; giving the work up in
despair, I had a drain dug to a large pond about 20 yards off
and well filled with washed gravel, and the water thus drained
to the well has formed our supply ever since. It is cold and
clear, and I believe, although I have not had it tested, quite
pure. I attribute the pureness of the water to the length of
the drain through which it has io percolate." I give this
example, believing that many similarly situated will find this,
or a less costly reservoir, the readiest plan of supplying their
wants. 1 would advise them, however, to have the filter
cleansed periodically.

Reservoirs are more easily constructed, and at less expense
than is generally supposed. Mr. Denton is of opinion that,
by combination, an average sized village could, in many cases,
be supplied with a reservoir, iron service pipes, and stand pipes
for taps at a first cost of 25s. per head ; or, if the reservoir
were constructed and paid for with money borrowed at 5 per
cent., and the repayment spread over 40 years, sufficient water
for each village could be obtained at a maximum cost of Is. 3d.
per year per head. Dismissing the question of reservoirs,
which must depend more or less upou local circumstances, I
will pass on to the mode of storing water in tanks.

Tanks for rain-water falling upon the roofs of houses are
another means, now frequently resorted to, for storage. In a
letter to The r/;«M, about twelve months ago. Sir Phillip Hose
called attention to a plan adopted upon the chalk formation in
the Cliiltern Hundreds ; he stated that a tank, 10 feet deep
and six feet over, sufficient for two ordinary sized labourers'
families, if the drains from the cottage roofs are properly con-
nected, can be made in that district at an outside cost of £2
per cottage ; the ground is simply excavated to the required
dimensions, and the sides and bottom plastered with three coats
of Portland cement, mixed wi'h sand and gravel. There would,
of course, be greater difficulty and expense in other formations
where puddle or brickwork, or perhaps both, would have to be
resorted to in order to make the reservoir durable and water-
tight. The esp'^nse will, of course, vary with the character of
the subsoil, but in no case can it be very formidable. A tank,
16 feet long by 10 feet wide, will, for every foot of depth, liold
1,000 gallons, and it is estimated that from the roof of an
ordinary cottage, covering only 2| poles, as much as 7,00o
gallons per annum may be collected when the rainfall is only
20 inches ; and so, from a farmhouse with outbuildings,
covering 10 poles, 28,000 gallons a-year may he collected. I

432

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

need scarcely say that it is highly desirable that care should
be taken in constructing such tanks to prevent the influx of
impure water from surface drainage, and that, wherever practi-
cable, the roof water should be passed through a filter bed of
some kind.

The other day I went over to see the sanitary improvements
carried out by Sir Anthony Rothschild in his cottages at Aston
Clinton and adjoining villages. I found that in each cottage,
water, brought from the Cliiltern Hills, had been laid on. It
is not everyone who can, in this particular, follow the example
of Sir Anthony, or who, if willing, has a public water-works
so near at hand. I have mentioned it, because on inquiry of
the cottagers 1 found that it was a boon highly prized. One
man remarked that he did not know what they should now do
without it. The wife joined in, and said, " Yes, sir, it is a
great convenience, and it saves us so much in soap." Indeed,
who can estimate the value to these poor people uf an abundant
and constant supply of the purest water for drinking, cook-
ing, and washing, or— what is also important— its value for
carrying away a good deal of filth, wliich, without it, would
be sure to collect iu and about the dwellings? If time
permitted, I could enumerate other means of providing water.
In Egypt, where the water is only 13 to 20 feet below the sur-
face, 1 have seen a mule or a doukey working a centrifugal
pump, and often one of the primitive "sakias" — a kind "of
chain and bucket lift — raise water enough for the supply of a
large village. To those, however, who would pursue this
subject of water supply further, I would refer them to Mr.
Bailey Denton's excellent paper, " Village Sanitary Economy,"
published in the Royal Agricultural /oKr;m/ of 1870.

Labol'kers' Dw£LLIi\gs.— Passing to the subject of cot-
tages, I would remark that the labourer's home has for many
years past afforded abundant material for discussion. The
circumstances alluded to at the opening of my paper have,
during the present year, had the effect of concentrating
public attention to an unusual extent upon the important and
vital question of improved dwellings for our peasantry. The
providing of a sufficient number of new cottages for our
agricultural population, and the reconstruction of deficient
ones already existing, form a question of momentous interest,
and the financial aspect presented is one of the gravest im-
portance. Some idea of its magnitude may be gathered from
the remarks which fell from Lord Napier and Ettrick at
the Social Science Congress, two years ago. His lordsliip
remarked, "If a minimum of one-third of the agricultural
homes of Great Britain require to be rebuilt, you have some-
thing like a measure of our great necessity on the rural side of
the question. It is a matter of building 700,000 cottages, at
a cost of 70 millions sterling." In the absence of complete
census returns. Lord Ettrick made, perhaps, an estimate not
far from the mark ; but, looking to the wide extent of the
subject, the knowledge already possessed, and the limits of
my paper, I will not dwell upon this portion of the subject, but
pass on to the question of drainage, sewerage, and the disposal
of sewage. Before doiug so, however, I would remark that a
few years ago 1 built a block of six cottages, for my own
farm labourers, entirely of concrete. This material is
decidedly better than brickwork, is warm and dry — indeed,
impervious. The walls are a foot thick, each cottage has three
bedrooms, and each is provided with an earth closet at the
end, but accessible from within. Tlie cost of the whole
exclusive of the earth closets, was only a little over £000.

Drainage, Sewerage, and Sewage.— I would point out
that drainage and sewerage, formerly interchangeable terms,
have come to mean two things. Drainage is now understood
to be the means of draining off and conveying water from the
soil and surface ; sewerage the means of removing refuse in a
liquid or partially liijuid state.

In an assembly of practical agriculturists, I need not enlarge
upon the sanitary advantages of under-draining. The improve-
ments wiiich have taken place in our rural districts by drain-
ing away the subsoil and surface water are so manifest as to be
universally recognised if not universally adopted. In my
o»n county ague and fever, 30 and 40 years ago, were very
common in certain villages ; since draining has been carried
out the former has altogether disappeared, and tiie latter has
greatly decreased.

To prevent eapilkry attraction, and to ensure dry cottages
it is highly desirable— in some cases indispensable — to put in
a drain completely around the buildings at a lower level than

the foundations. Before building my own house, situated on
boulder clay, I not only did this, but carried a drain right
through the centre. As a proof of the good resulting from
such drainage, even to the lower animals, 1 may say that some
years ago being at the country stables of a well-known London
horse-dealer, he complained to me ot tUe trouble he had experi-
enced in keeping his horses in health and free from colds. The
soil is London clay. I advised him to adopt the same means
I subsequently put in practice at my own house. On meeting
him a few montiis ago he assured me that he had derived the
greatest benefit from having followed my advice ; indeed, that
he had had very little trouble since.

I need not however dwell further upon drainage, a question
well understood by agriculturists, but piss on to the more
knotty points ot sewerage, and how the sewage is to be dis-
posed of. A great variety of schemes have been before the
public for dealing with sewage, but in treating of village sew-
age, I do not deem it necessary to occupy time in discussing
them, for practically there are only two systems open for
adoption in rural districts, namely, earth or box closets, and
water sewerage.

In scattered villages a general system of sewarage, like that
adopted in our towns and cities, is in most cases out of the
question, not only cu account of the expense, but
because waterworks are an essential portion of the
plan. There is moreover an additional oljection -. sew-
age irrigation, a necessary part of the system, whilst most
successful and economical on a large scale, is troublesome and
expensive on a small one. Whilst s'rougly in favour of ■ sew-
age irrigation) for what I may term " populous places," I
have come to the conclusion that for most villages the earth or
box .system will have to be depended upon. As previously
stated, I paid a visit lately to the estate of Sir Anthony Roths-
child in Buckinghamshire. The worthy baronet has carried
out tiie earth system in the most thorough manner, and, I may
observe, as only an autocrat can do. Would that all auto-
crats were as enlightened and liberal as Sir Anthony Roths-
child. Earth-closets have been supplied for 175 cottages and
three schools. Two men and a horse-and-cart are employed
the whole year round in attending to them ; one man iu
collecting the earth and carrying it to and from the cottages
and the drying-kiln, the other in preparing and drying the
material. The kiln floor is over a retort at a private gas-
works, and therefore the fuel costs nothing; and as to smell,
so corapleie is the deodorisation that nothing off'ensive can be
detected. About 200 tons of earth are required annually,
which is dried twice over, and yields about 120 tons of excel-
lent manure. The farm-manager informed me that it is a
good fertiliser for any crop, and the lowest estimate to be
placed upon its value is £3 per ton — perhaps £4 is nearer the
mark ; Sir Anthony, therefore, has not made a very bad in-
vestment. My experience of earth-closets has convinced me
that it will not do to leave them to the cottagers without some
oversight. I could if necessary give many proofs.

I have already spoken of the water-supply to the Aston
Clinton cottages. The slops from the sinks, &c., are carried
by a sewer to a small water-tight tank or cesspool in each
cottager's garden. The sewers being trapped outside the cottage
walls, no effluvium escapes. The occupiers empty the cess-
pools about once in a week or ten days, and use it upon their
gardens. Mr. Rogers Field, C.E., of 5, Cannon-row, West-
minster, lias adopted at his cottages, situated at Shenfield, near
Brentwood, a very simple and ingenious tank. Attached to
the tank is a self-acting syphon, which, when the tank becomes
full— not till then, draws off the liquid and discharges it into
sub-irrigation drains laid one foot deep, with common two-incii
agricultural pipes. The solid matter left at the bottom of the
tanks is occasionally cleared out by the cottagers and used for
manuring their gardens. This sub-irrigation has been
carried on for six years past. The liquid is said to be readily
absorbed by the soil and vegetation, and tlie plan to yield good
results. Whether plants should be thus nourished or irrigated
from beloiv is open to question, but it is not a very material
point so long as the refuse is got rid of without trouble or creat-
ing a nuisance. The price of the tank, £5, is a much more serious
objection ; but one, however, Mr. Field hopes to remove by
getting the tanks made at half-price in earthenware instead of
iron. In dismissing the subject oi tanks or cesspools, I may
observe that whenever adopted, in order to compel frequent

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433

empfying, they cannot well be too small, and, with a view to
prevent leakage, too carefully constructed.

With lespect to water-sewerage, I would for a moment call
attention to the following typical case from a recent report of
the medical officer to the Bedford Rural Sanitary Authority.
In reporting his visit to a large village on the banks of a river,
after urging the necessity of establishing some general principle
in dealing with the disposal of excreta. Dr. Prior, the officer,
states, "I find large drains or sewers in course of construction,
the level of the lower portion of which will be two feet below
that of the mill-head, and wliich will ultimately empty them-
selves into the mill-tail. This mill-tail and the mill-head in
tlie next village are not very far from synonymous, and it is
not to be supposed that the inhabitants of the latter place can
look with complacency on any scheme for the discharge of
sewage into the stream whence some derive their water for
household purposes, and some their drinking-water. More-
over by the 11 and 12 Vic, c. 63 and 80, and the 29 and 30
Vic, c. 90 and 111, the polhition of any stream under
the control of the sanitary authority is constituted an offence
punishable by fine. We are thus immediately brouglit face to
face with cue of the preliminary difficulties which beset the
application of a system of sewerage to villages ; but there are
many others so numerous and so formidable that they can only
be met completely by a system of water-works and sewage
irrigation, if they can be by that. It is therefore with grave
reluctance that I should witness the attempted extension of
such a system to districts purely rural."

I have described this as a typical case, for unquestionably
where sewers are made in villages they, as a rule, empty their
contents into the nearest stream. Looking to the certainty
that the time is at hand when the public w ill no longer tolerate
the practice of pouring filth into our beautiful streams and
water-courses, it will be well that in the cise of new sewers
tliey should be laid with a view to the sewage being ultimately
utilised by irrigation. Unless this is kept in view, many mis-
takes are likely to be made in the levels of the outfall sewers.
The Local Government Board has recently — as I think un-
wisely— sanctioned the opinion that " House Slops" do not
come under the head of sewage, and can therefore be dis-
charged into rivers and running streams. Notwithstanding
this decision there is no doubt that the public will insist upon
house slops — mostly urine and other filthy stuff — being in-
cluded in the prohibition I have referred to. from conversa-
tions with Mr. Bruce (Lord Aberdare), I know that, but for
the lenght of time taken by the River Pollution Commis-
sioners in completing their report, ti\e late Governmant were
prepared to deal with this subject three years ago. Now that
we have a Government whose policy is endorsed as a " sewage
policy," there ought not to be a doubt that it will be effectually
and quickly dealt with.

My friend, Mr. W. Hope, the well-known sanitary engineer
and sewage farmer, to whom I wrote for information upon a
point or two, has been good enough to furnish me with a copy
of a report he had made to a rural sanitary authority in the
North. I wish that time permitted to read it, for it is full of
valuable information. Reporting upon three adjacent but
scattered villages, Mr. Hope says, that to sewer them
thoroughly and to connect every house and privy would be so
costly that the people would abscond rather than pay the rates,
and tlierelore recommends the pail or box system, a plan very
much adopted in my own district. Mr. Hope recommends
galvanised iron pails, with a handle at each end, and says if
they are made to hold about 20 gallons each, they will last an
average family of five persons for a week, end if emptied into
a previously dug trench and covered over, the result will be
that the garden will be manured, and the excretal matter will
never be heard of again. The inspector to the Rural Sanitary
Authority, Bedford, informs me ttiat box-closets answer well,
and, as a rule, are made to suit the old privies. He finds about
2 feet 6 inches long, 1 foot 6 inches deep, and 1 foot 6 inches
wide are a convenient size. The closet lid should be made to
lift up on hinges, and either the riser made moveable, or a door
and frame made large enough to draw out the box at the end
of the privy. Galvanised iron is the best material : with wood
and zinc the soil percolates the zinc, and decays the wood :
either ashes or earth answers very well. Unless the lid is
made to lift on hinges a great nuisance is caused by throwing in
the ashes, as some of these always remain on the seat if
thrown down the hole carelessly.

On the question of house slops Mr. Hope states that lie
found that the total quantity escaping did not amount to more
than 0.13 of an inch of rain; a small garden therefore is
sufficient to deal with the slops, and recommends the system of
sub-irrigation and subsoil drainage.

Reporting upon another village more densely populated,
Mr. Hope recommends it being sewered, provided that fair
terms can be made to connect the sewers with those of an
adjoining town in possession of a sewage farm : a desirable
plan for villages thus situated, and one, I may observe, which
has been carried out between the borough of Bedford and the
great County School, built in an adjoining village. Mr. Hope
justly observes : " Nothing is so unsatisfactory or so expensive
and troublesome as sewage irrigation on a very small scale.
If the flow of the sewage does not run to 50,00(J gallons a day
there is not enough to give continuous occupation to one man,
and the result always is that it is neglected ; so it neither
answers from a sanitary nor from a pecuniary point of view."
When circuln^tances are favourable in a village for water
sewerage, perhaps the plan carried into practice at Eastwick
Park Farm, near Leatberhead, will be found worthy of atten-
tion. In the Saniiary ifecor;^ of Saturday last, Mr. Hutchinson,
steward of the Eastwick Park Estate, calls attention to the
effective and economical means of disposing of the liquid
refuse of the village of Eastwick, and the liquid ma-
nure of the farm, by the use of a self-acting sewage regu-
lator, the joint-invention of Mr. Bailey Denton and Mr.
Rogers Eield. This contrivance is said effectually to over-
come the dilteulty of dealing with a small flow of sewage
without constant attendance, but as I have not seen it in ope-
ration I can express no opinion.

Sanitary Laws — Difficulties and Defects. — I now
come to the difficulties of carrying the sanitary laws into
effect, and the shortcomings of tliese laws. On this branch
of my subject I have taken counsel with Mr. Sharman,
solicitor, ot Bedford, a gentleman of great experience as clerk
to the Rural Sanitary Authority, and for years clerk to the
Board of Guardians, and who has kindly given roe the benefit
of his knowledge and experience. One of the chief and most
perplexing difficulties arises from the number of Acts of Parlia-
ment, partly in existence and partly repealed, also from the
mixture in the Acts of urban and rural provisions in such a
way as to render it a matter of considerable doubt, to all
ordinary persons, what the law really is, and causing much
trouble, even to experts. The only remedy is the consolidation
of the Acts, or a new general Act, repealing all existing Acts,
so framed that the provisions relating to urban and rural
authorities, to gas, water, iScc, shall be separated. The defects
in the rural sanitary laws are chiefly manifest in the provisions
which deal with (I) water supply; (2) sewerage; (3) over-
crowding ; (41) iuiectious diseases.

(1.) With respect to wa'er, the law gives power to the
sanitary authority to cause to be provided a necessary supply
of water to a house without a proper supply, providing it can
be furnished to it at a rate not exceeding 2d. per week. This
rate of 2d. is found to be totally inadequate ; practically there
is no power to compel an owner to provide a good supply of
wholesome water, and though under the Act of last session
power is given to magistrates to close a well or cistern, people
may still be compelled and are at liberty to draw their sup-
plies from even more objectionable sources. Whilst feeling
the necessity of not pushing sanitary regulations too far, I do
think that this time of day a house ^hich has not a decent
water supply ought to be condemned as unfit for human habi
tation.

(2.) In the matter of sewers and sewage, when new cottages
are built, the sanitary authority can compel owners to make
suitable provision, but the law gives no power to compel an
owner of any existing cottage to provide it with a privy or
closet, and if he has one, and pulls it down, there is no power
to make him build another,

In a vast number of villages a drain, originally made to
carry off the surface-water from the road, runs down the main
street ; into this drain the inhabitants have assumed the right
to pour their filth. The question often arises to whom does
this drain belong ? The highway board or parish surveyors
repudiate it, and say it is a sewer ; the sanitary authority re-
pudiates it as a mere surface-drain. Should not powers be
conferred upon sanitary authorities to cut off the communi-

434

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

cations, aud thus compel the inhabitauts to make suitable
provision for their sewage ?

The powers given for the prevention of pollution of streams
are apparently ample, but the remedies are by no means
simple. It is next to impossible to persuade county magis-
trates to cut off these drains, converted into sewers, especially
in the absence of any other provisiou for the sewage. ladict-
raents and Chancery injunctions are not nice proceedings
against neighbours, and therefore the abominations, with tlieir
evil conse(iuences, continue, because the law is puzzling, and
the county magistrates timid or squeamish. Perhaps the
county court judge of the district might be armed with power
to grant an injunction, and to deal with such cases.

(3.) As to overcrowding, this is a question of no little diffi-
culty ; still, as matters stand, there is no law to prevent a
dozen grown-up people, if of one family, living and sleeping
iu one room. The Acts of the 29 and 30 Vic, c. 90, and
the JS'uisances Removal (1865) appear to clash ; perhaps the
simplest method would be to rix. a minimum space to each in-
dividual, aud in accordance, give powers to sanitary inspectors
to prohit overcrowding.

(4). As to infectious diseases, owing to the circumlocution
now necessary where disinfectants are required, disease is often
spread half over a village before steps can be legally taken to
arrest it. Power should be invested in the sanitary authority,
upon an t-.i-yymYe order of a magistrate, at once to disinfect
any such premises iu case of default upon the part of the oc-
cupier. Powers should also, I venture to think, be given to
sanitary authorities to erect or hire houses to be used as hos-
pitals, without having to wait for the sanction of the Local
Government Board. As a further precaution agaiust the
spread of infectious diseases, some amendment of the Act of
29 and 30 Vic, cap, 90, is required, with a view to prohibit
children from an infected iiouse going to schools or other public
places.

In the Society of Arts report, just imblished, the following
appears ; " The past session has shown that the President of
the Local Government Board was at last becoming aware of
the reasonableness of the viows,so persistently urged upon him
by the committee, that somebody of higher authority, and pre-
siding over an area of greater extent than that of a Town
Council or Board of Guardians, was required to control a
direct local action, and that a supervision and correction of
boundaries of districts was an essential to the initiation and
completion of sanitary measures."

At a conference of medical officers of health, held at King's
College, London, in January last, at which the defects, re-
quirements, and difficulties appertaining to the present sani-
tary laws were fully debated, an important string of resolutions
was unanimously adopted. Without setting aside the present
machinery, the necessity was affirmed by the first resolution,
that if combined sanitary districts were to be maintained, each
should possess a central committee consisting of members ap-
pointed by the several sanitary authorities entering into the
combination; and further, that each of the latter should manage
its sanitary duties through the medium of a special committee
of its own body, instead of atterajiting to do it by the agency
of the wliole board of guardians at large.

It was argued iu favour of combined districts, that it would
economise the time both of officers of health and other persons
concerned; that much labour would be saved in keeping books,
making returns; attending meetings ; that it would tend to
uniformity of action, for it would not have to contend with
the conflicting opiuioivs of the proper interpretation of the law
by the clerks of adjacent districts ; and also put an end to much
waste of labour aud inefficient administrations to which the
want of a completely organised constitution now gives rise.

Another point rigorously insisted upon was, that the district
medical officers should not be appointed health officers, as even
men of good professional standiug felt the duties to be a serious
embarrassment ; and in the case of a needy practitioner, hold-
ing perhaps a local appointment, liow could he be expected to
fuliii the duties ol tlie office iu the face of the magnates of the
neighbourhood ?

" S. G. 0.," in one of his vi^oruous letters to The Timet
upon this subject, asked " Where is the town or village which
has not its inflaential magnate or magnates ?" and argued
powerfully against local control. Grand schemes for sanitary
government are being propounded ; the country is to be mapped
out for the purpose into districts corresponding with its natural
watersheds, and other great changes advocated ; but if the pre-

sent rural sanitary authorities will only carry out the Acts with
willingness and a fair amount of determination, such is the
fear entertained by the public of being over-governed by sani-
tary officials, tiiat they may be let aloue for many years to
come; if, however, an opposite course should be pursued by
them, tlie signs of the times point to a speedy transfer of their
powers to other bodies.

Co:ncludikg OBSERVATIO^'S. — In bringing ray observations
to a close, I would call attention to the fact that where well-
considered sanitary measures have been adopted in towns and
cities the advantages to the inhabitauts have been so marked
that the circumstances should act as a powerful stimulus to
exertion in carrying the same benefits to our villages. Iu the
borough of Bedford, where a comprehensive scheme of
sewerage and water supply was carried out a few years ago,
the general health of the inhabitants has greatly improved,
and the death rate has fallen to the very low average of 16.08
per thousand, or about 20 per cent, below the former
mortality ; indeed the town of Bedford is now healthier than
the surrounding country districts. Again, at Salisbury, it was
stated at the recent mee*ing of the British Association that in
consequence of the sanitary improvements carried out in that
city the death-rate has fallen from 27 in a thousand to 16 in a
thousand.

As farmers we have the deepest interest in rearing a race of
men " strong to labour ;" unquestionably the strength, moral
and physical, of our peasantry depend to a large extent upon
the sanitary conditions with wiiich tiiey are surrounded.
There is nothing more certain than that the race cannot im-
prove, but will degenerate, unless the conditions arc favourable.
The subject I shall conclude with is one I would willingly
pass over, but the labour question is one in which the landlord,
the tenant, aud the labourer, as well as the public, have the
profoundest interest, for upon the labour supply the value of
land in all countries mainly depends. I am not an alarmist,
still I do not think it wise that sve should shut our eyes to the
fact that our colonies and other countries are coming forward
in a way they have never done at any former period — in some-
thing like an organised form — to bid for our labour, aud the
competition and the organisation both appear to be growing.
Danger at present does not appear to be imminent, and it is,
perhaps, au idle boast of the emigrant agents that tliey will
drain our rural districts of their best blood ; still it is the
object at which they aim, and the inovement, disfigured though
it is by violent language, may just as well be looked fairly in
the face. To argue this subject would however be beyond the
scope of my paper, and might lead to differences of opinion. I
therefore content myself by simply alluding to the facts by way
of preface to the remark that the natural affection of an
Englishman for his home and country is proverbial, but when
that home is a wretched hovel, what is there to bind and
localise the labourer's sympathy or attachment ? How can we,
under such circumstances, expect him to withstand the wiles
of emigration agents and other interested leaders ? Put the
same man into possession of a sweet and comfortable cottage,
a well manured garden, with its vegetables and flowers, an
orchard with a prospective crop of fruit to pay the rent, home
under sucli circumstances is a reality not to be hastily bartered
away for the frozen fields of Canada, the plains at the
Antipodes, or the more tempting prairies of the Jj'ar West.

Mr. Hope (Romford) had listened with deep interest
to the paper just read, and there were only one or two points iu
it with which he did not agree. Mr. Howard though
that the Sanitary Act of 1872 made the action of the sanitary
authorities compulsory, and that interference on their part
could no longer be shirked. He could wish that were the
case, but unfortunately he had had a good deal of experience
to the contrary. It was, perhaps, within the knowledge
of many gentlemen present that for the last five years
he had been endeavouring to utilise the sewage of Ilomford,
in Essex. Instead of making a handsome profit of it, as he
expecteJ, he had sustained a heavy loss. For some time he
could not understand why that was the case, as everything was
conducted secumlem artcm, and he had the assistance of the
Committee of the British Association in recording his experi-
ments. At last it was discovered that the population of
Romford, instead of being, as he was told, 8,0U0, was only
6,500, aud of that umiiber only 4.',500 were included in the
area which supplied the sewage. The Local Board of Rom-
ford had advertised the sewage, and they entered into a lease
"demising" the sewage to himself. In the first year he

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

435

obtained such results as he expected, the quantity of land being
only 60 acres ; but the case became different when his opera-
tiouB were extended, the reason being obvious. The Local
Board being a public boJy, he appealed to them with con-
fidence fur justice, but they would have nothing to say to him,
and the result was that he had first to go into a court of law,
and was now in the Court of Chancery ; and when be was
likely to get out of the latter court he did not know
(laughter). As regarded tlie (juestiou of compulsion, the first
Act said that if a complaint were made to the Secretary of
State that a local authority was not doing its duty, be might
enforce compliance with the object of the Act, the word being
"may," not "shall," and a subsequent Act transferred the
permissive power from the Home Secretary to the Local
Government Board. He did not know whether Mr. Howard
meant to apply the word " circumlocution " to the latter, but
it seemed to him to apply to all Government departments, and
he ventured to say that the existing powers were insufficient.
With regard to the question of providing reservoirs for water,
lie feared that the word reservoir was almost synonymous
with pond, and that if open reservoirs were used — unless the
water were boiled and filtered before being used, which was not
likely to be done very carefully in labourers' cottages — serifus
consequences to health would eusue. The nidus of typhuid
fever was supposed to be vegetalile substances, such as leaves,
and with open resorvoira tlier.? was great danger of fever being
spread from that source. But covered reservoirs sufficient for
the purpose need not be exceedingly expensive. Some time ago
he provided one to contain SUO,000 gallous at a cost of £2,500.
As regarded the construction of new cottages, it had been
proposed by Lord Napier that the entire co^t of construc-
tion need not be repaid in 25 years, and lie did not see what was
the necessity for repajiiig withiu that period ; or why a
certain proportion of tiie costs — say two-thirds or or.e-half —
should not remain as a peamauent Lurdeu on the es tate. For
the disposal of slops by subsoil drainage, the system alluded to
by Mr. Howard was at once simple and eflicieut. But it was
necessary that ihe subsoil pipes should be socket-pipes or else
have collars. They should be placed like an inverted herring-
bone, and as near the surface as possible, so that it miglit
easily be cleared, in which case, if no great manurial vahie
were obtained, there would at all events be no nuisance. lu
the case ol liecal matter, he had used such galvanised tanks or
pails as Mr. Howard had described, and found them to answer
completely.

Dr. VoELCKER (London) wished to make one remark
in reference to what had been said about tanks. He was
an advocate for the use of open tanks in villages, provided
that the bed were properly formed. He believed, in fact, an
open tank to be preferable in the country to a covered one.
He was a great believer in the potential agency of atmospheric
oxygen, which, coming in contact with shallow water, would
fully o.xydise everything of an organic character whicli it might
contain. He niu«t remind ilr. Howard that the reservoirs of
the largest companies v.ere open, and the advantage of that
was that there was a readier access for the oxygen than «hen
closed reservoirs were used. [A Member: "That prevents
evaporation."] Yes ; but under that system they also saved
great expense. Again, he thought tiiey should be very careful
how they introduced the sewage system into rural districts. As
to the water-closet system, he believed that in villages and
small towns they could easily get rid of human excreta without
having recourse to that expensive system, which had, he
might observe, polluted their rivers and their small water-
courses to a fearful extent. Ouly that morning he had rend an
account of au alarming outbreak of typhus fever in the Over-
Darwen district, in Lancashire. He was not surprised at that
state of things, recollecting what he had seen there two years
ago. At that time he bad spoken very strongly against the
use which was being made, by the mill -owners and other
inhabitants of the locality, of the border of a small river for the
sewage. He could not help saying that he tliought it quite
possible to get rid of human excreta without polluting water
in that way, or running the risk ot injuring persons who lived
at a distance.

Mr. Fowler (Aylesbury) having visited the village
of Aston Clinton, referred to by Mr. Howard in his ad-
mirable paper, could bear testimony to the excellent re-
sults of the earth-closet system, under the management of
Sir Anthony Rothschild ; and he could also state that he had

seen the system in operation elsewhere, and anything more
foul than the operation of that system withiut proper supervi-
ion it would be impossible to conceive. He had found tlie
receptacle for dry earth converted into a place for keeping
sfaggots and storing wood ; and on opening a lid underneath
he found a liquid cesspool. Tliey ail knew how careless poor
cottagers were apt to be in reference to everything relating to
sanitary matters, and they might feel quite certain that, gene-
rally speaking, if there were a pail of slops to be disposed of,
it would be likely to go into the earth-closet, supposing that
to be the nearest to hand. Sir Anthony Rothschild's system
was admirably carried out ; but the earth-closets were all kept
under lock and key, and neither Mr. Howard nor himself could
get a sight of them. The man who had the key lived two
miles off, and on going there theyifound the earth being prepared
for carting to the village, where it would afterwards be carted
back agaiu. As a contrast to the admirable manner in which
Sir Anthony managed matters, he might observe that, while
staying at the house of a member of I'arliament, he went to au
earth-closet in an adjacent garden, and found it covered over
with cobwebs, none of the earth liaving been removed for two
or three raontlis. As regarded the question of the sanitary
condition of the people, and how it might be ameliorated, he
might appeal to his friend Mr. Treadwell, who was the chair-
man of a local board in Ins district, whetlier the great object
there was not to save money p He did not think much was
being done practically for the sanitary improvement of
labourers' cottages. He knew, indeed, that it was a most
difficult tiling to do any good in that respect; tlie first point
was, in his opinion, to educate people into love or care for
sanitary improvement (Hear, hear). If there were a broken
window, the poor would stuff the hole with a r.ag, and they
could not bear to leave a window open. There was, in fact,
tlie greatest difficulty, as a rule, in getting them to attend to
matters that concerned their own health. A labourer of his
having had his hand injured diiving steam cultivatiou, and
lock-jiw having supervened and resulted in death, he after-
wards found the deceased's family living in such a wretched
drtelliug that the dead body had to be lelt in the room where
the family lived, and the whole family slept in one room ; yet
the father and two sons were earning among them 45s. a week,
and younger children from 8s. to 10s. besides. As to sewage
irrigation, he felt that the question was a very difficult one,
but he was fully convinced that, where practicable, it was the
only solution of the question. He had been to see the works at
Luton, and anything more foul or filthy he had never wit-
nessed. Tiie elil'ient was, he believed, about equal to the
standard laid down by the committee on that subject, and it
was as black as ink. This was carried out under the precipita-
tion or lime principle,

Mr. Treadwell (L'pper Winchendon) having been
pointedly alluded to by Air. Fowler, as the chairman of a
local sanitary board, could not help rising to repudiate
the character which had been given to that board.
He totally denied that their first aia was to save money :
their first aim was to get the people into clean habits as
quickly as possible, and they found that a very difficult job
(laughter). They lound themselves thwarted at every step.
Some parties were very much averse to being interl'erred with
at all, while in many instances the Act of Parliament did not
allow them to go far enough. As regarded the erection of
uew cottages, he thought there should be power on the part of
the authorities to compel owners to supply them with
water and consume their own nuisances (laughter). It
was too bad, that when men had built cottages for their
own merest and benefit, they "-hould call upon the occupiers
of the soil to supply their tenants with water, and to
convey the filth away from their property. Supposing
that were done, ths pecuniary result as regarded those owners
viould be that th.ey would exact more rent, because the
cottages would be worth more money (Hear, hear). So far as
ills advice could be of any use, he would insist that the owners
of cottages should be made to do all that was necessary for
sanitary purposes, instead of the cost being thrown on the
general rates of the parish. He did not agree with Mr.
tioward, that the local boards had no compulsory powers iu
respect to privies. He thought they had, at all events,
power to say whether or not tiiere should be one privy •r two
privies for two cottages. He was one of those who did not like
to move too fast iu those matters [A voice, " A Conservative,"

436

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

fallowed by lHn;;liter]. Yes if tliey pleased. He would rather
not see people driven iu such matters, if it could be avoided.
He would, however, insist on having at least one privy for
two cottages, and, perhaps, as tlie people advanced, they would
be enabled to go beyond that. As to the earth-closet, those
of Sir Anthony Rothschild's cottages, they were, no doubt,
perfect, but tliat was not the case with all closets of that kind.
He should be very glad if owners of property generally would
imitate Sir Anthony. As regarded water, there was in his
district a good f upply running from the Chiltern Hills ; but
all owners would not avail themselves of it, what they desired
being that the Sanitary Board should do the work for them,
whereas, in his opinion, they ought to be compelled to do it
themselves. He believed that the local Sanitary Boards had
power to prevent over-crowding in cottages, even if all the iu-
habtants be onged to one family, in cases in which tlie
overcrowding was such as was injurious to health. The
water supply was a very serious question. In many villages it
was impossible to get an adequate supply of water in such a
summer as the last. In a village in his district, on the recom-
mendation of the Local Government Boatd, tiie practice was
adopted of s nding a man round the village every day to sell
water; but after the third or fourth dav the practice ceased,
because no one would buy any water. He supposed that when
people coull not get water without paying for it, tliry did not
require so much (laughter).

Mr. H. Trethewy (SIUop) felt that they were greatly
indebted to Mr. Howard for the admirable way in which
lie had introduced that questi m. Practically, it was the
most absorbing questiou of tlie day, and no member of tbe
Club was more competent to do justice to it than Mr. Howard.
Their friend liad told them what he had done on his own
estate, but he had not told them that he was the main mover
in the changes at Bedford, which had been attended with so
much benefit. All of them, who had had ought to do witli
that questiou practically, must have felt how difficult it was to
carry out the various Acts of Parliament. Mr. Sbarraan, the
clerk of the Bedford Board, who was alluded to by Mr. Howard,
had remarked that there were so many Acts that it was really
difficult to know how far any of them applied to a particular
case, an evil which had been felt very ranch on his own Board.
Boards had to administer the law, bnt it was truly and pro-
perly observed by the last speaker that they should endeavour
to lead the people and not drive them. It was very uncertain
how far the powers of Sanitary Boards extended. Allusion
had been made to privies. It had been said that there conld
be no difficulty in securing the requisite privy accommodation.
Mr. Treadwell contended that there should in all cases be at
least one privy for two cottages, but unfortunately cottages
were sometimes so arranged that it was scarcely possible to
have a separate privy. Of course, it might be replied, that
that was the business of the owner ; that if lie chose to build
a cottage in such a situation he must take the consequences.
As a rule, he thouglit there would not be mucli trouble in that
rcspeet. With regard to overcrowding, he differed from almost
every one who had spoken on that subject that evening. Mr.
Treadwell said he thought there was power to prevent it ; in
his opinion, there was not power. He knew an instance in
which the magistrates liad recently dismissed a complaint.^ It
was a clear case of overcrowdiner, but the magistrates could not
see that it was a clear case for them to adjudicate upon.
Mr. Treadwell inquired where that occurred?
Mr. H. Trethewy replied that it was at Wobnrn.
Mr. Treadwell said he believed the magistrates had now
adjudicated upon it.

Mr. Tretuewy proceeded : As regarded the application of
the sewage system to villages, he thought there would be great
difficulties in carrying it out successfully, and lie believed that
tliere were simple remedies, for the evil to be dealt with which
might be effectually applied. Having had some experience in re-
ference to earth closets, he did not believe they could ever get
people to attend to them on a large scale, or that they could
be carried out generally a-i thry were under Sir Anthony
Rothschild. On the whole, he could see notbing better than
the old-fashioned privies, provided the cesspool were not placed
too low and were well ceiiiected ; and the smaller it was made
in reason, tlie better. They ought to bear in mind that the
new Act liad come upon them very suddenly. In dealing with
that question, men were too apt to speak as il all the cottages
belonged to the owners of landed property, and that it was

their duty to do all that was necessary ; whereas, in fact
the majority of the cottages, especially iu small parishes,
belonged to small proprietors, a great many of whom
had not tlie means of doing what was requisite. Again,
they ought not to be hasty iu carrying out the provision
of these Acts, and condemning all cottages which did not
come up to the standard set up by the medical officer of the
district. If all such cottages were to be pulled down, where
were the poor inhabitants to go? Surely a bad home was
better than no home at all (Hear, hear). They should endea-
vour to remove evils gradually, and not go too fast ; and he
had no doubt that it was in that way that they would do the
most good in the end. If the Act was strictly carried out, the
result'might be that a large proportion of the cottages of this
country would be declared to be uninhabitable ; their doom
would be sealed, they would be pronounced unfit to live in ;
and although he did not mean to say that no step should be
taken iu that direction as respected a great many cottages, y(t
he did think that tbose who had to administer the law should
deal with tbe evil gently and gradually.

Mr. T. Horley (Warwickshire) agreed with the last
speaker that, the Act having come upon them suddenly,
they should rather endeavour to educate the people up to it
than carry out its provisions hastily ; and he believed that if
it were carried out according to its strict letter, the result
would be the condemnation, not only of a large portion of the
cottages of the labourers, but also of a large portion of the
homesteads of the farmers (Hear, hear). He had taken con-
siderable interest in that matter ever since the question first
came under his notice. In iiis Union they were fortunate in
having a very sensible man as their medical officer, and they
had endeavoured to educate people up to the new law rather
than put it in force before they knew what it meant. He was
not an advocate for providing earth-closets, unless they could
be placed under some responsible management like that alluded
to in the case ot Sir Antiiony Rothschild. He believed that the
old-fashioned midden system would, in most cases, be found
better than the earth-closet system, but il that system were
pursued the smaller the pan the better. An earth-closet, of
the size of which Mr. Howard spoke, woiild require a man to
attend to it; and unless it w. re attended to regularly, it might
become a great nuisance. He thought the introduction of
sewage irrigation into villages would prove a great nuisance.
The contamination ot wells was an evil which it was always
difficult to avoid, and the danger would be increased by the
adoption of that system.

Mr. A. Pell, M.P. (Leicestershire), lived in a Union
where it was decided from the first that the new Act should
come into operation through the action of a committee, and
not of the whole Board, and he believed that, unless the sanitary
authorities generally proceeded in that way, it would be found
very difficult to give effect to the Act. The chief disputed
point in Mr. Howard's paper appeared to be the closet system
versus the water conveyance of fiecal matter. Ho » ever
desirable it migiit be to adopt the earth system in cottages, it
would be impossible to dispense with the other system. Mr.
Howard had mentioned a clever way of disposing of fluid
matter by sub-draining — Mr. Field's system of sub-irrigation ;
but any plan which was adopted by an authority should be one
generally applicable, and the system in question was clearly not
applicable where there was no garden, or where the garden rose
above the level of the site of the cottage. That objection seemed
to him unanswerable, and he ventured to say that, whether the
earth-closet system was adopted or not, there must be some
apparatus or means adopted for carrying away tlie sewage
water, and it must be carried away rapidly and effectually, in
order that it might not soak into wells, and contaminate
the drin'iing water. The district iu which he lived vias most
favourable for the spread of lever. The soil was of a loose
description, resting on an impervious clay; you seldom had
to dig down more than five or six feet before you got to water,
and that being the case, it was not very difficult to understand
that the inhabitants of cottages might, without great care, be
easily poisoned through what came from the surface, there
being perhaps, in many cases, a pig kept very near tiie well,
and slops being constantly thrown down in the same direction.
In that Union they had been favoured with a visit from a gentle-
man from Whitehall, who was in favour of tlie adoption of the
earth-closet system. In point of fact, they knew very well what
was required, but the question was, how far they werejustified

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

437

1q taxing tlie public for such an experiment. Wlierever fever
had been found to exist — and, alas ! it was a frequent visitor
to the Union — the locality was immediately mapped out, and
a public sewer was constructed on tne system suggested by Col.
Riwlinson, the engineer of the Local Government Board
In some parishes the cost of sucii a work was a tliousand
pounds, in others only five or six hundred. Tliey had been
able to borrow money of the Government for such pur-
poses at a very low rate of interest, and they had fonnd
the sanitary rate to be less than the fever rate. To that
lie might add, that the one fell upon the right persons,
and the other upon the wrong oues (Hear, hear). In the case
of a charge for meeting a fever rate, with proper sanitary
appliances, three-fourths of the burden fell on the owners of
the house property, and one-fourth on the land iu the im-
mediate locality ; whereas, if sanitary measures were neglected,
and fever and pauperism resulted, the cost thus occasioned did
not fall on the immediate locality, but was spread over the
entire Union. One word with regard to Medical Officers of
Health. The employment of such men was ia many cases
a very serious matter. He would go so far as to aay that,
in many instances, that great and expensive gentleman was
not merely not necessary, but that he was a positive mischief.
It was perfectly well known that fevers arose from imperfect
drainage and bad water. Tiiey did not waut a doctor
with £800 ayear to tell them that, or to weaken responsi-
bility : what they did want was good practical men to
carry out the improvements which were necessary — men who
had some knowledge and experience with regard to building,
drainage, and other matters of tliat kind. It was useless to
liave a number of medical otlicers writing the same reports of
the same kind for their several districts. The sources of small-
pox and fever were the same in all districts, and money which
was spent merely in repeating theories was thrown away. What
they wanted were good engineers, and lie hoped that one effect
of the Act would be to provide them with such men. Tlie
ultimate disposal of sewage was a question on which he had
avoided expressing any opinion. He wished he had a field just
outride any village, in a convenient situation to receive it ; but
he should be very shy of constructing expensive filtration
works, or apparatus for the disposal of liquid sewage.

Mr. H. Neild (Manchester) said, those who occupied
as he did, the position of chairmen of Sanitary Boards could
not but feel that it was necessary to proceed with caution
in respect to drainage. The question was, where drainage
was to end ? and what was to be done wtth the sewage ? The
public were contemplating the adoption of a drainage system
of enormous extent, and, in the present position of agricul-
turists, that question was a very serious one. In his own district
they had had a gentleman from Whitehall to give them advice,
but he left them more confused than he found them (laughter).
That gentleman gave them a great deal of instruction as to
what they were to do, but he did not tell them what was ulti-
mately to be done with sewage. They had never found any
difticnlty in compelling owners of house-property to comply
with the requisitions made upon them as regarded privies and
water supply. That question was a new one: it was now
beginning to be appreciated ; and if he mistook not, in the
coming Session of Parliament it would be a question of ques-
tions.

Mr. Rogers Field thought sufficient attention had
not been paid to the importance of draining the sides of
houses. He had tried the experiment of such draining at a
cost of only two or three pounds, and the result was very
satisfactory. [A Member: "How deep do you go ?"]. That
depended on the nature of the soil. In that case the soil was
a clay one, and he went down 4 feet, and put gravel instead of
clay. He fully agreed with previous speakers, that earth-
closets, would not answer in cottages, except where more atten-
tion was bestowed on them than was likely to be generally found
among the labouring population. Having adopted earth-
closets he found that they were only attended to properly while
he looked after them ; and he believed that, as a general rule,
a well-managed privy system would be found preferable. In
connection with the question of sewage, they must take into
account what were called house slops. The usual course had
been to drain these into a ditch, but any one who had really
studied the question must see that that was often attended
with great evils. He concurred in the opinion expressed that
evening that occupiers of cottages should, as far as possible,

be made to consume their own nuisances ; but the great
q^iesiion was, how that was to be done ? !Je difTered from
those who thought that if a system could not be carried out
universally it should not be carried out at all, holding as he did,
that the appliances should be adapted to varying circum-
stances. He was in favour of sub-irrigation wherever it was
applicable, and believed that if pipes were laid down properly,
that system would involve the least expense. He had himself
laid down a continuous bed of 3-inch pipes, so arranged that
thev could easily be taken up, and the plan answered well.

Mr. Tretuewy would ask the last speaker what he would
do in cases in which the garden was in a low situation ?

Mr. R. Field said, in the instances to which he had alluded
that was not the case ; he had not maintained that the system
was suitable for adoption in all cases.

Mr. T. Duckham (Herefordshire) wished to say a word or
two about those receptacles for filth — the horseponds, which
in many cases received the refuse water of the adjacent houses
and the manure from the fold yards. Some years ago two such
ponds in his own neighbourhood continually led to cases of
fever. When they came into his hands he cleansed one of
them, and filled the other up, and afterwards there never was
another case of fever. There was another pond which one could
hardly go near without being reminded of its existence by bad
smells but though frequent complaints were made the raaj;is-
tra'es refused to interfere. He thought the sanitary authorities
ought to direct their attention to those fruitful sources of
disease, and the landlords to the use which might be made
of the pure water which fell from the heavens in supplying
stock with more wholesome water by spouting the farm build-
ings, instead of allowing the fertilising properties of the
manure to be washed into the ponds.

MnjorDASiiwooD (Oxfordshire) strongly supported the views
of the speakers who had found the earth -closet and box systems
to be not applicable to labourers' cottages in the country, though
both plans are useful under certain circumstances. Such
closets were costly to the owners of property, required much
supervision, and both plans were not adapted to the
habits of the people. He would speak only as to cot-
tages with gardens attached. With such cottages there is
little difficulty as to the disposal of the excreta or slops, and
from the results of much experience he as a rule would advise,
for the sake of all parties interested, an adaptation of, and an
improvement on, the old-fashioned privy ; the strong point of
which improvement was this, that the vault was above and
not below the ground level. This important point was arrived
at by having a step of six inches rise at the entrance of the
building, then a second step of eight inches, making a total
rise of fourteen inches. This fourteen inches rise, together
with the front of the seat (which is composed of bricks on
edge), formed the vault, the bottom of which was raised three
inches above the ground level. The whole of the inside of the
vault was coated with cement, and a six-inch concrete floor ex-
tended, say, four feet at the back. The vault was emptied with-
out the least trouble through an archway opening made
in the back wall. When the vault was empty this opening
ought to be stopped up with sods or earth, and all the dry
refuse of the cottage should be thrown and heaped up against
it, so as to exclude the air as much as possible. This plan of
privy had been much approved of by Dr. Child, the chief
ofiicer of health for Oxfordsiiire. From his (Major Dashwood's)
experience he could not advise for such cottages any drains
from sinks, or underground drains for slops ; and he was now
pulling up and doing away with such drains, which he had put to
cottages about fifteen years back. These drains, although well
trapped, brought vitiated air into the cottages, and from get-
ting stopped up had injured the water in the wells. He would
suggest the following hints for cottagers as to the disposal of
slops and other refuse, and the management of privies. All
slops should be thrown into a shallow hole made in the garden
(not near to the cottage or well), and as the hole becomes full
or offensive it should be filled up and another made. Slops
should never be thrown into the privy vault, and the opening
through which it is cleaned should be well closed, so as not to
admit air, which hastens decomposition ; and vegetable
and other dry refuse should be thrown against this opening to
assist in excluding the air. The more frequently ashes and
dry earth were thrown down through the seat into the vault,
the freer from unpleasant smell would be the place.

The Chairman, iu winding up the discussion, said he

438

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

agreed with other speakers that tlie Club was deeply iQuel)ted
to Mr. Howard for his excellent paper ; aud he congratulated
those present, on the manner in which that siiliject had been
ventilated. No one could doubt that it was necessary to look
after the health of the coniRiunity, and some of the magnates
of the land having been stricken down willi fever, it was pro-
bable that the question would now occupy more attention than
ever. The discussion of that evening should show the labourers
of England that the Farmers' Club was not unmindful of
their interests, and, not wishing them to freeze among the
snows of Canada, was desirous of securing for them habita-
tions which would promote their health and comfort at liome.

Mr. J. HowAED then replied. After remarking that he was
much gratified at the practical turn which the discussion had
taken, he said that members who had differed from him must
not suppose that he was unaware of the difficulties and the
responsible nature of sanitary improvements. Experience
had taught him the very contrary. Replying to some points
raised by Mr. Hope lie (Mr. Howard) did not wish it to be
understood that he considered the Sanitary Act of 1S72 per-
fect. But he directed attention to the fact that it was the
first iu stance of sanitary legislaiion which made it
compulsory upon boards of guardians, and other local
authorities, to put the existing Acts into motion. He be-
lieved that great good had attended their operation thus far, and
that they were calculated to confer still greater benefits upon the
community (Hear, hear). With regard to the storage of water.the
great question at issue appeared to be oue of expense. He him-
self thought that the wants of the rural comra\mity might be very
well supplied by means of the less-expensive system of open
reservoirs, supposing that the water obtained from such sources
were afterwards boiled and filtrated for drinking purposes.
Further it was a moot point with sanitary engineers whether
open or covered reservoirs were best. Trees should not be
planted around open ones as the vegetable matter falling into
them would pollute the water. With regard to the
very conflicting opinions which had been expressed respecting
the powers of the sanitary authorities in reference
to over-crowding, he still adhered to the opinion
which he had himself expressed, and in support quoted
from the 29th and 30th Victoria. It must not be sup-
posed, as some of the speakers seemed to imagine,
that he was in favour of pushing sanitary measures to ex-
tremes ; on the contrary, he had advocated moderation, and
should be sorry to seethe stringent powers of the Acts pushed
too far at once. He agreed in very much of what fell from
Mr. Trethewy, but he did not concur in his preference for the
old-fashioned privy system ; and he believed that gentleman
would find very few sanitary inspectors or engineers who
would concur in it. He also dissented from the opinion of
Mr. Pell on sub-irrigation, that any system which
was not universally applicable must be useless; in-
deed, it was obvious that many good plans were
only of service upon limited areas. Nor could he
agree with the remaik of Mr. Pell, t'liat medical officers of
health were useless. He thouglit special attention and study
would be directed by these officers to the work so as to meet
its requirements, and that in time we should have throughout
the country a very valuable body of specially trained medical
officers. Mr. Brown, of Tring, before he liad left had given
him the following short account of his earth-closets : " My
earth-closet forms one end of a shed, in the corner of which I
keep a supply of sifted dry earth taken from the garden. A
box is fixed from the closet-seat to the ceiling, sufficient to
hold a fortnight's supply ; this is filled from an aperture open-
ing to the shed. The earth is let down upon the deposit by
means of an iron lever witli a handle, which is connected with
a roller, and allows a limited quantity of earth to fall down
precisely in the same manner as a farm drill acts. A brick
cesspit is constructed behind the closet, which receives the de-
posit, and is only emptied once in twelve months. Tlie closet
is perfectly sweet, and the earth is renewed without any offen-
sive smell ; it is put upon the meadow, and shows to a foot
where it was placed."

Mr. C. S. Read, M.P., in moving a vote of thanks to Mr.
Howard for his excellent practical paper, alluding to some
calls which had been made for himself, disclaimed any want of
courtesy in not responding to them ; the reason being that on
account of the official position which he occupied, he thought
" discretion the better part of valour."

The motion was seconded by Mr. Mechi, and carried
unanimously.

The meeting terminated with a vote of thanks to the
Chairman.

At a meeting of the Committee, on Monday, Noverabei 2,
Dr. Voelcker was elected Chairman of the Farmers' Club for
1S75. ;

THE SMITHFIBLD CLUB.

A Council meeting was held at the Agricultural Hall on
Wednesday, November 4th. Present — Colonel Loyd-Liudsay,
V.C., M.P., President of the Club, in the chair; the Marquis
of Exeter and the Duke of Bedford, Vice-presidents ; Messrs.
H. Aylmer, C. Barnett, J. N.Beasley, E. Bowly, J. Druce, T.
Duckham, W. Farthing, Braudreth Gibbs (Hon. Sec), J.
Greetham, AV. Heath, T. Horley, C. Howard, J. Howard,
J. W. James, W. Ladds, R.Leeds, C. S. Read, M.P.; W.
Rigdeu, II. Webb, and J. Wilson.

Authority was given to the hon. secretary to take any steps
that may be necessary in reference to holding the Show this
year in conformity with the Orders of the Privy Council.

The committee was re-appointed to make the usual arrange-
ments for disinfecting the cattle conveyances belonging to the
persons sanctioned by the Club for conveying live stock to and
from the Show.

The Council prepared, in conformity with the bye-laws, the
house list of IG members, from which the Council recom-
mended the members to select 8 names to relace the 8 who
retire by rotation and are not eligible for re-election for one
year.

The Council, in conformity with the vote of the last general
meeting, appointed three scrutineers to examine the voting
papers previous to the next general meeting.

The following geutlemen were elected stewards of live stock :
Mr. Henry Fookes, of Whitechurch, Blandford, to snccsed his
brother, the late Mr. Wm. Fookes ; and Mr. T. C. Booth, of
Warlaby, Northallerton.

The death of Mr. Samuel Druce, a trustee of the Club,
having been announced, theCouncil resolved that the hon.
secretary write a letter of condolence to Mrs. Druce, and that
Mr. Joseph Druce be elected a trustee in his place.

Questions of qualification of live stock entries for the Show
were decided.

Arrangements were made for the use of pails for live stock
during the Show, so as to prevent those used at other shows
being brought into the building.

The following gentlemen were elected members of the Club :
J.Brown, J. Tarvill, W. Parham, A. F. Puckridge, E. P.
Headly, J. S. Storr, T. Lucas, W. Stanford, A. M. Longman,
E. W. Usher, W. Yates, R. Altenborough, W. R. Killick, H.
Smith, jun., Colonel Luttrell, D. Mcintosh, W. Ball.

The thanks of the meetin were voted to the President for
his conduct in the chair.

THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL BENEVO-
LENT INSTITUTION.

At the meeting of the Council on Tuesday, November
2, Mr. C. S. Cantrell in the chair,

Mr. .J. Druce proposed that the December meeting of the
Council should henceforth be always held on the Tuesday in
the Smitbfield show week, and not on the first Tuesday in the
month.

Mr. J. K. FowLEK called attention to certain complaints
which had reached him from subscribers.

The Secretary stated tiiat due replies had been given to
any communications received from the local secretary at
Boston.

Mr. T. C. Scott protested against the consideration of the
Council being given to mere reports. If there were no tangible
facts to be brought forward in connection with such cases as
the Lincolnshire one mentioned, he was opposed to entering
on any discussion of such matters.

Mr. T. C. Scott, of Moorgate-slreet, was nominated Chair-
man of the Council for 1875.

Mr. J. J. Mechi gave notice that he should move at the
next meeting of the Council that " an increase of £100 per
annum be made to the salary of the Secretary."

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

439

THE SHORTHORN HERD-BOOK AND
SOCIETY.

The Committee appointed at a general meeting of breeders
of Shorthorns, held at Willis' Room on the 1st July last, met
on Wednesday, November 3rd, at 3i, Charles-street, Berkeley-
square, the house of Col. Kingscote, who took the chair-
It was, after much consideration, resolved that the
negotiation for purchase of Coaiei Herd Book from
]Mr. Strafford not iiaving been brought to a suc-
cessful termination, the Committee would, as soon as
practicable, issue a report of tbeir proceedings from the date
of their appointment, and invite Sliorthorn breeders generally
to join in the formation of a Society in accordance with the
second resolution passed at the general meeting. [The resolu-
tion here referred to ran thus : "Thatit is desirable to form a
Society to consist of Shorthorn breeders and managers, with a
limited managing committee, for the purpose of collecting
and publisliing accurate information as to past and current
pedigrees and sales, and promoting the general interest of
Shorthorn breeders."]

HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND.

At the first monthly meeting of the directors for the season
held on Wednesday, in their chambers, 3, George IV. Bridge,
Edinburgh, the following resolutions were passed :

1. That the directors of the Highland and Agricultural
Society desire uauimously to express the deep and sincere re-
gret with which they have received the information of the
death of their late chemist. Dr. Thomas Anderson.

2. That the Society liaviug in tiie minutes of tlie general
meeting held on the IJih of June last recorded, upon Dr.
Anderson's resignation of the office of chemist, their sense of
the great importance of tiie services whicli he had rendered
to tlie science of chemistry by his original researches, and to
the Society's chemical department by the fidelity and accuracy
of the work executed on its heiialf, it only remains for the
■directors to deplore the losi which they and the Society have

DOW fuffered.

3. That tiie directors request the Secretary to transmit a
copy of these resolutions to Mrs. Anderson, with their re-
spectful condolence and sympathy, upon the occasion of the
painful bereavement which Mrs. Anderson and her family have
sustained.

At the general meeting of the Society, held on 17th June
last, it was, on the motion of Colonel Inues, of Learney,
agreed to memorialise Government on the subject of agricul-
tural education. The following is tiie memorial agreed to :
To the Right Hon. the Lords of the Committee of Council
on Education, the Memorial of the Highland and Agri-
cultural Society of Scotland, incorporated by royal char-
ters :

Showeth, — That your memorialists beg respectfully to bring
under your consideration the desirableness of affording to the
working-classes of the country instruction in tfie sciences
specially bearing on agriculture.

That at present there are no schools for these classes in
Scotland where such instruction can be obtained, though the
importance of affording the means of such instruction can
scarcely be exaggerated.

That agriculture is a great national industry, through wliich
the country is supplied with the chief articles of food, and
above three millions of the population of^Great Britain ob-
tain employment.

That agriculture, to be successfully prosecuted, depends now
on knowledge and training very different from what were
formerly sntiieient.

That in times past crops were raised and stock reared by the
operation of very simple and primitive processes. In the
present age the implements required by farmers depend on
ingenious and complicated mechanical contrivances. Not only
f jr the construction but for the management and working of
these implemevits a knowledge of mechanics is required. The
fertility of the soil needs to be stimulated by artificial com-
pounds, which must be prepared with special reference to the
nature both of soils and crops. The stock bred and fed on

farms must obtain particular treatment, so as to ensure pro-
duction of good meat in a short time and at small expense.
All tiiese processes depend more or less on a knowledge of
mechanics, chemistry, and physiology. The most important
recent improvements in agriculture have been made by persons
versed in these sciences.

That it is therefore necessary, both for a successful prose-
cution of the art and for its future development, that those of
our population who wish to adopt agriculture as a profession
should have an opportunity of obtaining instruetiou in the
sciences bearing on agriculture.

That it is understood to be the object of the Department of
Science and Art to afford to the working classes intending to
follow any important industry means of instruction in the
sciences bearing on it. Thus persons intending to be en-
gineers, manufacturers, buitders, miners, or mariners, are, iu
the schools or classes encouraged by the aid of the Science
and Art Department, enabled to obtain the instruction re-
quired for those several arts and trades. Tliey are instructed
not only in the abstract principles of tiie sciences applicable
to the several industries, but also in their practical application.
For instance, the engineer is taught mathematics, geometry,
machine construction, and applied mechanics; the miner is
taught geology, mineralogy, metallurgy, mechanics, and the
principles of mining ; tlie mariner is taught f.itrouomy,
physical geography, mathematics, navigation, and steam.

That a similar arrangement is required for agriculture ; and
your memorialists now respectfully and earnestly ask that it
shall as soon as possible be sanctioned.

That what has already been done for engineering, machine-
making, ship-building, mining, navigation, and other great
industries, your memorialists ask tj be done for the not less
important industry of agriculture.

That with this view your memorialists ask that the grants
of the department shall be declared to cover instruction in
chemistry, mechanics, physiology, botany, morpliology, steam,
and other scientific subjects, when taught iu the abstract, in
.<.o far as necessary for agriculture ; and also to cover instruc-
tion given in the " principles of agriculture" as an applied
science, and to place it in the same position as " machine con-
struction," "applied meclianics," the "principles of mining,"
and "navigation," which are already included in the list of
scieutifie arts towards instruction in which aid is given and
in which examinations are carried out by the department.

That your memorialists are happy to be able to state that
there are many schools iu Scotland into which the instruction
now referred to will be at once introduced, if the department
accedes to the application made by your memoralists.

May it therefore please your Lordships to take the premises
into your favourable consideration, and your memorialists will
ever pray.

(Signed) Robt. A. B. Tod, Chairman.

Edinburgh, lith July, 1874.

To this memorial the following answer has been received :
Science and Art Department,
London, S.W., 15th August, 1874.

Sir, — I am directed by the Lords of the Committee of Council
of Education to inform you that their Lordships have had before
them your letter of the Litli ultimo, forwarding a memorial
from the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, and
. in reply I am to state that while their Lordships are disposed
to accede to the request contained therein, it is too late now to
include for this year the science of agriculture in the list of
subjects towards instruction in which aid is granted by this
department. The case is therefore reserved for future but
early consideration. I am, however, at the same time, to point
out that the branches of general sciences, such as cl.eniistry,
mechanics, physiology, and botany, &c., which must form the
foundation of any course of instiuction in agriculture, are al-
ready aided, both in elementary schools and by the Science and
Art Department. These subjects must to a certain extent be
mastered by all students who intend to t;ike up the applied
science of agriculture. I am to add that the best means of
giving effect to the suggestions of the Highland and Agricul-
tural Society will be carefully considered. — I am, sir, your
obedient servant, (Signed) Norman Macleod.

F. N. Meuzies, Esq.

A letter was read 'from the Society of Arts, London, as to
examinations in "the technology of agriculture."

STIRLI^'G Show, 1873.— Two-year-old Polled Heifers : The

4 to

THIl FARMER^S MAGAZINE.

second and fourth premiums, awarded respectively to Mr.
M'Combie, M.P., Tillyfour, for Fride of Alford, and to Sir
Georjje Macpherson Grant of Baliiudalloch, Bart., for Eva, have
been forfeited, owing to the animals having failed to produce
calves within the specified time. The second premium has been
transferred to tiie Earl of ¥ife, for He:<ther Blossom, vvliich
stood third. Two-year-old Galloway Heifers : The first and
fourth premiums, awarded respectively to the Duke ofBnc-
cleuch for Melantho, and to Mr. Graham, Percelstown, for
Hermione, have also been forfeited for the same reason. The
first premium has been transferred to Mr. Cunningham, Tar-
breoch, for Favourite, and the second to the Duke of Buc-
cleuch for Mellona.

INVERNESS Show, 187i. — The secretary stated that the
Local Committee had on 1st September last resolved not to
proceed with the trial of reaping machines selected for trial at
the show.

The subject of hefting was before the board, and after some
consideration was referred to ths General Show Committee to
draw up more stringent rules on the subject.

It was remitted to the Committee on General Sliows to ar-
range the premiums and adjust the regulations for the show to
be held at Glasgow next year.

llequisitions addressed to the directors to hold the general
show at Aberdeen in 1876, Irora the counties of Aberdeen,
Banff, and Kincardine, and the town of Aberdeen, were laid
before the meeting, and remitted to the Committee on General
Shows to prepare the classes of stock for which premiums
should be offered.

The minute of the Committee on Steam Cultivation of date
2nd September, containing the resolution of the committee not
to hold the proposed exhiliition of steam cultivators this autumn,
in consequence of there being no entries, was read and ap •
proved.

The secretary reported that the preliminary examination of
students for the Society's veterinary certificate took place on
the 14-th and 15th July, when 37 students entered their names
for examination— namely 10 from the Edinburgh Veterinary
College, 14 from the New Veterinary Edinburgh College, and
13 from the Glasgow Veterinary College, and that only six
failed to pass.

The following remits were made : To the Committee on
Office-bearers, to report on vacancies and suggest list for 1875 :
to the Committee on Essays and Reports, to read and report on
papers lodged in 1874, and to revise the list for 1875 ; to the
Committees on District Competitions and on Cottages and
Gardens, to revise the awards for 1874 and consider the appli-
cations for 1875 ; to the Committee on General Shows, to con-
sider and report on letters from the Marquis of Tweeddale,
proposing to offer premiums for turnip thinners and manure
distributors ; and from Mr. Davidson of Tulloch, on having
separate classes for Highland ponies.

The premium awarded to Mr. James Lawrence, Mills of
Forres, and to Mr. Alexander Winton, Viewhill, for the second
and third best mares at the local competition held at Inverness
in August 1873, were forfeited, the mares having failed to
produce foals within eleven months of the date of competi-
tion.

A letter was read from Overintendant Hamraerherre Hoist,
Chamberlain of his Majesty Oscar II., and Director of the
Central Agricultural School of Norway at Oas, expressing his
deep gratitude lor having been elected an honorary associate
of the Society at its last general meeting.

GREENHILL FAIR.— Shepherds who attended with tlieir
flocks from long distances started from home two or three
days, or even a week, before the fair, driving their charges a
few miles each day — not more than ten or twelve — and resting
them at night iu hired fields by the wayside at jireviously
chosi'u points, where they led, having fasted since morning,
The shepherd of each flock marched behind, a bundle contain-
ing his kit for the week istrapped upon his shoulders, and in
his hand his crook, which he used as the staff of his pilgrimage.
Several of the sheep would get wora and lame, and occasion-
ally a lambing occurred on the road. To meet these contin-
gencies tiiere was frequently provided, to accompany the flocks
from the remoter points, a pony and waggon into which the
weakly ones were taken lor tlie remainder of the journey.
When the autumn sun slanted over Greenhill this morning and

lighted the dewy fiat upon its crest, nebulous clolids of (lust
were to be seen floating between the pairs of hedges which
streaked the wide prospects arouad in all directions. These
gradually converged upon the base of the hill, and the flocks
became individually visiblp, climbing the serpentine ways
which led to the top. Thus, in a slow procession, they
entered the openings to which the roads wended, multitude
after multitude, iiorned and hornless — blue flocks and red
flocKs, uuff flocks and brown flocks, even green and salmon-
tinted flocks, according to the fancy of the colourist and
custom of the farm. Men were shouting, dogs were barking,
with greatest animation, but the thronging travellers in so
long a journey had grown nearly indifferent to such terrors,
though they still bleated piteously at the unwontedness of their
experiences, a tall shepherd rising here and there in the
midst of them, like a gigantic idol amid a crowd of prostrate
devotees. The great mass of sheep in the fair consisted of
South Downs and ihe old Wessex horned breeds. These filed
in about nine o'clock, their vermiculated horns lopp'n^ grace-
fully OB each nie of their cheeks in geometrically perfect
spirals, a small pink and whiti ear nestling under each horn
Before and behind came other varieties, perfect leopards as t)
the full rich substance of their coats and only lacking the
spots. There were aUo a few of the Oxfordshire breed, whose
wool was beginning to curl like a child's flaxen hair, though
surpassed in this respect by the effeminate Leicesters, which
were in turn less curly than the Cotswolds. But the most
picturesque by far was a small flock of Exmoors, which chanced
to be there this year. Their pied faces and legs, dark and
heavy horns, tresses of wool hanging round their swarthy fore-
heads, quite relieved the monotony of the flocks in tliat
quarter. All these bleating, panting, and weary thousands had
entered and were penned before the morning had far advanced,
the oog belonging to each flock being tied to the corner of the
pen containing it. Alleys for pedestrians intersected the pens,
which soon became crowded with buyers and sellers from far
and near. — T/ie CornJull 3tagazine.

THE SO-CALLED CHAMBER OF AGRICULTURE.—
It has given us little else but a discussion on the exceptional bur-
dens of the landed proprietor and on the means by which in
future he is to get off more cheaply. Just as reasonably might
the Manchester manufacturers have confined themselves to the
hardship of tonnage-dues, or to the unjust incidence of the In-
come-tax on the profits of trade. We will not conclude unfairly,
that the members of the Chamber of Agriculture are at a!l
more really selfish than the rest of us ; but we may say
without offence, that they might more appropriately, and with
more justice to themselves, have shown a less narrow range
of interests. — The Times. If there were one organisation more
than another where the land tenancy question might be ex-
pected to appear, it is the so-called Chamber of Agriculture,
which is now to be met with nearly everywhere. But, in
England at any rate, these societies are almost exclusively «a-
gaged about taxation topics, such as Highway Legislation and
those other incidents of the land which affect the parish or the
county rate. These are, no doubt, important subjects ; but
it is plain that they are far more important in the long run to
the owner of the land than to the owner of thecapital employed
upon it. — The AgricuUi'ral Ga:elte.

SEWAGE DIFFICULTIES.— Troubles come in legions to
our local boards. The difficulty of getting rid of sewage
appears to increase rather than decrease day by day ; audit
is now evident that Parliament must, at a very early date,
reconsider the whole state of the law as regards sanitary ques-
tions.— Tht Engineer.

PRESENTATION TO MR. J. B. BOOTH.— The Bedaie
Hunt has presented the master, Mr. J. B. Booth, of Killerby
Hall, a solid silver centre-piece, with richly-chased riistic base
and groups of figures representing a huntsman holding a fox,
with the hounds surrounding liim,and the following inscription :
" Subscribed for and presented to Mr. John B. Booth, on his
marriage, by the members of the Bedaie Hunt and other
friends, as an assurance of their good wishes, and as a mark of
esteem and gratitude for his services as master of the Bedaie
hounds." There was also a pair of dessert stands to match
these, with the silver hunting horn presented to Mr. Booth on
the 28th of April last, and a bracelet presented to Mrs. Booth,
set with pearls and pink coral, the cost of the plate and hunting
horn being 200 guineas, and the bracelet 40 guineas. The
Earl of Feversham made the presentation.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

441

MANURES.

The following paper was read by Mr. John Leigh, Medical
Officer of Health for the City of Manchester, at a meeting of
the Manchester Farmers' Club, from whose Journal we take the
full report.

Before proceeding with the special subject of my address, will
you pardon me if, for a few moments, T carry you back into the
past, so that we may regard the present with some intelligible
idea of how it is that things are as we now find them ? There
has been a time in the history of this globe during which there
is strong reason to believe it existed as a red-hot, glowing, in-
candescent mass, the ocean surrounding it not as a liquid, but
as a vast gaseous atmosphere. Such is the condition of the sun
at the present moment, so far as astronomers can make out ;
and such, it is probable, is the condition of several of the pla-
netary bodies of our solar system,notably of Jupiter and of Saturn.
Everything that was capable of being raised into vapour by the
most intense heat existed in that condition, just as we find that
the sun's atmosphere at this time contains the elements of most,
if not all, of the earth's constituents. A very distinguished
Trench philosopher, M. Hor. Deville, has shown, by a series of
beautifully-devised experiments, that at a very exalted tem-
perature not only is there no tendency of different bodies to
unite chemically with each other, but that even bodies already
combined, and having a strong chemical affinity for each other,
tend to become separated, or, as he has expressed it, to be dis-
sociated. It is lolerably certain, then, that in this condition of
things there would be uo water on our globe, but only the ele-
ments of water existing as separate gases in the atmosphere.
There would be no alkalies or earth, no clay, lime, or sand, but
only the metallic bases of these, no rocks or soil of any kind.
Everything liquid or solid (if solids, indeed, could exist) would
be in the metallic state, with the exception of the few substances
not recognised to be metals, as carbon, silicon, &c. As the earth
cooled, by the radiation of its heat into space, the conditions
necessary for the exercise of chemical affinities would be at-
tained, and mainly by the powerful chemical tendencies of
oxygen, the metals, with carbon, silicon, &c., would be burned ;
alkalies and earths would be formed ; oxygen and hydrogen
would enter into combination to form water, with such explo-
sions as might well rend a world asunder. As the cooling
went on, crusts of earth would be formed, broken through from
time to time by outbursts of lava, even as takes place at this
timefromour volcanic outlets, intimethewatersgatheredinthe
hollows of the earth, seething and hissing through many a long
millennium ; the crust of the globe thickened, washed and
abraded by the roaring seas, and the rain fell, and through
countless ages the uplifted masses of strong rock were worn
away and laid in beds in the depths of the ocean. And slowly,
from time to time, these beds rose to the surface and became
dry land, and the seas flowed over other lands; and in their
turn these lands were washed into the sea, and so on and on,
through such myriads of years as seems almost for ever. The
surface of the earth, then, as we find it, is composed
of rocks formed at the bottom of the sea, or projected
from the interior as lava through the mouths of volcanoes
(though some of these lavas have also been poured out in the
sea depths), or of rocks which, though formed by sedimentary
deposition at the bottom of the sea, have been so acted upon
and altered by the internal heat of the earth as to have be-
come crystalline (the metomorphic rocks), such as the white
crystalline limestone, saccharine or white marble, which may
have originally been chalk, the crystalline schists, and possibly
granite, with many others. Thus we have our great thick-
nesses of sandstone, limestone, chalk, schists, shales, granites,
greenstones, serpentines, porphyries, and the numerous other
rocks which come up to the surface in various parts of this and
other countries. But we have in this part of our country also
great beds of clay, marl, loam, sand, and erravel ; and we find
that at this day beds of this kind are being formed by the
grinding, wearing, powdering action of vast glaciers in Green-
land, Norway, Switzerland, and elsewhere, where vast caps ef
ice have for thousands of years covered the lands ; and it is
assumed, on evidence now beyond dispute, that these beds of
ours were formed by similar action. The hard and impene-
trable rocks, worn and abraded by the irresistible filing and

rasping of vast moving masses of ice, have yielded a mud,
when we had another climate to this, which was deposited ia
the plains and valleys it is now your business to cultivate. Sand
and gravel have been formed more of less out of this by
subsequent washings of brooks, rivers, or the sea. Many
tiroes, however, in the earth's history has the land been
covered with vegetation, and then great beds of coal have
been formed for us. In this part of the country the surface
has chiefly been formed by ice action. But even yet all was
not accomplished. The wind, the ocean, and perhaps birds,
brought the seeds of plants from other lands to these new
beds ; and the seeds germinated, and the plants grew, drawing
nourishment from the air, flowered, and formed fruit. These
withered and decayed, leaving in the soil a portion of the
food they had taken from the air, in repayment of the support
they had received. And as the green herbage spread over the
land came herds and flocks to crop its freshness, manuring the
land they roamed over, and leaving their bones upon the soil.
Thus in the long centur.es was formed the rich black mould
which, in a covering of variable thickness, forms the basis of
modern culture. No doubt it strikes you, gentlemen, as it
does me, that there is something wonderfully beautiful and
beneficent in all this. How reckless of time the Maker hath
been, how vast the agencies He has emplied, how mighty the
implements in fitting the earth for our occupation, and how
beautiiul and symmetricrl are the results 1 I am reminded of
a fine idea of Professor Eamsay, the Director of the Geological
Survey, who says that, in trying to carry his mind back to the
period of even one of the latest great geological changes, it
seems to him like trying to measure the distance of one of the
remotest fixed stars faiatly glimmering in the far horizon,
whose light, travelling a; the rate of 200,000 miles per second,
has taken thousand of years to reach our eyes. With this
brief introduction, let us now consider what it is that we have
to deal with. We have a soil ready formed to our hands,
special plants to cultivatf , flocks and herds to feed. The flocks
and herds depend upon tue plants ; the plants upon the soil.
How can we best maintain the fertility of the soil ; how enrich
it when it has become impoverished ? We may dismiss the
herds and flocks for a moment, and consider how the plants
feed. The food of plants may be considered under two heads—
air-food (by which I mean the food extracted from the
atmosphere), and root-food or earth-food, though the latter
includes a portion of the (orraer. The organs by which the
air-food is received are c'uefly the leaves ; the small fibrils of
the roots imbibe the earth-food. Nothing enters the plants in
a solid condition. The air-food, with the exception, perhaps,
of water, is all gaseous ; the root-food all liquid. Any liquid
food imbibed by the roots is of matters in absolute solution,
clear and transparent. From the atmosphere plants take, by
the leaves, carbonic acid, ammonia, and water; from the soil,
by the roots, carbonic acid, salts of ammonia, nitrates, and
certain mineral matters, varying in quantity with the species
of the plants, and, to some extent, with the nature of the soil
on which they grow. A considerable quantity of the air-food,
or that which plants derive from the atmosphere, is carried
down to the soil by rain, in wliich carbonic acid and the salts
of ammonia are soluble, and these are afterwards imbibed by
the roots. The chief salt of atmospheric ammonia is carbon-
ate. In the neighbourhood of towns small quantities of sul-
phate, muriate, and nitrate of ammonia are also found. All
the atmospheric ammonia is probably darived from the decom-
position of animal and vegetable bodies and from volcanoes.
Much of the carbonic acid is probably due to the same sources,
Liebig, from whom we have learned to differ in some particu-
lars, from our enlarged experience, but who was one of our
greatest agricultural teachers, taught us to find the ammonia in
the atmosphere by analysing a shower. The rain, as it fell,
dissolved the ammonia salts it found in the air ; and Liebig,
by distilling the water, extracted the salts. In dry weather,
then, there will be more of the salts of ammonia in the
atmosphere than in wet weather, but they are not brought in
considerable quantity to the plants, being diffused through a
large body of air, and hirgply occupying higher strata of the
atmosphere. Nevertheless, winds and currents of air assist in

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442

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

bringing the ammonia salts and carbonic acid into contact
vith the plants. The leaves are the true lungs of plants. If
you examine the under surface with a microscope you will find
it studded with thousands of little oval valvular op'auings com-
municating with the interior of the leaves. Animals take in
solids and liquids by the mouth, and exhale into the atmo-
sphere by the lungs carbonic acid, and pass to the earth by the
kidneys ammonia in the form of urea. Plants drink up by the
roots and the leaves ammonia and carbonic acid, and exhale
into the atmosphere by their lungs (the leaves) oxygen, and
store up in their organs starch, gluten, oil, sugar, and other
substances which they have elaborated from the ammonia and
carbonic acid. Thus to a certain extent we find the
D-aterials lor their life, and they, to a larger extent, for onrs.
We shall now be able to answer the question how it is that
plants in the neighbourhood ot large towns generally, and in
that of Manchester especially at the present time, look brown
and unhealthy and drooping, utterly unlike the bright, clear
green of the country, even at this dry season. It is that the
pores of the leaves, those beautiful little valvular openings of
which I spoke, are choked up by smoke (which is only soot
and tar), and dust and dirt, and they cannot breathe. They
are suffocated by solid particles : their juices are poisoned by
ttie corrosive vapours poured out by our chemical manufactures
and from our cliimnies. With less rain than we ordinarily
hiive, our suburban trees w ould cease to live, and even in our
greenhouses incessant washing is necessary to preserve our
plants in health. From the earth plants drink up by the
rootlets not only carbonic acids and the salts of ammonia, but
phosphates, silicates, sulphates, nitrates, muriates, the salts of
potash, soda, lime, magnesia, iron, and manganese. These
are as necessary to the healthy growth of tbe plants as the
carbonic acid and ammonia. Without these the latter cannot
be assimilated so as to produce luxuriant vegetation. Silicate
of potasli forms the out^-r skeleton or coating of straw and of
the btilks of grasses ; phosphates are found in the seeds largely,
and in root crops ; raegnesia iu the husks ; potash, soda, lime,
iron, and manganese almost everywhere. Why do brass-
polishers use burnt str.iw to poUsh their metal ? Because of
tlie finely-divided flint that the ashes contain. Yes, the outer
coating of straw, that wliich it such a smootliness to the touch,
such a polish to the eye, is flint, or sand, or crystal, for they
are ah the same. It is spread over it as a beautitul varnish,
impervious to moisture, so tiiat when the rain falls upon it it
may glide over it and run down to the ground. Were it
O'herwise, and the stem became sodden and wet with rain,
it could not sustain the weight of tlie ]^ ear ; but
the straw is a hollow column or shall of the strongest form,
bulging slightly iu the centre, strengthened by bands at
intervals, and varnished to protect it from injury. The ear
is an overhanging cone, bristling with sharp points to split
up and turn aside the drops of rain, and the grain has an
extra tight-fitting coat of extra strength and thickness. Plants
in a state of nature die on the soil in which they grow ; and
iu their decay leave behind them in the soil a portion of the
matter they have extracted from the atmosphere. Hence the
lormatiuu, extending through a long course of ages, of that
dark brown or black deposit wliich covers so large a part of
the earth's surlace, in varying depths, called humus or mould,
and which mingled with clay or saud constitutes black or
dark loam, and, with clay and lime, marl. That this humus
or mould is organic and derived from the prolonged growth
and decay of vegetation is evident from its combustibility. It
may be burnt away, leaving the mineral matter behind. To a
slight extent it is soluble in water. Its solubility, however,
is much increased by the presence of alkalies, as potash, or
Boda. It does not seem, however, even when in solution, to
be taken up with certainty by plants, as its solution is of a
dark browu colour ; whereas the juice or liquid contained in
the extremest rootlets of plants is colourless, with the ex-
ception of a few milky juiced plants. It is capable of com-
biniug with ammonia, and has therefore, probably, acid
properties; indeed, the ammonia can be separated from it by
Stronger acids. It is probable that it is, even when in
solution, or when combined with ammonia, converted by
oxidation into carbonic acid before it is absorbed by plants.
It has very powerfully the property of condensing ammonia
from the atmosphere within its pores, and of slow conversion
into carbonic acid by the oxygen of the air. It is probable
that its chief utility in the soil is in the absorption of the
ammonia, and tbe gradual yielding of carbonic acid. Its

power of condensing oxygen also from the air, by which its
conversion into carbonic acid is accomplished, and by which
possibly the ammonia salts may be partially converted into
nitrate, is to be considered. At the first glance it may seem
that the presence of this humus or mould in the soil should
be sufficient for the growth of plants, and to a certain extent
it is ; as witness the pampas, the llanos, and the savannahs of
America, where vast crops of vegetable matter, extending
over thousands of miles, are yielded every year, the grave of
the one crop being the cradle of the next. But here the
plants are never removed ; they furnish their own manure.
AU over the world plants of a certain limited luxuriance
spring from this foster-mother, unaided by external appliances.
Nevertheless, we have discovered, at a very early period of
human history, that by breaking up the humus or mould,
mixing it well into the subjacent soil, and loosening its
texture, we can increase its fertility ; and hence one reason of
the operations of ploughing, harrowing, &c. By these opera-
tions we increase its porosity, by which it can absorb a larger
quantity of ammonia from the air ; we expose a larger surlace
to the air, by which a larger portion can be converted into
carbonic acid, and we mix it well with the mineral soil, the
constituents of which can be brought to the rootlets of the
plants. Thus, so far as the humus or mould is concerned, the
utility of ploughing, harrowing, and otherwise breaking up
the soil is obvious. For the same reason deep draining is
valuable. Water is capable of holding in solution a certain
fixed quantity of oxygen. When lying on the soil this is
very rapidly extracted by the decaying matter underneath,
whether humus or manure, for the production of carbonic
acid. When it has thus lost its oxygen it simply drowns and
suffocates the plants, by preventing the access of the oxygen
of the air to the matter surrounding the roots of the plants,
and they thus become both starved and suffocated. I often
hear the injurious effect of stagnant water explained by its
coldness ; but it is not this so much as the prevention of the
access of air about the roots. Kain-water and running water
is charged with ozonised oxygen, which it imparts to the
decaying matter over which it flows ; and oxygen in this state
has a much more powerful and vigorous action in the con-
version of decaying matter into carbonic acid than ordinary
oxygen. Once that it has parted with it, however, it should
get away as rapidly as possible. All stagnant water is in-
jurious, for whilst running wa'er oxidises, stagnant water
produces putrefaction. In civilised countries, where ^he
population is large and the land is limited, and where it is
necessary that the latter should produce its maximum result,
the humus or mould in the soil is found to be insufficient for
the work required of it, and especially is this the case when
the matters absorbed from the soil by the plants grown upon
its surface are not returned to it. Hence the attempts
practised in all ages within human history to supplement its
natural action by additions made to it in the form of manures.
These have been, and are very various in composition, qua-
lities, and effects. In some, special adaptation to the soil has
been attempted, in others to the crops. It has been observed
that certain plants grow better on some soils than on others.
Some are found to flourish best in limestone countries, others
on chalk, some on red sandstone, and others on a granite soil.
Some effect a rich marl, and others a mellow loam. An
analysis of their ashes shows a corresponding proportion of
their favourite minerals, and hence some attention has been
given to the mineral constituents of soils in relation to plants,
and by Liebig especially it was very minutely studied, and its
importance in connection with manures somewhaat exag-
gerated. He reasoned himself into a belief that the amount
of ammonia and carbonic acid capable of being absorbed by
the leaves of plants, with that taken up by the roots from
both of these, condensed in the soil, was sufficient for the
most luxuriant plant-life, and that it was only necessary to
add to the soil such mineral ingredients as have been removed
from it by any vegetable crop 'o secure a perpetuation of its
fertility. Tlie|experiraents of Bousingault and of Gilbert and
Lawes fail to bear out Liebig's hypothesis. They found that
these minerals, unaccompanied by carbonic acid and am-
monia-producing materials, were productive of very trifling
effects. It was necessary that abundance of nitrogenous
and carbonic materials should be applied to the
roots, in addition to these, for the production of
high fertility. The most important mineral elements appear
to be phosphates, and silicates, and salts of potash. It would

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

U3

appear that Ihe form in which nitrogen should be applied to
the soil is not necessarily that of ammonia, since nitrate of
soda and nitrate of potash form very stimulating manures.
The form in which nature seems to have intended manures to
he applied to the soil is in that of animal excreta, and espe-
cially those of carnivorous animals. But tlie lierbivora
are themselves food to the carnivora, and unless the excreta of
the latter are returned to the soil, this will lack a large part
of what it has given. The excreta of herbivorous animals
contain comparatively little nitrogen or phosphates, whilst
those of the carnivora are rich in these. In civilised countries
flocks and herds consume the grass, nations consume the flocks
and herds. The cattle and sheep are removed to the towns,
and not even their bones returned to the soil. Their excreta,
mixed with straw, and forming farm-yard manure, are puc upon
the ground, but as these do not contain, by the amount of the
hulk of tlie animals producing them, to say nothing of their
condeused composition, what has been taken from the soil, it
has been found necessary to supplement them by the purchase
of extraneous manures — such as guano, sulphate of ammonia,
nitrate of soda, phosphate of lime, and a host of other com-
pounds ; but the best of all these is guano. The operations
of agriculture are as important in bringing into utilizable con-
dition the mineral constituents of the earth's surface as in
their effects on the humus or mould. All the mineral food of
plants is contained in greater or less abundance in the soil, the
richest soils being furnished by the debris of some of the
hardest rocks, especially the volcanic. By ploughing and
exposing the under-soil to the action of frost, the soil becomes
disintegrated or reduced to finer powder, and so made more
amenable to the solvent power of rain ; and thus the phos-
phates, potash, silica, &c., are made available to the plants. By
alteration of crops and by lying fallow the same object )s
assisted, time being allowed for the liberation of the essential
ingredients of particular crops by their non-absorption during
fallow, or by putting crops ou which do not require them. By
manures we understand substances which, being put upon the
soil, restore to it the matters which have beeu taken away
from it by flocks of sheep and herds of cattle, and by the re-
moval of crops of grain, of roots, and of hay, and which have
the effect, if we may use the expression, of fattening the crops
which spring from it, or of giving to them luxuriance of
growth and richness of composition ; for these conditions, as
it appears to me, are necessary for tlie full development, and
rich condition of the stock that feeds upon them. For several
years I received horn the late Mr. Leigh, of Lyme, a piece of
wild beef from the wild cattle for which the park at Lyme has
long been celebrated. They lived, and I suppose still do so, in
the outer park, which was entirely uncultivated, and appeared
as if it had never been otherwise, except in so far as it was
manured by the cattle themselves, which were too few mate-
rially to have affected the surface. The beef, though very
agreeable to the taste (at all events I liked it), was not fat, but
mottled. It was lean and dark in colour, and had quite a
different appearance to the bright red rich-looking and fat beef
from our highly-cultivated pastures. The pasture on which
the wild cattle lived was coarse and wiry and wanting in ereen-
ness. The want of fat was not from any excessive activity on
the part of the cattle, for they always seemed to me to lead
very quiet, easy, contented lives, perfectly satisfied with things
as they found them, and by no means d sposed to indulge an
idle curiosity respecting other lands. When plants are burned
they leave behind a quantity of ashes, and these ashes represent
the indestructible, or rather fixed, mineral matters which the
plants have extracted by their roots from the soil. Now, these
minerals are those which are essential to the healthy growth
of the plant, and the existence of which in the soil is essential
to its fertility. They are the materials about which it may be
laid the organic atoms built up of the elements of carbonic
acid water and ammonia are aggregated. Tliey are part of the
fabric of the plant ; they strenghen and support it. No doubt
they influence the formation of the organism of which they
form a part in the grain, the straw, the blade, and the root.
All soils are sterile without them, all fertile soils contain them.
In what exact condition they exist in the plant — that is,in what
atate of chemical combination — I do not think has yet been
sufficiently determined. In the very process of analysis some
of the organic acids with which they may have been in combi-
nation are destroyed, and they are found in the ash united with
carbonic acid, whereas in the plant they probably existed in a
much more complex state of union. Moreover, the relative

proportions of the elements of the ashes differ in the plants,
varying with special circumstances. Nevertheless, the mineral
elements themselves, if varying in quantity, differ little in kind,
and the analyses that have been made represent them with
sufficient accuracy. Fresenius found in the ashes of

KED WHEAT.

Phosphate of potass 36-51

Phosphate of soda 32'13

Phosphate of lime 3'35

Phosphate of magnesia 19*6I

Phosphate of iron 3'04i

Sulphate of potass 1 ^^^^^^

Common salt )

Silica 0-15

Coal and sand 4-99

WHITE WHEAT.

Phosphate of potass 53'98

Phospliate of lime 5-06

Phosphate of magnesia 3'2*9fi

Phosphate of iron 0.67

Silica 0-30

Coal and sand 8'03

Phosphate of potass 52-91

Phosphate of soda 9-27

Phosphate of lime 5-21

Phosphate of magnesia 26-91

Pliosphate of iron 1 88

Sulphate of potass 3-98

Silicate of potass 0-34;

Coal and sand 0-50

OATS — (NORTON) .

Northumberland. Ayrshire.

38-48 60-44

20-65

10-28

7-83

3-85

0-42

Phosphoric acid

Potass 30-96

Lime 657

Magnesia 8-69

Sesquioxide of iron 0-38

Sesquioxide of manganese —

Sulphuric acid 17'37

Silica 1-29

Chlorides of potass and soda —

PEAS — (will).

Phosphate of potass

Phosphate of soda

Phosphate of lime

Phosphate of magnesia

Phosphate of iron

Sulphate of potass

Common salt

The ashes of beans were found to have a very
composition.

HAT — (haidlen).

Silica

Phosphate of lime

Phosphate of iron

Lime

Magnesia

Sulphate of potass

Sulphate of lime

Chloride of potassium

Carbonate of soda

1-03

52-78

5-67

10-77

13.78

2-46

9-09

3-96

similar

6 01
16-1
5-0
2-7
86
2-2
1-2
1-3
20

CLOVER — (haidlen) .

Phosphate of lime 11"97

Phosphate of magnesia 6-79

Phosphate of iron 1'24<

Sulphate of potass 3-08

Chloride of sodium 1'67

Carbonate of potass 12-78

Carbonate of soda 1325

Carbonate of lime 38-21

Magnesia 4'16

Silica 5-44

F F 2

4.U

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

WHEAT STRAW — (bIRTHIEU).

SiHca 71-5

Potass with silica 13'0

Carbonate of lime 9'6

Phosphate of lime 2"3

Chloride of potassium 3'2

Sulphate of potass 0'4i

OAT STRAW — (bERTHIER),

Silica 48-44

Potass and soda 38-55

Lime 7-02

Magnesia 2-84

Sesqaioside of iron 03

Sulphuric acid 18-0

Earthy phosphates 2-84

RYE-STRAW — (ERESENIUS).

Silica 63-89

Silicate potass 16'09

Silicate of lime 7-62

Magnesia 1*92

Phosphate of lime 250

Phosphate of magnesia 1-28

Phosphate of iron 3-20

Sulphate of potass 1-75

Alkaline chloride 0'81

TURNIPS (tubers) — (STAMMER).

Potass 42-71

Cliloride of potassium 9-80

Lime 1207

Magnesia 1-51

Phosphoric acid 14-18

Sulphuric acid 9-16

Silica acid 0 98

Carbonic acid 803

Phosphate of iron 1-40

CABBAGB (leaves) — (STAMMER).

Potass 41-45

Chloride of potassium 9-33

Lime 1264

Magnesia 3-21

Phosphoric acid 13-71

Sulphuric acid 7-13

Silica acid 0-35

Carbonic acid 12-42

Phosphate of iron 1-10

SWEDES — (kEREPATH) .

Potass 62-631

Lime 6921

Magnesia 2531

Oxide of iron 0-251

Silica 0094

Phosphoric acid 15-890

Sulphuric acid 4-242

Alkaline chlorides 7*438

POTATOES — (prince's BEAUTY).

Potass 65-823

Lime 1843

Magnesia 5-496

Phosphoric acid 20-831

Sulphuric acid 6007

We now see what are the materials in the soil most im-
portant to vegetation. I have given you the analyses of the
ashes of the chief crops you cultivate. The mineral matters
are very few. They are — phosphoric acid, sulphuric acid,
potash, soda, lime, magnesia, chlorine, iron, manganese, and
silica. Of these the manganese, iron, magnesia, soda, and
chlorine are found in the plants only in small quantities, and
will always exist in sufficient abundance in the soil. The silica
exists abundantly, but not always in sufficient quantity in the
soluble form. Hence the occasional necessity for putting quick-
lime on the land on which grain crops or grass crops have to
be cultivated, as the Ume renders the silica soluble, so that it

Corn.

Straw.

lbs.

lbs.

1800 .

.. 94-00

0-18 .

.. 61-30

8-85 .

.. 3-77

5-31 .

.. 12-73

000 .

.. 0-47

056 .

.. 4-7a

1-98 .

.. 1-89

__

.. 2-59

.. 1.89

can be taken up by the rootlets, and we have seen that these
crops require a deal of silica. The lime is also useful against
slugs and snails. In the experiments of Messrs. Lawes and
Gilbert, at Rothamsted, wheat was grown on the same land
for twenty years in succession without any manure being
added to the land. The following was the amount of ashes
or of mineral matter removed from the soil by each annual
crop, averaging the whole :

AN AVERAGE ANNUAL CROP.

Total produce,
lbs.

Total ash constituents 112-00 ,

Silica 61-48 ,

Phosphoric acid 1262 ,

Potash 18-04 ,

Soda 0-47 -

Lime 5-28 ,

Magnesia 387

Sulphuric acid 2-59

Chlorine 189

Lime and magnesia exist in most soils in sufficient abundance.
They are taken up by the plants as bicarbonates and sul-
phates. The carbonates are soluble in water charged with
carbonic acid, and tlie sulphates are sufficiently soluble
without any addition to them. The sulphuric acid of plants,
except when sulphate of ammonia or other sulphates are
added to the soil, is probably all derived from the sulphate of
lime in the soil. What, then, are the materials removed in
largest quantity from the soil ? Why, by grain crops — silica,
phosphoric acid, potash ; by grass crops — silica, phosphoric
acid, magnesia ; by clover — phosphoric acid, potash, lime; by
peas and beans — phosphoric acid, potash, magnesia, lime ; by
turnips — potash, phosphoric acid, lime ; by cabbage — potash,
phosphoric acid, lime ; by swedes — potash, phosphoric acid,
lime ; by potatoes — potash, phosphoric acid, magnesia. The
object of cultivation, then, is to liberate the soluble siHca in
the soil, that is, silica in combination with potash or soda, by
ploughing, and otherwise breaking up the soil, assisting the
action occasionally by dressings of lime (the disintegration
giving the rain access to the soluble silica), to supply the soil
abundantly with phosphoric acid, and with potash or soda,
with salts of ammooia, and carbonic acid-producing materials
in the shape of manures. Farm-yard manure contains, per-
haps in greatest variety, the materials extracted from the soil
and required to be returned to it. Composed of the dung of
horses and cows, mixed with their urine and with the straw,
which have served for their bedding, it necessarily contains
all the matters extracted from the soU by these animals, less
those contained in their own bodies. The straw and other
similar substances in their decomposition yield carbonic acid
and silicate of potash. But, inasmuch as their bodies do not
return to the soil, and they carry away with them a large
quantity of the soil extract in a very concentrated form, the
farmer has to make up for the loss by the purchase of equiva-
lent quantities of extraneous manures, these being chiefly
sulphate of ammonia, nitrate of soda, phosphates of lime,
soluble and insoluble, and other phosphates, bones, both un-
exhausted of their gelatine and with the gelatine extracted,
guano, natural and artificial, and a host of compounds under
various fancy names. The sulphate of aramouia, nitrate of
soda, phosphates of lime, and bones, though all exceedingly
valuable, yet only supply their own particular ingredients, and
not all the elements required by the partially exliausted soil,
and which, properly intermingled and combined, are necessary
to the composition of a true manure. Of the substances
used, good natural guano fulfils these conditions the most
fully, having all the materials required except that for the
production of carbonic acid. From the latter consideration
it might be best to use it in conjunction witii farin-yard
manure, or at least with rotting straw. Guano consists of
the dung of birds, in this case both urine and faeces, as they
are discliarged by the same orifice, the urine becoming solid
soon after its discharge. Hence guano is to a large extent
simply solid urine, and hence its great richness in ammonia
and phosphates. The birds producing guano are carnivorous,
and the urine of all carnivorous animals is exceedingly rich
in these two, ammonia and phosphates. The nearest aproach
to guano available for agricultural purposes is afiTorded by
human urine, the composition of which, it evaporated to dry-
ness, would be very similar to that of guano.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

COMPOSITION OF GUAHO — (PURE).

African.

American.

Ammonia (carbonate,

urate, Sic.) 9-5 9-5 — — 8-6 7-5

Phosphates of lime

andmagnesia lyS 18-0 22-39 22-5 20-5 23.5

Alkaline salts, sul-
phates, phos-
phates, chlorides.. 7-3 6-5 7-08 8-1 6-5 8-2

Combustible organic
matter (uric, oxa-
lic, or ulmic acids,
&c.), sand and
earthy matter ... 1'3

Water 25-0

0-5

28-5

0-81
27-13

1-6

22-2

1-5
26-0

2-6
25-0

GUAUO PKOM LIMA — (VOLCKEL).

Muriate of ammonia 4''2

Oxalate of ammonia 10'6

Urate of ammonia 9U

Phosphate of ammonia G'O

Phosphate of magnesia and ammonia 26

Phosphate of lime li'3

Sulphate of potass 5'5

Sulphate of soda 3'8

Oxalate of lime 7"0

Residue (water, insoluble matter, and lobs) 37'0

GUANO rSOM LIVEKPOOL — (BARTEL's).

Muriate of ammonia 6-5

Oxalate of ammonia 13'35

Urate of ammonia o'24

Pho&phtite of ammonia 6'25

Phosphate ol magnesia and ammonia 4-2U

Pliosphate of lime S'S-i

Phosphate of soda 5'3U

Sulphate of potash 4'32

Sulphate of soda 1'12

Oxalate of lime 16-36

Water, insoluble matter, and loss 28ol8

AFRICAN GUANO — (TESCHEMACHER).

Oxalate, phosphate, and ulmate of ammonia and organic

matter containing 5 per cent, ammonia 25

Equal to ammonia —

Fixed alkaline salts, muriate, sulphate and phosphate of
potass 11

Phosphates of lime and magnesia 32

Water 30

AFRICAN GUANO — (W. FRANCIS).

Ammouiacal salts, oxalate, muriate, carbonate of am-
monia, and organic matter 42"59

Containing of ammonia 9*7

Phosphate of lime and magnesia 22*39

Alkaline salts, phosphate, muriate, and sulphate of

potass 7-08

Sand 0-81

Water 2239

AFRICAN GUANO — (URE).

Ammonia (combined with pboeporio acid) 9*5

Combustible animal matter 37'0

Phosphate of lime and magnesia 18-5

Mixed alkaline salts of potass 6"11

„ „ „ sand 0'6

„ „ „ water 28"5

PERUVIAN AND BOLIVIAN GUANO.

Average result of analysis of genuine guano — (Ure).
Azotised organic matter, including urate of ammonia,
and capable of affording from 8 to 17 per cent, of

atainonia, by slow decomposition in the soil 50'0

Ammonia, phosphate of magnesia, phosphate of am-
monia, and oxalate of ammonia, containing from 4< to

9 per cent, of ammonia 13'0

Phosphate of lime 12 to 25-0

Sand 1-0

Water 8 to ll'O

GUANO FROM THE CHlNCHA ISLANDS — (URE).

Salts of ammonia

Muriate of ammonia

Phosphate ot ammonia

Carbonate of amraodia

Sulphate of ammonia

Oxalate of ammonia

Urate of ammonia

Phosphate of magnesia and ammonia

Equal to ammonia 9'8

Soluble organic matter and urea

Phosphate of lime

Oxalate of lime .,

Sulphate of potash

Sand

Undefined organic matter

Water

PERUVIAN GUANO — (KERSTEN).

Ammonia

Pliosphate of lime and magnesia

Alkaline fixed salts, phosphates, sulphates, and chlorides

of potass and soda

Organic combustible matters

Sand

Water

PURE PERUVIAN GUANO — (KERSTEN).

Ammonia

Phosphate of lime and magnesia

Pixed alkaline salts

Organic combustible matters

Sand

Water

AFRICAN GUANO — (KERSTEN).

Ammonia

Phosphate of Lime and magnesia

Fixed alkaline salts

Organic combustible matters

Sand

Water

SOUTH AMERICAN GUANO — (DENHAM SMITU).

Ammonia

Uric acid

Soluble animal matter

Soluble organic matter

Insoluble organic matter with water

Soluble phosphoric acid

Insoluble phosphoric acid

Soluble lime

Insoluble lime

Magnesia

Potash

Hydrochloric acid

Sulphuric acid

Oxalic acid

Sand

Water

SOUTH AMERICAN GUANO — (DENHAM SMITH).

Ammonia

Uric acid

Organic matter ,

I'hosphoric acid

Lime

Magnesia

Potash

Soda

Hydrochloric acid

Sulphuric acid

Oxalic acid

Water, sand, and humus

SOUTH AMERICAN GUANO — (DENHAM SMITH).

Ammonia

Organic matter

Phosphoric acid

Lime

Magnesia

Potash

Soda

Sulphuric acid

Oxalic acid

Clilorine

Water, saad, and humus

4At

300
14-32

1-00

2-00

323
14-73

4-50

8-95
22-00
1.00
6-00
1-00
9-53
8-50

8-6
20-6 ,

6-5
36.5

1-5
26-0

7-5
22-5

8-2
35-0

2-0
25-0

9-5
17-5

7-3
39-5

1-3
25-0

6-78
16-52
1-33
1-50
3-45
0-85
10-20
0-10
11-87
0-82
4-37
1-75
3-64
6-47
1-56

22-a

5-43

2-30

805

16-32

15-35

0-76

1-14

3-37

2-41

2-10

1285

29-46

6-08

1-73

11-78

8-17

0-43

3-84

12-64

14-41

12-54

1-81

28-97

446

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

These analyses of guano all tell the same tale. They are, if
genuine, mainly and essentially composed of salts of araraouia,
phosphates of lime, with a little magnesia, alkaline phosphates,
and sulphates. Now listen to the composition of human urine,
according to Ber^elius :

100 parts of tlie solid residue of human urine contain —

Urea 44-39

Uric acid 1.49

Muriate ofammonia 2'23

Lactate of ammonia aad animal matters 25'58

Phosphate of soda and ammonia 6'85

Phosphates of lime and magnesia 1'4<9

Sulphates of potash and soda 10'26

Chloride of sodium 6'64i

Now, the 44'39 parts of urea are equal to 57'72 parts of car-
bonate of ammonia, or to 25"2 of pure ammonia, to say nothing
of the ammonia represented by the uric acid, muriate of am-
monia, and animal matters. There is no guano so rich in
ammonia as the dried human urine. Let us classify the con-
tents according to Berzeiius :

Urea 30-0 to 50-0

Uric acid 1"5 „ 1'6

Extractive matters, ammonia, salts and clorides... 26'0 „ 50'0

Alkaline phosphates 5'5 „ 6-8

Earthy phosphates 1*5 „ 2'0

Alkaline sulphates 8'2 „ 11"5

It is like reading an analysis of the richest guano, except
that it is richer than guano in all but the earthy phosphates.
Let us now see what is the proportion of these earthy phos-
phates in the other humaa excretiou. Enderlin analysed dry
human faeces, and found in 100 parts :

Phosphate of lime and magnesia 80'37

Sulphate of lime 4'53

Silica 7-94

Phosphate of iron 2"09

Phosphate of soda 2-63

Alkaline sulphate and chloride 1'36

So that nearly 83 per cent, of the ash of human faeces is com-
posed of earthy phosphates. No manure can equal, in all the
richest fertilising materials, such a compound as would be
formed by these mixed excretions, if all the ingredients were
preserved. A very distinguisedFrecch philospher, M.Bousin-
gault, a gentleman of large landed estate, a profound geologist,
and a skilful chemist, has devoted himself during many years to
the scientific statistics of agriculture. In conjunction with his
friend, M. Pajeu, amongst other works he examined a very large
number of materials that have at various times been employed
in agriculture, with a view to test the relative quantity of
nitrogen that they contain. I have selected the following
numbers from his table :

Table of the comparative values of manures experimentally
determined by MM. Bousingault and Payen. All the
materials are estimated as dry, and the numbers indicate the
proportion of nitrogen in 100 parts of the dried substances :

Farm-yard dung 1-95

Dung from an inn yard 2'08

Solid cow dung 2"30

Urine of cow 3'80

Mixed cow dung ■•■ 2"59

Solid horse dung 2'21

Mixed horse dung 3-02

Sheep dung 299

Horse urine 12'50

Gaano imported into England 6.20

» » „ 7-05

„ „ Prance 15-73

Urine of the public vats (human) 23-11

Some time ago I collected the urine of an average family of
six persons — that is, of a family of adults and children —
taking the morning and evening urine. 1 introduced four
gallons of the fresh urine into a large glass retort, and dis-
tilled it off to dryness. An immense quantity of caibonate of
ammonia distilled and sublimed over. On saturing it with
sulphuric acid, and evaporating to dryness, 1 obtained 17J
ounces of sulpiiate of ammonia. The matter remaining
behind in the retort I washed with boiling water, and on
evaporating the washings, obtained 395 grains of soluble phos
phates, sulphatei and chloride. The iusolable matter still lef

in the retort weighed 167 grains, and consisted chiefly of
phosphate of lime. The essential element of ammonia is
nitrogen, and as this element exists both in guano and other
animal excreta, as well as in almost all natural manures in
other forms of combination than as ammonia, becoming re-
solved into this somewhat simple compound by the decompo-
sition of its more complex associations, it has become cus-
tomary to express its presence and amount in organic bodies,
or in complex substances of organic origin, under the term
" organic nitrogen." Organic nitrogen is nitrogen capable of
being converted into ammonia in the soil, and every 14 grains
will produce 17 grains of ammonia.

Pollution of Rivers Commissioners' Report.—
Roder and Eichorn give the following data respecting the
amount and proportion of organic nitrogen in human excre-
ments, their numbers being derived from the researches of
Wolf and Lehmen.

Weight in grammes of solid and liquid excrements per person
per day, and the organic nitrogen and phosphates contained
therein (the gramme is nearly 15^ grains) :

Organic Phos- Organic Phos-

Faeces. Nitrogen, phates. Urine. Nitrogen, phates.

Men 150 1-74 3-23 1,500 15-0 6-08

Women ... 45 1-02 1-08 1,350 10-73 5-47

Boys 110 1-82 1-62 570 4 72 2-16

Girls 25 0-57 0-37 450 3-68 1-75

pollution of rivers commissioners' report.
Weight in avoirdupois pounds of solid and liquid excre-
ments per person per year, and the organic nitrogen and
phosphates contained therein ;

Organic Phos- Organic Phos-

Faeces. Nitrogen, phates. Urine. Nitrogen, phates.

Men 120-45 1-39 2-62 1,204 13-04 5.28

Women ... 36-08 0-81 0 86 1,083 8-61 4-38

Boys 88-33 1-51 1-29 457 3-79 1-73

Girls 20-07 0-46 029 361 2-95 1-40

pollution of rivers commissioners' report.
Weight in hundredweights of the excrements of 100,000 per-
sons (37,610 men, 34,630 women, 14,060 boys, and 13,700
girls) per annum, and the organic nitrogen and phosphates
contained therein :

Organic Phos- Organic Phos-

Faeces. Nitrogen, phates. Urine. Nitrogen, phates.

Men 40,372 488 881 403,730 4,037 1,638

Women... 11,045 250 268 334,541 2,653 1,354

Boys 11,067 183 161 57,354 481 217

Girls 2,453 56 36 45,012 360 171

64,937 957 1,347 840,637 7,531 3,380

The River Pollution Commissioners, in their report on the
Mersey and Ribble Basins, give a list of 22 towns in South
Lancashire and North Cheshire, containing a population of
about 1,330,000, in which are 120,000 privies and 45,000
water-closets. Of the water-closets, 30,0U0 are said to be in
Liverpool alone. Towns : Ashton, Rochdale, Bolton, Bury,
Oldham, Manchester, Salford, Warrington, Widnes, Runcorn,
Liverpool, Blackburn, Chorley, Clitheroe, Preston, Southport,
Stockport, Northwich, Macclesfield, Staley bridge, Glossop, and
Wig an.

Weight of solid and liquid excrements and of organic nitrogen

and phosphates per 1,330,000 persons, residing m the
recited towns, per year, in tons :

Faeces. Organic Nitrogen. Phosphates,

tons. tons. tons.

43,291 638 894

Urine. Organic Nitrogen. Phosphates.

tons. tons. tons.

560,424 5,020 2,306

5,658

3,200

Now, 5,658 tons of nitrogen are contained in 26,752 tons
of sulphate of ammonia, which, at £17 per ton, comes to
£454,784. The 5,658 tons of nitrogen is contained also in
6,870 tons of ammonia. If the average quantity of pure
ammonia in good guano be estimated at 9 per cent., then the
5,658 tons of nitrogen in the excreta of the cited 1,330,000
persons would be equal to 73,330 tons of guano, for it must
be borne in mind that the combined excreta coutaiui all the

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

447

other ingredients of f;uano. And now let me request you to
recall for a moment the statement of the Pollution of Kivers
Commissioners, that the excreta of the 1,330,000 people re-
siding in 22 towns of South Lancashire and North Cheshire,
are received into 120,000 privies and 45,000 water closets ;
and the whole of these water closets, and all the privies, with
the exception of the few that have been re-constructed on a
better principle in Manchester and Rochdale, drain into the
sewers of the respective towns, that the sewers discharge
themselves into the rivers, and the rivers into the sea, carrying
with them, dissolved in their waters and utterly irrecoverable,
73,330 tons of the finest guano. At the annual meeting of
the Lancashire Farmers' Club and Chamber of Agriculture,
held at Liverpool, May 28th, 1874, a paper was read by Mr.
Thomas Rigby, the secratary, on "Lancashire farming: its
favourable and adverse aspects." In this paper it is stated
that of the 742,000 acres in the county from which returns
were received, 103,000 were in corn crops, and 510,000 in
green crops and grass, for pasture and hay. The live stocit
returned was 32,000 horses, 238,000 cattle, 348,000 sheep,
and 39,000 pigs. Total of cattle, sheep, and pigs, 625,000
animals. Just fancy this vast number of cattle, sheep, and
pigs taken off your land and driven into the sea, a large
amount of the corn crops following in the same direction, for
we consume the animals and the corn, and what they have
taken from the land, being the substance of their whole
bodies, we do not return to it. They all pass away in our
excreta. From the water-closets notliing is recovered, and
the night-soil that is collected contains not a tithe of the fer-
tilising matter thac drains away from the privies into the

sewers, this being the urine, holding in solution, in addition
to its own valuable constituents, all the soluble matter of the
solid excreta. Thus are our towns underlaid by vast fever-
breaking cesspools, whilst our polluted rivers roll their dark
and foetid waters to the ocean, which flings back on its shores
the foul accretion. And now I have to ask you to assist me,
and those who are willing workers with me, the members of
the Health Committee of this great city, by your inlelligence,
your careful observation and patience, and by your frank
communications to me, in saving for your soil the vast wealth,
the utilisation of which it has been my desire in this brief
address to lay open to you, that your land may be enriched,
and your crops be increased, that your brooks and your livers,
and your running streams may ripple and flow, pellucid and
clear, as they left their native mountains. The soil is your
servant, and a very willing servant. Treat it kindly and it
will repay you with smiles and with bountiful thanks. Let
the frost loosen its hard masses, and tlie air peneterate its
depths ; let the plough and the spade bring its buried treasures
to tiie light and to the sun ; let the rain in kindly streams per-
meate its mass, leaving its heaven-born riches behind, and
run — its work of bounty done — back, unpolluted, to its parent
sea. Render to it again that which it cannot spare, but
which you want no more ; give it back that which it punishes
you for withholding in fever and diarrhcea and in countless
ills, and it will repay you with smiling crops of grain, glad-
dening the eye as it waves in the gulden sunlight, and in rich
fields of herbage, that fills the air with the fragrance of its
dying breath as it yields to the scythe.

THE SEWAGE OF TOWNS, VILLAGES, AND COUNTRY HOUSES.

By Mr. J. Bailey Denton, C.E.

[The following paper was taken as read at the Social
Science Congress in Glasgow.]
It having been suggested to the author of this communica-
tion by the authorities of the International Exhibition at South
Kensington that he should illustrate the process known as
" Intermittent Downward Filtration," as suggested by Dr.
Edward Frankland, and first carried into practice by the
author at Merthyr Tydvil by an example to be daily in opera-
tion in the western annexe of the Exhibition, it may be oppor-
tune to stale briefly, for the consideration ol the Association,
the results obtained from it during the time it has been in
operation. London sewage is delivered daily to the several
exhibits of sewage treatment by the authorities of the Inter-
national Exhibition, independently of the exhibitors. The
quantity delivered to the author for treatmeut by intermittent
dovraward filtration has been 25 gallons daily (except Sun-
days). This sewage has been distributed each day over the
surface of three cubic yards of natural soil of a free descrip-
tion. Having filtered through the soil it is discharged as a
clear effluent by a small outflow increased and diminished in
Yolume as the sewage is applied. Owing to the necessarily
limited character of the exhibit it was anticipated that the
purification of the sewage by the soil would become less
efficient the longer it was used. It will be seen, however,
from the following analysis that the contrary efl'ect has been
the result. The sewage was first applie 1 to the soil on the
23rd of June, 1874, and the application has been daily con-
tinued ^since *hat date, Sundays excepted. On the 30th of
June, seven days after the first apphcation, a sample of the
effluent water was collected and sent to Dr. Benjamin Paul,
F.C.S., for analysis, who forwarded to the author the following
results — viz: Free ammonia '009 in 100,000 parts, organic
nitrogen -049 in 100,000 parts. On the 10th of August,
forty-eight days alter the first application of the sewage to the
'soil, a second sample was collected and analysed by the same
eminent chemist, when he reported the following results :
Free ammonia •006 in 100,000 parts, organic nitrogen '038 in
100,000 parts. On the 14th of September, eighty-three days
after commencement, a third sample of the effluent was taken,
and of it Dr. Paul said that it was " even better than that of
the 10th of August." This is shown by the following figures :
Free ammonia -002 in 100,000 parts, organic nitrogen '022 in
1 00,000 parts. In order that these figures may be compared

with the standards of purity recommended by the Rivers Pol-
lution Commissioners it may be stated that, disregarding free
ammonia as of comparatively little importance, they consi-
dered that any liquid containing more than -3 part of organic
nitrogen in 100,000 parts should be deemed inadmissible into
rivers. In the supplies of drinking water to the metropolis by
the eight companies the mean amount of organic nitrogen
appears to be '028 in 100,000 parts. The improvement in the
condition of the effluent water which these figures of Dr. Paul
show is doubtless due, in a great measure, to the means taken
to deliver and distribute the sewage on to the soil with re^^u-
larity, each cubic yard of soil receiving precisely the eight
gallons of sewage it is designed to absorb, cleanse, and dis-
charge. This is effected by the use of the " self-acting sewage
regulator," the object of which contrivance is to apportion
and deliver the precise quantity of sewage which land,
prepared for irrigation or for intermittent filtration, is de-
signed to utilise and cleanse, and this is done in-
dependently of all supervision, and of the outflow of the
sewers contributing the sewage, wiiich may at one time be
extremely copious, and at another little more than a dribble.
The irregularity of discharge attending the sewage of small
towns, villages, mansious, and all kinds of large establishments
is found to be the great difficulty in dealing with those com-
munities. Besides overcoming this evil and thereby re-
ducing the comparatively heavy cost of applying small quan-
tities of sewage to laud, the regulator secures with certainty
that intermitlency of appfication which is so essential to puri-
fication. Moreover, the action of the regulator is automatic
and requires no attendant at night or on Sunday. The sewage
as it is discharged from the town, village, or mansion flows
into a tank of a capacity to hold the quantity of sewage it is
desired to deliver to a certain area of land at one time. This
tank is provided with a syphon or self-acting means of dia-
charge, and directly the liquid rises to a given level the outlet
comes into action and the liquid is at once discharged. When
the tank is emptied the discharge ceases and the sewage com-
mences to fill the tank again, or another tank, as found de-
sirable, slowly or quickly according to the rate of influx. The
author having carried out with complete success the intermit-
tent downward filtration works at Merthy Tydvil, under order
of the Court of Chancery, as a means of abating the nuisance
arising from the pollution of the Taif — which after answering

448

THE FAKMER'S MAGAZmE.

their temporary purpose for three years may be discontinued
at any time now that the wide breadth of the land which the
local board had previously purchased for surface irrigation has
been laid out aud completed as a sewage farm — is anxious to
bring before the Congress this treatment as an effectual way
of cleansing sewage permanently by recourse to a small area
of land where land is very costly. The fiivers Pollution Com-
missioners show by six analyses taken in the years 1871 and
1872 the follow'ng results from the intermittent downward
filtration adopted by the author at Merthyr Tydvil. Samples
taken June and October, 1871, and July and October, 1873:
Organic carbon .156, organic nitrogen '033, ammouia '063,
nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites '269 ; total combined nitrogen
•353, previous sewage or animal contamination 2"887, chlorine
2'84. Upon these figures the Commissioners say: "Judged
by popular standards, these samples would be pronounced to
be fairly good potable waters. They were colourless, trans-
parent when collected, and even when viewed with refer-
ence to their chemical composition were considerably supe-
rior to the average of Thames water which is habitually
used for household purposes in London ; indeed there
is a close resemblance in chemical composition between the
effluent water issuing from the intermittent sewage filters at
Merthyr Tydvil and that portion of the London water supply
which is drawn from the Thames." Analyses by Dr. Paul and
Other chemisi s confirm tliese results. Intermittent downward
filtration will be found equally valuable whether adopted by
itself on a limited area of land for tae primary object of puri-
fication, or in combination with surface irrigation or an ex-
tended area as a means of securing the best return from the
utihsation of sewage. The value of the process in the former
case cannot be over estimated, as it enables sanitary authori-
ties to purify their sewage up to the standayds recommended
by the Rivers Pollution Commissioi ers, by the use of just as
much land as they can get, if the tjuantity be not less than
one acre to 1,000 persons, and of gtiining some return in the
shape of crops at the same time. ^A'hen adopted in combina-
tion with irrigation intermittent doi-nward filtration becomes
the "safety valve" of sewage fanniag, inasmuch as wliere a
certain quantity of land is specially prepared for intermittent
filtration the farmer need not take sewage on the irrigated
land when he does not want it, or when the cost ot applica-
tion will exceed the benefit to be derived from it. Where a
small area of land only can be commanded by gravitation, and
a greater breadth can be obtained for irrigation by pumping,
the intermittent filtration process may be resorted to on the
small plot of lower land with speciaJ advantage. In such
instances the sewage may be lifted on to the higher land only
when there are persons to pay a full rent for both land and
sewage, in which case tb "^^uantity cf sewage to be lifted will
be precisely that which t^e farmer above desires to take, and
only when he wants it. It would probably be lifted during
the day and on week days, and duriug the niglit and on Sun-
day it would be run into the filtration areas. At times of ex-
treme dilution, too, when the liquid might not be worth the
cost of lifting, the filtration areas Mould receive it, and thus
the cost of pumping would be reduced to a minimum. An
illustration of tlie cost of adopting intermittent downward
filtration in a case where the land was very costly, and the
works of drainage and surface preparation, including carriers,
&c., for distribution, expensive too, may serve to show how
small will be the rate charged on a district for such a mode of
disposal, when calculated upon the population and rateable
value of the district contributing the sewage, which is the
only proper way of considering the subject. In comparing
the cost of intermittent downward filtration with that of
any other process, it must not be regarded as an acreage
outlay, but as one in which the total expenditure with
its profit or loss must be fairly considered in relation
to the ratepayers' interests. In the case of a district con-
taining a population of 15,000, with a rateable value amount-
ing to £45,000, and requiring fifteen acres of land to purify
the sewage discharged from the district, the cost may reach
the following items : Land, £3,000 ; under drainage, prepa-
ration of surface, carriers for distribution, chambers, &c.,
£3,000 ; total, £5,000. The charge on tlie district necessary
to repay this sum with interest in fifty years would amount to
£225 per annum. The fifteen acres of land, being divided
into three equal areas of five acres each, one of wnich would
be sufficient for the daily puriflcatiou of the sewage while the
Other two would come into action in rotation, would be de-

voted to gardening purposes. The ten acres, not in daily use,
would be let to market gardeners by auction at the highest
prices they would give for the land, with as much sewage as
they require, and no more. The lowest rent obtainable by
this means would be £10 an acre, while the five acres devoted
to the purification of the year's sewage would, if let at a rent
or retained in the hands of the sanitary authorities, secure a
return beyond the cost of attendance of at least £5 an acre.
In this way £125 per annum would be realised, leaving a
loss of £100 per annum upon the work. This sum of £100
apportioned on a rateable value of the property within the
district amounts to less than one halfpenny in the pound.
From this it will be seen that with a very limited area of land,
and with comparatively costly works, the disposal of sewage
by intermittent downward filtration may be attended with a
loss unappreciable to the ratepayers, while if it be associated
with irrigation under favourable circumstances, that loss may
be turned into a profit, with the profit made larger as the area
of irrigation is increased. It is to point out the great ad-
vantage of associating intermittent downward filtration with
wide surface irrigation as a means of securing profit from the
latter, as well as to show the small area of land that wiU
suflice for cleansing sewage up to the standards of the Rivers
Pollution Commissioners where land is diffiult to get, that the
present paper has been written.

A FRENCH FLOWER SHOW.— The exhibition of fruit
vegetables, and flowers at the Societe d' Agriculture et Horti-
culture, in the Rue de GreneUe, drew numbers of people.
There was quite a crowd during the five days it stayed open.
Flower fanciers, going there to inspect their favourites, found
themselves admiring the productions of the orchard and
kitchen garden. Indeed, the flowers were in the minority ;
and, with the exception of some magnificent double petunias
and double begonias (both red and yellow), a fine show of
crimson alosies, an exquisite bed of various kinds of violets^
some beautiful dahlias and doable pink geraniums, ttiey were
by no means striking. On the other hand, the apples and
pears were magnificent both in quality and quan'ity. Nearly
four hundred varieties of pears, and two hundred different
sorts of apples, were set forth in tempting piles on long
.tables covered with dessert plates. Apples of every shape
and every tint; the Alfriston, the Belle Josephine, the
Cadeau du General, the Roi d'Angleterre, and the Gille de
Gille, conspicuous for their enormous size ; the Heliotte
Dundas, the Calville, the Pomme d'Api, and the Reinette de
Hollande Panachee, all exquisite in colour. Gigantic pears,
the Belle Augevine and the Belle du Berry, the golden
Duchesse de Berry, tapering pears, pears of dumpy growth,
winter pears (sometimes ten on one stalk), mellow Beurres,
aud delicate-flavoured Cresanues : they were all there in rare
perfection. The grapes were not so fine. One exliibitor
showed sixty-seven diff'erent sorts, but, as there are no less
than two hundred cultivated at Thomery by M. Rose Char-
meux, the result was not brilliant, the examples being, as a
rule, far below in beauty to what were to be seen on the
echasses of Thomery and By a few weeks ago. However
there were some good specimens of Chasselas Napoleon, pink
and violet Malvoisie and curiously shaped white Doigts de
Demoiselle. There were also peaches and quinces, straw-
berries growing in pots, a few autumn cherries, and an in-
teresting collection of edible berries. Nor did the public dis-
dain the more homely shows of vegetables. One saw fashion-
ably dressed women giving their opinion on potatoes and
tomatoes, inspecting mushroom-beds, and transfixed before
monster cauliflowers. Carried to such a state of perfection,
even the humble cabbage is worthy of remark. Some of the
rooms were most artistically arranged, especially one in which
several enormous pumpkins, a curious collection of variegated
potirons, and brilliantly-tinted gourds were shown up by a
background of lofty cardoon, celery aud leeks, and green
banks of parsley and iaX^i.—The Queen,

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

449

THE PRICE OF WHEAT.

. At the Severn Valley Farmers' Club, Mr. R. Woodward
said : Leaving for the present the question of the relative
values of wheat and barley crops, he would endeavour to ac-
count for the extraordinary decline they had had in the price
of wheat iu the last few months. Extracting twelve months'
averages from the London Gazette, he found the average price
of wheat in the cereal year, ending August 31st last, to have
been 61s. 3d. per quarter, and that of barley 4os. 3d. He
thought they would all agree with him that barley at 45s. 3d.
would pay the grower very much better than wheat even at
61s. 3d. But what must they say when they found now that
the best samples of barley were worth iu the market 48s., and
it was with difficulty they could command 44s. lor the best
wheat. The tables, he should think, were never eo completely
turned. Sucli an anomaly as they saw now in the corn market
had never before existed in the course of his long life. Taking
up corn merchants' circulars they saw wheat quoted at from
40s. to 44s., barley at from 443. to 48s., old , beans as high as
56s., hog peas 48s., oats of the best quality 40s. He did not
believe such a disparity could exist six mouths longer. They
had this strange state of things : finest wheat for human food
at Id. per lb., hog peas l^d., beans for horses Ijd., and oats,
which they also gave their horses, l^d. He could look back
to 1815, when the importation of corn was prohibited if the
averages were under certain prices, foreign wheat could not
then be imported if the average of the sis preceiliug weeks in
England and Wales were onder 80s. per quarter ; beans, peas,
and rye, if the average were under 63s. ; barley if it were under
40s. ; oats if it were under 27s. This was estimating the value
of beans, peas, and rye at two-thirds, barley one-half, and oats
one-third that of wheat. Iu 1828 the sliding scale was
adopted, when wheat at 62s. the average was admitted at a
duty of 24s. 8d. a quarter ; as the price rose the duty fell, and
vice versa. At that time they were as much frightened at the
importation of one million quarters of wheat as they were now
at ten millions. The growth of the population necessitated a
larger supply of food, and eventually the corn-laws went by the
board, it was idle to express regret that they had now no
protection. What they had to do was to consider what kind
of produce would best remunerate them. He was satisfied
they would have to pay more attention to their grass lands, the
improvement of which was much needed, and was perfectly
feasible. The populous towns were inadequately supplied with
milk, and he was convinced the farmers would increase their
incomes by giving more attention to their dairies. They
commanded 21d. or 22d. a lb. for butter. In 1842 or 1843
fresh butter was sold in the Shropshire markets for 6d.
per lb- That amount was also thought a remunerative
price for cheese ; now 9d. per lb. could be obtained, and
lOd. had been given for much English-made cheese this
year. The north of England was very much dependent
on America for cheese and butter, and from that coun-
try were also imported large quantities of pork. If it
were more profitable to produce butter and cheese, why
did they not clo it ? He was afraid they were too much
attached to the old-fashioned practice of growing wheat.
Could they aflford to grow it at 40s. a quarter ? If they could,
let them continue to do it, for he did not think that at from
36s. to 40s. they would have any great importation from abroad.
Until the present harvest they had not known the full effects of
free trade in corn. He had named the price of 61s. 3d., which
did not differ materially from that of the three previous years.
But such bad harvests as those of 1871, '72, and '73 were seldom
witnessed, and in the year ending August, 1873, they imported
12f million quarters of wheat and flour. France in 1873 had
one of the most miserable crops ever seen, and it was doubted
whether England and France could from every part of the
world obtain a suificient supply to last till the late harvest.
But it happened they were all deceived, for instead of 12f
millions being required they imported only II5 millions. He
was puzzled to account for this difference, except it was that
last winter was unusually mild, and there was a greater con-
sumption of vegetables and less of bread. He found that the
decline iu the price of wheat was most rapid on the immediate
approach of hatvc8t< Tue people had made up their miad that

there was to be a most abundant crop of wheat. He would ask
practical farmers whether they had the very large crop they
anticipated. He was willing to believe the crop was a good
one, but he did not agree that it was an exceedingly large one.
Mr. Jackson, in The 2V«2e,j, sounded the alarm that the price of
wheat was too high and must come down, giving people to
understand that the crop was 20 per cent, better than the ave-
rage. Mr. Caird echoed Mr. Jackson's opinion. Later in
the season, on August 12th, Mr. Saunderson gave it as his de-
liberate opiuion that the crop was 7 per cent, uuder the
average. ¥eyi would eudurse this opinion. It was much
more probable that the yield was 7 per cent, over the average.
An average crop was generally considered to mean 28 bushels
to the acre. He put this year's crop at 30 busliels as compared
with 23 last year. He calculated the total produce of the
country at 14 millions, and allowing one million for seed they
had 13 millions to commence the year with. It was pretty
well ascertained that for a population of 32 millions they
required 22 million quarters of wheat, therefore there was svill
need of an importation of nine million quarters, or very nearly
so, to carry them to the brink of the next harvest. They
could not only get nine millions, but — from the reports
of abundant crops everywhere — 16 millions if they wanted
that quantity. The question was at what price imports
would cease. Considering the large amounts that had to
be paid for freight, landing, &c., the question the
merchant had to detennine was at what price America
in particular would send wheat. Would 40s. a quarter
remunerate houoe-growers ? He candidly confessed that
during the 21 or 22 years he had been farmiug at Arley he
had never been able to afford wheat at less than from 62s. to
56s. Therefore he recommended them to turn their attention
to barley, with which this country could not be overdone, and
which they could grow at remunerative prices. The farmers
clung with remarkable tenacity to the growth of wheat. He
confessed to the same weakness ; he loved his wheat crop when
he could produce it in such quality as in the present year. But
love was often described as blind ; he admitted the weakness,
but must endeavour to cast it off. Such was the consumption
of malt, that the revenue last year amounted to £8,630,000.
Was not that an encouragement to produce malting barley ?
He might fairly congratulate them on the prices of many
kinds of produce, the only exception being wheat. He attri-
buted the great decline that took place in the price at harvest
time to the necessity many were under of forcing their wheat
to market to raise a certain sum. It was patent thai tht y
had to send 300 bushels at this time when 200 served lastyeiir
to raise tlie same sum. The decline from the beginning of
July to the beginning of September was no less ttian 20s. a
Quarter. He cleared out his last year's crop as late as 3rd
July st 62s. 8d., and he saw at Kidderminster market within
nine weeks of that date an equally good sample at 42s. 8d,
He regarded the present year as the test oi free trade ; he
meant as to the price at which the American grower would
cease to send his wheat. It was possible that if they held
their wheat for two or three months the prices might he a
little better ; he could not hold out any prospect that they
would be materially higher. It depended very much on the
severity or non-severity of the winter ; if during the spring
months the imports were kept up in the same ratio they had
been of late then good-bye to high prices.

THE SHROPSHIRK AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.—
In pursuance with a requisition signed by nearly 200 of the
leading landowners and agriculturists of the county, the High
Sheriff convened a pablic meeting in the Shirehall, Shrews-
tiury, to take into consideration " The desirability of estab-
lishing an agricultural society embracing an area of not less
than the whole of Shropshire," when the following resolution
was passed: " That a society be formed for the exhibition of
live stock and implements, and tor the general improvement of
agriculture, embracing an area of not less than the whole of
Shropshire." An amendment proposing to embrace within
the Society's operation the adjoining counties, was not put.
A committee Wtis appointed to carry out the object of the
meeting.

450

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

NIGHT SOIL.

The following paper was read at a meetiug of the Connecticut
State Board of Agricolture, by Mr, W. H. Yeomajss, of
Columbia.

So long as vegetation exists upon the face of the earth, exhaus-
tion ot the soil will be a consequence, and this must be provided
for eitlier by natural or artificial means. Where the agency
of nature alone exists, acting towards the end of exhaustion,
she also provides the means of restoration ; so that, although
the trees of the forest grow and wax exceedingly great, or the her-
bage of ihe fields increases in luxuriance, the trees shed their
foliage and dead branches, and if left undisturbed the herbage
also decays and falls to the earth, and hence the elements of
which it has been divested are returned, with perhaps an
additional accumulation from the atmosphere. Therefore, if
this were a universal law man's ingenuity would not be taxed to
devise ways and means of restoring lost fertility ; for where
crops are taken from the soil and appropriated, so that their
elements go in a different direction, so far as the spoil is con-
cerned it amounts to lost feriiliiy. The subject of manures
of all kinds is one that lias engaged the attention and serious
study of the farmer in all the long ages that have passed ;
and yet to-day its importance, and the necessity for study and
investigation, are no less than at first. The great desire is to
know how, by the use of manures, the waste places o( our laud
may be made fertile and luxuriant, capable of benefiting the
owner as well as adding more to the general ornamentation
of the farm. Of all the various kinds of manure which might,
be considered it is the purpose of this communication to present
in as brief a manner as possible, Nif/ht-soil ; its saving and
vses. Tiiere is probably no fertilizing substance that is more
universally allowed to ^o to waste than this, and yet its value
is almost incalculable. Undoubtedly one great reason for tliis
enormous waste lies in the fact that where proper absorbents
or deodorisers are neglected to be applied, the great unpleasant-
ness of manipulation deters many from any attempts to
utilize the same. But the waste is not confined alone to the
farmers of the country ; itisin the cities, wiihtheir immense
population, where the waste is most complete and enormous.
A writer has said with a great deal of truth, " Manures of
inestimable value are carried from the cities by rivers and lost
in mid ocean." Guano has ever been looked upon as the great
concentration of fertilizing material ; and yet night-soil, wjth
all its valuable principles held lor man's use, occupies no mean,
position even in comparieon with guano. Jonathan Laurence
stated at a meeting of the Vermont Board of Agriculture
'• that the waste from the kitchen and the contents of
the water-closet, if properly composted, would be of greater
value than the same amount of many of the coiiimi-rcial fertilizers
that are bought at a high figure by our farmers." Professor
Hilgard, of the Universiij of Mississippi, in a lecture before
tlie Marshall Company Industrial Association, stated that " all
the products of our fields, excepting a portion of the feed crops,
ultimately go to serve as food or raiment to man. Hence
man's excrement, rags, paper, and bone, must and do contain the
ingredients withdrawn from our soils ; and were we faithfully
to return all these things in the proper form and in the right
place, we sliould need no guano islands to eke out the deficiency
in the return made in the offal of crops and manure of cattle. '
Prof. J. F. W. Johnstone says of it, " Night soil is the most
valuable of all the solid animal manures. When dry few
other solid manures can be compared with it weight for weight.
Dried night soil is equal to thirty times its bulk of horse
manure. " It is necessary first to establish the value of an
article, or else it is the height of folly to expend labour in
attempts to save it. Therefore, unless we first establish the
value of night-soil as a fertilizer, we should not be prepared to
recommend its saving and use. There are hundreds of
millions of people who till the soil for a livelihood, and whom we
look upon as far beneath us in the scale of progress, enlighten-
ment and civilization. We depend chiefly upon our barn-yards
forourfer ilizers. Thosemillionshave nocattleandnobarn-yarda
aud jet they supply annually sufficient manure to ensure a good

crop. Thesame resource thatthey employ is at our command.
They use it, aud we almost without exception, refuse it. We
have no desire to recommend all the practices of the Chinese
and Japanese, but it may properly be asked whether we may
not learn a valuable lesson from their dihgence in saving
manures ? An important item in their practice is carefully to
save every particle of human excrement with which to fertilize
tlieir lands. As Professor Hilgard has expressed it : " The
Chinese and Japanese save man's excrement to the letter, and
their crops seldom fail : their soils seem to be fresh all the time.
Why cannot we, with all our boasted enlightenment, do as mucli?
It is haid that wiien visite d by friends a failure to leave on the premi-
seseither liquid orsolidexcrement is consdered a great slight, and
therefore the practice is adhered to with the utmost exactness.
This kind of manure is almost their entire dependence ; and
from this source a greater number ot persons are supplied
with food from a given area than are fed from a similar ex-
tent of surface in any other portion of the globe. In the
privy vault is to be found ffecal matter derived from flour,
eggs, beef, cheese, pork, beans, &c., salted and peppered, and
containing all the elements that are calculated to produce
highly nutritious food ; aud since in the case of animals the
value of the manure depends largely upon the food consumed,
how highly valuable must be human faeces which is derived
from such food ! The laws of China, it is said, forbid that
any human excrement or urine should be thrown away ; and
reservoirs are placed in every house, in which they are depo-
sited with the greatest care. No other manure is used in
theii corn-fields. Says Liebig : " If we admit that the liquid
and solid excrements of man amount on an average to b^Tlbs.
in a year, which contain 16.411bs. of nitrogen, this is much
more than is necessary to add to an acre of land in order to
obtain, with the assistance of the nitrogen obtained from the
atmosphere, the richest possible crop every year." Think of
this, ye men who have families containing six or eight indi-
viduals— fertilising in the best possible manner as many acres
— when in all probability the same is at present but poorly
applied, if employed at ail 1 If the fact be so, is it not a
proper subject for consideration ? Let each farmer resolve
that in the future, so far as lies in his power, he will endea-
vour properly to save and economically use all the excrement
of the famiiy, both solid and fluid; and what wealth will be
added to our commtmwealth ! In an Essay upon Manures,
published in the "lona Agricultural Report" for 187^, i»
lound tliis language : '' The economic relations of nightsoil is
one of the most icuportaut questions that demand the atten-
tion of the agriculturist; and not until its importance is fully
appreciated will the exhausted lands of the East regain their
lost fertility, and the steady impoverishment of our western
prairies cease." If the saving and use of human excrement is
the wonderful alchemy by which the deteriorated soils of New
England are to be restored to their original fertility, much
gratitude ought to be felt, and expressed too, towards those
individuals who by experiment or otherwise have discovered
its great value. Waring, in his Book for Young Farmers,
remarks, " Nightsoil, or human excrement, is the best manure
within leacli of the farmer." And so evidence might be ac-
cumulated upon that point from every one who has ever care-
fully husbanded and properly applied this substance as a
fertiliser. It has been estimated that the nightsoil of Eng-
land in the course of a single year is equivalent to 6,000,000
tons of the best guano. Allowing an average of 500lbs. of
solid and liquid excrement to each individual in the United
States, and the population to be 4'0,000,000, we have
10,000,000 tons of this fertilising substance ; and allowing
guano to be twenty times as valuable as the combined solid
and liquid excrements, we should then have fertilising matter
equivalent to 500,000 tons of guano ; but, the population of
the United States being about twice as great as that of Eng-
land, with the same proportionate estimate as for that coun-
try the value of our excrement would be equivalent to
10,000,000 tons of the best guano, even taking our moderate
estimate ; and we are fully satisfied that by its full return to
the soil incalculable advantage would be derived. Having
thus established, as we believe, the value of nightsoil, it only

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

4S1

remains to speak of its saving and use. As before intimated,
the great waste of this valuable substance is owing partially to
its extremely offensive odour wlien fresh, and partially to a
prejudice some have that it affects the quality of whatever is
grown upon it. The first of these objections can be readily
met and provided for by the exercise of a little care, which is
the very thing necessary to retain its luU value ; for with the
ofiensive odours the volatile portions are escaping, and its
strength and value as a fertiliser correspondingly diminishing.
All that is necessary to prevent this is to use deodorisers and
absorbents, of which there are a great number, all etfectual ;
and if freely used, all unpleasantness is speedily removed, so
that the compost, if it may be called such, is as inotfensive as
dry earth alone. Probably the earth-closet system isthemost per-
fect that has yet been devised ; but it is not absolutely necessary
that the earth-closet itself should be used : the application of that
principle in the most convenient manner that is effectual is all
that is required — i. e., an application of dry earth in such
quantities as to fully absorb ail the gases of the urine and un-
pleasant odour is all that is necessary, provided it be so that
it is beyond injury from the weather, raius, &;c. Therefore, if
the privy is to be used, it should be provided with a tight box
or trough to receive all droppings and the application of
earth, which should be made often — in point of fact, every
time the privy is used — and when filled removed to some
place of secure deposit, or else immediately applied to the
land. Or a vault of sufficient size to hold a year's supply
could be constructed of brick and water-cement, and so the
removal of the contents be made at one time. It is well
known that by exposure large quantities of ammonia are al-
lowed to escape, and its value as a fertiliser greatly dimi-
nished. This is more particularly true in the summer mouths
or in warm weather, when decomposition rapidly takes place
and the ammonia in larger qu tntities passes off into the atmo-
sphere than in the winter months. The sulphates are also
dissipated as sulphuretted hydrogen, and the process is so
rapid tliat it only requires a few days to be completed ; there-
fore the necessity of providing some efficient means of pre-
venting this escape can be readily seen. With an ordinary
family, say of five or six persons, some two or three or per-
haps more loads of fertiliser can be made in the course of tlie
year by the use of dry earth, coal ashes, gypsum, and other
substances. And, while the value of the contents of the
privy vault, with all their losses from constant exposure, have
been considered by those who have used them of great value
by adopting the use of absorbents the quantity can be largely
increased, and still the value of the whole be equal to equal
quantities of the pure article subject to exposure. Nash, in
his " Progressive Farmer," has said that " nightsoil should be
removed to the land every spring. Its value as a fertiliser is
greatly increased if mixed with six or eight times its bulk of
dried peat or swamp mud. Its value would be still more in-
creased it this could be added every day, and also a little
plaster. It is valuable for all kinds of grains and grass lands.
In whatever form it is used, it should be spread thinly."
Now, as regards its use, it may be applied to auy growing
crop, but must be used with great care. It is hardly safe to
apply it with the same liberality that might be or is usually
employed in the distribution of other manures. A use of this
manure for some years upon various crops aud upon different
soils has amply proved that a comparatively small quantity
wUl answer equally as good or a better purpose than large
quantities of stable manure. We have used this manure at
the rate of about a pint in the hill for corn, and obtained
equally as good, and sometimes apparently better, results than
from the use of a shovelful of stable or hogyard manure. We
have also used the same upon potatoes, placing a still less
quantity in the hill, and obtained ihe best results. During the
season just past we desired to test two or three new potatoes
which we had obtained, and therefore used this fertiliser
on a small scale, by putting not more than half-a-pint of the
manure in each hill, and upon land too that had not been pre-
viously manured for a long time ; and yet the comparative
result was better than when a shovelful of hog manure was
used upon a field that had been previously heavily manured
for two years for corn. Again, a privy vault used by a tenant
that had been uncared for and wholly exposed for a year was
emptied, and its contents mixed with from five to six times
their bulk of fine chipdirt, and the same being thoroughly
incorporated immediately applied to a field of corn, at the rate
01 about a pint of the mixture to each hill ,aud the corn dropped

directly upon it. The piece was greensward, and had not been
ploughed for many years, nor had it been top dressed further
than the usual droppings of the cattle as they fed upon it in
the fall. The corn where the privy manure was used was
equally as good as where a handful of phosphate had been
used. Had the chip-dirt been applied regularly as the privy
had been used, its value would undoubtedly have been much
greater. We have very often used this upon corn in very
moderate quantities and long since become fully convinced of
its greas value. In some cases our application has been
moderate — very moderate — and yet good results have followed.
In no case has a failure ever attended our use of it.
In fact, we consider it one of the best concentrated fertilizers
that can be employed. Our practice has been to use what
earth, chip-dirt, sods, &c. were at hand, to throw them into
the vault, and then when cleaned out mix it with some three
or four times its bulk of saud, dirt and refuse, and let it stand
a litle time, and then incorporate the same as it is thrown into
the cart. There is no doubt but that it may be profitably applied
as a top-dressing to grass lands, and although we have no
remembrance of having tried it in that way, the effect upon a
spot of meadow where we completed the composting of a heap
and yet scraped up all that was possible, was sutficient to satisfy
us that such an application would be the most satisfactory.
Where earth closets or similar contrivaces are used this
might be the most profitable application that could be made —
spreading the accumulations whenever it becomes necessary
that they should be removed. When this is not desired to be
done it would be well to have a proper place constructed, away
from all exposure to the weather, where the accumulations may
be deposited until required for use. It is no less important
that the urine should also be saved, for it is equally as valuable
as the solid excrement, although even not as much employed as
a fertilizer. The accumulations of the night-chamber are
usually thrown at some convenient point where no benefit is
derived, and yet a cask could be placed in some out of the way
locality in an out-building where all the urine and slops could
be deposited, and as occasion required spread upon some field
uear at hand. All the valuable properties are at once taken
up by the growing plant, the same being in the best possible
condition for being received by it. Another practice which we
have followed to a considerable extent, and one which we
would recommend to all is to furnish a quantity of earth and
compost material, depositing it under cover, and of easy access
where the slops of the house are daily deposited, and absorbed.
When the same is sufficiently saturated it can be removed and
the operation repeated, being careful to have the same fully
prepared before the setting in of winter. Another method is,
instead of placing the absorbent in a pile put it in barrels into
which the urine is to be poured, and which can be emptied as
desired. lu this way a large quantity of valuable material caa
be accumulated. A gentleman who has practised this to some
extent remarked in our hearing that in that way, in the course
of the year, he could make from fifteen to twenty barrels of fer-
tilizer, and that he would rather have barrel for barrel than
superphosphate. Some years since we tried the last-mentioned
method by filling at the commencement of winter a barrel with
coal dust upon which urine was poured until the same was
thoroughly saturated and frosen solid, when it was discontinued.
In the spring the preparation was used to plant corn, by putting
about one pint in the hill, dropping the corn directly upon it.
The result was that hardly aspire of corn made its appearance ;
it had been as thoroughly killed as it would have been with
the same amount of the best guano. The piece was planted
over, howevsr, by striking into the hill with a hoe, dropping in
the corn and again covering. This time the corn came up,
•grew vigorously, and maintained throughout the season
the darkest and richest colour of any corn we ever saw.
This satisfied us as to the great value of urine as a fertilizer.
The past season we tried chip-dirt saturated in this manner,
side by side with superphosphate, with very nearly equal appli-
cations in quantity, and could discover no appreciable difference
in the growth of tlie corn or in the general result; of the two,
that where the urine was used, as in the previous case, was
of a deeper and richer colour while growing. We have for
several years used this material almost wholly in the garden,
and sometimes upon vines in the field, and always with success.
Now if these substances, as we believe has been prwven, do
possess such valuable fertilizing properties, and have in the
past been generally neglected and allowed to go to waste, is it
not high time lliat an economical use be made of them, aud so

452

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

the alledpred deterioration of our soils not only be arrested but
their fertility in a great measure restored ? Is not this better
than to make the excessive expenditures for manures and

commercal fertilizers which are now made ? This is a subject
of the greatest importance to the farmer, and should receive his
careful consideration.

BOROUGHBRIDGE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
FAEM BUILDINGS.

At the annual meeting, Mr. J. D. Dent, Ribstone Hall, in
the cliair, Mr. Fokd read the following paper on the Con-
struction of Farm Buildings.

It will at once be apparent to all connected with the raanage-
ment of land, that there is almost no object of rural economy
more wortliy of care and consideration tliau the judicious
arrangement of the outbuildiiigs and oflices which are necessary
to the successful cultivation aud management ot a farm. There
is so much depending on tliem, that it may be said the farmer's
chances of profit or loss will turn upon their adaptability or
otherwise to the laud he cultivates. And in the present day
ecouoiny of labour is so important an element of the I'arnier's
success, that unless provision be made for effecting it in the
arrangement of buildings, he will find that he runs au unequal
race with his brother agriculturists, who have weil-arrauged
buildings constructed with that care and consideration which
has been given of late years to the proper construction of the
outbuildings of a farm, where convenience of arrangement aud
economy of labour has been duly borne in mind, and regard has
been paid to an effective system of drainage aud ventilation,
crucial points, coupled with improved accommodation, bearing
upon the health and well doing of live stock. There must be
mauy varieties of buildings, suitable, first to the district or
or couutry in which they are erected ; also to the style or
system of farming they are intended to serve, and further to the
proportion of arable and grass laud they are to accummo-
dUe. Dairy farms require their special arrangemen , also
sheep farms, meat-producing farms, and hay farms ; but it
will, I think, be sufficieut for our present purpose to discuss
wiiat are the requirements of a mixed farm of from 300 to 500
acres in extent, in this part of the country, the grass
lind of which is of fair average quality The bite is, of
course, the first consideration, and in choosing
it I do not bind myself to place it in the centre of the larm,
but rather seek a position that is moderately sheltered, that
is dry, where good water can readily be obtained, ahd with
such a natural fall of the ground as will rapidly carry away
all surface and roof water to the nearest watercourse or
tank, and give an easy fall for the manure drainage of the
huildiugs to a well selected spot lor a liquid manure tank
at a little distance away. The site should also be selected
with special reference to making the most of adjacent
converging roads, whether public or farm roads, bearing in
mind that a divergence or unnecessary deviation of a few
hundred yards, though of little moment for a single journey,
magnifies itself into a terrible loss of time and of power
wlien multiplied by all the varied and heavy traflic of a
large farm in a twelvemonth or a course of years. And in
tbese railway days there is a point which should not be
overlooked when arranginging a site for new farm buildings —
I refer to the practicability of introducing a siding on to the
farm ; the nearer the buildings, of course, the better, when it
does not interfere with the working arrangements of the fields.
Such a convenience is so obvious where large holdings have to
be served, that I commend the matter the united interests of
railway compauies, landlords, and tenant-farmers. Just fancy
having your artificial manure, your town manure, your lime
and linseed cake, your coals and variour other bulky
materials, brouglit (so to speak) to your door, while the
corn, stock, wool, &c., would be laden there and then
in tile trucks and run down to the line. Sucli a condition
of things .would surely attain to a farmer's notions of all
earthly bliss, and if I may venture to predict, a system
somewhat akin to this will in favoured and convenient
localities be introduced before we are much older —
for besides other considerations as to economy of labour, &c.,
it will be found that we shall become more dependent upon
the manure of towns and large centres of population in order
to increase the production of our fields, and such valuable aids
as 1 have spoken of would be more eagerly sought alter by
farmers were it not for the immense cost of haulage of such

bulky material for any distance. The site then chosen, the
material is the next consideration, and I need not say that
where stoue is readily available, it is always the preferable
material, as being most durable, warmer in winter, and cooler
in summer. There are large districts, however, where stone can-
not be procured except at great cost by railway. In such case
bricks will usually be found in the neighbourhood, and must ne-
cessarily be employed. It is but poor economy in the erection of
farm buildings by brick to wall too lightly. The main walls, at
any rate, sliould be of substantial thickness ; if not, they be-
come mere shells. The wails rock ; door frames do not hold ;
rats get easily under them ; in fact, they are cold, unsubstantial,
and very undurable. Where boarded floors are laid on the
ground floor, such as in barns, &c., I strongly recommend the
iutervajs between tlie joists being filled in with concrete or
some similar aud elfective substance. It is an eflectual stop
to rats, which olten becoine so great a plague in buildings.
Slates will be found the best roofing material. While on the
subject of material I should not omit to call your attention to
a recent article in the Royal AgricuUural Society's Journal on
''Concerete as abuilding material for farm buildings and cottages."
This concrete it would appearis coii;p.)sed of various materials,
such as gravel, shingle, sand, shells, broken bricks, tiles, and
stones, burnt clay, aud in fact almost any rubbish run together
with lime aud cement into Irames composed of wood and iron,
which when the coucrete has set are reiaoved. The writer,
Mr. G. Hunt, architect and surveyor to the Society, claims for
it great economy, durability, and warmth, aud I must say has,
as I think, made a good case in its favour. The preliminaries,
therelore, of site and material having been decided on, the
arrangement of the buildings becomes the next cousideration,
aud in making suggestions i«r what I believe to be best, it need
not be supposed tliat there is any arbitrary law to be universally
followeii,for to translate an old Latin proverb, we find that " so
many men so mauy opinions," and again " circumstances alter
cases." For a larm, however, of about the size suggested, from
ten tofourteen horses will be required, aud the cart horse stable
should be placed with a south or west aspect — it should open
upon a (old yard, with an end door, opening to the outside of
the buildiugs. ^u all considerations, separate stalls are to be
preferred, which should not be less than six feet wide. I
think brick or stone mangers andiron hecks are best. There
should not be less than eight feet clear trom the staud-posts
to the back wall of the stable. It is a great mistake to cramp
the distance behind the horses. Draught horses are usually
watered at a trough near the stable, and it is often not difficult
to cause a drain or spring to be conducted so as to flow con-
tinually through the trough. Such an arrangement is of great
value about farm buildiugs where the fall of the ground will
admit of it, and may be extended to the houses, or at watering
places in the fields with a little ingenuity. When cart horses
are kept on oats, and you have a granary or corn-store above the
stable (though I prefer the stable to be open to the roof), it is a
convenient arrangement to have them shot down a spout into
the stable, at the end of the spout being a receiving box that can
be regulated to hold just the amount of one feed, and which
works on the same principle as the shot belt ; by tliis means
the horse-keepers are limited to the regulation amount for each
feed. I once saw this arrangement well carried out on tlie
farm of a gentleman in Scotland. Where your grass land is of
such quality that the cattle can all be summer fed, the best
accommodation that can be provided for them in winter is, in
my opinion, a good spacious open told-yard. I do not intend
here to go over the well-beaten ground of controversy as to the
relative merits of open or covered yards. There is a good deal
to be said on both sides, but for wintering cattle that are to be
summer grazed, I should myself prefer open yards with
abundant shed room on the north east sides. Shed room
is not half used in this neighbourhood as in Northumber-
land and the Lothiaus ; indeed, I may say throughout
Scotland, where the sheds are deep and wide, and bricked

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453

np for an opening, and sometimes two openings at either end.
And lately, in looking over some new farm buildings in
Buckirigliarashire, I was struck with theample shed room that
had been provided for the fold j'ards. There is abundant
shelter in such places, and no matter from what quarter the
keen wintry wind may blow, the cattle can protect themselves
from it, while they also afford cover for a large portion of the
manure. In this part of the country the sheds are often not
wider than the length of a beast, and being open from end to
end afford but partial protection from the weather. Such folds
as I have described will probably afford accommodation for
from fifteen to twenty beasts each, which, if not more than half
the roots are to be drawn off, wUl, in all likelihood, be found
Bufficient ; but presuming that a proportion — say one-half of
your stock, is to be winter fed, a different class of accommoda-
tion may be preferable. In that case complete shelter should
be provided, either in the shape of covered yards, or by cattle
boxes, or by stall feeding ; and of these I must give my
preference in favour of the box systsm. A convenient size
for a feeding box is about 10 feet square. In practice I have
found this size amply sufficient, though many persons, and at
one time myself among the number, have Hiought it rather
confined in space. They should be sunk 2^ feet below the
level of the floor, and divided with dwarf walls, 2^ feet higb,
and sparred wooden partitions fixed on the top of tlie walls.
A gangway of sufficient width to allow the passage of a cart
should run down the nJddle with boxes on each side. Feed-
ing troughs are better to slide up and down, so as to go up as
the manure rises. My own are of strong Staffordshire ware,
and I cannot speak too highly of them for cleanliness
and adaptability to the purpose for which they are made.
I do not attach much value to affording a supply of water to
feeding cattle — for with a full supply of roots I have found
they are indifferent to water, in fact do not require it,
though I have frequently tried them — for in my own case I
have a thorough system for the unlimited supply of water to
each box, but the arrangement is of no value, and is never
used. Hay or straw stacks are supplied to some, but these I
do not value. Such fodder is better, and more economically
conveyed to feeding cattle chopped up, and mixed with pulped
roots and meal. A line of rails should run down the gang-
way, on which the feeding truck will travel, and the attendant
will economise labour by first filling the truck, and then
serving out right and left as he proceeds down the gangway.
The boxes will be readily emptied of manure by a cart pro-
ceeding down tha gangway, in at one end and out at the other.
A roomy covered shed is necessary for calves or yearling beasts.
It should be contrived near,in fact adjoining the eart-horse stable,
from which all the waste litter will be thrown, and converted into
manure. Young store cattle freely eat the litter from a
stable. It is impregnated with the salts of urine, and is
relished by them. Where liquid manure is not absorbed by
litter, as in the case of feeding boxes, it should be conveyed
away by a proper system of drainage into tanks. The high
range of buildings composing the straw-barn and granaries
should be placed to the north or north-east for considerations
of shelter, on which aspect also the cart and implement sheds
should face for the purposes of shade. It is a good arrange-
ment to have the principal granary over the cart-shed.
Thus by a trap-door in the floor of the granary much economy
of labour is effected in loading carts with grain, &c. They
are always loaded dry. It is also very convenient for
unloading Unseed cake. As it is not so much the object of
this paper to enumerate all the different requirements of
arm buildings, as to urge on those engaged in or contemplating
their erection, due regard to economy of labour and efliciency
in construction, I need not dwell upon the various adjuncts of
buildings, such as turnip houses, loose boxes, always very useful,
a roomy house of a nondescript character, which may be used
as a receptacle for artificial manure, pot itoes, as a slaughter-
house, or what not. All tli«se conveniences will suggest them-
selves to the designer of buildings, and should be placed so as
to cause the least waste of time in their daily use. Where
steam is used as a motive power, I should prefer a portable
engine to a fixed one. These can now be obtained
available both for thrashing and conveying power
through the buildings for the various grinding mills,
root pulpers, pumps, &c., as also for cultivating the
land. Concluding these remarks, I will venture generally
to summ arise the purposes and requirements of farm build-
ings. They may be regarded in three divisions. First,

as affording convenience for thrashing out and preparing
for market of the grain crops. Secondly, as a manufac-
tory for animal food ; and, thirdly, as a manufactory
for manure; therefore, in planning buildings, these objects
should never be lost sight of, that they have to be effected
with the utmost regard for the economy of labour, that they
be eflGcient in all their parts, that there be no actual waste of
time or power involved in their use, and that the purposes
of each department be subsidiary to the others. Patchwork
buildings, or such as have been made at different times
added to or altered are generally the very worst, for
hardly anything has been done with regard to the general
bearing of one part to another, consequently in such buildings
there is waste of time and of fuel. When cattle are fed under
coyer they feed quickest, and on a less amount of food. The
animal temperature is higher, consequently by the laws of
physiology less food is required to sustain respiration, while
the process of assimilation is quicker, but a pure atmosphere is
an essential part of such a system, consequently ventilation
must be thoroughly regarded in all stables, cow-houses, cattle
sheds, &c., and particularly where feeding animals are housed.
Manure made under cover is, I may venture to say, as good again
as that made in open yard, especially if the buildings and sheds
surrounding the latter are not spouted. Open yards are, however,
suitable enough in certain cases, which have before been speci-
fied, but, as 1 have urged, they should have ample shed accomo-
dation. It will be found in the future history of agriculture
that, inasmuch as a more commercial and business-like arrange-
ment will exist between landlord and tenant, so farm buildings
will have to be so contrived and arranged as that a thorough
system of economy and efficiency may be combined. The
manufacturer plans his mill with anxious care ; and while a
recognised system exists for the erection and arrangement of
all factories, there are those at work with hand and brain who
are ever introducing modifications, improvements, and labour-
saving novelties — so in farm buildings there should be no diver-
sity of arrangement, but the various parts should be so fitted
and arranged that in their relation one to another there should
be no waste, either of time or of tissue. The whole arrange-
ment of farm buildings, as of so many other things, should be
summed up in two words,— viz., " Efficiency and Economy."

Mr. Scott, the Vice-Chairman, inquired of Mr. Ford
what he considered should be the outlay per acre upon farm
buildings.

Mr. Ford, in reply, stated that it was generally understood
the farm buildings ought to cost from £7 to £8 per acre, and
the house from £4 to £5 per acre.

The Tice-Chairma.n was of opinion that the accoramoda-
tion spoken of by Mr. Ford could not be obtained for £7 or £8
per acre when the box system was carried out.

Mr. Ford said that for a 400 acres farm proper farm-build-
ings would cost £3,200, which was no doubt a large sum.

The Vice-Chairman remarked that the amount was serious,
and he thought that £10 per acre was sufficient, including cost
of farm buildings and residence.

Mr. Ford said that farm buildings at a large cost were only
put up by proprietors, and sometimes the expense was as much,
as £20 per acre. Improvement in the arrangement of build-
ings was required with a view to the saving of time and
labour.

Mr. Jacob Smith thought that at the present day they
could do with fewer farm buildings than were formerly required,
inasmuch as they could sooner dispose of their corn, and were
not obliged to hold or store it. To keep it a long time on
hand was not advantageous to farmers, and frequently in-
volved them in pecuniary loss. In erecting farm buildings he
should in the first instance put down a good barn, simply for
straw, and so build it that he could place his stacks near to
it, and have his steam-engine close by for thrashing purposes.
He would have no corn barn. For grazing purposes he
thought that fold yards with shedding were the most convenient.
Instead of making fold yards capable of holding from 25 to
30 beasts, he would divide them into three or four, and place
about ten beasts in each. By that plan nearly double the
beasts could be accommodated in the same space. A large and
well-ventilatedcart-horsestable wasalsoindispensable. The price
of horses was now very high, and therefore it was the more
important to attend to their health by giving them thorough
ventilation, a good barn, a good fold-yard, and a good stable.

454

THE FARMEE'S MAGAZINE.

The Chairman inquired of Mr. Scott if he conld give them
any information as to adapting old buildings to the modern re-
quirements of farming .

The ViCE-CHAiRMAa.in reply, said that the profits of farm-
ing were now so small that they would not allow much outlay
upon farm buildings, and that as a rule the proprietor ouglit
to confine his outlay to £10 per acre. Beyond tliat an ex-
penditure was not profitable or warranted, except in extra-
ordinary cases. His opinion was different to that of Mr. Smith
as regarded barns, as he would have no barn at all. He
would, however, have a stack shed, and a small space ex-
clusively for the dressing of corn. Broad sheds were much
more preferable to those which were narrow and lofty, and a
turnip-house he thouglit quite unneccessary, because when a
house was used for that purpose he believed there were more
decayed turnips than when they were stored in a pie outside.
The cart-horse stable ought to be coramodiou»v and it was im-
portant that it should be open up to the roof without any hay-
loft or chamber above it. He produced a very compact plan
of a farmstead under one roof, and equal to a farm of two
hundred acres,, two-thirds of it being arable, at the estimated
cost of £1,500.

Mr. Benmett said that he agreed generally with the re-
marks made by Mr. Ford in his paper, and also with the views
of Mr. Smith. He should like to ask Mr. Scott why he ob-
jected to a turnip-house, because it was a convenience which
farmers required for preventing turnips getting wet and frosted
in winter, when they were not so good for the cattle.

The Rev. R. D. Owen said from what Mr. Smith had stated
about a straw-barn it appeared that he attaciied importance to
the straw being placed under cover directly after being thrashed,
but from what the Vice-Chairman had observed it seemed to be
a matter of indifference whether the straw was placed under
cover or not.

The Vice-Chairman said that he would have a covered
shed, hut open all round.

The Chairman again said that he should like to have the
views of those present on the adaptation of old farm buildings
to the requirements of modern agriculture. There were a lot
of farm buildings now in existence which were not of a cha-
racter suited to the wants of the present day, but they could
not afford to pull them down and erect new ones in their
place, and therefore what was required was to adapt them, as
far as it could be done, to the necessities of the present day.
He had been a few days previously in the Eist Riding, and
was struck with the paucity and poverty of the sheds iu the
fold yards, these sheds being of such a character as he was
sure they would not like to build. These sheds belonged to his
father, and on looking atthe valuation papershe found the build-
ings described as being well adapted to the farm, a fact showing
what great improvements had been effected up to the present
day. He agreed with Mr. Smith that it was not wise to have
enormous fold yards, but to divide them into convenient sizes,
because if they had all the beasts together the weaker animals
were sure to be sent to the wall by the stronger, and conse-
quently were prevented from obtaining their proper quantity
of food. He thought, too, that they were all agreed about the
cart-horse stable, namely, that the old fashion of having the
granary or hayloft above was as bad an arrangement as could
possibly be. They were all of one opinion as to the de-
sirably of having plenty of room and ventilation. He did not
agree with the sugjjestion of having no turnip-house, as in
rainy and dirty weather they would be awkwardly placed with-
out such convenience. Theartof farming, moreespecially modern
farming, was in the breeding, to keep their animals going from
the time of the birth until they arrived at the point when
they were fit for transfer to the butcher. An abundance of
warm accommodation was therefore necessary, in order that
they might get their calves forward, and keep them constantly
progressing, so that at as early a period as possible the butcher
could take them. He was opposed to the old system of stack-
ing grain and keeping it for a long time without bringing it into
market, fully agreeing with the maxim that " small profits and
quick returns" was the best policy. There was one point to
which Mr. Ford did not allude, and that was the necessity of
having good soft-water tanks, which were very valuable for
buildings. The idea of railway sidings running upon farms
was no doubt desirable where such a thiag was possible, but
unfortunately there was not one farm in fifty which had the
advantage of being skirted by a line of railway. It was a
point whether it would not be a convenience to have outlying

farm buildings. By this means they would so arrange matters
that each portion of a farm would obtain its proper share of
manure. This was desirable for some farms especially, as it
lessened farm labour.

Mr. Ford, in replying to some of the observations made in
reference to his paper, said that he was glad to find that they
were not at issue on many occasions, and that they had dealt
so leniently with him. In feeding beasts Mr. Smith had stated
that he preferred covered sheds to boxes, and he would ask
him why ? His experience taught him that there was no
system so admirable as feeding beasts upon the bos system,
because every beast got his proper share of food, and they
were not disturbed or annoyed by other animals. Box manure
was also a great assistance to land. When the cattle had had
plenty of cake and corn, the effect of the manure could be
seen to a yard upon the land to which it was applied. He was
surprised to hear Mr. Scott say that he did not see the use of
turnip-houses where they could store turnips for a fortnight
or more in frosty and bad wether. In his opinion turnip-
houses were very useful. Small fold yards were undoubtedly good,
and he agreed with Mr. Smith in liis respect, and as an ex-
ample of the right thing he referred to the cattle courts in the
Lothians, which would just hold eight beasts each. A soft-
water tank was a very great acquisition to a farm.

The Chaik,ma.v said that Mr. Montague was building a
arge number of Dutch barns for his tenants, and stated that the
late Mr. Thompson had one at Kirby.

The Vice-Chairman said that he was a great advocate for
Dutch barns, having put up two himself, and he believed that
even if built by the tenant they would more than repay the
cost. The fair way, however, was for the landlord to find the
posts and the tenant to put on the roof. He did not want to be
misunderstood as to a turnip-house. He thought that a far-
mer ought to be ashamed of himself if his turnips were not
all stored before Christmas, but at the same time he maintained
that turnips could be better stored in pies out of doors than
in a building, and when so collected they could be taken direct
to the pulping house.

The Chairman said that he agreed with Mr. Scott that
turnips could he better stored inside than outside, but he still
thought it was well to have a place to hold two or three days'
stock. In this country too little attention was paid to the
harvesting of roots. Good roots were grown, but he was often
surprised to see excellent swedes not harvested before frosts
set in. As to pulping turnips farmers generally had not come
to that.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES (ANIMALS) ACT.— At the
Suffolk Quarter Sessions, held at Bury St. Edmunds, Colonel
Wilson, chairman of the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Com-
mittee, called attention to the enormous expense of carrying
out the regulations of the Privy Council, and the follow-
ing resolution was adopted : " This court begs again to call
the attention of the Privy Council to the great expense in-
curred by the county in consequence of the compulsory
slaughter of animals affected with pneumonia, amounting to no
less than £219 since the issue of the Order of Council on
the 2nd August, 1873 ; whereas the experiments recently made
by Professor Simonds tend to prove that this disease does not
extend the area of its existence by any of the ordinary means
which cause the spread of infectious diseases. Without going
so far as to siy that pneumonia is not infectious, this court
would suggest that in the present state of doubt on the subject
slaughter should be discontinued and perfect isolation insisted
upon."

PUBLIC MATTERS AND PRIVATE INTERESTS.—
Quoting Mr. Hurchings as to Chambers of Agriculture being of
no use to farmers, a correspondent of Tlie Western Times says :
" I have not been so plain as thnt, because I did not care to have
it thought I had got upon a hobby and was pleased at riding it
hard. But I predicted this result as soon as I saw the ' Con-
stitution' of the Central Chamber nine years ago. The force
of public opinion caused some formal alteration to be made in
this ' Constitution' five years ago : but its worst features —
the private interests that were involved in its authorities^
remained practically the same. Any pretence in regard to the
real object for which the Central Chamber was formed in
1865, when tenant-farmers were in a state of scare about
the cattle plague, is, as Mr. Hutchings says, merely ' a delu-
sion and a snare !' "

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

455

HEXHAM FARMER S' CLUB.

PARM BUILDINGS.

At the first meetinfr of the session, the President, Captain
Nicholson, in the chair, Mr. J. Dawson, veterinary surgeon,
Corbridge, read the Ibllowing paper on the constructfon
of farm buildings in reference to the health of stock :

Tlie paper I purpose reading before you to-day is,
as announced, " The construction of our fajm build-
ings with a due regard to the health of our domestic
animals." Little doubt can exist as to the importance of the
subject, especially in these times of enhanced prices of all our
domestic animals. The farm onsteads, buildings, and sheds
are, in this country, with few exceptions, to ray mind quite
inadequate for the requirements and maintenance of our stock
as regards their health, which is much to be regretted, for
although they might be much improved with alterations,
such, at the best, would only be patch-work, and therefore in-
complete, but nevertheless desirable wheie modern, well-
designed buildings cannot be obtained. The question arises,
Why should such alterations and more perfect buildings be con-
structed ? Simply because they do not meet the requirements of
keeping stock in a healthy state. These wants I will endeavour
to set forth before we consider the plan ot constructing the
buildings. At the Social Science Congress, held in Glasgow
this year. Dr. Playfair reminds us that air is, of all things, the
most familiar to us, and the one most forced on our observation.
He says to breathe is our first act of life, to be unable to respire
in the last act, which is followed by death. We all know the fact ;
the reason I quote it is the plain 'and graphic way it is men-
tioned. It is the same in domestic animals as in man, and to
have that air in the most pure form is undoubtedly tiie most
important part of our present subject. Years ago our army
horses, from improper housing and want of pure air, were de-
stroyed by hundreds every year, owing to the baneful disease
called elanders, and suffered much otherwise in the respiratory
organs and diseases of the eyes. Professional and eminent
veterinary surgeons stated that the mortality amongst the
horses of the French cavalry prior to the year 1836 amounted
from 180 to 197 per thousand per annum, whereas during
the succeeding years, after the stables had been enlarged, and
the rations of air consequently increased, the death rate fell
to sixty-eight per thousand- and in some instances where the
ventilation was further increased, the diminution in the
mortality was still greater. Mr. Wilkinson, principal veterinary
surgeon to Her Majesty's forces, states that the number of
deaths among the English cavalry horses, which was formerly
considerable, is now dimished by superior accommodations to
twenty per thousand per annum, and of this half arises from acci-
dents and incurable diseases. The same authority states that
under the improved system glanders and farcy have almost en-
tirely disappeared. To the testimony of these gentlemen we
may add that of M. Moulin, who imf'orms us that during the
Italian war 10,000 horses were kept in buildings externally
open to the air instead of enclosed stables, and that scarcely
any horses were sick, also that there occurred only one case of
glanders ; and, quoting from the editor of The North British
Advertiser, " Now, it must be borne in mind, that the absence
of vigour observed in animals dwelling in stables insufficiently
supplied with fresh air, as well as disease arising from imper-
fect ventilation, are only in part due to the imperfect provision
usually made lor the escape of the narcotic carbonic acid and
other products of respiration. Probably the ciiief mischief
arises in badly arranged stables from the irritating ammonia
yielded by decomposing urine, and the still more noxious, and
at present less tangible, products of the putrefaction of fsecal
and other organic matters." The above information given by
these eminent veterinary surgeons we cannot dispute, as it is
founded upon facts, as the statistics of the death rate in the dif-
ferent countries since the improvement took place, which are
plainly set forth for our guidance and practice. In my humble
experience in different parts of England and abroad, I can
fully endorse the facts supplied by those gentlemen whom I
have just quoted, and more especially M. Moulin's, for in the
midland counties of England the work or draught horses are
for the most part of the year kept in an open yard, and are
BJngularly free from respiratory diseases. When they do occur,

the animals are more amenable to treatment than others that
are confined in that part of England. However, in our northern
counties, we require to have our domestic animals housed for
a considerable portion of the year, and that, I urge, ought
to be done with the greatest regard to health. Owing to the
altered and artificial state in which we feel ourselves bound to
have them placed, the changes in temperature, which very
frequently occur at all seasons of the year, ought to guide us
as much as possible with regard to the amount of ventilation
requisite. It is scarcely necessary for me to observe that in
summer, when the thermometer is ranging from 70 to 100
degrees Fahrenheit, the ventilation cannot be supplied in
excess, if it does not in its ingress from excessive motion
cause a draught upon the animal, which drawback can easily
be avoided by a proper adjustment of the ventilating process.
When the atmosphere surrounaing indicates to us heat in
excess, we then know that our animals housed require a much
larger volume of air, owing to its rarity caused by that heat
in excess, and it is well known to everyone that heat much
heightened means chemical action much increased. At the same
time the chemistry of nature is at all times active at ordinary
temperature, and heat being the chief chemical agent increases
that action, just in proportion to its increase of temperature
and the products of respiration, the urine and faecal matters
being highly charged with nitrogenous substances, or in other
words, with materials which have a great affinity to combine with
the oxygen of the air, and wlien that combination is complete
the newly-formed product is an offensive gas, which is inhaled
or taken into the lungs of the animals confined within that
building if a provision is not before made for the egress or out-
let of that noxious gas. Noxious it is because it carbornises or
poisons the blood more or less according to its density and
confinement, and the length of time the animals are subject to
such a dangerous influence. I have myself seen many deaths
occur in horses from narcotised lungs, or whose blood has
been under the action of those gases in extremes and for a long
period of time. When it does not produce death it produces
debility, varying in degree, and regulated by circumstances too
numerous to mention. If such are facts you will, I conceive,
very readily coincide with my views on the great importance
of ventilation, which has by most of us been too much
neglected. We may neglect it, but we cannot ignore the facts
which such neglect produces and entails. It is a fact which
ordinary or elementary chemistry enables us to comprehend
aud avoid, for, without fear of contradiction, if
we with our vision could perceive the changes that
are taking place in the atmosphere surrounding us
in confinement or where ventilation is not complete — if we
could give colour to the air to illustrate those injurious
changes which take place in buildings overcrowded, it
would rivet the importance of the subject more firmly upon
our minds. In the treatment of many diseases of our
domestic animals the surface of the body is and ought to be
protected from the chilling effect of air surrounding ; that
can be done with proper clothing, and, if needs be, with heat
supplied artificially, and even then a current of fresh air is
necessary. Prom many years' experience and observation I
am led to the conclusion that many of the diseases that periodi-
cally prevail in stock with variable severity, heightened or
lessened by the vicissitudes of a changeable climate, are, to a
very great extent, spontaneously induced, and beyond a
doubt aggravated by a deplorable want of proper house
accommodation. The condition of horses and cattle in
towns ought to have our special consideration, owing to
their concentrated condition, and the teeming mass of animal
life immediately surrounding, and the myriads of obstructions
to a free flow of pure air. There other are necessaries essen-
tially co-existing which ought to be and can be well supplied
in properly built stables and cow sheds — viz., an ample amount
of transmitted light, a subdued reflected light, a plentiful
supply of pure water, without which no animals can be kept
in health ; it enters largely into the composition of the
blood and carries the more solid and potential nutritious sub-
stances into that living stream, indeed it forms by far the

456

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

largest portion of the assimilated product of nutrition ;
therefore to have water of a proper kind fresh and plenti-
fully supplied not only for food purposes hut for cleanliness
as well. I desire you particularly to bear in mind that no
Tentilation or disinfection can be successfully carried out in
any building or cattle-shed of any kind where a due regard to
cleanliness is not observed. Trusting that I have in the
remarks before mentioned humbly endeavoured to set forth and
point out a great necessity for an improved and better con-
struction of stables, cattle-sheds, &c., I will now try to show
how that can be, or at least ought to be brought about. In
the first place, stables and other houses tor cattle ought to be
near to the farmer's dwelling, so that the farmer and his attend-
ants can have short and easy access to attend to the require-
ments of the different kinds of stock kept upon the place.
The most eligible site ought to be chosen for the building —
that is, the soundest space obtainable ought to be secured,
hsving always in view the necessity to have an ample space of
ground as well, for the deposits whicli jare required outside.
That fised upon and secured, the front of the buiidiug should
have a southern aspect. Then in the first place sufficiently
drain the ground with common tiles pretty deep, to allow room
for a sunk foundation. Then suppose tlie farm-building to be
36 yards in length by 10 yards broad, forming the
figure of a parallelogram, with an addition behind ,as shown in
tlie pencilled rough ground-plan of a hay and straw store, in
front of these store cliarabers a corridor or feeding-passage
should be carried along the whole length of the inside walls.
Then on referring to the plan you will observe small doors or
openings into the stalls about 2^ feet square, 3 feet up from
the floor-level, so that the food can be put into the
rack and manger without going into the box or stall at all.
The water should be conveyed in an iron pipe under the feeding-
passage the whole leugth of the building, with small branches
off coming into the receptacle for the water, which is placed on
a level with the rack and manger, with a small tap to turn on
or off as required, and with a plug at the most depending part of
the water-pan to let off and clean ths pan for a fresh supply.
You will also observe doors leading from the feeding passage
into the stable. In the stable or interior of the building you
will observe harness-room, loose boxes and stalls : loose boxes
about 10 feet square, and stalls about 9 feet long by 6 wide.
At the front you will observe a sufficiency of doors and
windows. The ground floor at the base of the entire building to
be well cemented, with suitable ciiannels on the surface
of tlie floor leading from the stalls into a main channel
behind ; all of which to be well guarded with inlaced iron
grating. The large or main channel to convey the urine and
water which is used to cleanse the stable through the wall, as
yon can see by the plan, into a suitable receptacle outside the
building. It is a very common practice to have sewers or
drains and other receptacles inside the stable with a view to
convey the liquids below the surface a considerable distance
outside, which plan I do not consider to be good. On the
game sheet is given as, you will perceive, a rough plan of the
elevation of stables, &c., showing louvre boarding and pillars
placed pqui-distant from each other, supporting a suitable sealed
roof, well fixed upon the side-wall stone-work, with openings
througli the ceilings into the small interspace, then tbrougli
the roof, guarded by a ducket shaped louvre-boarded exit.
The side- wall stone-work to be at least 10 feet from
the floor to the pillars supporting the ceiled roof; the
stone pillars at proper distances, about 1 foot 6 inches
high, the louvre boards filling up the interspaces all round
about the eaves of the side-wall stone-work ; the louvre-
boardine at the eaves to be opened or shut by a jointed iron
cranked handle to fasten upon pivots, extending from a longi-
tudinal bar, extending from pillar to pillar on all sides
of the building. These boards I consider to be the very
best Liode of ventilating farm stables and other out-buildings;
they art much on the principle of Venetiau blinds, and can be,
by easy manipulation, well opened or partly opened, or if
necessary, closed i/i tofo, sufficiently to meet the requirements
of stormy tempests, which occasionally blow from all the four
quarters. The gases formed in stables rise from ttie ground-
floor to the highest part of the interior, and through the
boards the foul air has ample room to flow into the atmos-
phere outside, admitting at the same time equivalents of
fresh air, which circulate throughout the whole of the in-
terior, again to be rejected and replenished ad libiiiim ; then
again the boards iorming the ducats on the roof aid and

operate on the same principle in summer time. End doors and
openings from the feeding passage can be opened if requsite,
but it would be rarely necessary to do so with well arranged
boards. Some of the windows could if wanted be opened
occasionally, which would readily supply a sufficiency of
air pure as nature sends it forth from without. The height of
side walls at present existing in very many stables is very
much too low ; no proper ventilation can in them be carried
out. Severe draughts are numerous enough in most of them;
others have scarcely any excepting in parts which require re-
pair. Air in excessive motion coming in direct contact with
the stock is not desirable but injurious, therefore we require
to have high side- walls and ample louvre-boarding in order
to subdue the currents previous to coming in contact with
the stock below. Currents, of course, we require, but not
to have our stock tied to the stake and submit to the blast of
a north-east wind for an indefinite period. Air admitted in a
high building at the eaves blends mildly with air below,
and therefore comes in contact with animals on the ground-
floor in an agreeable way ; consequently I submit to you
that until our farm buildings are heightpund, until our
hay and straw lofts have become merely recollections of the
past, and convenient modern structures made in the place of
them, we can have no complete ventilation, but must make
shift in the primitive style, although limited improvements
might be accomplished. Droppings from the floors might, with
great benefit, be more frequently removed to a suitable deposit ;
a spare Siatteriug of disinfecting powder would grace the
floors. McDougall's, for instance, is well-known to be most
agreeable, useful, and effective in every way ; it is more-
over to be obtained at a very small cost. During the time of
plagues or epizootics of any kind disinfectants are iudispensable ;
they go liand-in-hand witli the great scavengers of nature; they
seize hold of, arrest, and destroy the germs of disease; they
modify and render ueutral floating materials which do otherwise
injure or destroy animal life, caused by what we terra infection.
They also effect the same most desirable object witk substances
which we can more easily recognise — viz., the animal
poisons in a visible and more solid form, which come in direct
contact with the body, which is termed contagion. Now if
we can, as set forth, seize, destroy, and cause to be neutral the
most subtle and destructive animal poisons, by having our
farm onsteads brought under a great sanitary reform, which I
maintain can be done in these days, and especially in the
northern counties of England where so many landlords possess
large stores of wealth, and are desirous materially to assist
laudable agricultural pursuits, I think you will on that
ground think as I do — viz., that it will be a great step in a
good direction, and a boon devoutly to be wished, when we
have seen accomplished a great revolution and stride in
advance in the construction of our dwellings for the lower
animals. In the foregoing remarks I have endeavoured to
point out in a brief manner apparent deficiencies in farm build-
ings, have given a rough plan in which is a principle shown
which I consider to be an improvement, and can be modified
and altered according to existing requirements. Such are my
views on the subject, and I most respectfully beg to be favoured
with yours, as we can achieve more in a discussion on the sub-
ject than we can in the mere reading of a paper, thanking you
all most cordially for the very patient hearing you have betn
pleased to give me.

Mr. G. C. Grei had very little to say except to corroborate
by experience what had been stated in the paper. He knew
perfectly well, whether amongst the lower animals or human
beings, they could not have too much fresh air, and, as Mr.
Dawson had properly said, they wanted that fresh air similar
to what they got it outside, and tliat vrithout bringing the
animal into violent contact with a current of air. Many people
let no air into their houses, because they were afraid of
draughts ; sometimes they opened their windows a few iuches
only, just a little to let the impure air out. His house, as they
knew, stood on the edge of a steep bank, where it was
generally blowing a gale, yet he opened his windows and doors
wide, but he did not call that a draught, and he did not get
any cold from it. He wrote with his windows open, and he
had to have a lot of weights to keep his papers down.
If they sat with their window only two or three inches open,
the result would be they would got cold or a stiff neck.
Animals also were apt to take cold when they were pampered
with having too little ventilation. They should so arrange
their ventilation, as had been pointed out, as to have it well up

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

4.- 7

above, to have plenty of it in all directions, so as to hiive an
abuQilance of fresii air, jsut the same as outside to the animals,
and they would not get cold, as the animal's skin or coat of
hair, particularly among cattle, would assimilate it-
self to the air, and so adapt itself to tlie season of
tiie year. To leave them outside they did not fatten
so well, as much food was lost in providing heat-
ing material for the animal itself. In houses often
cattle sweat a great deal, and they thus lost substance, and did
not fatten so fast, but if they kept the houses thoroughly ven-
tilated the animal's coat would get adapted to tiie season of
the year, and animals throve better when not exposed to
drenching showers of rain and to cold, biting frosts, particu-
larly in tiie early hours of the morning. That was the ad-
vantage of housing, but he saw a great disadvantage in housing
in keeping animals of any kind too warm. He thought he
need not enter into tlie scientific part of the subject ; that had
already been sufficiently gone into by Mr. Dawson. For
either animals or grown-up people the greater amount of fresh
air they got into their houses tiie better. If many of them
would sleep with their doors and windows open they would
be healthier and stronger, and they would enjoy better health.
He had gone into cottages and heard tlie people complain
about the windows not fitting close, and about a drauglit
coming in at the door, and he had seen .the crevices of the
window pasted up and sand-bags laid at the door, so as to
exclude all air, as tlie old woman told him "it was done for
fear of the bairns catching cold." lie told her to put her
children to bed, and then open the dours and windows, and
try that during tlie nest winter, and they would never catcli
cold. Unfortunately he was supposed to be prejudiced, and
these people imagined because lie lived in a more comfortable
house he preached what he did not practise. He slept all
night with the windows of his room open, and the windows of
most of the sleeping rooms over which he had any control
were open during the night.

The Chairman said that the very least they could do was
to pass a vote of thanks to Mr. Dawson for his very excellent
paper. It was excellent in two senses — it was very lucidly
and very plainly expressed, at it was interesting in its matter.
He did not think that any subject discussed by this Cub was
really of more benefit th;m this one, because whatever the
nature of a farm a man had under his care he must necessarily
have buildings, lie must have buildings, and if badly con-
structed he will necessarily suffer. As it had been clearly
shown in the paper, the first object in view was to put up
buildings capable of giving protection against the effects of
climate — to exclude cold and rain. That was the first object
in view, and were it not for that, as Mr. Grey had pointed out,
animals might be better left outride altogether. It was a very
simple matter to attain the end so far as protection was con-
cerned against cold and wet, but it was not easy to apply this
so as to secure those conditions which were necessary to tiie
maintenance of health. It was only by carrying out such
suggestions as those made by Mr. Dawson which would enable
a practical man to have good useful building on his farm. It
would take up too much time to enter into the matter of the
operation of those foods which are intended to be burnt in
the process of respiration. In fact, what went on in the body of
the animal was strie'ly analogous to what they saw happen-
ing in the fire which was before them. The important thing
here to be remembered was that the fattening which they were
so anxious to accomplish in animals intended for sale was
neither more nor less than the storeing of fuel in the system
for future use. The buildings, therefore, which had more im-
mediate reference to animals undergoing this process of fatten-
ing, must be warm and comfortable. There must at the same
time be a proper admission of air, not by making a hole through
which it would blow upon tiie animal, but in such a way tliat
it «ould fall nicely and gently upon it. This could be done
by putting in perforated zinc, or some other appliance by
whicli the current of air would be divided as it entered. Having
got the fresh air in they must take care to get that out whicli
was really and truly deteriorated. In the process of breathing
oxygen was abstracted from the air ; but in doing that the
animal sent off something similar to the smoke which was
going from the fire. If the air so used, as Mr. Dawson re-
marked, were coloured in a like way it would be much better
as they would see and know its condition. The carbonic acid
gas that was given off was deleterious to the animal, and they
must have a place for its escape. They must admit the air

at the lower part — the air being he^ivier when cold, and
allow the vitiated air to escape at the upper openings. That
was unquestionably the correct principle. In conclusion, the
chairman proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. Dawson for his
excellent paper, to which he was sure they had listened
with great pleasure.

Mr. GiiEY was much inclined to agree with Mr.
Dawson that in this age when there was such a great rage
for sanitary drainage they had carried the system of fine
drainage too far. He considered that an open channel was
much safer than a close drain. An open channel in a stable
could be swept out, and with the use ot a little disinfectant
kept clean and sweet. If the sewerage drains were under-
ground and were not properly trapped — and trapping was a
difficult thing — they might calculate on an accumulation of
gases in that drain of a most injurious character, and which
by some action of the wind might be driven up iuto the
stable or byre or wherever it might be. He remembered
seeing a stable in the Midland Counties, with a ground like a
cattle box, and the old gentleman to whom it belonged took
him into it, and remarked to liira that it was well ventilated
and a sweet stable. It was the forenoon and the horses were
out working; it was, indeed, sweet, and he began feeling
under his feet. He said "Where's the pavement ? " The
old gentleman called to one of his men to bring a fork, and
he dug a hole, perhaps 18 or 20 inches deep, when it steamed
up and filled the place with steam. He remarked tliat it was
cleaned out once in four or five weeks, that disinfectants were
used, and when the horse came in it was sweet and clean. A
little fresh straw was used each time, and he could not wish
to have a stable kept cleaner or sweeter. The owner told him
that he was never troubled with his horses. In the Midland
Counties they had great rough-heeled horses, and yet he told
him he had never anything bad or wrong with their heels,
their eyes, or their lungs — that they were perfeatly healthy.
The ammonia was confined ; they did not smell it until it was
stirred up. He took a farm, and he had a stable on it at
the corner of the buildings ; the door was from the interior,
and it had two windows. He was told that one or two horses
had gone blind that had been kept in it, and that it would be
necessary to build a new stable or he would never be able to
keep his horses healthy. He went into the stable next morn-
ing after it had been swept and cleaned out, and it made his
eyes water. There was no ventilation, and he had at once
three great holes made in the walls until the mason could
come and make them properly. Although the horses regu-
larly went blind in this stable, yet after he broke these holes
in it none of the horses which he put in it ever ailed any-
thing.

The Chairman thought there was a necessity for having
more light in stables. What Mr. Grey had referred to was
easily understood. Ammonia was an alkali, and might be
fixed by means of any acid. The air of many stables was
literally loaded with ammonia, but a little acid of some kind
put into a pail of water and thrown on the floor would fix it.
These acids they must bear in mind were very destructive,
but a few drops put iuto a pail of water could be used with
perfect safety.

The vote of thanks was carried unanimously, and acknow-
ledged by Mr. Dawson.

DEATH OF MR. N. G. BARTHROPP.— The death h
announced of this well-known agriculturist on November llth,
at Great Yarmouth, aged 60. Mr. Barthropp had retired for
some years from his farm at Cretingham Rookery, in Suffolk,
where he was especially famous for his breed of Suffolk horsf s,
including such Royal prize-winners as Newcastle Captain,
Cretingham Hero, and Man of Kent. Of late years he was
more seen about as a judge, and at Bedford, as it struck us, he
looked very weary towards the end of a long, hard day's
work amongst the cart-horses. Mr. Barthropp had for many
years been a member of the Council of the Royal Agricultural
Society, as at one time on the Committee of the London
Farmers' Club, and of course always a leading man on the direc-
tion of the Suffolk Agricultural Association. A kind-hearted,
genial gentleman, there are none who really knew him but
will sincerely mourn the loss of " Nat Barthropp" — as they
called him about home.

G G

438

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

THE SCOTTISH AND ENGLISH CHAMBERS OF AGRICULTURE.

Oa Tuesday, November 3rd, there was a meeting of
the English Chamber of Agriculture in London, and on
Tuesday, November 10th, there was a meeting of the
Scottish Chamber of Agriculture in Edinburgh ; as it
may be not altogether unprofitable to compare the action
and position of these two societies. A landlord is about
to retire from presideucy of the English Chamber, to be
succeeded in turn by a nobleman : a practical farmei
has just delivered his retiring address from the chair of
the Scottish Chamber, which is now filled by another
recognised agriculturist. At the last general meeting of
the English Chamber an auditor reported that an ex-
amination of the accounts showed that the Chamber could
pay something over ten shillings in the pound : at the last
general meeting of the Scottish Chamber the treasurer's
statement showed that the Chamber had a surplus of
available property. The ofBce of the English Chamber
is a letter-bos stowed away in a corner of an hotel, and
its meetings are held in a room hired by the day : the
Scottish Chamber has a Chamber, and its meetings are
held in its own Ilall. The English Chamber has com-
monly discursive discussions, ending in irresolute reso-
lutions : the Scottish Chamber appears to conduct its
business with method, as its resolutions pretty generally
speak to the point.

And here, as we take it, is the main difference between
the principles and progress of the two societies : the one
is an independent body, and the other is not. In every
way the better one acts for itself, as the other courts an
unwholesome patronage. But we draw this comparison
with a purpose. The leading agricultural question in
England just at present is Tenant-Right, and at an early
meeting of the Council the English Chamber promises to
" consider the reports and summary schedules on
agricultural customs presented by the Committee on
Unexhausted Improvements, and the proposals of that
Committee towards legislation." The Tenant-Right
cry is of later growth in Scotland, but nevertheless
we shall venture to offer as something of an example
to the English Chamber what was said and done
the other day on this subject in Edinburgh. The
chairman of the Scottish Chamber went directly for
legislation : " As to compensation for tenants' improve-
ments, the law as it now stands gives him no right to
compensation. The improvements created by a tenant's
skill, capital, and industry are in substance and in
practice, though not in law, the property of the tenant
who makes them," and so forth. And the Scottish
Chamber, on the motion of Mr. George Hope, " approves
of the principles expressed by the chairman in relation
to compensation for unexhausted improvements." The
whole debate, in fact, as sustained by Mr. Hope and
others, is full of good bold argument clearly put ; while the
local committees recommend that the Chamber should
have the laws altered so as to give " complete security to
capital invested by tenant-farmers " — That " there is a
growing dissatisfaction amongst farmers as to the opera-
tion of the land-tenancy laws, more especially to the want
of provision being made whereby compensation should be
given for all permanent improvements and unexhausted
manures " — That " this meeting (Kincardineshire) urge
the Chamber, while steadily using all efforts to obtain the
repeal of the law of hypothec and such modifications of
the Game-laws as may be obtainable, to concentrate its
chief efforts upon obtaining from Parliament a measure
to legalise Tenant-Eight." We will say nothing here as
to the abolition of English Hypothec, from which of course

we suffer in a certain degree, or as to any necessity
for modifying the Game-laws on this side of the Border ;
but rather confine ourselves to the question before us.
Will the Central Chamber of Agriculture concentrate its
chief efforts upon obtaining from Parliament a measure to
legalise Tenant-Right ? Will it at the February meeting
encourage its members to speak out as they did in
Edinburgh ? and will it bring forward resolutions such as
those which we have quoted ? If it can, and if the ship is
to swim, the sooner the summary schedules and customs'
reports are tlirown overboard the better. They are little
better than lumber.

Even in Scotland where the subject is not so familiar
as in England, these fiddling summaries and district
reports are dispensed with, and the Chambers go directly
for the principle. A difficulty, however, with our nor-
thern brethren is that they are apt to speak only of
Tenant-Right in connection with a lease, whereas with
us the application is made more to shorter terms, as in
Lincolnshire, liie example district, there are no leases
where the principle prevails. A case in Scotland has
served to give more especial point to this view : a tenant
towards the close of a long lease was made to believe
that he would go on again, and accordingly continued to
farm highly up to the very close of his lerm ; when he
and his landlord could not agree as to the amount of
rent to be paid for the future, and the occupier had to
leave the farm and his unexhausted improvements with-
out any consideration for thera. Now it is very manifest
here that until Tenant-Right becomes law no man must
rest content with any " make-believe" as to his remain-
ing in possession. Where the land has been well farmed
the tenant at the end of twenty years or so will naturally
expect a rise in his rent, as it must be his duty to himself
and his family to ascertain precisely what this will be
before he determines on his course of action for the last
few years. A man in such a position has some opportunity
of getting his own again, whereas the yearly holder has
little or none. In fact, in the case referred to the tenant
was prepared to give more, but not so much as was
eventually demanded, and he found, wheu too late, that he
relied too nmcli on that "mutually good understanding,"
which implies so much and means so little. From the
days since The Times'' Commissioners travelled the country
a very common answer to any claim for a generally re-
cognised Tenant-Right was the citation of the Scotch
lease, while we have always maintained that principle
was required alike for a lease and a yearly agreement.
Still, under the longer term the tenant should be able in
a measure to take care of himself, as his " notice"
follows on no mere whim or misunderstanding, but he
knows for years previously what is coming, and against
this it is his business to provide. And of this some of
the factors in Scotland are making the most, as a meeting
held at Inverness durins; last week will serve to show.

THE CENTRAL CHAMBER OF
AGRICULTURE.

A Council meeting was held on Tuesday, Novcmbei 3, at the
Salisbury Hotel ; the chairman for the year, Mr. G. F. Mvintz,
presiding.

The preliminary business included the election of Mr. J.
K. Fowler and Mr. J. S. Gardiner, to supply the vacancies in
the Council arising from the death of Mr. Webb and the resig-
nation of Mr. Hodsoll.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

459

Mr. A. Pell, M.P., presented the Report of the Lociil
Taxatiou Committee, which was taken as read, being as
follows :

Since the Committee presented tlieii" last Annual Eeport,
the General Election, to which they then alluded as
imminent, has taken place, and to the question of Local Taxa-
tion prominence was universally accorded by candidates
and constituencies throughout the kingdom. Mr. Gladstone
himself, in his address announcing the dissolution of
Parliament, declared the relief of the ratepayer from excep-
tional burdens to 1)8 the foremost item of his futui'e financial
policy, admitting that the time had come at length when " A
further portion of thecharges hitherto borne by real and immo-
vable property should, withjudicions accompanying arrange-
ments be placed upon pi-operty generally." With the new
Parliament came a new Ministry. The Committee then thought
it right to oi'ganise, without delay, a ceputation from the
Central and Associated C'liambers of Agriculture, in order to
bring the grievance whicli they had so long complained of
under the notice of the Prime Minister. This deputation was
received by Mr. Disraeli on the 23rd of March last. It
strongly ui'ged that the prcssino- questions of Local Taxation
and Local Government should receive the earliest attention
of the new Cabinet, and especially that eifect should, as soon
as possible, be given to the resolution of the late Parliament
as to the relief of ratepayers from peculiarly Imperial
charges. The reply given by the Premier was unmistakable.
He unhesitatingly expressed his concurrence in the views
ailvocated by the Committee, and emphatically declared that
" a system of i-aising taxation for general purposes from
one particular kmd of property involves as great a violation
of justice as can well be conceived." He recalled to mind
his own previous eiforts to effect areform of the present system,
and reminding those present of the active support which their
cause had already received from nearly every member of the
new Government, he assured them that, short as was the time
allowed for maturing comprehensive measures, their
grievance would at once be anxiously considered in reviewing
the financial position of the country. The Chancellor of the
Exchequer subsequently redeemed the promises thus made,
by according to Local Taxation Reform the chief place in his
financial proposals, declaring it to be in the opinion of her
Majesty's Government " upon the whole, the subject of the
highest national interest at the jiresent time." He proceeded
formally to acknowledge the truth of three distinct grievances
complained of by the ratepayers and persistently urged by
the Committee. These were — the employment of local rates
in discharging Imperial duties, the exemption of many
classes of property from biu-dens borne for the benefit of all
kinds of property, and the faulty systems of local adminis-
tration now existing. Admitting the impracticaVnlity of
offering on that occasion a comprehensive scheme of redress,
Sir Stafford Northcote gave an assurance for the immediate
future of a wide and general treatment of a question which,
more than any other, now demanded a thoi-ough solution.
He, meantime, announced that some relief would at once be
granted in the direction contemplated by the resolution of
Sir Massey Lopes, and projiosed to apply a portion of the
surplus in alleviation of the charges on ratepayers for
lunatics and police. The concessions made, although not
affording complete redi-ess, will yet be received with satis-
faction as a step in the right direction, important alike as
regards the princijjle involved and the progress in Local
Taxation Reform. The annual amount surrendered on this
occasion by the Imperial Revenue does not, it will be
remembered, reach the total of over £2,000,WX), which the
late Parliament, in assenting to Sir Massey Lopes' resolution,
appeared fuUy prepared even then to sanction. 'While the
increased taxation which the intervening period has brought
on ratepayers must now, of course, be held to have still
further enhanced their claims for relief. The Committee are,
however, willing to await the promised devolopment of the
Ijruiciples adopted by tho Government in the belief that next
session wiU afford an opportunity for the necessary recon-
structive legislation. But they are naturally gratified to find
that the steps already taken are universally approved of.
The capitation grant of fom' shillings per week towards the
maintenance of pauper lunatics, and the doubled subvention
towards the cost of the police, are both remedial measures of
which everj' ratepayer will feel the benefit ; while all possi-
bihty of extravagance in administration is avoided hy the
form in which relief is granted, and by the stringent
control of the central authority. The impartiality with
which, as the Committee have invariably asserted, town
and country will alike benefit by relief thus
given has been conspicuously demonstrated on this occa-
sion; and the knowledge that each class of ratepayer will
be relieved precisely in proportion to the relative pres-
sure of his national burdens cannot but help forward the j
cause of reform. During the past session the fruit of the
steady resistance offered by the committee to rate-imposing
measures was ai^paront in the limited introduction of bills
proposing to mcrease local burdens. Five measures only
aflfecting ratepayers demanded the opposition of the com-

mittee, viz. : (1) Tho Elementary Education (Compulsory
Attendance) Bill (defeated). (2) The Prison Ministers Bill
(dropped). (3) The Municipal Boroughs Auditors and As-
pessorsBill (dropped). (4) The Municipal Corporation Disposi-
tion of Penalties (icitkdrawu) . (5) Tho Registration of Births
and Deaths (objection removed). The Elementary Education
(Compulsory Attendance) Bill involved a great extension of
the charges imposed upon ratepayers by the Education Act
of 1870, in proposing to make everywhere compulsory the
formation of School Boards. New liabilities on account of
national education have always been resisted by the com-
mittee, who wish to draw attention to the severity of the
pressure already entailed by School Boards, especially in
rural districts, as shown byrecentofficial returns. Resistance
was therefore offered to the present measure, and the com-
mittee are glad to be able to report its emphatic rejection by
a majority of 320 to 156, or more than two to one. 'The Prison
Ministers Bill reproduced the proposal to enable the Home
Secretary to appoint in certain cases, even in opposition to
the opinion of the local prison authority, a rate-paid prison
official. Notice of opposition was at once given to this bill,
its progress was arrested and ultimately dropped without
obtaining a second reading. The Municipal Boroughs
(Auditors and Assessors) Bill, relating to the election of
Borough Auditors, was opposed by the committee as calcu-
lated to lessen the interest properly attaching to the duties
of then- office. The second reading of this bill afforded an
opportunity for raising the qvrestion of the insufficiency of
the system of audit now existing. On the motion of the
chairman a Select Committee of the House of Commons was
appointed to investigate the anomalies and inconveniences
pointed out in the debate. The evidence given before the
Select Committee disclosed serious defects in the pi-esent
system, and will be the means of attracting attention to the
want of a really effective audit. The bill itself was dropped
before the close of the session. The Municipal Corporation
(Disposition of Penalties) Bill proposed to enable Boroughs
having no quarter sessions, but possessing magistrates and
police, to apply to their own uses penalties there levied. The
practical effect of this change being prejud icial to county rate-
payers, who would thus have to keep Borough prisoners
without the aid of Borough fines, it was objected to by the
Committee. In order to meet any existing difficulty and at
the same time to protect county rateyaycrs from this hard-
ship, amendments were proposed making boroughs diverting
their fines to theh- own purposes liable to contribute other-
wise to the maintenance of their prisoners in county gaols.
This proposal not being, however, accepted by the promoters
of the bill, the measure was itself withdraw n. The Regis-
tration of Births and Deaths Bill, introduced by the govern-
ment, aimed at the improvement of the present system by
incrcdsing the stringency of the existing law. The measure
contained, however, a proposal to increase to a small extent
the payments now made to registrars out of the local rates.
On this point it necesssarily encountered the opposition of
the Committee. In consequence of the objection thus raised,
the President of tho Local Government Board undertook to
avoid the threatened increase in the rate-borne costs of regis-
tration by providing from the Exchequer the increased pay-
ments required. The resistance offered by the Committee was
therefore relinquished, although the proposal afforded their
Chairman an opportunity of calling the attention of
Parliament to the anomaly involved in continuing
as a charge on local rates any portion what-
ever of an outlay essentially national, and regulated in
amount by central authority. Besides measures necessitat-
ing ojiposition, the attention of the Committee was directed
diu'ing the past session to three other bills, viz. : (1) The
Sanitary Laws Amendment Bill (passed), (i) The Juries
Bill (u-iihdrau-})). (3) The Friendly Societies Bill (wifhdraum) .
The Sanitary Laws Amendment Bill dealt chiefly with amend-
ments in points of detail of the Pubhc Health Act of 1872,
with reference to the constitution, election, borrowing
powers, duties, and rights of Local Sanitary Authorities in
particular cases. The Committee did not oppose this mea-
sm'c, since it entailed no new charges on ratepayers, whilst
on the contrary it contained one provision viewed by them
with considerable satisfaction, as carrj-ing out to some ex-
tent an improvement of administrative detail which they
have long advocated. The n-regularity of the dates at which
local authorities close their financial years has been formerly
animadverted on by the Committee. This is by the present
bill stopped in the case of local boards, and a fm-ther step
has thus been taken towards facilitating that general and
complete statement of local receipts and expenditure for a
single coincident jjeriod of twelve months which the Com-
mittee have endeavoured to obtain. The Juries Bill of this
session, luilike that of last, proposed to furnish from the Im-
perial Exchequer remiuieration to overseers for their trouble
in jjroparing the jm-y lists. Objection, however, arose on
the part of the Treasuiy to the form of the provision thus
made in the bill, and no amendments having been agreed
to which would have removed this obstacle without burden-
ing the local rates, the measure was ultimately, in conse-
quence of the pressrtre of business, withdrawn. The Friend .

G g2

460

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

Societies Bill, founded on the report recently issued liy the
commission, although withdra%ni soon after "its introduction
by the Government, will probably re-appear next session.
The discussion of the proposals it contained seems, however,
to the Committee eminently desirable, as local taxpayers are
intimately concerned in the stability and character of these
societies. Two other Bills were passed this session, which
called for the warmest approval of the Conunittee. These
were: (1) The Police Force Expenses Bill (ixumed). (2) The
Bating Bill (^jassfiO- The Police Force Expenses Bill was
the necessary seciuel of the financial proposals of the Govern-
raent with reference to the police subvention. It simply
suspended imtil September next the statutory limitation
which up to this time has restricted the Government grant to
one-fom-th of the expense of pay and clothing. The Treasury
were thus enabled to double during the ])resent year the sub-
vention to which local authorities were entitled. No pro-
portion of the cost is by this bill finally substituted for the
quarter hitherto paid, and this fact may be construed as
indicating the intention of the Government to deal more
generally and definitely with the question of police in the
ensuing session. Ratepayers may thus view a larger con-
tribution on the part of the Government, if not the entire
transference of the cost of the force to the Imperial
Exchequer as within reach. The latter course appears to the
Committee by far the most satisfactory solution of the points
involved, as well on grounds of justice to the ratepayers, as
with a view to gi'eater efficiency and economy in police ad-
ministration. The Rating Bill of the present Government,
resembled in its object that brought in by Mr. Stansfeld in
the previous session. By its passing into law that extension
of the rating area to mines, woods, and game which has
been one of the minor points aimed at by Chambers of Agri-
culture from their earliest foundation, has been at length
achieved. The Committee were glad to be able to aiford
the present measure a support which they could not so
fully give to Mr. Stansfeld's bill. Although the aims of
both measures were similar, it will be remembered that
opposition was necessarily provoked last year by the
position then accorded to the proposed extension of the
rateable area. AVhile this was offered before, and in place
of general relief, the BUI gave a perpetual exemption
from rates to moveable property, for which no compen-
sation whatever had been ofiered to ratepayers. From
these objections the Bill introduced by Mr. Sclater Booth
and Mr. C. S. Read was entirely free. It was pre-
ceded by an unequivocal acknowledgment by her Majesty's
ministers of the chief grievance of which ratepayers com-
plained. It was accompanied by some definite relief to rate-
payers in respect of charges of peculiarly national import.
It contained those directions as to the mode ot assessing the
new subjects of rating wanting in the former measure ; and
it made no attempt to 'obliterate from the Statute-book all
, record of ancient common obligations, or prejudge the general
question of the relative liability of diflferent descriptions of
property. The case of the localities which have suffered by
the exemption from rating of properties occupied by the
Government was not dealt with in the bill, relief having been
given more simply by a direct vote in Parliament to meet
local liabilities in respect of Crown property. On the whole,
therefore, the committee are of opinion that the rating act of
this session will be cordially welcomed by ratepayers, as re-
moving anomalies and conferring benefits, which, although
necessarily of somewhat local and limited application, are yet
founded on the principle so long insisted upon that no descrip-
tion of property should be permitted to escape common obli-
gations. Since the session closed the final report of the
Judicature Commission has directed special attention to the
proposal to appoint public prosecutors. The salaries of such
officials, it is presumed by the Committee, could be in no case
charged on the local rates, and the propriety of the proposi-
tion is therefore open to discussion on its own merits. The
relation of the subject to that of the costs of criminal prose-
cutions, and the proposal of the late Government to connect
the direct payment of these costs by the Treasury with a
system of public prosecutors, has necessarily drawn the atten-
tion of the Committee to the matter. Whatever course be
taken by her Majesty's ministers on this point, whether a
more or less complete system of official prosecutors be insti-
tuted, the committee earnestly trust that the occasion will be
seized for putting an end to the abuses to which they have
so frequently called attention. If, indeed, the entire cost of
the administration of justice be not wholly transferred, as it
ought to be, to general ta.xation, the Committee cannot doubt
that steps will at all events be taken at once by the Home
Secretary effectually to stop the irregular re-imposition on the
rates of charges long ago declared to be imperial, and formally
assumed by the State. In their last annual report the com-
mittee referred to certain returns of local receipts and ex-
penditure ordered on the motion of their present chairman, of
which they were then expecting the publication. That re-
lating to the nature of the audit in each class of local autho-
rity contains much useful information, and has been
embodied in the last report of the Local Government Board.
The analysis of receipts and expenditure will also prove

valuable in showing in a form not otherwise available the
sources of income, and objects of expenditure of all rate-
disbursing authorities with which alone it deals. Unfortu-
nately it is far from perfect in its details. The heading pre-
fixed by the Local Government Board differs from the terms
of the order. The receipts and expenditures of School Boards
have been omitted, and the imperfect form of the accounts of
some local authorities have prevented it being as instructive
as could be desired. The figures given in the retm-n are for
the year ending Lady-day, 1872, in which a sum of £18, 034,803
was levied bj' rates. The Committee ti'ust that the return for
1873 may be more complete than the one they have referred
to, but although ordered on the same occasion it has not yet
been issued. The figures, are, however, sufficient to show
that the local rates have increased 80 per cent, in the last
twenty j'ears, and are now £2,000,000 higher than the amount
at which Mr. Goschen estimated them in 1868. The annual
poor-rate return for the year 1873 exhibits a decrease in the
amount of relief given to the poor, attributable to the unpre-
cedented prosperity of the countrj' and to stricter administra-
tion. Still, however, the poor-rate levied has in spite of this
reduction increased. In the past decade, indeed, while the
cost of pauperism is but 18 per cent, higher, the demand on
the poor-rate of county, police, and borough authorities has
increased by 46 per cent., the cost of lunatics by 56 per cent.,
and the miscellaneous and unclassified expenditure which
recent legislation has imposed on the poor-rate by nearly
100 per cent. The county and borough rate returns
for 1873 are now available in advance of the general
accounts of that year, and show an increase of £140,000
in the cost of police and lunatics. In spite of a smaller
contribution from imperial sources the expense of admiais-
tering justice is also greater than in 1872. Through an
error in the county-rate abstract as published by the
Local Government Board an apparent decline is incorrectly
shown. The Committee regret to find official statistics still
defective in such cases as this, though the blunders to which
they called attention in these Returns while under the Home
Office have been removed, and they have been much im-
proved by the Department now superintendmg their issue.
Some of the statistics also furnished by the Education
Department present very defective results from inaccuracies
in their form or then- preparation. Enough remains, how-
ever, to show the severity of the charges for education newly
imposed on ratepayers. Although the chief work of the
School Boards has been in large towns, the country districts
have suffered most heavily by the rates thus required, 9d. in
the pound or more having been found necessary in twenty
different rural parishes, while in forty-five other country
parishes from 6d. to 9d. has been levied, and a rate of 3d.
has been reached or exceeded in about half of the whole
number of parishes urban and rural, in which Boards e.xist
The Adulteration of Food Act appears likely to increase the
liabilities of ratepayers for an object of common interest to
the entire community. The appointment of public analj^sts
has already entailed considerably enhanced expenditure in
different districts, and the Committee would suggest that
the operation of the Act should be very carefully watched
The consideration of reform in Local Government will con-*
tinue to demand the care and investigation of the Local Tax-
ation Committee. The irregularity of existing divisions, the
confusion of jurisdiction, and the multiplication of authorities,
are all evils for which a remedy is urgently demanded. A
proper classification of local and imperial duties should, in
their opinion, be followed by a careful imjuny as to the areas,
constitution, and duties of the local governing bodies, so as
o ensure not only efficient representation to the local taxpayer,
but wise and economic administration. It will be the
Committee's duty especially to lose noopportuuity of pressing
on the Government the need for the further legislation which
has been promised. The entire consideration of the method
in which the costs of administering justice shall in futui-e be
borne has, it must be remembered, only been temporarily
postponed, Parliament having voted this expense to be
distinctly national. The Committee will especially, therefore,
bear in mind the necessity of secui-ing further just and ad-
mittedly due concessions under this head in the direction
already adopted by her Majesty's Ciovernment ; and while
the promises of the Chancellor of the Exchequer with
reference to the possibility of ultimately handing over to
local authorities some branch of the general revenue will have
to be steadfastly kept in view, every means of increasing the
resources of local authorities and diminishmg then' sole reli-
ance on the rates must be attentively regarded. This course
is particularly to be desired in view of the increasing attention
now being directed to Educational and Sanitary matters, all
envolving heaA-y local expenditure, while the necessity for
prompt and general road legislation points in the same direc-
tion. The gradual abohtion of Turnpike Tolls continues to
prejudice rateisayer's position. It is needful, therefore, to
resist additional rites on this account, and to secure (if in
some form or another tolls cannot be maintained) that by the
appropriation of some local source of revenue the users of
the highways should equitably contribute to their main-
tenance'

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

461

Mr. Peli, n.oved tliat tlie Report Le received.
Sir George JE^^KI^■soN, M.P., for one, could not accept
the report without discussion.

Mr.CoERANCE did not regard the remission already obtained
altogether satisfactory, as so small a portion of it had been
applied in relief of rural ratepayers.

It was stated that only the reception and circulation of the

report would be asked, and a motion to tliis effect was agreed to.

Captain Craigie presented the Report of the Committee on

A Government Department of Agriculture, which was as

follows :

The Committee appointed by the Council on the 14th April,
1874, to consider tlie Isest means of giving effect to the views
of the Council with reference to a Government Department
for Agriculture, and who were instructed to confer with the
Association of Chambers of Commerce with reference to
their proposal for a Minister of Agriculture and Commerce,
have agreed to the following Report : 1. Your Committee are
of opinion that the duties ot a separate and consolidated
Agricultural Department of the Government should embrace
all matters specially alfecting agriculture, now dealt with by
■various Government offices, and that they should specialty
include: A. All supervision connected with the importation,
transit, traffic, and diseases of live stock. B. All supervision
necessary for arterial land drainage and in connection with
Commissions of Sewers and Emb.ankments. C. The duties
now discharged by the Copyhold Title and Enclosure Com-
mission. D. The collection, tabulation, and publication of
agricultural statistics and corn returns. 2. Your Committee
consider that a separate department charged with these
duties should be presided over by a Parliamentary Secretary.
3. Your Committee having proceeded to confer with the
Association of Chambei's of Commerce on their proposals,
arranged a meeting on the 1th June, 187-1, when Mr. Sampson
Lloyd, M.P., chairman of the Association of Chambers of
Commerce, Mr. H. W. Uipley, M.P., Mr. John Whitwell,
M.P., Mr. Moore, of Plymouth, and Mr. Hawkes, of Bir-
mingham, on the part of the Chamber.s of Commerce, met
and discussed the points at issue with Mr. G. F. Muntz,
chairman of the Central Chamber of Agriculture, Mr. Gcerge
Storer, M.P., Mr. H. P. Price, Captain Craigie, and Mr. J.
Algernon Clarke, on the part of your Committee. Your
Committee, as the result of the conference, are of opinion that
the combined interests of agriculture and commerce would
be materially advanced by the creation of a new Ministry
enrbracing two separate and distinct departments, each pre-
sided over by a Parliamentary Secretary, and each possessing
separate and i^ermanent official staffs — the one department
dealing exclusively with agricultural and the other with
commercial matters. In such a case the duties now belong-
ing to the Board of Trade might conveniently devolve on a
new commercial department. Your Committee further re-
commend to the Council that they should request a mcHiber
of Parliament representing agricultural interests to bring
before Parliament early next session a resolution affirming
the expediency of creating such a Ministry of Agriculture and
Commerce ; and they suggest any member of Parliament
undertaking this duly should be "requested to concert with
the Chairman of the Association of Chambers of Commerce
as to the form of resolution to be projiosed and the best time
for its introduction.

Mr. Stoker, M.P., said the Business Committee
having regard to tlie fact that the question was a compara-
tively new one, had simply suggested that the Report should
be received on that occasion, in order that it might be sub-
mitted to the local Chambers of Agriculture with a view to its
being discussed at a future meeting. They felt that agri-
culture had not received for many years past, and did not uow
receive, that degree of attention from the Stats which from its
importance it deserved. The commercial community seemed
to hold a similar opinion with regard to their own affairs,
and the result was tliat there liad been united action in re-
ference to that question. He had now to ask them to receive
the Report with a view to future discussion ; and this was
agreed to.

The next subject on the agenda being " Highway Legis-
lation,"

The Chairman entered into a statement in reference to the
course which bad been pursued with the view of ascertaining
tlie opinion of the Associated Chambers on the most important
questions included in that subject. From a circular before the
meeting, dated September 29, it appeared that the following
questions were addressed to those bodies: 1. Is an entire
re-organisation of our road system in England, including the
managf ment and maintenance of turnpikes and highways, de-
sirable ? 2. Is a reclassification of all roads needed ? 3. How
many difl'erent classes of roads should be established under a
new system ? 4. How should the funds be raised, and from

what sources, for the maintenance of each class of road ?
5. AVhat should be the constitution of the governing body of
the whole or of any one class of roads ? Alter giving a statis-
tical statement in reference to the answers received to these
questions, the Chairman said the Business Committee had not
expected that there would be anything like such a majority as
there was in favour of district boards. The resolutions now
to be submitted on that subject were, he intimated, based on
the balance of opinion on the different points found in the
replies ; and he added that although the Business Committee
had embodied the views expressed in the resolutions now to be
considered, yet they lelt themselves individually at^ liberty to
take any course that they might think proper on that occasion.
In conclusion, he stated that, liaving heard that there liad beeu
legislation recently in the Isle of Man in reference to high-
ways, he wrote in his official capacity to the Chairman of the
Highway Board there for information on that subject, and he
rend the reply, in which it was stated that the duties paid for
wine and spirit licences were appropriated to the maintenance
of the highways.

After some discussion as to the order in which the resolu-
tious should be taken, Mr. C. S. Read, M. P., having expressed
the opinion that No. 6 sliould be taken first, as it raised the
important question whether or not highway districts sliould be
made compulsory, and it having been arranged, as was under-
stood, that No. 6 should be taken second,

Mr. G. Whitaker-Wilson moved the first resolution of
the series on the Agenda, viz. : " That in the opinion of this
Council a re-organisation of the road system of England is
urgently required." It was, he observed, very desirable that
the local Chambers should send as definite answers as possible
to all questions addressed to them by the Council of the
Ceutral Chamber ; but many of the answers received in the
present instance were so vague that it was very difficult to
determine what was meant. Nothing had surprised hira more
than the preponderance of opinion in favour of making the adop-
tion of highway districts compulsory (Hear). He was not at all
prepared for that, nor was he prepared to support such a view ;
and lie thought the Chairman was quite right in claiming for
the members of the Business Committee the right to adopt
personally whatever course they pleased at that meeting.
Mr. Anthony seconded the resolution.
Mr. Corran(;e said he felt bound to ask himself what
would be the ulterior consequences of adopting the resolutions
now submitted. That question was not a party one. There
had always been a number of persons in the Legislature who
were in favour of the extension of highway districts. The
questton was first taken up in Parliament by Mr. Knatchbnll-
llugessen as a member of the late Government, and it was
handed over by him to the present Government. He (Mr.
Corrance) would say nothing about the intentions of the pre-
sent Government, because he did not at all know what they
were (laughter) ; but the object of the late Government was to
establish a compulsory system of highway districts. So long
as the burden of maintaining roads was cast on parishes the
voice of complaint was sure to be heard, but he supposed it
was thought that when the ar-^a of the burden became ex-
tended the combustion would not be so great (laughter). If
they committed themselves to the propositions before them,
where would the matter end? The Government would then
ignore complaints from different localities, and deal with the
question in what was, he believed, called " a comprehensive
manner" (laughter). He wanted to know what course the
Government would pursue if the resolutions on the Agenda
were passed, lie saw some members of the Government
present, including one who had raised himself to his present
position by the proofs which he had given of capacity, and who
was well able to answer any questions which might be put to
hira. He would now move as an amendment ; "That before
we commit ourselves to any direct condemnation of the pre-
sent system, it is expedient that we should kuow what are the
views of her Majesty's Government on this question."

Mr. Hicks seconded the amendment, observing that the
Cambridgeshire Chamber, which he represented, had passed
unanimously a resolution to the effect that the best principle
for maintaining the roads of this couiitry was the old common-
law principle of parochial responsibility.

Mr. Read, M.P., said, having been so pointedly referred to
by his friend Mr. Corrance, he begged to say that he did not
attend that meeting as the Secretary of the Local Govern-
ment Board, or even as a member of Parliament (Hear, hear).

462

THE FAEMEE'S MAGAZINE.

He was Chairmau of the Norfolk Chamlicr of Agriciiltjre,
and he was present on that occasion simply and solely as a
member of that Council. He should not betray any Govern-
ment secrets, for the best of ail reasons — namely, that he did
not know any (laughter). He was a very harmless individual
as regarded Cabinet secrets, but he would do what he could in
his private capacity to resist the establishment of a compulsory
system of highway districts (Hear, hear).

On a show of hands the amendment was negatived, and the
original resolution was then adopted.

The meeting being then about to consider the sixth resolu-
tion, declaring, " tiiat the system of highway districts should
be made compulsory," &e.

Mr. D. Lo>"G contended that all the resolutions ought to
be taken in the order in which they were placed by the Busi-
ness Committee.

Mr. T. WiLLSOX having moved, and Mr. T. J. Aukos
seconded, the foregoing resolution,

Lord Hamptox said he thought that, as a rule, the ar-
rangements made by the Business Committee should be ttriclly
adhered to, great inconvenience being involved in a contrary
course.

Sir G. jENKtxsoN, M.P., then formally moved that reso-
lution No. 2 be taken next.

Mr. D. Long seconded the amendment.

On a show of hands there were 22 for the amendment and
the same number against it. The Chairman having given his
casting vote in favour of the amendment, declared it to be
carried.

Mr. Gardiner then moved, " That in the opinion of this
Council all roads should be distinguished as ' First-class' and
' Second-class' roads respectively." He maintained that, under
the existing system it was almost impossible to carry on'high-
way legislation beneficially. There were two classes of roads
in the rural districts ; one consisting of old highway roads,
and other roads on which traffic was concentrated, and the
other of roads which existed for the convenience of people
living in the parish ; and they should, in his opinion, be clas-
sified in the manner that he now proposed. Such a classi-
fication would tend to enable them to obtain imperial assist-
ance for the maintenance of the first class of roads. No one
could suppose that the Legislature would ever consent to aid in
the maintenance of the second class of roads, but for the first,
which might legitimately be demanded.

Sir G. Jenkinson, M.P., in seconding the resolution, said
he thought the division of roads into two classes very im-
portant, and in his opinion the disturnpiked roads ought to be
included in the first class.

Mr. BiDDELL believed that the proposed classification would
tend to perpetuate existing evils. He was strongly of opinion
that all roads ought to be under one management, and that the
cost should be a district instead of a parochial matter. He
was quite aware that the present highway enactments rs-
quired material alterations (Hear, liear), and his observations
depended partly upon a moaification of them.

The Chairman said he wished to put it to the meeting at
that stage of the proceedings whether they thought that the
liaviug two classes of roads would necessarily involve the
having two governments (Loud cries of " No, no").

Mr. WiLBRAiiAM Egerton, M.P., remarked that there
vrere 850 local boards in the country — boards most of which
had entered into various contracts, aud it was impossible to
deal with that question properly without considering their
position.

Lord Hajipton thought they had better confine their at-
tention to the question actually before them (Hear, hear).

Mr. A. Pell, M.P., said it would almost appear as if a good
road was to be a road along which a carriage might travel, and
a bad road one which was only fit for a dung-cart (laughter).

Mr. T. LucKHAM proposed an amendment to the eflect that
there should be only one class of roads, basing his proposal
chiefiy on the ground that having separate classes of roads
would involve the necessity of having separate accounts. For
want of uniformity of management he had himself, he remarked,
as chairman of a highway board, every month to go through
72 sets of accounts instead of one.

Mr. D. Long seconded the amendment.

Mr. G. Whitaker- Wilson argued that there must be two
classes of roads. It was necessary to have wider roads in the
neighbourhood of a market town than elsewhere.

Mr. Yelland supported the resolution.

Jlr. Arkell observed that the public had as much right to
travel over the parish roads as over others. He was in favour
of having only one class.

Mr. Maseen remarked' that one of the chief sources of
expense was supervision, and if there were two classes of roada
the expense of supervision must be doubled.

Mr. LiPSCOMBE said it seemed to have been overlooked that
turupike trusts were expiring all over the country — a fact
which had a material bearing on the question under discussion.
The greater part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, with which
he was connected, was now under the Local Government
Board, and they were not particularly anxious to take in hand
expiring trusts.

The Chairm.vn observed that thsy were not then on the
question of turupike trusts (Hear, hear).

Mr. LiSP(;oMBE 'proceeded to say that he was strongly iu
favour of their maintaining their authority over parish roads,
while he thouglit the cost of the main arterial roads ong'it
not to fall entirely on the ratepayers. It was agaiu'^t
all experience that bye-roads should be kept iu as good condi-
tion as main or turnpike roads (" No, no").

Professor BuNi) said there always had been tvvo classes of
roads iu this country ('' No, no"), and if they did not maintain
such a division they would lose their claim upon the Govern-
ment for assistance.

Mr. Anthony observed that if there were two classe.s of
roads there must be tvvo establishments to manage them.
(" No, no").

Mr. Adkins supported the amendmeut.

Loid Hampton said according to his view of the matter
good bye-roads were quite as essential to the public conveni-
ence as good highways. Then came the question — and it ap-
peared to him that their function as a council was to deal
with that question — in what way the object could be secured
on the most economical principles. It struck him that if they
had only one class of roads they would have greater unity and
greater simplicity of management than could be secured in
any other way. On the other hand, he thought that the hav-
ing two classes of roads would almost of necessity involve
the having two systems of management (" No, no"). At all
events he was in favour of having only one class of roads,
and iu his opinion that \yould prove the best for all con-
cerned,

Mr. Head, M.P. said, it appeared that all who were
strongly in lavour of having only one class of roads had made
up their minds in favour of higliway districts (" No"). If
they had compulsory highway districts, and a general assess-
ment as well, they might have but one class of roads. With-
out a general assessment nothing could be more iniquitous
than to perpetuate the present system of throwing the main-
tenance of the arterial thoroughfares of the kingdom upon
the parishes.

Mr. ScoTSON thought there should be only one class of
roads, with county management and a county rate to keep all
the public roads in proper order,

Mr. Storer, M.P., said he wasinfavour of having a system
of highway districts combined with a small contribution from
the Imperial Exchequer.

Mr. Paget, M.P., thought that on the whole the balance
of argument was in favour of having first and second-class
roads, but he thought it should be clearly understood that
that division could not involve a separate system of manage-
ment.

Sir G. Jenkinson, M.P., said his idea was that there should
he one class of roads partly maintained by the Government
and another class maintained by means of district rates. He
had no desire to see two systems of management.

Jlr. H. Neild said as regarded the question from wiiat
sources the rofids were to be supported, he believed that any
expectation of assistance fronr the Consolidated Fund was a
forlorn hope (laughter).

3Ir. Jabez Turner said the question now seemed to be
whether the adoption of tlie amendment would involve the
giving up all idea of obtaining Government aid. It was not
to be supposed that any government would grant a subvention
for the common parochial highways of the country. In his
opinion they must either abaudon the hope of getting assist-
ance from the Government, or they muit adhere to tlie present
natural subdivision of roads.

Mr. A. Peel, M.P., said both the Chambers to which he be-
longed in the Midland Counties had decided in favour of hav-

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

463

ing but oue class of roads, and on that point lie agreed witli
them most thoroughly. All that had been said about having
two classes of roads and only one management was illu-
sory. Whether it was the Government or the magistrates who
entrusted loual bodies with money tliey would accompany it
with control. What lay behind the whole of that question
was the desire of the Chamber to get a subsidy from the Go-
vernment, and it seemed to be felt that they could get a sub-
sidy for oue class of roads and not for another. Under the
system contended for the roads would be divided into two
classes, one the inaoadamised roads, the other the macadani-
nable roads (laughter).

Mr. TuRNEK (Kent) said they had just been told that the
expectation cf getting assistance from the Government for
roads was a forlorn hope, "Weil, let tlieiu have even a forlorn
hope rather than no hope at all. If they had only one class
of roads they would not have the least chance of obtaining
Government aid; all their eflforts would end in disappoint-
ment.

A show of hands was then taken, and the result was that
the amendment was rejected and the resolution adopted ;
the numbers being for the amendment 23, for the resolu-
tion 26.

Mr. PoRD then proposed the third resolution, viz. : " That
' First-class' roads should comprise the present and former
turnpikes, except those which, by diversion of traffic, have be-
come disused as main roads, and include such highways as
shall be determined to have become main thoroughfares ; and
that ' Second-class' roads should consist of all other high-
ways."

This resolution having been seconded by Professor Bund,

Sir G. Jenkinson, M.P., moved, as an amendment, "That
'First-class' roads should comprise all turnpike roads of
which the trusts either have been or may hereafter be
abolished, and that 'Second-class' roads should consist of
all other liighways."

Mr. D. Long seconded the amendment.

Mr. Paget, Bi.P., thought it would be much better to leave
the resolution as it was proposed.

Mr. Biddell expressed his regret that many gentlemen
present appeared to be so much influenced by the idea of their
getting their hands into the Government purse. The real
question before the Council vvas vrhat would be the best mode
of maintaining highways in good condition.

Mr. WiLBKAiiAM Egerton, M.P., said, as a member of the
Parliamentary Committee on the turnpike roads, he had arrived
at the conviction that unity of management was impossible
under the present system, and would be so even if this adop-
tion of highway districts were made compulsory. There were
1,172 miles of turnpike trusts now in the hands of local boards,
and those local boards were so mixed up with the highway
boards that the main roads of tiie country could not be pro-
perly managed. He thought that first-class roads should be
under county management or supervision, and second-class
roads under local management.

Mr. CoRRANCE considered a resolution like that proposed
utterly useless. The whole difference of opinion among them
seemed to turn on the question whether they were going to
receive any assistance from the Government, and he had en-
tirely failed to elicit a scrap of information on that subject
(laughtei).

After a few remarks from Capt. Craigie, the amendment
was put and negatived.

Capt. Craigie then proposed, as an amendment, to insert
after the word " determined" " by the contributing authority."

The amendment was seconded by Mr. Pell and objected to
by several gentlemen on the ground that it anticipated questions
involved in succeeding resolutions. It was ultimately rejected,
after which the resolution was carried by 22 votes, giving a
majority of 14.

Mr. LirscojiBE moved the next resolution — viz., "That the
funds for the maintenance of roads in the iirst-class should be
provided from county or district rates, aided by contributions
from imperial taxaMon, and that such contributions should be
derived from a tax on different classes of vehicles, graduated
in proportion to their wear of the roads."

Mr. iSTRATTON seconded the resolution, and maintained
that nothing could be more just than that carriages which
were used on the roads should help to maintain them.

Mr. Storr, M.P., hoped tlie Council would consider well
^lefore adopting the second part of thatresolutioji (Hear, hear).

He would be happy to vote for tiie former part, but if the
latter part were adopted agriculturists might, through their
carts and waggons and their ploughing and thrashing-machines
be exposed to the most grievous burdens. He moved that the
latter part of the resolution be omitted.

Mr. Gardiner seconded the amendment.

Lord Hampton thought the resolution as it stood was open
to most serious objection. It was perfectly competent to them
to ask the Government for assistance with regard to the roads,
but by laying down what the Government ought to do -with
respect to a particular kind of taxation, they were travelling
entirely out of their province, and putting themselves in the
position of the Chancellor of the Exchequer (Hear, hear) . He
hoped that for the sake of the credit of their proceedings the
latter part of the resolution would be omitted.

It was then agreed that the resolution should stop at the
words I' imperial taxation," the latter part, relating to the tax
on vehicles, being omitted.

Sir G. Jenkinson, M.P., said, the horse duty having been
thrown away, he wanted to prevent the carriage-duty from
being also thrown away ; and he Jiad reason to believe that if
the agricultural community asked with one voice that the
carriage-duty might be granted in aid of the cost of turnpike
roads, it would be done. He concluded by moving hs an
addition to the second part of the resolution as abridged,
" And that such contributions should be derived from the
licenses now levied on carriages."

Mr. Biddell having seconded the amendment, it was
put and negatived, and after some further discussion the resolu-
tion was carried by a large majority.

Mr. Storer, M.P., then moved and Mr. Trask seconded
the ibllowing resolution: "That roads in the second-class
should be maintained out of parish or district rate".."

Mr. Read, M.P., said he felt considerable difficulty as
to how he should vote on that question. If they were to have
highway districts let them be good ones, and they could not
have good ones without a union rate. They must take away
the management from the parish and place it in the hands of
a board, and the rate should be spread over the wliole district.

After some further discussion tlie resolution was adopted.

Mr. WiLBRAiiAM Egerton, M.P., omitting the concluding
part of the sixth and last resolution, proposed the following :
" That the .system of highway districts should be made com-
pulsory, but with material amendments in the existing Acts."
[The words passed over were " and that both classes of roads
should be under the management of highway boards, the first-
class roads being subject to county inspection."] He observed
that in Cheshire they had had experience of the compulsory
system for the last ten years, and had found it to work remark-
ably well.

Mr. H. Neild, in seconding the resolution, spoke of great
hardships to ratepayers in his own district in consequence of
the adoption of highway districts not having been made com-
pulsory.

Mr. RussON moved as an amendment, "That the system of
highway districts having increased the expenses of manage-
ment without causing corresponding improvement in the roads,
it is not desirable to make the Highway Acts of 1867 and 1874
compulsory throughout the country." In Worcestershire, he
said, to which he belonged, the system now advocated had
created great dissatisfaction, and similar advantages to those
which it conferred had been obtained in other districts at much
less expense.

The Rev. E. C. Perry seconded the amendment, and said
the experience of the system iu Staffordshire was similar to
that just mentioned by Mr. Russon in speaking of Worcester-
shire.

Sir G. Jenkinson, M.P., observed that tlie result of returns
for the districts where the system had been adopted was this —
that iu 215 cases the report was satisfying and iu 107 cases
doubtful, and only a very small number were adverse; while
all acknowledged the improved condition of the roads.

Mr. Read, M.P., thought the question was whether
oue surveyor could properly look after 200 miles of road. If
the waywardens could do the work of the surveyor the highway
district system might answer exceedingly well (cheers).

Lord Hampton said that at the Worcester quarter sessions
he bad alvvajs advocated tiie adoption of the district system,
because lie believed that the principles of the Act were sound
He admitted that in some particulars the Act required
amendment, and they now had sufiicient local know-

464

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

ledge to assist rarliamrnt in dealing with the question of
amendment.

Mr. CoKKAXCE said the conclusion which he drew from all
that lie had heard at that meeting was tliat it was generally
considered that they must give up the idea of Government as-
sistance, and form districts so as to impose onerous obligations
on the ratepayers.

The Chairman observed that the number of votes of local
Cliambers in favour of highway boards being made compulsory
was IS out of 30.

Mr. Gakdiker said that in Suffolk and Essex the general
opinion was one of great dissatisfaction with the district
system, on account of the increased expenditure.

Mr. Stoker, M.P.. said he believed that highway districts
had given general satisfaction, and that where the case was
othrtwise the cause was the election by the ratepayers of in-
(fficient waywardens or the appointment of an inefficient
surveyor.

Mr. "Whitaker- Wilson was contending, in opposition to
Lord Hampton, that the district system had not worked well
in Worcestershire, when

Mr. CoRRAN'CE moved the adjournment of the debate, and
Mr. Gardiner seconded the motion.

Mr. Storer, M.?., remarked with animation that if such
tactics were to be carried out, gentlemen who, like himself, had
come a distance of two hundred miles to attend tliat meeting
would not be likely to come there again.

The Chairman said he must remind the meeting that the
question had been before the Council for many months, and
that as yet it had done notliiug. He then put the question that
the debate be adjourned, and it was negatived by a large ma-
jority. He then put tlie amendment. Only eleven liands were
held up in favour of it, and it was declared to be lost.

Mr. Read, M.P., said lie should demand a scrutiny.

Lord Hampton said he hoped the question would be settled
with perfectly good feeling. The minority should ueld to the
majority. In no other way could the proceedings of such a
body as that be carried on satisfactorily, and he was sure
Mr. Read would be the last person to deny that.

Mr. Read then withdrew his demand for a scrutiny.

Sir G. Jenkinson, M.P., moved as an amendment the ad-
dition to the resolution of the following words, which con-
pautBj as it stood in the Agenda : " And that both classes of
roads should be under the management of highway boards."

This amendment having been seconded by Mr. Carpenter,
was submitted to ihe meeting and negatived, the numbers being
13 for and 14 against it.

The original resolution was afterwards adopted by a large
majority — 23 to 6 ; and this being the last resolution relating
to highways the subject dropped.

It was then agreed that the appointment of a Minister of
Agriculture should form the chief subject of discussion at the
December meeting, and that at the February meeting the
Council should " consider the reports and summary schedules
on agricultural customs presented by the Committee on Unex-
liausted Improvements, and also proposals of tliat committee
towards legislation."

On the motion of Mr. Read, M.P., it was agreed that the
amendments required to be made in the Highway Acts should
be discussed at the annual meeting.

The proceedings then terminated with a vote of thanks to the
Chairman. ■

TO THE editor OF THE MARK LANE EXPRESS.

Sir, — I have reason to believe that when Lord Hamp-
ton expressed surprise at my request that the division upon
Compulsory Highway Boards should be tested by a scru-
tiny, his Lordship was not aware of the power of the Dis-
trict Chambers to record their votes by proxy. If the
voting power of the minority had been thus tested, our
small baud of eleven would have been found to be far more
important than it appeared to be. If I mistake not, the dele-
gates from Worcester, Warwick, Stafford, Lincoln, East
Suffolk, and Norfolk voted in the minority, and they alone
were entitled to thirty-nine votes. This will show that
I had good reason for making the request, which — at the
late period of a long meeting, and in deference to the re-
quest of Lord Hampton — I did not press upon the
Chamber. Yours,

Farmers' Club, Nov. 4. Clare Sewell Read.

THE SCOTTISH CHAMBER OF
AGRICULTURE.

At the annual general meeting, held in the Hall
of the Chamber, Edinburgh, Mr. A. MacneelCaibd
the retiring president, in the chair, the following counties',
reports were given in :

Aberdeenshire. — The meeting of the Aberdeen members
was held in the Corn Exchange, Aberdeen, on Eriday. Mr.
M'Combie presided, and was re-elected chairman and county
representative. Mr. Barclay, M.P., Copland ; Mill, of
Ardletlien ; M'Donald factor, Cluuy; and Adamson,
Balquharu, were appointed the County Committee for next
year'

EoREARSiiiRE. — A meeting of the members resident in
Forfarshire was held in Brechin on Tuesday of last week — Mr.
Robert L. Mustard, chairman, presiding. The meeting
appointed the following members of the Counties Committee
for the ensuing year : Mr. Alexander Anderson, Berryhill ;
Mr. James Young, Fardhouse ; Mr. William Goodlet, Bolshan ;
Mr. William Smith, West Drums; Mr. J. M. Nicoll, Littleton ;
Mr. Wm. Aruot, Mains of Glamis ; Mr. Wm. Smith being
representative member. The meeting were of opinion that
the bill introduced by Lord Huntly, so far as contistent with
the resolution of the Chamber, be approved of, but inasmuch
as it fall short in many essential points, recommend the
Chamber to enter into coramunic&tion with his Lordship on
the subject, and remit to a committee for that purpose. The
meeting recommend the Chamber to disapprove of the draught
bill of Sir Robert Anstruther on hypothec, and petition Par-
liament in favour of Mr. Vans Agnew's bill for total repeal.

Roxburghshire. — This body held a meeting in the com-
mittee room ot the Corn Exchange, Kelso, on Friday. Tlie
members present were — Mr. Clay, Kerchcbters ; Mr. Ballingall,
Clairilaw ; Mr. Munro, Fairnington ; Mr. Riddell, Hundalee ;
Mr. Main, Kelso; Mr. Roberton, Lad>rig, &c. Mr. Riddell
submitted tlie following motion : " That the above committee
are of opinion that the land-tenancy laws ought to receive the
urgent attention of tlie Scottish Chamber ot Agr-culture, and
that the Chamber should endeavour to ha\c these laws altered
so as to give complete accuracy to capital invested by tenant-
farmers. Tlie committee are also of opinion that success
much depends on advocating compensation to the cwuers of
laud, whose tenants may have deteriorated their farms, thereby
lessening their letting or market value." After a few com-
ments on the resolution, it was unaniously agreed to. Mr.
Riddell and Mr. Scott, Spylaw, were deputed to bring this
resolution before the counties committee meeting.

AyRSUiRE. — This meeting was held on the 3rd instant at
Ayr. 5Ir. Young, Kilkenzie, presii-'ed, and was re-elected repre-
sentative member. The following resolution was adopted : " As
there is a growirg dissatisfaction amongst farmers as regards
the operation of the land-tenancy laws, njore especially to the
want of provision being made whereby compensation should
be giveu for all permanent improvements and unexhausted
manures, we are of opinion tliat the Chambers should take
whatever steps they consider best to accomplish that object."
Kincardineshire. — A meeting of the members of the
Chamber of Agriculture resident in tlie county of Kincardine
was held on Monday in the Corn Exchange, Lauiencekirk —
Mr. George Lsrgie, Haulkertcn Mains, in the chair. Mr. W.
Alexander, Bart., ot Haulkerton, was elected represeutatire
member; and Messrs. David Mitchell, Buruton ; Alex. Taylor,
Cushnie ; and Willitim Burness, Bedford; n, embers of com-
mittee. It WHS thereafter proposed and unanimously rei-olved :
" That this meeting urge the Chamber (while steadily using
all efforts to obtain repeal of the Law of Hypothec, aud such
moditicatiou oMlie Game-laws as may be attainable) to cou-
ceutiate its chief efforts upon obtaining from I'arliaiLeni a
measure to legalise Tenant-Right to a similar extent as wts
granted by a lormer Government to the tenant-farmers in
Ireland".

The Secretary (Mr. Curror) read the Treasurer's statement
for last year, which showed that the hinds in bank amounted
to £521 19s., that tiie Chamber had property of the valu«
of £139 18s., and tliat there were JETW ol arrears of sub-
scriptions.

On the recommendation of the Counties Committee the
followin.; gentlemen were elected office-bearers ot the Chamber
for the ensuing year : rresideot — 31r. David Cunninghame,
Chapelton, Ardrossan. Vice-Presidents — Messrs. Joseph

THE FARMER'S MAZGAINE.

465

Harper, Snowdon, and Riddcll, of Ilundalfe. New Directors
— Messrs. A. IMacneel-Caird, R. M. Cunningliara, Shields,
Ayr ; Betliune, of Blebo ; II. Scot Skirving, Drein ; and James
Joliustcne, Moffatt. Messrs. Henry Adanisou, Alford, and
Jolin M'C'ulloch, Glenhead, Stranraer, were elected new
members.

Mr. Macneel-Caied delivered Ids retiring presidential
address. He said : The political events of tlie past year have
prevented any progress being made towards the legislative
settlement of agricultural questions. The time at which the
new Government came into office is a sufficient excuse for their
not having dealt with tliese questions in the late session
of farliament. But that cause of delay is now at an
end. There are men in the Government capable of dealing,
and I believe willing to deal, with these questions, in a wise
spirit. But it seems to be supposed that they have colleagues
pulling the other way. And it may be that we shall thus
have the spectacle of a Government paralysed by internal
dilTerences on questions of vital importance to the country.
But I trust that it will not be so- And it is our part to show
that the claims we support are reasonable, in order to
strengthen the hands of those who are friendly to a reason-
able solution of them. I propose on this occasion to refer
specially to a subject which is of interest in England as well
as in Scotland. As to compen'^ation for tenants' improve-
ments, the ordiaary rules of our law on such subjects are not
unfounded in reason. If au artist paints a valuable picture on
anotlier man's canvas, the principal s-ubject — the picture — be-
longs to the artist, but he must pay for the canvas. If a man,
in good faith, builds a house on land which turns out not to be
his, tlie house goes to the owner of the principal subject — the
land — but as a general rule, he must pay for ttie benefit lie has
got by the building. The greatest of Scottish lawyers taught,
nearly 200 years ago, that if a man, even in bad faith,
built on another's land, the owner was bound to repay hint, to
the extent to which he took profit by the work. He adopted
tliis dictum of a great Roman jurist, " Natural justice sufTereth
not that we enrich ourselves with the spoil of others." And al-
though in mere modern mtimes a wrongdoer's relief h; s not been
sustained to that extent, the very judges who refused him that
relief suggested that even a wrongdoer might have right to
remove the buildings. But what we have to complain of is
that if the man who builds or executes improvements has the
misfortune to be a tenant-farmer, he is made au exception to
all tliese rules. His good faith counts for nothing. The law,
as it stands now, gives him no right to compensation. It
refuses to him even the right to take away his materials,
though it might perhaps give that right, as I have said, to a
wrongdoer, whose possession vias usurped or unlawful, and
would certainly give equitable compensation to any person,
not a tenant, who, with good faith, had made th« same im-
provement on another's land. That relief would, nf course, be
limited to the extent to which the owner profited, the very
limit which we propose to attach to a tenant's claim. The
improvements created by a tenant's skill, capital, and industry
are in substance and in justice, though not in law, the
property of the tenant who makes them. No doubt they are
attached to or combined (■ nd in the case of drains and manures
inextricably combined) with hnd which belongs to another.
But the just solution of that state of things is not that the one
right should swallow up the other without compensation, but
that the owner of the land who takes such improvements
should pay for them, according to the benefit which he appro-
priates ; and that the tenant-farmer should thus cease to be
opprissed by an exceptional law. That law lobs the tenant of
his property when he is evicted without compensation. And
this species of injustice is, probably, productive of much
greater injury to tlie community tkan even a robbery by vio-
lence, because it operates on a much wider scale ; and by the
fear of subjecting tenants' property to confiscation, spreads dis-
trust everywhere, and defers great numbers of tenants from
making the expenditure which is necessary for due cultivation
and for the unrestricted growth of food. It also warns off
much free capital which would naturally seek profitable in-
vestment in agriculture, if the law did not make it artificially
insecure. Thus the injustice operates with great severity on
the occupier, while the loss to the country from restricted pro-
duction is incalculable. But if, by making the municipal law
just, and allowing natural laws to act, capital were made safe
10 come freely to the enrichment of the soil, and the develop-
ment of agriculture, a country peopled and wealthy as this is

— so many mouths to be supplied, and such abundant means
to supply them, if jou took away hindrances— this country, I
say, would rapidly exhibit such a change, and such an expan-
sion of growth, as is almost inconceivable to those who have
not attended to the results which may be attained by the ap-
plication of capital to land, with freedom and judgment. And
who would lose by it? No doubt, under the present system,
a landlord may now and then snatch au advantage by unex-
pectedly appropriating an occupier's improvements without
compensating him. But that, tliough it rankles deep when it
occurs, is necessarily exceptional. Most men beware of sub-
jecting themselves to it. Every flagrant instance of it makes
them more wary. Still cultivation would be worse, and
tenants' improvements more rare than they are, if landowners
generally were to use to the full the advantage which the law-
gives them. Tne main action of the law is really as a deter-
rent. Landowners as a body are thus, in truth, great sufferers
by this and by every thing tliat hinders the enrichment of the
soil that belongs to them. Their rents are just a share of the
profit derived from tlie land. The greater the production and
profits, the greater in the long run will inevitably be the share
going to the landlord. None gains more surely than the land-
owner by the general prosperity of the country. From 1857
to 1870 the land rental of Scotland rose steadily 29 per cent.
—£5,032,000 in 1857, £7,191',000 in 1870. If I had the
figures down to the present time I feel convinced one-third at
least has been added on the average in that short time to the
annual rent of land over Scotland as a result of the general
prosperity. And what could more increase the prosperity of
the country, and hy consequence the prosperity of the land-
owner, than a vast increase to the productiveness of the soil
in whose profits he must inevitably share ? The more also
you take away disadvantages which oppress the occupier, and
the more you enable him to profit treely by the use of his
means and industry, the more will he find it necessary, and the
more will he be willing, to enlarge the landlord's proportion of
profit, when, even so enlarged, it leaves a better profit to him-
self. If I might venture to put into words what 1 believe to
be the prevailing opinion of the best tenant-farmers in Scot-
land, it is not the rent that troubles them ; give them just
security, do away with the artificial hindrauces which hamper
their industry, and I don't think they will quarrel with the
rent, or cou- plain that it advances with the progress of eman-
cipated agriculture, and the general prosperity of the country
which that progress will promote. 15ut I must deprecate the
use in regard to this question of the vague phrase " Tenant-
Right." It is a phrase of very uncertain meaning, even in
Ireland, where it originated. In Ulster it means a teuant's
right by custom to sell the goodwill of his farm though he has
no lease ; and not only may have made no improvement on
the farm, but may have brought it to the most miserable and
exhausted condition. I need not say here that that in no
degree resembles our present claim. The incautious use of
such a loose phrase has occasionally enabled a bold antagonist
to escape without much discredit under cover of a general
declaration against "Tenant-Right," who might perhaps have
been ashamed to avow in plain words, or even to himself, the
desire to confiscate the improvements made by his tenants
witiiout giving auy allowance for them. The complaint is not
that another tenant gels the farm over the head of an old
tenant, not that the old tenant might not have liad it by pay-
ing more rent than he chose to give, but that the landlord
pockets a rent increased by reason of the old tenant's improve-
ments, and evicts him without giving him a penny lor the
improvements, even where they cannot be denied. When a
controversy of that kind arises, it may be fitly tested by this
simple question ; Was the evicted tenant fairly paid for his
unexhauvted improvements, or is the landlord (by availing
lumself of the unjust state of the law) enjoying a rent enhanced
hy these improvements, without having paid for them ? If
you apply that test it will disperse much of the haze whicli
arises iu such cases from contradictions and controversy. Ihe
claim which this Chamber makes is that the law on this
subject should be made consistent with natural equity, so that
the tenant shall have right on removal to payment lor his im-
provements and unexhausted manures, ascertained when
necessary by qualified valuers or arbitrators. Skilled men
of practical experience would examine the evidence of
expenditure (as one, but by no means the only check), they
would also see the actual condition of the farm, inspect
the works, and ascertain their efficiency, their fitness for the

468

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

holding, their actual results and durali'ily, snd would be quite
able ia practice to arrive at just conclusions. And I may say,
using a fev\' words on the subject v»hich liave already been in
circulatiou among ourselves, that in practice these compensa-
tions will in general not be paid by tlie landlord, but will be
ascertained and settled between the outgoing and the incoming
tenant. Tlie landlord can always, and will usually, make stipu-
lations to that effect in letting his farm to a new tenant, unless
he sees that he can get a better rent hy paying the compensa-
tion himself. The measure of compensation ought never to
exceed the letting value added to the farm by the tenant's im-
provements as at the date of his removal, taking into account all
deteriorations which can be brought against him. Tlie un-
stinted expenditure in manures, which a just system of com-
pensation will encourage the tenant to make, and to continue
till the close of his occupation, will be a new security to the
landlord (of which he cannot be deprived) for payment of
the rent, and fulfilment of the tenant's obligations. It is of
high public policy that a state of the law should be amended,
which, by causing insecurity, hinders the full use of capital
to increase the productiveness ot the soil. To amend that
state of the lavp in a wise spirit, with due consideration of all
the interests involved, will result in a vast enlargement of
growth, especially of food, and, by consequence, will add im-
mensely to the annual income and wealth of the country, to
the fund for llie employment of labour, to the prosperity of
nunufactures and commerce, to the comfort and contentment of
tlie people, and thus to the security of property, and the gene-
ral welfare of the nation. There is a great work here which
Ins to be done — it may be now, it may be after a time, not a
long time. The claims of justice and policy united cannot be
disregarded long. But be it soon or be it later, the statesman
who having the power shall also have the will and courage to
release agriculture from the trammels of unwise laws shall in-
scribe as their memorial in the hearts and history of the people,
that they added to the productive resources of their country,
and to the comforts of the people, not merely by millions, cer-
tainly by twenties of millions ; and if they leave no flaw in
the security thus given to the culivator, it may be event-
ually by hundreds of millions a-year. They can now in
a time of calm trim the vessel with deliberation and safety.
Who so rash as counsel that they should wait for the hurricane,
at the risk of bringing the overstrained masts by the board,
when they loose command of the ship ? As to tlie law of arbi-
tration, tills chamber having recorded its opinion that when
the parties cannot agree arbitration is the fittest mode of set-
tling the just amount of compensation, this leads me to say a
few words on an allied subject which, so far as 1 am aware,
lias not yet been publicly discussed. The law of arbitration
in Scotla'nd is in some respects in a most unsatisfactory state.
One point I may illustrate by a case which arises almost every
day. A landlord and tenant entering into a lease, say for
nineteen years, agree in the lease that all differences which
may arise between them siiall be settled by arbitration, but
tliat agreement is of no legal effect unless they have actually
named the arbitrator. And in a contract of such endurance,
how can they beforehand name an arbitrator with any confi-
dence that when his services are required he shall be alive, or
witliin reach, or qualified, or willing to act? This rule is,
moreover, so absolute that even if the parties, to escape Irom
the diliiculy, agree in designating an arbitrator as the holder
for the time of a public office, such as the Sheriff of the county,
the Dean of the faculty of Advocates, or the Lord Advocate,
the law will set the arbitration aside. Nay, though the par-
ties have effectually named their man, so as to create a bind-
ing and perfect arbitration, if lie should die, or permanently
leave the country, or become disqualified, or decline to accept,
the law will do nothing in furtherance of their agreement to
arbitrate. In the face of that agreement eitiier can drag the
otlier into Court, ana insist on having their differences settled
by litigation. Well, but let us suppose the parties have got a
step further — they have not only agreed to settle their differ-
ences by arbitration, and effectually named their men — two
men mutually chosen, with power to choose an umpire or
oversman, and these men have accepted and entered on their
duties, but have unfortunately disagreed on the questions in
dispute, and can't agree on an umpire (a very common case),
the wliole thing tumbles down like a castle of cards, and once
more the parties must fight out their disputes in the Courts of
Law. In short, there are as many pitfalls in the Scottish Law
of Arbitration as if they had been contrived to create work for

courts and lawyers. And these pitfalls stand in the way not
only of landlords and tenants, but of every person in Scotland
who seeks to avoid litigation by leaving differences to the
decision of neutral men. One remedy is not far to seek.
Where parties have agreed to have questions settled by arbitra-
tion, that agreement should be enforceable, and the Courts
should be empowered to name the arbitrators or umpire where
the parties fail to do so. That remedy already exists in England.
There are also great facilities given by special statutes for
settling railway compensations and similar claims by a simple
method of arbitration ; and these, with some revisal, might
advantageously be made of more general application. I liave
thought it right to refer to this subject in connection with the
leading object of this address, because it is obvious that no
system of agricultural compensation could be satisfactorily
worked without a simpler and better system of arbitration than
we at present possess in Scotland. This is far from being a
farmers' question alone. Mercantile men, and indeed all classes
of the community, are affected by it, and 1 cannot doubt that if
you see fit to take any steps for the amendment of that Law of
Arbitration you will find very general support in it.

Mr. D. CuNNiNGHAME (Uliapeltou), the new president, then
took the chair, and intimated that the first subject fixed for dis-
cussion was the laud tenancy laws in relation to the question
of compensation for unexhausted manures and permanent im-
provements.

Mr. Geokge Hope (BorJIands) said it was many years
since he came to the conclusion that compensation to tenants
for unexhausted manures was only a matter of simple justice
when they were compelled to leave their holdings, lie had no
doubt that laud might acquire increased value without tenants
having done much for them from the making of roads, &c. But
that was not wliat was referred to by tenants. It was when
tenants limed their land, and filled it full of manures, tlieeftects
of which remained in the ground, that they should receive com-
pensation. This was a tiling in which not only farmers, but
the whole country were interested. If they held their hand in
applying manures to the land for three or four years, it would
take double that time before they could get the larm into the
full cropping state again. They would get neither the same
quantity nor quality of grain for several years to come. They
had got a custom in Lincolnshire which he would like to see
made legal all over the country — the payment for unexhausted
artificial manures, manures from extraneous feeding stuffs, and
permanent improvements, such as drains. Some ten or filteen
years ago he had the pleasure of driving witlithe lion.Nisbet
Hamilton fora very longdistance through the county of Lincoln-
shire, and he did not think tliatinfrom fifteen to twenty miles
he saw a single acre under the average. All the land was in
really good cultivation, and there was not a single farm indi-
cating that tiie lease was coming to a close, as was not unfre-
quently, and perhaps not unjustly, seen in this country. He
had held these opinions for many years ; he had arrived at
them when lie was a tenant-farmer, and now that he was a
landlord, he must say that it was of the greatest importance
that the law should he changed.

Mr. RiDDELL (Hundalee, Jedburgh) said that the laud te-
nancy laws should be considered as at least afl'ecting the inte-
rests of two parties — viz., the owners and the occupiers of
land, and any change contemplated ought to be with a view of
benefiting the parties referred to, and through them conferring
a boon on the nation at large. Although many landed pro-
prietors reaped great advantage from the money invested by
their tenants' skill, industry, and general good management,
yet, on the other hand, it could not be denied that proprietors
were often unfortunate in making choice of tenants, men who
allowed houses, fences, roads, drains, and the land itself to fall
into decay, vastly diminishing its letting value. He did not
hesitate to say that any change they might contemplate in the
land tenancy laws ought to provide by law for compensation
to proprietors whose laud might be deteriorated in consequence
of bad management during a tenant's occupancy. Then, and
not till then, could they as tenant-farmers with consistency go
iu for compensation for uuexhausted improvements, permanent
or otherwise. As the law stood at present, there was little in-
ducemeut to farm well, as it was ouly those farms that were
highly cultivated which induced and warranted a rise of rent ;
indeed, some of our largest and money-making farmers allowed
their farms to ran out several years before the expiry of the
lease, and then went to the factor or landlord, telling him the
farm won't grow certain descriptions of crops without

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

467

lime, and uuitss they got a renewal of the lease the loss
must be considerable. Compensation at the end of a lease
for all unexhausted manures, &o., would go far to prevent all
this ; and if compensation were given to the proprietors from
tenants who had deteriorated the land during tlie currency of
their leases, it would render it unnecessary for proprietors to
trade on the enterprise, skill, industry, and capital of tiiose
farmers who had increased the letting or market value of their
farms — a practice prevailing to a considerable extent at the
present time. Indeed, such alteration of the land laws as re-
ferred to would naturally lead to abetter understanding between
landlord and tenant, and also to identity of interest, a want of
which in too many cases was much to be deplored.

Mr. John M'Culloch (Glenhead, Stranraer) said that the
great difficulty in securing reform of the present law with re-
gard to unexhausted improvements was tlie outcry that the
landlords would suffer. He thought it could easily be made
plain that the landlords would benefit more than anybody else,
the community next, aud the tcuant-farmers least of all, for
even at the furtiiest tliey only wished a part of the money back
which they had laid out. It had been said that there would be
difficulty in carrying out any system of compensation, but he
maintained that a schedule attached to the lease might meet
the case, and if not, then legislation would become necessaiy.
They siiould also approach the subject in a temperate spirit,
and give coin]iensation to landlords for deterioration, while
they in turn gave compensation for unexhausted manures and
improvements.

Mr. Wm. Sjiitu (West Drums, Brechin) said that this
question belonged to a group which had been so thoroughly
ventilated, not ouly in the Chamber, but throughout the
country, that uot mucli new light could be thrown upon it.
They were, however, indebted to their late president for much
information aud aia in the explication ot the subject. All
they asked was that farmers should be able to reap the unex-
hausted product of their own capital and industry if they were
required to leave their farms. Lord Huutly and other noble-
men and gentlemen, who were willing to aid them in this
movement, deserved every support and encouragement from
them.

Mr. George Hope said he was perfectly satisfied that Mr.
Macneel-Caird had not overstated the immense increase of
land produce which would result from the granting of cora-
pensatiou to tenants for unexhausted manures and improve-
ments.

On the motion of Mr. Hope, tlie following resolution was
adopted : " That this meeting cordially approves of the broad
general principles expressed in Mr. Macneel-Caird's address
in relation to compensation for unexhausted improvements by
tenants on leaving their occupations, aud its belief in tlie
general benefit which would arise therefrom, as already ex-
pressed in previous resolutions of this Chamber."

The next subject for discussion was a remit from the Perth
meeting as to the Marquis of IJ unity's Laud Tenancy Bill.

Mr. T. M. NicoLL (Littleton, Kirriemuir) said it was
within the knowledge of many ot the members of the Cham-
ber that Lord Huntly was at present engaged in recasting his
bill, aud he thought the discussion should be postponed till
the meeting of the Chamber in April, vihen the complete bill
would be before them.

The discussion was accordingly adjourned till April.

Mr. Macnef.l-Caird proposed that the Chamber should
record its thauks to Mr. Vans Agnew, M.P., for his action in
introducing his Hypothec Abolition Bill. There was a pro-
viso in that bill which he (Mr. Macueel-Caird) thought,
however, disfigured it, viz., the clause which provided that its
operation sliould apply only to new contracts. If the bill
were passed in that shape there would still remain the slur
upon the credit of farmers under existing leases which arose
from the present law, and, unfortunately, the evil would not
be confined to them, because manure merchants and mer-
cantile men generally could uot be expected to find out
whether leases were current at tlie time of the passing of the
Act, and there would be in their minds a lurking possibility
of the Law of Hypothec taking ctt'ect on all farmers for 19
years to come. There was not the least necessity for the
clause, and he therefore thought that the Chamber should
direct Mr. Vans Agnew's particular attention to that clause,
and ask iiis reconsideration of it.

Captain Betuune (Blebo) thought it would endanger the
success of the measure if tlie Chamber insisted on regard not

being had to existing leases. This clause had always been
embraced iu Mr. Carnegie's bill.

Mr. M'CuLLOcir thought success would be unworthy of the
name it the bill was passed in its present form. He seconded
Mr. Macneel-Caird's motion.

Mr. Smith (West Drums) said that the bill would have
enough to do to pass in its present form, an. I they should do
nothing which was likely to lead to its being thrown out, as
he imagined Mr. Caird's proposal would do.

It was agreed to divide Mr. Macueel-Caird's proposal into
two separate motions— 1. That the Chamber thank Mr. Vans
Agnew for the efi"orts he had made to secure the abolition of the
Law of Hypothec, and express the hope that he would con-
tinue them iu the next session of Parliament. 2. That there
are objections in principle to the proviso limiting the action
of the bill to new contracts, aud the Chamber request Mr.
Vans Agnew to reconsider it. The first was carried nem. con.,
and on a division as between the second aud an amendment
by Captain Bethuue that the recommendation was uncalled
for, the motion was carried by a majority of 22 to 8.

The annual dinner of the members of the Chamber took
place in the Royal British Hotel, Wr. Cunningham (Chapel-
ton, Ardrossan) in the chair; and Mr. Shepherd (Gleghornie)
acted as croupier. Mr. Hope, of Bordiands, gave " The
Houses of Parliament." In the House of Commons the
agriculturists only required to press those important questions
which had iu the earlier part of the day engaged their atten-
tion upon the House iu order to secure their being successfully
dealt with.

Mr. Siddell (Hundalee) proposed the " Scottish Chamber
of Agriculture." He adverted briefly to the good results
which were likely to follow from the discussions that took
place among members of the Chamber, and showed how these
were calculated to bring about the elucidation of the truth.

The Croupier gave "The Highland Society." It was
because discussions such as those which occurred in the
Chamber were without the pale of the Highland Society, that
the Chamber had been first instituted.

A " ROYAL" REPORT.— The Bedford meeting is fully
described iu reports oa the live-stock (very poor, as they gene-
rally are), and on the implements and implement trials
(excellent as they invariably are). The reports of the live-
stock class at our annual shows are very rarely well done.
There are not many writers capable of describing cattle, or of
criticising or commending in a discriminating way the awards
of judges. Aud the editor of the Journal has not got hold
apparently, this year at any rate, of the proper deputy. There
certainly are writers who liave this power, and our weekly
agricultural papers, who secure their services, are better worth
reading on this subject, in the very week of the show, than is
the Jour)ial of the Society, issued months after its occurrence. —

The Agricultural Gazelle. The Bedford meeting is reported

on at length. Mr. G. P. Smith occupies over one hundred pages
with the implements, aud appears to have acquitted himself
most creditably. It is to be regretted that no one equally
qualified has been employed to report upon the live-stock de-
partment. The excellent article, a year or two since, by Mr.
Henry Corbet, might, we think with advantage, have been
followed up, so that the leading features of each gathering
might be placed on record. As it is, the reports of the differ-
ent juries afford very meagre information. — The Field. [It
should be added, in justice to the Editor of an otherwise so
good number of the Society's Journal, that he must not be
held answerable for this stock report, which was taken out of
his hands.]

TESTIMONIAL TO MR. DENT DENT.— Soon after
the defeat of Mr. Dent for Scarborough a subscription list was
opened and a sura of money raised, which it was agreed should
be embodied in a massive silver candelabrum. It was also re-
solved to present Mr. Dent with an address acknowledging his
services, and expressive of the regret of the electors that his
connection witk the borougli had been severed. A meeting of
the subscribers was held in Scarborough, when the cande-
labrum w'as exhibited, and the address laid upon the table
to receive the sisjiiatures of the subscribers.

463

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

TENANT S' IMPROVEMENTS.

At the meetiiiff of the Inverness farmers' Society, held in
Inverness, Mr. Matthew Elliot in the chair, the following
subject was discussed : What are tenants' improvements ?
and hovir can sucli improvements, as well as unexhausted
manures, be estimated, so as to form a reasonable claim by a
tenant at the termination of his lease P

Mr. MoLLisoN, factor (Dochfour), said the subject, no
doubt, was important ; and he was sorry that he was only
prepared to make a few remarks upon it. lie had not written
a paper, and indeed had hardly time to think over it with a
view to the present discussion. It was a (juestiou surrounded
with difficulty and complexify ; but that was one reason for
discussing it in a society of this kind. None but practical
men were capable of discussing it properly. A good deal had
been spoken and written about it during the last year or two,
but chiefly by those who knew notliing at all on the subject;
while those who did know, and might have thrown consider-
able light upon it, and assisted to clear away difficulties, had
not opened their mouths. He was not aware of a single sen-
tence having been spoken, in a sensible, practical way, for the
expositii,n and settlement of this question. They knew, how-
ever, that the difficulty was not a myth. There were such
things as tenants' improvements and unexhausted manures.
Compare the country to-day with what it was fifty or twenty-
five years ago. The cliange was very marked. They had
finer fields and more of them, finer crops and more of them,
finer stock, finer implements, better fences, better buildings ;
and undoubtedly the bulk of the iraproveraeuts had been
effected by the tenant-farmers of this country. Tiie weight
of part of it, perhaps, fell upon the proprietors — of erecting
the buildings, for instance ; but he was convinced that three-
fourths, or at any rate one-half, had fallen upon flie fanner.
No wonder, then, the question had arisen. Are farmers not to
be paid for this? The farmers thought tiiey ought to be paid
for it ; mercantile men, who had generally a keen appreciation
of value for value, agreed that they ought to be paid for it ;
and he thought even proprietors were bound to admit that,
where a tenant had executed a solid, permanent improvement
upon the subject he occupied, he ought to be paid for it. He
did not believe any proprietor would dare to hold up his lace
and say otherwise. But then the difficulty arose. How were
they to be paid ? How were they to estimate a reasonable
claim at the end of a lease ? It was easy to arrive at tliis
point but not so easy to proceed further. The best way, lie
thought, of treating the subject would be to suppose a good
broad general case, such as might occur on any farm ; and in
the next place, to look at a similar case as it would appear
under the legislation suggested for the farmer's protection.
First, then, suppose that a good fair subject was let, but in
bad order — the land wet, and fences and buildings insufficient.
The landlord would make no improvrnients, but told the
tenant to take it and make the most of it. The rent say was
£150. The tenant, being a good, industrious, practical man,
sets to fencing and draining the land ; then the stock increases,
and he requires better houses ; and at the termination of his
lease he finds that he has improved the place very much. He
goes for a renewal of the lease to the proprietor, who says he
likes him very well, and asks what rise of rent he will give ?
The tenant, who knows the subject vtry well, and does not
want to quit the farm, but at the same time wishes to make a
living out of it, offers. The offer is not accepted, and the
farni is advertised. The new tenant gives £250 (or it — an
advance of 75 per cent. ; and the old tenant says to the pro-
prietor, " Surely you are not going to pocket all this hand-
some profit ! Are you not going to pay me for ihe improve-
ments? You know I was not bound to improve ; and are you
going to turn me off without making any allowanced" 'ihe
proprietor agrees ; and they propose to submit the thing to
arbitration. 15ut the lease is put in, as a matter of fairness,
to allow the arbiters to understand the whole case. He ob-
served Mr. Mundell listening very carefully. Would Mr.
]\Iundell act as arbiter for the tenant ?

Mr. Mundell : Either for proprietor or tenant, so far as
you have gone.

Mr. MoLLisoN : Well, he would put the case of the
proprietor meantime. Leave unexhausted manureslor the pre-

sent out of the question. The arbiter for the proprietor says —
" Look at the lease just as showing the position of affairs.
You get the farm at a fair rent, value for what it was at the
time, and eo word of improvement. You made these improve-
ments, and no dcubtthey must liave paid you. The very fact
of the farm letting at a rise of 75 per cent, is strong presump-
tive evidence that you were paid for them ;" and the proprietor
may say — " If I had known that you were going to make me
pay, I would have expected a bigger rent." Of course, it was
quite within the power of both parties to have arranged that
the tenant was to make improvements, and to be paid for what
was exhausted of tiiein at the end of the lease. In the supposed
case no such arrangement had been made ; and now he should-
iketo wait and liear what Mr. Mundell would have to urge on
Ibelmlf of the tenant ?

Mr. Mu^'DELL said ]\Ir. Mollison had made a really able and
practical speech so far as it went, and lie had little or nothing,
to say in reply to it. It vias an important question to ask
How have the tenant farmers of Scotland come to farm their
lands as they have done ? These men had made all the arable
land in the country what it was. For himwlf, he had improved
a place on the west coast, and even put up stone dykes, for
which he did not receive a penny of compensation. He ad-
mitted the improvements paid him, or he would not have made
them : at the same time he had improved other people's pro-
perty, and got nothing for it. If factors could manage to put
a tenant in a place that needed improvement they could do it,
but it was unfair that the tenant should have no recom-
pense. Mr. Mollison had explained his own view of the case

justly.

Mr. Ross (Brecknish) thought Mr. Mollison's supposed cast
shirked the real difficulties ofthe question. He had selected a
case which was, of all others, admitted the fairest for the tenant
as tiie law at present stood. Where a lease of nineteen years
had been allowed to reach its natural termination, the tenant
certainly could not make out a very strong claim for compensa-
tion, as he would, if an ordinarily prudent man, have taken
pretty good care to execute improvements which would repay him
before the end of the lease. So far they could agree with Mr.
MoUisou, except in the case of buildings whicli the tenart
might have found it necessary to erect shortly before the expiry
of his lease, and these he should either be paid for or allowed
to remove. But all tenants did not enjoy the protection of
leates, nor did all leases come to their natural end. Suppose
the lease was broken from ill-health, death, or bankruptcy, or
that the tenant had sunk so much of his capital in improve-
ments that he had not sufficient left to carry on with. Was it
not a iiardship, indeed really unjust, that the law should allow
the landlord to step in and reap the benefit of those improve-
ments, to the exclusion of the tenant or his representatives?
It was for such cases, and for the vastly more important case of
England, where few leases exist, that a change in the law was
so urgently called for. Mr.MoUison had also avoided touching
on what most people regarded as tlie greatest weakness of our
lease systtm — namely, the practice of exhausting the land to-
wards the end of the lease. So generally is this the case, that
the supporters of tiirse compensation measures say, a Scotch
faim during a nineteen years lease is in good productive condi-
tion for only about half that time — the first five years being
spent in raising its fertility, the next nine or ten in keeping it
in that state and the remaining years in impoverishing it.
Perhaps by employing artificial manures, an outgoing tenant
need not leave very much capital in the shape of unexhausted
manures, but turely this was a very serious loss fo the nation
at large. At the same time, he must confess that, looking at
the great differences of opinion existing both among scientific
and practical men as to the permanent qualities of manures, he
was not very hopeful of a satisfactory settlement of the question
being arrived at lor many years to come.

Mr. Aniiekson (Lochdhu) said that in his day he had been
as great an improver of land as any tenant in the North of
Scotland. He had improved upwards of 300 acres in a few
years. He was not bound to take in all that land, but he
drained and trenced it at his own expense, and he was quite
well aware that the proprietor on the other hand was not bound
to recompense him lor his outlay. If he had made a bargain

THE FARMER'S MAGAZlKE.

469

he would hn.ve been paid for the improvements. It just came,
to this, that they must abide l)y their bargains. Of course, it'
a tenant required to erect buildings, he should either be paid
for them, or allowed to take them away. But if a man en-
tered on improvements, he did so for his own benefit, and he
required to keep liis farm in good order the last year, otherwise
he would not be paid such a price for his crop, &c. Let them
go into their leases in a proper and right way, and let there be
no row at the end of a lease between proprietor and tenant.
Mr. Mollison had spoken about a reference to arbritation.
That was a most difficult matter. A tenant must have seen
witii his own eyes that the laud would pay him, otherwise he
would not undertake improvements. In his case the farm was
advertised over his head, and now another tenant occupied the
and lie reclaimed.

Mr. IIendrie (Castlelieather) thouglit that they should
consider their leases well before they signed them. lie had
been as foolish as others — very glad to get hold of a farm in
any way. And if any one came to ask him about this farm or
that, he just said — "Don't be so blind as I was; consider
well before you put your name to the lease." He had done a
great deal to improve his farm, but he was thankful to say
that he had a good landlord and factor, who encouraged him
iu it.

Mr. Scott (Parks of Inches) thought that tenants' improve-
ments were easily described. Draining, fencing, building, in
short, whatever added to the value of the soil, formed an im-
provement, and he thought it was simple enough for tvo
practical men, near neighbours, to estimate the value of such
improvements, as of everyliiing else.

Bailie Simpson thougiit thai at least a tenant who added to
the farm buildings should get something for it at the close of
the lease.

Mr, James Armott (Ness Bank) thought the only prac-
tical cure was a reduction of rents, as it is well known that,
as a general rule, they were at present too high. Farmers
could then afford to make improvements, and run the risk of
getting compensation at the end of the lease. They could also
afford to sell their stock on more reasonable terms.

Mr. Mackintosh (Scatraig) described the improvements
he was himself carrying on, and observed that a man should
give no more for his farm tiian he could see his way to clear-
ing out of it. OlFer for the farm eitiier with a view to im-
provements or without such a view. Tenants, he observed,
sometimes added to the buildings, but sometimes also allowed
them to fall out of repair.

Mr. Fraser (Balloch) thought that a tenant, in taking a
farm, was bound to consider whether any improvements he
proposed to erect would pay him. As a rule, tenants in this
part of the country had considered the subject, and had ex-
ecuted the improvements very much to their profit. His ex-
perience was, that it was not in the old-made farms tenants
lived comfortably, but on farms where there was land to im-
prove. In the memorable instance of the Fentonharns, he
was told that Mr. Hope not only imoroved the land, but
actually covered acres and acres of it with new soil ; and there
was a man who made a fortune on farming. Again, it was
the greatest mistake in the world to say that a man profited
himself by exhausting the land at the end of his lease ; it was
in the closing years of his lease that he got paid for the work
of all the previous years. But no doubt the practice of the
country was to farm so as to exhaust the land towards the end
of the lease, and this might tend to injure the produce of the
country. There was no such difficulty as was alleged in es-
timating unexhausted manures. A certain quantity, say of
farmyard manure or bonemeal, was put into the soil. It was
quite well known that one crop did not exhaust them, and
surely the amount still remaining could, for the following
crops, be estimated by respectable neighbours.

Mr. Mollison shortly replied. He thought more might
have been said on the tenants' view of the question, and he
agreed that no farmer could farm well without leaving un-
exhausted manures in the soil. But, on the other hand, the
tenant under his lease was bound to consume straw, and chafi',
and turnips, and to return these to the land. Then the pro-
prietor might ask why, in common sense and fairness, the
tenant should ask to he repaid for them ? Bones or bone-
meal the tenant would apply in the early part or middle of
his lease ; but they were all chemists enough to know that
they would not get the full return from these by applying
them at the close of the lease. The tenant could apply

manures for the hist two or three years that would leave
precious little in the soil. As regards farmyard manure, bis
mouth was shut.

Mr. Fraser (Balloch) : Is there not a difference between
straw used with artificial food and straw used without artificial
food ?

Mr. Mollison thought artificial feeding made the manure
more active, and the return was quicker. Turning to the
question of proposed legislation, Mr. Mollison argued that
many of the proposals would do more harm than good. One
tenant might be for box-feeding, another for stall-feeding,
another for irrigation ; and if the proprietor was bound to pay
for their " unexhausted improvements," the lear of losing
money would not operate to the same extent as a check upon
the tenant, lie quoted a paragraph from a speech by Mr.
Arkwright, M.l'. for Derbyshire, who was in favour of giving
compensation for unexhausted improvements, but " these im-
provements should be made with tlie consent of the landlord."
What was this but throwiug dust in people's eyes? Plainly
the matter must come to be one of contract after all, the
landlord sayiug, " I will not do the improvements myself, but
I will pay you for doiug them." This Tvas the practical course
and he iield that tenants could execute improvements at one-
third of what the proprietor could do.

The Chairman said that the majority of the speakers had
been in favour of bargains with regard to improvements, and
this was also his own view. The passing of a measure to
make compensation for uuexliausted improvements compulsory
would give endless work to tlie law courts.

IRISH TENANT-RIGHT.

A Tenant-Right demonstration has been held in the Town
Hall, Ballymoney, which was crowded to excess with tenant-
farmers, Mr. Thomas M'Elderry in the chair.

The Chairman having referred to the importance of the
land question and the gallant fight which the tenant-farmers
made at the lastelection to return Mr. Wilson, who was certain
to be returned at the next election, called upon Mr. S. C. M'Elroy
to read an address to that gentleman.

Mr. M'Elroy having read the address, and Mr. Wilson
having suitably acknowledged the compliment paid him,

Professor Smyth, M P. (county Londonderry), mo?ed the
first resolution, as follows :

That, four years' experience of the Land Act having proved
its inadequacy in some respects, and especially for the revival
and preservation of the Ulster custom, i*. is, where it has been
impaired,deRirablethat an amendment bill be introduced, which
shall not only legalise ths custom, as granting to the tenant
by prescriptive right and public equity a secure tenure and
freedom of conduct in selling his interest, hut provide facilities
for amicable adjustment of rent at intervals in conformity with
the principals and unrestricted operation of the custom.

Mr. John Megan seconded the resolution, which was unani-
mously passed.

The following resolutions were subsequently adopted ;

Second — That it is the duty of the Conservative Government,
as the avowed protector of the rights of property, to introduce
a bill calculated to preserve to the tenant-farmers of Ulster
their just inheritance, and thus establiih on a durable basis
those social and agricultural relatioiiS, the existence of which
is invariably conductive to civil peace and material prosperity.

Third — That, as the progress of the Teuant-Itight cause de-
pends on the farmers themselves, they should persevere with all
zeal in their efforts to obtain a satisfactory settlement, and
when opportunity arises to elect representatives pledged to
advocate and support their interests in Parliament.

Fourth — That the thanks of this meeting are hereby given
to the landlords who, before and after the passing of the Land
Act, have upheld the Tenant-Kight custom upon their estates,
and to such landlords in Antrim we express our special obliga-
tions.

Fifth— That the 3rd, 4th, and 7th sections of the Land Act
having granted to tlie tenantry of the south and west of Ireland
two important elements of the Ulster custom, it appears o
this meeting that the right of voluntary sale of tlie propeity
granted by those sections should be conceded by the Legislature,
and such provisions made as would give them full security
against capricious eviction and rack-renting, thus extending
to them the benefit of the Ulster custom in its essence and
practice.

470

THE FAR^EER'S MxVGAZINE.

MR, THOMPSOI^r, OF KIRBY HALL."

The journals and records of the Royal Agricultural
Society of England would indeed be incomplete without
some sufficient memoir of the late Sir Harry Steijhcn
Meysey Thompson, better known to the agricultural world
as !^Ir. Thompson, of Kirby Hall, in Yorkshire.

A certain coldness of manner and seeming chill reserve
appeared to dull the warmth of a tender heart and a dis-
position not disincliued to a sense of genial humour.
Nay, even some, who little knew the man, misconstrued
unobtrusive modesty, and fancied that they detected a
savour of haughtiness. There must have been rare
qualities of mind to enable him, notwithstanding marked
drawbacks of manner, to achieve, as a practical man of
business, ,a singular success. Of the two great English
Agricultural Societies he was a ruling spirit. Under his
guidance the North-Eastern Railway Company became
one of the greatest and most successful of commercial
undertakings ; and, moreover, he founded and guided the
ever-extending United Companies Railway Association.
Mr. Thompson's is a fine example of an honourable and
unselfish ambition, by unsparing energy overcoming such
drawbacks as natural shyness and reserve, and, perhaps,
an invincible tendeucy towards exceeding minuteness.
With tact to guide, with gentle wisdom to draw, and with
sufficient power of expression to give effect to both, he
was a patient man, of clear perception that went straight
to his point ; passionately fond of work — overwork — he
delighted in setting wrong 'to rights, and establishiug
order where he found utter confusion. Always ready to
help others to bear their burdens, he kept many irons iu
the fire, and yet allowed none to cool. A careful gleaner
of opinion, consequently a good listener, he was never in a
fuss or hurry, nor irritable nor boastful. The key to the
knowledge of others was in iiis hands, for in early life he
knew himself and recognised the essentially practical bent
of his own taleut. And " passing show," which he de-
tested, he had above all things an ever-abiding sense of
over-ruling Providence. Let Mr. Thompson's exact posi-
tion be understood at the outset. He gained honours at
college, but was never a literary man. He made a dive
into the ocean of science, aud brought up one scieutilie
pearl of great price, of which more hereaftc, but he was
never a man of science. Science aud literature he re-
garded but only as they conduced to his practical objects.
In agriculture his position was between the pi'ofessor of
science and the man of practice — he stood mic'ivay — a
beneficeut interpreter. " The first attempts of the farmer
and philosopher to run in couples were not encouraging"
(these are Mr. Thompson's own words) ; " they conversed
in unknown tongues." Heir to a fine estate, Harry
Stephen Thompson was born at Newby Park, in York-
shire, on the 11th of August, 1809. A clever, shy child,
apt for work, he could read and sura at three, and knew
something of Latin grammar at five. Being a delicate
boy, his father sensibly thought that the absorption of
knowledge was belter than the now fashionable cram, so
on his pony the boy trotted down every day to t'ne par-
sonage, his pockets as well as his memory bulging with
the familiar Virgil and Horace — never forgetting, how-
ever, to visit by the way to and fro a certaiu stock-yard,
where he kept rat-traps constantly going; and a neigh-
bouring barn-wall told of his characteristic energy, for it
did many a tale unfold. As a boy, and through life, he
was a fine shot and fond of shooting. When eighteeu he
was sent to a private tutor near London, to prepare for
the university ; and during two years he made so much
progress that, in regard to an academical career, great

expectations were raised. He entered at Trinity College,
Cambridge, iu 1829, at the age of twenty, and found time
for ^entomological study under Darwin ; but the allure-
ments of society and the attractions of the tennis-court
were, as concerned studies, sad disturbing influences.
He graduated, nevertheless, in honours in 1833 — senioi"
optime in the mathemathical tripos.

Before settling down at Kirby, and, according to his
father's wishes, entering upon the rural life of an English
country gentleman, the youug Thompson travelled on the
Continent and in Scotland, aud spent a summer in the
South of France to perfect himself in Erench. In his
foreign correspondence we pass over much naire descrip-
tion, and not a little sunny humour. He says we can live
in Holland for £10 a month, and buy there a good-
looking riding-horse for £9 or £12. He swam across the
Rhine where it was a quarter of a mile broad, the current
carrying him dovi'n three-quarters of a mile ; the time
fifteen minutes. At Rome he had fever, and, with his
horse, a bad fall. From Toulouse, in 1834, he writes
that there is much agreeable society ; as it is one of the
retreats of the ancienne noblesse. He is working hard at
French : all sorts of game abound, and he asks for his
English gun. He was introduced to a great French agri-
culturist, Baron Malaret — a practical man. The shrewd
old fellow keeps exact accoutits ; credits his woiking bul-
locks with their hours of work, and charges them for their
food. The Baron is an example of what improved agri-
culture may do in France : chiefly by introducing the
English system, he has tripled the value of the family
estate. But Mr. Thompson says, " there is no fear of
my becoming restless and unable to settle down to my
duties as a future English country gentleman ; the more
I know of foreign manners and institutions, the more I
appreciate home : there is no place like hoine."

The Yorkshire Agricultural Society — the legitimate
oflspring of the Society of Scotch Improvers, 1723, and
of the Highland aud xVgricultural Society — was born iu
1837, the first year of the happy reign of the Queeu.
The circumstances attending the birth of the Society are
thus recorded by one who was then present. A country
house party assembled at Kilnwick-Percy, at that time
the home of the late Mr. Deuison ; after dinner, Mr.
Thompson remarked iu reference to the subject of conver-
sation— some local cattle shows, " Don't you think we
could form a Y'^orkshire Agricultural Society movable
from place to place throughout the county ?" The next
morning a small meeting was held at Pocklingtou —
Thompson rapidly and clearly sketched a scheme — he
obtained the aid of Lord Spencer and of others ; the
thing was done. Curiously it was at first contended that
tenant farmers and farming landlords could never compete
on equal terms. Thompson vigorously opposed this nar-
now view, and there was no restriction. The leadership
of this important and most flourishing Society was vir-
tually in Mr. Thompson's hands, until the year 1870,
when the pressure of other work, aud perhaps failing
health, to the regret of all, led to his virtual retirement.
We should here refer to that which all his frieods will
recognise as very characteristic. Mr. Thompson had an
agreeable theory that " all truly British Institutions com-
mence with a dinner," which sociable theory he much
delighted to extend aud to carry into practice both at
Kirby and at his town house in Mausfield-street. His
hospitalities— and he was truly hospitable — he liked to
make conductive to his practical views.

The Royal Agricultural Society of England was founded

THE FARMER'S ]\IAGAZINE,

471

111 183S. Two cuiiueiit men, uow no more, liave ia a
remarkable degree influenced the fortunes of this national
society — Mr. Pusy and Mr. Thompson. The agricultural
life of both these distinguished men may find a fitting
monument in its journals. Mr. Pusey edited the Journal
from the first, and until his lamented and premature
decease in 1855, when its conduct was confided to Mr.
Thompson, who more or less is responsible for its
management for a like period of seventeen busy years.
A man of high character and sober judgment, Mr. Pusey
was at once a jjhilosophcr aud a man of business ; a man
in advance of his age. Practice with science, the motto
of the Society, his characteristic and oft-repeated words,
even he thought more desirable Ihau probable. If to the
unreflecting these two pregnant words appear trite, the
pondering student sees in them the key to the agriculture
of all future time. It is fit, it is essential to draw some
parallel, to suggest some contrast between men so united
in kindred labours in the same cause, so distinguished in
the same agricultural field of action. Indeed, in 1861,
Mr. Thompson in his " Essay on Progress," virtually
invites some such comparison. ^Mr. Pusey and Mr.
Thompson were in no sense rivals : they were altogether
complementary the one to the other. "When the dying
man relinquished the lamp of agricultural progress to the
hands of another, it was with the full assurance that it
would be safely and rapidly carried forward on the path
that he himself had indicated from the first and carefully
mapped. Pusy was a natural leader of men, endowed by
nature with that indescribable essence called genius.
Thompson, on the other hand, was a man of highly
cultivated talent. AVhat the one grasped by fiasli of
instinct, the other followed patiently and laboriously with
true British pluck and painstaking. Pusey boldly led
the way by the force of dominating character ; irresistibly
Thompson pushed men on by the gentle and modest sug-
gestion of superior knowledge of every subject and ques-
tion in issue. Mr. Thompson was essentially a practical
man. The good seed practically sown by those good
kusbandmen. Sir John Sinclair, Arthur Young, and
others, bore good fruit in the shape of practical agricul-
tural tours undertaken by Mr. Thompson, accompanied
by Denisou, afterwards Speaker, and subsequently Lord
Ossington, Mr. Lawes, and othecs. Most of the farms
worth seeing in Great Britain were visited, and much
valuable information gained. At this time also, the writings
of Baron Liebig directed attention to the practical appli-
cation of chemical science ; Mr. Thompson's thoughts
turned towards the clienaistry of agriculture.

In an ancient corner of the ancient city of York,
where old beetle-browed houses with quaint carved beams
overhang the narrow foot-pavement, there lived, in the
summer of 1845, a chemist and druggist of capacity, a
shy and retiring, but able and exact member of the
Society of Friends — his seal a pestle and mortar, under-
neath the letters J. S. — Joseph Spence. Tie was also
managing partner in the York glass-v.'orks. The Thomp-
sons of Kirby were old customers. Spence knew nothing
of agriculture but what young Thompson told him ; and
often he came to and fro. An agricultural laboratory was
fitted up-stairs. Thompson suggested, amongst others,
an experiment — the power of the soil to absorb aud as-
similate ammonia. A glass tube to be afterwards filled
was made at the glass-works : it represented down to the
drain a four-foot section of earth. Spence, much in-
terested, worked early and late : he ground down turf
to fill the tube. The result of the percolation of a solu-
tion of ammonia fairly startled them all : it was not
filtration, but a new chemical action. Spence threw up
his hands in astonishment, and called up Holden his
assistant to see the unexpected result. Friend Spence !
did it at that moment occur to thy practical mind that

mere money might be made of this discovery r No,
not in the coin of this work-a-day world, but it is most
negotiable in the universe of science. The eleventh
volume of the Jo«;-/^«^ contains Mr. Thompson's modest
account of his discovery : the paper is a model of lucid
exposition. The guiding idea Hashed upon him when
obseiwing the escape from manure heaps of quantities of
ammonia. In the words, specially addressed to us, of a
great living authority, " It is remarkable that this slight
experiment contains the germ of what I should consider
to be one of the most important, if not the most im-
portant of all the scientific investigations connected with
the practice of agriculture." ilr. Pusey, President for
the second time, was prevented from taking his place at
Lincoln. The sixteenth volume of the Journal for the
year 1855 coutains the record of his early aud lamented
death at the age of fifty-four years ; and so ends what
we may venture to call the Pusey period of the Royal
Agricultural Society. The Journal of the Society was
now conducted by Jlr. Thompson. The new editor added
half-yearly valuable statistical tables. The Report to the
Council contains the suggestive phrase, " international
agriculture." In the next year, 1857, there is a curious
reference to American public judging in the ring, to
" prevent favouritism." There appeared in 1SG4
Mr. Thompson's exhaustive paper on the " Progress of
the Royal Agricultural Society." If reprinted, this
might well be entitled au Agricultural Handy-book.
As president of the Society, the presidential address deli-
vered by Mr. Thompson at the end of year 1866 comes as
a fine close to the history of his long literary career in con-
nection with the agriculture of England, as represented by
the Royal Agricultural Society. He taught the lesson of
his life — Press on !

As with agriculture, so with railways : in the one
case there were old prejudices to be fought, old customs
to be uprooted ; so iu the other there was culpable
mismanagement, if not fraud ; there was wrong to
be righted, there was confusion to be reduced to order, and
tiierefore, with characteristic energy and moral courage,
Mr. Thompson, being a practical man, advanced to a
practical attack. It is always the case, the cruel demou
of greedy speculation was devouring indiscriminately
the substance of the innocent and of the guilty — un-
worldly clergymen, widows and orphans, wei-e sufferers as
well as the mixed mob of gamblers — the dirty, the fashion-
able, and the vulgar. He moved the resolution which re-
moved the late Jlr. Hudson from office ; the immediate
object being to rescue the property of the shareholders by
introducing sound aud honest management, and by
restoring to rival companies the blessings of peace. This
labour at first was well described to us as " night and day
work !" Mr. Thompson was not actuated by any motives
of self-interest. Owing to his mistrust and by his insti-
gation the greater part of the family interest had been re-
moved from the suspected undertakings. As chair-
man of the North Eastern Railway Company, Mr.
Thompson saw the good seed he had sown bring forth good
fruit most abuudantly : that which he undertook to lift
from its state of abject desolation, became under his hands
one of the most highly appreciated and greatest of English
commercial undertakings. He proposed and organised, in
1852, a Railway Companies Association, of which he was
chairman ; but after several years it was torn asunder by
the battle of the gauges aud long territorial contests. A
a second attempt, however, which, like all truly British
institutions, commenced with the characteristic dinner, was
more successful, and has not only introduced moderate
and give-and-take feeling between the companies, but also
between the companies aud the great public it is their
interest to serve. He continued until almost the last to
be chairman of this association. Suffice it here further

47-2

The FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

to say that when tlie railway history of Great Brittain
shall be written, the railway-direction career of Jlr.
Thompsoa may well fill many an instructive page, and
every line will convey the impression of a policy pre-
eniineutly successful, because it was thoroughly honest,
and admirably straightforward. The political career, so
much desired in early life, came, but it came late : at the
a^e of 50, in the year 1859, Mr. Thompson entered Par-
liament as Member for Whitby. Seven years afterwards
he lost his seat in consequence of a dramatic but unfor-
tunate circumstance, for which in no way whatever was
he responsible — during the election contest, his opponent,
Mr. George Hudson, was arrested by his creditois. The
originator of improvement schemes, the fouuder of the
water works, Mr. Thompson did much to encourage art
in the jet trade, and he will long be remembered at
AVhitby as a public benefactor. At the next election, in
1868, he was brought forward for the Eastern Division
of the West Riding of Yorkshire ; after a severe contest
he was defeated by a narrow majority. The Parliamen-
tary position Mr. Thompson speedily gained has been
estimated and summed up by two thoroughly qualified
political friends, to whom \Te are specially indebted. By
no means an ardent politician, the cool administration of
Lord Palmerstou was not calculated to add fuel to any
political tire that may have smouldered. On agricultural
and railway subjects Mr. Thompson, from his conspicuous
knowledge and accuracy, was soon recognised as an
authority. As a speaker, with a mastery of detail, he
v; as always clear aud definite: he never attempted ora-
torical flights — his was a thoroughly House of Commons
style, full, ready, and conversationally flowing. If in
early life his inclinations had not been diverted, had he
entered Parliament whilst yet his dispositions and habits
were plastic, he would, no doubt, have risen high in the
Government of the country. Coldness aud reserve of
manner were serious drawbacks in electioneering, more
th»n compensated, however, by the good sense and tact
which often induced compliance, and never failed to com-
mand respect.

" Home ! there is no place like hoa.e." We have
followed Mr. Thompson from boyhood to youth ;
we have traced with care the more important highways
of his public life ; it remains for us just to indicate the
lesser paths of duty, which he trod with so much benefit
to his family, his neighbours, and the public, and it is as
pleasant as it is essential to the completeness of our bio-
graphical sketch, to conclude with a rapid glance
at the home life at Kirby. We have seen that
the two great agricultural societies were founded
in the years 1837-8 ; two years afterwards Mr.
Thompson established his home farm, and devoted
much time, and his surplus income, in extending the use
of machinery, and in otherwise improving agriculture,
and in promoting education, as well upon his own estate
as in the management of the diocesan traiuing-coUeges of
York and llipon — and this at a time when those educa-
tional institutions had few sup])orters and scanty means.
Afterwards middle-class education interested him ; and
during many busy years he found time on Sundays to
visit his farm to teach the farm lads. We may not do
more thau refer to his happy marriage in IS^S, and, to
the numerous and promising family by which he was
subsequently blessed. Charity, melting chaiity, claimed
from his busy life many a well-spent hour. From 1845,
for 20 years he acted as chairman of the House Com-
mittee of that admirable institution, the York County
Hospital, and during his chairmanship the new hospital
was built. The railway directorsliip, as we have seen,
commenced in 1849. He succeeded at his father's death
to the family estates in 1853 ; and six years afterwards
Parliamentary business for a time somewhat interrupted

home duties. Early in life an acting justice of the North
and East Riding of Yorkshire, in 1865 he served the
office of High Sheriff of that great county ; and, as we
know, in 1867 he was President of the Royal Agricultural
Society. We fancy we gather in iSIr. Thompson's
writings much that is autobiograpliical — he sketches a
man so hungering for knowledge, that he is never satisfied
until he could ascertain all the causes of failure. " The
management of an imaginary farm" savours greatly of his
own experience. Mr. Robson, hale and hearty, his bailiff
from the very first, is still at Kirby to speak much of his
late master and little of himself : lie can tell of the exceed-
ing miuuteness that regarded every minute detail of the
estate, of the household, and of the farm — no turnip sown,
no sheep bought without his master's knowledge. As a
landlord, Mr. Thompson is autobiographical when he
says, " there exist personal ties which, if rudely severed,
would be most inadequately replaced by additional rent."
Safe tenants may crop as they please — simplify agreements,
and regard good stocking and thorough manuring. Give
plenty of nstiee ; so combine freedom for the incoming
with justice to the outgoing tenant. Routine, he adds,
cannot be broken through without a pang, which never,
however, survives a favourable balance-sheet. In the
somewhat flat country of the Vale of Ouse Kirby Hall is
pleasantly situated, exactly in the centre of a circle of
park and other lands, which have been cultivated and
improved by Mr. Tliompson. The garden-front com-
mands a distant view of the grey towers of York Minster.
To the north you may see wonderfully-improved park
land — in June yellow with the buttercup. At no great
distance, embowered in trees, there is the ancient parish
church. Westward, following the home circle of cultiva-
tion, the new approach, crossing a serpentine lake, leads
through a grass-tield, on deep hazel loam, to the Kirby
home-farm. Begiauing with 250 acres, this home-farm
in 1867 had grown to 670 acres, of which 300 acres was
grass. At first he maintained a pure herd of Shorthorns,
but this was sold in 1848 ; he always, however, had a
well-bred bull. The sheep, of the Leicester breed, were
also carefully selected. There is here a characteristic of
the Kirby estate — a covered foldyard. In every direction
may be traced the hand of the improver — he was no mere
paper farmer — drainage, which he thoroughly understood,
marling, enlarged fields. Towards the south point on
the home circle of cultivation there is the new home-farm
of 340 acres with its covered foldyard. Many of the
buildings, with corrugated tiles, are only just finished.
Some land here is poor clay, much cracked ; two large
fields have been recently laid down to permanent grass :
thanks to artificial mauure, the ground is pretty well
covered, and there is clover. Still the general impression
is, that on this bad land the good grasses say to the
farmer, "Wait a bit." There is close by an old pasture,
of which its late improver was very proud — a triumph of
skill in old grass cultivation. Previously the quaint old
tenant of this " deafish" field used to say : "The grass
came a week afore Barnaby fair ! — June 22nd — and went
a week after !" Diffi;ulty has been experienced in getting
good grass-seed — some has been lately got from the hay
crop of Wensley Dale, some from the neighbourhood of
Knaresborough. Circling eastwards, and entering the
park from the east, there is a fine field of grass, laid down
thirty years ago ; thirty-two Irish cattle bought in May
were in June feeding here, and many cribs about told of
other food than grass. Passing by experimental grass-
plots, interesting only as showing the interest to the last
which the careful experimenter took in his latest
practical study, we regain the front park — our point of
original departure — to admire, beneath the well-cared-for
plantations, 40 fat bullocks, as sleek, fat, aud restful as a
rich pasture and rich artificial food could possibly make

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

47:!

them. Stay^to complete our landscape wc want a fore-
grouad lijjure. It is more thau imagiuatiou that enables
us to dash him in — an ancient tenaat and neighbour — he
will tell us that Sir Harry was respected and iuflueutial
elsewhere ; but, in addition, around Kirby Hall he was
mucli and generally beloved. Health failed — gradually,
very gradually. A sojourn in the South of France. A
welcome return to Kirby. More illness, and, as before,
tended with domestic devotion. Honours came. The
Queen, by the hand of her Minister, conferred an

hereditary distinction. Commercial gratitude was showu
in the shape of a magnificent testimonial. Political
addresses gratefully acknowledged. But as he stood on
its brink, and looked steadily into the black gulf — probably
next to a mental onlook — ^an humble onlook — towards the
promised land — he fouad comfort in the doubting retro-
spect of G5 years of a busy, a well-spent, and an uusellish
life, which, on the 17th May, IS?"!, death came to cbse
in peace. — From Lord Cathcart's admirable Paper in
the Royal Agricultural Society's Journal.

MAIDSTONE FARMERS' CLUB.
INDIGESTION IN THE HORSE.

At a meefia^, at the Star Hotel, Maidstone, on Thursday,
Professor Pritchard, V.S., was announced to deliver an address
on "Indigestion in horses, aud the effect of the cliange upon
their system on passing from dry to green food ;" Mr. T. B.
Lovett, president of the Club, in the chair, Mr. II. Waterman
the vice-cluiirman.

Mr. Pritchard said he thought it would be well first of
all to make a few general remarks about tlie digestive process,
and to describe the change wliicli food undergoes from its
reception in the mouth of the animal, and its passage through
llie intestines, and to point out the ditlereuce between diges-
tion aud indigestion. Indigestion, as popularly received and
understood, arises from some irregularity in tiie action of the
stomach, some defect in that organ or the walls of that organ,
or in the secretions and tiieir actions upon the contents of the
stomach. Bat if they were to look at the subject narrowly it
wonld be -found that indigestion might be produced in some
other way than Irom these causes. To begin with the mouth,
they would had that the food when taken into the mouth was
masticated ty nipans of the teeth, aud mixed into saliva or
spittle. This was a very important point. The food had to
he crushed, and unless the teeth were in a condition to euable
them to crush tlie food properly, aud the glands were in a
healtliy condition, neither mastication nor salivation could
properly take pku'e, and it the food passed into the stomach
in a crude state the digestive process could not go on properly.
This showed the necessity of the teeth being in a sound con-
dition. It was not generally known that the saliva bears a
very important part in the digestive process ; it mixes with
aud softens the food, and thus renders it easier to be crushed.
The taite of the iood is also affected by it, and it has also a
chemical acliou upon the food. Some animals could swallow
their food without hardly any mastication. A dog, for in-
stance, could take its food and swallow it without any chemical
change taking jdace in the food at all. The food having been
crushed aud softened down in the way described, it was made
iuto a pellet, it was conveyed dowu the throat, and by the
gullet into the stomach. Having got to tlie stomacli, when
the stomach becomes full, another process of digestion goes
01). The stomach in the horse was very small in comparison
to the size of the animal — not more than a sixth part of
the size of the stomach of an ox. It would not liave done
fur the horse to have had a large stomach, for lie has to
travel long distances, and if lie had a large cavity like
an ox, it would occasion very great inconvenience to
him. The stomach has two coats — one a muscular coat
and the other tlie mucous membrane. It was necessary that
the food, when inside the stomach, should he well salivated by
the secretions, and unless the food was moved about, it could
not be properly saturated with the secretions or the gastric
juice. If they were to place their ear on the left side of the
ox when the first portion of the stomach was distended with
food, they would hear this mixing of the food going on by
means of the contraction of the muscular membrame. There
was only one other animal that he was aware of that iiad a
stomach like this, and that was a rat. The function, then, of
the stomach was that of thoroughly mixing the food with the
secretions of the living membrane, and it does this by means
of the muscular action of the membrane coat. Within this
portion of the digestive organs tliey have the softening process
and the dissolving of the food by the chemical action of the
gastric juice. Having undergone this proces?, it is not even

then in a fit state to he absorbed, for it has to pass agaiu into
tlie intestinal canal, wiiere it receives other fluid secretions
from the liver, pancreas, &c. So that other organs, besides
the stomach, if they are in an unhealthy state, liave the ten-
dency to produce indigestion. The food, which when in the
stomach is called chyme, passes from thence into the intestinal
canal. This in the horse is remarkably long, compared with
that of flesh-eating animals. The food which they eat contains,
comparatively speaking, a small amount of nourishment, and
requires a longer time for the nourishment which it contains
to be abstracted. This is a reason for the intestines in a liorse
to he longer than in flesh-eating animals. The length of the
intestines in a horse is about 9 ft., and an iinportaut change
ia the first portion of the intestine takes place before it passes
the food into the first portion of the gut. It meets here a
secretion called bile, and another secretion called pancreas,
and by the action of these tw® secretions the chyme is con.
verted into chyle. The liver of the horse is without a gall-
bladder, aud in this it differs from most other mammalia.
Having been subject to the action of these fluids, the food
afterwards passes into the form of foeces. The extraordinary
length of tlie sm al intestinal canal, which is 6-tft. in length,
is for the purpose of allowing it to roll about the abdomen
and shake together, like the contents of a barrel when rolled
down a hill, the fluids and solids which it contains, and
thoroughly mix up aud absorb the contents before they are
passed into the large intestines. After passing the small por-
tion of the intestines the remainder of the contents pass into
the large intestines ; it is there mixed with a portion of the
fluid, which washes out what food remains for absorption
before it finally passes away. Such is the manner in which
healthy digestive action is carried on. Were he asked what
indigestion means, he should reply that it not only meant irre-
gularity of stomach, hut any irregularity in any portion of the
digestive system. He proposed to speak of indigestion under
two heads — the first chronic, or of long standing, and acute
indigestion, which may take place in a few minutes, aud ter-
minate in a very sliort time. He would take the acute form
first. There were several causes which would give rise to this.
First there was overloading of the stomach, and taking a
quantity of what was known as indigestible food. From these
two causes they had acute indigestion of two very difl'ereut
kinds. Suppose an animal gets to a quantity of wheat. This
being a kind of food which the animal had not the opportunity
of eating, he rehshes it, and eats a large quantity, and thus
overloads the stomach. This food having got into the stomach,
aud been mixed with the fluid there secreted, the food swell-^,
aud distends tlie stomach so that the muscular coat becomes
absolutely useless, and its actions wholly or partially para-
lysed. Suppose a horse lakes a large quautity of this kind, so
that he is unable to mix the contents of the stomach properly,
a small portion only of those contents is acted upon by tlie
gastric juice. There is, as they knew, a great and intima'e
connection between the stomach and the brain. After eating a
hearty dinner and drinking wine, a man feels inclined to sleep;
this was because of the connection between the stomach and
the brain. When the stomach of a iiorse becomes distended in
the way he had spoken of, the animal appears unusually dull,
and as the symptoms advance, he walks to the manger, or any
other convenient place, and rests his head. The pulse, instead
of being (rom 33 to 36 falls to 28, and even in some cases lo
24" or 20 ; the eyes immediately become glassy, and the

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41

THE FARMER'S MAGAZIFE.

pupillary opening becomes elougalcd iustead of circular, tlds
showing that the brain is beinft affected. If they put him to
walk, the poor animal will stagger and seem to fall. These
are some of the symptoms of acute indigestion. The brain to
some persons seems to be affected, but the animal is really
suffering from an attack of acute indigestion. There was
another cause. Suppose an animal is taken from a stable,
where he has been fed on liay and corn, and gets a large
amount of green food, probably clover. From this he may get
acute indigestion When tlie food gets into the stomach in
this way, fermentation sets in, gases escape, and the stomach
becomes distended. But the symptoms are different to those
in the other case. Instead of the animal being dull, sleepy,
and careless, he feels a considerable amount of pain, not perhaps
acute pain, as they see in ordinary gripes and colic, lie rolls on
the ground, kicks about, turns round and round, and his
pulse, instead of being at 32 or 36, or as in the other case,
as low as 20, runs up to 55 or 60, and as the malady increases
even to a greater figure than tliis ; tlie external surface of the
skin sliiues, tlie flanks are distended. This arises from eating
various kinds of food, such as mouldy hay, or hay badly got,
or coarse dry clover, or oats covered with mould, bad oats, or
kiln-dried oats — from any of these causes they might expect
this form of acute indigestion. If horses are kept without
water for a long time and tlien given a large quantity, this
will also produce it as well as irregularity of feeding. In the
first form — that wliereiu the horse suffers from cerebral symp-
tums — unless relief soon takes place, a different appearance
altogether comes on, and it tliere i? no change in from six to
twelve hours, he becomes affected witli what is called mad
staggers. He paws tlie ground, and runs en to shov/ all the
symptoms of inflammation of the membranes of the brain or
of the brain itself. The eyes are wild, and the horse kicks
about : lie runs his head against the wall, he kicks out
violently, and knocks himself about as if he did not care
wlia^ became of himself, and unless soon relieved the horse
win die. In the other case the evil will continue until
the walls of the stomach burst by the accumulation ot gas, and
so tlie horse dies. By vomiting a dog may get rid of the con-
tents of his stomach, but it is very seldom that a horse can be
got to vomit. Something must be got into liis stomach which
may operate on its contents, and make them pass in the usual
manner. AVhen a horse becomes affected as he had been de-
scribing, what should be done P In the case of stomach stag-
gers, or the walls ot the stomach being paralysed, he would re-
commend the use of strong stimulants, such as aromatic ammo-
nia, with spirits of ether or ordinary spirits. He should also
give a purgative and something to rouse the nervous system
and to irritatate the raerabraue, so as to stir up the secretions
and enable the contents of the stomach to pass into the intes-
tinal canal. When the stomach is in this distended state, if
the horse were to fall down he would be liable to be ruptured,
and rather than let a horse roll or stumble about when in tliis
condition, he would even place him in slings. In all cases
affecting the stomach and bowels they could not do better than
keep the horse moving about on his legs, in order to prevent his
injuring himself. In the other case, that of the presence of
gaseous .material in the stomach, it was difficult to deal with,
and unless they could get rid of it medicine was of no
use. To get rid of the carbonic acid gas they should
pour into the stomach such agents as would change it
into solid matter. Aromatic spirit of ammonia was one
of the best things whicli could be used for this purpose,
and hartshorn was very good, and so was also, in a solid form,
carbonate of ammonia. This given in small and diluted doses,
will gradually bring about the breaking up or the decomposi-
tion of the gaseous material ; they can then drive it out of the
stomach into the bowels, and so gf t rid of it. In the other
case — the chronic lorm — the evil may go on for a considerable
period, and the changes brought about may be very slow in
their progress. Suppose a horse in the stable or out at grass
is seen not to thrive, notwithstanding any amount of food is
given to him. If they examine the coat, they will find it pre-
sents an unhealthy appearance, and the horse, as it is said,
" stares" in his coat. The appetite is uncertain ; he feeds well
for a time, and then falls off; he becomes voracious, and eats
any Cjuantity of food, but without taking any notice of the
quality. He will eat mouldy hay, or even his bedding some-
times. He had known horses, when in this condition, eat
soiled and stained bedding, and even actually eat their own
foeces, just after eating a good quantity of proper food from a

manger. He knew a case where a horse ate plaster, and when
out at grass horses had been known to eat loam or sand. The
skin appears hidebound at such times, instead of being easily
and readily moved about, as is the case at ordinary times.
The action of the bowels is irregular, and the horse is often
supposed to have worms. The cause of chronic indigestion
may be from some defect m the mouth, or in the glands which
supply the spittle ; it may arise from some defect in the
stomach, from want of power to contract and perform its
functions, from an impaired condition of the liver, or the
pancreas, or any portion of the lining of the intestinal canal.
Suppose a horse has aiiything the matter with his teeth, and
can only partially masticate his food. In this case a healthy
chyle cannot be obtained, and all the symptoms of chronic
indigestion are shown. In such cases, they might ask what
chances are there of the horse's recovery? He should say this
depends in a very great degree upon the length of time the ani-
mal has been suffering. If it has come on recently, he should
change the quality of the food, giving a diet small in quantity,
but containing a large amount of nutriment. He should give,
first, a purgative to get rid of the material in the stomach,
and then he should feed tlie horse on a good stimulating diet.
He would not treat hira so as to give rise to debility, for the
hoise \^ ould have become very debilitated, and they should
avoid doing anything to increase that debility. Passing sud-
denly from dry to green food, affects horses in this way very
much. Suppose if they were to make a change to grass, after
the iiorse had been standing some time in the stable. If tlie
grass were of such a kind as to afford a fair amount of nourish-
ment, if it has been properly collected, and has not undergone
fermentation, and does not produce over-distension of the
stomach, the charge would be of a very beneficial character '
variety of food was beneficial to all animals. If they were to
feed an animal in good condition upon grass, it would afford
rest to him from his usual hard labour. When horses are kept
for hunting or racing purposes, they must be fed on food
which contains a large amount of nourishment, such as oats,
peas, or beans. They had a larger amount of work to do than
animals fed on less nutritious kinds of food, and if a liorse was
fed properly in his stable and his food regulated nicely, giving
him a grass rest would bring about a change which sometimes
would have a very beneficial effect. But care must be taken
that the utmost regularity is practised, or very bad results may
be brought about by the change, If, however, a horse is put
into pasture which does not grow grass, or is fed on clover
which has run to seed and has been a long time growing, they
might expect indigestion, both acute and chronic. When a
horse was turned out to grass too much care and judgment
could not be used. If a horse had passed the first eight or nine
years of his hfe in a stable, it would not, in his opinion, do
much good out at grass ; he might thrive for a time by the
change, but his condition would be so reversed, and his
dignstive system would undergo such an ntter change, that it
could not be of benefit. Instead of having a small portion of
nutritious food, without any trouble to obtain it, he has to
walk over a large space before he can 'get food sufficient
to afford a proper amount of nutrition. It would be
like, as had been observed, taking a City alderman who
had been accustomed to live on turtle and other light food, and
putting hira to live on workliouse diet. Then, also, the kind of
pasture into which the horse was put had to be considered. If
he had been accustomed to be turned out for a portion of the
year, he should not be turned out where there was a small
amount of grass, or where the grass was quickly grown. This
last condition had a great deal to do with the matter. In
Northumberland and Cumberland it was the custom to feed
horses partially in the stables and turn them out to grass at
night. But the gras.-* in the northern part of the kingdom
was slow in growth, and contains a large amount of
nourishment. Horses thrive generally when out at
grass, and there were eases where it was advisable
to turn them out. For instance, where horses had a sand-
crack, turniug them out to grass rests them and gives them time
to recover. If they were to place such a horse in a nice soft
pasture where there would be the opportunity of gentle exer-
cise for the foot, it would be much better than keeping him in
the stable, where, by the hardness of the place on which he
stands, the action of the fott might cause the crack to open
again. The horn growth was also increased by the action of
the moisture from the pasture. Suppose, again, a horse had
met witli an injury whereby he had lost some muscle, gentle

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

47^

Pxercise would bring it back again, aud this would be best pro-
moted by turning the horse out to grass. 'JUie Proi'essor
concluded by stating that he had had lately a severe attack of
neuralgia, from which he was still suffering, aud had he con-
sulted his own couvenience only he should not have appeared
before them that evening. He expressed his desire to answer
any questions that might be asked, and should be pleased to
visit at another time the Farmers' Club at Maidstone.

The Chairman asked the Professor what food he would
recommend for cart horses, to prevent the indigestion of which
he had been speaking ?

Mr. Edmett asked if a horse which had been in the stable
a long time, and been used to dry food, was turned out to grass,
would not a little dry food given with the grass food be bene-
ficial to him P He also asked if the use of the nosebag, and
the dust getting through it into the lungs, would not be likely
to cause indigestion ?

Mr. BuRKETT said he had been in the habit every summer
of turning out his horses to grass for four or five months, and
gave them also the usual amount of com and other dry food
wliicli they had had when they were iu the stable. The horses
were turned out at the latter part of the day, when they had
done their work. He should like to know whether his plan
was advantageous or not.

Mr. Waterman said that some farmers were iu the habit
of turning out their horses for work at six o'clock in the
morning, and working thera till eight o'clock ; then they had a
rest and some food, and were afterwards kept on to work till
13, when they had another rest and a feed, and were turned
out again to work in the afternoon. Others turned their
liorses out at six o'clock, and kept them working till two, a
period of eight hours. Which plan did the Professor con-
sider the best— doiug tlie whole of the work to be done with-
out rest, or letting the horses do it at two or three different
times, as described ?

Professor Pritciiard, in reply, said tiie feeding of cart
horses very much depends upon the quality and kind of work
which the horses were called upon to do. Horses employed
in iron work and in coal pits have more laborious work than
in agricultural districts, and the kind of food which should
be given depends upon the nature of the work which they
have to pertbrm. He was an advocate for cutting up hay
for agricultural horses, instead of their eatiug the hay from a
rack— of giving them as feed-stuff chatf rai.xed with corn,
rather than hay and corn, also of mixing with their food a
quantity of bran . Horses were in the habit of getting consti-
pated bowels, and pains arising from colic, and to prevent this he
advocated the mixture ofa sruall quantity of bran with theirfood.
In the iron and coal works, they were in the habit of giving
their horses a few peas or beans, but to agricultural horss, or
horses employed ou ordinary road work, oats should be given .
He tliought when horses were about to be turned out from the
stable to grass, the more gradually the change was brought
about the better. If they were turaed out for a fe.v hours
only, and so avoided a too-sudden clianse from oue food to
another, it would be a good thing. With reference to giving
horses in full work the ordinary quantity of corn before turn-
ing them ouito grass, he thought such a plan a good one, as
then the horses would not be likely to overload their stomachs
with green food, aud they would reap full benefit of the change
of food. But he should take care to allow the horse to have
the whole allowance of dry food, which was necessary, before
turning hitn out ; because if he had the grass before the final
feed of corn, the stomach would be likely to be overloaded with
green food, and indigestion would probably follow. With re-
ference to the question about the manner in which liorses should
be worked, he was of opinion that if a team of horses were
worked eight or nine hours at a time, and then taken into the
stable after performing their w-rk, it would be more beneficial
than it they were to do their work after resting two or three
times in the day. In London this was the practice with
owners of horses, and the plan was admitted to work very well.
But there the horses were not usually out for so long a period
as nine hours. He should not, however, recommend absten-
tion from food for that length of time. He was a great advo-
cate for the nosebag, and he believed since its introduction be-
came general, on the recommendation of Profesor Coleman,
stomach staggers were not so prevalent as they had been be-
lore. Ihis he believed was due in a very great degree to the
use of the nosebag'.

On the motion of the Chairman, a vote of thanks was
given to the Professor for his lecture.

GLOUCESTER ROOT SHOW.

JUDGES.— Hoots : S. Priday, J . Witcomb, and D. Vick.
ROOTS.

SWEDES.

Twelve of any variety. — First prize, Earl Ducie, Whitfield
Farm ; second, C. H. Price, The Hayes, Newent ; third, J.
Copner, Hill Farm, Stonehouse. Commended : C. Cadle, the
Hall, Awre. Six heaviest, no award.

TURNIPS.

Twelve white round. — JN'o entry.

Twelve Lincolnshire red globe. — No award.

Twelve green globe. — First prize, C. H. Price ; second,
T. Robinson, Longford House.

Twelve ycllovv Scotch. — No award.

Twelve grey stone. — No entry.

Twelve yellow tankard. — No entry.

Twelve tankard (other varieties). — J. Copner.

Six heaviest. — C. H. Price.

mangolds.

Twelve yellow or orange globe. — First prize, N. Jenner,
Buckover Farm ; second, 1. Theyer, Zoons Farm, Hucclecote.
Highly commended : C. Cadle and Earl Ducie. Commended :
T. G. Parry, Highnaiu Court.

Twelve long yellow. — J. D. Crump, The Hawthorns, Corse.

Twelve long red. — First prize, N. Jenner ; second, T.
Morris, Maisemore. Highly commended ; Capt. Lysons,
Pontvijle, Bristol-road.

Twelve red globe.— J. D. Crump.

Six heaviest. — First prize, N- Jenner ; second, T. Lowe,
Hucclecote.

CARROTS.

Twelve red. — First prize, B. St. John Ackers, Prinknash
Park; second, T. Lowe.

Twelve white. — First prize. Earl Ducie ; second, J. Bucha-
n3n, Campdcn.

PARSNIPS.

Twelve.— First prize, B. St. John Ackers; second, W.
Bannister, Barton-street. Highly commended : T. Parry and
T. Robinson.

COW CABBAGE.

Three large. — First prize. Earl Ducie ; second, J. H. Tyler,
Tytherington.

KOHL RABI.

Twelve green. — First prize, J. Buchanan ; second, T. Gam-
bier Parry. Highly commended : J. Copner.

Twelve purple. — First prize, J. Buchanan ; second, J.

Copner.

KING'S ROOT SHOW AT COGGESHALL. — List
of the Prizes : Champion orange globe wnrzel.— First, Messrs.
Dixon, Wickham ; second, R. W. Hall Dare, Wrenningham ;
third, E. J. Ash, Chadwell, St. Mary's. Yellow globe wurzel.
— First, Messrs. Grout, Tothara ; second, — Staines, Gosfield ;
third, R. W. Hall Dare. Red globe wurzel.— First, Messrs.
Dixou ; second, — Staines. Long red wurzel.— First, W. S.
Goodchild. Glemsford ; second, Messrs. Dixon. Long yellow
wurzel. — First, R.jW. Hall Dare ; second, — Staines. Interme-
diate wurzel. — First, T. Yeldhara, Stambourne ; second, R. W.
Hall'Dare. Heaviest mangel.— First, W. S. Goodchild. Un-
rivalled swede— First, W. Joyce, Waltham ; second, Mrs.
Honywood, Marks Hall ; third, T. Kiug, Halsted. Skirving
svcede. — First, J. Hutley, Stebbing ; second, J. Howell, Little
Walsingham ; third, — Bolton, Terling. Heaviest swede.—
J. Hutley. White globe turnips. — First, W. Stubbins,
Boreham ; second, Mrs. Pyle, Sidmoutli, Devon. Green globe
turnip. — First, H. Smith, Leighs ; second, G. Pettitt, Mount
Bures. Green kohl rahi. — First, Central Loudon District
School, Hanwell ; second, Mr. D. Robertson, Avely.

H H 2

476

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

CARMARTHENSHIRE FARMERS' CLUB.

MANURES.

At tlie usual quarterly meeting in Carmartlien, Mr. D.
Davies, Ystradsralter, president, iu the chair. Tlie raffle
took place, whea the I'oUowiug prizes were distributed : Horse-
rake, Mr. W. W. Prosser, Alityferin ; chaff-cutter, Mr.
Thomas ; weighing-machine, Mr. Davies, Typicca ; kniie-
stand, Mr. J. Rees, Llwynyfortune ; cart-rope, Mr. D.
Harries, Abersanu ; dung-fork, Mr. T. Davies, Wernddu ;
Mr. Thomas, merchant; JMr.P. Lewis, butcher; hay-fork, Mr.
D. Jeremy, Cwraddu ; Mr. T. Rees, Tvy Bush ; Mr. Davies,
Waunllane ; Mr. Humphreys, Coed ; Mr. Thomas, Penlan ;
Mr. Davies, Cincoed. The .winner of tiie horse-rake had to
pay £4 towards the funds of the Club.

Dr. HOFKINS then said : I have been called upon somewliat
suddenly to introduce the subject of Manures. Manure is a
very large subject, and one intimately connected with every
transaction in farming. We are almost connected with it
during the whole of the year ; and in one w.iy or another, it
comes up for discussion at every meeting of our Club, unless
we except that of breeding of cattle, and our farm produce.
Manure is composed mostly ef two constituents, represented
by two divisions — tlie organic and inorganic — all manures are
divided between these two, and it will be for you, gentlemen,
and I see many here well capable of taking ^the matter up
from a practical point of view, that I do not intend to do more
thon introduce it to you. It is for you to decide the manures
best calculated to the cultivation of your lands. There are
many gentlemen in this meeting who, I am sure, will follow up
my few remarks. I shall first speak with regard to,the advantages
of manuie as the main pillar of farming. We have various
ways of placing manure. Take organic first, it is dung, or
farmyard manure. We all know that farmyard manure is the
best, that is, if we can get it ; but in this country we are un-
fortunately unable to procure a sullicient supply. Whetiier
large or small larmeTS can farm profitably, before they can do
so well, tiiey must have plenty of manure. I therefore would
suggest, where that is deficient, as uufortunately it is in too
many cases in this country, that greater care should be taken
of the liquid manure arising from that already existing, by the
erection of tanks to save all that now passes away to where it
is not required. I tliink too little attention has been paid in
nearly all the farms of this country, to the use of liquid ma-
nure ; I must state that here, too little attention has been
given to the draining from farmyards, and the saving ol such.
Another portion of organic manure is the neglect ot plashing
our hedges, and getting hold of all sorts of vegetable remains,
such as the clearing out of ponds and ditches, because it is a
fact that what was once a vegetable will become a vegetable
again ; I assert that tliere has not been sufficient attention paid
to the scraping out of old ponds and ditches, and to the use of
other vegetable remains at present at our service ; they have
been too often neglected in this country. Considering the
thinness of the soil with us, the use of every adjuvant is in-
dispensably necessary — the great consideration is to make as
much manure as you can, which, as I told you before is the
main pillar of farming. Another thing which is very valuable
to us and a great deodiser and absorbent is peat. It is nearly
within every one's reach, and when dry is a great absorbent of
liquid manure, and should be placed at the bottom of every
farmyard to absorb that which would ctlierwise be lost.
Having been in water for so many years, it is not
nearly so valuable as a manure until it has been animalised
if you have tanks or any other convenient place,
in which you can add the liquid manure so as to produce
that effect, I say you cannot make a finer manure than
with peat. It is really pure carbon, or charcoal, and as
I said before has the power of charcoal of deodorising. I
am not going to detain you by any lengthened remarks, be-
cause tliere are many practical men of talent to follow me,
and it would be impertinent on my part to dictate to you as
to which is the best plan ; that I leave necessar ly as an open
subject. But now I come to the inorganic manure ; at the
head of all which is lime, then we have phosphates and super-
phosphates, burnt clays, common salt, and ammoniacal salts,
soot, &c., &c., and it is for you to say, how far one supersedes

the other in your different localities ; liow far they will meet

your necessities and supply your wants. Taking cattle or
sheep for example, these ingredients will be found of eminent
service in rearing and feeding. Burnt clay you will find is an
exceedingly beuefical manure upon the poorest of laud where
peat is to be had to char it ; if you burn one with the other
it makes au excellent and active manure. A little work has
been published by au celebrated Professor under the French
Government of how to farm without manure, and if you read
it you will find this, I must say the essay is a very scientific
and valuable addition to what we know of farming; you will
find there that the analysis of farm produce such as beet root,
peas, beans, and the leguminous pl.ints, abstract certain salts
from the soil which if returned to it by the Krower will make
it as fertile as before for the same or any forthcoming crop.
If you grow mangolds, wheat, and other produce from the
soil, you will find that it robs it of certain ingredients in
excess, which you as farmers will have to return to the soil, so
as to reproduce the fertility of whifh it had been deprived.
It is for you to return to the soil that of whicli you have
taken from it, and give it back to put it in the position in
which it was before you meddled with it. Farming is nothing
more than an exceedingly rough system of gardening, where
if you do not rotate the crops you will have to resupply what
I told you before, you deprive the earth of. All we can do is
to adopt the best plan that our circumstances will permit.
Potash is like ammonaia or lime ; a great fertiliser in minute
quantities and in the work published by the French Govern-
ment, you will find how these are to be supplied. Please let
me tell you, gentlemen, this is not hypjlheses but founded
upon most careful experiments, conducted iu the most
elaborate manner. Because you often iiear men say, " I think
this and I think the other," when in reality they know next
to nothing absut it, for these experiments have been carried
on ill the science of chemistry without affection or fear of any
scrutiny, so as to render the greatest amount of advautage to
the agricultural public iu general. I now leave to my fol-
lowers the filling up of any omissions on my part, and to
those gentlemen who have commissions to urge the respective
merits of their favourite measures, and to show them to be
worthy of your notice.

Mr. Brodiz did not profess to know much about the scien-
tific side of the subject that had been so ably introduced to
them by Dr. Hopkins ; but if it would do any good one way
or other, he would tell them what he really did himself. He
might tell thera that he had not been successful in his first
means for supplementing bis farm yard manures. He had used
animalised carbon, and bad fouud that it was not worth a
penny. He had dropped down now to a plain and simple mode
of manuring his farm. This scheme of his did not require any
scientific knowledge ; common sense, he might tell the Doctor,
was just as good as chemistry. Besides, in this scheme there
was another advautage; he was not the least careful who he
dealt with ; he would as soon buy from Mike Sullivan and Co.
as from J. B. Lewes and Co. ; as soon from anybody else as
from H. T. Proctor and Co. Perhaps Dr. Hopkins or some of

I them would not believe him when he announced bis plan ; but
in truth it was merely this : he crushed his own bones. [" A

i very good plan" from Dr. Hopkins.) Bones he bouglit all the
year round, in different quarters, as he had said. These

I bones he allowed to ferment ; he did not even dissolve them.

I They came to the roots of the plants, to the help of the land, as
well that way he found as if they were dissolved ; not having
the appliances about for dissolving the bones thoroughly he
took this metliodaud was satisfied with it. In any other way
of dealing with these bones he found that often the acid in
them that was of use was all but lost ; at all events, the bill
was always to pay, which could not well but be a point of im-
portance ill tbe eyes of the farmer. He believed his plan was
a good one. He went in, of course, after so crushing the
bones for careful mixing. He hoped nobody would adopt his
plan and outstrip him in success.

Mr. Warren would only supplement Dr. Ilopkims's remarks
as to manures that were very muc!i neglected, by remarking

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

477

tliat those wlio live near the sea left most valuable manure to
lie unappropriated, and so go to waste. Admirable crops and
large crops were grown with such manure he assured them ; it
contained potash and soda and other salts. He thought
the manure (o be thus obtained shonld be more utilised than
it was.

Mr. D. T. MoERis explained that when it was known that
Mr. Pughsley was unable to be with him it was suggested that
H few notes that had been put together on the subject he
should read to tiiem ; but he was pleased that the arrangement
liad been carried out as it liad been. Lie would still, if it
pleased the club, read to them the notes of the paper to which
he referred, lie then read as follows: With your permission
1 beg to offer a lew remarks upon farmyard manure, more par-
ticularly that of horse-dung, which 1 verily believe many
farmers in this and the adjoining county do not value nearly
as much as they ouglit to. The dung of farmyards generally
is the produce of h:iy, straw, turnips, and so forth, and is
used, as you are all aware, as provender or litter upon the
firm. When cattle are housed, it is invariably carried and put
i.i a heap on some high place — sometimes in large heaps —
consequently when heavy rain comes it washes away all, or
nearly so, of the feitilising properties it contains ; therefore, 1
would suggest that to retain the liquid a place should be made
purposely for holding it — say two or three feet deep — and if
t'le ground is not of a clajish nature, let it be cemented so
t lat the ground should not absorb the liquid, as the latter
CJutaius the principal fertilising ingredient. This tank or
C'sspool should be so constructed as, in the event of
ai overflow of liquid, another tank should be placed
f jr the overplus ; and, when this is full, let it then
be t.ikeu in a cask upon wheels and allowed to run over the
surface of the iield, tlie dung, alter a time, being well mixed
and taken to the field and spread upon the land when in
tillage ; the dung, covered by the earth, soon passes tlirough
its course of fermentation and becomes decomposed and mixed,
or coiiibined with the matter of the soil. Where the dung
produced is very rich and decomposed, as where cattle liave
been feeding in stalls on juicy and nutritive food, it may not
require much turning over to lit it for use ; yet even in such
a case it is generally beneficial that it ha turned over before
being used, the effect being to ferment tiie mass not only
sulliciently but equally, and to mix its different parts together.
Now, referriug to house dung particularly, I may here remark 1
am often grieved when going into a farm-yard to see a large heap
of this steaming away. Possibly you may not all be aware that
the steam you see and smell is tlie ferilisiug properties of the
liurse dung, and the means by which the farmer may return
these is to put the stable dung into a square heap, and iu
every twelve or eighteen inches rise place a layer of gypsum,
tine earth, or ashes. Then this evaporation condenses and
tails back in the dung, and when the manure is got out,
instead of being dry and mouldy, with no fertilising qualities,
ii will be like bread thickly buttered, with all the ingredients
horse dung contains. I should also observe that when the
stable opens upon a common yard the dung should not be
allowed to accumulate in a heap about the stable, but be spread
abroad upon the general heap. A square wall built iu the
jard to contain the dung would be advisable, so as to prevent
evaporation through the sides. I'rofessor Muspratt says, " it
is better to take dung into the field fresh from the stable and
plough it into the ground llrin throw it in a heap and allow it
to evaporate." This 1 can easily understand, as you have
then all the fertilising properties of the horse dung in the
soil. Low also says, " that horse dung is more susceptible of
quick fermentation thau that of oxen," and this is why I
should advise dung to go through the process I name. After
fermentation is over there should be a thorough mixing pre-
viously to its bcint; put upon the laud, rrepa'ing manure in
this way you will find one ton worth three of that where the
evaporation has escaped. Perhaps there are some here who
luiagine the solid excrements of a liorte that is badly kept have
the same fertilising properties as those of a horse well kept ;
most decidedly not, tor the bst'er you keep your horse the
better he will do your work, and the dung will be worth three
times as much.

Mr. Harries said the point he would more particularly
press on them than any other, perhaps, was the importance of
looking after the farm-yard liquid manure, which so often was
allowed to run waste. lie quite agreed witli Mr. Morris in
what he had said as to the horse manure, and the prevention

of loss or waste from evaporation. One thing had been said
in which he did not agree ; that was Dr. Hopkins' remarks
relative to peat. He differed from the Dr. in this question i/i
toto. Peat was one of the worst so-called manures they could
have. It would not pay any one, he believed, to spend five
shillings on it. There was, for one thing, more labour re-
quired regarding it than it was all worth. He certainly would
not advise any one to speculate in peat as a manure. He be-
lieved there ought to be no farm-yard without a building for
the accumulation and mixing of farm-yard manures ; all the
farm-yard manure, which was the best they could have, should
be received into this tank. Much of that valuable manure
was at thi? present time neglected and overlooked ; and if it
was all utilised, and its value fully appreciated, there would be
almost no necessity for artificial manures. The expense ot
haulage, which was very great, he alluded to briefly as a great
difficulty in the way of the farmer perfectly manuring his land.
Nitrate of soda was one of the most marvellous things he had
ever seen ; it had, however, to be used with caution and care.

Mr. Thomas (Derllys) believed when he got the intimation
of a paper by Mr. Pughsley on Manures, that he and Mr.
Morris would come forward as the advocates of an entirely new
manure, lie had heard them talking of a new manure that
was to be got at the works ; sulphate, or hydrate of copper it
was, if he mistook not, which being mixed with earth, made
an excellent manure. He thought Mr. Pughsley, had he been
here, would have been more taken up with clieniical manures
than auy other. The farm-yard manures they knew a little
about, but chemical manures they lived to learn about. They,
in using these chemical or artificial manures, were— at all
events most of them were — groping in the dark, and did not
know what they got. Especially after such short crops as
they had had this year, any information or suggestions Mr.
Pughsley could have given them would, he had no doubt, have
been acceptable and valuable. Many things were very much
neglected, as they had heard. One of the neglected things
was to be found in this— that they had never provided any
safeguard for the fanners, any means of ensuring that iu what
artificial manures they bought they got their money's worth.
The best firms were represented, no doubt, in this town, b
men of good standing ; but, after all, he thought it was tli
duty of this club to guard the members against being taken iu
by the sellers of artificial manures. This could only be done
by arranging for analysis of these artificial manures.

Mr. Letis spoke strongly in favour of peat as an absorbent
and fertiliser ; he likewise agreed that in the slaughter-houses
of towns like Carmarthen there was a great waste of very
valuable manure. In Llandilo Mr. Tliomas had the whole
benefit of the slaughter-house, and he even complaiued of the
manure being too rich ; he advised hira to mow sooner thau
he did.

Mr. Harris (Llandilo) referred to a manure he had used,
that was like some that had been mentioned, of lit'le worth —
he meant a manure tliat was called economieal. He was now
using a much superior mixture— superphosphate and bone,
mited half-and-half. Parmyard manure, of course, lie at-
tempted to secure in as large quantities as possible.

Mr. Broauman said the subject was a large one, but it
could be narrowed down by remembering that farmyard
manure was the mainstay of the furmer, and that all artificial
manures were supplementary to it, and were required because
of the limited quantity of it that could be procured. He
advised thorough economy in farmyard manure, especially
liquid, and stated the arrangements he had on his farm used
for the preservation of it all. He had everything under cover,
thus avoiding the loss of liquid manure, and the decrease in
value of the other kinds through rain or the effects of the sub.
He explained, likewise, the carelul mixing he made of tlie dif-
ferent manures. By the system he adopted he liad manure
worth from 7s. to 8s. per load. Coming to artificial manures,
he remarked that he had tried nitrate of soda alone, and was
not pleased with it. He was thoroughly convinced of tlie pro-
priety of the scheme advocated in a work published under the
auspices of the Royal Agricultural Society, in which it was set
forth that the mixing of the mineral and other manures made
a difference in the effect of the manures on the land, doubling
if not sometimes trebling it. Nitrate of soda and mineral
superphosphate were calculated to keep the laud in as perfect
a state of productiveness as auytliing he knew, lleferring to
the way in which the manure was piled where there was no
tank or pit on the farm, he thought there was great room for

478

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

improvement ; they piled up their heaps in these haif-.-quare
and half-oval forms. By this method, he hehl, the raiu water
was allowed to get into the heap and destroy the fertilising
powers of the manure. He recommended the manure to he
heaped up in the shape of a house, tlie thickest part in the
middle, and earth to he then heaped on the top of that. He
was sure the more science they applied to the cultivation of the
soil the greater would be their reward. He mentioned to the
members a very excellent book he had recently come across,
Professor Johnson's Agriculture, Chemistry, and Geology,
which treated of the application of manure, and the way to
preserve it.

Mr. James (Carregceggan) pointed out the importance of
giving every kiad of laud tiie manure suitable for it ; he was
sure any mouey carefully spent iu this work, or in the price of
manure would pay them better than any bank.

Mr. TuoiiAS (Moreb) spoke very strongly in favour of
slaughter-house manure, of which he had a fair trial at
Llandilo. He found the few fields lie held even too richly
fed ; he was prevented, however, by his landlord from taking
more than one crop a year, so that he made sure of getting a
thundering good one when he did cut. He agreed with the
majoi-ity of the speakers, as to the value of farmyard manure,
the advisability of saving it, and on many of the minor points
as well.

Mr. J. L. PdiLPPS layed particular stress on mixing the
manure they intended to lay on the land with eartli or water ;
he repudiated the idea of the necessity for a tank ; it was only
necessary to have a pit at the farmyard for the purpose ; it
would allow of all manure being there mixed sufficiently.
Nothing was of more importance than the thorough mixing
through and through. They could not expect good manure
from anything but well fed animals ; it would not do to
saturate straw with dirty water and call it manure. He con-
demned at some length the application of lirae to the land
when it was not required ; when applied under such circum-
stances it was not manure, or food to the land, but poison.
Referring to aitificial manures he came to speak of "the
Economical," after warning them tliat in trying artificial they
should not strive after or look for anything else than a fair
art\cle for fair price. This " Economical " they were told of was
advertised as having a backing up of 2,000 testimonials, one
of which was from his frieud on the right, Mr. W. E. B.
Gwyn, Plas Cwrt Hir. That manure was supposed to be a
substitute for guano ; it certainly was nothing of the sort ; it
was quite worthless. Mr. Phillips believe 1 peat was a good
manure, and that the member who had spoken of it as no
manure at all was perfectly wrong. He suggested a pit with
good mixing and the use of absorbents, so as to avoid the ex-
pense of a tank. The rain water could, he showed, be thrown
off.

Mr. tiwiN agreed to a very great extent with Mr. Phillips'
remarks. On his own farm all th:? manure was well mixed as
it was carried out every day. The suggestions as to peat,
made by Dr. Hopkins, he considered excellent ; and among
tlie unutilized means at the liand of every farmer, some of
whicli had been pointed out by Dr. Hopkins, he thought the
refuse from hedges and ditches was not sulficiently looked to.
He intended himself, in the coming season, carting 300 or
iOO cartluls of that lor the purpose of mixing witli light soil ;
it made a capital manure. Referring to tlie Economical
Manure, he had tried it, and had, it was true, sent a-testi-
monial to the dealers that it was not worth much.

Mr. Morga:n, Llwyn, supported warmly the proposal for
the protection of the members by the club, through the ap-
pointment of an analyist. He was certainly in favour of peat
as a manure, and proved its valu3 by several illustrations. He
held that the mixing of all manures in a pit, which should be
covered with earth, one of the best absorbents we could have,
was a capital plan. He had tried tlic Economical, but he had
not intended to say anythiug about it unless somebody else
spoke first ; he thought nobody else could have been such a
foul as to meddle with it.

The Chairm.«lJJ having thanked Dr. Hopkins on behalf of
the club, and summed up the discussion,

Dr. HoPKiJCS, replying on the discussion, said that Mr.
Harris made a great mistake iu saying that peat was not a
manure and no use ; and lie (the Dr.) was glad to find that
every one also seemed to share the opinion that he liad enun-
ciated in his opening address to the effect that peat was a very
beneficial manure, and especially so when mixed with animal

substances. Peat was nothing less than the decays of the
vegetables of ages, mostly grass and water plants, the remains
of which consisted nearly of pure carbon or charcoal, known
to be an enormous fertiliser, and even when put upon red land,
unaided, proved a considerable fertiliser. With regard to the
observations which had been made as regarded clay, he would
say that even brick dust when placed on vegetables, especially
the vine was of itself a great service as a manure. As an illus-
tration of his meaning, he might say, and he thought he
would bring it home to every practical farmer, that when a
tjonSre had been made upon laud so as to clear the surface, the
crops there were three weeks earlier ; a more plump, and a
finer colour, and could be seen at a distance before any other
portion of the field, although the ashes had been carefnlly
scattered about. In addition to what had been said of the
heaps of manure, the best plan that had hitherto been pro-
posed had been the making of a tank in the centre of the
farmyard for receiving the liquid manure, into which a pump
could be fixed at a very small co^t, and by which means the
liquid manure could from time to time he pumped over and
upon the heaps, so as to increase the strength of the manure
to the utmost extent. Then again he might remark that
those gentlemen who farmed in the vicinity of towns where
bituminous coals were burnt, could not do better than purchase
the soot, which might be easily obtained at not more than
about from 1-J. to (id. per bushel. This could be sown broad
cast upon wheat or grass lands with great success and advan-
tage, and made a fine and powerful manure.

COUNTY BOARDS.— Whilst the Central Chamber of
Agriculture lias passed a resolution in favour of extending
District Highway Boards through the country, and making
the Highway Acts compulsory, some of our local Boards have
been making inefi'ectual efforts to dissolve themselves. There
can be no doubt that in the Eastern Counties the new system
is extremely unpopular; but does it follow that we sliould
return to the old system, witii all its neglect and irregularity ?
Let us hope not. The complaint against the new system is
that it is loo expensive. This is chiefly because the District
Surveyor receives a high salary for doing very little beyon
issuing directions and keeping accounts, whilst the AVaywardeus
do the practical work of Surveyors as the Parish Surveyors
did under the old system. Hov\' would it be to have an
Inspector of Highways for every County, County Boards
County Rates (aided by Government support, if we can ge
it), and Parish Surveyors, as of old ? Under that plan tlie
expense of employing a Prolessioual Surveyor would be spread
over a larger area. One man can inspect a very extensive
mileage of roads in the course of the year, and it is said that
the District Surveyorsnow du little more tlianinspect the roads.
The Parish Surveyors would, of course, act under the control
of the County Board, and would be compelled, if unwilling,
to keep their roads iu proper order. Complaints could be
made to the Inspector, who would report to the Board. It
may be obj.-'cted that if there were a County Rate, Parish
Surveyors would be careless of expense. Well, perhaps tliey
would not be so parsimonious as they commonly were uuder
the old system, but the ratepayers, who would elect them,
would take care to choose men not likely to be extravagant,
and the Board, too, would check inordinate expenditure. — The
Essex Sfandard. From the county report of our own East
Essex correspondent as given iu another place, we gather that
" the proposal of the Central Chamber of Agriculture that
highway districts should be made compulsory throughout the
country, will be most unpopular in the Eastern Counties. Two
of our district boards liave for some time been ineffectually
attempting suicide, but the magistrates — no doubt members of
the Humane Society — insist on saving their lives. But the
magistrates should have nothing to do with the matter. We
want County Pinaucial Boards to take charge of the highway
and other business."

THE IRISH FLAX TRADE.— At the meetiug of the
Balliueeu Parmers' Club, Colonel Bernard, the chair-
man, said he had received a letter from Mr. Anderson, of
the Belfast Flax Association, froiii vvhicli he regretted to
observe that trade iu the North of Ireland was still dull — a
circumstance that would account for the comparatively low
prices obtained for flax.

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

479

CONFERENCE OF POOR-LAW GUARDIANS IN THE WEST.

The annual Conference of the Poor-law Guardians of the
South-Westerii Counties took place at Sherborne, under the
presidency of

Earl Nelson, who said he had failed in getting any one to
read a paper that day, but what they really wanted was not so
much a statement of fact as discussion. It was olten re-
marked at these meetings that there was very little method in
tliera. It was true they began perhaps with medical relief, or
friendly societies, and then passed to the loan system or sani-
tary officers, and then to poor-house accommodation ; but
every speech was sure to end in the question with which their
discussions were mostly filled — the question of out-door re-
lief— and people who were outsiders looked upon it as a i
jumble, and did not understand it. It was very easy to give a '
reason why that must be the case, and at tlie same time to
defend the committee for having proposed at all the confer-
ences the question — What accommodation is essential in a
workhouse to enable the gardians to carry out the provisions
of the Poor-law and to meet the present requirements of the
Local Government Board ? They were all pretty well agreed
that the object of the Poor-law should be to encourage thrift,
and to discourage pauperism by using tlie VTorkhouse as a test
for real destitution, and by doing away as far as possible with
out-door relief. It was no use to mince matters, and to talk
about people's " independence.'' Tiiere was no real test but
" the house." Every one was willing enough to let their
parents receive medical or out-door relief, or to receive it
themselves, as long as they were left in their own dwellings ;
and therefore without t]\<i huuse-test they were encouragiug a
pauper spirit and they were discouraging thrift and independ-
ence. JMost of tbeni bad heard of the man who was about to
emigrate to New Zealand, wlio, after making all inquiries as
to his chances of obtainiug laud and getting on, finally decided
he would stay in this country " because there is uo workhouse
in New Zealand." But what he (Earl Nelson) felt was, that
although the house-test was so essential as a general rule with
their present workhouses, yet without a better classification
than they had now it was really too severe a test in many
cases ; and the knowledge of that fact, that it was too severe,
was the cause why it was so seldom thoroughly applied. With
single persons, and with illegitimate children, the matter was
plain enough ; they of course would go into the house. But
with married people with a family the test was too severe.
What did it amount to? The complete breaking up of home
and family life. It was such a break-up tliat the chance was
lost for years afterwards of a man iiaviug a settled home.
There was the sale of his little furniture, and altogethei the
circumstances were of a most depressing character. They
must not forget that family life, which they thus destroyed,
was at once the greatest civiliser and eiioourger of self-respect
and independence. In too many unions there was the certainty
that the children would be brought up with a pauper spirit ;
and that the more decent girls above school age were degraded
by being mixed up witli the foul-mouthed companionship of
otiiers. That was one of the things they ought to discuss,
how they could best classify the inmates of a workhouse so as
to avoid those evil results. Some people said " Oil ! we won't
put a poor girl with women who have illegitimate children ;
we will put her with tlie married women." Now his belief
was from the married women, when tliey were freed from the
restraint of husband and family and were angry at being there
— he believed there was as much evil to be learnt from them.
Therefore it was one of the poiuts that required a great deal
of discretion before they said exactly what the rule was to be,
as to where those untouched children should be placed. Be-
cause of those things they were not to discontinue the house
test, but they were to take care the houses were properly
classified as far as they might be. It was necessary to notice
the condition of the poorhouse itself. That was the root of
the tiling, and it would be very wrong of the guardians to
press the test unless tliey were doing al! they couhi by sanitary
measure? to reduce the number of causes wliicli brought people
into poverty. They should take care to organise a system of
medical cUibs, or other clubs, to aid in sickness apart Irom the
Poor-law, to give some opportunity to people to be saved from
drifting into pauperism. In some places the loan system had

been very successfully tried, and he maintained they were
bound to start it if they applied the house test rigidly. They
were bound to give people the opportunity, if they liked, in-
stead of breaking up their families, to give security and take
a loan. Then, as he had said, they must see that the house
was properly ordered. He would ask the chairman of the
Wincanton union, if he was present, to introduce that subject
to them, and to state how far his rules had been carried out.
The noble earl proceeded to reler to several classes of paupers
to whom the house-test should be applied, amongst them being
wives deserted by their husbands, the families of prisoners and
persons of drunken and notoriously bad habits, and the wives
of militiamen. With regard to the last named class he said
Government, if they would have married militiamen, should
pay them enough to support their families, and should also
take care that the money was sent to their families, otherwise
the ratepayers had to make up the deficiency. [A. Voice :
Instead of the taxpayers generally]. He then reverted to the
diflicult subject of preserving workhouse children from the
leaven of the pauper spirit, and concluded by calling attention
to a plan which had been recently suggested, by which there
would be separate houses for children and for aged and infirm
paupers.

Mr. GoPDON, the secretary, spoke of the advisability of
originating an asylum for the Western Counties for idiots. He
did not mean for harmless and chronic lunatics, as their re-
moval from the county asylum would seriously prejudice the
usefulness of those institutions. He also alluded to the im-
mense number of lunatics maintained out of the rates, whose
relatives were in a position to pay for their maintenance. That
was a subject worthy of their consideration.

Mr. DoDiNGTON said that militiamen received about 15s. a
week, including their bounty, and therefore their families
ought not to come upon the parish. By a recent regulation
they could draw money so as to send to their families.

Mr. Pesting (Mere) suggested that the unions should be
grouped either in co&nties or in divisions of counties ; that
the present buildings sliould be utilised, and that one should
form a hospital, another a convalescent home, a third a refor-
matory, and so on.

Mr. Jarvis (Mere) believed if small unions could be grouped
together they could be worked much more economically than
they now were.

Lord PoiiTESCUE said his opinion was that the workliouse
should be used, not only as a test, but as a safe shelter for the
aged and the infirm. The difficulty of getting persons to nurse
others than their relatives was increasing, and they had had to
pay 5s. or 6s. a ■^«ek for a nurse to a pauper. Unless they
had some assurance there were persons of good character to
look alter infirm patients, they usually insisted on their coming
into the workhouse. He thought it exceedingly rash to give
out relief where friendless and kinless old and infirm persons
could not secure nursing. With regard to grouping of work-
houses, it seemed to him a wonder that in large places — the
metropolis lor instance — grouping had not been eifected long
ago. He understood that the difficulty with respcet to vagrants
would have been got rid of years ago if the Government had
displayed more firranass in the matter and had not shown such
sympathy for the vagrant. In fact, they required wards for him
instead of remitting him to the police station. He quite agreed
with what had been said about old men and women ; he thought
out-door allowance for them was best. He did not think it
icsirable to form a convalescent home in connection with the
Poor-law.

The Rev. W. Savage (Wilton) said there was one class he
should like to see turned out of the unions, and that was tlie
idiots. Very often their habits were so filthy and dirty that
they made the older paupers most uncomfortable. With re-
gard to workhouses, he should like to see them made stern
test-houses for the idle and dissolute, and as comfortable as
possible for tlie aged poor. The windows were generally lile
those of prisons. He should like the old invalids to have a
silting room on the sa;se flour as the sick ward.

Sir 0. B. Graves Sawle thought the grouping of unions
would answer m agricultural counties, but not in populous
districts.

430

THE FAKMER'S MAGAZINE.

The discussion was continued, some ol' tlie guardians ex-
pressing an opinion that there s-hould be county accommoda-
tion for idiots. A guardian of the Bridgwater Union said at
that house they had adopted the boarding-out system, and had
found it answered well.

After a two hours' discussion, The Chairman asked if any
gentleman desired to say anything on the question before them
—What accommodation is required in Workhouses? A
discussion followed, after whicii the Chairman summed up,
observing they could not go luUy into several of the subjects
llmt had been raised, but some of the suggestions had been most
valuable. He might take it for granted that they were all
against any large additions of expenditure, and were agreed
their present system might be relieved by the boarding-out
systini, which in his union had been a great success, lie was
of opinion one special idot asjlura for a district would bv<! a
great advantage. With regard to grouping, if it only amounted
to turning one house into a district school he thought some
relief would be afforded. If it were possible to abolish the
vagrant wards they would have greater room for classilicwtion.
lie should have been glad to hear how good masters and good
house committees got over their difficulties with regard to
classification, and broke through red-tapism in particular in-
stances.

It was agreed that Mr. Gordon, the secretary, should repre-
sent the coufereuce in the general committee which will as-
semble in December. It was further agreed the five rejiresen-
tative members should be Colonel Cox, Dorset ; Mr. Broad-
mead, Somerset; Earl Nelson, Wilts; Earl Eortescue, Devon ;
and Sir Charles Sawle, Cornwall. It was settled the next
meeting should be held at Plymouth, under the presidency of
Eirl Tortescue.

Tlie Chairman read the rules of the Wimborne Union with
regard to out-door relief. No relief is to be afforded to—
1. Non-residents. 2. Deserted wives. 3. Wives and families
of convicted prisoners. 4-. Single women, pregnant or with
illegitimate child. 5. Wives of militiamen. 6. Children be-
t«-eeu six and fourteen not attending day-schocls. 7. Those
whose families are capable of supporting them. 8. Drunken,
improvident, or notoriously bad characters. There were some
other regulations, such as no midwifery order to be granted
but by way of loan, except in certain cases.

Various other topics were then discussed, during which Lord
EoRTE.'^CUi: proposed thdt al] relief in emergency, medical or
otherwise, should be considered as relief on loan. This propo-
sition was seconded, but was not pressed to a division.

The Chairman asked nhal they should do wliere an appli-
cant for relief received pay from a friendly society ? Tlie
usual way was to cut his club pay in half. He suggested they
might treat the whole pay as tor his wife and lamily, and re-
lieve the children fully.

Mr. Wilson said his board had decided that money received
from clubs should be treated as other properly, and they had
found no inconvenience.

Some conversation took place upon making sons support
their parents.

The conference next year is fixed (or the second Tuesday in
November, at Plymouth.

A LABOURER'S EVICTION.— The case of Plit'ers r
Alltrey, tried at the last Sprinsr Assizes in Reading has jubt
been before a full Court at Westminster. The action was
lirouglit by a labourer against Mr. Alllrey, of Wokefiehl-park,
for being turned out of his cottage without due notice, he
being a yearly tenant. At the trial, the jury found for' tlie
defendant ; but several points of law liaving been reserved
Lord Coleridge, the judge, asked the jury to state what
damages they would give if (he decision on the points raised
were reversed, and they stnted £5. The decision on all these
points has been reversed, and the verdict is accordingly entered
for the plaintilf; but as the £5 dama;es do not convey costs,
application for costs is to be made. ' The verd'ct itself, liow-'
ever, is not yet to be considered settled, as it is understood
tliat tlie defendant will appeal to the House of Lords. Mr.
C. Henderson, of Heading, is the solicitor lor the plaintiff.

BATH AND WEST of ENGLAND SOCIETY.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES ASSOCIATION.

The monthly meeting of the Council was held at the Grand
Hotel, Bristol, on Tuesday, the 27th Oct. ; Sir J. T. B. Duck-
worth in the chair. There were also present Messrs. 11.
Bremridge, J. Grav, and J. C. Moore-Stevens, vice-presidents ;
C. T. D. Acland, J. D. Allen, H. Badcock, J. T. Boscawen,
C. Bush, R. H. Bush, R. R. M. Daw, T. Danger, A. F. M.
Druce, T. Duckham, T. Dyke, C. Edwards, W. R. Gilbert, E.
Gill, J. Goring, A. Grenfell, II. M. lloldsworth, H. P. Jones,
H. A. E. Luttrell, H. St. John Maule, R. Neville, S. P. New-
bery, G. Radniore, J. C. Rarasden, G. Simpson, W. Thompson,
R. Trood, C. A. W. Troyte, E. U. Vidiil, H. Williams, R.
Wippell, H. Spackman (Official Superintendent), and J.Good-
win (Secretary and Editor).

Payments to the amount of £1,172 lis. 2d. were sanctioned
by the Council, and a list of District Agents, recommended for
the purpose of increasing the list of Members in their several
localities, was provisionally approved.

On the motion of Mr. Jonathan Gray, seconded by Captain
Acland, the following Report of the Arts Committee was re-
ceived :

Your Committee have to report, with very sincere rejret,
that Mr. Edward Simcoe Drewe, who for so many years has
acted as Chairman of the Department, has felt constrained by
continued indisposition to retire from the office ; but they
venture earnestly to hope that Sir T. D. Acland, Bart., M.P.,
may be induced to act as his successor. The retirement of
Mr. R. R. M. Daw from the office of Hon. Secretary is an
additional cause of regret on the part of your Committee. For
the long term of fourteen years lie has discharged the duties
of the office with exemplary zeal, efficiency, and courtesy ; and
apart from his generous offer to initiate iiis successor in the
duties of the office they would feel considerable anxiety with
reference to the future. The time, however, has now arrived
when they deem it expedient that the vaii ns departments of
the Society should be consijidated, and they lecomnieud that
the Secretary of the Society he directed to undertake the duties
of Secretary to the Arts Committee at such increase to his
sa ary as the Council may think fit. Your Committee, after
loug and anxious consideration, have arrived at the opinion
that the Arts Exhibition, in its several branches, should be
held, as usual, next year, at Croydon ; and they have to request
of the Couucil a grant of one hundred pounds towards the Art
L'nion as in former years. — Edward W. Williams, Chairman.

A special vote of thanks was passed by acclamation to iMr.
Drewe for his services; the Council expressed their gratifica-
tion that Sir T. D. Acland, Bart., M.P., consented to act as
Mr. Drewe's successor ; a committee was appointed to consider
the extra amount of salary to be paid to tlie Seci-etary ; and
the Council granted the usual sura of £100 towards the ex-
penses of the Art Union at Croydon in 1875.

Tenders for the printing of the Society's catalogues, and the
supply of refreshments at the annual meetings, in both cases
for one, three, or five years, were directed to be invited by
adveriisement ; but the contract of Mr. Keene, of Bath, for
the Society's general printing, was renewed for the terra of
five years.

The stock and poultry prize slieets, and the implement
regulations for the Cro)don meeting viere brought up, and,
alter some minor alterations, were approved and ordered to be
printed ; Monday, the 31st of May, being the day fixtd for
the commencement ot the meeting.

The Council, while recognising tlie desirability of having a
railway siding communicating with the show-yard at Croydon,
declined the responsibility of contributing towards the expense
of its construction ; but left it to the enterprise and discretion
of the local railway companies to act as they may think proper
in their own iutertsts and those of the public.

Tiie following new members were elected :

Lord de Mauley, Langford, Leclilaue.

The Hon. Hedworlh Jollilfe, Ciiarllon, Eadstock.

W. S. Gure-Langton, Newton Park, Newton St. Loe.

R. Euuk-r, Broughton, Aylesbury,

J. Outliwaite, Bainesse, Catterick.

Redgrove and Bowden, Croyden,

TEE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

•181

Rig>r, Wrothara, Sevenoaks.

H. Roberts, St. James-street, Bath.

T. Rose, Melton Magna, "Wymondliam. ,.

H. S. Waller, Farmington, Northleacb.

Kennet Were, Sidtnoi-th.

A. E. Wyatr, Strawberry-hill Housp, Lynipstone.

A SHOW AT HOLKHAM.

The Committee of the Norfolk Agricultural Society lias
decided to recommend that the meeting of next year should be
lield atrakenham in preference to Dereham. These two towns
being the only applicants, the decision given to the former in
preference to the latter v>ill be generally acceded in. One
place, however, probably through forgetfulness or doubt, has
been passed by, which will be thought, for various solid
reasons, past and present, by the agricultural interest, not
only of Norfolk, but of all England — as that at which of all
others, at this moment, the Norfolk Agricultural Society
should hold its anniversary. That place is llolkham Park,
the birthplace of that system of husbandry which raised the
character of the tenantry of England by the example of its
great leader, and by the practical effects which that example
produced up to the time when the Holkhara Sheepshearings
terminated. It is slightly beyond a half-century from that
time when the turn of the Western Division ot the county
again arrives. Year by year since the Society has made au
annual migration to the dilferent divisions of tlie county, its
celebrity lias risen in tlie increased numbers and excellence of
the stock exhibited, and in the quality, novelty, and superiority
of the machinery siiown, while tlie numbers who have flocked
to the show, not only of proprietors and tenantry, but also of
the cultivators and their families, have increased in a way
wiiich lias astonished even those who were the most ardent
for the change of s\steni — a change which has proved most
beneficial to the labourers, and profitable to the Society. The
last meeting at Holkhara was held in 1821, and as Mr.
Cuke then gave a resume of tiie improvements which had
emanated from that agricultural meeiiua's, the opportunity
would uovv present itself to compare the advance made within
the last half-century with that made during the Holkham
annual gatherings. And it is the more desirable that this
opportunity should be given from the fact that the Essay for
which the Earl ot Leicester has offered a prize is to be the
result of a pertonal knowledge of the progress and practice
actually made within the specified time. Now it is in
llolkham Park that not a little of agricultural advance in
cultivation on the llolkham Estate, as well as in the immediate
district, will be found. There would, perhaps, be few persons
there in 1875 who saw or can know wliat Holkham aud the
farms and stock immediately around it were, but the tenantry
and the landowners «ould be able to see 'xnd judge by com-
parison with the above-named resume wLit it has became
under modern improvement, and that union of capital, energy,
and science, with praciical skill, which has reclaimed nearly
one thousand acres from the sea, aud made it a prolific
and valuable addition to the estate handed down to its noble
proprietor, who lias proved himself, by his devotion to
agricultural pursuits, a worthy son of that great pioneer in
agricultural advancement — i\ir. Coke, of Holkham. Looking
at what has been accomplished on the Holkham Estate, 1
^cntu^e to urge on the Committee to re-consider their recom-
niendaliou, and, if it be not adverse to the wishes of Lord
Leicester, that llolkham I'ark should be ouce again the scene
ol the triumphs of agriculture iu Norfolk. We might then
hope that the Rojal Patron, iu common with the landed pro-
prietors aud tlie tenantry, will feel it to he their "duty, not
less than ilieir interest, to connect society by one K^aud
bond of liarmony " iu Holkham Park in July, 1875, as in the
days when the first week in July saw the lamed assemblage
of that time congregate on the domain. — The KorKich
Mcrturij.

THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY
OF IRELAND.

Tlie m onthly meeting of the Council was held at the office. Upper
Sackviile-street, on Thursday, October 29th, Sir Allen Walsli,
Bart., in the chair. The other members present were Viscount
Powerscourt, Hon. Bowes Daly, Major Borrowes, L. Waldon,
L. Cust, H. Harris, E. Purdon, D. Millward, J. Robertson,
Eev. R. W. Bagot, H. J. MacFarlane, S. F. Adair, C. Connor,
P. Riall, H. H. Woods, J. M. Royse, W. Donnelly, C. U.
Townsend, C. Cobbe, R. Chaloner, and J. Simpson.

Major BoERO-WES, agreeably to notice which he had pre-
viously given, moved: "That the wording of conditions for
tenant-farmers at present ' limited for competition to tenant-
farmers whose Poor-law valuation is under £ per annum'
be altered to ' Tenant-farmers holding land under valuation
£100 a year ;' and the same intention be carried out in all the
rules affe.jted by same wording." The object, he said, in
bringing forward this matter was, that at the last meeting of
Council several objections were made against exhibitors whose
holdings were over £100 a year valuation. It had been
proved that tenant-farmers had competed who held labd value
for £500 or £G00 a year, and, therefore, they were not the
class of agriculturists whom it was originally intended should
carry off these prizes. By limiting the rule to tenant-farmers
holding land under £100 a year, they would effectually stop
such parties carrying off prizes.

The resolution was seconded and adopted, with a trifling
alteration.

The next matter for discussion was Mr. Macfarlane's notice
of motion, as follows: "That the objection of Mr. M. A.
Maher, in reference to the decision at Wexford council meeting,
by which bis thorough-bred sire Gunboat was disqualified, be
re-considered."

Mr. MAcFARL.i^^■E said lie was not sure whether they had
the power to re-consider the matter, and therefore he ap-
proached the question with some difficulty. Mr. Maher's
object seemed to be to have the character ot his horse

Mr. Cannon rose to order. They should have the decision
of the chairman on the point as to whether or not they could
go into the question at all. On looking at the rules a few
days ago he observed that no protest on veterinary grounds
could be rescinded. That was set forth in page 28, aud was
under rule Si.

Mr. MacFaelane moved the following resolution : " That
the V. S. at Wexford show, on whom devolved the duty aud
responsibility of reporting as to the freeness of Gunboat from
any hereditary disease, appears to this Council not to have
sufficiently informed himself as to the nature of the enlarge-
ment on the haugh of Gunboat on the seat of spavin, and the
judges, in consequence, could not award him the prize or
Croker Challenge Cup ; and this Council regret that the rules
for competition prevent the decision arrived at by the Wexford
Council being now re-opened in favour of such a superior sire
as Gunboat."

TheC'HAiKHAN said as the resolution had not been seconded
it fell to the ground.

Mr. Macearlane handed in the following notice of motion :
" That at the future shows of this Society such steps be taken,
and arrangements made, as will ensure the fullest considera-
tion of an appeal made by any exiiibitor against a decision on
veterinary grounds."

Mr. Townsend mentioned that in the month of August
last he brought under the notice of the Council the desirability
of offering prizes for the best managed farms in the county or
province in which the shows of the Society were held. This
course bad been adopted with great success in England, and
could not fail to be useful if followed in this country. He
moved the appointment of a committee to report whether it
would be advisable to oft'er prizes as in England, how this
could be best accomplished, and what steps should be taken to
provide the necessary funds.

Mr. MacFarlane said he had much pleisure in seconding
the motion, Lelieviug as he did that this was a most valuable
thing to accomplish. He also took additional interest in the
matter, bccanse he had received a letter from a friend who was
disposed to give a prize for the most superiorly niauaged farm
in the four counties with which he was identified. The gen-
tleman in question wrote to him, to give him some outline as
to how the prizes should be awarded.

482

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE,

The resolution was put from the chair aud adopted, and tlie
following gentlemen were appointed as a committee to draw
up a report on the subject: The Rev. R. W. Bagot, Sir Allen
Walsh, Bart., J. Robertson, D. Millward, E. Purdon, J. M.
Royse, P. Riall, C. Cobbe, L. Cust, C. Cannon, H. J. Mac-
Farlane, Colonel Vesey, and C. Uniacke Townsend.

On the motion of Mr. MacFarlaue, seconded by Mr. D.
Milltvard, a resolution of condolence was passed to the Duke
of Leinster and his family on the death of his father, who had
been most active in the administration of the Society, and for
over sixteen years its President.

Mr. W. W. D. Pollard Urquhart, Kanturk, Castlepollard,
was admitted a member of the Society.

THE TIPTREE LETTERS.

There is great scope for the profitable investment of
capital in the reclamation of many millions of acres of
waste land which now disgrace this wealthy country.
In this neighbourhood much of the once barren heath
has beeu couverted into useful arable laud. The Duke
of Sutherland is most commeudably reclaiming the vast
wastes on his estate iu Sutherland, aud wisely using
steam as the motive power. The non-use of steam
power is a misfortune for British agriculture. It must
ultimately become an important element of increased
production aud profit. In Scotland, where 300 years
ago a law was passed to compel landowners to build a
school iu every parish, there has long beeu general
education, and consequently steam power has there for
very mauy years been ajipreciatcd and availed of in
agriculture. — J. J. Mechi.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE MARK LANE EXPRESS.

Sir,— Mr. Mechi, in his wild letter in The Times of
-Tuesday, in his talk about the many millions of waste
acres, merely cuckoos Odger. Again, it is notorious that
steam is far less used iu Scotland than iu England. Ask
any agricultural engine builder, and he will tell you there
arc a few fixed thrashing engines in the Lothians, but
hardly a portable in all Scotland, where steam-ploughing
is a long way behind England. The letter is intended to
give the impression that English Agriculture has remained
stationary, and is written to please outsiders and con-
sumers. Yours,

A MiDLANDER.

Permanent pasture employs a minimum of labour and
capital, and is a great obstruction to the production of
human food. — J. J. Mechi.

Sir, — I am renting a farm in Somerset, composed of
486 acres permanent pasture aud 148 arable. The capital
employed iu farming it is £10,000 ; the manual labour
during last year amounted to £1,143, aud the human food
produced was 60 tons of prime cheese and over 50 tons of
])ork, besides corn, which realised £711. There is
nothing exceptionable in the laud, nor was the season I
have chronicled propitious, for in the spring the cows
were suffering from foot-and-mouth disei.se (in con-
sequence of which nine died), and the summer was far too
dry for grass to abound on fairly stocked land. \Vheu-
ever Mr. Mechi leads us into the green (ields we cannot
forbear a smile at his expense.

Yours,

Winchester, J. Stkattox Chilcombe.

[Iu The Times.']

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES (ANIMALS)
ACT.

■ Memorial forwarded by the local authority for the county of
Norfolk to the Privy Council : —

To the Lords of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy
Council.

Tlie memorial of the Justices of the Peace, as the Local
Authority for the County of Norfolk, in quarter sessions
assembled, the 22ad October, 1874, showeth. — That your
memorialists are decidedly of opinion the costly experiment
which has now been tried for upwards of twelve months in
Great Britain, of attempting to stamp out pleuro-pneumonia
by slaughter of all cattle found to be affected with that disease
and compensating the owners, must certainly fail, unless such
slaughter and compensation are extended to Ireland. That
the county of Norfolk is the largest winter grazing county iu
England, and that the great majority of cattle there fed are
imported direct from Ireland. That although Irish cattle
generally arrive m an apparently healthy condition, several
have been attacked with pleuro-pneumonia shortly after
arrival ; thus sliowiug that the disease must iiave been con-
tracted in Ireland, or upon the jouruey into Norfolk. Tliat
your memorialists are aware a rigid inspection of cattle coming
from Ireland has recently been established at the ports of
embarkation ; but they are satisfied such inspection is power-
less 10 prevent the exportation of a disease where the period
of incubation extends to weeks, and sometimes to moullis.
That your memorialists have good reason for believing that
outbreaks of pleuro-pneumonia in Ireland are not iu all cases
reported to the authorities ; and they are strengthened in that
opinion by their own experience, previous to compensation
being allowed, of the unwillinguess of stockowiiers to give
notice of the disease. That since the Animals (Amendment)
Order of 1873 has been in force in this county, upwards of
1,200 cattle have been slaughtered by order of the inspectors
of the local authority, in consequence of being afflicted with
pleuropneumonia, but without in any way arresting the pro-
gress of the disease. The compensation payable to the owners
of such cattle out of the county rate considerably exceeds
£5,000. Your memorialists therefore pray that, in conformity
with the unanimous recommeudation of the select Committee
of the House of Commons, compulsory slaughter with com-
pensation for pleuro-pneumonia should be extended to Iielaad,
or, if that be fouud impracticable, that the Animuls (Amend-
ment) Order of 1S73, as now in lorce in Great Britain, so far
as relates to compulsory slaughter, should be at once
rescinded.

DEATH 01" DALESMAN.— Mr. Chaplin has just lost this
well-known horse, at a time when he was becoming especially
valuable. Dalesman, bred by Baron Rothschild in 1803, was
by King Tom, out of Agnes by Pantaloon. After a not very
brilliant career on the turf he was purchased by Captain Bar-
low, in whose charge Dalesman became distinguished iu the
show-ring, being, perhaps, the best horse for the purpose who
ever won the Royal Agricultural Society's premium, as he
did at Hull iu 1873. At Manchester, however. Dales-
man had actually been put below such animals as Carbineer
and Laughing Stock— ^an outrageous mistake, as we pointed
out at the time, aud of course he beat Carbineer at Hull, as we
had predicted he must when they met again. Dalesman was sold
by Captain Barlow to Lord Spencer, who took him to Ireland,
aud then in turn to Mr. Chapliu, in whose possession he won
at finll. Dalesman was himself a capital sample of the
thoroughbred hunter, as the sire of some good liuuting stock,
v.l.ile from very few blood inarcs there came Lowlauder, one of
the best race-horses of the day at heavy weights.

:i'HE PAEMEE'S MAGAZINE.

483

THE ASSESSMENT OF MINES.

lu the Court of Queen's Bench, Westminster, before
Justices Blackburn, Mellor, and Lush, an appeal was
heard against the rating of South Garadon Mine by tlie Assess-
ment Committee of the Liskeard Union. Tlie appellants, who
were represented by Mr. H. Lopes, Q.C., M.P., and Mr.
Pinder, were Eichard Kittow, Thomas Kittow, Christopher
Childs, John Laurence, and John Kaby ; and they had been
rated to the relief of the poor as the occupiers of surface land at
South Caradon Mine, with the houses, buildings, machinery,
tramways, and plant thereon. The rate having been objected
to, the present case had been stated for the opinion of the
Court. It seemed that by a deed made on the 6th May, 1862,
the Rev. G. P. Norris and Mary Ann, his wife, the owners in fee
of the land in question, granted to Richard Kittow and Thomas
Kittow, and Peter Clyma, since deceased, power and authority
to dig and searcii for metals and minerals throughout the laud
for a term of twenty-one years. The operations under that
licence had been carried on by a company under the cost- book
system ; and the company had, in accordance with the provi-
sions of the deed, erected houses, buildings, and sheds on the
land, and fixed all the machinery and plant requisite for the
general workiug of the mine. All the buildings were on the
surface land, and this, together with the other laud of the
miue, formed tlie subject of tlie rat'. Tiie appellants were
the surviving grantees under the deed, and shareholders of the
company, of which Thomas Kittow was purser. The question
to-be decided was whether the appellants were occupiers of
the property, and liable to be rated ? Mr. Lopss contended
that there was no occupation of the soil beyond what was
actually necessary for working the mine ; that there vvas no
rateable occupation at all ; that everytliing that was conveyed
by the deed was a mere privilege or licence ; that no exclusive
occupation was intended to be given by it ; and that if tiiere
was a rateable occupation, the appellants were nut the occu-
piers. Tlie deed conferred a mere incorporeal /lereditaraent, and
did not in any way deal with the actual soil. The appellants
had not the exclusive possession of the houses and buildings
which had been erected ; and if they had, that would merely
authorise the rating of the laud on which they stood, and not
the rating of the whole of the surface land of the mine. The
grantors had actually reserved to themselves the power to
drive adits and make water-courses within the very limits of
tlie mine.

Mr. Justice Blackburn : None of which have, in fact, been
acted upon.

Mr. Lopes contended that the substantial intention only
of the deed must be regarded. E\ery thing that was rated
was subservient to tlie miue. Under tlie Act which would
come into force in January nest a mine, qua mine, would be
no longer rated, but the dues or royalty ; and the rate so
assessed would be jajable half by the occupier and half by
the landlord. The Act also provided that the occupier was
to be the pursuer, wlioic name should be on the rate-book,
and expressly said that the dues being rateable, neither the
surlace nor anything appertaining to the mine should be rated.
Assuming that the occupation in the present case was rateable,
were tlie appellants the occupiers?

Mr. Justice Blackburn : If they are not, who are ?

Mr. Lopes submitted that he was not compelled to show
that.

His Lordship considered that doing so would be au im-
portant step in the case.

Mr. Lopes argued that neither of the appellants was in the
occupation of the houses ; tliey had no interest of any kind in
the soil. The mine had probably been in existence for two
thousand jears, and up to the present time no rate had ever
been levied upon it.

His Lordship : Then it is time that one should be put
on. We will liear argument, but cannot be iutluenced by
assertion.

Mr. Lopes had no intention to make an assertion which was
not justified by th« facts.

His Lordship, without calling upon Sir H. James, Q.C.,
and Mr. Poland, delivered judgment in favour of the Assess-
ment Committee. A dictum of Mr. Justice Bailey had given
rise to the idea that because a mine was not rateabls the other
things along with it were not. That was a mistake ; and
where there v/as an exclusive occupation of land, though it
was for the purpose of assisting to work the mine, the laud
so occupied was rateable. He would assume in favour of the
appellants that the deed itself contained nothing but alicence ;
nevertheless, dc facto, those acting under it had been per-
mitted to erect houses, buildings, sheds, steam-engiues, and
machinery, and to make tram and other roads. The appellants
were in occupation of those things by their servants, and they
were rateable for that at all events.

The other judges concurring, the appeal was dismissed

THE PRICE OF SHEEP IN TASMANIA.— The sheep
farmers of Tasmania seem to occupy the proud position of
possessing the flocks to which the sheep farmers in the other
colonies look for stud animals to improve their breeds. Our
Gibsons, Taylors, Kermodes, Eields, Archers, and Tooseys,
are names as familiar in the other colonies, in connection with
the highest class breeds of sheep, as they are in Tasmania, and
others of our sheep farmers are fast treading on their heels.
The great suitability of our climate is being turned to the
best account by a careful selection of pure stock, and an equally
careful attention to their flocks, till the very fact of a sheep
being Tasmanian imparts a certain additional value. We are
led to make these remarks by the very satisfactory result, so
far as yet ascertained, of a sale of pure sheep at Melbourne,
that was looked forward to with considerable interest through-
out Victoria, and even in the other colonies. An advertise-
ment by Messrs. Powers, Rutherford and Co., the well-known
auctioneers, occupied a column in the Melbourne papers with
a list of high-class sheep entrusted to them for sale. Among
the owners of stock advertised for sale, we find names well-
known in Victoria, but the greater number were Tasmanian,
including Messrs. W. Gibson and Son, James Gibson, W. 11.
Gibson, T. D. Toosey, AV. Archer, VViu. Field, James Brock,
Geo. Wilson, W. Dodery, and R. Jones. Our Ifelbourue
correspondent's telegram informs us that Mr. William Field's
pure Leicester ewes were sold at prices reaching up to £21 10s.
We were shown a private telegram, received on Saturday, by
the Hon. James Whyte, which stated prices received by Mr.
James Gibson, unprecedented in the colonies. Mr. Gibson
advertised " his far-famed stud, pure merino ram, ' Sir Thomas,'
one of the grandest sires in the colonies, and in every
respect a most perfect sheep." That Sir Thomas'
qualifications were not over-stated was shown by the price
realised. Seven hundred and fourteen pounds (XTli) for one
sheep ! Mr. James Gibson also offered for sale 150 stud rams
by Sir Thomas and Goldendrop, and other rams the progeny
of Sir Thomas. The first 26 offered averaged £53 per head.
One word as to the Scab Act. That piece of legislation has
been found fault with as harsh and unjust. Perhaps it has
made careless sheepowners pay for their carelessness, but had
there been no Scab Act, would Sir Thomas have been alloAed
to enter Victoria, or, if allowed admission, how far would he
liave fallen short of £714 ?— T/;e Uobart Town 2Lercury.

THE SHORTHORN SOCIETY.— Expression is just now
being given to a very strong feeling of dissatisfaction at the
treaty for the purchase of The Herd Book having fallen
through ; and it has been suggested that the new Society
should forthwith make arrangements for publishing it
own Shorthorn Register, in which, of course, there would be
room for improvement on the present cumbrous system of pre-
serving stock pedigrees.

484

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

A SATISFIE

Having learned atiade in bojliood (tliough born on a farm
near Bot,tot)) I worked at it until, in 1834-, I then concluded
to " go weit" in search of better fortune. A journey of filteen
days brought me to Buffalo, and in the wiuter ot 1835-G I
purchased 130 acrts ol l&nd at 25 dollars per acre, which, as
it was a tin:e of general inflation, was regarded an extremely
liigh f rice. 1 ) aid 200 dollars down, and boriowed money to
make lurther pajments in the spring. 'Ihe faim was mostly
woods, with a poor log house ; about fiftfen acres cleared and
fenced, and about three miles from the village. IS'ot a very
inviting residence. I took possession in 1836; hired a man
and set him to clearing, fencing, Sec. iHiring the iollowing
winter I got off some wood and timber. About this time the
great bubble burst with a tremendous crash, and business all
closed up. T waited patiently till the spring of 1838, but
nothing turned up for me. I was not quite ready to encounter
the cares ol the new home, being all unacquainted with farm
life, but after looking the subject squarely in the face, decided
to make the attempt, though not without some doubt and mis-
giving. But necessity overcame all oljrctions, for which I
have ever been tliaiiklul ; and I proceeded at once to build a
small shell of a house, 18 by 26 feet, enclosed with good sound
matched boards, without plastering or paint. My wife
contrived to paper neatly, with the various kinds of
newspapers, which answered the double purpose of
keeping the cold out and educating our cluldren. We
were now about to take possession of what we expected in
due time, to make a comfortable home; yet under the circum-
stances, the outlook was not very encouraging. Our family
consisted of myself, 44 years old, wife, 40, and five children
— the eldest a daughter about 13, three sous and an
infant daughter, not a very formidable force to begin with
on a new farm. My capital was small, nut exceeding
SOOdols. cash ; a credit always available wiien wanted ; furni-
ture sufficient to make us comfortable ; strong, willing hands,
and a young, growing family. I lured a man, took off my
coat, and weni to work in earnest. The year previous I had
made some little progress in clearing, fencing, &c., whieli, by-
the-way, cost 15 dols. to 20 dols. per acre. Our first available
cash crop w as 100 cords of wood, at 1 dol. 12^c. per cent., and
what little could be retailed in the village at L dol. 25c. Oak
timber — but little, however, of that— at from 70 dols. to 80
dols. per cubic thousand ; very little money in either after
paying expenses. The first permanent inijirovement was a
" bank" barn 40 by 100 feet, with stables under the wliole.
Kcxt, a good substantial stone house, suitable for all purposes
of comfort and convenience. In 1848 to 1850 I had paid up
llie first purchase and bought thirty acres adjoining, for which
I was to pay 25 dols. per acre, which was paid in due time.
About this time my eldest son became of age, and proposed
looking for something better. He did so, and spent several
months, and relumed fully satisfied, and went to work with
the understanding it the boys wanted farms our unit(d cfl'orts
would be more available than separate. Tliis was all the
arrangement made with my sons, whowere expected to remain
at home and take their chance on the iarm, and here com-
menced our co-operative farming. We then had four sous,
the second studying for a piolession ; the third, iourteen jears
old, who was expected to remain on the fiirm. In 1852
and 1853 we had made good progress, and were getting on
quite well. In August, 1853, we were cht iked by the burn-
ing of our barn, witn all our wheat, hay and most of our faim-
ing tools, litre 1 would rimark that, in addition to our
iormer cajiital, a windfall came into the family of 2,000 dols,
wliidi assisted in rebuilding the barn, which we commenced at
once en a more approved plan, 56 by 76 feet, with basement
stablts (or some tliiity head, and good root cellar. JSow, as
opportunity ofiered, from this time to 1857, we purchased 410
acres ol laud, tor which we were to pay some 21,000 dollars.
This for a time insured a tax of 3 dollars per day interest. The
next purchase was a house and lot in tlie village, lor 1,200
dollais; then a little more land that adjoined us, which we
coveted and purchased; lien, from 1861 to 1865, we bouglit
171 acres ii.oie, wiiich cost about 11,000 dollars, and was the
last purclisc of real estate. In 1866 my sous were both

D FARMER.

t

married. The ycuEger settled in his new hcn.e, wliich cos
about 7,CC0 dollars, i.nd the eldest took possession, in the
spiiug of 1867, of his building, estimated at about 10,000
dollars. It now became necessary to make a division, and
we proceeded to do so, with the lollowiug result: Ihe faim
ou which we commenced in 1838, contained ISO acres.
Previous to our division we had sold 15 acres, for which we
received an advance of about 700 dollais.

Dollars.
We had added by purchase, 610 acres, making

in all 740, foi which we liad 36,778

paid a li action less ihan 50 dollars per acre
Permanent imp'"ovements, buildings, &c. on

homestead 7,000

For the first son married and settled about 7,000

Tor the other, in spring of 1867 10,000

Loss by fire 4,000

Educating two SODS professionally 3,000

Two substitutes for army 1,400

House and lot in village 1,200

Stockand tools 4,600

Cash on hand, permanent improvements, &c. ... 4,500

Total 79,478

Now for the result as far as the boys are interested. Tliey
have performed their part faithfully and perseveringly to the
end, and should be well paid. They leave for their new homes
with good warranty deeds for 560 acres of choice land, with
all fixtures and appurtenances thereto belonging, stock, tools,
and well and handsomely located, worth at least 75,000 dols.
If my sons, when they became of age, had wanted and obtained
situations as clerks in some respectable, well-established busi-
ness, they should have received for their services, eacli, 3,500
dols. per year, to have balanced their receipts from the farm,
and then they would not have had comforts and privileges as
at home, with few exceptions, besides the exposure and in-
fluence of city life, and probably been no better, if so well
educated for the common business of life. Now let the boys
who are looking forward to that end, remember that nothing
really valuable can be obtained without well-directed, persevering
effort, and that a well-developea brain is very essential to that
end; that mother earth always pays liberally and promptly
for wclldirec'ed labour, and that seed-time and l-.arvesl have
never failed. As the subject of temperance is being so fully
and freely discussed, I will say that in early life I adopted tiie
motto, " Taste not, touch uot, the unclean thing." \Vhen I
commenced farming, 1 was told that harvestiug could not be
done or a buildiug raised without its use. I have, however,
done all my harvesting, raised several large barns, some of
them requiring the services of one hundred men, and carried
out all our operations on the farm without its use, to
the fullest extent. I am aware that some of my brother-
farmers may be a little incredulous as regards my state-
ments, without some further explanation. 1 would say
that our forests were disappearing, so I was induced to
purchase largely of heavy woodland, on whicli was a very good
limestone quarry, suitable for building purposes and for lime,
all of which we made available for bolli purposes. We con-
verted some 400 or 500 acres of this timber into cord-wood,
&.C., and from 1854 to 1868 put into market from 1,000 to
1,500 cords yearly. We cleared and cultivated as we pro-
ceeded, and in so doing we kept as many men aud teams as
would pay all the time. Our winter crop was the most pro-
ductive aud profitable, yet the farm furnished the means and
results, as before stated. Now, as I am about to bring my
long, rambling story to a close, L will only add that iu this
record of my larming operations I have endeavoured to show
results aud not particulars, and that a good practical mechanic
in middle lile might change his business, if he has a desire and
taste for farming, and in the end be successful. As a wiiole,
he is better qualified, can plan, lay out, aud execute better. 1
liave raised good crops of the various kinds, and some not so
good. In 1863 1 had ninety acres of wheat which promised
a large return, but after thrashiug six days with ten-horse
power, I got only 600 bushels. If the midge had let me alone

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

4.8.!

the first thrashing should have yielded more than 3,000
bushels. Here we were short 3,300 dollars. The straw from
forty acres, seventy-three tons, sold for 730 dollars. But

similar losses happen alike to all, and who but farmers will
feed the insects and birds ? — Aii, Octogenarian, in the New
England Farmer,

THE AGRICULTURE OF ALGERIA.

One of the best of the French generals is now engaged
in administering the affairs of Algeria, a country where
soldiers in the highest grade? of the army with doubtful
politics, or suspected lack of zeal for the existing state of
affairs, whether Orleanist, Republican, or Bouapartist, have
been made to pass a period of honourable banishment.
The sombre weird-like scenery, with the flitting Arabs
and the life on the plains or hills, is said, however, to
work a fascination upon all who have passed their time iu
African service ; and to the inlluence upon the morale of
the privates and officers whilst serving there was attri-
buted some share iu the disasters that recently befell the
army of France. By competent observers it has beeu
thought that the mission of colonisation has been fulfilled,
and that sentiments too depreciatory of French occupa-
tion have been entertained. The restoration to civilisation
of this former empire of the Mediterranean is a task
worthy of a nation that is more llian any other impressed
with the desire to rival the great actions of antiquity.

The portion most favourable for cultivation stretches
in a belt along the sea coast, and is protected from the
intolerable heat of the desert by the ranges of the Lesser
and Greater Atlas, whose sides are clothed with magnifi-
cent forests and their summits capped with snow. The
Tell, as it is called, contains not less than thirty millions
of acres, of which about ten to twelve millions are planted
with the cereals. Here the principal markets are held,
and the inhabitants of the interior resort thither at certain
seasons of the year, to join in the harvesting of the grain,
and to purchase or exchange their varied productions.
The land, although very fertile, remains untilled in many
places, for the want of settled occupiers, the natives being
of a migratory character. It is usual to plough and sow
in October, and if the rains fall in abundance during April
a good crop is tolerably certain, and the harvest takes
place at the end of May or the beginning of June. The
plough is the same as that used in Spain and Provence,
but not shod with iron ; it is drawn by cows and asses,
very rarely by horses, yet with such an imperfect imple-
ment the crops are generally excellent. When reaped, the
grain is trodden out by cattle or horses, and after being
cleaned, by throwing it up against the wind is deposited
in subterranean eaves or magazines. The wheat mostly
grown is the Triticum duncm, this hard wheat of Algeria
being much esteemed in European markets for the manu-
facture of maccaroni, vermicelli, and other pates -. the
gluten which forms the essential element for the trans-
formation into maccaroni exists in greater quantities
than in that of other countries, even in that of Taganrog
and Sicily. The variety of barley cultivated by the
natives, and which the Europeans have adopted as the
most productive, is the Hordeum tioxicsticum ; but other
kinds have been sown with success. There being no
oats grown, it is used as food for mules and horses, but
the poor classes eat it too : it is also grown as forage,
either to be cut green, or made into hay. Algerian
barley is well adapted for the manufacture of malt
liquors.

Amongst the mountains of the Atlas, which extend to
the interior and terminate in the Sahara, there are immense
plateaux, where agriculture is an absolute impossibility,
but the breeding of sheep supplies the colony with one of
the great sources of wealth. Before the Conquest, the

Arabs reaped hardly any advantage from their flocks,
save their own subsistence, as they were to a great extent
cut off from a market on the sea coast by the rapacity of
the intervening tribes. For some years after the Con-
quest, 2s. or Ss. was considered a fair price for a sheep ;
eveu five or six years ago, one could be purchased at
the market near Algiers for from 9s. to lis.; now
a similar beast fetches from 16s. to 20s., and when
sent to Paris by rapid steam transport it realises
from 32s. to 40s. ; and in summer more than 20,000
sheep are thus sent to France every month. The
sheep are of two kinds : one small with a thick large tail,
the other of much larger size, chiefly found in the coun-
try of the Getulfc. The fine Tuniscan breed are not to be
met with. The cattle usually are black ; their milk is
inferior to that of European cattle ; that of the sheep and
goats — the latter animals being uumerous — is most used
iu making cheese and butter. The Arabs seldom diminish
their flocks by killing them for food, but live on their
milk and wool. The common beasts of burden are camels,
dromedaries, asses, and mules. The horses are not
always, nor even ofteu of the pure Arab breed, not altoge-
ther well shaped, being lanky and round shouldered,
small and not ill-formed, ear erect, and they are hardy,
fleet, spirited, and docil. Those of Oran are considered
the best: they are used for riding, and like the camels are
reared and live iu the tents with their masters.

The average head of cattle is a million and a-half. The
cultivation of cereal crops will ever stand at the head of
Algerian agriculture. There is a perpetual outlet for its
superfluity. England alone would take what Algeria has
to spare ; and where these provinces made to rise
to their utmost limits, they are believed capable of
producing 220 million bushels of cereals annually. The
Fi'ench are at present making strenuous attempts to colo-
nise, by offering inducements to the former residents of
Alsace and Loraine, and an exposition of industry has
been projected to take place in the autumn of next year,
that will prove a source of attraction to the visitors from
other countries. The difficulties which the European
population have to encounter in their dealings with the
natives are almost insurmountable, and often result in
uprisings and rebellions, which greatly retard the progress
of the country. The habits of the Arab are such thai
being a man of pre-eminently few wants, he can well
aftbrd to sell his labour at a low figure, asking 1 f. 50 c. per
day, when the European demands 2 f. 50 c. But the Arab's
highest motive is avarice : he refuses himself subtantial
nourishment, the result of which is a visible failing of
jhysical power. He is unable to continue any one kind
of work which will require the consecutive employment
of any single set of muscles for more than a couple of
hours at a stretch; and unfortunately there is no combi-
nation of agricultural labour which will admit of constant
change of occupation. His absolute ignorance also
becomes a stumbling block to a proper execution of a
task, as well as his unutterable laziness. By those who
have seen him at work he is describedas being awkward with
the pick, more awkward with the hoe, whilst his habit ( f
going barefoot eflectually prevents his working with a spade.
The plough he holds loosely with one hand, while with
the other he goads the bulls, whose business it is to drag
it over the soil. When we consider that the Arab's
paradise is to bask in the sun, and smoke and wrangle, we

486

can well imagine to ourselves the labourer he raaKes.
The European colonist must, therefore, turn watch-do;r,
and stand over his Arab labourer, if the task that he has

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

set himself to do in the restoration of the ancient border
lands of Carthage can ever be made capable of accom-
plishment.

COUNTY BUSINESS AND COUNTY BOARDS.

At a meeting of the Winfrith Farmers' Club
a very general opinion was expressed that " with re-
gard to the landlord and tenant bill and various other
subjects, such as local taxation and the malt-tax, differ
as they might do thereon, they would not be fairly repre-
sented until they had a ]\Iinister of Agriculture." And
at a meeting of the Norfolk Chamber of Agriculture, only
two days afterwards, a strong majority, in a full meeting,
was in favour of the establishment of Couuty Boards,
altogether apart from Quarter Sessions, " to manage
matters relating to bridges, lunatics, weights andmeasures,
with jurisdiction under the health act, and of course
under the contagious diseases of animals act, as well as
with the roads to look after." The resolution termed
this a County Committee, but Mr. Sewell Read spoke
directly to the more familiar title of a County Board for
the administration of county rates.

There is a straightforward simplicity of action, as here
recommended by the Norfolk Chamber, which comes in
favourable contrast to the more fussy and less weighty
proceedings of similar associations. In so many words,
there should be county roads maintained by couuty rates,
and managed by county committees, further empowered
to undertake other matters, independent of magistrates'
business, or, to put it plainly, out of magistrates' Jiauds.
And yet it is very doubtful whether this way of cutting
the Gordian knot by the Alexander of Agriculture will
have the approval of the Central Chamber, as clearly
for this reason : the magistrates or landlords are at heart
loath to lose any of their local power, and, as Mr.
Hutchings puts it, "the Chambers are overshadowed
and their freedom crushed by the influence of the land-
lords." There can be no possible mistake as to the
position taken by the leaders of the country party. Mr.
Henley, the very Mentor of the Commons, and long the
chairman of a bench, has maintained that " they have
managed their affairs very smoothly ;" while Lord
llamjjton, the Telemaehus of the Lords, has declared
that " there is nothing to complain of in the internal
management of the affairs of our counties, no extrava-
gance, and no mismanagement ;" Sir Mathew Ridley,
that " the financial business in evei-y county of England
by a numerous body of gentlemen has long been per-
formed to the advantage and satisfaction of the public,"
and so on. All this was said some years since, but
it will be certainly interesting to hear now what
Lord Hampton, Mr. Chaplin, and other heads of the
school may say on their next appearance in Salisbury
Square.

There was read, also some years since, at the Farmers'
Club a paper advocating the establishment of Couuty
Boards, which was so far adopted by the Club that a copy
of it was at once sent to every member of the Upper and
Lower Houses ; and in this a petition was quoted which
went very much to say that which Mr. Read said
in Norwich, as well as what some other people are
saying all over the country. Thus, the petition served to
show how "the amount of county taxation has very much
increased;" how "taxation without representation is
entirely at variance with the principles of a free consti-
tution;" and, wherefore, "your honourable House will be
pleased to enact a measure for the sepai'ation of the
financial from the judicial duties of county justices, and to

appoint county finance boards, in which the ratepayers
may be fairly represented, for the management of county
finances." Mr. Read's'advice or argument ran precisely
in this course, but we think it will be found that he spoke
more after the manner of the London Farmers' Club than
the London Chamber of Agriculture.

At any rate here is an opportunity. No one who has
studied any of these questions will care to deny that
local taxation, the highways, and cattle diseases would be
all the better for efficient, or in other words duly recog-
nised local direction. We shall venture to assume that no
farmer will dare to oppose any proposal for the establish-
ment of County Boards ; as on the other hand it will be
good to see how many are prepared to openly support
such a movement. Highway boards, Cattle-disease Com-
mittees and so forth will be very poor shifts or substitutes
for that concentrated control, of which some people are
already fighting shy. At a meeting of the Central Chamber
in the Spring it was distinctly stated that since his ac-
cession to office, Mr. Sewell Read had thrown cold water
on the cause, that he was muzzled, and so on. Since
then the honourable gentleman has explained that he has
been doing all he can to advance agriculture with the
Government, and now he broaches, or revives a proposal
which should he the very foundation of something more,
as affording to the farmers more power and more i-epre-
sentation. For this very reason we repeat the movement
will be distasteful to many of the landlords who have
either avoided or declared against it. Of course, we do
not know whether the Chamber will go for County Boards
on Tuesday, but if such a principle be avoided or
smothered in mere verbiage, then Mr. Read to right him-
self should give notice of a distinct yea-or-nay motion
on the subject, if only in order to ascertain who is now
muzzled, who is throwing cold water on the cause, who
is prepared to thoroughly support, carefully stay away, or
sit tongue-tied under any county member's opposition to
County Boards.

A report on a Government Department for Agriculture
will be presented on Tuesday ; but one should lead up to
the other, and a central office without local machinery
would be manifestly imperfect. Of course an Agricultural
Department and a Minister of Agriculture, as talked of at
the Winfrith Club, should mean much the same thing;
but of late this has not been very becomingly put about.
Since the site of the foreign market was selected the
Government, whether as represented by Mr. Forster or
the Duke of Richmond, or the staff, or, further, through
the City of London, has never done anything right.
Time even has not tempered the discomfiture, and in
Dorsetshire but a week or so since the meeting heard
how the Corporation paid a premium for the site of the
London market to the proprietor of a skittle-alley, and
how this man was a friend of the solicitor of the Admi-
ralty. But then it is only human nature that people
should be looking after premiums, and if the game of
skittles was won it was probably lost. But this
is scarcely the line to take over a Government Department
In any case the first and most available step should be
towards the establishment of County Boards, as it is only
to be hoped that the council of the Chamber will not feel
it necessary to refer this matter to a Committee of Inquiry.

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

^87

THE MAmTBNANCE OF HIGHWAYS.

At a meeting on Monday of the Devon and Cornwall Cham-
ber of Agriculture at Liskeard, the Mayor in the chair, in
introducing the subject, remarked upon the many questions
connected with agriculture which required to be discussed, with
a view to elicit opinions and arrive at the best conclusions.
The subject nf large and small farms was one of these. The
exigencies of modern farming rendered improved implements
necessary, and these were costly, and could be only afforded by
those who farmed a large quantity of ground. On the other
hand he often saw very large farms under very indifferent cul-
tivation, large tracts of ground enclosed by hedges, it is true,
but in a state very little better tiian slieep runs ; and certainly
it would be very much to tlie advantage of the community if
these farms were cut in two With respect to highways, they
must have good roads; but the question was who was to pay
for maintaining them, and how ? Good roads were costly
; hings, but they paid themselves in diminished liorse-power
required, and smaller saddlers', blacksmiths', and wheel-
wrights' bills.

Mr. Henry Steel (Bicton) iu proposing the first resolu-
tion, said that the speedy abolition of turnpike trusts was a
foregone conclusion. Iu many places it had already been
done, others, like that of Liskeard, the trusts had been re-
newed for only a limited period — seven years. But it must be
a wasteful system in which one-third the proceeds of the pikes
were absorbed in cost of collection, aud it was a great annoy-
ance to be stopped every now and then to pay a small sum at
a gate. Certainly such a system is quite opposed to the re-
forming spirit of the age. At present any district could join
a highway board under the Acts of 1SG3 aud 1864, and this
liad been very generally done, especially in the West of Eng-
land. Bnt he urged that they should be made universal and
compulsory, and that as soon as possible. The cost of main-
taining the roads haa been certainly greater under highway
boards thau before, bu.t the condition of the roads was infi-
nitely better, aud a few would like to return to the condition of
things existing before 1863. The Highways Boards Acts were
capable of amendment it was true, the system of audit should
be improved, and the date of the expiry of the offiee of the
waywardens should be made so co-teirainous witii the expiry of
the financial year. But on the whole, they had worked so well
that he desired to see tliem at once, if possible, supersede the
turnpike trusts. He therefore moved — " That it is expedient
that the remaining turnpike trusts be abolished as speedily as
possible, and the formation of highway boards be made com-
pulsory."

Mr. S. RosEVERE seconded the motion, pointing out the
unfair way in which the system of turnpikes operated, and the
waste which resulted from such a mode of eollecliou.

Mr. LuscoMBE opposed the resolution. He could not see
what it mattered to the farmers what the cost of collection was
so long as they had not to pay for it. ,

Mr. Tremavne, M.P., reminded the last speaker that when
the amount raised by tolls did not suffice ior the repair of the
roads, the magistrates were empowered to raise a rate to sup-
plement it ; aud in some places, St. Austell for instance, this
was actually done.

Mr. N. RosEVERE supported the resolution. He was able
in his neighbourhood to use the turnpike road without paying
toll; but this was not equitable to the public generally; and
dealing with the matter on a broad principle a rate would be
more just and advantageous.

The Rev. R. Marti:^, of Menheniot, pointed out that when
the turnpike roads were thrown on the rates it would be very
unfair to burden the parishes through which the turnpike roads
liappened to pass with the cost of maintaining them.

It was explained that under the scheme proposed by the
Chamber the cost would be borne by a general rate, spread
equally over th.e whole district.

Mr. Tremayne having given the motion his support, it was
put. and carried, with only three dissentients.

Mr. Pryn, of Callingtou, moved, " That there be only one
class of roads (private roads excepted), and that all roads be
maintained from the common fund raised by the highway
boards, as at present constituted." He urged that the work

of maintaining the roads could be carried out much better by
highway boards than by county magistrates in quarter sessions.
He did not see why the wliole work could not be done with one
staff of officials and surveyors and clerks, and he believed iu the
long run it would cost them less for rates than for turnpike
tolls. They ought to look at the matter patriotically, as to
what was best for the whole country and not for individuals.

JMr. G. Dewdney supported the motion, urging that it wonld

be more economical and in every way beneficial that all the

I roads within every highway district should be under one staff

I and maintained from a common fund. He enforced his remarks

. by citing the experience of his own district, where they had

taken over thirty miles of turnpike-road.

Mr. Sobey explained the meaning of the motion, tlie wording
of which he thought to be obscure.

Mr. Prout urged that in tlie proposed taking over the
turnpike-roads and throwing the burden of them ou the rates,
it should not be forgotten that many farms had been rented on
the basis of the supposition that no such burden existed or
would be placed on the farms, and a higher rent was paid in
consequence of this immunity. To saddle such farms with
additional cost would be unfair, unless allowance were made
for it.

Mr. S. RosEYERE had come to the conclusion that two dis-
tinct classes of roads should be maintained, and not all roads
be merged into one class. Ou the chief roads thousands of
persons travel who derive more benefit from those roads than
the persons who would pay rates to support then. At the
same time there was something in the argument that the
repair of the roads could be effected more economically by one
staff of officials than by two, and it had occurred to him that
this might be done, and yet the payment of that repair be
derived from different funds — one for the first class, and one
for the second class roads.

Mr. N. STEPHE^'S said that it appeared to him to be a
sound principle that " those who daneed should pay the fidler,"
or, as in this case, that those who used the roads should pay
for the use of them. Now the fairest way to do that would
be to devote to the repair of the road a tax on carriages and
horses — a gradiated scale of taxes would be most equitable.
But as the horse-tax had been abolished by Government, for
which he was very sorry, he would apply to this purpose the
tax on carriages, for certainly he did not see why those who
had no vehicles, and did not use the roads, should contribute
to their maintenance as much as those who did use them.

The motion was then put aud carried, only two or three
hands being raised against it.

Mr. Pratt, of Buckland, moved " That tlie funds now
raised by licences on carriages be transferred to the county
treasurer, in order that they may be distributed ^;ro raid among
the Highway Boards." They had heard that the amount at
present raised by taxes on carriages was £520,000. He con-
tended that while Government received so substantial a sura as
the result of taxes on carriages, the burden of the whole cost
of maintaining the roads should not be borne by the rate-
payers, but this half-a-million ought to be handed over for
their relief. A tax on carriages he thought a very good tax,
as it was a tax on luxuries — tliey saw many luxurious equi-
pages rolling along their roads — as distinct from a tax on
industry. Government, through Mr. Clare Read, had asked
them as practical men to chalk out for them some way in
which this great and important question should be dealt with.
The council of the Devon and Cornwall Chamber had arrived
at this in their solution of the difficulty ; the Central Chamber
had arrived at a different conclusion, but perhaps it might
hereafter change its opinion, when they saw what the views of
the country chambers were. It was felt at Callingtou, when
this subject was last discussed, that if the highways were all
transferred to the Boards, and maintained by rates, many who
now paid for the roads, and who ought to pay, would be alto-
gether relieved of the taxes. This would be remedied by the
adoption of the proposal which he had the honour to move.

Mr. Prout seconded the motion. He contended that if
the tolls were removed, the assessed taxes on carriages should
be devoted to the purposes to which the tolls were formerly

The faRxMer's magazine.

put. Tliat, iiideed, was tlie ouly way 'thny had of gpttiug hold
of some persons who used the roads, and who did uot pay
rates. There were many lodgers, for iustance, who took their
drives ia hired carriages, aud how, except iu tiiat way, were
they to be made to pay their share for the injury done to the
roads? If assessed taxes oa carriages were still paid, it was
immaterial to those who paid whether the amount went te the
repair of the roads or to tlie Gevernment. They had been told
that the taxes on carriages amounted to about a quarter of a.
million, and the total receipts of turnpikes to about two
millions. Surely it was not too much for Government to pay
them back from the imperial exchequer the quarter part of
what the turnpikes had realised, aud this was just what the
taxes on carriages had produced.

Mr. STEP^E^'S asked what reason could he adduced for
maintaining the tax on carriages whicli did uot equally apply,
maintaining the taxes on horses ?

Mr. Groser (Plymouth) had not intended to take part in
the proceedings, but as a member of the sub-committee of
the council which liad drawn up tliese resolutions, it might be
well that l\e should point some of the difficulties with wliich
they had found the subject to be surrounded. It had been
laid down as an axiom by Mr. Stephens that the user of a road
should pay for its maintenance, and that therefore the assessed
duties on carriages ought to be maintained and ap()lied to the
repair of roads. But who was the user of a road ? Everyone
was, iu fact, a user for whose use anything was drawn over tiie
roads. A householder, although he himself owaed no vehicle,
required supplies, say of coals. Tiiey were drawn for his use,
not iu his own carts, but in the vehicles of the coalJealer.
But the consumer was really the user of tiie road, for he paid
for tlie cartage and all tlie expenses attending on the cartage.
If the cart in coming to him passed through a turnpike-gate
the cost of traversing the turnpike-road was paid by the pur-
chase) of the coals in the shape of tolls. If the turnpike-gate
were abolished and the cost of the repair of the roada thrown
on the rates, the consumer of the coals would still pay, uot in
the form of tolls, but iri the form of rales. No assessed
tax on carriages, therefore, was necessary to make him pay ;
but if there were an assessed tax on the cart tliat brought coals
to liim, although nominally paid by the dealer, the consumer
would really pay it in the form of an enhanced price charged
for liis coals. So with all other commodities, although, per-
haps, in a less marked degree. Again, ii had been said by
Mr. Prout that an asserted tax on carriages or turnpike tolls
were necessary, in order to get at the lodger who rode out in
hired vehicles, and did not pay rates. But surely that was not
so. The livery-stable from which the lodger's vehicle was
liired would be rated, and pay its quota for the repair of roads.
The amount so paid as rates would increase the lirery-stable

keeper's expenses, a fact he would be sure to remember when
making his charge to the lodger for the use of the carriage.
The same would be true, but not more true, of any payment
in the form of assessed taxes. The user, be he ratepayer or
lodger, wonlJ one way or anotiier be " got at," and would pay
ills share. Again, Mr. Pratt had depreciated taxes on in-
dustries, aud said that an assessed tax on carriages was a
right one, because it was a tax on luxuries — the use of
luxurious carriages on roads. B'lt he (Mr. Groser) thought
tiiey would find that if they were to have roads kept up by
the rates, assisted by taxes on vehicles, that vehicles used for
industries must be taxed as well as others, lie would illus-
trate what he meant by referring to the case of mines,
although clay works or manufactories would be equally to
the point. Supposing a mine were opened in the middle of a
moor, and a tramway were made to convey material to and
fro. Would they say tliat such a tramway, used for the en-
richment of one set of adventurers, should be maintained
from the highway rates? Of course not. If, instead of a
tramway, a private road were made, still they would say that
the cost of that road, cut up by the mine carts, should not be
paid from the rates. But if the mine were started close to an
existing highway already maintained from the rates, and it
were cut up by tlie incessant cartage from the mine? What
then ? It would still be a public road, but it would be a
road used to an excessive degree for the private benefit of one
set of speculators, who would hope to realise a profit from
the use of that public road for their own purposes. No
ordinary assessment to the poor-rates would toucli them ade-
quately, for, perhaps, the mine would not be paying dues ou
wbich assessment could be levied. Some special form of
taxation ; perhaps an assessed tax on carriages would be
necessary. But then the farmers must be prepared to have
their owu farm vehicles, which were at present exempt, taxed
also, for they did the same thing, although perhaps in a less
marked degree. Yet this would be a tax on industry, and un-
doubtedly iu the abstract all taxes on locomotion were unde-
sirable. It was a national advantage to have good roads,
great ar'eries of communication, and Government might fairly
be asked to assist by a contribution. Whether that contribu-
tion should be by continuing and making over an assessed
tax ou carriages for the purpose, or by making a direct pro
rata grant from the imperial exchequer, derived from the
ordinary sources, was a question of detail ; he should, on the
whole, prefer the latter. He apologised for spe aking at so
much length, but he desired to show that the matter was by
no means a simple and easy one, which could be settled by a
few axioms, and that other considerations were involved than
those which appeared on the surface.
The motion was carried unanimously.

STOCK

SHORTHORNS AND CLYDESDALES AT KEIR.
The property of Sir W. Stirling Maxwell, M.P.

BULLS.

Lord Errant, roan, calved 16th August, 1873, by Mr. Booth's

Banner Bearer.— Sir W. Gordon Cuinming, of Altyre,

63 gs.
Banner Keeper, roan, calved 16th Sept., 1873, by Mr. Booth's

Banner Bearer. — Viscount Strathallan, 35 gs.
Fawsley, roan, calved 2nd Feb., 1874., by Keir Butterfly 9th,

— Mr. A. Scott, Towie-Barclay, 61 gs.
Master Towneley, white, calved 2ith Aug., 1873, by Keir

Butterfly 0th. — Mr. Menzies, TuUochville, Si gs.
Cherry Prince, red, calved 12th Jan., 1874', by Keir Butterfly

9th.— Mr. Fleming, Coates, 28 gs.
Dalzell, red, calved 22nd June, 1874., by Mr. Booth's Banner

Bearer. — Mr. Currie, llalkerton, 38 gs.
Flower Lad, roan, calved 2ith Dec, 1873, by Keir Butterfly

9th.— Mr. Michell, Greenyards, 28 gs.

HEIFERS.

Banner Lass, red and white, calved 3rd May, 1873, by Mr.

Booth's Banner Bearer.— Mr. Cruickshank, Sittyton,

35 gs.
Lady Melville, red, calved 27th July, 1873, by Red Duke

(29731).— Mr. Cruicksliank, 38 gs.

SALES.

Rose Flower, roan, calved 2ud Nov., 1873, by Mr. Booth's
Banner Bearer. — Col. Williamson, of Lawers, 70 gs.

Isabella, roan, calved 10th Sept., 1873, by Mr. Booth's Banner
Bearer. — Mr. Campbell, Kinnellar, 29 gs.

Banner Maid, red, calved 26th April, 1874, by Mr. Booth's
Banner Bearer. — Mr. Cruickshank, 50 gs.

CLYDESDALES.

Bay filly, two years old, by Sir R. Bruce. — Col. Williamson

131 gs.
Brown filly, two years old, by Conqueror. — Mr. Riddel', Kil-

bowie, 55 gs.
Bay filly, one-year-old, by Mr. Riddell's Old Times.— Mr.

Riddell, 82 gs.
Bay filly, one year-old, by Prince of Wales or Old Times. —

Mr. Riddell, 43 gs.
Brown filly, one-year-old, by Flower of Monteith. — Mr.

Riddell, 35 gs.
Brown filly, foaled 22nd April, 1874, by the Keir horse Derby.

— Mr. Campbell, 41 gs.
Bay filly, foaled 13th May, 1874, by the Keir horse Derby. —

Mr. Whyte, Clintetty, by Aberdeen, 44 gs.
Brown filly, foaled 30th May, 1874, by the Keir prize horse

Newstead. — Mr. Marr, Cairnbrogie, 47 gs.
Bay colt, foaled 27th April, 1873, by the Keir horse Newstead.

—Mr. Riddell, 92 gs.

THE FAEMER'S MAGAZINE.

489

Bay colt, foaled Iflth April, 187i, by tie Keir liorse Derby. —

Mr. Smith, Castlemains, 61 gs.
Bay colt, foaled 19th May, 1874, by the Keir horse Derby. —

Mr. Riddel!, 30 gs.
Brown colt, foaled 6th May, IST-l, by the Keir horse Derby.

— Mr. Marr, 50 gs.
Brown coU, fouled 9th May, 187-t, by the Keir prize horse

Newstead.— Mr. Swan, Moat Mill, 31| gs. •
Grey filly, loaled 21st May, 1871', by the thorough-bred horse

Mesmer. — Mr. W. Forrest, AUauton, 18 gs.

Sixty slieep, Leicester tup lambs, ranged from £1 to £4
15s.; average, £2 Is. 2d. 31 ewe lambs, in lots of two,
brought from £1 to £i 153.; average, £2 Gs. 9d. 0 cast
ewes fetched from 17s 6d. to £2 7s. Od. Two fancy black
sheep (tup and ewe) brought £t 15s. each. A number of
pigs from prize breeds sold at prices ranging from £1 lOs. to
£6 17s. 6d.

MR. MARR'S SHORTHORN BULLS AT UPPER-
MILL, N.B. — The total proceeds of the sale amounted to
£1,113, giving an average price for 31 animals of £35 18s.,
which is £6 Is. 6d. per head more than the prices of last year.

LORD CHESHAM'S SALE OF JERSEYS AT LATL
MER, ON OCTOBER THE 29tii, BY SEDGWICK
AND SON. — Lord Cheshara has for many years paid great
attention to the Jerseys as a dairy stock. Mr. Fowler

supplied good animals long since, and there were also
purchasers at the sales of Mr. Selby Loundes, Mr. Danncey,
and Mr. Duncan's stocks. Lord Braybrooke, whose Jersey
herd has been in existence for man's allotted three score years
and ten, dipped into the Latimer by using Cheshara, and a
son of his went to Lord Dacre, who bred the Baron ; this
bull took first prizes at the Royals at Cardiff and Hull, and
left some capital whole-coloured calves ; but breeders were
not for him, though his strength and masculine character
would still make him useful as a stud bull. Mr. Wright, butcher
bought him at 25gs. The cows were shown in a corner of tlie
Park near the Dell Farm. Several were old and blemished
and an impression prevailed they were a cull lot. Still on
the whole there were some very good specimens, and they made
respectable prices. The whole colour, which was a " French
grey," was got by importing whole colours from the Island, but
the produce came out with white marks, and Lord Chesham
thinks the climate and soil had some influence. A portion only
of the herd made a total of 833 guineas. There were 33 cows
and heifer-calves, for which 7W guineas were realised.
Of the other cows. Sunshine was purchased for 63 guineas
for the foreign market, by Mr. Thornton, and Slender, by Mr.
W. H.Smith,-M.P., for 50 guineas, while Dormouse, one of
the Dauncey's, now going ou^ of fashion, made 4-0 gs. to the
famous Mr. Mutton, of Brighton. In addition to the cows
and heifers there were ten bulls and bull-calves, of which two
were withdrawn. The otiier eight fetched but 89 guineas in all.

THE LAW OF DISTEAINT FOR RENT.

During a rather wild discussion down in Cornwall the
other day on the tenure of laud, two important points
were touched on which do not often receive so much
attention as they should do in any consideration of this
now popular subject. Mr. Symons denounced the law
of distraint for rent and advocated its abolition ; and Mr.
Grose said the system of tendering for farms was a very
bad one, for as a rule, the landlords took the men who bid
the highest prices. In Scotland, certaiuly, a movement
against hypothec is forcing itself upon the legislature ;
and, as we said last week, here in England we sutler
from hypothec at least in a degree, or, as Mr. Symons
puts it, from the law of distraint for rent.

There can, indeed, be little question but that the iu-
difference evinced by the majority of landowners and
their agents as to any proposed improvement in the system
of tenure may be traced to one or the other of these two
causes. Were the prior claim for reut discountenanced,
of course the practice of offering farms by tender would
also drop through. One, in a word, depends on the other,
as, however careless the landlord may be about the
tenant's security, he is tolerably sure to keep a sharp eye
on his own. With the law of distraint prevailing, the
owner is naturally not so particular either as to the
character or means of the occupier as he would be did he
stand in the same share-and-share-alike position with other
creditors. His guarantee under any altered state of things
would be the actual ability in purse and person of the
man with whom he treated, as it would be all to the higher
of the contracting parties' interest that the other started
on fair terms. This is so clear, that it becomes a
question whether, as in Scotland, the movement in
favour of the right to the tenant to his own invest-
ments and against the landlord's prior claim for
rent should not be worked simultaneously ? As it is, the
applicant for a farm is pretty generally at the mercy of
its proprietor, who, through his steward, dictates his own
conditions ; and " if you do not choose to take it,
somebody else will." It is highly probable that somebody
else, who is not so careful in looking to his premises,
may be in no respect so desirable a tenant, although he
will be ready to agree to anything. On such a showing
he is too often accepted simply because the landowner is

ensured by the legislature against los3. If the new
occupier continue to keep on so much the better, or if
he fail he will not be allowed to go beyond his tether.
An argument is occasioully offered that while the law of
distraint exists a tenant will have more time to make use
of the money, or as Mr. Major put it at Bodmin, " if
the law of distraint were done away with my tenants
would pay quarterly instead of yearly." The receipt,
however, of a farm rent only once in the twelve months
is surely very exceptional, if the payment of one half-
year only when another is due be more common. Of
course, such a plea as this — the use of another's capital —
applies almost altogether to the needy man who would be
swept away with its abolition as he has been if not
created encouraged by the law of distraint. Under a
more equitable and wholesome tenure the loan of half-a-
y ear's rent should be no very weighty consideration, as
the direct influence of any alteration would be the en-
listment of men who could find their own money. As
Mr. McNeel Caird said at the Scottish Chamber last
week, " With the best tenant-farmers in Scotland, it is
not the rent that troubles them ; give them just security,
do away with the artificial hindrances which hamper their
industry, and they will not quarrel with the rent." In a
word, we should by removing these artificial hindrances
estahlish a better class of tenants and a better system of
farming.

In a strictly commercial sense nothing could sound much
worse than the law as it now stands. Men get into
possession of farms mainly because they are willing to
make bad bargains, and the owner and the occupier play
a game at chances. But the risk here is not equal ; for
the landlord is playing with the money of other people,
as he pays himself in full first out of a pool to which
others have contributed, so soon as the tenant cannot put
down his own stake. This game is called the Law of Dist-
raint : while in another variety of the same amusement one
of the players stakes his money without any rule which will
ensure him a fair opportunity of ever getting it back
again. And this game is known as Blind Confidence,
lu fact, in either case the landlord takes a very similar
position to that of the Emperor of China, who when he

I I

^0

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

sits down to whist exercises the privilege of never naming
trumps until he has seen his hand.

Palpably there are great difficulties in the waj^ of any
reform here ; as nothing would promise to create more
indignation, either in the House of Commons or at the
Chamber of Agriculture, than any proposal for the aboli-
t'on of the law of distraint. The tenant-right cry is

terrible enough in a landlord's ear, but the very mention
of any tampering with his prior claim would be some-
thing cvervvhelming. Still we do not despair of his
being educated up to the one or the other ; and as Scot-
land is fast following us on the way to a tenant-right,
so must we watch her attack on the abuses of hypo-
thec.

BARLEY OR WHEAT MALT.

Avery remarkable change is about to take place in the
history of agriculture, consequent on the change in the
value of English wheat and barley. This may be partly
owiug to a deficient crop of barley, but still more to the
total inadequacy of other sources of supply. On
the other hand, the importations of wheat have been
so liberal, and our own crop also so large, that the
best red wheat is selling below the best malting
barley, the one being quoted at 48s., and the
other at 46s. per qr. Formerly the relative normal value
of barley seldom exceeded two-thirds that of wheat, and
it must have been a bad crop indeed that would bring the
two products near upon a par, or change to any large
eitent their relative values on the market. Such, how-
ever, are the transpositions produced by, first, the in-
crease of the population, and secondly, the duty-
free importations of all kinds of articles of consumption.
Amongst these the new market prices of wheat and
barley are in every respect the most remarkable, when
we consider the intriiisic value of each, and that the open
market of the whole world furnishes supplies. Such,
however, is the scarcity of malting barley, that, with all our
sources of supply from both the old and new worlds, so great
is the increased demand for beer, that our brewers
are again using enormous amounts of sugar or molasses
as the readiest and most economic article offering itself.

But the mere 2?. per qr. plus on barley does not
represent all the difference between the actual
relative values of the two products. The weight of the
best red wheat may be reckoned at 641bs. per bushel
whilst that of the best barley is no more than C71bs.
making a difference of 71bs. per bushel, or 561bs. per qr.,
which, if the weight of the wheat is assimilated to that of
the barley, will reduce the value of the one to the ex-
tent of 63. — that is, 4561bs. of wheat sell for only 38s.
per qr., whilst the same weight of the best barley fetches
48s. — an anomaly in commerce which never occurred until
the present season.

There is, however, another question to be considered
in the matter — namely, the materials of which the two
products are composed, and how near the quality of wheat-
malt approaches to that of barley-malt. This is a most
important part of the subject, and one that can only be
solved by experiment and chemical analysis. The
amount of saccharine matters is greater, we believe,
iu wheat than in barley, and the specific gravity is
greater. If such be correct, a denser kind of liquor will be
the result, and, therefore, a greater facility of producing
intoxication; but this is partly conjecture, which, perhaps,
some of our readers may be able to confirm or confute.
We have certainly no reliable data to enable us to give an
opinion on this part of the subject; still, it is important,
because on the quality of the product in beer, and the
quantity a certain proportion of wheat-malt may yield of
given strength, depend any continued use ; as, of course,
there is further the flavour to be considered.

"VVe have started this question, because in France a good
deal of wheat-malt has already been made, and the malt-
sters appear to be going into the trade rather largely ;

some also in our own country, whilst wheat is so low and
barley so high in price, are disposed to try it. The ques-
tion then remains. Is it probable or possible that wheat
will coutiuue at so low or barley relatively at so
high a price as to enable the maltsters to use wheat
for barley ? This is a matter which only time can
determine, but towards the solution of which we
may throw out a few hints. First, it is tolerably certain
that the growers of barley abroad are large competitors
for producing the best malting barley ; and secondly, it is
as certain that the United Kingdom cannot, either at home
or abroad, supply one-half of the demands of lier own
breweries. Thirdly, can the cultivation of barley at home
be increased by substituting that grain for wheat or other
grain ? Fourthly, is the importation ot foreign wheat
likely to continue and inci'case? and are the cultivators
and merchants of Russia and America so satisfied both with
present prices, and with the certain prospect of a market
for any amount they may have to spare, so as to induce
them to cultivate wheat expressly for the English market
at all times and under any fluctuations in price?

The last query would look to be very easily answered.
The value of land in those two countries is small, and
readily attainable, while the cultivation of wheat, the
principal produce, is grown in so primitive a manner,
that there is always an excess of the home demand;
and since England has become a customer to be depended
on, the supply of wheat has, from the United States,
been increased in proportion to the expected demand. In
boih Russia and the United States, however, a good deal
depends upon the charges for carrying the grain to the
ports ; especially is this the case in America, where during
the last year some of the railways charged the value
of two bushels for the conveyance of one bushel to the
nearest shipping port.

CASTLE-DOUGLAS HORSE FAIR. — The show of
horses numbered about 200, and was the finest that has been
seen at Castle-Douglas at a Martinmas fair for many years.
Good horses were in fair demand, but inferior were diffioUt to
sell, and brought prices from 3 to 5 per cent, lower than those
current at the Rood Fair. Few farmers were seeking horses,
and the most of the business done was among dealers. Messrs.
R. and A. Johnstone showed a splendid stud of 60, and sold 30.
They sold a beautiful four-year-old, purchased from Mr.
Hunter, Deaths, to Mr. H. Crawford, at £110; two to Mr.
Carselaw, Mearns, at £190 ; a mare at £70 to Sir Wm. Max-
well, of Cardoiipss; a two-year-old colt to Mr. Brown,
Ingleston, at £80 ; a liorse at £95 to Mr. Yuille, Glasgow ;
and upwards of twenty others at from £fO to £75. Mr. T.
Currie disposed of the whole of his stud of seventeen. He
bought a grey mare from Mr. Rigg, Banks, at £140, wliich
he resold to Mr. Thomas Clark, Mearns, at £150. He sold
a two-year-old colt at £fio, a chesnut mare to Mr. Riddell,
Kilbowie, at £85, three to Mr. John Brown, Biggar, at £70
eich, a one-year-old filly to Mr. John Crawford, Beith, at
£43 ; and others at lower prices. Mr. M. Teeuan had also a
fine string oT draught and harness-horses, and sold a number
at prices similar to the above.

THE FARMER' fe MAGAZINE.

491

THE MANCHESTER AND SALFORD FAT STOCK SHOW.
IN THE POMONA GARDENS.

With a fat stock sliov? already established ia Mau-
caciter just about Christmas time, it is a question
whether this earlier exhibitiou v>'as e\xr required, as
certainly the result does not say much for the experiment
so (at. Tu many of the leading features of such a
meeting it was a most unmistalvable failure. There
were in all eight HereforJs entered to compete
ia five classes, and these were so generally in-
differeut that not one fust prize was awarded ;
and the judges consequently rcfusiid to admit of
such a thing as a " best Hereford." There
were in all three Devons entered, and in the outset
the management proposed to throw over these classes
altogether by returning the exhibitors their fees, but
eventually the animals were allowed to come on, when
Mr. Senior's ox, which has now been kuockiug about the
country for the last two years, won. In fact, amongst the
cattle the only creditable display centred over the Short-
horns and the Scotch or Scotch crosses. ^Messrs. Fresh-
ney, fi-om Lincolnshire, made their mark with a Short-
horn ox, bred by Mr. Wells, of Withern, which
was not only the best of his class, and the best Shorthorn
but the best of all the oxen or steers ; the actual awards
in his class being strengthened by commendations to Mr,
E. J. Howard, Nocton Rise, Lincoln ; Jlr. A. H. Browne.
Doxford, Chathill, Northumberland; and Jlr. Thomas
Elliott, Hiudhope, Jedburgh. Only one commendation,
to ilr. J. II. Stephenson, was appended to the three prizes
in the three-year-old class; while the open class of cows
included two or three well-known show animals, ilr.
Wells' cow now beating Moss Rose, as we contended she
should have done at Northampton ; but Mr. Wright's
heifer, first at Northampton, was first again here, as
she has also been in Lincolnshire, and, as we have
written of her, always sure to be heard of in good company.
There was a fair show of polled Scots, with Messrs.
Martins' ox as the champion; but only two or three
Highlanders and a good speciii;: n of the Shorthorn and
Poll cross shown by JMr, Adauioon from Alford, backed
by Mr. Staffer's cross-bred cow, pronounced to be the
best cow or heifer in the show.

There were only two exhibitors of Southdown sheep,
two of Oxfords, none of Uampslsires, and noneof Lincolns.
Lord Walsiugham took all the three prizes against his
veteran opponent Lord Sondes, who was highly commended
for both pens ; while the Mertou flock will not be repre-
sented at Birmingham, as the extra premiums for South-
downs have this year been struck out of the Biugley ilall
list. A solitary ewe did duty for the Cotswolds, but there
was really a respectable entry — as things went here — of
Sbropshires, where Lord Chesham was still invincible, al-
though Mrs. Beach was so close up that a referee had to be
called iu. The competition iu the pig classes was often very
limited, noticeably cnougli one of the best filled being
that of Bsrkshires, which seem to be taking root in
Lancashire and Cheshire.

There were further premiums for cora and roots, with
an exhibition of implements, often enough of an almost
ludicrously '■miscellaneous" description,

PRIZE LIST
JUDGES.— R. Woods, Osberton, Worktop; W. Cropper,
Minting House, llorncastle ; ¥. Lytball, Offchurch, Leam-
ington; T. H. Hutchinson, Manor House, Calterick ; T.
Dodds, Waliefield; J. Lynn, Stroxtoii, G.auihara ; J.
Fislier, Carrhead, Leeds ; W. Lort, Kind's Norton ;
B. Baxter, Elslack Hall, Skipton ; II. V. Grantham, West

Iveal Hall, Spilsby ; J. Downham, Bury ; W. Hewett,
Chester ; J. Bradlev, Leeds ; J. Hicken, Duachurch,
Riuby ; 11. T. Smith, Wiiitchurch ; T. Rigby, Winsford,
Ciiesliire ; A. Mills, Heywood ; R. Tait, Manchester.
CATTLE,

IIEREFORDS.

Ox or steer of any age exceeding three year? and three
months old. — first prize, withheld ; second, £10, S. Miller,
The Court, Abcrraule ; third, £5, R.Everall, Woolaston Hall,
Lcebotwood.

Steer, not exceeding three years and three mouths old. —
First prize, withheld ; second, £10, R. Heigbway, Lea Cross,
Shrewsbury ; third, £5, R. Wortley, Aylsham.

Steer, not exceeding two years aad sis months old. — First
prize, withheld ; second, £10, R. Heighway.

Heifers. — Third prize, £5, R. Wortley.

SHOIITHORNS.

Oxca or steers of any age exceeding three years and tiiree
Miontbs.— First prize, £50, T. and J, B. Freshney, S:tltll.'et,
Louth ; second, £10, T. Lund, Monk Bar, York ; tbird, £5,
T. H. Ferris, Mauningford, Marlborougli.

Steer, not excoding three years an i tliree months old. —
First prize, £20, R.^Worlley, Aylsham; second, £10, E.
Wortley, Ridlington ; tliird, J. Outhwaite, B;iinesse.

Steer, not exceeding four years old, bred and fed by a ten-
ant-farmer.— First prize, £1-5, J. Cran, Kirkton, luverness ;
second, £10, J. Nicholson, AVilloughtoa Grange, Kirtou-in-
Lindsey ; third, £5, J. Nicholson.

Cows. — First prize, £15, Earl of Faversham ; second, £10,
W. T. Welti, Withern Hall, Alford, Lincolnshire ; tliird, £5,
0. Bennion, Cresswell, Stafford,

Heifers.— First prize, £15, R. Wright, Nocton Heath,
Lincoln ; second, £10, T. Staitor, Stand ; third, £5, E. Liddell,
jMorris ilall, Norham, Northumberland.

DEVOTES.

Cup, 50 guineas, for best Devon, T. L. Senior, Aylesbury ;
second prize, £10, R. H. Harris, EarnhiU, Forres, N.B.
Cows or heifers. — Second prize, £10, T. L. Senior.

SCOTCH ]3REE1)S.

Polled oxen or steers of auy age. — First prize, £50, J. and
\V. Martin, New Market, Aberdeen ; second, £10, Sir W. G.
Gordon Cumraiug, Altyne Towers.

West Highland oxen or steers. — First prize, £20, and
second, £10, T. Statter.

Cows or licifcrs. — First prize, £15, Sir W. C. Trevelyan ;
second, £5, T. L. M. Cartwright, Melville House, Lady bank,
Fife.

PUKE-IiREEDS AND CROSS-BRED ANIilALS.

Oxen.— First prize, £50, H. D. Adamson, Balquliorne,
Alford, Aberdeenshire; second, £10, T. L. Senior.

Fat steers under three years old. — First prize, £20, W.
M'Corabie, M.P., Tillyfour, Aberdeen ; second, £10, J. Cron,
Kirkton.

Fat cov?s or heifers. — First prize, £20, T. Statter ; second,
£10, J. and W. Martin, New Market, Aberdeen.

Extra Stock. — Bull, cow, or heifer, of any age, breed, or
variety, aud not necessary to be fat stock. — First prize, £10,
G. Fox, Hare Field, Wilraslow (Leeman) ; second, £5, and
third, £3, T. Statter.

Cup of 50 gs, for best ox or steer, Messrs. Freshney (Short-
Itoru).

Cup of 50 g$. for beat cow or lieifer, Mr. Statter (cross),

SHEEP.

Cheviot wether?, three years old. — First prize, £15, 'Jli
Duke of Rosburghe ; second, £10, J. M'Gill, Rotchill, Dnni
fries.

Cheviot wethers, net exceeding twenty-three months old. —
Fir^t prize, £10, R. H. Dwire, Barney Mains, Haddington,
N.B. ; second, J. M'Gill.

Southdown wethers, not exceeding t.veuty. three month
old First, second, and third prizes, lord WahingiKihi.

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THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE

Shropshire wethers, not exceeding twenty-three months old.
— First prize, £15, Lord Chesham ; second, Sarah Beach ;
t'l rd, F. Bach, Craven Arms, Salop.

Sliropshire wether. — First prize, Lord Chesham.

i'en of three fat Oxfordshire wethers. — First and second
prizes, G. Street, Maulden, Ampthill; third, N. Stilgoe, Ad-
derbury, Oxon.

Slieep not qualified to compete in other clases. — First prize,
W. and G. Bird, Taunton ; second. The Duke of Portland.

Cross Breeds : Pen of three fat wethers. — First prize, J.
Christie, Whittingham, West Morris, Haddington; second,
N. Stilgoe.

Cotswold ewe. — Silver medal, J. Wheeler, Long Compton,
Shipston-on-Stour.

Southdown ewe. — Silver medal. Lord Sondes, Elrahara.

S iropshire Ewe. — Silver medal, S. Beach.

Kwes of any pure breed. — Silver medal, R. H. Harris, Earn-
hill, Forres Border (Border Leicester.)
PIGS.

For the best collection of breeding pigs. — Champion cup,
the Earl of Ellesmere, whose pens obtained 119 points, against
Mr. P.Eden's pen of 117 points.

Large breed : Pen of five pigs of one litter, exceeding
three and not exeeding six months old. — First prize, £10, and
second, £5, P. Eden.

Pigs of the middle breed, five of one litter, exceeding three
end not exceediug six months. — First prize, £10, P. Eden.

For collection of breeding pigs, being the Ijo/ia fide pro-
perty of the exhibitor.~A cup, value 25 gs., the Earl of Elles-
mere.

Pen of three fat pigs of one litter, not exceeding ten months
old.— Prize, £10, P. Eden, Cross-lane, Salford.

Pen of three fat pigs of one litter, not exceeding 15 months
old. — First prize, £10, and second, £5 P. Eden.

Fat pig, exceeding 15 months old. — First prize, £6, the
Earl of Ellesmere ; second, £4, Colonel C. Towneley, Towneley,
Burnley.

Breeding pigs of the Berkshire breed : pen of five pigs of
one litter, exceeding three and not exceeding six months old,
— First prize, £10, H. llumfrey, Kingstone Farm, Shrivenham-
Berks; second, £5, J. Wlieelcr, Long Compton, Sliipston-on.
Stour; third, £3, A. Stewart, St. Bridge, near Gloucester.

LAND TENURE.

Ai a meetiilg of the Cornwall Chamber of Agriculture held
in Bodmin, Sir Colman Ilashleigh, Bart,, M.P., who was
voted to the chair, announced that he had received letters
from John St. Aubyn, Bart., M.P., Mr. John Tremayne, M.P.,
and Mr. Jonathan Rashleigh, expressing regret at iuability to
attend. Mr. Tremayne added — " It is a subject to which the
attention of Parliament will shortly be drawn; and it would
have been an advantage to me to have heard the opinion of
my constituents." He (the cliairraan) agreed with his col-
league in thinking that the subject, and in fact the wholo
question of land, was one whicli must occupy the attention of
Parliament very shortly — probably in the coming session ; and
he also fully agreed in thinking it was one on which it was
des-irable that he should hear tiie opinions of I'.is constituents.
He was glad that the matter bad been taken up by such an
able agriculturist as Mr, Olver, but he would not yet express
an opinion in regard to it. He should be very sorry to make
up liis mind, or to declare prematurely his opinions on such
an important matter as the subject of land — not only the
tenure of land, but the transfer of land and the present lawj
relating to the land. They were matters, in his opinion, re-
quiring the greatest possible consideration, especially at the
hands of those who had the honour of representing the large
landed |interest8 of the country. He should listen to the
remarks made that day, and from tlie remarks made there and
elsewhere he should make up his mind as to what course to
take as their member of Parliament ; but it would be wrong
and premature for him to express any opinion at all until he
had heard the subject talked over and argued out.

Mr. Olver read the following paper : Few questions are of
greater importance than this which I have chosen for your con-
sideration, and designated The Tenure oj Land. This question,
which has been so frequently ventilated of late, is evi-
dently in a very unsatisfactory state ; a circumstance to be
universally regretted, since wills resulting tiierefrom are not
confined to landlords and tenants, but extend to the community
at large. "The first condition in every State is the plough,"
and something must be wrong in any State, particularly one
possessing abundance of capital, if it cannot be profitably
employed in cultivating a fertile soil like that of Great Britain,
while so mucii inferior food is annually imported from abroad
to feed its inhabitants. Such, however, is the state of this
country at present. One cause of the commemorative con-
dition of agriculture, when compared with other industrial
pur-uits in this country, is undoubtedly the undue burdens
laid on the landed interest iu the shape of rates and taxes,
which ought to have been considerably reduced when the Corn-
laws were repealed and the British agriculturist had to meet
" all comers" with his hands tied. In the absence of that
relief, however, a great stimulus would be given to agricul-
tural progress by an understanding between landlord and
tenant, calculated to afford security to capital invested in

proving the land ; since many capitalists, now that agricul-

ture is become such a fashionable occupation, would readily
invest in cultivating land belonging to other people, having
no opportunity to purchase ; but they are generally too shrewd
to do so without security, feeling that the profits arising from
agriculture would be small under the most favourable circum-
stances. Mucli has been said here from time to time respect-
ing the legal points affecting tiiis question ; I will not, there-
fore, waste your time by dilating on them, nor in taking you
back to that primitive state of agriculture when occupiers of
land had nothing to offer the owners but suit and service ; but
will as briefly as possible, with the view of promoting dis-
cussion, point out some of the many inconsistences connected
with the tenure of hind. Landowners. — The first persons to
be mentioned are landlords, by which I mean extensive owners
of land ; and amongst them, like mankind in general, there
are good, bad, and indifferent, varying in character and
position. Some do their duty in the station it lias pleased
God to place tbem, by taking an interest in their own affairs
and trying to make all with whom they are associated prosperous
and happy, remembering that " Property has its duties as well
as its rights ;" while others appear to treat those matters
with indifference. Some are wealthy and affluent, while others
are poor ; consequently, incapable of doing the good
they wo'jld. But life is uncertain with all : hence the
necessity of preparing for these changes which death might
produce, when another Pharoah might come in who knew not
Joseph. Tlie place of the first-mentioned worthy might be
filled by some well-meaning, but arrogant military officer,
taking no interest jin rural afi'airs and expecting the same
amount of homage from his tenantry as he has been accus-
tomed to receive from the troops under his command, which
must lead to unpleasantness, and probably impede the progress
of agriculture without previous security of tenure. Leases.—
Leases are generally provided for the purpose of security or
protecting the intevest of both landlord and tenant in Corn-
wall, but unfortunately many of them are ill-adapted to the age in
which we live, being in many instances mere copies, with slight
alterations, of those made by lawyers, having no knowledge
of agriculture, perhaps centuries ago. I once heard the prin-
cipal clerk in an attorney's office say that he had frequently
pointed out to his employers the inconsistency of these leases,
but the reply he invariably received was, " If we make altera-
tions we siihll probably make mistakes ; so it is better to let
matters remain as they are." Each tenant was therefore ex-
pected to sign and pay for this antiquated document, irrespec-
tive of the character and situation of the farm ; and I fear
that sucli cases are not uncommon iu this enlightened age.
Lease making under these circumstances is very profitable to
the lawyer, and I know of no other reason why men of straw-
are so frequently taken as tenants in preference to meu of
capital. It is true the former sometimes offei more, and
fictious'y augment the rent-roll while they rack the farm.
Lawyers are qualified to receive rents and draw leases, but not

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

493

to lay down rules for the managemrnt of farms ; that should
be submitted to a practical land agent. Now a practicnl land
ageut is a very important personage in connection with tliis
question. He should have a thorougli knowledge of agricul-
ture, the construction of farm buildings, and the draining of
land. Tenants would not then be required to adopt systems
of cultivation in tlie fickle, humid climate of Cornwall which
would be suitable to the dry Midland and Eastern Counties ;
buildings would be more judiciously constructed on some do-
mains, and drains would not be made so shallow under his
supervision as to become choked with the roots of vegetables.
Land agents should be affable in manner, so that tenants might
at all times make known their complaints ; and possess sulli-
cient independence to decide justly any disputed question that
might arise between landlord aud tenant. We have many
such men in Cornwall : would that we had more. jMy obser-
vations are not, however, confined to this county. Wherever
such men are in office, 1 invariably find liberal landlords and
improving tenantry ; but when empirical tyrants occupy this
important position llie reverse is generally the case. " Birds
of a feather flock together." Agriculture is not so profitable
an occupation as to enable the farmer to stand up against
oppression ; on the contrary, it is so precarious as to require
great forbearance and encouragement. Many enterprising
tenants have sustained such losses through adverse seasons at
the commencement of a terra, that they would have been
ruined had it not been for the kind forbearance of their laud-
lord, brought about by the instrumentality of a confidential
land steward. The Idthirj and holding of land. — There are
different modes of letting laud in this country. The first I
would mention is one frequently adopted in various parts of
this kingdom, where landowners look upon their tenants as
members of their family, and transmit to them the land occu-
pied by their ancestors at a fair yearly rent, adopting the
motto, " Live and let live." No comment is required on this
happy state of things. I envy the parties concerned. Yearly
tenancy, however, in the general acceptation of the term, sub-
ject to six months' notice to quit, is objectionable even when
the tenant is allowed for unexhausted improvements ; as when
this uncertainty exists men are not so likely to effect improve-
ments as when they have a long term under a lease. Besides,
where that system prevails, parties frequently take farms for
the express purpose of getting what they can out of tiiem, and
leaving at the end of a year or two — a system pernicious in its
effects, and one that ought to be discouraged. Yearly tenancy
is not without its advantages, however, over a lease, when a
person for the sake of convenience takes a larm that docs not
suit him, which frequently occurs. The system which 1
have long advocated for the occupation of land is a liberal
progressive lease, with corcpeusatiou on quitting for
unexhausted improvements, by which I mean such im-
provements as are calculated to enhance the renting value
of the farm, at which no landowner can justly complain.
When farms are offered to be let for a term of years I strongly
recommend that the rent be named : the system of letting by
tender is objectionable in many respects, as persons frequently
olfer rents which tbey never intend to pay, and when they get
possession stipulate for a lower sum than was offered by a
more deserving tenant, and one that owner would have pre-
ferred. Others through ignorance offer rent beyond the value
of the farm, which places the laud agent in an awkward
):osition, the temptation being too great lor many landowners.
Moreover young farmers become discouraged by this unjust
and undue competition, aud seek other occupations at home
or abroad. — Leases : Many clauses in existing leases are pre-
udicial to the interest of landlords, tenants, and the com-
muniiy at large. The first I shall mention is that prohibiting
the sale of hay aud straw, and other produce of tlie land ;
this might have been produced prior to the intrduction of
artificial manures aud railways. One can hardly suppose that
the intelligent landowners of Cornwall will now stand so much
in their own light, as to allow the vast number of horses era-
ployed in this county, where abundance of hay, stra^v, and
roots are grown to be supplied with fodder and litter from
other counties. Can they be ignorant of the fact that land
in populous districts where tenants are at liberty to sell these
commodities lets at higher rent in consequence, while with
iQ'fi exceptions the landlords of Cornwall prohibit their sale.
liow olten does one see near a railway station ricks of straw
rotting in the field, the residue of which is not worth lUs. a
ton as a manure, while it could readily le tiispoied of at 5Us.

a ton. No agriculturist knowinghisbusiness will now cultivate
land without manuring it, and manure is abundant. In ouler
then t'lat land may fetch the maximum rent, or yield the
greatest amount of produce, those absurd restrictions must be
removed from leases, its occupiers be at liberty to buy in the
cheapest market aud sell in the dearest. Restrictions in tb.e
cultivation of land should be few, as seasons will beat any
man's judgment, but tenants should be amenable to landlords
on quitting farms. Some leases, although apparently liberal,
are subtle and delusive. A ciicumstance came to my know-
ledge a lew years since where a tenant was simply bound to
farm according to the rules of good husbandry, but subject
to a fine of £10 an acre if he failed to do so. In consequence
of 'he land being over-run with rabbits, unpleasantness arose
between the tenant and keeper, so that the tenant decided on
quitting the farm, when, in accordance with his lease be vv;.a
charged £200 for thee mismanagement of 10 acres of laid
which had become foul through rabbits destroying his culti-
vated crops. A more daring atlcmpt of might to overcon.e
rigiit never came under my notice. The tenant, however,
successfully resisted it, though at considerable expense. These
accursed vermin, rabbits, have caused more discord bet«£cu
landlords and tenants, aud have been a greater bane to agri-
cultural progress than all other things. My object in readiug
this paper is to show that a long lease with compensation
for the tenant on quitting, is calculated to afford gretter
security for invested capital than a yearly tenancy. It is not
intended, however, that this lease shall interfere with existing
laws affecting the interest of landlord and tenant or those
that may in future be enacted, any clause in a lease contraiy
to these laws should be ineffectual. For instance, no clause
should prevent tenants from destroying hares and rabbits, as
they by law belong to him. I have avoided touching tho-e
questions so ably introduced at this Chamber by my friend
Mr. Snell, cordially agreeing with him, that the proposed
Landlord and Tenant Acts will not be worth the paper it is
printed on if the twelfth clause be struck out. Many minor
questions respecting leases might be considered, but 1 greitly
prefer having the opinions of gentlemen present so capable
of expressing them, and with these brief remarks I con-
clude.

The CHAIPMA.N saw present the land-steward to Sir Charles
Sawle — Mr Stokes — whom he should be glad to hear.

Mr. Stokes said that in his unfortunate profession |he g( t
many kicks and no half-pence. He never granted a lease
without consulting his land-agent, and then going through
tlie points which related to the particular farm. There were
now, however, many lawyers who studied agriculture, and were
good farmers. He did not believe they would ever get the
landlords of that county to do without leases ; for though there
was no doubt that the tenants were honourable men, who
might be trusted implicitly, yet he bad known tenants who
could not be trusted. He believed in many leases there were
clauses which were unnecessary, and which were never canicd
into effect. The words, "according to the rules of good hus-
bandry," were very vague, and only lately he had occasion to
re-open the question and decide what those rules were. He
believed there were now very few yearly leases. He would like
a little information concerning the disposal of hay and grass.
Where there \\ere good landlords covenants were not of
much use.

Mr. Olver said the more liberal the covenants under which
land was let the greater would be the rent. Straw might olteu
be disposed of to tlie advantage of the tenant, who might pay
a higher rent, and be allowed to accommodate neighbours who
wanted straw. When they saw the immense quantity of
manure which was carried back to replace the s'raw that had
been taken away, they could not but think the change was a
profitable one. A lease should be a practical lease, and a
lawyer without any knowledge on the subject was not the
person to draw up a lease. Two years before a tenant Itik a
farm certain conditions should be agreed on, so that the
incoming tenant should have something on the farm vtlien
he came.

Mr. Ai LAN SON thought that in popular questions like this
the majority was not always correct, for people were often led
by zeal withont discretion, selfishness without reference to
justice, and a jumping to conclusions without analysis. He
believed that they had not so much to complain of as they
thought, for in the past forty years he had seen more instances
where the landlord had cause to complain of the tenant ibau

494

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

the tenant had of the landlord, though he did know of a few
cases where there had beea injustice on the part of the land-
lord. Leases were not intended to be carried out, aud it was a
diflicult thing to get a fair, common-sense lease. If the leases
did not interfere with them as tenant-farmers, they ought to
be satisfied. There was a good deal of moonshine and senti-
mental work connected witli the question. Tiie tenant-farmers
of Cornwall were not worse than the yeomen. That sliowed
they were good farmers. He believed that, as a body, they
were satisfied with the landlords, wlio for the most part were
just men. During thirty or forty years he had known a
few run from their word ; but if they were to have a change
ia consequence of this, he might as well have ii legal docu-
ment in every transaction he had. He believed that nineteen
out of twenty had no fear of their landlords acting dishonour-
ably towards them. If they had a 90 years' lease he believed
they would not farm better than they did now, nor would
they farm better than they did now if they had a lease made
out to their owe liliing. He was, t!:erefore, at a loss to see
what change was wanted. The six months' notice to quit
was, he confessed, a mere farce. When they talked about
Tenant-Right he believed tiiat it would be a long time
be!ore they saw a measure which would be satisfactory to
'andlord and tenant. If the bills that had been submitted to
Parliament were passed he believed there would be no end of
litigation. By the late bills they could take money from a
good tenant, but, if he were a bad farmer, they could get
nothing from him. The land which was good 40 years ago
was good now, and the bad was still bad ; the surface might
be improved or deteriorated, but the subsoil would remain the
same. He believed that the tenants as a body had confidence
in their landlords, who were fair men.

Mr. Henry Stmonds denounced the law of distraint, and
advocated its abolition. lie wanted to know why there were
leases at all, if, as was said, they were virtually nullities.

Mr. Magok, said, so far as he was concerned as a land-
owner, he should be willing to do away with the law of dis-
traint if his tenants would pay him quarterly instead of yearly.
He believed in a long take. He advocated the anion of land-
lord and tenant in endeavouring to secure good cottages
for the labourers, and to give them a good education, which
would make thera not mere machines, but men of good sense,
who would know how to work their way through life. The
tenant-farmer was not sufficiently secured. A man, when he
went out of a business had money paid him for the goodwill,
but the farmer had not. He believed iu the tenant, receiving
compensation for unexhausted iraproveraeuts. There was a
difticulty in the way, but it might be managed by arbitrators
being appointed by a board of agriculture.

Mr. Weslej' Gkose was at a loss to know what man would
be such a thundering fool as to invest his capital in land if
he had not got a lease. Two-thirds of the nonsense in the
leasts should be left out. The lawyers should write half as
much as they did now, and charge half the price.

Mr. CoLLiNGS denied that lawyers were actuated solely by
mouey-niaking motives. He could not believe that what was
taken away in the shape of hay and straw from a farm would
be corapeusated by tiie return of manure.

Mr. Grose said the system of tendering for farms was a
very bad one. As a rule the landowners took the men who
bid the highest prices.

Votes of thanks were passed to Mr. Olver aud to tho
Chairman.

MR. SEAVELL READ'S BUDGET.

Mr. C. S. Read, M.P., has just addressed his consti-
tuents at the Market Tea, Diss.

Mr. Read said that the kind reception which he had met
with that evening showed him that he had not forfeited the
confidence of his constituents. It was, he thought, a great
compliment to the tenant-farmers of Norfolk that one of their
number should be in the Ministry, Some of his kind friends
had said that they had not heard so much of him lately in
Parliament, or seen his name so often in print : perhaps he
was like the old lady's parrot, which when it did not talk was
considered to be thinking all the more. If he had not spoken
very much in the House of Commons, he had voted much
more frequently than he had ever done before. He had
voted some 130 or 140 times during the past session ; this
Wjs double the number of times he had ever voted before
in any one year, although he had always been a tolerably
attentive member. He had made a calculation, and he found
that he had to traverse eight miles in order to vote 140 times,
and the voting also occupied some 35 hours, so that his time
had been well and properly spent. The late hours of the
House and the work of the days were, in fact, more tlian he
had bargained for. He once read a tale of a man whose hair
became «hite in the course of the night. One Session had
turned his ov/n hair iron-grey ; and he believed that if he wcut
on for another Session he should find his health rather worse
than it was at present. However, a good heart would carry
him through. He had no Government secrets to communi-
cate, for the best of all reasons — that he did not know any.
As regarded the next Session, he did not think that there
would be anything sensational in the legislation attempted.
Should a Bill be introduced to give legislative protection to the
capital of the tenant, he was quite sure that the just rights and
interests of the landlord would be properly regarded, although
this was not the ease with the Irish Land Bill. Ho believed,
however, that there would next Session be a
useful amount of what might be termed domestic
legislation, which really was very much wanted.
Sir Henry Jaraes told his constituents the other day, at Taun-
ton, that the Conservatives were not good administrators,
and that even in regard to a Turnpike Bill, the Liberals
would conduct it with greater precision, and a much better
style, than the Conservatives. However, as such matters
were generally arranged by the permanent officials, he did not

think that there would be much differeuc.? found in the cou-
duct of business either by the Conservatives or the Liberals.
As he could not talk much about the future, perhaps he might
he allowed to say a word or two on the past, and he thought
that the must important matter of the Session was the Budget.
Now, if he had been the Chancellor of the Exchequer — and
perhaps it was fortunate for the country that he was not — the
sort of Budget which he had sketched out for himself was
somewhat like this : He should have repealed half the Malt-
thx, and by this the country might have lost £3,500,000 in
the first year, perhaps not so much iu the second year, while
the remission of taxation might have recouped itself iu time ;
but then, if he had done this, he should not have repealed
the Sugar duties, and the repeal of those duties was a wise
and beneficial measure, for the public were hardly aware of
the extent of the restrictions which those duties imposed upon
traders and merchants. As far as regards local taxation, he
should have done exactly what the Ch':\ncellor of the Ex-
chequer actually proposed. He should have left a jolly good'
surplus to be dealt with as might be deemed expedient next
year ; but he feared that taxpayers objected to pay taxes merely
to make a surplus, and it must be remembered that a Chan-
cellor of tiie Exchequer was always badgered from morning till
night by deputations anxious to have a shtrc of any surplus
which might exist. He should have taken the duty olf trades-
men's horses, as horses were just as necessary to tradesmen in
their trades as for those engaged in agriculture, but he did not
know that he should have repealed the tax upon hunters or
racehorses. W\th regard to game, he should have exempted
a gun used by a farmer, whether lie carried it himself or lent
it to his servant, lor the purpose of securing his crops. With
regard to dogs, he thought it would be a very good thing in-
deed if shepherds' dogs and dogs of a really useful character
were exempted from taxation, but pleasure dogs ought to bo
doubly taxed ; but he feared that all these ideas of his were
quite contrary to the spirit of the age, and that they would not
hold water in the House of Commons for one moment. It
was therefore, perhaps, fortunate that he was not Chancellor
of the Exchequer, because, if he had been, he should have
destroyed his party, while he did not know that he should
have pleased anybody. He was quite sure that a bud^cet like
that which he had sketched out would not have passed the
House of Commons. When he told the Central Chamber of

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

495

Agriculture that budgets were made, not to please or even to
do justice to his political friends, but to pass the House of
Coiumous, he was rather roughly handled ; but lie contended
that a Chancellor of the Exchequer must propose a budget
wliicii would pass the House ol? Commons, and the
present Ciiancellor of the Exchequer had proposed a
Budget wliich seemed to please the country generally.
It must be remembered that in 1853 Mr. Disraeli pro-
posed to repeal the Malt-tax, and the consequence was
that Mr. Disraeli was turned out of office. If Mr. Disraeli
could not obtain his object just after the Eree-trade system
commenced, when the price of Barley was much lower than it
was at present, and when promises had been made in abund-
ance about the repeal of the Malt-tax, just after the impost
duty on wheat had been taken off, how could it be possibly
expected that the repeal of the Malt-tax could be carried now,
when the price of barley was lower than wheat, and when
people had forgotten all about the promises which they had
made when a one-sided Eree-trade policy was introduced ?
Another reason why the repeal of the Malt-tax could not be
obtained was that most of the members were against it ; the
brewers, with the noble exception of Mr. Bass, were against
it ; and it must be remembered that there were 40 members of
the House of Commons who were directly or indirectly con-
nected with brewing. Then there was a formidable body of
teetotal gentlemen, or supporters of the Alliance, who fancied
that, were beer made cheap and pure, there would be more
drunkenness. Perhaps he might be asked why, if he held these
views, did he not vote with Mr. Eieldeu and his 17 followers ?
His (Mr. Read's) hon. colleague. Sir R. J. Buxton, was the
seventeenth of the supporters of Mr. Fielden ; and he (Mr.
Read) should have made the eighteenth, only he happened to
be in the Government, and he could not vote for an amendment
to the Budget of the Government of which he
was a member. As Col. Bartelot, who was the
leader of the Malt-tax repealers in the House of
Commons, actually voted with the Government, he (Mr.
Read) thought that he had a very good excuse and justifica-
tion for walking out of the House. The farmers must let
the Malt-tax question stand over until the next election.
The farmers started two hares, or, rather, two horses — one
the repeal of the Malt-tax, and the otlier the remission of
Local Taxation, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer had
chosen a remission of Local Taxation, and had thereby
pleased the country. He (Mr. Read) contended further that
although the Budget might not be popular among farmers,
still it was a plain, straightforward, and honest Budget.
There were no feats of legerdemain about it, there were no
five quarters brought into one year's revenue, no making the
tax-payer pay taxes in advance so as to make a surplus, and
no local process in regard to over-estimates of revenue or
under-estimates of expenditure. The Budget of Sir Stafford
Northcote was, in fact, an honest and honourable one, and
upon the whole the best which could have been introduced
by the Conservative Government. At a meeting of the Nor-
folk Chamber of Agriculture he let fall a few words about
county boards, when it was actually supposed that he was
inspired by the Government to feel the pulse of the country
on that question ; and it was also said that he was a convert
to county Parliaments. Those who knew him must be aware
tliat long before he entered Parliament he was in favour of
county boards. He advocated them not for the purpose of
interfering with the magistrates, who generally managed
matters in quarter sessions economically and well ; but what
he wanted to see was a good representative county authority,
which should be the medium of making lecal self Government
more a reality than at present, and for the purpose of checking
the tyranny of the central authority. New boards were con-
stantly being created, and new power conferred upon the
central authority. This he greatly deprecated, and he would
have a good county board to resist this central power and to
make refractory districts do their duty to themselves and to
the country. Of highway districts, he reminded them he
was not authorised to say anything, but by the
abolition of the turnpikes and the throwing of the
expenses of that maintenance of roads upon the
parishes, a great hardship had arisen. In that part
of the country they did not like the idea of having
highway boards ; but he was sorry to say the Central Chamber
of Agriculture thought differently, for two to one voted in
favour of a resolution that highway boards should be made

compulsory. If it should be the duty of the Government to
introduce a Highway Bill he would do his best to make it a
good one. There must be some alteration, and although he
had his ideas on the subject, it he found himself in a minority
he would not stand tenaciously out for the adoption of his
view, but try to produce the best legislation possible. He
never could understand why, especially in rural districts, there
was any necessity to have a new board ; for why should not
the guardians act as way-wardens ? There was a clerk and
other officials, except perhaps a surveyor ; but some people
said the relieving oilieers would make good surveyors, and he
believed they would make as good surveyors as some that had
been appointed.

THE RABBIT IN DEVON.

Mr. Benjamin Butter Bastin, of Tidwell Barton, East Bud-
leigh,'writes : Willyou permit me to give a fair description of
the case which was brought before the Woodbury magistrates
on Monday last. Robert Edwards has been iu my service as
shepherd for nearly six years, and T can give him a good cha-
racter for industry, honesty, steadiness, and truthfulness. Ho
has a family of five children, and a wife daily expecting an
increase. On Sunday, Oct. 25, having three colts and some
calves at the higher ground, it was his daily duty to feed them
with corn. On his return, walking in the pubHc road, he
heard a rabbit cry. The two sheep dogs, which were more
than fifty yards a-head, had caught it and were pulling it in
pieces. He put it in his pocket, with the intention of inform-
ing me of it, which he did on my return iu the evening. The
rabbit was about six weeks old, and mangled. I told him to
throw it away, and thought no more of it. Of course it
would not do to allow dogs to eat rabbits, for fear of their
learning to kill lambs ; but on Monday Edwards received an
" invitation" to Woodbury. The magistrates convicted him,
but I feel quite positive he was not trying to kill rabbits.
Now, I wish to let the public — the consumers — know why
the tenant-farmer is wishing for some legislative protection.
Eleven years since I took this farm in a perfect state of ruin.
All the fences down; with a large portion of the ground
ploughed seven years before, and still lymg in rough furrows
full of weeds, &c. I had nearly every fence on the estate made,
but now they are just like a honey-comb with rabbit burrows.
There are many tliou-^auds of rabbits on ray farm at the pre-
sent time, and to prove this, I will quote only the damage
done to my crops this season, for which the Hon. Mark RoUe
will have to compensate me. The damage was valued by his
own steward and bailiff — Messrs. Lipscombe and Sanders —
and they awarded mc for damage done to corn alone, £120,
being something like 400 bushels of wheat, at os. per bushel.
In some fields as much as 20 bushels per acre were ('.estroyed.
This sum awarded is only for what jthey t-rm " excessive"
damage, as by a clause in my agreement, that is all I am en-
titled to claim. A large amount of damage done to my root
crops still remains to be valued. Close to where this unfortu-
nate rabbit was killed, whole fields of turnips, &c., are entirely
destroyed — not one single root left to tell the tale ! The
damage, valued at harvest, is only the one visible ; but the
larger amount is done when the corn and roots are in their in-
fant state, and one rabbit will eat and destroy hundreds of
turnips and mangolds iu a single night. A rabbit eats and
destroys os. worth before it is worth Is. In the grass fields,
where I have daily to keep my sheep to eat what little remains,
the damage cannot be estimated. Having a young family
around me, I think it better to hope the first loss will be the
least, and consequently have given six months' notice to quit,
which I do at Lady-day, considering myself driven from house
and home by rabbits. I cannot work and lose my capital to
preserve rabbits for the hon. baroness to make a market of.
She sends the keeper to take oft'a few hundreds of the thickest
of them now and then for market, allowing the others to breed
again till the number is made up. William Lake and his
donkey cart can be daily seen returning from Bicton with his
load of rabbits to sell in the neighbourhood. The tenant is
expected to witness all this with humble subjection, to cultivate
his farm, pay his rent, breed and feed rabbits, aud be over-
looked by such a keeper as the one who gave evidence in this
case. He has been on my premises only twice; each time in
a state of apparent intoxication, and very Abusive. Since I

496

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

have given notice the hon. baroness, no doubt, seeing the
question of the rabbits is assuming an important position,
has isued the following notice to the tenants :

East Budleigh, B. Salternon, Oct. 9, 1874.
Dear Sir, — I am directed by Mr. Rolle to say that Lady
RoUe will give permission to the tenants on her South Devon
property to kill rabbits on their respective farms, between the
hours of sunrise and sunset, with ferret and bag nets. The per-
mission is limited to the farmers and members of their families
resident on their farms. Yours truly,

E. 11. LirscojiB,

Of course this permission is quite useless on many estates
as the vermin are in cover by day, and over the land by night.
By this wonderfully gracious concession — the Baroness seems
to class the tenant-farmer with respectable rat-catchers, as if
their time is not more valuable than wasting it under the
hedges with ferrets and nets. Some time since, after killing
many hundreds on my farm, her ladyship kindly sent me twelve
as a present ; but not seeing it in that light, I directed
the keeper to take them back, and say I did not like insult
added to injury, and I wished licr ladyship a good market with
them.

MR. HOPE'S SEWAGE FARM.

In the Court of Exchequer, before the Lord Chief Baron
and Barons Cleasby and Aphlett, the cases of Hope and
the Romford Board of Health came on. Actions were
brought by Mr. Hope against the Board for non-fulfil-
ment of contract in not supplying a sufficient quantity of
sewage to Breton's Farm, which lie had rented from the delend-
tnts, and by the Board against Mr. Hope for the recovery of
the rent of the said farm.

Mr. Murphy, Q.C., and Mr. Cliarles appeared for Mr. Hope ;
and Mr. Prentice, Q.C., and Mr. Charles Hall were for the
Romford Board of Health.

Mr. Prentice stated that there was an action brought by
the Board to recover the rent, as it was called, for the sewage
upon the plea ol eviction. He contended from several dates
he could produce, that the negligence imputed to the Board in
the cross-action occurred after the rent was due. So far as
he could see, the first action was undefended ; and the real
question between the parties arose in the cross- action. The
first count in the declaration was substantially that after the
making of their demise the defendants did not supply, afford,
or deliver into the possession of the plaintiff all the sewage
of the town of Romford. The second count was upon an
implied covenant that the Board would get the necessary work
performed to connect certain houses in the district with the
sewer. On the 16th May, 1870, the defendants covenanted
with the plaintiff that they would do all works necessary to
cause, and would cause, all the sewage of the town of Rom-
ford which was capable of flowing by gravitation into a cer-
tain outfall sewer. The plaintiff alleges a breach of this
contract. The question was wluther, froiii the deed, any such
covenant was to be implied. At the time the lease was granted
there was an onfall sewer constructed to a place called Bre-
ton's Farm and a reservoir, and a great number of houses in
Romford drained into the tewer. The Local Board demised
and leased to Mr. Hope " all the sewage of the town of Rom-
ford, or such part thereof as shall flow by gravitation into the
outfall sewer which nowconductsthesewageiutothetanksor re-
servoir constructed" on Breton Farm. There were a great many
other covenants in tlie lease on the part of Mr. Hope as to
how he shonM farm the land and so on ; and there was a
clause to the effect that if any of the covenants were broken
the lease was to be at an end. The only covenant on the
part of the Board which the Arbitrator liad found in some
instances to be broken was one relating to the pumping from
the low levels of the town. He had found that either from
tiie boilers being out of order or from a change in the en-
gineer, that ou some occasions when the water was being
pumped Irom the reservoir to tiie farm some of the sewage

The Lord Chief Baron : We have no'damages to assess.

Mr. Prentice: You have to decide upon what principle the
damages are to be assessed. At the sitting at Nisi Prius it
was decided that if the Court should be of opinion tiiat Mr.
Hope had any claim, then the Court was to determine the
principle upon which the damages were to bo assessed. If
tkere was negligence on the part of some of the servants of
the Board causing some portion of the sewage to go iuto the
brook instead of ou to the farm, then the Board would be liable
for that, but that was scarcely worth discussion. Tiie main
question waswhether there was really, as wss alleged, on the part
ef the Board, a covenant which would imply that they were to
came the inhabitants to drain into the outfall sewer. He
might mention tiial the plaintiff was aware before the lease

was executed that many of the houses in Romford did not
drain into the sewer.

The Lord Chief Baron asked what the works were Mr.
Hope contended the Board ought to have done, and which
they had not done.

Mr. Murpliy said that there was a demise on the part of the
Board to Mr. Hope that it was possible for them, by connect-
ing the existing houses with the existing sewers, as they were
bound to do by Act of Parliament, to allow the whole of the
sewage to pass by gravitation into tlie outfall sewer, which
liad not been done.

The Lord Chief Baron asked what was the provision of the
Act of Parliament that conferred the power upon the Board,
and which imposed upon them such obligation.

Mr. Murphy then minutely entered into the circumstances
of the case, and dealt with the clauses of the lease. He con-
tended that there was a demise of the whole drainage to Mr.
Hope, and that the insertion of the words in the covenant,
" or such part thereof as shall flow by gravitation" was only
made by the Board for the purpose of protecting themselves
against the necessity of putting such machinery in operation
as would be requisite to pump the water from the low-lying
portion of the town to such a level as would enable it to flow
iuto the outfall sewer. By the Public Health Act the Board
was bound to cause such sewers as may be necessary for the
effectual draining of their district, and if the owners of houses
refuse or neglect to connect their houses with these sewers,
then the Board has power to do so and to charge the owners
with the expense, aud the Sanitary Act of 1S6G provides that
if the Board omit to put in force the powers vested in them
complaint may be made to the Secretary of State, who, upon
finding that the authority of the Board has not been carried
out, may appoint some one to do so. The Utilisation of Sew-
age Act, 1867, provided (or the disposal of sewage by Local
Boards. Before the passing of this Act the sewage was dis-
charged into the river at Romford, and in 1868 an injunction
in Chancery was made restraining the Board from so disposing
of it. In consequence of this injunction the Board issued an
advertisement dealing with the whole of the sewage of the
district and then the lease was executed. Looking at the
position of the various parties in this matter, what was the
fair construction to be put upon the lease ? He could show
from the lease that Mr. Hope would have been bound to take
and dispose of the whole of tlie sewage in question. The con-
struction put upon the lease by his learned friend (Mr. Pren-
tice) came to this, tha* the Board would give Mr. Hope as
much or as little sewage as they pleased and that he would
nevertheless be bound to give them £600 — the «hoIe of the
rent. He contended that the Board was bound to give Mr.
Hope the whole of the sewage of the district.

The Lord Chief Baron again asked what the Board were
bound to do and what they liaJ failed to do.

Mr. Murphy said that there were several houses which could
have been connected with the outfall sewer, and that no such
connexion had been made. At the time Mr. Hope took
possession of the farm he knew that a number of houses in the
district were not connected with sewers discharging by gravi-
tation iuto the outfall sewer, but he trusted the Board would
put their power in force and connect these houses viith the
sewers, but made no further inquiry and acquired no further
information as to what had been done, or omitted to be done,
at execution of the lease. That being the position of parties,
Mr. Hope thought that the Board was bound by the Sewage
Utilisation Act to give him the whole of the sewage. Sup-

THE PARMER'S MAGAZINE.

497

posing the Board, acting perfectly lionestly, had connected
two-thirds of the houses that drained at tliat time into the
outfall, Mr. Hope, according to their construction of the lease,
would have been bound to pay the whole of the £600, and
would have had no remedy given to him.

Mr. Baron Cleasby said that it was a usual thing for drain-
age works such as tliose in question to go wrong occasionally,
and lor drains to cease to flow sometimes for a period of
several days.

Mr. Murphy said that assuming they did Mr. Hope would
still be deprived of something which he had been promised,
and it would still be a matter for compensation. The rent of
£600 must have been fixed on some basis, such as, say, 2s. per
head of the inhabitants, and it sniely could not be intended by
the Board that Mr. Hope was to pay the same rent for a small
number as for a large number of houses. He did not put it as
an implied, but as an express covenant that the Board was to
grant the whole of the sewage of the town of Romlord to Mr.
Hope, and that had not been done. As to the action for rent,
he would ask. Was this a demise of sewage, or a sale of sewage,
or what was it ? It was analagous, he thought, to a grant or
a right of porting over land where there had been a suspen-
sion of the right granted ; and upon the finding of the arbi-
trator there had been an abstraction in August, September,
and October, 1873, of the thing they had bargained to give
him.

Mr. Prentice said he quite agreed that by reason of negli-

gence in one or two instances the sewage did not go on to the
farm.

Tile Lord Ciiief Baron : You do not deny there should be a
verdict.

Mr. Prentice : I do not.

After some further argument.

The Lord Chief Baron proceeded to give judgment. In
doing so he said there was no principle involved in tiie matter
of damages assessed. The only question was, what Was the
value of the sewage Mr. Hope had not received ? If the Board
had the means of connecting some 20 or 30 or 40 houses to
an outfall sewer and had neglected to do so, they were guilty
of a dereliction of duty. It was perfectly clear to him that
there was no pretence for arguing or suggesting that by the
covenant the Board was bound to put in force the powers in-
vested in them by Act of Parliament to compel all tne inhabi-
tants to cause their sewage to run into the outfall sewer. The
Court must give judgment for the plaintiffs — the Local Board
—in the one action to recover the reut or sums of; money ia
question ; and judgment for the plaintiff (Mr. Hope) in the
other action to recover such damages as the arbitrator may
award in respect of a partial failure in the quantity of sewage
supplied.

The other learned Judges added a few remarks substantially
concurring in the judgment given by the Lord Chief Baron.

This is virtually a verdict in favour of the Board.

STAINDROP FARMERS' CLUB.
THE BREEDING OF SUOllTUORNS.

At the last meeting a paper on Cattle Breeding was read
oy Mr. George Hedley, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne; Mr. W. T.
Scarth, president of the Club, in the chair.

Mr. G. Hedley said : It is difficult at this advanced era in
the history of agriculture to hit upon a subject to bring before
a farmers' club tliat may be considered at once interesting and
instructive. I therefore avail myself of a suggestion made by
your secretary some time ago, that this paper siiould be some-
thing about cattle breeding or cattle feeding, partly, I presume,
because this is the district where the common country cow
first graduated into the beautiful and ornate Shorthoru, and
partly because the traditional fires of the improver of that
most useful race of domestic animals still burn with consider-
able ardour in the hearts of the farmers around. It is now
upwards of ten years since I addressed anything to the public
about cattle, and that was then done in an essay, entitled,
" The Origin and Progress of Cattle," and after that some
letter on judging by points, first sent to The Nor/h British
AgricuUurisf. They were then bound together in pamplet
form, and had a very lair sale both in Great Britain and in some
parts of Ireland. They were largely quoted from in America,
and, I believe, had the effect of laying down a basis for a sys-
tem of judging Shorthorns by points in some parts of that
country. The latter portion of the pamphlet — namely, that
about judging by points — has never been much accredited in
England, and in a great measure, 1 should say, because it was
not when published fully elaborated and discussed. I should,
tlierefore, be pleased if you would look upon this paper as a
continuation of the whole subject, which I shall endeavour to
treat with all the brevity and completeness possible, although
I trust you will bear in mind that, as it embraces a wide field
for thought, it cannot really be done justice to, in a very few
words, when we look around and take into account the
fabulous sums of money obtained for Shorthorned cattle at
some sales of late, it is apt to occur to us that tliey resemble
more the disposal of galleries of highly-renowned pictures or
celebrated pieces of sculpture at the Academies of Art, than
that of ruminating animals, whose breath is only in their
nostrils. And to carry the simile further, while a Titiens or a
Turner, a Phidias or a Thorvaldsen, may bring thousands of
pounds, a David or a Cooper, a Spencer or a Lough, may go
for an old song. So is it with cattle, while the Lates' and
the Booth's are carried off at any money, the Towneley's and
the Torr's, lacking, perhaps, the pure strains of the former all
through ten generations or more, may be picked up at the
common price, simply because they are not the fashion.
Their fame is not consolidated through a long series of

years. It is not cosmopolitau, and it is not ascertained
that a bad resultant might not crop out, though the
ancestor possessing the inherited feature or features con-
demned might be sixty years dead. Is this not carrying
the art of cattle breeding much too far into the regions of
romance? You mi.y preserve your Titiens or your Turners
on your walls untarnished and untouched, but you cannot
preserve your Bates or your Booth, or rather your Bates
or your Booth forms without the genius of a Bates or
a Booth. The former are inimitable facts, accomplished
and preservable, the latter are living facts, which must
be carried forward and perpetuated, otiierwise they will
soou cease to exist iu their commendable and much-admired
outlines. A very ardent studeut may give 5,000 guineas for a
Bates bull aod cow, but it does not follow that they are intrin-
sically worth the quarter of that money, or that they may even
throw him a calf that could be fairly said to be of the value of
£50 — that is, if symmetry, substance, and beauty are to be the
guide. The bull and cow might have very little natural affinity
for each other, and hence the blood would not mingle or har-
monise. It is worthless, I contend, to have a herd of Bates
or Booth animals without some of the wisdom of a Bates or a
Booth to guide them. No doubt exists that some few herds
of those two distinct strains have continued to keep up the
good characteristics of their respective names. But how many
out of the whole number have failed? A very large propor-
tion I must say. The reason is not far to seek. The few
have had at their heads men with an intuitive knowledge of how
to marry tf.e sires and dams without a loss of the vital forces
and the harmony of the outward features. The many have
gone on haphazardly without knowing the particular types of
recognised beauty, and the likes and dislikes of certain strains
of blood for other strains. The success of those two splendid
herds referred to may be attributed to three causes — firstly,
the wonderful powers for recognising strength and beauty
in animal structures possessed by the owners ; secondly, the
long time those powers were exercised on two herds and iu
one direction ; and, thirdly, a consanguineous cross which, as
far as we can gather, was practised upon both. To stamp a
type nothing is so potential as a consanguineous cross. It
cannot be neutralised or eliminated in a short space of time,
and Messrs. Bates and Booth were the kind of men who knew
when to do it — namely, at the period when their herds had
attained that perfection of form and vigour of coustitution so
long desired. You can only go a very short way in that direc
tion however, and no doubt it would be done by them lor one
desideratum aloue^uamely, to create a onencos in the general

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THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

features of tlieir animals. If all tlie branches of those two
noble families of cattle had sprung from two or three roots, the
distinctive peculiarities of strength and beauty could not have
been long sustained ; for although they now come under the
designation of two great names, they are derived from various
sources all drawn in and wisely engrafted by the powers that
tiien presided. Nothing is so fatal to a herd as a succession of
close crossing. Nothing is so difficult to manage as wide
crossing ; hence my reason for claiming for successful Short-
liorn breeders the genius of an art. The man who has not au
eye to form, a knowledge of the laws that govern physiology,
r.ni some power of ajipreciating the elective affinities, had
better let Shorthorn breeding alone. I know a family who
have used Booth bulls for upwards of twenty years, and have
never made a single mark of any importance, simply because
they did not happen to have an eye for beauty of form. I
have the acquaintance of a gentleman who is famous for his
correct estimation of animal symmetry, and also of weight and
colour, but who missed his way from being at the very liead of
the Shorthorn kingdom by not having the courage to give his
herd a consanguineous cross. In this, I think, was shown a
lack of physiological knowledge and acumen. Mr. Bates may
be taken to have been a man who had an instinctive as well as
an acquired conception of all those things, at least if we may
believe what we have heard and read about him since his de-
mise. He never, I understand, introduced his males and
females hastily to each other, but while they ruminated in
their folds or pastures, he ruminated from various standpoints
about their features and idiosyncrasy, and their adaptability
for each other. I do not know whether he took colour into
account as one of the most ])otent integrals of the affinities,
but there is no doubt but what he had an excellent taste for
form, and also knew physiologically that all kinds of animals
are desirous of finding their complement instead of their coun-
terpart.

He held that all things are devisecl

To be by chemists sjTithetised :

That from eacli pair there thus may be a

Progenitor of some third idea ;

That love from opposites is bred,

As white is born from green or red ;

And that, like wliite, 't\vould ne'er be seen

If green were bred with blue or green ;

That 'tis from discords that we call

Our fullest harmonies of all.

Truly speaking, the rule of thumb practice of adjusting defec-
tive parts by introducing animals respectively unlike in those
pirts, has its roots in the affinities and the laws of natural
selection. Probably much the same thing would happen if
the beasts were running wild in the fields, and there was no
human eye to control them. Because strong males have an
affinity for weak females, and rice versa, but the strong males
would kill the weak males off, and thus through all time
preserve the vigour of the race. This is much wliut Mr.
Bates has done only for a short space of time for Shorthorns.
He studied Nature, and, as it were, usurped one of her des-
tinies. We may presume that he understood a good deal
about the laws of natural selection. If he did not, and was
guided alone by a fine artistic eye, he arrived at the same
result, but only in a different way. He produced strength
and s;. mmetry because, to speak phrenologically, he had the
organs of individuality, form, and colour well set in his head,
lie also had love of animals in his heart, and many of the
faculties wh'ch actuated a Potter or a Landseer to place those
subjects on canvas. What Sir Edwiu did by his brush Mr.
Bates did through the living agencies of the animals them-
selves. Given a beautiful horse or a cow, Sir Edwin could
place it on canvas in form and colour as he saw it, or im-
proved if he liked. Given a selection of males and females,
Mr. Bates could put them together so as to produce similar
or improved forms in the progeny. This is the faculty re-
quired in a first-class breeder of Shorthorns, and therefore I
ctnnot too ttrongly impress upon you the danger of prac-
tising such a difficult art, without being possessed of some of
the special qualitications for it. Love of a particular breed of
cattle by no means determines that you are fitted for the pos-
session of it, and qualified to improve it if desired. Love
springs from the heart, and may be affected by ungraceful
forms as well as graceful ones. It requires something in ad-
dition. It requires the organs of form, individuality, colour,
and comparison well developed in the cranium to enable a
man to judge of Shorthorn cattle and carry the breed to a

successful termination. For example, there are many men
who are able to tell which of two animals near a size is the
heavier when standing closely together, but v^fould be quite at
a loss if they were separated a few hundreds of yards. Tiiese
men would be found lacking tb.e organs of individuaUty and
comparison, and would also be apt to forget the faces and
forms of men. I saw three recognised breeders of Short-
horns judging cattle quite lately down in the north, aud they
selected a bull with a neck scarcely if any improved from that
of the bison, and every part of his body was an undulating
surface of hills and holes. He had not even one foot of a
straight line in his backbone. He was the heaviest animal
and the ugliest, and therefore these men might be said to have
an eye for weight and none for beauty. They could tell
which was the biggest beast in the class, and that was about
all. Another instance of the same kind came under my notice
at one of our own Christmas shows — it was this : Two heifers
of nearly equal age, same colour, and nearly the same weight,
came out for adjudication. The one was rather bigger in
size than the other, was made up of a number of straight
lines and partially crooked ones, aud upon the whole pre-
senting a good many protruding points to the eye. The other
had one straight line along the back, and the rest of the body
was all over it and around it composed of the innumerable
segments of a variety of circles, beautifully adjusted and bar.
moniously blended together. In short, a perfect specimen.
They gave the prize to the former ! This is another instance
where the eye for weight was more correct than for beauty,
and the judges would probably never have made good sculptors
or painters, or landscape gardeners, if even they studied a very
long time. AYith colour it is the same. Some men iiave
eyes for colour, and none for form, and are always attracted
by bright hues and smooth {.-lossy surfaces. They also are
not adapted for acting as breeders aud judges of cattle, for
while we do not ignore the value of good colours in the Short-
horn polity, we would not depreciate an animal in the scale of
merit if its form was the best and it did not depart in any out-
rageous manner from wliite or red, or any mixture of those
two. But colour in tlie showyard and in the breeding shed,
are two different things to be studied. While form is the
object to be attained in the arena of competitio:-', I should
placs a very great reliance upon colour(an(l that not of the
hair alone), as a guide to the proper admixture of blood in
the home curtain. Colour, as we know, in all animals takes
its hue from the secretions. It permeates the liver and the
heart, and men have been known to go half distracted about
a woman with a single shade of greater darkness in the eyebrows
or eyelashes than her fairer sister had. It is so, in a modified
sense, with the lower animals, and instances could be cited
where males had taken a perfect dislike to females of a cer-
tain colour, because it was not in cousonace with their in-
stincts of sweetness and fitness. The moral of all this is that
the breeding of Shorthorn cattle is a very insecure business,
and that there are very few men iu the universe capable of
carrying it out to successful commercial issue — and hence the
reason why a couple of herds have gained all the praise. They
were superintended by men of extraordinary ability for a large
number of years, and were thorouglily established — or, to use
the artistical phrase, were well set in their frames. I venture
to say that the possession of a head of fine fashionable Short-
iiorn is not a matter for much congratulation at the pre-
Nfut time, if taken as a test of ability and sober judgment.
As a proof of wealth it most assuredly is, but the credit and
the fame all redound to Messrs. Bates and Booth, none of the
gentlemen who ever followed in their footsteps having pro-
duced better animals than they did themselves. To originate
a good herd from an obscure branch would be a matter of
greater significance than the expenditure of 1,785 guineas for
a fifteen months heifer by Sir Curtis Larapton, of 1,700 for a
broken-down dam by Mr. Mcintosh, of 1,220 for a small Lncy
by Mr. Larking, of 555 for a ten months calf by Sir William
Armstrong, or of ■120 for an old cow by Sir John Swinburne
or Sir Wilfrid Lawson. These cattle will d'e out, and the
gentlemen wl;o possess them will probably not be found to
have produced anything in size and contour equal to the sires
aud dams they began with. And hence au extraordinary loss
of time and money, for, as Mr. VV. H. Sothara says in The
Mark Laiic Express, " Tlie points of an animal must sustain
the pedigree, otherwise pedigree is no use," and therefore the
man who produces perfection of form from ordinary priced
bca-sts is much greater aud more to be commended than the

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE,

499

one wlio goes to the fancy sales and throws his money as it
were into the ocean, to be swallowed up and wasted. It is not
difficult, in ray opinion, to produce the finest of Shorthorns
witliout a fabulous expcoditurc of wealth. The economies of
animal ordinance are with you. Tliey are always striving
with themselves to adopt the purely cylindrical shape, and
that is the shape which all the best Shorthorns wear. The
tendency of all the animal organisers, if placed in any kind
of fiir circuiTistancrs, is to advance instead of to decline upon
the sc;ile of beauty and vi^-our. Hence as you have Nature
on your side the only difficulty you have to deal with is how
to get fairly formed dams and sires to begin with. These you
will soon find if you have an eye for beauty and proportion.
The crossing of the sexes will belong to your ideas of blooil,
colour, and constitution, and if these are correct a herd will
soon be produced equal to any of those of the Uuke of Devon-
shire, Lord I3ective, Mr. Cheney, or others we may liave to
mention. Indeed, I have no doubt but there are more within
a very short distance at the present moment wiio willi leisure
on hand and suitable pasturage could produce in seven crosses
from West Highland Kyloes, or polled Galloway dams, as good
a herd as could be found in Great Britain. I will go further
than that, and say that with two Shorthorn bulls at £100
each, and "20 Shorthorn cots at £Vj each — their own cluus-
ing — tl'.ey would be able to distance in thre.^ crosses two-lhifds
of the men who are plunging into such marvellously high-
priced beasts, always recollecti;!g that form, weight, and
quality would have to be the deciding points. The Argyle-
shire Kyloe and the Gallowayshire polled Scot are as nearly
perfect in formation as possible ; tlierefore, if you began with
them as dams you have only the colour, touch, and horn to
correct, but I decidedly prefer the good country cow. To
show how soon co'cur is dissipated by males of the Bos
genus, I may mention a fact which is not perhaps geuerolly
known in rc'crence to the wonderful power the black-polled
Galloway male exercises over Ayrshire females in the very
first ir>stance. If he is a pure-bred animal he at once slamps
his colour, his general lineaments, and his size upon
the produce, and if lie were put along with as many as one
hundred Ayrshire cows, which, you will remember, would be
nearly all red-aud-whitc, possessing long horns, tliere would
not be a single calf otherwise than jet black and without horns
in the whole of the resultants. Each and every calf would
undoubtedly be so much like the pure Galloway that a great
many very good judges would not be able to detect the alloy. In
crossing the Shortb.orn male with Highland or Gallowayshire
dams, the ciiatije is not so rapid, the cardinal colour, black,
being more potent and endurable than the transitory reds and
mixed shades of Shorthorn. It therefore does not go out at
once, and the horn in the produce is a little elongated, as we
see it in many of the Bates' tribes now — simply because an
essentially long-horned breed and a short-horned breed were
introduced together. This, I think, is detrimental to the pure
Bates in an historical point of view, as the appellation, " S ort-
horn" docs not literally apply. Ilowever, as he is justly cre-
dited with having produced the originals of the highest. priced
animals in the world, perhaps we ought to look back at this
jointure, and see where he procured his first stocks, and also
note a few of the wonderful gradations they have gone through
up to the present time. Mr. Bates was contemporary with
Charles Colling in 1800, but he was not in the ascendant as a
breeder of Shorthorns, and his most memorable purchase
was that of Young Duchess, for 183 gs., at Mr. Colling's sale
in that year. It is said slie was a descendant of the Kjloc,
but the pedigree we have of her at that time is this— that she
was a daughter of Comet, sold at the same time to four gen-
tlemen for 1,000 gs., that her dam was from the not funous
and almost universal bull Favourite, and that she was in calf
to a son of Comet. Here then was the beginning of closs in-
and-in, or consanguineous breeding at once. Since that time
the breed has run through many generations with varied suc-
cess, until last year at New York Mills, the fame of the
" Duchesses" culminated m 40,600 and 35,000 dollars re-
spectively being given for 8th andlOth Duchesses of Geneva.
They were bought to come to England, and at the same sale
nine other Duchess cows were sold at such high prices that the
whole eleven came to £19,750, or an average of £l-,522 lis.
each. The great sales we have had since then in thi scountry
are Lord Dunraore's, held last year, the Duke of Devonshire's,
Lord Bective's, Mr. Cheney's, :and Mr. Leny's this year, but
none of the prices here have been anything like those obtained

at New York Mills. The highest price given was 2,000 gs.
for a small heifer to Mr. Leny, while an Oxford bull of high
fame was bought by Mr. Peter for the Duke of Roxburgh for
250. The average of the Duke of Devonshire's cows was
462 gs., that of Lord Btctivc's 382, and that of Mr. Cheney's
561 ; the commoner in this instance beating both the lords.
The buyers of the highest-priced beasts have, no doubt, adopted
the royal road to a herd of fine Shorthorn?, but I shall be
much surprised if they do not ultimately find out that there is
no royal way of keeping it. Gentlemen like Sir Joiin Swin-
burne may ultimately ascertain that a bull of the first water is
almost as difficult to find, and to set in golden framework, as
even a Cape diamond, and Sir Wilfrid Lavvsou that the aris-
tocracy of the living race will require something better than
the poor grass and cold springs ofBrayton Park to keep them
up. The present mania for high-bred cattle can therefore only be
called a species of gambling of the most dangerous class. Tiiat
for the turf does not seem to bear any comparison with it, fur
although you may lose sight of a couple of thousand guineas
in buying a Stockwell or Newminster colti yet it is quite pos-
sible that he may win the whole of it back for you in his firot
race. " True," it may be observed by some captious critic,
" but you are quoting two strains of blood of the very first
kind ; what becomes of the second and third kind?" The
second and third have also a much better chance of re-
couping the speculator than cattle, simply because they are
handicapped according to their known capabilities, and often
win races from very superior animals. Wiiile they are very
much easier reproduced or propagated than Shorihorns, speed
being the only desideratum, it matters little whether you have
an eye for magnificence of outline and physique or not, you can
always send your dams to reputable sires. With Shorthorns
you have to wait nine months for a cilf, and if that proves an
abortion, as it often does in the hands of a novice, where are
all the hundreds of pounds you have sunk in the originals ? I
trust 1 have made out pretty clearly that the faculties of the
mind required to cunduct a famous herd of Sborlhorns through
several generations with commercial success are of a much
higher order tliau what they have generally gained credit for ;
that it takes a fine man to manage a fine lierd well — a man
steady and industrious in his habits, with the organs of peicep-
tion and reflection well developed in his head — in reality an
artist and a physiologist, fond of his art and his calling, and
ardent in his desires to carry them out to a successful and a
happy issue.

The Cu-viiniAN agreed that a man should have a speciality
for Siio.'thorn breeding to succeed, and instanced Mr. Outh-
waite, of that neighbourhood, as a proof that others need not
be disheartened in making the attempt. Mr. Iiedley had
mentioned the advantage of study, and he (the speaker) thought
the great point was to be c.ireful as to their choice of a male,
which had far more influence on the future than the female,
and this applied to both cattle and horses.

Mr. Nesh.\3I said there were three things required for
Shorthorn breeding, and these were absolutely necessary — viz.,
a long purse, a very good eye for judgment, and very good
land on which to bring up the animals. He showed the
fallacy of the principle of breeding from an animal which was
at all faulty in its own breed. As to Mr.Bates and Mr. Booth ,
if ever they met with an animal tiiey did not like they put it
out of the way, and as a consequence had a long range of
steers in their breed. This might ba an expensive way of
doing things, but it must be done if perfection was to be
arri\-ed at. He had always had a great regard for Shorthorns,
and had known them nearly all his life ; his opinion was that
there were better Shorthorns in by-gone days than were to be
seen now. The jreat animals that were sold at the Duke of
Devonshire's sale the other day were weedy, and would not
compare with the animals which were seen forty years ago.
Whether the system of in-and-in breeding had anytiiing to do
with it, was a question which he would not enter upon, and as
to the prices, perhaps they, in a great measure, were due to cer-
tain noblemen who would have (hose animals, no matter at
what cost.

Dr. Br.uNSKii.L expressed liis ^admiration he had of flue,
large, well-coloured animals.

Mr. Byeks rather felt inclined to doabt if the £100 bulls and
cows referred to in the paper would be successful in Shorthorn
breeding. He sliowed tliat Mr. Bates tried to rival Mr.
Collins, by breeding with Wildeyes, but he did not succeed,
and he expressed his opinion that ordinary mortals could

500

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

hardly be successful with the animals mentioned by Mr,
Hedley.

Mr. Bell said in that neighbourhood the farmers gene-
rally aimed at breeding animsls that would pay as they went
on. They had some pretty fair beasts, but not the sort referred
to by Mr. Hedley. No particular breed was established in
the locality, for the general aim seemed to be the production
of good large steers and heifers. As to improving the breeds,
all that Ihey could do was to look at the females, and, having
seen the deficiencies, try to find a male which was superior in
those particular points. However, it was a noticeable fact
that an animal of better breed always took well in the sale
market, and they always paid better, for they fattened at a
less expense. He testified to the improvements brought about
by the introduction of Shorthorn cattle.

Mr. Hawdon thought that a persistent breeding in one
class might lead to the effect of making the offspring more
delicate.

Mr. Grah.vm (the secretary) testified to the difficulty of
mating Shorthorn cattle, and in answer to the state.iient in
the paper with regard to the high prices obtained at New
York Mills, said he believed the large amounts were given by

a man that did not know the value of the money mentioned.
He understood that he did not know the value of a dollar.
He believed that a great deal was owing to those monied men
who, in having a fancy for cattle breeding, brought Shorthorns
to such perfection. These gentlemen, in some instances,
allowed their tenants to have these valuable animals at prices
not at all extravagant, by which means they went all over the
country, and great benefit resulted therefrom. There was one
in the neighbourhood who did something ol the kind, and they
were all very much obliged to him.

Mr. Hedley, in reply, thought the subject of tlie evening
should be well ventilated along the banks of the Tees, which
he designated the home of the Shorthorn. He repeated that it
was possible to get good ones, especially if a judicious visit
were paid to a locality where Shorthorns were not studied or
thought much of. It was quite possible to find first-class bulla
and cows at about £100 and £40 respectively. He dared say
the Bates breed had degenerated, for the simple reason that it
required a Bates to look after it. He showed the necessity of
education to be successful in breeding.

The usual votes of thanks were passed, and the meeting
broke up.

LAYING DOWN LAND TO PASTUEE.

At the monthly meeting of the Shropshire Chamber of
Agriculture, held at Shrewsbury, Mr. George Cureton in the
chair, the following questions were sent to the Shropshire
Chamber of Agriculture by the Royal Agricultural Society of
England, requesting replies thereto, which Mr. Henry Brown,
of Preston, near, Wellington, kindly furnished.

1. What is the acreage of your farm ? — 99 acres.

2. Is it your own property, or do you rent it ? If the
latter, do you hold on lease, or from jear to year ? And have
you Tenant-flight ? — 12 acres only my own ; the remaining
part rented from year to year to TVnant.Right.

3. What is the nature of the soil and subsoil? — Sand,
gravel, peat, clay.

4. What is the average rainf?ll in your district ?— Very
light, I should think not more than 25 inches.

5. In what year did you begin to lay down land to per-
manent grass P — 1854.

6. What were, at that time, the proportions of your farm
in arable land ? — 66 acres. Permanent pasture 33 acres.

7. What breadth of arable land (if any) have yon, since the
above date, laid down as permanent grass F — The w hole of my
farm I have now under grass.

8. In changing jour system of management, were you in-
fluenced by the high price of fat and lean stock, by the
increased and increasing cost of agricultural labour, or by
other, and what circumstances ? — Purely by the increased cost
and difficulty of agricultural labour upon a small farm.

9. Besides distance from the homestead, and water supply,
what other conditions (as quality of soil, value, aspect, &.c.)
guided you in selecting your fields for permanent grass ? — In
the outset difficulty in working thin-skinned land with un-
certainty of crops.

10. Having made choice of your ground, with what kind
of cultivation and crops, say in the two preceding )ears, did
you prepare the soil for the reception of tiie permanent seeds P
(If you have tried different methods, kindly state which you
have found to answer best, as this is very important). — Turnips
followed with barley or oats. Both sown tliin, say from 5 to
6 pecks per acre.

11. Does jour experience teach you that laud should or
should not be made as dry ([ mean by underground drainage)
for grazing as ftr arable purposes? — Decidedly not so dry,
particularly open subsoils.

12. Ifour land being ready for seeding, in what month
have 3 on generally sown the permanent grasses and clovers ?
did you sow the light and heavy seeds separately? and what
niixtiirfs have jou used with most success? — In April the
Ight and heavy seeds generally sown together. The mixture
of grass seeds I have not found of so much consequence as a
high condition of land. I have always tried to get my laad in
a high state of cultivatiou before laying it down to grass ;
and not only so, but have found it even profitable to dose it
well every year for the first four or five years, which com-

pels nature as it were to produce grasses tiiat are indigenous
to the soil. In this consists the secret of the whole business.

13. Do you recommend that the permanent seeds be sown
with or without a grain crop which shall be allowed to ripen ?
with or without a sprinkling of rye, or rape, or some similar
crop, to be eaten green ? — With a grain crop allowed to ripen,
sown thin, thereby lessening the probability of it lodging.

14. In laying down land to grass, have you practised the
system generally known as ' inoculation ?' If so, please
describe the process adopted, and state the cost? — No.

15. Wliat have you lound to be the best mode of treating
(iucluding manuring) the young seeds, say during the first
two or three seasons ? Would you mow in any year ? or
would you depasture with cattle or sheep. — Always oue or
two dressings of well made farm-yard manure. I should
prefer depasturing with cattle, but in a great measure should
be guided by seasons. If a moist season I should prefer
depasturing with sheep, or even to mow ; but if the latter, a
mobt liberal dressing with manure will be required. I tiiinkit
of the utmost importance to svoid as much as posbible
treading and poaching of the surface tor the first t^o or three
years.

16. Have you found that this altered mode of farming paj*
you belter than your former practice ? and can you give in
figures a tabulated comparison of the two systems, inducing
the saving in manual labour and horse-keep? — Having only
just finished putting the whole of my farm under grass I can-
not answer the question as to pay, but so far as 1 can at
present judge the result will be satisfactory.

17. What alteration (if auj) in the number of breeding
store, and feeding animals kept on the farm lias been the
result of laying down this land to permanent grass? — Two
thirds more cattle ; principally feeding.

18. Do you find that the number of stock kept on the
farm is being increased or diminished as the recently laid
down grass acquires greater maturity? — Much increased.
For reasons given in the latter part ofjanswers to question
twelve.

19. What aid (if any) have you received from jour land-
lord (if J ou have one) in laying dow n jour permanent pasture ?
and what conditions (il any) accompanied that aid? — None

20. Judging from the results of jour own e.\perience,
what description and quality of laud do you consider pays best
to lay down to grass in your district ? and wiiat soils would
you prefer to keep under arable cultivation ? — Clays. The
more open soils for arable culture.

The Improvoinent of Permanent Grass. — 1. What means
have you adopted to impiove the already permanent grass
existing on your farm, but not laid down by you, viz., by the
application of manures, or the consumption of roots or arti-
ficial food on the land ? — I have given heavy dressings with
prepared bone manures and farmyard manure, and also a

THE J'ARMER'S MAGAZINE.

501

liberal consumption of linseed corn and decorticated cotton
cake.

3. Wliat effect lias the application of farmyard manure (if
an)) to your grass land on tlie system as manuring your arable
land ? — Greater outlay in artificial manures.

3. Do you mow any portion of your grass land in any
year ; aud, if so, how often, or do you entirely depasture, and,
if so, with cattle or sheep ? — A small extent of peat grass land
mow each year, the remainder entirely depastured with cattle.

4. Have you found that to improve your grass land makes

it pay you better tlian Jbefore ? and can you give iu figures a
tabulated comparison of the two systems ? — My first application
of prepared bones give an increase of 27 per cent in butter. I
was then dairying.

5. What alteration, if any, in the number of stock kept on
the farm lias been the result of this improvement of your grass
land? — I kept 25 head of cattle wlien my farm was one-third
uuder grass. I have already reached 73, and confidently
expect to increase to 90.

M 0 R A Y S H I E E F A R M E R S' CLUB.
THE TURNIP CROP.

At the quarterly meeting at Elgin, Lord Macdnfl", M.V., in
the chair, it was agreed that there should be no shew of seeds
and roots in February.

The following subject was put down for discussion : " In tl e
preparation of land for the turnip crop, whether it is more pro-
fitable to apply farmyard manure iu the autumn or at the time
of sowing ?

Mr. YooL (Goulard Bank) said the question set down for dis-
cussion is no doubt one of considerable importance ; but it is also
one on which there is a considerable amount of conflicting
evidence. Although I have carried out the practice of autumn
manuring to some extent myself, I have never made any care-
ful experiments to determine the relative advantages of apply-
ing farmyard manure to land inteaded for a turnip crop in the
autumn or at the time of sowing. Any remarks that I may
make on the subject, therefore, are merely tiie impressions de-
rived from experiments recorded by others and what I have
observed in my own experience. In the first place, then, I
think, if land for turnips is to be manured in autumn, it
must be thoroughly clean, and besides, be land of good quility
and in good condition. If such conditions exist, then, I think
autumn dunging may be practised with safety aud profit, more
especially if artificial manure is applied at tiie time of sowiu'/
(which is now almost universally the case), as it will serve to
force on the young plants until tlieir rootlets push out into the
soil with which the farmyard manure is incorporated. Dunging
in autumn will lessen the expense of application, beside con-
siderably forwarding spring work, while, under the conditions
I have referred to, and especially for Swedish turnips, which
are abundantly supplied with roots, the crop will, I think, be
as good, if not better, than when dunged at the time of sowing.
If land is foul, autumn manuring will only stimulate the
growth of weeds, and iu such a case, I would prefer to leave off'
the dunging until the land was got cleaned in spring. On poor,
hungry land, and on land out of condition, I think it is best to
apply the fara]3ard manure in the drills at the time of sowing,
as in such a case it is desirable to have tlie greatest available
amount of manure close to the roots of the growing plants.
On the light sandy lands of which so much of this county is
composed, I should doubt the advisability of autumn manuring
for the turnip crop. Such soils are of an open, porous nature,
and are deficient iu that mechanical texture which enables
heavier soils, such as good loams and clays, to retain in a state
of what Liebig calls " physical combination," the valuable
manurial elements of the duug; consequently, on such thin,
light soils, I think it is better to apply the manure in the
drills at the time of sowing. It is an important question, and
I think this Club might very judiciously devote a portion of
its funds as a prize for a report on this subject. Experiments
in agriculture are so very liable to be affected by differences in
soil, climate, &c., tiiat what may be a perfectly safe guide in
one district may not be so in another; and as, so far as I
know, no carefully-conducted experiments have ever been carried
out in this county to determine the point whether, " in the
preparation of the land for turnip crop, it is more profitable to
apply larmyard manure in the autumn, or at the time of sow-
ing," I think this Club might wisely devote a portion of its
funds for an approved report on such a set of experiments.

Mr. Adam (Billhead) : I have no experience with regard to
Uyiiig down manure in autumn for the turnip crop. But about
four years ago I had a piece of ground which was pretty much
braeset, and I thought it could hardly be dealt with in the
usual way, and so I laid down the manure in autumn. I found

that, although the turnips in that case were not so regular to a
size as when sown in the drill, the crop was quite as heavy. I
think if it were done upon land such as I operated upon in the
autumn, it would be quite as successful as if done in the drill.

Mr. Cooper (Spynie) : I have no experience. I intend to try
an experiment on a piece of clean land this season. The great
merit of turnip culture on light land is deep stirring; and,
although it is apart from the subject, I would recommend
that it be done by the steam plough. I have grown a good
crop this year on light land by deep stirring. In general I
think laying down manure in autumn does not suit in Moray-
shire, because there is such a tendency to run to weed by dung-
ing the stubble. I think the difficulty would be in having the
stubble land cleaned in time.

Mr. Walker (Altyre) : The question is one upon which five
out of every six of the members of this Club could not jrive an
opinion. We have never had an opportunity of testing the
merits of autumn manuring as compared with summer manuring.
A large portion of our farmyard manure is applied to the
barley break, and to wheat in the autumn, so that in the autumn
when you waut to apply it to the turnip break, you have not
the manure ready to apply to the land. There is no doubt
about this, that now-a-days when horses and labour are such
important matters in our management, if we had the dung to
apply iu autumn we would save a considerable deal
of labour. We could save the trouble of twice lifting ;
and we would save the life of many of our horses, which are
worked to pieces by being taken to the top of the dung-hill.
These are conclusions which one can arrive at without much
practical experience, but whether it would benefit the crop or
not I cannot say. Mr. Yool has said that it would be well to
spend some of the Club's funds on experiments. But experi-
ments are so doubtful that one year they teach one thing and
another year they teach something different, and we can have
no confidence in them. For many years I was under the im-
pression that autumn manuring of potatoes brought a better
crop, and even saved from disease. Last year I manured in
the autumn, and I have had more disease that any of my
neighbours by a long way. So far as the question on the card
is concerned, I have no experience, and can give no opinion.

Mr. RuxroN (luchbroom) : I have no experience, but my
idea is that the sooner that the land is manured the better does
the crop get on. I have a fear, however, that putting in a
quantity of manure in autumn, much of its value will be spent
during the winter.

Mr. Hunter (Dipple) : I have had no experiense of manu-
ring in autumn myself, but I may mention a fact which I
noticed the other day. A competition for turnips was carried
out by this Club in 1854, in which Mr. Lawson was successful;
and I notice that in that year there was an experiment at
Dipple, under which part of the turnip break was manured in
autumn, and the other part in spring in drills. It turned out
that the part of the field dunged in tlie autumn was lighter by
oue ton per acre than that dunged in the spring.

Mr. Todd (Ardivot) : I think, taking into account the
nature of the climate and soil, there can be iittle doubt that
thi best thing is to put the manure into the drill. I thiuk
Mr. Walker has mentioned a very practical point in referring
to the fact that in nine cases out of ten the farmers have no
manure at all to plough into the land in the fall of the year.
But, independently of that, it is better for bringing the turnip
crop to put it in the drill. But if you take potatoes, the very

502

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

opposite is the case. I would approve ai putting tlic mauurc
down for potatoes iu the fall of the year.

Mr. ]Mu>'KO (Covesea) : I would just iu my very first re-
marks say that we never should liave our laud in a state but
what it would be always fit for taking in mr.nure. I never
manure in the eud of the year. The remarks by Mr. Walker
concur with my own experience, that where horses are saved
and labour is saved, it is a very great matter indeod. I have
found that after putting in dung with barley, I have had a good
crop of turnips without farmyard manure, from very good bones
and other stuffs I have bought from parties. I have found in
my own experience that by applying farmyard manure when I
was sowing my barley, that my barley crop was inferior to that
on the portion of the land that was manured along with tlie
turnips. I have no experience to give a decided opinion upon.
However, I think if we could make more manure, and put it
on twice, there would be no loss.

Mr. Gregor (Western Alnes) : I have no experience of
autumn manuring. I have always put the farmyard manure
into drills. I was obliged to give 25 tons of farm manure, and
may be 10 tons of manure besides.

Mr. Lawson (Braelossie) : I have had no experience of
manuring land for turnips in autumn ; but, I think unless the
land be very clean (although Bailie Munro says it is possible
for every man to have his land clean), it is impossible, in
3Iorayshire, to lay down manure profitably in autumn ; because,
after the crop of wheat, you have lots of weeds to take out. I
think, turning it over and over again in tlie autumn, would
lead to a good deal of evaporation of the manure. My expe-
rience is to put the dung down in the drill, M-ith a little artifi-
cial manure above it.

Mr. Reid (Mains of Orton) concurred in the remarks by
Mr. Walker.

Mr. Garden (Grangcgreen) had no experience. 'I he little
he did in the way of manuring turnips he did in spring.
^ Mr. Adam (Sn'cethillock) : There is uo better way of put-
ting it iu tlian along with the drills in spring, because there is
a great proportion of it, after the turnip crop, to benefit the
succeeding barley crop.

Mr. Ross (Ilillhead) : We have not all our fields like gar-
dens, as Bailie ilunro seems to say they should be. I think
tlie land would be better to be turned up in autumn, to get
much of the frost in winter, and have it ready in spring. It
would best suit the soil and climate of Morayshire to do so,
and apply the manure in spring. Instead of the experiments
proposed by Mr. Yooi, I would give a prize for the best field of
turnips, for which the manure was laid down either in autumn
or spring.

Mr. CULBAKD (Elgin) : I am only a crofter, not a farmer,
but I have observed this, that in taking up my crop of turnips,
and seeing the land tilled, I saw much of the manure untouched,'
(A voice: You have given far too much.) Possibly, but I
Jiave often seen gardeners in order to get a good crop", put t!ie
land under a heavy manuring the year before they wanted to
raise a good crop. So, I tliink if you had the manure, as some-
times you have not, iu the autnmn, it would be fully better to
put it into the soil a few months before the seed.

Mr. YooL: Lord Macduff has allowed me a remark in reply.
I expected that very little exact iuformution would be brought
out. It was simply because I thought that no very exact con-
clusions would be arrived at that I proposed that this Club
should devote a small portion of its funds to the purpose of
elucidating this question. We all know that witiiout experi-
ment there can be no progress, and I think the Club in direct-
ng such an experiment would be in the way of its duty.

Provost Camerox : Supposing you give some of the money
that you will save by not liolding your Spring Show.

Viscount Macduff: The majority have given their opinion in
favour of laying down manurss in spring, and not in autumn,
as lieing best suited for the uuture of the soil and climate of
this county. I propose that Mr. Yool's recommendation be
sent to the Standing Committee of the Club for consideration.
The motion was agreed to.

A COSTLY BIRD.— At an adjourned Justice of Peace
Court held in Stonehaven, William Kirkland, a young lad,
was charged with day trespass in pursuit of game on the farm
of Curraus, parish of Strachan. He pleaded guilty to taking
a muirfowl out of a snare on a stook of corn, and was sen-
tenced to pay the mitigated penalty of 2s. 6d., with £5 6s. lid.
of expenses, or go to prison for twenty days.

REVIEW OF THE CATTLE TRADE
DURING THE PAST MONTH.

On the whole the cattle trade has been quiet in tone during
the month. Compared with the corresponding month last
year, the tctal supplies of beasts exhibited have been larger,
owing to the liberal receipt's from abroad. Prom our own
grazing districts the arrivals have been less numerous than
during that period; but from Scotland they have been better.
Tliere has been, as usual, a marked disparity in the condition
of the stock exhibited. For the best kinds the demand has not
been active, and the top quotation has been Gs. 2d. per 81bs. Por
medium qualities, especially during the cold weather, more
inquiry has prevailed, and quotations for such descriptions have
been relatively higher. Prom abroad supplies have been more
extensive, the imports from Tonning being exceptionally
heavy. The demand has been without feature at about the
rates previously current.

In tlie slicpp market nothing of interest has transpired. The
supplies exliibited have been good, owing to the iieavy impor-
tation—nearly irj.OOO fro;;,' abro:id. The condition of our
home-fed stock has been iu the raaiu satisfactory, and the im-
provement in the quality of foreign breeds continues to make
progress. Business has not been brisk, but a fair amount of
steadiness has prevailed, and 6s. 2d. per 81b. has been paid for
the best Downs and half-brtds.

The calf market has been alternately steady and depressed,
but the closing prices of the month are not the highest. Sup-
plies have been moderate.

Pigs have been quiet and unaltered.

The total imports of foreign stock into London last month have
been as under :

Beasts 14,155

Sheep 44,813

Calves 1,247

Pigs 1,324

CoMPAKisoN or Imports.

Nov.
1873
1872
1871
1870
18G9
1868
1867
1866
1865
1864
1863
1862
1861
1060
1859
1858

Beasts.

Sheep.

Calves.

Pigs.

9,473

31,733

1,924

2,563

4.326

35,112

2,289

204

12,846

56,299

1,857

2,812

14,903

43,830

2,177

2,463

9,964

32,091

1,713

2,208

9,391

18,162

598

353

10,761

33,203

618

2,069

13,278

38.389

1,290

1,187

16,254

53,517

2,526

7,770

17,137

34,792

2.970

3,947

11,030

30,447

1,770

2,202

6,839

28,577

1,659

033

5,295

27,833

946

1,241

6,961

22,723

1,604

828

5,927

21,907

997

15

4,786

18,258

1.174

15

Nov.
1873.

Nov.
1873.

The arrivals of beasts from our own grazing districts, as

well as from Scotland and Ireland, thus compare with the three

previous years :

Nov.
1871.

From Lincolnshire, Leicester-
shire, and Northamptonshire 9,150 8,750 8,965 7,820

Other parts of England, includ-
iug Norfolk and Suffolk 2,100

Scotland 79

Ireland 600

3,430

240

3,730

2,580

125

2,000

Nov
1874,

2,050

1,543

The annexed figures show the total supplies of stock exh
bited and disposed ef at the Metropolitan Cattle Market during
the month : —

Beasts 24,700

Sheep 94,870

Calves 2,040

Pigs 250

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

503

Comparison

J^ov. Beasts.

1873 22,970

1872 18,620

1871 25,100

1870 15,570

1869 21,390

1868 19,249

1867 2i,080

1866 24,660

1865 36,820

1864 82,600

1863 27,701

1862 30,129

1861 26,590

1860 25,400

1859 26,492

1858 24,856

OF Supplies.

Sheep.

85,300

77,590

108,930

96,920

77,990

98,390

109,960

95,800

167,230

114,300

99,130

110,020

109,370

103,600

120,840

114,643

Calves.
2,105
1,995
2,017
2,232
1,604
1,048
1.016
1,190
2,858
2,587
2,156
2,313
1,370
2,112
1,299
1,437

Pigs.
560

856
720
1,670
615
1.404
2,350
3,090
2,811
2,900
3,170
3.173
3,430
2,920
2,800
2,970

Beasts have sold a{ from 4s. to 6s. 2d., sheep at 4s. 4d. to 6s
4d., cal?es in. 8d. to 5s. lOd., and pigs 4s. to 5s. per 8 lbs.
sinking the offal.

Beef, from
Mutton ...

Venl

Tork:

Beef, from
Mutton ...

Veal

Pork

Comparison of Pricfs.

Nov., 1870. Nov., 1871.

s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d.

3 4 to 6 0 3 10 to 5 10

3 4to6 2 4 4 to 6 8

3 6 to 5 10 3 8 to 5 8

4 4to 6 2 3 6 to 4 8

Nov., 1872.

Nov., 1873.

s. d. s. d. s.

3 10 to 5 10 4

4 2to7 0 4

5 0to6 0 4

3 8 to 5 0 4

d. s.
4 to 6
4 to 7
4 to 5
4 to g

REVIEW OF THE CORN TRADE

DURING THE PAST MONTH.

The weather of November has exhibited strange
fluctuations. It commenced with a vernal growth upon
all vegetation, and a warmth approaching summer-heat;
then came a few days of autumnal severity ; and just as
we seemed likely to have a green Christmas we had a sharp
taste of frost, broken shortly again by mildness, and then
returning with increased seventy, and leading to the con-
clusion that a hard season was coming on. There being
no reliable forecast to help us through the difficulty, we
must content ourselves with Nature's favours, whatever
they may be. The meadows, however, can no longer be
a resource for the cattle, so that feeding-stuffs, with a
short crop, must keep up in price ; but the forward
wheat, which was becoming winter-proud, will have a
salutary check. The land, as a whole, yet keeps dry,
though lately some fine rains have fallen, and this com-
plaint comes more decidedly from every part of Europe,
our insular position keeping us better supplied. The
potato-pits will now be tested as to the souudness of
quality ; but with a good yield of this tuber we can
bear some loss. The wheat trade since harvest has been
very much shaken as to values, aud the frost may have
brought us past the lowest point; for 43s. 9d. per qr.,
the last general average, was quite low enough, and we
take it, that the fact that the last crop has certainly been
better than several of its predecessors has led to ex-
aggerated views of its abundance, and set up a sort of
senseless panic ; but the gradual falling oft' in the weekly
sales shows that farmers have not yet quite lost their spirits,
but look out for better days, as in times past; and when
Christmas rents are paid, we may see a more decided
turn. The only gain of the month has been Is. per qr.,
but a pinch of snuff will not pass for a substantial meal.
So at least men on strike have found it, and it may strike
farmers who can hold that it is better to do so than cut
themselves to the quick. In this respect foreign growers
and holders are quite of their mind. France is Is. to 2s.
dearer. Productive Hungary shuts up her stores rather
than make sacrifices. Egypt has become tired of sending
to no profit. Morocco is forbidden by the Emperor to
make shipments. If the devastation of the Civil War in
.Spain increase, we may find that country an importer.
Every port in the Baltic and Black Sea looks for better
times ; and though we may now and then have a mad-cap
advocate of the consumer, who likes to walk in stilts and
pass for an oracle, generous enough to feed the people at
the farmer's expense, we hold to the maxim, set every
man be fairly remunerated for his toil. The following
price* were recently quoted at the several places named :

Best white wheat at Paris 473. 6d., red 463. ; at Bor-
deaux, white, 47s. Gd. ; at Marseilles, Berdianski 43s. Sd.,
Ghirka 42s. lOd., white Spanish 43s. Cd. ; Courtrai, in
Belgium, 46s., at Louvain 48s., at Liege 47s., at Amster-
dam 45s., Maestrecht 45s„ fine red at Ilambro' 403.,
white Rostock 48s. 6d., best high-mixed at Dauzig 45s.,
fine red at Mnyence 45j., at Cologne 41s., at Berlin 40s.,
at Buda-Pcsth 43s. ; Saudomirka at Odessa 40s., Ghiika
33s. ; prime white at San Francisco 45s. Gd. per SOOlbs.
c. f. i. ; red spring at New York, 8Gs.4d. per isOlbs. f. o.
b. ; soft wheat at Algiers, 4Gs., hard 43s. per qr. f. o. h.

The first Monday in oMark-lane opened on a moderate
supply of home-grown wheat ; and the foreign arrivals were
much reduced, though quite adequate to the demand.
The show of fresh samples on the Essex and Kentish
stands was limited, with the condition somewhat dete-
riorated by the damp weather. Dry parcels were slowly
taken at the previous rates, but all inferior were very dif-
ficult to place. The foreign trade, notwithstanding the
short supply, was very dull, new red American and Ghirka
qualities being rather cheaper ex ship. The arrivals
of floating cargoes were limited, and quotations barely
maintained. The couutry trade this week was answer-
able to that of the Metropolis, and rather worse: many
places gave way Is., as Gainsborough, Leeds, Meltou
Mowbray, Newbury, Slcaford, Spilsby, kc, while at St.
Ives and Sheffield there was a decline of Is. to 2s. per
qr., as well as at a few other places; but Liverpool was
steady through the week. At Leith the wheat trade was
6d. dearer, and Ghirka sorts were Is. higher; but at Edin-
burgh there was no change, while Dublin was dull for
native qualities. Foreign obtained about Gd. per barrel
more money.

On the second Monday the English supply was rather
diminished, but the foreign was more than doubled, con-
sisting principally of Russian and American red, with a
fair sprinkling, including white, from other pai (s. The
exhibition of fresh native samples this mon ing was
limited, but in rather improved condition. Sales, however,
were but slow, at unaltered prices. White samples of
foreign, being comparatively scarce, were fully as
dear, and, in some instances, brought rather more money;
but low red sorts were but a heavy sale, and sales ex ship
rather lower. Though fthe arrivals of floating cargoes
v.'ere limited, the demand was slack at ])revious quota-
lions. The country trade this week, without positively
reporting any decline, remained dull. Liverpool on
Tuesday was Id. per cental dearer for white qualities,
and Friday's market showed some improvement ia red.

504

THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE.

As the week wore on, a sharp change in the weather to
severe cold took place; and as a consequence, several of
Saturday's markets were up Is. to 2s. But at Edinburgh
there was a decline of Is. in wheat, and Glasgow
remained with but a qi/'et trade. This week Dublin
somewhat recovered, the market showing a more active
inquiry for both native aii d foreign samples.

Qa the third Monday the English supply was lessened,
as well as the foreign arrivals, though the latter were still
good, and half of them from New York, the rest being from
Russia and the Baltic. The number of English
samples this morning was below an average, and, through
the frost, were much improved in condition. Backed by
the rise of Saturday, in the country holders demanded
more money, and were able to place their best samples at
Is. advance, but could get nothing over previous rates
for inferior sorts. The change in foreign was more
decided, and Is. was made all round for samples, both
red and white ; but with signs of a return to mild weather,
the market towards the close lost some of its animation.
Floating cargoes were generally held for more money, and
on Ghirkas an improvement of fully Is. was realised.
Monday's advance in London was thoroughly welcomed
in the country, and a similar rise of Is. was noted at the
following places — viz., Brigg, Birmingham, Hull, Ipswich,
Louth, ^larket Rasen, Sleaford, Spilsby, Leeds, Man-
chester ; while at Gainsboro', Barnsley, Melton Mowbray.
Reading, Newbury, Salisbury, &c., the advance was Is.
to Ss. Liverpool on Tuesday was Is. per cental dearer.
On Friday the market was dull, but without change.
Edinburgh and Leith were up Is., and Glasgow Is. to Is.
6d. per qr. Native wheat was held for more money at
Dublin, and foreign obtained 6d. per barrel advance,
but closed heavily.

On the fourth Monday the English arrivals of wheat
were short,. and those from abroad large, more than half
being Russian. The show of fresh samples on the Essex
and Kentish stands was limited ; and, with a change back
to cold weather, factors early in the morning asked
more money, but could not obtain it, millers being very
careless buyers. In foreign also there was no change,
excepting for New Zealand white, which, becoming
scarce, obtained rather more money. The floating trade
was unaltered.

The arrivals into London for four weeks were 21,892
qrs. English wheat, 102,479 qrs foreign, against 18,307
qrs. English, 158,668 qrs. foreign, in 1873. The London
exports were 4,696 qrs. The imports into the
kingdom for four weeks ending Nov. 14 were 3,721,031
cwt. wheat, 492,368 cwts. flour, against 3,753,729 cwts.
wheat, 354,306 cwts. flour in 1873. The London
averages commenced at 47s. 5d., and closed at 44s. 8d. ;
the general averages opened at 443. Id., and ended with
43s. 9d.

The flour trade throughout the month has exhibited
very little change excepting in the demand. The top
price of towu-made has stood at 43s. White Norfolks
have been about 303. to 3Is., and American barrels 25s.
to 26s. ; while at Paris the best mark (D) was worth 36s.
Extra state at New York has been 18s. 8d. to 19s. 5d.
per barrel f.o.b. The country supplies have been good
and regular; those from abroad were comparatively light,
i'he London imports in four weeks were : in country sorts
Sl',Ci4 sacks, in foreign 5,669 sacks 18,603 barrels,
against 90,929 sacks country, 4,155 sacks 32,973 barrels
foreign in 1873.

Of maize the supplies have been uncommonly small ;
but its high rates, as compared with barley, have very
much limited the demand. Flat mixed American was
worth 38s. 6d., and round brought as much as 393. 6d :
this shows about Is. 6d. per qr. advance. The four

weeks' London imports were 3,891 qrs., against 18,470
qrs. in 1873.

The barley trade has strengthened in tone, and gained
Is. 6d. both in malting sorts and the lower qualities.
The English supplieshavebeen only moderate; and, except-
ing the first week, the foreign arrivals have fallen off, and
a demand has sprung up from America. The best malting
has become worth 49s. and rather more, grinding 29s. to
34s ; while Saale at Hanibro' has brought 50s., supplies
being scanty, and fine Holstein 403. It would seem that
fine malting descriptions will maintaintheir price all through
the season, supplies everywhere being limited. The best
French at Paris were not worth over 353. : their quality
does not come up to last year's. The value of grinding
sorts must be ruled by foreign arrivals, which, if the
weather be mild in winter, we expect will be plentiful ;
but more so in spring. The four weeks' London supplies
were 16,458 qrs. British, 41,667 qrs. foreign, against
20,103 qrs. British, 17,846 qrs. foreign, in 1873.

The malt trade throughout the month has been steady,
and the value of fine sorts hardened at the close ; the
best new worth 723. to 743., fine old 2s. more.

From the first fortnight the foreign arrivals of Oats
were small ; and though increased on the third Monday,
values during the three weeks were improved about Is. perqr.

On the fourth Monday, though the imports were con-
siderable, and fine sorts, from being only in a small
proportion, were rather dearer, and eveu the lower sorts
were firm from a large demand. With a return of colder
weather and winter commencing, and the fact that every-
where this grain has shown a less abundant yield than
usual, we cannot for some time look for low rates, as
granary stocks are not heavy, and spring, whatever it
may bring us, may be late. 40 lbs. sweet Russian
sorts are worth 293. 6d., 38 lbs. per bushel 27s., and
lower sorts in proportion. For English extra prices are
made, especially for heavy weights. The English supplies
for four weeks were only 2,907 qrs., Scotch 277 qrs.,
Irish 222 qrs., foreign 157,849 qrs., against 5,215 qrs.
English, 11,642 qrs. Scntch, 5,933 qrs. Irish, and
159,983 qrs. foreign in 1873.

Notwithstanding the high prices made, beans have been
firm all through the month, the crop being short, and
Egyptian supplies vcy scanty, though some have come from
Algeria, Italy, and France. The want of maize, however,
kept up the demand, and new Harrows are worth 46s.
per qr., Mazagans 43s., and old small 54s. ; Egyptians
43s. to 443. ; other foreign more in proportion to dryness
and we'ght. None can now come from Morocco, as the
Emperor has forbidden the exports. It is, therefore,
not likely to be cheap this season. The imports into
London for four weeks were 3,427 qrs. English, 8,713 qrs.
foreign against 4,129 qrs. English, 4,325 qrs. foreignin 1873

Peas, too, have been steady in price, the English sup-
plies having been limited, and there has only been one
considerable arrival of foreign, and those wei'e white from
Canada. These latter were held at 43s. to 443, perqr.,
and hog-feeding sorts were about the same. Should the
winter be sharp, there is plenty of room for an advance
in boilers, but not for other kinds. The London imports
were 3,442 qrs. English, 14,900 qrs. foreign, ajainst
5,397 qrs. English, 684 qrs. foreign in 1873.

The linseed trade has not varied, but the demand has
been limited, from the extreme fineness of the autumn.
The imports were 10,523 qrs., against 28,405 qrs. last year

Some little business has been passing in red cloverseed,
but from an impression it will be dearer, holders have
been asking too high rates to lead to large transactions.
Some American is on its way worth about 47s. per cwt.
In Paris the best red was quoted about 60s. per cwt. It
is here worth 653. ; fine English from 80s. to 908. per cwt.

Printed by Watson and Hazen,265, Strand, Londoc, W.C.

SEVEN INTERNATIONAL MEDALS

AWAEDED TO

JAMES GIBBS & COMPANY,

SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THE

PATEiT ANIMO^IA-FIMEO SUAi\IO*

THE CHEAPEST AND BEST MANURE IN USB.
Consumers are warned that none is Genuine unless the Bags bear the Trade Mark, and are secured with a Leaden Seal.

ALSO,

OIBBS' BONE, BLOOD, AND SPECIAL MANURES OE THE

BEST QUALITY,

AND IN THE HIGHEST CONDITION.

PARTICULARS OT

JAMES GIBBS AND COMPANY,

WORKS: VICTORIA DOCKS, LONDON, E., AND CATTEDOWN, PLYMOUTH.

OFFICES— 16, MARK LANE, LONDON, E.G.,

OR THEIR AGENTS.

IMPORTANT TO FLOCKMASTERS,

THOMAS BIGG, Agricultural and Yeterinary
Chemist, by Appointment to his late Royal Highness
The Prince Consort, K.G., Leicester House, Great Dover
Street, Borough, London, begs to call the attention of
Partners and Graziers to his valuable SHEEP and LAMB
DIPPING COMPOSITION, which requires no BoUing, and
may be used with Warm or Cold Water, for efiectually
destroying the Tick, Lice, and all other insects injurious to
the Flock, preventing the alarmmg attacks of Ply and Shab,
and cleansing and purifying the Skin, thereby greatly im-
proving the Wool, both in quantity and quaUty, and highly
Oontributtng to the general health of the animal.

Prepared only by Thomas Bigg, Chemist, &c., at his Manu-
factory as above, and sold as ioUows, although any other
quantity may be had, if required : —

i lb. for 20 sheep, price, jar included £0

61b.

30

81b,

40

101b.

50

201b.

100

301b.

150

401b.

200

601b.

250

601b.

300

801b.

400

100 lb.

500

(Cask and measure
included)

0 10

0 15

1 0
1 3
1 7

1 17

2 6

Should any Plockmaster prefer boiling the C5omposition, it
will be equally effective.

MOST IMPORTANT CERTIFICATE.
From Mr. Hekepath, the celebrated Analytical Chemist :—
Bristol Laboratory, Old Park, January 18th, 1861.
Sir,— I have submitted your Sheep Dipping Composition to
analysis, and find that the ingredients are well blended, and
the mtsture neutral. If it is used according to the directions
given, I feel satisfied, that while it eflfectually destroys vermin.
It will not injure the hair roots (or "yolk ") in the skin, the
fleece, or the carcase. I think it deserves the numerous
testimonials published. I am, Sir, yours respectfully,

William Hebapath, Sen., P.C.S., &c.. Sec,
To Mr. Thomas Bigg Professor of Chemistry.

Loieester House, Great lyover-street Borough London.

He would also especially call attention to his SPECIFIC,
or LOTION, for the SCAB or SHAB, which wiU be found
a certain remedy for eradicating that loathsome and ruinoua
disorder in Sheep, and which may be safely used in all
climates, and at all seasons of the year, and to all descriptions
of sheep, even ewes in lamb. Price FIVE SHILLINGS per
gallon — sufficient on an average for thirty Sheep (according
to the virulence of the disease) ; also in wine quart bottles,

IMPORTANT TESTIMONIAL.
" Scoulton, near Hingham, Norfolk, April 16th, 1855.

"Dear Sir, — In answer to yours of the 4th inst., which
would have been repUed to before this had I been at home, I
have much pleasure in bearing testimony to the efficacy of
your invaluable ' Specific for the cure of Scab in Sheep.' The
600 sheep were all dressed in August last with 84 gallons of
the ' NoN-poisoNous Specific,' that was so highly recom-
mended at the Lincoln Show, and by their own dresser, the
best attention being paid to the flock oy my shepherd after
dressing according to instructions left ; but notwithstanding
the Scab continued getting worse. Being determined to have
the Scab ciu-ed if possible, I wrote to you for a supply of your
Specific, which I received the following day; and although
the weather was most severe in February during the dressing,
your i?PBCiFic proved itself an invahiable remedy, for in
three weeks the Sheep were quite curei I ; and I am happy to
say the young lambs are doing remarKably well at present.
In conclusion, I beUeve it to be the safest and best remedy
now in use. " I remain, dear Su",

"For JOHN TINGEY, Esq.,

" To Mr. Thomas Bigg, ' " R. RENNEY,

ft-i:" Flockmasters would be well to beware of such pre-
parations as " Non-poisonous Compositions :" it is only
necessary to appeal to their good common sense and judg-
ment to be thoroughly convinced that no " Non-poisonous "
article can poison or destroy insect vermin, particularly such
as the Tick, Lice, and Scab Parasites — creatures so tenacioiM
of life. Such advertised preparations must be wholly useless,
or they are not what they are represented to be.

DIPPING APPARATUS £H, £5, £4, & £3.

bryant&May's

MATCHES

LONDON AND COUNTT BANKING COMPANT.

BSTABLISHED 183«.

SUBSCRIBED CAPITAL... £3,000,000, in 60,000 SHARES of £50 EACH.

PAID-UP CAPITAL... £1,196,880; INSTALMENTS UNPAID, £3,120 (£1,200,000).

EfiSERYE FUND (paid up) ...£598,44,0; INSTALMENTS UNPAID, £1,560 (£600,000),

ITATHANIEL ALEXANDER, Esq.
T. TYRINGHAM BERNARD, Esq.
THCWklAS STOCK COWIE, Esq.
IREDERICK FRANCIS, Esq.

Joint General Managers-
OHIEP INSPBCTOE.

W. J. NORFOLK, Esq.

DIBECTOBS.
FREDERICK HAR&ISON, Esq.
WM. CHAMPION JONES, Esq.
E. HARBORD LtJSHINGTON, Esq
JAMES MORLEY, Esq.
%ILLIAM McKEWAN, Esq. and WHITBREAD TOMSON, Esq.
CHIEF ACCOUNTANT. SECRBTABY.

JAMES GRAY, EsQ. GEORGE GOUGH, Esq.

WILLIAM NICOL, Esq.
A. HODGSON PHILLPOTTS, Esq,
JAMES DUNCAN THOMSON, ESq,
FREDERICK YOULE, Esq.

HEAD OFFICE, 21, LOMBARD STREET.

MA1IA6BB— WHITBREAD TOMSON, Esq. | Assistant Manager— WILLIAM HOWARD, Esq.

THE LONDON AND COUNTY BANK opens—

DRAWING ACCOUNTS with Commercial Houses and Private Individoals, either upon the plan usually adopted Iw
other Bankers, or by charging a small Commission to those persons to whom it may not be convenient to sustain an agrfyl
Permanent BaJance.

DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS.— Deposit Receipts are issued for sums of Money placed upon these Accounts, and Interest i*
allowed for such peri'ids and at such rates as may be agreed upon, reference being had to the state of the Money Market.

CIRCULAR NOTES AND LETTERS OP CRBDIT are issued, payable in the principal Cities and Towns of the Cob-
ttnenti in Australia, Canada, India, and China, the United States, and elsewhere.

The Agency of Foreign and Country Banks is undertaken.

The Pdbchabb and SA.I.B of Government and other Stocks, of English or Foreign Shares eflfected, and DxriDBSOt,
AinruiTiBS, &c , received for Customers of the Bank.

Great facilities are also afforded to the Customers of the Bank for the receipt of Money from the Tow^s ijvhere the Oom^
pany has Branches. ^

The Officera of the Bank are bound not to disclose the transactions of any of its Customers.

By Order of fJie Directors, WM. MoKE WAN, > Joint (Jeneral

WHITBREAD TOMSON, i Managers.