in il CHINA, KOREA, JAPAN = LO oO Ff oO Lop) LO lop) - wT fa) — i aa 13.0 ) OF FORTY, CENTURIES BY F. H. KING id) H, KIN F. FARMERS OF ime EY CE NEURIES PERMANENT AGRICULTURE IN CHINA, KOREA AND JAPAN By Eta. KING: D: Se. “ormerly Professor of Agricultural Physics in the University of Wisconsin Formerly Prof f Agri ral Pi and Chief of Divison of Sotl Management, U. S. Department of Agriculture Author of “The Soil”: “Irrigation and Draihage’’; “Physics of Agriculture” and “Ventilation for Dwellings, Rural Schools and stables.”’ MADISON, WIS. MRS. F. H. KING 1911 All rights reserved LIBRARY JUL 31 1996 & Miers of WS CoPpyRIGHT, 1911 By Mirse Es Ee skelaNnG, DEMOCRAT PRINTING CO., MADISON, WIS. PREFACE By Dr. L. H. BAIEY. We have not yet gathered up the experience of mankind in the tilling of the earth; yet the tilling of the earth is the bottom condition of civilization. If we are to assemble all the forces and agencies that make for the final conquest of the planet, we must assuredly know how it is that all the peoples in all the places have met the problem of pro- ducing their sustenance out of the soil. We have had few great agricultural travelers and few books that describe the real and significant rural conditions. Of natural history travel we have had very much; and of accounts of sights and events perhaps we have had too many. There are, to be sure, famous books of study and travel in rural regions, and some of them, as Arthur Young’s ‘“‘Travels in France,’’ have touched social and political history; but for the most part, authorship of agricultural travel is yet undeveloped. The spirit of scientific inquiry must now be taken into this field, and all earth-conquest must be compared and the results be given to the people that work. This was the point of view in which I read Professor King’s manuscript. It is the writing of a well-trained observer who went forth not to find diversion or to depict scenery and common wonders, but to study the actual con- ditions of life of agricultural peoples. We in North America are wont to think that we may instruct all the world in agriculture, because our agricultural wealth is great and our exports to less favored peoples have been heavy; but this wealth is great because our soil is fertile iv Preface. and new, and in large acreage for every person. We have really only begun to farm well. The first condi- tion of farming is to maintain fertility. This condition the oriental peoples have met, and they have solved it in their way. We may never adopt particular methods, but we can profit vastly by their experience. With the in- crease of personal wants in recent time, the newer countries may never reach such density of population as have Japan and China; but we must nevertheless learn the first lesson in the conservation of natural resources, which are the resources of the land. This is the message that Professor King brought home from the East. This book on agriculture should have good effect in establishing understanding between the West and the East. If there could be such an interchange of courtesies and in- quiries on these themes as is suggested by Professor King, as well as the interchange of athletics and diplomacy and commerce, the common productive people on both sides should gain much that they could use; and the results in amity should be incaleulable. It is a misfortune that Professor King could not have lived to write the concluding ‘‘ Message of China and Japan to the World.’’ It would have been a careful and forceful summary of his study of eastern conditions. At the moment when the work was going to the printer, he was called suddenly to the endless journey and his travel here was left incomplete. But he bequeathed us a new piece of literature, to add to his standard writings on soils and on the applications of physics and devices to agriculture. Whatever he touched he illuminated. L. H. Batmey. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE ENERO D Uo CLE ON cette ecee ce ever ante fei che teomeke reper en onetetenoveneh ken caer evcvere al Tl, -Tdossin, (Chiamnrcims Ore GUNPAN paidaedcchogodoobobanscueses 14 Tle KG RAVE MILANI S ORY CHINA < voycie oye Poteoe se tet aie eare Oe anette choo shelters 48 eh ORE OMNGACONG, “AND CANTON: eras cea oie ieleneereoleienecaietere 60 IViaeUPe THEA SI-KTANG, WEST IRTVER/ eielereieiole sueeetenete oc 23 Streetin! country village: japanese. «a «5 2s ers iis eiretieiene 50 24 Crowded Storey s.272 Cee occ er ale ear ane aicaeton one yohons eecnei ote a 2 @hinesescountry wallage alone eGanmaley cy -reneeeeis ketene natn 26 VaApAanese. TICS Wad Glesjeevae e ewer eke eee aloscieicieierwerete AaS0c 28 MiGe=flel ds jin WICOLEAyeyapa cca E hen even acd eagoke ie uekel on stenoreoketete 29 Rice fields in) Yanetserdeltas, Giimayn mei = crersieieeerererere ei AGOe 30 Readjusted) srice feldssiny ap amiey.vers eee et ovoleie eisai snclsteteterete 32 Rice in paddies, crops on the dikes....... So000C spetclotchetabore 33 Crowded peach) corchandierecrcteeretteke tater sicie eed nora ten tots 3¢ Cucumbers’ “trellisedsy sovier soreensSeres) aieicielaacheteneielcney) ohn tron ieiate 2 leEh yA Millie Geeo coma ousoaGucocdocudeGooGODcODUSDOT cB 64 Scene in florist’s garden, Hlongkong........-..--+--++--+-+--+- 65 Garden in” Happy Walley yas s= ccclens cis eked ohne lone ed ikea 66 Keceptacles for human waste..........--.-.--+-+ssse+ee-% 67 Water piped from mountain side to garden......-------- 69 UNS owl eeehYs Sogomacaeosnomocdcoaucso To dbcaudao ccs it WWabaltoeaeehgelupale Mea pages wooo cogusocooUD eo Ouo So SOO os) oat load! "Om humans wastes crac eee ee ete tetele = inlet hol teaalenens - 74 Mhineses LOOt-POWLEL cree see eee ooh teeter aol =o Roden ata Reions 79 Mulberry field fertilized with mud ........--.----+++-++%% 84 IMs Gal asa ileus Gos odqnonoocasoodCHoGQUdIGCOGOSUTS 86 Fields of rice and matting rush..................---+--<- 88 Fork shaped from limbs of tree........-------+eeeeseees 89 Landscape at Samshui, near Canton......-...+-++-+++--- 91 Winter grown peas after rice..........--------++-+eeeee 92 Fields flooded and fertilized for rice...............------ 94 IGE, Cie tube Aor umioooasccaunsonoc TUB Oese HOSS sic eagareys 95 Map of eanals in Chekiang province........---+-++-++++:: 98 Map of 2700 miles of camal..........-----+e02+--+ sees 100 PDVV-WAV-1 1-1-1 DVS St os be List of Illustrations. Mfap, showing splains and) (Grand) canal. 2... 3.6 0c 3 3 : Wicweacrossiv. alle cor Ti Ce=iMeld Stem ster teneecitebe el ened eWel ofc erelieli ails lool: « Merracedizand. Hooded: rices freldse—-rcicscustelevs ose e! sr e'e) ens! sie, 01 one Gradedmeneldsrma svar seyciacct clei sic ere) eleenonenereneacieicl sh olisveronet fe opertalck GHenOlaGl: THAIS weirs per eco om oma Aco ool ool gOS OU On DCO U ED O COMERS ea CSCIVONG Hes ccroin ciclo sichonetcnote eieMenemeks stickers) lsirs ener ese\releir< COMMOSERVITSHDeSTGS MAEM «eyes ce eeeisileteloreMelieNenete) cxekes oyeliet oh Wel=) (olin Tremeh Caer CL Stas ctsee) siciessiouccccl seater sy ee mee tema steL hoferencdarctar-hal ake Span Gebew evils Gopombeoonnoaobt dood os 40 Oe cb cmon. do Siealiee Cheol spisigsmnodo osha onic CleobdDooososaoos oon UUUO COO Jaina INO ts Gomiicg nolo mao Ob boo Uomo Coot ado upDaOOnGao AG Sway sill Saaesoemod woe Baa ooo oeo.o 4 co nuoD oon Hud ao mOUs dS IbEnnhaye yEbW oop amdoUcoomod oslo manoooo dena cOdoup ood oudT IDWS MOE otSeoihtocomo ceo clodin olodaconodcDo oul Foo G.0.0.00on WV DUIS COLTON Tiere eke neil ters ol clisvene tej ofereliallelstexeleleteNeiel Nalel cen} ei° Shulkin Gogo uoosso oauooodoD oumd CU coc OOUmO ooSuOub (Cita MOONE Laan oa oonbos aoe since eooocD-d0 SOAR ODO OO-6 2,00 Wier etable sm arxete ie ereue rene euielays eteneeotol (slate exeteMad Meliel orelel ool oeo Wolo net(= HOES) iP OW eaten stro eerewercy oh onevane olelej/a (ove ol eon eletell MOMNa§ deol ureu oul ashes Gichxaol ple pasa pomansomoncdodumomoonuomocont do56.0 Country woman in winter dress.........---seee seer eceee APO Ae OAS HOt UC leary cyejate jolene) ol ere lel oueneilollenaleilstteue) ella (ohelekatelre OGD CSOTEOMe STEM HELP israfeserccvciel alone one lei locepeheleiellsNertsHolNotelohelekere/t ot Reo meh fini Gea epmoepeombeo 8 Ob co bmicm oDco meno mo D010 0 SSMU LCA CAVES. c.ctectiees coals suc sj eselleneucie els ie) lelerstel eto) ete tollololte Dairy herd of water buffalo............e- cece eeecercees NVate a butalOrama: (Callin Sevycvekerarccstione ehcp oiolsiave) iat etatstelel sborsteyehe i IPMAGY [oe HHO AGA oo gomcooomee on Gnomo Od bn oOU.cI0 cIDo-c cdl Hovseboat on Chinese canal......... se ierersiis ats AGUOOOUECIO? Horest, (embbine) Onl MVIISHGOS! Seieie iene on etiel le os olsreietouenetenat aia ap ertens) «ie ine cand rove Powe LuUels ire ccc rete ol sueveteretoie lls oenaxvelel's SGOGOD ID MUMIA Bo bole owe cio OD Odo cocdoUo COMO mold eco Ge IDENo(Gl: FIGS TIS Lo reo clot os plop Golo cia oO D0 Diana Hold ciclowd cardi iain TiAl Ase wee oda dO Con omoUD UOMO DmOGMoUOwomudd > ATE TRCOMIMNS eEOM LINE! WLS eye iejsetcneice 1c loos eireila el «1101 leo osleinatieileilsire Millet-thatch and mud plaster. 5... 2.5.0.1 on messes Niele Chinn, tutes oho meaoacoasoocouUD Céad guUose nO Bini: - ullchieie an omogeencoroooonoochoodo monUoGeo Hod isiekee VRilhiy “Goo onoos bao do Gosden doco oo PGao ro ue UOd omc Mectiizines wate Cama! nis ecre ye) hens ele) helencvolorecsiohelvelolelst-defahe Stairways used in carrying mud from canal.............--. MATL TY MOTGHM ATG, s,s scenstensueveney sel ore leyolst eu enchel sacl olswellalier ote oilel oVajtollolie Snaileshelispam carla md -jreveneve ons cottcueroh sie eters oliclenchelleiteietsterhehiole Ghines aes Cub EOL Se eee orstes cr erat cenanie cetis tol on ob aw eNokere tell Melehelis cove evel etewenorre SOD tal OMG ROT OLS ro usiststsicseuele) oilete oneal licheberelejie i=: steletolexaln eLabelte CAEGVAINE COMPOSE, Was ete ore oe ole ine) ellel/=i foie) 0] silaiislloleteionsl one GOa000 GORI DOS Ea Die: sone eerie leet s shee laveto ucts cileneieolie loll NoselohoaaNeWolrefage Noh oreo Compost pik and Clover. oj... os sis one ole) we) o> elie) o onsllop ovis uoneie) (oll (Hojiaositake | wage baocouGnobanomodd JboocaouoOo DD oT DO UOOr Building clover’ compost Stach: - . 5c se. es 2 cieses ole le iene Drederines CAMA: MAWES Ge. sore oie oa ele) oie) ys 0 0 aoile oelolenolellolle here cele GOMPOSE CSUACK 15 cyele ce 612) oreo eine =e) a1 =e ellellsie) a)/elohs) alisfolonelis a5 6.0 IMR ILD GHKGA Hoecomon ooo ocoUMaDUoUCNOSOUOC UO OOOO OM OOOO Manure boats in Shanghai............. aychenehctenckoneis eye veneers Map of Shanghai region...........-2.2scescccesensrces UENO Ce gipidineicioinocs cjglbn 6 Oly ticiG OGG omlo og GOO C.C oO Ooae Receptacles for human waste....--.--. eee eee eee ee eees sie Storage pits for liquid manure:................ Sev.adon : Carrying pails for liquid manure..........s62-.ese+ee0se Applying liquid manure with dipper...............-.-++--- LREUBU NES |p Gee eneieatn ie Aken eric Scheie a Ula.d SeStOlm oi thorn. co cork Gh Onc Sipe 1olic aaborious green manuring, Japan........5-22es eee oreee Returning from Genya lands........-..+s+seseeeeeceees Chart issued by Nara Experiment Station, Japan........ Compost house, Nara Experiment Station, Japan........ Ri RR DnNOEKIW1I-1 CLO ROO Ne vill List of Illustrations. 118. View in Reforestation Tract, Tsingtao, China............. Foie 119), Reforestation. Visine taon | China ene rtie teem niente aren 219 I OR erorestacion, i LSin eLaloen © bina er ene eer 220 ide Wild pyellow. rose) Shantunes (hima syerciereol eit ie nner en 221 i223, UpSeehabNe OKO, Clie oto gocnscuoseduscbosobobaueguene 225 Soy irrigate OULIt mrete ce clara crt NORE er oe etn 227 124° So0llMerosion ain sshancbun cenit iene ieee eee eee 229 L2o2) PWiater- Carrier’ oicsrcrarctatcicrstel aie Ratan eee 23 1265 2Ghinese yfarm yard ieeeicncdsre rere eee eee eee 231 UG Se \NCehE bal Lpoehiihaes lopieeh Gannaaaaucansnsguu0bncoauEses 237 1285 wand 129 5 viehicles\of Louty xcentiuin eSia arrears eens 238 USS V\ywaerne abo Wndlley moval MORES Sodacassococobocadabuccbuocneas 240 SUL Seed Grille weenie eerste, ores aevayn sxe ole one DOE ROLE Le 241 TOs ELOCIN Ses TAING rcrcie says es enters schaunic teleieitel Menelcke RENO mene eae en 243 Hos.) eblasteredizcompost: stacks Wepacrisccicicis stare eee ene 244 USL sions aye were GENT WHO on Go Ga Soc uU Sob obooCeaCS eiekerets 246 1355 Marms villaeerstreetia ajr.is sob'o oni 3510 2) wt) bo rwrwort 29 29 39.0 2 TIS SUB 39 List of [llustrations. Rreparing silkworm eres Pom habeus