Ww WAN ~ RAN MON OMHRMHAMONY SIAN SSS LQ OHSWAnsss SR sk eS SAAMUWOV oa 4 ccnmaecentanemaeeen ‘ WS a \ NAA PPI OO DOOD IIOP ER Speyer rr? ttt ttt t{ tp, SLpatt {ey \ SS SHY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. + ------- WVHA a OB MY ------ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. SEcTION oF DISEASED Lune; recent case of Lung Plague. Thin end showed black hepatization; the centre, red hepatization; the thick end interlobular infiltration. Several blocked vessels are shown. ers et | Mn fen BY. UH THE FARMER’S VETERINARY ADVISER A GUIDE TO THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF DISEASE IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS j J j J VY By JAMES LAW _ Professor of Veterinary Sctence in Cornell ne Veterinary Alumnus of the High and Agricultural Society of Scotland; Fellow of the Royal College vis Re. nary Surgeons of Great Britain ; Consulting Veterinarian to the Ni York Agricultural Society; Member of the American Public. Health Association ; Former Professor in the Albert Vet. erinary College, London, and the New Veteri- nary Coliege, Edinburgh ; Author of General and Descriptive Anat- omy of the Domestic Animals, etc. lie bi EIGHTH EDITION {qo (¥V* ITHACA PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR 1887 (COPYRIGHT, 1887, By JAMES LAW. Right of Translation Reserved. TROW'S PRINTING AND BOOKBINDING COMPANY NEW YORK. PREFACE TO THE EIGHTH EDITION. The “ Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser ” has been so favor- ably received in America, Canada, and England that I feel called upon to issue a revised edition, to cover the ground over which Veterinary Medicine has advanced in the past eleven years, since it was first published, and thereby to continue to deserve the confidence hitherto accorded it. The advances of the past decade have been marvelous indeed, but most largely in the field of contagious diseases and their prevention, and to meet this progress, I have in the present edition added two complete chapters devoted to this subject. The third chapter has also been consid- erably enlarged by the introduction of additional plagues, which either exist on the North American Continent or are specially liable to be introduced through the ordinary channels of trade. The changes in the remaining part of the book are less extensive, but they will be found to add materially to the fullness and clearness of the work as a whole. Some of the changes made may not be fully appreciated at first sight by the average farmer, yet they were consid- ered essential for two reasons, first, the adaptation of the work to the purpose to which it has been largely put as a veterinary text-book in agricultural colleges; and second, for lv Preface to the Eighth Edition. _ the education of the agricultural community in the need of effective methods for stamping out animal plagues, a subject which has been so ignorantly and ineffectively dealt with in our legislative halls. The author feels warranted in bespeaking for the revised edition a continuance of those favors that have been so freely accorded to its predecessors. JAMES LAW, | Cornell Unwersity. Iraaca, March, 1887. PREFACE. This work is especially designed to supply the need of the busy American farmer who can rarely avail himself of the advice of a scientific veterinarian. The author is deeply sen- sible of the low estimate placed upon Veterinary Medicine and Surgery in the United States, and the necessity of educating the public up to a better appreciation of its value. We have a property in live stock estimated at $1,500,000,000, and rapidly increasing in value, consisting of at least six different genera of mammals, besides birds, and therefore affording an almost unlimited field for the practical exercise of humanity, political economy, and scien- tific research in the pursuit of Veterinary Medicine. In the Old World millions are saved yearly to each of the Western European Nations in the exclusion and extinction of animal plagues, and many instances can be adduced of an intelligent veterinary supervision saving at the rate of $30,000 per annum on a stud of 400 horses. But in the Western Hemisphere, apart from the larger cities, the great pecuniary interest in live stock is largely at the mercy of ignorant pretenders, whose barbarous surgery is only equaled by their reckless and destructive drugging. The constantly recurring instances of absolute and painful poi- v1 Preface. soning, and cruel and injurious vivisections practiced under the name of remedial measures are almost sickening to con- template. To give the stock-owner such information as will enable him to dispense with the unprofitable and peril- ous services of such pretenders, and to apply rational means of cure when he happens to be beyond the reach of the accomplished veterinarian, is the aim of this book, and this, it is confidently hoped, it will accomplish for all who will intelligently study its pages. To secure this object, and yet to place the book within the reach of all, it was necessary to sacrifice all extended discussion of diseased processes, and questions in pathology, and therefore the reader who may discover deviations from current opinions is requested to suspend his decision until he has consulted the Author’s larger work, in which the reasons for these positions will be given. With this view of still further condensing the work, the doses of medicines for the different animals are rarely given in the text, but one or more agents are named as applicable to every distinct stage or phase of the disease and species of patient, and the reader must turn to the list of drugs given at the end to find the amount required for each animal. In doing this he must note particularly for what purpose the agent is given and select. the dose accordingly, as the effect of large doses is usually essentially different from that of small ones. Thus common salt given in large doses to cattle is purgative and reducing, while in small ones it is alterative and tonic. Sulphur in large doses is laxative, but in small ones alterative, expectorant, and diaphoretic. Oil Preface. vil of turpentine in large doses is purgative and vermifuge, in ‘sinall ones diuretic, stimulant, and antispasmodic. Atten- tion must also be given to the age and size of the patient, as more fully set forth in the Appendix. Illustrations have been freely introduced to render the text more lucid, and, being selected from those prepared for the Author’s larger work, may be implicitly relied on. In the list of contagious diseases are included not only those that are habitually developed on American soil and those already introduced from abroad, but also such as pre- vail in Europe, and are liable at any time to be brought into our midst by importation. It is no less imperative that the American farmer should be forewarned of pesti- lences that threaten him from abroad, than of those that beset him at home. For all such affections the principles that should guide us in preventing and extinguishing the disease are concisely but clearly set forth. _ All the important parasites are introduced, and their con- ditions of life and individual metamorphoses in and out of the bodies of domestic animals referred to, as well as their migrations from man to animals and from animals to man wherever such exists. The vast importance of animal para- sites is only beginning to be realized in connection with their frightful ravages in countries (England, Australia, Buenos Ayres, Egypt, Abyssinia, Iceland, India, etc.) into which they have been introduced, or where they have been allowed to increase unchecked, and a concise state- ment of their forms, habits, and results is therefore im- peratively necessary for the protection of the stock-owner. vill Preface. This subject has accordingly been brought up to the date of present observations, and though short enough for the perusal of the busiest, it will furnish a sound basis for the limitation and destruction of each of these noxious pests. JAMES LAW, Cornell University. Irnaca, ay, 1876. CONTENTS. INFLAMMATION AND FrEvER, . ; ‘ ‘ : Contagious AND Epizootic Disrasrs, . ‘ ¢ Sprciric Contagious AND Epizootic Diskases, . - Larcer Parasites, é Dietetic anp Constitutional DisEasss, DisEAsés OF THE Resprratory Oraans, Haat, Bioop-vEssELs AND LyMPHATICS, DiGEstTIvVE ORGANS, Liver, PancREAS AND SPLEEN, Urtary Organs, OrGaANs oF GENERATION, Mama (Upper) anp Trats, Eyes, : : ; Nervous System, Peery Sx Diseases, ; : ; GENERAL Disrases or Bonss, Jomts, anD Muscizs, SPECIAL Insuries or Bones, Jomts, AnD Musc.es, DisEaseEs oF THE Foot, Diszasep GrowrTas, : Apprnpix: Action, Doses, Erc., or MEDICINES, InveEx, ae ptr THE FARMER’S VETERINARY ADVISER. CHAPTER I. INFLAMMATION AND FEVER. Inflammation. - Its phenomena. In vascular tissues. Changes in blood- vessels ; in blood; in cells; in tissue; in function. Exudations, Migra- tion of globules. Reparatory processes. Inflammatory fever. Inflammation in non-vascular tissues. Deranged nutrition ; cloudy swelling ; exudations ; cell multiplication ; cell migration ; formation of blood-vessels ; purpose of eell multiplication. Exudations and effusions—serous, mucous, fibrinous, bloody, croupous. Results of inflammation, Resolution. Delitescence. Metastasis. New formations, plastic, aplastic. Suppuration. Pyogenic bacteria. Pus, cells, liquid. Abscess, acute, chronic. Diffuse suppuration. Fistula. Healing by first and second intention, Granulation. Granule corpuscles and masses. Development of lymph into tissue. Degenerations of new growths. Softening. Ulceration. Death by molecules. Gangrene ; death of a part. Fever; definition; stages; symptoms; premonitory ; chill ; reaction; defervescence, crisis, lysis, Temperature in health and disease. Retention of water in system. ‘Tissue waste. The typhoid con- dition. Types of fever. Treatment of inflammation and fever. Regimen. General fever remedies. Bleeding—general, local; leeching, cupping. Warm baths—in chill and hot stage, Cold baths. Diaphoretics. Laxa- tives. Diuretics. Sedatives. Alkalies. Tonic refrigerants—in convales- cence; in typhoid states. Local treatment of inflammation—cold, astrin- gents, antiseptics, hot applications. Stimulating embrocations and lotions. Blisters. Firing. Treatment of abscess. INFLAMMATION. Inflammation forms the essential part of so many diseases, and a concomitant of so many more, that a brief. statement of its features and phenomena appears desirable, even in a 1 9 The Harmer’s Veterinary Adviser. condensed manual like the present. From the days of Hippocrates inflammation has been recognized by redness, heat, pain, and swelling, followed by resolutzon or indura- tion, suppuration, or gangrene. Such a definition is, how- ever, sadly insufficient in view of modern discoveries as to the different phases of the inflammatory process. Redness occurs in the transient blush, heat in the feverish system, pain from simple passing nervous disorder, swelling from dropsy, induration from the formation of tumors, and gan- grene from the blocking of blood-vessels or other exclusion of blood and the means of nutrition from a part, and in no one of these cases need there be an element of true inflam- mation. Perhaps no definition can be given which will cover all the phenomena of inflammation. INFLAMMATION IN VASCULAR TISSUES. These phenomena, as seen in a transparent membrane like the web of the frog’s foot or the mesentery may be stated as follows: Ist. Disturbed cireulation evinced by contrac- tion, quickly followed by dilatation with elongation of the capillary blood-vessels, and a rapid, followed by a slow, and even oscillating or backward movement of the blood within them, branching redness. 2d. Zhe blood-globules become sticky and adhere together and to the walls of the capilla- ries so as to block them in points. 38d. Zhe fibrin of the blood coagulates around these masses of globules, forming points of complete obstruction, and constituting those minute spots of deep redness which cannot be effaced, even for an instant, by the pressure of the finger on inflamed skin. 4th. The liquid parts of the blood ooze out in excess through the capillary walls into the tissues, causing the swelling. 5th. Blood-globules and granules escape through the walls of the vessels and degenerate into pus-cells or become the centres for the growth of new tissue in the exudate. 6th. The nuclet (cells) presiding over the nutrition, etc., have Inflammation and Fever. = their functions impaired or lost ; the inflamed skin in the frog has its pigment-cells unchanged while all the body be- side has changed color, the inflamed retina no longer sees, the inflamed nose no longer smells, the inflamed mamma no longer yields milk, the inflamed finger has no more the proper sense of touch, and the inflamed cells that control nutrition no longer build up the tissues amid which they lie, but tend rather to a simple multiplication of their own cell forms, as do the cells of the early growing embryo. 7th. In an extensive inflammation the large arteries pro- ceeding to the diseased part have their coats abnormally rigid, giving a harder beat to the pulse and determining a more abundant flow of blood than in the corresponding ves- sels of the healthy part. This doubtless results from the disorder of the vaso-motor (sympathetic) nerves, and this disorder is involved in the causation of the derangement of the capillary circulation as well, since the cutting across of a branch of these nerves going to a part promptly induces in- flammatory changes in such part. This tendency to the production of inflammation through nervous influence is further shown in the extension to the other of a violent in- flammation of one eye caused by a mechanical injury. Yet the essential changes may be induced in the tissues by irri- tants, though the nerves proceeding to the part have been eut or the blood-vessels tied. It is worthy of notice that in extensive inflammations in otherwise healthy systems the circulating blood acquires a great increase of fibrinogen (often doubled), and the blood- globules become abnormally adhesive, so that before the drawn blood has time to coagulate the globules adhere to- gether in masses and precipitate toward the bottom, leaving the upper layers of the clot of a dull yellow hue (buffy coat). This is shown in the blood of the healthy soliped, but in other animals it implies inflammation, apart from the condi- tions of plethora, anemia, pregnancy, or over-driving. In 4 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. the horse suffering from inflammation the normal buffy coat is increased. The blood of inflammation also coagulates more firmly and contracting most toward the centre assumes a cupped appearance on the surface. These changes in the blood and nervous system are asso- ciated with an increase of body temperature and other mani- festations of fever proportionate to the extent and violence of — the inflammation. Again, in both inflammation and fever, the disease process may be of a strong type (sthenic), or of a low type (asthenic, adynamic). INFLAMMATION IN NON-VASCULAR TISSUES. Inflammation in tissues unprovided with blood-vessels may be observed in the irritated transparent cornea of the eye, or the cartilage covering the ends of bones in joints. Each when inflamed has its nutritive function impaired and loses its clear, translucent aspect, so much so that in the case of the eye one can no longer see into its interior. There may be as yet no real thickening, and no film of exudation formed on its surface. It is the pre-existing structures that have become opaque by change in the process of their nutri- tion. If a thin slice of this inflamed cartilage is treated with picric acid and placed under the microscope it is found that the nuclei within the cartilage-cells have become indi- vidually larger, that the cells embedded in the cartilaginous matrix are more numerous than is normal, and that, when the inflammation is most active, even cell-walls are no longer formed, but that a mass of rapidly multiplying nuclei is taking the place of the solid transparent matrix. As in the vascular tissue, so in the non-vascular, the power to build up the sound tissue (cartilage, corneal tissue) has been tem- porarily lost, while there is a mere growth of a cellular or embryonic tissue at the expense of the pre-existing struct- ure. . It remains to be added that in the inflamed cartilage or cornea there is an abundant infiltration of wandering Inflammation and Fever. 5 white blood-cells, which have escaped from the vessels in the adjacent vascular tissue and made their way into the in- flamed and softened cornea. Thus in both types of inflammation, in the vascular and non-vascular tissues alike, there is this abundant concentra- tion of plastic cells (white blood-cells and tissue nuclei), which assume for the time the functions of the cells of the early embryo from which all the varied tissues of the future animal are to be developed. -Hence these cells, which grow so abundantly in inflamed parts with the size, form, and functions of embryonic cells, are not inaptly called em- bryonic cells, and the tissue, which they first form, embry- onic tissue. These cells may be looked upon as the guardi- ans of the system, charged with the duty of removing from the part all noxious, useless, or extraneous matter, and build- ing up new tissue to repair the breach resulting from the injury. No sooner is the injury sustained than there is es- tablished an increased flow of blood through the vessels of the injured part (or through the nearest blood-vessels in ease the injured structure has no vessels), the white globules are delayed in the capillary vessels and passed through their walls, and at the same time the tissue nuclei increase in size and numbers, abandon their habitual work of building up tissue, and together with the wandering blood-cells devote every power to the removal of the irritant and the repair of the breach.