bvbaddda du batnttleked onal ae moe monet ee m, - aS ) CY DTD? MOOD MI * a. i ¢ eek > 1 N.C) RT Ef Being the Record of a Voyage of L:xploration of the Ship “Fram” 1893-96 and of a Fifteen Months’ Sletgh Journey by Dr. Nansen and Lieut. Johansen BY DR. FRIDTJOF NANSEN WITH AN APPENDIX BY OTTO SVERDRUP CAPTAIN OF THE RAM About 120 Full-page and Numerous Text Illustrations 16 Colored Plates in Facsimile from Dr. Nansen’s Own Sketches, Etched Portrait, Photogravures, and 4 Maps IN TWO VOLUMES Vot. II. FEAIAN INST/7 > KOS Up; “on NEW YORK HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS 1897 Copyright, 1897, by Harper & Brotuers. All vights reserved. CONTENTS OF VOL. Il. I. WE PREPARE FOR THE SLEDGE EXPEDITION. . I ire NEWoeV BAR SISOS 4%. %- s/s ~ & 2 “4% Al AVE OAR ASMA 205 ue. 8 sy de et 3 OO IV WE.SAY \GOOD-BVE TO THE: “ PRAM’ ~ 1... 132 NW eel ARID SURUGGER beh. bg OL a alle E57 Nite BY SLEDGE AND TeAVYAK © 204.6. .5 6 « « wa 236 BVA AND SA AIEAS Ee) ac. olde, wuts 9. 4. a alee Vee BOS Nees eee NE We YEARS TOGO. wha deuis eg & pia” ae eA Deviant JOURNEY SOUTHWARD J 2 2 6 ai. « « 487 APP EAN. DIT x REPORT OF CAPTAIN OTTO SVERDRUP ON THE DRIFTING OF THE “FRAM” FROM MARCH 14, 1895. iS MARCH 15° WO sUNE, 22018055. 3. wok? & “ai 2-42 0Ol i SUNE22) TOLNUGUST 5, 1805.0 un oa! 4. Ade a ages, 033 PLS AUGUSTIN TO JANUARY ie 1896,) G5. aoa) 4 .. 648 IVER JANUARY TO. MAY 17,1800... « 4-09 <0 se 4, 668 Wiemrletie, SER Dy SUMMER! 9.9). eos ne, ) ca 083 CONCLUSION: acy oo Soon Be cn ae. 6 FOF * Y ~ \ - a 1 _ : 7 , a ; a . 3 eZ ers - = - : 7 ———— ” oa ad + * i, 0's - 7 oo Cee : fl : - : - - 4 o : - eo - i a ‘| if Ate a - a ee _ ow “an ft = a) ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOL. II. SAILING KAYAKS (Photogravure) . . . . . Frontispiece HJALMAR JOHANSEN. se. AT THE SUPPER-TABLE (FEBRUARY 14, 1895) . SCOTT-HANSEN'S OBSERVATORY . MUSICAL ENTERTAINMENT IN THE SALOON CAPTAIN SVERDRUP IN HIS CABIN. Facing p. THE “FRAM” IN THE ICE (Photogravure). . . Facing p. “ALL HANDS ON DECK!” . “4 MOST REMARKABLE MOON” THE “ FRAM”’ AFTER AN ICE-PRESSURE (JANUARY 10, 1895) THE WINTER NIGHT (JANUARY 14, 1895) A WHIST-PARTY IN THE SALOON (FEBRUARY 15, 1895) UPPER END OF THE SUPPER-TABLE (FEBRUARY 15, 1895) STOPPING A DOG-FIGHT .... . LOWER END OF SUPPER-TABLE. THE CREW OF THE “FRAM” AFTER THEIR SECOND WIN- TER (ABOUT FEBRUARY 24, 1895) THE “FRAM”’ IN THE ICE (1895) . SUNDAY AFTERNOON ON BOARD ...... - THE COOKING APPARATUS se ine Snes THE START FROM THE “FRAM” (MARCH 14, 1895) OUR LAST CAMP BEFORE PARTING FROM OUR COMRADES A NIGHT CAMP ON THE JOURNEY NORTH. TAILPIECE Se. oe ee ee ; NORTHWARD THROUGH THE DRIFT-SNOW (APRIL, 1895) NOTHING BUT ICE, ICE TO THE HORIZON (APRIL 7, 1895). Sr ee a” Ga eee eo a Sea”. , Paci pf. PAGE Vill ILE OSTRATIONS OVER DIFFICULT PRESSURE-MOUNDS (APRIL, 1895). . . 165 “T WENT ON AHEAD: ON SNOW-SHOES”. ... = .2,4 = "G6 “ON TOLERABLY GOOD "GROUND = % .. « & . -s)/2 3) 1a OUR NORTHERNMOST CAMP, 86° 13.6’ N. LAT. (APRIL 8, WOO 5) st Gast “a om tunes. Wer Be de ge es tae Beg eae ” 7 BARO,” THE (RUNAWAY Go: Ses ae enp-a i, we Oe! Macnee MATS RES? (APRIL, £605) {) ae 7 - ay sn - 7 WE PREPARE #OR THE SLEDGE EXPEDITION 11 tertain any doubt that the expedition would solve the problem it had set before it; everything had up to the present gone according to our anticipations, and it was to be hoped and expected that this would continue to be the case for the remainder of the voyage. We had, therefore, every prospect of accomplishing the principal part of our task; but then the question arose whether more could not be accomplished, and thereupon I pro- ceeded to explain, in much the same terms as I have used above, how this might be effected by an expedition northward. “T had the impression that every one was deeply in- terested in the projected expedition, and that they all thought it most desirable that it should be attempted. The greatest objection, I think, they would have urged against it, had they been asked, would have been that they themselves could not take part in it. I impressed on them, however, that while it was unquestionably a fine thing to push on as far as possible towards the north, it was no whit less honorable an undertaking to bring the “ram safe and sound right through the Polar Sea, and out on the other side; or if not the fram, at all events themselves without any loss of life. This done, we might say, without fear of contradiction, that it was well done. I think they all saw the force of this, and were satisfied. So now the die is cast, and I must believe that this expedition will really take place.” So we set about our preparations for it in downright I2 FARTHE SL NORTH earnest. I have already mentioned that at the end of the summer I had begun to make a kayak for a single man, the frame of which was of bamboo carefully lashed to- gether. It was rather slow work, and took several weeks, but it turned out both light and strong. When com- pleted the frame-work weighed 16 pounds. It was after- wards covered with sail-cloth by Sverdrup and Blessing, when the whole boat weighed 30 pounds. After finishing this I had intrusted Mogstad with the task of building a similar one. Johansen and I now set to work to make a cover for it. These kayaks were 3.70 metres (12 feet) long, about 0.7 metre (28 inches) wide in the middle, and one was 30 centims. (12 inches) and the other 38 centims. (15 inches) deep. This is considerably shorter and wider than an ordinary Eskimo kayak, and conse- quently these boats were not so light to propel through the water. But as they were chiefly intended for crossing over channels and open spaces in the ice, and coasting along possible land, speed was not of much importance. The great thing was that the boats should be strong and light, and should be able to carry, in-addition to ourselves, provisions and equipments for a considerable time. If we had made them longer and narrower, besides being heavier they would have been more exposed to injury in the course of transport over the uneven ice. As they were built they proved admirably adapted for our purpose. When we loaded them with care we could stow away in them provisions and equipment for three months at least WE PREPARE LOR THE SLEDGE EXPEDITION 13 for ourselves, besides a good deal of food for the dogs; and we could, moreover, carry a dog or two on the deck. In other respects they were essentially like the Eskimo kayaks, full decked, save for an aperture in the middle for a man to sit in. This aperture was encircled by a wooden ring, after the Eskimo fashion, over which we could slip the lower part of our sealskin jackets, specially adjusted for this purpose, so that the junction between boat and jacket was water-tight. When these jackets were drawn tight round the wrists and face the sea might sweep right over us without a drop of water coming into the kayak. We had to provide ourselves with such boats in case of having to cross open stretches of sea on our way to Spitzbergen, or, if we chose the other route, be- tween Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya. Besides this aperture in the middle, there were small trap-doors fore and aft in the deck, to enable us to put our hands in and stow the provisions, and also get things out more readily, without having to take out all the freight through the middle aperture, in case what we wanted lay at either extremity. These trap-doors, however, could be closed so as to be quite water-tight. To make the canvas quite impervious to water, the best plan would have been to have sized it, and then painted it externally with or- dinary oil paint; but, on the one hand, it was very dif- ficult to do this work in the extreme cold (in the hold the temperature was —20 C., —4° Fahr.), and, on the other hand, I was afraid the paint might render the canvas 14 FARTHEST NORTH too hard and brittle, and apt to have holes knocked in it during transport over the ice. Therefore I preferred to steep it in a mixture of paraffin and tallow, which added somewhat to the weight of the kayaks, so that altogether they came to weigh about 36 pounds apiece. I had, moreover, some hand-sledges made especially for this expedition; they were supple and strong, de- signed to withstand the severe tests to which an expedi- tion with dogs and heavy freights over the uneven drift- ice would necessarily expose them. ‘Two of these sledges were about the same length as the kayaks—that is, 12 feet. I also made several experiments with respect to the clothes we should wear, and was especially anxious to ascertain whether it would do to go in our thick wolfskin garments, but always came to the conclusion that they were too warm. Thus, on November 29th I write: “Took another walk northward in my wolfskin dress; but it is still too mild (—37.6° C.). I sweated like a horse, though I went fasting and quite gently. It is rather heavy going now in the dark when one cannot use snow- shoes. I wonder when it will be cold enough to use this dress.” On December gth again we went out on snow-shoes. “It was —41 C.(—41.8° Fahr.). Went in wolfskin dress, but the perspiration poured down our backs enough to turn a mill. Too warm yet; goodness knows if it ever will be cold enough.” Of course, we made some experiments with the tent WEY PREPARE FOR THE SLEDGE EXPEDITION 15 and with the cooking apparatus. On December 7th I write: “I pitched the silk tent we are going to take, and used our cooking apparatus in it. From repeated trials it appeared that from icé.of —35° C. (—31° Fahr.), we boiled 3 litres of water (54 pints), and at the same time melted 5 litres (8$ pints) in an hour and a half, with a consumption of about 120 grammes of snowflake petro- leum. Next day we boiled 24 litres of water (over 4 pints),and melted 22 litres in one hour with roo grammes of snowflake petroleum. Yesterday we made about two litres of excellent oatmeal porridge, and at the same time got some half-melted ice and a little water in little over half an hour, with 50 grammes of snowflake petroleum. Thus there will be no very great consumption of fuel in the day.” Then I made all kinds of calculations and computa- tions in order to find out what would be the most advan- tageous kind of provisions for our expedition, where it was of the greatest moment that the food both for dogs and men should be nutritious, and yet should not weigh more than was absolutely necessary. Later on, in the list of our equipments, I shall give the final result of my deliberations on this matter. Besides all this, we had, of course, to consider and test the instruments to be taken with us, and to go into many other matters, which, though perhaps trifles in themselves, were yet absolutely neces- sary. It is on the felicitous combination of all these trifles that ultimate success depends. We two passed the greater portion of our time in 16 FARTHEST NORTH these preparations, which also kept many of the others pretty busy during the winter. Mogstad, for instance, found steady employment in making sledges and fitting them with runners, etc. Sverdrup busied himself in making sleeping-bags and many other things. Juell was appointed dog-tailor, and when he was not busy in the galley, his time was devoted to taking the measurements of the dogs, making harness for them and testing it. Blessing, too, fitted up for us a small, light medicine-chest, containing selected drugs, bandages, and such other things as might be of use. One man was constantly employed in copying out all our journals and scientific observations, etc., etc., on thin paper in a contracted form, as I wanted, by way of doubly assuring their preservation, to take a copy of them along with me. Hansen was occupied in preparing tabular forms necessary for our observations, curves of the movement of our chronometers, and other such things. Besides this, he was to make a complete chart of our voyage and drifting up to the present time. I could not, however, lay too great a claim on his valuable time, as it was necessary that he should con- tinue his scientific observations without interruption. During this autumn he had greatly increased the com- fort of his work by building, along with Johansen, an observation-hut of snow, not unlike an Eskimo cabin. He found himself very much at his ease in it, with a petroleum lamp hanging from the roof, the light of which, being reflected by the white snow walls, made quite a “Willies SCOTT-HANSEN’S OBSERVATORY WE PREPARE FOR THE SLEDGE EXPEDITION 19 brilliant show. Here he could manipulate his instru- ments quietly and comfortably, undisturbed by the biting wind outside. He thought it quite warm there, too, when he could get the temperature up to something like 20° below freezing-point, so that he was able without much inconvenience to adjust his instruments with bare hands. Here he worked away indefatigably at his ob- servations day after day, watching the often mysterious movements of the magnetic needle, which would some- times give him no end of trouble. One day—it was No- vember 24th—he came into supper a little after 6 o’clock quite alarmed and said, “ There has just been a singular inclination of the needle to 24°, and, remarkably enough, its northern extremity pointed to the east. I cannot re- member ever having heard of such an inclination.” He also had several others of about 15. At the same time, through the opening into his observatory he noticed that it was unusually light out-of-doors, and that not only the ship, but the ice in the distance, was as plainly visible as if it had been full moonlight. No aurora, however, could be discerned through the thick clouds that covered the sky. It would appear, then, that this unusual inclination was in some way connected with the northern lights, though it was to the east and not to the west, as usual. There could be no question of any disturbance of the floe on which we were lying; for everything had been perfectly still and quiet, and it is inconceivable that a disturbance which could cause such a remarkable oscilla- 20 FARTHEST NORTH tion of two points and back again in so short a space of time should not have been noticed and heard on board. This theory, therefore, is entirely excluded, and the whole matter seems to me, for the present, to be incomprehensible. Blessing and I at once went on deck to look at the sky. Certainly it was so light that we could see the lanes in the ice astern quite plainly; but there was nothing remarkable in that,-it happened often enough. “Friday, November 30th. I found a bear’s track on the ice in front of our bow. The bear had come from the east, trotting very gently along the lane, on the newly frozen ice, but he must have been scared by something or other ahead of the vessel, as he had gone off again with long strides in the same direction in which he had come. Strange that living creatures should be roaming about in this desert. What can they have to do here? If only one had such a stomach one could at least stand a journey to the Pole and back without a meal. We shall probably ,|have him back again soon—that is, if I un- derstand his nature aright—and then perhaps he will come a little closer, so that we may have a good look at him.” “T paced the lane in front of the port bow. It was 348 paces across, and maintained the same width for a considerable distance eastward; nor can it be much * He did not return, after all. WE PREPARE FOR THE SLEDGE EXPEDITION 21 narrower for a great distance to the west. Now, when one bears in mind that the lane behind us is also of considerable width, it is rather consoling, after all, to think that the ice does permit of such large openings. There must be room enough to drift, if we only get wind —wind which will never come. On the whole, November has been an uncommonly wretched month. Driven back instead of forward—and yet this month was so good last year. But one can never rely on the seasons in this dreadful sea; taking all in all, perhaps, the winter will not bewayoit better thanithe summer. Yet, it surély must improve—lI cannot believe otherwise. “The skies are clouded with a thick veil, through which the stars barely glisten. It is darker than usual, and in this eternal night we drift about, lonely and for- saken, ‘for the whole world was filled with a shining light and undisturbed activity. Above those men alone brooded nought but depressing night—an image of that gloom which was soon to swallow them up.’ “This dark, deep, silent void is like the mysterious, un- fathomable well into which you look for that something which you think must be there, only to meet the reflec- tion of your own eyes. Ugh! the worn-out thoughts you can never get rid of become in the end very wearisome company. Is there no means of fleeing from one’s self, to grasp one single thought — only a single one, which lies outside one’s self —is there no way except death? But death is certain; one day it will come, silent and bo bo HFARTHEST NORTH majestic; it will open Nirvana’s mighty portal, and we shall be swept away into the sea of eternity. “Sunday, December 2d. Sverdrup has now been ill for some days; during the last day or two he has been laid up in his berth, and is still there. I trust it is nothing serious; he himself thinks nothing of it, nevertheless it is very disquieting. Poor fellow, he lives entirely on oat- meal gruel. It is an intestinal catarrh, which he probably contracted through catching cold on the ice. I am afraid he has been rather careless in this respect. However, he is now improving, so that probably it will soon pass off ; but it is a warning not to be over-confident. I went for a long walk this morning along the lane; it is quite a large one, extending a good way to the east, and being of con- siderable breadth at some points. It is only after walk- ing for a while on the newly frozen ice, where walking is as easy and comfortable as on a well-trodden path, and then coming up to the snow-covered surface of the old ice again, that one thoroughly appreciates for the first time what it means to go without snow-shoes; the difference is something marvellous. Even if I have not felt warm before, I break out into a perspiration after going a short distance over the rough ice. But what can one do? One cannot use snow-shoes; it is so dark that it is difficult enough to grope one’s way about with ordinary boots, and even then one stumbles about or slips down between great blocks of ice. “Tam now reading the various English stories of WE PREPARE POR LTHE SLEDGE EXPEDITION 23 the polar expeditions during the Franklin period, and the search for him, and I must admit I am filled with admiration for these men and the amount of labor they expended. The English nation, truly, has cause to be proud of them. I remember reading these stories as a lad, and all my boyish fancies were strangely thrilled with longing for the scenery and the scenes which were displayed before me. I am reading them now as a man, after having had a little experience myself; and now, when my mind is uninfluenced by romance, I bow in admiration. There was grit in men like Parry, Frank- lin, James Ross, Richardson, and last, but not least, in M‘Clintock, and, indeed, in all the rest. How well was their equipment thought out and arranged, with the means they had at their disposal! Truly, there is noth- ing new under the sun. Most of what I prided myself upon, and what I thought to be new, I find they had anticipated. M‘Clintock used the same thing forty years ago. It was not their fault that they were born in a country where the use of snow-shoes is unknown, and where snow is scarcely to be found throughout the whole winter. Nevertheless, despite the fact that they had to gain their experience of snow and snow travel during their sojourn up here; despite the fact that they were without snow-shoes and had to toil on as_ best they could with sledges with narrow runners over uneven snow-covered drift-1ice—what distances did they not cover, what fatigues and trials did they not endure! No 24 FARTHEST NORTH one has surpassed and scarcely any one approached them, unless, perhaps, the Russians on the Siberian coast; but then they have the great advantage of being natives of a country where snow is not uncommon. “Friday, December 14th. Yesterday we held a great festivity in honor of the fvam as being the vessel which has attained the highest latitude (the day before yesterday we reached 82° 30’ north latitude). “The bill of fare at dinner was boiled mackerel, with parsely-butter sauce; pork cutlets and French pease; Nor- wegian wild strawberries, with rice and milk; Crown malt extract; afterwards coffee. For supper: new bread and currant cake, etc., etc. Later in the evening, a grand concert. Sweets and preserved pears were handed round. The culminating point of the entertainment was reached o ro) ~ when a steaming hot and fragrant bowl of cherry-punch was carried in and served round among general hilarity. Our spirits were already very high, but this gave color to the whole proceedings. The greatest puzzle to most of them was where the ingredients for the punch, and more particularly the alcohol, had come from.* “Then followed the toasts. First, a long and festive one to ‘The Avram, which had now shown what she was capable of. It ran somewhat to this effect: ‘ There were many wise men who shook their heads when we started, and sent us ominous farewell greetings. But their head- * We had used for this purpose our pure grape-spirit. WE PREPARE FOR THE SLEDGE EXPEDITION 25 shakings would have been less vigorous and their evil forebodings milder if they could have seen us at this moment, drifting quietly and at our ease across the most northerly latitudes ever attained by any vessel, and still farther northward. And the 47am is now not only the most northerly vessel on the globe, but has already passed over a large expanse of hitherto unknown regions, many degrees farther north than have ever been reached in this ocean on this side of the Pole. But we hope she will not stop here; concealed behind the mist of the future there are many triumphs in store for us—triumphs which will dawn upon us one by one when their time has come. But we will not speak of this now; we will be content with what has hitherto been achieved, and I believe that the promise implied in Bjornson’s greeting to us and to the fram, when she was launched, has already been fulfilled, and with him we can exclaim: “«« Furrah for the ship and her voyage dread! Where never before a keel has sped, Where never before a name was spoken, By Norway’s name is the silence broken,””’ “*We could not help a peculiar feeling, almost akin to shame, when comparing the toil and privation, and frequently incredible sufferings, undergone by our pred- ecessors in earlier expeditions with the easy manner in which we are drifting across unknown expanses of our globe larger than it has been the lot of most, if not all, of the former polar explorers to travel over at a stretch. 26 FARTHEST NORTH Yes, truly, I think we have every reason to be satisfied with our voyage so far and with the /vam, and I trust we shall be able to bring something back to Norway in return for the trust, the sympathy, and the money which she has expended on us. But let us not on this account forget our predecessors; let us admire them for the way in which they struggled and endured; let us remember that it is only through their labors and achievements that the way has been prepared for the present voyage. It is owing to their collective experience that man has now got so far as to be able to cope to some extent with what has hitherto been his most dangerous and obstinate enemy in the Arctic regions—viz., the dz/¢-2ce—and to do so by the very simple expedient of going with it and not against it, and allowing one’s self to be hemmed in by it, not invol- untarily, but intentionally, and preparing for it beforehand. On board this vessel we try to cull the fruits of all our predecessors’ experiences. It has taken years to collect them; but I felt that with these I should be enabled to face any vicissitude of fate in unknown waters. I think we have been fortunate. I think we are all of the opinion that there is no imaginable difficulty or ob- stacle before us that we ought not to be able to overcome with the means and resources we possess on board, and be thus enabled to return at last to Norway safe and sound, with a rich harvest. Therefore let us drink a bumper to the /ram! “ Next there followed some musical items and a per- WE PREPARE FOR THE SLEDGE EXPEDITION 27 formance by Lars, the smith, who danced a fas sez, to the great amusement of the company. Lars assured us that if he ever reached home again and were present at a gathering similar to those held at Christiania and Bergen on our departure, his legs should be taxed to their uttermost. This was followed by a toast to those at home who were waiting for us year after year, not knowing where to picture us in thought, who were vainly yearning for tidings of us, but whose faith in us and our voyage was still firm— to those who consented to our departure, and who may well be said to have made the greatest sacrifice. “ The festivity continued with music and merriment throughout the evening, and our good humor was certain- ly not spoiled when our excellent doctor came forward a commodity which is getting highly valued with cigars up here, as, unfortunately it is becoming very scarce. The only cloud in our existence is that Sverdrup has not yet quite recovered from his catarrh. He must keep strict diet, and this does not at all suit him, poor fellow! He is only allowed wheaten bread, milk, raw bear's flesh, and oatmeal porridge; whereas if he had his own way he would eat everything, including cake, preserves, and fruit. But he has returned to duty now, and has already been out for a turn on the ice. “It was late at night when I retired to my cabin, but I was not yet in a fit mood to go to sleep. I felt I must go out and saunter in the wonderful moonlight. Around the moon there was, as usual, a large ring, and above it bo ioe) PAR IAGSL MOR LE there was an arc, which just touched it at the upper edge, but the two ends of which curved downward instead of upward. It looked as if it were part of a circle whose centre was situated far below the moon. At the lower edge of the ring there was a large mock moon, or, rath- er, a large luminous patch, which was most pronounced at the upper part, where it touched the ring, and had a yellow upper edge, from which it spread downward in the form of atriangle. it looked as if it might be an arc of a circle on the lower side of, and in contact with, the ring. Right across the moon there were drifting several luminous cirrhus streaks. The whole produced a fan- tastic effect. “Saturday, December 22d. The same southeasterly wind has turned into a regular storm, howling and rat- tling cheerily through the mgging, and we are doubtless drifting northward at a good rate. If I go outside the tent on deck, the wind whistles round my ears, and the snow beats into my face, and I am soon covered with it. From the snow-hut observatory, or even at a lesser dis- tance, the Ayam is invisible, and it is almost impossible to keep one’s eyes open, owing to the blinding snow. | wonder whether we have not passed 83°? But I am afraid this joy will not be a lasting one; the barometer has fallen alarmingly, and the wind has generally been up to 13 or 14 metres (44 or 50 feet) per second. About half-past twelve last night the vessel suddenly received a strong pressure, rattling everything on board. I could WE PREPARE FOR THE SLEDGE EXPEDITION 29 feel the vibration under me for a long time afterwards while lying in my berth. Finally, I could hear the roar- ing and grating caused by the ice-pressure. I told the watch to listen carefully, and ascertain where the press- ure was, and to notice whether the floe on which we were lying was likely to crack, and whether any part of our equipment was in danger. He thought he could hear the noise of ice-pressure both forward and aft, but it was not easy to distinguish it from the roar of the tempest in the rigging. To-day about 12.30 p.m. the fram received another violent shock, even stronger than that we had experienced during the night. There was another shake a little later; I suppose there has been a pressure aft, but could hear nothing for the storm. It is odd about this pressure: one would think that the wind was the primary cause; but it recurs pretty regu- larly, notwithstanding the fact that the spring -tide has not yet set in; indeed, when it commenced a few days ago it was almost a neap-tide. In addition to the press- ure of yesterday and last night, we had pressure on Thursday morning at half-past nine and again at half- past eleven. It was so strong that Peter, who was at the sounding-hole, jumped up repeatedly, thinking that the ice would burst underneath him. It is very singular, we have been quiet for so long now that we feel almost nervous when the Ayam receives those shocks; every- thing seems to tremble as if in a violent earthquake. “Sunday, December 23d. Wind still unchanged, and 30 HARLTHESL NOKLET blowing equally fresh, up to 13 or 14 metres (44 or 47 feet). The snow is drifting and sweeping so that noth- ing can be distinguished; the darkness is intense. Abaft on the deck there are deep mounds of snow lying round the wheel and the rails, so that when we go up on deck we get a genuine sample of an Arctic winter. The outlook is enough to make you shudder, and feel grate- ful that instead of having to turn out in such weather, you may dive back again into the tent, and down the companionway into your warm bunk; but soon, no doubt, Johansen and I will have to face it out, day and night, even in such weather as this, whether we like it or not. This morning Pettersen, who has had charge of the dogs this week, came down to the saloon and asked whether some one would come out with him on the ice with a rifle, as he was sure there was a bear. Peter and I went, but we could not find anything. The dogs left off barking when we arrived on the scene, and com- menced to play with each other. But Pettersen was nght in saying that it was ‘horrid weather,’ it was almost enough to take away one’s breath to face the wind, and the drift- ing snow forced its way into the mouth and nostrils. The vessel could not be distinguished beyond a few paces, so that it was not advisable to go any distance away from her, and it was very difficult to walk; for, what with snow-drifts and ice-mounds, at one moment you stumbled against the frozen edge of a snow-drift, at another you tumbled into a hole. It was pitch-dark all round. The ba- WEIPREPARE FOR THE SLEDGE EXPEDITION 31 rometer had been falling steadily and rapidly, but at last it has commenced to rise slightly. It now registers about 726 mm. (28.6 inches). The thermometer, as usual, is describing the inverse curve. In the afternoon it rose steadily until it registered —21.3° C. Now it appears to be falling again a little, but the wind still keeps exactly in the same quarter. It has surely shifted us by now a good way to the north, well beyond the 83d degree. It is quite pleasant to hear the wind whistling and rattling in the rigging overhead. Alas! we know that all terres- trial bliss is short-lived. “About midnight the mate, who has the watch, comes down and reports that the ice has cracked just beyond the thermometer house, between it and the sounding - hole. This is the same crack that we had in the summer, and it has now burst open again, and probably the whole floe in which we are lying is split from the lane ahead to the lane astern of us. The thermograph and other instruments are being brought on board, so that we may run no risk of losing them in the event of pressure of ice. But otherwise there is scarcely anything that could be endangered. The sounding ap- paratus is at some distance from the open channel, on the other side. The only thing left there is the shears with the iron block standing over the hole. “Thursday, December 27th. Christmas has come round again, and we are still so far from home. How dismal it all is! Nevertheless, I am not melancholy. I 32 BPARLAE ST NORTH might rather say I am glad; I feel as if awaiting some- thing great which lies hidden in the future; after long hours of uncertainty I can now discern the end of this dark night; I have no doubt all will turn out suc- cessfully, that the voyage is not in vain and the time not wasted, and that our hopes will be realized. An explorer’s lot is, perhaps, hard and his life full of dis- appointments, as they all say; but it is also full of beau- tiful moments—moments when he beholds the triumphs of human faith and human will, when he catches sight of the haven of success and peace. “T am in a singular frame of mind just now, in a state of sheer unrest. I have not felt inclined for writing during the last few days; thoughts come and go, and carry me irresistibly ahead. I can scarcely make myself out, but who can fathom the depths of the human mind. The brain is a puzzling piece of mechanism: ‘ We are such stuff as dreams are made of. Is it so? I almost a microcosm of eternity’s infinite ‘ stuff that believe it dreams are made of.’ “This is the second Christmas spent far away in the solitude of night, in the realm of death, farther north and deeper into the midst of it than any one has been before. There is something strange in the feeling; and then this, too, is our last Christmas on board the /vrazz. It makes one almost sad to think of it. The vessel is like a second home, and has become dear to us. Per- haps our comrades may spend another Christmas here, WE PREPARE FOR THE SLEDGE EXPEDITION 33 possibly several, without us who will go forth from them into the midst of the solitude. This Christmas passed off quietly and pleasantly, and every one seems to be well content. By no means the least circumstance that added to our enjoyment was that the wind brought us the 83d degree as a Christmas-box. Our luck was, this time, more lasting than I had anticipated; the wind continued fresh on Monday and Tuesday, but little by little it lulled down and veered round to the north and northeast. Yesterday and to-day it has been in the northwest. Well, we must put up with it; one cannot help having a little contrary wind at times, and probably it will not last long. “Christmas-eve was, of course, celebrated with great feasting. The table presented a truly imposing array of Christmas confectionery: ‘Poor man’s’ pastry, ‘Stag- horn’ pastry, honey-cakes, macaroons, ‘ Sister’ cake, and what not, besides sweets and the like; many may have fared worse. Moreover, Blessing and I had worked during the day in the sweat of our brow and produced a ‘Polar Champagne 83d Degree, which made a sensation, and which we two, at least, believed we had every reason to be proud of, being a product derived from the noble grape of the polar regions—viz., the cloudberry (wzz/ter). The others seemed to enjoy it too, and, of course, many toasts were drunk in this noble beverage. Quantities of illustrated books were then brought forth; there was music, and stories, and songs, and general merriment. Il.—3 34 FARTHEST NORTH “On Christmas-day, of course, we had a special dinner. After dinner coffee and curacoa made here on board, and Nordahl then came forward with Russian cigarettes. At night a bowl of cloudberry punch was served out, which did not seem by any means unwelcome. Mogstad played the violin, and Pettersen was electrified thereby to such a degree that he sang and danced to us. He really exhibits considerable talent as a comedian, and has a decided bent towards the ballet. It 1s aston- ishing what versatility he displays: engineer, blacksmith, tinsmith, cook, master of ceremonies, comedian, dancer, and, last of all, he has come out in the capacity of a first-class barber and hair-dresser. There was a grand ‘ball’ at night; Mogstad had to play till the perspira- tion poured from him; Hansen and I had to figure as ladies. Pettersen was indefatigable. He faithfully and solemnly vowed that if he has a pair of boots to his feet when he gets home he will dance as long as the soles hold together. “Day after day, as we progressed with a rattling wind, first from S.E. and later on E.S.E. and E., we felt more anxious to know how far we had got; but there had always been a snow -storm or a cloudy sky, so that we could not make any observations. We were all confident that we must have got a long way up north, but how far beyond the 83d degree no one could tell. Suddenly Hansen was called on deck this after- noon by the news that the stars were visible overhead. MUSICAL ENTERTAINMENT IN THE SALOON (From a photograph) WEE PREPARE FOR THE SLEDGE EXPEDITION 37 All were on the tiptoe of expectation. But when he came down he had only observed one star, which, how- ever, was so near the meridian that he could calculate that, at any rate, we were north of 83° 20’ north latitude, and this communication was received with shouts of joy. If we were not yet in the most northerly latitude ever reached by man, we were, at all events, not far from it. This was more than we had expected, and we were in high spirits. Yesterday, being ‘the Second Christmas-day, of course, both on this account and because it was Juell’s birthday, we had a special dinner, with oxtail soup, pork cutlets, red whortle- berry preserve, cauliflowers, fricandeau, potatoes, pre- served currants, also pastry, and a wonderful iced- almond cake with the words ‘ Glaedelig Jul’ (A Merry Christmas) on it, from Hansen, baker, Christiania, and then malt extract. We cannot complain that we are faring badly here. About 4 o'clock this morning the vessel received a violent shock which made everything tremble, but no noise of ice-packing was to be heard. At about half-past five I heard at intervals the crack- ling and crunching of the pack-ice which was surging in the lane ahead. At night similar noises were also heard ; otherwise the ice was quiet, and the crack on the port- side has closed up tight again. “Friday, December 28th. I went out in the morning to have a look at the crack on the port side which has now widened out so as to form an open lane. Of 38 FARTHEST NORTH course, all the dogs followed me, and I had not got far when I saw a dark form disappear. This was ‘ Pan,’ who rolled down the high steep edge of the ice and fell into the water. In vain he struggled to get out again; all around him there was nothing but snow slush, which afforded no foothold. I could scarcely hear a sound of him, only just a faint whining noise now and then. I leaned down over the edge in order to get near him, but it was too high, and I very nearly went after him head-first; all that I could get hold of was loose fragments of ice and lumps of snow. I called for a seal-hook, but before it was brought to me ‘ Pan’ had scrambled out himself, and was leaping to and fro on the floe with all his might to keep himself warm, followed by the other dogs, who loudly barked and gambolled about with him, as though they wished to demonstrate their joy at his rescue. When he fell in they all rushed forward, looking at me and whining; they evidently felt sorry for him and wished me to help him. They said nothing, but just ran up and down along the edge until he got out. At another moment, perhaps, they may all unite in tearing him to pieces; such is canine and human nature. ‘Pan’ was allowed to dry himself in the saloon all the after- noon. “A little before half-past nine to-night the vessel received a tremendous shock. I went out, but no noise of ice-packing could be heard. However, the wind howled so in the rigging that it was not easy to dis- WE PREPARE FOR THE SLEDGE EXPEDITION 39 tinguish any other sound. At half-past ten another shock followed; later on, from time to time, vibrations were felt in the vessel, and towards half-past eleven the shocks became stronger. It was clear that the ice was packing at some place or other about us, and I was just on the point of going out when Mogstad came to announce that there was a very ugly pressure - ridge ahead. We went out with lanterns. Fifty-six paces from the bow there extended a perpendicular ridge stretching along the course of the lane, and there was a terrible pressure going on at the moment. It roared and crunched and crackled all along; then it abated a little and recurred at intervals, as though in a regular rhythm; finally it passed over into a continuous roar. It seemed to be mostly newly frozen ice from the chan- nels which had formed this ridge; but there were also some ponderous blocks of ice to be seen among it. It pressed slowly but surely forward towards the vessel; the ice had given way before it to a considerable distance and was still being borne down little by little. The floe around us has cracked, so that the block of ice in which the vessel is embedded is smaller than it was. I should not hke to have that pressure-ridge come in right under the nose of the /vam, as it might soon do some damage. Although there is hardly any prospect of its getting so far, nevertheless I have given orders to the watch to keep a sharp lookout; and if it comes very near, or if the ice should crack under us, he is to call me. Prob- 40 FARTHEST NORTH ably the pressure will soon abate, as it has now kept up for several hours. At this moment (12.45 A.M.) there have just been some violent shocks, and above the howling of the wind in the rigging I can hear the roar of the ice- pressure as I lie in my berth.” CHAPTER II THE NEW YEAR, 1895 “WEDNESDAY, January 2, 1895. Never before have I had such strange feelings at the commencement of the new year. It cannot fail to bring some momentous events, and will possibly become one of the most remark- able years in my life, whether it leads me to success or to destruction. Years come and go unnoticed in this world of ice, and we have no more knowledge here of what these years have brought to humanity than we know of what the future ones have in store. In this silent nature no events ever happen; all is shrouded in darkness; there is nothing in view save the twinkling stars, immeasurably far away in the freezing night, and the flickering sheen of the aurora borealis. I can just discern close by the vague outline of the /vam, dimly standing out in the desolate gloom, with her rigging showing dark against the host of stars. Like an infinitesimal speck, the vessel seems lost amidst the boundless expanse of this realm of death. Nevertheless, under her deck there is a snug and cherished home for thirteen men undaunted by the majesty of this realm. In there, life is freely pulsating, 42 PARDTH ES! “NORD while far away outside in the night there is nothing save death and silence, only broken now and then, at long intervals, by the violent pressure of the ice as it surges along in gigantic masses. It sounds most ominous in the great stillness, and one cannot help an uncanny feeling as if supernatural powers were at hand, the Jotuns and Rimturser (frost-giants) of the Arctic regions, with whom we may have to engage in deadly combat at any moment; but we are not afraid of them. “T often think of Shakespeare’s Viola, who sat ‘like Patience on a monument. Could we not pass as repre- sentatives of this marble Patience, imprisoned here on the ice while the years roll by, awaiting our time? I should like to design such a monument. It should be a lonely man in shaggy wolfskin clothing, all covered with hoar-frost, sitting on a mound of ice, and gazing out into the darkness across these boundless, ponderous masses of ice, awaiting the return of daylight and spring. “The ice-pressure was not noticeable after 1 o’clock on Friday night until it suddenly recommenced last night. First I heard a rumbling outside, and some snow fell down from the rigging upon the tent roof as I sat reading; I thought it sounded like packing in the ice, and just then the “vam received a violent shock, such as she had not received since last winter. I was rocked backward and forward on the chest on which I was sitting. Finding that the trembling and rumbling continued, I went out. There was a loud roar of ice- THE NEW VEAR, 1895 43 packing to the west and northwest, which continued uni- formly for a couple of hours or so. Is this the New- year’s greeting from the ice? “We spent New-year’s-eve cozily, with a cloudberry punch-bowl, pipes, and cigarettes. Needless to say, there was an abundance of cakes and the like, and we spoke of the old and the new year and days to come. Some selections were played on the organ and violin. Thus midnight arrived. Blessing produced from his apparent- ly inexhaustible store a bottle of genuine ‘linje akkevit ’ (line eau-de-vie), and in this Norwegian liquor we drank the old year out and the new year in. Of course there was many a thought that would obtrude itself at the change of the year, being the second which we had seen on board the “vam, and also, in all probability, the last that we should all spend together. Naturally enough, one thanked one’s comrades, individually and collectively, for all kindness and good-fellowship. Hard- ly one of us had thought, perhaps, that the time would pass so well up here. Sverdrup expressed the wish that the journey which Johansen and I were about to make in the coming year might be fortunate and bring success in all respects. And then we drank to the health and well-being in the coming year of those who were to re- main behind on board the fram. It so happened that Just now at the turn of the year we stood on the verge of an entirely new world. The wind which whistled up in the rigging overhead was not only wafting us on to 44 FARTHEST NORTH unknown regions, but also up into higher latitudes than any human foot had ever trod. We felt that this year, which was just commencing, would bring the culminat- ing-point of the expedition, when it would bear its rich- est fruits. Would that this year might prove a good year for those on board the “vam; that the /vam might go ahead, fulfilling her task as she has hitherto done; and in that case none of us could doubt that those on board would also prove equal to the task intrusted to them. “ New-year’s-day was ushered in with the same wind, the same stars, and the same darkness as before. Even at noon one cannot see the slightest glimmer of twilight in the south. Yesterday I thought I could trace some- thing of the kind; it extended like a faint gleam of light over the sky, but it was yellowish - white, and stretched too high up; hence I am rather inclined to think that it was an aurora borealis. Again to-day the sky looks light- er near the edge, but this can scarcely be anything ex- cept the gleam of the aurora borealis, which extends all round the sky, a little above the fog-banks on the horizon, and which is strongest at the edge. Exactly similar lights may be observed at other times in other parts of the ho- rizon. The air was particularly clear yesterday, but the horizon is always somewhat foggy or hazy. During the night we had an uncommonly strong aurora borealis ; wavy streamers were darting in rapid twists over the southern sky, their rays reaching to the zenith, and be- THE NEW YEAR, 1895 45 yond it there was to be seen for a time a band in the form of a gorgeous corona, casting a reflection like moonshine across the ice. The sky had lit up its torch in honor of the new year—a fairy dance of darting streamers in the depth of night. I cannot help often thinking that this contrast might be taken as_ typical of the Northman’s character and destiny. In the midst of this gloomy, silent nature, with all its numbing cold, we have all these shooting, glittering, quivering rays of light. Do they not typify our impetuous ‘spring- dances, our wild mountain melodies, the auroral gleams in our souls, the rushing, surging, spiritual forces behind the mantle of ice? There is a dawning life in the slum- bering night, if it could only reach beyond the icy desert, out over the world. > Thus 1895 comes in: “«Turn, Fortune, turn thy wheel and lower the proud; Turn thy wild wheel thro’ sunshine, storm, and cloud; Thy wheel and thee we neither love nor hate. “«Smile and we smile, the lords of many lands; Frown and we frown, the Jords of our own hands; For man is man and master of his fate.’ “ Thursday, January 3d. A day of unrest, a changeful life, notwithstanding all its monotony. But yesterday we were full of plans for the future, and to-day how easily might we have been left on the ice without a roof over our heads! At half-past four in the morning a fresh rush of ice set in in the lane aft, and at five it commenced 46 PARIA EST UNGRTT in the lane on our port side. About 8 o’clock I awoke, and heard the crunching and crackling of the ice, as if ice-pressure were setting in. ) longer eat in the ba also decided to shorten our marches to eight hours or so in the day on account of the dogs. At 11 o'clock, after dinner, we started off again, and at three stopped and camped. I should imagine we went 7 miles yesterday, or let me say between 12 and 15 during the last two * It was undoubtedly from seals, which often utter a sound like a protracted “ho!” A HARD STRUGGLE 23 Oo days, the direction being about southwest—every little counts. “In front of us on the horizon we have a water-sky, or at any rate a reflection which is so sharply defined and remains so immovable that it must either be over open water or dark land; our course just bears on it. It is a good way off, and the water it is over can hardly be of small extent; I cannot help thinking that it must be under land. May it be so! But between us, to judge by the sky, there seems to be plenty of lanes. “The ice is still the same nowadays, barely of the previous winter's formation, where it is impossible to find any suitable for cooking. It seems to me that it is here, if possible, thinner than ever, with a thickness of from 2 to 3 feet. The reason of this I am still at a loss to ex- plain. “Friday, May 31st. It is wonderful; the last day of May—this month gone too without our reaching land, without even seeing it. June cannot surely pass in the same manner—it is impossible that we can have far to go now. I think everything seems to indicate this. The ice becomes thinner and thinner, we see more and more life around us, and in front is the same reflection of water or land, whichever it may be. Yesterday I saw two ringed seals (Phoca fwtida) in two small lanes; a bird, probably a fulmar, flew over a lane here yesterday evening, and at midday yesterday we came on the fresh tracks of a bear and two small cubs, which had followed 234 FARTHEST MOKRLLE the side ofalane. There seemed to be prospects of fresh food in such surroundings, though, curiously enough, neither of us has any particular craving for it; we are quite satisfied with the food we have; but for the dogs it would be of great importance. We had to kill again last night; this time it was ‘ Pan, our best dog. It could not be helped; he was quite worn out, and could not do much more. The seven dogs we have left can now live three days on the food he provided. “This 1s quite unexpected: the ice is very much broken up here—mere pack-ice, were it not for some large floes or flat spaces in between. If this ice had time to slacken it would be easy enough to row between the floes. Some- times when we were stopped by lanes yesterday, and I went up on to some high hummock to look ahead, my heart sank within me, and I thought we should be constrained to give up the hope of getting farther; it was looking out over a very chaos of lumps of ice and brash mixed together in open water. To jump from piece to piece in such waters, with dogs and two heavy sledges following one, is not exactly easy; but by means of investigation and experiment we managed eventually to get over this lane too, and after going through rubble for a while came on to flat ice again; and thus it kept on with new lanes repeatedly. “ The ice we are now travelling over is almost entirely new ice with occasional older floes in between. It con- tinues to grow thinner, here it is for the greater part A HARD STROGGLE 235 not more than 3 feet in thickness, and the floes are as flat as when they were frozen. Yesterday evening, how- ever, we got on to a stretch of old ice, on which we are stationed now, but how far it extends it is difficult to say. We camped yesterday at half-past six in the evening and found fresh ice again for the cooker, which was distinctly a pleasant change for the cook. We have not had it since May 25th.* Rouen mn — 12.5 + 9.6 September 26th; 2, “Sern ae Panwa — 24.0 —II.2 OCLODGE VOL, a> 2) ohkte: ee a | — 30.0 — 22.0 November sth sehen “oMe mus oe | — 32.2 — 25.8 November oths: a: +s = "eae 2. -)| — 38.3 —36:6 November 22d). Sg 7e oe ce ees, fH — 43.6 | — 46.4 December sist. coh ot wate ta e — 44.6 AO. The weather was, as a rule, fine during the last three months of 1895, with clear air and light breezes; only now and then (for example, on October 29th, and November 11th, 26th, and 27th) the wind freshened to half a gale, with a velocity of as much as 48 feet per second. In the beginning of September we found that the “vam was drawing more and more water, so that we had a stiff job every day to pump and bale her empty. But from the 23d onward the leakage steadily declined, and about the second week of October the engine-room was quite water-tight. It still leaked a little, however, in the main hold; but soon the leak ceased here also, the water having frozen in the ship’s side. For the rest, we employed our time in all sorts of work about the ship, cutting up and removing ice in the hold, cleaning, putting things in order, CLC. Not until September 23d did the state of the ice permit us to carry out our intention of fetching back the things from the great hummock. ‘The surface was that day excellent for sledges with German-silver runners; wooden runners, on the other hand, went rather heavily. We had also done some road-making here and there, so that the conveyance of the goods went on easily and rapidly. We brought back to the ship, in all, thirty- six boxes of dog biscuits, and four barrels of petroleum. Next day we brought all that was left, and stacked it on the ice close to, the ‘ship. On September 16th Scott-Hansen and Nordahl set about preparations for building a proper house for their magnetic ob- c) IVHOUNY NY b MOU rg ~ a>) ~ ~ 2) mr — wh bal x 04 mos i oe - AUGUST 15: T0 JANUARY 1, 1896 665 servations. Their building material consisted of great blocks of new ice, which they piled upon sledges and drove with the aid of the dogs to the site they had chosen. Except for one or two trial trips which Scott-Hansen had previously made with the dogs, this was the first time they had been employed as draught- animals. They drew well, and the carting went excellently. The house was built entirely of hewn blocks of ice, which were ranged above each other with an inward slant, so that when finished it formed a compact circular dome of ice, in form and appearance not unlike a Finn tent. A covered passage of ice led into the house, with a wooden flap for a door. When this observatory was finished, Scott-Hansen gave a house-warming, the hut being magnificently decorated for the occasion. It was furnished with a sofa, and with arm-chairs covered with bear and reindeer skins. The pedestal in the middle of the floor, on which the magnetic instruments were to be established, was covered with a flag, and an ice-floe served as a table. On the table stood a lamp with a red shade, and along the walls were fixed a number of red paper lanterns. The effect was quite festal, and we all sat round the room in the highest of spirits. Our amiable host addressed little humorous speeches to every one. Pettersen expressed the wish that this might be the last ice-hut Scott-Hansen should build on this trip, and that we might all be home again this time next autumn, and “none the worse for it all.” Pettersen’s artless little address was _ re- ceived with frantic enthusiasm. For the rest, Pettersen had just about this time entered upon a new office, having from September roth onward under- taken the whole charge of Juell’s former domain, the galley, a department to which he gave his whole heart, and in which his performances denoted entire satisfaction to every one. The only branch of the culinary art with which he would have nothing to do was the baking of Christmas cakes. This Juell himself had to attend to when the time came. When winter set in we built ourselves a new smithy in the place of the one which drifted off on July 27th. It was con- structed on the pressure-ridge where the boats and part of the 606 APPENDIX stores from the great hummock had been placed. Its plan was very much like that of the former smithy. We first hollowed out a cavity of sufficient size in the pressure-ridge, and then roofed it over with blocks of ice and snow. As the year waned, and the winter night impended, all the sea animals and birds of passage which had swarmed around us and awakened our longings during the short summer deserted us one by one. They set off for the south, towards sunshine and light and hospitable shores, while we lay there in the ice and darkness for yet another winter. On September 6th we saw the last narwhals gambolling in the lanes around the ship, and a few days later the last flock of skuas (Lestris parasiticus) took their departure. The sun moves quickly in these latitudes from the first day that he peers over the horizon in the south till he circles round the heavens all day and all night; but still quicker do his movements seem when he is on the downward path in au- tumn. Before you know where you are he has disappeared, and the crushing darkness of the Arctic night surrounds you once more. On September 12th we should have seen the midnight sun for the last time if it had been clear; and no later than October 8th we caught the last glimpse of the sun’s rim at midday. Thus we plunged into the longest Arctic night any human beings have yet lived through, in about 85° north latitude. Henceforth there was nothing that could for a moment be called daylight, and by October 26th there was scarcely any perceptible difference between day and night. Whenever time permitted and the surface was at all favorable we wandered about on snow-shoes in the neighborhood of the ship, either singly or several together. On October 7th, when all of us were out snow-shoeing in the morning, the mate found a log of drift-wood 7 feet long and 7 inches thick. Part of the root was still attached to the trunk. The mate and I went out in the afternoon and brought it in on a hand-sledge. No doubt it had grown in one of the Siberian forests, had been swept away by a flood or by the current of a river, and carried out to sea to be conveyed hither by the drift-ice. Besides snow-shoeing, we also took frequent walks on the ice, AUGUST 15 TO JANUARY 1, 1896 667 and on November 20th I gave orders that every man should take two hours’ exercise a day in the fresh air. I myself was very fond of these walks, which freshened up both soul and body, and I often wandered backward and forward on the ice four or five hours a day—as a rule, two hours in the morning and two in the afternoon. On October 8th Scott-Hansen and Mogstad made an experi- ment in dragging sledges with 230 pounds of freight. They started at half-past nine and returned at five in the afternoon, after having been about four miles from the ship, and traversed pretty heavy country. We did not believe, indeed, that the vam ran the slightest risk of being crushed in any ice-pressure; but it was obviously possible, or at least conceivable, so that it was our duty to be pre- pared for all contingencies. Accordingly we devoted much labor and care to securing ourselves against being taken by surprise. At the end of October we established a new depot on the ice consisting of provisions for six months, with a full equipment of sledges, kayaks, snow-shoes, etc. The provisions were divided into five different piles, and stacked so that the boxes in each pile formed an arch. Thus stored, not more than two cases could well be lost even if the worst happened, and the ice split up right under the heap. The provisions consisted partly of pemmican, as may be seen by the list quoted—a very nutritious article of diet, which makes an excellent sort of Irish stew (lob- scouse). With 200 grammes of pemmican, 100 grammes of bread, and 120 grammes of potatoes you can make a very satisfying and palatable dish. On November 28th we passed the sixtieth degree of longi- tude, and celebrated the occasion by a little feast. The saloon was decorated with flags, and a rather more sumptuous dinner than usual was served, with coffee after it, while supper was fol- lowed by a dessert of fruits and preserves. This meridian passes near Cape Fligely in Franz Josef Land, and through Khabarova, where we two years ago had bidden farewell to the last faint traces of civilization. So it seemed as though we really felt our- selves nearer the world and life. GHAPTLER Ly JANUARY 1 TO May 17, 18096 NEW-YEAR’S-DAY came with fine, clear weather, moonlight, and about 43 degrees of cold. The ice kept remarkably quiet for about a month, but on February 4th the pressure com- menced again. It was not of long duration, but made a great noise while it lasted; the ice all round us roared and screamed as if a tremendous gale were blowing. I took a walk on the ice for the purpose, if possible, of observing the pressure more closely, but could see nothing. The following day we again sallied forth on the ice, and found a comparatively new channel and a large new pressure-ridge about a mile from the ship. It was impossible, however, to get any comprehensive view of the state of the ice, as it was still too dark, even at midday. The surface of the snow was hard and good, but the hollow edges of the snow-drifts were so deceptive that we every now and then tumbled head over heels. On February 7th Scott-Hansen, Henriksen, Amundsen, and myself took a run northward from the ship. The farther north we went the more broken and uneven the ice became, and at last we had to turn, as we came to a new and wide lane. Dur- ing the morning a dark bank of clouds had been gathering in the southwest, and now the fog got so thick that it was not easy to find our way back to the ship again. At last we heard the voice of “Sussi,”’ and from the top of a pressure-ridge which we ascended we got sight of the crow’s-nest and the main-topmast of the /ram, towering above the fog, only a little way off. Close as we were to the ship, it was not so easy to get on board again. We were stopped by a large lane which had formed just abaft JANCGARY © TO: MAY 17, F506 669 the ship during our absence, and we had to skirt it a long way westward before we could cross it. Those on board told us that the opening of the lane had given the ship a great shock, very much like the shock felt when we blasted the /vam loose in August. At 12.30 at night we felt another shock in the ice. When we came on deck we found that the ice had cracked about 30 yards abaft the ship, parallel with the large lane. The crack passed along the side of the nearest long-boat, and right through one of the coal-heaps. On the heap a barrel was stand- ing, which would have been lost if the crack had not divided itself in front of it at about right angles and then joined again, after passing through the outer edges of the heap. On the island thus formed the barrel and some coal-bags floated about in the channel. However, we soon got the island hooked to shore, and the coals were all saved, with the exception of a sack of one hundredweight, which went to the bottom. By way of making sure, I gave orders that the depot should be inspected once during each watch, or oftener if the pressure began again. On February 13th Henriksen, Amundsen, and I made an ex- pedition southward to examine into the state of the ice in that direction. We found that it was very uneven there, too, and full of comparatively new lanes. The channel abaft the ship widened during the forenoon, and gave off such masses of fog that we soon lost sight of the ship. The next day it opened still more, and on the 16th there was a very strong pressure in it. The ice trembled and roared like a great waterfall, and splintered into small horizontal flakes on the surface. The pressure was repeated almost every day, and more cracks and lanes were constantly to be seen for some time. But after that the ice was compara- tively quiet until April roth, when it again began to be very rest- less. On the night of the 15th the pressure was very strong in the lane on the port side. We were obliged to haul up the log-line with the bag and shift the sounding apparatus. The same night the ice split under two of the provision depots, so that we had to get them closer to the ship. On the morning of the 21st we were awakened by a violent pressure astern. Nordahl came down and woke me, saying that 670 APPENDIX the ice threatened to rush in over the vessel. We found that a tremendous ice-floe had been pressed up over the edge of the ice astern, and came gliding along unchecked until it ran right against our stern. But the /vam had borne shocks like this before, and now again she held her own well. The ice was split against the strong stern, and lay shattered on both sides of the ship on a level with the edge of the half-deck all the way forward to the mizzen-shrouds. The ship now lay almost loose in her berth, and the ice round about was broken up into a mass of smaller floes. As these were passed down by the heavy drifts, it was hard work to get round the ship, as one ran the risk of plumping down into the slush at any moment. Late in the afternoon of May 13th the lane between the forge and the ship began to widen very much, so that in a couple of hours’ time it was about 90 yards wide. From the crow’s-nest I saw on the southeast a large channel extending southward as far as I could see, and the channel abaft us ex- tended to the northeast as far as my sight could reach. I therefore went out in the “pram” to try to find a passage through to the channel on the southeast, but without result. After supper I was off again southward, but I could not find any thoroughfare. At to o'clock in the evening I again went up in the crow’s-nest, and now saw that the channel had widened considerably and reached away southward as far as the eye could reach, with dark air over it. Scott-Hansen and I deliberated as to what was to be done. Although I did not believe it would do much good under the circumstances, we decided upon an attempt to blast the vessel free. We agreed to try some mines right aft, and all hands were at once put to this work. First we fired six powder-mines at about the same spot, but without much result. Then we made an unsuccessful trial with gun-cotton. At 3 o'clock in the morn- ing we concluded operations for the time being, as the ice was so thick that the drill did not reach through, and the slush so bad that it was impossible to get the ice-floes shoved away. At 8 o'clock the next morning we laid two new mines, which Scott- Hansen and Nordahl had made ready during the night, but JANUARY 1 TO MAY 17, 1806 671 neither of them would go off. One or two of the mines which we had fired during the day had produced some effect, but so little that it was not worth while to continue. We were obliged to wait for a more favorable condition of the ice. The weather during the two first weeks of January was settled and god, with clear air and 40 to 50 degrees of cold. The cold- est day was January 15th, when the thermometer showed from —50 C. (—58° Fahr.) to —52° C. (—61.6° Fahr.). The last two weeks of January the temperature was considerably higher, but dropped again in February, until on the 13th it was about —48° C. (—54.4° Fahr.), after which it was somewhat higher: about — 35° C. (—41° Fahr.) during the remainder of February. On March 5th the thermometer again showed 40 degrees of cold ; but from that time the temperature rose quickly. Thus on March 12th it was —12°, on the 27th —6°, with a few colder days of course now and then. April was somewhat cold through- out, about —25°; the coldest day was the 13th, with —34°. The first week of May was also somewhat cold, about —20° to —25°, the second week somewhat milder, about —14°, and on May 21st we had the first rise above freezing-point of this year, the maxt- mum thermometer showing at the evening observation +0.9.. Some days during this winter were remarkable for very great and sudden changes in temperature. One instance was Friday, February 21st. In the morning it was cloudy, with a stiff breeze from the southeast. Late in the afternoon the wind suddenly changed to the southwest, and slackened off to a velocity of 14 feet; and the temperature went down from —7° in the morning to —25° shortly before the change in the wind, rapidly risin = again to —6.2° at 8 o’clock P.M. In my Journal I wrote of this day as follows: “I was walk- ing on deck to-night, and before I went down had a lookout astern. When I put my head out of the tent I felt so warm a current of air that my first thought was that there must be fire somewhere on board. I soon made out, however, that it was the temperature which had risen so greatly since I was under the open sky. Scott-Hansen and I afterwards went up and placed a thermometer under the ship’s tent, where it showed 672 APPENDIX —19°, while the thermometer outside showed only —6°. We walked for some time backward and forward, and breathed the warm air in deep draughts. It was beyond all description pleasant to feel the mild wind caress one’s cheek. Yes, there is a great difference between living in such a temperature and daily breathing an air 40° to 50° below freezing-point. Person- ally, 1 am not very much incommoded by it, but many com- plain that they feel a pain deep in the chest. I only find when I have been taking a good deal of exercise that my mouth 1s parched.” The following day, February 22d, it first blew from the S.S.E., but later the wind changed to half a gale from the west, with a velocity of 55 feet per second. The barometer showed the lowest reading during the whole voyage up till then—namely, 723.6 mm. The air was so full of drifting snow that we could not see 6 feet from the ship, and the thermom- eter-house out on the ice was in a few minutes so packed with drift-snow that it was impossible to read off the instruments. It was not very comfortable down in the saloon, as it was impossible to create any draught. We made unsuccessful attempts to light the stoves, but soon had to take the fire away, to prevent suffocation by smoke. Sunday night the storm abated, but on Monday and Tuesday there was again half a gale, with snowfall and drift, and nearly 28 degrees of frost. Not before Wednesday afternoon did the weather improve in earnest; it then cleared up, and the wind slackened to 20 feet, so both we and the dogs could get out on the ice and take a little exercise. The dogs wanted to get out of their kennels in the morning, but even they found the weather too bad, and slunk in again. We had a good many rough-weather days like this, not only in the winter, but also in the summer; but as a rule the rough weather lasted only a day at a time, and did not involve any great discomfort. On the contrary, we had no objection to a little rough weather, especially when it was accompanied by a fresh breeze that might drift the ice speedily westward. Of course, what most interested us was the drifting and everything PETTERSEN AND BLESSING ON A HUMMOCK. APRIL, 1895 JANUARY 1 TO MAY 17, 1896 675 connected with it. Our spirits were often far better in rough weather than on glittering days of clear weather, with only a slight breeze or a calm and a brilliant aurora borealis at night. With the drift we had reason to be well satisfied, especially in January and the first week in February. During that time we drifted all the way from the 48th to the 25th degree of longitude, while our latitude kept steady—about 84° 50’. The best drift we had was from January 28th to February 3d, when there was a constant stiff breeze blowing from the east, which on Sunday, February 2d, increased to a speed of 58 feet 6 inches to 69 feet a second, or even more during squalls. This was, however, the only real gale during the whole of our voyage. On Saturday, February Ist, we passed the longitude of Vard3é, and celebrated the occasion by some festivities in the evening. On February 15th we were in 84° 20’ north latitude and 23° 28’ east longitude, and we now drifted some distance back, so that on February 29th we were in 27° east longitude. After- wards the drift westward was very slow, but it was better tow- ards the south, so that on May 16th we were at 83° 45’ north latitude and 12° 50’ east longitude. The drift gave occasion to many bets, especially when it was good, and spirits proportionately high. One day at the end of January, when the line showed that we were drifting briskly in the right direction, Henriksen found his voice and said: ‘We have never made a bet before, captain; suppose we make a bet now as to how far south we have got.” ‘All right,” I said, and we accordingly made a bet of a ration of salmon, I that we were not south of 84° 40’, or between 40’ and 41’, and he said we were between 36’ and 37’. Scott-Hansen then took an observa- tion, and found that Henriksen had lost. The latitude was 84° Os. Since the last bird of passage left us we had nowhere seen a single living creature, right up to February 28th. Not evena bear had been seen during our many rambles on the ice. At 6 A.M. Pettersen came rushing into the cabin, and told me that he saw two bears near the ship. I hurried up on deck, but it was still so dark that I could not at once get sight of them, 676 APPENDIX although Pettersen was pointing in their direction. At last I saw them trotting along slowly towards the ship. About 150 yards away they stopped. I tried to take aim at them, but as it was still too dark to be sure of my shot, I waited a little, hop- ing that they would come nearer. They stood fora time staring at the ship, but then wheeled round and sneaked off again. I asked Pettersen if he had something to fry which would smell really nice and strong and attract the bears back. He stood ruminating a little, then ran down-stairs, and came up again with a pan of fried butter and onions. ‘‘ Iam blowed if I haven’t got something savory for them,” he said, and tossed the pan up on the rail. The bears had long been out of sight. It was cold, 35 degrees I should think, and I hurried down to get my fur coat on, but before I had done so Bentzen came running down and told me to make haste, as the bears were coming back. We tore on deck at full speed, and now had the animals well within range, about 100 yards away. I squatted down be- hind the rail, took a good aim, and—missed fire. The bears were a little startled, and seemed to be contemplating a retreat. I quickly cocked the rifle again and fired at the largest one. It fell head over heels, with a tremendous roar. Then I fired at the second one. It first turned a fine somersault before it fell. After that they both got up and took a few steps forward, but then they both came down again. I gave them each one of the two cartridges I had left, but still this was not enough for these long-lived animals. Pettersen was very much interested in the sport. Without any weapon he ran down the gangway and away towards the bears, but then he suddenly had misgivings and called to Bentzen to follow him. Bentzen, who had no weapons either, was naturally not very keen about running after two wounded bears. After getting some more cartridges I met Pettersen midway between the bears and the /vam. The animals were now crawling along a pressure-ridge. I stopped at a distance of 30 yards, but first of all I had to shout to Pet- tersen, who, in his eagerness, hurried on before me, and now stood just in the line of fire. At last the great she-bear got her death-wound, and I ran along the pressure-ridge in order JANUARY 1 TO MAY 17, 1896 677 to see where the other one had got to. Suddenly it stuck its head up over the ridge, and I at once sent a shot through its neck close up tothe head. All hands were then called out, and great was the rejoicing. Our mouths watered at the thought of the delicious fresh meat we should now enjoy for a long time. It was about 16 months since we had last shot a bear, and for 14 months we had not had any fresh meat, except one or two dishes of seals and birds shot during the summer. We blessed Pettersen’s savory frying-pan. The bears were cut up and made into steaks, rissoles, roasts, etc. Even the bones we laid aside to make soup of. The ribs were the most succulent. We had them for dinner, and everybody voted that a sirloin of bear was a dish for a king. Accordingly we all ate very large helpings, with heartfelt wishes that it might not be long before some bears again paid us a visit. After this Pettersen became so infatuated with bear-hunting that he talked of it early and late. One day he got it into his head that some bears would come during the night. He had such a belief in his forebodings that he made all possible prep- arations for the night and got Bentzen to join forces with him. Bentzen had the morning watch, and was to call him as soon as the bears appeared. A merry fellow, who wanted to make sure of seeing Pettersen bear-hunting, had taken the precaution to hang a little bell on Bentzen’s rifle, so that he could hear when they started. Unfortunately no bear appeared. Pettersen, how- ever, had so set his heart on shooting a bear, that I had to prom- ise to let him have a shot some time when I myself was by and had a charge ready, in case the inconceivable should happen, and Pettersen should miss—a mishap which he would find it very hard to get over. On Sunday, March 8th, we had another instance of a sudden change in temperature like that of February 21st. In the morn- ing it was cloudy, with a fresh breeze from the E.N.E., but at 3 P.M. the wind fell, and at 6 o’clock changed to a light S.S.E. breeze. At the same time the temperature rose from —26° to —8°, and it was very pleasant to saunter round on the half-deck in the evening and breathe the mild air. 678 APPENDIX On March 4th we saw the sun for the first time. It should have been visible the day before, but then it was too cloudy. By way of compensation it was now a double festival day, as we could celebrate both the return of the sun and Nordahl’s birth- day in one. On March 14th it was one year since Nansen and Johansen commenced their long ice-journey. The day was celebrated by a better dinner, with coffee afterwards and a punch-bowl in the evening. Besides the usual scientific observations, which were con- tinued without any interruptions worth mentioning, we also took soundings during the winter, but did not reach bottom with a 3000-metre line (1625 fathoms). On April 13th Scott-Hansen and I took an observation with the theodolite, and Nordahl an observation with the sextant, on the natural horizon. According to the theodolite, the latitude was 84° 11.5’, and by the sextant 84° 13’. We had previously ascertained that there was a difference of about two minutes between the artificial and natural horizons. In using the natural horizon a smaller latitude is obtained, even though there is no mirage. The deviation will, however, under favor- able circumstances, seldom exceed two minutes. But if there is much mirage, it becomes almost impossible to obtain a fairly correct result. As a rule, therefore, in taking observations in the drift-ice, one has to use the artificial horizon or theodolite, if a very exact result is desired. As the time passed on towards spring the days became longer, and more rifts and channels were formed round the ship. It was time to think of beginning preparations for forc- ing the /vam ahead as soon as sufficiently large openings should appear in the ice. The things stored on the ice had been frequently shifted about in the course of the winter, but as the ice became more broken up, it was of little use to shift them. So in the middle of April we took the winter depot on board and stowed it away in the main hold. We also took on board the sacks from the coal depot, while the barrels and hogsheads, together with the dog-biscuits, kayaks, and sledges, LARS PETTERSEN ON SNOW-SHOES JANUARY 1 TO MAY 17, 1896 O81 were for the present left upon the ice. The sun at this time became so strong that on April 19th the snow began to melt away on the tent; along the ship’s side it had been melting for several days. The first harbinger of spring we saw this year was a snow- bunting, which made its appearance on the evening of April 25th. It took up permanent quarters in one of the sealing- boats, where it was treated with groats and scraps of food, and soon got very tame. It favored us with its presence for several days, and then flew away. The /yvam had evidently been a welcome resting-place for it; it had eaten its fill, and gathered new strength for the remainder of its journey. On May 3d we were again visited by a snow-bunting, and a couple of days later by two more. I fancy it was our former guest, who in the meantime had found its mate, and now returned with her to call and thank us for our hospitality. They remained with us about an hour, and did their best to cheer us with their chirping and twittering; but as the dogs would not give them any peace, but chased them everywhere, they finally took flight, and did not return again. After the first few days in May we removed the temporary deck, which had been laid over the davits, cleared the main- deck, and took both the sealing-boats and the long-boats on board. The gangway was also removed, and a ladder put in its place. Next we shipped the rest of the coal depot, the dog provisions, and the sledges; in fact, we took in everything that was left on the ice. All that was now left to be done was to get the engine ready for getting up steam, and this we set about on May 18th. The dogs got on well in their kennels on the ice, in spite of the prolonged and strong cold, and we had very little trouble with them. But after the first month in the new year some of the bigger dogs became so fierce towards the smaller ones that we had to take two of the worst tyrants on board and keep them locked up for a time. They also did a good deal of mis- chief whenever they had an opportunity. One day, for instance, they began to gnaw at the kayaks that were placed on the top 682 APPENDS, of the largest dog-kennel. However, we got hold of them in time before any serious damage was done, and cleared away the snow round the kennel, so that they could not climb up again to go on with this amusement. On February 1oth one of ‘“ Sussi’s”’ puppies littered. We took her on board, and laid her in a large box filled with shav- ings. We allowed her to keep only one of her five pups; we killed two at once, one was born dead, and she had devoured her first-born, the cannibal ! Some days later “Kara” had a litter. She was the only one of the dogs who manifested any maternal instinct. It was quite touching to see her, and we felt sorry to have to take the pups away from her; but we were forced to make away with them, not only because it was impossible to bring them up at that time of the year, but also because the mother herself was only a puppy, delicate and diminutive. In the beginning of March the October whelps were let out all day, and on March 5th we put them, with the older dogs, under the hood of the fore-ccompanion. In the evening the cover was put on, and when during the night the hole near the edge of the ice became filled up with snow, it got so warm in the hutch that the hoar-frost and ice melted and all the dogs got wet. The pups felt the cold terribly when they were let out in the morning, and we therefore took them down into the saloon until they were warm again. CHAPIERK V THE THIRD SUMMER ON the Seventeenth of May the -ram was in about 83° 45’ north latitude and 12° 50’ east longitude. We again celebrated the day with a flag procession, as on the previous Seventeenth of May. Mogstad sat on the bearskins in the sledge, driving a team of seven dogs, and with the band (7.2., Bentzen) at his side. Just as we were arranging the procession for the march upon the ice, five female narwhals suddenly appeared, and immediately afterwards a small seal was seen in the lane abreast of the ship —an enlivening sight, which we accepted as a good omen for the coming summer. The great hummock, which was the scene of our merry-mak- ings on the Seventeenth of May last year, was now so far away and so difficult to reach on account of lanes and rugged ice that the festivities in the open air were limited to the flag procession. The cortége took its way southward, past the thermometer-hut, to the lane, thence northward along the lane, and then back to the ship, where it dispersed, but not before it had been photo- eraphed. At 12 o'clock a salute was fired, after which we sat down to an excellent dinner, with genuine “‘ Chateau la /ram,” vintage 1896.* The table was laid with great taste, and there was an elegant paper napkin at each cover, with the word /7am in the corner and the following inscription : * This claret was made for the occasion, and consisted of the juice of dried red whortleberries and bilberries, with the addition of a little spirits. I was highly complimented on this beverage, and served it again on other occasions. 684 APPENDIX “The Seventeenth May, our memorial day, Recalls what our fathers have done; It cheers us and heartens us on to the fray, And shows us that where there’s a will there’s a way, And, with right on our side, we may hope to display The proud banner of victory won.” During the dinner speeches were made in honor of the day, of Norway, of Nansen and Johansen, etc. During the days following May 17th we were occupied in getting the engine and its appurtenances ready for work and clearing the rudder-well and the propeller-well. First we at- tempted to pump water into the boiler through a hose let down into a hole out upon the ice. But the cold was still so intense that the water froze in the pump. We were obliged to carry water in buckets and pour it into the boiler by means of a canvas hose, made for the occasion and carried from the boiler to the hatchway above the engine-room. Amundsen thought at first that he had got the bottom cock clear so that he could let the water run direct into the boiler, but it soon became evident that it was too slow work as long as there was still any ice around the cock. Later on we hoisted the funnel and lighted the furnaces, and on the afternoon of May tgth the steam was up for the first time since we got into the ice in the autumn of 1893. Next we cut away as much of the ice as possible in the pro- peller-well, and carried a steam hose down into it. It was very effectual. We also attempted to use the steam for melting away the ice in the propeller-sheath around the shaft, but with- out apparent success. We easily procured water for the boiler now by filling the water-tank on the deck with ice and melting it with steam. After supper we went down into the engine-room to try to turn the shaft, and finally we succeeded in giving it a three- quarters turn. This was victory, and we were all fully satisfied with the day’s work. The following day we melted away the ice in the rudder-well by steam, and at 1.30 P.M. Amundsen began to “move” the THE THIRD SUMMER 685 engine. Some large pieces of ice floated up from the rudder- stock or frame; we fished them up, and everything was in order. Amundsen let the engine work some time, and everybody was down with him to see the wonder with their own eyes, and to be convinced that he really had got it to turn round. This was quite an event for us. It filled us with renewed courage and hope of soon getting out of our long captivity, though the way might be ever so long and weary. The /ram was no longer a helpless ball, tossed to and fro at the caprice of the drift-ice. Our gallant ship had awakened to renewed life after her year-long winter sleep, and we rejoiced to feel the first pulsations of her strongly beating heart. It seemed as if the “ram understood us, and wanted to say: “ Onward! south- ward! homeward !” The state of the ice around the ship, however, was still far from being so favorable as to give us any prospect of getting out just at present. It is true that symptoms of spring began to show themselves; the temperature rose, and the snow van- ished rapidly ; but we still remained at about the same latitude where we had been lying for months—namely, at about 84°. From the crow’s-nest, indeed, we could see a large channel, which extended southward as far as the eye could reach; but to get through the belt of ice, over 200 yards wide, which separated us from it, was impossible before the thick pack-ice slackened somewhat. We therefore made no attempt to blast the ship free, but devoted our time to various duties on board, did what- ever was left undone, got the steam windlass in order, examined all our cordage, and sq forth. In the hole in the ice which was always kept open for the striking of the log-line, we had placed the heads of the two bears, so that the amphipodes might pick off the meat for us, a task which they usually perform quickly and effectually. One day, when a swarm of amphipodes appeared above the bears’ heads, Scott-Hansen caught a lot of them in a bag-net, and had them cooked for supper, intending to give us a regular treat. But we were sadly disappointed. There was not a par- ticle of meat on the miserable creatures—nothing but shells and 686 APPENDIX emptiness. If we put a couple of dozen into our mouths at a time they tasted somewhat like shrimps. But I am afraid that were we limited to such fare, and nothing else, we should soon diminish unpleasantly in weight. In the later days of May the prospects became brighter, as the wind changed to half a gale from the east and north. The ice began to drift slowly towards the southwest, and continued to slacken at the same time, so that on May 29th we could see to the southward a good deal of open water, with dark air above, as far as the eye could reach. After several requests had been made to me,I decided to make an attempt at blasting the vessel clear. At I P.M. we set off a mine of 110 pounds of gunpowder. It had an astonishing- ly good effect, wrenching up heavy masses of ice and sending them rushing out into the channel. Our hopes revived, and it really seemed that another such blasting would entirely liberate the vessel. Immediately after dinner we went to work to lay out another large mine 20 yards abaft the stern. It gave us an incredible amount of work to make a hole in the ice to get the charge down. We first bored a hole; then we tried to make it larger by blowing it out by means of small gunpowder charges, and later with gun-cotton; but it was of no avail. Then we had to resort to lances, ice-picks, steam—in short, to every possible means; but all in vain. The ice had, however, got so cracked in all directions, owing to the many charges which had been ex- ploded in the same place, that we presumed that a large mine in the log-line hole would blow up the whole mass. As the ice was thinner at that part, the mine was lowered to a depth of 10 yards. It exploded with terrific effect. A mighty column of water was forced as high as the foretop. It did not consist of water alone, but contained a good many lumps of ice, which rained down for some distance round. One piece of over one hundredweight came down right through the tent and on to the forecastle; other pieces flew over the vessel, and fell on the starboard side. Scott-Hansen and Henriksen, who were stand- ing on the ice at the electric battery used for firing the mine, were not pleasantly situated when the mine exploded. When THE THIRD SUMMER 687 the shock came they of course started to run as fast as their legs would carry them, but they did not get away quickly enough to reach the deep snow. The pieces of ice rained un- mercifully down upon their backs. After a great deal of trouble we laid and fired two other large gunpowder mines, besides some smaller ones, but without much effect. We then began to bore holes for two gun-cotton mines, which were to be fired. simul- taneously. But when we had got down two and a half drill- lengths the screw broke, and before we could proceed new grooves had to be filed on the other drill before we could use it again. At 12 o'clock at night we knocked off work, after having been at it unceasingly since the morning. Next day at 6 o’clock the boring was continued. But the ice was so hard and difficult to work at that, although four men were handling the drill, we had to erect a small crane with tackle to hoist the drill out every time it got clogged up. The ice was so thick that it took four drill-lengths (about 20 feet) to make a hole through it. One of the gun-cotton mines was now lowered into the hole, while the other was put beneath the edge of an old channel by means of a long pole. Both mines were fired simultaneously, but only one exploded. We connected the wires, and then the other went off too. But the result was far from answering our expectations. Although the large mines were carried down to a depth of 20 yards where the ice was thin, the resistance was too great for us. The blasting was now discontinued till June 2d, when during the night the ice opened up along the old lane close to the vessel. First we fired a gun-cotton mine right abaft. It took effect, and split the ice close to the stern. Next we drilled a hole about 16 feet deep right abreast of the ship, and loaded it with 10 prismer, or 330 grammes, of gun-cotton (equivalent to about 30 pounds of ordinary gunpowder); but as I thought it would be too risky to explode a mine of this strength so near the vessel, we first fired a small gunpowder mine of It pounds, to see what effect it would have. The result was insignificant, so the large mine was fired. It made things lively indeed! The ship received such a shock that one of the paintings and a rifle fell down on the floor in the 688 APPENDIX saloon, and the clock in my cabin was hurled from the wall. It was evidently felt in the engine-room as well, for Amundsen had a bottle and a lamp-chimney smashed. On the ice the explosion took such good effect that the ship nearly broke loose at one blow; she was now merely hanging on a little forward and aft. With a little more work we might have got quite clear the same evening, but I left her as she was to avoid the trouble of moor- ing her. Instead of that we had something extra after supper ; we considered that we had done sucha good stroke of work that day that we deserved a reward. Next morning we blew away the ice that held our bow. I my- self took a pickaxe and commenced to hack away at the ice which held the stern fast. I had hardly been at work at this for more than four or five minutes before the vessel suddenly gave a lurch, settled a little deeper at the stern, and moved away from the edge of the ice, until the hawsers became taut. She now lay about 6 inches higher at the bow than when she froze fast in the autumn. Thus the “vam was free, and ready to force her way through the ice as soon as the circumstances would permit. But we were still unable to move. Even in the month of May there had been signs of whales and seals in the channels, and an occasional sea-bird had also put in an appearance. During the months of June and July there was still more animal life around us, so that we could soon go in for hunting to our hearts’ content. During the summer we not only shot a number of fulmars, black guillemots, skuas, auks, and little auks, but also a couple of eider-ducks, and even a brace of broad-beaked snipe. We also shot a number of small seals, but only got hold of six; the others sank so rapidly that we could not reach them in time. Asa matter of course, we wel- comed every opportunity of a hunting expedition, especially when there was a bear in the case. It was not often he did us the honor, but the greater was the excitement and interest when his appearance was announced. Then the lads would get lively, and hastily prepare to give the visitor a suitable re- ception. Altogether we killed sixteen or seventeen full-grown bears during the summer, and a young one, which we capt- THE THIRD SUMMER 689 ured alive, but had to kill later on, as it made a fearful noise on board. One night in the beginning of June, when Henriksen was on his way to the observation-house to take the readings of the instruments, a bear suddenly came upon him. Before starting on his scientific quest he had been prudent enough to go up on the bridge to have a look around and see whether the coast was clear, but he did not observe anything suspicious. When he approached the observation-house he suddenly heard a hissing sound close by,:and caught sight of a grinning bear, which was standing at a pressure-ridge staring at him. Naturally Henrik- sen felt anything but comfortable at this unexpected meeting, unarmed as he was. He at first considered whether he should beat a dignified retreat, or whether he should fly at the top of his speed. Both parties were equally far from the vessel, and if the bear had evil intentions it might be advisable to retreat without delay before he approached any nearer. He started off as fast as he could, and was not sure whether the beast was not at his heels; but he reached the vessel safely and seized his gun, which was standing ready on deck. Before he came out upon the ice again the dogs had scented the bear, and at once at- tacked him. The bear at first jumped up on the observation- house, but the dogs followed, so down he went again, and with such alacrity, too, that Henriksen had no time to fire. The bear started off to the nearest channel, where he disappeared both from the dogs and the hunter. In his eagerness ‘ Gorm” jumped out upon some pieces of ice which were floating in the thick brash in the channel, and now he was afraid to jump back again. There he sat howling. I heard the wailing, and soon caught sight of him from the cirow’s-nest, whereupon Scott- Hansen and I started off and rescued him. Some days later, at about 10 o'clock in the morning, we heard Nordahl crying, “ Bear!’ and all hurried on deck with our rifles. But the dogs had had the start of us, and had already put the bears to flight. Mogstad perceived, however, from the crow’snest, that the dogs had come up with them at a small lane, where they had taken the water, and he then came down IT.—44 690 APPENDIX to tell me. He and I started off in pursuit. The condition of the ice was good, and we made rapid progress; but as we had the wind on our side, it was some time before we could distinguish the barking of the dogs so as to be able to guide ourselves by it. Presently I caught sight of one of the dogs be- hind a small ridge; soon I saw some more, and at last I sighted the bears. They were both sitting on a floe in the channel, leaning with their backs against a big piece of ice. Two of the dogs had jumped out upon the floe, while the others stood on ceuard round the channel or pool. The dogs had played their part well, keeping such a close watch upon the bears that we had no difficulty in giving them their quietus. They both tum- bled over on the spot; but as they moved slightly, we gave them a final shot, just to make sure. Well, there they lay. But to get out to them was not so easy. Finally, having walked round the pool, we succeeded in vetting out upon the floe from the other side, where the dis- tance from the solid ice was less and where some small floes formed a kind of bridge. We cleaned the game, and then tried to haul the bodies over upon the solid ice. This we ac- complished by putting a running noose over the muzzles of the bears and pulling them through the water to the edge of the ice, where we pushed some small floes beneath them; and then, with our united strength, we hauled them up. When home- ward bound we met Nordahl, Pettersen, Bentzen, Henriksen, and the mate, who had guessed from the report of our guns that there was business on hand, and had started out to meet us with sledges and harness for the dogs. The sledges were lashed together, one bear was placed on each, and, with nine dogs harnessed to them and a man sitting astride each bear, off they went at such a speed that the rest of us had to run to keep pace with them. On the night of June 24th we again received a visit from two bears. Nordahl discovered them when, at 12 o’clock, he went out to the observation-house ; he came running back, and called those who had not yet gone to bed. But when they hurried out upon the ice the bears saw them immediately and disappeared. THE THIRD SUMMER 691 Three days later a she-bear, with a young cub, came trotting towards the vessel at noon. We burned some blubber in order to attract them, but the bear was very cautious, and it was some time before she approached to within 200 to 300 yards. Then the mate could not restrain himself any longer and fired, so the rest of us sent her a few shots at the same time, and she fell after walking a few paces. Some of us took the “pram” and pulled across to the place, as there was a wide channel be- tween the bear and the vessel. The cub, poor thing, was a fine little fellow, with almost perfectly white fur and a dark muzzle; it was about the size of one of our smallest dogs. When they came up, he sat down on his mother’s body, remained there quite still, and seeming for the present to take matters calmly. Henriksen put a strap around his neck, and when the mother was conveyed to the channel he followed quite willingly, and sat down on her back again when she was towed across. But when, on arriving at the ship, he found he was to be separated from his mother and brought on board, it was quite another story. He resisted with all his strength, and was in a perfect rage. He got worse when he was let loose under the com- panion-hood on board. He carried on like a frenzied being, biting, tearing, growling, and howling with wild rage, like a veritable fiend, ceasing only as long as he was occupied in de- vouring the pieces of meat thrown to him. Never have I seen in any one creature such a combination of all the most sav- age qualities of wild beasts as I found in this little monster. And he was still quite a cub! In the evening I gave orders to rid us of this unpleasant passenger, and Mogstad ended his days with a well-aimed blow of the hatchet. For about a fortnight we saw no bears, but during the night of July 12th we had a visit from three, one of which, after a hot pursuit, was killed by Scott-Hansen, the mate, Nordahl, and Bentzen. The dogs, too, did good service this time. The other two bears sneaked off at the first shot, and were lost to sight in the fog. On the evening of July 18th Mogstad and I shot a bear, which we should hardly have got hold of but for the sagacity 692 APPENDIX and alacrity of “Bella.” The dogs at first attacked him once or twice, but after a short resistance he jumped into the water, and crossed over two broad lanes, which it took the dogs a long time to get round. He was just about to plunge into a third channel when “ Bella,” who in the meantime had come round, intercepted him not 20 feet from the edge. Ata distance of 200 or 300 yards Mogstad fired, and was lucky enough to hit him in the head, bringing him down, and he now made only some feeble attempts to keep the dogs off. I then sent him a shot behind the shoulder; but, as he was not quite dead, Mog- stad gave him the final one. On July 20th the mate shot a large bear, which came swim- ming across a channel; and we killed our last bear on the even- ing of August 6th, but in such an awkward position that we had to leave the meat, and it was as much as we could do to get the hide on board. In the matter of birds, we were also pretty fortunate. For instance, Scott-Hansen and I one night shot g little auks, 1 kit- tiwake, and 1 skua, and the following day 21 more little auks and 2 black guillemots. Henriksen in one day’s shooting bagged 18 little auks and 1 black guillemot, and Nordahl, 26 little auks and 1 black guillemot ; and, later on, when there had been an abundance of game for some days, we killed as many as 30 to 40 birds in the course of a few hours. This hunting life had not only a beneficial effect upon our spirits, which occasionally were rather low, but it also gave us an appetite, which sometimes was quite ravenous. When we were weighed at the end of the month we found that, whereas some of us had previously been losing weight, we had now steadily and uniformly increased from the time when auk’s breast, roast guillemot, stewed kittiwake, skua soup, and last, but not least, ribs of bear, became the daily fare on board. Indeed, we stood in need of all the encouragement and good living which our hunting procured us. The state of the ice was anything but cheering, and the prospect of getting out of it during the present year became less every day. During the first days following the release of the Avram the THE THIRD SUMMER 693 ice was comparatively quiet; but on June 8th and oth we had some bad pressures, especially on the latter day, when the stern of the vessel was pressed about 6 feet upward, so that the rud- der-well was quite out of the water, while the bow was raised about 2 feet, with 4° list to port. On the toth and 11th the pressure was also strong, especially during the night, from 11.30 P.M. till 3 or 4 A.M. Finally the ice slackened so much on the morning of June 12th that there was a prospect of warping the vessel some dis- tance ahead. As the brash was still very thick we did not think it possible to haul ourselves along without using the steam windlass, so I gave orders to start a fire under the boiler. But before steam was up the channel opened so much that we succeeded in warping the ship through the narrowest passage. When steam was up we steamed through the pool, where I had found a good berth for the ship. As the rudder was not yet shipped I had sometimes to go astern, so as to be able to turn the vessel. We remained there till June 14th, when the ice slackened a little, and we saw a channel in a S.S.W. direction, and determined to make for it. So we lighted the furnace, shipped the rudder, and made at full speed for a narrow rift, which led into the channel. Time after time we forced the vessel into the rift, but all in vain: the edges would not budge a hair’s-breadth. I let the vessel remain for some time, working at full speed endeavoring to force the rift, altering the position of the rudder occasionally. This manceuvre was partially suc- cessful, as we got the vessel into the rift as far as the fore-rigging. But that was all we could do. The opening began to close up, and we had to return and moor in the same place as before. This was all the more provoking as the whole opening was not longer than about three-fourths the ship’s length. We remained there till the evening of the 27th, when the ice slackened so much that I decided to make a new attempt. We got up steam and commenced to force the ice at 11.30. It was slow work in the heavy ice, and at 2 o'clock we had to moor the ship, having advanced about 2 miles S.E. by S. We tried the engine this time as a compound engine, with a 604 APPENDIX favorable result. It made 160 revolutions per minute; but the consumption of coal was of course correspondingly greater, al- most twice as much as usual. We remained there about a week, until on July 3d the ice opened sufficiently to allow us to advance about 3 miles through a channel, which ran S.S.W. During the night between the 6th and the 7th we made an- other attempt to force the ice, but had only made about 1 mile when we had to moor again. The southerly wind which predominated at that time held the ice thickly packed together, and there was no drift to speak of. On the other hand, there had been since the middle of June a good deal of current, owing to the set of the tide. We could not, however, observe that the current really flowed in any definite direction; sometimes the line would show every point in the compass during the twenty-four hours. The current was, however, often very strong, and would occasionally spin the ice- floes around in the channels in a way that made you uncomfort- able to look at it. The ship, too, would often receive such violent shocks from these dancing floes and blocks of ice that loose objects tumbled down, and the whole rigging shook. The sea continued very deep. For instance, on July 6th we could not get bottom at 3000 metres (1625 fathoms); but two days later—we were then about 83° 2’ north latitude—we took soundings and reached bottom at 3400 metres (1841 fathoms). On July 6th we succeeded in warping the ship some two or three short stretches at a time, but it was slow and hard work: the ice was bad, and the contrary wind impeded us very much. But though progress was slow, yet progress it was, and I gave orders that the ship should be hauled along as often as there was any opportunity to advance a little southward. But although we struggled along in this manner by short distances at a time, the observation on the 13th revealed to us the fact that we had actually been drifting a considerable way backward, having returned to 83° 12’ north latitude. It might seem ridiculous, under such circumstances, to continue pushing forward ; but, gloomy as the prospects were, we tried to keep up THE THIRD SUMMER 695 our hopes, and were ready to utilize the very first chance which should present itself. Late in the evening of July 17th the ice began to slacken so much that we decided to get up steam. True, it closed up again at once, but nevertheless we kept up steam. Nor were we disappointed, for at 1 o'clock in the morning the water opened so much that we were able to steam ahead, and we made 3 miles in a southerly direction. Later in the morning we were stopped by an immense floe of ice, extending many miles; and we had to make fast. The whole day following we remained there. About midnight the ice slackened a good deal, but the fog was so dense that we could see nothing. At last, on the Igth, we made what we considered excellent headway. Starting when the fog lifted a little in the forenoon, we made about Io miles from 12.30 P.M. till 8 P.M. This stroke of good luck made our spirits revive wonderfully, and they rose still more the fol- lowing day when, notwithstanding the fog and though we had to stop three times, we advanced from 83° 14’ in the morning to 82° 52’ at noon and 82° 39’ midnight. From the 2oth to the 27th we continued to make good progress. By midnight on the last-named day we had reached 81° 32’ north latitude. From July 27th till August 2d it was slow and tiresome work. By August 2d we had not got beyond 81° 26’ north latitude. At the same time we had been carried some distance eastward— namely, to 13° 41’ east longitude. On Monday, August 3d, we made about 2 miles to the south- west, but had to remain moored in impossible waters till the 8th, when it slackened so much around the vessel that we were able to proceed again at 9g A.M. However, we had only made about 6 miles, when we were stopped by a long, narrow strait. We tried blasting with ordinary gunpowder, and later with gun- cotton, and time after time we steamed full speed against the smaller floes that blocked the strait, but without effect. These floes, as a rule, are not so small and innocent as they appear. They consist generally of the fragments of old, thick, and very tough pressure-ridges which have been broken up. When these pieces get free, they sink deep below the surface of the water, 696 APPENDIX leaving only a comparatively insignificant part of them discerni- ble, while the lower parts may be very large. It was precisely this description of floe that blocked the channel against us. They were so tough that it was useless to try to break them with the stem of the vessel, although we repeatedly made at them with full speed. We could plainly see how the tough old ice bent and rose up at the shock without breaking. The blast- ing of such floes was frequently impracticable, as they were of such a thickness that we were unable to lay the mine under them. And even if we succeeded in blowing up one of these floes we gained little or nothing, as the channel was too narrow to allow the pieces to float astern, and they were too heavy and thick to be forced beneath the solid edge of ice. Occasionally it happened that old, thick ice suddenly emerged from beneath the water in a channel or opening which we were just about to pass into, thus blocking up the passage before us. On one of these occasions the /ram received a blow in the ribs that hardly any other vessel would have withstood. As we were passing through an open channel I saw from the crow’s- nest one end of a large submerged floe appearing above the edge of the solid ice, and I immediately gave orders to steer clear so as to pass round it. But at the very moment when we reckoned to clear it the floe was released, and came to the surface with such a rush that the spray rose high into the air and struck the Fram at the fore-rigging on the starboard side with such tre- mendous force that the ship lurched violently and fell about 1o points out of her course, until she ran up against some small floes. When the monster floe emerged it lifted a huge mass of water and sent it like a roaring cataract out into the channel. Something similar happened when we occasionally touched a drifting hummock that was just on the point of rolling over, owing to the quicker melting of the ice below the water-line. The slightest push would be enough to capsize the hummock and turn it over in such a violent way that the sea around us would become as agitated as during a storm. On August 9th we worked the whole day clearing the chan- nel, but only made slight headway. On the roth the work was FLAYVING WALRUSES (By Otto Sinding, from a photograph) THE THIRD SUMMER 699 continued, and in the course of the forenoon we finally suc- ceeded in getting through. During the rest of the day we also made some headway to the south until the ice became impassable, and we were compelled to make fast at 10 P.M., having made about 2 miles. On account of the fog we were unable to take any ob- servation until the 9th, when we found ourselves in 81° 48’ north latitude, the last latitude observation we made in the drift-ice. On Tuesday, the 11th, we again proceeded southward by dint of arduous labor in clearing floes and brash, which often blocked our way. At 7.30 P.M. we had to make fast in a narrow strait, until, in the course of the night, we cleared the obstacles away and were able to proceed to the southwest. Progress was, how- ever, slow, and on the morning of August 12th we were stopped by a very awkward floe. We tried to blast it away, but while we were at work on this the ice tightened up quickly, and left the vessel imprisoned between two big floes. In the course of a couple of hours it slackened again in a S.W. direction, and we steamed off in comparatively fair channels until 12.30 P.M., when a floe stopped our farther progress. We had made 9% miles in about five hours this forenoon. Some thin ice now ap- peared, and from the crow’s-nest we could see, when the fog cleared off a little fora few moments, several large channels run- ning in a southerly direction both east and west of our position. Besides, we noticed an increase in the number of birds and small seals, and we also saw an occasional bearded seal — all evidences that we could not be very far from the open water. Between 3 and 4 P.M. we were released from the floes which had held us enclosed, and at 5.30 P.M. we steamed off ina S.E. direction through steadily improving ice. The ice now became noticeably thin and brittle, so that we were able to force the smaller floes. From 5.30 P.M. till midnight we advanced about 16 miles; the engine was used as compound during the last watch. After midnight on August 13th we steered S. W., then S. and S.E., the ice continuing to grow slacker. At 3 o’clock we sighted 700 APPENDIX a dark expanse of water to the S.S.E., and at 3.45 we steered through the last ice-floes out into open water.* WE WERE FREE! Behind us lay three years of work and hardships, with their burden of sad thought during the long nights, before us life and reunion with all those who were dear to us. Just a few more days! A chaos of contending feelings came over each and every one. For some time it seemed as if we could hardly realize what we saw, as if the deep blue, lapping water at the bow were an illusion, a dream. We were still a sood way above the eightieth degree of latitude, and it is only in very favorable summers that ice-free water stretches so far north. Were we, perhaps, in a large, open pool? Had we still a great belt of ice to clear? No, it was real! The free, unbounded sea was around us on every side; and we felt, with a sense of rapture, how the Fram gently pitched with the first feeble swells. We paid the final honors to our vanquished antagonist by firing a thundering salute as a farewell. One more gaze at the last faint outlines of hummocks and floes, and the mist concealed them from our view. We now shaped our course by the compass 5.S.E., as the fog was still so dense that no observation could be taken. Our plan was at first to steer towards Red Bay, get our landfall, and thence to follow the west coast of Spitzbergen southward till we found a suitable anchoring-place, where we could take in water, shift the coal from the hold into the bunkers, and, in fact, make the -rvam quite ship-shape for our homeward trip. At 7 A.M., when the fog lifted slightly, we sighted a sail on to port, and shaped our course for her, in order to speak to her and try to get some news of Dr. Nansen and Johansen. In an hour or so we were quite near her. She was lying to, and did not seem to have sighted us until we were close on her. The mate then ran down to announce that a monster ship was bearing down upon them in the fog. Soon the deck was crowded with * Twenty-eight days’ work of forcing this more or less closely packed ice had brought us a distance of 180 miles. THE THIRD SUMMER 7Ol people, and just as the captain put his head out the Fram passed close up on the weather-side of the vessel, and we greeted her in passing with a thundering broadside from our star- board cannon. We then turned round astern of her, and fired another salute to leeward, after which ‘hostilities’? were dis- continued. No doubt it was a rather demonstrative way of making ourselves known to our countrymen, who were. lying there so peacefully, drifting in the morning mist, and probably thinking more of seals and whales than of the Fram. But we trust that Captain Botolfsen and his crew will forgive us our overflowing joy at this our first meeting with human beings after three long years. The vessel was the galliot Sdstrene (The Sisters), of Tromsé. The first question which was shouted to him as we passed alongside was this: ‘“‘ Have Nansen and Johansen arrived ?” We had hoped to receive a roaring “Yes,” and were ready to greet the answer with a thundering “Hurrah” and salute; but the answer we got was short and sad “No.” Captain Botolfsen and some of his crew came on board to us, and had to go through a regular cross-fire of questions of every conceivable kind. Such an examination they had certainly never been subjected to, and probably never will be again. Among the many items of news which we received was one to the effect that the Swedish aeronaut, Engineer Andrée, had arrived at Danes Island, intending to proceed thence by balloon to discover the North Pole. Botolfsen came with us as a passenger, leaving his vessel in charge of the mate, and accompanied us as far as Troms6. We reshaped our course about noon for Red Bay, intending to steam from there to Danes Island and see Mr. Andrée. About midnight we sighted land ahead, and supposed it to be the cape immediately to the west of Red Bay. It was 1041 days since we last saw land. We lay to for some time at this point, waiting for the fog to clear away sufficiently to allow us to find the landmarks. As it did not clear, we steamed slowly westward, taking frequent soundings, and soon found ourselves, as we anticipated, right O02 APLENDIX N in ‘“ Norsksundet ” (Norwegian Sound), and proceeding up, we anchored at 9.30 A.M., off “ Hollenderneset’’ (Dutch Cape). The fog was now cleared, and we soon saw the steamship Virgo, of the Andrée Expedition, and the balloon-house ashore. Through the telescope we could see that our arrival had been observed, and a steam-launch soon came alongside with Mr. Andrée, the other members of the expedition, and Captain Zachau, of the Vzrgo. Neither could these gentlemen give us any news of the fate of our comrades. Our spirits became still more depressed than before. We had confidently expected that Nansen and Johan- sen would reach home before us. Now it seemed as if we were to be the first to arrive. We did not, however, entertain any serious fears for their, safety, especially when we learned that the Jackson expedition had spent two winters in Franz Josef Land. It was highly prob- able that Dr. Nansen and Johansen would sooner or later meet with this expedition, and were, perhaps, only waiting for a chance of getting home. But if they had not met with Jackson, something had evidently gone amiss with them, in which case they needed assistance, and that as soon as possible. Our plans were soon laid. We would hurry home to Troms6é to get reliable information, and, in case nothing had been learned there either, we would complete our coal supply—we were not in want of anything else—and immediately proceed to Franz Josef Land, to make a search for them, and, as we hoped, have the unspeakable pleasure of bringing them home to our expect- ant fatherland in our own faithful /7az. Our stay at Danes Island was consequently cut as short as possible. We paid visits to the V7rgo, saw the balloon, which was now ready to start as soon as a favorable wind would per- mit of it, and received return visits from our amiable Swedish friends. During the night we finished taking in water and shifting the coal; the vessel was ready for sea, and at 3 A.M. on August 15th the /vam steamed off, with sails set, through Sneerenburg Bay and out to sea. During the passage across we had good weather and a fair LHE THIRD SUMMER 703 and often fresh breeze, the vessel making good speed: upward of 94 knots. At g A.M. on the Igth we saw the first blue ridges of our native mountains. By noon we sighted L6g6, and at 8 P.M. the north point of Loppen. Then we steered into Kvenangen Fjord, and anchored off Skjzrvé at 2 o'clock in the morning of August 2oth. As soon as the anchor had fallen, I called the doctor and Scott-Hansen, who both wanted to go ashore with me. But as they were too slow with their toilet, I asked Bentzen to put me ashore in the pram, and was soon at the telegraph station, where I tried to knock life into the people by thundering with my clinched fist first at one door, then at another, but for a long time in vain. At last a man put his head out of a window on the second floor to inquire what kind of night-prowlers were making such a disturbance. It was the chief of the telegraph station himself. He describes the nocturnal incident in a letter to one of the Christiania newspapers in the following pleasant manner: “It was with anything but amiable feelings and intentions that at about half-past four I turned out to see what wretch it was who was making such a lively rattle at my front door. Rather lightly clad, I put my head out of the window, and roared out, ‘Hallo! What’s the matter? Deuce of a noise to make at this time of night!’ “A man dressed in gray, with a heavy beard, stepped for- ward. There was something about his appearance that made me think at once that I had perhaps been somewhat too hasty in giving vent to my displeasure at being called up, and I felt a little crestfallen when he slyly remarked, ‘ Yes, that’s true; but all the same I must ask you to open the door. I come from the Fram. Immediately it dawned upon me who it was. It could be none other than Sverdrup. ‘Coming directly, captain,’ I an- swered, and jumping into the most necessary clothes, down I went to let him in. He was not at all annoyed at the long waiting, or the unfriendly words with which he had been re- 704 APPENDIX ceived, when he set foot again in his native country after the long and famous expedition, but was very kind and good-hu- mored when I begged his pardon for the rudeness with which I had received him. In my inmost heart I made an even warmer apology than I had stammered out in my first embarrassment. “When Sverdrup was seated, the first question was naturally as to the way he had come. They had just arrived from off the coast of Spitzbergen. On the 13th they had got out into open water, where they almost immediately met with Captain Botolf- sen, from Tromsé, who was there with his whaling-ship. They had brought him with them. They had next visited Andrée, who was about to pack up and go home, and had then proceeded to this place. They had first learned from Botolfsen, and then from Andrée, who ought to have had some of the latest tidings from Norway, that nothing was known about Nansen, whom they hoped to find at home, and the joy they were feeling at the prospect of reaching home soon was considerably damped by this news. “¢ Ah, but I can give you news of Nansen,’ said I. ‘ He ar- rived at Vard6é on August 13th, and is now at Hammerfest. He’s probably starting for Troms6 to-day in an English yacht.’ “Has Nansen arrived ?’ . “ The stalwart form bounded up in a state of excitement rare- ly shown by this man, and exclaiming, ‘I must tell the others at once,’ he vanished out of the door. ‘A moment later he returned, accompanied by Scott-Hansen, Blessing, Mogstad, and Bentzen, all of them perfectly wild with joy at the latest news, which crowned all, and allowed them to give full vent to their exultation at being once more in their native land after their long and wearisome absence, which the uncertain fate of their leader and his comrade would otherwise have damped. And they did rejoice! ‘Is it true? Has Nansen arrived?’ was repeated on all sides. ‘What a day this is, what joy! And what a curious coincidence that Nansen should arrive on the same day that we cleared the last ice and steered homeward!’ And they congratulated each other, all quivering with emotion, these sturdy fellows. THE THIRD SUMMER 705 “Tn the early morning two thundering reports were suddenly heard from the /vam, followed by the ringing cheers of the crew in honor of their absent comrades. The inhabitants of the place, who were fast asleep, were quite startled, and soon got out of bed; but when it finally dawned upon them that it could be none other than the /vam, they were not slow in turn- ing out to have a look at her. “As they anchored here, the fragrance of the new-mown hay was wafted to them from the shore, and to them it seemed mar- vellous. The green meadows with their humble flowers, and the few trees bent and almost withered by the merciless wind and weather, looked to them so delightful that our poor island was a veritable Eden in their eyes. ‘ Yes, to-day they would have a good roll on the grass.’ “For the rest, Mother Nature was as smiling and festally arrayed as could be expected so late in the year in these north- ern latitudes. The fjord was calm, as though it feared by the faintest ripple to interrupt the tranquillity which enveloped the tried and weather-beaten warrior now resting upon its smooth surface. “They were all quite enthusiastic about the vessel. I do not believe there is a man on board who does not love the Fram. Sverdrup declared that a ‘stronger and finer ship had ~never been built, and was not to be found in the wide world!” On my way to the fjord I met five of our comrades. Nor- dahl hurried at once on board with the glad tidings, while the rest of us settled down with the telegraph manager around a smoking cup of coffee, which tasted delicious. A better wel- come we could not have had. But it did not end with the coffee or with the telegraph manager. Soon the popping of champagne corks sounded successively in the houses of the store-keeper and local magistrate, while the telegraph manager sent message upon message announcing our arrival to Dr. Nan- sen, his Majesty the King, the Norwegian Government, and to relations and friends. At 10 A.M. we weighed anchor and set off to meet Nansen II.—45 706 APPENDIX and Johansen at Tromsé, passed to the north of Skjaervé, and steamed south. Off Ulfstinden we met the steamer Av7ng Flalfdan, with 600 passengers on board, coming from Tromsé to meet us. We accepted the offer to take us in tow, and at 8.30 P.M. the #ram glided into the harbor of Tromsé, accompa- nied by hundreds of flag-covered boats, and was received with cheers and hearty welcome. Next day, August 25th, at 4 P.M., Sir George Baden-Powell’s steam-yacht Ofarza, with Dr. Nansen and Johansen on board, arrived. After a separation of seventeen months, our number was again complete, and the Norwegian Polar Expedition was once more united. CONCLUSION BY Dr. NANSEN WHAT, then, are the results of the Norwegian Polar Expedi- tion? This is a question which the reader might fairly expect to find answered here; but the scientific observations brought back are so varied and voluminous that it will be some time yet before they can be dealt with by specialists and before any general estimate of their significance can be formed. It will, therefore, be necessary to publish these results in separate scientific publications; and if I now attempted to give an idea of them, it would necessarily be imperfect, and might easily prove misleading. I shall, therefore, confine myself to pointing out a few of their more important features. In the first place, we have demonstrated that the sea in the immediate neighborhood of the Pole, and in which, in my opinion, the Pole itself in all probability lies, is a deep basin, not a shallow one, containing many expanses of land and islands, as people were formerly inclined to assume. It is certainly a con- tinuation of the deep channel which extends from the Atlantic Ocean northward between Spitzbergen and Greenland. The extent of this deep sea is a question which it is not at present easy to answer; but we at least know that it extends a long way north of Franz Josef Land, and eastward right to the New Siberian Islands. I believe that it extends still farther east, as, I think, may be inferred from the fact that the more the Jeannette expedition drifted north, the greater depth of sea did they find. For various reasons, I am led to believe that in a northerly direction also this deep sea is of considerable extent. In the first place, nothing was observed, either during the drift 708 APPENDIX of the Ayam or during our sledge expedition to the north, that would point to the proximity of any considerable expanse of land; the ice seemed to drift unimpeded, particularly in a northerly direction. The way in which the drift set straight to the north as soon as there was a southerly wind was most strik- ing. It was with the greatest difficulty that the wind could head the drift back towards the southeast. Had there been any considerable expanse of land within reasonable distance to the north of us, it would have blocked the free movement of the ice in that direction. Besides, the large quantity of drift- ice, which drifts southward with great rapidity along the east coast of Greenland all the way down to Cape Farewell and beyond it, seems to point in the same direction. Such exten- sive ice-fields must have a still larger breadth of sea to come from than that through which we drifted. Had the -vam con- tinued her drift instead of breaking loose to the north of Spitz- bergen, she would certainly have come down along the coast of Greenland; but probably she would not have got close in to that coast, but would have had a certain quantity of ice be- tween her and it; and that ice must come from a sea lying north of our route. On the other hand, it is quite probable that land may exist to a considerable extent on the other side of the Pole between the Pole and the North American archipelago. It appears to me only reasonable to assume that this multitude of islands must extend farther towards the north. As a result of our expedition, I think we can now form a fairly clear idea of the way in which the drift-ice is continually moving from one side of the polar basin north of Bering Strait and the coast of Siberia, and across the regions around the Pole, and out towards the Atlantic Ocean. Where geographers at one time were disposed to locate a solid, immovable, and massive ice-mantle, covering the northern extremity of our slobe, we now find a continually breaking and shifting expanse of drift-ice. The evidence which even before our expedition had induced me to believe most strongly in this theory is sup- plied by the Siberian drift-wood that is continually being car- ried to Greenland, as well as the mud found on the ice, as it nue ioe. ee og Bee Ee 2 Blessing Nordahl_ Mogstad Henriksen Pettersen Johansen Bentzen Scott-Hansen Sverdrup Jacobsen Nansen Juell Amundsen THE MEMBERS OF THE EXPEDITION, AFTER THEIR RETURN TO CHRISTIANIA (From a photograph) CONCLUSION 7X1 could scarcely be of other than Siberian origin. We found sev- eral indications of this kind during our expedition, even when we were as far north as 86°, furnishing valuable indications as to the movement of the ice. The force which sets this ice in motion is certainly for the most part supplied by the winds; and as in the sea north of Siberia the prevailing winds are southeasterly or easterly, whereas north of Spitzbergen they are northeasterly, they must carry the ice in the direction in which we found the drift. From the numerous observations I made I established the ex- istence of a slow current in the water under the ice, travel- ling in the same direction. But it will be some time before the results of these investigations can be calculated and checked. The hydrographic observations made during the expedition furnished some surprising data. Thus, for instance, it was customary to look upon the polar basin ,as being filled with cold water, the temperature of which stood somewhere about —1.5°C. Consequently our observations showing that under the cold surface there was warmer water, sometimes at a tem- perature as high as +1° C., were surprising. Again, this water was more briny than the water of the polar basin has been assumed to be. This warmer and more strongly saline water must clearly originate from the warmer current of the Atlantic Ocean (the Gulf Stream), flowing in a north and northeasterly direction off Novaya Zemlya and along the west coast of Spitz- bergen, and then diving under the colder, but lighter and less briny, water of the Polar Sea, and filling up the depths of the polar basin. As I have stated in the course of my narrative, this more briny water was, as a rule, warmest at a depth of from 200 to 250 fathoms, beyond which it would decrease in tem- perature, though not uniformly, as the depth increased. Near the bottom the temperature rose again, though only slightly. These hydrographic observations appear to modify to a not inconsiderable extent the theories hitherto entertained as to the direction of the currents in the northern seas; but it is a diffi- cult matter to deal with, as there is a great mass of material, 712 APPENDIX and its further treatment will demand both time and patience. It must therefore be left to subsequent scientific publica- tions. Still less do I contemplate attempting to enter here into a discussion on the numerous magnetic, astronomical, and meteo- rological observations taken. At the end of this work I merely give a table showing the mean temperatures for each month during the drift of the /vam and during our sledging expedi- tion. On the whole, it may probably be said that, although the expedition has left many problems for the future to solve in connection with the polar area, it has, nevertheless, gone far to lift the veil of mystery which has hitherto shrouded those regions, and we have been put in a position to form a tolerably clear and reasonable idea of a portion of our globe that formerly lay in darkness, which only the imagination could penetrate. And should we in the near future get a bird's-eye view of the regions around the Pole as seen from a balloon, all the most material features will be familiar to us. But there still remains a great deal to be investigated, and this can only be done by years of observation, to which end a new drift, like that of the “vam, would be invaluable. Guided by our experience, explorers will be in a position to equip them- selves still better; but a more convenient method for the scien- tific investigation of unknown regions cannot easily be imagined. ‘On board a vessel of this kind explorers may settle themselves quite as comfortably as in a fixed scientific station. They can carry their laboratories with them, and the most delicate experi- ments of all kinds can be carried out. I hope that such an ex- pedition may be undertaken ere long, and if it goes through Bering Strait and thence northward, or perhaps slightly to the northeast, J shall be very much surprised if observations are not taken which will prove of far greater scope and importance than those made by us. But it will require patience: the drift will be more protracted than ours, and the explorers must be well equipped. There is also another lesson which I think our expedition has CONCLOSION 713 taught—namely, that a good deal can be achieved with small resources. Even if explorers have to live in Eskimo fashion and content themselves with the barest necessaries, they may, pro- vided they are suitably equipped, make good headway and cover considerable distances in regions which have hitherto been re- garded as almost inaccessible. MEAN TEMPERATURES (FAHR.) FOR EVERY MONTH DURING THE DRIFT OF THE “FRAM” MonTHS 1893 1894 1895 1896 January mm ey e203 — 23.1 — 35.3 Bebruaty. -: .. —- — 32.1 — 34.2 30.5 March. . —. — 35.1 — 30.6 — 7 April — — 6.1 LO = (00) May -—— 4- 13.8 + 10.2 + 12.6 June — + 29.3 + 28.0 + 28.9 july... ——— + 32.4 + 32.5 + 31.8 August ee + 30.2 a meee + 34.1 September. o7. + 29.1 eal + 14.9 October . — II — 8.5 — 6.2 — November .. . — 11.6 — 23.4 — 23.6 — December. 1. i: 20,0 — 30.8 — 27.2 — CONTINUOUS PERIODS OF TEMPERATURE UNDER — 40° DATES YEARS aa 7 JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH NOVEMBER DECEMBER | eonre tor 12 3.to 7 5 to 15 14to 15 8 to 10 1894 I4 to 15 | 11 to 19 17 to 19 — 17 to 18 27. tO 29) )| ~~ 238%tor24 25 to 26 —— 30 to. =I* 1895 f14to 18 | 9g to Io LO) tor 23 20 to 23 7 to 8 (23 to 26 | 13 to 16 26 to 28 —— — —— |) &Si tos 22 — — — 1896 | § 29 to 18 | to .o 4 to 5 a |! _——— II to 20 _—- —— —_— \ * January + December 714 APPENDIX THE MEAN TEMPERATURE OF THE TWENTY-FOUR HOURS FOR THESE PERIODS YEARS | JANUARY | FEBRUARY MARCH NOVEMBER DECEMBER — } 7 o Oo} ° ° — 36.8 — 48.5 — 47-9 — 40.7 1894 = 39:1 = — 45.8 =423 — 37.3 — 40.5 — 38.6 — 40.2 — 42.7 (ee Ae — 41.4 — 39.8 as aan 1895 |) — 46.3 — 43.1 == 377 — 401 — 39.5 ees — 42.2 pois — |§ — 45.8 —4l.1 — 35.7 — 1890 |) — 43.2 = =a a THE END TRAVEL, EXPLORATION, and DESCRIPTION A SELECT LIST OF BOOKS Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York ON SNOW-SHOES TO THE BARREN GROUNDS. | Twenty-eight Hundred Miles after Musk-Oxen and Wood-Bison. By CASPAR WHIT- NEY. Profusely Illustrated. 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, Uncut Edges and Gilt Top, $3 50. BY HENRY M. STANLEY: THROUGH THE DARK CONTINENT: or, The Sources of the Nile, Around the Great Lakes of Equatorial Africa, and Down the Livingstone River to the Atlantic Ocean. With 149 Illustrations and Colored Maps. 2 Vols. 8vo, Cloth, $7 50; Sheep, $9 50; Half Calf, $12 00. (Jz a Box.) THE CONGO, and the Founding of its Free State. A Story of Work and Exploration. With over too Illustrations. Colored Maps. 2 Vols. 8vo, Cloth, $7 50; Sheep, $9 50; Half Calf, $12 00. COOMASSIE AND MAGDALA: The Story of Two British Campaigns in Africa. With Maps and Illustrations. 8vo, Cloth, $3 50. BY PAUL B: DU CHAILLU: THE LAND OF THE MIDNIGHT SUN. Summer and Winter Journeys through Sweden, Norway, Lapland, and Northern Finland. Map and Il- lustrations. 2 Vols. 8vo, Cloth, $7 50; Half Calf, $12 00. (Jv a Box.) EQUATORIAL AFRICA. Adventures in the Great Forest and the Country of the Dwarfs. Abridged and Popular Edition. (\lustrated. Post 8vo, Cloth, $1 75. A JOURNEY TO ASHANGO-LAND, and further Penetration into Equato- rial Africa. Illustrated. 8vo, Cloth, $5 00; Sheep, $5 50; Half Calf, $7 25. FROM THE BLACK SEA THROUGH PERSIA AND INDIA. Written and Illustrated by EDWIN LORD WEEKS. 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, Uncut Edges and Gilt Top, $3 50. NOTES IN JAPAN. Written and Illustrated by ALFRED PARSONS. Crown 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, Uncut Edges and Gilt Top, $3 00. THE WARWICKSHIRE AVON. Notes by A. T. QUILLER-COUCH. _II- lustrations by ALFRED PARSONS. Crown 8vo, Ornamental, Half Leather, Uncut Edges and Gilt Top, $2 00. (du a Box.) PONY TRACKS. Written and Illustrated by FREDERIC REMINGTON. 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, $3 00; Full Leather, $4 00. 2 WORKS OF TRAVEL, EXPLORATION, AND DESCRIPTION THE DANUBE, from the Black Forest to the Black Sea. By F. D. MILLET. Illustrated by the Author and ALFRED PARSONS. Crown 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, Uncut Edges and Gilt Top, $2 50. RIDERS OF MANY LANDS. By THEODORE AYRAULT DODGE, Brevet Lieutenant-colonel U.S.A. Illustrated by FREDERIC REMINGTON, and from Photographs. 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, Uncut Edges and Gilt Top, $4 00. ITALIAN GARDENS. By CHARLES A. PLATT. Illustrated. 4to, Cloth, Ornamental, Uncut Edges and Gilt Top, $5 00. (dn a Box.) SKETCHING RAMBLES IN HOLLAND. By GEORGE H. BOUGHTON, A.R.A. Illustrated by the Author and EDWIN A. ABBEY. 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, Uncut Edges and Gilt Top, $5 00. THE LAND AND THE BOOK; or, Biblical Illustrations Drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and Scenery, of the Holy Land. By WILLIAM M. THOMPSON. Vol. I. Southern Palestine and Jerusalem. 140 Illustrations and Maps. Vol. Il. Central Palestine and Phoenicia. 130 Illustrations and Maps. Vol. III. Lebanon, Damascus, and Beyond . Jordan. 147 Illustrations and Maps.—Popular Edition, Three Volumes, Square 8vo, Cloth, $7 50; Half Leather, $10 50. THE MIKADO’S EMPIRE. History of Japan, from 660 B.C. to 1872 A.D., and Personal Experiences, Observations, and Studies in Japan, 1870- 1894. With Supplemental Chapters on the Late War between China and Japan. By WILLIAM E. GRIFFIS. Copiously Illustrated. pp. 678. 8vo, Cloth, #4 00; Half Calf, $6 25. LIVINGSTONE’S JOURNALS. The Last Journals of David Livingstone, in Central Africa, from 1865 to his Death. Continued by a Narrative of his Last Moments and Sufferings, obtained from his Faithful Servants Chuma and Susi. By HORACE WALLER, F.R.G.S., Rector of Twy- well, Northampton. With Maps and Illustrations. 8vo, Cloth, $5 oo. NARRATIVE OF AN EXPEDITION TO THE ZAMBESI and its Tribu- taries; and of the Discovery of the Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa. 1858- 1864. By DAVID and CHARLES LIVINGSTONE. With Map and Illus- trations. 8vo, Cloth, $5 00; Sheep, $5 50. ARCTIC EXPERIENCES. Containing Captain George E. Tyson’s Won- derful Drift on the Ice-Floe, a History of the Polaris Expedition, the Cruise of the Tigress, and Rescue of the Polaris Survivors. To which is added a General Arctic Chronology. Edited by E. VALE BLAKE. Map and numerous Illustrations. 8vo, Cloth, $4 oo. A NATURALIST’S WANDERINGS IN THE EASTERN ARCHIPEL- AGO. A Narrative of Travel and Exploration from 1878 to 1883. By HENRY O. FORBES, F.R.G.S., etc. With many Illustrations and Col- ored Maps. 8vo, Cloth, $5 oo. WORKS OF TRAVEL, EXPLORATION, AND DESCRIPTION 3 LONDON. By WALTER BESANT. With 130 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, Uncut Edges and Gilt Top, $3 00. BY RICHARD HARDING DAVIS: Illustrated. Post 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental. ABOUT PARIS. $1 25. THE WEST FROM A CAR-WINDOW. OUR ENGLISH COUSINS. $1 25. | $1 25. THE RULERS OF THE MEDITER-| THREE GRINGOS IN VENEZUELA RANEAN. $1 25. | AND CENTRAL AMERICA. $1 50. MENTONE, CAIRO, AND CORFU. By CONSTANCE FENIMORE WOOL- SON. Illustrated. Post 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, $1 75. THE BORDERLAND OF CZAR AND KAISER. By POULTNEY BIGE- LOW. Illustrated. Post 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, $2 00. BY LAURENCE HUTTON: Illustrated. Post 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental. LITERARY LANDMARKS OF ROME. |LITERARY LANDMARKS OF LON- $1 Oo. | DON. ¢I 75. LITERARY LANDMARKS OF FLOR- LITERARY LANDMARKS OF EDIN- ENCE. $1 00. | BURGH. $1 0. LITERARY LANDMARRS_ OF VEN- LITERARY LANDMARKS OF JERU- IGE: $I oo. SALEM. 75 cents. BY JULIAN RALPH: ALONE IN CHINA. Illustrated by C. D. WELDON. Post 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, $2 00. DIXIE; or, Southern Scenes and Sketches. Illustrated. 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, $2 50. ON CANADA’S FRONTIER. Illustrated. 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, $2 50. OUR GREAT WEST. Illustrated. 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, $2 50. BY CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER: OUR ITALY. (Southern California.) Illustrated. Square 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, Uncut Edges and Gilt Top, $2 50. THEIR PILGRIMAGE. Illustrated. Post 8vo, Half Leather, Ornamental, Uncut Edges and Gilt Top, $2 oo. STUDIES IN THE SOUTH AND WEST, with Comments on Canada. Post 8vo, Half Leather, Ornamental, $1 75. TWO YEARS IN THE FRENCH WEST INDIES. By LAFCADIO HEARN. Copiously Illustrated. Post 8vo, Cloth, $2 oo. A FLYING TRIP AROUND THE WORLD. By ELIZABETH BISLAND. With Portrait. 16mo, Cloth, $1 25. WINTERS IN ALGERIA. Written and Illustrated by FREDERIC ARTHUR BRIDGMAN. Square 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, $2 50. 4 WORKS OF TRAVEL, EXPLORATION, AND DESCRIPTION BY THEODORE CHILD: THE PRAISE OF PARIS. Profusely Illustrated. 8vo, Cloth, Orna- mental, Uncut Edges and Gilt Top, $2 50. SPANISH-AMERICAN REPUBLICS. Profusely Illustrated by T. DE THULSTRUP, FREDERIC REMINGTON, and Others. 8vo, Cloth, Or- namental, $3 50. THE TSAR AND HIS PEOPLE. 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, Uncut Edges and Gilt Top, $3 00. BY WILLIAM ELEROY CURTIS: THE CAPITALS OF SPANISH AMERICA. With a Colored Map and 358 Illustrations. 8vo, Cloth, $3 50. VENEZUELA: a Land where it’s Always Summer. With a Colored Map. Post 8vo, Cloth, $1 25. ILIOS, the City and Country of the Trojans. The Results of Researches and Discoveries on the Site of Troy and throughout the Troad in the years 1871-’72-’73-’78-79 ; including an Autobiography of the Author. By Dr. HENRY SCHLIEMANN, F.S.A., etc. With a Preface, Appendices, and Notes. With Maps, Plans, and about 1800 Illustrations. Royal 8vo, Cloth, $7 50; Half Morocco, $10 oo. TROJA: Results of the Latest Researches and Discoveries on the Site of Homer’s Troy and in the Heroic Tumuli and other Sites made in the Year 1882; and a Narrative of a Journey in the Troad in 1881. By Dr. HENRY SCHLIEMANN, F.S.A., etc. Preface by Professor A. H. Sayce. With 150 Wood-cuts and 4 Maps and Plans. 8vo, Cloth, #5 oo: Half Morocco, $7 50. JINRIKISHA DAYS IN JAPAN. By ELIZA R. SCIDMORE. Illustrated. Post 8vo, Cloth, $2 oo. SPANISH VISTAS. By GEORGE PARSONS LATHROP. Illustrated by CHARLES S. REINHART. Square 8vo, Gilt Edges, $3 00. A TRAMP TRIP. How to See Europe on Fifty Cents a Day. By LEE MERIWETHER. With Portrait. 12mo, Cloth, $1 25. SHOSHONE, and other Western Wonders. By EDWARDS ROBERTS. With a Preface by CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS. Illustrated. Post 8vo, Cloth, $1 00; Paper, 75 cents. MEXICO, CALIFORNIA, AND ARIZONA. By WILLIAM HENRY BISHOP. With numerous Illustrations, chiefly from Sketches by the Author. 12mo, Cloth, $2 00. Published by Harrer & Brotuers, New York BGS" The above works are for sale by all booksellers, or will be mailed by the publishers, postage prepaid, on receipt of the price. “519° (25327245 bP ie Ger nan Ne i i nwa is f ‘ ‘it ‘ Mi tt AeA HW babe LIP thy i nM HN) TRA h i a Hay fag U pee Jai Mil AA 1 : Ls aft