HARVARD UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

OF THE

Museum of Comparative Zoology

ITINERARY IN PERAK, SELANGOR, AND THE

SIAMESE MALAY STATES (r7 C>3j

Bv NELSON JaNNANDALeJ AND HERBERT C. ROBINSON

AS accurate information regarding the Malay Peninsula, and especially
those states under Siamese rule, is difficult of access, or altogether
inaccessible, we have thought it well to add to our report a brief
general account, personal as well as zoological and anthropological, of the
places at which we stayed and the country we traversed. Those sections of
the itinerary deal with districts we visited together which have been prepared
jointly, but as each of us worked in places of which the other can have little
or no first-hand information, one or other has added his name at the end of
other sections, which treat, chiefly or wholly, of places for the facts regarding
which he is alone responsible.

PART I. PERAK AND SELANGOR
South Perak

WE stayed rather over two months in the Batang Padang district of South
Perak, the greater proportion of our time being devoted to anthro-
pological work, though conditions relatively more favourable than in
the Patani States enabled us to get together a considerable zoological
collection, representing nearly all terrestrial divisions of the animal kingdom.
The district, as a whole, has only been opened up within the last twenty years,
and before was entirely buried in primaeval jungle, with only a few scattered
Malay hamlets and a comparatively large number of Sakai camps. It is now,
under British administration, one of the most important mining districts in the
state of Perak, while planting operations have also been commenced on a consider-
able scale, though the high price of labour, due to the mi ning industry, has militated
against this form of activity. Under these circumstances, it will be readily
understood that the district is by no means a favourable one for studying the

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FASCICULI MALATENSES

indigenous Malay, who is to be found chiefly in the more agricultural districts
of Kuala Kangsar and Krian ; as a matter of fact, even the Malay population,
such as it is, consists, to a large extent, of Achinese and other island folk, as the
official census1 would seem to indicate.

The case is different when we come to consider the Sakais (Mai Darat).
The whole of the main range of the Peninsula, which here attains a height of
over seven thousand feet, as well as the subsidiary foot-hills, is still untouched by
civilization, and only occasionally visited by wandering Chinese and Malay
pedlars ; while the mountains are inhabited by a considerable Sakai population,
who still retain, in many respects, their primitive habits and customs. As far
as the tribes living in the higher hills are concerned, there has not been time
for the purity of the race to be affected by Chinese and Malay admixture — a
contingency which the comparatively strict ideas of sexual morality held by the
Sakais also postpones for the present.

We give a short account of each village visited in the Batang Padang
magistracy, with a record of the work accomplished.

Bidor. A large village some seven miles from Tapah, which was, at the
time of our visit, the administrative centre of the district, though now that
the railway from Penang to Singapore has reached Bidor, the headquarters have
been transferred to the latter place. The population is considerable but mainly
Chinese, though several Sakai communities exist within a few miles. In the
immediate proximity of the village there is no old jungle, the land consisting
of worked-out tin diggings, with a few badly cultivated rice-fields.

We stayed at Bidor, which has an unenviable reputation for unhealthiness,
for two or three days at a time on several occasions during January and
February, 1902. During this time we measured a fair number of Perak Malays
as well as several Sakais from Perangkap, a clearing at the base of the main
range, seven or eight miles away, and paid a visit to a Sakai camp at Paku.
We also investigated some interments, and obtained an imperfect skull of a
Sakai woman, and a small ethnographical collection. Practically no zoological
collecting was done, but a few Hymenoptera and Heterocera were obtained, and
here, for the first time, we met with the nocturnal wasp, Vespa doryloides , which
is usually so common in Malayan countries, but which appears to be absent
from, or very scarce in, the Patani States.

Gedong. A small Malay clearing, with about forty inhabitants, a few miles
from Bidor. The clearing is surrounded by bamboo jungle, and we visited
a small camp of Sakais in the immediate neighbourhood, obtaining some
ethnographical specimens and the measurements of several individuals.

i. Fascic. Malay. — Anthropology , part I, pp. 29, 68, 69.

FASCICULI MALATENSES iii

A number of birds belonging to the ordinary Malayan lowland fauna were
obtained, among them a young individual of the rare Baza sumatrensis , which
was brought to us by a Sakai, but nothing else of note. Among the insects
the most striking point was the great abundance of beetles belonging to the
family Languridae , which we only met with elsewhere sporadically.

We stayed at Gedong from January 6th to 13th, 1902.

Jeram Kawan. A small hill-rice clearing four or five hours up stream
from Sungkei, at the limit of navigation for canoes. The place is sur-
rounded by high jungle, and some thermal springs close by are much
frequented by big game, including gaur, sambhur, rhinoceros, pig, and tapir.
A good many species of animals not elsewhere collected were secured here,
among the vertebrates being specimens of the recently described bat, Emballonura
peninsularis, Miller, and skins of Heliornis personata and Phodilus badius.
The crocodile Tomistoma schlegelii was also noticed on a log on the river.
Several camps of the Mai Darat existed at no great distance from Jeram Kawan,
and the members of one party who visited us were measured.

We stayed at Jeram Kawan from February 12th to 16th, 1902.

Jor. A public works bungalow on the banks of the Jor river at its point
of junction with the Batang Padang, about twenty miles from Tapah, and about
two thousand feet above the level of the sea. We stayed at Jor for two or
three nights in January, 1902, on our way to and from Telom, and collected
a few species of insects. Jor seems to be about the superior limit of the low-
land fauna in the Batang Padang valley, and we noticed that Ornithoptera
brookeana , still common in the remoter parts of Batang Padang, though almost
extinct in the rest of Perak, was not found beyond this point. Dragon flies
were very numerous at Jor,1 but we did not obtain specimens. A species of the
Rhopaloceran genus Leptocircus , always local in the Peninsula, is here abundant.
Between Jor and Tapah we captured two specimens of a tortoise allied to T. emys,
which has been described by Mr. Boulenger as Testudo pseudemys.

In a restricted belt below Jor the hillsides are covered with clumps of
a giant bamboo, which reach an enormous height and girth, producing beast-
like sounds as they swing together in the wind, and providing one of
the most magnificent manifestations of vegetable growth to be found anywhere
in the tropics.

Sungkei. A large Malay village fifteen or sixteen miles from Tapah, on the
river of the same name. Being situated in a district largely agricultural, the place
has only a small Chinese population, and the Malays are probably of a rather
less mixed type than at any other place in the Batang Padang district which

I. See footnote on p. 193, Fascic. Malay. — Zoology, Vol. I.

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FASCICULI MALATENSES

we visited. Through the exertions of the Penghulu (headman of the sub-
district), a man of considerable influence among his compatriots and a
relation of the Sultan of Perak, we managed to obtain measurements of a
considerable number of Malays and of several Sakais, who happened to be
visiting the village. In the immediate vicinity the country is mainly arable and
orchard land, but at no great distance there are tracts of old jungle. A good
many species of birds not elsewhere seen were obtained at Sunarkei, including
Treron nipalensis , Plaiysmurus leucopterus , and a species of Platylophus , as well as a
new rat, Mus annandalei , which is very distinct from any hitherto known from
the Peninsula. The situation of the rest-house, near the bank of the river,
was very attractive to moths and nocturnal Orthoptera, and a considerable
number were captured at light.

We stayed at Sungkei from February 6th to nth, 1902.

Tapah. A considerable town on the Batang Padang river, about six
miles from the railroad between Kinta and Telok Anson, the port of South
Perak. Until quite recently it was the headquarters of the district magistrate,
but has now been superseded by Bidor. As it is the centre of an important
mining district, the population is mainly Chinese, but there are also a large
number of Klings (Madras Tamils) and Bengalis. The small and mixed Malay
population of the neighbourhood is principally settled in surrounding hamlets,
not in the town itself.

We stayed in Tapah on several occasions during January and February,
but our time was almost entirely occupied in preparations for other journeys,
and we did little or no scientific work in the place ; two Sakai skeletons were,
however, obtained from deserted clearings in the vicinity.

Telom. A dilapidated bungalow in the mountains separating Perak from
Pahang, about forty miles from Tapah. Though within the jurisdiction of
Perak, Telom is technically in Pahang, as it is situated three or four miles east
of the main watershed, on the headwaters of a small stream running into the
Telom River, which is itself a tributary of the Pahang. The height of our
collecting station was between three thousand five hundred and four thousand
feet above sea level, but the mountains in the immediate vicinity ran up to
over seven thousand feet. The district round Telom is inhabited by tribes of
Sakais, of whom, for a variety of reasons, we were unable to see as much as
we desired. A large number of them, however, were met with, a few
measurements were taken and a small ethnological collection was obtained
from them.

Zoologically, Telom was quite the most interesting place that we visited,
as the fauna was entirely a mountain one, differing in important respects from

FASCICULI MALATENSES

V

that of the surrounding lowlands, and assimilating in many features to that of
the Himalayas, and of the mountains of the Greater Sunda Islands. The rain-
tall must have been extremely heavy, and the jungle was denser than that met
with anywhere else in the Peninsula. The trees were loaded with epiphytes
of various orders, orchids being especially numerous, though but few were in
flower at the time of our visit, and the myrmecophilous fer n. Polypodium cornosum,1
or an allied species, was common. Ot other plants, a fine rhododendron with
large umbels of salmon pink flowers, a species of violet, which grew in great
abundance among the rocks at the edge of the stream, and a Rubrus , bearing
small, tasteless fruit, may be mentioned. Curiously enough, no species of
pitcher plant was observed on the Batang Padang mountains, though several
are abundant on the Larut hills and were also found on the Selangor mountains,
further to the south. The Sakais form large plantations, some of them over
fifty acres in extent, at an altitude of from one thousand five hundred to five
thousand feet, in the neighbourhood of Telom, in which they grow a kind of
millet and a coarse tapioca, bananas and rice not flourishing at these altitudes,
and their methods of agriculture are very destructive to the jungle, as no more
than two or three crops are ever taken from a clearing.

Mammals were scarce, but one species of rat, three squirrels, one of which,
Sc. maclellandi leucotis , does not seem to occur in the Peninsula except on high
ground, and a tree shrew ( Tupaia ), were obtained, as well as the skulls of a
very large bear and of a wild pig, these being purchased from the Sakais.
Reptiles and Amphibia were very rare, and no species of Draco , so abundant
on Bukit Besar and the Selangor hills, was even seen.

Birds2, on the other hand, were abundant both in species and in individuals,
though the thickness of the undergrowth and the precipitous nature of the
ground rendered collecting very difficult. Flocks of a small babbler
(Stachyridiopsis locager?) flitted about the clearing round the bungalow, and were so
fearless that it was difficult to get far enough from them to obtain specimens in an
undamaged condition. Imperial pigeons ( Carpophaga badia ) were common on
the neighbouring peaks, though we never obtained specimens, and on our
downward journey both of us saw several individuals of a dull grey pigeon
which Robinson has little doubt was the rare Columba grisea, G. R. Gr., only
known with certainty from Borneo and Sumatra. Other species seen but not
obtained were Melanocichla peninsulae , afterwards found on Gunong Semangko,
Selangor, and a ground thrush that from its strongly hooked beak was probably
a Zoothera. Ali, our headman, persisted in saying that he had seen a silver

i. See Yapp, Annals of Botany , Vol. XVI, No. LXII, pp. 186-299.

2. Information regarding the birds of those districts which we visited together is due to my collaborator. N. A.

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FASCICULI MALATENSES

pheasant on more than one occasion, but we did not come across it ourselves.
The most interesting specimen obtained was a small Ploceid belonging to a
genus ( Chlorura ) hitherto only known from the mountains of the Sunda
Islands and the Phillippine highlands. Altogether, the Batang Padang mount-
ains, which had previously been explored by Mr. L. Wray of the Perak Museum,
would undoubtedly yield a rich harvest to any ornithologist who was prepared
to stay at elevations exceeding three hundred feet for some considerable time,
and who would be content with quality rather than quantity in his collection.

With the exception of butterflies, which were very numerous, and amongst
which were several Tenasserim forms and also a fine new Prioneris , the insects
were not particularly striking, though small and inconspicuous forms were
enormously abundant. Among the beetles, red and black Malacoderms of
various genera were especially noticeable, while a magnificent new species of
the Longicorn Lysinda , a moth and several Diptera were evidently members
of the same mimetic association. Dragon flies of all families were very scarce,
and not more than three species were even observed. The collections of
invertebrates, so far as they have been worked out, show that the fauna, as
might be expected, is largely made up of species that are also found in
Tenasserim on the one hand and the mountains of Borneo and Sumatra on the
other, while the Burmese element, which is so marked in the lowland fauna
of the Patani States, is almost absent.

We stayed at Telom from January 1 6th to 28th, 1902.

Selangor

Kuala Lumpur. Kuala Lumpur is the capital of the State of Selangor
and the administrative centre of the Federated Malay States. While Annan-
dale was in Upper Perak and the Siamese States, I spent some three months
in the town, but, with the exception of a few insects captured at light, no
collections from this locality are included in the present report. The town is
situated in the midst of a thickly populated mining district, and there is no
considerable area of jungle nearer than five or six miles. At Batu, about
seven miles away, there are large limestone caves similar to those at Biserat,
and a few spiders and other Arthropods, including species of Scutigera , were
collected there, as well as the ‘ moon snake,’ Coluber taeniurus.

Semangko Pass. I spent a week in May, 1902, at this locality, which is
exceptionally well situated for zoological collecting. It is a rest-house on the
border between Selangor and Pahang, on the main watershed of the Peninsula,
at a height of two thousand seven hundred feet. On either side the mountains
rise steeply to over five thousand feet, and the whole country for miles

FASCICULI MALATENSES

vii

around is almost untouched jungle. On Gunong Semangko, to the north of
the Pass, an alluvial tin mine has recently been opened, with its main workings
situated at a height of over four thousand feet. The path from the trunk
road to this mine leads through deep jungle and afforded an admirable
collecting ground. Among other vertebrates, a new species of lizard ( Lygosoma
miodactylum) was collected, as well as other forms recently described from the
Larut Hills in central Perak, while in birds, specimens of Cutia cervinicrissa
and Melanocichla peninsulae , hitherto only known from the types collected by
Mr. Wray in 1887, were secured. Some thirty or forty species of moths
were captured at light in the rest-house, and of these some ten or a dozen have
been described as new to science by Colonel Swinhoe.1

Labuansara. A small jungle clearing some eight miles from Kuala
Lumpur, inhabited by a tribe of ‘ Orang Bukit,’ a people of mixed Sakai
stock. We visited them together on two occasions in June, 1 902, and obtained a
series of the more important physical measurements, as well as a small ethno-
graphical collection. On our way to Labuansara we incidentally captured a
specimen of the rare butterfly, Charaxes durnfordi , Dist., being the third known
specimen of the typical form of the species.

HERBERT C. ROBINSON
Central Perak

My personal knowledge of this part of the state is slight, being confined
to a visit to the town of Kuala Kangsar and a drive thence to Upper Perak.
There appears to be a considerable amount of cultivated land in the districts
of Kuala Kangsar and Krian, and not much mining, so that the population
has a larger element of indigenous Malay blood than in Batang Padang.
Much of the country, however, especially towards the main range, has never
been cleared, still supporting the jungle tribes, who, in this region, from what
we could hear, are very largely of a mixed Semang stock.

Kuala Kangsar. An important Malay centre in Perak, being the resi-
dence of the Malay sultan. The town, which is on the railway, is small, but
well laid out. The Malays here take their share in petty commerce, having
many shops of their own, though even in Kuala Kangsar the majority of the
larger stores are in the hands of Chinamen or Bengalis. From what I saw, I
am certain that even the Malay of this district is not a homogeneous type,
having probably absorbed a deal of Arab or bastard Arab blood.

I spent four days in Kuala Kangsar in March, 1902, and obtained a
series of photographs of native-born Malays.

NELSON ANNANDALE

Fascic. Malay. — Zoology , Vol. I.

FASCIC ULI MALATENSES

VIII

Upper Perak

The district of Upper Perak, including the c New Territory,’ which was
ceded or restored by the Siamese in 1899, occupies a considerable area, but is
mainly covered with jungle, there being very little cultivated land and few or
no mines, though deposits of gold are said to exist at Berusong, on the
Temongoh River. The settled population is small, being centred in the
villages of Lenggong, Grit, and Temongoh, or scattered in small clearings on
the banks of the Perak River, which here forms a very important ethnological
barrier. The jungle tribes living north of it have no settled place of abode
or permanent dwellings, while the hill clans to the south make large plantations,
which keep them in the same place, at any rate for a time, and there is
a marked difference between the Malays of the two regions thus naturally
separated ; there is said also to be a difference in the gibbons1 found on the
two banks, but this question has not been properly investigated. I spent a
month (March 1 8th to April 1 8th, 1902,) in Upper Perak, doing very little
but anthropological work, except to collect some butterflies.

Grit. The most important place in the New Territory, being situated
only a few miles from the Rhaman border, at a point where large numbers of
cattle are brought over into Perak. Formerly the village consisted of a col-
lection of rather small Malay houses, but since 1899 a new settlement, with
Chinese stores and government plank buildings, has come into being on the
opposite side of the Grit River, a small tributary of the Perak. There is now
a school for Malay boys at the place, and the district magistrate has a bungalow,
which he frequently visits. The Malays of the place and of the surrounding
hamlets are of a somewhat different type both from those of Kuala Kangsar
and those of the East Coast States, having shorter faces, rather shorter heads,
a slightly greater stature, straight hair, and clear yellowish complexions. Many
Semangs inhabit the neighbouring jungle, coming regularly into the
village to obtain tobacco and the like in exchange for jungle produce.
Immediately round the houses the land has been cleared, and there are large
wet rice-fields ; many patches of secondary jungle and of grassy savannah
exist in the vicinity, though most of the jungle is evidently old. The high
woods abound in game birds, such as the fire-back pheasant, Lophnia ignita ,
and the long-beaked partridge, Rbizothera longirostris ; and the butterfly,
Melanocyma faunula , a very local form, is common. In comparatively open
places iii the jungle I found other species, such as Papilio megarus^P. antiphates ,
Appias nero , enormously prolific in individuals ; but the scarcity of Danaids
was noteworthy.

. Fascic. Malay.— Zoology, Vol. I, p. 3.

F/fSCIC UL1 MALAYENSES

IX

I stayed at Grit from March 21st to April 3rd, 1902, and obtained there a
considerable series of photographs, specimens (including a skeleton), and measure-
ments illustrating the anthropology of the Semangs, and also a collection of the
butterflies typical of the district, which differed considerably in its Rhopaloceran
fauna from any we had visited, approaching the Jalor-Rhaman border most
closely in this respect.

Janing. The government headquarters in Upper Perak at the time of
my visit were here, though possibly they may have been moved elsewhere by
this date. The place, situated on the Perak River, was very largely of European
origin, and consists principally of government buildings and Chinese shops.
The district magistrate, who until recently was the only European in the district,
has an extremely comfortable house, with a large garden. The members of
the Semang camps in the neighbourhood visit Janing regularly, where, it is
said, they often get drunk. Rogue elephants have frequently broken down the
telephone poles on the road between this place and Lenggong, and my men
declared that one had attacked them as they loitered by the roadside behind
my bullock cart. The road is not metalled, but is sufficiently good in dry
weather to permit the passage of a gharry, or one-horse carriage. There is a
good jungle-track, along which 1 walked twice, between Janing and Grit — a
distance of about twenty-two miles. I stayed at Janing for a night or two on
two occasions in March and April, 1902.

Lenggong. This is really the biggest and most important place in Upper
Perak, but it has an unfortunate reputation for gang robberies. The Malays
here chiefly claim descent from Rhaman or Kedah, but have a fabric of
pottery1 that appears to belong to the characteristic Perak type. There are
Klings, Chinamen, and other Oriental foreigners in the village, which is a
model of orderliness and respectability, as far as outward appearances go, as
compared with the dirty little mining centres of Batang Padang ; a fine rest-
house, a hospital, and a school have a wonderfully civilized aspect. Janing is
thirty-two miles distant from Kuala Kangsar, and the road is well metalled
and in good condition, there being no government railway to compete with it.
I left Kuala Kangsar by gharry at daybreak, and reached Lenggong in time
for lunch, staying there for a night on my way to Janing, which is about
twenty-six miles further on.

Lemonggoh. The only other village but Grit of any importance in the
New Territory, being in the centre of a region occupied by numbers of jungle
folk, who bring in the rattans and other natural produce they collect. The
inhabitants of the village are Malays, evidently with a considerable admixture
of native blood in their veins, and a Chinese store has lately been set up.

I. L. Wray, Journ. Anthrop. Inst.y 1903, pp. 24-33.

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Two separate tribes inhabit the neighbouring jungle, one living near
the village, in subjection to the Malays, the other leading an independent
existence on the hills, where they make large clearings for the cultivation of
tapioca, yams, bananas, and millet — rice they refuse to eat. These two tribes,
however, do not appear to be racially distinct from one another ; we have
called them ‘ Sakais ’ in the text, but it is evident, I think, that they are
merely Semangs with some Malay blood in their ancestry, so that the term
‘ bastard Semangs,’ which is used on the map, defines them more clearly. I
reached Temonggoh on foot from Grit ; thejourney, along a very bad elephant
track for the greater part of the way, should only have taken two days, but
my guide lost the way, and I only discovered that we were travelling in a
circle by noticing a hornbill’s feather on the ground beside a tree trunk, where
I remembered seeing it before, so that we were obliged to spend two nights
in the jungle. On this journey I was very much struck by the variety of
frogs and toads in the old jungle, where I noted eight species in one day, and
also by the sounds produced by stridulating insects at night and by small birds
early in the morning ; indeed, the fauna of the tree-tops appeared to be richer
than in any locality where we made zoological collections.

I stayed at Temonggoh for four days in April, 1902, obtaining some
photographs, anthropological measurements, and ethnographical specimens, as
well as four skulls of one of the jungle tribes, known as Sakai Jehehr.

NELSON ANNANDALE

FASCICULI MALATENSES

xi

PART II. SENGGORA, PATALUNG, AND TRANG

Senggora

THE state of Senggora, called Sun-kra or Sun-kla by the Siamese, has, if
the districts of Tibaw and Chenaw be included, an area rather greater
than that of Rhaman (q.v.). Of Tibaw and Chenaw very little is known,
our own experience consisting merely of two days’ hasty march along the
coast ; they seem to be sparsely populated in the interior, and to consist chiefly
of jungle country. Senggora proper, on the other hand, has mostly been
cleared, where the ground is not too barren to render clearing a work of
supererogation, and it is doubtful whether any old jungle now remains within
the district. The coast land of all three districts resembles that of the Patani
States, but it is obvious that the sea is here rapidly eating into the land, as we
saw many Casuarina trees that had been undermined by the waves and had
fallen on the beach. A remarkable feature of the vegetation along this coast,
especially in the immediate vicinity of Senggora town, is the abundance of
certain myrmecophilous plants ; in some places there is hardly a tree other than
a Casuarina — for the Casuarina harbours few epiphytes or creepers — but gives
support to one or more plants of a Discidia , which we found also growing on the
same stump as a species of Myrmecodia, or an allied genus. We noticed, however,
that the modified leaves of the Discidia were very liable to have holes eaten in
them by some insect or mollusc, and that the ones so injured, which permitted
water to enter their cavities, were not frequented by ants ; the species
inhabiting the bulbous stem of the Myrmecodia was not the same as that which
lived in the leaves of the Discidia that grew a few inches away. On our
walk along the shore from the mouth of the Tibaw River to Senggora town,
we saw several sea snakes ( Hydrophinae ) which had been buffeted in the tremendous
surf, which broke all along the coast, and cast ashore ; they were evidently in
a very vicious condition, attempting to bite any object thrust in their way.
We were obliged to travel very light, and accomplished the journey from
Kampong Anak Bukit, in Nawngchik, to Senggora in three days, although the
foot track between the former village and the Tibaw River was almost entirely
submerged, owing to the heavy rains which had fallen — it was December— and
although the sand of the seashore, to which we took in order to avoid the
floods, provided very heavy going. It is doubtful whether we could have
moved with anything like the same rapidity, had we not gone barefoot, clad in
the lightest of Chinese clothing, which the wind dried almost as soon as the
rain had soaked it.

xii FASCICULI MALATENSES

Kuala Zircom. A small Malay fishing village, at the mouth of the Chenaw
River, where we spent a night on our way to Senggora. Near Kuala Zircom
we entered a curious encampment, the huts in which were roughly built on
the ground of slabs of bark. The people who occupied it were Malays, who
said that they had never heard of white men, and asked whether white men
were like Malays, i.e., were Mahommedans. After we had warmed ourselves
over a fire in one of the huts, and had grown more friendly with its inhabitants,
who were very curious to know what manner of men we were, they told us
that they were all just recovering from smallpox, and that the people of the
village had driven them out of it. Little pieces of white bark, displayed on
sticks at the Zircom side of the camp, were a sign that no one coming from
that quarter might approach it, but no objection was made to us proceeding on
our way in the opposite direction.

Senggora. The town of Senggora is externally a Chinese city, surrounded
with a high castellated wall, and formerly closed at nights by heavy gates,
which are now fixed permanently open to admit the entry of telephone and
telegraph wires. The principal buildings also are Chinese, except some of the
many Buddhist monasteries, whose high-gabled roofs appear amidst the foliage
of the trees with the softest of mellow orange-brown, dull copper-green, and
emerald-green tiles ; they are built in the true Siamese style of architecture,
which is founded on the Chinese, but is less solid and even more fantastic.
The population, a large proportion of the Buddhist part of which must be in
celibate orders, is partly Chinese, partly Siamese, and partly Malay, but the
Siamese official element is large, as Senggora is the centre of the administration
of all the country between Kelantan and Ligor, and the Malays, who retain
el Islam, have mostly foregone their proper language in favour of Siamese.
Indeed, we found that English carried us further than Malay in the town, for
many of the officials could speak English well, though there are no pure bred
Europeans resident in the state. Across the straits from the modern town,
which has been built by former Chinese governors on the south bank of the
entrance to the Taleh Sap, lies old Senggora, now chiefly occupied by Malays,
the descendants of prisoners of war brought from Kedah two generations ago.
These people occupy themselves in fishing, and the size of their families is so
notorious that childless Siamese women in the town procure all their
drinking water from a well in one of the Malay villages, attributing the
fecundity of its inhabitants to this source. The Malays have also, in the vicinity,
several villages entirely to themselves in which the houses are erected partly
on dry land and partly on piles in the lake, so that they can draw up their
dug-outs directly from the surface and suspend them beneath the platform on

FASCIC ULI MALAYENSES

xiii

which their dwelling-rooms are built. Altogether, the environs of Senggora
offer a strange study in contrasts ; for while phonographs and acetylene bicycle
lamps are on sale in several of the Chinese shops in the town, real lake dwell-
ings are in actual occupation within a mile or two. The town market dues
are very heavy in Senggora, and a most irksome regulation was made at the
beginning of 1 902, forbidding women to carry on their heads, in the immemorial
manner, anything intended for sale within the walls, the reason being that all
such goods must be inspected by the police, who objected to pry too closely into
things which had been sanctified by being placed on the head of a human
being.

We spent ten days in Senggora in December, 1901, recruiting our health
and preparing for a journey to Kedah, and one of us returned for another short
visit at the end of the spring of 1902. A few spiders and one or two ethno-
graphical specimens were all that we collected here, but on both occasions we
thoroughly appreciated the kind hospitality of His Excellency the Siamese
High Commissioner.

Patalung

This state, the south of which marches with Senggora, the west with
Trang and other West Coast States, and the north with Ligor, or Nakawn
Sitamarat, is thickly populated in the neighbourhood of the Taleh Sap, but
there appear to be only scattered villages in the interior, where considerable
numbers of Semangs probably still exist in the jungle. The country is flat
near the coast, but dotted over with limestone peaks,1 and the central range
sends down low spurs to within a few miles of the lake. I travelled by boat
from Senggora to Lampam in May, 1902, and from Lampam overland to
Trang.

Lampam. This place, the capital of Patalung (Muang Talun in Siamese),
is a neat little Siamese town, with handsome government offices, a fine temple,
and a curious shrine in which crocodile skulls are reverenced. The population
consists of Siamese, a few Chinamen and a considerable number of half-castes,
the children of Chinese fathers and Siamese mothers. These people, who in
the Patani States are confused with the race of their fathers, are here recognized
as a class apart, wearing their hair hanging on the shoulders, but not in a
queue ; they are called Baba. The country all round Lampam is very highly
cultivated, chiefly by Siamese, who have evidently a full share ofSemang blood
in their veins, and, to a less extent, by Malays, who dress and speak like their
neighbours, though they live in their own villages and cling to the Mahommedan
religion. The land is very fertile, producing two crops of rice in a year, and

1. It is the pointed conical form of some of these peaks which is believed to give the medicine-men of Patalung
such great magical power (Cf. Fascic. Malay. — Anthropology, part I, p. 60).

XIV

FASCICULI MALATENSES

the orchards of the"district are famous throughout Lower Siam. The journey
from Senggora to Lampam can be done in a day by boat, if there is no wind,
and if sufficient boatmen be employed, but it took me two days and part of
a night, owing to the choppy character of the waves in May. I spent two
nights at Lampam, waiting for an elephant to take my baggage to Trang, and
there procured the skeleton of a Siamese child. I also noted a curious
insect that I had taken at the same place in 1889, namely, an aquatic glow-
worm (apparently the larva of some Malacoderm beetle), which is common
in the swamps round the town.

The Taleh Sap. This extraordinary lake, known to the Malays as Laut
Dalam (the Inner Sea), is nearly fifty miles long and of very variable breadth, but
not, save for a few deep pockets, more than a few feet deep. To the south
it communicates freely with the sea, and a canal has been cut between a point
near its northern limit and the coast, though there does not appear to exist
any such natural channel as that marked on many maps, which very possibly,
however, has recently disappeared. Another artificial channel, known as
Klong Sukhum, in honour of Phya Sukhum, the Siamese High Commissioner,
who directed its construction, now joins the Taleh Sap to the Ligor River.
The waters of the lake, at any rate in December, March, April, and May, are
only slightly brackish, though the tides are felt in the Lampam River. The
islands with which it is dotted are either low and marshy or consist of lime-
stone peaks rising abruptly from the water. The latter afford in the caves
with which they are riddled a breeding-place for Collocalia innominata, the
edible nests of which are extremely valuable, while the reed-beds round the
other islands and along the shore shelter innumerable water-fowl, especially the
cotton teal, Nettapus coromandelianus , and the tree-duck, Dendrocygna javanica ,
which is generally called a teal in the Straits. There is a small cetacean,
probably a species of Platanista , in the lake, and a viviparous sting-ray is caught
off Lampam, where sharks are said also to occur. The centre appears to be
almost devoid of animal and vegetable life, though a few minute worms were
taken by Mr. Richard Evans and myself in 1899 ; but beds of Potamogeton
and other water-weeds at the mouth of the Lampam River have evidently a
very rich insect and crustacean fauna, while the fish from the same locality are
partly marine and partly freshwater forms. The marine or lacustrine zoologist
who was willing to be satisfied with minute and inconspicuous specimens
would find a most interesting hunting-ground in this lake and its northern
adjunct, the Taleh Noi, and although the people who inhabit the shores have
an unenviable reputation among the Malays and Siamese, I never experienced
anything but courtesy from them.

NELSON ANNANDALE

FASCICULI MALATENSES

XV

Trang

This state marches with Patalung on the east and reaches the sea on the
west, including within its jurisdiction a number of islands which the native
Mahommedans regard as appertaining to the sultanate of Kedah. The interior
of Trang, where Semangs are said to have been formerly numerous, is occupied
partly by Siamese rice cultivators and partly by Chinese pepper planters, but
the coast people are either Mahommedan, Samsams, or pagan Orang Laut. The
road from Lampam, a good sandy track recently set in order, passes through little
but cultivated ground between the base of the western slope of the main
range, which reaches an altitude of several thousand feet at this point, and the
large market town of Tap-tien, formerly the capital of Trang, from which
I proceeded by boat to Kantang, the whole journey taking three days. The
banks of the Trang River are here densely wooded, but the jungle has a peculiar
character, due to its estuarine nature at a considerable distance from the sea,
for, even as high as Tap-tien, there are a number of small floating islands,
composed of the roots of nipa palms with other vegetation entangled among
them, which float up stream with every tide. In the neighbourhood of
Kantang this palm is largely cultivated for the sake of its sap, out of which
sugar is made, and of its young leaves, which serve in place of cigarette papers.

Chau Mai. A place on the coast, a few miles north of the estuary of
the Trang River. Formerly the limestone cliff's at this place, and the caves
which they contain, were regarded as sacred by the Orang Laut, who deposited
their dead in the latter, but Chinese pepper planters, searching for bats’-dung
guano, have dispelled the sacred influences. The character of the vegetation on
this coast is strikingly varied, for immediately along the shore there is usually a
belt of casuarina trees, and behind them there are vast tangled mangrove
creeks, the trees of which give support to many orchids and other epiphytes,
while the characteristic flora of the cliff's resemble that on the limestone
islands of the Taleh Sap, having as its most conspicuous member a large
candelabra-like euphorbia. I saw among these cliffs a land crab some six or
eight inches across the carapace ; it appeared to be one of the Oxypodidae,
which has ventured further from the sea than many of the species of this
family are in the habit of doing, but my men unfortunately left a specimen
which I had obtained behind. The duck, Asarcornis scutellata / so scarce in
collections, appears to be common on the Trang coast, going inland every
evening and passing in numbers over the town of Kantang.

Kantang. The new capital of Trang, founded about ten years ago by
the Chinese hereditary governor, who has now been promoted to the high

i. The ‘Skeat’ specimen was procured by myself in the interior of Patalung, and the note on my label gave
the statement that the species was migratory as a native belief (Cf. Bonhote, P.Z.S., 1901, Vol. I, p. 80).

XVI

FASCICULI MALATENSES

commissionership of the ‘circle’ of which Trang forms a part. To the
ethnologists and naturalist Kantang is not a place of any interest, except,
perhaps, as regards the butterflies common in its vicinity, which struck me as
being different from those seen elsewhere. The town consists chiefly of
government offices and elegant villas, in which the officials live, and it is far more
modern in all essentials than any place on the East Coast which we visited. I
was obliged to wait at Kantang for some days to get a boat to take me to the
coast, and again to catch the steamer for Penang, and during my stay was
much indebted to the kind offices of Mr. A Steffen, a German engineer in
the employ of the Siamese Government, the native officials1 being here sus-
picious of me. From Mr. Steffen I procured some valuable ethnographical
and antiquarian specimens.

Ban Phra Muang. A large ‘ Malay,’ or, more accurately, Samsam, village
at the mouth of the Trang River. I spent several days there in May, 1902,
obtaining some ethnographical specimens and a series of anthropometrical
data. The people, who call themselves Malays, are recognized as Samsams
by their neighbours, that is to say, as being of mixed Malay and Siamese origin.
They speak a dialect of Siamese mixed with Malay words and phrases, and
resemble the Malays of Upper Perak in appearance.

Pulau Meniia. A little island lying off the Trang coast. Part of it is
high, and there edible birds’-nests are collected. The part facing the
coast, however, is flat, with the most beautiful white sand, and is occupied for
part of the year by a Samsam community which has its permanent village some
distance up the Chau Mai River. A family of Orang Laut Kappir were also
encamped on the island at the time of my visit. The fauna between tide-
marks was very varied, owing to a plentiful growth of sea grass ( Zostera ),
among which Holothurians, some of which were captured as trepang, were
particularly numerous, while the ‘pearl oyster,’ Arenga magaritifera , or an allied
species, was taken in great numbers from the sand, rather as an article of diet
than for its pearls, a few of which were, however, collected. A Sipunculid
worm, Phymosoma japonicum in all probability, was dug out from the sand and
eaten by the Samsams, as well as several bivalves and a lantern shell {Lingula').
On Pulau Mentia, where I was only able to spend one night, I obtained two
skulls, which I believe to be those of Samsams.

Pulau Telibun. This island is partly the delta of the Trang River, but
has also a limestone basis. It is densely wooded except along the coast opposite
the mouth of the river, where it has a muddy shore, in which a variety of

I. The High Commissioner at Senggora had given me a letter of introduction, of course written in Siamese, to
the Governor of Trang, and in this letter it was stated that 1 had come ‘to inspect knowledge,’ so that I was naturally
regarded as some new kind of spy.

FASCIC ULI MAL A TENSES

xvn

molluscs, crustaceans, and coelenterates abound. When the tide goes out, the
whole shore becomes covered in a moment with vast numbers of little pinkish
crabs, resembling the Australian genus Mycteris ; they are perpetually on the
move, not infrequently walking right across the discs of gigantic mud-coloured
sea anemones, which remain expanded, but very inconspicuous, in little pools
caused by the tide swirling round their bases. Hundreds of the crabs cling to
their tentacles, but the rest proceed on their way, without apparently learning
by experience to avoid them. A Patani man, who accompanied me,
and who had never seen so many crabs together, exclaimed when I pointed
them out to him, ‘What a fine relish they would make! ’ and rushed forward
to capture them, but they sank instantaneously into the sand. I spent several
days on Pulau Mentia, staying in the Siamese revenue station recently established
on the island, and obtained some interesting musical instruments and other
specimens from a Samsam camp, where I also measured a few of the men.

NELSON ANNANDALE

I i/j/oj

FASCICULI MALAYENSES

xviii

PART III. THE PATANI STATES AND KEDAH

Rhaman

Rhaman is the largest of the seven Patani States, bordering on the north
with Tibaw, Jalor, Patani, Jhering, and Telubin ; on the west with Kedah ; on
the east with Kelantan, Legeh, and Telubin ; and on the south with Perak.
We spent a few days at Ban Kassot on the Jalor border in 1901, and I made
a hasty journey from Upper Perak to Patani through Rhaman in April, 1902,
so that our acquaintance with this state is comparatively slight. Kota Bharu,
the capital, we did not visit, but I was there in 1899 ; it is a small and
unimportant village, not situated on any navigable river, and therefore only
of note as a centre of the cattle trade between the East Coast and Perak.

Only a small proportion of Rhaman is under cultivation, the rest being
buried, for the most part, in dense jungle, and only a few unimportant tin
mines, all worked by Chinamen, now existing, though there are said to be rich
mineral deposits. The district between Jarum and the Perak border, however,
is an undulating savannah, covered with long buffalo grass, but intersected
with many streams, the banks of which are thickly wooded and give shelter
to numerous birds and to several of the scarcer jungle butterflies and dragon
flies, such as Kallima buxtoni and a fine species of Gomphus , in comparatively
large numbers.

The following villages were visited on my journey : —

Belong. Now the Siamese headquarters in the Hulu Rhaman district,
which is often known as Neg’ri Jarum. Betong is a large and flourishing
Malay village, evidently, from the size of the fruit trees, and the enormous
masses of orchids upon them, of considerable age ; the only non-indigenous
inhabitants being a few Siamese officials and police and a couple of Chinese
traders. The prevailing type of Malay is that noted at Grit, and a Semang
tribe has its hunting grounds in the neighbourhood. The village fauna is that
characteristic of the central region of the Peninsula, the common squirrel being
Sciurus vittatus, not Sc. concolor or Sc. caniceps. The savannah1 near is said to be
inhabited by large herds of Sladang (Bos gaur) and Sapi ( Bos sondaicus ?), with
possibly a third species (Bos frontalis ?) ; but the habits of these wild cattle, if
what was told me is true, differ from those of jungle individuals, for the former
are said to be mild and inoffensive, while the latter are notoriously savage.
The jungle fowl (G alius gallus ) is very abundant, and the cocks frequently come
into the village and interbreed with the tame poultry. The domestic cattle

1. The hunting dog ( Cyon rutilam ) is also comparatively common in this district, and also, very possibly — in my
opinion, probably — a species of jackal.

FASCICULI MALAYENSES

XIX

are chiefly of the ‘Siamese’ breed1 2 ; but zebu blood has been lately introduced,
and many buffaloes are kept.

The journey from the Perak border to Betong took me three days on
foot, but could have easily been accomplished in two, had it not been for the
state of the track between Gritand Krunei — a regular slough of despond, churned
into mud, and rendered filthy beyond description by the passage of cattle from
the Patani States to Perak, and of elephants in both directions. It appeared
to swarm with a parasite (possibly a Nematode allied to Strongyloides intestinalis'1 ),
which penetrated the skin of the feet, especially between the toes, and caused
extreme irritation and discomfort. We had experienced the same pest in places
on Bukit Besar where elephants had been, and the Malays say, probably with
truth, that it originates in elephants’ dung. I found the only way to obtain
even comparative immunity from it was to walk barefoot and to wash my feet
very carefully at every stream we crossed, as footgear of any kind, which, at
any rate, the tenacity of the mud rendered irksome, appeared to harbour
the parasite, which it was difficult to eliminate.

Jarum. A smaller Malay village, some six miles north-west of Betong,
and probably at one time a more important place than at present. It still
contains a residence of the Raja of Rhaman — a miserably dark and dirty old
house, swarming with parasitic Acari, which are said to come from the goats
stabled under it, sand flies and mosquitoes, especially Anopheles , which breed
in enormous numbers in puddles of filth in the village, and which are the
probable cause of the great prevalence of malaria in the neighbourhood. I
stayed here for some days in April, 1902, waiting for an elephant to carry my
luggage to the Patani River, and obtained a few butterflies and ethnographical
specimens, but only caught a glimpse of the Semang tribe whose Malay master
is the headman of the village.

Krunei. A straggling village, wholly Malay, close to the Perak border,
which is here marked by a small cairn of stones standing at the edge of a pool
called Lubong Gajah Puteh, or the pool of the white elephant. The
chief of the Semang tribe whose Malay master lives at Krunei has
obtained the right from a former raja to call himself Penglima Sakai ; he
and his followers acted as my porters for a short distance, and I did not
stay at Krunei because he told me that he owed five dollars to a Malay and
was afraid to enter the village. I spent the night at Kampong Jong (not the
one marked on the map), a mile or two distant ; it was evidently a place of
recent foundation, as the fruit trees were just beginning to bear for the first

I. Fascic. Malay. — Zoology , vol. I, p. 44.

2. See Dr. Paul Van Dunne’ s Embryons de Strongyloides intestinalis , University Press of Liverpool, 1903

XX

FASCICULI MALATENSES

time. The headman, in whose house I stayed, told me that his people had
come from a place called Kampong Lalang, the ruins of which| I passed the
next day a few miles to the north-west. It was interesting to notice that the
crow ( Coruus enca (?) ), which in the Malay Peninsula is rarely found at any
distance from human dwellings, still haunted the site of this and other
deserted villages that I passed in this tract of country.

Ban Maiwas. A small Siamese village near the point where the Maiwas
River enters the Patani. Judging from the curly hair and dark complexions
of many of the people, they have absorbed a considerable proportion of Semang
blood, and they call the Semang tribe of the neighbouring jungle ‘ Sakai
Perak,’ saying that the jungle men have only recently come from over the
border. It is probable, from the age of the fruit trees and from what we
know of the Siamese invasions of this part of the Malay Peninsula, that the
inhabitants of Ban Maiwas represent a comparatively recent Siamese settle-
ment, which has intermarried to a great extent with the aboriginal inhabitants
of the country, and, therefore, it is worthy to note, that while a large propor-
tion of the population approximate to the aboriginal type, a minority appear
to have the characters usually associated with purer Siamese blood than that
habitually found in the Patani States, having clear yellow skins, straight hair,
and somewhat Mongoloid features.

From a zoological point of view, Ban Maiwas is interesting, as being the
village furthest west in this latitude in which I found the common village
squirrel to belong to the Sciurus concolor type. The fauna in the neighbour-
ing jungle seemed to be very rich, and at one point I found the cast pupal
skins of Flata limbata, the Chinese wax insect, or an allied species, covering
the leaves of a shrub in enormous numbers, while the moth-like adults of the
same species clung to tree trunks in the vicinity, having much the appearance
of a fungus that grows in the same situation.

The journey from Betong to Ban Maiwas took me three days, though
the distance is short in a straight line. Several steep spurs had to be sur-
mounted, and the track crossed and re-crossed the Patani River in such a way
that the stream had to be forded fourteen times in the course of one morning ;
though the water was low, I had to swim at one ford. At Maiwas, owing to
the kindness of the district magistrate at Betong, a well educated Bangkok Malay,
who entertained me most hospitably, rafts were waiting to take me to Bendang
Stah, another journey of three days, and from there to Patani, three days
more. On the way I was able to obtain some interesting information regarding
the popular religion of the people of the district from my raftsmen, especially
about the cult, common to Mahommedans and Buddhists, of ‘ Joh Ni a late
raja of Rhaman.

NELSON ANNANDALE

FASCICULI MALAYENSES

XXI

Patani

Of late years much confusion has arisen from the very varied meaning
given in the Straits, in Europe, and in Siam to the term, ‘Patani,’ and it may,
therefore, be well before commencing a description of the country in which
the greater part of our time was spent, which was the original goal ot out-
expedition, to explain the three different senses in which this term is used.

i. Until about a century and a half ago the kingdom of Patani, which was
frequently governed by a female sovereign, appears to have been one of the largest
and most powerful in Malaya, exceeding the modern states of Perak, Pahang,
or Kelantan in size. It comprised the whole watershed of the Patani and
Telubin Rivers, a part of the Upper Perak valley, and probably some of the
northern tributaries of the Kelantan ; but very possibly it consisted rather of
a confederation of petty native rajas under a powerful chief than of a single
state, and Malay domination may never have extended much north of the
Patani River, except immediately along the coast.

At the end of the eighteenth and the commencement of the nineteenth
century the Siamese finally conquered the country, which had long owed them
a feebly defined and easily broken allegiance ; and ‘Patani ’ was divided into
seven minor states, each independent of its neighbours, and each under a
Siamese nominee, who was in some cases a Malay and in some a Siamese. It
is from these Siamese governors, who were tributary to the Chinese governor
of Senggora, himself a vassal of Siam, that the present Malay rajas of the
seven states are descended. The names of the seven states are Nawngchik or
Tojan, Patani or Tani, Jhering, and Sai or Telubin, along the coast ; and Jalor
or Yala, Rhaman, and Ra-nge or Legeh, in the interior. During the greater part
of our visit their local administration was kept separate, each state being under
a Malay raja nominally and a Siamese governor or commissioner practically,
except Nawngchik, the governors of which never became Mahommedans and
which was entirely under Siamese rule. In 1902, however, the seven states
were reunited, with the title of the Division of the Seven Provinces, under a
commissioner resident in Patani town but responsible to the High Com-
missioner of the Ligor Circle, who resides at Senggora.

The term ‘Patani’ is usually held in the Straits to include these seven
provinces, which are indicated when we talk of the ‘ Patani States.’ We are
indebted to the High Commissioner of the Ligor Circle for the following
particulars regarding their population and that of the neighbouring states. His
Excellency regards the figures as substantially correct, and if they are only
moderately accurate, the curious and unexpected fact is shown that, even
including the nominally independent principality of Johor, there are more
Malays under Siamese than under British rule in the Malay Peninsula.

XXII

FASCICULI MALAYENSES

Population of Monlhon Nakon Sri Thamarat ( Ligor Circle).

‘The following figures are from the census, and may, therefore, be taken as
accurate : —

Province

Siamese

Chinese

Malays

Total

Ligor (Nakon Sri Thamarat) ...

130,034

32>439

32,580

1 9 5 *°5 3

Senggora

78,307

3L323

I 5,662

1 25,292

Patalung

45*635

3.563

5.563

54*76i

Division of the Seven Provinces.

39*563

O

OO

dh

138,466

197,809

The following figures for Kelantan and Trengganu are only approximate,
as no census has been taken : —

Kelantan has about 250,000 inhabitants, of whom about 20,000 are Siamese,
15,000 Chinese, and the rest Malays.

Trengganu has about 120,000 inhabitants, of whom very few are Siamese;
there are about 1,000 Chinese, and the rest are Malays.’

There are no Europeans, and few Indians or Arabs, resident in the Patani
States, Senggora, or Patalung.

2. The modern state of Patani, or, as the Siamese call it, Tani, is a small
strip of territory, with a coast line less than ten miles long and a length of
rather over twenty miles, the northern part of which extends on both sides of
the Patani River, while the southern half is bounded by it to the west.
Except in the immediate vicinity of the coast, where the soil is sandy and
barren and supports large open woods of casuarina trees, the country is well
cultivated, under artificial irrigation, and supports a population probably as
dense as that of any part of the Malay Peninsula which is not occupied by
tin miners. There is little or no old jungle left in the state.

3. Patani town , locally known as Kuala Bukar, is the most important
place in the Division of the Seven Provinces, both as the seat of government
and as the only port with a reasonably safe anchorage between Kuala Kelantan
and Senggora. Patani Roads, indeed, enjoyed considerable reputation among
the old voyagers, and formed a nucleus for the trade of ‘Further India’ in the
seventeenth century, at which date there was a factory of the East India
Company at Patani ; but nowadays, at any rate, anchorage is only possible in
them from March to October, and they are so shallow that vessels drawing
more than twelve feet must anchor over two miles from the mouth of the
river, which is blocked by a bar rarely covered with more than four feet of
water.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

xxiii

The town was situated, in 1901, on the east bank of the stream, about a
mile and a half from the sea, but in the course of its history it has frequently
been moved from one bank to the other, and in the summer of 1902 prepara-
tions were being made to build a new town across the stream. It is divided
into two quarters, one occupied by Mahommedans, the other by Chinamen and
Siamese, and the government buildings, consisting of a post and telegraph office,
a police station, and the commissioner’s residence, are situated between them on
the river bank. Here also are the buildings of a Siamese wdt, or monastery
(almost the only solid buildings in the place except the mosque in the Malay
quarter) ; they are surrounded by a balustraded wall with ornate gateways in
Chinese style, and separated by a row of fine sugar palms from the river, over
which a gorgeously painted and gilded guest-house has lately been built.

The Chinese quarter, in which the greater part of the local trade is con-
ducted, contains numerous large houses of brick and rubble, and in its shops
articles of European manufacture, such as crockery, hardware, cotton goods,
and a limited selection of tinned provisions, can be bought at prices but little
in excess of those current in the Singapore bazaars. Much of the purchasing,
however, is carried on by means of little perforated pewter coins of Malay
manufacture, and only current in the state of Patani, of which eight hundred
go to the Straits dollar.

The Malay quarter, in which we rented a house during six months of our
stay in the Patani States, is much less pretentious, and also less odorous, than
the Chinese, consisting chiefly of a few large compounds belonging to the raja
and other wealthy Mahommedans, and a street of small houses with open booths
in front of them. This street leads from the raja’s compound, in the open
space in front of which a daily market is held, to a landing stage on the river,
and in the opposite direction the town gradually merges into the cluster of
hamlets which surround it, large open spaces being left for the cemetery and
for cultivation. Two broad sandy roads, excellent except for their heat in dry
weather, lead to Jambu and to the sea from the Malay quarter.

When we talk of ‘ Patani,’ we refer to the town, unless it is otherwise
stated or inferred.

The trade of Patani is probably less extensive than it was even at the
middle of last century, and is carried on, as far as imports are concerned, almost
exclusively with Singapore. A certain amount of jungle produce and a small
quantity of inferior tin are brought down from the interior, and silk garments
woven in the town, are exported to Kelantan and Trengganu, being of better
quality than the rather shoddy goods manufactured in these places ; but the
staple industries are the curing of salt-fish and the manufacture of salt in brine

XXIV

FASCICULI MALATENSES

pits on the coast. The crude salt is carried, chiefly to Kelantan but also to
Trengganu and Senggora, in flat-bottomed sailing barges of five or six tons
burden. A steamer called about once in five weeks on its way to Singapore,
and as often on its way to Bangkok, during the first half of 1901, but it was
discontinued later, and we are not aware in what way communication of the
kind is now kept up.

Leaving Chinamen out of account, the population of Patani town is chiefly
Malay, and those Siamese who live there belong largely to the official class and
are not natives of Lower Siam. The Chinamen, however, have a large pro-
portion of Siamese blood in their veins, and it is probable that half of them are
really half-breeds. There must have been a considerable Bugis element at one
time, and Anderson1 states that in the seventeenth century there were many
Japanese traders settled at Patani. When we reached Patani most of the shops
in the Malay quarter were in the hands of Malays, but later in the same year
a sudden irruption of Arabs and Tamils took place, who occupied many of
them. The immigrants apparently came from Singapore. It is difficult to
estimate the population of the town with any approach to accuracy, but,
excluding the surrounding hamlets, it may reach the total of about five thousand,
while the remainder of the state probably supports five or six times that
number of people.

During the nine months of our stay in the Patani States (April to December,
1901), Patani was practically our headquarters, and we spent, in the aggregate,
many weeks in the town, to which one of us returned for a brief visit in May,
1902. We collected a considerable proportion of our ethnographical collection
here, and one of us conducted investigations, with interesting results, into the
customs and beliefs of the fishermen.2

Our zoological work at Patani was chiefly marine, and in Patani Bay we
obtained several species of sea-snake, including the anomalous Thalassophis
annandalei , only known from this locality, and the rare Distira wrayi. We
also took surface tow-nettings at different hours of the day and night, and
Mr. Andrew Scott tells us that they include representatives of a new family
of Copepoda. The * porter ’ crab, JAorippe facchino , which lies in the mud
clasping a sea anemone to its back by means of modified ambulatory claws,
was taken in shallow water, and we noted that a specimen from which the
anemone had been forcibly removed seized hold of a Rhizostomous medusa,
which had been accidentally placed in a jar with it, and carried it in the same
position. When the anemone from another individual was placed in the jar,
the crab dropped the medusa and snatched up the anemone.

1. English Intercourse •with Siam in the Seventeenth Century. London, 1890, pp. 42-44.

2. Fasciculi Malay enses — Anthropology , part. i.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

XXV

Juju/. A large Malay fishing village on the east bank of the Patani River
at its mouth. We obtained some specimens of fishing apparatus there.

Kampong Uban Tras. A Malay village, some eighteen miles above Patani,
where one of us collected some zoological specimens.

Jalor

The state of Jalor has an area about three times greater than that of
Patani, from the northern third of which it is separated by the Patani River.
The Patani River also separates it to the east from Rhaman, which bends
round to the south so as to march with it on this border too ; it marches with
Tibaw to the west, and with Nawngchik to the north. The revenue of the state,
owing largely to the amount of opium consumed in it, is larger than that of
any other of the Seven Provinces, or, as the Malays call them, the ‘ Seven
Fruit of Countries ’ ( Tujoh Buah Negri). The northern half is rather thickly
populated, partly by Malays and partly by Siamese ; that is to say, by
Mahommedans and by Buddhists, for we can find very little difference, except
that of religion, between the two peoples in Jalor. South of Petai there is
much primaeval jungle, and the tin mines, which are the largest in the
Division, occupy only a small area, being, compared to those of South Perak
small and unproductive. A considerable proportion of our time was spent in
Jalor, and we made two journeys through the southern half of the state to the
Rhaman border or its vicinity.

Biserat. Biserat, which is known to the Siamese as Ta Sap, has been
the Siamese headquarters in Jalor for some years, and the Malay Raja, whose
residence is at Kampong Jalor, some miles away from the river, has lately
been persuaded to take up his abode in a house on the outskirts of the
village. The population is considerable, consisting almost entirely of Siamese
officials and their families and of Chinamen and Chinese half-castes engaged
in river transport or petty trade. At the time of our visits all the houses
were of a flimsy nature, being built chiefly of bamboo and palm-thatch ; the
largest was the old government offices, one wing of which was assigned to us
by the Commissioner, as they were being replaced by more substantial timber
buildings : among these a telephone station in direct communication with
Senggora, Patani, and Kota Bharu (the chief place in Rhaman), which is also
connected with Biserat by a good track.

The country round Biserat consists of a large and fertile plain, most of
which is in use as rice-field or orchard, and the only jungle that remains in
the district is that on two limestone hills, called Bukit Tapang and Bukit
Bayu, which rise abruptly from the midst of swamps behind the village. Their

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FASC1C ULI MALATENSES

sides are more or less precipitous at all points, in many places so much so
that there is no lodgement for soil, and vertical crags are exposed. Thus the
hills, though they are certainly not more than about six hundred feet in
height, have a massive and solid appearance, belied by the fact that they are
penetrated in all directions by natural tunnels, which here and there expand
into lofty domed chambers of considerable extent. Bukit Tapang and Bukit
Bayu, in fact, are precisely similar in geological formation to many hills and
islands on both sides of the Malay Peninsula. The stone of which they are
formed is highly crystalline and has been exposed to metamorphic action of a
kind that leaves little hope of the discovery in it of organic remains. It is
evident that they represent the ancient land surface, now much eroded, through
which the central range of plutonic rock has been erupted. In certain places,
especially in the neighbourhood ot Kampong Jalor and Tanjong Luar, the
two formations meet and become confused together in a very curious way, and
in such localities metalliferous veins appear to be common.

The fauna of Bukit Tapang and Bukit Bayu may be divided into two
distinct sections, one of which is found on the exterior, while the other inhabits
the caves. The former is prolific, for the vegetation that grows in the scanty
soil which covers the limestone is more luxurious than might be expected from
the rapidity with which the ground dries up after rain, and rich vegetation
always means a rich fauna. It is noteworthy, however, that the fauna of these
hills is by no means so characteristic, to all appearance, as the flora, which
differs, on the one hand, from that found on granite mountains like Bukit
Besar, and, on the other, from that which covers marine or semi-marine cliffs
like those of Chau Mai or the islands of the Taleh Sap. Speaking generally,
while the number of tall trees, epiphytes, and ferns is smaller than it would be
in the former situation, the number of fleshy-leaved or fleshy-stemmed species
is smaller than in the latter. The animals are mostly those found in the plains,
though certain species, for example, the Malay serow, or c kambing gurun ’

( Nemorhaedus swettenhami ), do not occur on level ground. This antelope,
the only one that penetrates down into Malaya, is especially common
on limestone hills of the kind, taking shelter from the rain in the caves; but it
also abounds on Bukit Besar. The avi fauna is not particularly noteworthy ;
an ant thrush {Pitta cyanoptera') becomes common at the base of the cliffs in
November, and is partly responsible for the heaps of broken snail shells at the
mouths of the caves, but a species of Myiophonevs, whose cry we frequently
heard, probably contributes its share, for on a previous visit one of us collected
a young specimen in just such a place on Bukit Tapang. Insects are rather scarce,
but in some patches of jungle the tailor ant (Oecopbylla smaragdina ) is so abundant,

FASCICULI MALATENSES

XXVll

and so vicious, that passage through the thorny undergrowth is difficult. A
careful search would probably reveal a large molluscan fauna, always rich
on limestone, but we were unfortunate in this respect in the dryness of
the year, which probably caused the majority of the species to disappear into
the earth. As a member of the ‘ Skeat ’ Expedition one of us took on Bukit
Tapang several new slugs of the brilliantly coloured and peculiar genus Atopos , as
well as a very curious snail, Rhiostoma jalorensis , Sykes, which has a shell that
looks as if it had become partially uncurled and had then been joined together
by a tubular bridge running between two whorls. Its operculum is also peculiar,
being very thick and fitting into the shell with a regular spiral screw, probably
as a protection against the evaporation of moisture, as the species is found, at
any rate in dry weather, buried in leaf mould, only dead and eroded shells
occurring on the surface of the ground, where they are very common in certain
places.

The cave fauna is mainly interesting because it is not a true cave fauna in
the sense that that of the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky is one, probably because
the Jalor caves, though they penetrate into the hills for a considerable distance,
are not uniformly dark throughout, the roof having fallen in in many places
and so permitted light and moisture to enter, and with them the fauna of the
outside world. Nevertheless, there are several species found in the darker
parts of the caves which are, at any rate, very rare elsewhere, notably the so-
called ‘ moon snake,’ Coluber taeniurus , which, however, is not so common as
in the caves of Selangor. A very large whip-spider, Stygophrynus cerberus ,
Simon, is extremely abundant on the walls, and a wingless grasshopper belonging
to the family Stenopelmatidae is even more so. The latter has extremely long
antennae, one of which is longer and stouter1 than the other, and the
whip-spider’s first pair of legs, which it carries crossed over its back, are even
longer than those of some of its allies, largely taking the place of eyes, though
these organs, which would appear to be useless to the animal, are well developed
even as regards their internal structure. Certain Isopods, found under stones
in the caves, may possibly have degenerate eyes, but they have not yet been
examined.

We stayed at Biserat for some weeks in June, July, October, and
November, 1902, and there obtained a considerable proportion of our anthropo-
metrical data regarding the Malayo-Siamese, as we have thought it best to call
the very mixed indigenous population of the Patani States. Our subjects were
partly prisoners in the jail and partly inhabitants of the neighbouring hamlets.
We also made large zoological collections in the neighbourhood, and, as
regards insects, were particularly fortunate because of two events, viz., the

1. Detailed measurements show that this is usually, but not invariably, the left antenna. — N.A.

FASCICULI MALAYENSES

xxviii

discovery in an accessible position of a flowering shrub which attracted enormous
numbers of beetles and other insects not elsewhere obtained, and, secondly,
the arrival of the High Commissioner with a large train of elephants, which
were followed or accompanied by some interesting beetles of the genus Heliocopris.
The situation of the house in which we stayed, in an open space surrounded by
orchards, proved attractive to moths, of which large numbers were taken round
our lamp in the evenings. Several species of Diptera belonging to the family
Celyphidae were collected, together with a Phytophagous beetle which some of
them resembled very closely, as well as a number of ant-like spiders (. Attidae\
in some cases with their specific ‘ models.’

On each occasion we came to Biserat by boat from Patani — a dull and
tiresome two days’ journey, for the boat, a large flat-bottomed punt with a
low-roofed cabin amidships, a small kitchen behind and a sloping platform for
the polers in front, kept constantly sticking on a snag or sand bank. The
river is so shallow and the currents are so variable that no steersman can know
it intimately from one month to the next. The country on both banks is
tame, covered with a succession of Malay and Siamese villages, which are
separated from one another by patches of secondary growth and clumps of
bamboo. The only interesting feature of the journey is the Sungei Bharu or
‘ New River,’ a canal cut across a bend of the river by a late raja of Patani,
who wished at one stroke to shorten the journey from the interior to his
capital, to bring more water into the river which reached the sea through his
territory, and to deprive the governor of Nawngchik of the revenue accruing
to him through the passage of goods through his state. All of this the canal
has performed satisfactorily,1 and it is a good instance of what can be affected in
engineering by sheer force of numbers of workmen, though, of course, no great
difficulty had to be surmounted in its construction. It is about six miles long,
broad enough for two house-boats to pass one another with some difficulty,
and very fairly straight.

Bayu. A village of indigenous Siamese about two miles from Biserat,
from which it is separated by a stretch of level ground and then by Bukit
Bayu. The village is surrounded with large orchards, especially of durian
trees, which prove most attractive to the giant squirrel, Ratufa bicolor , when
in fruit. It is separated from a considerable Buddhist monastery by a winding
lake which occupies the hollow at the base of the cliff, immediately below
which the monastery buildings have been erected. The monks have charge
of a cave a little above their residence in which, about a century ago, a Chinese
governor of Senggora on tour through the Seven Provinces caused a colossal
recumbent statue of Buddha to be built. Since then many other figures of

I. But the Siamese did not permit him to levy tolls at both ends of the canal, as he wished to do.

FASCIC.-M. l 1.1Y : msi-RAKY.

Bukit Tapang, from near Biserat

FASCICULI MALAYENSES

XXIX

inferior size, hut still gigantic, have been set up round it, and the cave is
regarded as being sacred by Malays and Siamese alike.

We paid several visits to Bayu to measure the people, who were of the
Siamese type normal in Jalor, many of them having wavy hair. From the
lake we obtained specimens of a freshwater sponge and a freshwater Polyzoon.

Bendang Stah. An important village, partly Chinese and partly Siamese,
a full day’s journey, going down stream, above Biserat. Its importance lies
in the fact that it is the point of embarkation of the tin from the Jalor mines,
with which it is in constant communication by means of elephants and pack
buffaloes, which we did not see elsewhere in the Patani States. We made no
collections at this place, but spent a very uncomfortable night, tormented by
minute Acari, in a Chinese house in the village, on our way from Tanjong
Luar to Biserat.

Kampong Jalor. This village, which is marked as Raja Jalor on some
maps, was until recently the most important in the state, being the residence of
the raja at a date when the Siamese rule was merely nominal. It is still a
considerable Malay centre, and its most important feature is the raja’s com-
pound, in which there is a large balei, or audience hall, built of flimsy materials
and now much dilapidated, and reported to have been constructed at the cost of
$40. It contains the raja’s insignia, which consist of a large drum, made of
a hollow palm-trunk, and a huge wickerwork torch-holder. The village itself
is dirty and crowded, and its inhabitants, very few of whom are Siamese, are
mostly opium-smokers, many of them being employed in connexion with the
raja’s elephants, and all elephant mahouts, it is commonly said, being addicted
to this habit. Few, however, indulge to excess, the majority merely taking a
pipe in the morning and another at night ; it appears to do them little harm
so long as they can get their two pipes a day, but if this is impossible for a
single day they become very weak and miserable. The opium monopoly in
the village was held at the time of our visit by a Chinaman who had married
a Siamese woman notorious as a witch who kept familiar spirits. She had
originally been married to a member of the raja’s family, being the daughter
of a Bangkok noble, but several husbands had divorced her in succession,
because of her reputation in respect of black magic.

The country round Kampong Jalor resembles that round Biserat, from
which it is some five miles distant, but the limestone hills are rather higher and
occur in close proximity to granite outcrops, on which vegetation is extremely
scanty. The mammalian fauna is richer, owing to the neighbourhood of
extensive tracts of jungle, and a number of species were brought us by the
Malays, who appeared to be rather better jungle men than in some parts ot the

XXX

FASCICULI MALATENSES

Patani States. Among these was the type of a new species of civet cat,
Paradoxurus minor. We also obtained, chiefly from the same source, several
interesting reptiles, including a new tortoise of considerable size, Cyclemys
annandalii , and a new snake, Dipsadomorpbus pallidus. As heavy rain fell during
the greater part of our stay at Kampong Jalor, we were able to do very little
collecting ourselves, but we were fully occupied in preserving the specimens
brought to us and in anthropological work. With the rains came numerous
wading birds, which had hitherto been absent or scarce, including several species
of heron and at least two of stork. Vultures of two species were very abundant,
and specimens were obtained of both. The Siamese Commissioner had
caused a house to be built for us outside the village, but it had been erected
on an abandoned rice-field on which dead cattle and dogs had formerly been
cast out, and the remains of these, and of the animals we had skinned, proved
most attractive to the vultures, which sat on the ground in rows, often too
fully gorged to fly, within sight of our verandah.

As regards anthropology, we obtained a considerable series of anthropo-
metrical data, but not so large a one as we desired, owing to a rumour, spread
we know not how, that we were measuring people in order to enlist them
against their will in the white men’s army. A large collection of ethnographical
specimens were made, and much information concerning native beliefs and
customs obtained. The specimens included some very fine neoliths, which
were preserved as charms against lightning and as hones for the artificial spurs
which were formerly attached to the legs of fighting cocks but are now

We stayed at Kampong Jalor in October and November, 1901, arriving
from Biserat, and starting from the former village for our trip to the Rhaman
border. Between Biserat and Jalor there is a road which is fairly good in
dry w'eather, except that most of the planks in the bridges spanning the
numerous runnels of water which traverse it have been stolen ; during the
rains the road becomes mostly mud, though cattle and elephants are warned
off it by means of elaborate signs, such as a model of the elephant hobbles
used in the country, suspended across the track or from a pole set up at
its side.

Mabek. A small community of Malays in the interior of Jalor, situated
near the point where the fauna and flora commence to take on a true jungle
character, which is practically absent, except on Bukit Besar, northwards
towards the sea. We noticed a very marked difference between the fauna of
this place and that of the country round Biserat, especially as regards the
dragon flies, which were more numerous here than at any other collecting

FASCICULI MALATENSES

XXXI

station, in species and individuals. Among mammals, a gibbon was common,
and we obtained a specimen of the monkey Presbytes ( Semnopithecus ) femoraiis ,
which seemed to replace the common P. obscurus. Several specimens of the
rare porcupine, Hystrix gtotei, were brought us by the natives.

Our object in visiting Mabek was to meet a small tribe of Semangs,
calling themselves Hami or ‘ Men,’ whose Malay lord resided there. In
this we were, so far, successful, for we saw and talked with five adults and
obtained from them several interesting ethnographical specimens, as well as
taking measurements and photographs of them, but their master was afraid
that we intended to kidnap them and so hindered us from seeing as much of
them as we desired. At the same time, he arranged that the people of the
village should refuse to sell us supplies, so that we could obtain little to eat.
The Hami are probably of purer Semang stock than the Seman of Upper Perak.

Petal. A small Malay village some miles north of Mabek. Here we
spent a night on the way to Tanjong Luar, incidentally obtaining some
curious information regarding the Malay belief in familiar spirits and witches.

Tanjong Luar. Tanjong Luar is a small Malay hamlet only separated
by the Sungei Groh, a tributary of the Patani, from the Siamese community
of Ban Kassot ; but as the Sungei Groh also forms the boundary between
Jalor and Rhaman, the two hamlets, or rather quarters of the village, are in
different states, Ban Kassot being on the Rhaman and Kampong Tanjong
Luar on the Jalor bank. The two together contain some fifteen to twenty
houses, whose inhabitants, being too lazy to practice artificial irrigation,
cultivate hill rice (which needs no such aid for its growth), maize and bananas in
small clearings often some little distance from the village, living during part of
the year in their plantations. The scenery in the surrounding country is
magnificent. The bold outlines of the limestone hills, which are several
times higher than those near Biserat, the whiteness of the exposed cliffs, and
the luxuriance of the vegetation at their base afford a series of contrasts very
grateful in Malaya. At one point a stream makes its way through a lofty
tunnel in a marble crag, and the hills, if the natives’ stories be true, are full of
splendid caves. We were invited by the Luang Chin, or head of the Chinese
community in Patani, to visit a tin mine which he owned in the neighbour-
hood, having first been warned of the precautions we must take not to scare
away the tin spirit. In forming the mine, which is probably the most
important in the Patani States, the side of a hill has been completely dug
away, but the Luang Chin told us that it did not now pay to work it to its
full capacity. He took us to see in the immediate neighbourhood a beautiful
little valley at the entrance to which a pair of huge rocky pinnacles stood
sentinel, strangely reminiscent of certain rocks in Switzerland, except that one

XXXI 1

FASCICULI MALATENSES

of them was partly covered with Cycads — a family of plants rarely seen in
numbers in the Patani States.

The fauna at Tanjong Luar is that of the central region of the Peninsula*
especially as regards the butterflies, the only animals of which we made collections
there. They congregate in enormous numbers on the Sungei Groh, which is
very muddy owing to the tin workings higher up, and often settle in patches a
foot or more square upon the banks. The yellow, red and white species, such
as Appias nero , Terias and several Pierinae , keeping, as a rule, densely crowded
and confused together, while the more sombre Euploeidae and their allies
remain separate, consorting with those Papilioninae which resemble them in
coloration, and the large black members of this last family dart from place to
place, settling to drink alone.

At the time of our visit the people of the Ban Kassot were being deci-
mated— eight adults out of about forty had died during the preceding month
— by a disease which closely resembled rapid consumption in its symptoms,
while the children, almost without exception, appeared to suffer from some-
thing very like tuberculosis of the intestine. The houses of the village were
unusually small and close, and were built in a little hollow, shadowed by three
mountains, where the sunshine barely reached. As the people themselves told
us, they ‘dwelt in the path of the spirits,’ which were constantly passing from
one hill to another. This, they agreed, was the cause of their sickness, from
which the neighbouring hamlets appeared to be free ; indeed, it was only
here that we experienced in the Patani States any form of disease so rapidly
or widely fatal as those frequently associated with the tropics, for cholera,
plague and beri-beri, if they exist in the Division of the Seven Provinces,
are very rare, while smallpox, though probably endemic in a mild variety, only
becomes epidemic, virulent and awe-inspiring to the populace at intervals of
several years.

We had visited Tanjong Luar in order to meet a tribe of Semangs, who
were said at that time (November, 1901) to have taken up their abode for
the rains in certain caves, for we had heard that their ‘ herdsman ’ or guardian
was the Siamese Nai-ban of Ban Kassot, and although we failed in this project,
our three days’ journey from Kampong Jalor — much of it through flooded
rice-fields in which the horse leeches were uncomfortably common — was richly
rewarded by the acquisition of an authentic Semang calvaria, which we found
lying at the base of a cliff where the rest of the body had been completely
devoured by porcupines, and of an almost complete skeleton of the same race,
procured for us from a cave, in which the corpse had become partially mummified,
by the medicine-man, or mor , of the village. The Nai-ban , herdsman of

FASCIC : MALAY: ITINERARY .

View at Nawngcbik town, with Bukit Besar in the distance.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

xxxiii

the ‘ Sakais,’ and his friends allowed us to loot their houses in our
search for ethnographical specimens, which we did with great satisfaction
both to them and to ourselves, having some difficulty in persuading them
to accept the remuneration that we considered fair, but they regarded as
altogether extravagant. Altogether we spent nearly a week in this neigh-
bourhood, where we had the opportunity of inspecting the preliminaries of
an indigenous Siamese funeral, as well as obtaining some interesting speci-
mens.

Nawngchik.

The state of Nawngchik lies between Jalor and the sea, marching with
Patani to the East and with Tibaw on the other side. Its area is about a
third greater than that of Patani. Seen from the flank of the mountain
Bukit Besar, the greater part of the state is covered with low brushwood, and
little thick jungle remains. The population in a few localities is, however,
dense, and there are open plains on which a large number of cattle are
pastured. We paid three visits to Nawngchik, staying for some weeks at a
time on two occasions, and a considerable part of our zoological, anthropo-
metrical and ethnographical data were obtained in the state, as the conditions
were favourable in all cases.

Nawngchik town , called Tojan by the Malays, is situated on a branch of
the Patani which was formerly the chief effluent of that river ; it lies about
two miles from the sea, and about six from Patani town, with which it is
connected by a sandy track and a ferry. A wooden bridge also serves tor
foot-passengers across the Nawngchik River, but is too weak to support an
elephant ; the only vehicular traffic in the neighbourhood is conducted in
Japanese ’rickshas, which have been introduced into Patani and are occasion-
ally taken to the neighbouring places. The population of Nawngchik town
cannot exceed two thousand, consisting very largely of indigenous Siamese,
though there is a considerable Chinese element. The place is the headquarters
of the governor, who is also recognised as raja or phya. Much of the
surrounding country is waste ground, covered with short grass and clumps of
bushes, among the roots of which the orchid, Phalanopsis esmeraldae\ is very
common and reaches a magnificent development, differing from most orchids
in preferring to grow in almost pure sand.

We were detained at Nawngchik for about ten days in December, 1901,
waiting for elephants to take our baggage to Senggora. There were extensive
floods at that time in the neighbourhood, and we were forced at last to leave

1. Malay children in this district call it haji naik kuda (pilgrims on horseback), owing to the shape of the flowers,
but its common name is pisang musang (civet cat’s banana), owing to a belief that civet cats eat the fruit.

S/ia/oj

XXX IV

FASCICULI MALATENSES

in dug-outs, which took us and our belongings in a ditch to within a few miles of
Anak Bukit ( q.v .), where we obtained elephants and porters with considerable
difficulty. During our enforced stay we occupied a pavilion used by the raja
as a grand stand when bull-fights were in progress. We shared the place
with a caretaker, who spent his time in breeding fighting fish — an illegal way of
encouraging gambling. The only zoological specimens collected were birds,
among which were examples of the Indian roller, not hitherto been recorded
from the Malay Peninsula, though it is common enough in December in the
coast region of the Patani States. The most important acquisition, however,
was a series of native Siamese skulls, which were obtained from trees near the
town, a recrudescence of ‘tree-burial’ — a primitive custom now officially
obsolete and utterly illegal in Lower Siam — having recently taken place.

Kampong Anak Bukit. A small Malay and Siamese village, about ten
miles from Nawngchik, which has become important as a government station
and as the point where the telephone and telegraph lines from Patani to
Senggora and to Jalor and Rhaman diverge. The scenery between this point
and the Tibaw River is remarkable, reminding one of us of parts of Queens-
land. Immediately along the coast is a narrow belt more or less sparsely
covered with casuarinas and Pandani ; above this are wide plains, overgrown
with coarse grass, which is usually low but occasionally grows as tall as a
man, and, dividing the plains at intervals, stand straight rows of ‘trap’1 trees
which closely resemble the ti trees ( Melanoleuca ) of Australia, having
conspicuous white bark (out of which the cattle-drovers of these parts some-
times make the walls of their houses) and small foliage not unlike that of a
birch. Behind these plains thick jungle, abounding in palms, occurs. Anak
Bukit means the ‘child of the hill’, and the village has gained a name from its
proximity to Bukit Besar.

We stayed at Anak Bukit for a night on two occasions in 1901,
passing through the village on others and collecting a certain number of birds
and insects. On our first visit, in April, when the country was very parched,
one of us found the remains of a freshwater sponge, which was suspended,
high and dry, but full of gemmules, from the stem of a creeper overhanging
the bed of a torrent.

Bukit Besar , the ‘ Great Hill,’ also called Gunong Negiri, is a mountain
approximately 3,500 feet high, on the borders of Nawngchik, Jalor and Tibaw.
It is a very conspicuous feature in the landscape of the coast region,
for it rises abruptly from the plain on three sides, being quite isolated
except for a subsidiary range of no great height, with which it appears to be
connected towards the west or north-west. Its formation is granitic, with

i. It is probable that this name is given to different trees in different parts of the Peninsula.

1- A SC 1C : MALAY: ITINERARY .

Jungle on Bukit Besak, Nawngchik.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

XXXV

stanniferous veins in the rock, and its flanks are strewn with large granite
boulders. Towards the south it is very steep, with curious gaps and caverns,
but the northern slope, with which we are best acquainted, is gradual. On
this side a large area has been cleared, reaching as high as about a thousand
feet, but most of it is now overgrown with secondary growth, and, above, the
jungle is virgin, except for an old clearing, at about 2,500 feet, which was
orginally made by tin prospectors, but afterwards occupied as a place of
retreat by the monks of a Buddhist monastery at Sai Kau.

This clearing, in which we stayed, is overgrown with long grass, brush-
wood and wild bananas ; the plate of jungle on Bukit Besar gives a good idea
of the vegetation both in such deserted clearings and in the ancient jungle
surrounding them, but the small trees in the foreground are durian trees, which
the monks have planted. On the lower slopes of the mountain the trees are
high, with slender trunks, which are usually almost free of epiphytes, though
ferns and orchids abound on the tree-tops. Above 3,000 feet bamboo thickets
are common, while about 300 feet below the peak a sudden and complete
change takes place in the flora, the trees becoming low and stunted, and their
trunks being wreathed in moss, lichen, ferns, orchids and other epiphytes,
among which we were surprised not to see a single pitcher plant. The ground
orchid, Annectochilus, is abundant among the undergrowth, growing where
there is a thin layer of soil over rock, and the summits of some of the large
boulders in the jungle are buried in ferns and in the foliage and blossoms of
a white-flowered orchid belonging to the genus Calanthe. Comparatively few
of the tree orchids have conspicuous flowers, but a certain number were very
beautiful, while the large seed-vessels of others, which scattered an impalable
powder of seed at a touch, showed that the blossoms had not been small.
Two forms of vegetation may be mentioned as being connected with the
fauna in a very special way, viz., (1) the gingerworts and wild bananas, and (2)
certain forest trees, the trunks of which are strengthened by the outgrowth
of laterally projecting buttresses at their base. Occasionally these buttresses
coalesce at their free extremity, thus forming cavities in which dead leaves and
rain water collect, and when this occurs, a regular microcosmos is the result.
Between the buttresses of one such tree, in the water or on its surface, the
following species were taken : — the lizard, Gonatodes affinis, which sought
shelter in the water when disturbed ; the snake, Tropidonotus chrysargus,
feeding on the spawn of the frog, Ixalus horridus ; the water bug,
Rhagovelia insignis , which covered the surface in a little cloud and was not
seen on any pool or stream in the neighbourhood ; the larva of a dragon fly ;
the pupa and adult of a Tipulid, and the larvae of several other Diptera and

XXXVI

FASCICULI MAL AYERSES

beetles. Of these the frog is probably peculiar to this habitat, while the same
is possibly true of the bug. The broad leaves of the gingerworts and
bananas also have their peculiar fauna. Many species of insects— including the
members of a peculiar Dipterous family ( Diopsidae ), which, in the Malay
Peninsula at any rate, are rarely found apart from these plants — delight to run
about on and to hover over their surface, and others conceal themselves during
the day in the funnels formed by the young leaves ; while the so-called flying
gecko, Ptychozoon homocepbalum, not infrequently chooses the lower surface
of the adult leaves on which to lay its eggs.

The larger mammals are scarce on Bukit Besar, but we often heard the
curious cry of the male serow, Nemorhaedus swettenhami — something between
a bleat and a bark — and the still stranger call of the muntjac ( Ceruulus
muntjac ), which is a regular roar. One night our slumbers were disturbed
by the yelping of a pack of hunting dogs ( Cyori ) and by the growls of a pair
of tigers which wandered round our hut ; while traces of the Malay bear
( [Ursus malayanus ) and wild pig were abundant. Among rodents we took
specimens of six kinds of squirrels, and saw a family of a seventh, namely
the variable species, Sciurus finlaysoni. Of those actually collected, two,
Sc. robinsoni and the ground squirrel, Funambulus insignis jalorensis, were new,
and we also obtained two new rats, Mus bukit and M. jalorensis. The birds
were neither numerous nor peculiar, though many of them had exquisite
plumage ; only a few, probably owing to the isolated position of Bukit Besar,
belonged to the true mountain fauna of the Peninsula. The reptiles and
frogs were mostly arboreal forms, and therefore difficult to collect or even see ;
but we obtained two new frogs, Ixalus horridus and Rhacophorus robinsoni , and
some interesting lizards, including the peculiar horned species Acanthosaurus
armata , and also Dibamus novae-guineae — the only representative of a family not
hitherto recorded from the mainland of Asia. Insect life was rich, but not so
rich as in 1899, which was a very much wetter' year ; we had opportunities
both of collecting and also of photographing and observing, under natural
conditions, a number of interesting forms, including the marvellous flower
mantis, Hymenopus bicornis , the white and pink ‘varieties’ of which were proved
to be mere phases in the life history, as Shelford believes, while a third phase,
of a pinkish coffee-colour, was noted in connection with the flower of a
creeper. We were not so fortunate as to obtain specimens of the Peripatus
discovered on Bukit Besar by the ‘ Skeat ’ expedition.

i. It is possible that the annual rainfall in the Patani States is fairly uniform, but that its distribution through
the months differs considerably from year to year. In 1899 there was almost daily rain between April and the end
of what would be the summer in Europe. In 1901, a more or less sustained drought prevailed during this period in
the plains, while thunderstorms were less numerous and violent on the hills. Neither year was considered extra-
ordinary by the natives, who expect a heavy rainfall and high winds in the latter end of November, in December and
January, and a short period of calm, dry weather in March and the beginning of April.

FASCICULI MALAYENSES

XXXVll

We lived on the mountain, for three weeks in April and May and a
fortnight in August and September, in a little hut of branches and palm
leaves, tied together with the stems of creepers, which our coolies practically
built for us in the course of about two hours, and we had also a photographic
dark room, constructed over a clear mountain stream, and a stage for drying
specimens erected in the clearing. But for the dampness, due rather to a fine
mist, which the sun never wholly dissipated, than to rain, for consequent
attacks of violent toothache, for the parasite to which one of us has already
alluded, and for land leeches, which were most unpleasantly abundant, we were
very comfortable, as the Malays of Sai Kau brought us up provisions, which
they sold to the cook for ridiculously small prices, almost every other day.
They also brought little bamboo tubes full of specimens which they
had collected during the ascent, and Siamese pig-hunters often visited us with
similar wares, so that we saw a good deal of the natives even on the mountain.
So far as we could discover, there are now no aborigines living on Bukit
Besar, though it is quite possible that the stories of spirits with which our
men were regaled on their return to the plains were due to the presence of
some particular shy and retiring tribe, which may or may not be extinct.

Ban Sai Kau , sometimes called Kampong Pasir Puteh by the Malays
(both names meaning ‘ the village ot white sand ’), is a large village, or rather
collection of hamlets, with about six hundred inhabitants, and lies immediately
below Bukit Besar. The population is almost equally divided between
Malays and Siamese, the two c peoples ’ here, as in Jalor, being more
accurately described as the followers of Buddha and Mahommed respectively.
They do not, however, occupy the same hamlets, for every small group of
houses is hidden in a grove of cocoanut and areca palms and other fruit
trees, and separated by extensive rice-fields from its neighbours. Many
cattle and buffaloes are also pastured in the neighbourhood, and the people,
though very poor, are well kble to live in comfort on the products of their
fields, orchards and poultry, the sale of their cattle, many of which are sent
over into Perak and Kedah, providing them with such luxuries as they desire.
In type they differ somewhat from the Malayo-Siamese of Jalor, the common
occurrence among them of wavy hair, a dark complexion and a very broad
nose probably pointing to Semang blood, while it is possible that there has
been less mixture with Chinamen or true Siamese. Their customs and
education are very primitive, though Malay boys are invariably taught to
read the Koran — often without understanding what they read — in Arabic,
and we found that the majority of them could not count above ten, so that a
purely concrete system of decimal arithmetic had to be used in our monetary

FASCICULI MALATENSES

xxxviii

dealings, every ten cents being placed by itself in a little heap, and the different
heaps being again combined in tens to form dollars. An interesting feature
of their culture was the fact that they displayed a far greater tendency,
possibly inherited from Semang ancestors, to decorate bamboo articles with
engraved patterns than their Malayo-Siamese neighbours, though their patterns
were of a more regular and elaborate character than those common among the
wild tribes of the Peninsula. Their cloth, on the other hand, was very
coarse, only three kinds of dye — the bark of the jack-fruit tree ( Artocarpus
integrifolia ), the wood of a species of acacia and an indigo — being at all
commonly employed, and checks being the only type of pattern as a rule
attempted. Unlike most of the Malayo-Siamese, however, they grew a
proportion of the cotton they used, and many of their spindles and other
implements were finely carved, while the stands of their cotton-winders were
often ornamented in a very tasteful way with a combination of carving and
painting in simple colours. The everyday language of Mahommedans, as
well as Buddhists, was a dialect of Siamese, but all the older Mahommedan
men, and most of the younger ones, could also speak Malay.

The country round Sai Kau is not particularly interesting, except towards
the mountain, and the greater part of our work there was anthropological. We
obtained large ethnographical collections during the two visits we paid, one in
May, when we stayed for about a week, and one in September, when our sojourn
was rather longer. A number of people were measured, photographs were taken
and two skeletons of murdered persons were procured, for it is not very
difficult to carry off the remains of those whose violent death has caused
their ghosts, which follow the remains, to be a menace to the neighbours.

Jhering

The state of Jhering lies between Patani and Telubin, which we did not
visit, and the most direct route from the interior of Rhaman to the coast
runs through it. Although its area is considerably larger than that of Patani,
the proportion inhabited is very much smaller, for the interior of the country,
according to all accounts, consists chiefly of swamps and morasses, in which
the Jambu River, which appears to have been at one time connected
with the Patani, now loses itself. The population is chiefly Malay, being
almost entirely occupied in fishing and salting fish, but we heard persistent
rumours of the existence of a large Siamese village, peopled by the descendants
of former invaders, and the rajas of the state are of true Siamese origin,
though now Mahommedans.

FASCICULI MALAYENSES

XXXIX

Jambu.1 The capital of Jhering was probably the most thoroughly Malay
place we visited in the Malay Peninsula, for it was of sufficient size, on the
one hand, to be something of a centre for local traffic, and too insignificant,
on the oth-er, to be attractive even to Chinese traders, while Siamese influence
appeared in 1901 less obvious than in other places in the Patani States. It
is probable, from what one of us heard in Patani in 1902, that considerable
external changes have since taken place in the town. In the summer of the
previous year the place certainly had not more than 2,000 inhabitants, the
great majority of whom were Malays, and the only building of any solidity
was the mosque, which betrayed strong traces of Chinese design. A number
of Malay rajas had houses in the town, for the place enjoyed the reputation
of being very healthy, probably on account of the sea breezes which reach it
through the odoriferous casuarina woods ; but these ‘ palaces ’ were built for
the most part of bamboo and palm thatch, though the size of some of them was
considerable. One, assigned to us as a lodging, belonged to the Raja Mudah of
Rhaman, at that date (June, 1901) a fugitive from justice, and was extremely
commodious and cool, our quarters consisting of a large central hall, a room
of the same width at the entrance for our followers, and a bedroom behind
for ourselves. There was a well of good water inside the house, and the only
objection to the place, according to the Malays, was that it was haunted by a
spirit.

The surrounding country consists partly of barren, sandy stretches,
partly of mangrove swamps, the latter following the course of the river, which
is little more than a tidal creek, and of the many channels into which it breaks
up at its mouth. The town lies about a mile and a half from the sea, and
six miles by road from Patani.

More extensive traces of the old pagan religion of the Malays exist in
this neighbourhood than at any other point on the coast which we visited,
and the worship of spirits is carried on quite openly, whereas it is usually con-
cealed. The custom of c casting away sickness ’ on little models of ships is
especially rife, and we were told that a few years ago, when an epidemic of
smallpox raged throughout the Patani States, many children who were
attacked by the disease were set adrift on rafts, in order that they might carry
it away with them out to sea.

We spent ten days at Jambu, originally visiting it in search of health, as
we were never well in Patani, probably because of the bad water supply.
Much of our time was occupied in watching the habits of the ‘ walking fishes’

i. The name has been given the town on account of the large numbers of cachew nuts which flourish in the
sandy soil of the neighbourhood, for this fruit, as well as the rose-apple, is called jambu in the Patani dialect of
Malay.

xl

FASCICULI MALAYENSES

( Periophthalmus and Boleophthalmus ) on the mud flats exposed at low tide. An
interesting series of these truly amphibious forms was obtained, and a number
of the specimens have been found by Mr. J. Johnstone to belong to a new
species, which he has named Periophthalmus phya. A few ethnographical
specimens were obtained, as well as the skeleton of a murdered Malay.

Cape Patani is a narrow sand spit, ranging in breadth from nearly a mile
to a hundred yards or less, which stretches out to sea for ten miles from the
south bank of the Jambu estuary. Its southern beach is exposed to the open
sea (the Gulf of Siam), while it protects Pantani Roads to the north, at the
same time rendering them liable to be silted up.

No greater contrast could be imagined than that between the jungle on
Bukit Besar and the vegetation on Cape Patani, for here we have no tropical
luxuriance, except in the tiny thickets which surround the pools of water that
well up in the broader parts through the sand, but either woods as open as
those on the South Coast of England, or scenes as parched and dry as the
sun-stricken deserts of Somaliland. In the casuarina woods, with their lawn-
like glades, gnarled tree-trunks and absence of undergrowth or epiphytes,
there is little to tell the eye that one is not in a northern pine-forest, while in
the sandy wastes round the villages, so hot that a European cannot walk
barefoot on the sand at midday, the hedges of spurge, Pandanus and prickly
pear1 recall a country far other than Malaya.

As will be readily understood, the fauna of such a locality is peculiar and
impoverished, though large numbers of cattle and sheep are pastured in the
woods. Mammals, except otters and the two common monkeys, Presbytes
obscurus and Macacus fascicularis , are rare ; we heard stories of an enormous
red rat which lived among the hedges, but saw neither it nor the civet cat
which inhabits the woods; squirrels especially are scarce. Of birds, several
woodpeckers are common, and a little black-and-white tit is particularly
characteristic ; the place of sea birds is largely taken by the fishing eagles,
hawks and ospreys which nest in the highest casuarina trees, swarming on
the beach wherever fishing operations are in progress. Towards the point,
however, terns (Sterna sinensis and at least one other species) are fairly
numerous, as is also a cormorant indistinguishable, except by its small size, from
the common British species, while at the time of our visit (September and
October, 1901), enormous numbers of plovers and sandpipers had just arrived
on migration. The Malays who lived in the fishing villages on the Cape told
us that, a little later, a bird they called burong lah paid them a visit of a few
days in large flocks, and was captured for food with nets and snares. Their

1. Of course introduced ; a species of Opuntia is now not uncommon in the dryer parts of Malaya.

I ASCIC : MAL.-n : ITIM-KAKY.

View in the Casuarina Woods on Cape Patani.

FASCICULI MALATENSES

xli

description of its appearance and habits answered exactly to Pitta cyanoptera ,
which a Patani man later picked out from the whole collection in the Selangor
State Museum as the burong lah, though this species is known at Jalor as burong
f achat ; but they said that there were two kinds of burong lah , one a little larger
than the other, which did not travel together.

The insects in this locality are mostly small and inconspicuous, and there
are few other invertebrates except marine forms. Among these we took, on
the beach, an Opisthobranch mollusc so closely resembling a seed which
commonly germinates in sea water that only a very close examination revealed
its true nature. Indeed, one of us, some argument having arisen about these
seeds, actually lifted the animal up under the impression that it was one of
them.

The people living on Cape Patani are all Malays, who appeared to differ
considerably, especially as regards their narrow faces, from any others we met
with on the East Coast. Unfortunately, they were unwilling to be measured,
and we only secured a very small series of physical data ; their hair was
straight. The nature of the soil makes agriculture impossible for them, but
their cattle are valuable for export overland to Perak. The sheep are chiefly
kept to be sacrificed at the shrine of ‘ Toh Panjang,’ a Mahommedan saint,
whose legend has been told by Mr. W. W. Skeat in his Fables and Folk-tales
from an Eastern Forest.

There are several little fishing villages on the sand-spit, of which Kampong
Datoh, the seat of the shrine, and Kampong TanjongBudi are the most important.
We stayed at the latter for some days, being literally driven to it by the mos-
quitoes, which rendered life a misery in the camp we had established at
the edge of the woods on the other side of the Cape. It is difficult, without
seeming exaggeration, to give any idea of their numbers, and the only con-
solations we had regarding them were that their presence was to some extent
compensated for by the absence of another plague, namely land leeches, and that
they included few or no specimens of the malaria-bearing genus Anopheles ,
which appears to have a very local distribution in the Malay Peninsula.

Kedah

Our only personal knowledge of this state was obtained during a
hurried three days’ journey through it from Senggora to Alor Stall, where
we stayed one night. We were able, however, to verify one important
geographical fact bearing on the question of the high level fauna of the
Peninsula, which differs so completely, at any rate as far as the birds are
concerned, from the fauna of the plains. There is a very distinct break in

xlii

FASCICULI MALATENSES

the main range in Central Kedah, for in crossing from Senggora we neither
ascended higher than a few hundred feet above sea level, nor did we see a
single high mountain in the vicinity of the track. This fact is interesting,
because it has frequently been taken for granted that the mountain fauna of
Perak, which is not found much below 3,000 feet, has a continuous distribu-
tion with that of the mountains of Northern India, to which it is so nearly
related ; whereas it is evident, in the light of this observation, that no such
exact relationship can exist at the present day, unless, as seems improbable,
the mountain forms are in the habit of migrating across intermediate tracts of
level ground. In short, it seems that the Malay Peninsula, as our whole
collection has served to confirm, is connected with India, as regards zoo-
geography, in a degree not much more intimate than that which links it
to Borneo, though many mainland forms peculiar to the plains have made
their way south across the Isthmus of Kra. The discovery of an elephant,
known from the Upper Siwalik beds, also in Nawngchik,1 2 affords definite
evidence that the Isthmus existed as long ago as late Pliocene or early
Pleistocene times, and it is more probable that land has sunk beneath the sea
in this region than that it has risen since the modern fauna came into existence.1

The part of Kedah through which we passed was almost covered entirely
with secondary jungle of no great age ; ancient forest did not exist, and villages
were few and far between. We noted what appeared to be an abrupt change
in the population as we passed into the state, the coarse, rather flat-faced type,
common on the East Coast, giving place largely to one with far more refined
and delicate features, resembling those of the people of South Perak. The
track across the Peninsula at this latitude has largely fallen into disrepair, but
is still good at many points.

Alor Stab. The modern capital of Kedah is situated some miles up the Kedah
River from the West Coast of the Peninsula. Though it has not more than
half-a-dozen European residents, it closely resembles Penang or Singapore in
outward appearance, having handsome public buildings and private residences,
a large Chinese and a large Indian quarter. We saw, however, during a walk
through the town, at least one shop devoted entirely to the manufacture and
sale of the kris, a weapon which is rapidly becoming obsolete in most parts of
the Peninsula and is, of course, typically Malay. A daily steamboat service
exists between Alor Stab and Penang, and there is a large export trade in
cattle, poultry and fish, among the last being rice-field Silurids, which can be
carried alive for long distances in wooden tubs with very little water and a
cover to prevent their escape.

i. C. W. Andrews, Fascic . Malay . — Zoology , Part II, p. 305.

2. Fossils of marine origin were found in Central Patalung by Mr. W. W. Skcat and myself in 1899, which
Professor McKenny Hughes ( Report Brit. Assoc.y 1901, p. 414) regards as being of late Carboniferous or Permo-
Carboniferous age. N.A.

EXPLANATION OF THE MAP

THE map illustrating Fasciculi Malayenses has been prepared by the
Edinburgh Geographical Institute from the latest surveys of the Malay
Peninsula, to which we have added the positions, as nearly as it was
possible to do so, of certain villages in South Perak and the Patani States.
We are also responsible for the location of the jungle tribes as indicated.
With regard to spelling, we have chiefly followed that of the large map pub-
lished by Stamford for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, but
have attempted to standardize such common geographical terms as tanjong
(Cape), and in a few instances, such as that of cSenggora,’ we have returned to
an earlier form that seems to give a more accurate rendering of the Malay
name. For adding an h at the beginning of such words as hulu , we can plead
no such excuse, but only the custom of Malay writers and scholars. Especially
in the Patani States, it is often impossible to render native names with any
degree of accuracy, but we have thought it best to follow a simple mode of
spelling in such cases, even though it is phonetically inexact, rather than to
adopt the somewhat complicated symbols used by Mr. W. W. Skeat in
transliterated local names in this and the adjacent dictricts.1

The expenses in connexion with the map have been defrayed out of a
further grant of £100, made by the University of Edinburgh from the
Earl of Moray Fund, towards the publication of our Reports.

Errata

For Malay ensis (heading) lege, Malayenses.

For Lampan lege, Lampam.

For Nwangchik lege , Nawngchik.

I. Proc. Zool. Sec. 1901, pp. 583-586.

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