Federal Plan for Marine Environmental Prediction FEDERAL COORDINATOR FOR MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION »■»* -^ Mi ^0fc0j \ \ TO / U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ^- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration FISCAL YEAR 1973 ■■■■■■ FEDERAL COORDINATOR Richard E. Hallgren INTERAGENCY COMMITTEE FOR MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION Richard E. Hallgren, Chairman Donald P. Martineau Department of Commerce Cdr. Jack E. Geary Department of Defense Joseph E. Upson Department of the Interior Henry S. Andersen Department of State Capt. Rudolph E. Lenczyk Department of Transportation Thomas M. Beasley Atomic Energy Commission Willis B. Foster Environmental Protection Agency Morris Tepper National Aeronautics and Space Administration Albert P. Crary National Science Foundation Dai I W. Brown Smithsonian Institution Thomas C. Winter (Observer) Council on Environmental Quality Harold S. Bassett (Observer) Office of Management and Budget F. Gilman Blake (Observer) Office of Science and Technology Robert E. Morrison, Secretary For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402— Price 75 cents S*TES O* * U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Peter G. Peterson, Secretary NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION Robert M. White, Administrator FEDERAL COORDINATOR FOR MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION INTERAGENCY COMMITTEE FOR MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION Federal Plan for Marine Environmental Prediction FISCAL YEAR 1973 I i. o n WASHINGTON, D.C. March 1972 PREFACE This Federal Plan is published to provide the Executive Branch with a coordinated, overall summary of Marine Environ- mental Prediction (MAREP) Services and of relevant research and development programs to improve those Services. Such Services include monitoring, assessment, and timely predic- tions of the ocean, its living resources, its pollutants, and the adjacent overlying atmosphere which affect man's activities, interests, and well-being; included are forecasts, warnings of hazardous conditions, and data summaries and studies issued for the benefit of commerce, navigation, fisheries, offshore drilling and mining, recreation, defense, and other marine activities. On November 7, 1969, the Vice President, as Chairman of the Marine Science Council, assigned a lead agency role to the Secretary of Commerce for the coordination and planning of Federal civil programs in marine observations and predic- tions. Because of the interactions between programs dedicated to support civil interests and the marine environmental activi- ties of the Department of Defense, close liaison is maintained with that Department to ensure that elements of Defense activities are included, jointly coordinated, and planned with the civil MAREP program. The principal tasks of coordinating Government MAREP activities and of preparing and maintaining the Federal Plan are performed by the Interagency Committee for Marine En- vironmental Prediction. This Committee and its subgroups conduct systematic reviews of basic and specialized marine monitoring and prediction techniques and services and of relevant research in support of MAREP. Long-range specialized plans in specified areas of MAREP that need improvement and coordination are also developed under the auspices of the Committee. This Plan covers programs for FY 1972 and FY 1973 of all participating Federal agencies. Data for FY 1973 are those included in the President's FY 1973 budget. The first section of the Plan identifies applications for MAREP services, reviews the activities of the Interagency Com- mittee for Marine Environmental Prediction, and reflects on related international MAREP activities. A summary of fiscal data is also presented. Two sections present the Basic MAREP Services and the several Specialized Services, identifying con- templated improvements to these Services in FY 1973. The final section discusses relevant research programs that will contribute immediately and in the long term to the improve- ment of individual MAREP Services. The acronyms used in the Plan are summarized in a glossary which appears as an appendix. -faJUuJ} C.^Jv Richard E. Hallgren Federal Coordinator for Marine Environmental Prediction in CONTENTS Preface ii Overview l MAREP applications 2 ICMAREP activities 3 International activities 4 Summary of fiscal data 7 The Basic Marine Environmental Prediction Service 10 Description of the Basic MAREP Service 10 Plans for improvement in the operation of the Basic MAREP Service 32 Specialized Marine Environmental Prediction Services 34 Marine Environmental Prediction Service for Maritime Navigation 34 Marine Environmental Prediction Service for Water Pollution Assessment 36 Marine Environmental Prediction Service for Living Marine Resources 39 Marine Environmental Prediction Service for Mineral Exploration 42 Marine Environmental Prediction Service for National Security 43 Research Relevant to Marine Environmental Prediction 48 Introduction 48 Research for understanding basic marine processes 48 Research for improvement of MAREP functions 69 Appendix. Glossary 79 "*- « i i Jr^*4**- ..»« Jfclk .^•♦m- ^3 U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Mendota under rough-sea conditions on Ocean Station Delta. VI Overview "The oceans represent the last great frontier for natural resources on our planet. They are, and will continue to be, essential to communications, secu- rity, and the well-being of a very substantial por- tion of the world's population."1 ". . . realization of the full potential of the oceans will require a long-term program of explo- ration, observations, and study on a worldwide basis . . ."2 Accordingly, one of our Nation's most urgent and economically significant scientific needs today is that of marine environmental prediction (MAREP). "Improved understanding of ocean processes would enhance the protection of life and property against severe storms and other hazards, would fur- ther the safety of maritime commerce, would di- rectly contribute to the development of coastal areas of the Nation, would benefit the Nation's fish- eries and mineral extractive industries, and would contribute to the advancement of a broad range of scientific disciplines."3 Immediately recognized are the interrelations be- tween the ocean and the atmosphere. Scientifically, the oceans and the atmosphere together constitute a single geophysical system. The long-term behav- ior of either the atmosphere or the ocean cannot be understood or predicted without reference to the other. Recent technological advancements have en- hanced the potential for data acquisition, data collection and relay, data processing and product formulation with electronic computers, and prod- uct dissemination. It is obvious that both meteorol- ogy and oceanography must move forward together — scientifically, technologically, and operationally. 1 U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on International Organizations and Move- ments, The Oceans: A Challenging New Frontier, 90th Cong., 2d sess., October 9, 1968, H. Rept. 1957, p. 2R. 2 U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Ocean Exploration. 90th Cong., 2d sess., July 26, 1968, S. Rept. 1476, p. 3. 3 Ibid., p. 2. Oceanographers and meteorologists have learned much about the physical, chemical, and biological properties and processes of the ocean and the adja- cent overlying atmosphere, their interactions, and their dynamic behavior. There have been techno- logical advances in acquiring, transmitting, process- ing, and disseminating marine environmental infor- mation and in formulating better mathematical models and prediction methods. Nevertheless, MAREP has had difficulty keeping pace with the increasing need for services by the national secu- rity, maritime industry, commerce, and other ma- rine-related economic activities. Basically, ocean monitoring and prediction are identified as impor- tant areas in which action should be taken. This Federal Plan is intended to provide a continuing mechanism to identify public needs and user re- quirements for prediction products and services, to formulate through joint activities the agencies' pro- grams required to provide these services, and to coordinate their implementation at the Federal Government level. For this Plan, Marine Environmental Prediction or MAREP is defined as the monitoring, assessing, and forecasting of the physical, chemical, biologi- cal, and hydrodynamic states of the ocean and its interaction with the overlying atmosphere and the adjacent terrestrial boundaries. The marine envi- ronment is broadly interpreted not only to include the open oceans and sea, but also the Great Lakes and all air, sea, and land interactions in coastal re- gions involving marine-related variables. The growing number of persons concerned with the oceans both for pleasure and livelihood, the in- creasing amount of our economy engaged in ma- rine activities as the Nation looks to the effective use of the oceans as a source of resources, and the full spectrum of national defense operations have an expressed need for accurate and timely MAREP Services. The areal extent of the need for such Services includes the coastlines from Maine to Texas and from California to Alaska where 80 per- cent or more of our marine activities take place. the Great Lakes where over 50 percent of our in- land waterborne commerce occurs, and the open seas where a very considerable amount of U.S. in- terests are vested in marine transportation, com- merce, oceanic research and exploration, and na- tional defense operations. The steady increase in these areas of marine activity vividly demonstrates the increasing need for effective and improved MAREP Services. To give a few examples: • the waterborne commerce increased by approxi- mately 11 percent in 1970 from 426 to 473 mil- lion tons. • the estimated 8.5 million recreation boats are projected to increase by nearly 50 percent (to 12 million) during the next 10 years. • the total number of people who make use of wa- terways and lakes will grow from 43 million to more than 60 million by 1980. • the offshore oil and mining industries increased by 10 percent in 1970, from 525 to 575 million barrels. • the commercial fishing industry, with a current annual harvest of 6.5 million tons, is projected to increase during the next decade. • saltwater sport fishermen have increased by over one million to 9.5 million persons between 1965 and 1970 and spent $1.4 billion on their sport in 1970. The nature of the benefits extends from the tech- nological and the scientific through the economic to the political. Improved data gathering and proc- essing will increase man's knowledge of the oceans and atmosphere and of the complex processes that occur in and at the boundaries of the geophysical system. Improved and expanded prediction services can reduce losses of life and property and can in- crease effectiveness of planning in industry, com- merce, mariculture, transportation, public utilities, recreational activities, national defense, and man- agement of natural resources. Tangible benefits from environmental prediction programs are not readily translated into quantita- tive terms. The number of lives saved from drown- ing would be most difficult to estimate. Total costs for ship-operating time range from a few hundred to one thousand dollars per hour. Predictions of waves, currents, or winds can enable ship operators to select a least-time-track, effecting savings of sev- eral hours along a coastal route or up to one or more days on transoceanic routes. Similar predic- tion services for fisheries operations can assist in preventing the loss of many thousands of dollars worth of fishing gear, in increasing the effectiveness of ship-operating time, and in helping the saving of lives. Prediction services for operators of recrea- tional facilities and equipment in the marine envi- ronment can allow for an avoidance of hazardous conditions to personnel and equipment and, in fact, can prevent the loss of lives by controlling the use of such facilities whenever hazardous conditions are forecast. Prediction services for offshore mining and similar operations can provide the operators with a means to anticipate and to prepare for dam- aging and hazardous weather and sea conditions in sufficient time to curtail operations and to avoid placing lives in jeopardy. Monitoring and predic- tion of the pollution and state of degradation of marine waters is essential in view of present, im- pending, and long-range threats to marine ecosys- tems, to living marine resources, to esthetic and recreational values of the marine environment, and to man's ultimate survival. Principal goals of the Federal effort in MAREP are: □ Provide an integrated program for marine pre- diction and information services, including timely warnings of hazardous environmental conditions — both natural and manmade — on the high seas, in coastal waters, and on the Great Lakes for the protection of life and prop- erty. □ Develop an integrated environmental monitor- ing system that will satisfy effectively the needs for physical, chemical, biological, and certain geological data from oceanic and contiguous re^ gions to support service-oriented programs and to facilitate effective control of environmental pollution. □ Provide assessments and predictions of the dis- tribution and abundance of the living marine resources that are of principal importance to the United States. MAREP APPLICATIONS The accompanying table summarizes, in matrix display, the wide range of prediction products and services as they relate to the needs of various user groups. These are products and services that are or might be provided by the Federal Government. The table identifies the user groups that will apply the prediction variables; subsequent columns iden- tify the variables for which predictions are re- quired. These variables fall into two groupings — oceanic variables and those atmospheric variables above the sea surface which are integral to the ma- rine environment and are interactive with the oceanic variables at or below the sea surface. MAREP PRODUCTS AND SERVICES-AS RELATED TO THE NEEDS OF VARIOUS USER GROUPS Ocean shipping Coastal and lake shipping Fishing Predic Recreational activities tion Product Appl Offshore operations cation Pollution management Defense operations Nearshore and estuary activity Research and development o 1 Surface wind Air temperature Visibility Humidity Ice conditions Precipitation o o u •» • N NMV MINUS KLC. "WPA *NMG • NOY IWLO WAX I < WOE I • NMA ■ KQM NMO HAWAII PUERTO RICO Radio stations which receive environmental information from ships. the worldwide scope and frequently more demand- ing needs of these users require more observational data than provided by the Basic Meteorological Service programs. To meet this need for supple- mental data, the U.S. Navy operates a marine ob- servational program in which commissioned naval vessels record and report surface meteorological data when underway and, under certain conditions, while in port. Surface observations are made at 6- hour intervals as an additional duty by nonmeteo- rological personnel aboard these ships. Antisubma- rine Warfare (ASW) ships and other selected ships also report bathythermograph observations at 6- hour intervals. To fulfill requirements for more accurate and detailed observations and to perform other essential functions, meteorological personnel have been assigned and more sophisticated meteo- rological equipment have been provided to 38 ships. All of these ships make scheduled surface ob- servations for synoptic and aviation purposes ; 35 of them are equipped to make upper air observations. Defense also obtains data from Navy Oceano- graphic/ Meteorological Automatic Devices (NOMAD). These NOMADs are unmanned buoys, currently undergoing research and explora- tory development, and are instrumented to observe and to transmit environmental data from oceanic areas. Although the Defense marine observational program is conducted primarily to fulfill military requirements, observational data are made availa- ble to other Federal agencies. The Department of Defense conducts an air- borne measurement program to collect synoptic sea-surface temperature data by flying mondily tracks over the north wall of the Gulf Stream with an airborne radiation thermometer. In another program with a cost of $2,756,000 in FY 1972, oceanographic information — consisting of sea-sur- 15 A Coast Guard survey east of Cape Hatteras on 15 and 16 September and ship reports east of 71°W. at the end of the month indicated 50km northward movement of the Gulf Stream edge east of 69°W. Temperature contrasts at the edge of the stream in mid-September ranged from 1° to 2°C, but were too small to delineate the edge south of 33°N. Contrast along the Slope Front near Cape Cod was 2° to 3°C on 16 September. A large eddy centered near 39°00'N. 69°30'W. at the beginning of September moved slowly westward and was centered near 39°00'N. 70°30'W. at the end of the month. On 28 and 29 September, the Coast Guard Oceanographic Unit observed the northern portion of the eddy along 70°30'W. (A-B). Surface temperature contrast around the eddy was minimal; however, the profile shows warm water (greater than 15°C) to nearly 350 meters at the center of the eddy. face temperatures, bathythermal pronlings, drop- sonde samplings, and oceanic reconnaissances — was acquired from weather reconnaissance and patrol aircraft. Defense operates the largest subsurface synoptic oceanographic net, mostly in the Northern Hemi- sphere; yet, quantities of high-quality synoptic oceanographic observations are insufficient from most areas of the oceans. Larger quantities of daily temperature-depth profile observations are required to describe and to predict properly the subsurface thermal features. Selected ships, both commercial and military, are equipped to make the necessary Gulf Stream position — September 1971. (National Oceanographic Office) observations; some naval aircraft provide the needed types of observations. During FY 1972, the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO) op- erated research ships specifically to acquire subsur- face oceanographic MAREP data at a cost of $4,694,000. ' Improvements are being made in instrumenta- tion to collect high-quality oceanographic data. In recent years, the Navy has introduced new and more precise devices — such as Near-Surface Refer- ence Temperature (NSRT) devices and airborne and surface expendable bathythermograph equip- ment— to provide higher quality data. As more 16 naval and civil vessels are equipped and then par- ticipate in oceanographic programs, data coverage can be improved. Approximately 70 civil, fishery, and research ships were equipped with expendable bathythermographs in the Ships of Opportunity Program of the Navy as of January 1, 1972, with 10 more being outfitted during Calendar Year 1972. In FY 1972, a total of $49,000 was spent by the Army Corps of Engineers for data acquisition in support of a variety of engineering studies in the coastal zone. These include observations required for stream gaging, sedimentation studies, and infor- mation on the hydroclimatic network. The Department of Commerce, through the Na- tional Weather Service (NWS) of NOAA, acquires atmospheric and sea-surface data which are used more specifically for MAREP. Appropriations for these observations amounted to $3,911,000 in FY 1972 and included radar observations over the ocean from coastal sites, radio relay of ship reports, and management of the Cooperative Merchant- Ship Observational Program. Trained personnel and appropriate equipment are placed aboard OSVs to provide upper air, surface, and subsurface observations as synoptic and climatic "anchor points." The Experimental Environmental Reporting Buoy (XERB-1), operated by the National Data Buoy Center of the National Ocean Survey (NOS1 , is moored east of Norfolk, Va. The XERB-1 takes hourly meteorological and ocean-temperature ob- servations and transmits these every 3 hours, or more frequently, upon interrogation from the Shore Collection Center at Miami, Fla. The XERB-1 has been used to support the interagency National East Coast Winter Storms Operations Plan during the 1970-71 and 1971-72 winter seasons; data are also used during periods of tropical cyclone activity and will be used to support the National Hurricane Operations Plan. The NOS of NOAA operates a continuous con- 1 JULY 1971 Control tide stations. (National Ocean Survey) 17 Recording mechanism of standard tide gage. (National Ocean Survey) Great Lakes water-level monitoring stations (National Ocean Survey) trol network of 120 tide gages. along the coasts anc within the major embayments of the United States Puerto Rico, other U.S. territories and possessions and the U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Temporary secondary stations are occupied on ai intermittent basis to increase the effective coveragi of the control network, to support hydrographii operations, and to conduct special studies. Currents are measured by NOAA at station along coastal areas and in estuaries to provide in formation for tidal current predictions ; current sta tions are also tended in support of estuarine studies The total data-acquisition costs of NOAA's tid> and tidal current programs in FY 1972 amountec to approximately $650,000. The Coast Guard acquires sea-surface tempera ture measurements by means of aerial reconnais sance on a monthly basis off both the Atlantic anc Pacific coasts, using airborne radiation thermome ters. Coast Guard icebreakers are also equipped fo occasional oceanographic operations to providi access to polar regions for scientific observers fron many disciplines. In FY 1972, the Coast Guan 18 Flight track of U.S. Coast Guard aircraft on monthly airborne radiation thermometer flights to determine sea-surface temperature. 19 60° HUDSON BAY 50° CANADA LABRADOR SEA y NEWFOUNDLAND 40° 21 UNITED STATES H. 30° BERMUDA 20° ATLANTIC OCEAN 90 • 60° 80° 70° 60° 50° 40° 30° 45° BERING SEA CANADA 30° U.S. JAPAN 15° PACIFIC OCEAN HAWAII 120° 150° 180° 150° 120° Ocean Station Vessel (OSV) locations and tracks for Standard Monitoring Stations. 20 Surface inflow to Great Lakes measured at about 100 US gaging stations . • Estuary which carries more than 9,000 cu. ft. per sec. to the sea. * Estuary which carries less than 9,000 cu. ft. per sec. to the sea, but which is the site of a city with population greater than 100,000. O Marks estuary where water-quality data are collected. January 1972 procured, at a cost of $1,870,000, satellite naviga- tion equipment for its vessels which collect oceano- graphic data for water-mass analysis. Subsurface data were acquired at a cost of $3,063,000 in FY 1972 by the Coast Guard in connection with the operation of OSVs and Stand- ard Monitoring Sections, the locations of which are identified on an accompanying figure. Four of the five Atlantic OSVs and one Pacific OSV, operated by the United States in accordance with interna- tional agreements, provide continuous time-series oceanographic data from Nansen and from salini- ty-temperature-depth (STD) casts. The Coast Guard disestablished Ocean Station Victor in the western Pacific Ocean during FY 1972. Standard Monitoring Sections are taken en route to and from the OSVs so that vertical profiles can be con- structed across several regions of major interest. Data acquisition activities of the Department of the Interior USGS in marine hydrology and hy- draulics are limited to the coastal zone. Here the Survey operates coastal-gaging stations; makes ob- servations of dissolved mineral and organic constit- uents; obtains similar background data on water quality in estuaries, canals, and adjacent natural channels ; operates tide-gage stations for special purposes; and monitors the extent and magnitude of saltwater encroachment at certain localities. Under the Office of Management and Budget Major estuaries in conterminous States where streamflow is gaged (U.S. Geological Survey) United (OMB) Circular A-67, USGS has the responsibil- ity for coordinating all water-data activities in estu- aries. Research activities of USGS in the coastal zone are described later in this Plan under the sec- tion, Research Relevant to Marine Environmental Prediction. As of 1970, the USGS data-collection network comprised over 600 stations at which fresh water inflow to estuaries is or could be computed. The accompanying map shows the major estuaries for which inflow is gaged. In addition, surface in- flow to the Great Lakes from the United States is measured at about 100 stations. Most of the sta- tions have a record of adequate length (20 to 25 years), but it is estimated that about 50 additional stations would be needed to define total inflow to the sea to a degree sufficient for today's needs. In recent years, efforts have been made to in- crease substantially the amount of point-data collection in coastal waters and to initiate studies into the hydrology and hydrodynamics of typical estuaries. This data-collection network is largely multi-purpose, but also supports the Specialized MAREP Service for Water Pollution Assessment. Some form of water-quality data is observed at about 300 stations. Some provide only temperature and /or sediment concentrations, but at about 250 21 Salinity-temperature-depth (STD) S3 being lowered through the ice from Coast Guard Cutter Westwind. 22 stations, there are regular observations of tempera- ture, specific conductance, and the concentrations of common anions and cations. The Smithsonian Institution employs marine sci- entists who are engaged in making collections of marine organisms throughout the world. In FY 1972, $180,000 was spent for the collection of sam- ples used in making biological predictions. COMMUNICATIONS The Basic MAREP Service depends heavily for support upon the communication systems of the Basic Meteorological Service just as it does upon that Service for observational data. The communi- cation media shared jointly by these Basic Services are listed below : • Teletypewriter networks (Services C and O) op- erated by FAA. Radar Report and Warning Coordination Sys- tem (RAWARC) — a teletypewriter system op- erated by NOAA. Teletypewriter and high-speed circuits, both do- mestic and with overseas terminals, operated by the Departments of Commerce and Defense. NOAA Weather Wire Service — a teletypewriter network to distribute forecasts and warnings to the press, radio, and television. Facsimile networks operated by the Departments of Commerce and Defense. Continuous VHF/FM radio broadcasts operated by NOAA. These broadcasts on 162.55 or 162.40 MHz have a range of about 20 to 40 miles; 58 facilities at coastal or inland water locations are now in operation. Eight NWS marine radio stations of NOAA in Alaska. Broadcasts are announced on 2182 kHz, • Seattle Portland* Eugene A • Eureka • Sacramento • San Francisco AMonterey \.m Buffalo Detroit Milwaukee • Chicago* Sandusky Erie Cleveland Portland* Boston A Hartford A Hyannis • New York Washington A Atlantic City • Norfolk OxnardA Los Angeles* San Diego < Lake Charles. Galveston* ♦ Corpus Christi • Brownsville HAWAII Honolulu* Mobile* A • Wilmington • Charleston A Savannah •Jacksonville Ft Walton Beach New Orleans Maui* Mt. Haleakala Tampa* AW Palm Beach • Miami KEY A 162.40 MHZ • 162.55 MHZ Weather Service Offices providing marine forecasts by VHF/FM radio. (National Weather Service) 23 but broadcast on 2382 kHz or 2512 kHz ampli- tude modulation/single sideband (AM/SSB). • Marine continuous-wave (CW) radio broadcasts operated by the Navy. Although these communications media supply a large measure of the communications support, they must also be supplemented by specialized civil and military facilities. There is an increasing reliance upon available high-speed civil and military com- puter-to-computer data relay-and-exchange facili- ties. These facilities include the Defense global au- tomated environmental data networks. Commerce operates five international circuits to exchange me- teorological data between the United States and Canada, the U.S.S.R., Great Britain, Japan, and Brazil. These include a Washington-Toronto high- speed circuit ; a Washington-Moscow circuit for ex- change of satellite information ; and three other cir- cuits— Washington-Bracknell, England, Washing- ton-Tokyo, and Washington-Brasilia — as part of the World Weather Watch program. Automatic marine telephone-answering services are operated by NOAA throughout the year at 40 coastal locations. These are employed to provide the latest forecasts and warnings for marine users in their areas. Similar information may be obtained on request from other NWS coastal offices of NOAA through listed telephones. More than 2,000 commercial radio and television stations broadcast marine weather information sev- eral times daily without charge to the Federal Gov- ernment as a public service of considerable benefit to smallboat operators. Storm warning information for the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans, prepared by the NWS of NOAA, is broadcast hourly over the National Bureau of Standards time- signal stations WWV and WWVH. Forecasts and warnings for coastal and offshore areas and the Great Lakes are also transmitted through 46 Coast Guard and 47 commercial marine radiotelephone and radiotelegraph facilities. These stations, though generally low-powered, serve a broad spectrum of the maritime community. High-seas forecasts and warnings are transmitted to merchant ships opera- ting in the western North Atlantic and eastern and central North Pacific Oceans by Defense, Coast Guard, and commercial radiotelegraph and radio- telephone broadcasts. Graphical analyses and fore- casts are also made available through Coast Guard and Navy facsimile transmissions to suitably equipped merchant ships. The Department of Transportation (Coast Guard) cooperates with the Department of Com- merce (NWS of NOAA) by broadcasting coastal marine weather information to shipping and other maritime users. Broadcasts emanate from 46 loca- tions along the coasts and, although conducted on a not-to-interfere basis, constitute a major effort by the facilities concerned. Broadcasts — usually plain- language voice transmissions — are scheduled at 6- or 12-hour intervals, with warnings of hazardous conditions transmitted upon receipt and repeated periodically. Texts for these broadcasts are pre- pared by NWS and delivered to the nearest Coast Guard communications office. The Naval Communications System provides oceanographic support. Meteorological traffic is handled in the same manner as general traffic; there are no centers or units dedicated exclusively to serve as meteorological communications facili- ties. Additionally, the Naval Environmental Data Network (NEDN) provides for the dissemination of meteorological and oceanographic computer- generated products from the Fleet Numerical Weather Central (FNWC) at Monterey, Calif., to specially equipped locations in the United States and overseas. Environmental information is transmitted to op- erating naval forces by means of radio (telegraph, teletypewriter, facsimile, and voice) broadcasts. Products for these broadcasts are prepared by the Fleet Weather Centrals and Facilities and include observations, analyses, forecasts, and warnings. In preparing such products, the Centrals and Facilities make use not only of their own specialized prod- ucts, but also — insofar as possible — products of the Basic Meteorological Service and other data as re- ceived from the weather teletypewriter networks of FAA, the National and High-Altitude Facsimile Networks of NOAA, and the Automated Weather Network (AWN) and teletypewriter systems of the U.S. Air Force. In addition, NAVOCEANO operates an experi- mental oceanographic forecasting central that ob- tains synoptic oceanographic data from a specially equipped research aircraft, from various patrol air- craft, and through cooperative programs with cer- tain shipping lines. Communications are required to transmit marine data in relatively short time for a number of asso- ciated agency programs. The National Oceano- graphic Data Center (NODC) of NOAA operates a teletypewriter exchange service (TWX) data link with selected scientific institutions. This TWX serv- ice includes terminals at the Woods Hole Oceano- graphic Institution, at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, at the National Climatic Center (NCC) , and at other activities. In connection with its Pacific Tsunami Warning System, NOAA required $88,000 in FY 1972 for 24 PORT ANGELES ONOW COOS BAY* D KTJ EUREKA • DKOE SEATTLE ONMW 43, KOW NOTES: Schedules and frequencies for the indicated stations are contained in publication Weather Service for Merchant Shipping. The NOAA VHF FM radio stations include marine weather information in the continuous broadcasts DULUTH* O WAS A WAS ■ WAS PORT WASHINGTON* OWAD A WAD ■ wad S STE MARIE ONOG \ ■ '. , 1 ROGERS CITV DWLC AWLC ■ ■VI ' BELLE ISLE DNMD 20 ■ NMD 20 BUFFALO OWBL. NMD 4; AWBL ■ WBL. NMD 47 WILMINGTON OWEH. WLF CHICAGO D WAV A WAV ■ way MARBLEHEAD ONMD IS ■ NMD IS • SAN FRANCISCO #KPH, KFS, NMC QNMC. KLH AkMI LOS ANGELES* *Kl)h NMQ ONMQ, kou •SAN DIEGO Awwo QWWD LEGEND TRANSMISSION MODE * Radiotelegraph (Morse) O Radiotelephone, Medium Frequency A Radiotelephone, High Frequency ■ Radiotelephone, VHF FM ARadiofacsimile • FT MACON ONMN 37 BOSTON * NIK NMF Onmf wou A NMF A NMF CHATHAM *WCC AMAGANSETT * WSl NEW YORK *NMY. WSF ONMV WOX OCEAN GATE QWAQ A woo TUCKERTON *WSC CAPE MAY Q NMK • CHARLESTON DNMB. WJO PORT ARTH BARROW* \ * WPA ALASKA D KCB 53 ^ \ \^ CORPUS CHRISTI* N\ P KCC NOME • D KCI 94 ^v *POF YAKUTAT \ OCEAN CAPE \ D KGD 91 \ D NMJ 19 >»» JUNEAU \. KING SALMON* • D KCI 97 \^ D KCI 98 KODIAK BIORKA IS* .KETCHIKANN. • O NOJ D NMJ 18 * *NMJ X • ATTU • CAPE 5ARICHEF \ Qnmj NMJ 22 ANNETTE n «ADAK COLD BAY Q NRW O KGD 58 D NMJ 21 D KCI 95 NEW ORLEANS * NMC WNU \ O NMG, WAK i GALVESTON * KLC, NOY D KQP. NOY O NCH MOBILE ( *WL0 J OWLO ST PETERSBURG ONOF \^ TAMPA* * WPD D WFA JACKSONVILLE * NMJ O NMV. WNJ LATANA • *WOE • MIAMI 4c WAX, NMA AWOM □ NMA, WDR PUERTO RICO HONOLULU • AND VIRGIN ISLANDS * KNK. NMO O NMO. KBP Akqm SAN JUAN *NMR □ NMR HAWAII Commercial and U.S. Coast Guard radio sta- tions that make marine weather broadcasts. communication purposes. These funds were used in partial support of a cooperative arrangement for data collection and watch-and-warning services using FAA, NASA, military, and other communica- tion channels. Coast Guard communications facilities are used for International Ice Patrol broadcasts, for report- ing oceanographic and meteorological observations, and for broadcasting high-seas bulletins as reported earlier. Equipment includes teletypewriter, facsim- ile, and high-speed data links. In FY 1972, commu- nications for such Coast Guard activities amounted to $127,000. Six high-frequency bands in the maritime mobile service were designated by the 1967 International Telecommunications Union's Maritime World Ad- ministrative Radio Conference for use in the collec- tion of data relating to oceanography. The Inter- governmental Oceanographic Commission/World Meteorological Organization (IOC/WMO) has a Group of Experts on Telecommunications whose work in preparing an interim plan for the use of these frequencies has also laid the groundwork for the development of a long-term coordinated plan. In the United States, an Interdepartmental Radio Advisory Committee (IRAC) Ad Hoc Group No. 100, under the Office of Telecommunications Policy, Executive Office of the President, is coordi- nating inputs to this plan which promises to be the major communication system for the National Data Buoy System and for various research programs and which should also be of considerable value to programs such as the Integrated Global Ocean Sta- tion System (IGOSS). DATA PROCESSING AND INFORMATION DISSEMINATION Agency activities involving data processing and information dissemination functions are described 25 here to present a more cohesive summary of the product generation services of MAREP. Facilities for such services are designed to accommodate the wide range of services required and to cope with the varied stages in the development of observa- tional and prediction techniques. There are three major types of data processing centers — primary, area and guidance, and special- ized. Primary centers are facilities which prepare general analyses and forecasts on a hemispheric or national basis for use by other centers. Area and guidance centers have analysis, forecasting, and warning responsibilities on an area, regional, or command basis and use the outputs of primary cen- ters, supplemented by their own processing func- tions, to provide detailed product services to users. Specialized centers provide data management or analyses, long-term predictions, or single-purpose services not available from other centers to specific users or user groups. Information dissemination includes the distribu- tion of local marine forecasts, advisories, and warn- ings; the operation of facilities engaged in the dis- semination of these products; the provision of briefing services ; the operation of visual display sys- tems; and the delivery of data summaries, marine atlases, and results of special studies. The principal means for disseminating marine .products to civil users are by commercial communications media (radio and television), Government communica- tions facilities (voice, radiotelegraph, teletypewrit- er, and facsimile broadcasts) , automatic telephone- answering systems, and through various Govern- ment publication services. NOAA contributes significantly to marine mete- orological predictions and warnings through its anal- ysis and forecast centers and by means of a variety of information dissemination capabilities. Commu- nication facilities of the Coast Guard and Navy as well as those of commercial facilities are used for the dissemination of marine meteorology products from NOAA. Currently available are forecasts of marine weather, sea state, breakers and surf, sea ice, storm surges, and seiches. The hurricane fore- casting service also constitutes an essential element of the Basic MAREP Service. NOAA operates four primary centers which pro- vide products and support to marine meteorology in addition to their larger role in the Basic Meteo- rological Service. The National Meteorological Center (NMC) at Suitland, Md., provides broad- scale analyses and forecasts on a hemispheric basis and graphic products for facsimile transmission to high-seas users. The National Environmental Satel- lite Service (NESS), also at Suitland, operates the national operational environmental satellite system to provide global cloud-cover mosaics, atmospheric and sea-surface temperature data, and interpretive products on a daily basis. This system also provides direct local readouts of cloud-cover pictures from weather satellites to suitably equipped shore sta- tions and ships. The National Hurricane Center (NHC) at Miami issues warnings of tropical cyclones (hurricanes) in the North Atlantic Ocean (west of longitude 35°W.), the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. Hurricane Centers at San Francisco, Calif., and Honolulu, Hawaii, provide similar services in the eastern and central North Pacific Ocean east of longitude 180°. In addition, warnings of severe local storms (thunderstorms and associated winds, hail, and tornadoes) over coastal waters are issued by the National Severe Storms Forecast Center (NSSFC) at Kansas City, Mo. Weather Service Forecast Offices (WSFO), op- erated by NOAA in the 50 States and Puerto Rico, provide analyses, forecasts, and warnings on a re- gional basis, including coastal areas and the Great Lakes, which contribute to the Marine Meteorolog- ical Service. Twenty WSFOs issue forecasts and warnings for coastal waters and the Great Lakes. Coastal area responsibilities are met by WSFOs at Portland, Maine, Boston, Mass., New York City, NY., Philadelphia, Pa., Washington, Raleigh, N.C., Columbia, S.C., Miami, New Orleans, La., San Antonio, Tex., San Juan, P.R., Los Angeles, Calif., San Francisco, Portland, Oreg., Seattle, Wash., Honolulu, and Anchorage, Alaska. Offshore and fishing activities in the Pacific and Atlantic are supported partly by the coastal and high-seas prod- ucts provided for that area. Forecasts and warnings for the Great Lakes are issued by WSFOs at Chicago, 111., Cleveland, Ohio, and Detroit, Mich. High-seas marine condition forecasts, broadcast through Coast Guard radio facilities including fac- simile, were initiated by NOAA in 1971 from the east coast; similar services will commence in 1972 from the west coast. These forecasts are in addition to those on radiotelegraph and voice broadcasts presently being disseminated through commercial facilities. Major WSFOs at Washington, San Fran- cisco, and Honolulu provide support to meet the minimum analysis and forecasting requirements in the areas of U.S. responsibility for shipping forecasts and warnings (which include large designated por- tions of the North Atlantic and North Pacific) as part of the Convention on Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) and in response to agreements reached within the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). In the western North Pacific, the De- partment of Defense provides these services 26 Areas of U.S. responsibilities for shipping forecasts and warnings under international agreements. through the Fleet Weather Central at Guam in the Mariana Islands. The areas of U.S. responsibility are shown on the accompanying chart. The MAREP Services of the Coast Guard, in addition to participation in the Coastal Warning System discussed below, include voice and radio- teletypewriter broadcasts of marine weather to the boating public, fishing vessels, and merchant fleets. The Coast Guard Oceanographic Unit processes data and provides technical and scientific support for Coast Guard marine programs. The Coast Guard also provides preliminary reduction and processing of environmental data from all of its sources at east and west coast centers to meet the requirement for operational continuity of its oceanographic programs. The Coastal Warning System is a cooperative network of visual (flag and light) displays main- tained at prominent locations along the seacoasts, the Great Lakes, and inland waterways to advise boating and other marine interests whenever small craft, gale, storm, and hurricane warnings, issued by the NWS of NOAA, are in effect. Yacht clubs, marinas, other private marine activities, State and local governments, the Coast Guard, and NWS participate in this System of 475 display stations. The Department of Transportation (Coast Guards has 144 lighthouses, lifeboat stations, lightships, and other facilities participating in the Coastal Warning System. The Department of Commerce. (NOAA) operates 75 displays; the remainder are operated on a cooperative basis by non-Federal in- terests. In addition, small-craft pennants are dis- played by State police patrol craft on Chesapeake Bay, in the New York City area, and on Lake Michigan. The Pacific Tsunami Warning System, operated by NOAA, involves coordination of activities at several administrative and governmental levels and a complex range of responsibilities. The Warning Center is at Honolulu where data are received from a network of 22 seismograph stations and 44 tide stations, where analyses and warnings are for- mulated, and from where warnings are disscmi- 27 nated to 15 countries and territories in the Pacific Ocean Basin. The accompanying chart shows the stations in the System. The Pacific Tsunami Warning System required $362,000 for data processing and internal support in FY 1972. These funds support staffs at the Hon- olulu Observatory, the International Tsunami Warning Center, and the Pacific Tides Party in Hawaii, and the staff's at the Palmer Regional Warning Center in Alaska. Staffs at Observatories at College and Sitka, Alaska, Newport, Wash., Tucson, Ariz., and Guam are also funded. These staffs provide continuous monitoring of seismic and tsunami activity; install, maintain, and service the instruments ; locate earthquakes ; activate the warn- ing system; issue watches, warnings, and cancella- tions; and provide historical and advisory scientific information. Included in MAREP are nonreal-time informa- tion services where the usual total sequence of functions, from data acquisition to product dissemi- nation (particularly high-speed communications) which characterizes real-time environmental proc- essing and predictions, are not always applicable. Such services include data management and publi- cations of climatological summaries, atlases, tide and tidal current predictions, and long-term studies of effects on the environment of particular geo- graphical regions. The NOS of NOAA makes tide predictions— the times and heights of high and low waters resulting from astronomical tides — for 54 locations in the United States and its territories and possessions and for 39 locations in 18 different nations and in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under U.S. jurisdiction. Predictions for approximately 6,000 secondary locations are computed through the ap- plication of empirical constants. Tide predictions, based on harmonic analysis of records of 29 days or longer, are made by computer and are published annually in four volumes. The NOS also provides, but does not publish, tide predictions at seven addi- 1 I 1 ' ■ ^college' l 1 PalmerA. 1 60° Seward* *akutat .Sitka CoM Bay * K°diak * Attu ^ • Shemya Adak Tohno.A'ctona A A Newport 40° • Hachinohe Crescent City* — ATokyo Shimizu* Berkeley A Pasadena San Pedro *^ A Tucson Mmamitorishima Midway • 20° • Manila Nawiliwili* HONOLULU Wake* • Johnston* Hilo ■ Illllliilifcli "**< A«Legaspi ^Guam Acaiutla* KEY Balboa • Kwaialem • • • • Tide stations Malakal Moen * Tide stations having automatic 0° wave detectors a Seismograph stations Baltra • Huancayo A» Pago Pago . La Punta«A 20° £ Tahiti (Papeete) Anca • •a Suva Noumea • Rlkltea A Antofagasta* % Easter Marsden Point Valparaiso • • SantiagoA Talcahuano* 40° _ June 30, 1971 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Puerto Montt • 160° 100° Reporting stations of the Pacific Tsunami Warning System. 28 tional foreign locations. The tide data are also ana- lyzed for the harmonic constants used in predic- tions, in datum plane determinations, and in secu- lar changes of the sea level. Tidal current predictions are made for 35 coastal and harbor locations in the United States. These predictions include times of slack waters and the times, speeds, and directions of maximum tidal cur- rents. Empirical constants provide predictions at about 2,000 additional locations. Unpublished pre- dictions of tidal currents for two Korean locations are provided to that Nation. Charts showing the areal distribution of tidal currents for each hour in the tidal cycle are available for nine major U.S. harbors and estuaries; charts are under construc- tion for additional estuaries. Tide and tidal current data-processing costs, including use of computer techniques, amounted to about $740,000 in FY 1972. Publication and distribution of documents pro- duced by NOS cost $38,000 in FY 1972. Such pub- lications include the four tide tables and two tidal current tables published annually, two tempera- ture-density tables produced every 5 years, tidal- benchmark sheets, 1 1 tidal current charts, a Monthly Bulletin of Great Lakes water levels, and other information issued in response to special re- quests during the year. The NODC of NOAA acquires, processes, stores, and disseminates nonreal-time data involving bio- logical, chemical, geological, and other selected oceanographic parameters on a global basis. These data are used by the scientific community for the development of models and for the upgrading of such models to produce or to complete a descrip- tion of the oceans. All data and information re- ceived by the Center are given an accession number and are then processed into files and storage media for quick retrieval. Using its Generalized Informa- tion Processing System (GIPSY), NODC can pro- vide 48-hour turnaround time for routine requests. New data management techniques for improved processing are being developed for data compres- sion, file structure, analog-to-digital conversion, and computer graphics. In FY 1972, personnel and facilities for acquisition, processing, quality control, storage, and retrieval of marine environmental data were augmented at an increased cost of $102,000. The NODC provides data and data products from storage files to the total spectra of users in the national marine community and in response to in- ternational exchange agreements. Services include, but are not limited to, the provisions of listings, tapes, microfilm, statistical and analytical summa- ries, computer graphics, charts, and atlases. In FY Hazardous conditions at sea. (U.S. Navy) 1972, product dissemination of NODC cost $248,000. The NCC at Asheville, N.C., also a specialized data center, is responsible for the processing, ar- chiving, and retrieval of marine climatological data — including reports from naval and merchant ves- sels— on a reimbursable basis for other Federal agencies and private concerns. The NCC is respon- sible for recording and describing the climate over the oceans in support of national requirements. Ship weather logs are received at NCC from about 2,100 merchant vessels each year. Observations en- tered in these logs are checked, recorded, summa- rized, and archived. Summaries are included in various Commerce, Coast Guard, Defense, and WMO publications. In addition, as part of a WMO program, marine observations are ex- changed with other major maritime nations and summaries of observations by OSVs are provided. The NCC also provides summarized marine me- teorological data to private, public, academic, and governmental users. It is responsible for publication of the Mariners Weather Log and for information included in Pilot Chart revisions for Defense, in ar- ticles and climatological summaries in the Defense Sailing Directions and planning guides, and in the NOAA Coast Pilot. Defense provides a large share of the budgetary support to NCC, although NAV- OCEANO prepares oceanographic charts, publi- cations, atlases, and related materials as required for the operational readiness of the fleet and for 29 Plankton sample is prepared for sorting at the Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center (SOSC) the use of the merchant marine. The Marine Branch of the Center also has the responsibility for publishing the climatology of tropical cyclones on a worldwide basis and is involved in the publication of tropical cyclone summaries and in the answering of requests for data and other information on such storms. In FY 1972, marine product preparation and dissemination at NCC cost $120,000 in addi- tion to significant reimbursable efforts. The Great Lakes Data Center of NOAA has a program directed toward the processing, storage, retrieval, dissemination, and analysis of hydraulic, hydrologic, limnological, hydrometeorological, and ice and snow data. Such data are used extensively in research on fisheries, pollution, shore processes, currents, and ice formation and movement in the Great Lakes. Operating as part of the Smithsonian Institution Office of Oceanography and Limnology, SOSC provides a service function for coordinating and processing collections of marine specimens to expe- dite their rapid analysis. This function, which in- cludes the sorting, cataloging, and distribution of marine biological and geological collections, cost $460,000 in FY 1972 and is partially funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) through its Office of Polar Programs. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers of the De- partment of Defense conducts a number of pro- jects, categorized as specialized processing of ma- rine environmental data, in connection with its as- signed marine engineering studies. In support of basic and applied hydraulic and hydrologic studies are the development of stage-discharge relations in outflow rivers and the determination of the ef- fects on the levels and outflows of the Great Lakes of such factors as: natural and manmade changes in the outflow rivers, diversions into and out of the Great Lakes Basin, and fluctuations be- tween the Lakes. General hydrologic studies involve the analyses of rainfall-runoff relations, snowmelt studies, flood forecasting, analyses of past floods, infiltration indexes, and unit hydrographs as well as the development of flood hydrographs and other studies related to hydrology. The NWS of NOAA prepares meteorological studies required by the Corps for the planning, design, and operation of water-control structures. The Army Corps of Engineers is providing tech- nical services on request to State and local govern- ments that cost $570,000 in FY 1972. These serv- ices constitute furnishing information on the use of flood plains of the coastal zone. The Department of the Interior analyzes and processes data collected at estuarine and coastal stations by USGS in support of its projects in hy- drology and hydraulics. The USGS also provides data on stream discharge and water quality which are processed in its own Computer Center Division. The Survey supplies water-quality information to the Storage and Retrieval (STORET) System op- erated in cooperation with the Office of Water Pro- grams in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . These data are available to all users. GENERAL AGENCY SUPPORT General agency support is the function that covers activities which Federal agencies must per- form to operate efficient MAREP Service programs and to provide effective, reliable support to their users. This function includes training, maintenance, internal support, and management above the oper- ating level. Training in marine observations, communica- tions, maintenance, and similar technician-level 30 skills is accomplished in schools operated by Fed- eral agencies; professional-level training is obtained at accredited colleges and universities. Maintenance costs cover those measures taken to keep equipment in proper operating condition and to repair such equipment when it fails. Included in costs are salaries and travel expenses of mainte- nance personnel, funds to furnish test equipment, and monies to purchase spare or replacement parts for meteorological and ocean-sensing equipment. Maintenance costs for communications systems are included in the cost figures for programs reported earlier. Maintenance is performed in central over- haul facilities and in regional shops. The largest portion of maintenance is allocated to swift emer- gency actions for restoring vital facilities to opera- tion. General mission-related activities in support of MAREP operations within a Federal agency in- clude the following types of programs: • Engineering support for planning, preparing specifications, surveying equipment sites for suit- ability, and inspecting and calibrating new equipment. • Scientific studies and consultant services to deter- mine the feasibility of new programs and to in- crease the effectiveness of current programs. • Quality control of products to assure the mainte- nance of standards for accuracy and productiv- ity- • Employee housing and housekeeping or utility- type equipment at remote-area locations. Coast Guard personnel receive advanced train- ing at Navy schools to support Coast Guard partici- pation in the Basic Meteorological Service observa- tional program and to meet Coast Guard require- ments. Basic meteorological training is conducted specifically as a part of the Marine Science Techni- Refueling operation under adverse conditions at sea. (U.S. Navy) \*J 31 cian Service School curriculum. The Coast Guard also supports postgraduate training in oceanogra- phy at several universities and provides an ocean sciences major within the curriculum of the U.S. Coast Guard Academy. Selected forecasters from the NWS of NOAA are receiving oceanography training in university pro- grams. Such training, in addition to that already received in meteorology, is valuable for producing sea, swell, surf, storm surge, and other marine serv- ices. Commerce maintenance programs in meteorol- ogy are operated and funded as a part of the Basic Meteorological Service. Maintenance of other equipment by the several activities of NOAA is funded under other functional categories discussed earlier. Internal support activities within Commerce are consolidated largely under the Basic Meteorological Service and are provided by NOAA staff elements of NWS and its Regional Headquarters, when nec- essary, for specialized marine user programs. Exec- utive management, supervision, administration, planning, and logistical support provided from above the operating unit level to support MAREP Services are accomplished within Commerce by full- or part-time marine specialists in the various components of NOAA. Executive management and supervision of the marine sciences operations of the Coast Guard are accomplished by Headquarters and Area personnel who oversee oceanographic endeavors and provide liaison with other Federal agencies and the scien- tific community. PLANS FOR IMPROVEMENT IN THE OPERATION OF THE BASIC MAREP SERVICE The FY 1973 operational program for the Basic MAREP Service reflects an overall increase of $2,510,000 from FY 1972. A number of programs planned for FY 1972 have been carried over into FY 1973 because of earlier budget restraints. Con- versely, some budgets have been reduced because of the completion of facility construction or the ex- pansion and other nonrecurring expenses funded through FY 1972 or because of the curtailment of services. The FY 1973 increases are programmed to sup- port the continuation and expansion of the existing Basic MAREP Service by providing replacement equipment, taking certain personnel actions, modi- fying or improving facilities required to support such Service, and providing for new and added im- provements in the Service. Research programs in support of the Basic MAREP Service are funded principally by the De- partments of Commerce and Defense6 and by NSF. Smaller programs in terms of funding are con- ducted by the Departments of the Interior and Transportation and by the Atomic Energy Com- mission (AEC), EPA, NASA, and the Smithsonian Institution. These programs will be discussed in the section of the Plan entitled, Research Relevant to Marine Environmental Prediction. Areas in which significant improvements or new MAREP Services are planned for FY 1973 are as follows: fj] Improvement of the marine weather and sea forecast and warning services of NWS by add- ing marine forecasters and staff support at an estimated increase of $305,000. □ Expansion of the capabilities of NESS at an in- creased cost of $137,000 to develop and pro- duce new and improved specialized analyses and products applicable to MAREP, based on high-resolution data from the Improved TIROS Operational Satellite (ITOS-D) and Geostationary Operational Environmental Sat- ellite (GOES) spacecraft. □ Expansion of the data-processing capabilities of NODC requiring $200,000 in new funds for in- creased efforts in the acquisition, processing, quality control, storage, and retrieval of data from pollution and baseline studies and from international oceanographic programs. □ Augmentation of product-dissemination activi- ties of NODC at an increased cost of $150,000 through increased production of atlases and summaries, dissemination of a greater variety of data and information resulting from a broad- ened data base and referral services. □ Establishment of a Regional Calibration Center on the west coast by NOIC of NOAA. This is the first of these Regional Centers which are to be operated by NOIC and placed at existing in- stallations appropriate to key geographical re- gions. PI Improvement of the tide and water-level pre- diction services of NOS through automation of 50 tide stations and expansion of data reduction 6 All Defense research is directed toward national security; however, a large portion of this research is di- rectly applicable to the improvement of basic environ- mental services which contribute to both the civil and the national security sectors. 32 and analyses capabilities requiring $606,000 in new funds. □ Performance by the U.S. Navy of a series of oceanic surveys between Halifax, Canada, and Bermuda, using surface expendable bathyther- mographs taken from a cruise ship on periodic runs to describe the thermal features of this area in terms of characteristics, variability, and movements. 1 ] Purchase of a variety of oceanographic instru- ments costing $433,000 that are required to equip follow-on Navy reconnaissance aircraft. ] Development of stage-discharge relations in outflow rivers and determination of effects on the levels and outflows of the Great Lakes by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers requiring $49,000 in new funds. □ Expansion of the Permit Management Program of the Corps of Engineers to evaluate the impact of all discharges into the Nation's navig- able waterways so as to protect the ecosystems in the coastal zone. ] Improvement of knowledge on the tidal, hy- draulics and on the general coastal environment in the Arctic region of Alaska by the Corps of Engineers at a cost of $200,000. ] Improvement in technical services to State and local governments by the Corps of Engineers costing an additional $105,000. □ Expansion of the environmental data collection program of the Corps of Engineers to improve baseline data for engineering analysis in the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of projects through the use of re- mote-sensing techniques. □ Expansion of the USGS network of stream- gaging stations and water-quality observation points in coastal areas are permitted in Feder- al-State cooperative programs at an additional cost of $460,000. (This amount will be matched in approximately equal funding from State or local cooperating agencies.) □ Expansion of the Smithsonian Institution pro- gram in collection of marine biological data and in increased services of SOSC at a total cost of $225,000. Principal decreases in FY 1973 funding for the Basic MAREP Services have resulted from the fol- lowing curtailments: □ Disestablishment of Ocean Station Victor in the western Pacific Ocean and subsequent decom- missioning of vessels by the Coast Guard. □ Decommissioning of U.S. Coast Guard cutter Rockaway, a vessel dedicated to oceanographic operations and fisheries enforcement. □ Termination of the Moving Ship Radiosonde Program in the Pacific by NOAA as of June 30. 1972. □ Disestablishment of a Navy weather reconnais- sance squadron in the Pacific resulting from Department of Defense budgetary constraints. 33 Specialized Marine Environmental Prediction Services The description of the Basic Marine Environ- mental Prediction (MAREP) Service and of the planned improvements to the Service are contained in the preceding section of the Plan. As noted in that section, the Basic Service provides support for the Specialized MAREP Services which include those for Maritime Navigation, Water Pollution Assessment, Living Marine Resources, Mineral Ex- ploration, and National Security. These Specialized MAREP Services will be described in this section along with planned improvements to their opera- tional programs. Relevant research designed to im- prove the Specialized MAREP Services will be identified in the final section of the Plan. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION SERVICE FOR MARITIME NAVIGATION Many Federal operations in MAREP, because of their applicability to a number of users and because of their support to other Specialized MAREP Serv- ices, are included as integral parts of the Basic MAREP Service; yet, their particular significance to maritime navigation is apparent. Nearly all ma- rine forecasts, advisories, and warnings produced under the Marine Meteorological Service are of importance and of direct application to navigation. The shipping industry, fishing fleets, and recrea- tional boatmen use these products mainly for the protection of life and for the altering of ship tracks so as to minimize damage to vessels and cargo and to effect optimum transit between ports. Elements of the Basic MAREP Service of importance to maritime navigation include sea-and-swell fore- casts, storm surge and seiche forecasts, tropical and extratropical storm forecasts, and studies of sedi- mentation in channels and harbors. Also of primary importance are marine atlases, sailing directions, tide and tidal-current prediction tables, and other special publications. Conversely, nautical charts, navigational tables, periodic navigational publica- tions, and electronic navigation materials are not considered to be part of these MAREP Services; consequently, they are not included in this Plan. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION SERVICE FOR MARITIME NAVIGATION, BY AGENCY (in thousands of dollars) Relevant Operations research Total FY72 FY73 FY72 FY73 FY72 FY73 Commerce 1,710 1,841 45 52 1,755 1,893 Defense 300 350 725 737 1,025 1,087 Transportation ... 808 891 181 583 989 1,474 NASA 160 160 Total 2,818 3,082 1,111 1,372 3,929 4,454 DESCRIPTION OF THE SERVICE Programs of the Departments of Commerce, De- fense, and Transportation which uniquely serve the specialized requirements of a MAREP Service for Maritime Navigation include those concerned with ice forecasts and warnings and with ship-routing and channel-maintenance services. The Department of Defense maintains a capabil- ity for sea-ice observations and forecasts by flying BIRDSEYE and fleet ice-reconnaissance aircraft flights over the Arctic icepack and by providing observers for aerial ice-reconnaissance of the Arctic and Antarctic regions. In FY 1972, Defense spent $899,000 on ice observations. The Naval Oceano- graphic Office (NAVOCEANO) prepares experi- mental long-range ice forecasts of 15 and 30 days in support of ship operations conducted by De- fense, the U.S. Coast Guard, and other Federal agencies. These forecasts include data on initial formation, growth, movement, and decay of sea ice in the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans. A seasonal ice outlook, describing the ice conditions expected throughout the shipping season, is also prepared for selected areas. Another program provides experi- mental predicted wind-drift current charts and has as its objective the development of techniques for prediction of detailed features of the surface-cur- 34 - 1— V !«•« ^""niwmm/m,,^,^ rent field. The Fleet Weather Facility at Suitland provides specialized ice-forecasting services for the Arctic and Antarctic. The Fleet Numerical Weather Central (FNWC) at Monterey and Fleet Weather Centrals at Nor- folk and Guam operate the U.S. Navy Optimum Track Ship Routing (OTSR) Program. The OTSR Program offers a high probability of one or a combination of the following: ( 1 ) least steaming time en route; (2) best weather route; and (3) by- passing of areas where storm damage may be ex- pected. This Program service is available to naval ships, to Military Sea Transportation Sen-ice ships, and to vessels under contract to the Government. The Navy OTSR Program provided routing serv- ices to approximately 2,400 ships for Defense dur- ing 1971. Major processing activities of the Depart- ment provide over 3,000 separate oceanographic prediction products daily to meet existing require- ments. As technology progresses and data acquisi- tion becomes more adequate, the number and type World's most powerful icebreaker, first addi- tion to the U.S. Coast Guard Icebreaking Fleet since 1954, will be in operation by 1974. of products increase and the modes of product ap- plication also expand. The Coast Guard manages and operates the In- ternational Ice Patrol, established by the maritime nations of the Inter-Governmental Maritime Con- sultative Organization (IMCO) to advise shipping of the ice menace in the northwestern North Atlan- tic Ocean. Aircraft reconnaissance and shipboard oceanographic observations support a program of reporting icebergs that enter the shipping lanes near the Grand Banks of Newfoundland and of predicting the drift of these icebergs. In FY 1972, the International Ice Patrol activities of the Coast Guard cost $630,000. The Department of Commerce, through its Na- tional Weather Service (NWS), cooperates with Defense and Transportation in the monitoring and prediction of ice coverage and movement in the 35 Great Lakes as well as in the Arctic Ocean off the North Slope, in Cook Inlet, and in other Alaskan waters. The NWS provides data and analyses that support the provision of ship-routing services to civilian merchant ships. PLANS FOR SERVICE IMPROVEMENT In FY 1973, the Department of Commerce will augment its capabilities for marine forecasts by providing marine forecast specialists at Washing- ton, Miami, San Francisco, New Orleans, Detroit, and Honolulu Weather Service Forecast Offices (WSFO). Although part of the Basic MAREP Service, these added personnel will contribute to improved marine forecasts which are of particular value to maritime navigation. Within the Department of Defense, the U.S. Army plans increased funding over the next few years for improvement of services related to the ex- tension of the navigation season in the Great Lakes. This funding should also result in improved predic- tive capabilities for snow, ice, and ice fog. An inter- agency group has been established under the lead of the Army Corps of Engineers to develop plans for a demonstration of the feasibility of extending the navigation season, and the Corps also intends to undertake deep-water port studies which are de- signed to improve navigation. These studies will in- volve consideration of requirements for expanded prediction services. Prediction services will also benefit from continuing Navy support in FY 1973 of the development and improvement of satellite- positioning systems. In addition, NAVOCEANO will establish an automated ice-data archive, per- mitting rapid access to ice information for the Arctic and the Antarctic as obtained from ship and shore station and by aircraft. It should be understood that Coast Guard ex- penditures in support of the International Ice Pa- trol depend on actual costs incurred ($630,000 in FY 1972), which could conceivably increase or de- crease in FY 1973. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION SERVICE FOR WATER POLLUTION ASSESSMENT The problems of water pollution are great, par- ticularly in the coastal zone and in the Great Lakes where man's activities have significant, immediate impact on environmental quality. These waters, al- ready seriously affected, face prospects of further environmental degradation unless some form of management, based on adequate monitoring and prediction services, is maintained. DESCRIPTION OF THE SERVICE The principal Federal water pollution assessment service is provided through the Water Quality Sur- veillance Program of the Office of Water Programs in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . This Program includes the collection of samples pe- riodically from estuaries and the coastal zone. The samples are analyzed in regional laboratories and data are disseminated as required for implementing water-quality standards, for establishing water- quality baselines, and for supporting various plan- ning and management programs. In FY 1972, $750,000 was spent by EPA in this Program for analysis of water samples and dissemination of wa- ter-quality data. In addition, $100,000 was spent to develop programs for implementation of fail-safe design criteria, operating procedures, personnel training, and reliable detection and safety equip- ment in connection with the handling of oil and hazardous-material spills in marine areas. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION SERVICE FOR WATER POLLUTION ASSESSMENT, BY AGENCY (in thousands of dollars) Operations Relevant research Total FY72 FY73 FY72 FY73 FY72 FY73 Commerce Defense . . 665 540 5,820 6,238 8,218 6,826 5,820 6,903 8,218 7,366 Transporta- tion . . . 1,369 1,218 3,940 6,374 5,309 7,592 AEC 6,149 6,048 6,149 6,048 EPA NASA .... 5,922 6,323 3,734 226 4,384 250 9,656 226 10,707 250 NSF 150 250 150 250 Total .... 7,956 8,081 26,257 32,350 34,213 40,431 The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) of the De- partment of the Interior coordinates activities with EPA to meet needs for basic data on water quality. About 55 stations are operated near the heads of estuaries in the conterminous States under fund transfer from EPA. In addition, at a number of sta- tions in Puerto Rico, samples of water and sedi- ment are taken biannually for pesticide determina- tion. Temperature, conductance, and the concen- tration of common ions are generally measured at more than 200 USGS stations. These provide data to the Basic MAREP Service on streamflow into 36 coastal waters. At a small number of these stations, turbidity, pH, nutrients, dissolved oxygen, coli- forms, and biochemical oxygen demands are ob- served. There are 35 water-quality stations oper- ated by USGS in estuaries and canals ; and, at most of these stations, only temperature, conductance, common ions, and pH are being measured. Selected U.S. Coast Guard vessels, equipped with salinity-temperature-depth (STD) sensors and sampling devices, are used in a variety of in-house and cooperative programs for the analysis of var- ious parameters. Properties of coastal waters are measured by fixed-station sensors. In FY 1972, the Coast Guard sponsored an expanded monitoring service in support of the MAREP Service for Water Pollution Assessment. The Coastal Zone Pollution Baselines and Monitoring Project, costing $1,983,000, contributed to the national quest for knowledge on this critical zone; the Project made use of the multimission facilities of the Coast Guard that are strategically located in the coastal zone. Funds are being used to provide airborne and in situ sensors and operational personnel. The Department of Defense conducted a com- prehensive assessment of the environmental impact of past Deep Water Dump operations involving conventional munitions cargos in FY 1972. Two representative disposal sites were surveyed at a cost of $573,950. An assessment of the environmental impact of past dumping operations off New Jersey, involving primarily chemical munitions cargos, is being planned for the final quarter of FY 1972 and the first half of FY 1973. An initial cost estimate for this operation is $400,000. In response to Executive Order 11057, a U.S. Navy-wide program has been established for the prevention, control, and abatement of air and water pollution ashore and afloat as well as the development of methods for the prediction and en- hancement of environmental quality. While a ma- jority of the present Navy programs are oriented toward the development and installation of equip- ment to eliminate pollutants at their source, several programs are directly linked to environmental measurement and are being pursued both inde- pendently and in concert with other Federal agen- cies. An environmental data base program has been established to assess the present waste discharges and the measures being taken to reduce water pol- lution. New instrumentation, analytical methods, and operational procedures for monitoring the en- vironment are being developed. A pilot monitoring program, now underway for Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, should provide the basic test for subsequent routine monitoring procedures. To assess the environmen- tal impact of past bulk disposal of obsolete muni- tions at sea, a survey of representative past dump sites is being conducted. Future monitoring require- ments are being developed as a result of measure- ments taken in FY 1972. The Navy is in close coor- dination with EPA efforts to assess the fate and ef- fects of known hazardous substances. From 1966 to 1969, the U.S. Army Corps of En- gineers conducted studies and investigations in the Great Lakes to improve water quality by develop- ing technology for the containment of polluted dredge spoil into selected deposit areas. This pro- gram is now operational and the Corps is in the process of obtaining spoil-disposal sites. The National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan has been developed in compliance with the Federal Water Pollution Con- trol Act, as amended. The Plan is effective for all U.S. navigable waters, their tributaries, and adjoin- ing shorelines. Coverage of the Plan includes the inland rivers, the Great Lakes, the coastal terri- torial waters, the contiguous zone, and the high seas where there exists a threat to U.S. waters, shoreface, or shelf bottom. The objectives of the Plan are to provide for efficient, coordinated, and effective action to mini- mize damage from oil and hazardous substance dis- charges, including containment, dispersal, and re- moval. It establishes a pattern of coordinated and integrated response by Federal departments and agencies to protect the environment from the dam- aging effects of pollution spills. The Plan also pro- motes the coordination and direction of Federal, State, and local response systems and encourages the development of local government and private capabilities to handle such pollution spills. Federal agencies have responsibilites established by Statute. Executive Order, or Presidential Directive which bear on the Federal response to a pollution spill. The Plan promotes the expeditious and harmoni- ous discharge of these responsibilities by those Fed- eral agencies having the most appropriate capabil- ity to act in each specific situation. Responsibilities of the several Federal agencies relevant to the con- trol of pollution spills are: □ The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) is responsible for the preparation, publication, revision, or amendment of the Plan in accord- ance with Executive Order 11548. The CEQ will receive the advice of the National Response Team (NRT) and will insure that disagree- ments arising among members of the NRT are settled expeditiously. 37 □ The Department of Commerce provides sup- port to the NRT, to the Regional Response Team (RRT), and to the On-Scene Coordina- tor (OSC) with respect to marine environmen- tal data; living marine resources; current and predicted meteorologic, hydrologic, and oceano- graphic conditions for the high seas, coastal, and inland waters; design, construction, and operation of merchant ships; and maps and charts, including those for tides and currents of coastal and territorial waters and of the Great Lakes. □ The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare is responsible for providing expert advice and assistance relative to those spills or potential spills that constitute or may constitute a threat to public health and safety. □ The Department of Defense, consistent with its operational requirements, may provide assist- ance in critical pollution spills, in the mainte- nance of navigation channels, and in the sal- vage and removal of navigation obstructions. □ The Department of the Interior supplies exper- tise in the fields of oil drilling, production, han- dling, and pipeline transportation. Also, Inte- rior has access to and supervision over continu- ously manned facilities which can be used for the command, control, and surveillance of spills occurring from operations conducted under the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act. Addition- ally, Interior will provide, through its Regional Coordinators, technical expertise to the OSC and RRT with respect to land, to fish and wild- life, and to other resources for which it is re- sponsible. The Department is also responsible for the administration of American Samoa and the U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. □ The Department of Transportation provides ex- pertise regarding all modes of movement for oil and hazardous substances. Through the Coast Guard, a Department representative serves as vice chairman of NRT; Transportation also supplies support and expertise in the domestic and international fields of port safety and secu- rity, marine law enforcement, navigation, and in the construction, manning operation, and safety of vessels and marine facilities. Addition- ally, the Coast Guard maintains continuously manned facilities that are capable of command, control, and surveillance for spills occurring in the U.S. navigable waters or on the high seas. The Coast Guard can also be responsible for the chairmanship of RRT and for the imple- mentation, development, and revision, as neces- sary, of regional plans for those areas in which it has been assigned the responsibility to furnish or to provide for OSCs . EPA will provide guid- ance to and coordination with Transportation regarding pollution control and protection of the environment in the preparation of such plans. □ The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has the responsibility to chair the NRT. In this capacity, EPA will assure that the Plan is effec- tively and efficiently implemented with opti- mum coordination among Federal agencies; the Agency will recommend changes in the Plan to CEQ, as deemed necessary. The EPA can also be responsible for the chairmanship of RRT and for the development, revision, and imple- mentation, as necessary, of regional plans for those areas in which it has been assigned the re- sponsibility to furnish or to provide for OSCs . Through the resources of the Office of Water Programs, EPA will provide technical expertise to the NRT and RRTs relative to environmen- tal pollution-control techniques, including the assessment of damages and environmental resto- ration. □ The Department of Justice can supply expert legal advice to deal with complicated judicial questions arising from spills and from Federal agency responses. □ The Office of Emergency Preparedness (OEP) will maintain an awareness of pollution inci- dents as they develop. Normal OEP procedures will be followed in the evaluation of any request for a major disaster declaration received from a Governor of a State. If the President declares that a pollution spill constitutes a major disaster under Public Law 91-606, the Director of OEP will provide coordination and direction of the Federal response in accordance with OEP poli- cies and procedures. □ The Department of State can provide assistance and coordination whenever a pollution spill transects international boundaries or involves foreign-flag vessels. PLANS FOR SERVICE IMPROVEMENT Within the Department of Defense, efforts in water pollution assessment by the Navy during FY 1973 will center on the fate and effects of oil spills in the nearshore environment. In addition, the Navy plans to implement a routine monitoring pro- 38 gram at Pearl Harbor during the fourth quarter of FY 1973 as an extension of the pilot program now underway at that site. In FY 1973, the Coast Guard will implement, in a limited number of coastal areas, a technique which has been developed in support of its respon- sibilities for monitoring oil spills. This technique will employ air-deployable surface current-measur- ing probes recently developed. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION SERVICE FOR LIVING MARINE RESOURCES Federal responsibility for providing a MAREP Service for Living Marine Resources to those who utilize such resources or are responsible for their management and conservation rests with the Na- tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) of the Department of Commerce and with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service of the De- partment of the Interior in respect to the Great Lakes. However, the products, warnings, and other broadcast or published information of the Basic MAREP Service as they apply to fishing interests are also emphasized here. This information, al- though particularly important for the safety of lives and the protection of property at sea, also aids fish- ermen in the judicious selection of areas where the fish are likely to be concentrated and where the conditions of weather and sea state will permit efficient operations. DESCRIPTION OF THE SERVICE Fishery biology predictions are of two kinds and may be categorized as tactical and strategic. The tactical predictions, issued on a close-time schedule, deal with day-to-day and week-to-week changes in the locations of fish concentrations and of the envi- ronmental conditions that influence their move- ments. These predictions are principally of value to fishermen and fishery scientists during times when they are actually at sea. In NOAA, NWS is respon- sible for that portion of the tactical predictions containing the meteorological and physical oceano- graphic conditions. Tactical forecasts are exempli- fied by the Fishery Advisory Bulletins that are broadcast by radio daily to the albacore fleet in the eastern Pacific Ocean waters by the NMFS Southwest Fisheries Center at La Jolla, Calif. The strategic predictions are designed to be valid for a longer term and deal with: (1) the abund- ances of year classes and populations of fishery spe- cies; and (2) the major changes in environmental conditions that influence the abundances and dis- tributions of the species. The abundance forecasts are based primarily on survey cruises from which estimates are made of the numbers of larval, juve- nile, or adult fish and shellfish. These strategic pre- dictions are of fundamental importance to the management and conservation of fishery resources. Albatross IV — typical research vessel en- gaged in ichthyoplankton survey operations. (National Marine Fisheries Service) \i h i*^- ft V / 39 40* JANUARY 1-31, 1972 MEAN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F ) 180° 140° 130° 120° Sea-surface temperature chart for the Northeastern Pacific Ocean. In addition, 15-day sea-surface temperature charts of the eastern Pacific are compiled from in- formation supplied by the U.S. Navy, by the U.S. Coast Guard, by the NWS, and by the fishing in- dustry. These charts, now in the ninth year of pub- lication, are distributed to assist fishermen in select- ing optimum fishing areas. An example of one of these charts is shown in the accompanying figure. Strategic predictions by NMFS, some in coopera- tion with international commissions and various States, are made on the abundances of shrimp in the Gulf of Mexico, of several groundfish species and sea scallops off the New England coast, of menhaden off the U.S. east coast, of red and pink salmon and halibut in the Pacific Northwest fisher- ies area, of dungeness crabs off the California coast, of sardines off Baja California, and of skipjack tuna in Hawaiian waters. The NMFS advises the States, which receive Federal aid under Public Laws 88-309 and 89-304, in implementing the various projects concerned with research, development, conservation, and management of commercial and sport fishing re- sources ; NMFS also cooperates with the States and with international commissions in determining the abundance and distribution forecasts of fish and shellfish stocks. Twelve major installations and 10 ships that are involved in coastal and offshore re- search are also employed in these activities. The Coast Guard conducts monthly flights over the Continental Shelf off the east coast to record MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION SERVICE FOR LIVING MARINE RESOURCES, BY AGENCY (in thousands of dollars) Commerce Defense Interior Transpora tion NASA Total Operations Relevant research Total FY72 FY73 FY72 FY73 FY72 FY73 7,367 6,902 14,907 19,910 22,274 26,812 100 103 705 825 805 828 5 6 313 331 318 337 724 828 724 828 275 100 275 100 . 8,196 7,839 16,200 21,165 24,396 29,004 40 sea-surface temperatures and surface-swimming an- imals. A similar program is conducted by the Coast Guard on the west coast in cooperation with the NMFS Tiburon (Calif.) Coastal Fisheries Re- search Laboratory of NOAA. Charts of sea-surface temperatures are prepared and mailed monthly to fishermen, various institutions, and other potential users. Through its Oceanographic Unit, the Coast Guard conducts spring and autumn oceanographic surveys of the Northwest Atlantic fisheries area as part of its coastal monitoring and studies effort. These surveys, funded at $171,000 for FY 1972, in- clude Nansen and STD casts and analyses for inor- ganic nutrients. A major new program, initiated in FY 1972 by NMFS, is the Marine Resources Monitoring, As- sessment, and Prediction (MARMAP) Program. The overall objectives of this Program are to: • Develop techniques for obtaining accurate mea- sures of the abundance and geographic distribu- tion of living marine resources available to the United States. • Monitor seasonal and annual fluctuations in the distribution and abundance of the various life stages of pelagic and demersal fishery resources and relate them to environmental factors and ex- ploitation by man. • Assess the productive capacity of these resources on a sustained yield basis and develop models for predicting future yields. • Establish a comprehensive description of the ma- rine ecosystem in terms of the distribution, com- position, and interrelation of biological commun- ities. To achieve these MARMAP objectives will re- quire: • Conducting continuing surveys of the major bio- logical communities of living marine resources in sufficient geographical and temporary detail for assessment and prediction purposes. • Obtaining the environmental data necessary to formulate models of the large-scale relations be- tween physical environmental factors and biolog- ical communities, with emphasis on distribution and abundance of the resource species. • Acquiring information from special studies to clarify specific biological and environmental rela- tions within marine ecosystems. • Developing an integrated national system for acquisition, compilation, analysis, and dissemina- tion of information on the resource populations and their environment. The MARMAP initiative involves three kinds of surveys: (1) ichthyoplankton, (2) groundfish, and (3) pelagic fish. These surveys differ principally in the method of sampling and in the techniques of data analysis. Simultaneously with the biological sampling, a variety of physical and chemical varia- bles of the environment are measured. The surveys are performed aboard ships of the NOAA fleet, together with those of the Coast Guard, cooperat- ing States, laboratories, and private organizations. Supplemental data will be obtained from buoys, satellites, and ships of opportunity. The accompanying chart shows the Atlantic por- tion of the MARMAP area to be surveyed in FY 1973. The overall MARMAP service Program in FY 1972 cost $5,147,000 and concentrated on: (1) the establishment of MARMAP operational control ; Marine Resources Monitoring, Assessment, and Prediction (MARMAP) survey coverage in the Atlantic, FY 1973; Survey I— ichthyo- plankton. (National Marine Fisheries Serv- ice) 41 (2) the development of detailed survey plans for the ichthyoplankton and groundfish surveys; (3) the initiation of a substantial portion of the ichthyo- plankton survey; (4) the continuation of ongoing components of groundfish and pelagic fish surveys; and (5) the development of a system to make full use of the diverse environmental data and information that is made available from numerous Federal, State, private, and international organiza- tions. The technology thrust of MARMAP falls broadly into three categories: (1) development of ship-based systems for monitoring the living marine resources and the environment; (2) development of aircraft and satellite-based remote-sensing sys- tems for similiar use; and (3) development of in- formation extraction systems. Data-acquisition activities in FY 1972 for MAR- MAP involved giving support to the biological and environmental data-acquisition phases of ichthyo- plankton surveys off the east and west coasts and developing plans for acquisition of additional data and information at a total cost of $1,632,000. Processing and analysis of biological speciments and of environmental data to produce the needed information (or products) of MARMAP is a major requirement at all NMFS Laboratories involved in the Program. Information or products needed in- clude the sorting of planktonic fish eggs, planktonic larvae, and other planktonic organisms; the identi- fication, counting, and measurement of specimens; the analysis of data derived from specimen samples — for example, sizes and ages — and from the re- mote sensing of resource species ; and the reduction, compilation, interrelation, analysis, and distribution of environmental data. The sorting, identification, and analysis activities accomplished in connection with MARMAP required $3,722,000 in FY 1972. PLANS FOR SERVICE IMPROVEMENT Implementation of MARMAP in FY 1973, with additional funds of $821,000 over the FY 1972 ad- justed base, will include: • Acquiring materials and equipment necessary to achieve interim operational capability for Survey I (ichthyoplankton). • Starting the interim operational capability phase of Survey I. Species of importance to both com- mercial and sport fishermen will be included in the Survey. • Conducting tests to demonstrate the feasibility of various types of sampling gear to provide pro- gram-wide Survey II capability, including acceptance or rejection of multiple-gear types for full-scale development. • Conducting tests to demonstrate the feasibility of various sensors to provide the means of remote underwater assessment of benthic and demersal sport and commercial species (Survey II), in- cluding acceptance or rejection of some sensors for full-scale development. • Conducting tests to demonstrate the feasibility of various direct-sampling and remote-sampling methods for surveys of pelagic fish (Survey III). • Entering into cooperative contracts with Federal, State, and private institutions for the processing, analysis, and production of the formatted output of ichthyoplankton and environmental data ob- tained during MARMAP survey cruises. • Training of personnel in the sorting and identifi- cation of iththyoplankton. • Acquiring equipment for environmental process- ing and analysis groups. • Bringing together and integrating historical oceanographic data and analyses from all rele- vant sources to support the interim operational capability phase of Survey I. The analytical work is detailed under research in physical oceanogra- phy in the section, Research Relevant to Marine Environmental Prediction. • Expanding the staff of the MARMAP Program Manager and adding personnel for field coordi- nation of surveys. MARMAP surveys are planned to reach full op- erational status by 1976. The National Environmental Satellite Service (NESS) of NOAA will assist MARMAP by pro- viding specialized environmental products — espe- cially sea-surface temperature maps. In addition to MARMAP, there are plans un- derway for the Basic MAREP Service to increase the number of expendable bathythermograph ob- servations from fishing vessels and from ships of op- portunity in the Cooperative Merchant-Ship Ob- servational Program. These data will be used by NMFS in its analyses and mathematical models that relate fish concentrations and distributions to ocean-temperature conditions and will also contri- bute to the enhancement of the data base for the Basic MAREP Service. The activities performed by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife of the Department of the In- terior are described under research in biological oceanography in the section, Research Relevant to Marine Environmental Prediction. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION SERVICE FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION No Federal agency operational programs are spe- cifically directed toward the MAREP Service for Mineral Exploration, although most facets of the Basic MAREP Service are applicable. Of particu- 42 lar relevance to this Specialized MAREP Service are forecasts and warnings of tropical and extra- tropical storms, sea-and-swell, storm surges, tsun- amis, ocean currents, and sea ice. Two research projects, designed to support this Service uniquely, are discussed in the section, Re- search Relevant to Marine Environmental Predic- tion, of this Plan. One of these projects is conducted »by the Marine Minerals Technology Center (MMTC) of the Environmental Research Labora- tories (ERL) of NOAA, with the objective of de- veloping techniques to predict the effects of marine mining on the environment. The other project is conducted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, with the objective of assessing offshore deposits of sand and gravel for use in beach nourishment. In addition, the U.S. Navy Ocean Engineering Program includes major research and development programs in undersea search and rescue, construc- tion, and occanographic instrumentation. The as- sessment of the severity and variability of the envi- ronment associated with these engineering projects as well as the advances in technology are applicable to the development of the MAREP Service for Mineral Exploration. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION » SERVICE FOR NATIONAL SECURITY There are special requirements of the Depart- ment of Defense for a wide range of MAREP Serv- ices which do not serve other user groups. The di- versity and specialization of these Services are re- flected in the many kinds of platforms, sensor, weapon systems, and vehicles operated by Defense throughout the total marine environment. DESCRIPTION OF THE SERVICE Defense activities involving a need for specialized marine environmental knowledge include search, rescue, and salvage ; antisubmarine warfare (ASW) ; amphibious operations; mine warfare; polar operations; and ocean and coastal engineer- ing. In addition, routine fleet operations require a large volume of marine information and predic- tions not otherwise obtainable in the Basic MAREP Service. To meet these Service requirements, De- fense allocated $42,160,000 in FY 1972, represent- ing the largest share and 19.9 percent of the Fed- eral MAREP program. Examples of marine environmental parameters, in addition to weather conditions, forecast for spe- cial defense matters include: sea, surf, and swell; sea-surface temperature; thermocline depth; sub- surface thermal structure ; subsurface current vec- tors; special factors related to underwater sound; sea-ice cover; optimum conditions for ship routing; and biological factors such as false targets, deep- scattering layer, and organisms producing reverber- ation. Much of the Defense effort in MAREP is ap- plied in support of various ASW systems. This sup- port is essential because the propagation of under- water sound is central to most aspects of ASW and because the behavior of sound in sea water is strongly influenced by marine environmental fac- tors. As more understanding is gained of the com- plexity and variability of the ocean, it is evident that the controlling environmental conditions must be monitored and projected into the future on a broad basis for ASW purposes. The MAREP Service for National Security is the only Specialized MAREP Service containing all el- ements of the basic MAREP systems concept, that is, data-acquisition platforms, data collection and communications, data-processing functions, and product dissemination media. In some cases, the MAREP Service for National Security of the De- partment of Defense complements and provides es- sential support for the Basic MAREP Service. An example of this support is the hundreds of ship ob- servations and scores of aircraft observations made available to the Basic MAREP Service on a daily basis. Most Defense MAREP activities, however, support unique defense needs of the Nation. In ■meeting these needs, the Department has developed programs in the following MAREP areas: • Ice Forecasting • Hurricane and typhoon reconnaissance • Ship routing • Surf forecasting • Typhoon and hurricane evasion • Sea-surface temperature fields • Sea conditions (wave heights) • Meteorological forecasts over worldwide ocean areas • Subsurface ocean-water properties • Acoustic conditions • Biological effects on acoustics • Ocean-floor characteristics and beach condi- tions. The U.S. Navy operates a full-service, wide- range Federal MAREP system for defense needs. The core of this system is the Fleet Numerical Weather Central (FNWC) located at Monterey. Dissemination of products from the main computer processing component of FNWC is provided by the Naval Environmental Data Network (NEDN) through interconnected digital computers and on- line communications equipment. The FNWC proc- esses, disseminates, and displays meteorological and 43 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE MAREP PRODUCTS OF THE NAVAL WEATHER SERVICE COMMAND Title Product Cycle 1. General weather forecast a. Waves — direction, period, and height b. Swell — direction, period, and height c. Combined sea height d. Surface currents e. Surface weather factors — such as wind, temperature, fog, and precipitation f. Cloud coverage g. Oceanic fronts h. Oceanic dispersion i. Air-ocean heat exchange j. Gale, hurricane, and storm warnings 2. Optimum Track Ship Routing (OTSR) and weather advisories 3. Search and rescue drift forecast 4. Marine Climatic Atlas 5. Ocean-Area Observations 6. Sea-surface temperature 7. Mixed-layer depth 8. Below layer gradient 9. Upper sound channels 10. Probability of transients (thermal gradients) 11. Bathythermograph and sound-velocity profiles 12. Acoustic Sensor Range Prediction (ASRAP) 13. Ship-Helicopter Acoustic Range Prediction System (SHARPS) 14. Detailed propagation loss 15. SHARPS-horizontal-range depictions 16. ASW Oceanographic Environmental Services (NWS 3360/1) 17. Oceanographic Outlooks Synoptic analysis/forecast Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily As requested As requested As requested As available Individual forecast As requested Individual forecast As requested Book (series) As available Book (series) As available Synoptic analysis/forecast Daily Synoptic analysis/forecast Daily Synoptic analysis/forecast Daily Synoptic analysis/forecast On request Synoptic analysis/forecast On request Synoptic analysis/forecast On request Individual forecast On request Individual forecast On request Individual forecast On request Synoptic analysis/ forecast On request Booklet As available Booklet (series) Quarterly oceanographic analyses and forecasts on a hemi- spheric basis to meet Defense needs. Through the facilities of FNWC, real-time products are contin- ually updated and tailored to fleet and other re- quirements of Defense. The FNWC products are distributed through NEDN to Fleet Weather Cen- trals and Facilities strategically located throughout the world. The accompanying charts show NEDN terminals. The FNWC is the master center for col- lecting and processing worldwide data inputs of meteorological and oceanographic parameters. Re- sponsibilities for providing fleet support through- out the oceanic regions of the world are shared by Fleet Weather Centrals at Guam, Pearl Harbor, Norfolk, and Rota, Spain. Computers at these Cen- trals receive processed data fields from FNWC, augment these fields with the latest observed data, and produce environmental support products tai- lored to naval forces at sea and ashore. The Cen- trals use the broad-scale products from FNWC and, where available and applicable, the products from the National Meteorological Center (NMC) 44 COMWEST SEAFRON NWSED BRUNSWICK' NWSED MOFFETT* FWF- QUONSET PT / / NMC' \ SUITLANO / FWC ALAMEDA \ OCEANO WOODS HOLE v \ WEST COAST TIE LINE \ WSFO* SAN FRANCISCO S^ AFGWC OFFUTT AFB FWF SUITLANO COAST GUARO AMVER CNTR NEW YORK PMR PT MUGU NATTC LAKEHURST MCAS PRIMARY FNWC MONTEREY . U.S. TRUNK _ FWC NORFOLK PRIMARY FWC NORFOLK (FLT SRV) EL TORO CONTROLLER "~ CONTROLLER NAT. MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE LA JOLLA w EAST COAST TIE LINE NAVOCEANO NWSED LOS ALAMITOS CINCLANT OPCON NFK \ AFB (AWN) FWF SAN DIEGO NWSEO PATUXENT R* •DATA SOURCE SAN DIEGO STATE COLLEGE FWF* JACKSONVILLE NWSED KEY WEST* Naval Environmental Data Network (NEDN) — conterminous United States. FWC GUAM *NOTE FWC PEARL HARBOR == DATA SOURCE AND SYSTEM INTERFACE WITH USAF AUTOMATED WEATHER NETWORK (AWN) CARSWELL AFB" ^ > i FNWC MONTEREY FWC ALAMEDA FWF SUITLAND —IT II FWC NORFOLK AFGWC* OFFUTT AFB FWF LONDON "I- I I FWC ROTA Naval Environmental Data Network (NEDN) — overseas. 45 of NOAA to prepare detailed analyses, forecasts, and warnings for their areas of responsibility. The Fleet Weather Central products are disseminated to naval operating forces, to smaller naval environ- mental units, and to other components of the De- partment of Defense through the Naval Communi- cations System. More than 60 weather offices at shore stations and aboard larger ships provide MAREP Services for naval operations. The focal point for environ- mental support is at the operating level. The pri- mary purpose of this support is to provide meteo- rological and oceanographic information and advice to operational commanders. Briefings gener- ally are conducted in person, but they may also be provided by telephone or closed-circuit television. Oceanographic observations are collected by re- gional centers and are edited, cataloged, and trans- mitted through NEDN to FNWC for hemispheric analyses. Data are also forwarded to NAV- OCEANO, San Diego State College, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, U.S. Coast Guard, NMFS and National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) of NOAA, Canadian Forces, British Royal Navy, and other countries for forecasting purposes, for support of research projects, and for archiving. The FNWC performs hemispheric-scale oceanographic analyses and forecasts every 12 hours, using a complex forecasting model based on TYPICAL FNWC FLEET SUPPORT SERVICES 1. Numerical weather and oceanographic analysis and forecast charts for fleet facsimile broadcast. 2. Edited data summaries for channel 8 of the fleet multi- channel broadcast. 3. Ballistic wind and density forecasts for strategic support. 4. Route-wind forecasts for long-haul airlift. 5. Sound-propagation loss forecasts for ASW operations. 6. Wave forecasts for replenishment planning, long-haul OTSR, and high-seas warnings. 7. Radiological fallout forecasts for naval operating areas. 8. Drift computations for vessels and aircraft in distress. 9. Swell forecasts for surf prediction. 10. Tide predictions for amphibious and logistic operations and storm-surge warnings. theoretical considerations, climatology, and empiri- cal equations. These analyses and forecasts are made available to those Naval Weather Service Command (NWSC) activities that are engaged in immediate fleet support. Oceanographic products are distributed to users by a variety of communica- tion systems, such as fleet broadcasts, and by means of radioteletypewriter or facsimile, digital data links, and nonelectronic means. The NAVOCEANO prepares experimental oceanographic forecasts in support of complex or specialized operations where an operational tech- nique has not yet been developed. These forecasts include information concerning waves, currents, thermal structure, and ice and are tailored to a spe- cific application. In addition to specialized forecast- ing activities, NAVOCEANO prepares oceano- graphic charts, publications, atlases, and related materials required by the fleet and Defense plan- ners. The major portion of the Federal training effort in support of MAREP is performed by the Depart- ment of Defense. The Naval Postgraduate School at Monterey conducts an Environmental Sciences Program to qualify commissioned officers as ocean- ographers and meteorologists through advanced-de- gree studies and independent research. A limited number of officers from other military services, the Coast Guard, and from selected foreign countries also attend. A limited number of naval officers are also selected for advanced-degree studies at civilian universities. The Postgraduate School curricula cover at least a 24-month period and include lec- ture and laboratory courses in air-sea interaction and its use in forecasting ocean currents, sea, swell, sea temperature, and acoustical parameters as well as courses in accepted meteorological forecasting methods. Emphasis is placed upon prediction meth- ods having applications to ASW. Regional centers also play an important role in the training and indoctrination of NWSC Environ- mental Detachment officers and of mobile oceano- graphic teams. One of the important training func- tions performed by NWSC regional centers is the indoctrination of fleet ASW operators in the tac- tical application of oceanographic predictions. Ice observers are trained at NAVOCEANO. This Office also sends selected scientists to universi- ties for advanced training in oceanography, mathe- matics, computer science, and other disciplines which will enhance their contributions to projects having an application to MAREP. Naval officers from other nations are trained at NAVOCEANO in those aspects of oceanography that are impor- tant to analysis and prediction. These naval officers 46 k^i^'ii'. Hi #%l " "r from foreign nations and selected U.S. officers re- ceive training on the application of MAREP to naval operations. The Naval Air Technical Training Center at Lakehurst, N.J., offers meteorological technician training at three levels for enlisted personnel; this Center also provides specialized technical training in meteorology and oceanography. A limited num- ber of personnel from the Coast Guard and other military services are accommodated. A Meteorological and Oceanographic Equip- ment Maintenance (MOCEM) course for Elec- tronics Technician (ET) personnel was established at the Naval Air Technical Training Center in 1969. The Center has a 17-week ET school where naval personnel are trained in the maintenance of shipboard, airborne, and land station equipment designed for the measurement of marine parame- ters. Routine maintenance of meteorological and oceanographic equipment in the Navy is a com- mand responsibility; maintenance is provided by the local organization, that is, the ground electron- ics shops at shore activities and the electronics divi- sion aboard naval vessels. To provide support for field commands and ships, a Meteorological and Oceanographic Equipment Program (MOEP) was established to assist in the handling of chronic maintenance problems and installation planning. The MOEP is a responsibility of NWSC and con- sists of specially trained officers, civilians, and en- listed personnel. U.S. Naval Postgraduate School oceanographic Research Vessel, Acania. Internal support activities within Navy include: technical support provided by NWSC and by the Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIRSYS- COM ) ; engineering support provided by the Naval Industrial Management Offices and by the Public Works Offices; and management, supervision, ad- ministration, and logistical support provided at the local operating level. Management above the oper- ating level within the Navy is provided through staff efforts at the Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy, at the NWSC, at the NAVAIRSYS- COM, and at the NAVOCEANO. PLANS FOR SERVICE IMPROVEMENT The FY 1973 Defense budget for the MAREP Service for National Security is $44,401,000. Im- provement of this Specialized MAREP Service in FY 1973 will be achieved, at a cost of $2,241,000, by installing the most modern data-acquisition equipment in additional naval ships, by providing temperature-sensor support to new observation ves- sels, and by expanding computer facilities and sup- port of oceanographic analysis and forecasting. De- velopment of an automated shipboard system fore- casting for command ships will permit the combi- nation of local synoptic bathythermograph observa- tions with historical ocean-station data to display the predicted three-dimensional thermal structure. An extensive research program will be conducted by Defense for improvement of this Specialized MAREP Service; this program is discussed in the final section of the Plan which follows. 47 Research Relevant to Marine Environmental Prediction Descriptions of the Basic and Specialized Marine Environmental Prediction (MAREP) Services and of the plans by the Federal agencies for improving these Services are contained in the preceding sec- tions of this Plan. The Basic MAREP Service pro- vides the foundation for the Specialized MAREP Services, which include those designed for maritime navigation, water pollution assessment, living ma- rine resources, -mineral exploration, and national security. Relevant research programs, including de- velopment efforts, supported by Federal agencies that will contribute to the future improvements in MAREP Services are presented in this section. INTRODUCTION Federal funds spent in FY 1972 and planned for expenditure in FY 1973 in relevant MAREP re- search are summarized in the table, "Federal Plan for Marine Environmental Prediction, by Agency," in a preceding section of the Plan, Summary of Fiscal Data. Federal agency funds spent for rele- vant research in support of the several MAREP functions are shown in the accompanying table, "Agency Relevant Research Costs, by Function." Because many research projects do not contribute per se to these functions, a separate heading in the table gives information on funding which supports those research projects that are expected ultimately to contribute to MAREP through a better under- standing of the basic environmental processes. Ex- penses incurred by Federal agencies through ad- ministrative support of research projects have been supplied by some agencies and are included in the table. Funding information on research in support of the Basic MAREP Service and of the several Specialized MAREP Services is contained in sepa- rate tables under the respective Services in the pre- ceding sections of this Plan. Major research efforts by Federal agencies rele- vant to improvements in MAREP Services are de- scribed in the following paragraphs. The presenta- tion will discuss these research program efforts under the following categories: research necessary for the understanding of the basic marine processes and research for the improvement of functions which constitute a MAREP system. RESEARCH FOR UNDERSTANDING BASIC MARINE PROCESSES The National Science Foundation (NSF), the Department of Commerce, and the Department of Defense support a large variety of research pro- grams directed toward an understanding of basic marine processes that are considered important to MAREP. Basic marine research programs relevant to MAREP are funded at lower levels by the De- partments of Transportation and the Interior, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Smithsonian Institution. The NSF provides funds for the accomplishment of fundamental research projects in marine sciences through a number of different procedures, attempt- ing to provide an attack on problems over a broad front that ranges from immediate to long-range concern. From unsolicited proposals submitted by individual investigators, the Oceanography Section of the Foundation selects, through a process of re- view by peers, those programs of the highest qual- ity. For the Antarctic program, unsolicited propos- als are selected through a review by peers and on a review of their compatibility with available logistics and of their contribution to international objec- tives. A slightly varied procedure is followed by NSF on the International Decade of Ocean Explo- ration (IDOE) and on Arctic programs; specific research efforts are selected, and most programs in- volve teams of investigators from different institu- tions. The IDOE program is designed to support selected oceanographic research efforts that will contribute to a better understanding of the ocean environment, an understanding that would not generally be expected through unsolicited individ- ual studies in comparable time periods. 48 RESEARCH RELEVANT TO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION IN SEVERAL CATEGORIES PERFORMED BY FEDERAL AGENCIES Physical oceanography and marine meteorology Biological and chemical oceanography Polar-area marine studies Coastal region studies Great Lakes limnology Research and develop- ment on data acquisi- tion for MAREP Research and develop- ment on data analysis and processing Research and develop- ment on MAREP informa- tion dissemination z$^4^M4^X/W is IS is is V is is IS is is is is IS V 2 is is is is IS IS l 1 V 1 is is 2 IS 1 is is is is 2 is IS is is 2 is V V is V 1 The research programs in this area are discussed under biological and chemical oceanography. 2 Includes ship operation support. Another procedure, initiated recently by NSF under the newly created Office of the Assistant Director for Research Applications, focuses on se- lected projects of national concern. The program, Research Applied to National Needs (RANN), provides support for highly coordinated and di- rected efforts by scientists in various disciplines and institutions. Often the interdisciplinary aspects of these RANN programs make it difficult to catego- rize them into science disciplines. The marine sci- ences are most heavily involved in programs de- signed either to manage the regional systems in the coastal areas or to measure the effects of trace con- taminants in the environment. The Department of Defense supports the Navy Ocean Science Program which includes a large va- riety of research projects covering the broad disci- plines of physical, chemical, and biological ocean- ography as well as marine geology and geophysics. Although designed to meet specific military re- quirements, projects of Defense elements provide considerable benefit to the civilian sector. For ex- ample, the U.S. Navy's development of ice fore- casting techniques and establishment of an exten- sive ice observational program in support of the re- supply of Arctic stations have benefited industrial and other civilian operations in the Arctic. Re- search in basic processes of concern to MAREP is also conducted by Defense through the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and by the Advanced Research Projects Agency. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin- istration (NOAA) was created within the Depart- ment of Commerce to be a national focus for: • A unified approach to the problems of the oceans and atmosphere. 49 AGENCY RELEVANT RESEARCH COSTS, BY FUNCTION (in thousands of dollars) Research directed toward improvement of Understand- f N Agency ing basic Data Communi- Data Information support of processes acquisition cations processing dissemination research ' Total FY72 FY73 FY72 FY73 FY72 FY73 FY72 FY73 FY72 FY73 FY72 FY73 FY72 FY73 Commerce ... 31,782 41,811 15,368 17,134 523 1,703 558 758 108 108 48,339 61,514 Defense 10,221 10,874 9,173 9,829 487 487 3,618 3,704 133 133 23,631 25,027 Interior 1,680 1,719 50 50 193 197 1,923 1,966 Transportation 2,759 3,903 4,139 5,855 6,898 9,758 AEC 6,679 6,048 6,679 6,048 EPA 3,314 3,684 420 700 3,734 4,384 NASA 2,212 4,027 2,212 4,027 NSF 20,399 18,840 20,399 18,840 Smithsonian . 250 425 250 425 Total 77,084 87,304 3U61 37,595 487 487 4,141 5,407 691 891 301 305 114,605 131,989 1 Where figures are not given, the funds for agency support of research are included under other functional categories. • Better understanding, development, and conser- vation of marine resources. • Consolidation of efforts toward greater knowl- edge of oceanic and atmospheric phenomena as well as those of the solid earth. • A balanced Federal program toward more effec- tive environmental monitoring control. The NOAA Environmental Research Laborato- ries (ERL) are organized to conduct a portion of the basic research in fulfilling these responsibilities. The ERL provide a comprehensive study of man's environment, ranging from the solid earth and oceans to the atmosphere and near space. Research' by ERL contributes in particular to our knowledge and understanding of the physical marine environ- ment. Marine research, designed to meet these NOAA responsibilities, is also conducted by other major components of NOAA including the Na- tional Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and the National Ocean Survey (NOS). In addition, the Office of Sea Grant of NOAA supports research projects in marine sciences at institutions through- out the United States in much the same manner as NSF, but the Office focuses its support on the ap- plied aspects of marine resource development, con- servation, protection, training, and management. Much of the research effort is relevant to improve- ment of MAREP. Basic research will be identified in the following paragraphs under the subsections of physical ocean- ography and marine meteorology, biological and chemical oceanography, and projects in geographi- cal areas of special interest. PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY AND MARINE METEOROLOGY Physical oceanography within the Navy Ocean Science Program is concerned with the physical processes of the sea and their direct and indirect ef- fects on naval operations. To understand, exploit, and predict the capabilities of these processes, the U.S. Navy needs to understand the structure of the sound-speed profile in the ocean from surface to bottom, the temporal and spatial variability of this structure, the nature of the surface and of the bot- tom, and the effect of all of these factors on sound. The general inaccessibility of much of the ocean makes it impossible at the present time to gather enough physical data for a synoptic analysis of the state of the ocean as the meteorologists are doing with the atmosphere. As long as it is necessary to depend on sparse sampling at sea, it is mandatory that the Navy understand the cause-and-effect rela- tions between solar and atmospheric driving forces and air-sea response well enough to extrapolate the relatively small data samples over wide areas and to extend these analyses by reasonable prediction. 50 J The complex interaction between the atmos- phere and the sea frequently dominates the near- surface antisubmarine warfare (ASW) problem. Waves' generated by the wind stir the near-surface waters, altering their sound-speed structure. The same wind sets the surface water in motion as a wind-driven surface current, causing the waves to scatter sound at the surface. Air-sea interaction studies, a major part of the Navy physical oceanog- raphy program, are advancing our understanding of the physical and chemical processes involved in these interactions. All scales of activity, ranging from molecular to global and from instantaneous to climatic, are embraced. Specific objectives are to understand and to describe the parameters in- volved in the processes of energy exchange through the sea surface, to determine the air-sea exchange rates, and to understand the atmospheric influ- ences upon the sea and the oceanic influence upon the atmosphere sufficiently to make accurate predictions. The Navy presently sponsors a large-scale air-sea interaction study in the North Pacific. The study, initiated by the Scripps Institution of Oceanogra- phy, is concerned with the premise that large-scale changes in the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean are closely coupled. Scripps' scientists have established the existence of huge anomalous pools of water in the North Pacific. Under Office of New laboratory building of the Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Labora- tories (AOML). (Environmental Research Laboratories of NOAA) Naval Research (ONR) sponsorship, the relation between these anomalies in the upper region of the North Pacific and climatic anomalies over North America has been demonstrated. Research to date indicates the probability of scientific breakthroughs in the state of the art dealing with the prediction of oceanographic and global weather conditions. Fu- ture plans call for the expansion of this effort under Navy (ONR) and NSF (IDOE) manage- ment. Phase One of the expanded effort is a 9-year program during which time a massive increase in data buoy stations wilhbe initiated. Plans also in- clude the use of the international oceanographic data transmission frequency bands for communica- tions. Anticipated funding for the project is $6 to $10 million per year. Procurement and operations of the buoy system will be coordinated with the National Data Buoy Center (NOBC) of NOS. Theoretical modeling of general ocean circula- tion, including major current systems, has reached the stage at which the need for experimental verifi- cation of theory is comparable to the need for ade- quate theory to account for the observation. Labo- ratory models of time-dependent flows in rotating basins can now predict the gross features of general circulation. 51 27° 28° 29° LATITUDE (DEGREES NORTH) 32° Specific Navy objectives on small-scale water motion studies are to develop techniques for meas- uring the internal motions and to determine the oceanwide distribution of energy spectra and classes of motion. The scales of motion are of particular importance to undersea vehicles and research sub- mersibles because the associated changes in density of sea water affect the vehicle buoyancy. The physical oceanography program of the U.S. Army is related to its Civil Works missions for maintaining navigational channels, controlling beach erosion, and providing protection from natu- ral disasters. This program is concerned with the physical processes and their interactions insofar as they affect man and his environment. The purpose of this activity is the understanding of forces and their impact on engineering design and the result- ant interaction on the environment. The Department of Defense carries out geology and geophysics research on phenomena which affect marine environmental predictions of naval interest. These studies are concerned with the mor- phology and physical properties of the sea floor and with the natural processes which are active there. The obvious effects of the sea floor on surface wave motion have been studied for a long time. In- corporation of these effects into operable prediction schemes remains, however, as the goal of a substan- tial research effort. In the nearshore area, the Thermal structure of the surface layer of the ocean (in degrees Celsius), important in understanding sound propagation. (U.S. Navy) characteristics of sea, surf, and swell are critically dependent upon the nature of the bottom. In turn, wave motion influences longshore currents, beach formation, and rip tides; the sea floor itself is influenced through wave erosion and by trans- portation and deposition of sediments. The prediction of acoustic behavior must take into account the roughness and composition of the bottom and of the acoustic properties of sediments. Accordingly, much Navy research is directed to- ward understanding sea floor morphology, sedi- ment distribution, and physical properties of sedi- ments. Studies range from those of the dynamic tectonic and sedimentary processes to the minute examination of sediment porosity and grain size. A large number of seismic profiles, samples, sound- ings, and bottom photographs have been accumu- lated in support of this as well as other activities. As we proceed into a decade of increased subsur- face ocean operations, it is likely that the impor- tance of marine geological research for environ- mental prediction purposes will increase. It may become important, for example, to predict the occurrence of turbidity currents to conduct safe deep submersible operations along the continental margins. The Army Corps of Engineers has devel- oped a related research program which, although 52 aimed at locating offshore sand and gravel deposits for beach nourishment, may have important eco- nomic and environmental aspects. Navy-oriented research into the occurrence of manganese nodules promises similar future economic benefits. The Oceanography Section of NSF focuses on individual scientific studies of processes occurring in the ocean. These include the physical processes that maintain the sea in motion, dynamics of coastal processes, and scales of oceanographic tur- bulence. Both the Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences Sections support research studies on the ocean-atmosphere interface and on theoretical fluid dynamics. A considerable number of interac- tion studies are involved in the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP), an international long-term study to increase our knowledge of the general circulation of the atmosphere and of the physical basis of climate through an improved un- derstanding of the air-ocean linkage. In FY 1973, support will include the numerical modeling of tropical and general circulations and the continued analysis of data resulting from the Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX) completed in 1969. One of the major objectives of IDOE will be to provide the scientific basis needed for improving marine environmental forecasting. Long-term major projects have been selected by NSF to accomplish this objective. The Mid-Ocean Dynam- ics Experiment (MODE) is designed to obtain a better understanding of middle-scale dynamic proc- esses such as geostrophic eddies and to elucidate their role in ocean circulation and in global cli- mate. The MODE will be carried out in the Atlan- tic Ocean between Bermuda and the United States, with efforts in FY 1973 devoted to planning, test- ing of numerical models, and development of in- struments. As noted, the Navy's study of large-scale air-sea interaction in the North Pacific, will be ex- panded as a joint program of ONR and IDOE. The aim of these programs and the others to follow in IDOE will be to support improved forecasting of the marine environment. Within NOAA, a number of major research pro- jects in physical oceanography and related interac- tions with the atmosphere are conducted by ERL. These projects, along with their objectives and the responsible Laboratory of ERL, are identified in the following listing: • Research on the structure and motion of the At- lantic Ocean, conducted by the ERL Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories (AOML), designed to increase the understand- ing of the physical, chemical, and dynamic prop- Instrumented capsules for measuring mid- ocean tides. (National Science Foundation) erties and processes in the estuaries, the near- shore, the Continental Shelf, and in the open ocean areas of the Atlantic; such research will facilitate prediction systems for various oceano- graphic phenomena as required to improve the marine science programs of NOAA. Research on the structure and motion of the Pacific Ocean, conducted by the ERL Pacific Oceanographic Laboratory (POLL designed to provide results for application to oceanic envi- ronmental studies and to the specification of en- vironmental service programs that are aimed at promoting the effective utilization of the oceans. The research objective by POL is pursued through carefully designed field experiments and through exploratory field studies that are de- signed to relate to significant features of ocean dynamics. 53 MODE - I FIELD EXPERIMENT AIRCRAFT: MASS TRANSPORT MEASURING FLOATS. XBT TEMPERATURE PROFILES SHIPS: CTD & XBT PROFILES, DATA RADIOED TO & FROM SHORE LAGRANGIAN SUBSURFACE FLOATS TRACKED BY SOFAR SOFAR ARRAY. DATA TO SHORE ELECTRODES MEASURING GEOMAGNETIC ELECTROKINETIC POTENTIAL, MONITOR VARIATIONS OF MEAN FLOW SURFACE BUOYS EULERIAN ARRAYS RECOVERABLE LAUNCHERS TRACK EXPENDABLE UPWARD-PROFILING FLOATS 35° UNIT ED STATES BERMUDA 30° 1 \ \ MODE-1 STUDY AREA 25° 85° 80° 75° 70° 65° 60° Configuration for the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE). 54 • Participation by AOML in MODE to obtain an understanding of the interactions of large-scale flow patterns and the complex smaller scales of motion in ocean circulation. • Operations of the Sea-Air Interaction Laboratory (SAIL) of AOML that will provide field experi- ments necessary for the development of models of the energy exchange processes between the ocean and atmosphere, leading to an improved understanding and prediction of oceanic and at- mospheric conditions. • Dynamic oceanographic and seismological studies by POL to increase understanding of the genera- tion, propagation, and runup mechanisms of tsunamis which will provide basic knowledge and improve tsunami prediction techniques. • Computer modeling research in dynamic ocean- ography and meteorology by the ERL Geophys- ical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) to de- velop a comprehensive theory of the large-scale circulation of the ocean. The successful incor- poration of the theory in the form of numerical models will be useful for pollution studies of large water bodies, for long-range forecasting of sea-surface temperature, and for joint air-sea model studies of sensitivity of the earth's cli- mate to large-scale atmospheric pollution. • Research projects conducted by POL, including investigations of near-surface circulations in re- sponse to time-dependent wind stress, of experi- mental and theoretical studies of wave interac- tions on beaches, and of open-ocean measure- ments of tsunamis. • Continued reduction and analysis of NOAA data from BOMEX by the Center for Experi- ment Design and Data Analysis (CEDDA). Re- duction of BOMEX data obtained by ship, air- craft, and island subsystems is largely com- pleted. Initial analyses have been oriented to- ward scientific computation formation ; data quality, noise, and error evaluation ; subsystem intercomparison ; and specification of edit win- dows, filters, lag corrections, and calibrations to system standards. In EY 1973, analysis of the core experiment data will be completed, find- ings will be published, and the data will be transferred to permanent archives. Physical oceanography work in NMFS is con- ducted largely from the Fishery Centers in Seattle, La Jolla, Woods Hole, Mass., and Miami as well as the Atlantic and Pacific Environmental Groups of the Marine Resources Monitoring, Assessment, and Prediction (MARMAP) Program in Washington and Monterey. This work is directed toward under- standing bioenvironmental relations in those areas where the living marine resources are of impor- tance to the United States. Oceanographic condi- tions of major significance are: (1) variations in the location and properties of water masses as they influence the distribution and reproduction of species; (2) variations in the location and strength of currents as they influence the migrations of fish and the distribution of planktonic organisms, espe- cially the eggs and larvae of resource species; and (3) current divergences, surface gyres, and wind- stress transport as the driving forces of upwelling and the resulting nutrient enrichment, primary bio- logical productivity, and production of forage orga- nisms of resource species. Physical oceanographic investigations at NMFS facilities include the following which are funded under the MARMAP Program: • Northwest Fishery Center, Seattle. — Determination of currents, oceanic fronts, water-mass characteristics, and plankton pro- duction in the Pacific subarctic from oceano- graphic surveys, calculated wind-stress trans- ports, and current drifters in relation to the migration and abundance of the Pacific salmon. — Description and forecasting of flow and ecology in the groundfish area along the northwest coast of the United States, based on examination of the shifting location of the nearshore divergence zone of the zooplankton populations. • Southwest Fishery Center, La Jolla. — Examination of sea-air interactions, based on historical records in establishing the thermal structure of the upper waters in the North Pacific in relation to the distribution of alba- core tuna. — Development of the means to predict Pacific tuna distributions based on the currents, water masses, and biological productivity as derived from oceanographic, meteorological, biological, and fisheries observations. — Analysis of long-term, large-scale variations in the thermal and circulation patterns of the North Pacific from participating merchant- ship observations. — Description of the currents, distribution of their properties, and examination of the dy- namics of island wakes in the central Pacific from oceanographic surveys for tuna fishing interests and for other fisheries investigations. • Pacific Environmental Group, Monterey. — Relation of upwelling of the California coast to variations in wind-stress transport. 55 — Development of a hydrodynamic numerical circulation model for the eastern North Pacific. • Southeast Fishery Center, Miami. — Determination of surface currents in the Car- ibbean Sea, based primarily on drift bottle data from a collaborative project in the Cooperative Investigations of the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions (CICAR) Program. — Development of the dynamical oceanography of the tropical Atlantic, based on survey data from the International Cooperative Investi- gations of the Tropical Atlantic (ICITA). • Atlantic Environmental Group, Washington. — Determination of the Continental Shelf cir- culation off the U.S. Atlantic coast. The analyses are based principally on the histori- cal data files of the NOAA Environmental Data Service (EDS) and on the data infor- mation from research and surveys of the U.S. Coast Guard, the U.S. Navy, the National Environmental Satellite Service (NESS), the National Weather Service (NWS), and from the MARMAP surveys of NMFS. Variable driving forces considered are : ( 1 ) the strength of the Gulf Stream and its distance Ocean currents predicted by global model, assuming homogeneous ocean and actual- bottom topography. (Geophysical Fluid Dy- namics Laboratory, Environmental Research Laboratories of NOAA) 56 from the Shelf; (2) eddy production by the Gulf Stream; (3) wind-stress transport; (4) coastal runoff; and (5) annual temperature cycle. — Development of the mechanics of circulation of the Gulf of Mexico, based principally on analysis of 2 years of detailed oceanographic survey data from NMFS vessels and of antici- pated data from the Engineering Experimen- tal Phase (EEP) buoys, placed in the Gulf during 1972. Responsibility for coordinating U.S. multiagency participation in the GARP Atlantic Tropical Ex- periment (GATE) has been assigned to the De- partment of Commerce; other participants include Defense, Transportation, Atomic Energy Commis- sion (AEC), National Aeronautics and Space Ad- ministration (NASA), and NSF. The GATE pro- ject is designed to study the meteorology of the tropical oceans, with the objectives to gain a better understanding of the general circulation of the at- mosphere and to increase the ability of meteorolo- gists to model and predict weather for extended pe- riods into the future. An international array of ships will be placed in the tropical Atlantic (from latitudes 10°S. to 20°N. and from longitudes 40°E. to 90°W.) from mid-June through September 1974 to measure the parameters required to achieve these objectives. In addition to the meteorology program, an oceanographic program will be conducted. The U.S. portion of the GATE oceanographic program is being developed by a task group of the National Academy of Sciences Ocean Affairs Board. A GATE project office has been established at NOAA, and scientists have been identified at univer- sities and other laboratories to assume the specific responsibilities for developing the detailed scientific plans for GATE. The United States will continue to provide long lcadtime on production hardware items and will pursue the development of computer programs. A U.S. trial-field program will be con- ducted during the winter of 1972-73 to test hard- ware and computer programs. In the late summer of 1973, an international trial-field program is planned to assure that items such as platforms, hardware, and observing techniques to be em- ployed by the participating nations are compatible for the conduct of the principal observational phase during the summer of 1974. Procurement of production hardware will be accomplished, and computer programming will continue in FY 1973. The Coast Guard basic research program in physical oceanography includes investigations of the Arctic water masses and coastal studies. In sup- port of the International Ice Patrol, research is being conducted on water-mass exchange and on currents affecting the occurrence and distribution of icebergs and sea ice in Baffin Bay and in the Grand Banks off Newfoundland. Another Coast Guard research and development program, de- signed to improve its capabilities to perform search and rescue (SAR) missions, involves the investiga- tion at sea of the response of various boat hulls, rafts, and lifesaving devices to wind, waves, and currents. In addition to these leeway studies, an in- tensive research effort is being conducted to im- prove the ability to predict ocean surface currents. An operational system has been developed under a Coast Guard research and development program which permits surface current and volume trans- port determination from aircraft. This system will have application in pollution monitoring, SAR ef- forts, and iceberg movement studies. Numerical prediction models will be developed for surface currents in simple and complex regimes of marine environments. Existing prediction models can be "tuned" or updated with the operational airborne- measuring system. The AEC supports research related to MAREP through the development of a capability to docu- ment, evaluate, and understand explosion-gener- ated water waves resulting from nuclear detona- tions at or near the surface of the ocean. Ongoing efforts include theoretical studies on the shoaling phenomenology of such waves and investigations required to predict and to document the effects of a water wave resulting from seismic activity caused by a nuclear explosion. BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY The biology and ecology of marine organisms are relevant to such U.S. Navy interests as the fouling and deterioration of equipment, underwater swim- mer activities of the Man-in-the-Sea experiments, and acoustic propagation. Knowledge of the nature of the organisms, their physiology, their distribution seasonally and geographically, and the means re- quired for their control are needed to predict, pre- vent,'or minimize their adverse effects on Navy op- erations. As a result of investigations on biological deterio- ration, fouling, and corrosion, it is possible to pre- dict the kinds of infestations which will occur in waters of known properties and in particular geo- graphic regions. Worldwide collections are being made of marine boring and fouling organisms, and their characteristics are being studied and archived. Active and destructive boring organisms appear abundant, even to depths of 2,000 meters. 57 A major program is being conducted on the acoustical properties and behavior of marine orga- nisms that actively or passively alter the operational efficiency of the Navy acoustic systems. The active members are those organisms that contribute to background noise by their own acoustic-signal emissions. The passive components are the large mammals, schools of fish, and plankton that scatter sound, appearing as false targets or background reverberation or attenuating the acoustic signal. Oceanic biologists record and analyze sounds produced by marine animals, their geographic and temporal distribution, and their behavior as it re- lates to sound production. A concentrated effort has been made to identify sounds of biological ori- gin. An example is a recently published account of a comprehensive 15-year study on underwater sounds of biological origin. The research involves 206 species in 54 families of fish along the U.S. At- lantic coast and off the islands of the Caribbean Sea. The objectives of the Navy research in chemical oceanography are to determine the chemical con- stituents of sea water and to elucidate ways in which they react in the marine environment. The diverse program in chemical oceanography includes studies of organic and inorganic chemical composi- tion, geochemistry, trace-element chemistry, physi- cal chemistry, radioactive-isotope chemistry, and exchange of chemicals at the air-sea surface. LANTERNFISH MYCTOPHIDAE) K**, BARREL EYE iOPlSTHOPROCTIDAE- MELAMPriAIDAE IATCHETFI 5TERI OPTYC I Representatives of five families of swim bladder-bearing fishes which are important sound scatterers. 58 In FY 1973, the Navy has proposed research on the fate and effect of open-ocean disposal of biode- gradable shipboard wastes. Efforts are continuing to relate parameters being measured for military purposes to environmental indexes of water quality. Thermal and chemical gradients suitable for re- mote detection and quantification will be explored in the FY 1973 to FY 1975 timeframe. The necessity to evaluate fully the impact of con- struction and dredging operations on the environ- ment has impelled the Department of the Army to develop a comprehensive research program which evaluates the impact of construction activities on the ecosystem. This program includes evaluation of techniques for disposal of dredge spoil, creation of manmade marshlands from unpolluted spoil, and impact of protective structures on the ecosystem. Also related to this effort is the study of nitrogen saturation and its impact on the estuaries. The NSF, through its Oceanography Section, awards grants for research on the biota of the sea and their interaction with the marine environment. Such studies include the distribution, abundance, nutrition, and behavior of living organisms as well as the metabolism of marine organisms involving respiration, nutrient uptake of plants, feeding hab- its of animals, and elemental cycling rates. U.S. Coast Guard efforts in chemical oceanogra- phy are programmed toward oil pollution in the marine enviornment. Top priority has been de- voted to oil pollution baseline studies and to the de- velopment of analytical capability that will help the Coast Guard establish a monitoring system for pollutants. Emphasis has been placed on shipboard analysis, although in-house laboratory capability development is underway to support this and con- tract efforts. Current Coast Guard research and de- velopment projects include investigation of natural oil seeps, utilization of Ocean Station Vessels (OSV) for pollution data collection, and construc- tion of a harbor oil-pollution index. The AEC supports oceanographic research that is directed toward determining those environmental factors which influence the movement of ra- dioelements through the marine environment, pos- sible radiation effects on marine biota and biotic processes, and possible means and rates of return for radioactivity to man through the marine food chain and the basic ecological processes. Within this broad research program are studies on prob- lems related to operational activities such as the impact of waste heat from nuclear power stations on the ecology of the adjacent area at such sites. The Commission has identified certain areas within its marine research program which will be accelerated during the next several years. These areas include expanded research efforts in under- standing the impact of thermal additions to the aquatic environment, in increasing information on the biogeochemical behavior of plutonium in both freshwater and marine environments, and in pre- paring ecological studies associated with the siting of nuclear powcrplants. The AEC thermal research program will cover a broad spectrum of topics, ranging from the effects of temperature changes on the biochemical and physiological responses of organisms to the effects on social behavior and predator-prey interactions. Studies include both laboratory and field investiga- tions. Studies on the behavior of plutonium in the aquatic enviornment will be intensified, adding to the understanding of the major processes that affect its fate and transport in these regimes. Study sites will include the major oceans, Great Lakes, Columbia River, and former testing sites in the Pacific. Broad-based ecological and radioecological studies will be conducted at existing and planned powerplant sites. In addition, the AEC supports research con- ducted by other Federal agencies as follows: the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) of the Depart- ment of the Interior in FY 1972 completed a study on the ultimate fate of radionuclides in the Colum- bia River estuary as part of its own activities to predict better the time-space distribution of sub- stances in estuaries that have large flows and turnovers of water; the NMFS Atlantic Estuarine Fisheries Center of NOAA at Beaufort, N.C., is studying the cycling of trace elements in an estua- rine environment, the energy relations in estuarine ecosystems, and the influence of environmental factors on the radiation response of estuarine orga- nisms; and the NMFS Middle Atlantic Coastal Fisheries Center at Sandy Hook, N.J., is investigat- ing the sublethal effects of thermal additions on marine ecosystems, the effects of temperature and photo-period on fish spawning, and the effect of temperature on activity rhythms. The Office of Water Programs in the EPA has projects in water-quality control technology and in water-quality requirements research that are in- tended to supply the description and prediction of the types, concentrations, and movements of pollu- tants in coastal waters and of the effects of pollu- tants on life. Within NOAA, NMFS conducts a variety of re- search directed toward understanding the basic re- quirements of species in commercial and recrea- tional fisheries and identifying the impact of over- fishing on the stock. This research involves studies 59 Double plankton-sampling array used to collect fish eggs and larvae to determine the distribution and abundance of living ma- rine resources. (National Marine Fisheries Service) to: (1) enumerate and identify the animal and plant life present in different ecosystems and geo- graphical areas; (2) determine the population dy- namics and life histories of marine and anadromous species of sport and commercial importance; and (3) identify the physiological processes of these ani- mals and ascertain their environmental require- ments for reproduction, growth, and survival. Re- search also involves studies of the behavior of com- mercial and recreational species in relation to each other, to their environment, and to the gear man uses to capture the species. These data are used in conjunction with resource survey data to correlate the results of assessment work and to make predic- tions of future abundance of different species of fish. Examples of studies underway are: (1) the identification of races of stocks to ascertain geo- graphic distribution ; (2) the identification of living marine resources in the New York Bight, San Fran- cisco Bay, Northeastern Gulf of Mexico, Puget Sound, and Valdez Bay; (3) the characterization of the life histories of organisms; (4) the physiolog- ical processes and requirements of organisms; and (5) the characterization of the behavior of por- poises and menhaden to fishing gear and of sport and commercial fishes to fixed platforms and artifi- cial reefs. This research, at a cost of $10,313,000 in FY 1972, was carried out in laboratories dispersed along the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico in a coastal geographic distribution from Boothbay Har- bor, Maine, to Port Aransas, Tex. ; along the Pacific coast from Kodiak, Alaska, to La Jolla ; and across the central Pacific to Honolulu. Major ves- sels are assigned in support of research. An addi- tional $2,345,000 was used for the operation and maintenance of NMFS research vessels. In FY 1973, an additional $1,650,000 will be re- quired for ship operations. The funds include : ( 1 ) $700,000 for reactivation of the Miller Freeman and installation of bow thruster; (2) $474,000 to restore to full-time operation the Charles H. Gil- bert and Delaware II; and (3) $476,000 for major maintenance of other active vessels. The NMFS is also conducting ecological re- search to determine the effects of natural and man-induced changes in the estuarine and marine environment. At a cost of $3,562,000 in FY 1972, efforts were made to : ( 1 ) develop the baseline in- formation on the amount and rate of accumulation of stable pollutants such as polychlorobyphenyls (PCB), pesticides, and heavy metals; (2) identify the pathways and rates of accumulation of contam- inants in the various components of the ecosystem; (3) understand the basic physiological implications of man-induced pollutants; and (4) understand the cause and prevention of red tide outbreaks. The research data accrued are collated to develop an understanding of the impact of contaminants on the dynamic processes that operate in marine eco- systems and to determine how adverse impacts can be prevented or mitigated. The research was con- centrated in nearshore waters of the coastal zone and on sport and commercial species that spend most or some of their life cycle in these waters. In- cluded are : ( 1 ) studies to develop corrective action in the New York Bight where for years there have been massive dumpings of pollutants such as sludge, chemical wastes, and munitions; (2) studies 60 in the Gulf of Mexico which concentrate on the impact of water resources demands, for example, irrigation, dredge, and fill activities; and (3) stud- ies in the Pacific Northwest which focus on the impact of oil spillage, mining effluent, lumbering, and pulpmill wastes. In FY 1973, the NMFS will require an addi- tional $649,000 for further ecological investiga- tions of the New York Bight as part of the NOAA Marine Ecosystem Analysis (MESA) Program. These investigations will be on the establishment of ecological baselines to define the composition, abundance, and distribution of aquatic species and to correlate these with nutrient levels, contami- nants, plant-animal life compositions, and other en- vironmental factors in the area. Of equal impor- tance will be the assessment of effects of stress on aquatic ecosystems through field observations and laboratory experiments to determine the physiologi- cal changes caused by contaminants. Stresses from ocean dumping in the New York Bight in relation to disease problems will receive particularly critical examination. Studies to achieve these assessments will center on intensive biological surveys and on other biological aspects of the ecosystem such as life histories, population dynamics, food-chain rela- tions, and contaminant levels in the living and non- living segments of the system. NMFS, in addition to its contribution to MESA, conducts a program on control of contaminants in marine fishery products with the objective of pro- tecting the fishing industry and the consumer. To achieve this objective, the following program goals are defined: to delineate and monitor the na- ture and extent of marine contamination in fish and shellfish ; to determine the feasibility of remov- ing contaminants from fishery products; and to de- fine the consumption patterns of fishery products. Program components include: ( 1 ) a survey of over 90 species of commercial and sport fish to deter- mine as many as 16 toxic trace elements; (2) a sur- vey of 40 fishery products to determine five trace elements (essentially completed) ; (3) more de- tailed surveys on specific species where potential contamination problems are indicated; (4) specific surveys for PCB and dichlorodiphenyl- trichloroethane (DDT) contamination; (5) de- velopment of analytical methodology; (6) studies to determine the consumption patterns of major fishery products in relation to the development of realistic regulatory guidelines; (7) monitoring the increase or decrease of contaminant levels in fishery products; (8) studies to determine the chemical form of contaminants in fishery products and their availability to humans; and (9) establishment of a national data bank. These activities were funded in FY 1972 at a level of approximately $500,000. The NMFS also helps support a large variety of State investigations of the fish and fisheries of the coastal and estuarine waters of the United States as well as those of the Great Lakes. This grant-in-aid support, on a cost-sharing basis, is part of the State-Federal fisheries management program; the Federal Government enters into partnership with the States in a coordinated effort for the conserva- tion, management, and development of the Na- tion's fishery resources and the supporting aquatic environment. Of the total grant-in-aid program, about $1,820,000 is used to develop basic understanding of the living marine resources and their environ- ment. NOAA's Office of Sea Grant supports a number of activities in the biological and chemical oceanog- raphy category, designed to improve capabilities in marine organism assessment at various institutions around the country. Research, contributing ultimately to long time- scale predictions of the MAREP Services, is spon- sored in estuarine ecology and tropical marine ecol- ogy by the Smithsonian Institution. These investi- gations are conducted at the Museum of Natural History, at the Chesapeake Bay Center for Envi- ronmental Studies, and at the Smithsonian Tropi- cal Research Institute. In its effort to examine the impact of man on the environment, the Smith- sonian will expand the research program at the Museum and the Chesapeake Bay Center. In addi- tion, the program at the Smithsonian Tropical Re- search Institute will be increased to assess the po- tential consequences of building a sea-level canal to provide a ship-transit route between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. PROJECTS IN GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST Research activities are traditionally categorized either by disciplines or by scientific objectives, but deviations from these divisions are frequently nec- essary to cover areas of special or unusual interest or to cover areas requiring special approaches. The polar regions and the coastal zone require special approaches; the former is concerned with the be- havior of ice and the extreme conditions of high latitude, while the latter involves a multidisci- plinary approach to understand the coastal proc- esses. Interest in other special areas, such as the Great Lakes, develops because of economic impor- tance, crises, or unusual opportunity. For these rea- sons, separate attention has been given to these areas over many years. 61 The Arctic For many years, the U.S. Navy has emphasized research in the Arctic, first as one of the great unexplored regions of the world and later as one of strategic importance. More recently, the potential of the Alaskan North Slope oil discoveries has prompted increased activity as the need to know, understand, and predict this hostile environment becomes greater. The Navy mission to protect U.S. interests on the high seas has taken on a new di- mension with the successful passage of a structurally reinforced commercial oil supertanker through the Northwest Passage. Arctic Ocean science shares the basic objectives common to the Navy and to the national interests in all oceans. The principal Navy objective is to acquire a comprehensive body of scientific and en- gineering knowledge essential to naval operations in the Arctic Ocean and its approaches. Physical, chemical, and biological interrelations of the ocean, atmosphere, and maritime lands provide a frame- work for investigations leading to knowledge that will permit effective use of the Arctic. Such use re- quires an understanding of the characteristics unique to polar seas, such as the perennial ice pack and its contiguous areas of seasonal ice, the peren- nially frozen ground of peripheral lands, and the pronounced ionospheric disturbances exemplified by the aurora borealis. Development of all-weather logistic techniques and training of personnel for arctic living and operations constitute a continuing objective. The Naval Arctic Research Laboratory (NARL) is a research facility located about 4 miles north of Barrow, Alaska. Today as at its inception in 1941, NARL is the only U.S. laboratory devoted to full- time support of research in the Arctic. Its position on the shores of the Arctic Ocean at the northern- most limit of the United States presents unique op- portunities to attain arctic research objectives. From NARL, the Navy operates several field sta- tions including research stations on ice islands. Re- search at these stations encompasses programs in gravity, magnetics, underwater acoustics, seismol- ogy, micrometeorology, physical and chemical oceanography, sediment-coring and heat-flow measurements, ice physics, and ice drift. These pro- grams have been supplemented by airborne studies on the distributions and dynamics of pack ice. The Advanced Research Projects Agency funds research conducted by the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO) in environmental proper- ties of the arctic marginal sea-ice zone and in re- mote sensing by laser techniques of the surface characteristics of arctic sea ice. Naval Arctic Research Laboratory, Barrow, Alaska. *" n : J» ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ III 'f f" ■>>'"""- -1 / 62 A special case of air-sea interaction arises in polar regions where ice cover is present, either per- manently or intermittently. The energy-exchange relation between the sea and ice and between ice and the atmosphere is under investigation as a part of the Navy arctic program in ocean science; re- search on the relation will provide a data base for reliable prediction and forecast. The USGS partici- pates in this program through support of some data collection and by mathematical analysis of ice movement and fracturing. These and other arctic programs have made sig- nificant contributions to knowledge of the Arctic Basin geology and crustal structure; of the rate of ice formation, dissipation, deformation, and drift; and of underwater acoustics. The arctic investiga- tions by the Navy have produced many practical applications, including improved survival tech- niques, aircraft landings on ice, use of ice for camp construction, over-the-ice vehicular movements, ice breaking, ice forecasting, ice penetration by sub- marines, and bathymetric charts of the Arctic Ocean. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, through its Cold Regions Research and Engineering Labora- tory (CRREL) at Hanover, N.H., investigates en- Configuration for the Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment (AIDJEX). gineering problems associated with the ice cover of the Arctic Ocean. These investigations include an understanding of ice-fracture patterns, ice fog, physical properties of ice, and driving forces as they relate to structures ; an improvement in bathymetry charts and remote techniques for measuring ice thicknesses that are required for ship routings; and a means for detecting ice-surface roughness and ef- fects of extreme wind velocities, both of which affect the operation of air-cushion vehicles. The U.S. Coast Guard is conducting experiments to classify ice pressure ridges, the most formidable obstacles to arctic transportation. A relation is being sought whereby the thickness of ridges may be estimated from the height of the sail portion. The arctic program in marine research of NSF will be concentrated in FY 1973 on the Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment (AIDJEX) . The AID- JEX Project is a cooperative venture between the United States, Canada, and Japan, with several U.S. agencies contributing both scientific and logis- tic efforts. The principal objectives of AIDJEX are to relate sea-ice dynamics and deformation to wind and current stresses and to advance the knowledge on the heat budget of the Arctic Ocean. In this Project, five major research stations, forming a closed area of about 100 kilometers on the side, will be established as a network in the ice north of Alaska. These manned stations will be supple- A — Manned station B— Unmanned station C — Radar target 0 - Unmanned Submersible 63 merited by instrumented automatic buoy stations for additional atmospheric and oceanographic in- formation. The full-scale field project is planned from March 1974 to August 1975. During this pe- riod, stresses on the ice will be measured at the top and bottom, deformations of the ice will be ob- served within the network by aerial survey, and surface pressures and near-surface atmospheric par- ameters across the network will provide synoptic information on weather systems crossing the area. A practical result should be the improvement of sea-ice forecasting techniques for use in northern shipping and other operations. Within NOAA, the Office of Sea Grant supports a major environmental study by the University of Alaska on the ecology of arctic waters. This is a baseline study of the Colville River estuary and of the nearshore waters just off the mouth of the River. The Antarctic The U.S. Antarctic Research Program, spon- sored by NSF, is directed toward increasing under- standing of the antarctic environment and its dy- namic phenomena and advancing international sci- entific cooperation. Marine science programs de- vised in the Antarctic Office of NSF are conducted on the U.S.S. Eltanin, owned and operated by the Military Sealift Command under contract to the Foundation; on the Research Vessel (R/V) Hero, owned by the Foundation and operated under con- tract to the Hydrospace Research Corporation ; and Research Vessel Hero in Antarctic waters. (National Science Foundation) on icebreakers operated by the Coast Guard. Par- ticipants in these research programs include scien- tists from universities and Federal agencies. Studies on the Eltanin related to MAREP include those on the assessment of living resources and on the ecol- ogy of the southern circumpolar waters. Much of the research in FY 1973 will be focused on the area between the Kerguelan Ridge and the Scotia Sea, the last large area of the ocean surrounding Ant- arctica which has not been included in previous El- tanin studies. Research efforts with the R/V Hero will take place off the Antarctic Peninsula and off the southern regions of South America, concentrating primarily on biological oceanogra- phy. The Coastal Zone The coastal zone, essentially that area at which the sea and the land interact most significantly, is a sector of enormous variability and contains the most dynamic environmental characteristics found on earth. Coastal science is a newly emerging envi- ronmental science which combines the interrelated disciplines of physical oceanography, hydrology, hy- draulics, geology, geography, meteorology, biology, and engineering as they apply to the coastal area. The science also treats civil engineering, conserva- tion, and scientific problems of the tidal-river wa- ters of the coast. 64 The Department of Defense is concerned with a highly specialized type of riverine warfare that has resulted from the war in Vietnam. The geographic area is generally defined as a network of rivers, canals, streams, irrigation ditches, rice paddies, and swamps. It includes heavily forested areas as well as flat, open land. Of particular interest in riverine operations is navigational information — water depth, currents, and tidal effects — and meteorologi- cal predictions of storms, sea state, swell, winds, and surf in the immediate coastal regions. Search, salvage, and recovery operations form an integral part of the naval activities. Usually these activities occur within the coastal zone and require special considerations if they are to be executed successfully. Environmental data about the pro- spective search area must be obtained: actual and predicted weather conditions; surface waves; mag- netic conditions; bottom composition and topogra- phy; type of beach, land, and land cover; underwa- ter visibility; marine growth; temperature, salinity, and density of sea water; tidal data; and distance to available port facilities. These data are necessary to select search strategies, equipment, and effective- ness probabilities. Construction on the Continental Shelf necessar- ily involves detailed knowledge of the areas under consideration — prevailing weather, currents and tides, bearing capacities, earthquake and fault zones, sediments, presence or absence of shipping lanes and of commercial fishing grounds, and un- derground cables and moorings. With its wide range of responsibilities, capabili- ties, and stringent requirements in the coastal zone, the Navy is one of the most demanding consumers of the practical and theoretical coastal science. To meet these demands, various Navy offices contrib- ute to the accumulation of coastal zone data. Navy research in the area includes development of a multilayer hydrodynamic model to predict currents, water levels, and other shallow-water oceano- graphic parameters; development and verification of theoretical and empirical models to describe nearshore oceanographic processes ; development of techniques to permit a simplified display of infor- mation ; and development of techniques to improve nearshore survey operations. Research programs relevant to MAREP are also supported by the Army Corps of Engineers through its Civil Works Program. Areas of investigation in- clude coastal ecology, aquatic plant control, envi- ronmental data collection, wind waves, shore proc- esses, and dynamics of flow through inlet and es- tuarine regions. In FY 1972, the Corps instituted a major research program on spoil disposal, a major problem in the maintenance of navigable streams. Recognition that waste water had been polluting the environment and contaminating the sediments that were to be dredged led the Corps to initiate studies in FY 1971 to correct this deficiency. The Corps is serving as the lead agency in the development of a comprehensive resource study of Chesapeake Bay. This study includes the design and development of a scaled physical model and shelter to be located in Maryland. In addition, the Corps is conducting environmental studies on the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, San Francisco Bay, and Trinity Bay, utilizing physical models to evaluate the impact of sedimentation and other changes on the ecosystem of each environment. The Corps has been serving as the lead agency for an interagency committee of field elements study- ing the Louisiana coast. The Coast Guard Office of Research and Devel- opment is conducting experiments to measure the advection and diffusion of floating or suspended pollutants in the shelf waters adjacent to U.S. coastlines. Wind-induced surface water drifts will be studied using dye techniques and aerial observa- tions. The significant mixing mechanisms to be measured are the Ekman circulation, Langmuir cir- culation, and thermohaline instability. In addition, water movement information will be provided for various major harbors to enhance Harbor Pollution Contingency Plans. The project involves collating existing physical oceanographic data and making field measurements to develop prediction models. The leeway and diffusion of various types of oil under varying wind and sea conditions will be stud- ied to enhance the Coast Guard's ability to predict the movement (advection and diffusion") of an oil spill. The NSF, through its Environmental Systems and Resources Division, sponsors two programs on MAREP research in coastal and estuarine areas. The objective of the Regional Environmental Sys- tems Program is to provide support for comprehen- sive studies of environmental aspects, often con- flicting, in several major areas. The Chesapeake Bay study-area is an example of conflicting envi- ronmental aspects. Because the Bay has many mul- ti-purpose uses, research is directed toward provid- ing benefits such as increased effectiveness in re- gional planning for resource management and res- toration of environmental quality in those areas of the Bay which have experienced environmental degradation. Studies being conducted are interdis- ciplinary in scope, with interrelated economic, social, and environmental research. Other regional areas being evaluated for future support are Dela- 65 ware Bay, San Francisco Bay, and Long Island Sound. Another program by the NSF Environmental Systems and Resources Division is directed toward environmental aspects of trace contaminants, with a broad aim of assessing the effects of contaminants on the environment and of providing a basis for the development of methods for their control. Some es- tuaries and coastal areas, behaving as closed sys- tems, provide good opportunities to study trace contaminants. These areas are often important as sources of human food and as breeding grounds for commercially valuable marine species. Another major program sponsored by NSF under the IDOE is the Coastal Upwelling Experi- ment (CUE), a study of processes involved in the generation of coastal upwelling. The field experi- ments will be conducted off the coast of Oregon and will involve aircraft, moored arrays, and re- search vessels. This CUE program will be aug- mented in later years by the inclusion of chemical and biological efforts. The Department of Commerce initiated research activities in estuaries and the coastal zone during FY 1972. Research projects, conducted by NOS, NMFS, and ERL of NOAA, include research on estuarine flushing, on the physical processes occurring along the coastlines and in estuaries, and on the dynamics and ecology, of estuarine and coastal waters with respect to living resources. A major new initiative of NOAA is the Ma- rine Ecosystem Analysis (MESA) Program. A NOAA Plan for MESA has been developed to pro- vide a concerted effort in key coastal areas by Fed- eral agencies, State agencies, and the academic community to develop information necessary for the rational management of the coastal zone. The objectives of this Plan are: • To describe, understand, and monitor the physi- cal, chemical, and biological processes of marine environments. • To provide information and expertise required for the effective management of marine areas and for the rational use of their associated re- sources. • To analyze the impact of natural phenomena or manmade alterations on marine ecosystems. The MESA Program will incorporate the facili- ties, capabilities, and resources of most of the ele- ments within NOAA as a means of permitting a more effective and coordinated approach to gener- ation of knowledge and understanding of marine environmental processes. The Program will provide comprehensive sampling and measurement of cir- culation patterns, tides, estuarine flushings, wa- ter-mass exchanges, physical and chemical proper- ties, and sediments as they relate to the understand- ing, maintenance, and enhancement of the marine environment. The basic concept of MESA is its focus on discrete marine areas which are in need of immediate attention either because the marine en- vironment has already been seriously damaged or because it is threatened by projected uses. The New York Bight, an area of increasing degradation, has been selected as the first regional project area. Data searches and project designs are scheduled for Puget Sound, Delaware Bay, and off southeastern Florida in FY 1973; these are scheduled as regional projects in FY 1974. The regional project in New York Bight is to be accomplished in four phases: systems analysis and design to determine the origin and fate of pollutants will be completed during the FY 1973 to FY 1975 timeframe; early warning sys- tems will be established during the FY 1974 to FY 1975 period; models for use in predicting modifica- tion of the environment will be completed during the FY 1974 to FY 1976 timeframe; and activities will be undertaken to stimulate regional and State participation and assumption of responsibility for programs in their areas of jurisdiction during the period FY 1973 to FY 1976. The NOS since 1968 has conducted a pilot study on the estuarine circulation in Penobscot Bay of Maine as part of a study program to develop pre- dictions of the flushing rate of estuarine waters. A prediction model under development will be evalu- ated as part of the program for conducting circula- tion studies in other estuaries. A research project of the ERL Marine Minerals Technology Center (MMTC) of NOAA has the objective of developing prediction techniques to as- sess the effects of marine mining on the environ- ment. Such capability will provide the technical foundation to establish guidelines for operational criteria and to recommend regulations for offshore mining. Current efforts involve primarily state-of- the-art studies and laboratory research aimed at the most fundamental aspects of the prediction prob- lem— the effect on marine life of turbidity and the associated particulate matter dispersed as a result of mining. An expanded program in FY 1973 will permit field tests at the site of an active sand and gravel mining operation off the coast of Massachu- setts. Studies will be conducted on the interaction that will be expected with time upon all three ele- ments of a marine mine — material being mined, surrounding water mass, and marine life — which will follow from the most likely type of mining op- erations. Research will be started on the develop- ment of preliminary dynamic simulation models for 66 the prediction of this interaction over the economic life of the operating mines. The Office of Sea Grant within NOAA is cur- rently supporting at academic institutions a num- ber of MAREP-related projects that involve re- search in the coastal zone and estuarine regions on both coasts of the United States, in the Gulf of Mexico, and in Alaskan and Hawaiian waters. The Department of the Interior sponsors re- search relevant to MAREP through the USGS which conducts investigations and research in- house, in cooperation with the States and other Federal agencies, and through outside contracts. This research work includes estuarine hydraulics, changes in water quality, sediment transport and deposition, thermal dispersion and its effects, use of remote-sensing techniques, salt-water intrusion and undergrpund encroachment, tidal discharges, rela- tion of streamflow to salinity, and effects and dis- tributions of wastes introduced into coastal water bodies. Current field studies are largely completed in the Port Royal Sound of South Carolina and in the lower Columbia River; enlarged activity, in- cluding mathematical modeling, will be continued in a cooperative study of Tampa Bay in Florida and in selected prototype estuaries. The Great Lakes The NOS Lake Survey Center of NOAA con- ducts limnological studies on water motion, water characteristics, water quantity, hydrology, and ice and snow associated with the Great Lakes. The pri- mary objective of this research is to establish the present conditions of the Lakes and to define and quantify the complex interrelations of the natural processes occurring in the water masses and at the air-water and water-sediment interfaces. Under- standing of these relations forms the basis for fore- casting the trends and for determining the effects of manmade changes. Research consists of the data acquisition surveys, data processing, analysis, model formulations, and information dissemination through publication of reports and papers. Since 1967, Lake Survey Center scientists have published over 50 reports and research papers describing the results of these studies. Emphasis in FY 1972 and FY 1973 will be placed on support of projects of the International Field Year for the Great Lakes (IFYGL). The IFYGL is a joint United States-Canadian study of Lake Ontario within the framework of the International Hydrological Decade. The broad goal is to gain knowledge of the available freshwater supply for widely diverse purposes such as domestic and industrial usage, navigation, power, and recrea- tion. The primary objective of IFYGL is to investi- gate problems associated with hydrology, meteorol- ogy, physical limnology, and geology of a large lake. Completion of final planning for IFYGL was accomplished in FY 1970. In FY 1971, initial de- sign and procurement of prototype instrumentation were completed; in FY 1972, activities included testing of prototypes, final design of instrument sys- tems, and instrument procurement, installation, and intercomparisons. The intensive coordinated data-collection pro- gram of IFYGL is scheduled from April 1, 1972, to March 31, 1973. Data management and analysis will extend beyond this 1-year period. The follow- ing kinds of studies are anticipated for IFYGL: • Hydrological studies — — Terrestrial water balance — Atmospheric water balance — Evaporation synthesis — Lake levels — Tributary levels — Water-level simulation • Limnological studies — — Lake heat budget — Flow-transport synthesis — Atmospheric boundary layer — Lake biological and chemical processes — Coastal circulation — Tributary streamflow and diffusion — Materials balance — lake and selected tribu- taries — Lake circulation and diffusion — Lake biological and chemical status — ■ Fish populations — Coastal biological and chemical status and processes — Tributary biological and chemical status and processes — Simulation of biological and chemical proc- esses • Special studies — — Surface waves — ■ Coastal levels — surges and seiches — Lake-ice processes — Lake-effect storms. Many of these research projects will be conducted by university investigators under contracts funded by Federal agencies. NOAA has been designated the U.S. lead agency for IFYGL. Also participating arc the Departments of Defense, the Interior, and Transportation, and EPA and NSF. The latter agency is contributing to IFYGL through support of university scientists and use of aircraft from the National Center for Atmos- 67 INTERNATIONAL FIELD YEAR FOR THE GREAT LAKES LAKE ONTARIO To Detroit # Rawinsonde -i — i- Land Lines D Canadian Buoy ♦ U ,S. Tower A Met. Station _A_Main Operating 5feMet. Radar *~* Headquarters O U.S. Buoy ♦ Bedford Tower ▲ Island Station .JL-Fixed Materials Balance Stations pheric Research which are flying special missions over Lake Ontario during the Field Year. As part of IFYGL, EPA is responsible for project planning; field surveys and monitoring programs; model development; and data management, analy- sis, and interpretation in connection with the chemical and biological program. Grants will be in- itiated in FY 1972 to sponsor specific projects in biomass and chemistry monitoring, nutrients cycling, data analysis, and model verification. In the Department of the Interior, the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife conducts a research program on fish population assessment and limnol- ogical characteristics of the Great Lakes. The objectives of this research are : • To determine changes in fish stocks in various areas of each Great Lake, particularly changes in abundance, size, composition, and age, and to monitor fish stocks annually in different parts of each Lake. • To study seasonal, annual, and long-term changes in major fish-producing environments of the Great Lakes through continued and intensive sampling of physical, chemical, and biological conditions. Locations of data collection stations and proposed ship tracks for the International Field Year for the Great Lakes (IFYGL). The first survey of the Great Lakes fisheries was made in 1871-72; subsequent surveys were con- ducted under the direction of the U.S. Fish Com- mission and the Fish and Wildlife Service. Pro- grams in the Great Lakes were transferred from the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries to the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife in October 1970. The Office of Sea Grant within NOAA also sup- ports Great Lakes research programs of relevance to MAREP at the University of Wisconsin, the University of Michigan, and the State University of New York. In the Great Lakes, the Coast Guard has been or is presently conducting research programs con- nected with extension of the navigation season. These experiments deal with ice navigation, ice- breaker design, ice formation, and ice reconnais- sance. Individual projects include: • Instrumenting icebreakers with strain gages to measure ice forces on ships' hulls. • Measuring physical properties of lake ice, includ- ing ice strength, thickness, temperature, snow cover, snow friction, and windrow formation. 68 • Developing a follow-the-wire navigation system for ships entering narrow ice-infested channels. This technique incorporates an energized electri- cal cable on the lake bottom and associated sen- sing apparatus on the vessel. RESEARCH FOR IMPROVEMENT OF MAREP FUNCTIONS Those functions necessary to the operation of a total MAREP program are data acquisition, com- munications, processing, and dissemination. Re- search programs directed specifically toward the improvement of these functions are grouped in the following discussion under two subsections — data acquisition and collection and information process- ing and dissemination. RESEARCH FOR IMPROVEMENT OF MAREP DATA ACQUISITION AND COLLECTION The National Data Buoy Project (NDBP), funded at $13,800,000 for FY 1973, is the largest single research and development program in sup- port of MAREP. The NDBP, established originally under the direction of the U.S. Coast Guard, is now directed by the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) of NOAA. The Center conducts planning and analytic studies to formulate mission goals and systems concepts and designs, develops, tests, and evaluates data buoy systems. The mission of the Project is to develop and demonstrate the national technology to implement cost-effective data buoy systems. The basic concept involves the use of in- strumented, unattended buoys of one or more types, moored and drifting, on the high seas, in the coastal zone, and in inland water areas to collect and to relay, in a timely manner, data on the ma- rine environment to meet national needs. A total "operational system capability" is being developed for demonstration. This includes not only hardware per se, but the necessary handling facilities, material logistics, trained maintenance and operating personnel, and deployment. The de- velopment plan is based on an evolutionary or se- quential strategy, designed so that knowledge gained in each phase .will influence decisions in subsequent phases. The demonstration of the feasi- bility and utility of data buoy systems will be accomplished by deployment of a prototype pilot network of data buoys in the late 1970's. The prin- cipal current activities include mission analysis, ex- perimental hardware, and technology development programs. The NDBC approach to mission analysis is two- fold. Optional developmental and operational con- figurations are examined and systems hardware, support facilities, and methodologies are compared to arrive at the most cost-effective systems possible under projected funding. Mission-analysis studies are conducted for a large number of reasons, such as to convert subjectively expressed user data needs into objective requirements that can be used by de- sign engineers, to compare alternative systems for performing required tasks so that the optimal sys- tem is developed and used, and to insure that the benefits from a system exceed the cost to develop, deploy, and operate the system. A number of buoy configurations are either under test or in development by NDBC. The Ex- perimental Environmental Reporting Buoy (XERB-1), an existing 40-foot discus buoy, has been operating experimentally 125 miles east of Norfolk since 1970. Six Engineering Experimental Phase (EEP) buoys with hulls that resemble the XERB-1 will be deployed in the Gulf of Mexico beginning in the spring of 1972. Operation, test, and evaluation of the EEP network will continue through early 1974. Improved environmental sen- sors will be used on EEP buoys and, as technical development progresses, the platforms can be re- trofitted with advanced components. Thus, the EEP program can be used to evaluate existing buoy technology, to develop systematic engineering data for high-capability sensing systems and buoy design, and to provide experience in the deployment and servicing of buoys as well as in the gathering and handling of environmental data. Limited Capability Buoys (LCB) under develop- ment are designed to accommodate requirements for scientific activities such as GATE, which is scheduled to begin in the summer of 1974. Poten- tial applications for LCBs include: oceanic net- works in combination with other buoy configura- tions ; operational and research networks in limit- ed-size bodies of water and estuaries; networks de- ployed temporarily to investigate and report sea- sonal phenomena; tactical deployment in the vicin- ity of storms to measure critical environmental con- ditions; and other research programs involving air-sea interaction and atmospheric and oceanic processes. In addition, the LCBs will provide a baseline from which capabilities may be scaled up- ward to a "medium"-capability buoy or downward. The LCBs are to be optimized for communications with satellites over ultra-high frequency bands; however, early versions will use high-frequency communications for test and evaluation in 1972 be- fore commencement of the operation of the Geosta- tionary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) System. 69 In spite of major advances in the ability to collect and to transmit marine data automatically from the far reaches of the ocean, there is a lack of complete understanding on the adverse affects of the marine environment on oceanic-telemetering data buoys and on the interrelations between the environment and the buoy, its sensors, and moor- ing. For this reason, the development of data buoys in certain areas still requires further research and development. The technology for telecommuni- cations, data handling, and shore support appears to be sufficiently advanced for application to data buoys without extensive research and development. The development of reliable sensor, moorings, and buoy-handling capabilities poses the greatest tech- nological challenge. Principal developments under- way to improve buoy technology by NDBC in- clude: two different sets of oceanographic instru- ments which incorporate the latest technology; an experimental arctic data buoy; liquid-fuel thermo- electric generator; position-locating devices; lowest special-capability buoys; and full-scale hull and Engineering Experimental Phase (EEP) buoy. (National Ocean Survey) mooring tests. Other studies, laboratory tests, and experiments being conducted include: an analytical mooring-model investigation; scale-model buoy tow-tank tests; sensor surveys; and high-frequency and satellite communication studies. In FY 1972, at a cost of $141,000, NMFS is de- veloping specialized equipment in support of MARMAP data acquisition: (1) the Remote Un- derwater Fish Assessment System (RUFAS), an in- strument towed from aboard ship to detect subsur- face fish and shellfish concentrations; (2) remote sensors for use on ships, aircraft, and satellites to detect surface concentrations of fish and shellfish; and (3) an undulating, continuous plankton re- corder with associated environmental sensors and data-recording system. An increase of $1,100,000 in FY 1973 will be used for conducting tests to dem- onstrate the feasibility of various types of sampling gear to provide a survey capability and to acquire Survey II type hydroacoustic samples. Tests will be 70 conducted on various types of bottom and midwa- ter trawls to determine their efficiency in the assess- ment of groundfish (including both crustacean and finfish) and pelagic resources. Such data are basic to resource assessment objectives. The development of the hardware required for these tests will be accomplished under contract, for which $800,000 is requested. Increased funds in FY 1973 will also be used for conducting tests to demonstrate the feasi- bility of various sensors to provide the means for remote underwater assessment of sport and com- mercial species. These tests will provide an evalua- tion of an advanced RUFAS II, employing hydro- acoustic (sonar) techniques to detect and to assess fish stocks. This advanced System improves the de- tection range and operational depth of present sys- tems. Tests also are planned for another new hy- droacoustic assessment system, for example, one with both a vertical- and lateral-scanning capabil- ity. The combination of the RUFAS II and the ad- vanced systems will provide a capability to assess midwater and bottom-dwelling fish stocks by re- mote-sensing means. The development of the hard- ware required for these tests will be accomplished under contract, for which $300,000 is requested. Other research and development projects sup- ported by NOAA for the improvement of MAREP data acquisition and collection include the follow- ing: • Development of vertical- and horizontal-ranging acoustical devices by NMFS and by the Univer- sity of Washington, under a Sea Grant, to provide qualitative and quantitative data on marine or- ganisms, thus reducing the time, effort, and cost of conducting resource surveys with traditional fishing gear. • Initiation of experimental studies by ERL on the use of high-frequency backscatter from the sea surface to determine the wave height, direction, and velocity in real-time over thousands of square miles of ocean surface. • Improvement of the understanding of the gener- Initial locations for National Data Buoy Project Engineering Experimental Phase (EEP) buoys in the Gulf of Mexico. 71 ation, propagation, and runup mechanics of tsunamis by ERL through the deployment of prototype tsunami gages linked with satellite te- lemetry. • Development, procurement, operation, and maintenance of instrumentation by AOML of ERL in support of oceanographic research pro- jects and tropical meteorological research. • Acquisition and installation of a data acquisition system by NOS in connection with an expanded estuarine dynamics program in which the basic data inputs are obtained from an observational network that meets the measurement specifica- tions adequate to describe a given area. In data acquisition, the U.S. Navy plans to de- velop a modularized system for collecting salinity, temperature, bathymetry, and subbottom profiles. In remote sensing, a new effort has been initiated at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in Washington to use remote-sensing techniques for military applications. This involves the use of air- craft or satellite microwave, infrared, and radar sensors to measure sea-surface temperature, salinity, sea state, transparency, nutrients, radioisotopes, trace elements, currents, internal waves, and air-sea interactions. Automated meteorological sensors are being developed for shipboard and aircraft use. The increased operational requirements in the Arctic have prompted the U.S. Navy to continue an ice-surveillance program to collect data con- cerning the distribution of various ice features and conditions. The project, BIRDSEYE, uses airborne visual-and-instrument techniques to provide ice ob- servations. Two of the remote sensors currently in use are infrared scanners and laser altimeters. The infrared scanner provides strip maps of the ice sur- face, permitting the delineation of various stages of ice development and often providing the needed information on ice thickness. The laser altimeter permits accurate profiling of the ice surface, pro- viding data on the frequency and size of ice fea- tures such as ice ridges and water openings. Recent experiments with Side-Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR) systems which provide image maps with good surface-feature resolution indicate the high potential for these remote sensors. The Spacecraft Oceanography (SPOC) Pro- gram of NASA is relevant to the improvement of MAREP Services. This effort is a part of the NASA Earth Resources Survey Program, con- ducted through the NRL and through NESS of NOAA. Specific NASA research projects relevant to MAREP include experiments involving acquisi- tion and analysis of remote-sensor and correlative- surface data for sea-surface temperature, ocean Laser System Measures • Wave Height and Length Surface Wind Speed and Direction Aircraft ocean-surface-measuring system under development by the U.S. Navy. color, sea ice, sea roughness, near-surface wind con- ditions, coastal and ocean currents, sediment trac- ing, and shallow underwater features. NASA also supports image enhancement and data manage- ment studies through the SPOC Program. NASA also funds research projects which are rel- evant to improving the assessment and prediction of living marine resources through the development of capabilities for data acquisition from space. These research projects involve application of re- mote-sensing techniques — including low-light-level television, graphic imagery, spectrophotometry and spectroradiometry, and microwave radiometry — for the observation of biological and physical phenom- ena such as chlorophyll concentration, biolumines- cence, fluorescence from fish scales and oil slicks, water color, upwelling, surface temperature, and surface currents. NASA also supports projects re- lated to improvements in the MAREP Service for Water Pollution Assessment by emphasizing the re- mote sensing of river effluents, water quality, and sediment transport. 72 The mission of the meteorological program of NASA is to deyelop and improve space technology in both satellite and sounding-rocket systems for use in exploring, understanding, and defining the structure of the atmosphere and for use in predict- ing its behavior, with particular emphasis on the operational application for marine areas and over land areas. During 1972, NASA will launch an Earth Re- sources Technology Satellite (ERTS) — the ERTS-A — primarily to survey land areas with mul- tiwavelength-visible remote sensors; the ERTS-A spacecraft will also provide data on coastal proc- esses, shallow-water bottom features, sea-ice condi- tions, and other ocean phenomena. NASA plans call for inaugurating a worldwide ocean-survey sat- ellite mission in 1974-75. In FY 1973, NASA will \ s 'a. 5 \ S %v ■ • i >% s & s G%> '*■/ s tSi 5 £ r* & / y o ,- « ' / ^ -/, « *¥ *. IV y % > Creek Iko '* * * X. Microwave image (left) from aircraft flight over Point Barrow, Alaska, area (right). (Na- tional Aeronautics and Space Administration) continue research on remote sensing, using NASA, Navy, and NOAA aircraft and surface-truth from ships; data analysis techniques for information from the ERTS-A, SKYLAB, and Earth Orbiting Satellite (EOS) spacecraft will also be broadened. The Coast Guard has been conducting SLAR experiments in arctic regions. These tests began with the Manhattan cruise in 1969 and continued during FY 1971 in conjunction with AIDJEX. SLAR is being evaluated by the International Ice Patrol as an iceberg-detection tool. The object of these experiments is to develop a remote-sensing capability to observe ice conditions, using SLAR. 73 infrared, laser, and optical-photographic tech- niques. During FY 1972, the Coast Guard com- pleted research on the sea-ice penetrometer, an air- launched projectile that penetrates ice and trans- mits deceleration data which are translatable into ice thicknesses. In connection with its research program on ex- plosion-generated water waves, the AEC is devel- oping sensor, recording, and readout systems to measure and to document such waves. The EPA is supporting a major contract study, costing $420,000, for the design of a coastal water- quality monitoring network. The purpose of the study is to show how existent monitoring capabili- ties can be organized into a unified network. The study will be completed in three specific phases: (1) a national overview; (2) case studies; and (3) a national coastal-monitoring network plan. This study will be completed by September 1972. The EPA has also contracted for several studies on oil-spill surveillance: • Specification of an oil-spill surveillance system that involves the real-time detection, alarm mon- itoring, and recording of oil spills and that also demonstrates the applicability of new techniques and sensors, including remote sensing. • Feasibility demonstrations of an aerial-surveil- lance spill-prevention system for onshore facilities adjacent to inland and coastal waters, using available technology. RESEARCH FOR IMPROVEMENT OF MAREP INFORMATION PROCESSING AND DISSEMINATION 7 Within NWS of NOAA, a program is underway for the development of automated techniques to produce forecasts of the marine environment in oceanic areas, in coastal areas, and in the Great Lakes. A physical-statistical approach is generally followed, although a dynamic approach (numerical model) is used for hurricane storm-surge forecast- ing. Work is proceeding on the development of an improved method of wind forecasting for applica- tion to wave forecasting over oceanic areas. For the Great Lakes, a wave climatology was compiled; and wind forecast techniques are being derived for Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron. In coastal areas, the numerical model SPLASH — Special Pro- gram to List Amplitudes of Surges from Hurricanes — has been developed for forecasting the hurricane ITOS 1 SRIR DIRECT 15 FEBRUARY 1971 0900 GMT 7 The specialized, long-range "Plan for Improvement of Marine Environmental Prediction Techniques," being de- veloped by ICMAREP, will include an appendix with an extensive review of current agency research programs di- rected toward the development of new or improved pre- diction tchniques. storm surges along the U.S. gulf and east coasts; SPLASH is in experimental use at the National Hurricane Center (NHC). Equations have been derived for forecasting extratropical storm surges at eight east coast cities. In FY 1972, wind-forecast techniques for Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron will be completed and made operational. A wave-forecasting tech- nique for the Great Lakes will be developed and implemented. Further improvements will be made to the hurricane storm-surge forecasting model at NHC. Contract studies on a breaker-forecasting 74 Sea-surface temperature map for the Atlantic Ocean off Southeastern United States (left), derived from thermal imagery obtained from satellite radiometer (right). (National Envi- ronmental Satellite Service) technique and on investigation of hazardous-wave conditions over bars at the mouth of the Columbia River will be completed. In FY 1973, efforts will continue to improve those techniques developed earlier. In addition, the scope of techniques devel- opment work will be expanded to include sea-sur- face temperature, vertical-temperature structure, and ice forecasting. The NESS of NOAA is developing techniques for using satellite observational data in marine en- vironmental monitoring and prediction. A histo- gram technique, developed to derive sea-surface temperature from satellite data, has been used with the infrared data of the Improved TIROS Opera- tional Satellite (ITOS) to generate experimental surface-temperature maps. Comparison with avail- able data from conventional sources showed root- mean-square differences of about 2°C. The tech- nique has been applied to produce special tempera- ture charts over small areas of particular signifi- 75 Ice accretion hampers operations at sea. cance to fishery and oceanographic investigations. Techniques for mapping sea ice, developed for use with satellite picture data, are being extended for use with satellite infrared data. Increased emphasis on these techniques is planned during FY 1973 be- cause the infrared data permit mapping of sea ice during periods of polar darkness. Program expansion proposed by NESS in FY 1973 will include developing applications of very high resolution and multispectral data from new satellite sensors planned for orbiting spacecraft in 1972 and 1973. These sensors offer new possibilities 76 for cloud filtering to obtain higher resolution map- ping of surface temperatures and ice on seas and lakes. The new data will be applied to the detec- tion and monitoring of oceanographic and coastal phenomena such as shoreline changes caused by storm action, shoal areas, sediment and pollution transport, and possible evidence of marine biologi- cal processes that would be significant for fisheries and for water-quality studies. As part of an expanded program by NOS of NOAA in estuarine dynamics, research effort will be directed toward the following long-term objec- tives : To establish a data processing system for data analysis and interpretation that involves the de- velopment and testing of mathematical models whose purpose is to simulate the dynamic condi- tions of the estuary. After sufficient verification that the model can make valid dynamic predic- tions, a small portion of the observation network will be left in the area to form a permanently based monitoring network whose purpose is to assure quality control over the model-derived forecasts and to sense abnormal circulatory con- ditions whenever they arise. • To establish an information dissemination system capable of meeting the needs for effective multi- ple-use management of more than 40 estuarine and coastal areas within the next 10 years. Potential users will receive two different types of service products: • Real-time alerts of unfavorable estuarine circula- tion conditions, followed by forecasts of the rates of disappearance of these conditions; and, • Data atlases, historical records, and technical and scientific reports for studies aimed at an under- standing of the long-term rate processes underly- ing the natural phenomena occurring in estuaries and coastal areas and at a determination of engi- neering design criteria for waterfront structures, offshore permanent structures, offshore engineer- ing projects, and vessels. In FY 1972 at a cost of $100,000, the NMFS is developing two items of specialized equipment in support of MARMAP data processing: (1) an au- tomated plankton sorter; and (2) automated scale-reading equipment for determining ages of fish. An increase of $200,000 in FY 1973 will be used for development of the automated egg- and larvae-sorting system. This automated system will eliminate time-consuming handsorting, thereby en- abling more efficient use of personnel. Such a sys- tem will contribute materially to our capability to manage data and will permit rapid movement into data processing, analysis, and dissemination areas of the MARMAP Program. The development of the hardware required will be accomplished under contract. The Office of Scat Grant of NOAA is supporting a number of institutional research projects to de- velop environmental prediction models in marine water quality, living resource assessment, and inte- grated regional development. The Office also funds information dissemination activities in support of fisheries. In the U.S. Navy, a development effort is under- way for predicting and modeling dynamic oceano- graphic and marine meteorological conditions. Par- ameters of interest to the military include divergent items such as sea-ice conditions, waves and surf, winds, currents, ocean-thermal structure, and tropi- cal storms. Development of improved or new pre- diction techniques and models are being conducted at the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAV- OCEANO), the Environmental Prediction Re- search Facility, and the Fleet Numerical Weather Central (FNWC). Models cover the physical state of coastal waters, estuaries, and the deep ocean. Nu- merical environmental prediction models are being updated to maximize utilization of satellite input data. Integration of the multilayer hydrodynamic ocean model with the atmospheric model to pro- duce an interactive hydrodynamic air-ocean model is planned at FNWC. As part of the research effort by the Navy in ma- rine pollution, computerized hydrodynamic models are being adapted to additional coastal areas with the goal of providing real-time assistance for pre- dicting distribution in the event of an inadvertent discharge of pollutants in estuarine or restricted water bodies. In conjunction with its research efforts on the Great Lakes, the U.S. Coast Guard has established an ice information and reconnaissance center in Cleveland. Here, ice information is collected and disseminated to shipping interests, to SAR units, and to NWS. The Coast Guard initiated a research program in FY 1972 in support of a requirement to monitor pollution by hazardous materials. This effort is di- rected toward the development of a national pollu- tion-response center and the provision for a rapid- response investigative team on hazardous materials. The EPA has awarded a contract for compila- tion of a handbook on field-oriented procedures and techniques. This publication is intended to as- sist users in the rapid detection, analysis, identifica- tion, and monitoring of spilled oil and hazardous materials and in the assessment of damages to the aquatic environment and adjacent shorelines. 77 Appendix GLOSSARY The following is a glossary of acronyms and abbrevia- tions used in this Plan. The list is arranged alphabet- ically by acronym or abbreviation. AEC Atomic Energy Commission AFB Air Force Base AFGWC Air Force Global Weather Central AIDJEX Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment AM/SSB Amplitude Modulation/ Single Sideband AOML Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories ASW Antisubmarine Warfare AWN Automated Weather Network BOMEX Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment CEDDA Center for Experiment Design and Data Analysis CEQ Council on Environmental Quality CICAR Cooperative Investigation of the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions CINECA Cooperative Investigation of the Northern part of the Eastern Central Atlantic CRREL Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory CTD Conductivity-Temperature-Depth CUE Coastal Upwelling Experiment CW Continuous Wave EDS Environmental Data Service EEP Engineering Experimental Phase buoy EOS Earth Observatory Satellite EPA Environmental Protection Agency ERL Environmental Research Laboratories ERTS Earth Resources Technology Satellite ET Electronics Technician FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (United Nations) FNWC Fleet Numerical Weather Central FWC Fleet Weather Central FWF Fleet Weather Facility GARP Global Atmospheric Research Program GATE GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment GESAMP Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution GFDL Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory GIPME Global Investigation of Pollution in the Marine Environment GIPSY Generalized Information Processing System GOES Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite ICES International Council for Exploration of the Sea ICG International Coordination Group ICMAREP Interagency Committee for Marine Environmental Prediction ICSU International Council of Scientific Unions IDOE International Decade of Ocean Exploration IFYGL International Field Year for the Great Lakes 79 IGOSS Integrated Global Ocean Station NMC System NMFS IMCO Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization NOAA IOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission NODC ITOS Improved TIROS Operational Satellite NOIC LEPOR Long-Term and Expanded Program of Oceanic Exploration and NOMAD MAREP MARMAP Research Marine Environmental Prediction Marine Resources Monitoring, NOS NRL Assessment, and Prediction NRT MESA Marine Ecosystem Analysis NSF Program NSRT MMTC Marine Minerals Technology Center NSSFC MOCEM Meteorological and Oceanographic Equipment Maintenance NWS MODE Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment NWSC MOEP Meteorological and Oceanographic OEP Equipment Program OMB NARL Naval Arctic Research Laboratory OSC NASA National Aeronautics and Space OST Administration NAVAIR- OSV SYSCOM Naval Air Systems Command OTSR NAVOCEANO Naval Oceanographic Office POL NCC National Climatic Center RANN NDBC National Data Buoy Center NDBP National Data Buoy Project RAWARC NDBS National Data Buoy System NEDN Naval Environmental Data RRT Network RUFAS NESS National Environmental Satellite Service SAIL NHC National Hurricane Center SAR National Meteorological Center National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Oceanographic Data Center National Oceanographic Instrumentation Center Navy Oceanographic/ Meteorolog- ical Automatic Devices National Ocean Survey Naval Research Laboratory National Response Team National Science Foundation Near-Surface Reference Temperature National Severe Storms Forecast Center National Weather Service Naval Weather Service Command Office of Emergency Preparedness Office of Management and Budget On-Scene Coordinator Office of Science and Technology Ocean Station Vessel Optimum Track Ship Routing Program Pacific Oceanographic Laboratory Research Applied to National Needs Radar Report and Warning Coordination System Regional Response Team Remote Underwater Fish Assessment System Sea-Air Interaction Laboratory Search and Rescue 80 SC/B Subgroup on Buoys (ICMAREP) SC/IGOSS Subcommittee on the Integrated Global Ocean Station System (ICMAREP) SC/MBM Subcommittee on Marine Baselines and Monitoring (ICMAREP) SLAR Side-Looking Airborne Radar SOFAR Sound Fixing and Ranging SOLAS Safety Of Life At Sea (International Convention) SOSC Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center SPLASH Special Program to List Amplitudes of Surges from Hurricanes SPOC Spacecraft Oceanography Project STD Salinity-Temperature-Depth STORET Storage and Retrieval System TG/CED Task Group for Collection, Exchange, and Dissemination of Real-time MAREP Data (ICMAREP) TG/MTD Task Group for MAREP Techniques Development (ICMAREP) TIROS Television Infrared Observation Satellite TWX Teletypewriter Exchange Service UJNR United States-Japanese Cooperative Program in National Resources Development UN United Nations USGS United States Geological Survey VHF/FM Very High Frequency/Frequency Modulation WMO World Meteorological Organization WSFO Weather Service Forecast Office XBT Expendable Bathythermograph ■•'■ i'. s. <,oyi:knmi:nt "Hintinc; oirici 1 072 — 1.81 -333 (233) 81 PHj™ I STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES ADDD072Dmsi3