ha ee ee . . nm Svovs ete. WL OS e eer Tete. | ” SS —— Seth . seetetedats tetera’. se eee e 3. es peer a 3 i> Tite i : 2 , . Tatu : bs ; islet ate apt ee a | FERTILIZERS: THEIR | Source. Purchases* Use BY CARROLL i. SMITH SECOND EDITION Gopright N°_4 Pil COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT: a vi; fin ns j ae BE lsh i Fe A A aT oe AL Aha i Te AR ory eae iol, Bi hint MMA TAR IID? 4 4 ye Uy Ei i Wee rs ae Vite nN ip hs is eo 0 ee : y 6 aw 7 Da Tia wr CHAN, —S ¥) L \ i ae A i ' iy W, 4k Vy R| He ands \s , ; ap. Ny i{ t } by Hatt a. pel LA a ie, Sie hy! 1 Hh) APN daa GAS Vth ee ae | Aung i yan Wiehe Ai ik ae Ha Pat Uhies Wp AMON ON) a dit A An) ye wile it ay A mi 8 fy a a Ry Oe Hy uy 14) sth earn) Lith Tai i an : vil i) i Y, nel AE ily Sel AGATE ILE i PS ID iF? ny i » H Hea \ ; y La haan a aN wi i i UE WR } if Ny \ ; if I PAD y pant { f sai ‘PIAOWIA SUA [LOS IY} USA |JOF PUNOASIIO} OY} UL 9SOY} AY ‘suorisod [VinzVvu Ay} ul [Los ay2 OF Surpo [ps sanqord ay} Jo punoasyovq oy Ul OSOY YT, ‘dVJANS 94} 1Bou dopoAop OF ‘UONBA[NS pu’ UONVSLIAT JO SpoyzoUr Juosoad AF J9puUN SJOOI JO AQUDPUD} 9Y} SMOYS JT “AVM [IOS dy} SurysvA pooy wv see 4.80 Sulphate of potash, 7.95%. Total value onion a. $28.16 Although Analysis II is higher in its percentage of plant food, the form of the phosphoric acid is against it and cheapens it so much that the total value of the ton is considerably less. Either of these analyses might be offered to the FERTIEIZERS 37 grower for, say, $35 per ton and No. 1 would be the best buy for the grower, and No. 2 the best sale for the agent or manufacturer. It is quite possible for the nitrogen to be in cheap form also and worth considerably less than 20c. per pound. The nitrogen from raw bone is worth less than that from blood, or guano, or tankage. So the value of a ton of fertilizer is based upon the source or form of the nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash, and the quantity of each. COST OF NITROGEN. 56. Nitrate of soda, 96% pure, 16% nitrogen at $50 per ton. This yields 307 pounds of nitrogen, which at $50 per ton, equals 16.3c per pound or $3.24 per unit of 20 pounds. Dried, ground blood, analyzing 14% nitrogen, or 280 pounds at $60 per ton, equals 21c. per pound, or $4.20 per unit. Market values change constantly. At times, nitrate may be worth $60 and blood worth $55 per ton. COST OF PHOSPHORIC ACID. 57. Steamed, ground bone (not acidulated) at $35 per ton, containing 25% phosphoric acid (500 pounds (equals 7c. per pound, less the value of 1% nitrogen (20 pounds) contained in steamed bone at 20c. per pound would make the net cost of phos- phoric acid about $1.24 per 20 pounds, or 64c. per pound. Thomas Phosphate Powder, 17% phos- phoric acid, at $22.50 per ton, would cost $1.30 per unit, or 6¥c, per pound. COST OF POTASH. 58. The sulphate yielding 49% actual potash can be bought for $60 per ton, making the actual potash cost 6c. per pound or $1.20 per unit, (20 pounds). 38 FERTILIZERS COST OF COMBINATIONS 59. Based on the foregoing, a tankage containing 5.5% nitrogen and 13% phosphoric acid would have value as follows: 5.5% (units) nitrogen @ $4.20 per unit.....623.10 13% ‘phosphoric acid @ $1.24....... 16.12 $39.22 The nitrogen and phosphoric acid are in much the same form as found respectively in blood and steamed bone. A guano containing 5% nitrogen, 10% phosphoric acid and 2% potash, would have a value as follows: 5% (units) nitrogen, @ $4.20 (21c. per lb. )$ 21.00 10% ‘* phosphoric acid @ $1.24.......... 12.40 gs ee toate sa) BAO eas eae caseere _ 2.40 $35.80 MOST ECONOMICAL FORM OF FERTILIZERS. 60. Ifthe price of nitrogen is the same in nitrates, and bone and blood, the cheapest is that which becomes available just as fast as the crop requires it, neither faster nor slower. Is nitrate too quickly soluble for the crop to use all of it before a part of it is carried away by wasted water? Is ground bone too slowly available or blood and bone just right? are questions to be answered by crop and con- ditions. If a form of plant food becomes available too rapidly, the moisture holding it in solution rises and evaporates, leaving this soluble, valuable food on the top of the ground, whence it is partly lost by escaping surface waters and part carried back into the soil by penetrating moisture. That is why slow- running water gives the most profitable irrigation. FER MEIZERS 29 A ‘waste water” right on one ranch from another may become also a fertilizer right. If, however, some form of plant food, not so quickly soluble in running water as nitrate of soda, and yet readily soluble by soil moisture and root action, is used, there is much less actual loss during a season, and its effect is more sure and lasting. Yet there are times when a quick-acting fertilizer is needed. This would then be the most economical form. It depends upon the needs at the time, and the farmer should know enough about the nature of the different forms of plant food to exercise judg- ment in the selection. (46-48) (68-71). GENERAL PURCHASING PRINCIPLES. 61. The market value of every brand depends upon the amount, or percentage of plant food con- tained, and its form. The nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash each have their own market value per pound, and these must be known to the grower, in order to purchase economically. Be sure the food elements are of proper source and form to be available as fast as wanted by the trees. This availability depends upon soil conditions. Purchase high grade materials. EXAMPLE OF FERTILIZER WORTH $6.50 PER TON. Fresh water mud, 2000 pounds, contains: 30 pounds nitrogen (116%) at 20c............... $6.00 Al ‘* phosphoric acid (.23% )at Siac... .23 Beye potash (.23.6 AGC oc. cine: Ee aa $6.50 EXAMPLE OF FERTILIZER WORTH $41.10 PER TON. Eighteen hundred pounds of blood and bone, containing 7% nitrogen and 10% phosphoric acid, 40 FERTILIZERS added to 200 pounds of sulphate of potash, will make one ton, analyzing as follows: Nitrogen,6.3 % or 126 lbs. @ 20c.............. $25.00 Phosphoric acid, 9% or 180 lbs. @ 5¥c..... 9.90 Potash (K20) 5% or 100 lbs. @ 6c........... 6.00 $41.10 62. ILLUSTRATION NO. I—A HIGH GRADE FERTILIZER CONTAINING NO FILLER. ANALYSIS. OBTAINED FROM LBS. 1400 lbs. raw bone, Ni; ee (53 WICTORCH ncceels 4.9.00 aoe } from (400 lbs. nitrate soda (96 % pure — 16 % (20% 8 ut tcets emon goes 61.00 Phosphoric acid \¢,,,,) 1400 lbs raw bone @ 16%. ‘| 23% phosphoric acid.. 320.00 Potash 5 % \ f )200 lbs. sulphate @ (100 Ibs.) actuals **O™ {50% actual potash.... 100.00 COST OF ABOVE MATERIALS. 14.00 Ibs. bone....... @ $35.00 per ton......... $24.50 A000: “ ‘nitrate...@ ) 50.00 4 ieee 10.00 200%} -sulphate@ “GO0Ggr id ere 6.00 2000 lbs. Tota eee $4.0.50 ILLUSTRATION NO. II—A LOWER GRADE FERTILIZER CONTAINING 230 LBS. FILLER. ANALYSIS. OBTAINED FROM LBS. 1300 lbs. raw bone, 3.5% Nitrogen 5% \ ay eee PERCU carn alka uO 4.5.00 (100lbs.) f 390 lbs. blood, 14% nitro- PON. ecsagee copes taba er gaeaeeel 54.60 FERTILIZERS 4] Phosphoric fe romuatiee Ibs. bone, 23%, 15%, 300 lbs. f phosphoric acid......... 299.00 Potash (actual) Seeks from: 80 Ibs. sulphate........ 4.0.00 COST OF ABOVE MATERIALS. T500 hes bone! iii @ $35.00 per ton..$22.00 SIO DIOOG Veuve oe Ge aO 00) ur PESTO 80 ‘ sulphate of potash@ 60.00 “ ‘* 2.40 1770 230 filler 2000 Ibs. OCA naa a $36.85 Illustration No. I shows that if the analysis is high, only high grade materials can be used. I lus- tration No. II shows that if the analysis is low, either low grade materials or fillers were used. In No. II, high grade materials up to 1770 lbs. were used, and their value, pound for pound, is the same as in No. I. A filler used with high grade materials is equivalent to the use of low grade goods and the resulting analysis in No. II shows it. Less blood and bone could have been used in No. II, and more filler, but the resulting analysis would have been still lower. 63. If, however, the fertilizer is acidulated, the per- centage of plant food may be low, as the weight of acid used displaces some of the material, yet the fertilizer should be considered high grade on account of the more soluble condition of its phosphoric acid. Here, the better form of plant food compensates for the smaller quantity. If the acid phosphate should revert to insolubility on account of the lime or other bases in the soil, its purchase would be equivalent to low grade materials, as the advantage of greater 42 FERTILIZERS solubility is largely lost and the total amount of phosphoric acid purchased is small, yet its better distribution in the soil by water, may compensate _ for reversion. (8). THE ‘‘SIMPLES’’ AND HOME MIXTURES. 64. The ‘‘simples’”’ are the original materials or the bases of which factory-mixed fertilizers arecomposed. They are such materials, as nitrate of soda, pure blood, sulphate of ammonia, potash, salts, bone, phosphate rock, super phosphates, ete. Tankage and the guanos are “‘simples,’’ as they are the bases of manufactured brands. There are low and high ‘grades of the ‘‘simples’’ as well as of brands, and guarantees should always be obtained by the buyer. Sometimes these materials can be purchased cheaper separately than when mixed. Such is the case if the buyer is near a seaport or near the source of the material. The advantages are, the buyer knows what he is getting; he buys only the ingre- dients he needs and he buys direct. Such advantages however, do not always hold if the quantity wanted is less than a carload. If, however, a complete fertilizer is needed, it is better to buy of areliable manufacturer, as the goods are then mixed and blended moreevenly and cheaply. If several ingredients are needed and these can be purchased to advantage separately, it would be better to apply them separately than to attempt home mixing, for a shovel and a barn floor will not mix materials evenly and uniformly without extreme care. As arule home mixing pays when compared with the purchase of Jow grade brands. If the manufac- FERTILIZERS 43 turer offers HIGH GRADE fertilizers it is time and money saved to use them. WHY THE ANALYSIS DOES NOT ADD TO ONE HUNDRED PER CENT. 65. The Vermont Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion Bulletin No. 47 says: ‘‘The question is often asked why the plant food contained in a fertilizer does not add upto 100. For instance, the average Vermont goods this year contain in a hundred, 2.22 pounds nitrogen, 10.93 pounds total phosphoric acid and 3.46 pounds of potash, a total of 16.61 pounds. Of what did the other 83.39 pounds con- sist, and is it needed for plant food? It will be re- membered that nitrogen is a gas, and phosphoric acid and potash respectively strong acid and alkali, and they can only be useful in combined forms. If medium grade materials were used in the manufac- ture of the average fertilizer, as stated above, it might be made up as follows: 44.0 pounds of organic matter (blood, tankage, etc. ) 850 pounds of ground S.C. rock and sulphuric acid. 110 pounds of muriate of potash. 1400 lbs. This would leave 600 pounds, or 30 per cent of the gross weight in every ton for moisture, dirt and useless material on which freight, mixing and bag- ging expenses, storage, etc., must be paid by the consumer. A complete analysis of the above 1400 pounds would probably resemble the following: ° 44 FERTILIZERS Wiarrere en erik 16.0 (combined with organic matter and sulphuric acid) DIGROGED 6h) bshissuce 2.0 Phosphoric acid.....10.6 PAO PASS 2. tcnsisevte dene 2.9 Volatile and organic 33.0 (Combined with nitrogen) ASW OS UMR se ss. ccueseues ss 16.0 (Formed by action of sulphuric acid on rock.) MAUNA e ssn ses 7.1 (Left combined with phos- phoric acid) Sve lid1 0 UAN EMU ae Apo aan 4.0 (Impurity prosp. rock.) Chlorine and Salts.. 3.0 (Combined with potash.) Miscellaneous.......... aie Of the ten substances which compose the above 100 per cent, only three are of interest to the farmer. The value of the whole ton is based on the value of the nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash, only. In raw bone, for example, it is impossible to give a farmer the 3% nitrogen and the 24% phosphoric acid contained without giving him the 73%of lime, gelatines and fats, etc., found in bone, for these sub- stances are in combination and the process of separ- ation would be too costly. HOW TO UNDERSTAND A FERTILIZER ANALYSIS 66. Manufacturers often state the analysis of their fertilizers in a confusing way. They use two terms to express the same thing. Nitrogen and ammonia both mean one thing, and the analysis should read, for example, “nitrogen 4.95% equal to ammonia 6%,’’ showing that there is not both the 4.95%, and the 6%, but only one or the other. That the one repeats the other. Multiply the percentage of am- monia by .825 and the result will be the equivalent FERTILIZERS 45 in nitrogen, as for example, 6% ammonia, «.825== 4.95% nitrogen, It takes 4.95% nitrogen to equal 6% ammonia. In figuring the value of a ton in dollars and cents, if the nitrogen from blood or nitrate of soda has a market value of 16 cents per pound, its equivalent in ammonia is worth only 131% cents per pound. Only one should be included in the estimate. And so with the terms bone phosphate and phos- phoric acid. The phosphoric acid comes from the bone phosphate. For example, it takes 30% of bone phosphate (sometimes called ‘bone phosphate of lime’) to make 13.74% of phosphoric acid. When both terms are employed by the manufacturer the words “equal to’”’ should be used thus: ‘‘Bone phosphate of lime, 30%, equal to phosphoric acid, 13.74%,’ which means that the manufacturer used 600 pounds of bone phosphate or bone—30% of the ton—to obtain 13.74% of phosphoric acid. Multiply the percentage of bone phosphate by .458 and the result will be the equivalent in phos- phoric acid thus: 30% bone phosphate of lime * .458=13.74% phosphoric acid. In estimating the value, for comparison, of a ton in dollars and cents, phosphoric acid from fine bone is worth about 5'4cents per pound, while its equiva- lent in terms of bone phosphate is worth only 2% cents per pound. Only one should be included in the estimate. Where the “soluble,” the “‘reverted,’’ and “the “insoluble,” and the ‘‘total’”’ phosphoric acid are all given, it is understood that the ‘‘total’’ is made up of the first three mentioned. 46 FERTILIZERS The sulphate and muriate of potash will analyze in round numbers about 50% actual potash (some- times expressed as K20). In other words it takes two pounds of sulphate or muriate of potash to make one pound of actual potash (K20). When an analysis states: “Sulphate of potash 8%, actual potash 4%,” it means simply that there is only 4% of actual potash in the ton, or 80 pounds, and that the manufacturers used 8% or 160 pounds of sul- phate of potash to get it. The actual potash is worth about six cents per pound, while the sulphate is worth only three cents per pound. When both terms are used in stating the analysis, only one of them should be included in the estimate of the value of a ton. COMMERCIAL VS. AGRICULTURAL VALUE. 67. Farmers frequently confound the agricultural and commercial value of a fertilizer. If one is high it does not necessarily imply that the other must be. The commercial value of any commodity is its market price, its purchase price, and depends entirely upon “supply and demand.”’ The agricultural value of a fertilizer is its ability to improve the fertility of the soil and the condition of the crop in question. As an illustration, suppose a steady, long-lived food were wanted for some perennials as an orchard, blood would answer the purpose while nitrate of soda would be soon exhausted or lost by leaching. Now, if the price of both nitrate and blood is about the same, the agricultural value of blood is far greater. If a quickly acting manure was wanted, the nitrate of soda would have the higher agricul- tural value. FERTILIZERS 47 Again, if phosphoric acid was not needed for a particular soil and crop, it would then have no agri- cultural value in that case, but would still have a market, or commercial value. In the selection of a fertilizer, the agricultural value should be considered first and the commercial value second. Good results are of first importance and depends on the agricultural value. THE USE OF FERTILIZERS: 68. In order to use fertilizers intelligently, it is necessary to know the specific action of the three plant foods; nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash, their sources, and when and how to apply them. The few experiments which have been made with various fertilizers on citrus trees confirm the same general principles that hold with reference to other crops. They will be briefly stated. EFFECT OF NITROGEN. 69. The presence of available nitrogen is shown by a dark, healthy, green color of leaves and stems. Growth is vigorous. The feeding power of the plant is increased. If anexcess of nitrogen is available at the time of flowering, and the supply of phosphoric acid insufficient, the bud and bloom and fruit will be imperfect and the total amount of fruit lessened. The fruit will then be rough and _ thick-skinned. Constant use of stable manure, without the addition of phosphoric acid, will produce thick-rind fruit. The size of fruit may be increased by nitrogen. A 48 FERTILIZERS lack of nitrogen is shown by yellow trees and small growth, or lack of vigor. Nitrogen will not give its best effect unless phosphoric acid and potash _are present. EFFECT OF PHOSPHORIC ACID. 70. Phosphoric acid helps a plant to assimilate other plant foods. It is also essential to the final maturity of the plant or its seed production, and hastens this maturity, if abundant and available at blossoming time. Although the navel orange con- tains no seed, phosphoric acid is as essential as though it did. What usually thus goes into seed is needed elsewhere in the development of the fruit. If maturity is hastened by the presence of an abundance of available phosphoric acid at the time of blossom, the early ripening of the orange can be likewise effected, though plant food effects are directly dependent upon culture and water. Phosphoric acid will not give its best effect unless there is some nitrogen present. Plants well supplied with phosphorus, vegetate faster and are earlier. If an over abundance of nitrogen is making fruit rough or ‘‘puffy,’’ phosphoric acid will help to correct this. Its tendency is to make thin-skinned, smooth fruit. EFFECT OF POTASH. 71. Potash is necessary to the full development of the wood of the tree. If potash is wanting, the wood not only will not mature, but is subject to frost and disease; neither can immature wood carry much fruit. Potash aids in the formation and trans- fer of starch, first to the leaves and from there to the flesh of the fruit, which would be imperfect other- FERTILIZERS 49 wise. The best authorities agree that potash in- creases the sweetness of truit and their shipping quality. (19). Plants, undoubtedly, begin their growth in the spring on the food that was stored in their tissues the previous fall. Potash is largely the source of this stored food, and is consequently necessary to the full growth and health of the tree. It is generally admitted, however, that applica- tions of potash are unnecessary in most California soils. Many cases are reported in which heavy applications of wood ashes gave no appreciable results. If the land in question has been continuously cropped many years, as in a fifteen or twenty years’ old orchard, the potash question should be carefully investigated. 72. Besides its effect on the plant as potash or potassium, increasing the starches and sugars, the use of potash salts has another indirect fertilizing effect similar to that of lime and common salt, by causing the soil to yield more quickly, its natural and other plant foods. Potash salts while neutral, may increase the alkalinity of the soil and thus foster and encourage the work of nitrifying and other bacteria which transform decayed organic matter into useful forms. Carbonis one of the result- ant products, so that the carbonic acid which soil moisture carries, may be increased thus making it a better solvent of many other plant foods. This increased alkalinity of the soil may therefore increase the formation of the nitrates and more vigorous growth will result. Potassium as such, did not pro- duce this result, which was due rather to the added 50 FERTILIZERS alkaline effect of the potash salt. Lime carbonate or gypsum or common table salt might have produced the same effect. GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 73. In a general way, both phosphoric acid and potash influence the quality and fineness of the fruit, while nitrogen produces the vegetable tissue, such as the skin and pulp of fruit, and leaves and bark of trees. The juice and seed and smoothness and the number of the fruits, and earliness, can be increased by phosphoric acid and potash. The size and coarse- ness and large growth and late maturity can be secured by the excessive use of nitrogen. These effects are noticeable only when there is an excess of one element and a deficiency of the others. AVOIDING PURCHASES OF UNNECESSARY FERTILIZERS. 74. Knowing the specific effect of the three essen- tial plant foods, as just stated, and by observing the condition of an orchard, a grower may frequently avoid the purchase of unnecessary plant food. Bottom lands are usually rich in nitrogen. Sandy soils are apt to lack potash. Clay soils usually con- tain much potash, etc. Coarse, thick-rind fruit, with deep green color of leavesand a too vigorous growth may indicate that nitrogen could profitably be omitted one season, or used very lightly. An over abundance of smooth fruit on yellow trees of slow growth may indicate an excess of phosphoric acid for the nitrogen present, or a lack of nitrogen. Iron is as essential as nitrogen to green leaves and stems, so yellow foliage may, in rare cases, be caused by the absence of iron as well as nitrogen. The amount of iron necessary for green foliage is so small, that lack FERTILIZERS 51 of nitrogen is usually the cause of yellow color in citrus orchards. A careful record of previous applications, namely : The amount and analysis of the fertilizer, time of application, and its effects on growth and crop will be a guide to selection. TIME TO APPLY FERTILIZERS. 75. Inthe book of nature we read that growth is dormant for some months preceeding the blossom and fruit setting period. This is naturally the time of most moisture in soils, which with root acids and fermentation, are rendering available the unavail- able plant foods natural to the soil. So, when the unportant time of blossom comes, the plants have their greatest store of available plant food to draw upon, so that fertilizers should be applied long enough before the blossom time to become avail- able. 76. Nitrate of soda requires the least time. Blood requires more time than nitrate, and raw bone more time than blood. Coarse bone, and hoof and horn meal, are slowest in their action. Acidulated phos- phate acts more quickly than any other form (that is the soluble portion.) Steamed, fine ground bone, used with some ammoniate, is next in order, while fatty, raw bone takes still more time todecompose. (46-48). Many apply a part of the fertilizer in early sum- mer. This is intended to feed the latter growth of tree and crop. It is a practice that undoubtedly gives better results and is gaining in favor. 77. Acidulated forms should always be applied just before an irrigation or rain, for then the water a2 FERTILIZERS will carry the soluble portion to the deepest roots, wherever, in fact water can go. There, reversion to insolubility may and probably does occur in a few days, but the phosphoric acid is where the roots can - act on it directly. (8) (85). Nitrate of soda should not be applied in late fall or winter months while growth is dormant, as it would probably be leached away before the tree could take it up. Organic forms should be applied in Janu- ary or February. AMOUNT TO APPLY. 78. The quantity of fertilizer that should be used varies with the conditions. It depends upon : I. The percentage richness of the fertilizer. 2. Record of past experience. 3. Natural richness of soil. 4, Age and number of trees per acre. 5. ieind of tree. or crop. One popular way of estimating the amount to use is to say one pound of high grade fertilizer to each year of age of the tree. This, while very inaccurate, gives good results, but the practice of citrus culture has demonstrated the wisdom of using considerably more than this amount, probably two pounds for each year of age of citrus trees will be fully war- ranted in most cases. This is particularly true of trees over twelve and fifteen years old. If the fertilizer is low grade, the amount used should be increased. If trees have been topped for budding or very severely pruned, the amount may be reduced accord- dingly. FERTILIZERS 33 METHODS OF APPLICATION. 79. The best method of application is undoubt- edly by drill, on account of its labor saving and uniformity. Though not over five inches deep, the drill covers the fertilizer, which can be placed deeper by subsequent plowing. The use of drill obviates the unpleasantness of applying in any winds which may prevail. No hand process is so uniform or inexpensive, though some other methods place the fertilizer deeper. It is well worth the extra cost to hire a hand to follow each plow furrow and place the fertilizer that depth. STABLE MANURE. 80. An average analysis of one ton of horse manure would be : Nitrogen—0.50% or 10 lbs. of a ton at 20c...... $2.00 Phosphoric acid—0.25 % or5 lbs. of a ton at 6c. .30 Potash—0.40% or 9.6 lbs. of a tonat 6c........... 08 $2.88 The commercial value of the plant food is then about $2.88 per ton. Barn yard manure when cared for properly, is a most profitable form of fertilizer, because of its humic and mulch value. It is a bi- product of every ranch, costs nothing, and is worth about $2.88 per ton for the actual plant food con- tained. In dry countries it has a still greater value in its moisture saving properties. As a source of humus it is worth considerably more than its plant food value. 81. The more decomposed the manure, the more available is its plant food. If, however, decompost- tion is too rapid, the nitrogen escapes in the air as ammonia, and humus-forming matter is destroyed. 54 FERTILIZERS High temperatures produce rapid decomposition, especially in a loose heap, so that the rate of decay may be regulated by compacting the heap and sprink- ling with water to exclude the air and reduce the temperature. If compacted too tightly, decompost- tion may be too slow. Moderate fermentation 1s the object desired. Loss of nitrogen, as ammonia, may be detected by the strong odor arising. from the heap. If it is desired to obtain the benefits of the plant food in manure quickly, 1t should be stored under cover to prevent loss by leaching, and the tempera- ture kept down by frequent wetting, and air ex- cluded by settling the heap: decomposition may thus take place with a minimum loss of ammonia. If from one to two pounds of either gypsum, or sul- phate of potash be sprinkled on the heap each day as it accumulates from one or two animals, the am- monia is converted to the sulphate form and thus prevented from escaping. The gypsum must be moist for this use to be effective. If, however, it is not desired to get the benefits of plant food quickly, the manure had better be applied fresh and incorporated with the soil at once. Decom- position may be slower in such cases, but loss of ammonia is surely prevented and a much better mulch obtained. This is the most practical method. GREEN MANURING. 82. The object of sowing the leguminous, or pod- bearing plants is chiefly four-fold. 1. For humus, which is always necessary for any form of crop because of its various functions in the soil, such as: (a) nitrification; (b) Rendering insol- uble forms of plant food available by the process of FERTILIZERS 33 decay, (29); (c) Increasing the moisture holding power and friability of the soil. (90.) 2. To obtain the nitrogen which they gather during their growth. (30). 3. To set free unavailable plant foods by the direct action of their roots. (Insoluble substances are coroded, and dissolved and taken up into the plant tissue and later become available as the plant decays. ) 4. To prevent soil washing and leaching by win- ter rains. 83. The common vetch (Vicia Sativa) is at pres- ent the most popular legume for the California orch- ardist. Field peas, someclovers, and other varieties of vetch are also used. Barley and other non legu- minous plants have not the same nitrogen gather- ing power but are beneficial as far as their roots set free unavailable forms of potash and phosphoric acid. The volunteer non-leguminous plants and weeds such as alfilerea mallow, foxtail and others, are per- haps as beneficial as legumes plants for their humus value and root petetration and while it is not cer- tainly known just now how much nitrogen may be added by various legumes it is probably safe to assume that they add some and for this reason are preferred to the non-leguminous plants. COVER CROPS AND WATER. 84. It is well known that the winter cover crops use up a good portion of the rain that falls so that comparatively the clean culture orchards begin the dry season with more moisture in the ground. While this loss is usually more than compensated for by 56 FERTILIZERS the many advantages of the cover crop already cited there may be special situations where the water is all necessary to the orchard. If the water right were limited by the capacity of the ditch or if ‘the season’s rainfall were too short to risk the loss of water necessary to a cover crop, straw or dam- aged hay could be hauled and spread and plowed under asa fair substitute. Any amount of humus could be added in this way and all of the rainfall con- served for the summer months. SUMMER COVER CROPS. 85. Itis difficult to maintain the supply of humus material under conditions of constant irrigation and cultivation. Cover crops have been raised in sum- mer as well asin winter ina few instances. Horse beans and cow peas have been used for the purpose. They are planted in May or June and turned under in August, and while the results are undoubtedly beneficial the extra water necessary will prevent the practice from becoming general. The United States Government has found by ex- perimentin California orchards, several legumes that “promise a greater tonage of green matter, under equal conditions, than the present Oregon or com- mon vetch so generally used. These include two species of Vicia; one pea, and one bean. So that this phase of agriculture will no doubt be improved and modified from time to time. The green manure wanted by orange growers is one that will grow quickly as California winters are short and dry, and growers cannot afford to let the ground rest undisturbed very long. FERTILIZERS 57 HUMUS FERTILIZERS—NECESSITY OF ORGANIC MATTER. 86. Humus is decayed organic matter. It is neces- sary for fertility, because all the nitrogen in soils comes from either an animal or vegetable source. (Very minute quantities are absorbed from the air as ammonia and as nitrogen). The nitrates come from humus. They are water soluble and can be taken up by the roots. Thus the plant gets its nitrogen. (15) (29) All fertile soils are rich in organic matter. The ex- ceeding richness of new lands is due to the humus deposited by succeeding crops for generations. This is true of both the high mesa and the valley land. It is possible to use some chemical form of nitrogen and raise a plant, but it is expensive, requires close watching and is not practical. The nitrogen from organic fertilizersis yielded to the plant gradually, with greater certainty, and is more lasting. 87. Organic manures, whether of bloodand bone, or stable manure, or green cover crops, not only furnish nitrogen to plant life, but their decay gen- erates several well known acids, notably carbonic, which combine with the soil moisture and dissolve other forms of plant food. Without these acids, phosphorus, potash and other necessary elements would not be so available to the plant. Direct root and water action would then have to do the work alone, and the plant would not thrive so well. Hu- mus influences the availability of the phosphoric acid and potash and converts them into forms more readily utilized by the plant. (49-50). 58 FERTILIZERS 88. Organic fertilizers lighten soils. Their decay leaves the soil open and porous. More oxygen is thus admitted, which gives more life to the micro- organisms, which, after all, are the cause of all fer- tility. Better cultivation is possible in such soils. Light, porous soils are more retentive of moisture. Thus, organic matter literally builds up a soil. It increases its depth. A ‘‘worn-out”’ soil is simply a soil devoid of humus. It is lifeless. Liberal applica- tions of organic matter restore it andchangeit from a tax to an income. 89. Humus forming-materials are, therefore, necessary to successful and practical farming. The best results from inorganic fertilizers, such as rock and acid phosphates, Thomas slag and sulphate of potash, are obtained when they are used with ma- nure, or blood, or blood and bone, or a green cover crop turned under. 90. ‘“Humus is not only the principal source of nitrogen in soils, but it influences to a marked ex- tent the available potash and phosphoric acid. Humus forming materials, like green manures and yard manure, have the power, when they decompose in the soil, of combining with the potash and phos- phoric acid of the soil and thus converting them into forms which are readily utilized by the plants.’’(82). CULTIVATION AND FERTILIZERS. 91. Cultivation increases the availability of fer- tilizers by aiding nitrification and by saving soil moisture. All organic forms must first decay and then be turned into nitrates (nitrification), and FERTILIZERS a9 other salts before water can carry their elements to the roots of plants. (29). The decomposed matter (humus) is attacked by nitrifying bacteria and these require oxygen for their work. Cultivation increases this supply of oxygen so that nitrification proceeds faster, and better growth results. The more frequent and deep the cultivation, the better the nitrifying bacteria can work. The size of fruit can be increased in this way, or a short season made equal to a long one. Cultivation therefore uses up humus very rapidly so that the supply must be frequently renewed. The extra growth and yield are probably proportional to the supply of humus and frequency of cultivation. 92. This principle of aiding nitrification applies to all forms of animal and vegetable fertilizers such as yard manure, blood, raw bone, guano, tankage, and peas and clover, planted for their fertilizing value when ploughed under. Frequent, deep cultivation increases the supply of water in soils. Several well-known acids, result- ing from decomposition, unite with soil moisture and dissolve what ordinary water will not. Insol- uble forms of fertilizers, such as phosphate of lime and silicate of potash, are probably thus made available to the plant. 93. Moist soils swell and are more permeable. Roots can develop faster in them, and the fertilizers, applied to the top, six inches, as they gradually dis- solve, can be carried more easily and deeply, increas- ing the feeding area of the roots and the develop- ment of the plant. Frequent and through cultivation, helps and multiplies these beneficial effects of soil moisture. 60 FERTILIZERS IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZERS. 94. Plants can take up food, only when it is pro- vided in solution. The food may be dissolved by water, or by direct root action, or by the process of fermentation, which is almost constant in all soils. In either case water is essential, and the common carrier, and the way in which it is used, seriously effects the results of fertilization. Especially is this true because the top foot of soil contains the most valuable fertilizing ingredients. There are three kinds of water in soils: free water which moves by gravity ; hygroscopic water, detect- able only by laboratory methods even in the dryest earth, and capillary water, which moves by the power of attraction between particles of matter. This capillary water is what plants feed and depend upon mainly. It travels up and down freely with very little motion, sideways, carrying with it the soluble fertilizers. 95. It is useless to apply fertilizers on dry ground that is not dampened by irrigating water, as for instance ; far under very old trees or on the midway spaces in young orchards where furrows are not made. As moisture evaporates at the surface, it is con- stantly supplied from below by the capillary move- ment. The dissolved fertilizers contained, remain at the surface from which the water evaporates ; hence they accumulate so that top soils are always the richest. The next rain or irrigation carries the plant food down only to rise again as evaporation pro- gresses at the surface. There is thus an oscillation of water containing many kinds of plant food, up and down many times a year. FERTILIZERS 6] 96. Certain forms of fertilizers, such as the ni- trates (both soda and potash) ammonium sulphate, the sulphate of potash, and the acid and super-phos- phates are easily carried by water. If applied just previous to an irrigation they go to the deepest roots, or wherever water can go. If there is any waste water a part of them is lost. If the grade from the flume is very steep for fifty feet or more, the trees in that space will be the first to turn yellow, although they are nearest the flume and receive the most water. The nitrates have been washed to lower levels. Manure or straw should be used in such places so that the water will move more slowly and the nitrates retained where they belong. On account of the solubility of many forms of plant food, irrigation water should be handled very carefully. Do not turn a heavy head of water intoa furrow until after the furrow is soaked a little and the fine earth compacted. This will lessen washing. The ideal movement of water is up and down, with as little movement on the surface as possible. In this way the rich top soil with its humus and fer- tilizers will be retained where it belongs. VALUE OF SOIL ANALYSIS. 97. Soil analyses are valuable for determining in a general way the needs of acrop. The greater the number of samples examined, the more accurate will be the information obtained. Very little can be con- cluded from one sample. Taken in connection with the appearance of trees and vegetation raised on the soil, many a useless expenditure for fertilizing ingre- dients may thus be avoided. 62 FERTILIZERS If samples of soil be taken according to the direc- tions of the State Experiment Station the results may be relied upon as indicating that soil’s capacity for various crops. This information, with the owner’s knowledge of previous treatment, together with the appearance of the vegetation and growth gives a pretty thorough diagnosis. Each of these sources of information acts as a check or supple- ments the other two. 98. Soil analysis should be interpreted by an ex- pert for where ;, of 1% would be considered a suffic- iency of some element, it would be regarded as a deficiency of other elements. A soil containing % of 1% humus is lacking in that substance, while that amount of potash or lime would be considered ample for fertility. (100). Again, soil analyses may reveal the presence of some poison, such as carbonate of soda, or chlorine, in the midst of otherwise fertile conditions, An ex- cess of either acid or alkali can likewise be deter- mined. Plant food may be present in abundance and yet the results be unsatisfactory on account of poor cultural conditions, or lack of humus. This, also, soilanalysis would reveal. Whenever there is uncertainty about the needs of crops or orchard, soil analysis should always be taken. One element, only may be lacking and thus discovered, and the purchase of the element unneces- sary be avoided. The California State Experiment Station has advised farmers that sufficient potash is present in nearly all California soils. General experi- ence has confirmed this statement, thus saving the farmers many dollars annually. FERTILIZERS 63 99. The mechanical analysis of soils is always important. Most California soils are sedimentary and composed of irregular strata varying in thick- ness from a few inches to many feet. They may be impenetratable and poorly drained, or too open and coarse to hold the requisite moisture. The subsoil conditions should be known. (20-21-22). 100. The following table is compiled mainly from the records of the California State Experiment Sta- tion and from Dr. Hilgard’s book, ‘Soil,’ which state quite positively that when the chemical deter- mination of certain elements in soils run below a certain amount that soil is quite sure to be unpro- ductive. These figures are the result of a large num- ber of analyses representing years of work. ADEQUATE PLANT FOOD. RICH ADEQUATE INADEQUATE PER CENT. PERCENT. PER CENT. Humus in soil 2.00 1.00 0.85 Nitrogen in humus 9.00 4.00 2.00 Lime TG 1.00 0.4.0 Phosphoric acid 0.20 0.10 0.05 Potash (K20) 1.00 0.45 0.25 These figures will vary for different crops. Ade- quacy for one kind of crop might be inadequate for another. But they are averages for a large number of determinations and very suggestive. It has been well established also that when the per cent. of lime is high, much smaller amounts of the other plant foods will suffice. 64 FERTILIZERS FERTILIZING VALUE OF STRAW, STABLE MANURE, ORANGE CULLS, AND CERTAIN LEGUMES. + 3B bk N. PA. Por* tPea vine hay 3.00 $12.00 +Vetch hay 2150 10.20 Burr clover hay 2.68 10.72 Alfalfa hay dee TS aval Reb 1.68 a We Bs Fr Wheat straw 0,59" 0.12 0.51 ye Stable manure 0.50 0.25 0.50 2.87 Orange culls OLS ea 0.21 a Mek *(Nitrogen @ $4.00 per unit. Phos. acid @ $1.00 per unit and potash @ $1.25 per unit. ) +The value of the above materials for humus is probably equal to, or greater than their fertility value as judged by the results obtained from their use. tIt is assumed in the table that the pea, vetch and burr clover were raised as a cover catch crop in the orchard, and that this nitrogen is all gain, which fact is not yet established beyond doubt. Their phosphoric acid and potash are not reported, as what they take of these from the soil is returned with them. NCU EL PEGE HOP MAILER a. )e ernie don aes iste wales sachs wate Soa. 23 Adequate plant ICON 9 Li aaa Oke oe Ne oC AL on 63 Jessi CAIN G A Hgts A Large BCE len C1 erat Rn es A ae 46 PMT LOE ULIZAN OS” ViAVUC ice ner wise nn OMe ose aimee he vata os bies 64 Analysis addins to 100 per Cente) wile. ses icds se dee ff 25400. 43 Analysis of fertilizer. How to understand ............... 44 Je NOK2 1 Bf SECIS 8) USO) 1 ESR Dee ARE ONO RRR ice: TNA AY rh vt ea ae 61 Applyine: fertilizers; ime LOT ok ets te chine ues con Osal sa ce. 51 MO pLy ATO er euiZers, Aim OUN Gs) 4 aes baie ies es Sid eile Hats, sok bo oe 52 Applyine fertilizers, Method os /5i0's yes bok boise ed. 5 wal sie 53 Ly Ine TEE LINAS: GEEDLY ious oy) cia aie oleeerg Se aia whe ehe nelesieo.e 9 BAS Vict EDIDI LEA VAr a set rea uemsicre a eines ce ook, ieee ee iT ey 28 SV VOLE Ves CEE O bitty sta cciaes tera elcn alleles iia msi ote eee 29 BSG ST ERTS Vega at ER SY eR PE BRR EV UR ey re PO ea 25 SEN sera nN sens a EE A urd cis Si AveiR en digi ahte aie teiracal eal aualieCal ci mtouaeararehe!t css 25 BUEVICIOVEr, TeRRNiZine Valles, o. usin een on es ou wee Oh dass 64 Canadian peas, fertilizing Values. 2. Loco os occa esisia heed cies 64 OMIM TETAS VaLUCH gorse eee oes, Me ores Los 6 Siecistane yh cdetelet aleieys 46 GIVER CLODS SAMO WA LEMs «oe sie W orate oe ku ie Ware arcane See aac Sale 595) WmllstlercuizMey VaIeL ects ace ac iis eels are vi ainle Sears Cardone aeet2 64 Cultivation; relation tofertilizere. oo. .i..be cance webs eee 2 58 rep OU SOLS echt cresie soi Seinen aa tober ite se hale ste elena Uk ae ae 16 Heonomical-torm-ot- fertilizers os. 6 os disc cle dce bce sceeess 38 ETECTSIOM PIANC IOOGS «2.355 es see ee Bale oe sie elena! oa) d aed wes 50 ES SSCHibia le NMG LOOUs serceuib dais sisi statars ie Stee alle oiswac s ecw Siero ) if Example of fertilizer worth $6.50 per ton.................. 39 Example of fertilizer worth $41.10 per ton................. 39 BE EPUIZEES TIME MASE a). alee Soymis tuvete tauat ole die lone cic, die Wiege: ow ai atiess 32 STG MEAT SOULE: cioterace Scie iy cage See ais ole O's ss eelel els eich hers eae aa ovale» 19 ERE TEE eZ ea SC ors tages eitnce cbs s, rade ofonctore nieta'e isi ore srgre/dus-e) Sualareiprane alte 47 General principles, effect of fertilizers .....................- 50 SIRES GIT TTL IR eA AL Bio OSU Ae Cre eae EAD Ree a RTS 54 hioierage jertiizer, COSAMPlG.: . o.iksse ssc le st isc cwt on sees 40 FROME AMIXMIPeS ess acewi. hls ou: ENCE Cera Mali! UR ATONE heaves Veen 42 ELM NA OLS amie MATER). We oie eae Raise eee on PASOLMOUIGY, MesIrRMOle ss ho NAS St oP et Nad at See a eas 31 Irrigation, relation to fertilizers. ..... Re Pe hsteu eae pease 60 Lower grade fertilizers, example....... UALR NRE S eR earn SEE 8 Uy 40 Manure, green JE AR ten MIRE NERY panics IN Cc 6 Ae Me 54 Maite Ve Geet ais ee keke. a aateleds SAGE Se AR eae ae 58 Miaarmine: PertlZiay oy Qe a5 2 2! New Wi Gee stats eel apatood eee ee 64 NGS ECONO MMER TOUTE AiO a egies Sere Meee 38 vii 52 2 09 Pe) 0 AAW ab PER RR RIP Ra ADRS RN ROR Mem CE TE ARI Rec bby As) 21 PROSE NCOBGLOL Puy UC A RUE USN ee tae) A 37 lin) DE O73 RET CE. CIN 7 ge Lee Des ae gD MN mn ON 47 UCD PT GAA ELIE ST ate ahaa water feet Rh AGdtmnehins AAA Mane a ee es 21 TRO SCH VB OUTCER MOT suis tsi iual, chal toe bam oy Aan wean a Ne .19 Nitrogen fron orzanic sources, 2 2) eA se aT aa oe tT pLge (222) OPTERON A Se aM ChE Ue SAGAN) Ra apa Ge MM leg Un AC Beets 20 Nitrate‘ol soda..and carbonates.) cei ee eo Wee 22 COT ETS UN ELE oes ta Rh AU UTA ORLA Oe 64 Orca nic Mra iGer MUI) ois‘: :|. vs cee ei hei eaen cae che ay ale Oe 57 IP GAR TECH TA TNT O) 35.4 CRs OSS E Tver Oe aan ie an tos ee po 54 PHOS PRS CUATOB i454 sels lov ae Sen oe ae One 26 Phosphorne acid, cheapest forms. 2s eee ee Le AA 26 PNOSPIGEIEALIO. ‘COSEIONG 2 abel d so. ta eco On lane oe ae 37 Phosphoric acid) effect of.) 25.0 42. eb eae: RAR gee a Beets 48 PhospuGnric Bed, SOUTCES OL. . fis eee vee wis soe 2a PIA ES ONE r adi) iis. trina l dee Os Ye OU UEN ee Aa lakes oe! oS Ee 5 Plantiiood. Amount necessary...) patiesdte oe Bos reek wee 63 ETA EGER ee sais tale a Sue ee a Me LAR MRR BP a Dae iB | Plant flood! Messen tigd soll ee eG ess hee mua marth he Ss spa ede If Plant toed: ait derived ooo or ae cee ie Mya Le 11 Plantdood, soil Gerived 303A. ede A Oe wen Wee eke eco 11 Planviood termi gion 0.5 Moe alae on tee eee Wy Pobasla) CHET IODA, ak CEA eet er Me CAA ge BRT ene CU ea a 48 DEAS ACE NSO COTS FO) | asa i IM: AABN Fa GRUUR bid er LR ae OA Ea a A BY OCA OMTCES Olen et Aue rakes Cele ie sone tele cet ce ee ably bain aes PA 4 Purchasing, 2eneral primciplesin: o. Uowed sel skh coe ne lo oes 39 PER ASe Omer buIaerins ina sealed amicus enya ake dee 32 7 Ro DY OW Pc eaaenan katte JOA CHING AL AR ea ELA Os ae ES ae ONO AN Te Sa a 8 FEV ELSIOM ION MOSM MAGES a si cs Car loeiaield fet eiclot cic em ntea es olathe s 24 CAST TW OT ke TEAM TN OSEAN SU RR DAPHNE CAA ean Be a aa 42 Oia ySIse VEILe Olav etalk era is WU Ne MLE cutis Sie tute ce 4 61 SOUS COM POSTULOMOle 2 wie vice reule naive VAP wads kicine shee heaiei 11 SOUS tx PHOSPMOLUS Ai asic cca ook aY deste mieied siatrels O lbdls es 24 SOON RUAN EO OR nen: Haseeno Ol ajcuat ata or ANeeM nN Nabe Mia UMTS as a a 16 HOLS MO My SICA COMA L CLO | sale wue belie aPas oe 0 aed aca oe dee 15 SOUMCC OMe GUN ZOEB ans slits NRC h el bu atu s shale hoe aianacad avalies 19 SOMMULCY IO GIMeEreTE SOB. i aiel Lei Wiel oui wie g, he pees oe ele 30 SCEOMEVENUERTINIT IC alee leet e) ss ven ea ends MMO Yate DOTA AU ELSE 53 SGCAMICM MOME Nes nae NS wile sida Welawius tai ened Gla cubet te BNNne Wau 25 SEMA Weer Gilt ZO VAITO ie ots u ej crouse each Uacrateaebor Se ations case bie 64 SoHE ON 004 5) oy CB Wig 5) Wi 1X0) © Nipg UCR os eS IRAs beatin ear ere LP Tan 56 PU OMADWOSP MAGS SLAG os cbse ai a antes ial So, ue BNE Uavec are 25 Unnecessary fertilizers, avoiding purchase................. 50 IRGC FOR FETE IZET RS) Bee. gee niuarsoiee ssi Se ohare Jinraw unin Rare cetata iad 47 Wetch Common: ferbilizine Valites iris Une sigh os) Veediste sea ses 64 ree te ROU MANA MUTE sot, ecavseess sisarroren etseeietar dais Glare: eeats erelchgrea ale 54 Mee iy cae Rand Ouieeel AA ri) Re ay Bn a ‘ i wh om f ey Ow. needy +) i Wey wii p) AK ty y RN Yon vii hen y iy f y P| i) ‘ ' ap! 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