THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY

OF CALIFORNIA

DAVIS

GIFT OF

MISS HELEN R. BLASDALE

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Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2007 with funding from

IVIicrosoft Corporation

http://www.archive.org/details/ffgbotanyintroOOgrayrich

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BOTANY,

A SIMPLE INTRODUCTION TO 1HE

COMMON PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES

EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI,

BOTH WILD AND CULTIVATED.

By ASA GEAY,

FISHSB PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITT.

NEW YOKK:
IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, & COMPANY,

138 & 140 Grand Strbet.

1875.

Entered according to act of Congress, In the year 1868, by

ASA GRAY,

1q the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.

PREFACE.

This book is intended to furnish botanical classes and beglnnfcrs
generally with an easier introduction to the plants of this country
than is the Manual^ and one which includes the common cultivated
as well as the native species. It is made more concise and simple,
1. by the use of somewhat less technical language ; 2. by the omis-
sion, as far as possible, of the more recondite and, for the present
purpose, less essential characters ; and also of most of the obscure,
insignificant, or rare plants which students will not be apt to meet
with or to examine, or which are quite too difficult for beginners ;
such as the Sedges, most Grasses, and the crowd of Golden Rods,
Asters, Sunflowers, and the" like, which require very critical study.
On the other hand, this small volume is more comprehensive than
the Manual, since it comprises the common herbs, shrubs, and trees
of the Southern as well as the Northern and Middle States, and all
which are commonly cultivated or planted, for ornament or use, in
fields, gardens, pleasure-grounds, or in house-culture, including even
the conservatory plants ordinarily met with.

It is very desirable that students should be able to use exotic as
well as indigenous plants in analysis ; and a scientitic acquaintance
with the plants and flowers most common around us in garden, field,
and green-house, and which so largely contribute to our well-being
and enjoyment, would seem to be no less important than in the case
of our native plants. If it is worth while so largely to assemble
around us ornamental and useful trees, plants, and flowers, it is cer-
tainly well to know what they are and what they are like. To stu-
dents in agricultural schools and colleges this kind of knowledge
will be especially important.

One of the main objects of this book is to provide cultivators,
gardeners, and amateurs, and all who are fond of plants and flowers,
with a simple guide to a knowledge of their botanical names and

10 PREFACE.

structure. There is, I believe, no sufficient work of this kind in
the English lainguage, adapted to our needs, and available even to
our botanists and botanical teachers, — for whom the only recourse is
to a botanical library beyond the reach and means of most of these,
and certainly quite beyond the reach of those whose needs I have
here endeavored to supply, so far as I could, in this small volume.
The great difficulties of the undertaking have been to keep the book
within the proper compass, by a rigid exclusion of all extraneous
and unnecet^sary matter, and to determine what plants, both native
and exotic, are common enough to demand^ a place in it, or so
uncommon that they may be omitted. It is very unhkely that I can
have chosen wisely in all cases and for all parts of the country,
and in view of the different requirements of botanical students on
the one hand and of practical cultivators on the other, — the latter
commonly caring more for made varieties, races, and crosses, than
for specie.-!, which are the main objects of botanical study. But I
have here brought together, within less than 350 pages, brief and
plain botanical descriptions or notices of 2,650 species, belonging to
947 genera ; and have constructed keys to the natural families,
and analyses of their contents, which I hope may enable students, who
have well studied the First Lessons^ to find out the name, main char-
acters, and place of any of them which they will patiently examine
in blossom and, when practicable, in fruit also. If the book an-
swers its purpose reasonably well, its shortcomings as regards culti-
vated plants may be made up hereafter. As to the native plants
omitted, they are to be found, and may best be studied, in the Man-
ual of the Botany of the Northern United States, and in Chapman's
Mora of the Southern United States.

This book is designed to be the companion of the First Lessons in
Botany, which serves as grammar and dictionary ; and the two may
be bound together into one compact volume, forming a comprehen-
sive School Botany,

For the account of the Ferns and the allied families of Cryptoga-
mous Plants I have to record my indebtedness to Professor D. C.
Eaton of Yale College. These beautiful plants are now much cul-
tivated by amateurs ; and the means here so fully provided for
studying them will doubtless be appreciated.

Harvard University Herbarium,

Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 29, 1868.

PREFACE. 11

%* In revising the sheets for the present impression, many small errors
of the press, most of them relating to accentuation, have now been cor-
rected.

January, 1870.

SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS.

The Signs and Abbreviations employed in this work are few.
The signs are :

® for an annual plant.
(D " a biennial plant.
% "a perennial plant.
The signs for degrees, minutes, and seconds are used for feet, inches,
aiid lines, the latter twelve to the inch.

Thus 1° means a foot in length or height, &c. ; 2', two inches ; 3^', three
lines, or a quarter of an inch. The latter sign is seldom used in this work.
The dash between two figures, as "5-10," means from five to ten, &c.
" Fl." stands for flowers or flowering.
« Cult." " for cultivated. **

"Nat." « for naturalized.

" N., E., S., W." for North, East, South, and West.
The geographical abbreviations, such as "Eu." for Europe, and the
common abbreviations for the names of the States, need no particular
explanation.

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i

SERIES I.

FLO WEEING or PH^NOGAMOUS PLANTS:

Those which fructify by means of stamens and pistils,
and produce true seeds.

Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS
PLANTS : Distinguished by having the wood or woody
matter of the stem all in a circle between pith and bark,
and in yearly layers when the stem is more than one year
old : also the embryo with a pair of cotyledons or seed
leaves (or several in Pines, <fec.). Generally known at once
by having netted-veined leaves. Parts of the flower seldom
in threes, most commonly in fives or fours. See Lessons,
p. 183. This class includes all our ordinary trees and
shrubs, and the greater part of our herbs.

Subclass I. ANGIOSPERMOUS : including all of the
class which have their seeds in a pericarp, or their ovules in
a closed ovary, i. e. all except the Pine and Cycas families.

I. POLYPETALOUS DIVISION. Includes the families which
have, at least in some species, both calyx and corolla, the latter
with their petals separate, i. e. not at all united into one body. Yet
some plants of almost all these families have apetalous flowers.

1. RANUNCULACE^, CROWFOOT FAMILY.

Not perfectly distinguished by any one or two particular marks,
but may be known, on ihe wliole, by having an acrid watery juice
(not milky or colored), numerous stamens, and usually more than
one pistil, all the parts of the flower separate from each other, and '
inserted on the receptacle. The bulk of the seed is albumen, the
embryo being very small. The plants are herb-:, or a f(?w barely
shrubby. Many are cultivated for ornament. The following are
the common genera, with their chief distinctions.

§ 1. Sepals valvnte or with their edqes turned inward in ihe hud. Petals none or
viimde. Pistils many, 1-seeded. becoming akenes. Leaves opposite : the
plants mostly climbing by their leafstalks.
1. CLEMATIS. Sepals commonly 4. sometimes several, petal-like. Akenes
tipped with the persistent style or a part of it.

3

/

/

34 CBOWFOOT FAMILY.

§ 2. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Not climbing^ nor woody except in 8 and one of 20.

* Pistils and akenes several ar many in a head, 1-seeded.

H- Petals none : sfpals petal-like.

2. HEPATIC A. Involucre close to the flower, exactly imitating a 3-leaved calyx.

Sepals 6 or more, oblong, resembling petals. Pistils 12-20. Stemless low
perennials, with rounded 3-lobed leaves and 1-flowered scapes.

3. ANEMONE. Involucre of 2 or more opposite or whorled green leaves much

below the flower. Sepals 4-20. Pistils very many in a close head (or fewer
in one species), forming pointed or tailed akenes.

4. THAIJCTRUM. Involucre none, and stem-leaves all alternate, except in one

species intermediate between this genus and Anemone. Sepals 4 or more.
Pistils 4-15, forming several-angled or grooved akenes. Perennials, with
small flowers in panicles or umbels, most of them dioecious, and with
ternately compound or decompound leaves.
H- H- Petals and sepals both conspicuous, 6 or more. Akenes naked, short-pointed.
"5. ADONIS. Petals and sepals naked, no pit or appendage at the base. Akenes
in a head or short spike.

6. MYOSURUS. Sepals with a spur at the base underneath. Petals on a slender

claw, which is lioUow at its apex. Akenes in a long tail-shaped spike.

7. RANUNCULUS. Sepals naked. Petals with a little pit or a scale on the short

claw. Akenes in a head.

« # Pistils several, 2-ovuled, becoming l-2-8eeded pods or berries.

8. ZANTHORHIZA. Sepals 5. deciduous after flowering Petals 5, small,

2-lobed, on a claw. Stamens 6-10. Little pods l-seeded. Uudershrub,
with yellow wood and roots.

9. HYDRASTIS. Sepals 3, falling when the flower opens. Petals none. Fruit

berry-like. Low perennial.
« « « Pistils several, feio, or one, forming several-seeded pods or rarely berries.
+- Sepals (4 or b) falling when the flower opens, petal-like. PetaU minute, and with
claws, or none. Stamens numerous, white. Leaves ternately decomjjound.

10. ACTiEA. Pistil only one, becoming a berry. Flowers in a short and thick

raceme or cluster.

11. CIMICIFUGA. Pistils 1-8, becoming pods in fruit. Flowers in long racemes.

■i- H- Sepals not falling tchen the flower opens, in 15 and 20 persistent even till the
fiiiit matures, in all the others peUd-like and deciduous.
t-v Petals none at all: fl<ncers regular.

12. CALTHA. Sepiils5-9. Pods several. Leaves simple and undivided, rounded.
•M- ++ Petals 5 or more inconspicuous nectar-heanng bodies, very much smaller than

the sepals : Jlower regular.

13. TROLLIUS. Sepals 5 -many. Petals with a little hollow near the base.

Pods sessile. Leaves palmarclv parted and lobed.

14. COPTIS. Sepals 5-7. Petals' club-shaped and tubular at the top. Pods

raised on slender stalks! Leaves with 3 leaflets.

15. HELLEBORUS. Sepals 5, persistent, enlarging and turning green after flow-

ering! Petals hollow and 2-lipped. Leaves palmately or pedately divided.

16. NIGELLA. Sepals 5. Petals 2-lobed. Pods 3-5 or more united"^ below into

one! Annuals, with finely dissected leaves.
++++++ Petals large holkno spurs projecting between the sepals : flower regular.

17. AQUILEGIA. Sepals 5. Pistils about 5, with slender styles, and forming

narrow pods. Pereimials, with ternately compound or decompound leaves.
^M. +H. -1-1- ++ Petals 2 or 4, much smaller than the 5 unequal sepals : i. e. the flower
irregtilar nnd unsymmetrical. Leaves palmately lobed or parted. Pods 1-5.

18. DELPHINIUM. Upper sepal spurred: the spur enclosing the spurs of the

upper pair of petals: lower pair of petals spurless or wanting.

19. ACONITUM. Upper sepals in the form of a hood or helmet, covering the two

very long-clawed and peculiar little petals.
HH. ++++++ -M- Petals large and flat, of ordinary shape. Sepals herbaceous and
persistent! Flowers large,' regular.

20. PiEONIA. A fleshy disk surrounds the base of the 2 or more pistils, which

form leathery pods in fruit. Seeds large, rather fleshy-coated. Perennials,
with compound or decompound leaves: one species shrubby.

/

CROWFOOT FAMILY. 35

CLEMATIS, VIRGIN'S-BOWER. (Ancient Greek name.) U Orna-
mental climbers, the stalks of their leaves or leaflets clasping the support,
and with somewhat woody stems, or a few are erect herbs.
§ 1. Flowers (in sprinrj) verij larr/e and wldelif open (3' -6' acroas), with usual! ij
manfi small petals or petal-like altered stamens : leaflets in threes.

C. fldrida, Great-fl. C. Cult, from Japan, not hardy N. ; the flower
3' - 4' across, its 6 or more sepals broad ovate and overlapping each other, white,
purplish, or with a purple centre of transformed stamens (var. Sieboldii);
leaves often twice compound.

C. patens, (also called C. ccerulea, grandifl6ra, and various names
for varieties.) Cult, from Japan, hardy. Flower 5' -7' across, with 6-9 or
more oblong or lance-shap< d sepals, blue, purple, &c. ; leaflets simply in threes.

C. verticill^is (or Atragene Americana), with flowers about 3' across,
of 4 bluish purple sepals, is rather scarce in rocky woods or ravines N. and in
mountainous parts.

§ 2. Flowers (in summei') prefti/ large, of onlu 4 sepals, and no petals whatever,
not white, solitari/ on the naked peduncle as m § 1.
# Leaves (except the upj}ermost) pinnate or of 3 or more leaflets : climbers.

C. Viticella, Vine-Bower C. Cult, from Eu. ; a hardy climber, with
flower 2' -3' across; the widely spreading sepals obovate, thin, either purple or
blue ; akenes with short naked points.

C. grav^olens. Heavy-scented C. Cult, from Thibet, recently intro-
duced, very hardy ; with open yellow flowers l^^' across, long and feathery tails
to the akenes, and sharp-pointed leaflets.

C. Viorna, Leather-flowered C. Wild from Penn. and Ohio S., in
moist soil ; flower of very thick leathery sepals, purple or purplish, 1' long or
more, erect, and with the narrow tips only spreading or recurved ; akenes with
very feathery tails.

# # Leaves simple, entire, sessile : low erect herbs : tails feathery.

C. integrif61ia, Entire-eeaved C. Cult, from Eu., sparingly. Stem
simple ; leaves oval or oblong; flower blue, 1' long.

C. ochroleiica, Pale C. Wild from Staten Island S., but scarce, has
ovate silky leaves and a dull silky flower.

§ 3. Flowers (in summer) small, white, panicled, succeeded by feathery -tailed akenes.

C. recta, Upright Virgin's-Bow^er. Cult, from Eu. Nearly erect herb,
3° -4° liiLrh, with large panicles of white flowers, in early summer; leaves pin-
nate ; leaflets ovate or slightlv heart-shaped, pointed, entire.

C. Flammula, Sweet-scented V. Cult, from Eu. Climbinu; freely,
with copious sweet-scented flowers at midsummer; leaflets 3-5 or more, of
various shapes, often lobcd or cut.

C. Virgini^na, Common Wild V. Climbing high, with dioecious flow-
ers late in summer ; leaflets 3, cut-toothed or lobed.

2. HEPATIC A, LIVER-LEAF, HEPATIC A. (Shape of the 3-lobcd
leaves likrned to that of tlie liver.) Among the earliest spring flowers. U Ths
involucre is so close to the flower and of sucli size and shape that it is most
likely to be mistaken for a calyx, and the colored sepals for pet^ds.

H. triloba, Round-lobed H. Leaves with 3 bro:id ami rounded lobes,
appearing later than the flowers, and lasting over the winter; stalks hairy;
flowers blue, purple, or almost white. Woods, common E. Full double-
flowered varieties, blue and purple, are cult, from Eti

H. acutiloba, Sharp-lohed H. Wild from Vermont W. ; has pomted
lobes to the leaves, sometimes 5 of them, and paler flowers.

3. ANEMONE, ANi^:i\IONY. WIND-FLOWER. (Fancifully fo named
by the (ireeks, because growing in windv places, or blossomimr at the windy
.'^eason, it is doubtful which.) U Erect herbs, with all the stem-leaves above
and opposite or whorled, forming the involucre or involucels. Peduncles
l-floweied.

36 CROWFOOT FAMILY.

§ I. Long hairi/ stjles form featherij fails to the ahenes, like those ofMrgin's'

Bower: Jl. large, purple, in early spring. The genus Pulsatilla of some

author's.

A. Pulsatilla, Pasque-flower, of Europe. Cult, in some flower-g-ar-

dens ; has the root-leaves finely thrice-pinnately divided or cut ; otherwise much

like the next.

A. patens, var. Nuttalliana, Wild P. On the plains N. W. ; the
handsome purple or purplish flower (2' or more across when open) rising fiom
the ground on a low soft-hairy stem (3' -6' high), with an invohicre of many
very narrow divisions ; the leaves from the root appearing later, and twice or
thricc-ternately divided and cut.

§ 2. Short styles not making long tails, but only naked or hairy tips.
* Garden AnemonieSj^/o/m S Eu., with tuberous roots and very large flowers.

A. coron^ria, with leaves cut into many fine lobes, and 6 or more broad

oval sepals, also

A. hort^nsis, with leaves less cut into broader wedge-shaped divisions and
lobes, and many longer and narrow sepals, — are the originals of the showy,
mostly double or semi-double, great-flowered Garden Anemonies, of all col-
ors, red in the wild state, — not fully hardy, treated like bulbs.
#: # Wild species, smaller flowered.
4- Pistils verxj many, firming a dense woolly head in fruit: leaves of the inrolucre
long-petioled, compound : flowers of 5- small gmenish-white sepals, silky beneath :
stem 2° -3° high.

A. cylindrica, Long-fruited A. Involucre several-leaved surrounding
several long naked peduncles; fl. late in spring (in dry soil N. &. W.), followed
by a cylindrical head of fruit.

A. Virgini^na, Virginian A. Involucre 3-1eaved ; peduncles formed in
succession all summer, the middle or first one naked, the others bearing 2 leaves
(involucel) at the middle, from which proceed two more peduncles, and so on :
head of fruit oval or oblong. Common in woods and meadows.

■*- -I- Pistils fiver, not woolly in fruit : flower 1' or more broad.

A. Pennsylvanica, Pennsylvanian A. Stem 1° high, bearing an invo-
lucre of 3 wedge-shaped 3-cleft and cut sessile leaves, and a naked peduncle, then
2 or 3 peduncles with a pair of smaller leaves at their middle, and so on ; fl. white,
in summer. (Lessons, fig. 179.) Alluvial ground, N. & W.

A. nemordsa, Wood A. Stem 4' -10' high, bearing an involucre of 3
long-petioled leaves of 3 or 5 leaflets, and a single short-ped uncled flower ; sepals
white, or purple outside. Woodlands, early spring.

4. THALICTRUM, MEADOW-RUE. (Old name of obscure deriva-
tion.) The following are the common wild species, in woodlands and low
grounds.

§ 1. Flowers perfect, few, in an umbel: resembling an Anemone: sepals 5-10.

T. anemonoides, Eue-Anemone. A very smooth and delicate little
plant, growing with Wood Anemone, which it resembles in having no stem-
leaves except those that form an involucre around the umbel of whiti (rarely
pinkish) flowers, appearing in early spring ; leaflets roundish, 3-lobed at the
end, long-stalked ; ovaries many-grooved, and with a flat-topped sessile stigma :
otherwise it would rank as an Anemone.

§ 2. Flowers mostly dioecious and not handsome, small, in loose compound panicles ;
the 4 or 5 sepals fallinq early : stigmas slender : akenes several -grooved and
angled: leaves ternately decompound {hcssons, fig. 138), all altei'nate ; the upper-
most not forming an involucre.

T. dioicum, Early Meadow-Rue. Herb glaucous, l°-20high; flow-
ers greenish, in early spring ; the yellowish linear anthers of the sterile plant
hanging on long capillary filaments : leaves all on general petioles. Rocky
woods.

T. purpur^SCens, Purplish M. Later, often a little downy, 2° -4°

CROWFOOT FAMILY. 37

hi^h ; stem-leaves not raised on a general petiole ; flowers greenish and pur-
plish ; anthers short-linear, drooping on capillaiy and upwardly rather thickened
filaments.

T. Corntlti, Tall M. Herb 4° - 8° high ; stem-leaves not raised on a
general petiole; flowers white, in summer; anthers oblong, not drooping; the
white filaments thickened upwards. Low or. wet ground.
(

M 6. ADONIS. (The red-flowered species fabled to spring from the blood
of Adonis, killed by a wild boar.) Stems leafy ; leaves finely much cut
into very narrow divisions. Cult, from Europe for ornament
A. autumnalis, Pheasant's-eye A. ® Stems near 1° high, it or the
branches terminated by a small flower, of 5-8 scarlet or crimson petals, com-
monly dark at their base. Has run wild in Tennessee.

A. vern^lis, Spring A. U Stems about 6' high, beawng a large showy
flower, of 10 -20 lanceolate light-yellow petals, in early spring.

4 6. MYOSURUS, MOUSETAIL (which the name means in Greek). ®
M. minimus. An insignificant little plant wild or run wild along streams
from Illinois S., with a tuft of narrow entire root-leaves, and scapes 1' -3' high,
bearing an obscure yellow flower, followed by tail-like spike of fruit of I' -2'
long, in spring and summer.

^ 7. RANUNCULUS, CROWFOOT, BUTTERCUP. (Latin name for
a little frog, and for the Water Crowfoots, living with the frogs.) A large
genus of wild plants, except the doublc-Howered varieties of three species cult,
in gardens for ornament. (Lessons, p. 183, fig. 358 -361.)

§ I. Aquatic; the /eaves all or month/ under w<tter, and repeatedly dissected into
munj capillary dicisions : flowering all summer.

R. aquatilis, White Water-Crowfoot. Capillary leaves collapsing
into a tuft when drawn out of the water ; petals small, white, or only yellow at
the base, where they bear a spot or little pit, but no scale : akenes wrinkled
crosswise.

R. divaric^tus, Stiff W. Like the last, but less common ; the leaves
stiff and rigid enough to keep their shape (spreading in a circular outline) when
drawn out of water.

R. multifidus, Yellow W. Leaves under water much as those of the
White Water Crowfoot-;, or rather larger ; but the bright yellow petals as large
as those of Common Buttercups, and, like them, with a little scale at the base.
(Formerly named R. Pursiiii, &c.)

§ 2. Tcirrstrial, many in vet places, hut naturally growing ivith the foliage out of
water : petals ivith the little scale at the base, yellow in all the icild species.

* Akenes not prickly nor bristly nor striate on the sides, l].
•<- Spear WORT Crowfoots ; growing in very wet places, with mostly entire and

narrow haves : fl. ail summer.
R. alism.86f61ius. Stems ascending, 1° - 2° high ; leaves lanceolate or the
lowest oblong ; flower fully ^' in diameter ; akenes beaked with a straiglii and
slender stvle.

R. Flammula. Smaller than the last, and akenes short-pointed; rare
N., but very common along borders of ponds and rivers is the

Var. reptans, or Creeping S , with slender stems creeping a few inches in
length ; leaves linear or spatulate, seldom 1' long ; flower only 4' broad.

^ •»- Small-flowered Crowfoots ; in wet or moist places, with upper

leaves 3-partcd or divided, and very small flowers, the pttals shorter or not longer

than the calyx : fl. spring and summer.

R. abortivus, Small-flowered C. Very smooth and slender, 6' -2°

high ; root-leaves rounded, crcnatc ; akenes in a globular head. Shady places,

along watercourses.

R. sceler^tus, Cursbd C. So called because the juice is very acrid and
blistering ; stouter than the la^t and thicker-leaved, equally smooth, even the

38 CROWFOOT FAMILY.

root-leaves lobed or cut; akenes in an oblong or cylindrical head. In water
or very wet places.

R. recurvatUS, Hook-styled C. Hairy, 10-2° high ; leaves all 3-cleft
and long-petioled, with broad wedge-shaped 2-3-lobed divisions; akenes in a
globular head, with long recurved styles. Woods.

R. Pennsylvanicus, Bristly C. Bristly hairy, coarse and stout, 2°-
3° high ; leaves all 3-dividcd ; the divisions stalked, again 3-cleft, sharply cut
and toothed ; akenes in an oblong head, tipped with a short straight style.
Along streams.

■^ ■»- -^ Buttercups or Common Crowfoots, with bright yellow corolla,
about 1' in diametor^ much larger than the cali/x ; leares all once and often twice
3 - 5-divided or cleft, usuullij hairy ; head of akenes globular.
•*-^ Natices of the country, low or spreading.

R. fascieularis, Early B. Low, about 6' high, without runners, on
rocky hills in early spiing ; root-leaves much divided, somewhat pinnate ; petals
rather narrow and distant ; akenes scarcely edged, slender-beaked.

R. ripens, Crekping B. Every wheie common in very wet or moist
places, floAvering in spring and summer ; immensely variable ; stem soon as-
cending, sending out some prostrate stems or runners in summer; leaves more
coarsely divided and cleft than those of the last ; petals obovate ; akenes sharp-
edged and stout-beaked.

•M. ++ Introducid Wicds from Europe, common tn folds, ^-c., especially E.: stem
erect: leaves muvh cut.

R. bulb6sus, Bulbous B. Stem about 1° high from a solid bulbous
base nearly as larj^e as a hickory nut ; calyx reflexed when the very bright yel-
low and showy large corolla expands, in late spring.

R. ^cris, Tall B. Stem 2° -3° high, no bulbous base; calyx only
spreading when the lighter yellow corolla expands, in summer. Ck/mmoner
than the last, except E. A full double-Howered variety is cult in gardens,
forming golden-yellow balls or buttons,

H_ ^_ M_ s_ Garden Ranunculuses. Besides the double variety of the last,
the choice Double luiuuuculuses of the forist come from the two following.

R. Asi^ticus, of the Levant ; with 3-parted leaves and flowers nearly 2'
broad, resembling Ancmonies, yellow, or of various colors. Not hardy N.

R. aconitif61iut3, of Eu., taller, smooth, with 5-partcd leaves, and smaller
white flowers, the full double called Fair Maids of France.
* * Akenes striate or ribbed down the sides. ®

R. Cymbal^ria, Sea-ride Crowfoot. A little plant, of sandy shores
of the sea and Great Lakes, &c., smooth, with naked flowering stems 2' - 6' high,
and long runners ; leaves rounded and kidney -shaped, coarsely crenate ; flowers
small, in summer.

8. ZANTHORHIZA, SHRUB YELLOW-ROOT. (Name composed
of the two Greek woi'ds i'or yellow and 7-oot.) Only one species,
Z. apiifbHa. A shrubby plant, l°-2° high, with deep yellow wood and
roots (used by the Indians lor dyeing), pinnate leaves of about .5 cut-toothed or
lobed leaflets, and drooping compound racemes of small dark or dull-purple
flowers, in enrly spring, followed by little 1-seeded pods; grows in damp, shady
places along the Allcghanies.

0. HYDRASTIS, ORANGE-ROOT, YELLOW PUCCOON. (Name
from the Greek, probably meaning that the root or juice of the plant is dras-
tic.) y. A single species,

H. Canadensis. Low, sending up in early spring a rounded 5 - 7-lobed
root-leaf, and a stem near 1° high, bearing one or two alternate smaller leaves
above, just below the single small flower. The :^ greenish sepals fall fi-om the
bud, leaving the many white stamens and little head of pistils , the latter grow
pulpy and produce a crimson fruit resembling a raspbcrrv. Rich woods, from
New York, W. & S.

i

CROWFOOT FAMILY. 39

IG. ACTJEA, BANEBERKY. (The old Greek name of the Elder, from

some likeness in the leaves.) Ij. Fl. in spring, ripenin<j^ the herries late in

j summer : <irowing in rich woods. Leaflets of the thricc-ternate leaves ovate,

1 shar])ly cleft, and cut-toothed.

A. spicata, var. rubra, Red Baneberry. Flowers in a very short
ovate nicenie or cluster, on slender pedicels; berries red.

A. ^Iba, White Baneberry. Taller than the other, smoother, and
flowering a week or two later, with an oblong raceme ; pedicels in fruit very
thick, turning red, the berries white.

11. CIMICIFXJGA, BUGBANE. (Latin name, meaning to drive away
bugs.) Ij. Like Baneberry, but tall, with very long racemes (l°-3°), and
dry pods instead of berries ; fl. in summer.

C. racemdsa, Tall B. or Black Snakeroot. Stem with the long
raceme 4^-8° high; pistil mostly single, with a llat-topped stigma; short pod
holding 2 roAvs of horizontally flattened seeds. Rich woods.

C. Americana, American B. More slender, only 2° -4° high; pis-
tils 5, with slender style and minute stigma ; pods raised from the receptacle
on slender stalks, flattish, containing few scaly-coated seeds. Alleghanies from
Penn. S. ; fl. late summer.

12. CALTHA, MARSH-MARIGOLD. (Old name, from a word mean-
ing (joblet, of no obvious application.) Ij. One common species, —

C. palustris, Marsh-Marigold, wrongly called Cowslips in the
country. Stem l°-2° high, bearing one or more rounded or somcAvhat kid-
ney-shaped entire or crcnatc leaves, and a few flowers with showy yellow calyx,
about 1^' across ; followed by a cluster of many-seeded pods. Marshes, in
spring ; young plant boiled for " greens."

13. TROLLIUS, GLOBE-FLOWER. (Name of obscure meaning)
Flower large, like that of Caltha, but sepals not spreading except in our
wild species ; a row of small nectary-like petals around the stamens, and tha
leaves deeply palmately cleft or parted. ]\. Fl. spring.

T. l^XUS, Wild G. Sepals only .5 or 6, spreading wide open, yellowish
or dull greenish-white ; petals very small, seeming like abortive stamens.
Swamps, N. & W.

T. Europseus, True or European G. Sepals bright yellow (10-20)
broad and converging into a kind of globe, the flower appearing as if semi-
double. Cult, from Eu.

T. Asi&ticus, Asiatic G. Like the last, but flower rather more open
and deep orange yellow. Cult, from Siberia.

14. COPTIS, GOLDTHREAD. (From Greek word to cut, from the
divided leaves.) Ij. The only common species is, —

C trifblia. Three-leaved G. A delicate little plant, in bogs and damp
cold woods N., sending up early in spring single white flowers (smaller than
those of Wood Ancmony) on slender scapes, followed by slender-stalked leaves
of three wedge-shaped leaflets ; these become bright-shining in summer, and last
over winter. The roots or underground shoots are of long and slender yellow
^ fibres, used as a popular medicine.

"^15. HELLEBORUS, HELLEBORE. (Old Greek name, alludes to the
poisonous pi'operties.) y. European plants, with pedate leaves and pretty
large flowers, in early spring.

H. viridis, Greex H., has stems near 1° high, bearing 1 or 2 leaves and

2 or 3 pale yellowish-green flowers : run wild in a few places E.

H. niger, Black IL, the flower called Chri.stmas Rose (because flo'.v-
ering in warmer parts of England in winter), has single large flowers (2' -.3'
across, white, turning pinkish, then green), on scapes shorter than the shining
evergreen leaves, in earliest spring. Rare in gardens.

40 CROWFOOT FAMILY.

vJ 16. NIGELL A, FENNEL-FLOWER. (Name from the black seeds.) (i)
Garden plants from Eu. and Orient ; with leafy stems, the leaves finely di-
vided, like Fennel ; known by having the 5 ovaries united below into one
.5-styled pod. Seeds large, blackish, spicy ; have been used as a substitute
for spice or pepper.

N. Damasc^na, Common F or Ragged-Lady. Flower bluish, rather
large, surrounded and overtopped by a linely-divided leafy involucre, like the
other leaves ; succeeded by a smooth iniiated 5-celled pod, in wliich the lining
of the cells separates from the outer part.

N. sativa, Nutmeg-Flower. Cult, in some old gardens j has coarser
leaves, and smaller rough pods.

17. AQUILEGIA, COLUMBINE. (From aquila, an eagle, the spurs of
the petals fiincied to resemble talons.) U VVeli-known, large-flowered
ornamental plants : flowers in spring and early summer, usually nodding, so
that the spurs ascend.

* North A merican species, with long straight spurs to the corolla.
A. Canadensis, Wild C. Flowers about 2' long, scarlet and orange,

or light yellow inside, the petals with a very short lip or blade, and stamens

projecting. Common on rocks.

A. Skinner i, Mexican C, is taller, later, and considerably lurger-flow-

ered_ than the hist, the narrower acute sepals usually tinged greenish; otherwise

very similar. Cult.
A. caertllea, Long-spurred C, native of the Rocky Mountains, lately

introduced to gardens, and worthy of special attention ; has blue and white

flowers, the ovate se])als often 1^', the very slender spurs 2' long, the blade of

tlie petals (white) half the length of the (mostly blue) sepals, spreading.
* * Old World species, with hoohd or incurved spurs to the corolla.

A. vulgaris, Common Garden C. Cult, in all gardens, lo-.^o high,
many-flowered ; spurs rather longer than the blade or rest of the petal ; pods
pubescent. Flowers varying from blue to purple, white, &c., gieatly changed
by culture, often full double, with spur within spur, sometimes all changed
into a rosette of plane petals or sepals.

A. glandulbsa, Glandular C. A more choice species, 6'-!° high,
with fewer very showy deep blue flowers, the blade of the petals white or white-
tipped and twice the length of the short spurs ; pods and summit of the plant
glandular-])iibcscent.

A. Sibirica, Siberian C. Equally choice with the last, and like it ;
but the spurs longer than the mostly white-tipped short blade, as well as the
1 pods, &c. smooth.

Vj 18. DELPHINIUM, LARKSPUR. (From the Latin name of the dol-
phin, alluding to the shajje of the flower.) The familiar and well-marked
flower of this genus is illustrated in Lessons, p. 91, 94, fig. 18.3, 184, 192.
* Garden annuals from Eu., ivith onhj the 2 upper petals, united into one body, one
pistil, and leaves Jinelij and much divided : fi. summer and fall.

"D. Consolida, Field L. Escaped sparingly into roadsides and fields ;
flowers scattered on the spreading branches, blue, varying to pink or white;
pod smooth.

D. Ajaois, Rocket L. More showy, in gardens, and with similar flowers
crowded in a long clo-e raceme, and downy pods ; spur shorter : some marks on
the front of the united petals were fancied to i-ead AIAI = Ajax.

* * Perennials, with 4 separate petals and 2-5, mostly 3 pistils.

D. grandifldrum, Great-fl. L. of the gardens, from Siberia and China,
is 1° - 2° high, with leaves cut into narrower linear divisions ; blue flowers, 1^'
or more across, with ample oval sepals, and the 2 lower petals rounded and
entire. Various in color, also double-flowered ; summer.

D. eheilanthum, of which D. formosum. Showy L., is one of the
^rarious garden forms, also Siberian, is commonly still larger-flowered, deep

CROWFOOT FAMILY. 41

blue, with lower petals also entire or nearly so ; the mostly downy leaves have
fewer and lanceolate or wedge-lanceolate divisions ; is now much mixed and
crossed with others : summer.

D. aziireum, Azure L. Wild S. & W., often downy, 10-3° high, with
narrow linear divisions to the leaves, and a spike-like raceme of rather small,
azure, pale-blue, or sometimes white flowers, in spring ; sepals and 2-cIeft lower
petals oMong. Var. with full-double flowers in gardens : summer.

D. tricorne, Dwarf Wild L. Open woods from Penn. W. & S. :
about 1^ high from a branched tuberous root; has broader linear lobes to the
leaves, and a loose raceme of few or several rather large showy flowers, deep
blue or sometimes white, in spring ; sepals and cleft lower petals oblong ; pods
strongly diverging.

Drexalt^tum, Tall Wild L., is the wild species (from Penn. W. & S.)
most resembling the next, 3° -5° high, but the less handsome flowers and
panic-led racemes hoary or downy: fl. summer.

D. elatum, Bee Larkspur. Cult, from Eu. : 3° - 6<^ high, with broad
leaves 5 - 7-cleft beyond the middle, and the divisions cut into sharp lobes or
teeth ; many flowers (in summer) in a long wand-like raceme, blue or purplish ;
the 2-cleft lower petals prominently yellowish-bearded in the common garden
form. There are many varieties and mixtures with other species, some double-
flowered. • •

19. ACONITUM, ACONITE, WOLFSBANE, MONKSHOOD. (An-
cient name.) y. Root thick, tuberous or turnip-shaped, a virulent poison
and medicine. Leaves palmately divided or cleft arid cut-lobed. Flowers
showy : the large upper sepal from its shape is called the casque or helmet.
Under it are two long-stalked queer little bodies which answer for petals.
See Lessons, p. 92, fig. 18.5, 186, 193. The following are all cult, from Eu.
for ornament, except the first : fl. summer.

A. uncinatum. Wild A. or Monkshood. Stem slender, 3° -5°. erect,

but bending over above, as if inclined to climb ; leaves cleft or parted into
3-5 ovate or wedge- lanceolate cut-toothed lobes ; flowers loosely panicled, blue ;
the roundish helmet nearly as broad as high, its pointed visor turned down.
Low ground^, from Penn S. & W.

A. variegatum, Variegated A. Erect ; leaves divided to the base
into rather broad-Iobed and cut divisions ; flowers in a loose panicle or raceme,
blue and often variegated with white or whitish ; the helmet considerably higher
than w ide, its top curved foiward, its pointed visor ascending or horizontal.

A. Napellus, True Monkshood or Officinal Aconite. Erect,
from a turnip-shaped root ; leixves divided to the base and then 2-3 times cleft
into linear lobes ; flowers crowded in a close raceme, blue (also a white rariety) ;
helmet broad and low.

A. Anthora, a low species, with very finely divided leaves, and crowded
yellow flowers, the broad helmet rather high^ occurs in some old gardens.

^ 20. PiEONIA, P^EONY. (Ancient name, after a Greek physician, Poron.)
U Well-known large-flowered ornamental plants, cult, from the Old World.
Leaves temately decompound. Roots thickened below.

« « Herbs, xcith sinjle-jioicered sfems, in spring, and doicny pods.

^ P. ofQ.cill^lis, Common P. Very smooth, and with large coarsely di-
vided green lea^ es ; the great flowers red, white, &c.. single or very double.

P. peregrina, of Eu., in the gardens c:dled P. parodoxa, has leaves
glaucous and more or less downy beneath, and smaller flowers than the last,
rose-red, &c., generally full double, and petals cut and fringed.

P. tenuilblia, S'lknder-leaved P. of Siberia, is low, with early crimson-
red flowers, and nanow linear divisions to the leaves.

* * Herbs, with S' veial-jlouyred stems, in summer, and smooth pods.

P. albifl6ra, White-fl. or Fragrant P., or Chinese P. Very smooth
about 3° high, with bright green foliage, and white or rose-co!ored, often sweet-
scented, rather small flowers, single, also double, and w ith pnrple varieties.
S & F— 13

42 MAGNOLIA FAMILY.

i * * ♦ Shrubby : fi. in spring and earhj summer.

^ P. Motltan, Tree P^.ony, of China. Stems 20-3° high; leaves pala
and gh\ucous, ample ; flowers vciy large (6' or more across), white with purple
base, or rose-color, single or double ; the disk, which in other species is a mere
ring, in this forms a thin-fleshy sac or covering, enclosing the 5 or more ovaries,
but bursting, and falling away as the pods grow.

^?^*i

2. MAGNOLIACE^, MAGNOLIA FAMILY.

Tree.-^ or t^lirubs, with aromatic bitter bark, simple mostly entire
alternate leaves, and solitary flowers ; the sepals and petals on the
receptacle and nsually in threes, but together occupying more than
two ranks, and imbricated in tiie bud ; pistils and mostly the sta-
mens numerous, the latter with adnate anthers (Lessons, p. 113, fig.
233) ; and seeds only 1 or 2 in each carpel ; the embryo small in
albumen.

I. Stipules to the leaves forming the butl-scales, and falling early.
FlowSrs perfect, large. Stamens and pistils many on a long recep-
tacle or axi-j, the carpels imbricated over each other and cohering
into a mas, forming a sort of cone in fruit. These are the charac-
ters of the true Magnolia Family, of which we have two genera.

1. LIRIODKNDRON. Sepals 3, reflexed. Corolla bcll-shnped, of 6 broad green-

ish-oraiii^e petals. Stamens almost equiilling the petals, with slender fila-
ments, and long anthers opening outwards. Carpels thin and scale-form,
closely packed over each other, dry in fruit, and after ripening separating
and falling away from the slender axis ; the wing-like portion answering to
style; the small seed-bearing cell at the ba>e and indebisceut. Leaf-buds
flat : stipules free from the petiole.

2. MAGNOLIA. Sepals 3. Petals 6 or 9. Stamens short, with hardly any fil-

aments : anthers opening iuwnrd.s. Carpels becoming fle.shy in fruit and
forming a red or rose-colored cone, each when ripe (in autiiinn) splitting
down the back anil di>chari^M)g 1 or 2 coral-red berrv-like seeds, which hang
on extensile cobwebby threads. Stipules united with the base of the petiole,
falling as the leaves unfold.

II. Stipules none. Here are two Southern plants which have
been made the representatives of as many small orders.

3. ILLICIUNL Flowers perfect. Petals 9-30. Stamens many, separate. Pis

tiU several in one row, forming a ring of almost woody little pods.

4. SCHIZANDRA. Flowers moticpcious. Petals mostly 6. Stamens 6, united

into a disk or burton-shaped body, which bears 10 anthers on the edges of
the 5 lobes. Pistils many in a head, which lengthens into a spike of scattered
red berries.

1. LIRIODENDRON, TULIP-TREE (which is the meaning of the
( botanical name in Greek). Only one species,

H L. Tulipifera. A tall, very handsome tree, in rich soil, commonest W.,
where ir, or the light and soft lumber (much used in cabinet-work), is called
White-wood, and even Poplar; planted for ornament; fl. late in spring,
yellow with greenish and orange. Leaves with 2 short side-lobes, and the end
as if cut off.

2. MAGNOLIA. (Named for the botanist Magnol.) Some species are
called Umduclla-trees, from the way the leaves are placed on the end of
the shoots ; others, Cucumbeu-trees, from the appearance of the young fruit.

I * Native trees of this country, often planted for ornament.

M. grandiflbra, Gri:at-flowerei> Magxoi>ta of S., half-hardy in the
Middle States. The only perfectly evergiccn species ; splendid tree with

CUSTARD-ArPLE FAMILY. 43

^ coriaceous oblonj^ or obovate leaves, shininf^ above, mostly rasty beneath ; the
flovvcis very fragrant, white, very much larger than the next, in spring,
< M. glauea, Small M. or Sweet Bay. Wild in swamps N. to New Jersey
and Mass. ; a shrub or small tree, with the oblong; obtuse leaves white or
glaucous beneath, and globular white and fragrant Howcrs (2' -3' wide), in
summer. The leaves are thickish and almost evergreen, quite so far south.

M. acuminata, Cucumber M. or Cucumber-tree. Wild from N. Y.
W. & S. ; a stately tree, with the leaves tliin, green, oblong, acute or pointed
at both ends, and somewhat downy beneath, and pale yellowish-green flowers
(3' broad), late in spring.

M. cordata, Yellow Cucumber M., of Georgia, hardy even in New
England; like the last, but a small tree with the leaves ovate or oval, seldom
cordate ; and the flowers lemon-yellow.
\ M. macrophylla, Great-leaved M., of Carolina, nearly hardy N. to ■tt^'
^Mass. A small tree, with leaves ve.y large (2° -3° long), obovate-oblong with '^«-o'/^
a cordate base, downy and white beneath, and an immense open-bell -hape I hj/^jk: '
white flower (8'- 12' wide Avhen outspread), somewhat fragrant, in early sum-
mer ; petals ovate, with a purple spot at the base.

M. Umbrella, Umbrella M. (also called M. tripetala). Wild in Penn.
and southward. A low tree, with the leaves on the end of the flowering
branches crowded in an umbrella-like circle, smooth and green both sides, obo-
vate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, l°-2° long, surrounding a large white
flower, in spring; the petals 2.^' -3' long, obovatc-lanceolatc and acute, nar-
rowed at the base ; the ovate-oblong cone of fruit showy in autumn, rose-red,
4' - .5' long.

M. Frkseri, Ear-leaved Umbrella M. (also called M. auricul\ta).
Wild from Virginia S., hardy as the last, and like it ; but a taller tree, with the
leaves seldom 1° long and auricled on each side at the base, the white obovate-
gpatulate petals more narrowed below into a claw ; cone of fruit smaller.
* * Chinese and Japanese species.
'^ M. COnspicua, Yulan of the Chinese, half-hardy in N. States. A small
tree, witii very large white flowers appearing beiore any of the leaves, which
are obovate, pointed, and downy when young.

M. Soulangeana is a hybrid of this with the next, more hardy and the
petals tinged with purple.
'' M. purpiirea, Purple M. of Japan, hardy N. A shrub, the showy
flowers (pink-purple outside, white within) beginning to appear before the leaves,
which are obovate or oval, and bright dark green.

3. ILLICIUM, STAR- ANISE. (From a Latin word, meaning to entice.)
Shrubs, aromatic, especially the bark and pods, with evergreen oblong leaves.
I. anisatum, of China, which yields an oil of anise, has small yellowish

flowers, is rare in greenhouses.

I. Floridanum, Wild Anise-tree, of Florida, &c.; has larger dark
purple flowers, of 20-30 narrow petals, in spring.

4. SCHIZANDRA. (Name from two Greek words, means cut-stamens.)
S. COCeinea, a twining shrub of S. States, scarcely at all aromatic, with

thin ovate or oblong leaves, and small crimson-purple flowers, in spring.

3. ANONACE^, CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, with 3 sepals and 6 petals in two sets, each set
valvate in the bud, and many short stamens on the receptacle, .sur-
rounding several pistils, which ripen into pulpy fruit containing
large and flat bony seeds. Embryo small ; the albumen which
forms the bulk of the kernel appears as if cut up into small pieces.
Foliage and properties resembling Magnolia Family, but seldom
aromatic, and no sfpulcs. All tropical, except the single genus

44 BARBERRY FAMILY.

1. ASIMINA, PAPAW of U. S. (Creole name.) Petals. c:rccnioh or
yellowish, becoming dark dull pui*])lc as they enlarge ; the 3 inner small.
Pistils few in tlie centre of the globular head of anthers, making one or
more large, oblong, pulpy fruits, sAvect and eatable when over-ripe in autumn.
Flowers in early spring preceding the leaves.

A. triloba, Commox Papaav (wholly different from the true Papaw of W.
Ind.), is a shrub or small tree, wild AY. & S. and sometimes planted, with obo-
vate-lanceolate leaves, and banana-shaped fruit 3' - 4' long.

A. parvifl6ra is a small-flowered, and A. grandifl6ra a large-flowered
species of S. E. States, both small-fruited, and A. pygmaea is a dwarf on«
with nearly evergreen leaves fai* South.

4. MENISPERMACE^, MOONSEED FAMILY.

Woody or partly woody twiners, with small dioecious flowers;
their sepals and petals much alike, and one before the other (usu-
ally 6 petals before as many sepals) ; as many or 2 - 3 times as
many stamens; and 2 — 6 pistils, ripenini^ into 1-seeded little stone-
fruits or drupes ; the stone curved, commonly into a wrinkled or
ridged ring ; the embryo curved with the stone. Leaves palmate
or peltate : no stipules. Anthers commonly 4-lobed.

1. COCCULUS. Sepals, petals, aud stamens each 6.

2. MENISPERMUM. Sepals and petals G or 8. Stamens in sterile flowers 12 - 20.

1. COCCULUS. (Name means a little berry.) Only one species in U. S.
C. Carolinus, Carolina C. Somewhat downy ; leaves ovate or heart-
shaped, entire or sinuate-lobed ; flowers greenish, in summer ; fruits red, as
large as peas. From Virginia S. & W.

2. MENISPERMUM, MOONSEED. (Name from the shape of the
stone of the fruit.) Only one species,

M. Canadense, Canadian Mooxseed. Almost smooth ; leaves peltate
near the edge ; flowers white, in late summer ; fruits black, looking like small
grapes.

5. BERBERIDACE.^, BARBERRY FAMILY.

Known generally by the perfect flowers, having a petal before
each sepal, and a stamen befoie each petal, with anthers opening
by a pair of valves like trap-doors, hinged at the top ( Lessons,
p. 114, fig. 236), and a single simple pistil. But No. 6 has nu-
merous stamens, 5 and 6 have more petals than sepals, and the
anthers of 2 and 6 o[)en lengthwise, in the ordinary way. There
are commonly bracts or outor sepals behind the true ones. ~ All blos-
som in spring, or the true Barberries in early summer.
» Sln-ubs or shr'ubby : stamens Q : berry few-seedtd.

1. BERBERIS. Flowers yellow, in racemes : petals with two deep-colored spots

at the base. Leaves simple, or simply pinnate. Wood and inner bark yellow.
Leaves with sharp bristly or spiny teeth,

2. NANDINA. Flowers white, in panicles : anthers opening lengthwise. Leaves

twice or thrice pinnate.

# * Rerennial herbs.
•*- With one to three twice or thi-ice ternately compound leaves.

3. EPIMEDIUM Stamens 4. Petals 4 hollow spurs or hoods. Pod several-

seeded. Leaflets with bristly teeth.

\

BARBERRY FAMILY. 46

4. CAULOPHYLLUM. Stamens 6. Petals 6 broad and thickish bodies much

shorter than the sepals. Ovary bursting or disappearing early, leaving the
two ovules to develop into naked berry-like, or rather drupe-like, spherical
seeds on thick stalks.*

••- -t- W2th simply 2 - 2-parted leaves, and solitary white jlowers : sepals falliny when
the blossom opens. Seeds numerous, paritta'l. Pistils rarely more than one !

5. JEFFERSOiSIA. Flower on a scape, rather preceding the 2-parted root-leaves.

Petals (oblong) and stamens mostly 8. Fruit an ovate pod, opening by a
cross-line half-way round, the top forming a conical lid. Seeds with" an
aril on one side.

6. PODOPHYLLUM. Flower in the fork between the two peltate 5 - 9-parted
' leaves : root-leaf single and peltate in the middle, umbrella-like. Petals

6-9, large and broad. Stamens usually 12 - 18. Fruit an oval, large and
sweet, eatable berry ; the seeds imbedded in the pulp of the large parietal
placenta.

1. BERBEBIS, BAKBERRY. (Old Arabic name.) The two sorts or
sections have sometimes been regarded as distinct genera.

§ 1. True Barberry; with simple leaves, clustered in the axil of compound spines.

B. vulgaris, Common B. of Eu. Planted, and run wild in thickets and
by roadsides ; has drooping many-flowered racemes, and oblong red and sour
berries ; leaves obovate-oblong, fringed with closely-set bristly teeth, with a joint
in the very short petiole (like that in an orange-leaf), clustered in the axils of
triple or m iltiplc spines, which answer to leaves of the shoot of the previous
season (see Lessons, p. 51, fig. 78).

B. Canadensis, Wild B. In the Alleghanies from Virginia S., and rarely
cult., a low bush, with few-flowered racemes, oval red berries, and less bristly
or toothed leaves.

§ 2. Mahonia ; ivith pinnate and evergreen leaves, spiny-toothed leaflets, and
clustered racemes of early spring flowers : berries blue or black ivith a
bloom. Planted for ornament.

^ B. Aquifolium, Holly B. or Mahonia, from Oregon, &c., rises to
30 _ 40 iijo ii ; leaflets 5-9, shining, finely reticulated.

B. r6pens. Creeping or Low M., from Rocky Mountains, is more hardy,
rises only 1° or less, and has rounder, usually fewer, pale or glaucous leaflets.

B. nervbsa, also called glumXcea, from the husk-like long and pointed
bud-scales at the end of the stems, which rise only a few inches above the ground ;
leaflets 11-21, along the strongly-jointed stalk, lance-ovate, several-ribbed from
the base. Also from Oregon.

B. Japonica, Japan M., tall, rising fully 6° high, the rigid leaflets with
only 3 or 4 strong spiny teeth on each side, is coming into ornamental grounds.

2. NANDINA. (The native Japanese name.) A single species, viz.

N. domestica. Cult, in cool greenhouse, &c., from Japan : very com-
pound large leaves : the berries more ornamental than the blossoms.

3. EPIMEDIUM, BARREN-WORT. (Old Greek name, of uncertain
meaning.) Low herbs, with neat foliage : cult, for ornament.

E. Alpinum, of European Alps, has a panicle of odd-looking small flowers ;
tb^ yellow petals not larger than the reddish sepals.

E. macranthum. Large-flowered E. ot' Japan, wath similar foliage,
has large white flowers with very long-spuri-ed petals.

4. CAULOPHYLLUM, COHOSH. The only species of the genus is

C. thalictroides, Blue Cohosh. Wild in woods, with usually only one
stem-leaf and that close to the top of the naked stem (whence the name of the
genus, meaning stem-leaf), and thrice tcrnate, but, having no common petiole, it
looks like three leaves ; and there is a larger and more compound radical leaf,
with a long petiole. The leaves are glaucous and resemble those of Thalirtrum
(as the specific name indicates), but the leaflets are larger. Seeds very hard,
with a thin blue pulp.

J

46 WATER-LILY FAMILY.

5. JEFFERSdNI A, TWIN-LEAF. {':^amed for Thomas Jeferson.)
J. dip hy 11a, sometimes called Rhedmatism-root. Wild in rich woods,

W, & S., sometimes cult. ; the pretty white flower and the leaves both lon>^-
Btalked, from the ground, appearing in early spring.

6. PODOPHYLLUM, MAY-APPLE, or MANDRAKE. (Name means
foot-leaf, the 5 - 7-parted leaf likened to a webbed-foot. )

P. pelt^tum. Wild in rich soil : the long running rootstocks (which are
poisonous and medicinal) send uj) in spring some stout stalks terminated by a
large, 7 - 9-lobed, regular, umbi-ella-shaped leaf (i. e. peltate in the middle), and
some which bear two one-sided leaves (peltate near their inner edge), with a large
white flower nodding in the fork. The sweet pulpy fruit as large as a pullet's
egg, ripe in summer : rarely 2 or more to one flower.

6. NYMPHiEACE^, WATER-LILY FAMILY..

Aquatic perennial herbs, with the leaves which float on the
surface of the water or rise above it mostly peltate or roundish-
heart-shaped, their margins inrolled in the bud, long-petioled ; axil-
lary 1-flowered peduncles ; sepals and petals hardly ever 5, the
latter usually numerous and imbricated in many rows. Tiie genera
differ so widely in their botanical characters that they must be
described separately. One of them is the famous Amazon Water-
Lily, Victoria regia, with floatin^r heaves 3 feet or more in diam-
eter, and the magnificent flowers almost in pro|)ortion ; while the
dull flowers of Water-shield are only half an inch long.

1. BIiASENlA. Sepals and petals each 3 or 4, narrow, and much alike, dull pur-

ple. Stamens 12-18: filaments slender. Pistils 4 - 18, forming indehiscent
1 - 3-seeded pods. All the parts separate and persistent. Ovules commonly
on tlie dorsal suture! Embryo, &c. as in Water-Lily.

2. NELUMBIUM. Sepals and petals many and passing gradually into each other,

deciduous. Stamens very mnny. on the receptacle, the upper part of which
is enlarged into a top-shaped body, bearing a dozen or more ovaries, each
tipped with a flat stigma and separately immersed in as many hollows. (Les-
sons, p. 126, fig. 284.) hi fruit these form 1-seeded nut<. resembling small
acorns. The whole keri>el of the seed is embryo, a pair of Heshy and farina-
ceniis cotyledons enclosing a plumule of 2 or 6 rudimentary green leaves.

3. NYMl'll^X. Sepals 4, green ourside. Petals numerous, many times 4, pass-

ing somewhat gradually into the numerous stamens (Lessons, p. 99, fig. 1'J8):
both orgnns grow attached to tlie globular many-ceiled ovary, the former
to its sides which they cover, the latter borne on its depressed sunnnit.
Around a little knob at the top of the ovary the numerous stigmas radiate as
in a poppy-head, ending in long and narrow incurved lobes. Fruit like the
ovary enlarged, still covered by the decaying persi>tent bases of the petals :
numerous seeds cover the partitions. Kipe seeds each in an arillus or b:ig
open at the top. (Lessons, p. 135, fig. 318.) Embryo, like that of Neluuibium
on a very small scale, but enclosed in a bag, and at the end of the kernel, the
rest of which is mealy albumen.

4. NUPHAR. Sepals usually 6 or 5, partly green outside. Petals many small

and thickish bodies inserted under the ovary along with the very numerous
short stamens. Ovary naked, truncate at tlie top, which is many-rayed by
stigmas, fleshy in fruit: the internal structure as in NymphiEa, only there is
no arillus to the seeds.

1. BRASENIA, WATER-SHIELD. (Name unexplained.) One species,

B. peltata. In still, rather deep water : stems rising to the sui-ftice, slen-
der, coated Avith clear jelly, bearing floating oval centrally-peltate leaves (2' -3'
long), and purplish small flowers, produced all summer.

2. NELUMBIUM, NELUMBO. (Ccyloncse name.) Rootstocks inter-
rupted and tuberous, sending up, usually out of water, very long petioles and

PITCH i:R-PL ANT FAMILY. 47

peduncles, bearing very large {l°-2° wide) and more or less dish-shaped or
f cup-shaped centrally-peltate entire leaves, iind great flowers (5'- 10' broad),
1 in summer. Seeds, also the tubers, eatable.

1 * N. luteum, Yellow N. or Water Chinquepin. Common W. & S. :
introduced, by Indians perhaps, at Sodus Bay, N. Y., Lyme, Conn., and below

A Philadelphia. Flower pale dull yellow : anther hook-tijjped.

N. speeidsum, Showy N., Lotus or Sacred Bean of India, with
pinkish flowers and blunter anthers : cult, in choice conservatories.

3. NYMPHJEA, WATER-LILY, POND-LILY. (Dedicated to the
Water- Nym})hs.) Long ])rostrate rootstocks, often as thick as one's arm,
send up floating leaves (rounded and with a narrow cleft nearly or quite to
the petiole) and large handsome flowers, produced all summer : these close in
the afternoon : the fruit ripens under Avater.

N. odor^ta, Sweet-scented White W. Common in still or slow
water, especially E. Flower richly sweet-scented, white, or sometimes pinkish,

/ rarely pink-red, variable in size, as are the leaves ; seeds oblong.

i N. tuberbsa. Tuber-bearing W. Common through the Great Lakes,
and W. & S. Flower nearly scentless (its faint odor like that of apples),
pure white, usually larger (4' -9' in diameter), as are also the leaves (8' -15'
wide); petals broader and blunter; seeds almost globular; rootstock bearing
copious tubers like " artichokes," attached by a narrow neck and spontaneously
separating.

\ N. eaerulea, Blue W., of Egypt, &c., cult, in aquaria ; a tender species,
with crenate-toothed leave^. and blue or bluish sweet-scented flowers, the petals
fewer and acute. CUlMW" tiHA^ Wv ^ci/*f/h/^ v

j 4. NtJPHAR, YELLOW POND-LILY, or ^ATTER-DOCK. (Old
Greek name.) Rootstock, &c. as in Nymphaea : leaves often rising out of
water : flowers by no means showy, yellow, sometimes purplish-tinged, pro-
duced all summer : fruit ripening above water.

"N. advena is the common species, everywhere ; has 6 unequal sepals or
sometimes more ; petals, or what answer to them, truncate, shorter than the
stamens and resembling them ; the thiekish leaves rounded or ovate-oblong.

N. luteum, rare N. ; has smaller flowers, with 5 sepals, petals dilated
upwards and more conspicuous, and a globular fruit with a narrow neck :
the var. pumilum, a small variety, has flowers only 1', and leaves l'-5' in
diameter ; rather common N.

N. sagittifdlia. Arrow-leaved N., from North Carolina S. ; has sagit-
tate leaves (1° by 2'), and 6 sepals. This and the last produce their earlier
leaves under water and very thin.

7. SARRACENIACE-aa, PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY.

Consists of one South American plant, of the curious Darling-
, TONiA Californica in the mountains of California, and of the
following : —

1. SARRACENIA. (Named for Dr. Sarrasin of Quebec.) Sidesaddle-
Flower, a most unmeaning ])opular name. Leaves all radical from a per-
ennial root, and in the fonn of hollow tubes or pitchers, winged down the
inner side, o])en at the top, where there is a sort of arcliing ])lade or hood.
The whole foliage yellowish green or purplish. Scape tall, naked, bearing a
single large nodding flower, in early summer. Sepals .5, with 3 bractlets at
the base, colored, persistent. Petals'. 5, flddle-shaped, incurved over the pel-
tataand umbrella-shaped .5-angled petal-like great top to the style. Stamens
, vei-y numerous. Ovaiy 5-eelled. Pod many-seeded, rough-warty.
""^ S. purpurea, Purple S. or Pitcher-Plant of the North, where it is
common in bogs. Leaves pitcher-shaped, o))en, with an erect round-heart-
shaped hood and a broad side-wing, purple-veiny ; flower deep purple.

J

\

48 POPPY FAMILY.

S. rtlbra, Red-flowered Trumpet-Leaf of S. States : sometimes cult.
in greenhouses. Leaves trumpet-shaped, slender, a foot long, with a narrow
wing and an erect ovate pointed hood ; flower crimson-pnrple.

S. Drunini6ndii, Great Trumpet-Leaf of Florida : sometimes cult.
Leaves much like the last, but 2° or 3° long, upper part of the tube and the
roundish erect hood variegated and purple-veiny ; and the deep-pnrplc flower
very large.

S. psittacina, Parrot Pitcher-Plant of S. States, and rarely cult.
Leaves short and spreading, with a narrow tube, a broad wing, and an inflated
globular hood, which is incurved over the mouth of the tube, spotted with white ;
flower purple.

S. variol^ris, Spotted Trumpet-Leaf of S. States. Leaves erect,
tmmpet-shaped, white-spotted above, longer than the scape, with a broad wing,
and an ovate hood arching over the orifice ; flower yellow.

S. fl^va, Yellow Trumpet-Leaf of S. States : cult, more commonly
than the rest, as a curiosity, and almost hardy N. Leaves trumpet-shaped, 2°
long, erect, yellowish or ])urple-vciny, with a narrow wing, and an erect round-
ish but pointed hood, a tall scape, and yellow flower.

8. PAPAVERACE.^, POPPY FAMILY.

Herbs with milky or colored juice, regular flowers, a calyx mostly
of 2 sepals which fall when the blossom opens, petals twice or 3 - 5
times as many, numerous stamens on the receptacle, and a com-
pound 1-celled ovary, with 2 or more parietal placentiB. Fruit a
pod, many-seeded. Juice narcotic, as in Poppy (opium), or acrid.
No. 5 has watery juice, with the odor of muriatic acid, and the
calyx like a cap or lid ; No. 7 has no petals and few seeds.

* Petals crumpled in the Jloicer-bud, tchuh droops on its peduncle before opening.

1. PAPAVKR. Stigmas united into a many-rayed circular body which is closely

sessile on the ovary. l*od gltjbulnr or oblona:, imperfectly many-celled by
the projecting placentre which are covered with numberless seeds, opening
onlv bv pores or chinks at the top. Juice white.

2. STYLOPHOKUM. Stigma 3 - 4-Iol)ed, raised on a style. Pod ovoid, bristly,

opening from the top into 3 or 4 valves, leaving the thread-like placenta} be-
tween them. .Juice yellow.

8. CHELIDONIUM. Stigma 2-lobed, almost sessile. Pod linear, with 2 placentae,
splitting from below into 2 valves. Juice orange.

« « Petals more or less crumpled in the bud, which is erect before opening.
' 4. ARGEMONE. Stigma 3-6-lobed, almost sessile. Sepals and oblong pod
prickly ; the latter opening by valves from the top, leaving the thread-like
placentae between. Juice yellow.

6. FSCHSCHOLTZIA. Sepals united into a pointed cap which falls off entire.
Receptacle or end of the flower-stalk dilated into a top-shaped body, ofren
with a spreading rim. Stigmas 4-6, sprendinp, unequal ; but the placentae
only 2. Pod long and slender, grooved. Juice colorless,

« « « Petals not crumpled in the bud, which does not droop.

6. SANGUINARIA. Sepals 2 : but the petals 8- 12. Stigma 2-lobed, on a short

style. Pod oblong, with 2 placentae. Juice orange-red.

# « * * Petals none. FUrwers in panicles, drooping in the bud.

7. BOCCONIA. Sepals 2, colored. Stigma 2-lobed. Pod few-seeded. Juice

reddish.

1. PAP AVER, POPPY. (Ancient name.) We have no truly wild spe-
cies : the following are from the Old World.

* Annuals, flowering in summer : cult, and iveeds of cultivation.

^ P. SOmniferum, Opium Poppy. Cult, for ornament, especially double-
flowered varieties, and for medical uses. Smooth, glaucous, with clasping and
wavy leaves, and white or purple flowers.

\

FUMITORY FAMILY. 49

P. Rbceas, Corn Poppy of Eu. Low, bristly, with almost pinnate
leaves, and deep red or scarlet flowers with a dark eye, or, when double, of
various colors ; pod obovate.

P. dubium, Long-headed P. Leaves with their divisions more cut than
the last ; flowers smaller and lighter red, and pod oblong-clavatc : run wild in
fields in Penn.

* * Perennial : cult, for ornament : flowering in late spring.

P. Orient^le, Oriental P. Rough-hairy, with tall flower-stalks, almost

f)innate leaves, and a very large deep-red flower, under which are usually some
eafy persistent bracts. Var. bracteXtum, has these bracts larger, petals still
larger and deeper red, with a dark spot at the base.

2. STYLOPHORUM, CELANDINE POPPY. (Name means style-
bearer, expressing a diflerence between it and Poppy and Celandine.) H.

S. diph^llum. From Penn. W. in open woods ; resembling Celandine,
but low, and with far larger (yellow) flowers, in spring.

3. CHELIDONIUM, CELANDINE. (From the Greek word for the
Swallow. ) @ H.

C. m^jUS, the only species, in all gardens and moist waste places ; l°-4°
high, branching, with pinnate or twice pinnatifid leaves, and small yellow flowers
in a sort of umbel, all summer ; the pods long and slender.

4. ARGEMONE, PRICKLY POPPY. (Meaning of name uncertain.) (i)

A. Mexieana, Mexican P. Waste places and gardens. Prickly, l°-2°
high ; leaves sinuate-lobed, blotched with white ; flowers yellow or yellowish,
pretty large, in summer. Var. albiflora has the flower larger, sometimes
very large, white ; cult, for ornament.

6. ESCHSCHOLTZIA. (Named for one of the discoverers, Eschscholtz,

the name easier pronounced than written.) ®
^ E. Californica, Californian annual, now common in gardens ; with pale
dissected leaves, and long-peduncled large flowers, remarkable fbr the top-
shaped dilatation at the base of the flower, on which the extinguisher-shaped
calyx rests : this is forced off whole by the opening petals. The latter are
bright orange-yellow, and the top of the receptacle is broad-rimmed. Var.
DouglIsii wants this rim, and its petals are piire yellow, or sometimes white;
but the sorts are much mixed in the gardens ; and there are smaller varieties
under different names.

6. SAWGUINARIA, BLOOD-ROOT. (Name from the color of the
juice.) U

S. Canadensis, the common and only species ; wild in rich woods, hand-
some in cultivation. The thick red rootstock in early spring sends up a roundcd-
reniform and palmate-lobed veiny leaf, wrapped around a flower-bud : as the leaf
comes out of ground and opens, the scape lengthens, and carries up the hand-
some, white, many-petallcd flower.

7. BOCCONIA. (Named in honor of an Italian botanist, Bocconi.) U

B. eord^ta,- Cordate B., from China, the only hardy species ; a strong
root sending up very tall leafy stems, with round-cordixte lobed leaves, which are
veiny and glaucous, and large panicles of small white or pale rose-colored flow-
ers, lato in summer ^ d^ / /

9. PUMARrACE^, FUMITORY FAMILY.

Like the Poppy Family in the plan of the flowers ; but the 4-
petalled corolla much larger than the 2 scale-like sepals, also irrecr-
ular and closed, the two inner and smaller petals, united by their
4

50 FUMITORY FAMILY.

spoon-shaped tips, which enclose the anthers of the 6 stamens in
two sets, along with the stigma : the middle anther of each set is
2-celled, the lateral ones 1 -celled. Delicate or tender and very
smooth herbs, with colorless and inert juice, and much dissected
or compound leaves.

* Corolla heart-shaped or 2-spurred at base : pod several-seedtd.

1. DICENTRA. Petals slightly cohering with each other. Seeds crested.

2. ADLUMIA. Petals all permanently united into one slightly heart-shaped

body, which encloses the small pod. Seeds crestless. Climbing by the^^ry

compound leaves.

« « Corolla with only one petal spurred at base.
8. CORYDALIS. Ovary and pod slender, several-deeded. Seeds crested.
4. FUMAKIA. Ovary and small closed fruit globular, 1-seeded.

1. DICENTRA (mcanini? two-spurred in Greek). Commonly but wrongly
named Diclvtra or Di elytra, ij. Fl. in spring.

* Wild species, hw, with delicate decoinjx)und leaves and Jeiv-Jlowered scapes sent
up from the ground in early spring.

D. Cucull^ria, Dutchman's Breeches. Common in leaf-mould in
woods N. Foliatje and flowers from a sort of granular-scaly bulb ; corolla
white tipped with yellow, with the two diverging spurs at the base longer than
the pedicel.

D. Canadensis, Caxadiax D. or Squirrel-Corn. With the last N.
Separate yellow grains, like Indian com, in place of a scaly bulb ; the corolla
narrower and merely heart-shaped at base, white or delicately flesh-colored,
sweet-scented ; inner petals much crested at tip.

D. eximia is rarer, wild along the Alleghanies, occasionally cult., has
coarser folia,:j^e, and more numerous flowers than the last, j)ink-purplc, and pro-
duced throughout the summer, from tufted scaly rootstocks.

* * Cultivated exotic, taller and coarser, leafg-stemmed, many-flowered.

D. spect&bilis, Showy D. or Bleeding Heart. From N. China,
very ornamental through spring and early summer, with ample Peony-like
leaves, and long drooping racemes of bright pink-red heart-shaped flowers
(1' long) : the two small sepals fall off in the bud.

2. ADLX^MIA, CLIMBING FUMITORY. (Named in honor of a Mr,
Adlum.) (2) The only species is

A. Cirrhbsa. Wild in low shady grounds from New York W. & S. and
cult. ; climbing over bushes or low trees, by means of its 2 - 3-pinnately com-
pound delicate leaves, the stalks of the leaflets acting like tendrils ; flowers flesh-
colored, panicle.!, all summer.

3. CORYDALIS. (Greek name for Fumitory.) Our species are leafy-
stemmed, ® or ij), wild in rocky i)laces, fl. spring and summer.

C. glauca, Pale Corydalis. Common, 6' -3° high, very glaucous, with
the whitish flowers variegated with yellow and pink, a short and rounded spur,
and erect pods.

C. flkvula, Yellowish C. From Penn. S. & W. : h&s the flowers pale
yellow, with the tips of the oater petals wing-crested ; seeds sharp-edged : other-
wise like the next.

C. atirea, Golden C. From Vermont W. & S. Low and spreading ;
flowers golden-yellow with a longish spur, and crestless tips, hanging pods, and
smooth blunt-edged seeds.

4. FUM ARIA, FUMITORY. (Name from /u?nws, smoke.) ® Low,
leafy-stemmed, with finely cut compound leaves.

P. ofQ.cin^lis, Common F. Common in old gardens, waste places, and
dung-heaps ; a delicate small weed, with a close spike of small pinkish crimson-
tipped flowers, in summer.

MUSTARD FAMILY. 51

10. CRUCIFER^, MUSTARD FAMILY.

Herbs, with watery juice, of a pungent taste (as exemplified in
Horseradish, Mustard, Water-Cress, &c.), at once distinguished by
the cruciferous fiower (of 4 sepals, 4 petals, their upper part gen-
erally spreading above the calyx in the foim of a cross), the tetra-
dyiiamous stamens (i. e. 6, two of them shorter than the other four) ;
and the single 2-celled pistil with two parietal placentae, forming the
kiml of pod called a silique, or when short a silicle. (See Lessons,
p. 92, fig. 187, 188, for the flower, and p. 133, fig. 310, for the fruit.)
The embryo tills the whole seed, and has the radicle bent up against
the cotyledons. Flowers in racemes, which are at first short, like
!^imple corymbs, but lengthen in fruiting : no bracts below the pedi-
cels. The blossoms are all nearly alike throughout the family ; so
that the genera are mainly known by the fruit and seed, which are
usually to be had before all the flowers have passed.

§ 1. Fruit a true pod, opening lengthwise by two valves, which fall away and leave
the thin jjersisteni partition when ripe.

* Seeds or ovules more than two in each cell.
-^-Fod beaked or pointed beyond the summit of the valves, or the style with a conical
base. Seeds spherical, the cotyledons wrajjped around the radicle,

1. BRASSIGA. Flowers yellow. Pods oblong or linear.

•t- -t— Fod not beaked or conspicuously pointed,
++ Neither fattened nor i-sided, but the cross-section nearly circular.

2. SISYMBRIUM. Pods in the common species shortish, lance-awl-shaped, close-

pressed to the stem. Seeds oval, marginless. Flowers small, yellowish.

3. NASTURTIUM. Pods shortish or short (from oblong-linear to almost spherical).

Seeds in 2 rows in each cell, globular, marginless. Flowers yellow or white.

4. HESPERIS. Pods long and slender, with a single row of marginless seeds in

each cell*(as broad as the partition); the radicle laid against the back of one
of the cotyledons. Flowers rather large, pink-purple. Stigma of 2 erect
blunt lobes.

5. MALCOLMIA. Pods somewhat thickened at the base. Stigma of 2 pointed

lobes. Otherwise as No. 4.

6. MATTHIOLA. Pods long and narrow : seeds one-rowed in each cell (as broad

as the partition), flat, wing-margined; the radicle laid against one edge of the
broad cotyledons. Flowers pink-purple, reddish, or varying to white, large
^nd showy.
***^Fod long and slender, linear, 4-sided (the cross section square or rhombic), or
if fattened having a strong salient midrib to the valves. Seeds marginless,
mostly single-rowed in each cell. Flowers yellow or orange, never white.
a. Lateral sepals sac-shaped at the base.

7. CHEIRANTHUS. Seeds flat; the radicle laid against the edge of the broad

cotyledons. Flowers showy. Leaves entire.

b. Sepals nearly equal and alike at the base.

8. ERYSIMUM. Seeds oblong; the radicle kid against the back of one of the

narrow cotyledons. Leaves simple.

9. BARBAREA. Seeds oval; the radicle laid against the edge of the broad

cotvledons. Leaves lyrate or pinnatifid.
2. SISYMBRIUM. Seeds oblong; the radicle laid against the back of one of the
cotyledons. Flowers small. Leaves twice pinnatifid.
.♦.+ ++++ Fod flattened jmrallel to the partition; the valves fat or fattish : so are the
seeds: radicle against the edge of the cotyledons. Flowers white or purple.

10. ARABIS. Pod long and narrow-linear, not opening elastically ; the valves

with a midrib. Seeds often winged or margined.

11. CARDAMINE. Pods linear or lanceolate: the valves with no or hardly any

midrib, opening elasticnllv from the base upwards. Seeds marginless and
slender-stalked, one-rowed in each cell. No scaly-toothed rootstock.

52 MUSTARD FAMILY.

12. DENTARIA. Pods, &c. as in the preceding. Seed-stalks broad and flat

Stem 2-3-leaved in the middle, naked belovr, springing from a horizontal
scaly-toothed or irregular fleshy rootstock.

13. LUNARIA. Pods oval or oblong, large and very flat, stalked above the calyx.

Seeds winged, 2-rowpd in each cell. Flowers pretty large, purple.

14. DRABA. Pods round-oval, oblong or linear, flat. Seeds wingless, 2-rowed ia

each cell. Flowers small, white in the common species.
4-». +♦ ++ H-»- Podsliori,Jla(tisli parallel to (he broad partition. Floicers yellotv, small.

15. CAMELINA. Pods turgid, obovate or pear-shaped.

m. ++++++ -M- Pod short, very muih flattened contrary to the narrmo partition ; the
valves Uitrefwe deeply boat-shaped. Flowers white, small.

16. CAPSELLA. Pods obovate-triangular, or triangular with a notch at the top.
• « Seeds or the ovules single or sometimes 2 in each cell. Pods short and flat.

•«- Corolla iii-egular, the petals being very uneqiud.

17. IBERIS. Flowers in short and flat-topped clusters, whire or purple ; the two

petals on the outer side of the flower much larger than the oshers. Pods
scale-shaped, roundish or ovate, much flattened contrary to the very narrow
partition, notched at the wing-margined top.

■t- -»- Corolla regular, small.

18. LEPIDIUM. Pods scale-shaped, much flattened contrary to the very narrow

partition, often notched or wing-margined at the top. Flowers white.

19. ALYSSUM. Pods roundish, flattened [)arallel to the broad partition. Seeds

flat, commonly wing-margined. Flowers yellow or white.

§ 2. Fi-uit indehiscent, tcing-like, i-seeded.

20. ISATIS. Flowers yellow. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded, resembling a small samara

or ash-lruit.
§ 3. Fruit fleshy, or when ripe and dry corky, not opening by valves, 2 -many-seeded.

21. CAKILE. Fruit jointed in the middle ; the two short joints 1-celled, 1-seeded.

Seed oblong.

22. RAP H ANUS. Fruit several-seeded, with cellular matter or with constrictions

between the spherical seeds. ,

1. BRASSICA, CABBAGE, MUSTARD, &c. (Ancient' Latin name of
■ Cabba<;e. Botanically the Mustards rank in the same genus.) (T; (5) Cult,
from Eu., or run wild as weeds ; known by their yellow flowers, beak-pointed
pods, and globose seeds, the cotyledons wrapped round the radicle.

B. oler^cea, Cabbage. The original is a sea-coast plant of Europe, with
thick and hard stem, and pretty large pale yellow flowers ; the leaves very gla-
brous and glaucous ; upper ones entire, clasping the stem, not auriclcd^t the
base : cult, as a biennial, the rounded, thick, and fleshy, strongly veined leaves
collect into a head the first year upon the summit of a short and stout stem.

— Var. Broccoli is a state in which the stem divides into short fleshy branches,
bearing clusters of abortive flower-buds. — Var. Cauliflower has the nour-
ishing matter mainly concentrated in short imperfect flower-branches, collected
into a flat head. — Var. Kohlrabi has the nourishing matter accumulated in
the stem, which forms a turnip-like enlargement above ground, beneath the
cluster of leaves. — Kale is more nearly the natural state of the species, the
fleshy leaves not forming a head.

B. eamp6stris, of the Old World ; like the last, but with brighter flowers ;
the lower leaves pinnatifid or divided and rough w^ith stifl* hairs, and the upp jr
auricled at the base, is represenTc^nTfcnrtivaltoTr hy the Var, Colza or Rape,
with small annual root, cult, for the oil of the seed. — Var. Tur.vi v ( B. Napus) ;
cult, as a biennial, for the nourishment accumulated in the na})iform white root.

— Var. Rutabaga or Swedish Turnip, has a longer and yellowish root.

B. Sinip^strum, or Sin^pis arvensis, Charlock. A troublesome
weed of cultivation in grainflelds, annual, Avith the somewhat rough leaves barely
toothed or little lobed, and nearly smooth pods spreading in a loose raceme, the
seed-bearing part longer than the conical (usually empty) beak.

B. (or Sin^pis) alba, White Mustard. Cult.and in waste places, an-
nual ; the leaves all piunatitid and rough-hairy ; pods spreading in the raccui^.'.

MUSTARD FAMILY. 53

bristly, the lower and turgid few-seeded portion shorter than the 1-sceded stout
and flattened beak ; seeds large, ])ale brown.

B. (or Sinkpis) nigra, Black Mustard. Cult, and in waste places;
leaves less liairy and less divided than the last ; pods erect in the raceme or
spike, smooth, short, 4-sided (the valves having a strong midrib), and ti])ped
with the short empty conical base of a slender style ; seed.i dark brown, smaller,
and more pungent than in the last.

2. SISYMBRIUM, HEDGE MUSTARD. (The ancient Greek name.)
S. officinale. Common H. ® Coarse weed in waste places, with branch-
ing stems, runcinate leaves, and very small pale yellow flowers, followed by
awl-shaped obscurely 6-sided pods close pressed to the axis of the narrpw spike.

S. canescens, Hoary H. or Taxsy-Mustard. (i) Commonly only
S. & W., hoary, with finely cut twice-pinnatilid leaves, minute yellowish flow-
ers, and oblong-club-shaped 4-sided pods on slender horizontal pedicels.

3. NASTURTIUM, WATER-CRESS, HORSERADISH, &c. (Xame
from nasKS tortus, convulsed nose, from tire pungent qualities.) Here are
combined a variety of plants, widely different in ap])earance : the following
are the commonest.

* Nat. from Eu. : the white petals twice the length of the calyx. "%

N. officinale, Watrr-Cress. Planted or run wild in streamlets, spread-
ing and rooting, smooth, with pinnate leaves of 3-11 roundish or oblong leaf-
lets ; fl. all summer ; pods broadly linear, slightly curved upwards on their
spi'eading pedicels. Yountr plants eaten.

N. Armoraeia, Ho^eradish. Planted or run wild in moist soil ; with
very large oblong or lanceolate leaves, chiefly from the ground, crenate, rarely
cut or pinnatifid ; pods globular, but seldom seen. The long deep root is a
familiar condiment.
, , * * Indigencnis species, in wet places : petals yellow or yellowish.

/' ' N. paMstre, Marsh-Cress. A very common homely weed, erect, 1°- 3°

j!it5^^^igh, with ];iunatifld or lyrate leaves of several oblong cut-toothed leaflets, small

ft yellowish flowers, and small oblong or ovoid jjods.
^^/^(yJ- • U. sessiliflbrum, like the last, but with less lobed leaves, very minute

sessile flowers, and longer oblong pods, is common from Illinois S. And there

are 2 or 3 more in some parts, especially S.

4. HESPERIS, ROCKET. (Greek for evening, the flowers being then
fragrant.) U

H. matron^lis. Common or Dame R. Tall and rather coarse plant in
country gardens, from Eu., inclined to run wild in riah shady soil ; with oblong
or lanceolate toothed leaves, and rather large purj^le flowers, in summer, fol-
lowed by (2' - 4') long and slender pods.

5. MALCOLMIA. (Named for W. Malcolm, an English gardener.)

M. maritima, Maiion Stock, called Virginia Stock in England, but
comes from the shores of the Mediterranean : a garden annual, not much cult.,
a span high, with pale green oblong or spatulate nearly entire leaves, and ])retty
pink-red flowers changinji- to violet-purple, also a white var. (much smaller than
those of true Stock) ; pods long and slender.

6. MATTPTIOLA, STOCK or GILLIFLOWER. (Named for the early
naturalist, Mafthiali.) Cult, garden or house plants, from Eu., hoary-leaved,
much prized for their handsome and fragrant, pretty large, pink, reddish, or
white flowers, of which there are very double and showy varieties.

M. ine^na. Common Stock. % Stout stem becoming almost woody :
not hardy at tlie N.

M. ^nnua, Ten-week Stock. ® Probably only an herbaceous variety
of the last ; flowers usually not double.

51 MUSTARD FAMILY.

7. CHEIRANTHUS, WALLFOWER. {Cheiri is the Arabic name.)
Like Stocks, but slightly if at all hoary, and the flowers orange, brown-red-
dish, or yellow. 1|.

C. Cheiri, Common Wallflower. Cult, from S. Eu., not hardy N.,
a much-prized house-plant ; stem woody, crowded with the narrow and pointed
entire leaves.

8. ERYSIMUM. (Name from Greek, and meaning to draw blisters, fi-om
the acridity.)

E. asperum, "Westerx Wallflower. Wild from Ohio W. & S. ; like
the wild state of the Wallflower, with brij^ht yellow or orange flowers, but the
seeds are different, and the long pods quite square in the cross-section ; the
leaves somewhat toothed and hoary. (2> U-

Bi cheiranthoides, Treacle-Mustard or Wormseed Mustard.
A rather insigniflcant annual, wild or run wild in waste moist places, with slen-
der branches, lanceolate almost entire leaves, and small yellow flowers, followed
by shortish and obscurely 4-sidcd pods on slender spreading pedicels.

9. BARBAREA, WINTER-CRESS. (The Herb of Santa Barbara.)
Different from the last genus in the seeds, divided leaves, and in the general
aspect. Leaves used by some as winter salad, but bitterish. (D H,

B. vulgaris, CoMMOx W. or Yellow Rocket. Smooth, common in
old gardens and other rich soil, with green lyrate leaves, and bright yellow
flowers, in si)ring and summer ; pods erect, crowded in a dense raceme, much
thicker thaii th.ir pu-dicels.

B. priJSCOX, Early W. or Scurvy-Grass. Cult, from Pcnn. S. for early
salad, beginning to run wild, ))robul)ly a variety of the last, Avith more numerous
and narrower divisions to the leaves ; the less erect pods scarcely thicker than
their pedicels.

10. ARABIS, ROCK-CRESS. (Name from Arabic.) Fl. spring and
summer. Leaves mostly simple and undivided.

♦ Wild species, on rocks, <J'c. : flowers white or whitish, not showi/. (D

A. lyr^ta, Low R. A delicate, low, nearly smooth plant, with a cluster
of lyrate root-leaves ; stem-leaves few and narrow ; bright white petals rather
conspicuous ; pods slender, spreading.

A. hirsuta, Hairy R. Strictly erect, l°-2° high; stem-leaves many
and sagittate ; small greenish-white flowers and narrow pods erect.

A. laevigata, Smooth R. Erect, lo-2° high, glaucous; upper leaves
sagittate ; flowers rather small ; pods 3' long, very narrow and not very flat,
recurving ; seeds winged.

A. Canadensis, Caxadiax or Sicklepod R. Tall, growing in ravines ;
stem-loaves ];ointcd at both ends, pubescent ; petals whitish, narrow ; pods 3'
long, scythe-shaped, very flat, hanging ; seeds broadly winged.

* * Wild, on river banks : flowers pink-purple, ratlwr sliowy. © U

A. hesperidoides, Rocket R. Smooth, erect, 10-3° high; with
rounded or heart-shaped long-petioled root-leaves, ovate-lanceolate stem.-leaves
(2' -6' long), the lower on a winged petiole or with a ])air of small lateral
lobes ; ])etals long-clawed ; pods spreading, narrow ; seeds wingless. Banks of
the Ohio and S. W.

* * * Garden species: flowers ivhite, shoir>/. U

A. alpina, Alpine R., and its variety 1 A. Albida, from Eu., low and
tufted, hairy or soft-downy, are cult, in gardens ; fl. in early spring.

n. CARDAMINE, BITTER-CRESS. (Ancient Greek name.) U

C. hirsuta, S.^iall B. A low and branching insignificant herb, usually
not hairy, with slender fibrous root, pinnate leaves, the leaflets angled or
toothed, and small white flowers, followed by narrow upright pods : common in
moist soil, fl. spring and summer.

MUSTARD FAMILY. 55

C. prat^nsis, Cuckoo-flower or Ladies' Smock. Stem ascending
from a short perennial rootstock ; the pinnate leaves with rounded and stalked
entire small leaflets ; flowers in spring, showy, pink or white : in bogs at the
north, and a double-flowered variety is an old-fashioned plant in gardens.

C. rhomboidea. Stems upright from a small tuber, simple, bearing rather
large white or rose-purple flowers in spring, and simple angled or sparingly
toothed leaves, the lowest rounded or heart-shaped, the vipper ovate or oblong :
in wet places northward.

12. DENTARIA, TOOTHWORT. (From the Latin rfe«^, a tooth.) U

D. diphylla, Two-leaved T., Pepper-root, or Crinkle-root. So
called from the fleshy, long and toothed rootstocks, which are eaten and taste
like Water-Cress ; there are only 2 stem leaves, close together, each of 3 rhom-
bic-ovate and toothed leaflets, and the root-leaf is similar ; flowers quite large,
white, in spring. Woods in vegetable mould, N.

D. laeini^ta, Laciniate T. Rootstock necklace-form or constricted in
2 or 3 places, scarcely toothed ; stem-leaves 3 in a whorl, each 3-parted into
linear or lanceolate leaflets, which are cut or cleft into narrow teeth, or the
lateral ones 2-lobed ; flowers purplish, in spring : banks of streams.

13. LUNARIA, HONESTY or SATIN-FLOWER. (Name from Luna,
the moon, from the shape of the broad or rounded pods.) ® U

L. biennis, Common Honesty. Not native to the country, but cultivated
in old-fashioned places, for the singular large oval pods, of which the broad
white partitions, of satiny lustre, remaining after the valves have fallen, are
used for ornament ; leaves somewhat heart-shaped ; flowers large, pink-purple,
in early summer.

L. rediviva, Perennial Honesty, is a much rarer sort, with oblong
pods ; seldom met with here.

14. DRABA, W^HITLOW-GRASS. (Name is a Greek word, meaning
acrid.) Low herbs, mostly with white flowers : the commoner species are the
following : fl. early spring ; winter annuals.

D. Caroliniana. Leaves obovate, hairy, on a very short stem, bearing a
short raceme or corymb on a scape-like peduncle 1' - 4' high ; jfetals not notched ;
pods broadly linear, much larger than their pedicels : in sandy waste places.

D. verna. A diminutive plant, with a tuft of oblong or lanceolate root-
leaves, and a scape l'-3' high; petals 2-cleft ; pods oval or oblong, in a ra-
ceme, shorter than their pedicels : in sandy waste places.

15. CAMELINA, FALSE-FLAX. (An old name, meaning c?M;a?/;,/?aa:;
the common species was fancied to be a degenerate flax.) ®

C. sativa, Common F. A weed, in grain and flax-fields, 10-2° high,
with lanceolate leaves, the upper ones sagittate and clasping the stem ; small
pale-yellow flowers, followed by obovate turgid pods in a long loose raceme ;
style conspicuous.

16. CAPSELLA, SHEPHERD'S-PURSE. (Name means a //«/e pot/.) ®
C. Bursa-Past6ris, Common S. The commonest of weeds, in waste

places ; root-leaves pinnatifld or toothed, those of the stem sagittate and partly
clasping ; small white flowers followed by the triangular and notched pods, m a
long raceme.

17. IBl^RIS, CANDYTUFT. (Name from the country, Ihma, an old
name for Spain.) Low garden plants, from Europe, cultivated for ornament;
different from the rest of the order in the irregular corollas.

I. umbell^ta, Common C. ©. Lower l^ves lanceolate, the upper
linear and entire ; flowers purple-lilac (or pale), in flat clusters, in summer.

I. semp6rvirens, Evergreen C. U Rather woody-stemmed, tufted,
with bright green lanceolate or linear-spatulate thickish entire leaves, and flat
dusters of pure white flowers, in spring.

5G CAPER FAMILY.

18. LEPIDIUM, PEPPERGKASS. (A Greek word, meaning Utth scale,
from tlie pods.) Our common species have incised or pinnatirid leaveS; and
very small white or whitish flowers. Q)

L. Virginieum, Wild P. A common weed by roadsides, with petals,
and usuall\^ only 2 stamens ; the little pods orbicular and scarcely margined at
the notched top ; seeds flat, the radicle against the edge of the cotyledons.

L. ruderale, introduced from Europe, is much less common, more
branched, with no petals, smaller scarcely notched pods, and turgid seeds, the
radicle against the back of one of the cotyledons.

L. sativum, Gardi:x P. Cult, as a cress, has petals, and the larger ovate
pods are winged and slightly notched at the top.

19. ALYSSUM, MAD WORT. (Name refers to being a fancied remedy for
canine madness.) Cult, for ornament ; from Eu.

A. maritimum, Sweet Alyssum. A spreading little plant, from Eu-
rope, fl. all summer in gardens, or in the greenhouse in winter, green or slightly
hoai-y, with lanceolate or linear entire leaves tapering at the base, and small
white honey-scented flowers, in at length elongated racemes, the round little
pods with a single seed in each cell. A variety much used for borders has
paler and white-edged leaves.

A. saxatile, Rock A. Low, hoary-leaved, Avith abundant brigh^ yellow
flowers, in spring ; cult, from Europe. 2^

20. iSATIS, WOAD. (Name of obscure derivation.) © One common
species of Eu.,

I. tinctdria, Dyer's Woad. Rather tall, glabrous and glaucous, with
the stem-leaves lanceolate and entire, sessile and somewhat sagittate ; the ra-
cemes of small yellow flowers ]>aniclcd, succeeded by the hanging samara-like
closed pods ; fl. in early summer. Old gardens, formerly cult, for a blue dye.

21. CAKILE, SEA-ROCKET. (An old Arabic name.) ® ®

C. Americana, American S. A fleshy herb, wild on the shore of the
sea and Great Lakes, with obovate wavy-toothed leaves, and purplish flowers.

22. RAPHANUS, RADISH. (Ancient Greek name, said to refer to the

rapid germination of the seeds.) (i) (2) All from the Old World.

R. sativus, Radish. Cult, from Eu. ; with lyratc lower leaves, purple
and whitish flowers, and thick and pointed closed pods ; the seeds separated by
irregular fleshy false partitions : cult, for the tender and fleshy pungent root :
inclined to run wild.

R. caud^tUS, Rat-tail R., from India, lately introduced into gardens,
rather as a curiosity, is a probable variety of the Radish, with the narrow pod
a foot or so long, eaten when green.

R. Raphanistrum, Wild R. or Jointed Charlock. Troublesome
weed in cult, fields, with rough lyrate leaves, yellow petals changing to whitish
or j)urplish, and narrow long-beaked pods, which are divided across between the
several seeds, so as to become necklace-form.

11. CAPPARIDACE^, CAPER FAMILY.

In our region tlipse are herbs, resembling Oruciferce, but with
^' >• .stamens not tetrjidynamous and often more than 6, no partition in
JKa/ niig pQj (which is therefore 1-celled with two parietal placentas), and
uA^ kidney-shaped seeds, the embryo rolled up instead of folded to-
gether : the leaves commonly palmately com{)Ound, and the herbage
""■^ . bitter and nauseous instead of pungent. But in warm regions the
Cress-like pungency sometimes appears, as in capers, the pickled
flower-buds of Capparis spinosa, of the Levant. This and its
near relatives are trees or shrubs. .

PITTOSPORUM FAMILY. . 5/

1. CLEOME. Calyx 4-cleft. Petals 4. Stamens 6, on a short thickened recep-
tacle. Ovary and many-seeded pod in ours raised above the receptacle on a
long stalk. Style very short or none. Usually an appendage on one side of
the receptacle.
2; GYNANDKOl'SIS. Sepals 4. Stamens borne on the long stalk of the ovarj'
far above the petals. Otherwise as in No. 1.
' 8. POLANISIA. Sepals 4. Stamens 8-32. Ovary and pod sessile or short-
stalked on the receptacle. Style present. Odierwise nearly as No. 1.

1. CLEOME. (From a Greek word meaning closed, the application not
obvious.) (V)

C. piingens. Tall (2° -4° high), clammy-pubescent, with little spines or
prickly points (whence the name) in place of stipules, about 7 broadly lanceolate
leaflets, but the l)racts simple and ovate or heart-shaped, and a raceme of large
and handsome flowers, with long-clawed pink or purple petals and declined sta-
mens. Cult, from S. America, for ornament, and run wild S.

C. integrifblia, much smaller, very smooth, with 3 leaflets and the pink
petals without claws, is wild in Nebraska, &c., and lately introduced to gardens.

2. GYNANDROPSIS. (Greek-made name, meaning that the stamens
appear to be on the pistil.) (Lessons, p. 125, fig. 276.)

G. pentaph^lla. Nat. from Carolina S. fi-om West Indies, is a clammy-
pubescent weed, with 5 leaflets to the leaves and 3 to the bracts ; the white
petals on claws.

3. POLANISIA. (Greek-made name, meaning many -unequal, referring to
the stamens.)

P. grav^olens. A heavy-scented (as the name denotes), rather clammy,
low herb, with 3 oblong leaflets, and small flowers with short white petals, about
11 scarcely longer purplish stamens, and a short style; fl. summer. Wild on
gravelly shores, from Conn. W.

12. RESEDACE^, MIGNONETTE FAMILY.

Herbs, with inconspicuous flowers in spikes or racemes ; rep-
resented by the main genus,

1. RESEDA, MIGNONETTE, &c. (From a Latin word, to assuage, from
supposed medical properties.) Calyx 4-7-parted, never closed even in the
bud. Petals 4-7, unequal, cleft or notched, those of one side of the flower
appendagcd within. Stamens 10-40, borne on a sort of disk dilated on one
side of the flower. Ovary and pod composed of 3-6 carpels united not
quite to the top into a 3 - 6-lobcd or 3 - 6-horned 1-ccllcd pistil which opens
at the top long before the seeds are rips. The seeds are numerous, kidney-
shaped, on 3 - 6 parietal placentae. Leaves alternate.
R. odorata, Common Mignonette. Cult, (from N. Africa) as an an.

nual, for the delicious scent of the greenish-white flowers ; the anthers orange ;

petals 6, the posterior ones cut into several fine lobes ; stems low ; some leaves

entire and oblong, others 3-lobed.

R. Lut^ola, Dyer's M. or Weld. Nat. along roadsides, tall, with

lanceolate entire leaves, and a long spike of yellowish flowers ; petals 4.

13. PITTOSPORACE^, PITTOSPORUM FAMILY.

A small family of shrubs and trees, belonsjinj^ mostly to ihe south-
ern hemisphere, in common cultivation represented only by one
house-plant, a species of

1. PITTOSPORUM. (Name means pitchy seed in Greek, the seeds being
generally covered with a sticky exudation.)" Flowers regular, of 5 sepals.

58 . VIOLET FAMILY.

5 petals, and 5 stamens ; the claws of the petals sometimes slightly united :

ovary one-celled with three parietal placenta;, a single style and stigma.

Fruit a globular woody pod, many-seeded.

P. Tobira, Commox P. A low tree, cultivated as a house-plant (from
Jaj)an), with obovate and rctusc evergreen leaves crowded at the end of
the branches, which are terminated by a small sessile umbel of white fragrant
(lowers, produced in winter. ^

^ Ir Ujuu'^ 14. VIOLACEiEj VIOLET FAMILY.

j\ Ci-vx Commonly known only by the principal genus of the order, viz.

^^ 1. VIOLA, VIOLET. (Ancient Latin name.) Sepals 5, persistent. Pet-
als 5, more or less unequal, the lower one with a sac or s])ur at the base.
(Lessons, p. 91, fig. 181, 182.) Stamens .5, short: the very broad flat lila-
ments conniving and slightly cohering around the pistil, which they cover,
all but the end of the style and the (usually one-sided) stigma, bearing the
anthers on their inner face, two of these spurred at the base. Ovary and pod
1 -celled, with 3 ))arietal placentie, containing several rather large seeds. —
Herbs, with stipules to the altcniate leaves, and 1-flowered peduncles,
» Stemless Violets, wiih leaves and peduncles all from creeping or sub.
terranean rootstocks, there being no proper ascending stems : all Jiowering in
spring, also producinq im'on.<])inious flowers and most of the fruitful pods,
all summer, concealed among the leaves.

•<- Garden species, from Eurojye: fmgrant.
V. Odor^ta, Sweet Violet. Cult, from Eu., the tufts spreading by
creeping runners ; leaves rounded heart-shaped, more or less downy ; flowers
purple-blue (violet-color) varying to bluish and white, single or in cultivation
commonly full double. Hardy ; while the Italiax Violet, the variety used
for winter-blooming, with leaves smoother and brighter green and flowers paler
or grayish-blue, is tender northward.

•«- •»- Wild species : slightly sweet-scented or scentless.
■M- Flowers blue or lu'olef-color.
V. Selkirkii, Selkirk's V. Small, only 2' high, the rounded heart-
shaped leaves spreading flat on the ground ; the flower large in projwrtion, its
thick spur nearly as long as the beardless ])etals : on shady banks, only N.

V. sagittclta, Arrow-leaved V. One of the commonest and' earliest ;
leaves varying from oblong-heart-shaped to ovate and often rather halberd-
shaped, the earlier ones on short and margined petioles ; flower large in propor-
tion ; spur short and sac-shaped, as in all the following.

V. cucull^ta, Common Blue V. The tallest and commonest of the
blue violets, in all low grounds, with matted fleshy and scaly-toothed rootstocks,
erect and heart-shaped or kidney-shaped obscurely serrate leaves, with the sides
at the base rolled in Avhen young, on long petioles ; flowers sometimes pale or
variegated with Avhite.

V. palm^ta, Hand-leaf V., is a variety of the last, with the leaves, or
all the later ones, 3 - 7-cleft or parted ; common southward.

V. ped^ta, Bird-foot V. Grows in sandy or light soil, from a short and
thick or tuber-like rootstoek ; the leaves all ctu into linear divisions or lobes ;
the flower large, beardless, usually light violet-color : sometimes the two upper
petals deep dark violet, like a pansy.

V. delphinifblia, Larkspur-leaved V., takes the place of the preced-
ing in prairies, &c. W. and is like it, but has the lateral petals bearded.
** -w- Floivers (small) white, the lower petal purplish-veined.
V. blanda, Sweet White V. Very common, with faintly sweet-scented
flowers, all the petal > beardless; leaves rounded heart-shaped or kidney-shaped.
V. primulsefblia, Primrose-leaved V. Common S., between the last
and next, has oblong or ovate leaves.

V. laneeol^ta. Lance-leaved V. Commonest S., has lanceolate leaves
tapering into long petioles, and beardless petals.

SUNDEW FAMILY. 59

4-f ++ •♦-». Flowers yellow.

V. rotundif61ia, Round-leaved V, Oiily» in cold woods N. ; the
roundish heart-sluiped leaves flat on the {rround, becoming large and shining in
summer ; spreads by runners ; flower small.

* * Leafy-stemmed Violets, wild, perennial : Jlowering in spring and summer.
H- Flowers yellow, short-spurred : stem 2 - 4-leaved above, naked beloio.

V. pubescens, Downy Yellow V, Common in rich woods ; soft-
downy, also a rather smooth variety ; leaves l)roadly heart-shaped.

V. hastata, Halkerd-leaved V. Scarce W. & S. ; smoother; leaves
oblong-heart-shaped, halberd-shaped, or 3-lobed ; flower small. /

-»- •*- Flowers not yellow : stem branched, leafy below : leaves rounded heart-shaped.

V. striata, Pale V. Not rare N. & W,, low; flowers creamy-white,
with lower petal purple-lined ; spur short ; stipules large in projwrtion, strongly
fringe-toothed.

V. canina, Dog V., the Amer. variety : common in low grounds ; low.
with creeping branches or short runners, fringe- toothed stipules, and spur half
the length of the violet flower.

V. rostrata, Long-spurred V. Shady hills N. & W. ; 6' high, with
fringe-toothed stipules, and slender spur longer than the pale violet ])etals.

v. Canadensis, Canada V. Common in rich woods N. & W., taller
than the others, l°-2° high, larger-leaved, with entire stipules; flowers all
summer, the petals white or purplish above, the upper ones violet-purple under-
neath ; spur very short and blunt.

* * * Pansy Violets, /rom Europe, with leafy and branching stems, and large
leaf-like stipules : floivering through the spring and summer'.

V. tricolor, Pansy or Heart 's-ease. Cult, or running wild in gardens,
low, with roundish leaves, or the upper oval and lowest heart-shaj)ed ; stipules
. lyrate-pinnatifid ; petals of various colors, and often variegated, and under culti-
vation often very large and showy, the spur short and blunt. — Var. arvensis,
is a field variety, slender and small-flowered, thoroughly naturalized in some
places. (\) fi) '11 - ■

V. COrntlta, Horned V. From the Pyrenees, cult, in borders of late ;
has stipules merely toothed, and light violet-purple flowers Avith a very long
and slender spur. 11

15. DROSERACE^, SUNDEW FAMILY.

l^tir Bon^-hwbs, with regular flowers, on scapes ; leaves in a tuft at
/the root, glandular-bristly or bristly-fringed, and rolled up from the

^•^^^-nkpex in the bud, in the manner of Ferns ; the persistent sepals and
withering-persistent petals each 0; stamens 5- L3 witli their anthers
turned outward ; and a 1-celled many-seeded pod. Represented by
two genera.

1. DROSERA. Stamens 5. Styks 3-5, but 2-parted so as to seem like 6-10.
Ovarv with 3 parietal placentae. Reddish-colored and sticky-glandular.

2. DION^A. Stamens 15. Style 1: stijrina lobed and fringed. Ovules and
seeds all at the broad base of the ovary and -pod. Leaves terminated by a
bristly-bordered fly-trap.

1. DROSERA, SUNDEW. (Name means in Greek dewy, or beset icith
deio-drops, the gland surmounting the bristles of the leaves ]n-odncing a dear
and dew-like drop of liquid, whicli is glutinous, and serves to catch small flies.)
Flowers small, in a 1 -sided spike or raceme, each opening only once, in sun-
shine, in summer. 2/

* Flowers small, ivhite : leaves with a blade.
D. rotundifblia, Kound-leavkd S. The commonest species in peat-
bogs, white round leaves on long petioles spreading in a tuft. When a small
fly or other insect is caught by the sticky glands on the upper face of the leaf,

GO ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.

the bristles of the outer rows very slowly turn inwards, so that their glands help
to hold the prey !

D. longifblia, Longek-leaved S. In very wet bogs or shallow water,
with spatuhite-oblong leaves, some of them erect, on long petioles.

D. brevifblia, Short-leaved S. In wet sand, only at the S. ; small ;
scape only 2' - 5' high, few-flowered ; leaves short, wedge-shaped.
* * Flowers rose-purple : no blade to the leaf.

D. filifdlia, Thread-leaa'ed S. In wet sandy soil near the coast, from
Plymouth, Mass., to Florida ; leaves erect, thread-shaped; scai)c6'-12' high,
from a bulb-like base ; flowers handsome, ^' or more broad.

2. DION^A, VENUS'S FLY-TRAP. (Named for the mother of Venus.)

21 Only one species,

D. muscipula. Grows only in sandy bogs near Wilmington, N. Car.,
but kept in conservatories as a great curiosity. (See Lessons, p. 52, lig. 81,
for the leaves, and the way they catch insects !) Flowers white, borne in an
uinbel-like cyme on a scape 1° high, in spring.

16. CISTACE^, ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.

Shrubby or low herbaceous plants, with regular flowers ; a per-
sistent calyx of 5 sepals, two of them exterior and resembling bracts;
the petals and <tameiis on the receptacle; the style single or none;
ovary 1-celled with 3 or 0 parietal placenta? (Lessons, fig. 261),
bearing orthotropous ovules. Represented in greenhouses by one
showy species, Cistus ladanifkrus of Euroj)6 (not common),
and in sandy woods and fields by the following wild plants.

1. IIELIANTHEMUM. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious (falling at the

close of the first dny). Stamena and ovules many iu the complete flower:
placentae 3. Stvle none or short.

2. HUDSONIA. Petals as iu the last. Calyx narrow. Stamens 9 -30. Style

slender. Ovules few.

3. LECIIKA. Petals 3, persistent, not longer than the calyx. Stamens 3-12.

Style none. Pod partly 3-celled, 6-seeded.

L HELIANTHEMUM, FROSTWEED. (Name from Greek words
for sun and Jlou'^tr, the blossoms opening only in sunshine. Popular name,
from crystals of ice sliooting from the cracked bark at the root late in the
autumn.) Low, yellow-flowered, in sandy or gravelly soil. 2/
H. Canadense, Canadiax or Common F. Common, and the only one
N. ; has lance-oblong leaves hoary beneath ; flowers ]jroduced all summer,
some with showy corolla I' broad and many stamens ; others small and clus-
tered along the stem, with inconspicuous corolla and 3-10 stamens ; the latter
produce small few-seeded pods.

H. corymbdsum, only along the coast S., is downy all over, with smaller
flowers clustered at the top of the stem, and larger ones long-peduncled.

H. Carolini^num, gyows only S., is hairy, with green leaves, the lower
obovatc and clustered ; flowers all laVge-petalled and scattered, in spring.

2. HUDSONIA. (For an English botanist, TF///mm Hudson.) Ilcath-likc
little shrubs, 6'- 12' high, nearly conflned to sandy shores of the ocean and
Great Lakes, with minute downy leaves closely covering the branches, and
small yellow flowers, opening in sunshine, in spring and summer.
H. ericoldes, Heath-like H. Greenish; leaves awl-shaped; floAvers

pcduncled. From New Jersey N.

H. tomentosa, Doww H. Hoary with .soft down ; leaves oblong or

oval and close pressed ; peduncles short or hardly any. From New Jersey to

Maine and Lake Superior.

ST. john's-wort family. 61

3. LECHEA, PINWEED. (For Leche, a Swedish botanist.) Small,
homely herbs, with inconspicuous greenish or purplish flowers, and pods
about the size of a pin's head, whence the popular name : common in sterile «
soil ; fl. summer and autumn. 11

L. major, Larger P. Stem upright, hairy, l°-2° high; leaves ellipti-
cal, mucronatc ; flowers densely clustered. Borders of sterile woodlands.

L. minor, Smaller P. Stems low, 6'- 18' high, often straggling, minutely
hairy ; leaves linear ; flowei's loosely racemed on the branches. Open sterile
ground.

17. HYPERICACE^, ST. JOHN'S -WORT FAMILY.

Distinguished from all other of our plants by the opposite and
entire simple and chiefly sessile leaves, punctate with translucent
and commonly some blackish dots, perfect flowers with the stamens
(usually many and more or less in 3 or 5 clusters) inserted on the
receptacle, and a pod either 1-celled with parietal placentae or 3-5-
celled (see Lessons, p. 120, fig. 260, 262, 263), filled with many
small seeds. Juice resinous and acrid. All here described are wild
plants of the country.

* No glands between the stamens. Petals convolale in the bud.

1. ASCYRUM. Sepals 4; the oi;ter pair very broad, the inner small and narrow.

Petals 4, yellow. Stamens many. Ovary 1-celled.

2. HYPERICUM. Sepals and (yellow) petals 5. Stamens many, rarely few.

* « Large gland between each of the 3 sets of stamens Petals imbricated in the bud.

3. KLODES. Sepals and erect flesh-colored. Petals 5. Stamens 9 to 12, united

in 3 sets. Ovary 3-celled. Flowers axiflary.

1. ASCYRUM, ST. PETER'S-WORT. (Greek name means without
roughness, being smootli plants.) Leafy-stemmed, woody at the base, with
2-edged branches ; wild in pine barrens, &c., chiefly S. Fl. summer. "^

* A pair ofbractlets on the pedicel : styles short.

A. Crux-Andreae, St. Andrew's Cross. From New Jersey to Illmois
& S. ; stems spreading ; leaves thinnish, narrow-oblong and tapering to the base ;
flowers rather small, with narrow pale yellow petals and only 2 styles.

A. Stans, Common St. Peter's-wort. From New Jersey S. • stems
2° - 3° high ; leaves thickish, closely sessile, oval or oblong ; flowers larger,
with obovate petals and 3 or 4 styles.

* * No bractlets on the pedicel : styles longer than ovary.

A. amplexieaule, Clasping-lea,ved S. Only found S., with erect stems
many times forking above, and closely sessile heart-shaped leaves ; styles 3.

2. HYPERICUM, ST. JO HN'S-WORT. (Ancient name, of uncertain
derivation.) Fl. in summer, in all ours yellow,

* Shrubs or perennial herbs : stamens very many.

■t- Styles 5 [rarely more) united below into one: })od ^-celled.
H. pyramidatum, Great-fl. S. Herb, 2° - 4° high, with ovatc-oblong
partly-clasping leaves, and large flowers, the petals rather narrow, 1' long, and
5 clusters of stamens. River-l)anks N- & W,

H. Kalmi^num, Kalm's S. Low shrub, with glaucous oblanceolata
leaves and rather large flowers. N. W, : rare, except at Niagara Falls.

"•- •»- Styles 3 partly united, or at first wholli/ united to the to}> into one {see Lessons,
p. 118, fig. 2.5G) : sepals leafy, spreadim).
tH. Shrubby, deciduous-leaved, both Northern and Southern.
H. prolificum, Shrubby S. Like the last, but leaves scarcely glaucous,
lancc-dblong or linear ; pod 3-celled.

62 ST. john's-wort family.

++ ++ Shr'ubby, evergreen or nearly so, only Southern.

H. fascicul^tum, Fascicled S. Leaves narrow-linear and small, and
*with shorter ones clustered in the axils ; pod narrow. Wet pine barrens.

H. myrtifblium, Myktle-leaved S. Leaves heart-shaped and partly
clasping, thick, glaucous ; pod conical. Wet pine barrens.

H. atireum, Golden S. Leaves oblong with a narrow base, glaucous
beneath; thick; flowers mostly single, very large (2' broad), orange-yellow;
pod ovate. Kiver-banks towards the mountains.

H. nudiflbrum, Naked-clustered 8. Shrubby and evergreen S., less
so in Virginia, &c., has 4-angled branches, oblong pale leaves, and a peduncled
naked cyme of rather small flowers ; pods conical.

++++++ Ilerlxxceous, simple-stemmed, Northern ^ W€ste7-n.

H. sphserocarpon, Spherical-fruited S. About 2° high ; leaves
diverging, oblong-linear (2' long), obtuse ; flowers numerous, small, in a naked
flat cyme ; sepals ovate ; pod globular, 1 -celled. Rocky banks, W.

H. adpressum, Upright-leaved S. A foot high ; leaves ascending,
lanceolate, often acute ; flowers few and rather small ; sepals narrow ; pod
oblong, partly 3-celled. Low grounds, Pennsylvania to Rhode Island.

H. ellipticum, Elliptical-leaved S. Barely 1° high; leaves spread-
ing, oblong, thin ; flowers rather few in a nearly naked cyme, pale ; the pod
purple, oblong-oval, obtuse, 1 -celled. Wet soil, N.

-•-•«--•- Styles 3 wholly separate {see Lessons, fig. 255) : herbs.
++ Ovary and pod S-celled : petals black-dotted : styles mostly divenjing.

H. perforatum, Common S. The only one not indigenous, nat. from
Eu., a troublesome weed in fields, &c. ; spreads by runners from the base ;
upright stems buanching ; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, with pellucid dots ;
flowers rather large in open leafy cymes ; the deep yellow petals twice the length
of the lanceolate acute sepals. The juice is very acrid.

H. COrymb6sum, Corymhed S. Conimon N. in moist ground ; stem
2° high, sparingly branched ; leaves oblong, slightly clas])ing, having black as
well as pellucid dots ; flowers rather small, crowded ; petals light yellow and
black-lined as well as dotted ; sepals oblong ; styles not longer than the pod.

H. macul^tum, Spotted S. Common's, has somewhat heart-shaped
or more clasping leaves, lanceolate sepals, and very long and slender styles :
othenvise like the last.

t-f "^ Ovary \ -celled : stem strict: leaves ascending, acute, closely sessile, short.

H. angulbsum, Angled ,S. Wet pine-barrens from New Jersey S.
Stem sharply 4-angled {l°-2° high), smooth; leaves ovate or lance-oblong ;
flowers scattered along the ascending branches of the cyme, small, copper-
yellow ; styles slender.

H. pil6sum, ILviRY S. Wet pine-barrens S. Stem terete, and with the
lance-ovate leaves roughish-downy ; styles short.

* * Annual, loiv and slender, small-flowered herbs: stamens 5-12 : ovary and
broivn-purple pod strictly I -eel led : styles 3, separate: sepals narrow, erect:
petals narrow.

■*- Leaves conspicuous and spreading : floicers in cymes.

H. miltilum, Small S. Slender, much branched and leafy up to the
flowers ; leaves partly clasping, thin, 5-nerved, ovate or oblong ; petals pale
yellow. Everywhere in low grounds.

H. Canadense, Canadian S. Stem and branches strictly erect ; leaves
linear or lanceolate, 3-ncrvcd at the base ; petals copper-yellow. Wet sandy soil.

••- ■*- Leaves erect, aivl-shaped or scale-like and minute : flowers very small and
scattered along the numei-ous bushy and wiry slender branches.

H. Druinni6ndii, Drummond's S. In dry barrens, W. Illinois and S.,
with linear-awl-shaped leaves, short-pedicelled flowers, and pods not longer than
the calyx.

H. Sardthra, Orange-grass or Pine-weed. Common in dry sterile
soil, with minute awl-shaped appressed scales for leaves, flowers sessile on the
wiry branches, and slender pods much exceeding the calyx.

PINK FAMILY. 63

3. ELODES, MAKSH ST. JOHN'S-WORT. (Greek for marshj.) In
water or wet l^of-^s, with pale often purple- veined oblon-,' or ovate leaves, and
close clusters of small flowers in their axils, produced all summer. Petals
pale puq)lc or flesh-color, equal-sided, erect. Jl
E. Virginica, the commonest, has the roundish or broadly oblong leaves

clasping by a broad base.

E. petiolata, commoner S., has the leaves tapering into a short petiole.

18. ELATINACE^, WATER-WORT FAMILY.

Little marsh annuals, resembling Chickweeds, but with mem-
branaceous stipules between the opposite leaves, and seeds as in
preceding family. Represented by

L ELATINE, WATER-WORT. (Greek name of some herb.) Sepals,
petals, stamens and cells of the ovary and stigmas or styles of the same num-
ber, each 2, 3, or 4, all separate on the receptacle. Seeds 'straightish or curved.
Flowers minute in the axils of the leaves.
E. Americana. Creeping and spreading on muddy shores of ponds, &c.,

about 1 ' high, not very common ; leaves obovate ; parts of the flower 2, rarely 3 ;

pod very thin.

19. TAMARISCINE^, TAMARISK FAMILY.

Shrubs or small trees of the Old World, represented in orna-
mental grounds by

1. TAMARIX, TAMARISK. (Named for the Tamarisd, or the river
Tamaris, on which these people lived.) Sepals and petals 4 or 5, persistent,
or the latter withering, and stamens as many or twice as many, all on the
receptacle. Ovary pointed, 1-celled, bearing many ovules on three parietal
placenta next the base : styles 3. Seeds with a plume of hairs at the
apex. Shrubs or small trees of peculiar aspect, with minute and scale-shai)cd
or awl-shaped alternate leaves apprcssed on the slender branches, and small
white or purplish flowers in spikes or racemes. The only one planted is
T. Gallica, French T. Barely hardy N., often killed to the ground, a
picturesque, delicate shrub, rather Cypress-like in aspect, glaucous-whitish, the
minute leaves clasping the branches, nearly evergreen where the climate permits.

20. CARYOPHYLLACE^, PINK FAMILY.

Bland herbs, with opposite entire leaves, regular flowers with not
over 10 stamens, a commonly l-cel!ed ovary with the ovules rising
from the bottom of the cell or on a central column, and with 2 — 5
styles or sessile stigmas, mostly separate to the base. (See Les-
sons, p. 120, fig. 258, 259.) Seeds with a slender embryo on the
outside of a mealy albumen, and usually curved into a ring around it.
Culyx persistent. Petals sometimes minute or wanting. Divides
into two great divisions or suborders, viz. the true Pink Family,
and the Chickwkkd Family, to the latter of which many j)lants
like them, but mostly i-ingle-seeded and without jjctals, are aj)pended.

I. PINK FAMILY proper. Sepals (5) united below into a
tube or cup. Petals with sfender claws which are enclosed in the
calyx-tube, and commonly raised within it, with the 10 stamens, on
a sort of stalk, often with a cleft scale or crown at the junction of
the blade and claw. (Lessons, p. 101, fig. 200.) Pod mostly open-
ing at the top, many-seeded.

64 PINK FAMILY.

« Cahjx icith a scaly cup or set of bracts at its base: styles 2.

1. DIANTHUS. Calyx cylindrical, faintly many-striate. Petals without a crown.

Seeds attached by the face: embryo in the albumen and nearly straight!
* « Calyx naked at base : seeds attached by the edge : embryo curved.

2. LYCHNIS. Styles 5, rarely 4. Calyx not angled, but mostly 10-nerved.

3. SILENE. Styles 3. Calyx not angled, mostly 10-nerved.

4. VACCARIA.' Styles 2. Calyx pyramidal, becoming 5-wing-angled.

5. SAPONARIA. Styles 2. Calyx' cylindrical or oblong, not angled, 5-toothed.

Pod 4-valved at the top.

6. GYPSOPHILA. Styles 2. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, or thin and delicate

below the sinuses. Pod 4-valved. Flowers small and panicled, resembling
those of Sandwort, &c.

II. CHICKWEED FAMILY, &c. Petals spreading, without
claws, occasionally wanting. Sepals (4 or 5) separate or united
only at ba>e, or rarely higher up. Flowers small, compared with
the Pink Family, and the plants usually low and spreading or tufted.

« Withitut stipules, generally with petals : pod several-seeded.

7. SAGINA. Styles and valves of the pod as many as the sepals and alternate

with tliem (4 or 5). Petals entire or none. Small plants.

8. CERASTIL'M. Styles as many as the sepals and opj)05ite them (5). Petals

notched at the end or 2-cleft, rarely none. Pod mostly elongated, opening at
the top by 10 teeth.

9. STKLLARIA. Styles fewer than tlie sepals (3 or sometimes 4) and opposite

as many of them. Petals 2-clefr, or sometimes none. Pod globular or ovoid,
siilitting into twice as many valves as tiiere are styles.

10. ARENAHIA. Styles (commonly only 3) fewer than the sepalr, and opposite as

many of them. " Petals entire,' rarefy none. Pod globular or oblong, splitting
into as many or twice as many valves as there are styles.

» # With scarious stipules between the leaves, compicttous and entire petals, and a
many-seeded 3 - b-valctd j)od.

11. SPERGULARIA. Styles usually 3. Leaves opposite.

12. SPERGULA. Styles 5, as many as the sepals and alternate with them.

Leaves in whorls.

* # » Without petals : the fruit (utricle) 1-seeded and indehiscent.

13. AXYCHIA. Sepals 5, nearly distinct. Stamens 2-5. Stigmas 2, sessile.

Stipules and Howers minnte.

14. SCLERANTHUS. Sepals (5) united be'ow into an indurated cup, narrowed at

tlie throat where it bears 5 or 10 stamens, enclosing the small utricle.
Sryles 2. Stipules none.

* « « « Without petals, but the 5 sepals white and petal-like inside: stipides obscure

if any : fruit a 'd-celled maiiy-seededpod.

15. MOLLUGO. Stamens generally 3, on the receptacle. Stigmas 3. Pod

3-v:ilveil, the partitions breaking away from the seed-bearing axis and ad-
hering to the middle of the valves.

1. DIANTHUS, PINK. (Greek name, mcanin<r Jove'.s own flower.) All
but the first species cultivated for onuunent : 11. summer.

* Flowers sessile and many in a close cluster, with lomj and narrow-pointed bracts

under the calyx, except in the last.

"D. Armaria, Deptford Pink of iMirope, has got introduced into fields
in a few ))hicos ; a rather insignificant plant, somewhat hairy, narrow-leaved,
with very small scentless flowers ; petals rose-color with wliitish dots. (T)

D. barb^tUS, S\vef:t William or Bunch Pink, oi Europe, with thin-
nish ohlong-lanccolate green leaves, and a very flat-to})ped cluster of various-
colored flowers, the petals sharply toothed, abounds in all country gardens; the
many double-flowered varieties are more clioice. 2/

D. Carthusiandrum, C.\rtiilsians' Pink, from Eu., has linear leaves,
slender stems, and a dense cluster of small flowers ; bracts ovate or oblong,
abruptly a\yn-tipped, brown, shorter than the calyx ; ])etals merely toothed,
short, usually dark purple or crimson : now rather scarce in gardens. ^

PINK FAMILY. 65

* * Flowers sinrjleat the ends of the branches: leaces narrow and often grass-like,
rather rigid, cjlabrous and (//aucous, usually without anij evident veins.

D. Chinensis, China or Indian Pink, has lanceolate leaves, less rigid
and greener than any of the following, and linear acute scales or bracts as long
as the calyx ; the large petals toothed or cut, of various colors, red, purple,
violet, &c. The garden var. Heddewigii Is a'more glaucous and large-flowered
fort^i, lately introduced, (i; (2)

D. CaryophylLus, Clove Pink, the parent of all the sorts of Carna-
tion, &c., has the stems almost woody below, very glaucous long-linear leaves;
the scales under the calyx very short and broad ; petals merely toothed, of
various colors. Scarcely hardy N. %

D. plumarius, Pheasant's-eye or Plumed Pink. A low, hardy spe-
cies, making broad tufts, with small very glaucous leaves, sending up flower-
stems in early summer, the white or pink or variegated petals cut into a fringe
of slender lobes. 2/

D. SUperbus, is taller, less tufted, and later-flowered ; the large petals
entirely dissected into delicate almost capillary divisions. 11

2. LYCHNIS. (Greek name for lamp, the down of the Mullein Lychnis
having been used for wicking. ) All from the Old World : fl. summer.
§ 1. Calyx with lone/ leaf -like lobes: petals naked.^ ®

L. GithagO, Corn-Cockle. A weed in grain-fields, hairy, with long
linear leaves, and long-peduncled showy red-purple flowers ; in fruit the calyx-
lobes failing ofl"; the black seeds injurious to the grain,

§ 2. Cali/r without long leaf-like lobes : petals crowned with a 2-cleJl little scale or
pair of teeth on tl^ base of the blade or at the top of the claw. Ij,

L. COronaria, Mullein-Lychnis or Mullein Pink. Cult, in gar-
dens; the flower crimson and like that of Corn-Cockle; but teeth of the
calyx short and slender ; plant white-cottony ; leaves oval or oblong. @ 11

tj. Flos-J6viS, Jupiter's L. Less common in gardens, downy-hairy or
cottony and whitish ; leaves lance-oblong ; flowers many and smaller, in a
head-like long-peduncled cluster, reddish-purple ; petals obcordate.

L. Chalcedonica, Maltese-Cros.s or Scarlet L. Very common in
country-gardens; tall, rather hairy and coarse, with lance-ovate partly clasping
green leaves, and a very dense flat-topped cluster of many smallish flowers ; the
bright scarlet or brick-red petals deeply 2-lobed.

L. grandiflbra, Large-flowered L. Cult from China; smooth, with
oblong green leaves taj)ering to both ends, and the branches bearing single or
scattered short-j)eduncled flowers, which are 2' or 3' across ; the red or scarlet
petals fringe- toothed at the end.

L. Viscaria, Viscid L. Rather scarce in gardens ; smooth, but the slen-
der stem glutinous towards the top ; leaves linear ; flowers many in a narrow
raceme-like cluster, rather small ; calyx tubular or club-shaped ; petals pink-
red, slightly notched ; also a double-flowered variety.

L. i'los-CUCUli, Cuckoo L. Ragged Robin is the double-flowered
variety, in gardens ; slightly downy and glutinous, with lanceolate leaves, and
an open panicle of pink'red petals, "these cleft into 4 narrow -linear lobes.

L. diurna, Day-blooming L. Double-flowered form also called Ragged
Robin in the gardens ; smoothish or soft-hairy ; leaves oblong or lance-ovate,
the upper ones pointed ; flowers scattered or somewhat clustered on the
branches, rose-red.

Ij. vespertina, Evening-blooming L. A weed in some waste grounds,
like the last, and more like the Night-flowering Catchfly ; but has 5 styles and
a more ovate enlarging calyx ; the flowers are commonly dia'cious, white, and
open after sunset, the root biennial. But a full double-flowering variety in gar-
dens is perennial, day-flowering, and is a white sort of Ragged Robin.

3. SILENE, CATCHFLY. (Both names refer to the sticky exudation on
stems and calyx of several species, by Avhich small insects are often caught.)
Besides the following, some other wild or cultivated species are met with, but
not common. Fl. mostly all summer.
S&F— 14

66 PINK FAMILY.

♦ AU over sticky-hairy : naturalized from Europe, (i)

S. noctiflbra, Night-floavering C. Tall coarse weed in cult, or waste
grounds ; lower leaves spatulate, upper lanceolate and pointed ; flowers single
or in loose clusters terminating; the branches, with awl-shaj>ed calyx-teeth and
white or pale rosy 2-partcd petals, opening at nightfall or in cloudy weather.

* * Smooth, a part of each of the upper joint of stem glutinous : flowers small. 0
S. Armaria, Sweet-William C. In old gardens or running wild, from

Europe; stem about 1° high, branching into flat-topped cymes of many flowers,
which are rather showy ; calyx club-shaped ; petals notched, bright pink, or a
white variety, opening only in sunshine ; leaves lance-ovate, glaucous.

S. antirrhina, Sleepy C. Wild in sandy or gravelly soil ; stem slen-
der, 6' -20' high, rather simple.; flowers very small, panicled ; calyx ovoid;
petals rose-color, obcordate, opening only at midday in sunshine ; leaves lan-
ceolate or linear.

* * * Somewhat sticky-pubescent, at least the calyx, which is oblong, tubular, or

club-shaped : wild species, with red or pink showy flowers. '^

S. Pennsylv^niea, Pennsylvanian C. or Wild Pink. In gravelly
soil ; stems 4' - 8' high, bearing 2 or 3 pairs of lanceolate leaves and a cluster
of short-stalked middle-sized flowers, in spring ; petals pink-red, wedge-shaped,
slightlv notched.

S. XTirginica, Virginian C. or Fire Pink. In open woods W. & S. ;
1° - 2° high ; leaves spatulate or lanceolate ; flowers few, pcduncled ; the pretty
large bright crimson-red petals 2-cleft.

S. rdgia, Royal C. Prairies, &c., from Ohio S. ; like the last, but 3°
high, with lance-ovate leaves, numerous short-pedui^cled flowers in a narrow
.panicle, and narrower scarlet-red petals scarcely cleft.

* * * * Not sticky: calyx inflated and bladdery: petals rather small, white. ^
S. Stellata, Starry Campion. Wild on wooded banks ; stem slender,

2° -3° higli ; leaves in whorls of 4, lance-ovate, pointed; flowers in a long and
narrow panicle ; petals cut into a fringe.

S. infl^ta, Bladder Campion. Wild in fields E., but nat. from Eu.,
glaucous or pale and very smooth, 1° high, with ovate-lanceolate or oblong
leaves, and an open cyme of flowers ; the bladdery calyx veiny ; petals 2-cleft.

4. VACCARIA, COW-HERB. (Name from Latin vacca, a cow.) ©

V. vulgaris, Common C. In gardens or running wild near them, froni
Eu. ; smooth, l°-2° high, with pale lanceolate partly clasping leaves, anfl a
loose open cyme of flowers ; petals pale red, naked, not' notched ; fl. summer.

6. SAPONARIA, SOAP WORT. (Latin and common names from the
mucilaginous juice of tl;ie stem and root forming a lather.) From Europe.
S. ofiB-Oinalis, Common S. or Bouncing Bet. A rather stout, 10-2°
high, nearly smooth herb, in gardens, and running Avild by roadsides ; leaves
3 - 5-ribbed, the lower ovate or oval, upper lanceolate ; flowers rather large,
clustered ; petals pale rose-color or almost white, notched at the end. The
double-flowered is most common. 2/

6. GYPSOPHILA. (From Greek words meaning lover of gypsum or
chalk, growing on calcareous rocks.) Plants Avith the small and often pan-
icled flowers and foliage of Arenaria or Stellaria, but the sepals united into
a cup as .in the true Pink Family, usually by their thin Avhite edges, however,
so that to a casual glance they may appear distinct. Cult, in choicer gardens,
from Eu. and the East, ornamenhxl, especially for dressing cut flowers, &c.
Fl. all summer.

G. panicul^ta, Panicled G. Very smooth, pale, \°-2° high; with
lance-linear leaves, and branches repeated forking into very loose and light
eymes, bearing innumerable very small and delicate white flowers. ]!/

G. dlegans, Elegant G. Less tall or low, loosely spreading; with
lanceolate leaves, much larger (^' broad) and fewer flowers, white or slightly
rosy. (1)

PINK FAMILY. 67

7. SAGINA, PEARLWORT. (Latin name, means rick nourishment,
which, however, these small and insignificant plants can hardly be.) There
are four or five species in the country, none very common ; the most so is

S. procumbens. Springy places and damp shores, &c., N. ; a smooth
little plant, tufted and spreading, l'-3' high, Avith almost thread-shaped leaves;
the blunt sepals, short white petals, stamens, and styles 4 or rarely 5,

8. CEEASTIUM, MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. (Name in Greek
refers to the horn-shaped pod of some species. The popular name is from the
shape and soft hairiness of the leaves of the common species.)

* Flowers inconspicuous, the deephj 2-cleft petals being shorter or little longer than

the cnlnx ; the pods becoming much longer and curving more or less. Flower-
ing all summer, white.

C. VUlgatum, Common M., from Penn. S., but scarce N., in grassy places.
An insignificant soft-hairy weed; stems erect, 4' -9' high, slightly clammy;
leaves ovate or obovate, small ; pedicels even in fruit and petals shorter than
the calyx, (i)

C. viscdsum, Clammy M. Common in grassy places ; stems spreading,
6'- 15' long, clammy-hairy ; leaves oblong ; pedicels becoming longer than the
calyx ; petals as long as the calyx. @ "^

C. nutans, Nodding-fruited M. Common in moist or shady grounds,
wild. Clammy-pubescent, erect, 6' -18' high, becoming very loosely-flowered
and branched ; leaves oblong-lan'ceolate ; petals longer than calyx ; pods long,
nodding on the slender flower-stalk and curved upwards, (i)

* * Flowers conspicuous, the snowy white petals 2 or 3 times the length of (lie calyx:

pod shorter : plants forming matted tufts. Jl

C. arv6nse, Field M. Dry fields, &c. Downy but green ; leaves vary-
ing from narrow-oblong to linear ; flowering stems 4' - 6' high, few-flowered ;
petals notched at the end.

C. tomentdsum, Cottony M. Cult, from Eu. for borders, &c., its
spreading shoots, crowded with oblong white-woolly leaves, making dense silvery
mats ; petals deeply 2-cleft.

9. STELLARIA, STARWORT-CHICKWEED. (Name from Latin
Stella, a star.) Petals white, but sometimes small or none. Fl. spring and
summer. None cultivated ; but the first is a weed in every garden.

* Stems iveak and spreading, marked with pubescent lines : leaves broad.

S. mddia, Common S. or Ciiickweed. In all damp cult, grounds ;
leaves ovate or oblong, the lower on hairy petioles ; petals shorter than the
calyx, 2-parted ; stamens 3-10. (Y)

S. ptlbera, Gkeat S. Shaded rocks, wild from Penn. S. & W. ; leaves
oblong or oval, sessile ; petals longer than the calyx, 2-cleft.

* * Stems erect or spreading, and whole plant smooth : leaves narrow, sessile. %

S. longif61ia, Long-leaved S. or Stitciiwort. Common in damp
grassy places N. ; stem weak, 8' -18' high; leaves linear, widely spreading;
flowers numerous on slender spreading pedicels in a very loose cyme ; petals
2-partcd, longer than the calyx.

S. bore^lis, Northern S. Wet grassy places N. ; stem 3' -10' high,
forking repeatedly and with flowers in the forks of the leafy branches ; leaves
broadly lanceolate or narrow-oblong ; petals shorter than the calyx, or none.

10. ARENARIA, SANDWORT. (So named because several grow in
sand or sandy soil.) All the following are wild, also some others less com-
mon. Fl. spring and summer.

* Petals inconspicuous, white.
A. serpyllif61ia, Thyme-leaved S. An insignificant Utile weed, in
sandy or gravelly waste places, 2' - 6' high ; stems erect, roughish, much
branched ; leaves ovate, pointed ; petals scarcely longer than tlic 3 - 5-ncr>xd
pointed sepals* ®

68 PINK FAMILY.

A. difFtlsa, Spreading S. Shady grounds S. Plant soft-downy ; stems
prostrate, 1° or more long; leaves lanceolate; peduncles lateral, 1 -flowered ;
petals shorter than the sepals or none. 2/

* * Petals conspicuous, longer than the calyx, white. 2/

A. laterifldra, Side-flowering S. Gravelly shores and banks N.
Plant minutely downy ; stem erect, 3' -10' hiirh, sparint^ly branching ; pedun-
cles few-tlowcred, soon becoming lateral by the farther growth of the leafy stem ;
leaves oval or oblong.

A. Stricta. Rocky or shady banks N. Tufted, smooth, 4'- 6' high ; stems
crowded with slender almost bristle-form leaves ; flowers several in a terminal
open cyme ; sepals sharp-pointed.

A. squarrbsa, Pine-barren S. In sand, coast of New Jersey and S.
Densely tufted on a deep root, 3' - .5' high ; leaves much crowded, short, awl-
sha])eil, smooth ; the flowering branches or few-flowered peduncles glandular ;
sepals obtuse.

A. GrCBnlandica, Mountain S. On rocky summits of mountains and
N. E. coast. Densely tufted, soft; leaves thread-form ; flowering stems 2' -4'
high, *few-flowered, the flowers large in proportion ; petals notched at the end.

A. peploides, Sea Sandwort, in sands of sea-shore N., is large, with
very fleshy ovate leaves, and axillary flowers.

11. SPERGULARIA, SAND SPURREY. (Name from likeness to
S/Jcnptla.) A sort of Sandworts with scaly-mcmbranaceous stipules, and
reddish flowers, produced all summer : chiefly maritime, (i) 21. 1

S. rubra. The field form of this is common in sand or gravel, along roads
and paths, E., quite away from salt water ; smoothish, ])rostrate in tufts ; leaves
thread-shaped ; pod and pink-red corolla hardly exceeding the calyx ; seeds
rough, wingless, half-obovatc.

S. salina. Larger and more fleshy, only in brackish sands ; with short
peduncles, ])ale corolla, pod longer than the calyx, and rough obovate-rouiuled
(winged or wingless) seeds.

S. m^dia. Like the last, in salt marshes and sands, but with longer pedun-
cles and smooth seeds.

12. SPERGULA, SPURREY. (Latin spargere, to scatter, i. e. its seeds.)
S. arv6nsis, Corn S. Stems 1° or so high ; bearing several thread-
shaped leaves in the whorls, and terminating in a panicle of white flowers.
A weed in grain-fields, cult, in Europe as a forage plant, sheep being fond of it :
fl. summer. (£)

13. ANYCHI^ FORKED CHICKWEED. (Name of obscure mean-
ing.) i)^

A. diehotortia, a common little herb ; in shady places it is smooth and
erect, 6' -10' high, with repeatedly forking long-jointed very slender stems,
minute short-stalked greenish flowers in the forks, and oval or oblong leaves : in
dry or parched soil it is spreading on the ground, short-jointed, narrower-leaved,
often pubescent, the flowers more clustered and nearly sessile : all summer;

14. SCLERANTHUS, KNAWEL. (From Greek words meaning hard
and jJou-er, referring to the indurated tube of the calyx.)

S. ^nnuus, our only species, is nat. from En. in gravelly grounds, around
gardens, &c., a very pale little herb, 3' - 5' high, very much branched and
spreading, with short awl-shaped leaves, and greenish small flowei's clustered or
sessile in the forks, in late summer and autumn.

15. MOLLtlGO, CARPET -WEED. (An old Latin name for some soft

plant.) (i)

M. verticill^ta. A very common, small, prostrate and spreading little
Avecd, in waste gravelly soil, gardens, &c., with spatulate leaves and 1 -flowered
pedicels in clusters or whorls at the joints ; the sepals white inside ; stamens 3 ;
ifl, all summer.

PURSLANE FAMILY. 69

21. PORTULACACE^, PURSLANE FAMILY.

Succulent-leaved herbs, with 2 sepals and 5 petals, the stamens
sometimes many, sometimes few, and then one before each petal ;
ovary 1-celled, becoming a pod, with many or few kidney-shaped
seeds on a central placenta, or on slender seed-stalks from the base.
Seeds as in the Pink Family.

1. PORTULACA. Stamens more numerous than the petals. Style cleft into

several slender divisioni*. Lower part of the ovary and many-seeded pod
united witii the bottom of the calyx; the upper pari when mature falling off
as a lid. Flowers opening only once, in sunshine.

2. TALINUM. Stamens more numerous than the petals. Style 3-lobed at the

summit. Calyx free from the ovary, deciduous. Pod S-valved, many-seeded.
Flowers openmg only once, in sunshine,

3. CALANDRINIA. Stamens numerous. Style 3-cleft at the summit. Calyx

free from the ovary, persistent, enclosing the 3-valved many-seeded pod.
Flowers opening only once, in sunshine.

4. CLAYTONIA. Stamens 5, one attached to the base of each petal. Style

3-cleft at the summit. Calyx persistent, free from the few-seeded pod.
Flowers usually opening for "more than one day.

L PORTULACA, PUESLANE. (Old Latin name for Purslane.) Leafy
and branching, low and spreading, witli fleshy sessile leaves ; fl. all summer.
(Lessons, p. 103, fig. 214.) (1)

P. oleracea, (Jommon P. Very smooth, with prostrate stems, obovate or
wedge-form leaves, and small sessile flowers opening only in bright sunshine
and for a short time ; tlie petals pale yellow. The commonest garden weed,
sometimes used as a pot-herb.

P. pilosa, Haiuy p. Wild far S., has linear terete leaves, with a tuft of
beai'd-likc hairs in the axils, and rather large pink flowers.

P. grandifl6ra, Great-flowered P., is probably a variety of the last,
from South America, commonly cult, for ornament ; the large very showy
flowers brilliant purple, crimson, red, sometimes white or yellow, or with light
centre, of many shades or variations.

2. TALINUM. (Name unexplained.) One wild species in some places.
T. teretifolium, Terete-leaved. T. Low and smooth, with thick and

fleshy root, short stems bearing crowded linear terete leaves, and a slender
naked peduncle, many-flowered ; petals rose-purj)le. Sei*peutine rocks^ Penn-
sylvania, and rarer west and south : fl. all summer. ^

3. CALANDRINIA. (Named for a Swiss botanist, Calandrini.) Culti-
vated for ornament in choice gardens : fl. all summer.

C. discolor. Cult, as an annual, from Chili ; very glabrous, making a
rosette of fleshy spatulate leaves at the root (these glaucous above and tinged
with purple beneath), and sending up a naked flower-stem, bearing a raceme of
large rose-purple flowers, 2' in diameter.

C. Menzi^sii, Mexziks' C. Low, spreading, leafy-stemmed annual, from
Oregon and California, with briglit green and tender lance-spatulate leaves, and
crimson flowers (nearly 1' broad) in a short leafy raceme.

4. CLAYTONIA, SPRING BEAUTY. (Named for John Clm/ion, an
early botanist in Virginia.) Low, smooth herbs : ours producing only a pair
of stem leaves and a short raceme of flowers.

* Ste7n simple from -a round tuber : leaves separate : fi. early spring. ^

C. Virginica, Narrow-leaved S. In moist Av^oods, one of the prettiest

spring flowers ; ]ietals rose-color with pink veins ; leaves linear-lanceolate.
C. Carolini^na, Broader-leaved S. In rich woods ; commonest N.

and along the Alleghanies, smaller than the other, with oblong-spatulatc or

lancc-oblong leaves only 1 ' or 2' long.

70 MALLOW FAMILY.

* * Stem-leaves united into one tisicaUi/ rounded blade or cup underneath the small

and whitish Jloicers : Ji. summer. ®
C. perfoliclta occurs in some gardens, from Oregon and California; small,
of no beauty ; root-leaves tufted, spatulate or lanceolate.

22. MALVACE^, MALLOW FAMILY.

Known by the monadelphous numerous stamens, their tube eon-
nected with tlie base of the petals, kidney -siiaped 1 -celled anthers
(Lessons, p. 114, fig. 238), the calyx valvule and the corolla con-
volute in the bud. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate palmately-veined
and often lobed leaves, evident stipules, and regular Howers, the true
sepals and the petals 5. There is commonly an involucre of several
bracts, resembling an outer calyx. Seeds kidney-shaped: tiie leafy
cotyledons crumpled or doubled up, in some mucilaginous albumen.
Innocent plants, mucilaginous, with a very tough fibrous bark.

^ 1. Anthers all home in a cluster at the top of the short tube of Jilaments.

* Ovaries numerous and separate, crowded in a head, in fruit becominfj little 1-seeded

jiods or akenes. Involucre conspicuous as a sort < fouler calyx. Herbs.

4

1. MALOPE. Involucre of 3 ovate or lieart-'^haped leaves. Annuals.

2. KIT AI DELIA. Involucre of 6 - 9 ovate and pointed leaves united at the base.

Perennial.

• « Ovaries several or many united in a ring around an axis, in fruit commonly

falling away separately, each \-seeUed. Ours are all heivs.

•*- Stigmas running down the side of the sltiuler styles.

3. ALTHAEA. Involucre of 6-9 bracts united at the base. Axis of the fruit not

Xrojecting nor enhvrged.
VATEKA. Involucre of 3 - 6 more united bracts. Axis of the fruit over-
topping the carpels.

5. MALVA. Involucre of only 3 separate bracts. Petals obcordate, otherwise

entire. Carpels beakless.

6. CALLIRRHOE. Involucre of 1 - 3 bracts or none. Petals wedge-shaped and

truncate, deiiticuhite or cut-fringed at the end. Carpels with a sort of beak
at the summit.

7. NAPyEA. Involucre none. Flowers dioecious !

-.- •*- Stigmas capitate or truncate at the apex of the styles.

8. ANODA. Involucre none. Fruit depressed, very flat and star-shaped, the

sides of the numerous carpels evanescent: seed nearly horizontal.

9. Si DA. Involucre none. Fruit separating into 6 or more closed carpels, or

each 2-valved at the apex: seed hanging.

*#* Ovaries and cells of the fruit 2 - several-seeded.

10. ABUTILON. Involucre none. Carpels each 3 - several-seeded.

11. MODIOLA. Involucre of 3 bractlets. Carpels each 2-seeded, with a cross

partition between the upper and lower seed.

^ 2. Anthers borne along the outside of the tube of f laments. Ovary and fruit 3-
stveral-celltd : stigmas capitate. Involucre jiresent. Herbs, shrubs, or trees.

# Involucre of several or many bracts.

12. MALVA VISCUS. Branches of the style and stigmas 10, twice as many as the

cells of the ovary. Petals not separating and spreading. Fruit berry-like:
cells 1-seeded.

13. KOSTELETZKYA. Branches of the style and stigmas 5. Pod 5-celIed; the

cells single-seeded.

14. HIBISCUS. Branches of the style or stigmas and cells of the ovary 6. Pod

6-celled, loculicidal; the cells many-seeded.

« « Involucre of 3 large and heart-shaped leaf -like bracts.

15. GOSSYPIUM. Styles united into one: stigmas 3 - 5, as many as the cells of

the pod. Seeds numerous, bearing cotton.

\.

MALLOW FAMILY. 71

1. MAIjOPE. (Ancient Greek name for some kind of Mallow.) Herbs,
rescmblin;^ Mallows, from the Mediterranean region ; cult, as garden annuals :
fl. summer.

M. trifida, Three-lobed M. Smooth, with rounded leaves, the upper
ones 3-lobed ; the handsome flowers 2' or more broad, rose-color, veined with
purple or rose-red, also a white var. ®

M. malacoides is rarer, hairy, low, with oblong-ovate toothed leaves,
long peduncles, and rose-colored flowers. 2/

2. KITAIBELIA. (Named for Paul Kitaibel, a botanist of Hungary,
where the plant grows wild.) Fl. summer. The only species is

K. vitifdlia, Vixe-leaved K. Cult, in gardens ; a rough-hairy herb,
2° - 3° high, rather clammy at the summit, witli acutely 5-lobed and toothed
leaves, involucre longer than the true calyx, and dull white corolla 1^' broad
when expanded. 2/

3. ALTH^A. (From Greek word meaning to cure, used in medicine as an
emollient.) Tall herbs (the Slirabhu Althcea belongs not to this genus, but to
Hibiscus), natives only of the Old World : fl. summer and autumn.

A. ofi&cinalis, Maush-Mallow. Rarely cult., but has run wild on the
coast E. ; a rather coarse downy plant, Avith ovate, sometimes a little heart-
ehaped or 3-lobed leaves, and ^istcrs of short-peduncled flowers in their axils ;
corolla 1' broad, rose-color. The thick root is used for its mucilage, and for
making Marsh-Mallow paste. 2/

A. rbsea, Hollyhock. Cult, from Syria, with tall and simple hairy
stem, rugose rounded and heart-shaped angled or 5 - 7-lobcd leaves, and largy
flowers on very short peduncles, forming a long spike ; corolla of all shades of
rose, purple, white, or yellow, single or double, 3' - A' broad. ©

4. LAVATERA. (Named for the brothers iamter, of Zurich.) A sort
of Mallow, sometimes cult, in gardens, from Europe : fl. all summer.

L. trimestris, Three-moxth L. or Flowering Mallow. Smooth or
smoothish, 1° - 2° high ; lower leaves round-kidney-shaped, ci-enale, upper heart-
shaped, uppermost 3-lobed ; flowers 2' - 3' broad, rose-color, rarely white ; in
fruit a broad disk-shaped or umbrella-like expansion of the top of the axis com-
pletely covers the carpels. ®

L. Thuringiaca. German L, Rather downy, smaller; leaves mostly
3-lobed; flowers long-peduncled, l^'-2' broad, rose-color; in fruit the axis pro-
jects much beyond the ring of carpels as a pointed cone. %

L. arbbrea, Tree Mallow. Not quite hardy N., has a stout stem 2° -6°
high, woody beloAv, rounded 5 - 9-lobed rather downy leaves, pale purple flow-
ers 1^' broad, on short pedicels, in a terminal raceme or narrow panicle; the
axis of the fruit (like that of Mallow) not projecting beyond the carpels, 21

6. MALVA, MALLOW. (Latin alteration of an old Greek word, mQoxi-
m<x soft or eynoll lent.) All from Europe or the Orient, but several have run
wild in fields and along roadsides : fl. all summer and autumn.

* Flowers small, white or whitish, not conspicuous nor handsome.
M. rotundifblia, Common or Round-leaved M. Weed in cult,
grounds ; Avith i)ro('umbcnt stems from a strong deep root, rounded kidney-
shaped crenate leaves on very long petioles, rather slender peduncles, and fruit
not wrinkled. (?) 2/

M. crlspa, Curled M. In country gardens, rarely in waste places ; with
erect stem (4*^-6° high) leafy to the top, rounded 5-7-lobed or angled leaves
very much crisped round the margin, flowers clustered and almost sessile in the
axils, and fruit slightly wrinkled. (I)

* * Flowers larger, more or less showy, l^'-2' in diameter; the purple, rose-color,

or sometimes white petals much exceeding the calyx : stem erect.
M. Mauriti^na, sometimes called Tree Mallow. Cult. ; 3° -5° high,
with rounded 5-lobed smooth or smoothish leaves, and clusters in their axils of

72 MALLOW FAMILY.

flowers 1^' in diameter, the petals pale rose-color or white, striped with dark
purple or violet veins. ®

M. sylvestris, High M. Gardens and roadsides ; 2° - 3° hig:h, branch-
ing, Avith rather sharply 5 - 7-lobed leaves, and purple-rose-colored flowers rather
smaller,thau in the last ; fruit wrinkled-veiny. @ ^

M. Alcea. Gardens ; 2° - 4° high, hairy, with stem-leaves parted almost
to the base into 3-5 divisions which are again 3 - 5-cleft or cut-toothed ; and
showy flowers in clusters or terminal racemes; corolla deep rose-color, l2^'-2'
broad ; fniit smooth, minutely wrinkled-veiny. ^

M. mosch^ta, Musk M. Gardens, and escaped to roadsides, l°-2°
high, rather hairy, with tlie herbage faintly musk-scented, leaves about thrice
parted or cut into slender linear lobes, and short-pcduncled flowers somewhat
clustered or racemed ; corolla 1^' broad, rose-color or white; fruit downy.

6. CALLIRRHOE. (A Greek mythological name, applied to N.American
plants.) Species chiefly farther W. and S., becomuig rather common in
choice gardens. Flowcx's crimson, mauve, or red-purple, very showy, pro-
duced all summer.

* Root thick, often turnip-shaped, farinaceous : stems roughisk-hairy or smoothish. %

C. triangul^ta. Dry prairies from Wisconsin S. ; stems erect, 2° high ;
leaves triangular, halberd-shaped, or the lowest heart-shaped, the upper cut-
lobed or 3 - 5-cleft ; flowers somewhat paniclcd and short-pcduncled ; involucre
as long as the calyx ; corolla 1^' or less in diameter; carpels of the fruit even
on the back, tipped with a short point.

C. involucr^ta. Wild from plains of Nebraska S., and cult, for orna-
ment; stems spreading on the ground, l°-3° long; stipules conspicuous;
leaves rounded, 5-parted or cleft ami cut-lobed, shorter than the axilhiry pedun-
cles ; involucre sliorter than the calyx ; corolla 2' or more broad ; carpels of
the fruit reticulated, tipped with a flat and inconspicuous beak.

C. Pap^ver. Wild in rich woodlands from Georgia to Texas, and spar-
ingly cult. ; stems short, ascending, few-leaved ; leaves 3 - 5-])arted with lance-
linear divisions, or the lowest ratlier heart-shaped and cleft into oblong lobes ;
axillary peduncles very (often 1°) long; involucre of 1-3 bracts or none;
corolla 2' or more broad ; carpels of the fruit wrinkled or reticulated and with
a stout incurved beak.

C. digitata. Wild in prairies of Arkansas and Texas ; 1° high ; leaves
mostly from the root, 5 - 7-parted into long linear sometimes 2 - 3-cleft divis-
ions ; peduncles long and slender ; involucre none; corolla 1^'- 2' broad, the
petals fringe-toothed at the end ; fruit nearly as in the last.

* * Root slender or tapering : herbage smooth. (T) (5)

C. ped^ta. Wild in E. Texas ; not rare cult. ; stem erect, l°-5° high,
leafy ; leaves rounded, 3 - 7-lobed or parted and the wedge-shaped divisions cleft
or cut; peduncles slender, longer than the leaves ; involucre none ; corolla about
1^' broad, the petals minutely eroded at the end ; carpels of the fiiiit smooth
and even on the back, and with a stout conspicuous beak.

7. NAPiSA, GLADE-MALLOW. , (From Greek name for glade or nymph
of the groves.) Oiily one species,

N. dioica. In valleys, chiefly in limestone districts of Penn., Virginia,
and W. A rather coarse, roughisli herb; stem 4° -7° high; leaves 9-11-
parted and their lobes cut and toothed, the lowest often 1° in diameter ; flowers
small, in paniclcd corymbs, in summer.

8. ANODA. (Origin of the name obscure.) Low herbs from Mexico,
Texas, tS:c., sparingly cult, for ornament. Stems, &c. hirsute: peduncles
long and slender, 1-flowered. Fruit in the form of a many-rayed star, sup-
ported by the spreading 5-rayed calyx : when ripe the rim of each carpel falls
away with the seed it embraces, the sides or partitions disappearing. (T)

A. hast^ta has mostly halberd-shaped leaves, and blue or violet torolla
only 1 ' - 1^ ' in diameter ; lobes of the calyx ovate, scarcely pointed.

MALLOW FAMILY. ^ 73

A. crist^ta has mostly trian^lar or obscurely halberd-shaped and toothed
leaves, and j)urple or rose-colored corolla 2' in diameter ; lobes of the calyx
triangular, taper-pointed.

9. SID A. (Ancient name, of obscure meaning.) Mostly rather small-flow-
ered or weedy herbs, with 5-12 styles and carpels : fl. summer and autumn.

* Peduncles axillary, \ -flowered : corolla yellow. »

S. Spindsa. So named from the little pointed projection or tubercle at the
base of the petiole, but which can hardly be called a spine ; stems much branched,
10' -20' high; leaves lance-ovate, serrate, minutely soft-downy; peduncles very
abort ; floAver very small ; pod ovate, of 5 carpels, each splitting at top into 2
points. A common weed S. of New York, (i)

S. rhombifolia. But the leaves are hardly rhombic, usually lance-oblong,
short-petiolcd, serrate, pale and Avhitish downy beneath; stems l°-3° high,
much branched; peduncles rather long; floAver small; fruit of 10 or 12 one-
pointed carpels. A Aveed only S. ®

S. Elliottii. Nearly smooth, l°-4° high; lea\'es linear or lanceolate,
serrate, short-pctioled ; floAver 1' broad, on a short peduncle; fruit of 10-12
nearly blunt carpels. Woodlands S. %

* Peduncles hearing a corymb of several white flowers from the upper axils.

S. Napsea. Smooth; stem simple, 4<*- 7° high ; leaves rounded, 5-cleft, the
lobes toothed and taper-pointed ; corolla about 1 ' broad ; styles and cells of the
pod 10. Wild in S. Penn. and Virg. Cult, in old gardens. 2/

10. ABUTILON, INDIAN MALLOW. (Origin of name obscure.)
Resembles Sida, but cells more than one-seeded ; flowers usually larger.

A. Avicennse, Velvet-Leaf. Cult, soil and old gardens, 3° - 5° high ;
leaves roundish heart-shaped, taper-pointed, soft-velvety ; peduncles shorter than
petiole, 1 - 3-floAvered ; corolla orange-yelloAV ; fruit of 12-15 united hairy
carpels with spreading beaks. Fl. autumn. (T)

A. striatum, Stiuped Abutilon. Cult, in greenhouses, &c. from Bra-
zil ; a tall shrub, A'cry smooth, with rounded heart-shaped 3-lobed leaves, the
lobes very taper-pointed, and pretty large solitary floAvers hanging on a very
long and slender peduncle ; corolla not spreading open, orange-colored, Avitli
deeper or brownish veining or stripes.

11. MODIOLA. (The shape of the depressed fruit likened to the Roman
measure modiolus.) Procumbent or spreading, small-floAvered, Aveedy plants.
M. multiflda. Virginia and S., in Ioav grounds ; leaves 3 - 7-cleft and

ciit, or the earlier ones rounded and undivided ; flowers red, ^' broad ; fruit
hairy at the top. @ 2/

12. MALVAViSCUS. (Name composed of Malva, MalloAv, and viscus,
birdlime, from the glutinous pulp of the berry-like fmit.) Shrubby plants,
with shoAvy scarlet floAvers, of peculiar appearance, the petals not expanding,
but remaining convolute around the loAver part of the slender projecting and
soon twisted column, held together as it Avere by a little side-lobe near the
base of the inner edge.

M. arb6reus, the common West India species, cult, in some hot-houses,
has heart-shaped leaves longer than bi'oad, and velloAvish fruit.

M. Drummbndii, of Texas, if housed in Avintcr floAvers all summer in
open ground, is soft-doAvny, Avith more rounded and somcAvhat 3-lobed leaves,
and scarlet fruit.

13. KOSTELETZSKYA. (Named for a Bohemian botanist, Kosteletzshj.)
Like Hibiscus, only the cells of ovary and fruit 1-seeded. PI. summer.

K. Virginica, Virginian K. In and near salt marshes, from Ncav York
and Ncav Jersey S. : roughish-hairy, 20-5° high; leaves hcart-shajied or mostly
3-lobed, often halberd-shaped ; floAvors someAvhat racemtd or panicled, rose-
purple, l'-2' broad. 2/

74 MALLOW FAMILY.

14.^ HIBISCUS, ROSE-MALLOW. (Ancieni name, of obscure origin.)
Flowers showy, usually large, in summer and autumn.

i* Tall shrubs cr even trees, exotics.
H. Syriacus, Tree H. or Shrubby Ai^tujex, of gardens and grounds,
common, native ol' the Levant : nearly smooth, with wedge-ovate and .3-lobed
leaves, and short-peduncled flowers in their axils, in autumn, about .3' broad,
purple, rose-color, white, &c., often double.

H. Rosa-Sinensis. China H. or Rose of China. Cult, in conserva-
tories, from East Indies (where the splendid corollas, which stain l)lack, are used
to black shoes) : very smooth, with bright green ovate and pointed somewhat
toothed leaves,^ and very showy flowers on slender ])eduncles, 4' or 5' broad,
scarlet-red (rarely rose-purple or even white), often double.

* * Herbs, with persistent and regular 5-lobed calyx, and a short pod.
•t- Wild species, but sometimes cultivated, tall and large. %
H. COCcineus, Great Red IL or Rose-Mallow. Marshes from Caro-
lina S. ; very smooth, 4° -7° high, with leaves 5-parted or deeply cleft into
long lanceolate and taper-pointed divisions, and bright-red corolla 6' -11' broad,
the petals narrowed below.

H. militaris, Halberd-leaved R. Low grounds from Pennsylvania
and Illinois S. ; smooth, 3° -4° high, with ovate or heart-shaped toothed or
3-lobed leaves, some of them halbord-sh;\ped, and slender-peduncled flowers,
\ with inflated calyx, and flesh-colored corolla 4' - 5' broad.

^ H. MoseheUtOS, Swamp R. Common in brackish marshes and up the
larger rivers ; 3° - 7° high, soft-downy ; the ovate pointed and often 3-lobed
leaves hoary beneath, generally smooth alwve ; peduncles slender; corolla 4' - 6'
broad, pale rose or white, with or without a darker centre ; pod smooth.

H. grandlflbrus, Laroe-fl. R. Swamps, from Illinois and Carolina S. ;
like the last, but leaves soft-downy both sides, and i)od velvety-hairy.

H. acule^tUS, Prickly or Rough R. Swamps only S. ;' rough with
stiff bristles and bristly ])oints, 2° - 6° high ; leaves 3-5-cleft and the divisions
mostly toothed ; flowers short-peduncled ; leaves of the involucre often forked ;
corolla yellow with a purple centre, 4' broad ; pod bristly.

■*- -t- Exotic tow species, in gardens or cultivated grounds. ®

H. Tri6nuin, Bladder Ketmia or Flower-of-ax-hour. Rather
hairy, l°-2° high, with the leaves toothed, or the upper 3-parted into lanceolate
lobes, the middle lobe much longest; calyx inflated and bladdery; corolla about
2' broad, sulphur-yellow with a blackish eye, open only in midifay sunshine.

* * * Herbs, with calyx splitting down one side, and generally falling off at once,
and with long or narrow pyramidal or angled pod: natives of East Indies.

H. esculentUS, Okra or Gumbo. Nearly smooth, Avith rounded heart-
shaped .5-lobed toothed leaves, greenish-yellow flowers on slender peduncle (invo-
lucre falling early), and narrow pods 3'' or 4' long, which are very mucilaginous,
and when green cooked and eaten, or used to thicken soups : cult. S. (!)

H. Manihot. Smoothish, with leaves .'j - 7-parted into long narrow divis-
ions ; the large and showy corolla pale yellow with a dark eye ; the leaves of
the involucre hairy and soon falling off: introduced or cult. S. VV. ^J.

(15. GOSS"^PIUM, COTTON. (Name given by Pliny, from the Arabic.)
■'TM *H/v* Plants now diffused over warm countries, most valuable for the wool on the

^1^^ seeds : the species much mixed up.

T 0 G. herb6,eeuni, Common Cotton. Cult. S. Leaves ^dth 5 short and
jj^ roundish lobes ; petals pale yellow or turning rose-color, purple at base. (T;

k G. Barbadense, Barbadoes or Sea-Island C. Cult, on the coast S.

(5r /- Inclining to be shrubby at base ; branches black-dotted ; leaves with 5 longer
~*y, K^ lance-ovate and taper-pointed lobes ; leaves of the involucre with very long and

/' slender teeth ; petals yellowish or whitish with purple base.

^.(j^ j/if»G. arbbreum, Tree C. Cult. S., only for curiosity, has 5-7 nearly

y''*'*^^^ lanceolate and taper-pointed lobes to the leaves, leaves of involucre slightly
toothed, and a purple corolla with a darker centre. '

CAMELLIA OR TEA FAMILY. 70

23. STERCULIACEiE, STERCULIA FAMILY.

Cliiefly a tropical family, to which belongs the Theobroma or
Chocolatk-tree ; in common cultivation known here only by a
single species of"

1. MAHEE.NIA. (Name an anagram of Hermannia, a genus very like
it.) Calyx, corolla, &c. as in the Mallow Family ; but the stamens only 5,
one before each petal ; the filaments monadelphous only at the base and en-
larged about the middle, and the anthers with 2 parallel cells. The edges of
the base of the petals rolled inwards, making a hollow claw. Ovary 5-celled,
with several ovules in each cell : styles 5, united at the base.

M. verticiliata. Cult, from Cape of Good Hope, in conservatories pro-
ducing a succession of honey-yellow sweet-scented small blossoms, on slender
])eduncles, all winter and spring ; a sort of woody perennial, Avith slender and
spreading or hanging roughish branches and small green irregularly pinnatifid
leaves ; the specific name given because the leaves seem to be whorled ; but this
is because the stipules, which arc cut into several linear divisions, imitate leaves.

24. TILIACE^, LINDEN FAMILY.

Chiefly a tropical family, represented here only by an herbaceous
CoRCHORUS on our southernmost borders, and by the genus of fine
trees which gives the name.

1. TILIA, LINDEN, LIME-TREE, BASS WOOD. (The old Latin
name.) Sepals 5, valvate in the bud, as in the Mallow Family, but dwidu-
ous. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous ;
their filaments cohering in 5 clusters, sometimes with a petal-like body in each
cluster ; anthers 2-celled. Pistil with a 5-celled ovary, having 2 ovules in
each cell, in fiaiit becoming a rather woody globular 1 - 2-seeded little nut.
Style 1 : stigma 5-toothcd. Embryo with a slender radicle and leaf-like lobed
cotyledons folded up in the albumen. Ti-ees with mucilaginous shoots, fibrous
inner bark (bast), soft white wood, alternate roundish and serrate leaves move
or less heart-shaped and commonly oblique at the base, deciduous stipules,
and a cyme of small, dull cream-colored, honey-bearing flowers, borne in early
summer on a nodding axillary peduncle which is united to a long and narrow
leaf-like bract.

* A petal-like scale before each petal, to the base of which the stamens are joined.
T. Amerie^na, American Linden or Common Basswood. A hand-
some and large forest-tree, with leaves of rather firm texture and smooth or
smoothish both sides, or in one variety thinner and more downy but not white
beneath.

T. heterophylla, White Linden. Along the Alleghany region from
Penn. and Kentucky S. ; has larger leaves silvery white with a fine down under-
neath.

* * No scales with the stamens. Natives of Europe.

T. Europsea, European L., embraces both the Small-leaved variety,
which is commonly planted about cities, and the Large-leaved or Dutch L.,
with leaves as large and firm as those of our wild Basswood.

25. CAMELLTACE^, CAMELLIA or TEA FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate and simple feather-veined leaves,
and no stipules ; the flowers large and showy, mostly axillary, reg-
ular, witii both sepals and petals imbricated in the bud ; the very
numerous stamens with filaments more or less united at the base
with each other and with the base of the corolla : anthers 2-celled :
ovary and thick or woody pod 5-celled, with one or more seeds iu

76 CAMELLIA OR TEA FAMILY.

each cell. The petals themselves are commonly more or less
united at their base ; they are 5 or sometimes 6 or even more in
number in natural flowers, and in cultivated plants apt to be in-
creased by doubling.

» Exotics, from China, Japan, cfr. : some of fhe inner stamens entirely separate :
cominunli) there is a gradation from bracts to sepals and petals.

1. CAMELLIA. Numerous separate inner stamens within the ring or cup forjned

by the united bases of tlie very numerous outer stamens, fcjtyle 3 -^u-clett.
Seeds large, usually single in each cell of the thick and woody pod. 'Leaves
evergreen, serrate.

2. THE A. Separate interior stamens only as many as the petals (5 or 6): other-

wise nearly like Camellia: flowers less showy; bracts under the calyx incon-
spicuous.

* * Natives of Southeastern States : stamens all united at the base.

3. GOIiDONIA. Stamens in 5 clusters, one attached to the base of each petal.

Style columnar: stigma 5-rayed. Seeds several, more or less winged. Leaves
coriaceous or thickish. •

4. STUARTI A. Stamens uniformly united by a short ring at the base of the fila-

ments. Seeds 2 in each cell, wingless. Leaves thin and deciduous.

1. CAMELLIA. (Named for G. Camellus or Kaincl, a missionary to China
in the 17th century.)

C. Japdnica, Japax Camellia, with oval or oblong pointed and shining
leaves, and terminal or nearly terminal flowers, simple or double, red, white, or
variegated, of very many varieties, is the well-known and only common species ;
fl. through the winter, hardy only S.

2. THEA, TEA-PLANT. (The Chinese name.) Genus too slightly dif-
ferent from Camellia. Shrubs, natives of China and Japan, sparingly cult,
for ornament.

T. viridis, Green or Common T. Leaves oblong or broadly lanceolate,
much longer than wide ; the white flowers (1' or more broad) nodding on short
stalks in tlioir axils.

T. Boh^a, BoiiEA T. Leaves smaller and broader in proY>ortion ; proba-
bly a mere variety of the other.

3. GORDONIA. (Named for Dr. Gordon and another Scotchman of the
same n.ime. ) '

G. Lasiauthus, Loblolly Bay. A handsome shrub or small tree, in
swamps near the coast from Virginia S., with evergreen and smooth lance-
oblong leaves tapering to the base and minutely serrate, and sliowy white flow-
ers 2' - 3' across, in spring and summer, on a slender peduncle { the stamens
short, on a 5-lobcd cup.

G. pubescens, also called FRAXKLfxiA, after Dr. Frank/in. Grows only
in Georgia and Florida ; a tall, ornamental shrub or small tree, with thinner
and deciduous leaves whitish downy beneath, as are the sepals and (white)
petals, and longer style and filaments, the latter in 5 distinct parcels one on the
base of each petal.

4. STXJARTIA. (Named for John Stuart, the Lord Bute at the time of the
American Revolution.) Ornamental shrubs, with thin leaves and handsome
white flo\ver3 2' or 3' across, in late spring or early summer, wild in shady
woods of Southern States.

S. Virginica, grows in the low country from Virginia S. ; shrub 8°- 12°
lligh, with finely serrate leaves soft-downy underneath, pure white petixls, purple
stamens^ one style, and a roundish pod.

S. pentagyna, belongs to the mountains S. of Virginia, and in cult, is
hardy N. ; has smoother leaves and rather larger very handsome flowers, their
petals jagged-edged and tinged with cream-color, the sepals often reddish out-
side, 5 separate styles, and a 5-angled pointed pod.

GERANIUM FAMILY. 77

26. LINAGES, FLAX FAMILY.

A small family, represented here only by the main genus,

1, LINUM, FLAX. (The classical Greek and Latin name.) Flowers (see
Lessons, p. 89, fig-. 174, 175, and p. 9-3, fig. i9i) usually opening for only
one day, and in sunshine, regular and symmetrical ; the persistent sepals,
deciduous petals, slightly monadclphous stamens, and mostly the styles .5, but
the latter are sometimes fewer, occasionally partly united : ovary and fod
with as many 2-seeded cells as there are styles, or mostly twice as many and
one-seeded, each cell being divided more or less by a false partition. Seeds
with a mucilaginous coat and a large straight oily embryo. Leaves simple,
nearly sessile, and entire. Fl. all summer.

* Wild species, annuals or scarcely perennials, with small yellow flowers.
L. Virgini^num, the commonest Wild Flax, in dry woods, 2° high,
with spreading or recurving terete branches at the summit' of the stem ; the
leaves oblong or lanceolate, only the lower spatulate and opposite ; flowers
scattered ; styles separate ; pod little larger than a pin's head.

L. striatum, also common, mostly in boggy grounds, like the first ; but
has the branches shorter, scattered along the stem, and sharply 4-angled with
intermediate grooves (Avhence the name) ; most of the stem-leaves ojjposite and
oblong ; flowers more crowded.

L. sulcatum, much less common, in dry soil, also has grooved (upright)
branches, but the leave? are linear and scattered ; flowers and pods twice as
large; sepals sharp-pointed, 3-nerved and with rough glandular margins ; styles
united half-way up.

* * Cultivated, hardy, herbaceous, with .5 styles and largish handsome flowers.

li. USitatissimum, Common Flax. Cult, from Old World, and inclined
to run wild in fields ; with narrow lanceolate leaves, corymbose rich blue flow-
ers, and pointed sepals. (T)

' L. perenne, Pkrennial Flax. Cult, from Eu. in some varieties, for
ornament, wild beyond the Mississippi ; less tall than the foregoing, narrower-
leaved ; sepals blunt ; petals sky-blue, sometimes pale, at least towards the
base. 2/

L. grandifl6rum, Large-fl. Red Flax. Cult, as an annual, from
North Africa ; 1° high, with linear or lanceolate leaves, and showy crimson-red
flowers. 0 2/

* * * Cultivated in conservatories, shruhhy, with 3 styles and large flowers.

L. trigynum, of India, has rather large elliptical leaves, and a succession
of large and showy bright-yellow flowers.

27. GERANIACEJE, GERANIUM FAMILY.
As now received a large and multifarious order, not to be cliar-
flcterized as a wliole in any short and ta>y way, including as^ it does
Geraniums, Nasturtiums, Wood-Sorrels, Balsams, &c., which have
to be separately described.

§1. Flowers regular and symmetincfd: sepals persistent. Herbs.

1. OXALIS. Sepals and petals 5, the former imbricated, the latter convolute in

the bud. Stamen* 10, monadelphous at base, th'e alternate ones shorter.
Styles 5, sepanite on a 5-felled ovary, which becomes a meuibrannceous
severnl-seeded pod. Juice sour and waterv. Leaves commonly of tl'.ree
obcordate or two-lobeJ leaflets, which droop at nightfall. Flowers usual^
open onlv in sunshine.

2. LIMNAN fHKS. Sepals and petals 5, the former valv.ite, the Inner convolute

in the bud. Glands on the recept:icle 5. Stamens 10, separate at the ba^e.
Style 1, five-lobed at the apex, rising from the centre of a deeply five-! (bod
ovary, winch in fruit l)eeoines 5 separate thickish and wrinkled akcnes.
Leaves piiuiate ; the leaflets cut or cleft.

78 GKRANIUM FAMILY.

3. FLCERKEA. Sepals, small petals, stigmas, and lobes of the ovary 3 ; and

stameijs 6 : otherwise like Limnanthes.

4. GERAiSIUM. Sepals ami petals 5, the former imbricated, the latter commonly

convolute in the biul. Glands on the receptacle 5, alternate with the petals.
Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base, tlie alternate filaments shorter, but
usually bearing an hers. Style 5-clefc. Ovary 5-celled, 5-lobed, the lobes
separating when ripe into 5 two-ovuled but one-seeded carpels or little pods,
which remain hanging by their long naked recurving styles as these split off,
from below upwards, from a long central beak or axis. (Lessons, p. 125,
fig. 277, 278.) Leaves with stipules. Herbage scented.

5. ERODIUM. Stamens with antliers only 5. Styles when they split off from

the beak bearded inside, often twisting spirally : otherwise as Geranium.

^ 2. Flowers somewhat irregular, Geranium-like. Shrubby or jleshy-slemmed.

6. PELARGONIUM. Sepals and petals 5 ; the base of one sepal extends down-

ward on one side the pedicel forming a narrow tube or adherent spur, and
the two perals on that side of the flower differ from the rest more or less in
size or shape. Stamens with anthers fewer than 10, commonly 7. Pistil, &c.
as in Geranium. Herbage scented. Leaves with stipules.

§ 3. Flowers very irregular, spurred, also unsymmetrical. Tender herbs.

7. TROP.EOLUM. Sepals 5, united at the base, and in the upper side of the

flower extemlcHt into a long descending spur. Petals 5, or sometimes fewer,
usually with claws : the two u|)per more or less ddferent from the others
and inserted at the mouth of the spur. Stamens 8, unequil or dissimilar ;
filaments usually turned downwards and curving. Ovary of 3 lobes sur-
rounding the ba'se of a single r.tyle, in fruit becoming 3 thick and Heshy
cloied separate carpels, each containing a single large seed. Herbs, climbing
by their long leafstaks ; the watery juice with the pungent odor and taste
of Cress. Leaves alternate : stipules none or minute. Peduncles axillary,
one-flowered.

8. IMPATIENS. Sepals and petals similarly colored, the parts belonging to each

not readily distinguished. There are 3 small outer pieces, plainly sepals, on
one side of the flower ; then, on the other side, a large hanging sac contracted
»t the bottom into a spur or little tail; wirhin are two small unequally 2-lol)ed
petals, one each >ide of the sac. Stamens 5, short, conniving or lightly
cohering around and covering the 5-celled ovary, which in fruit becomes a
several-seeded pod : this bursts elastically, flying in pieces at the touch,
scattering the seeds, separating into 5 twisting valves and a thickish axis.
Style none. Seeds rather large. Erect, branching, succulent-stemmed herbs,
with simple leaves and no stipules.

1. OXALIS, WOOD-SORIIEL. (Name from Greek words meaning sour-
salt, from tlie oxalates or " salt-of-sorrel " contained in the juice.)

* Native species, Jiower ill fj through the summer : leaflets broadlg obcordate.

O. Stricta, Ykllow W. Extremely common in waste or cultivated soil
and open woodlands ; stems 3'- 12' h'v^h, leafy ; sleiulor ])edunclcs bearing an
umbel of 2-6 small yellow Howers, followed by slender pods. (T) 2/.

O. Acetosella,' True W. Common in mossy woods N. ; the leafstalks
and 1-fIowered scapes 2' -4' high from a creeping scaly-toothed rootstock ;
flower rather large, Avhite with delicate reddish veins. 2/

O. violaoea, Violet W. Common S., rarer N., in rocky or sandy soil ;
leafstalks and slender scape from a scaly bulb, the flowers several in an umbel,
middle-sized, violet. "21

* * Cultivated in conservatories, from Ca]>e of Good Hope.

O.Bowiei, a stemlcss species, with a small bulb on a s])indle-shaped root;
leafstalks and few-flowered scapes 6'- 10' high; broad obcordate leaflets almost
2' long ; petals deep rose-color, 1' long.

«. O. specibsa is more hairy ; leaflets obovate and scarcely notched, com-
monly crimson underneath, only I'long; scapes short, 1 -flowered ; petals 1^'
long, jjink-red with a yellowish base.

O. fiava,*from a strong bulb sends up to the surface a sliort scaly stem,
bearing thick flatfish leafstalks and short 1-flowered scapes; the leaflets 6-10
and linear ; petals nearly 1 ' long, yellow, often edged with reddish.

GERANIUM FAMILY. 79

O. versicolor, the commoner and prettiest species, from small bulbs sends
up slender stems, 2' -3' hi<j;h, bearing; at summit leaves of 3 almost linear loaf-
lets notched at the end, and slender 1-flowereil jjeduncles ; petals 1' Ion;;, white
or tinged with rose, with bright pink-red margins underneath, so that the blos-
som is red when rolled up in the bud or closed in shade, but white above when
it opens in sunshine.

* * * Cultivated from South America for the edible tubers.

O. crenata, the Oca of Peru, rather common in France, bears abundance
of potato-like tubers as large as pullet's-eggs ; stem leafy, 2° high ; leaflets
obcordate ; peduncles several-flowered ; petals yellow, rather large, crenate or
several-notched at the end.

2. LIMNANTHES. (Name from Greek words for marsAyfoirer; but in
fact the plant flourishes in merely moist soil. ) (v)

L. Dougl^sii. Cult, for ornament from California ; a low and spreading,
mostly smooth, and slightly succulent garden annual, with leaves of .5-7 oblong
or lanceolate and often 3 - .'i-cleft leaflets, and rather neat flowers (in summer),
solitary on slender axillary peduncles ; the petals white with a yelloAV base,
wedge-oblong, notched at the end, tAvice the length of the calyx, about ^' long.

3. PLCERKEA, FALSE MERMAID. (Named for Flcerke, a German

botanist.) ®

P. proserpinacoides, in marshes and wet alluvial soil ; a small and in-
significant plant, with the 3-5 leaflets lanceolate and entire, or rarely 2-3-
cleft ; the axillary and peduncled flower inconspicuous (in spring and summer),
the oblong petals shorter than the calyx and entire.

4. GERANIUM, CRANESBILL. (From old Greek name for the Crane,
alluding probably to the long beak in fruit.) The following are wild species
of the country : the so-called Geraniums of cultivation belong to Pelargonium.
Sepals usually slender-pointed. Fl. spring and summer.

G. maculatum, Wild or Spotted Cranesbill. Common in- wood-
lands and open grounds ; stem erect from a stout root or rootstock, about 2°
high, hairy, branching and terminating in long peduncles bearing a pair of
flowers ; leaves palmately parted into 5-7 wedge-shaped divisions cut and cleft
at the end, sometimes whitish-blotched ; petals wcdge-obovate, light purple,
I' long, bearded on the short claw. If.

G. Carolini^nUTn, Carolina C. In open and mostly barren soil ;
stems erect or soon diffusely branched from the base, only 6'- 18' high ; leaves
palmately parted into 5 much cleft and. cut divisions ; peduncles and pedicels
short ; flowers barely half as large as in the foregoing, the pale rose-colored pet-
als notched at the end. (T) ©

G. Roberti^num, Heru Robert. Common N. in shady rocky places ;
very strong-scented, loosely hairy, diff*usely spreading ; leaves,fincly cut, being
divided into 3 twice-piunatifid divisions ; flowers small ; petals pink or red
purple. ©

5. ERODIUM, STORKSBILL. (From Greek name for a Heron.)

E. cicutarium. Common S. Nat. from Eu., in sterile soil, but not com-
mon, except in Texas and California, where it greatly abounds ; low, hairy and
rather viscid ; the leaves mostly from the root, pinnate, and the leaflets finely
once or twice pinnatifid ; peduncle bearing an umbel of several small pinkish
flowers, in summer. (T) @

6. PELARGONIUM, the GERANIUM, so-called, of house and sum-
mer-garden culture. (Name from Greek word for the Stork, from the beak of
the fruit, which is like that of Geranium. ) All are perennials, and most of the
common ones more or less shrubby, natives of the Cai)e of Good Hope ; in
cultivation so mixed up by crossing that students will hardly be able to make
out the species. The following are the types or originals of the commonest
Sorts.

80 GERANIUM FA3IILT.

§ 1. Leaves peltate and fleshy, the 5 lobes entire : stems trailing.
P. pelt^tum, Ivy-leaved P. Generally smooth, the leaf tixed towards
the middle, with or without a darkish zone ; flowers pink or varying to white.

§ 2. Leaves round and crenate, very ol)Scurely many-lobed and with a deep narrow

sinus: petals all of one color [scarlet, pink, or varying to ivhite), the trvo

upper a little narrower than the others : stems erect, shrubby and succulent.

The two species greatly mixed.

P. zonule, IIonsE-siiOE P. So called from the dark horse-shoe mark or

zone, which however is not always present ; smoothish ; petals narrowish.

P. inquinans, Staining or Scarlet P. In the unmixed state is soft-
downy and clammy, the leaver without the zone ; petals broadly obovate, origi-
nally intense scarlet.

§ 3. Leaves rounded, moderately if at all lohed : branches scarcely succulent : pet-
als never scarlet, the two upper more or less larger than the three lower.

* Leaves siveet-scented, velvety or soft-downy : flow&'s small : stems or brandies

herbaceous or half herbaceous, spreading or straggling.

P. capit^tum, Rose-scented P. Softly hairy, with the rose-scented
leaves moderately lobcd, the lobes short and broad ; peduncle bearing many
sessile flowers in a head ; petals rose-purple, barely ^' long.

P. tomentdsum, Pei'I'eumint P. Densely soft-hairy; branches long
and thickish ; leaves rather large, round-heart-shaped and with 5-7 open lobes,
velvety-hairy both sides ; flowers on long pedicels in puniclcd umbels, insigniii-
cant ; petals white, the 3 lower a little longer than the calyx.

P. odoratissimum, Ni:tmi:g-sci:nted p. Branches slender and strag-
gling, from a very short scaly stem or base ; leaves rounded and crenate, soft-
velvety, small ; flowers on sliort pedicels, very small ; petals white, scarcely
exceeding the calyx.

* * Leaves not sweet-scented: flowers large, pink, purple, white. Sec, the tu)0

upper petals longer and broader than the three lower and streaked or spotted:
stirubhy and erect. {All much mixed.)

P. CUCUlI^tum, Cowled P. Soft-hairy, the rounded kidney-shaped leaves
cupped, soft-downy.

P. cordatum, Heart-leaved P. Like the last or less hairy, with flat
ovate-heart-.shai)ed leaves.

P. angulbsum, Maple-leaved P. Harsher-hairy; the leaves rigid, in-
clined to be lobed, truncate or even wedge-shaped at the base (scarcely ever
heart-shaped), sharply toothed.

§ 4. Leaves decidedly lobed or cut, in some .species compound or decompound,
* Smooth and pale or glaucous, rounded, palmatehj 5 - 1 -cleft.

P. grandiflbrum, Great-flowered P. Shrubby ; peduncles bearing
about 3 large flowers, with white i>ctals li' long, the two upper larger and ele-
gantly veined or variegated with pink or rose-color.

* * Silky-hoary, pinnately veined and somewhat pinnatifld.

P. tricolor. Three-colored P. Low, rather shrubby ; the long-petioled
small leaves lance-oblong ; peduncles bearing 2 or 3 showy floAvers ; the three
lower petals white, the two upper crimson, with a dark spot at their base, and
rather smaller, ^' long : not common.

* * * Soft-hoary or velvety, palmateJy 3-]xvted, small : no obvious stipules.

P. exstipul^tum, Penny-Royal P. Low, rather shrubby ; leaves with
the sweet scent of Penny-Royal or Bergamot, ^' wide, the lobes wedge-shaped
and cut-toothed ; flowers small and insignificant, white.

* * * * Hairy, roughish, or downy : leaves more or less pinnatifld or pinnately

compound or the main lobes or divisiojis pinnatifld, balsamic or strong-
scented : stipides present.
P. quercifolium, Oak-leaved P. Shrubby, hairy and glandular;
leaves deeply siuuate-pinnatiliJ, with wavy-toothed blunt lobes (the lowest

RUE FAillLY. 81

ones largest, making a triangular-heart-shaped outline), often dark-colored
along the middle, unpleasantly scented ; petals purple or pink, the two upper
(1' long) much longest.

P. graveoiens, Heavy-scented P. Shrubby and hairy like the last;
leaves palmately 5 - 7-lobed or parted and the oblong lobes sinuate-pinnatifid ;
petals shorter.

P. Radula, Rough P. Shrubby, rough and hairy above with short bris-
tles ; the balsamic or mint-scented leaves palmately parted and the divisions
pinnately parted or again cut into narrow linear lobes, with revolutc margins ;
peduncles short, bearing few small flowers ; petals rose-color striped or veined
with pink or purple.

P. fulgldum, Brilliant P. Shrubby and succulent-stemmed, downy ;
leaves mostly 3-parted, with the lateral divisions wedge-shaped and 3-lobed, the
middle one oblong and cut-pinnatilid ; calyx broad in the throat ; petals
obovate, scarlet, often with dark lines, ^' long.

P. triste, Sad or Night-scented P. Stem succulent and very short
from a tuberous rootstock, or none ; leaves pinnately decompound, hairy ; pet-
als dull brownish-yellow with darker spots, sweet-scented at night.

7. TROP-aiOLUM, NASTURTIUM or INDIAN CRESS. (Name
from a Greek word for a trophy, the foliage of the common sort likened to a
group of shields.) Cult, from South America, chiefly Peru, for ornament,
and the pickled fruits used as a substitute for capers, having a similar flavor
and pungency : fl. all summer, showy.

T. majUS, Common N. Climbing high, also low and scarcely climbing ;
leaves roundish and about 6-angled, peltate towards the middle ; petals much
longer than calyx, varying from orange to scarlet and crimson, pointless, entire
or a little jagged at the end, and the 3 lower and longer-clawed ones fringed at
the base : also a full double variety. (T)

T. minus, Smaller N. Smaller ; petals paler yellow and with a pointed
tip. Now less common than the preceding, but mixed with it. ®

T. tuberdsum, Tuberous N. Less common ; leaves with 5 rather
deep lobes ; petals entire, orange, scarcely longer than the heavy-spurred orange-
red calyx ; tubers edible. %

T. peregrinura, Canary-bird Flower. Climbing high ; leaves deeply
5 - 7-lobed and cut ; spur hooked or curved ; petals light yellow, the 2 upper
lobed, the 3 lower small and fringed. ®

8. IMPATIENS, TOUCH-ME-NOT, JEWEL -WEED, BALSAM.

(Name from the sudden bursting of the pod when touched.) Ours are all

tender and succulent-stemmed annuals : fl. all summer.

I. pallida, Pale T. Wet ground and moist shady places, commonest N.,
1° - 4° high, branched ; leaves alternate, oval ; flowers panicled, pale yellow
dotted with brownish-red (rarely spotless), the sac broader than long and tipped
with a short incurved spur.

I. flilva, Spotted T. Commoner S. ; has smaller orange-colored flowers
spotted with reddish-brown, sac longer than broad and tapering into an inflexed
spur (spots and spur rarely wanting).

I. Bals^mina, Garden Balsam, from India. Low, with crowded lan-
ceolate leaves, the lower opposite, a cluster of large and showy short-spurred
flowers in their axils, on short stalks, of very various shades (from white to red
and purple) ; the flner sorts full double.

28. RUTACEiE, RUE FAMILY.

Known by the transparent dots or glands (resembling punctures)
in the simple or compound leaves, containing a pungent or acrid
bitter-aromatic volatile oil ; and stamens only as many or twice as
many (or in Orange and Lemon more numerous), in-erted on the
base of a receptacle (or a glandular disk surrounding it) which

_(^fA.rl^\ J^^^'iVf:' - RUE FAMILY.

sometimes elevates more or less the single compound pistil or the
2 — 5 more or less separate carpels. Leaves either opposite or alter-
nate, in ours mostly alternate, without stipules. Flowers only in
No. 2 irregular. Many species are medicinal.

^1. Perennial, strong-scenled, hardy (exotic) herbs- fimoers perfect : stamens 8 or
10: ovary 4-5-l()bea, i-b-celled: seeds several.

1. RUT A. Sepals and petals 4 or 5, short, the latter roundish and arching. Sta-

mens twice as many as the petals. Style 1. Pod globular and many-seeded.
Leaves decompound.

2. DICTAMNUS. Sepals and petals 5; the latter long and lanceolate, on short

claws, the lower one declining, the others ascending. Stamens 10; the long
filaments declining and curved, partly glandular. Styles 5, nearly separate.
Ovary a little elevated, deeply 5-lobed, in IVuit becoming 5 flattened rough-
ghuniular 2 - 3-seeded pods, each splitting when ripe into 2 valves, which
divide into an outer and an inner layer. Leaves pinna' e.

^ 2. Shrubs or trees, hardy, with polygamous, dioecious, or sometimes perfect, stnall
{gretuish or zohitish) Jtowers: stamens 4 or 6, as many as the petals : seeds
single or in pairs.

* Indigenous : leaves pinnate or of ^ leaflets, deciduous.

3. ZANTHOXYLUM. Flowers dioecious. Pistils 2 - 5 ; their styles slightly co-

hering ; the ovaries separate, ripening into rather fleshy at length dry and
2-valved little pods. Seed black, smooth and shining. Prickly trees or
shrubs: leaves pinnate.

4. PTELKA. 4"'lo\vers polygamons. Pistil a 2-celled ovary tipped with a short

st} le, forming a 2-celle(l 2-seede I and rounded wing-fruil or samara, in shape
like tliat of the Elm. Mot prickly: leaflets 3.

♦ * » Exotic : leaves simple and entire, evergreen.
6. SKE\LMIA. Flowers polygamous or perfect. Ovary 2- 5-celled, with a single
ovule from the top of each cell, in fruit becoming a red berry or drupe.

^ 3. Shi'ubs or trees, exotic, not hardy, rcifh sweet-scented foliage and jJerfect flowers,
j having numerous (20 - UO) stamens.

^ 6. CITRUS. Petals 4-8, usually 5 thickish. Filaments irregularly united more
or less. Ovary many-ceiled, encircled at the l)ase by a conspicuous disk (see
Lessons, p. l£h, fig. 281), in iruit becoming a thick-rinded many -seeded large
berry, liianches usually spiny. Leaves evergreen, apparently simple, but
with' a joint between tUe blade and the (commonly wingeil or margined)
petiole, showing that the leaf is a compound one reduced to the end-leaflet.

1. RUT A, RUE. (The ancient name.) Natives of the Old World. %
B. grav6oIens, Common Rue. Cult, in country J^ardcns ; a bushy herb,

woody or almost shrubby at the base, with bluish-green and stronj^iy dotted
oblong or obovate small leaflets, the terminal one broader and notched at the
end, and corymbs of grccnish-yeilow flowers, produced all summer ; the earliest
blossom has the parts in lives, the rest in fours. Plant very acrid, sometimes
even blistering the skin.

2. DICTAMNUS, FRAXINELLA. (Ancient Greek name.) Native of
Southern Europe. 21

D. Praxin^Ua. Cult, for ornament ; herb with an almost woody base,
viscid-glandular, and with a strong aromatic scent ; the leaves likened to those
of Ash on a smaller scale (whence the common name) of 9 - 13 ovate and ser-
rate leaflets ; the large floAvers in a terminal raceme, in summer, in one variety
pale purple with redder veins, another white.

3. ZANTHOXYLUM, PRICKLY ASH. (Name composed of two
Greek words, meaning yellow wood.) Bark, leaves, and little fleshy pods very
pungent and aromatic.

Z. Americ^miin, Northern P. or Toothache-tree. Rocky woods
and banks N. ; a prickly shrub or small tree, with leaves downy when young,
of y- 11 ovate or oblong leaflets ; the greenish flowers in axillary clusters, in

QUASSIA FAMILY. 83

spring, prccedinf^ the leaves, either the sepals or petals wanting^ ; pistils 3-5
with slender styles ; the little ])ods about the size and shape of pepper-corns,
lemon-scented, raised from the receptat-le on tliickish stalks.

Z. Carolinianum, Southekn P. Sandy coast S. ; a small tree, the
bark armed with warty and the leafstalks with very slender prickles, smooth,
with 7-9 ovate or lance-ovate leaflets, and whitish flowers in a terminal cvn)c,
in early summer, later than the leaves, with the petals and sepals both present,
3 or 2 short-styled pistils, and pods not stalked.

4. PTELEA, HOP-TREE. (The ancient Greek name for the Elm, from
the resemblance in the winged fruit.)

P. trifoliata, Threk-leaved H. Kocky woods from Penn. S. & W. ;
a tall shrub or small tree, with ovate pointed leaflets, and a terminal cvme of
small greenish-white unpleasantly scented flowers, in early summer ; the"^ orbic-
ular winged fruit bitter, used as a substitute for hops.

5. SKIMMIA. (Skijiimi is the name in Japan, from which country the
common sj)ecies was recently introduced into ornamental cultivation.)

S. Japonica, a low quite hardy shrub, smooth, with oblong and entire
bright-green evergreen leaves crowded on the end of the branches, which in
spring are terminated with close panicle or cluster of small and white sAveet-
scented flowers, of no beauty, buj; followed by bright red berries which last over
winter.

6. CITRUS, CITRON, ORANGE, &c. (Ancient name' for C/#?-o?i.) Na-
tives of India, &c., cultivated with us only for ornament. Flowers white,
very sweet-scented, rather showy. The species or varieties are much con-
fused or mixed.

C. vulgaris, Bitter Orange, with broadly winged petiole ; fruit with a

thin rougliish rind and acrid bitter ])ul]).

C. Aurantium, Sweet Ohaxgk, with a very narrow wing or slight
margin to the petiole ; fruit globose, with a smooth and thin separable rind
and a sweet pulp.

Var. myrtifblia, Myrtle-leaved or Chinese Orange, dwarf, with
small leaves (!'- 1|' long) and small fruit, depiessed or sunken at the apex.

C. Limoniuni, Le:\iox, with a narrow wing or margin to the petiole,
oblong and acute toothed leaves, petals commonly purplish outside, and fruit
ovoid-ob!ong, with adherent rind and a very acid ])u'p.

C. Limetta, Lime, with wingless petiole, roundish or oval serrate leaves,
and globular fruit with a Arm rind and sweetish pul]).

C. Medica, Citron (named from the country, ]\redia), with wingless
petio'e, oblong or oval acute leaves, petals purplish outside, and a large oblong
sweet-scented fruit with a very thick roughish adherent rind, and slightly acid
pulp.

29. SIMARUBACE^, QUASSIA FAMILY.

May be regarded as Rutaceje without transparent dots in the
leaves ; here represented by a single tree, the

1. AILANTHUS, CHINESE SUMACH or TREE-OF-HEAVEN.

{Ai/anto, a native name.) Flowers polygamous, small, greenish, in terminal
branched panicles, with 5 short sepals and 5 j)eta!s, 10 stamens in the sterile
flowers and few or none in the fertile ; the latter with 2 to 5 ovaries (their
styles lateral, united or soon separate), Avhich in fruit become linear-oblong
thin and membranaceous veiny samaras or keys, like those of Ash on a
smaller scale, but 1 -seeded in the middle.

A. glandulbsus, the only species known here, from China, is a common
shade-tree, tall, of rapid growth, with hard wood, very long ])innate leaves, and
many obliquely lanceolate entire or sparingly sinuate leaflets ; flowers in early
summer, the staminate very ill-scented.

84 CASHEW FA5IILY.

30. MELIACEiE, MELIA FAMILY.

Trees, chiefly with piniiatelv compound dotless leaves, stamens
twice as many as tiie ])etals and united up to or beyond the anthers
into a tube, and a several-celled ovary with a single style ; almost
all tropical, — represented in Florida and farther south by Swikte-
Ni.v Maiioganf, the Mahogany-tree, and by an exotic shade-
tree at the South, viz.

1. MELIA. {Old Greek name of the Ash, transfcn-ed to a widely different
tree.) Calyx 5-6-parted. Petals 5 or G, linear-spatulate. Filaments united
into a cyiindriea! tube with a 10- 12-cleft mouth, enclosing as many anthers.
Fruit a globose berry-like drupe, with a bony 5-celled stone, and a single seed
in each cell. Flowers in large compound panicles.

M. Az6darach, Pkide-of-India or China-tree. A favorite shade-
tree at the S., '30°-40° high, with twice pinnate smooth leaves, ovate and
pointed toothed leaflets, of a deep green color, and numerous fragrant lilac-col-
ored flowers, in spring, succeeded by the yellovvish frui^-

31. ANACARDIACE^, CASHEW FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, with resinous or acid, sometimes poisonous, often
colored or milky juice ; alternate leaves without stij)ules ; small
flowers with sepals, petals, and stamens 5 ; and a 1-celled 1-ovulei
ovary bearing 3 styles or biigmas, — represented by the genus

1. RHUS, SUMACH. (Ancient nam-.) Flowers polygamous or dioe-
cious, sometimes perfect, whitish or greenish, in terminal or axillary panicles.
Stamens inserted under the edge or between the lobes of a flattened disk in
the bottom of the calyx. Fruit a snudi dry or berry-like drupe, the solitary
seed on a curved stalk rising from the bottom of the cell. (The astringent
leaves of some species are used for dyeing and tanning, those of R. coria-
RiA in S. Europe for mcjrocco leather. The juice of .';ome Japanese species
yield their famous laccpier; the fruit of another a sort of wax.)

§ 1 . Cultivated from Europe, with simple entire leaves : not poisonous.

R. Cotinus, Smoke-tree or Venetian Sumach. Shrub 5° -9° high,
smooth, with obovate leaves on slender petioles, loose panicles of flowers in early
summer, followed rarely by little half-heart-shaped fruits : usually most of the
flowers are abortive, while their pedicels lengthen, branch, and bear long plumy
hairs, making large and light, feathery or cloud-like bunches, either greenish or
tinged with red, which are very ornaiuental. The same or one very like it is
wild in Alabama.

§ 2. Native species, with compound leaves of 3-31 leaflets.
* Poisonous to the touch for most people, the juice rejiinous : flowers in slender axil-
I larxj panicles, in sutnmer : fruit smooth, ivhite or dun-color.

R. Toxicodendron, Poisox Ivy or Poisox Oak. Common in low
grounds, climbing by rootlets over rocks, &c., or ascending trees ; leaflets 3,
rhombic-ovate, often sinuate or cut-lobed, rather downy beneath. A vile pest.

R. venenata, Poisox Sumach, P. Elder, or P. Dogwood. In swampy
ground; shrub 6° -18° high, smooth, with pinnate leaves of 7-13 obovate
entire leaflets, and very slender panicles. More virulent than the foregoing.
* * Not poisonous : fruit red and beset with reddish hairs, very acid.

••- Leaves pinnate: flowers whitish, in large and veri/ compact terminal panicles,
in early summer, succeeded by a compact mass of crimson fruit.

R. typhina, Staghorn Sumach. Shrub or tree, on hillsides, &c., 10° -
30° high, with resinous-milky juice, brownish-yellow wood, velvety-hairy

/

VINE FAMILY. 85

branches and stalks, and large leaves of 11 -31 lance-oblong pointed and serrate
leaflets. Worthy to be planted for ornament,

B-. glabra, Smooth S. Shrub 2° -12° high, in rocky places, like the
last, but smooth, the leaflets whitened beneath. — Var. laciniata, in Fenn.,
has the leaflets cut into narrow irregular lobes : planted for ornament.

R. COpallina, Dwarf S. Shrub l°-.5° high, in rocky or sandy ground,
spreading by subterranean shoots ; with downy stalks or branches, petioles
winged or broadly margined between the 9-21 oblong or lance-ovate oblique
leaflets, which are thickish and shining above ; juice resinous.

•»- ■*- Leaves of 3 cut-lobed leaflets : flowers light yellow, in sprmg before the leaves
appear, diacious, in small scaly-bracted and catkin-like spikes.

R. arom^tica, Fragrant S. A straggling bush in rocky places, from
Vermont W. «& S., with the small rhombic-ovate leaflets pubescent when young,
aromatic-scented.

32. VITACE^, VINE FAMILY.

Woody plants, climbing by tendrils, with watery and often acid
juice, alternate leaves, deciduous stipules, and small greenish flow-
ers in a cyme or thyr^us ; with a minutely 4 - 5-toothed or almost
obsolete calyx ; petals valvate in the bud and very deciduous ; the
stamens as many as the petals and opposite them ; a 2-ceHed ovary
with a pair of ovules rising from the base of each cell, becoming
a berry containing 1-4 bony seeds. Tendrils and flower-clusters
opposite the leaves.

1. VITIS. Calyx very short, a fleshy disk connecting it with the base of tlie

ovarv and bearing the petals and stamens.

2. AMPELOPSIS Calyx minutely 6-toothed : no disk. Petals expandiag

before they fall. Leaflets 5.

1. VITIS, GRAPE-VINE. (The classical Latin name.) Fl. in late spring.

§ 1. True Grapes. Petals and stamens 5, the former lightly cohering at the
top and throicn off without expanding : the base of the very short and trun-
cate calyx filed with the disk, which rises info 5 thick lobes or glands between
the stamens : leaves simple, rounded and heart-shaped, usually 3 - 5-lobed.
* Flowers all peifect, somewhat fragrant : exotic.
V. vinifera, European Graph. Cult, from immemorial time, from the
East, furnishing the princijial grapes of our greenhouses, &c. ; some varieties
nearly hardy N. : leaves green, cottony only when very young.

* * Flowers more or less polygamous {some plants inclined to produce onlij stami-

nate flowers), exhaling a fragrance like that of Mignonette : native species.
•«- Bark of stem early separating in loose strips : panicles compound and loose.
V. Labriisca, Northern Eox-Grapb, the original of the Catawba,
IsABKLLA, and furnishing most of the American table and wine grapes ; com-
mon in moist grounds N. & W. : leaves and young shoots very cottony, even
the adult leaves retaining the cottony wool underneath, the lobes separated by
roundish sinuses ; fruit large, with a tough musky pulp when wild, dark
purple or amber-color, in compact clusters.

V. aestivalis, Summer Grape. Common N. & S. ; leaves green above,
and with loose cobwebby down underneath, the lobes with roundish open
sinuses ; clusters slender ; fruit smaller and earlier than in the foregoing, black
with a bloom, pleasant. Original of the Clinton Grape, &c.

V. cordifblia, Winter or Frost Grape. Common on l)anks of streams;
leaves never cottony, green both sides, thin, heart-shaped, little lobed, but coarse-
ly and sharply toothed ; clusters loose ; fruit small, bluish or black with a
bloom, very sour, ripe after frosts. Var. ripXp.ia, the common form along
river-banks' W. has broader and more cut or lobed leaves.

86 ' BUCKTHORN FAMILY.

■*- -t- Bark of stem close and smooth, pale.
V. VUlpina, Muscadine, Bullace, or Fox-Grape of the South. River-
banks from Maryhiud and Kentucky S. : leaves rather small, round in outline,
seldom and sli;L;htly lobed, j^lossy and mostly smooth both sides, the margin cut
into coarse and broad teeth ; clusters small ; fruit large, ^' - %' in diameter,
purple, thick-skinned, musky, or pleasant-flavored, ripe in early autumn : the
original of the Sclppeknong Grape, &c.

§ 2. Cissus. Petals and stamens 4 or 5, the former opening regnhir/jj : disk
thick and broad, ^-b-lobed: Jiowers mostly perfect: berries not larger than
peas, not eatable.
* Wild species S. ^ W., smooth, iisualli/ with, 5 stamens and petals.

V. indivisa, a species with simple leaves like those of a true Grape, heart-
shaped or ovate, pointed, coarsely- toothed, but not lobed ; flower-clusters small
and loose ; style slander.

V. bipinu^lJil^ a bushy or low-climbing plant, with few tendrils, and de-
compound leaves, the small leaflets cut-toothed.

« * Exotic species, with mostli/ 4 stamens and petals.

V. heteroph^Ua, from Japan, a form with the leaves blotched or varie-
gated with white (small, thin, variously 3-5-lobed), ami small blue berries, is
hardy in gardens ; cult, for the variegated foliage.

V. discolor, from Java, cult, in hothouses, for its splendid foliage ; leaves
lance-oblong with a heart-shaped base, crimson underneath, velvety-lustrous
and dark-green shaded with ])urple or violet, or often mottled with white, on the
upper surfiice, the shoots reddish.

2. AMPELOPSIS, VIRGINIA-CREEPER. (Name from Greek words,
meaning like the Vine: indeed, it is hardly distinct enough from the second
section of Vitis.)

A. quinquef6Iia, the only genuine species : in all low grounds, climbing
extensively, sometinjcs by rootlets as well as by the tendrils, the latter specially
fitted for ascending walls and trunks, to which they attach themselves firmly by
sucker-like disks at the tip of their branches (Lessons, p. 38, figs. 62, 63) ; leaf-
lets 5, digitate, lance-oblong, cut-toothed, changing to crimson in autumn ;
flowers cymose, in summer ; berries small, black or blujsh.

33. RHAMNACEiE, BUCKTHORN FAMILY.

Shrubs or tree.-5, of bitterish and astringent properties, with simpK
chiefly alternate leaves and small flowers ; well marked by the sta-
mens of the number of the valvate sepals (4 or 5) and alternate
with them, i. o. opposite the petals, inserted on a disk which lines
the calyx-tube and often unites it with the base of the ovary, this
havinpj a single erect ovule in each of the (2 - 5) cells. Bi-anches
often thorny : stipules minute or none : flowers often apetalous or
polygamous. Petals commonly hooded or involute around the sta-
men before it. (Lessons, p. 126, fig. 282, 283.)

« Calyx free from the ovary.

1. BERCHEMIA. Twining climbers, with straight-veined leaves. Petals 5, with-

out clsfws, rather longer than the stamens. Disk thick, nearly filling tiie bot-
tom of the calyx. Ovary 2-celled, becoming a 2-celled small stone-fruit, with
purple and thin pulp.

2. RHAMNUS. Erect shrubs or trees, with loosely-veined leaves. Petals 4 or 5,

with short claws. Stamens short. Ovary 2-4-celled, bjcoming a black
berry-like fruit, containing 2-4 cartilaginous seed-like nutlets, which are
grooved on the back, as is the contained seed. Cotyledons foliaceous.
8. FRANGULA. Like Rhamnus, but with straight-veined leaves ; the nutlet*
not grooved but convex on the back : cotyledons thick.

STAFF-TREE FAMILY. 87

« « Cdlyx with the disk coherent with the base of the ovary and fruit.
4. CEANO I'HUS. P>ect or depressed shrubs or undershrubs. Petals 5, hood-
shaped, spreading, their claws and the filantients slender. Ovary 3-celled,
when ripe becoming a cartilaginous or crustaceous 3-seeded pod.

1. BERCHEMIA, SUPPLE-JACK. (Probably named for some botanist
of the iiiime of Berchem.)

B. VOlubilis. Common in low grounds S., climbing high trees, smooth,
with ^'ery tough and lithe stems (whence the popular name), small oblong-
ovate and simply parallel-veined leaves, and greenish-white flowers in small
panicles terminating the branchlets, iif early summer.

2. RHAMNUS, BUCKTHORN. (The ancient name.) Flowers green-
ish, axillary, mostly in small clusters, commonly polygamous or dioecious, in
early summer. Berry-like fruit mawkish.

* Flowers with petals, the jmrts in fours : leaves minutelij serrate.
R. catharticus, Commox Buckthorn. Cult, from Eu., for hedges,
run Avild in a few ])laees ; forms a small tree, with thorny branchlets, ovate or
oblong leaves, and 3 - 4-seeded fruit.

R. lanceol^tus, Narrow-leaved B. Wild from Penn. S. &W. ; shrub
not thorny, with lanceolate or oblong leaves, and 2-seeded fniit.

* * Flowers without petals : stamens and lobes of the cahjx .5

R. alnifdlius, Alder-leaved B. Wild in cold swamps N. ; a low shrub,
with oval acute serrate leaves, and 3-seedcd berry-like fruit.

3. PRANGULA, ALDER-BUCKTHORN. (From /m?u/o, to break, the
stems brittle.) Flowei's greenish, generally perfect, and the parts in fives.
F. Caroliniana. Wild in wet grounds, from New Jersey and Kentucky

S. ; a thornlcss shrub or low tree, with oblong and almost entire rather large
leaves ; flowers solitary or in small clusters in the axils, in early summer ; the
3-seeded fruit black.

4. CEANOTHUS. (An ancient name, of unknown meaning, applied to
these N. American plants.) FloAvers in little umbels or fascicles, usually
clustered in dense bunches or panicles, handsome, the calyx and even the
pedicels colored like the petals and stamens. Ours are low undcrshrubby
plants, with white flowers. In and beyond the Rocky Mountains, esjjecially
in California, are many species, some of them tall shrubs or small trees,,
loaded with showy blossoms.

C. Americanus, New-Jersey Tea or Red-root. Wild in diy grounds,
l°-2° high from a dark red root ; leaves ovate or oblong ovate, finely serrate,
downy beneath, 3-ribbed and veiny, deciduous (used as a substitute for tea in
early times, the use lately revived) ; flowers crowded in a dense slender-ped un-
cled cluster, in summer.

C. OV^lis. Wild on rocks N. from Vermont to Wisconsin : lower than the
preceding and smoother, with smaller narrow-oval or lance-oblong leaves, and
larger flowers on a shorter peduncle, in spring.

C. microphyllus, Small-leaved C. Dry barrens S. : low and spread-
ing, much branched ; leaves evergreen, very small, obovate, 3-ribbed ; flower-
clusters small and simple, in spring.

34. CELASTRACE^, STAFF-TREE FAMILY.

Shrubs, sometimes twining, with simple leaves, minute and decid-
uous stipules or none, and small flowers with sepals and petals
both imbricated in the bud, and stamens of the number of the latter,
alrernate with them, and in-erted on a disk which fills the bottom
of the calyx and often covers the 2-o-celled few-ovuled ovary ; the
seeds usually furnished with or enclosed in a fleshy or pulpy aril.

88 SOAPBERRY FAMILY.

Represented both as to native and cultivated plants by two
genera :

1. CELASTRUS. Flowers polygamous or dioecious. Petals and stamens 5, on the

edge of a concave disk which lines the bottom of the calyx. Filaments and
style rather slender. Fod globular, berry-like, but dry. Leaves alternate.

2. EUONYMUS. Flowers perfect, flat; the calyx-lobes and petals (4 or 5) widely

spreading. Stamens mostly with short filaments or almost sessile antlier-,
borne on the surface of a flat disk which more or less conceals or covers
the ovary. Fod 3-5-lobed, generally bright-colored. Leaves opposite:
branchlets 4-sided. ^

1. CELASTRUS, STAFF-TREE. (Old Greek name, of obscure mean-
ing and application.)

C. SC^ndens, Climbing Bitter-sweet or Wax-work. A twininj;
high-climbinj^ shrub, smooth, with thin ovate-oblong and pointed finely serrate,
leaves, racemes of greenish-white flowers (in early summer) terminating the
branches, the petals serrate or crenate-toothed, and orange-colored berry-like
pods in autumn, which open and display the seeds enclosed in their scarlet
pulpy aril : wild in low grounds, and planted for the showy fruit.

2. EITONYMUS, SPINDLE-TREE. (Old Greek name, means o/'.^orxi
repn'e.) Shrnbs not twining, with dull<-olored inconspicuous flowers, in small
cymes on axillary i)edunc!cs, ])rocluced in early summer ; the pods in autumn
ornamental, especially when they open and display the seeds enveloped in
their scarlet pulpy aril.

♦ Leaves deciduous, Jine/i/ serrate: style short or nearly none.

•♦- North American species: anthers sessile or nearly so.

E. atropurpureus, Buuning-bcsii or Spixdle-tree. Tall shrub, wild

from New York W. &, S., and commonly planted ; with oval or oblong petioled

leaves, flowers with rounded dark dull-purple petals (generally 4), and smooth

deeply 4-lol)ed red fruit, hanging on slender peduncles.

E. Amsricanus, American STRAWUERRY-Busri. Low shrub, wild
from New York NV. & S., and sometimes cult. ; with thickish ovate or lance-
ovate almost sessile leaves, usually 5 greenish-purple rounded petals, and rough-
warty somewhat 3-lobed fruit, crimson when ripe. Var. obov.Vtus, with
thinner and dull ol)ovate or oblong leaves, has long and spreading or trailing
and rooting branches.

•*--*- Exotic : anthers raised on evident filaments.

E. Europseus, Europeax Spindle-trke. Occasionally planted, but
inferior to the foregoing ; a rather low shrub, with lancc-ovatc or oblong short-
petio'od leavjs, about 3-flpwercd peduncles, 4 greenish oblong petals, and a
smooth 4-lobed red fruit, the aril orange-color.

* * Leaves evergreen, serrulate : filaments and style rather slender.

E. Jap6nicus, Japan S. Planted S. under the name of Chinese Box,
there hardy, but is a greenhouse plant N. ; has obovate shining and bright
green leaves (also a form with white or yeilowish variegation), several-flowered
peduncles, 4 obovate whitish 2)etals, and smooth globular pods.

35. SAPINDACE^, SOAPBERRY FAMILY.

Trees, shrubs, or one or two herbaceous climbers, mostly with
compound or lobed leaves, and un>ymmetrical flowers, the stamens
sometimes twice as many as the petals or lobes of the calyx, but
commonly rather fewer, when of equal number alternate with the
petals ; these imbricated in the bud, inserted oa a disk in the bottom
of the calyx and often coherent with it : ovary 2 — 3-celled, sometimes
2 - 3-lobed, with 1 -3 (or in Staphylea several) ovules in each cell.
The common plants belong to the three following suborders.

SOAPBERRY FAMILY. 89

I. BLADDER-NUT FAMILY; has perfect and regular
flowers, stamens as many as the petals, several bony seeds with
a straight embryo in scanty albumen, and opposite compound leaves
both stipulate and stipe Hate.

1. STAPH YLKA. Erect sepals, petals, and stamens 5; the latter borne on the

margin of a fleshy disk which lines the bottom of the calyx. Styles 3, slen-
der, separate or lightly cohering: ovary strongly S-lobedj^ in fruit becoming
a bladdery 3-lobed 3-celled and several-seeded large pod. Shrubs, with pin-
nately compound leaves of 3 or 5 leaflets.

IL SOAPBERRY FAMILY proper ; has flowers often
polygamous or diojcious, and more or less irregular or unsymmetri-
cal, only 1 or 2 ovules, ripening but a single seed in each cell of
the ovary, the embryo coiled or curved, without albumen. No
stipules.

« Leaves alternate. Pod bladdery-injlated, except in No. 4.

2. CARDIOSPEHMUM. Herbs, with twice ternate and cut-toothed leaves, climb-

ing by hook-like tendrils in the flower-chisters. Sepals 4, tl:e inner pair
larger. Petals 4, each with an appendage on the inner face, that of the two
upper large and petal-like, of the two lower crest-like and with a deflexed
spur or process, raised on a claw. Disk irregular, enlarged into two glands,
one before each lower petal. Stamens 8, turned towards the upper side of
the flower away from the glands, the filaments next ^ them shorter. Styles
or stigmas 3, short: ovary triangular, 3-celled, with a single ovule rising from
the middle of each cell. Fruit a large and thin bladdery 3-Iobed pod: seeds
bony, globose, with a scale-like heart-shaped aril adherent to the base.
8. KCELREUTEKIA. Small tree, with pinnate leaves. Sepals 5. Petals 3 or 4
(the place of the others vacant), each with a small 2-parted scale-like appen-
dage attached to its claw. Disk enlarging into a lobe before each petal.
Stamens 5-8, declined: filaments hairy. Style single, slender: ovary trian-
gular, 3-celled, with a pair of ovules 'in each cell. Pod bladdery, 3-lobed,
3-celled.

4. SAPINDUS. Trees, with abruptly pinnate leaves. Sepals and petals each 5,

or rarely 4; the latter commonly with a little scale or appendage adhering to
the short claw. Stamens mostly 8, equal. Style single: ovary 3-lobed,
3-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit mostly a globular and fleshy
1-celled berry (the other cells abortive), filled with a'large globular seed, its
coat crustaceous : cotyledons thick and fleshy.
* * Leaves opposite, ofb-Q digitate leaflets. Pod leathery, not inflated.

5. iESCULUS. Trees or shrubs. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5,

more or less unequal, on claws enclosed in the calyx, n«t appendaged. Sta-
mens 7, rarely 6 or 8: filaments slender, often unequal. Style single, as
also the minute stigma: ovary 3-celled, with a pair of ovules in each ceil.
Fruit a leathery pod, splitting at maturity into 3 valves, ripening 1 -3 very
large, chestnut-like, hard-coated seeds: the kernel of these consists of the very
thick cotyledons firmly joined together, and a small incurved radicle.

III. MAPLE FAMILY ; has flowers generally polygamous
or dioecious, and sometimes apetalous, a mo>tly 2-lobed and 2-celled
ovary, with a pair of ovules in each cell, ripening a single seed
in each cell of the winged fruit. Embryo with long and thin coty-
ledons, coiled or crumpled. (See Lessons, p. 5, fig. 1 — 3, &c.)
Leaves opposite : no stipules.

6. ACER. Trees, or a few only shrubs, with palmately-lobed or even parted leaves.

Calyx mostly 5-cleft. Petals as many or none, and stamens 3 - 8 or rarely
more, borne on the edge of the disk. Styles or stigmas 2, slender. Fruit
a pair of samaras or key-fruits, united at the base or inner face and winged
from the back. Occasionally the ovary is 3-celled and the fruit 3-winge«l.

7. NEGUNDO. Trees, with pinnate leaves of 3 - 7 leaflets, and dioecious very

small flowers, without petals or disk; the calyx uiiuute: stamens 4 or 6.
Fruit, &.C. of Acer, g „ ,, . _

90 SOAPBERRY FAMILY.

1. STAPHYLEA, BLADDER-NUT. (Name from a Greek word for a
bunch of grapes, little applicable. )

S. trifolia, American B. Shrub 8° -10° liigh, with greenish striped
branches, 3 ovate pointed serrate leaflets, deciduous stipules, and hanging
raceme-like clnsters of white flowers at the end of the branchlcts of the season,
in spring, followed by the large bladdery pods. Low ground, common N. & W.

S. piun^ta, European B., occasionally planted, is very similar, but has
five leaflets.

2. CARDIOSPERMUM, BALLOON- VINE, HEART-SEED. (The
latter is a translation of the Greek name.)

C. Halic^cabura, the common species, wild in the S. W. States, is cult,
in gardens, for the curious inflated pods ; it is a delicate herb, climbing over
low plants or spreading on the ground, with small white flowers, in summer.

3. KCELREUTERIA. (Named for Kadreuter, a German botanist.)

K. panicul^ta, a small tree from China, planted in ornamental grounds ;
has pinnate leaves of numerous thin and coarsely toothed or cut leaflets, and a
terminal ample branched panicle of small yellow flowers, in summer, followed
by the bladdery pods.

4. SAPINDUS, SOAPBERRY. (5a;w/«(f«s, i. e. Indian soap, the berries
used as a substitute for soap.)

S. margin^tus, %ild S. & W. : a small tree, with 8 - 20 broadly lanceolate
falcate leaflets on a wingless but often margined common sta'k, and small white
flowers in panicles, in summer, the wliitish benies as large as bullets.

5. JESCULUS, HORSE-CHESTNUT, BUCKEYE. (Ancient name
of an Oak or other mast-bearing tree, applied to these trees on account of
their large chestnut-like seeds. These, although loaded with farinaceous
nourishment, are usually rendered uneatable, and even poisonous, by a bitter
narcotic principle.) Flowers in a terminal crowded panicic, in late spring or
early summer.

§ 1. True Horse-Ciiestnuts : natives of Asia, with broad and spreading
petals on short claws, and fruit more or less beset with prickhj points.

JE. Hippo castanum, Common H. Tall fine tree, with 7 leaflets, and
large flowers of 5 pcta's, white, and spotted Avith some purple and yellowish ;
stamens 7, declined : of late there is a double-flowered variety.

J^. rubiciinda, Red H. Less tall, flowering even* as a shrub, with
brighter green leaves of .5-7 leaflets, flowers with 4 rose-red petals not so
spreading, and mostly 8 stamens less declined. Probably a hybrid between
Horse-Chestnut and some red Buckeye.

§ 2. Californian, with 4 broad spreading petals on rather slender claws.

Sj. Calif6rnica, Californian H. Low tree, of 5 slender-stalked leaf-
lets, and a long very compact raceme-like panicle of small white or rosy-tinged
flowers ; stamens 5-7, slender ; fruit large, with some rough points.

§ 3. Buckeyes : of Atlantic U. S., with 4 erect arid smaller petals on slender claws.

JM. parviflbra, Small Buckeye. Wild in the upper country S., and
planted N. ; shrub 3° - 9° high, with 5-7 leaflets soft downy underneath, slen-
der raceme-like panicle 1° long, and capillary stamens very much longer than
the narrow white petals ; flowering N. as late as midsummer ; fruit smooth ;
seeds small, almost eatable.

.ZEj. glabra, Fetid or Ohio Buckeye. W. of the Alleghanics ; tall
tree, with 5 nearly smooth leaflets, a short panicle, stamens moderately longer
than tho somewhat uniform pale yellow petals, and fruit prickly roughened like
that of Ilorse-Chestnut.

JE- fl^va, Yellow or Sweet Buckeye. W. & S. ; tree or shrub, with
5-7 smooth or smoothish leaflets, a short dense panicle, oblong calyx, and

SOAPBERRY FAMILY. 91

Stamens not exceeding the connivent light yellow petals, these of two dissimilar
pairs, the longer ])air with very small blade ; fruit smooth.

Var. purpuraseens, Purplish B., has both calyx and corolla tinged
with purple or reddish, and leaflets generally downy underneath.

TF!. Pavia, Kkd Buckeye. S. & W. ; shrub or low tree, like the last,
but leaves generally smooth ; the longer and tubular calyx and the petals bright
red : showy in cultivation.

6. ACER, MAPLE. (The classical Latin name.) Mostly fine trees.

♦ Flowers in late spring or early summer, appearing more or less later than the

leaves, in mnial/i/ drooping racemes or corymbs, commonly terminating a
2 - ^-leaved shoot of the season, greenish or yellowish, with petals : stamens
more than 5, generally 8.

•«- European Maples, planted for ornament and shade.

A. Pseudo-Pl^tanus, Sycamore M. A fine tree, with spreading
branches, ample .5-lobed leaves whitish and rather downy beneath, on long
i-eddish petioles, the lobes toothed, long racemes, and moderately spi-eading
wings to the pubescent fruit.

A. platanoides, Norway M., here so called. A handsome, round-
headed tree, with thin and broad smooth leaves, bright green both sides, their
5 short lobes set with 2-5 coarse and taper-pointed teeth, a small corymb of
flowers, and Hat smooth fruit with wings 2' long, diverging in a straight line.
Juice milky • leaves holding green later than the others.

•*- •*- Oregon and Californian Maples, beginning to he planted East.

A. eircin^tum, Round-leaved or Vine M. Tall, spreading shrub with
thin and rounded moderately 7 - 9-lobed leaves, their lobes serrate, small corymbs
of purplish flowers, and wings of fruit diverging in a sti-aight line.

A. macroph^llum, Large-leaved M. Small timber-tree, with thick-
ish leaves 6' - 12' across and deeply 5 - 7-lobed, the lobes with one or two sinuate
lobes or coarse teeth, many yellowish flowers in a compact raceme, and hairy
fruit with ascending wings.

••-•»--•- Native Striped and Mountain Maples.

A. spic^tum, Mountain M. Tall shrub, common N., with slightly 3-
lobed and coarsely toothed leaves downy beneath, and upright dense racemes of
small flowers, followed by small fruits with diverging narrow wings. The latest-
flowering species.

A. Pennsylv&nicum, Striped M., also called Moose-wood and
Striped Dogwood. Small tree, common N., with light-green bark striped
with darker lines, large thin leaves finely sharply serrate all round, and at the
end with .3 short and very taper-pointed lobes, slender hanging racemes of rather
large green flowers, and fruit Avith diverging wings.

* * Sugar Maples. Flowers appearing with the leaves in spring, in umbel-

like clusters, on long drooping pedicels, greenish-yellow, ivithout petals : sta-
mens 7 or 8.
A. sacch&rinum, Rock or Sugar M. Large tree, common especially
N., valuable for timber and for the sugar of its sap ; with rather deeply 3 - 5-
lobed leaves pale or whitish beneath, the sinuses open and rounded, and the lobes
with one or two sinuate coarse teeth ; calyx bell-shaped and hairy-fringed ;
winirs of fruit ascending, barely 1' long.

Var. nigrum, Black Sugar M., a form with leaves green or greener
and more or less downy beneath, even when old, the sinus at the base apt to be
deep and narrow.

« « « Soft Maples. Floivers in earliest spring, much preceding the leaves, in
umM-like clusters from separate laterid buds : pedicels at fir'^t short, the
fruiting ones lengthening and drooping : stamens 3 - 6 : fruit ripe and fall-
ing in early summer.
A. dasyc&rpum, Wiutb or Silver M. A handsome tree in low
grounds, with long and spreading or drooping branches, soft white wood, very

92 POLTGALA FAMILY.

deeply 5-lobed leaves silvery -white and when young downy beneath, the narrow
lobes coarsely cut and toothed ; flowers greenish, in earliest spring, without
petals ; fruit woolly when young, but soon smooth, 2' - 3' long including the
great diverging wings.

A. rilbrum. Red or Swamp M. Rather small tree, in wet grounds,
with soft white wood, reddish twigs, moderately 3 - r)-lobed leaves whitish be-
neath, the middle lobe longest, all irregularly serrate ; llowers scarlet, crimson,
or sometimes yellowish (later than in the foregoing species) ; fruit smooth, with
the slightly spreading wings 1' or less in length, often reddish.

7. NEGTJNDO, ASH-LEAVED MAPLE, BOX-ELDER. (Obscure

or unmeaning name.)

N. aceroides. A handsome, rather small tree, common from Penn. S.
& W., with light green twigs, and drooping clusters of small greenish llowers,
in spring, rather earlier than the leaves, the fertile ones in drooping racemes,
the oblong fruits half the length of the very veiny wing ; leaflets ovate, pointed,
coarsely toothed, very veiny. A variety with white- variegated leaves is lately
cult, for ornament.

38. POLYGALACE^, POLYGALA FAMILY.

Bitter, some of them medicinal plants, represented mainly, and
here wholly, by the genus

1. POLYGALA, MILKWORT. (Name from Greek words, meaning much
milk; but the plants have no milky juice at all; they are thought to have
been so named from a notion that in pasturage they increased the miik of
cows.) Flowers remarkably irregular, in outward appearance as if papiliona-
ceous like those of the next family, but really of a (luite ditfcr.'nt structure.
Calyx persistent, of .5 sepals ; three of them small, viz. two on the lower, and
one on the upper, side of the blossom ; and one on each side called wings which
are larger, colored, and would be taken for petals. Within these, on the
lower side, are three petals united into one body, the middle one keel-shaped
and often bearing a crest or appendage. Stamens 8 or sometimes 6 ; their
filaments united b^low into a split sheath, separating above usually in two
equal sets, concealed in the hooded middle petal : anthers I -celled, opening by
a hole at the top. Style curved and commonly enlarged above or variously
irregular.' Ovary 2-celled, with a single ovule hanging from the top of each
cell, becoming a small flattish 2-seeded pod. Seed with an ajipendage at the
attachment {caruncle) : embryo straight, with flat cotyledons in a kittle albu-
men. Leaves simple, entire, without stipules. Our native sy>ecies arc nu-
merous, mostly with small or even minute flowers, and are rather difficult to
study. The following are the commonest.

§ 1. Native species, low hei-bs, mosthj smooth.
« F'oicers yellow, some turninf/ r/reen in dryimj, in dense spikes or heads : leaves
alternate. Growing in low or wet places in pine-barrens, S. E. Fl. summer.
-t- Numerous short spikes or heads in a corymb.
P. cyin6sa. Stem l°-3° high, branching at top into a compound corymb
of spikes ; leaves linear, acute, the uppermost small ; no caruncle to the seed.
From North Carolina S.

P. ramdsa. Stem 6'- 12' high, more branched ; lowest leaves obovate or
spatulate, upper ones lanceolate ; a caruncle at base of seed. Delaware and S.
-t- •*- Short and thick spike or head single : root-leaves clustered.
P. lutea, Yellow Bachelor's-Buttox of S. Stem 5' - 12' high ; lower
leaves spatulate or obovate, upper lanceolate ; flowers bright orange.

P. n^na. Stems 2' - 4' high, in a cluster from the spatulate or linear root-
leaves ; flowers lighter yellow.

♦ ♦ Flowers purple or rose-color, in a single dense^ spike terminating the stem or
branches: no subterranean Jlovoers. Fl. oM summer. (5)

POLYGALA FAMILY. 93

•«- Leaves all alternate, naiTow.

P. incarnkta. From Penn. W. & S. ; stem slender, 6'- 12' high ; leaves
minute and awl-shaped ; the three united petals extended below into a long and
slender tube, the crest of the middle one conspicuous.

P. sanguinea. Sandy damp ground : stem 4' - 8' high, leafy to the tO]) ;
leaves oblong-linear; flowers bright rose-purple (sometimes pale or even white),
in a thick globular at length oblong head or spike, without pedicels.

P. fastigiata. Pine-barrens from New Jersey S. ; slender, 4' - 10' high,
with smaller narrow-linear leaves, and oblong dense spike of smaller rose-puq)lc
flowers, on pedicels as long as the pod ; bracts falling oflf.

P. Nuttallii. Sandy soil, from coast of Mass. S. ; lower than the fore-
going ; flowers ratlicr looser in more cylindrical spikes, greenish-purple ; awl-
ijhaped bracts remaining on the axis after the flowers or fruits have fallen,
-t- -*- Leaves all or all the lower ones in whorls of four.

P. cruciata. Low grounds : stems 3' - 10' high, 4-angled, and with spread-
ing branches ; leaves linear or spatulate, mostly in fours ; spike thick and short,
nearly sessile, its axis rough with persistent bracts where the flowers have fallen;
wings of the flower broad-ovate or heart-shaped, bristly-pointed.

P. brevif61ia. Sandy bogs from Ehodc Island^ S. : differs from the last
only in more slender stems, narroAver leaves, those on the bi*anches alternate,
the spike stalked, and wings of the flower lance-ovate and nearly pointless.

* * * Flowers [all summer) greenish-^vk/'te or scarcely tinged ivith purple, very

small, in slender spikes, none subterranean : leaves linear, the lower in
whorls of four or five. (T)

P. verticill^ta. Very common in dry sterile soil; stem 5-10' high,
much branched ; all the leaves of the main stem whorled.

P. ambigua. In similar places and very like the last, chiefly S. & W.,
more slender ; only the lowest leaves whorled; flowers more scattered and often
purplish-tinged, in long-peduncled spikes.

* * * * Flowers white, small {in late spring) in a close spike terminating simple

tufed stems which rise from a perennial root, none subterranean : leaves
numerous, all alternate. %
P. Senega, Seneca Snakeuoot. A medicinal plant, commoner W.,
5'- 12' high, Avith lanceolate or oblong, or even lance-ovate short leaves, cylin-
drical spike, round-obovate wings, and small crest.

P. alba. Common only far W. & S. W. ; more slender than the last, with
narrow-linear leaves, more tapering long-peduncled spike, and oval wings.

***** Flowers rose-purple in a raceme, or single, largish : leaves alternate.

P. grandiflbra. Dry soil S. ; pubescent, with branching stems 1° high,
lanceolate leaves, crestless flowers scattered in a loose raceme (in late summer),
bright purple turning greenish. 2/

P. polygama. Sandy barrens, with tufted and very leafy stems 5' - 8'
high, linear-oblong or oblanceolate leaves, and many-flowered racemes of hand-
some rose-purple flowers, their crest conspicuous ; also on short underground
runners are some whitish very fertile flowers with no evident corolla. Fl. all
summer. @

P. paucif61ia, Fringed Polygala, sometimes called Flowering Win-
tergreen. Light soil in Avoods, chiefly N. : a dciicate little plant, with stems
3' - 4' high, rising from long and slender runners or subterranean shoots, on
which are concealed inconspicuous fertile flowers ; leaves few and crowded at
the summit, ovate, petioled, some of them with a slender-])eduncled showy
flower from the axil, of delicate rose-red color (rarely a white variety), almost an
inch long, with a conspicuous fringed crest and only 6 stamens ; in spring. ^

§ 2. Shrubby species of the conservatory, from the Cape of Good Hope.

P. oppositif61ia, witli opposite sessile heart-sha])cd and mucronate leaves,
of a pale hue, and large and showy pur])le flowers, with a tufted crest.

P. inyrtif61ia, has croAvded alternate oblong or obovate leaves, on short
petioles, and shoAvy purple flowers 1' long, Avith a tufted crest.

94 PULSE FAMILY.

37. LEGUMINOS^, PULSE FAMILY.

Distinguished by the papilionaceous corolla (Lessons, p. 105, fig.
217, 218), usually accompanied by 10 monadelphous or diadelphous
or rarely distinct stamens (Lessons, p. 112, fig. 227, 228), and the
legume (Lessons, p. 131, fig. 303, 304). These cliaracters are com-
bined in the proper Pulse Family. In the two other great divisions
the corolla becomes less papilionaceous or wholly regular. Alternate
leaves, chiefly compound, entire leaflets, and stipules are almost uni-
' >,/ versal in this great order.

L PULSE FAMILY proper. Flower (always on the plan
of 5, and stamens not exceeding 10) truly papilionaceous, i. e. the
standard outside of and in the bud enwrapping the other petals, or
only the standard present in Amorpha. (For the terms used to
denote the parts of this sort of corolla see Lessons, p. 105.) Sepals
united more or less into a tube or cup. Leaves never twice com-
pound.

A. Stamens monadtfphoiis or diadclplwus.

§ 1. Herbs, shrubs, or one a small tree, never twining, trailinr/, nor tendril-bearing,
wiOi leaves simple or oj'li or mure ditjitnte leajlets, monadelphous stamens, and
I the alternate Jive antliers dij/'tring in size and shape from the other Jive: pod

, usually several-seeded.

1. LUPINUS. Leaves of several leaflets, in one species simple : stipules adherent

to the base of the petiole. Flowers in a long thick raceme. Calyx deeply
2-lipped. Corolla of peculiar shape, the sides of the rounded standard being
rolled backwards, and the wings lightly cohering over and enclos-ing the nar-
row and incurved scythe-shaped or sickle-shaped keel. Pod flat. Mostly
herbs.

2. CROTALARIA. Leaves in our species simple, and with ftiliaceous stipules

free from the petiole but running down on the stem. Calyx 5-lobed. Keel
scythe-shaped, pointed. Stamens with the tube of filainents split down on
the upper side. Pod inflated. Uurs herl).s.

3. GENISTA. Leaves simple and entire: stipules very minute or none. Calyx

6-cleft. Keel oblong, nearly straight, blunt, turned down when the flower
opens. Pod mostly Mat. L(jw shrubby plants.
< 4. CYflSUS. Leaves of one or three leaflets, or the green branches sometimes

leafless: stipules minute or wantmg. Calyx 2-lipped or S-toothed. Keel
straight or somewhat curved, blunt, soon turned down. Style incurved or
even coiled up after the flower opens. Pod flat. Seeds w'ltli a fleshy or
scale-like appendage (strophiole) at the scar. Low shrubby plants.

5. LABURNUM. Leaves of three leaflets: stipules inconspicuous or wanting.

Calyx with 2 short lips, the upper lip notched. Keel incurved, not pointed.
Ovary and flat pod somewhat stalked in the calyx. Seeds naked at the scar.
Trees or shrubs, with golden yellow flowers in long hanging racemes.

\ 2. Herbs, never twining noi' tendril-bearing, ivith leaves of Z lenjlets {^rarely more
but then digit" te), their margins commonly more or less toothed (which is
remarkable in this family): stipules conspicuous and united with the base oj' the
petiole (Lessons, p. 69, fig. lati): stamens diadelphous: pod 1 -Jew-seeded,
never divided across into Joints.

♦ Leaves pinnately B-J'oliulate, as is seen by the end leaflet being Jointed with the com-
mon petiole above the side leaj'iets.

6. TRIGONELLA. Herbage odorous. Flowers (in the common cult, species)

single and nearly sessile in the axil of the leaves. Pod elongated, obiong or
\j^ linear, tapering Into a long-pointed apex.

7. MEDJCAGO. Flowers small, in spikes, heads, &c. Corolla short, not united

with the tube of stamens. Pod curved or coiled up, at least kidney-shaped.

8. MELiLOTUS. Herbage sweet-scented. Flowers small, in slender racemes.

Corolla as in Aledicago. Pod small, but exceeding the calyx, globular,
wrinkled, closed, 1-2-seeded.

PULSE FAMILY. 95

* « Leaves mostly di<jitate or palmately Z-foUolate, all (with one exception) borne

directly on the apex of the common petiole.

9. TRIFOLIUM. Flowers in heads, spikes, or head-like umbels. Calyx with
slender or bristle form teeth or lobes. Corolla slowly witlienng or becoming
dry and permanent after flowering; the claws of all the petals (except some-
times the standard) more or less united below with the tube of stamens or
also with each other. Pod small and thin single - few-seeded, generally in-
cluded in the calyx or the persistent corolla.

^ 3. Herbs or woody plants, sometimes twining, never tendril bearing, with the leaves
not digitate, or even diyitutely S-foholule (except in Ptoralea), and the leajltts
not toothed. (For Cicer set the next section.) Stipules excejjt in No. 15, 20,
and 27, not united with the petiole.

« Flowers (small, in spikes or heads) indistinctly or imperfecthji papilionrtceom. Pod
very small and usually remaining closed, only 1 - 2-seeded. Calyx b-toothed,
persistent. Leaves odd-pinnate, mostly dotted with dark sjjots or glands.

•»- Petals 5, on very slender claws : stamens monadelphous in a split tube.

10. PETALOSTEMON. Herbs, with crowded leaves. Four petals similar, spread-

ing, borne on the top of the tube of the stamens; the fifth (answering to the
standard) rising from the bottom of the calyx, and lieart-ahaped or oblong.
Stamens ordy 5.

11. DALEA. Herbs, as to our species. Flowers as in the last, but rather more

papilionaceous, four of the petals borne on the middle of the tube of 10
stamens.

■i- •*- Petal only one ! Stamens monadelphous only at the very base.

12. AMORPHA. Shrubs, with leaves of many leaflets. Standard (the other pet-

als wholly wanting) wrapped around the 10 filaments and style. Flowers
violet or purple, in single or clustered terminal spikes.

* * Flowers (large find showy, in racemes) incompletely papilionaceous f^om the wings

or the keel also being small and inconspicuous. Pod sever al-steded.

80. ERYTHRINA. See p. 108.

* « * Flowers obviously papilionaceous, all the parts conspicuously present. Stamens

mostly diadelphous.

■*- Ovary 1-ovuled, becoming a 1-seeded indehiscent ahene-like fruit. Herbs.

13. PSORALEA. Leaves of 3 or 5 leaflets, often glandular-dotted. Flowers (never
, yellow) in spikes or racemes, often 2 or 3 under each bract. Pod ovate,
\ thick, included or partly so in the 5-cleft persistent calyx, often wrinkled.

^\ 14. OXOBRYCHIS. Leaves"^ odd-pinnate, of numerous leiiflets. Flowers uicemed,
rose-purple. Pod flattish, wrinkled and spiny-roughened or crested.

15. STYLOSANTHES. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. Flowers yellow, in heads

or short spikes, leafy -bracted. Calyx with a slender stalk-like tube, and
4 lobes in the upper lip, one for the lower. Stamens monadelphous: 5 longer
anthers fixed by their base, 5 alternate ones by their middle. Pod flat, retic-
ulated, sometimes raised on a stalk-like empty lower joint. Stipules united
with the petiole.

16. LESPEDEZA. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. Stipules small and free, or fall-

ing early. Flowers purple, rose-color, or white, in spikes, clusters, or pani-
cles, or scattered. Stamens diadelphous: antliers uniform. Pod flat and
thin, ovate or orbicular, reticulated, sometimes raised on a stalk-like empty
lower joint.

•*- ■*- Ovary unth at least 2 ovules.

++ Pod separating into 2 or more small and closed 1-seeded joints in a row.

17. DESMODIUM. Leaflets 3 (rarely only 1), stipellate. Pod of very flat joints

(Lessons, p. 131, fig. 304), usually roughish and adhesive by minute hooked
pubescence. Herbs, with small purple, whitish, or purplish flowers, in racemes,
which are often panicled.

18. ^SCHYXOMENE. Leaflets several, odd-pinnate, small. Pod of very flat

joints. Herbs, with small yellow flowers (sometimes purplish externally),
few or several on axillary peduncles.

19. CORONILLA. Leaflets several, odd-pinnate, small. Pod of thickish oblong

or linear joints. Herbs or shrubs, with flowers in head-like umbels raised on
slender axillary peduncles.

96 PULSE FAMILY.

•*

♦+-M.Porf tndehiscent, very thick, l-S-seeded. Calyx tcitk a long, thread-shaped
I or stalk-like tube. Leaves abruptly pinnate : stipules united with the petiole

/ at base.

I'' 20. ARACHIS. Annual. Leaflets 4, straight-veined. Flowers small, yellow, in
axillary heads or spikes. Calyx with one narrow lobe making a lower lip,
the upper lip broad and 4-toothed. Keel incurved and pointed. Stamens
monadelphous, 5 anthers longer and fixed by near their base, the alternate
ones slioit and fixed bv their middle. Ovary'at the bottom of the very long
and stalk-like tube of the calyx, containing 2 or 3 ovules : when the long style
and the calyx with the rest of-the flower falls away, the forming pod is pro-
truded on a rigid deflexed stalk which then appears, and is pushed into the
soil where it ripens into the oblong, reticulated, thick, coriaceous fiuit, which
contains the 1-3 hirge and edibie seeds; the embryo composed of a pair
of very thick and fleshy cotyledons and an extremely short nearly straight
radicle.
H-,. ++ *+ Pod continuous, i. e. not in joints, at length -opening, 2 - several-seeded.

a. Leaves abmptly pinnate : plants not twining. ( Flowers in ours yellow. )

21. SESBANIA. Herbs, with many pairs of leaflets, and minute or earlv deciduous
stipules. Flowers in axillarv racemes, or sometimes solitary. Calyx short,
5-toothed. Standard rounded, spreading: keel and style incurved. Pod usu-
ally intercepted internally with cellular matter or membrane between the

^2. CARAGANA. Shrubs, with mostly fascicled leaves of several pairs of leaflets,
and a little spinv tip in place of an end leaflet: stipules minute or spiny.
Flowers solitarv or 2 - 3 together on short peduncles. Calyx bell-shaped or
short-tubular, 5-toothed. Standard nearly erect with the sides turned back:
the blunt keel and the style nearly straight. Tod linear, several-seeded.

/ b. Leaves odd-pinnate : stems not twining.

^J 1. Anthers tipped with a little gland or blunt point.

23. INDIGOFERA. Herbs, or sometimes shrubby, when pubescent the close-

pressed hairs are fixed by the middle. Flowers ro^e-color, purple, or white,
in axillary racemes or spikes, mostly small. Calyx 5-cleft. Standard round-
ish, often* persistent after the rest of the petals have fallen: keel with a pro-
jection or spur on each side. Pod oblong, linear, or of various shapes, com-
monly with membranous partitions between the seeds.

2. Anthers blunt and pointless.

24. TEPHROSIA. Herbs, with ohii(|nely parallel-veined leaflets often silky be-

neath, and white or purple fluwers (2 or more in a clu>ter) in racemes; the

peduncles terminal or opposite the leaves Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Stand-

/ ard rounded, silky outside. Style incurvedj rigid: stigma with a tuft of

/ hairs. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded.

^ 26. ROBINIA. Trees or shrubs, with netted-veined leaflets furnished with stipels,

and often with sharp spines or prickles for stipules. Flowers large and
showy, white or rose-color, in axillary r?»cemes. Base of the leafstalk hollow
and covering the axillary bud of the next year. Calyx 5-toothed, the two
upper teeth partly united. Standard large, turned back: keel incurved,
blunt. Ovary stalked in the calyx. Pod broadly linear, flat, several-seeded,
margined on the seed-bearing edge, the valves thin.

26. COLUTEA. Shrubs, not prickly, and no stipels to the leaflets: the flowers

rather large, yellow or reddish, in short axillary racemes. Calyx 5-toothed.
Standard rounded, spreading: keel strongly incurved, blunt, on long united
claws. Style incurved, bearded down one sirle. Pod raised out of the calyx
on a stalk of its own, thin and bladdery-inflated, flattish on the seed -bearing
side, several-seeded.

27. ASTRAGALUS. Herbs, without stipels, and with white, purple, or yellowish
\ rather small flowers in spikes, heads, or racemes : peduncles axillary. Co-
' rolla narrow: standard erect, mostly oblong. Style and stigma smooth and

beardless. Pod comnionly turgid or inflated and within more or less divided
lengthwise by intrusion of the back or a false partition from it.

(SwAiNSONA, SuTHEHLAM)iA, and Clianthus, plants from Australia,
New Zealand, and South Africa, with showy flowers and bladdery-inflated
pods (like Colutea), are sometimes cult, in conservatories, but are not com-
mon enough to find a place here.)

PULSE FAMILY. 97

c. Leaves odd-pinnate : stems tmning : stipels obscure : stipules small.

28, WISTARIA. Woody, high-climbinjj, with nnrnerous leaflets, and large showy

bhiish flowers, in liatigiiig terminal dense racemes. Calyx with 2 short teeth
on the upper and longer ones on the lower side. Standard large, roundish,
turned back: keel merely incurved, blunt. Tod knobby, several-seeded.

29. APIOS. Herbs, twining over buslies, with 5-7 leaflets, and sweet-scented

chocolate-purple flowers, in dense and short racemes: peduncles axillary.
Calyx with 2 upper very short teeth, and one longer lower one, the side teeth
nearly wanting. Standard very broad, turned back : keel long and scvthe-
shaped, strongly incurved, or at length coiled. Pod linear, flat, almost
straight, several-seeded-

d. Leaves of 3 leaflets {pinnately 3-foliolate) or rardy one, commonly stipellate.
1. Shrubby, or from a woody bast : tolnfjs and sometimes keel small and inconspicuous.

80. ERYTHRINA. Stem, branches, and even the leafstalks usually prickly.

Flowers large and showy, usually red, in racemes. Calyx without teerh.
Standard elongated: wings often wanting or so small as to be concealed Ih
the calyx; keel much shorter than the standard, sometimes very small.
Pod stalked in the calyx, linear, knobby, usually opening only down the
seed-bearing suture. Seeds scarlet.

2. Herbs, mostly twiners, with wings and keel in ordinary proportion.
= Floicers not yellow: seeds or at least the ovules several: leaflets stipellate.

81. PHASEOLUS. Keel of the corolla coiling into a ring or spiral, usually with

a tapering blunt apex: standard roimded, turned back or spreading. " Style
coiled with the keel, bearded down the inner side: stigma oblique or lateral.
Pod linear or scimetar-shaped. Flowers usually clustered on the knotty-
joints of the raceme. Stipules striate, persistent,

82. DOLICHOS. Keel of the corolla narrow and bent inwards at a right angle,

but not coiling. Style bearded under the terminal stigma. Stipules small.
Otherwise nearly as Phascolus.

83. GALACriA. Keel straightish, blunt, as long as the wings: standard turned

back. Style naked. Calyx of 4 pointed lobes, upper one broadest. Pod flat-
tened, mostly linear. Flowers clustered on the knotty joints of the raceme;
flower-buds taper-pointed. Stipules and bracts smalfor deciduous.

84. AMPHICARPiEA. Keel and very similar wings nearly straight, blunt: the

erect standard partly folded around them. Style naked. Calyx tubular,
4-toothed. Flowers small; those in loose racemes above often sterile, their
pods when formed scimetar-shaped and few-seeded ; those at or near the
ground or on creeping branches very small and without manifest corolla, but
very fertile, making small and fleshy, obovate or pear-shaped, mostly sub-
terranean pods, ripening one or two large seeds. Bracts rounded and per-
sistent, striate, as are the stipules.

85. CENTROSF^MA. Keel broad, incurved, nearly equalling the wings: standard

large and rounded, spreading, and with a spur-like projection behind. Calyx
short, 5- cleft. Style bearded only at the tip around the stigma. Pod long,
linear, with thickened edges bordered by a raised line on each side. Flowers
showy. Stipules, bracts, and bractlets striate, persistent,

86. CLITORIA, Keel small, shorter than the wings, incurved, acute: standard

much larger than the rest of the flower, notclied at the end, erect. Cidyx
tubular, 5-toothed. Style bearded down the irmer side, , Pod oblongylinear,
flattish, not bordered. Flowers large and showy, 1-3 onia peduncle. Stip-
ules, bracts, and bractlets persistent, striate. /

87. HARDENBKRGIA. Keel small, much shorter than flie wings, incurved,

blunt : standard large in proportion, rounded, spreading. Calyx short,
5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth united Style short, naked. Pod linear, not
bordered. Flowers rather small, iu racemes. Stipules and bracts small,
striate, mostly deciduous. Leaflets mostly single,

88. KENNEDYA. Keel incurved, blunt or acute, mostly equalling or exceeding

the wings: standard broad, spreading. Calyx 5-lobed: 2 upper lobes partly
united. Style naked. Pod linear, not bordered. Flowers showy, red, single
or few on the peduncle. Bracts and stipules striate.

B= = Flotoers yellow ( sometimes purple-tinged outside ) : ovules oidy2: pod 1 - 2-seeded. *

89. RHYNCHOSIA. Keel of the corolla incurved at the apex: standard spreading.

Calyx 4-5-parted or lobed. Pod short and flat. Flowers small. Leaves
mostly soft-downy and resiaous-dotted, sometimes of a single leaflet.

98 PTTLSE T!" A MILT.

§ 4. Herbs, with abruptly pinnnte leaves, the common petiole terminated by a tendril,
by which the plant climbs or supports itstlf, or in many law sptcies the tendril
reduced to a mere bristle or tip. or in Cicer, which has toothed leaflets, an odd
leaflet commonly takes iis place : peduncles axillary : stamens almost always
diadelphovs. Cotyledons very thick, so that they remain underground in germi-
nation, as in the Pea.

m Leaflets entire or sometimes toothed at the apex: radicle bent on the cotyledons:
style inflexed: pod flat w fluttish.

40. PISUM. Lobes of the calyx leafy. Style rigid, dilated above and the margins

reflexed and joined together so that 'it becomes flattened laterally, bearded
down the inner edge. Pod several-seeded: seeds globose. Flowers large.
Leaflets only 1-3 pairs. ^

41. LATHYRUS. Lobes of the calyx not leafy. Style flattened above on the

back and front, bearded down one face. Pod several-seeded. Seeds some-
times flattish. Leaflets few or several pairs.

42. VICI A. Style slender, bearded or hairy only at the apex or all round the upper

part. Pod 2 - several-seeded. Seeds globular or flattish. Leaflets few or
many pairs.

43. LENS." Lobes of the calyx slender. Style flattish on the back, and minutely

bearded down the inner face. Pod 1 - 2-seeded. Seeds flattened, lenticular.
Flowers small.
• « Leaflets toothed nil round, and usually an odd one at the end in place of a ten-
dril : style incurved, naked : radicle of the embryo almost straight.

44. CICER. Calyx 5-parted. Pod turgid oblong, not flattened, 2-seeded. Seeds

large, irregu.arly rounded-obovate, pointed. Peduncle mostly 1-flowered.

B. Stamens separate to the base. (Plants not twining nor climbing.)
^ 1. Leaves simple or of 3 digitate leaflets.

45. CHORIZEMA. Somewhat shrubby, with simple and spiny-toothed leaves,

scarcely any stipules, and orange or copper-red flowers. Standard rounded
kidney-shaped: keel straight, much shorter than the wings. Pod ovoid,
turgid, several-seeded.

46. BAP I'ISIA. Herbs, with simple entire sessile leaves and no stipules, or mostly

of 3 leaflets with deciduous or persistent stipules. Flowers yellow, blue, or
white. Standard erect, with the sides turned back, about equalled by the
oblong and straightish wings and keel. Pod inflated, coriaceous, stalked in
the calyx, manv-seeded.

47. TIIERMOPSIS. ' Pod scarcely stalked, linear, flat. Otherwise as Baptisia.

§ 2. Leaves odd-pinnate.

48. CLADRASTIS. Trees, with large leaflets, no obvious stipules, and hanging

terminal panicles of white flowers. Standard turned back: the nearly sep-
arate straiglitish keel-petals and wings oblong, obtuse. Pod short-stalked in
the calyx, linear, very flat, thin, margiuless, 4 - 6-seeded. Base of the petioles
hollow and covering the axillary leaf-buds of the next year.

49. SOPHORA. Trees, stirubs, or herbs, with numerous leaflets, and mostly

white or yellow flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Keel-petals and
wings oblong, obtuse, usually longer than the broad standard. Pod com-
monly stalked in tlie calyx, terete, several-seeded, fleshy or almost woody,
hardly ever opening, but constricted across into mostly 1-seeded portions.

^c-ifl^

II. BRASILETTO FAMILY. Flowers more or less irregu-
lar, but not papilionaceous: when they seem to be so the petal
^sweriiig to the standard will be found to be within instead of out-
side of the other petals. Stamens 10 or .fewer, separate. The
leaves are sometimes twice pinnate, which is not the case in the
true Pulse Family. Embryo of the seed straight, the radicle not
turned against the edge of the cotyledons.

§ 1. Leaves simple and entire. Corolla appearing as if pajnlionaceous.
60. CERCIS. Trees, with rounded heart-shaped leaves, miimte early deciduous
stipules, and small but handsome red-purple flowers in umbel-like clusters on
wood, earlier than the leaves, rather acid to the taste. Calyx short,

stipi
old

PULSE FAMILY. 99

5-toothed. Petals 5, the one answering to the standard smaller than the
wing-petals and covered by them ; tlie keel-petals larger, conniving but di&-
tinct. Stamens 10, declining with the style. Pod linear-oblong, flat, thin,
several-seeded, one edge wing-margined.

§ 2. Leaves simply abrvpily pinnate. Calyx and corolla almost regular.
51. CASSIA. Flowers commonly yellow. Calyx of 5 nearly separate sepals.
Petals 5, spreading, unequal (tlie lower larger) or almost equal. Stamens 10
or 5, some of the upper anthers often imperfect or smaller, their cells opening
by a hole or chink at the apex. Pod many-seeded.

§ 3. Leaves, or at least some of them, twice-pinnate.
62. CiESALPINIA. Trees or shrubs, chiefly tropical, with mostly showy red or
yellow perfect flowers. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5, broad, spreading,
more or less unequal. Stamens 10, declining, along with the thread-shaped
style. Pod flat.

53. GYMNOCLADUS. Tall, thoniless tree, with large compound leaves, no stip-

ules, and dioecious or polygamous whitish regular flowers, in corymb-like
clusters or short racemes terminating the branches of the season. Calyx
tubular below, and with 5 spreading lobes, the throat bearing 5 oblong petals
and 10 short stamens, those of the fertile flowers generally imperfect. Pod
oblong, flat, very hard, tardily opening, with a little pulp or sweetish matter
inside, containing few or several large and thick hard seeds (over ^' in diam-
eter); the fleshy cotyledons remaining underground in germination.

54. GLEDITSCHIA. Thorny trees, with abruptly twice pinnate or some of them

once piiniate leaves, the leaflets often crenate-toothed, inconspicuous stipules,
and small greenish polygamous flowers in narrow racemes. Calyx 3 -5-cleft,
the lobes and the 3-5 nearly similar petals narrow and spreading. Stamens
3 - 10. Pod flat, very tardily opening, often with some sweetish matter around
the 1 - several flat seeds. Cotyledons thin.

Iir. MIMOSA FAMILY. Flowers perfectly regular, small,
crowded in heads or spikes ; both calyx and corolla valvate in the
bud ; and the 4 or 5 sepals usually and petals frequently united
more or less below into a tube or cup. Stamens 4, 5, or more,
often very many, usually more conspicuous than the corolla and
brightly colored, the long capillary filaments inserted on the recep-
tacle or base of the corolla. Embryo of the seed straight. Leaves
almost always twice pinnate and with small leaflets, or apparently
simple and parallel-veined when they have phyllodia in place of
true leaves. The foliage and the pods only show the leguminous
cliaracter.

^ 1. Stamens once or twice as many as the petals, 4-10. Ours herbs or nearly so,
with rose-colored or ichitisk Jiuwers, and leaves of many small leajitts.

55. MIMOSA. Calyx commonly minute or inconspicuous. Corolla of 4 or 5 more

or less imited petals. Pod "flat, oblong or linear: when ripe the valves fall out
of a persistent slender margin or frame and also usuaUy break up into one-
seeded joints.

56. SCHRANKIA. Calyx minute. Corolla funnel-form, the 5 petals being united

up to the middle. Stamens 10. Pod rough-prickly all over, long and nar-
row, splitting lengthwise when ripe into 4 parts.

57. DESMANTHUS. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla of 5 separate petals. Jftamens

5 or 10. Pod flat, sniooth, linear or oblong, 2-valved, no persistent margin.

§ 2. Stamens numerous, or more than 10. Oars all shrubs or trees.

58. ALBIZZIA. Flowers flesh-color, rose-color, or nearly white; the long stamens

inonadelphous at the base. Corolla funnel-form, the 5 petals united beyond
the middle. Pod flat and thin, broadly linear, not opening elastically.
Leaves twice pinnate.

59. ACACIA. Flowers yellow or straw-color: the stamens separate and very

numerous. Corolla of 4 or 5 separate or partly uuited small petals. Pod
various.

100 PULSE FAMILY.

1. LUPINUS, LUPINE. (Old Latin name, from lupous, a wolf, because
Lupines were thought to destroy the fertility of the soil.)

* Wild species of Atlantic States, m mndij soil • Jl. in spring. 21

L. perennis, Wild L. Somewhat hairy ; with erect stem 1°-1^° high,
7-11 spatulate oblong or obhinccolate green leaflets, and a long raceme of
showy purplish-blue (rarely paie) flowers, in late spring.

L. vilibsus, One-leaved L. Silky-downy, with short spreading or
ascending stems, oblong or lance-oblong simple leaves, and a dense raceme of
blue, purple, or rose-colored flowers. Near the coast, from North Carolina S.
* * Cultivated for ornament : Ji summer.

L. polyph^Uus, Many LEAVED L., is the principal hardy perennial
species of the gardens, from Oregon and California, 3° - 4° high, rather iiairy,
witli 13- 1;') lanceolate or oblanceolate leaflets, and a very long dense raceme
of blue, sometimes purple, variegated, or even white flowers, in June. 2/

L. mut^bilis, cult, as an annual, from South America, is tall, very smooth
throughout, with about 9 narrow-oblong blunt leaflets, and very large SAveet-
scented violet-purple flowers (or a white variety), with yellow and a little red
on the Standard.

L. densifldrus, of California (where there are many fine Lupines), l°-2°
high, is well marked by the numerous white flowers forming distinct and sep-
arate whorls in the long raceme, (i)

L. ^Ibus, of Eu., which the ancients ciiltivated as pulse, has the several
obovate-oblong leaflets smooth above, but hairy beneath, white flowfers alternate
in the raceme, and large smooth pods, (i)

L. hirsuiUS, cult, in old gardens, from Eu., is clothed with soft white
hairs; the leaflets spatulate-oblong ; flowers in loose whorls iu the raceme, blue,
with rose-color and white varieties ; pods very hairy. (T)

L. luteus, the old Yellow L. of the gardens, from Eu., silky-hairy,
rather low ; with yellow flowers in whorls crowded in a dense spike, (i)

2. CROT AL ARI A, R ATTLEBOX. (From Greek word for a rattle, the
seeds rattling in. the coriaceous inflated pod.) Native, in sandy soil ; fl. yel-
low, in summer.

C. sagitt^lis. Low, 3' - 6' higli, branching, beset with rusty-colored
spreading hairs, with nearly sessile oval or lance-oblong leaves, and 2 or 3 flowers
on the peduncle. 0

C. OV^lis. Spreading, rough with appressed hairs ; leaves short-petioled,
oval, oblong, or lanceolate ; peduncle with 3-6 scattered flowers. 21

3. GENISTA, WOAD-WAXEN, WHIN. (Celtic word: little bush.)
G. tinctdria, Dyer's W. or Green-weed. Nat. from Eu. in sterile

soil E., especially in Mass. : low and undershrubby, not thorny, with lanceolate
leaves, and bright yellow rather small flowers somewhat raeemed at the end of
the striate-angled green branches, in early summer.

4. CYTISUS. (Ancient Greek name, after an island where it grows.)
The following are the only species generally cultivated.

C. (or Saroth^mnus) SCop^ius, Scotch Broom. Shrub, from
Europe, 3° - 5° high, smooth, with long and tough erect angled and green
branches, bearing small leaves, the lower short-petioled and with 3 obovatc
leaflets, the upper of a single sessile leaflet, and in the axils large and showy
golden yellow tlowers on slender pedicels ; calyx with 2 short and broad lips ;
style and stamens slender, held in the keel, but disengaged and suddenly start-
ing upward when touched (as when bees alight on the deflexed keel), the style
coiling spirally ; pod hairy on the edges. Hardy in gardens N. ; running wild
in Virginia : fl. early summer.

Irish Broom, so' called, but is from Portugal, is another species, not hardy
here. Spanish Broom is Spartium junceum, of another genus.

C. Canari^nsis, from the Canary Islands, is cultivated in conservatories ;
a slirub with crowded slender branches, soft-hoai-y leaves of 3 very small obovatc
leaflets, and small ytUow sweet-scented flowers, produced all winter.

/

PULSE FAMILY. 101

6. LABURNUM. (Ancient Latin name. Genus separated from Cytisns
from the different appearance, and the seeds destitute of strophiole or append-
a<^e at the scar.)

L. vulg^re, Common Laburnum, Golden-Chain, or Bean-Trefoil-
Tree of Europe. Planted for ornament, a low ti-ee, with smooth green bark,
slender-pctioled leaves of 3 oblong leaflets (2' -3' long), and pretty large showy
golden-yellow flowers hanging in long racemes, in late spring ; pods with one
thicker edge.

6. TRIGONELLA. (Old name, from Greek word for triangular, from tlio
shape of the corolla or the seeds.) Low lierbs. T. c^ntTLEA is the plant
used in Switzerland for imparting the flavor like that of Melilot to certain
kinds of cheese.)

T. Fcenum-Graecum, Fenugreek. Occasionally cult, in gardens, in
Europe a forage and popular medicinal plant, strong-scented-; with wedge-
oblong leaflets, one or two nearly sessile small flowers in the axils, yellowish or
whitish corolla, and a linear long-pointed and somewhat curved pod 2' -4' long,
with veiny sides. ®

7. MEDIC AGO, MEDICK. (The old name of Lucerne, because it came
to the Greeks from Media.) All natives of the Old World : a few have run
wild here. Fl. all summer.

* Flowers violet-purple or bluish. 21
M. sativa, Lucerne or Spanish Trefoil. Cultivated for green fodder,
especially S. : stems erect, l°-2° high, from a long deep root; leaflets obovate-
obiong ; racemes oblong ; pod several-seeded, linear, coiled about 2 turns.
* * Floioers yellow. ® @

M. lupulina, Black Medick, Nonesuch. A weed or pasture plant, in
dry or sandy flelds, &c. : low, spreading, doAvny, with wedge-obovate leaflets,
roundish or at length oblong heads or spikes of small flowers, and little kidney-
shaped 1-seeded pods turning black when ripe.

M. maculata, Spotted M. Waste sandy places, S. & E. : spreading or
trailing ; with broadly inversely heart-shaped leaflets marked with a dark spot,
3 - 5-flowered peduncles, and a flat pod compactly coiled three or more turns,
its thickish edge beset with a double row of curved prickles.

M. dentictllata, like the last, but rarer, with pod of looser coils, sharp
edge, and mostly shorter prickles.

M. SCUtellata, Snail Medick, Beehive. Cult, occasionally in gardens
for its curious pods, which are pretty large, coiled up like a snail-shell, in many
turns, smooth and even.

8. MELILOTUS, MELILOT, SWEET CLOVER. (From Greek
words for honeij and Lotus, i. e. Sweet Lotus: foliage sweet-scented, especially
in drying.) Natives of the Old World ; somewhat cult, in gardens, &c., and
running wild in waste or cultivated ground : fl. all summer. (1) @

M. klba. White M., Bokhara or Tree Clover. Tall, 3° - 6° high,
branching, with obovatc or oblong leaflets truncately notched at the end, and
loose racemes of white flowers. Has been cult, for greon fodder.

M. officinalis, Yellow M. Less tall, 2° -3° high, with merely blunt
leaflets and yellow flowei's.

9. TRIFOLIUM, CLOVER, TREFOIL. (Latin name : three leaflets.)

* Low, insi<pi{/icant weeds, nat.from Europe in dry waste flelds, SfC. (T)
H- Flowers yellow, in round heads, produced through late summer and autumn,
rejlejred and turning chestnut-broicn, dry and papery with age.

T. agr^rium. Yellow Hop-C. Smoothish, 6'- 12' high, with obovatc-
oblong leaflets all nearly sessile on the end of the petiole ; heads rather large.

T. prociimbens, Low Hop-C. Smaller, spreading, rather downy, the
wedge-obovate leaflets notched at the end, the middle one at a littk distance
from the others.

102 PULSE FAMILY.

H- H- Flowers flesh-color or whitish with a purplish spot, in a very soft silky head.

T. arvense, Rabbit-foot or Stone C. Erect, silky-downy, especially
the oblong or at len<rth cylindrical j^rayish heads or spikes, the corollas almost
concealed by the plumose-silky calyx ; leaflets narrow.

* * Larger, rose-red-flowered Clovers, cult, from Europe for fodder, or running

wild : heads thick and dense : corolla tubular, withering away afler flower-
ing : flowers sweet-scented, in summer. 11

T. pratense, Red C. Stems ascendin^^ ; leaflets olwvate or oval, often
notched at the end and with a pale spot on the face ; head closely surrounded
by the uppermost leaves.

T. medium, Zigzag C, with a zigzag stem, more oblong entire and
spotless leaver, and head usually stalked, is rare, but has run wild E., and
passes into the last.

♦ » ♦ Low, wild Clovers, or one cult, from Europe, with spreading or running

stems, and mostly jxile or white flowers {remaining and turning brownish in
fading) on pedicels, in round umbels or heads, on slender naked peduncles :
fl. spring and summer.

T. reflexum, Buffalo C. Wild S. and especially W. : somewhat
downy, with ascending stems 6' -12' high, obovate-oblong finely-toothed leaf-
lets, heads and rose-reil and whitish flowers fully as large as in Red Clover,
calyx-teeth hairy, and pods 3 - .5-sceded. (T) @

T. stolonit'erum, Running Buffalo C. Prairies and oak-openings
W. : like the last, or a variety of it, but some of the stems forming ruimers,
leaflets broadly obovate or inversely heart-shaped, flowers barely tinged with
purple, and p(jds 2-.seedcd. Q) 1/. •

T. Carolinianum, Carolina C. Fields and ])astures S. : a little doAvny,
spreading in tufts 5'- 10' high, with small inversely heart-shaped leaflets, broad
stipules, and small heads, the purplish corolla hardly longer than the lanceolate
calyx-teeth. ^

T. ripens, White C. Fields, &c. everywhere, invaluable for pasturage :
smooth, with creeping stems, inversely heart-shaped leaflets, long and slender
petioles and peduncles, narrow stipules, loose uyibcl-likc heads, and white
corolla much longer than the slender calyx-teeth. ^

10. PETALOSTEMON, PRAIRIE CLOVER. (Name composed of
the Greek words for petal and stamen combined. ) In prairies, pine-barrens, &c.
W. and S. : flowers never yellow. ^

* Heads crowded in a corymb, leafy-bracted : fl. late in autumn.

P. eorymb6sus. In southern pine-barrens ; 2° high, with leaves of 3-7
filiform leaflets, and white flowers, the slender teeth of calyx becoming plumose.

* * Heads or mostly spikes single terminating stems : fl. summer.

P. violaceus. Prairies W. : smoothish or pubescent, l°-2° high, with
mostly 5 narrow-linear leaflets, a short spike even when old, rose-purple flowers,
and hoary calyx.

P. carneus. Bry barrens S. : smooth, with branching stems, 5-7 linear^
leaflets, long-peduncled short spikes, flesh-color or pale rose flowers, and gla-
brous calyx.

P. C^hdidus. Prairies W. & S. : smooth, 2° - 3° high, with 7-9 lan-
ceolate or linear-oblong leaflets, long-peduncled spikes, with awn-pointed bracts,
anil white flowers.

There are besides one Or tAvo rarer species W., and several more far W. & S.

11, DALE A. (Named for an English botanist, Thomas Dale.) There are
many species S. W. beyond the Mississippi.

D. alopecuroides. Alluvial river banks W. «Sb S. ; with erect stem
l°-2° high, smooth leaves of many linear-oblong leaflets, and whitish smail
flowers in a dense silky spike, in summer, (i)

PULSE FA:.iiLr. 103

12. AMdHPHA, FALSE INDIGO. (Name, amorphous, wanting the
ordinary form, from the absence of four of the petals.) There are usually-
little stipels to the leaflets. Fl. summer.

A. frutic6sa, Cojimon A. River-banks from Penn. S. & W. ; a tall or
middle-sized shrub, smoothish, with petiolcd leaves of 1.5 - 2.5 oval or oblong leaf-
lets, violet or purple flowers in early summer, and mostly 2-seeded pods.

A. herb4,Gea (but it is not an herb) of low pine-barrens S., 2° -4° high,
often downy, has the leaflets more rigid, dotted, and crowded, villous calyx-
teeth, later blue or white flowers, and 1 -seeded pods.

A. can6scens, called Lead-Plant ; in prairies and on rocky banks W.
and S. W. ; l°-3° high, hoary with soft down, with sessile leaves of 29 -51
elliptical leaflets, smoothish above when old, violet-purple flowers in late summer,
and 1 -seeded pods. ,

13. PSORALE A. ( Greek word for scurf t/, from the roughish dots or glands
on the leaves, calyx, &e.) Wild S. & W. : fl. early summer, violet, bluish,
or almost white. 21

* Leaves pinnatcJy Z-foliulate, i. c. the side-leaflets a little below the apex of the
common petiole, or the uppermost of a single leaflet.

P. Onobrychis. River-banks, Ohio to Illinois and S. : 3° - .5° high,
nearly smooth, with lance-ovate taper-pointed leaflets 3' long, small flowers in
short-peduneled racemes 3' - 6' long ; pods rough and wrinkled.

P. melilotoides. Dry places, W. & S. : l°-2° high, somewhat pubes-
cent, slender, with lanceolate or lance-oblong leaflets, oblong spikes on long
peduncles, and strongly wrinkled pods.

, * * Leaves digitate, of 3-7 leaflets.

P. Lupin^Uus. Dry pine-barrens S. : smooth and slender, with .5-7 very
narrow or thread-shaped leaflets, small flowers in loose racemes, and obliquely
wrinkled pods.

P. floriblinda. Prairies from Illinois S. W. : bushy-branched and slen-
der, 2° -4° high, somewhat hoary when young, with 3-5 linear or obovate-
oblong much dotted leaflets, small flowers in short panieled racemes, and glan-
dular-roughened pods.

P. can^scens. Dry barrens S. E. Bushy-branched, 2° high, hoary-
pubescent, with 3 (or upper leaves of single) obovate leaflets, loose racemes of
few flowers, and a smooth pod.

P. argophylla. Prairies N. "VV., mostly across the Mississippi, widely
branched, 1'^ -3° high, silvery white all over with silky hairs, with 3-5 broad-
lanceolate leaflets and spikes of rather few largish flowers.

P. esculenta, Pomme Blanche of the N. W. Voyagcurs ; the turnip-
shaped or tiibcrous mealy root furnishing a desirable food to the Indians N. W. :
low and stout, 5' -15' high, roughish hairy, with 5 lance-oblong or obovate
leaflets, a dense oblong spike of pretty large (^' long) flowers, and a hairy
, pointed pod.

•^ 14. ONOBRyCHIS, SAINFOIN. (Name from Greek, means Asses-

food-) ^^/j^ftv^*^

O. sativa, Common S. Sparingly cult, from Europe as a fodder plant,
but not quite hardy N. ; herb l°-2°high, with numerous oblong small leaf-
lets, brown and thin pointed stipules, and spikes of light ])ink flowers on long
axillary peduncles, in summer, the little semicircular pod bordered with short
prickles or teeth. ^

15. STYLOSANTHES, PENCIT^FLOWER. (Name from Greek
words for column and flower, the calyx being raised on its stalk-like base.
The application of the popular name is not obvious.)

S. el^tior, of pine-barrens from New Jersey and Illinois S., is an incon-
spicuous low herb, in tufts ; the wiry stems downy on one side ; leaflets lan-
ceolate, with strong straight veins ; flowers orange-yellow, small, in little
clusters or heads, in late summer. ^ - ^

104 PULSE FAMILY.

16. LESPEDJSZA, BUSH-CLOVER. (Named for Lespedez, a Spanish
Governor of Florida.) All grow in sandy or sterile soil; ^. late summer
and autumn. ^

* Native species : stipules and bracts minute.

H- Flowers in close spikes or heads on upright {2° -4° high) simple rigid stems:
corolla cream-color or white with a purple spot, about the length ojf the silky-
doiony calyx.

Ii. capit^ta. Leaflets oblong or sometimes linear, silky beneath, thickish ;
peduncles and petioles short ; flowers in short spikes or heads ; calyx much
longer than the pod.

L. hirta. Leaflets roundish or oval, hairy or downy ; petioles and pedun-
cles slender ; spikes becoming rather long and loose.

■t- •»- Flowers violet-purple, scattered or in open panicles or clusters, slender-peduU'
cled, also usually some more fertile ones, mostly without petals, in small
sessile clusters.

L. Viol^cea. The commonest, and very variable, bushy-branching, erect
or spreading, with leaflets varying from oval to linear, and minutely whitish-
downy beneath, or sometimes siiky ; the ordinary flowers loosely panicled.

L. prOClimbens. Soft-downy, except the upper surface of the oval or
oblong leaflets, slender and trailing ; peduncles slender and few-flowered.

Ij. ripens. Smooth, except some minute and scattered close-pressed hairs,
very slender, prostrate ; leaflets obovate or oval (^' long).

« * Naturalized in States, from China or Japan : stipules ovate or lance-ovate,
striate, longer than the very shoit petiole.

L. striata. Introduced (more than 2.5 years ago) in some unknown way
into the Southern Atlantic States, now rapidly spreading and occupying old
fields and waste places, to the great benefit of the country, being greedily fed
upon by cattle ; it is low and spreading, .3'- 10' high, much branched, almost
smooth, with oblong or Avcdge-oblong leaflets \' - 1' long, and 1 - 3 small pur-
plish flowers almost sessile in the axils.

17. DESMODIUM, TICK-TREFOIL. (Name from Greek, means Sound/
together, from the connected joints of the pod.) 2/ We have many native
species," common in open woods and copses ; fl. late summer : the following
are the more common.

§ 1. Native species : the little joints of the pod adhere to clothing or to the coats oj
animals : flowers sometimes turning greenish in withering.

* Pod raised far above the calyx on a slender stalk of its own, straightish on the
upper margin, divided from below into not more than 4 joints : flowers in
one long-stalked naked terminal raceme or panicle : plants smooth, l°-3°
high : stipules bnstle-form.

D. nu.difl6runi. Flower-stalk and leaf-bearing stem rising separately
from a common root ; the leaves all crowded on the summit of the latter, and
•with broadly ovate bluntish leaflets, pale beneath.

D. aeumin^tum. Flower-stalk terminating the stem, which bears a
cluster of leaves ; the large leaflets (4' - 5' long) round-ovate with a tapering
point, or the end one blunter, green both sides.

* * Pod little if at all raised above the calyx.

•t- Stems erect, 3° - 6° high : stipules large, ovate or lance-ovate and pointed,
striate, posistent, the bracts similar but deciduous : floivers large for the
genus: racemes panicled : pods of 4-1 rho'mbic-oblong joints, each joint
about ^' long.

D. euspid^tum. Very smooth, with a straight stem, lance-ovate and
taper-pointed leaflets (3' -5' long) longer than the common petiole, and pod
with sraoothish joints.

D. canescens. Hairy, with branching stems, pale leaves ; the ovate
bluntish leaflets about the length of the common petiole, reticulated beneath and
b©th sides roughish with fine close pubescence ; joints of pod very adhesive.

PULSE FAMILY. 105

•*- H- Stems erect, 2° - 6° Inrjh : stipules and bracts mostly awl-shaped, small and
inconspicuous or early deciduous : racemes panicied.

■*■*■ Common petiole slender : flowers smallish : joints ofj)od 3-5, unequal-sided.

D. viridiflbrum. Stem and lower surface of the broad ovate blnnt leaf-
lets clothed with white and soft-velvety down. Pine-barrens, from New Jersey S.

D. Isevigatum. Stem and the thickish ovate and bluntish leaflets smooth
or nearly so. From New Jersey S.

D. Dillbnii. Stem and the oblong or oblong-ovate bluntish thin leaflets
finely pubescent ; the latter 2' - 3' long.

D. paniculatum. Smooth or nearly so throughout ; leaflets lanceolate
or lance-oblong, tapering to a blunt point, 3' - 5' long ; panicle loose.

D. Strictum. Slender stems smooth below, above and the narrow panicle
rough-glandular; leaflets linear, blunt, reticulated, very smooth, l'-2' long.
From New Jersey S.

•*-*■ ++ Common petiole very short.

D. Canad^nse. Stem hairy, 3° - 6^- high, leafy up to the panicle ; leaf-
lets lance-oblong, blunt, 2' - 3' long ; racemes dense, the pink-purple flowers
larger than in any other, fully k' long ; bracts large, conspicuous before flower-
ing. Chiefly N. & W.

D. sessilifolium. Stem pubescent, 2° -4° high ; the long panicle naked;
common petiole hardly any ; leaflets linear or linear-oblong, blunt, reticulated,
rough above, downy beneath ; flowers small. Penn. to 111. & S.

••- -1- -t- Stems ascending or spreading, 1 ° - 3° long : stipules and bracts awl-
shaped and deciduous : panicle naked, loose : floivers small : pod of 2 or 3
small oval or roundish Joints.

D. rigidum. The largest of this section, with rough-pubescent stems
sometimes erect ; leaflets ovate-oblong, blunt, thickish, roughish and reticulated,
1'- 2^' long, longer than the common petiole.

D. Cili^re. More or less hairy, slender, very leafy ; common petiole very
short ; leaflets I'ound-ovate or oval, thickish, ^' - 1' long.

D. Marilaudicum. Smooth or nearly so, slender ; leaflets ovate or
roundish, thin, the lateral ones about the length of the slender petiole : other-
wise Uke the preceding.

■»-••-■•-■*- Stems reclining or prostrate : racemes axillary and terminal,

D. line^tum. Smoothish ; stem striate-angled ; stipules awl-shaped,
deciduous ; leaflets orbicular, 1' or less in length, much longer than the common
petiole ; flowers and 2 or 3 rounded joints of the pod small. Pine-barrens from
Maryland S.

D. rotundifdlium. Soft-hairy ; stems running 3° - 5° along the ground ;
leaflets orbicular, about 3' long ; stipules ovate, striate, taper-pointed, persist-
ent ; flowers and the 3-5 rhombic-oval joints of the pod rather large.

§ 2. Exotic, conservatory species.

!D. g^rans, of East Indies, one of the most extraordinary plants known,
Is readily grown as a tender annual : the smooth leaves are remarkable for their
movements ; the end leaflet slowly changing position with the light ; the lateral
ones, very much smaller, moving ,pretty rapidly up and doAvn, in elliptical
sweeps, through the day when the temperature is about 80° Fahr.

18. JESCHYNOMENE, SENSITIVE JOINT -VETCH. (From
Greek word meaning ashamed, the leaflets of some species being more or less
sensitive to the touch in the manner of the common Sensitive Plant.) Sta-
mens commonly in two sets of 5 each. Pod resembling that of Desmodium.
Fl. summer.

-ZE. hispida. Stem rough-bristly, 2° - 4° high ; leaflets very many, broadly
linear; joints of the bristly pod 6-10, nearly square. Low grounds from
Penn. S. (T)

JE. viscidula. Stems clammy-pubescent, slender, spreading on the ground ;
leaflets 7-9, obovate ; joints of the bristly pod 2 or 3, half-orbicular. Sandy
shores S. (i)

106 PULSE FAMILY.

19. CORONILLA. (Latin, diminutive of corona, a crown.) Cult, from
Europe for ornament. 11

C. varia, Purple Coromlla. Hardy herb, sprcadin<^ from underground
running shoots, smooth, 2° high, with 15-21 obovate-oval or oblong small
leaflets, and head-like umbels of handsome pink-purple and white or white and
lilac flowers, all summer.

C. glaiica, Yellow Sweet-scented C. Green-house shrubby plant,
with 5-9 glaucous obovate or obcordate leaflets, the terminal largest, and head-
like umbels of sweet-scented yellow flowers ; the claws of the petals not
lengthened.

20. ARACHIS, PEANUT, GROUND-NUT. (Meaning of name obscure.)
A. hypogaea, the only common species, originally from South America,

cult. S. : the nut-like pods familiar, the oily fleshy seeds being largely eaten by
children, either raw or roasted. ®

21. SESBANIA. (Arabic name Sesban, a little altered. ) Fl. late summer.
S. macrocarpa, wild in swamps S., is tall, smooth, with linear-oblong

leaflets, few flowers on a ])eduncle shorter than the leaves, the corolla yellow
with some reddish or purple, followed by linear narrow hanging pods 8' - 12'
long, coutaining many seeds. 0

S. vesic^ria (or Glott^dium FloridXxum), in low grounds S., resem-
bles the jjri^-ceding in foliage and small yellow flowers, but has a broadly oblong
turgid pod, only 1' or 2' long, pointed, raised above the calyx on a slender stalk
of its own, only 2-scedcd, the seeds remaining enclosed in the bladdery white
lining of the pod when the outer valves have fallen. (T)

S. grandifl6ra (or Ag.Vti grandifloua), a shrub or tree-like plant of
India, run wild in Florida, occasionally cult, for ornament S., has very largo
flowers, 3' -4' long, white or red, and slender lumging pods 1° of so long.

22. CARAGANA, PEA-TREE. (Tartar name.) Natives of Siberia
and China : planted for ornament, but uncommon, scarcely hardy N.

C. arbor^SCens. Siberian P. Shrub or low tree, with spiny stipules,
4-6 pairs of ovai-oblong downy leaflets, a soft tip to the common petiole, and
solitary yellow flowers, in spring.

C. frut^scens, has soft stipules, and only 2 pairs of obovate leaflets
crowded at the summit of the petiole, Avhich is tipped with a spiny point.

C. Chaml^gU, Chinese P., a low or spreading shrub, has 2 rather dis-
tant pairs of smooth oval or obovate leaflets, the stipules and tip of the petiole
spiny.

23. INDIGOFERA, INDIGO-PLANT. (Name means producer of in-
digo.) Ours are tail perennials, sometimes with woody base, and numerous
small flowers in racemes, of S. States, in dry soil : fl. summer.

I. Carolini^na. Wild from North Carolina S. : smoothish, with 10-15
obovate or oblong pale leaflets, racemes longer than the leaves, flowers soon
brownish, and oblong veiny pods only 2-seeded.

I. tinct6ria. This and the next furnish the indigo of commerce, were
cult, for that purpose S., and have run wild in waste places : woody at base,
with 7-15 oval leaflets, racemes shorter than the leaves, the deflexed knobby
terete^ pods curved and several-seeded.

I. Anil differs mainly in its flattish and even pods thickened at both edges.

24. TEPHROSIA, HOARY PEA. (From Greek word meaning Aoary.)
Native plants, of dry, sandy or barren soil, chiefly S. : fl. summer.

* Stem very leafy up to the terminal and seasile dense raceme or panicle.
T. Virginikna. Called Catgut, from the very tough, long and slender
roots; white silky-downy, with erect and simple stem l°-2° high, 17-29
linear-oblong leaflets, pretty lai'ge and numerous flowers yellowish-white with
purple, and downy pods. Common N. & S.

PULSE FAMILY. 1C7

* * Stems branchim;, often spreading or decumbent : leaves scattered : racemes op-
posite the leaces, loncf-pedancltd : Jiowers fewer and smaller: pubescence
mostlij yellowish or rusty.

T. spicata. From Delaware S. : l°-2° high, loosely soft-hairy, with
9-15 wcdge-oblong or obovate leatiets, and 6-10 rather large scattered white
and pnrpic llowers in the raceme or spike.

T. hispidula. From Virginians. : low, closely pubescent or smoothish,
with 11-15 oblong smail leaflets, the lowest pair above the base of the petiole,
and 2-4 small reddish-purple flowers.

T. chrysoph;^ila. From Georgia S. & W. : nearly prostrate, with 5-7
wedgc-obovate leaflets, smooth above and yellowish silky beneath, the lowest
pair close to the stem ; flowers as in the last.

25. ROBINIA, LOCUST-TREE. (Dedicated to two early French bota-
nists, Iio!)in.) Natives of Athintie, Middle, and Southern States, planted, and
the common Locust running wild N. Fl. late spring and early summer.

R. Pseudac^cia, Common L. or False Acacia. Tree of valuable
timber, with naked branchlcts, slender and loose hanging racenieS of fragrant
white flowers, and smooth pods.

R. visebsa, Clammy L. Smaller tree, Avith clammy branches and stalks,
very short i)ricklcs, short and dense racemes of faintly rose-colored scentless
flowers, and rough clammy pods.

R. hispida, Bristly L. or Rose-Acacia. Ornamental shrub, with
branches and stalks bristly, broad leaflets tipped with a long bristle, large and
showy bright rose-colored flowers in close or loose racemes, and clammy-bristly
pods.

26. COLUTEA, BLADDER-SENNA. (Derivation of name obscure :
the English name refers to the bladdery pods and to the leaves having been
used as a substitute for those of Senna.)

C. arborescens, Common B. European shnib, planted in gardens, with
7-11 oval and rather truncate leaflets, a raceme of 5-10 yellow flowers, in
summer, succeeded by the large very thin-walled closed pods.

C. cruenta, Ouiextal B., with obovate notched leaflets, fewer flowers
saffi-on-colorcd or reddish, and pods opening by a little slit before they are ripe,
is scarcely hardy N.

27. ASTRAGALUS, MILK-YETCH. (Old Greek name of the ankle-
bone ami of some leguminous plant; application and meaning uncertain.)
Very many native species west of the Mississippi.

A. Canadensis. River-banks, the only widely common species ; rather
coarse, l°-4'^ high, slightly pubescent, with leaves of numerous leaflets, long
dense spikes of greenish cream-colored flowers, in summer, followed by small
and coriaceous ovoid ])0d3, completely divided by a longitudinal partition. 21

A. Co6peri. Gravelly shores N. & W. : resembles the foregoing, but
smoother, l°-2° high, with small white flowers in a short spike, and inflated
ovoid j)ods about 1' long, thin-walled, and not divided internally ; fl. in early
summer, i^

A. glaber. Pine-barrens S. : nearly smooth, 2° high, with very many
oblong-linear small leaflets, loosely many-flowered spikes of white flowers, in
spring, succeeded by oblong curved and flattish 2-celled pods. I}.

A. caryOGcirpus, Ground Plum of the Western voyagcnrs, so called from
the fruit, which is of the size and shape of a small plum, and fleshy, but becom-
ing dry and corky, very thick-walled, 2-celled ; the plant low, smoothish, with
many small narrow oblong leaflets, and short racemes or spikes of violet-purple
or nearly white flowers, in spring : common along the Upper Mississippi and
W. and S. on the plains. 2/

A. vill6sus. Pine-barrens S. : low and spreading, loosely hoary-hairy,
with about 13 oblong leaflets notched at the end, a short and dense raceme or
S])ike of small yellowish flowers, in spring, and an oblong 3-anglcd cun'cd and
soft-hairy pod, its cavity not divided, y.

108 PULSE FAMILY.

28. WISTARIA. (Named for Prof. Wistar of Philadelphia. ) Very orna-
mental woody twiners : fl. sprin<^.

W. frutescens, American W. Wild along streams W. and S., and
cult, for ornament; soft-downy when young, with 9-1.5 lance-ovate leaflets,
a dense raceme of showy blue-purple flowers, the calyx narrowish, wing-petals
each with one short and one very Jong appendage at the base of the blade, and
a smooth ovary.

W. Sinensis, Chinese W. Cult, from China or Japan, barely hardy in
New England, faster growing (sometimes 20° in a season) and higher climbing
than the other, with longer and more pendent racemes, wing-petals appcndaged
on one side only, and a downy ovary. Often flowering twice in the season.

29. APIOS, GKOUND-NUT, WILD BEAN. (Name from Greek word
for }mir, from the shape of the tubers. ) 1],

A. tub©r6sa. Wild in low grounds ; subterranean shoots bearing strings
of edible farinaceous tubers l'-2' long; stems slender, rather hairy ; leaflets
ovate-lanceolate ; flowers brownish-purple, violet-scented, crowded in short and
thick racemes, in late summer and autumn.

30. ERYTHRINA. (From Greek word for r(,d, which is the usual color
of the flowers.)

E. herb^cea. Wild in sandy soil near the coast S. ; sending up herba-
ceous stems 2° - 4° high from a thick woody root or base, some leafy^ the leaf-
lets broadly triangular-ovate ; others nearly leafless, terminating in a long erect
raceme of narrow scarlet flowers, of which the straight and folded lanceolate
standard (2' long) is the on'y conspicuous part ; seeds scarlet : fl. spring.

E. Crista-g^lli. Cult, in conservatories, from Brazil ; with a tree-like
trunk, oval or oblong leaflets, and loose racemes of crimson large flowers, the
keel as well as the broad spreading standard conspicuous, the rudimentary wings
hidden in the calyx.

31. PHASEOLUS, BEAN, KIDNEY BEAN. (An ancient name of
the Bean.) Fl. summer and autumn.

* Native species, small-flowered.

P. perdnnis. From Connecticut and Illinois S. in woody places ; slender
stems climbing high ; leaflets roundish-ovate, short-pointed ; racemes long and
loose, often panicled ; flowers small, purple ; pods drooping, scimitar-shaped,
few-seeded. 2/

P. diversifdlius. Sandy shores, &c. : spreading on the ground, with
rough hairy stems, ovate entire or commonly 3-lobed or angled leaflets, pedun-
cles twice the length of the leaves, bearing a small cluster of purplish or at length
greenish flowers, and linear nearly terete straight pods. '(T)

P. h^ivolus. Sandy soil, from New Jersey and Illinois S. : more slen-
der than the preceding, sometimes twining a little, with the ovate or oblong
leaflets entire or obscurely angled, peduncles several times surpassing the leaves,
flowers pale pui-ple, and ])ods narrower. 2/

P. pauciflbrus. River-banks W. & S. : spreading over the ground, also
twining more or less, slender, pubescent, with small oblong-lanceolate or linear
leaflets, few and small purplish flowers on a short peduncle, the keel merely
incurved, and the straight flat pod only 1' long. ®

* * Exotic species, cultivated main/}/ for food, all icith ovate pointed leaflets. ®

P. vulgaris, Common Kidney, String, and Pole Bean. Twining,
with racemes of white or sometimes dull purplish or variegated flowers shorter
than the leaf, linear straight pods, and tumid seeds. Many varieties, among
which may be reckoned the next.

P. n^nus, Dwarf or Field Bean ; low and bushy, not twining; seeds
very tumid.

P. lunatus, Lima Bean, Sieva B., &c. Twining, with racemes of
small greenish-white flowers shorter than the leaf, and broad and curved or
tocimitar-shaped pods, containing few large and flat seeds.

PULSE FAMILY. 109

P. multifl6rus, Spanish Bean, Scarlet Runner when red-flowered ;
twining hij,^h, with the showy flowers bright scarlet, or white, or mixed, in
peduncled racemes surpassing the leaves ; pods broadly linear, straight or
a little curved ; seeds large, tumid, white or colored.

* * * Exotic species, cultivated in greenhouses fof ornament. ^
P. Carac^lla, Snail-Flower. Stem twining extensively, rather woody
below, from a tuberous root ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, taper-pointed ; racemes
longer than the leaf ; flowers showy, 2' long, white and pvirple, the standard as
well as the very long-snouted keel spirally coiled, giving somewhat the appear-
ance of a snail-shell.

32. DOLICHOS, BLACK BEAN, &c. (Old Greek name of a Bean,
meaning elongated, perhaps from the tall-climbing stems.)

D. Lablab, Egyptian or Black Bean, cult, from India, for ornament
and sometimes for food, is a smooth twiner, with elongated racemes of showy
violet, purple, or white flowers, 1' long, and thick and broadly oblong pointed
pods ; seeds black or tawny with a white scar. (I)

D. Sinensis, China Bean, var. melanophthalmus, Black-eyed
Bean, with long peduncles bearing only 2 or 3 (wliite or pale) flowers at the
end, the beans (which are good) white'with a black circle round the scar, is
occasionally met with.

33. GALACTIA, MILK-PEA. (From a Greek word for milky, which
these plants are not.) There are several other species in the Southern At-
lantic States ; a rare one has pinnate leaves. FI. summer. IJ.

G. glabella. Sandy soil from New Jersey S. : prostrate, nearly smooth,
with rather rigid ovate-oblong leaflets, their upper surface shining, a few rather
large rose-purple flowers on a peduncle not exceeding the leaves, and a 4 - 6-
sceded at length smoothish pod.

G. m611is. Sandy barrens, from Maryland S. : spreading, seldom twininj?,
soft-downy and hoary, even to the 8 - 10-seeded pod ; racemes long-peduncled,
many-flowered ; leaflets oval.

34. AMPHICARP^A, HOG-PEA-NUT. (Name from Greek words
meaning double-fruited, alluding to the two kinds of pod.) ^

A. monoiea. A slender much-branched twiner, with brownish-hairy
stems, leaves of 3 rhombic-ovate thin leaflets, and numerous small purplish
flowers in clustered drooping racemes, besides the more fertile subterranean
ones ; the turgid pods of the latter hairy : herbage greedily fed upon by cattle :
fl. late summer and autumn.

35. CENTROSEMA, SPURRED BUTTERFLY-PEA. (Name from
Greek words meaning spurred standard.) 11

C. Virgini^num. Sandy woods, chiefly S. : trailing and low twining,
slender, roughish Avith minute hairs ; leaflets varying from ovate-oblong to
linear, very veiny, shining; the 1 -4-flowered peduncles shorter than the leaves;
the showy violet-purple flowers 1' or 1^' long, in summer.

36. CLITORIA, BUTTERFLY-PEA. (Derivation obscure.) IJ.

C. Marikna, our only species, in dry ground from New Jersey S. : smooth,
with erect or slightly twining stem (l°-3° high), ovate-oblong leaflets pale
beneath, very showy light blue flowers 2' long, single or 2-3 together on a
short peduncle, and a few-seeded straight pod : fl. summer.

37. HARDENBERGIA. (Named for an Austrian botanist.) Austra-
lian plants. 2/

H. monoph^Ua, a choice greenhouse plant, has leaves of a single ovate
or lanceolate leaflet 2' or 3' long, and slender racemes of small violet-purple
flowers ; whole plant smooth.

110 PULSE FAMILY.

38. KENNEDYA. (Named for a distinguished English florist.) Aus-
tralian plants, of choice cultivation in conservatories. %

K. rubiciinda, is hairy, free-climbing, with 3 ovate leaflets, and 2-4-
flowered peduncles, the dark red or crimson flowers over 1' long.

39. RHYNCHOSIA. (Name from the Greek, means beaked, of no ob-
vious application.) Chiefly Southern : fl. summer. %

R. toment6sa. Low, soft-downy, in several varieties, erect, spreading, or
the taller forms twining more or less, with one or three round or sometimes
oblong-oval leaflets, and clusters or racemes of small yellow flowers. Dry sandy
soil, from Maryland S.

R. galaetoides. Bushy-branched, 2° -4° high, not at all disposed to
twine, minutely pubescent, Avith 3 small and rigid oval leaflets, hardly any
common petiole, and scattered flowers in the upper axils, the standard reddisli
outside. Dry sand-ridges, from Alabama S.

40. PISUM, PEA. (The old Greek and Latin name of the Pea.) (D

P. sativum, Common Pea. Cult, from the Old World : smooth and
glaucous, with very large leafy stipules, commonly 2 pairs of leaflets, branching
tendrils, and peduncles bearing 2 or more large flowers ; corolla white, bluish,
purple, or party-colored ; pods rather fleshy.

41. LATHYRUS, VETCHLING. (Old Greek name.) Some species
closely resemble the Pea, others are more like Vetches. Fl. summer.

* Cult, from Eu.,for ornament : stem and petioles wing-margined : leaflets one pair.

L. Odor^tus, Sweet Pea. Stem more or less roughish-hairy ; leaflets
oval or oblong ; Howers 2 or 3 on a long peduncle, sweet-scented, white with
the standard rose-color, or purple, with varieties variously colored. ®

L. latifdlius, Everlasting Pea. Smooth, climbing high ; stems broadly
winged ; leallets oval, with parallel veins very conspicuous beneath ; flowers
numerous in a long-peduncled raceme, pink-purple, also a white variety, scent-
less. ;^

* * Native species : stems wingless or merely margined : leaflets 2-8 pairs. "^

Ij. maritimus, Beach Pea. Sea-shore of New England especially N.,
and along the Great Lakes : about 1° high, leafy, smooth, with stipules nearly
as large as the 8-16 oval crowdetl leaflets, and the peduncle bearing 6-10 i-ather
large purple flowers.

fl. veil6sus. Shady banks W. & S. : climbing, with 10-17 more scattered
ovate or oblong leaflets, often downy beneath, small and slender stipules, and
peduncles bearing many purple flowers.

L. OChroleUGUS. Hillsides and banks N. & W. : slender stems l°-3°
high ; the leaflets 6-8, glaucous, thin, ovate or oval, larger than the leafy
stipules ; peduncles bearing several rather small yellowish-white flowers.

L. pallistris. Swamps and wet grounds N. & W. : low, l°-2° high,
with margined or slightly winged stems, small lanceolate stipules, 4-8 leaflets
varying from linear to oblong, and peduncles bearing 3-5 rather small purple
flowers.

Var. myrtif61ius, common W. & S., usually appears very distinct, climb-
ing 2° - 4° high, with oblong or oval leaflets, larger and moi-e leaf-like upper
stipules, and paler flowers.

42. VICIA, VETCH, TARE. (The old Latin name of the genus.)

§ 1. Flowers several or many on a slender peduncle, in spring or summer: pod
several-seeded: wikl species in loio ground, l°-4°high. IJ.
* Peduncle 4 - 8-flowered : plant smooth.
V. Americana. Common N. & W. ; with 10 - 14 oblong and very blunt
veirw leaflets, and purplish flowers over |' long.

V . acutifblia. Near the coast S. ; with about 4 linear or oblong leaflets,
and small blue or purplish flowers.

PULSE FAMILY. Ill

* * Peduncle bearing very many small soon rejlexed flowers.

V. Carolini^na. Smoothish ; with 8-24 obIon<,^ blunt leaflets, and small
white or purplish-tipped flowers rather loose or scattered in the slender raceme.

V. Cracca. Only N. «& W., rather downy; with 20-24 lance-oblong
mucronate-])ointed leaflets, and a dense spike of blue flowers (nearly ^' long)
turning purple.

§ 2. Flowers 1 - 5 on a slender peduncle, in summer or spring, very small : leaf-
lets oblong-linear, A -S pairs: pod oblong, only 2-A-seeded: slender and
delicate European plants, run wild in fields and loaste places. (I)

V. tetrasperma. Leaflets blunt ; corolla whitish ; pod 4-seeded, smooth.

V. hirsuta. Leaflets truncate ; corolla bluish ; pod 2-seeded, hairy.

§ 3. Flowers single or few and sessile or short-pedunded in the axil of the leaves,
pretty large : pod several-seeded : stem simple, low, not climbing, (i)

v. sativa, Commox Vetch or Tare. Sometimes cult, for fodder, from
the Old World, run wild in some fields : somewhat hairy, with 10- 14 leaflets
varying from oblong or obovate to linear, and notched and mucronate at the
apex ; flowers mostly in pairs and sessile, violet-purple ; seeds tumid.

V. Faba, Bean of England, Windsor or Hokse-Bean. Cult, from the
Old World for the edible beans (which are not much foncied in this country,
where we have better) : smooth, with stout erect stem 1^-2° high, crowded
leaves of 2 - 6 oblong leaflets (1^' - 3' long), a mere rudiment of atendril, and
axillary clusters of Avhite flowers having a black spot on each wing ; pod thick
and fleshy, 2' - 3' long ; seeds oval, flattened, large.

43. LENS, LENTIL. (Classical Latin name. The shape of the seed gave
the name to the glass lens for magnifying.) (1)

L. esculdnta, Common Lentil, of Europe, cult, for fodder and for the
seeds, but rarely with us : slender plant, barely 1° high, resembling a Vetch,
with several pairs of oblong leaflets (.^ long), 2 or 3 small white or purplish
flowers on a slender peduncle, and a small broad pod, containing 2 orbicular
shari>edged (lens-shaped) seeds, which are generally yellowish or brownish,
a sorry substitute for beans, but good for soup.

44. CICER, CHICK-PEA. (An old Latin name for the Vetch.) (T)

C. arietinuni, Common C, of the Old World, called Coffee-Pea at the
"West, there cult, for its seeds, which are used for coffte : their shape gave the
specific name, being likened to the head of a sheep : plant 9-20' high, covered
with soft glandular' acid hairs ; leaves of 8- 12 wedge-obovate serrate leaflets ;
peduncle bearing one small whitish flower, succeeded by the turgid small pod.

45. CHORIZEMA. (A fanciful name of Greek derivation.) %

C. ilicifdlia, Holly-leaved C. Greenhouse-plant from Australia, bushy,
with lance-oblong leaves cut into strong spiny teeth or lobes, and racemes of
small copper-colored flowers, the wings redder.

46. BAPTISIA, FALSE INDIGO. (From Greek word meaning to dye,
these plants yielding a poor sort of indigo.) Foliage of most species turning
blackish in drying : nearly all grow in sandy or gravelly dry soil : fl. spring
and early summer. 2/

* Flowers yellow.

B. perfoliata. Low and spreading, smooth and glaucous, with simple
round-ovate leaves surrounding the stem (perfoliate, probably answering to
united sti])ulcs), and single small flowers in their axils; pod small and globular.
Carolina and Georgia.

B. tinetbria, Common or Wild False-Indigo. Pale or glaucous,
smooth, bushy, 2° biuh, with 3 small wedge-obovate leaflets, hardly any com-
mon petiole, minute deciduous stipules, few-flowered racemes terminating the
branches, and small globular pods.

112 PULSE FAMILY.

B. lanceolkta. Downy when young, spreading, with 3 thickish blunt leaf-
lets varying from lanceolate to obovate, a very short common petiole, small de-
ciduous stipules, and rather large flowers solitary in the axils and in short ter-
minal racemes, the pod globular and slender-pointed. Common S. & S. W.

B. vill6sa. Minutely downy, with stout stems 2° high, 3 spatulate-oblong
or wedge-obovate leaflets, becoming smooth above, a very short common petiole,
stipules more or less persistent, and many-flowered racemes of large flowers
on slender pedicels ; the pod minutely downy, oblong, taper-ijointed. From
Carolina S. W.

* * Flowers white, in the first cream-color : leaves all of 3 leaflets varip'ng from
ivedge-ohovate to ohlanceolate, and Jlowers in long racemes terminatimj the
branches.

B. leucophaea. Low and spreading, 1° high, soft-hairy, with persistent
large and leaf-like bracts and stipules, reclined one-sided racemes of cream-
colored large (1' long) flowers on slender pedicels, and hoary ovate pods. Open
woods, chiefly W.

B, alba. Smooth, 2° -3° high, with slender widely spreading branches,
slender petioles, minute deciduous stipules and bracts, loose erect or spreading
long-pedunclcd racemes of small flowers {^'-^' long), and cylindrical pods.
From Virginia S.

B. leucantha. Smooth and glaucous, stout, 3° - 5° high, with spreading
branches, rather short petioles, the lanceolate stipules and biiicts deciduous,
erect long racemes of large (1' long) flowers, and oval-oblong pods 2' long,
raised on a stalk fully twice the length of the calyx. Alluvial soil, from Ohio
W. & S.

* * * Flowers blue: leaves ofS leaflets as in the foregoing .

B. austr^lis. Smooth and stout, pale, erect, 2° -.5° high, with oblong-
wedge-shaped leaflets, lanceolate and rather persistent stipules as long as the
short petiole, erect racemes of pretty lartre (nearly 1' long) flowers on short
pedicels, and oval-oblong pods 2' -3' long, on a" stalk of the length of the
calyx.

47. THERMOPSIS. (From Greek words meaning that the plants resem-
ble the Lupine.) Flowers yellow. 2/

T. in611is. Wild in open woods from N. Carolina S. : downy, 10-2° high,
with spreading; branches, 3 obovatc-obloni; leaflets, oblong-ovate"^ leafy stipules,
some of them as long as the short petioles, and long narrow-linear spreading

Eods short-stalked in the calyx: fl. spring. (There are two other species in the
outhern Alleghanies.)

T. fab^cea, which is erect with oval leaflets and upright pods, is sparingly
cult, from Siberia, and wild in N. W. America.

48. CLADRASTIS, YELLOW- WOOD. (Meaning of name obscure,
perha])S from Greek for brittle branches.)

C. tinct6ria (also named Virgilia l^tea), native of rich woods from
E. Kentucky S., jjlanted for ornament, one of the very handsomest and neatest
of ornamental trees ; with light yellow wood, a close" bark like tlwit of Beech,
leaves of 7-11 parallel-veined oval or ovate leaflets (3' -4' long and smooth, as
is the whole plant), and am])le hanging panicles (1° or more long) of pretty,
delicately fragrant, cream-white flowers, terminating the branchlets of the season,
in May or June.

49. SOPHORA. (An Arabic name altered.) There is a wild herbaceous
species beyond the Mississippi, a low shrubby one on the coast of Florida,
and a tree in Arkansas and Texas Avhich in its fleshy jointed pod and in ap-
pearance much resembles the following : —

S. Jap6nica, Japan S. Planted for ornament, hardy to New England ;
tree 20° - .50° high, with greenish bark, 11-13 oval or oblong acute smooth
leaflets, and loose panicles of cream-white flowers, terminating the branches at
the end of summer, the fruit a string of fleshy 1 -seeded joints.

PULSE FAMILY. 113

50. CERCIS, RED-BUD, JUDAS-TREE. (Ancient name of the ori-
ental species : tlie Enjrlish name from the old notion that this was the tree
whereon Judas hanged himself.)

C Canadensis, American Red-bud. Wild from New York S. (but
probably not in Canada as the name implies) : a small, handsome tree, orna-
mental in spring, wlien the naked branches are covered with the small but very
numerous flowers, of the color of peach-blossoms or redder ; the rounded leaves
are somewhat pointed, and the pods scarcely stalked in the calyx.

C. Siliquastrum, European R. or Judas-Tree. Barely hardy N.,
except as a shrub ; has larger flowers, pod raised out of the calyx on a short
stalk, and almost kidney-shaped leaves. A seeming variety of this inhabits
Texas and California.

51. CASSIA, SENNA. (Ancient name, of obscure meaning.) The follow-
ing all wild species, the first sometimes cult, in country gardens, and the
leaves used in place of true, oriental Senna. Fl. summer, in all ours yellow.

§ 1. Smooth herbs, in rich or alluvial soil, with rather large leaflets, deciduous
stipules, flowers in short axillary racemes or crowded in a panicle, and the
10 stamens unequal, some of the upper anthers imperfect.

C. Marilandica, Wild Senna. The only common sort at the north,
3°-4° high, with 6-9 pairs of narrow-oblong blunt and mucronate leaflets,
a club-shaped gland on the common petiole near the base, bright yellow petals
often turning whitish when old, blackish anthers, and linear flat (at first hairy)
pods. H ^ ^

C. OCCidentalis, Western S. or Styptic- Weed. Common S., nat.
from South America: l°-5° high, with 4-6 pairs of lance-ovate acute leaf-
lets, a globular gland on the base of the petiole, and narrow linear smooth pods
5' long, d) , ,

C. obtUSif61ia. From Illinois and Virginia S. ; with 2 or 3 pairs of ob-
ovate leaflets, a pointed gland between the lowest, the pale flowers in pairs, and
slender curved pods 6' - 10' long, (i)

§ 2. Low and spreading, smooth or roughish hairy herbs, in sandy or dry Ixirren
soil, with persistent striate stipules, and 10 - 20 pairs of small linear-oblong
oblique or unequal-sided leaflets, ivhich are someichat sensitive, closing when
roughly brushed; a cup-shaped gland below the lowest pair : fowers clus-
tered in the axils.
C Chamsecrista, Large-fl. Sensitive or Partridge Pea. Flowers
pretty large, showy, on slender pedicels, with the petals often purple-spotted at
base, a slender style, and 10 unequal stamens, some of the anthers usually yel-
loAv and others purple. Like the next most common S. (T)

C. nictitans, Small-fl. S. Flowers small, on very short pedicels, with
a short style, and 5 nearly equal anthers.

52. C^SALPINIA. (Named for the early Italian botanist Ci^salpinus.)
One sjH'cies of tropical America, cult, in some conservatories, is planted out
in Gulf States, viz.

C. puleh6rrima (also named PoinciXna pulcherrima), Barbadoes
Flower-fence. Small tree, prickly, Avith twice-pinnate leaves, numerous
oblong leaflets notched at the end, and open terminal racemes of large and
showy flowers, the short-clawed broad and jagged-edged petals 1' long and red-
dish-orange, and the crimson filaments 3' long.

53. GYMNOCLADUS, KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE. (Name from
Greek words for naked branch, the branches being very stout, and when the
leaves have fallen appearing destitute of spray.)

G. Canadensis. The only species, a fine ornamental and timber tree, wild

from W. New York S. and especially W., with rough bark, twice-pinnate leaves

2° or 3^^ long, each })artial leafstalk bearing 7-13 ovate and stalked leaflets,

except the lowest pair, which are single leaflets (2' -3' long); the leaflets

S&F— 16

114 PULSE FAMILY.

remarkable for hanging edgewise. Flowers in early summer ; ripening in late
autumn, the large and indurated pod 5' - 10' long and 1^' - 2' wide ; the seeds
over ^' across.

64. GLEDITSCHIA, HONEY-LOCUST. (Named for the early Ger.
man l)otani3t, Gleditsch.) Fl. early summer, ineonspicuous, ripening the i)ods
late in autumn. Thorns simple or compound ; those ou the branchlets above
the axils. Leaves on growing shoots of tlie season twice pinnate ; those in
clusters on spurs mostly once pinnate.

G. triacanthos, Three-thorxed Acacia or Common H. Wild in
rich soil from l*cnn. S. & W., also commonly planted for shade, sometimes used
for hedges : a rather tall tree, with light foliage, large often very com])ound
thorns llattish at the base and tapering, small lance-oblong leaflets, and linear
flat pods 9'- 20' long, often- twisted or curved. A var. inermis has very few or
no thonis.

G. Sinensis, Chinese II., occasionally planted, has stouter conical thorns,
and broader oval leaflets.

G. nionosp6rma, Oxe-seeded or Water II. Swamps from Illinois
S. W. : small tree, with slender thorns, ovate or oblong leaflets, and ovjU 1-seedcd
pods, containing no pulp.

55. MIMOSA, SENSITIVE-PLANT. (From Greek word to mimic, i. c.
the movements imitating an animal faculty.) There are wild shrubl)y species
iu Texas and farther S. The following are herbs, procumbent or trailing,
Avith bristly short pods.

M. pudica, Common S. Beset with spreading bristly hairs and somewhat
prickly ; the leaves very sensitive to the touch, of very numerous linear leaflets
on 2 pairs of branches of the common petiole, crowded on its apex, so as to
appear digitate ; flowers rose-purple, in slender-peduncled lieads, in sunnncr.
Cult, from South America. (Y)

M. Strigill6sa, Wild S. Rough with apprcsscd stiff bristles, not prickly ;
leaves with 5 or 6 pairs of branches of the common i)etiolc, each jjcaring 10- 14
pairs of oblong-linear leaflets; flowers rose-color; oblong head on very long
peduncle. Wild on river-banks far S. : fl. summer. ^

56. SCHRANKIA, SENSITIVE-BRIER. (Named for a German bot-
anist, Sclirank.) Two species wild in dry sandy soil, S. & W., spreading on
the ground, appearing much alike, with leaves closing like the Sensitive-
PJant, but only under ruder handling : flowers rose-purple, small, in globular
heads on axillary peduncles, in summer. ^

S. "Uncin^ta. Stems, petioles, peduncles, and oblong-linear short-pointed
pods beset with rather stout hooked prickles ; leaflets elliptical, reticulated with
strong veins underneath.

S. angust^ta. Trickles scattered, weaker, and less hooked ; leaflets oblong-
linear, not reticulated ; i)ods slender, taper-pointed.

57. DESMANTHUS. (Greek-made name, meaning that the flowers arc
houmi toijether : they are merely crowded in a head. A few species very far
S., and the following W.

D. bracli;^lobus. Prairies from Illinois S. & W. : nearly smooth, l°-4°
high, erect, with 6-15 pairs of ])artial petioles, each bearing 20 - 30 pairs of
very small narrow leaflets, one or more glands on the mahi ])Ctiole, small heads
of whitish flowers, followed by short 2 - G-seeded pods ; stamens 5. ^

58. ALBIZZIA, SILK-FLOWER. (Named for an Italian botanist.)
A. Julibrissin, Silk-Flower or Silk-Tree, from Asia, planted for

ornament S. : a small tree, with leaves of numerous pairs of partial petioles,
each bearing about CO oblong acute leaflets, Avhich appear as if halved, and with
panicled heads of rather large pale rose-purple flowers, the long and lustrous
filaments, like silky threads in tufts (giving the popular name), being mainly
conspicuous ; pod 5' -- 6' long, oblong-iincar, very flat and thin.

ROSE FAMILY. 115

69. ACACIA. (Ancient Greek and Latin name of Acacia- trees ; one spe-
cies yields Gum Arabic.) No native species north of Texas. The following
are exotic shrubs or trees, cult, in conservatories N., and one of them planted
or run wild far S.

§ 1. Leaves twice pinnate, of very numerous small leaflets.

A. Farnesiana.s Native of South America : nat. along: the Gulf of Mexi- "
CO, sometimes cult. : a nearly smooth shrub, with pairs of short prickles alonj^
the branches, small linear leaflets, small heads, on short peduncles (2 or 3 to-
gether) of yellow very sweet-scented Howers, used by the perfumers. The plant
also yields gum. Pod thick, pulpy or pithy within.

A. dealb^ta, of Australia : a fast-growing small tree, not prickly nor
thorny, pale or whitened with minute obscure down or mealiness ; with leaves
of 10-25 pairs of partial petioles (a little gland on the main petiole between
each pair), and very, many pairs of closely set and minute linear leaflets ; the
bright yellow flowers in globular heads collected in an ample very open raceme
or panicle, odorous.

§ 2. Only the leaves of the seedling twice-pinnate ; the rest simple and entire mostly
blade-like petioles [called phyllodia, Lessons, p. 69), standing edgewise
instead of flatwise, but otherwise imitating rigid simple leaves. Chiefly
natives of Australia, where they are extremely numei-ous.

* Leaves short, and with only a central nerve or midrib,

■*- Linear awl-shaped or almost needle-shaped, prickly-tipped, small, about ^' long.

A. juniperina. Rigid bushy shrub, Avith the leaves scattered over the
branches, and flowers in single small round heads.

A. verticill^ta. Si)rcading shrub or low tree, with the leaves crowded
more or less in whorls of 5 - 8 or more, and flowers in cylindrical spikes.
-*- ■»- Obliquely oblong, lanceolate, or broader, not prickly-tipped.

A. armata. Tall-growing shrub, usually with hairy branches, and with
conspicuous prickle-like stipules ; half-ovate oblong or incurved-lanccolate leaves
mostly blunt, with somewhat wavy margins, feather-veined, not over 1 ' long ;
flowers in round heads.

A. vestita. Tall-growing shrub, soft-downy, with drooping branches, pale
obliquelv wedge-ovate or obovate and curved bristle-pointed leaves, and small
globular heads of flowers in racemes.

A. CUltriformis. Shrub smooth, mealy-glaucous when young, with tri-
angular or lance-obovate and curved minutely pointed leaves, of thick and firm
texture, and globular lieads in racemes, forming a leafy terminal panicle.

# * Leaves 3'-G' or more, long, pointless, with 2-5 parallel nerves, or when very
narrow only \ -nerved : flowers in slender loose or interrupted axillary spikes.

A. longifblia. Shrub or small tree, smooth, Avith angular branches, and
leaves varying from lance-oblong to linear, greatly varying, 2 - 5-nerved, often
faintly veiny between the nerves.

A. linearis. Like the ])rcceding, but with leaves (4' - 10' long) very nar-
row-linear and with only one obvious nerve.

38. ROSACE-aE, ROSE FAMILY.
Plants -with alternate stipulate leaves and regular flowers, with
usually indefinite unconnected stamens inserted on the calyx, one,
few, or many simple separate pistils (except in the divi.-ion to which
the Pear belongs), and single, few, or occasionally numerous seeds ;
these filled with a straight embryo. Destitute of noxious qualities
(excepting the bark, leaves, and kernels of some Cherries, and the
like), and furnishing the most important fruits of temperate climates,
as well as the queen of fiowers. We have three principal great
divisions.

I. ALMOND or PLUM FAMILY : consists of trees or
shrubs, with simple leaves, stipules tree from the petiole (often
minute or early deciduous, so that there may appear to be none),
a calyx which is deciduous after flowering, and a single pistil, its
. ovary tipped with a slender style ^Lessons, p. 103, fig. 213), con-
taining a pair of ovules, and becoming a simple drupe or stone fruit.
(Lessons, p. 128, fig. 285.)'

1. PRUNUS. Calyx with a bell-shaped or urn-shaped tube and 5 spreading lobes.

Petals 5, and stamens 3-5 times as many, or indefiuirely numerous, inserted
*y on the throat of the calyx. Flowers white or rose-color.

IL ROSE FAMILY proper : consists of herbs or shrubs,
with stipules either free from or united with the base of the petiole,
calyx persisting below or around the fruit, which is composed of
sometimes one but commonly several or many distinct pistds.

§ 1. Calyx not icitk a Jleshy tube or cup. nor closed over the fruit.

* Ovaries about 5 (2 - 12), becoming little poiJs, sevei'ul-(2 - 10-) seeded : calyx with

only 5 or rarely 4 lobes.

2. SPIRiEA. Shrubs or perennial herbs, with stipules sometimes minute or ob-

solete, sometimes conspicuous, and white or ro-e-purple Howers. Calyx open
and short, mostly 5-cleft, not enclosing the pods. Petals equal, coinmonly
broad. Stamens 10-50.

3. GILLENIA. Herbs, with nearly white flowers and almost sessile leaves of 3

leaflets. Calyx narrow, oblong, 5-toothed, enclosing the 5 pistils (which at
first lightly cohere in a mass) and the little pods. Petals rather unequal,
lance-linear. Stamens 10 -20, not projecting.

« « Ovaries ftw or many, sinfjle-cwuled, becoming dry nl-enes in fruit above the open
and mostly spreading calyx : slama'is numerous.
■*- Pistils /etc, only 2-8.

4. KERRI A. Shrub, with long green brandies, simple and coarsely-toothed leaves,

and yellow flowers terminating the branciilcts of the season. Calyx with 6
somewhat toothed large lobes. Petals broad.

5. W.ALDS TEINIA. Low pereimial herbs, with chiefly root-leaves, either lobed

or compound, and a few yellow flowers on a short scape. Calyx with a top-
shaped tube and 5 spreading lobes, alternate with which are sometimes
6 minute teeth or bractlets. Petals obovate. Styles decidnous by a joint,
•t- H- Pistils ntwierous and henped in a head: calyx (except in one Geum) augmented

with additional outer lobes or bractkts alternating toith the 5 proper lobes :

leaves mostly compound.

6. GEUM. Perennial herbs. Calyx with a bell-shaped, top-shaped, or hemispher-

ical tube or cup. Akenes narrow, or tapering to the base, tipped with the
long persistent style, or the greater portion of it, in the form of a naked or
hairy tail. Seed erect. Receptacle dry, conical or cylindrical.

7. POTENilLLA. Herbs, or one species 'shrubby. Calyx flat or widely open.

Akenes small, on a dry receptacle, from which they at length fall.

8. FRAGARIA. Perennial low or stemless herbs, with runners; and leaves of

3 leaflets. Calyx open, flat. Styles short and lateral. Akenes naked, small,
on the surfiice of an enlarged pulpy edible receptacle. (Lessons, p. 125, fig.
279, and p. 129, fig. 288.)

♦ * # Ovaries several or many., 2-ovulcd, in fruit becoming Jleshy or pulpy and

\-seeded, forming a head, or cluster above the tint or widely open simply b-cleft
calyx : stamens numerous : styles short, naked, at length falling off.

9. DALIBARDA. Very low perennial tufted herb, with simple rounded-heart-

shaped or kidne^'-shaped root-leaves and 1 - 2-flowered scapes. Calyx of 5
or even 6 unequal sepals. Ovaries 5 - 10, in fruit merely fleshy, becoming
almost dry and bony.
10. RUBUS. Perennial herbs or shrubby plnnts. Ovaries numerous, in fruit
pulpy (berry-like, or more properly dVupe-like, the inner hard part answering
to the sto!ie of a cherry or penc'h on a small scale), crowded on the dry or
fleshy receptacle. (Lessons, p. 129, fig. 289, 290.)

ROSE FAMILY. 117

^ 2. Calyx unth an urn-shnped dry tube, conirncied or nearly closed at the mouth, and
enclosing 1-4 little pistils which become ukenes. Flowtrs small: petals none
except in Agrimonia.

11. ALCHEMILLA. Low herbs, with palmately lobed or compound leaves, and

minute greenish flowers in clusters or corymbs. Calyx with 4 inner and
4 outer or accessory spreading lobes. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Pistils
1-4, with lateral styles.

12. AGRIMONIA. Herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves, and flowers in slen-

der terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx with the top-shaped tube beset with
hooked bristles just below the 5 green lobes, the latter closing together in
fruit. Petals 5, comuionly yellow, broad and spreading. Stamens 6-15.
Pistils 2: styles terminal.

13. POTERIUM. Herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white, purple, or greenish

flowers (sometimes dioecious) in dense heads or spikes on long erect peduncles.
Calyx with a short 4-ai)gled closed tube, surmounted by 4 broad and petal-
like at length deciduous lobes. Petals none. Stamens 4-12 or more, with
long and slender prnjecting filaments. Pistils 1-4: the terminal styles tipped
■with a brush-like or tufted stigma.

^ 3. Calyx with an urn-shnped or t/lubose fleshy tube, contracted nt the mouth, enclosing
the many pistils and akenes Flowers large and showy.

14. ROSA. Shrubby, mostly [irickly, with pinnate leaves, of 3 - 9 or rarely more

serrate leaflets, stipules united with the base of the petiole, and flowers single
or in corymbs terminating leafy branches. Calyx with 5 sometimes leafy
lobes which are often unequal and some of them toothed or pinnately lobed.
Petals 5, or more in cultivation, broad, inserted along with the many stamens
at the mouth of the calyx-tube. Pistils numerous, with terminal styles, and
one-ovuled ovaries, becoming hard or bony akenes, enclosed in the tube
or cup of the calyx, which m fruit becomes pulpy and imitates a berry or
^j . pome. (Lessons, p. 125, fig 280.)

(TVVl^aj-jj^ PEAR FAMILY : consists of shrubs or trees, with stip-
ules free from the petiole (often minute or early deciduous) ; the
thick-walled caljx-tube becoming fleshy or pulpy and consolidated
with the 2-5 ovaries to form a compound pistil and the kind of
fruit called a pome. (Lessons, p. 104. fig. 215.) Lobes of the calyx
and petals 5. Stamens numerous, or rarely only 10-15.
* Fruit drupe-like ; the seeds solitary in a hard stone or stones.

15. CRATiEGUS. Trees or shrubs, mostly with thorny branches and flowers in

corymbs or cymes, or sometimes solitary, terminating the branchlets; the
leaves lobed or serrate. Styles 2-5 (or rarely 1): ovary of as main* 2-ovuled
cells. Fruit with a stone of 2-5 (rarely single) 1-seeded cells or carpels,
more or less cohering with each other.

16. COTONEAS TER. Shrubs (exotic), usually low, with the small coriaceous

leaves entire and whitish-downy underneatli, small clustered flowers, and the
calyx white-woolly outside. Styles 2-5. Fruit small, the pulpy calyx-tute
containing 2-5 little seed-like hard stones.
« * F7^tiit with thin and cartilaginous or papery 2 -several-seeded carpels in the pome.
•»- Leaves persistent.

17. PHOTINIA. Trees or shrubs (exotic), not thoniy, with ample evergreen

leaves. Flowers corymbed. Styles 2 - 5, dilated at the apex. Fruit berry-
like, the 2-6 partitions thin, or vanishing.

•*- •*- Leaves deciduous.

18. AMELANCHIER. Trees or shrubs, not thorny, with simple leaves, racemed

flowers, and narrow white petals. Styles 5, imited below. Ovary of 5 two-
ovuled cells, but each cell soon divided more or loss by a projection or growth
from its back, making the berry-like fruit 10-celled.

19. PYRUS. Trees or shrubs, sometimes rather thorny, with various foliage, and

flowers in cymes, corymbs, or rarely solitary. Stylos 2 - 5. Ovary of 2-5
two-ovnled (or in cultivated species several-ovuledj cells, which are thin and
papery or carrilnginous in fruit in the fleshy or pidpy calyx-tube.

20. CYDONLA. Trees or shrubs, with entire or merely serrate leaves, and rather

large flowers, which resemble those of Pyrus, as does the fruit, only the 5 cell*
are many-ovuled and many-seeded.

118 ROSE FAMILY.

1. PRtJNUS, PLUM, &c. (The ancient Latin name of the Plum.) As
now received, this genus compi'ises all the following groups, which it has
been found impracticable to keep up as botanical genera. Foliage and the
stone and kernel of the fruit usually with the tiavor of prussic acid, especially
in the Peach and Cherries.

§ 1. Almoxd and Peach. Flowers almost sessile, from separate scaly buds,
in spring, before the leaves, the latter folded toijether lemjthwise {cmduplicate)
in the bad : fruit velvety, large : the stone with wrinkles and holes.

P. (Am^gdalus) n^na, Dwarf or Flowering Almond. Cult, for
ornament, from Asia ; a low shrub, with abundant and handsome rose-colored
(or by variation white) usually full-double flowers, earlier than the long and
narrow smooth leaves ; calyx-tube short-cylindrical ; fruit dry when ripe, with
the outer part separating as a husk from the brittle stone, as in the edible
Almond.

P. (A.) P^rsica, Peach. Cult, from Asia for the fruit, also a double-fl.
variety, for ornament ; small tree, with ])urplish-rose-colored flowers, bell-shaped
calyx-tube, lanceolate leaves, and globular fruit ripening a thick pul]), cither
clinging to or separable from the rough-wrinkled ])orous stoiie. Unknown in a
wild state, probably derived from the Common Almond, P. (A.) communis.
— Var. ISBviS, the Nectarine^ is a state with a smooth-skinned fruit.

§ 2. Apricot. Flowers short-j)€dice'led or almost sessile, from separate seal//

buds, in earli/ spring, before the leaves, which are roU<d up (convolute) in

the bud: drupe velvet)/, but ivith a smooth stone having groovid margins, one

of them sharp-edged.

P. Armeniaca, Apricot. Cult, from Armenia; a low smooth tree,

with ovate and mostly rather heart-sha])ed leaves, white or slightly rosy flowers

solitary or in pairs, and early-rij)ening fruit, of character intermediate between

peach and plum.

§ 3. Plum and Cherry. Floivers pedicrlhd and almost ahvags white : drupe
smooth, its stone smooth or somewhat rugged.

* Plums. Floioers from separate lateral buds, in spring, preceding or coetaneons
with the leaves ; the latter rolled up, or in most of our native species folded
together, in the bud : drupe generally with a whitish bloom and a flat or
flattish stone.

■^ Exotic {European or Asiatic) species.

P. domdstiea, Garden Plum, of many varieties : tree with spreading
thornless branches, and oblong or lance-ovate leaves ; the fruit very various in
size and sha])e, with a flat or fiattish and roughish stone. Doubtless (at least
in part) a long-cultivated derivative of

P. insititia, Bullace Plum, introduced in some places near the seaboard,
hijs been used as a stock for grafting, &c., is a little thorny, the pedicels and
lower face of the leaves downy, the fruit round and black.

P. spin6sa, Sloe, or Black Thorn. Cult, or nat. in o-d gardens or
waste places : a low tree, with spreading thorny branches ; the obovate-oblong
or lance-oblong leaves and pedicels soon glabrous ; fruit small, globular, purple-
black, Avith a turgid stone and a greenish astringent pulp. Probably this is the
original of the Bullace.

•^ H- Native species of the country, but two of them have been planted for the fruit.
They are manifestly Plums rathi-r than Cherries, alf.honqh the last is am-
biguous as to the fruit, only the Brach Plum has an obvious bloom on the
fruit, and all have the leaves folded lu the bud.

P. maritima, Beach Plum. Sea-beaches and sandy soil near the coast ;
a scarcely thorny shrub, 2° -5° high, with the ovate or oval finely serrate leaves
soft-downy underneath, short and downy pedicels, and globular purple or crim-
son fruit with a bloom {^' - 1' long), rather pleasant-tasted, sometimes used for
preserving.

P. Americana, Wild Red and Yellow Plum. Along streams through
the country ; occasionally planted ; a tali shrub or small tree, often thorny,

ROSE FAMILY. 119

■vfith tlie oval or obovate and pointed leaves thin, very veiny, coarsely or doubly
serrate, smooth when old; the globular or oval fruit {^' -'i' in diameter) yelloCv
. with some red, oranfre, or crimson, with a pleasant juice but a tough acerb skin,
the stone sharp-edged or margined.

P. Chicasa, Chickasaw Plum. Planted or nm wild fromPenn. S. &
W., native S. W. , 6° -12° high, somewhat thorny, with long and narrow
almost lanceolate acute leaves, edged with very fine teeth, a globular red fruit
(^'-§' in diameter) of pleasant flavor, thin-skinned, and containing a margin-
less almost globular stone.

* * Cherries of the Garden- Chrr if sort, i. e. ivith flowers in sessile umbels from
separate lateral buds, in spring, loith or rather preceding the leaves, which
are folded together lengthwise in the bud.

P. Cerasus, Garden Red Cherry. Cult, from Eu. ; a tree 10° -30°
high, with slender spreading branches, obovatc and lance-ovate serrate leaves,
rather large flowers on shortish ])edicels and somewhat preceding the leaves,
and an acid red globose fruit. The Morello Cherry is a variety with dark
])urple more astringent fruit. Probably derived from, or now sometimes mixed
with the next.

P. ^vium, Bird Cherry of Eu., English Cherry. Cult, from E. ;
making a larger tree than the preceding, with ascending branches, softer and
coarsely or doubly toothed more pointed leaves, usually pubescent beneath, the
flowers developed at the same time with the leaves, and the round-ovoid or
somewhat heart-shaped fruit sweet or bitterish-sweet (not acid), of various
colors. Double-flowered varieties arc cult, for ornament.

P. Pennsylvanica, Wild Red Cherry. Rocky woods N. Small
tree, with light red-brown bark, oblong-lanceolate and pointed leaves smooth
and green both sides, their margins finely and sharply serrate, small flowers on
long pedicels, and light red sour fruit not larger than peas.

P. pumila, Dwarf Cherry. Rocks or sandy bank&^N. Shiiib spread-
ing or forming broad tufts on the ground, seldom rising 2° ; leaves spatulate-
lanceolate, pale beneath, toothed only towards the apex; flowers 2-4 together;
fruit ovoid, dark red, with stone as large as a pea.

* * * Cherries of small size, ivith flowers in racemes,
•*- In late spring or carhj summer, terminating leafy shoots of the season.

P. Ser6tina, Wild Black Cherry. Tree or shrub, Avestward becoming
a good-sized forest tree, with bitter aromatic bark, close-grained reddish wood
valued by the cabinet-maker ; the oblong or lance-oblong smooth leaves of thick-
ish or firm texture, usually tapcr-jiointed, serrate with incurved short callous
teeth ; flowers in long racemes, considerably later than the next ; purplish-
black bitterish vinous fruit ripening in autumn.

P. Virginiana, Choke Chkrry. Tall shrub or small tree, with gray-
ish bark, oval-oblong or obovate and abruptly pointed thin leaves very sharply
serrate with slender projecting teeth ; flowers in shorter and closer racemes, in
spring ; the fruit ri])e in summer, red turning dark crimson, astringent, but
eatable when fully ripe, the stone smooth.

P. P^dus, Small Bird-Cherry of Eu., is occasionally planted ; resem-
bles the last, has longer and looser often drooping racemes', and a roughened
stone.

■*- •*- Erect racemes in early spring, from the axils of evergreen leaves.

P. Carolini^na, Carolina Laurel-Cherry, also called Mock Orange
at the South, ])rob:ibly from the coriaceous smooth and glossy leaves, which
are lance-ovate or oblong, entire or with a few sharp and appresscd teeth,
longer than the racemes, the calyx as well as petals Avhite; small fruit black
ami bitter, becoming dry. Ornamental small tree ; the leaves said to be poison-
ous to cattle.

P. Lauro-C6rasus, Laurel-Cherry of Europe, from Asia Minor, and

P. Lusit^nica, Portugal L., from Portugal and the Azores, beautiful
evergreen shrubs or small trees, used for hedges and screens in Encrland, are
not hardy N., but would stan'd south of Penn. Their leaves and kernels arc
strongly imbued with the prussic-acid or bitter-almond flavor.

120 ROSE FAMILY.

2. SPIR-SIA, MEADOW-SWEET, &c. (Greek name of some shrub, of
the flowering branches of which garlands Avere made.) All hardy shrubs or
perennial herbs : fl. late spring and summer.)

§ 1. Shrubs, with simple leaves.

* Native species : but the last common in gardens, thejirst occasionally planted.

S. opulifblia, Nine-Bark ; so-called from the loose bark, separating in
thin annual layers from the stems : a tall shrub, with long recurving branches,
the roundish and mostly heart-shaped leaves partly 3-loi)ed and cut-toothed,
white flowers (of no beauty) in umbel-like corymbs, the pods large for this
genus, bladdcrv, and commonly turning purplish. Wild on rocky, banks, from
New York W.'& S.

S. COrymbbsa. From S. Penn. S., not common: shinib l°-2° high,
smooth, with oval leaves cut-toothed towards the apex, and white flowers in a
flat compound corymb.

S. tomentdsa, Hardhack or Steeplebush. Common E. in low
grounds ; 2° - 3° high, hoary-downy, except the upper face of the ovate or
oblong serrate small leaves, the rose-purple or white flowers crowded in a very
dense terminal ])anicle ; pistils downy.

S. salieifblia, Common Meadow-Sweet. Common in wet grounds,
also in old gardens : shrub 2° -3° high, bushy, smooth, with wedge-lanceolate
or oblong leaves simply or doubly serrate, and white or barely flesh-colored
flowers in a crowded panicle.

# * Cultivated for ornament, exotic or W. North American.
•«- Floivers in close or spike-like clusters collected in a close and narrow or spike-
like terminal panicle, pink-purple.

S. Dougl^sii, Douglas's Meadow-Sweet. Cult, from Oregon and
California: resembles our wild Hardhack (S. tomcntosa), but has longer usu-
ally lance-oblong and very blunt leaves rather whiter beneath, and deeper pink
flowers with smooth pistils.

■<- +- Flowers in compound corymbs or broad panicles.

S. call6sa (also named S. FoRTfjXEr), from Japan: shrub 3° - G° liigh,
smoothish, with lance-oblong and taper-pointed uneqiuilly and very sharply
serrate leaves, branches terminated by clustered dense corymbs or cymes of deep
])ink flowers, 10 glands at the mouth of the calyx, the pistils smooth.

S. ariaefblia. Tall shrub from Oregon, with slender branches, terminated
by a very large and light or drooping decompound panicle of small yellowish-
white flowers ; the leaves roundish-ovate, very obtuse, thin, cut on each side
into 4 or 5 blunt and toothed lobes, sometimes almost pinnatifid, soft downy, at
least beneath.

•♦-•*-■»- Flowers in simple, often umbel-like corymbs terminating leafy shoots of the
season : natives of Europe and Asia : petals white except the first species.

S. bdlla, from Nepal : a low shrub, with ovate acute and merely sharply
serrate leaves whitish-downy beneath, the simple corymbs sometimes clustered,
and rose-pink flowers.

S. chamsedrifblia, from E. Europe and Siberia ; a spreading low bush,
smooth, with ovate or oblong usually blunt and cut-toothed leaves, at least
towards the summit, and rather small floAvers in simple corymbs.

S. trilob^ta, from Siberia ; a spreading smooth bush, with rounded ere-,
nately cut and 3-lobed leaves and rather showy flowers.

S. lanceolata, or ReevesiXna, from China, has oblong, lance-oblong, or
some thi-ee-cleft serrate-toothed leaves, and showy flowers.

S. hypericifdlia, Italian May, or St. Peter's Wreath. Shrub
3° -6° high, smooth or smoothish, with long recurved branches, and very small
wedge-oblong leaves, a little crenate or lobed at the end ; flowers small, white,
jn small sessile umbels.

•»-••--*--»- Flowers in simple sessile umbds along the slender branches of the pre-
ceding year, subtended only by greenish bud-scales or imperfect leaves, rather
earlier than the proper leaves, in spring.

ROSE FAMILY. 121

S. prunifblia, from Japan ; slender shrub, with small orate finely and
sharply serrate leaves, smooth above, often minutely downy beneath ; the form
cultivated has full-double pure white blossoms, i' in'diameter, produced in great
abundance.

§ 2. Shruhbij, with pinnate leaves.
S. SOrbifdlia. Cult, from Siberia, very hardy, 3° -4° hi«rh, with leaves
(as the name denotes) resembHng those of the Mountain-Ash, of 17-21 lan-
ceolate taper-j)oint;ed doubly and sharply serrate leaflets, and white flowers in
an ample terminal panicle, the narrow pods a little cohering.

§ 3. Herbs, with thrice pinnately-compound leaves, no stipules, and dioecious Jlowers.

S. Artincus, Goatsbeard, Rich woods from New York S. & W., also
in some gardens : smooth, 3° - .5° high ; with lance-oblong or lance-ovate taper-
pointed leaflets sharply serrate and cut, and yellowish-white very small flowers
in great numbers, crowded in slender spikes which are collected in a great com-
pound panicle ; petals narrow ; pedicels reflexed in fruit.

§ 4. Herbs, ivith interruptedly pinnate learcs, conspicuous stipules, perfect Jlowers,
rejiexed sepals and petals sometimes 4, and 5-12 little 1 - ^-seeded pods.

S. Filipendula, Dropwort. Cult, from Europe : some of the coarse
long fibrous roots swollen at the lower end into oblong tubers ; herbage smooth
and green ; leaves chiefly from or near the ground, witli many oval or lanceolate
leaflets deeply toothed, cut, or pinnately cleft, and gradually diminishing in size
downwards ; the nearly naked stems l°-2° high, bearing a compound terminal
cyme of white or rosy-tipped flowers, one variety full-double.

S. Ulmaria, English Meadow-Sweet. Cult, from Europe; 10-3°
high, nearly smooth, except the lower surface of the lyrate and interruptedly
pinnate leaves which is minutely white-downy ; the yellowish-white small antl
SAveet-scented floAvers very numerous and crowded in a compound cyme at the
naked summit of the stems ; little pods twisting spirally.

S. lob^ta, Queex-of-tiie-Prairie. Wild in meadows and prairies W.,
also cult. : smooth and green ; the leaves mostly fi*om or near the ground ; the
end leaflet very large, 7 - 9-parted, and its lobes cut-toothed ; stems 2° - .5° or
even 8° high, bearing an ample and panicled compound cyme crowded with the
handsome peach-blossom-colored flowers. Bruised foliage exhales the odor of
Sweet Birch.

3. GILLENIA, INDIAN PHYSIC, AMERICAN IPECAC. (Named
for a Z)?-. Gillen or Gillenius.) Fl. summer. 2/

G. trifoli^ta, Common I. or Bowman's-Root. Rich woods, from New
York S. & W. ; smooth, branching, 2° high, with the 3 ovate-oblong pointed
leaflets cut-toothed, entire stipules small and slender, and rather pretty white or
scarcely rosy-tinged flowers loosely panicled on the slender branches.

G. stipiil^cea, Large-stipuled I. or American Ipecac. Open woods,
W. : has the lanceolate leaflets and leaf-like stipules deeply cut and toothed :
otherwise like the other.

4. KERRIA. (Named for 5e//cr2c?en /Ter, a British botanist.)

K. Jap6nica, Corchorus, so-called, of the gardens, from Japan : a fa-
miliar, smooth, ornamental shrubby plant, 4° - 8° high, Avith lance-ovate thin
leaves, and handsome yellow floAvers, in summer, usually full-double ; — the
natural state, with 5 petals and numerous stamens only recently introduced
and rare.

6. WALDSTEINIA. (Named fbr F. von Waldstein, an Austrian bota-
nist.)

W. fragarioldes, Barren Straavberry. Woodcc^banks, chiefly N. ;
in aspect and esi)ecially in the 3 broadly Avedge-shapcd leaflets resembles a
StraAv berry- plant (as the specific and the popular names denote), but is smooth-
ish and yelloAv-floAvered : in summer. ^

122 ROSE FAMILY.

6. GBUM, AVENS. (From Greek word, meaning to give an agreeable
flavor; the roots of some species somewhat scented.) Several wild species,
only the following common : fl. late spring and summer. -^

G. riv^le, Purple or Water Avens. In bogs and low grounds N. :
thickish rootstock (sometimes used in medicine as an astringent) sending up
lyrately and interruptedly pinnate leaves, and rather naked several-flowered
stems {2° high) ; the flowers pretty large, nodding, with purplish-orange and
broadly obovate or obcordate petals narrowed at the base, never spreading ; in
fruit the head of akenes erect, stalked in the persistent calyx, the persistent
styles jointed and bent in the middle, the upper part plumose-hairy.

G. vernum, Spring A. Thickets, from Ohio to Illinois and Kentucky :
slender, 2° -3° high; root-leaves rounded heart-shaped and 3-5-lobed, or some
of them pinnate and cut ; flowers small, with yellow petals about the length of
the simply 5-lobed calyx ; the head of fruit raised above the calyx on a con-
spicuous stalk ; the styles, &c. smooth, the upper joint falling oft^".

G. Strictum, Field A. Moist grounds and fields : a coarse herb, 3°-. 5°
high, rather hairy, with root-leaves interruptedly pinnate and the leaflets wedge-
obovate, those of the stem with 3-5 narrower leaflets ; in summer bearing
panieled flowers witli broadly obovate golden-yellow petals exceeding the calyx ;
stijjules large, deeply cut; head of fruit close in the calyx ; the persistent naked
style hooked at the end after the short uj)per joint falls ; receptacle downy.

G. Virgini^num, White A. Thickets and border of woods : coarse
and bristly-hairy herb l°-3° high, with root and lower leaves of several pin-
nate leaflets, the upper 3-i)arted and cut ; the panieled flowers small, with incon-
spicuous greenish-white petals shorter than the calyx ; head of fruit like the
last, but its receptacle smooth.

G. Alburn, White A. Grows in similar places with the preceding, and
like it, but smooth or soft-pubescent, with root-leaves of 3 - .5 leaflets, or some
of them rounded and simple except a few minute leaflets below ; the petals as
long as the calyx, white or pale greenish-yellow ; receptacle of fruit bristly.

7. POTENTILLA, CINQUEFOIL, FIVE-FINGER. (Name from
potens, powerful, from reputed medicinal virtues, but these plants are merely
mild astringents.) Wild plants of the country, except those of the last
section, and one yellow one : but the Shrubby CinqxiefoU is also planted.

§ 1 . Petals pale yellow, small, not surpassing the calyx. © ©

P. Norv^giea, Norway C. An erect, hairy, weedy plant, \°-2° high,
branching above, with only 3 obovate-oblong and cut-toothed leaflets : fl. sum-
mer, in fields.

P. parad6xa. A spreading or procumbent, pubescent, weedy plant, on
river-banks W., with pinnate leaves of 5 - 9 obovate-oblong cut-toothed leaflets,
and akenes with a thick appendage at their base : fl. summer.

§ 2. Petals whitish or cream-color, broad, surpassing the calyx: akenes smooth. %

P. argtlta. A stout, erect, brownish-hairy, coarse plant, l°-4° high,
rather clammy above, on rocky hills N. & W., with pinnate leaves of 3 - 9 oval
or ovate cut-toothed leaflets soft-downy beneath, and a close terminal cluster of
rather large flowers, of no beauty, in summer.

§ 3. Petals bright yellow, larger than the lobes of the calyx. ^
* Leaves ofb digitate leaflets.

P. r6cta. Cult, in some old gardens, from Eu. : a coarse, erect, hairy
plant, 2° - 3° high, with sometimes 7 narrowly wedge-oblong leaflets coarsely
toothed, and rather large cymose flowers.

P. Canadensis, Common Wild C. or Five-finger. Open diy ground :
dwarf, silky-hairy, with wedge-obovate leaflets, and axillary 1 -flowered pedun-
cles ; flowering from early s])ring to midsummer, and spreading by runners.

Var. simples^ in moister or richer soil, usually well marked by its greater
size and greener foliage ; the stems l°-2° long, ascending or spreading from
a short tuberous rootstock; leaflets more oblong ; flowers produced through the
summer.

ROSE FAMILY. 123

P. arg6ntea, Silvery C. Dry fields, banks, and roadsides N. : a low,
spreading or prostrate, much branched, white-woolly weed, with wedge-oblonj^
cut-pinnatiiid leaflets green above, white with silvery wool beneath, and the
margins revolute ; the small flowers somewhat panicled, all summer.

* * Leaves pinnate : receptacle and partly the akenes white-hairy.

P. Anserina, Silver- Weed. Wet banks and shores, N. & W. : leaves
all from the root or in tufts on the long slender runners, green above, silvery
with silky down beneath, of 9-19 oblong cut-toothed principal leaflets and
some pairs of minute ones intermixed; stipules conspicuous and many-cleft;
flowers solitary on long scape-like peduncles, all summer.

P. frutic6sa, SnRunnY C. Wet grounds N. : 2° -4° high, woody, silky,
very nnxch branched, with 5 or 7 crowded oblong-lanceolate entire leaflets,
scale-like stipules, and loose clusters of rather showy flowers, all summer.

§ 4. Petals ichite : akenes and receptacle hairy : leaflets only 3, digitate. "^

P. trident^ta, Three-toothed C. Coast of N. England N. and on

mountains ; 4' -6' high, tufted, spreading, with 3 thickish nearly smooth leaflets

coarsely 3-toothed at the end, and several flowers in a cyme, in early summer.

§ .5. Petals purple, rose-color, or crimson : akenes smooth. If.

* Wild in wet and cold hogs N. : petals narrow, shorter than the calyx.

P. pallistris, Marsh Five-finger. Stems ascending from an almost
woody creeping base ; leaves pinnate, of 5 - 7 lance-oblong serrate and crowded
leaflets, whitish beneath; flowers in a small cyme, the calyx nearly 1' broad,
the inside as well as the petals dull dark purple ; receptacle becoming large and
spongy : fl. all summer.

* * From Himalaya, cult, for ornament : petals broad and large, ohcordate.

P. Nepalensis, Nepal C. Leaflets 3 in the upper, 5 in the lowest leaves,
digitate, hairy but green both sides, wedge-oblong, coarsely toothed ; flowers
rose-red, all summer. P. HopwoodiXna, with flesh-colored flowers, is a gar-
den hybrid of this and P. recta.

P. atrosanguinea, Dark Nepal C, is soft silky-hairy, with 3 leaflets
to ail the leaves, and much darker-colored flowers than in the preceding, brown-
purple or crimson.

\ 8. FRAGARIA, STRAWBERRY. (Name from fraga, the old Latin
name of the strawberry. ) ^

§ 1. True Strawberries. Petals white: receptacle ofthe fruit high-flavored :
scapes several -flowered : runners naked. Fl. in spring and early summer,
those of all but the first species inclined more or less to be dioecious. In
cultivation the species are considerably mixed by crossing.

P. v6sca, CoMMQN S. of Europe, yields the Alpixe, Perpetual, &c.,
plentifully native N. ; is mostly slender, with thin dull leaflets strongly marked
by the veins, calyx remaining open or reflexed after flowering, small ovoid-
conical or elongated fruit high-scented, and the akenes superficial.

P- el^tior, IlAUTnois S., of Europe, sometimes cult. ; is taller and quite
difccious, with the calyx strongly reflexed away from the fruit, which is dull
reddish and musky-scented.

P. Virgini^iia, Virginian Wild S., original of the American Scar-
let, &c. ; has leaflets of firm texture, their smooth and often shining upper
surface with sunken veins, calyx becoming erect after flowering and closing
over the hairy receptacle Avhen iinfructified ; fruit with a narrow neck, mostly
globular, its surface with deep pits in which the akenes are sunken.

Var. lUinoensis, perhaps a distinct s])ecies, is coarser and larger, grows in
richer soil, from W. New York W, & S., the hairs of the scape, &c. shaggy, is
the supposed original of Hovey's Seedling, Boston Pine, &c.

P. Chilensis, native of Pacific coast from Oregon S. ; its varieties and
crosses with the foregoing have given rise to the Pine-apple S. and the like:
a large and robust species, with very firm and thick leaflets soft-silky beneath or
on both faces, and a hairy receptacle, the large rose-colored fruit erect in the
pure state (instead of hanging), I'ipcning late.

/

124 ROSE FAMILY.

§2. Petals yell 0X0 : receptacle tasteless : runners hearing leaves and \-flnn'pred
peduncles : calyx ivitli 5 external pieces very large, leaf-like, and 3-lobed.

F. Indica, Indiax S., of Upper India, &c. : cult., running wild S. E.,
rather handsome both in flower and (red) fruit, which are produced all summer
and autumn.

9. DALIBARDA. (Named for Dalibard, an early botanist of Paris.) 1^
D. ripens, of wooded slopes N., is a low, stemless, tufted, downy little

plant, spreading more or less by subterranean runners, with the aspect of a
Violet, the scapes bearing one or two delicate white flowers, in summer.

10. RIJBXJS, BRAMBLE, &c. (The Roman name, connected with ruber,
red.) 11

§ 1. Flowering Raspberries, icitli simple leaves and broad fl<xttish fruit, the
very small and numerous reddish or amber-colored grains at length sejuirat-
ingfrom the persistent receptacle.

R. odor^tUS, Purple F. Dells, &c., N. : shrubby, 3° -5° high, clammy-
bristly and odorous, not prickly ; with ample 3-5-lobed leaves, the lobes pointed
and the middle one longest, peduncles many-flowered, calyx-lobes with long
slender tips, and petals purple-rose-color ; the showy flowers l'-2' across, pro-
duced all summer.

R. Nutk^nus, White F. From Upper Michigan to Pacific, and cult. :
like the other, but less bristly and clammy, with leaves more equally 5-lobed and
coarsely toothed, and fewer flowers with narrower white petals.

§2. True Raspberries, ?tvVA 3-h leaflets, the fruit falling ivhen ri/ye from
the then dry narrow receptacle : flowers with small white erect petals, in early
summer, on leafy shoots of the season which (in all but the flrst) spring
from prickly more or less woody stems of the preceding yar.

R. triflbrus, Dwarf Raspberry. Low woods N. ; almost wholly her-
baceous, sleiuler, trailing, not prickly, with thin smooth leaves, of 3 rhombic-
ovate acute leaflets, or the side-leaflets parted, making 5, all doubly serrate,
peduncle bearing I - 3 small flowers, and the fruit of few grains.

R. OCCidentalis, Black R. or Thimbleuerry. Borders of fields and
thickets N., especially where ground has been burned over : glaucous-whitened,
the long recurving stems, stalks, &c. armed with hooked prickles, but no bris-
tles ; leaflets mostly 3, ovate, pointed, white-downy beneath, coarsely doubly
toothed, the lateral ones stalked ; petals shorter than the se])als ; fruit purple-
black (or .an amber-colored variety), flattisb, ripe at midsummer.

R. Idseus, Gardf;n R. Cult, from Eu. for the fruit : tall and nearly
erect, beset with straight slender prickles or many of them mere bristles ; leaves
thicker, and fruit firmer and larger than in the next red or yellowish, ripening
through the summer.

R. Strig6sus, Wild Red R. Common especially N. : 2° -3° high, the
upright stems, stalks, &c. beset with copious bristles, and some of them becom-
ing weak prickles, also glandular ; leaflets oblong-ovate, pointed, cut-serrate,
white-downy beneath, the lateral ones (either one or two pairs) not stalked;
petals as long as the sepals ; fruit liglit-rcd, tender and watery but high-flaV^-
ored, ripening all summer.

§ 3. Blackberries, with the pulpy grains of the fruit rrmaining attached to the

pulpy receptacle, which at length falls away from the calyx : stems prickly :

leaves of 3 or pedately 5-7 leaflets : flowers on leafy shoots from stems of

the preceding year, in spring and early summer, with white spreading petals.

* Stems more or less woody : fruit black when ripe, eatable, the blackberries of the

market, ripening in late summer and autumn.
R. villbsus. High Blackberry. Everywhere along thickets, fence-
rows, &c., and several varieties cult.: stems l°-6° high, furrowed; prickles
strong and hooked ; leaflets 3-5, ovate or lance-ovate, pointed, their lower sur-
face and stalks hairy and glandular, tlic middle one long-stalked and sometimes

ROSE FAMILY. 125

hoart-shaped ; flowers racemcd, rather large, with short bracts; fruit oblong
or cylindrical.

R. Canadensis, Low B. or Dewberry. Rocky and sandy soil : long-
trailing, slightly prickly, smooth or smoothish, and with 3-7 smaller leaflets
than in the foregoing, the racemes of flowers with more leaf-like bracts, the fruit
of fewer grains and ripening earlier.

R. cuneifblius, Sand B Sandy ground and barrens from N, Jersey S. :
erect, l^-S-" high, with stout hooked prickles ; the branchlets and lower surface
of the 3-5 wedgc-obovate thickish leaves whitish-woolly ; peduncles 2-4-
flowered.

R. trivialis, Southern Low B. Sandy soil from Virginia S. : trailing
or creeping, bristly and prickly; the smooth partly- evergreen leaves of 3-5
ovate-oblong or lance-oblong leaflets ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered.

* * Ste7Jis scarceli) woody but lasting over winter, wholly prostrate: fruit sour.

R. hispidus, Running Swamp B. Low woods, &c. N. : with very long
and slender running stems, beset with small rcflexed prickles, sending up short
leafy and floweiing shoots ; leaves of mostly 3 obovate blunt smooth and shin-
ing leaflets, of Arm and thickish texture, somewhat evergreen ; flowers small and
few on a leafless peduncle ; fruit of few grains, red or purple.

§ 4. Flowering Bramble : cultivated for the flowers only.

R. rossefolius, from China, called Brier Rose. Cult, in greenhouses
and apartments, has pinnate leaves, and bears a succession of full-double white
flowers resembling small roses.

11. ALCHEMILLA. (Name said to come from the Arabic.) A minute
annual species, A. arvensis, called Parsley Piert in England, has got
introduced in Virginia, &c.

A. vulgaris, Lady's Mantle, from Europe, is cult, in some gardens ;
it is a low herb, not show}', with somewhat doAvny rounded slightly 7-9-lobed
leaves chieflfjfrom the root, on long stalks, and loose corymbs or panicles of
small light green flowers, through the summer. 2/

12. AGRIMbWIA, AGRIMONY. (Old name, of obscure meaning.)
Weedy herbs, in fields and border of woods, producing their small yellow
flowers through the summer ; the fruiting calyx, containing the 2 akenes,
detached at maturity as a small bur, lightly adhering by the hooked bristles
to the coats of animals. 21

A. Eupat6ria, Common A. Principal leaflets 5-7, oblong-obovate and
coarsely toothed, with many minute ones intermixed ; petals twice the length
of the calyx ; stamens 10-15.

A. parvifl6ra, chiefly S., has smaller flowers, 11-19 lanceolate principal
leaflets, and 10-15 stamens.

A. incisa, only S., has 7-9 oblong or obovate and smaller principal leaf-
lets, small flowers, and 5 stamens.

13. POTERIUM, BURNET. (Old Greek name, of rather obscure appli-
cation.) 21.

P. Sanguisorba, Garden or Salad B. Common in old gardens, from
Europe : nearly smooth, growing in tufts ; leaves of many small ovate and
deeply toothed leaflets ; stems al)out 1° high, bearing a few heads of light
green or purplish monoecious flowers, in summer, the lower flowers with nu-
merous drooping stamens, several of the uppermost with pistil, the style ending
in a purple tufted stigma.

P. Canad6nse, or SANcnsoRRA Canadensis, Canadian or Wild B.
Wet grounds N. : 3° - 6° high, nearly smooth, with numerous lance-oblong
coarsely-toothed leaflets often heart-shaped at base, and cylindrical spikes of
white j)erfect flowers, in late summer and autumn ; stamens only 4, their long
white filaments club-shaped.

12G ROSE FAMILY.

^ 14. ROSA, ROSE. (The ancient Latin name of the Rose.)

§ 1. Wild Roses of the country : only the first species cultivated.

* Styles lightly cohering in a column and projecting out of the calyx-cup.

R. setigera, Prairie or Climhixg Wild Rose. Rich ground, W. &
S. : also planted, and partly the original of Queen-of-the-Praiuie, &c. dou-
ble roses. Tall-climbing, armed Avith stout nearly straight prickles, not bnstly ;
leaves with only 3-5 OA-ate acute leaflets ; the corymbed flowers produced
towards midsummer ; stalks and calyx glandular ; petals deep rose becoming
nearly white.

* * Styles separate, included in the calyx-tube, the stigmas closing its orifice:
petals rose-color : stems not disposed to climb.

R. Carolina, Swamp Rose. Wet grounds : stems 4° - 8° high, with
hooked prickles and no bristles ; leaflets 5-9, smooth, dull above and pale be-
neath ; flowers numerous in the corymb (in summer) ; the calyx and globular

V.

Iticida, Dwarf Wild Rose. Dry or moist ground: l°-2° high,
with bristly or slender straight prickles, 5-9 oblong or almost lanceolate leaf-
lets shining above, 1 -3-flowcrcd peduncles, bristly calyx, but the depressed hip
nearly smooth : fl. all summer.

R. bl^nda, Early Wild Rose. Rocky banks N. : 10-3° high, with
straight weak prickles or none, 5-7 oval or oblong blunt and pale leaflets,
sometimes hoary beneath, large stipules, 1 - 3-flowered peduncles and the calyx
smooth and glaucous, the hip globular : fl. spring or early summer.

§ 2. Brier-Roses, naturalized from Europe, by roadsides and in thickets, or
sometimes planted : fiowering in summer.

R. rubigin6sa, Swket-Brier. Tall, disposed to climb, armed with
strong and hooked and some slender and awl-shaped prickles, the roundish and
doubly-serrate small leaflets downy and beset with russet glands beneath, giving
the aromatic fragrance ; flowers mostly solitary, pink ; hip pear-shaped or obo-
vate, crowned with the calyx-lobes.

R. mierantha, Small S. Probably a mere variety of the common Sweet-
Brier, with uniform hooked prickles, smaller flower, and more oblong or oval
hip, from which the calyx-lobes fall early.

R. canina. Dog Rose. Roadsides E. Penn. and probably elsewhere :
resembles Sweet-Brier, but the leaflets smooth or destitute of aromatic glands
and simply serrate ; flowers 3 or 4 together, pink or nearly white.

§ 3. Evergreen Roses, naturalized in the Southern States from China :
fiowering in spring, the fiowers not double.

R. Sinica (or l^vigXta), Cherokee Rose. Planted for garden-
hedges, &c., also run wild S., disposed to climb high, armed with strong hooked
prickles, very smooth, with bright green and glossy evergreen leaves of mostly
only 3 leaflets, and single flowers at the end of the branches, with bristly calyx-
cup and large pure-white petals.

R. bracteata, Bracted Rose, fn hedges far S., not common ; has
downy branches armed with strong hooked prickles, 5-9 roundish leaflets, and
single large white flowei's on very short peduncle, the calyx covered by leafy
bracts.

§ 4. Exotic Garden Roses proper, f-om Europe and Asia. M<rely the
principal types : the greater part of the modern garden roses too much
mixed by crossing and changed by variation to be subjects of botanical study.

* Styles united in a column which projects out of the calyx-cup. All with long
rambling shoots, or disposed to climb.

R. Semp6rvirens, Evergreen Rose of S., not hardy nor holding its
leaves N., with coriaceous bright-green oblong leaflets, curved prickles, and
nearly solitary Avliite flowers, not double. The AYRSiiiKii Rose is a more
hardy form of it.

ROSE FAMILY- 127

R. moschata, Muscat or Musk Rose ; not climbin;:^, with slender
curved prickles, leaves of 5 or 7 lanceolate and pointed leailets, a corymb of
white flowers with a yellowish base to the petals, very sweet scented, especially
at CA'ening.

R. raultiflbra, Many-floavered Rose. A well-known climbing species,
from .Japan and China, hardy in Middle States, with 5 or 7 soft and somewhat
rugose leaflets, slender scattered prickles, and full corymbs of small flowers,
white, pale red, or rose-purple, not sweet-scented. The Boursalt Rose, said
to come from the multiflora, is probably from a cross with some hardy European
species.

* * Stijles not sensibly projecting nor united.
•t- Tender, tall-climbing, and wholly destitute of pHckJes.

R. B^nksise, Banksia Rose, from China, a slender conser\'atory species,
very smooth, with 3 - 5-lanceolate glossy leaflets, and umbels of very small
white or buff and violet-scented flowers. •

•t- -4- Tender, armed only with distant hooked prickles, smooth, with leaves of

mostly^ [^-^) rather coriaceous and shini7ig leaflets, and awl-shaped or

narrow stipules.

R. Indica, India or China Roses : includes the Tea, Perpetual or

Bengal, Bourbon, and Noisette Roses; and the Bengal Pompons, &c.

are miniature forms of similar origin.

-t- -t- -t- Hardy or mainly so at the north, not climbing, more or less prickly, and
with leaves of 5 or more leaflets.

R. Gallica, Fkench or Provence, Red Rose, has slender stems beset
with both stout curved and slender straight prickles, leaves of .5-7 rather rigid
doubly and glandular-toothed leaflets more or less downy beneath, erect 1 -flow-
ered peduncles, and pink-red or crimson spreading petals (or variegated with
white), which have some astringency, and are used for conserve ofrosos, &c.

R. centifolia, Hundred-leaved or Cabbage Rose, perhaps derived
from the preceding . has mostly straight prickles, .5-7 oval leaflets with glan-
dular teeth or edges, peduncle and calyx clammy with odorous glands, th%hip
bristly and glandular, the flowei's mostly nodding, large, and full-double, rose-
purple, or of various shades, rarely white. Pompon Roses are miniature
varieties. Moss Roses are abnormal states with the glands and bristles of the
calyx and peduncle developed into a moss-like substance. Petals used for rose-
water, essence of roses, &c.

R. Damascena, Damask Rose, &c. Known from the foregoing by the
greener bark, larger curved prickles, corymbed flowers oblong in the bud, and
with the long sepals (some of them pinnatifid or lobed) reflexed during flower-
ing, the hip oblong and pulpy : petals rose-purple, white, &c. ; used in prefer-
ence for attar-of-roses and rose-water.

R. alba, White Rose, is between the preceding and the Dog Rose; leaf-
lets 5, glaucous and a little downy beneath; prickles straightish and slender;
petals pure white.

R. cinnambniea, Cinnamon Rose, of Eu., met with in country gar-
dens, is related to our wild R. l)landa, .5° to 8° high, with brownish-red bark,
and some straightish prickles, pale leaves downy underneath, and small pale-red
cinnamon-scented (mostlv double) flowers, not showy.

R. spinosissima, Burnet or Scotch Rose, of Eu. Low, 1° or 2°
high, exceedingly prickly with straight prickles, with 7 to 9 small and roundish
smooth leaflets, and small early flowers, either single or double, and white,
pink, and even yellow, the hjps cartilaginous.

R. Eglantdria, Yellow Eglantine Rose. Like a Swect-Brier, but
lower, 3° - 5° high, with scattered straight prickles ; leaves deep-green and
sweet-scented ; flowers deep yellow, orange, or buflf, and sometimes variegated
with red, either single or double.

R. SUlphtirea, the old Yellow Rose, from the Far East. Tall, with
scattered prickles, glaucous or pale scentless leaves, and sulphur-yellow ( full-
double) nowers.

128 KOSE FAMILY.

15. CRAT^GTJS, HAWTHOTIN, WHITE THORN. (Old Greek
name.) Small trees or shruhs, with hard wood; flowers white, except in
some varieties of English Hawthoi-n, in spring or early summer ; ripening the
red or reddish fruit mostly in autumn.

§ 1 . Flowers many in the corymb, small, with 5 styles ; fruit not larfjer than small
peas, scarlet or coral-red : leaven, ^'c, smooth or nearly so.

C. Pyracantha, Evergrekn Thorx. Planted for ornament and spar-
ingly nat. from S. Teun. S. (from S. Europe) : shrub 4° -6°, with the shining
evergreen leaves lance-spatulate and crenulate, only 1' long, and small clusters
of flowers terminating short branches.

C. spathul^ta. Tall shrub or low tree, from Virginia S., with almost
evergreen shining spatulate leaves, crcnate towards the apex, or on vigorous
shoots cut-lobed, and with hardly any petiole.

C. COrd^ta, Washington T. Small tree, from Virg. and Kentucky S.,
and has l)cei? planted for hedges ; has broadly triangular-ovate or heart-shaped
tliinnirih leaves, often 3 - 5-cleft or cut and serrate, on slender petiole.

§ 2. Flowers many in the corymb, middle-sized : fruit coral-red, ovoid, rather small.

C arboreseens. River-banks far S. : tree with few stout thorns or none,
thin oblong- serrate leaves acute at both ends, on slender petioles ; styles 5.

C Oxyac^ntha, English Hawthorn. Planted from En. for orna-
ment and hedges ; tree or shrub with obovate smooth leaves wedge-shaped at
base, cut-lobed and toothed above ; styles 2 or 3, rarely only 1. With single or
double, white, rose, or pink-red flowers. \

C. apiifdlia, Parsley-leavkd T. Common's. Small tree soft-downy
when young ; the leaves smootliish Avith age, pinnatifid, the 5-7 lobes crowded,
cut and toothed ; jjetioles slender ; styles 1-3.

§ 3. Floivers many in the corymb, larrje ; the calvx-tepth with the bracts and
stivules often beset ivith y lands : fruit edible, half an inch or more long, its
cells or stoius and the styles variable in number, 1-5. All tall shrubs or
low trees, of thickets and rocky banks, or planted.

O. eoecinea, Scarlet-fruited T. Smooth, with the leaves thin, round-
ish-ovate, sliarply cut-toothed or lol)ed, on slender petioles, the coral or scarlet
fruit much smaller than in the next and hardly eatable.

C. tomentbsa, Pear or Black T. Downy or soft-hairy Avhen young;
the leaves thickish, oval, ovate, or obovate, sharply toothed oV'cut, below ab-
ruptly narrowed into a margined petiole, the uj)per surface im]n-essed along the
main veins or ribs ; flowers often 1 ' broad, and scarlet or orange fruit from two
thirds to three fourths of an inch long, pleasant-tasted. Of many varieties : the
two which differ most from the common one with the well-flavored fruit are :
Var. punctata, with smaller and wedge-obovate leaves irregularly toothed
towards the summit, and dull red and yellowish fruit, sometimes white-dotted.
Var. MOLLIS, of the Western States, with rounded soft-downy leaves, not taper-
ing but sometimes even heart-shaped at base, sharply doubly toothed and cut ;
fruit dull red and less pleasant-tasted.

C. Crus-g&lli, CocKSPUR T. Smooth ; the wedge-olx)vate or oblanceo-
late leaves thick and firm, deep-green and glossy, serrate above the middle, ta-

?ering into a very short petiole ; thorns very long and sharp ; fruit bright red.
'he best species for hedges : has both narrow and broad-leaved varieties.

§ 4. Flowers solitary, in pairs, or only 3-6 in the corymb ; styles, and cells,
4 - 5 : leaves mostly pubescent underneath : fruit often eatable.

C sestiv^Hs, Summer Haav of S. States. Along pine-barren ponds,
from S. Car. S. & W. : tree with spatulate or wedge-obovate coriaceous leaves,
crcnate above the middle, no glands, 3 - 5-flowered peduncles, and large red
juicy fruit, pleasantly acid, used for tarts, &c. : ripe in summer.

C flava, Yellow or Summer Haw. Sandy soil, from Virginia S. :
small tree, Avith wedge-obovate leaves downy or smoothish, toothed or cut above
the middle, the tettn or margins anu snort pet.oie giancuuar , the uear-shaped
or globular fruit yellowish, greenish, or tinged with red.

ROSE FAMILY. 129

C. parvif61ia, Small-leaved or Dwarf Tiiorx. Pinc-l)arrens from
N. Jersey S. • ylirnb 3° - 6° high, downy, with thick and firm spatiilatc-obovate
crenate leaves, these as well as the mostly solitary flowers almost sessile, calyx-
lobes glandular-toothed and as long as the petals ; the large f'niit pear-shaped
or globular, at first hairy, greenish and yellowish.

16. COTONEASTER. ( CotonPMm was a Roman name of the Quince.
Name here alludes to the cottony covering of the shoots, lower face of the
leaves, &c. of these small-leaved and small-flowered, chiefly Old -World
shrubs.)

C. vulgaris. Planted from Eu. : hardy shrub, 2° - 4° high, much branched,
with deciduous ovate or rounded leaves hardly 1' long, glabrous calyx, flesh-
colored or white flowers in spring, and reddish fruit. And some rarer, evergreen
species are in choicer ornamental grounds.

17. PHOTINIA. (From Greek woi-d for shining, alluding to the glossy
leaves of the uenuine species.) Choice greenhouse shrubs or small trees,
hardy S., with large evergreen leaves.

P. arbutifblia, of California, a smooth shrub, Avith rigid sharply-toothed
leaves and broad panicle of white liowers, should be hardy 8. of Fenn.

P. serrulata, of Japan and China, is smooth, with longer finely sen-ulate
leaves, and copious white flowers.

P. (or Eriob6trya) Japonica, the Loquat-Tree, of Japan, Avith
almost entire leaves nearly 1° long, the lower surface and corymb clothed with
dense rather rusty wool, has fewer and larger downy yellowish-white flowers,
and an edible yellow fruit, resembling a small apple, with 1-5 large seeds.

18. AMELANCHIER, JUNE-BERRY, SERVICE-BERRY. (Pop-
ular name of the European species in Savoy.) Flowering in spring, and pro-
ducing the berry-like purplish fruit (edible, sweet, sometimes very pleasant-
flavored) in summer. We have apparently two or three wild species; but
they run together so that botanists incline to regard them as forms of one.
A. Canadensis, also called Siiadbush in New England, because it

blossoms just when shad appear in the rivers. Var. Botryapium is the
tree, smooth even from the first, or nearly so, with ovate-oblong very shar])ly
serrate leaves, long loose racemes, and oblong jjctals 4 times the length of the
calyx. Var. oblongifolia is either tree or shrub, with the oblong leaves and
branchlets white-cottony when young, and the racemes and petals shorter.
Var. alnifolia, chiefly W., is a shrub with roundish blunt leaves toothed only
towards the summit, and flowers like the preceding. Var. oligocArpa, is a
shrub of cold bogs N., very smooth, with thin oblong sharply-serrate leaves, and
only 2-5 flowers in the raceme.

19. PYRUS, PEAR, APPLE, &c. (Classical name of the Pear-tree. ^
Botanically the genus is made to include a great variety of things, agreeing
in the cartilaginous, parchment-like, or thin-walled cells that contain the
seeds. Wood hard and tough. Fl. spring.

§ 1. Pear. Leaves simple : flowers in a simple conjmb or cluster : fruit ivitli its
base taperimj down to the stalk.

P. COmmtinis, Commox Pear. Cult, from Eu. : a smooth tree, with
branches inclined to be thorny, ovate leaves, and pure white flowers, the an-
thers purple.

§ 2. Apple. Leaves simple : flowers showi/, in a simple cluster or simple umbel:
fruit sunken (umbilicate) at both ends, especial I ij at the base.
* Exotic : leaves simply and evenlij seirate, ovate or oblong.
P. Mklus, CoMMOx Apple. Cult, from Eu. : tree with buds, lower face
of the leaves when young, and calyx woolly, flowers white and tinged with
pink, and large fruit.

9

130 CALYCANTHUS FAMILY.

P. spectabilis, Chinese Flowering-A. Cult from China, for its
shoAvy bri<4ht rose-colored flowers, which are double or semi-double ; the leaves
&c. smooth, except when very young.

P. pruniiolia, Siberiax Crab-A. Cult, for the fruit : smooth or
nearly so, excej>t the newly developed leaves and the peduncles ; styles woolly
at the base ; fruit yellowish. The better Crab-Apples are perhaps' crosses of
this with the Common Apple.

* * Wild species, icith some of the leaves irrerjalarly cut-toothed, or even lolied :
the bright rose-colored flowers and the greenish f nut venj fragrant.

P. COron^ria, American or Garlaxd Crab-A. Glades from W. New
York W. & S. : small tree, soon smooth, with the mostly ovate leaves rounded
or obscurely heart-shaped at base and inclined to be 3-lobed.

P. ang'ustif61ia, Narhow-leaved Crar-A. Glades W. & S., with
narrow-oblonj^ or lanceolate leaves : othei-wise too like the last.

§ 3. Chokeberry. Leaves simple, the upper face with some small glands along

the midrib: flotvers (white) in compound cymes terminating the branches:

styles united at base : fruit berry-like.

P. arbutif61ia, Common Chokeberry. ^ Low woods and bogs ; shi-ub

with small ohovate or oblong finely serrate leaves, and a juicy insipid berry, not

larger than a pea, either purple or black, pear-shaped or globular.

§ 4. Rowan-Tree or Mouxtaix-Ash. Leaves odd-pinnate, of several
(9-17) leaflets : flowers (numerous and white) in ample compound flat
cymes terminating the branches of the season : fruit berry-like, scarlet-red
when ripe. Trees oflen planted for ornament, especially for the clusters of
showy fruit in autumn.

P. Americcina, American Mountain-Ash. Slender tree or tall shrubj
wild in the cooler districts ; smooth or soon becoming so, with lanceolate
taper-pointed and sharply serrate bright-green leaflets on a reddish stalk, pointed
and smooth glutinous leaf-buds, and berries not larger than peas.

P. sambucifblia, Elder-leaved K. or M. AVild along the northern
frontiers ; smooth or nearly so, with oblong or lance-ovate and bhmt or ab-
ruptly short-pointed leaflets, coarsely serrate with more spreading teeth, spar-
ingly hairy leaf-buds, and larger berries.

P. aucup^ria, European R. or M. Planted from Eu. ; forms a good-
sized tree, with oblong and obtuse paler leaflets, their lower surflice, stalks, and
the leaf-buds downy ; and the berries larger (^' in diameter).

20. CYDOlSriA, QUINCE. (Named from a city in Crete.)

C. vulgaris, Common Quince. Cult, from the Levant ; small tree,
nearly thornless, with oval or ovate entire leaves (Lessons, p. 55, fig. 83) cot-
tony beneath ; flowers solitary at the end of the leafy branches of the season, in
late spring, with leafy calyx-lobes, white or pale-rose petals, and stamens in a
single row ; the large and hard fruit pear-shaped, or in one variety apple-shaped,
fragrant ; seeds mucilaginous.

C. Japonica, Japan Quince (also named Pyrus Japonica). Thorny,
smooth, widely branched shrub, from Japan ; cult, for the large showy flowers,
which are ]>i*oduced in spring, eai'lier than the oval or wedge-oblong leaves, on
side spurs, in great abundance, single or more or less double, scarlet-red, or
sometimes with rose-colored or even almost white varieties ; calyx with short
and rounded lobes ; fruit green, very hard, resembling a small apple, but totally-
uneatable.

39. CALYCANTHACE.^, CALYCANTHUS FAMILY.

Shrubs with opposite entire leaves, no stipules, sepals and petals
imbricated and indefinite in number and passing one into the other,
stamens few or many with anthers turned outwards, all these parts ,
on a hollow receptacle or calyx-cup in the manner of a rose-hip,

SAXIFRAGE FA:\nLY. 131

enclosing numerous pistils which ripen into akenes. Cotyledons
rolled up from one margin. Flowers rather large, mostly aromatic,
as is the wood also.

1. CALYCANTHUS. Flowers livid-purple or dull red, solitary in the fixils or

terminating leafy brandies, with loose bracts passing to colored lanceolate
sepals, and these into similar thickisli petals, which arc borne on the sum-
mit of the closed calyx-tube: within these are numerous short stamens; the
outer 12 or more having anthers ending in a tip; tiic inner smaller and with
imperfect anthers or none. Pistils enclosed in the fleshy cup; ovary with 2
ovules; styles slender. Akenes oval, coriaceous, enclosed in the leathery hip,
which becomes about 2' long.

2. CHLMONANTHUS. Flowers yellow and ^jurplish, along naked shoots, sessile

in axils of fallen leaves. Bracts and sepals scale-like, ovate, purplish or
brownish. Petals honey-yellow, or the innermost red. Stamens with an-
thers only 5.

1. CALYCANTHUS, CAKOLINA ALLSPICE or SWEET-SCENT^
ED SHRUB. (Name from Greek for cup and foicer.) All wild in U. S.,
and cult., especially the first, which has the more fragrant strawberry -seen ted
blossoms. FI. sprin^^ and all summer.

C. floridus. Wild S. of Virginia in rich woods : leaves soft-downy be-
neath, l'-3' long, oval or oblong.

C. IsevigatUS. Wild from S. Pcnn. S. : smooth and green, with oval or
oblong leaves l'-3' long, and rather small flowers (1-V across).

C. glaucus. Wild from Virginia S. : like the foregoing, but with mostly
larger and taper-pointed leaves, glaucous beneath.

C. OCCident^lis, Western C. Cult, from California : smooth, with
ovate or ovate-oblong and slightly heart-shaped larger leaves (.t'-C long),
green both sides, the upper surface roughish ; the brick-red flowers 3' across,
scentless ; akenes hairy.

2. CHIMOWANTHUS, JAPAN ALLSPICE. (Name in Greek means
winter- fl oicc.r ; it f.ov,crs in the winter in a mild temperate climate.)

C. frasrans. Shrub with long branches, which may be trained like a
climber, smooth lance-ovate pointed leaves, and rather small fragrant flowers,
hardy S. of Penn.

40. SAXIFRAGACE.^, SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.

A large family not readily defined by any single characters ;
distinguished generally from Ro.-^aceai by having albumen in the
seeds, ovaries partly or wholly united, and seldom any stipules ;
ihe herbs and most of the shrubs of the family have only as many
or twice as many stamens, and fewer styles or stigmas, tlian tliere
are petals or sepals. Flowers mostly perfect. — Besides the plants
described, there may be met with in choice conservatories :

CuNONiA Capensis, a small tree from Cape of Good Hope, with
opposite odd-pinnate leaves and a large stipule between their peti-
oles on each side :

Baiiera RUBioiDES, from Australia, a slender bushy shrub, with
opposite leaves of 3 almost sessile narrow leaflets, looking like 6
simple leaves in a whorl, and pretty rose-colored widely open flow-
ers in their axils.

I. Shrubs, with simple leaves (includes plants which have been
ranked in two or three different families). None of the following
have stipules, except Ribes. Seeds numerous.

132 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.

§ 1. Leaven alternate.

1. RIBES. Leaves palmately veined and Ibbed ; sometimes with narrow stipules

united with the base of the petiole. Calyx with its tube cohering with tiie
ovary, and often extended beyond it, the 5 lobes usually colored like the
petals. Petals and stamens each 5, on the throat of tlie calyx, the former
small and mostly erect. Styles 2 or partly united into one ; 'ovary 1-celled
with 2 parietal placenta?, in' fruit becoming a juicy berry, crowned with the
shrivelled remains of the rest of the flower.

2. ITEA. Leaves pinnately veined, not lobed. Flowers in a raceme. Calyx

nearly free from the 2-celled ovary, 5-cleft. Petals lanceolate, much longer
than the c^ilyx, and inserted along with the 5 stamens near its base. Pod
slender, 2-celIed, splitting through the style and the partition.

§ 2. Leaves opposite. Calyx-tube tolwlJy coherent tdlli the top-shaped or hemispherical
ovary, but not at all exttndtd beyond it.

* Stamens indtjiiiite, 20 -40.

3. DECUMARIA. Flowers small, in a compound terminal cyme. Calyx mi-

imtely 7-10 toothed. Style thick. Petals 7 - 10, valvate in the bud'. Pod
small, top-shaped, many- ribbed, bursting at the sides between the ribs.

4. PHILADELPHUS. Flo'wers showy, often corymbed or panicled. Calyx with

4 or 5 valvate lobes. Petals 4 or 5, broad, convolute in the bud. Styles
3-5, usually somewhat united below. Ovary 3-5-celled, becoming a pod,
which splits at length into as many pieces.

« « Stamens only ticice as many as the petals. 8 or 10.
§. DEUTZIA. Flowers all alike and perfect, more or less panicled, showy.
Lobes of the calyx 5. I'etals o, valvate with the edges turned inwards.
Filaments flat, the 5 alternate ones longer, commonly with a tooth or fork on
each side next the top. Styles 3-5, slender. Pod 3- 5-celled.

6. HYDRANGEA. Flowers in'cymes, commonly of two sorts, the marginal ones

(or in high-cultivated plants almost all) enlarged and neutral, consisting of
corolla-like calyx only (Lessons, p. 84, fig. 167) : the others perfect, with a
4-6-toothed calyx, as many small petals valvate in the bud, and twice as
many sta<nens with slender fihiments. Style 2 - 5, diverging. Ovary 2-5-
celled, becoming a small pod which opens at the top between the styles.

II. Herbs, forming the Saxifrage Family proper. Stipules
none or confluent with the base of the petiole. Seeds usually many.

* Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, usually 5, and a cluster of

yland-tipptd sterile Jilnmtnts before each petal: stiymas mostly 4, directly over
as many parietal placentce.

7. PARNASSIA. Flower solitary, terminating a scape-like stem ; the leaves

mostly from the root, rounded, smooth, and entire. Calyx free from the
ovary, of 5 sepals. Petals 5, veiny, imbricated in the bud. Styles none.
Pod 1-celled, many-seeded.

* * Stamens only as many as the petals, 4 or 5 : r?o sterile filaments : styles 2 and

alternate with the placentce or partition.'

8. HEUCHERA. Flowers small, in a long panicle, mostly on a scape. Calyx

bell-shaped, the tube cohering below with the 1-celled ovary, and continued
beyond it, above 5-cleft, and bearing 5 small spatulate erect petals at
the sinuses. Styles slender. Pod 1-ceUed, 2-beaked at the apex, opening
between the beaks.

9. BOYKINIA. Flowers in a corymb-like cyme. Calyx 5-lobed, the tube

cohering with the 2-celled ovary. Petals 5, convolute in the bud, deciduous.
Styles 2, short. Pod 2-celled, opening between the two beaks.

* * * Stamens twice the number of the petals or the lobes of the calyx, mostly 10 j

2)od commonly 2-lobed, beaked, or 2, rarely 3-4, nearly separate jjods.

-t- Petals entire, mostly 5.

10. SAXIFRAGA. Flowers in cymes or panicles, or rarely solitary, perfect.

Leaves simple or palmately 'cut. Petals imbricated in the bud. Pod 2-
celled below, or 2 (rarel}' more) separate pistils and pods, many-seeded.

11. ASTILBE. Flowers in spikes or racemes collected in an ample compound

panicle, sometimes polygamous or dioecious. Leaves ample, decompound.

SilXIFRAGE FAMILY. 133

Petals small, spatulate or linear. Little pods 2 or 3, nearly separate, opening
down tlie inner sntnre, several-seeded.

12. TIAKELLA. Flowers in a raceme. Calyx colored (white), 5-parted, and
in the sinuses bearing 5 very narrow sleader-clawed petals. Filumeiits and
styles long and slender. Ovary 1-celled, with several ovules towards the baso
of the 2 parietal placentae, 2-beaked; one of the beaks or carpels growing
much more than the other and making the larger part of the lance-shaped
membranaceous pod, which is few-seeded towards the bottom.
4- •4- Petals 5, pinnatijid, very ddicate.

18. MITELLA. Flowers in a simple raceme or spike, small. Petals colored like
the short open calyx (white or green). Stamens short. Stvles 2, verv short.
Ovary and pod globular, 1-celled, wich 2 parietal placentae at the base,"^ many-
seeded, opening across the top.

■^ •*- •*— Petals none.
14. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Flowers yellowish-green, solitary or in a leafv cyme.
Oulyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the tube or expanded border with '4 or
6 blunt lobes. Stamens 8 or 10, ve'ry short. Styles 2, short, recurved. Pod
obcordate, thin, its notched summit risiug above the calyx-tube, 1-celled
with 2 parietal placeutse, several -many-seeded.

1. RIBES, CURRANT, GOOSEBERRY. (An Arabic name.) Leaves
plaited in the bud, except the last species, often clustered in the axils of
those of previous season. Fl. spring. Fruit mostly eatable.
§ 1. GoosEHERRY. Stems commonly with I or 2 thorns below the leafstalks or

the dusters of leaves, often with numerous scattered prickles besides, these

sometimes on the berry also.

* Cultivated species.

R. specibsum, Showy Flowering-Gooseberry, of California: ciilt.
for ornament, especially in England, likely to succeed in Southern Middle
States, is trained like a climber ; has small and shining leaves, 1-3 very hand-
some flowei's on a hanging peduncle, the short-tubular calyx, ])etals, and long-
projecting stamens deep red, so that the blossom resembles that of a Fuchsia ;
berry prickly, few-seeded.

R. Grossul^ria, Garden or English Gooseberry. Cult, from Eu.
for the Avell-known fruit; thorny and prickly, Avith small obtusely 3 - .5-lobed
leaves, green flowers 1 - 3 on short pedicels, bell-shaped calyx, and large berry.

* * Native species {chiefly N. Sf W.), passing under the general name of Wija)

Gooseberry, with greenish or dull-purplish blossoms, only 1-3 on each
peduncle.

R. hirt^Uum, the commonest E., is seldom downy, with very short thorns
or none, very short peduncles, stamens and 2-cleft style scarcely longer than
the bell-shaped calyx ; and the smooth berry purple, small, and sweet.

R. rotundifblium, commoner W., is often downy -leaved ; peduncles
slender, the slender stamens and 2-parted style longer than the narrow calyx ;
berry smooth.

R. Cynosbati, of rocky woods N., is downy-leaved, with .slender pedun-
cles, stamens and undivided* style not exceeding the broad calyx, and large
berry usually prickly.

* * * Native species icith the prickly stems of a Gooseberry, but tvith a raceme of

flowers like those of a Currant.

R. laciistre, Lake or Swamp G. Cold bogs and wet woods N. : low,
with 3 - .5-)iartcd leaves, their lobes deeply cut, very small flowers with broad
and flat calyx, short stamens and style, and small bristly berries of unpleasant
flavor.

§ 2. Currant. No thorns nor prickles, and the flowers numerous in the racemes.
* Wild, or cultivated for the fruit : flowei's greenish or whitish.
•*-- Leaves u'itliout resinous dots : calyx flat and open : berries red {or white).

R. prostr^lum, Fetid C. Cold woods N. ; with reclining stems, deejdy
heart-shaped and acutely 5 - 7-lobed leaves, erect racemes, pedicels and jmle-red

134 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.

berries jE^landular-bristly ; these and the bniised herbage exhale an unpleasant,
skunk-like odor.

R. rtlbrum, Rep C Cnlt from Fai., also wild on our northern borders ;
with straggling or reclining stems, somewhat heart-shaped moderately 3 - 5-
lobed leaves, the lobes roundish, and drooping racemes from lateral buds dis-
tinct from the leaf-buds ; edible berries red, or a white variety.

•t- •»- Leaves sprinkled with resinom dots : flowers Innjer, ivifh ohl on g-hell -shaped
calyx : berries larger, black, aromatic and spicy, (jlandular-dotted.

R. floridum, Wild Black C. Woods N ; leaves slightly heart-shaped,
sharply 3-5-lol>ed and doubly serrate; racemes drooping, downy, bearing
many whitish dowers, with conspicuous bracts longer than the pedicels.

B,. nigrum, Garden Black C. Cult, from Eu. : like the preceding,
but has greener and fewer flowers in the raceme, minute bracts, and a shorter
calyx.

* * Cultivated for ornament fro7n far W. • the flowers highli/ colored.

R, sanguineum, Red-fl. C, from Oregon and California ; glandular
and somewhat clammy, with 3 - .5-lobed leaves whitish-downy beneath, nodding
racemes of rose-red flowers, the calyx-tube oblong-bcU-shaped, the berries gland-
ular and insipid.

R. aureum, Golden, Buffalo, or Missouri C. : from W. Missouri
to Oregon ; abundantly cult, for its s])icy-scented bright-yellow flowers in early
spring; smooth, with rounded 3-lobed and cut-toothed leaves (which are rolled
up in the bud), short racemes with leafy bracts, and tube of the yel'ow calyx
very much longer than the spreading lobes ; the berries blackish, insipid.

2. ITEA. (Greek name of Willow, applied to something widely different.)
I. Virginica, a tall shrub, in low pine-barrens from N. Jersey S., smooth,

with oblong minutely serrate leaves, and racemes of pretty white flowers, in
early summer.

3. DECUMARIA. (Name probably meaning that the parts of the flower
are in tens, which is only occasionally the case.)

D. b^rbara. Along streams S. : a tall, mostly smooth shrub, with long
branches disposed to climb, ovate or oblong shining leaves, and a compound
terminal cyme of small white odorous flowers, in late spring.

4. PHILADELPHUS, MOCK-ORANGE, SYRINGA (Avhich is the
botanical name of the Lilac. The generic name is an ancient one, afterwards
applied to these shi*ubs for no particular reason). Ornamental shrubs; na-
tives of the S. Atlantic and Pacific States, Japan, &c. ; the species mixed or
much varied in cultivation. The following are the principal types.

P. Cdronarius, Common Mock-Orange. Cult, probably from Japan.
Shrub with erect branches, smoothish oblong-ovate leaves having the taste and
smell of cucumbers, and crowded clusters of handsome and odorous cream-white
flowers, in late spring.

P. latifolius, Buoad-leaved M. Cult., unknown wild, has the erect
stems of the first, is robust, 6° - 12° high, with the ovate and toothed .5-ribbed
leaves hairy beneath, and large pure-white and nearly scentless flowers clus-
tered, in early summer.

P. inoddrus, Scentless M. Wild in upper districts S. : shrub smooth,
with spreading slender branches, mostly entire ovate-oblong leaves, rather small
flowers scattered at the end of the diverging branchlets, and calyx-lobes not
longer than the ovary.

P. grandiflbrus, Large-fl. M. Wild along streams from Virginia S.,
and planted in several varieties : tall shrub, with long recurving branches, ovate
and pointed usually toothed smoothish or slightly downy leaves, and very large
pure-white scentless flowers, in early summei', either single or in loose clusters
}'.t the end of the branches, the slender-pointed caljrx-lobes much longer than the
ovary.

SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 135

P. Gordoniinus, ciilt. from Oregon, is seemingly a variety of the last,
very tall, and the large flowers appearing at midsummer.

P. hirsutus, Hairy M. Wild in N. Car. and Tenn., sparingly cult. :
slender, with recurving branches, the small ovate and acute sharply-toothed
leaves hairy, and beneath even hoary ; the small white flowers solitary or
2-3 together at the end of short racemose side branchlets.

6. DEIJTZIA. (Named for one Deutz, an amateur botanist of Amsterdam.)
Fine flowering shrubs of Ja])an and China, with numerous ])anicles of white
blossoms, in late S])ring and early summer ; the lower side of the leaves, the
calyx. Sec. beset with minute starry clusters of hairs or scurf
D. gracilis, the smallest species, is 2° high, with lance-ovate sharply ser-
rate leaves bright green and smooth, and rather small snow-white flowers, earlier
than the rest, often forced in greenhouses ; filaments forked at the top.

D. crenclta. Commonly planted ; a tall shrub, rough with the fine pube-
scence, with pale ovate or oblong-ovate minutely crenate-serrate leaves, and
rather dull white blossoms in summer ; the filaments broadest upwards and
with a blunt lobe on each side just below the anther. This is generally cult,
under the name of the next, viz.

D. seabra, with more rugose and rougher finely sharp-serrate leaves, and
entire taper-pointed filaments : seldom cult. here.

6. HYDRANGEA. (Name of two Greek words meaning tracer and rase;
the application obscure.) Fl. summer.

* Cultivated from China and Japan: house-plants N., tin'ned out for summer.

H. Hortensia, Common Hydrangea, is very smooth, with large and
oval, coarsely toothed, bright-green leaves, and tlie flowers of the cyme nearly .
all neutral and enlarged, blue, purple, pink, or Avliite.

* * Wild species, on shad// banks of riveis, ^"C, but often planted for ornament.

Stjjlts most I 11 onlji 2 : flowers white, the sterile enlarged ones turning green-
ish or purplish ivith age, persistent.

H. quereifolia, Oak-leaved H. Stout shrub 3° - 6° high, very leafy,
downy, with oval .5-lobed large leaves, and cymes clustered in oblong panicle,
with numerous sterile flowers. W^'d from Georgia S., hardy N. in cult.

H. radiata, called more fittingly H. nivea, having the ovate or some-
what hcart-shajied pointed leaves very white-woolly beneath, but smooth and
green above ; the flat cyme with a few enlarged sterile flowers round the mai*-
gin. Wild 8. of Virginia.

H. arborescens, wild from Pcnn. and 111. S., rarely planted, is smooth,
with ovate or slightly heart-shaped serrate pointed leaves green both sides, the
flat cyme often without any enlarged sterile flowers, but sometimes with a full
row round the margin.

7. PARNASSIA, GP.ASS-OF-PARNASSUS. Wild on wet banks;
the large white flower handsome, in summer and autumn. IJ.

P. Carolini^na, the only common species, both N. & S., has the scape or
stem 10-2° hiuh, bearing one clasping leaf low down, and terminated with a
flower over 1' broad, the many-veined petals sessile, with 3 stout small sterile
filaments before each.

P. pallistris, scarce on northern borders, is small throughout, with several
slender filaments before each few-veined petal.

P. asarifblia, along the Alleghanies S., has rather kidney-shaped leaves,
and petals narrowed at base into a short claw ; otherwise like the first.

8. HEUCHERA, ALITM-'ROOT, the rootstock being astringent. (Named
for a German botanist, Heurher.) Wild plants of rocky woods, chiefly W.
and S. along the middle country ; the leaves rounded heart-shaped and more
or less lobed or cut, mostly from the rootstock, often one or two on the tail
stalk of the paniclo. Flowers mostly greenish, in summer. ^

136 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.

* Fhioers very small : stamens and sfi/les protrudinrj.

H. Americana, Common A. : the only one N. and E. of Pcnn., has
scapes and loose panicle (2° -3° high) clammy-glandular and often hairy,
leaves with rounded lobes, and greenish Howers in early summer.

H. vill6sa, from Maryland and Kentucky S. along the tipper country, is
lower, beset with soft often rusty hairs, has deeper-lobed leaves, and very small
white or whitish flowers, later in summer.

* * Flowers larger [the calyx fully ^' long), in a narrower panicle, greenish, with

stamens little if at all protruding : leaves round and slightly 5- 9-lobed.

H. hispida. Mountains of Virginia and N. W. Tall (scape 2° -4°
high), usually with spreading hairs ; stamens a little protruding.

H. pubescens. From S. Penn. S. Scapes (1°- 3° high) and petioles
roughish-glandular rather than pubescent ; stamens shorter than the lobes of
the calyx.

9. BOYKINIA. (Namcdfor the late Dr. Bo^/b'n, of Georgia.) ^

B. aconitifblia, occurs only along the Alleghanies from Virginia S. :
stem clammy-glandular, bearing 3 or 4 alternate palmately 5-7-cleft and cut
leaves and a cyme of rather small white flowers, in summer. There is one very
like it in Oregon and California.

10. SAXIFRAGA, SAXIFRAGE. (Latin name, means rock-breaker;
many species rooting in the clefts of rocks.) Besides the following, there are
a number of rare or local Avild species.

* Wild species, icith leaves all clustered at the perennial root, the naked scope

clammy above and bearing many small flowers in a panicle or cyme, the two
ovaries united barely at tlie base, making at length a pair of nearly separate
divergent pods.

S. Virgini6nsis, Early S. On rocks and moist banks ; Avith obovate
or wcdge-sijatulate thickish more or less toothed leaves in an open cluster, scape
3' -9' high, bearing in early spring white lloWers in a dense cluster, which
at length opens into a loose panicled cyme; calyx not half the length of the
petals ; pods turning purple.

S. Pennsylvanica, Swamp S. In low wet ground N. ; with lance-
oblong or oblanccolate obtuse leaves (4' -8' long) obscurely toothed and nar-
rowed into a very short broad petiole, scape l°-2° high, bearing small
greenish flowers in an oblong cluster, opening with age into a looser panicle (in
Sjjring) ; the rcflexed lobes of the calyx as long as the lance-linear petals.

S. erosa, Lettuce S. Cold "^ brooks, from Penn. S. along the Alle-
ghanies ; the lance-oblong obtuse leaves (8'- 12' long) sharply erosely tootbed ;
scape l°-3° high, bearing a loose panicle of slendcr-pedicelled small white
flowers (in summer) ; with reflexed sepals as long as the oval petals, and club-
shaped fllaments.

* * Exotic species, cult, for ornament : leaves all clustered at the perennial root:

ovaries 2, or sometimes 3-4, almost separate, becoming as many nearly dis-
tinct pods.

S. erassifolia, Thick-leaved S. Cult, from Siberia, very smootli, with
fleshy and cree])ing or prostrate nx)tstocks, sending up thick roundish-obovate
nearly evergreen leaves, 6' -9' long, and scapes bearing an ample at first com-
pact cyme of large bright rose-colored floAvers, in early spring.

S. sarmentosa, Beefsteak S., also called Stkawuerry Geranium.
Cult, from Cliina and Japan as a house-plant, not quite hardy N., rather hairy,
with rounded heart-shaped or kidney-shaped and doubly toothed leaves of fleshy
texture, pur])le underneath, green-veined or mottled with wliite above, on shaggy
petioles, from their axils sending off slender straAvberry-like runners, by which
the plant is multi])lied, and scapes bearing a light very open i)anicle of irregular
flowers, with 3 of the petals small rose-i)ink and yellow-spotted, and 2 much
longer and nearly white ones lanceolate and hanging.

ORPINE FAMILY. 137

11. ASTILBE. (Name means not shining.) Also called Hote5:a, after a
Japanese botanist. Fl. snmmer. ^

A. decandra. Rich woods along the Alleghanies from Virginia S. : a tall,
rather pubescent herb, 3° - 5° high, imitating Si)irgea Aruncus {]>. 121) in ap-
pearance, but coarser ; leaflets of the decompound leaves mostly heart-shaped,
cut toothed (2' -4' long) ; flowers greenish-white, with inconspicuous petals.

A. Japoniea, or IIoriiiA Japonica. Cult, from Japan for ornament:
only l°-2° high, witli leaflets of the thrice-tcrnate leaves lance-ovate or oblong,
and crowded white flowers of considerable beauty.

12. TIARELLA, FALSE MITRE WORT. (Diminutive of tiara, a tur-
ban ; name not very appropriate.) y.

T. COrdifblia, our only s])ecies, in rocky woods, especially N. : a low and
hairy herb, spreading by summer leafy runners ; leaves round'ed heart-shaped,
sharply lobcd and toothed ; flowers in a short raceme on a leafless scape, bright
white, in spring.

13. MITELLA, MITRE WORT, BISHOP'S-CAP. (Name means a lit-
tle mitre, from the shape of the 2-clcft ovary and young pod.) Delicate plants
of moist woods, especially N., s])reading by summer leafy runners or root-
stocks : fl. late spring and early summer, "^l

M. diphylla, Cojimox or Two-leaved M. Hairy, with rounded heart-
shaped and somewhat 3 - 5-lobed root-leaves on slender' petioles, and a pair of
opposite nearly sessile leaves on the scape below the slender raceme of many-
white flowers.

M. nilda, Naked-stalked M. Mossy woods N. : a delicate little plant,
with roundish kidney-shaped doubly crenate leaves, and leafless scape (4' -6'
high) bearing a few greenish blossoms.

14. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE. (Name in
(jYQc'k m.cixw~, yolden spleen.) Fl. spring. %

C. Amerieanum, our only species, in springs or shady wet places N. :
a low and delicate smooth herb, with spreading repeatedly forked stems, tender
succulent small leaves, which arc roundish, obscurely crenatc-lobed, and mainly
opposite ; the inconspicuous greenish flowers nearly sessile in the forks.

41. CRASSULACE^, ORPINE FAMILY.

Succulent plants, differing from the Saxifrage Family mainly in
the complete symmetry of the flowers, the sepals, petals, stamens,
and pistils equal in number, or the stamens of just double the num-
ber ; the pistils all separate and forming as many (mostly many-
seeded) little pods, except in Penthorum, where they are united
together. (Lessons, p. 86, fig. 1G8-171.) Penthorum, which is
not succulent, is just intermediate between this family and the fore-
going. Several are monopetalous, i. e. have their petals united
below into a cup or tube.

\ 1. Leaves not at all fleshy, but thin and memhranaceons : the 5 ovaries united into
I one b-hormd b-ctlled pod: no scales behind the ovaries.

1. PENTHORUM. Sepals 5. Petals 5, small, or usually none. Stamens 10.

Pod opening by the falling away of the 5 beaks, many-seeded. Rarely the
parts are in sixes or sevens.

\ 2. Leaves thickened and succidenl : ovaries separate, a minute scale behind each.
* Petals separate : sep(ds nearly so or united at the base.

2. SEMPERVIVUM. Sepals, narrow petals, and pistils 6 -12 or even more, and

stamens twiee as many. Plants usually multiplying by leafv offsets, on
which the leaves are crowded in close tufts like I'osettes.
S&F— 17

138 ORPINE FAMILY.

3. SEDUM. Sepals, narrow petals, and pistils 4 or5 ; the stamens twice as many,

the alternate ones commonly adhering to the base of each petal.

4. TILLiEA. Sepals, petals, stamens, and few-seeded pistils 3 or 4. Very small

annuals, with axillary flowers.
6. CRASSULA. Sepals or lobes of the calyx, petals, stamens, and many-seeded
pistils 5. Perennial herbs or fleshy-shrubby plants, with flowers in cymes
or clusters.

* * Petals united by their edges bdow, and bearing the stamens.
H- Calyx b-clefl or b-paried: pistils 5.

6. ROCHE A. Corolla salver-form, longer than the calyx. Stamens 5.

7. COTYLEDON. Corolla urn-shaped, bell-shaped, or cylindrical, sometimes

5-angled. Stamens 10.

•t- •»- Calyx and corolla both A-lobed at summit : pistils 4.

8. BRYOPHYLLUM. Calyx inflated ; the lobes of the corolla at length projecting

and spreading. Stamens 8, projecting. Leaves opposite, petioled, simple or
odd-pinnate, crenate.

1. PENTHORUM, DITCH STONE-CROP. (Name from the Greek,
apparently alludini,^ to the parts of the flower being in fives.) 2/

P. sedoides. Wet places, especially hy roadsides : a homely weed, about
1° high, Avith alternate lanceolate and serrate leaves, and yellowish-green incon-
spicuous flowers loosely spiked on one side of the branches of an open cyme, all
summer and autumn.

2. SEMPERViVUM, HOUSELEEK. {Lixtin for live-for-ever.) ^

S. tectbrum, Commox or Roof Houseleek, the plant in Europe
usually grown upon roofs of houses : propagating abundantly by offsets on
short and thick runners ; leaves of the dense clusters oval or obovatc, smooth
except the margins, mucronate ; those on the flowering stems scattered, oblong,
clammy-pubescent, as well as the clustered purplish or greenish flowers ; sepals,
petals, and pods mostly 12. Cult, in country gardens, and on walls, roofs, &c. :
rarely flowering, in summer.

3. SEDUM, STONE-CROP, ORPINE. (Old name, from sedeo, to sit,
i. e. upon rocks, walls, &c., upon which these plants often flourish, with little
or no soil.) The following are all smooth perennials, and hardy N. except
the first species.

§ 1. Leaves flat and broad, oblong, obovatc, or rounded,
* The lower ones at least ivhorled in threes.
S. Sieb61dii, Siebold's S. Cult, from Japan, mostly in pots ; with
slender and weak or spreading stems, glaucous and mostly reddish-tinged round
.and often concave leaves (1' or less long), with a wedge-shaped base and wavy-
toothed margin, all in whorls up to the cyme of rosy-purple flowers, which all
have their parts in fives.

S. tern^tum, Three-leaved S. Wild in rocky woods from Penn. S.
& W., and common in gardens ; with spreading stems creeping at base and
rising 3' - 6' when they blossom ; the lower leaves wedge-obovate and whorled ;
the upper oblong and mostly scattered, about ^' long ; flowers white, the first
or central one with ])art3 generally in fives, the others sessile along the upper
side of the usually 3 spreading branches and mostly with their parts in fours ;
in late spring.

* * All or most of the leaves alternate : flowers in a corymb-like terminal cyme,
purple or purplish, in summer, all ivith their parts in fives.

S. Telephium, Garden Orpixe or Live-for-ever. Cult, from Eu.
in old country gardens : erect, about 2° high, with oval and mostly wavy-
toothed pale and thick leaves, small and dull-colored flowers in a compound
cyme, and short-pointed pods.

S. telephioides, Wild O. or L. Dry rocks on mountains, chiefly along
the AUeghanies ; 6'- 12' high, very like the last, but with fewer flowers, and
pods tapering into a slender style.

ORPINE FAMILY. 139

§ 2. Leaves narrow and thick, harehj flattish or terete : low or creepinrj plants.

S. ^cre, Mossy S., or Wall-Pepper. Cult, from Eu., for edgings and
rock-work, running wild in some places : a moss-like little plant, forming mats
on the ground, yellowish-green, with very succulent and thick ovate small and
crowded leaves, *^and yellow flowers in summer, their parts in lives.

S. pulch^Uum, Beautiful S. Wild S. W. on rocks ; also cult, in
gardens, &c. ; spreading and rooting stems 4'- 12' long ; leaves crowded, terete,
linear-thread-shaped ; flowers rose-purple, crowded on the upper side of the 4
or .5 spreading branclies of the cyme, their parts mostly m fours, while those of
the central or earliest flower are in fives : in summer.

S. earneum, varieg^tum. Cult, of late for borders, &c., of unknown
origin ; has creeping stems, and the small leaves mostly opposite, sometimes in
threes, linear, flattish, acute, very pale green, and white-edged : flowers not yet
seen.

4. TTT.T.^.A. (Named for an Italian botanist, T////.) Fl. all summer. ©
T. simplex, is a minute plant of muddy river-banks along the coast,

spreading and rooting, only l'-2' high, with linear-oblong ojiposite leaves, and
solitary inconspicuous white flowers sessile in their axils.

5. CRASSULA. (So named from the incrassated leaves.) House-pl-ants,
occasionally cult., from Cape of Good Plope. 2/

C. arborescens. Fleshy shrub, with glaucous roundish-obovate leaves
(2' long) tapering to a narrow base, and dotted on the upper face; the flowers
rather large and rose-colored.

C. lactea, has greener and narrowcr-obovate leaves, connate at the base in
pairs, and a panicle of smaller white flowers.

C. falc^ta, has slightly woody stems, oblong and rather falcate or curved
leaves connate at base, 3' -4' long, powdery -glaucous, and a compound cyme of
many red sweet-scented flowers, the petals with erect claws partly united be-
low, and spreading abruptly above ; so that the plant has been placed under
the next genus, and named Rochea falcata.

6. ROCHEA. (Named for a Swiss physician, Larochc.) Half-shrubby
succulent house-plants of the Cape of Good Hope. 2/

R. COCCinea, Stems l°-2° high, thickly beset wdth the oblong-ovato
(1' long) leaves up to the terminal and umbel-like sessile cluster of handsome
flowers ; tube of the scarlet-red corolla 1' long.

7. COTYLEDON. (From Greek word for a shallow cup.) House-plants,
not common. 2/

C. orbiculclta. Plalf-shmbby succulent plant, from Cape of Good Hope,
with opposite white-powdery or glaucous wedgc-obovato leaves (2' -4' long),
and a cluster of showy red flowers (nearly 1' long) raised on a slender nuked
petiole, the cylindracco'us tnb^ of the corolla longer than the recurved lobes.

C. (or Eeheveria) eocclnea, from Mexico, is shmbby at base, with
the wcdge-obovatc acute leaves in rosettes, and alternate and scattered on the
flowering stems ; flowers in a leafy spike, the 5-partcd corolla not longer than
the spreading calyx, 5-angled at base, red outside, yellow within.

8. BRYOPHYLLUM. (Name of Greek words for sprout or hud and
leaf.) H

B. calycinum. A scarcely shrubby succulent plant, originally from
tropical Africa, cult, in houses, &c., w^ith opposite pctiolcd leaves, 3 or 5 pinnate
leaflets, or the upper of single leaflets, and an open panicle of large and nUhcr
handsome hanging green flowers tinged with ptirple : the calyx is oblong and
bladdery ; out of it the tubular corolla at length projects, arid has 4 slightly
spreading acute lobes ; the leaflets oval, 2-3 inches long, crenatc ; Avhen laid on
the soil, or kept in a moist place, they root and bud at the notches and pro-
duce little plants. The name refers to tlie propagation of the plant in this way.

140 WATER-MILFOIL FAMILT.

42. HAMAMELACEiE, WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, deciduous stipules,
small flowers in heads, spikes, or little clusters, the calyx united
below with tlie base of tlie 2-styled ovary, which forms a hard or
woody 2-celled and 2-beaked pod, opening at the summit. Sta-
mens and petals when present inserted on the calyx. Three wild
plants of the country, belonging to as many genera.

§ 1. Shrubs, with perfect or merely polygamous flowers, a regular calyx, and a single
ovule, becoming a bony seed, suspended from the top of each cell.

1. HAMAMELIS. Flowers in-smull clusters in the axils of the leaves, expanding

late in autumn, ripeniiig the seeds late the next summer. Calyx 4-parted.
Petals 4, strap-shaped. Stamens 8, very short; the 4 alternate with the pet-
als bearing anthers, the 4 opposite them imperfect and scale-like. Styles
short. Pod with an outer coat separating from the inner.

2. FOTHERGILLA. Flowers in a scaly-bracted spike, in spring, rather earlier

than the leaves. Calyx bell-shaped, slightly 5 - 7-toothed. Petals none.
Stamens about 24, rather showy, the long and club-shajjed filaments bright
white. Styles slender. Pod hairy.

§ 2. Tree, icith monoecious small flowers, in dense heads or clustei's, destitute both of
calyx and corolla, the fertile with many ovtdts in each cell, but only one or two
ripening into scale-like seeds.

3. LIQUID AMB A R. Heads of flowers each with a deciduous involucre of 4 bracts,

the sterile in a conical cluster, consisting of numerous short stamens with
little scales intermixed; the fertile loosely racemed or spiked on a drooping
peduncle, composed of many ovaries (surrounded by some little scales), each
with 2 awl-shaped beaks, all coherhig together and hardening in fruit.

1. HAMAMELIS, WITCH-HAZEL. (An old Greek name of Medlar,
inap])ropriately transferred to diis wholly unlike American shrub.)

H. Virginica. Tall shrub, of damp woods, with the leaves obovatc or
oval, wavy-toothed, straifi:ht-veined like a Hazel, slightly downy ; the yellow
flowers remarkable for their appearance late in autumn, just as the leaves are
turning and about to fall. Seeds eatable.

2. FOTHERGILLA. (Named for Dr. Foihergill of London, a friend and
correspondent of Bartram.)

F. alnifdlia.^ Loav, rather ornamental shrub, in swamps, from Virginia S.,
with oval or obovate straight-veined leaves, toothed at the summit and often
hoary beneath, the white tiowcrs in spring.

3. LIQUIDAMBAR, SWEET-GUM TREE or BILSTED. (Names
allude to the fragrant terebinthine juice or balsam which exudes wlien the
trunk is wounded.)

L. Styraciflua, the only species of this country : a large and beautiful
tree in low grounds, from S. New England to III. and especially S., with fine-
grained wood, gray bark forming corky ridges on the branches, and smooth and
glossy deeply 5 - 7-lobcd leaves, which are fragrant when bruised, changing to
deep crimson in autumn, their triangular lobes pointed and beset with glandular
teeth : greenish flowers appearing with the leaves in early spring.

43. HALORAGE^, WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.

Contains a few insignificant aquatic or marsh plants, with small
greenish flowers sessile in the axils of the (often whorled) leaves
or bracts, and a single ovule and seed suspended in each of the
1-4 cells of the ovary.

EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 141

1. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Flowers mostly monoecious, with sepals or teeth of the

calyx, petals when there are any, lobes and cells of the ovary and nut-like
fruit, and the sessile stigmas each 4; the stamens 4 or 8.

2. PKOSKKPINACA. FloweVs perfect, with loi)es of the calyx, stamens, stig-

mas, and cells of the 3-angled nut-lilie fruit each 3: petals none.

3. HIPPURIS. Flowers mostly perfect, with truncate calyx not continued above

the adherent ovary, and a single stamen, slender style, and seed.

1. MYRIOPHYLLUM, WATER-MILFOIL. (Botanical name, from
the Greek, like the popular name, means thousand-leaved.) PlantS usually
all under water, except their floweriiif^ tijjs ; all but the up])ermost or emerg-
ing leaves pinnatcly dissected into line hair-like divisions. Fl. summer. 21

M. spic^tum. Leaves whorlcd in threes or fours, those at the summit of
flowering stems reduced to small ovate bracts shorter than the flowers, which
therefore form an interrupted spike ; petals deciduous ; stamens 8 ; fruit smooth.

M. vertieillatum. Like the first, but the uppermost leaves longer than
the flowers and jnnnatifid.

M. heteroph;y^lluin. Chiefly W. & S. ; with leaves whorled in fours or
fives, those under the flowers ovate or lanceolate and serrate or merely pinnatifid ;
stamens and ])etals 4 ; fruit roughish on the back.

M. SCabratum. Chiefly S. & W. ; with leaves and flowers as in the
preceding, but more slender, the leaves under the, flowers linear and cut-toothed,
and the lobes of the fruit 2-ridged and roughened on the back.

M. ambiguum. Common only E. : with mostly scattered very delicate
or capillary leaves, often perfect flowers, 4 petals and 4 stamens, and a minute
smooth fruit.

2. PROSERPINACA, MEKM AID-WEED. (Name from Latin pro-
serpo, to creep, or after Proserpine.) Stems creeping at base in the mud or
shallow water, the upper part emerging : flowers in the axils of the alternate
leaves, produced all summer. "21

P. paltistris. Leaves above water lanceolate and merely serrate ; fruit
sharply 3-angled.

P. pectinacea. Leaves all pinnatcly divided into veiy slender divisions ;
angles of the fruit bluntish. Chiefly E. & S.

3. HIPPURIS, MARESTAIL (which the botanical name means in
Greek).

H. vulgaris. In ponds and springs N. & W., but rare: stems l°-2°
liigh, the linear acute leaves in whorls of 8 - 12, the upper ones with minute
flowers in their axils, y.

44. ONAGRACEiS, EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.

Herbs, or sometimes shrubs, without stipules ; the parts of the
symmetrical flowers in fours (rarely in twos to fives) throughout ;
the tube of the calyx usually prolonged more or less beyond the
adherent ovary, its lobes valvate in the bud, its throat bearing the
petals (convolute in the bud) and the as many or twice as many
stamens ; styles always united into one. Embryo filling the seed :
no albumen. Comprises many plants with showy blossoms, culti-
vated for ornament; these almost all American. (Lopezia has
irregular flowers with only one perfect stamen.)

§ 1. Paris offhejioicer in ticos.
1. CIRCiEA. Delicate low herbs, with opposite thin leaves, and very small
whitish flowers in racemes. Calyx with 2 reflexed lobes, its tube 'slightly

Erolonged beyond the 1-2-cellcd ovary, which becomes a i-2-seeded little
ur-like indehiscent fruit, coTered with weak hookrd bristles. Petals 2, ob-
cordate. Stamens 2. Style slender, tipped with a capitate stigma.

142 EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.

§ 2. Parti of the flower in fours, or fives in No. 8.
* Ovary and dry nut-like fruit with a single ovule or seed in each cell.
2. GAURA. Herbs with alternate sessile leaves, and small or smallish flowers in
racemes or spikes Calyx with slender tube much prolonged beyond the
4-celIed ovary. Petals 4, on claws, mostly turned toward the upper side of
the flower. Stamens 8, these and the lon'g style turned town. A little scale
before each'fihunent. Kruit small, 4-angled oV ribbed, 1 - 4-seeded.
« « Ovary and fruit with many ovules and seeds in each of the cells.
• •»- He7-bs : fruit a chiefly 4-ceUed and i-valved dry pod.
*+ -^-i^ Seeds furnished icith a coma or tuft of long and soft hairs at one end, by which
they are widely dispersed by the wind.
8. EPILOBIUM. Calyx with tube scarcely at all extended beyond the linear

ovary. Petals 4.' Stamens 8.
4. ZAUSCHNERIA. Calyx extended much beyond the linear ovary into a fun-
nel-shaped tube, with' an abruptly inflated base where it joins the ovary, and
with 4 lobes as long as the 4 oblong-obcordate petals, both of bright scarlet
color. Stamens 8 and, as well as the long style, projecting.
++ •*-*■ Seeds naked, i. e. witliout a downy tuft.
= Flowers regular and symmetrical: calyx-tube extended moi^e or less beyond the
ovary, the lobes mostly reflexed: petals 4.
6. CLARKIA. Calyx-tube continued beyond the ovary into a short funnel-form
cup. Petals broad, wedge-shaped or rhombic, sometimes 3-lobed, raised on
a slender claw. Stamens 8, with slender filaments, the alternate ones short-
er: anthers curved or coiled after opening,^hose of the short stamens much
smaller, or deformed and sterile. Stigmas 4, oval or oblong. Pod linear
and tapering upwards, 4-sided. Flowers never yellow.

6. EUCHARIDIUM. Calyx-tube much prolonged and slender beyond the ovary.

Petals wedge-shaped and 3-lobed at summit, tapering into a short claw.
Stamens only 4, on slender filaments. Stigmas 2 or 4. Pod oblong-linear.
Seeds slightl)' wing-margined. Flowers never yellow.

7. (ENOTHERA. Calyx-tube either much or little prolonged beyond the ovary.

Petals usually obovate or obcordate, with hardly any claw. Stamens 8.
Flowers yellow, purple or white.

= =r= Flowers regular and symmetrical, but often without petals : the calyx-tube not
in the least extended beyond the brood summit of the ovary, on which the
green lobes mostly persist : style usually short : stigma capitate.

8. JUSSI-iE A. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the calyx, petals, and cells

of the pod: i. e. 8 or 10, rarely 12.

9. LUDWIGIA. Stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx and cells of the pod,

almost always 4. Petals 4, often small, or none.

==== = Flowers irregular and unsyynmetrical : calyx-tube not extended.

10. LOPEZIA. Flowers small. Calyx with 4 linear purplish lobes. Petals with

claws, 4, turned towards the upper side of the flower, the two uppermost nar-
rower and with a callous gland on the summit of the claw, and what seems
to be a fifth small one (but is a sterile stamen transformed into a petal) stands
before the lower lobe of the calyx. Fertile stamen only one with an oblong
anther. Style slender: stigma entire. Pod globular.
H- •*— Shrubs : fruit a 4-celled berry.

11. FUCHSIA. Flowers showy; the tube of the highly colored calyx extended

much beyond the ovary, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, or tubular, the 4 lobes
spreading. Petals 4. 'Stamens 8. Style long and thread-shaped: stigma
club-shaped or capitate.

1. CIRC^A, ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE. (Named from Circe,

the enchantress, it is not obvious why ; the plants are insignificant and

inert, natives of damp woods, flowering in summer. ) 2/

C. Lutetiana, the common species, is lo-2° high, branching, with ovate
and slightly toothed leaves, no bracts under the pedicels, the rounded little
fruit 2-cellcd and beset with bristly hairs.

C. alpina, common only N. or in mountainous regions, smooth and deli-
cate, 3' - 6' high, with thin and heart-shaped coarsely toothed leaves, minute
bracts, and obovate or club-shaped fruit 1-celled and soft-hairy.

ETENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 143

2. GAURA. (Name in Greek means superb, which these plants are not;
only one of them is Avorth cultivating.) Fl. all summer.

G. Lindheimdri, of Texas, cult, for ornament, nearly hardy N., about
3° high, hairv, with lanceolate sparingly toothed leaves, long weak branches
producing a continued succession of handsome white flowers ; the calyx hairy
outside ; petals nearly 1' long. "y.

G. biennis, the common wild species, 3° -8° high, soft-hairy or downy,
with oblong-lanceolate obscurely toothed leaves, small white or flesh-colored
flowers, and downy fruit. (2)

3. EPILOBIXJM, WILL0W-HP:RB. (Name compounded of three
Greek words, meaning violet on a pod.) Fl. summer. The pods opening
give to the winds great numbers of the downy-tufted seeds. 2/.

§ 1 . Flowers large and showy, in a long spike or raceme, the widely spreading

petals on shoH claws, the stamens and long style bent downwards, and the

stigma of 4 long lobes : leaves alternate.

E. angustifblium, Great W. or Fire-Weed. One of the plants that

spring up abundantly, everywhere northward, where forests have been newly

cleared and the ground burned over: tall (4° -7° high) and simple-stemmed,

smooth, with lanceolate leaves, and a long succession of pink-purple flowers,

§2. Flowers small in corymbs or panicles terminating the branches, icith petals,
stamens, and style erect, a club-shaped stigma, and all the lower leaves
opposite : stem 1° - 2° high.

E. COlor^tum. Almost everywhere in w^et places, fl. through late sum-
mer and autumn, nearly smooth ; with thin lance-oblong leaves generally with
purple veins, and purplish petals deeply notched at the end and a little longer
than the calyx.

E. mblle. In bogs N., less common, soft downy all over ; leaves crowded,
linear-oblong, blunt ; petals rose-color, notched, 2" -3" long.

E. pallistre. In wet bogs N., slender, minutely hoary all over ; leaves
linear or lance-linear, nearly entire ; petals purplish or white, small.

4. ZAUSCHNERIA. (Named for Z3!«sc/i;zer, a Bohemian botanist.) %
Z. Californica. Cult, for ornament, from California, flowering through

late summer and autumn, 1° - 2° high, the oval or lanceolate leaves and the pods
with downy-tufted seeds resembling those of Epilobium ; but the handsome
scarlet flowers more like those of a Fuchsia : these are single and sessile in the
axils of the upper and alternate leaves, or at length somewhat racemed, about
2' long.

5. CLARKIA. (Named for Capt. Clark, w^ho with Capt. Lewis made the
first oflicial exploration across the mountains to the Pacific, and brought home
one of the species.) Herbs of Oregon and California, with alternate mostly
entire leaves, and showy flowers in the upper axils, or the upper running
into a loose raceme : cult, for ornament : fl. summer. (T)

C. pulchella. About 1° high, with narrow lance-linear leaves, deeply
3-lobal petals (purple, with rose-colored and white varieties), bearing a pair of
minute teeth low down on the slender claw, the lobes of the stigma broad and
petal-like. There is a ])artly double-flowered variety.

C. elegans. Fully 2° high, more commonly flowered in the consen^atory,
with long branches, lance-ovate or oblong leaves, the lower petioled, lilac-pui-ple
entire petals broader than long and much shorter than their naked claw,
smaller lobes to the stigma, and a hairy ovary and pod.

6. EUCHARIDIUM. (Name from the Greek, means charming.) ®
E. COncinnum, of California, cult, for ornament; a low and branching

plant, like a Clarkia in general appearance, except in the long tube to the calyx,
and with ovate-oblong entire leaves on slender petioles, and middle-sized rose-
purple jor wliite flowers,- in summer.

144 EVENING-rRlMROSE FAMILY.

7. CSNOTHERA, EVENING-PRIMROSE. (Name from Greek words
for ivine and hunt; application obscure.) Very many species, all originally
American, and most of them from the U. S., especially from S. W. and W.
The following are the principal common ones, both wild and cult, for
ornament : H. summer. (Pollen-grains loosely connected by cobwebby threads,
strongly 3-lobed. See Lessons, p. 115, tig. 230.)

§ 1. Stigmas 4, long and slender, spreading in the form of a cross : tube of the
calyx beyond the ovary long and mostly slender.

* Yellow-flowered Evexing-Primroses, properly so-called, the flowers

opening {usually suddenly) in evening twilight, and fading away when sun-
shine returns, odorous ; the yellow petals commonly obcordate.

-*- Stems elongated and leafy : pod cylindrical or spindle-shaped, sessile. ® @

CE. biennis, Common E. Wild in open grounds, and the large-flowered
forms cult, for ornament; erect, 20-5° high, hairy or smoothish, with lance-
oblong leaves entire or obscurely toothed, flowers at length forming a terminal
leafy-bracted spike, and petals obcordate. Runs into several varieties, of which
the largest and finest now cultivated is

Var. Lamarcki^na, from S. W., which is tall and stout, with corolla
3' -4' in diameter : the sudden opening at dusk very striking.

CE. rhorabip^tala. Wild on our western limits ; more slender, hoary,
1° - 3° high, the rather small flowers with rhombic ovate and acute petals.

CE. Drummdndii, cult, from Texas; has its stems spreading on the
ground, and large flowers, like those of the first, in the upper axils, the lance-
ovatc leaves, &c. soft-downy.

CE. sinuata. Wild from New Jersey S., in sandy ground; low and
spreading, hairy, with lance-oblong sinuate or pinnatilid leaves, small flowers
in their axils, pale yellow petals turning rose-color in fading, and slender pods.
•*- -t- Stems short and prostrate or scarcely any : pod short, 4-winged.

CE. triloba. Cult, from Arkansas : leaves pinnatifid and cut, like those
of Dandelion, smooth, all in a tuft at the surface of the ground, on the sliort
crown, which in autumn is crowded with the almost woody pyramidal-ovate
narrowly 4-winged sessile pods, forming a mass 3' - 5' in diameter ; flowers
rather small, the slender tube of the calyx 4' - 5' long, its lobes about as long
as the obscurely 3-lobed or notched pale-yellow petals, which turn purplish in
fading. ® ®

CE. MiSSOuriensis, the greener-leaved form also called CE. macrocArpa.
Cult, from Missouri and Texas ; finely hoary or nearly smooth, with many
short prostrate stems 2'- 12' long from a thick woody root, crowded lanceolate
entire leaves, very large and showy flowers in their axils, opening before sun-
set ; the tube of the calyx somewhat enlarging upwards, 6' - 7' long ; the
bright-yellow corolla 4' - 6' across ; pod with 4 very broad wings. '2J.

* * White-flowered Evening-Primroses, usually turning rose-colored in

fading, some of them opening in the daytime : petals broadly obovate or ob-
cordate : flower-buds commonly nodding.

CE. taraxieif61ia (probably a variety of CE. ACAtiLis), from Chili : rather
hairy, at first stemless, at length forming prostrate stems, with pinnatifid or
pinnate leaves, after the manner of Dandelion (as the name denotes), and very
large flowers in the axils, tube of calyx 3' - 4' long, corolla 3' - 5' across, and a
woody obovate and sharply 4-anglcd sessile pod. @

CE. speeibsa, Nutt.", of Arkansas and Texas, not hardy in cult. N. ;
pubescent, with erect and branching stems 6'- 20' high, lance-oblong cut-toothed
leaves, the lower mostly pinnatifid ; flowers somewhat racemed at the summit,
and opening in the daytime; calyx-tube rather club-shaped and not much longer
than the ovary ; corolla 3' - 4' across ; pod club-shaped. 21

(ffi.*MARGiN\TA, sx tuftcd mostly stemless species, with lanceolate and often
pinnatifid toothed soft-hairy leaves, and peduncled oblong-cylindrical roughish
pods ; CE. triciiocXlyx, soft-hairy, conspicuously so on the calyx, with
deeply obcordate petals, long-linear pods with a thicker closely sessile base and
smooth seeds ; CE. albica^lis, with ascending stems, smooth or slightly hoary.

EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 145

smaller entire petals, but pods and seeds like the foregoin;:: ; and CE. pinxa-
TfFiDA, with petals as in CE. trichocalyx, and similar pods, but with striate
and reticulated seeds, — all handsome white-flowered species of Western plains
and the Rocky Mountains, — are beginuinj^ to be cultivated.)

» * * Yellow-flowered, diurkal, sometimes called Sundrops, the blos-
soms opening in bright sunshine : jtetals mostly obcordate : stems leaf)/ :
leaves obscurely toothed or entire. Wild species of the country, all but the
last occasionally cultivated. 2/

•»- Pod short-oblong or obovate, A-wing-angled.

CE. glatica. Wild from Virginia and Kentucky near and in the moun-
tains S. : l°-2° high, smooth, pale and glaucous, leafy to the top ; leaves ovate
or lance-ovate ; corolla 2' or more in diameter.

■(- -*- Pod club-shaped, somewhat ^-wing-angled above, and 4 intervening ribs.

CE. frutic6sa. Wild in open places : not shrubby, as the name would
imply, hairy or nearly smooth, with oblong or lanceolate leaves, somewhat
corymbed flowers l^'-2' in diameter, and short-stalked pods.

CE. linearis. Wild from Long Island S. near the coast : pale or somewhat
hoary with minute pubescence, with slender and spreading often bushy-branched
stems l'-2' long, linear or lance-linear leaves, and somewhat corymbed flowers,
corolla 1'- 1^' across, and hoary pods tapering into a slender stalk. — A spread-
ing form is cultivated, blooming very freely through the summer.

CE. ptimila. In fields, &c. : nearly smooth, 5' -12' high, Avith mostly
simple erect or ascending stem, oblanceolate leaves, and scattered flowers, the
corolla less than 1' across, and pods short-stalked or sessile.

* * * * Red-purple-fl., diurnal, leajy -stemmed : pods club-shaped. ® (2)

CE. rdsea, from Mexico. Minutely downy, with slender spreading stems
6' - 24' high, ovate or lance-oblong leaves, the lower sometimes rather pin-
natitid, and flowers 1' across in leafy racemes.

§ 2. GoD^iTiA. Stigma with 4 linear or short and broad lobes : tube of the calyx
beyond the linear or spindle-shaped ovary inversely conical or funnel-shaped :
leafy-stemmed : fow<rs open by day, scentless : petals broad and fan-shaped
or wedge-shaped, the truncate summit generally eroded, lilac-purple, rose-
color, or sometimes white : anthers erect on short {the alternate ones on very
short) and broadish filaments, curving after opening. All W. American,
abounding in Oregon and California, several in the gardens, the following
most common. (T)
CEj. purptirea. Very leafy to the top, rather stout, 6' -10' high, at length
with many short branches; leaves pale, lance-oblong, entire; corolla I'-l^'
across, ])urple, with a dark eye ; short and broad lobes of stigma dark-colored ;
pod> short and thick, closely sessile, rather conical.

CE. rubieiinda. Taller, 10-2° high, and linear-lanceolate leaves rather
scattered along the slender branches ; corolla 2' or more across, lilac-i)urple
with saffi-on-colored eye (also pale or rose-colored varieties) ; lobes of stigma
oblong, pale ; pods thickish, cylindrical, sessile.

CE. Lindleyi. Erect or spreading, 8'-lG' liigh, with slender branches,
narnnv lanceolate leaves ; corolla about 2' across, lilac-purple, with a deeper red-
purple spot on tlie middle of each petal ; lobes of the stigma linear and pale ;
pods slender, linear, somewhat tapering at the ends.

CE. amoena. Slender, 6'- 18' high, with lance-oblong or lance-linear
leaves, and corolla 2' - 3' across, rose-color or almost white, with usually a deeper
reddish eye ; lobes of stigma linear ; pods linear.

8. JUSSIJEA. (Named for Bernard, the elder de Jussieii.) Leaves entire.

Flowers yellow, all summer.

J. decurrens. Wet grounds, Virg. to 111. and S. Erect stems and slen-
der branches margined or winged in lines proceeding from the bases of the
lanceolate leaves, smooth throughout ; floAvers sessile or short-stalked, with 4
lobes of calyx nearly as long as the petals, and obloug-club-shapcd 4-auglcd
pod. Q) il

10

146 EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.

J. grandifl6ra. Marshes S. : hairy, with stems erect from a creeping?
base, lanceolate acute leaves, flowers 2' in diameter, the 5 calyx lobes only half
as lonji^ as the petals, and pods cylindrical and stalked. 2/

J. ripens. In water from S. 111. S. : smooth, with creeping or floating
and rooting stems, oblong leaves tapering into a slender petiole, long-peduncled
flowers 1' or more across, with 5 calyx-lobes, the cylindrical or club-shaped pods
tapering at the base. ~il

9. LUDWIGIA, FALSE LOOSESTRIFE. (Named for C. G. Ludwig,
a German botanist, rather earlier than Linnjeus.) Marsh herbs, with entire
leaves ; flowers seldom handsome, in summer and autumn. 2/

§1. Leaves alternate, mostly sessile.

* Flowers peduncled in the upper axils, with yellow petals {about ^' long) equalling

the leaf-like ovate or lance-ovate calyx-loU'S : stamens and styles slender :
pod cubical, strongly A-angled, opening by a hole at the top : stems 2° - 3° high.

L. alternifdlia. Common E., the only one found far N. : smoothish,
branching, with lanceolate leaves tapering to both ends, petals scarcely longer
than calyx, and angles of pod wing-margined.

L. Virg^ta. Pine barrens 8. : downy, with mostly simple stems, blunt
oblong leaves or the upper linear and smaller, and petals twice the length of the
reflexed calyx.

L. hirt^Ila. Pine-barrens from New Jersey S. : hairy, with simple stems,
oblong or lanceolate short and blunt leaves, and petals twice as long as the
barely spreading calyx-lobes.

* * Flowers sessile in the upper axils, small, and icith pale yellow petals about the

length of the persistent calyx-lobes : stamens and style short: leaves on
flowering stems narrow and linear.

L. linearis. Swamps from N. Jersey S. : smooth, loosely branched, l°-3°
high, with acute leaves on the flowering stems, but obovate ones on creeping
runners ; pods oblong-clubshaped or top-shaped and mu5h longer than the tri-
angular-ovate calyx-lobes.

L. linifblia, only S., is 6'- 12' high, with blunter leaves, and cylindrical
pods little longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobe3,

* * * Flowers sessile, often clustered, and xvith no petals, or rarely mere rudi-

ments : leaves mostly lanceolate, some species with obovate or spatulate leaves
on creeping runners: flowering stems mo.^tly 2° — 3° high.

•*- Downy all over: flowers spiked or crowded at the end of the branches.

L. piI6sa. Only S. : much branched, with lance-oblong leaves, and glob-
tilar-4-sidcd pod about the length of the spreading calyx-lobes.

H- ■*- Smooth or smoothish throughout.

L. cylindrica. From Illinois and N. Car. S. : much branched, with long
lanceolate and acute leaves tapei-ing into a petiole, small axillary flowers, and
cylindrical pods much longer than the small calyx-lobes.

L. sphaerocarpa. From E. New England S. : with lanceolate or linear
leaves acute at both ends, very small flowers in the axils, and globular pods not
longer than the calyx-lobes, Avith hardly any bractlets at their base.

L. polycarpa. From Michigan S. : like the last, but smoother, and with
conspicuous slender bractlets at the base of the 4-sided rather top-shaped pod,
which is longer than the calyx-lobes.

L. capit^ta. From N. Carolina S. : with slender simple stems angled
towards the toji, long lanceolate leaves ; flowers mostly crowded in an oblong or
roundish terminal head, and obtusely 4-angled pod longer than the calyx-lobes.

L. alata. From N. Carolina S. : with simple or sparingly branched stems
strongly angled above, few flowers, in the axils of the upper Avedge-lanceolate
leaves, and an inversely pyramidal pod as long as the Avhite calyx-lobes, with
concave sides and wing-ed "angles.

li. microcarpa. From N. Carolina S. : the low stems creeping at base
and 3-angled above, leaves spatulate or obovate, with minute flowers in their
axils, the short 4-angled pods not larger than a pin's head.

EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 147

§ 2. Leaves opposite, olm'cite or spatulate, long-petioled, loith small and nearly
sessile flowers in their axils : stems creeping or floating.

L. pallistris. Common in ditches and shallow water : smooth, with no
petals, or small and reddish ones when the plant grows out of water, and oblong
obscurely 4-sided pods longer than the very short calyx-lobes.

L. nutans. From N. Carolina S. : "larger than the foregoing, and with
yellow petals as long as the calyx-lobes, the pods tapering to the base.

§ 3. Leaves opposite, nearly sessile, with a long-peduncled flower in the axil
ojf some of the upper ones : stems creeping in the mud.

L. arcu^ta. From coast of Virginia S. : a small and smooth delicate
plant, with oblanceolate leaves shorter than the peduncle, yellow petals longer
than the slender calyx-lobes, and club-shaped somewhat curved pod.

10. LOPEZIA. (Named for r. Zopez, an early Spanish naturalist.)

L. racembsa. Cult, sparingly, from Mexico : a slender, branching, nearly
smooth plant, with alternate ovate or lance-oblong leaves on slender petioles, the
branches terminated with loose racemes of small rose-pink or sometimes white
flowers (only \' in diameter), on slender pedicels from the axil of leafy bracts,
produced all summer, followed by very small round pods. (I)

11. FUCHSIA. (Named for L. Fuchs, an early German botanist.) Well-
knoAvn ornamental tender shrubby plants, or even trees, chiefly natives of the
Andes from Mexico to Fuegia, mostly smooth, with opposite or teraatcly
whorled leaves. The species in cultivation, now greatly mixed and varied,
chiefly come from the following.

§ 1. Short-flowered Fuchsias, or Ladies' Eardrops; with the lobes of
the norinolly red cahjx longer than the tube and than the ]ietats ; the latter
nonnaUji violet or blue, obovate and retuse, convolute around the base of
the projecting fllaments and still longer style : flowers hanging on long
peduncles fl-om the axils of the leaves.

F. COCeinea, or F. glob6sa. Low, the rather small scarlet flowers with
globular or ovoid calyx-tube between the ovary and the lobes, which also form
a globular bud and hardly spread after opening ; leaves short-petioled.

F. Magellaniea, from S. Chili and Fuegia : less tender, with tube of the
calyx bell-shaped and much shorter than the lobes ; leaves short-petioled or the
upper sessile.

F. macrost^mma, from Chili : leaves on slender petioles ; calyx-tube
oblong or short-cylindrical, more or less shorter than the spreading lobes. —
These species now greatly varied in color ; some varieties with calyx white or
light and the petals deeply colored, some with the reverse ; also double-flowered,
the petals being multiplied.

§ 2. Long-flowered Fuchsias ; tvith trumpet-shaped or slightly funnel-shaped
tube of the calyx 2' -3' long, vei'y much longer than the spreading lobes,
which little exce<d the acute or pointed someivhat spreading petals : stamens
and style little projecting : floivers crowded into a rather close drooping
raceme or corymb at the end of the branches : leaves large, 5' - 7' long.
F. flilgens, from Mexico : smooth, with ovate somewhat heart-shaped leaves,
and scarlet flowers, the lance-ovate calyx-lobes often tinged with green.

F. COrymbiflbra, from Peru : mostly pubescent, with lance-oblong and
taper-pointed almost entire leaves, and red flowers, the lanceolate calyx-lobes
and the lance-oblong petals taper-pointed, at length widely spreading.

§ 3. Paxicled Fuchsias ; %mth small flowers erect in a naked and compound
temnnal panicle or cluster : lobes of the calyx and petals ividehj spreading.

F. arbor^scens, Tree F., from Mexico : a stout shrub rather than tree,
with oblong or lance-oblong entire leaves acute at both ends and usually
whorled ; flowers light rose-color, ^' long, with narrow oblong calyx-lobes, and
petals rather longer than the tube, about as long as the stamens and style.

148 MELASTOMA FAMILY.

45. MELASTOMACE^, MELASTOMA FAMILY.

Plants with opposite and simple 3 - 7-ribbed leaves, no stipules,
as many or twice as many stamens as petals, both inserted in the
throat of the calyx, anthers u.<ually or' peculiar shape and opening
by a small hole at the apex. Flowers usually handsome, but mostly
scentless. A large order in the tropics, represented in noi-thern
temperate regions only by the genus Rhexia of the Atlantic States.
None in common cultivation, but the following are those more
usually met with in choice conservatories : —

Centrad^nia r6sea, from Mexico : a low and bushy almost herbaceous
plant, with unequal-sided and falcate broadly lanceolate leaves, apparently
alternate (which comes from the diminution or total suppression of one leaf of
each pair), producing great abundance of small flowers in short raceme-like clus-
ters, with 4 white and rose-tinged petals, and 8 anthers with curious club-shaped
and tail-like appendages.

Heteroc^ntron r6seum, from Mexico : an herb, or nearly so, with thin
ovate leaves which ura feather-vemed rather than ribbed, and with terminal pani-
cles of handsome bright rose-colored flowers (and a white variety), of 4 petals
and 8 very unequal and dissimilar stamens, some with appendages at base, some
without.

Cyanoph^^llum met^llicuin, from Central America, cultivated in hot-
houses for its magniflccnt foliage; the ovate leaves sometimes fully two feet
long, purple beneath and bluish above with metallic lustre. — Then we have the
U. S. genus,

1. RHlfiXIA, DEER-GRASS, MEADOW-BEAUTY. (Name from
Greek for rupture: application obscure.) Low erect herbs of wet or sandy
ground, commoner S., often bristly, at least on the margins of the sessile
3-5-ribbed leaves, Avith handsome flowers in a terminal cyme or panicle.
Tube of the calyx urn-shaped, adherent to the lower part of the 4-celled ovary
and continued beyond it into a short 4-toothed cnp, persistent. Petals 4,
obovate. Stamens 8, with anthers opening by a single minute hole. Style
slender: stigma simple. Seeds numerous in the pod, coiled like minute snail-
shells. Fl. summer. ^

* Anthers linear and curved, with a sac-like base and usually a minute spur:
flowers in a panicle or loose ci/nie.

R. Virginica. The common species N., in sandy swamps : 6' -20' high,
with square stem almost winged at the angles, ovate or lance-oval sessile leaves,
and large pink-purple flowers.

R. Mariana. From New Jersey and Kentucky S. : 10' -24' high, with
terete or 6-angled branching stem, linear or lance-oblong leaves narrowed at
base, and paler purple flowers hairy outside.

R. glabella. Pine-ban-ens S. : smooth, with a simple slender stem, lan-
ceolate glaucous leaves, and large bright-purple flowers.

* * Anthers oblong and straight, destitute of any appendage.
•^ Flowers purple, few or solitary; leaves small (rarely 1' long), rounded-ovate,
ciliate loith long bristles : stem square, smooth.

R. cilidsa. Bogs in pino barrens from Maryland S. : stem 10'- 12' high;
leaves bristly on the upper face ; and calyx smooth.

R. serrulata. Bogs- in pine barrens wholly S. : stem 3' -6' high; leaves
smooth above ; calyx bristly.

t- -1- Flow&'s yellow, small, numerous, not casting the petals early, as do the others :
stem 4-angled, bristly, bushy -branched above.

R. lutea. From North Carolina S. «S: W. : stem 1° high, bristly; leaves
lanceolate, or the lower obovate ; calyx smooth.

LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. 149

46. MYRTACE^, MYRTLE FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, with simple entire and mostly aromatic leaves
punctate with pellucid or resinous dots, no stipules, perfect flowers,
calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, its throat, or a disk bordering it,
bearing the petals and numerous stamens : style and stigma single.
A large family in the tropics and southern hemisphere, here com-
monly known only by a few house-plants, which may be briefly
noted as follows : —

1. M^rtus eommtinis, Common Myrtle, from the Mediterranean
region : smooth, with ovate or lance-ovate opposite shininf^ leaves, small in the
variety usually cultivated, peduncles in their axils bearinji: a small wliite or
rose-tinj^ed flower (sometimes full double), followed by a black beny, containing
several kidney-shaped seeds.

2. Eugenia Jambos, Rose-Apple, from India : smooth, with opposite
shining long and lanceolate leaves, and clusters of large white tlowers with their
long stamens most conspicuous ; the calyx-tube dilated and prolonged beyond
the ovary, which forms a large edible berry, like a small apple, scentless, but
when eaten of a rose-like savor ; seeds very few, large.

3. Psidium pyriferum, Guava, of W. Ind. : with oval feather-veined
opposite leaves, and one or two white flowers at the end of an axillary peduncle ;
the fruit a large and pear-shaped yellowish berry which is eatable, and from
which Guava jeUy is made in the West Indies.

4. Callistemon lanceolatum, of Australia*, called Bottle-Brush,
on account of the appearance of the flowers (sessile all round the stem below
the later leaves) with their very long deep red stamens ; the 5 petals small and
falling early ; the fruit a small many-seeded pod opening at the top ; the alter-
nate lanceolate leaves remarkal)le for being turned edgewise by a twist at their
base, as in many related Myrtaccous plants of Australia.

47. LYTHRACE^, LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.

Differs from the related orders in having the ovary and pod free
from, but mostly enclosed in, the tube of the calyx, the leaves not
punctate, the anthers opening lengthwise. To this family has lately
been appended the Pomegranate, which, although peculiar, is com-
monly referred to the Myrtle Family, notwithstanding the dotless
leaves.

§ 1. Ovary coherent with the calyx-tube, becoming a fleshy fruit. Small tree.

1. PUNICA. Calyx-tube colored (scarlet), thick and coriaceous, its top-sliapod

base coherent with the ovary, above enlarged and 5-7-lobed; its throat
bearing the 5 - 7 petals and very many incurved stamens. Style slender.
Ovary with many cells in two sets, one above the other, and very many
ovules in each. Fruit large, globular, crowned with the calyx-lobes, berry-
like, but with a hard rind : the numerous seeds coated with a juicy edible pulp.

§ 2. Ovary free from the calyx-tube, becoming a 1 - Q- celled pod.
* Stamens indefinitely numerous. Small tree.

2. LAGERSTR(EMIA. Calyx 6-lobed. Petals 6, very Avavy-crisped, raised on

slender claws, borne on the throat of the cal3^x. Stamens borne in the bot-
tom of the calyx, very long and slender, 6 outermost larger than the rest.
Style very slender. Pod oblong, thick, many-seeded, 3-6-celled, only the
base covered by the persistent calyx.

« Stamens 4-16, oiily as many or twice as many as the lobes of the calyx, inserted
loioerdown than the petals, fhrhs or nearly so: calyx mostly with projecting
folds, or accessory teeth bttween the proper teeth or lobes.

150 LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.

•^Flower regular or nearly so : pod many-seeded, included in the calyx.

3. NES^EA. Calyx short bell-shaped or hemispherical. Stamens lG-14, twiee

as many as the petals, in 2 sets, with long projecting filaments. Style slen-
der, Fod globular, 3 -5-celled. Leaves mostly whorled in threes or opposite.

4. LYTHRUM, Calyx cylindrical, 8- 12-ribbed or striate. Petals 5-7. Stamens

5-14. Style slender. Pod oblong, 2-celled. Leaves sessile.

5. AMMANNIA. Calyx short, 4-angled. Petals 4 and small, or none. Stamens

4, short. Pod globular, 2 - 4-celled. Leaves opposite, narrow,
■t- ■*- Flower irregular : pod mostly few-seeded,

6. GUP HE A. Calyx elongated, mostly many-ribbed, gibbous, spurred, or with a

sac-like projection at base on the upper side, oblique at the mouth, which
has 6 proper teeth, and usually as many intermediate accessory ones or pro-
cesses. Petals mostly 6, with claws, and very unequal, the two upper ones
larger; sometimes all or part wanting. Stamens 11 or 12, unequal: filaments
short. A gland at the base of the ovary on the upper side. Style slender:
stigma 2-lobed. Ovary flat, 2-celled, but one cell smaller and sterile or
empty. Pod enclosed in the calyx, and bursting through it on the lower
side; the placenta bearing a few flat seeds, hardening, curving, and at length
projecting through the rupture.

1. PUNICA, POMEGRANATE. (The name means Carthaginian.)

P. Gran^tum. Tree cult, from the Orient, as a house-plant N. : smooth,
with small oblong or obovate obtuse leaves, either opposite or scattered, mostly
clustered on short branchlets ; the flowers short-stalked, usually solitary, large,
both calyx and corolla bright scarlet, with 5-7 petals, or full double; the fruit
as large as a small apple.

2. LAGERSTRGEMIA, CRAPE-MYRTLE. (Named for a Swedish

naturalist, Lmjerstrvcm.)

L. tndica, from E, Indies : planted for ornament S., and in conserva-
tories N. : shrub with smooth ovate or oval opposite leaves, and panicles of very
showy pale rose or flesh-colored large flowers, remarkable ibr the wavy-crisped
petals and long silky-tufted stamens.

3. NES.^A. (Name from Greek for insular, from the habitation of the
original species.) ^

N. vertieillata. Common E. and S. in very wet places ; smooth or
minutely downy, with long recurving branches (2° -8° long), lanceolate leaves,
mostly in threes, the upper with clustered short-stalked flowers in their axils,
5 wedge-lanceolate rose-purple petals, and 10 stamens of two lengths.

N. salicifblia. Cult, from Mexico, not hardy N, ; low, slightly shrubby
at base, smooth, erect, with lance-oblong or oblanceolate leaves, the upper ones
sometimes alternate, almost sessile flowers in their axils, with mostly G obovate
yellow petals, and 12 stamens of almost equal length.

4. LYTHRUM, LOOSESTRIFE. (Name in Greek for blood: some have
red flowers.) Fl. summer.

L. Salicaria, Spiked L. Sparingly wild N. E. in wet meadows, and
cult. ; with stems 2° - 3° high, leaves broad-lanceolate, and often with a heart-
shaped base, in pairs or threes ; flowers crowded in their axils and forming a
Avand-like spike, rather large, with 6 or rarely 7 lance-oblong pink petals, and
twice as many stamens of two lengths. %

L. alktum. Low grounds W. & S. : nearly smooth, slender, 2°-3*' high,
above and on the branches with margined angles, very leafy ; the small leaves
oblong, the uppermost not longer than the small flowers in their axils ; petals
6, purple ; stamens 6. 2/

5. AMMANNIA. (Named for Ammann, an early German botanist.)
Low, insignificant herbs, in wet places, especially S., with small greenish
flowers in the axils of the narrow leaves ; the inconspicuous petals purplish,
or none : fl. all summer.

LOASA FAMILY. 151

A. htimilis, from Mass. to Michigan and S. ; has narrow oblanceolate or
spatulate leaves, tapering to the base, and a very short style. ®

A. latitblia. W. & S., taller, the lance-linear leaves with a broader and
auricled partly clasping base. ®

6. CUPHEA. (Name from Greek, means gibbous or curved, from the shape
of the calyx.) Leaves chiefly opposite : fl. all summer.

C. viSCOSissima, Clammy C. Sandy fields from Conn, to 111. and S. :
a rather homely herb, l°-2° high, branching, clammy-hairy, with lance-ovate
leaves, small flowers somewhat racemed along the branches, and ovate pink
petals on short claws. ®

C. silenoides. Cult, from Mexico : clammy-hairy, 1° high, with lance-
oblong or lanceolate leaves tapering at base into short petiole, and rather large
flowers somewhat racemed on the branches; calyx^ purplish, almost 1' long,
ovoid at base and with a tapering neck ; petals blood-purple or crimson, rounded,
the 2 larger ^' in diameter. ®.

C. platycentra. Cult, from Mexico, both in greenhouses and for bor-
ders, flowering through the season : slightly woody at base, 8'- 12' high, form-
ing masses, tliickly beset with the ovate or lance-ovate acute smooth and glossy
bright green leaves, contrasting with the bright vermilion flowers between each
pair, the calyx narrow and tubular, almost 1' long, with a short and very blunt
spur at base, the short border and teeth dark violet edged on the upper side
with white ; petals none. 11

48. LOASACE^, LOASA FAMILY.

Herbs with rough pubescence, and some with stinging bristles, no
stipules, a 1-celled ovary coherent with the tube of the calyx (which
is little if at all extended beyond it), and mostly with 3-5 parietal
placentae, in fruit a pod, few - many-seeded : persistent calyx-lobes
and true petals mostly 5, and often an additional inner set of pet-
als : stamens commonly numerous, often in 5 clusters : style single.
Natives of America, mostly S. & W. : several cult, for ornament.

« Erect or spreading, not twining: leaves alternate: petals fiat.

1. MENTZELIA. Petals lanceolate, spatulate, or obovate, deciduous. Filaments

long and slender, or some of the outermost broadened or petal-like: anthers
short and small. Pod top-shaped, club-shaped, or cylindrical, straight. Herb-
age rough with short stiff pubescence, or bristly, but not stinging.
« « Twining herbs : leaves opposite, petioled: petals hood-shaped or slipper-shaped.

2. BLUMENBACHIA. Petals 5, spreading, and as many scale-like small ones or

appendages alternate with them. Stamens in 5 sets, one before each petal,
with very slender filaments; also 10 sterile filaments, a pair before each ap-
pendage. Ovary and many-seeded pod 10-ribbed, when old spirally twisted
and splitting lengthwise. Peduncles axillary, mostly 1-flowered. Herbage
beset with sharp bristles, commonly stinging like nettles. Flowers on long
axillary peduncles.

1. MENTZELIA. (Named for- C. Mentzel, an early German botanist.)
Fl. summer or autumn. ® © Includes the Bart6ma of Nuttall and

EUCNIDE.

§ 1. Pod 3 - 9-seeded: flowers small, yellow, opening in sunshine. ® ®
M. oligosp^rma. Open dry ground, from Illinois S. W. ; a rough and
homely plant, with spreading brittle branches, ovate and oblong angled or cut-
toothed leaves, and yellow flowers less than 1' broad, with 5 wedge oblong
pointed petals, and about 20 slender filaments.

§ 2. Bart6xia of Nuttall, &c., not of Muhlcnber<j. Pod mostlij long, contain-
ing many or at least 20 cubical or flat seeds : flowers la*-ge and showy :
petals 1' - 2' long : herbage rough.

152 CACTUS FAMILY.

M. Lindleyi. Cultivated, from jCalifomia, usually under the name of
Baut6xi\ aukka. Plant l°-2° high, Avith leaves lance ovate in outline
and deeply pinnatihd, their lol)CS linear; flowers with 5 obovatc and pointed
bright yellow petals opening in sunshine, and the very numerous filaments all
slender 0

M. orn^ta, the Bart6nia ouxXta of Nnttall, a very large-flowered
species, of the plains of Nebraska and S. : 2° - 4° high, with oblong-lanceolate
sinuate-pinnatifld leaves, and white fragrant flowers opening at sunset or on a
cloudy afternoon, leafy-bracted under the ovaiy, and with 10 lance-ovate or
spatulate acute petals, about 2' long, the 5 inner narrower, and the 200 - 300
filaments all slender ; seeds very many and flat. Rarely cult, for ornament,
but well worthy of it. ® 11'^

M. nuda, the Bart6nia nl'da of Nnttall, of the same district and further
south, and less rare in cultivation than M. ornata, resembles it, but has flowers
of half the size and often without leafy bracts under the ovary ; outer fila-
ments mostly broadened ; seeds wing-margined. © ^ ^

§ 3. EuCN'iDK of Zuccarini Pod short, containing very many minute roundish
or oblonij seeds : Jlowers showy, yellow, opening in bright sunshine.

M. 16ngipes. Cult, from Mexico and Texas under the name of Eucxidk
BAKTONioinES ; a tender succulent plant, branching and usually spreading on
the ground, bristly, with ovate cut-toothed or slightly lobed leaves on slender
petioles, and flowers mostly on still longer simple peduncles (3' -6' long), the
5 ovate petals and very many slender filaments fully 1' long. ®

2. BLUMENBACHIA. (Named for the distinguished German physiol-
ogist, Blumenbuch. Includes Caiophora. F1. all summer.
B. insignis. Cult, from Chili ; rather curious than ornamental, with
pahnately about 5-parted leaves, small flowers with white petals and yellow
red-tip])ed inner appendages ; the ix)d obovate, slightly twisted, with 5 strongly
projecting placcntaj. Ci)

B. lateritia. Cult, from South America, under the name of Lo\sa or
Caiophora LAXERfxiA ; climbing freely ; with pinnatifid or pinnate leaves of
5 or more lance-ovate divisions or leaflets, which are cut-toothed or some of
them again pinnatifid; flowers almost 2' across, with brick-red petals; the long
pod at length much twisted. 0

49. CACTACE^, CACTUS FAMILY.

Fleshy plants of peculiar aspect, mostly persistent, destitute of
foliage (with exception of the rare Pereskia), its place supplied by
the green rind of the flattened, columnac, globular, or various-shaped
stem ; the perfect solitary and sessile flower with calyx adherent to
the ovary, its lobes or sepals, the petals, and the stamens numerous,
usually in several ranks, the latter mostly very numerous ; ovary
1-celled with several parietal placentae ; style single, with several
stigmas ; the fruit a 1-celled and generally many-seeded pulpy berry.
(See Lessons, p. 48, fig. 76, and p. 96, fig. 197.)

We have three or four wild species, several others in common
house-cultivation, and a larger number in choice collections, some
of which are hybrids.

§ 1. No tube to the flower above the ovary : stem jointed.
1. OPUNTIA. Stem branching, formed of successive joints, which are mostly
flat, bearing at first some minute awl-shaped bodies answering to leaves,
Avhich soon fall off, and tufts of barbed bristles and often prickles also in their
axils. Flowers from the «dge or side of a joint, opening iu smishine and
for more than one day.

CACTUS FAMILY. 153

^ 2. Tu^e formed of the united sepals, <fc. more or less extended beyond the ovary.
• Stems and branches of flat and leaf-like joints, with the margins more or leas toothed
or ci'enate, and with an evident woudy centre or midrib, with no pHckhs and
no bristles, or only tufts of vtry short ones in the notches.
2. EPIPHYLLUiM. Joints of the branches short and truncate, very smooth, and
flowering from tlie end. Flowers open in the daytime and for several days,
mostly oblique, the tube not much lengthened; the sepals and petals rose-red,
rather few, the innermost and larger ones about 8. Stamens not very many.
Stigmas erect or conniving.
8. PHYLLOCACTUS. Leaf-like branches or joints long, arising from the side of
older ones, which with age form terete stems. Flowers from the marginal
notches, slightly if at all irregular. Stigmas slender and spreading.

« * Stems or branches 3 - many-anijled or grooved, or terete, and with tubercles or
woolly tufts bearing a cluster oj' spines, prickles, or bristles.

4. CEREUS. Stem mostly elongated, rarely globular, regularly ribbed or angled
lengthwise, and with the clusters of 'spines or bristles on the ridges one
above the other. Flowers from the side of the stem, commonly with a
conspicuous tube, which, with the ovary below, is beset with scale-like
sepals and generally with woolly or bristly tufts in their axils. Petals
numerous and spreading.

6. ECHINOCACTUS. Stem globular, depressed, or sometimes oblong-club-shaped,
with many ribs or ridges bearing clusters of spines one above the other.
Flowers naked at the summit of the ridges, and with a short or very short
tube : otherwise as in Cereus,

6. MELOC ACTUS. Stem globular with a broad base, or com'cal, with many ribs

bearing clusters of spines as in Echinocactus; but the flowers small and im-
mersed in a woolly cylindrical muff-like mass at the summit. Sepals and
petalH united in a cylindrical tube, which is often swollen at the base. Fila-
ments short. Ovary and berry not scaly.

7. MAMILLARIA. Stems globular or cylindrical, mostly tufted, not ribbed, cov-

ered with distinct and strongly projecting nipple-shnped tubercles, which are
arranged in spiral order and tipped with a cluster of prickles. Flowers from
the axils of the tubercles, with a short tube. Ovary and berry not scaly.

1. OPUNTIA, PRICKLY-PEAR CACTUS, INDIAN FIG, &c. (An

ancient name, transferred to these American plants.) Fl. summer. Fruit
often eatable.

§ 1. Stamens not longer than the roundish, in ours yellow, widely opening petals.
* Low, prostrate or spreading, native species, also cultivated.

O. vulgaris, Common Prickly-Pear. On rocks and sand, from coast
of New England S., with pale and roundcd-obovate flat joints, 3' -G' long,
bearing minute appressed leaves, having bristles but hardly any spines in their
axils, and a nearly smooth eatable berry.

O. Hafin^squii. Common W. & S. W. : deeper green, with joints 4' -8'
long, the little leaves spreading, several small spines and a single stronger one
in the clusters, and flower often with a reddish centre.

O. MisSOUri6nsis. From Wisconsin W. on the plains : with obovate
joints 2' -4' long and tubercled, tufts of straw-colored bristles and 5-10 long
and slender spines ; the berry dry and prickly.

O. Pes-C6rvi. On the coast S., with small and narrow, almost cylindri-
cal, easily separable joints, their spines in pairs ; the berry small and bristly.

* * Erect, shrubby or tree-like, cultivated in conservatories, from West Indies and
South America : berry edible.

O. Picus-Indica. Joints obovate, thick and heavy, l°Iong, with minute
spines or none ; berry obovate, bristly.

O. Tlina. Joints oval, 4' -8' long, with several unequal spines in the tufts,
the longer ones about 1' long.

O. Brasiliensis. Tree-like, with a round straight trunk rising 10° or
more high, bearing short branches, their ultimate joints obovate or oblong,
sinuate, thinner and more leaf-like than in the others, armed with single long
and very sharp spines.

154 CACTUS FAMILY.

/ § 2. Stamens longer than the erect crimson petals, shorter than the style.

^ O. COCCinellifera. Cult, from Mexico and West Indies : tree-like, 6° -
10° high, Avith joints of the branches obovate-obiong, 4'- 12' long, spineless or
nearly so, when young with single recurved spines, pale ; berry red. One of the
plants upon which the cochineal insect feeds, whence the name.

2. EPIPHYLLUM. (Name from Greek, meaning ujwn a leaf, i. e. the
flower from the top of what seems to be a leaf.) Fl. usually in summer.

E. trunc^tum. Cult, from Brazil : low, bright green, with drooping
branches ; the oblong joints scarcely 2' long, the u])per end with a -shallow
notch; flower 2' -3' long, oblique, with petals and short sepals spreading or
recurved, the former so arranged that the blossom often appears as if 2-lipped.

3. PHYLLOC ACTUS. (From Greek words meaning Leaf -Cactus.)
Cult, from South America and Mexico : fl. summer.

* Flower with tube shorter than the petals, red, scentless, open through more than

one day : petals and stamens many, except in thejirst species.

P. biformis. The least showy species ; with slender stems, and two sorts
of branches, one ovate or oblong, the other lanceolate ; the latter producing
a slender pink flower, 2' long, with about 4 slender sepals, as many narrow
lanceolate erect petals with spreading tips, and only 8-16 stamens.

P. phyllanthoides. Has narrow-oblong sinuate-toothed leaf-like branches,
numerous rose-colored oblong and similar sepals and petals, the outermost widely
spreading, the innermost erect.

P. Ackermcinni. Like the preceding, but much more showy, with bright
red and sharivpointed petals spreading and 2' -3' long, and the scattered sepals
email and bract-like.

* * Flower sweet-scented, with tuU 4' - 10' lo)i(j, bearing scattered and small scaly

sepals or bracts, ivhich are considerably longer than the numerous spreading
white or cream-colored petals.
P. cren^tus. Leaf-like branches 1^^-20 long, 2' -3' broad, sinuately
notched ; flower open in the daytime and for several days, 7' -8' in diameter,
with the stout tube 4' - 5' long, the outer petals or inner sepals brownish.

P. Phyllanthus. Branches nearly as in the preceding ; but the flower
opening at evening and lasting only till morning, its slender tube many times
longer than the small petals.

4. CEREUS. (Latin name of a wax-taper or candle, from the form of the
stem of some columnar species.) The following are the commonest in culti-
vation, mostly from Mexico and South America : fl. summer.

§ 1. Stems and branches long, spreading, creeping or climbing, remotely jointed
more or less, only 3 - 7 -angled : very large-flowered.

* Flower red, open in daytime for several days : stamens much declined.
C. speciosissimus. The commonest red-flowered Cactus ; with stems
2° -3° high, rarely rooting, 3 or 4 broad and thin waA^-margined angles or
Avings, and crimson or red floAvers of various shades, 4' - 5' in diameter, the
tube shorter than the petals. — There ai-e various hybrids of this Avith others.

* * Flower ivhite as to petals, opening at night, collapsing next morning, fragrant,

6' -9' in diameter ivhen expanded, the tube 4' - 5' long : stems routing and
so climbing: ])r icicles short and fine. Night-blooming Cereus.
C. triangularis has sharply triangular stems, minute prickles, and floAver
with glabrous tube, olive-green sepals, and yelloAV stamens.

C. nyctieallus, has 4-6-angled stems Avith very minute prickles, and
flOAver much like the next but Avith broAvnish sepals.

C. grandifl6rus, Comaion Night-blooming Cereus, has terete stems
Avith 5-7 slight grooves and blunt angles, bearing more conspicuous prickles,
long bristles on the floAver-tubc, and dull yelloAV sepals.

CACTUS FAMILY. 155

§ 2. Stems and branches long, weak, disposed to trail or creep, remote! ij joinUd,
cijluidricnl, with 8-12 ribs or grooves and rows of approximated short and
jine prickle-clusters : Jlowers smaller.

C. serpentinus. Stems l' or more in diameter, tapering at the apex,
about 12-ril)bcd, disposed to stand when short, not rooting ; flower opening for
a night, fragrant, with linear petals reddish-purple outside, nearly white inside,
2' long, ratlier shorter than the tube.

C. flagelliforiDis. Stems long and slender, prostrate or hanging and
rooting ; flower 2' - 3' long, the narrow sepals and petals not very many, rose-
red, open by day.

§ 3. Stems erect, self-supporting, tall-gi-owing , cylindrical and column-like, with

about 8 (6- io) obtuse ribs and grooves, short mostly dark-colored prickles

9-12 in the duster, and no long bristles : flower large, white ; tube 3' - 6' long.

* Flower opening at midday, collapsing befl)re night.

C. Peruvianus. The largest species (except the Giant Cereus of Arizona),

becoming even 40° high and thick in proportion, with rather strong compressed

ribs and stout prickles ; the flower 6' long, with greenish sepals and white or

externally rose-tinged petals proportionally short. — Var. monstruosus, in old

conservatories, has ii short stem Avith 4 - 8 irregular and wavy wing-like angles,

sometimes broken up into tubercles.

* * Flower opening at nighty collapsing next day : tall stem narrower at the top.

C. eri6phorus. Stem jointed at intervals, with rounded ridges and needle-
like prickles ; flower 6' - 9' long, with woolly tube, and narrow greenish sepals,
the upper 4' long, longer than the petals.

C. rep^ndus. Stem with flatter ridges, and with flowers much as in the
foregoing, but the tube not woolly.

C. CSeruleseens. Stem bluish-green, becoming about 3' thick, with
rounded ridges and stoutish prickles; flower 8' in diameter, with eroded-toothed
petals and olive and brown-jjurple sepals, the longer of these little shorter than
the smooth tube.

§ 4. Stem erect and simple, at length cylindrical, with 20 - 25 narrow ridges, bear-
ing clusters of short prickles and long bristly hairs.

C. senilis, Old-Man Cactus. Cult, for its singular appearance, the long
white hanging bristles at the top likened to the locks of an aged man ; flowers
(seldom seen) not large, with a very short tube.

§ .5. Stems short and dwarf, globular or oblong, clustered or branching from the
base: flower with very short bell-shaped tube.

C. caespitdsus. Wild on the plains from Nebraska S. : 3' -6' high,
becoming short-cylindrical, with 12-18 thick ribs, covered with the close
clusters each of 20 - 30 short and widely-spreading prickles ; flower rose-purple,
in daytime, 2' - 3' in diameter.

§ 6. Echin6psis. Stem globular or obovate, very proliferous, resemUing Echino-
cactus, but flowering from the side ; the showy flowers usually open while
they last both day and night, and with a long funtiel-shaped tube, 6' - 8' long,
to which an outer set of stamens is united up to the throat, while the inner ones
are separate flir down : petals and sepals pointed.

* Flower ichite, fragrant : calyx-tube with ttfls of long brownish wool at each scale:

globular stem depressed or sunken at top, about 3' m diameter.

C. Eyridsii. Stem with about 13 acute slightly wavy ridges, and many
small bristly ])ricklcs from woolly tubercles.

C. tubifl6rus, or ZuccariniXnls. Stem broader than high, sunken at
top, with 11 very strong and prominent wavy ridges, the woolly tubercles bear-
ing 6-8 stout and dark spines.

* * Flower delicate rose-color: calyx-tube with scattered hairs and the scales ciliate :

stem somewhat pear-shaped or oborate, 6' - 12' high.

C. OX^gonus. Stem bluish, with about 14 acute ridges from a broad
base, and as many very short and unequal spines in the clusters.

156 " FIG-MARIGOLD FAMILY.

C. miiltiplex. Stem green, with about 13 acute ridges and 10-12 rather
long unequal spines.

6. ECHINOCACTUS. C^ ame mems S pint/ or Hedgehog Cactus.) There
arc many Avild species far S. W., but few common in cultivation. Flowers
mostly small, opening for 2 or 3 days, closing at night.

E. Texensis, of S. Texas and Arizona, has stem much broader than high,
or globular when young, becoming 1° broad, with 12-27 acute wavy ridges,
6 or 7 very stout and horn-like reddish recurved spines ; the central one larget
and turned down, sometimes 2' long ; flower rose-colored, very woolly, 2' long.

E. Ottdnis, from Brazil, is pear-shaped, becoming club-shaped, 2' -3'
thick, with 12 - 14 narrow ridges, clusters of 10- 14 shox't slender prickles, and
yellow flowers with red stigmas.

6. MELOCACTUS, i. e. MELON-CACTUS. One species is often brought
from the West Indies, but does not long survive, viz.

M. COmmiinis, called Turk's-Cap. Globular or ovate, dark green, often
1° high, Avith 12-20 ridges, beset with clusters of short brownish spines ; the
cylindrical muff-like crown of bristles and cottony wool, 2' - 5' high, in which
the very small pink flowers are half-imbedded ; berries small, red.

7. MAMILIjARI A. (Name from the nipple-shaped tubercles which cover
the stem.) Many wild species far W. and S. W. on the plains : few common
in cultivation.

M. longim^mma, from Mexico, has the tubercles rising from a depressed
body, or apparently almost from the root, 1' or more long, loosely spreading,
much longer than the 8-11 prickles at their apex ; flowers large for the genus,
1^' long, yellow.

M. piisilla, wild in Texas and S., with clustered ovate or globular stems
l'-2' long, oblong or ovate tubercles bearing wool in their axils, and tipped
witli very many capillary crisped bristles and several slender prickles; flowers
pink, ^' long.

M. gracilis, with globular and at length short-cylindrical stems l'-2'
long, excessively proliferous, the oblong tubercles bearing about 16 recurving
white prickles, and on older ])lants 1 or 2 stouter and longer straight ones of a
brown hue ; flowers small, white.

M. elong^ta, with cylindrical clustered stems, covered with short conical
tubercles, which bear 16 -30 uniform radiating and recurving sfender prickles
in a starry tuft, and very rarely a central one ; flowers small, white.

M. vivipara, wild from Nebraska S., l'-5' high, simple, or proliferous
in tufts, globular, with the terete tubercles slightly grooved down the
upjwr side, bearing 12-30 rigid widely radiating whitish prickles, and 3-12
stouter and darker ones ; flower pink-purple, large for the plant, about 2' in
diameter.

50. MESEMBRYANTHEME^, FIG-MARIGOLD
FAMILY. *

Fleshy plants, of aspect between the Cactus, Purslane, and Orpine
Families, with simple entire leaves, and calyx-tube coherent with
the compound ovary, which has 4-20 styles and as many cells :
represented in cultivation by the following.

1. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM. Herbaceous or fleshy-f=hrabby and prostrate or low

branching plants, with very succulent leaves and mostly handsome flowers,
opening only in bright light, commonly at noon. Lobes of the calyx mostly 5.
Petals (linear) and stamens very numerous, on the calyx. Styles, cells of the
ovary, and radiatingf horns or lobes of the many-seeded pod 4 -20.

2. TETRAGON! A- Low spreuding herbs, with broad and flat thickish leaves, and

small flowers in their axils. Calyx usually 4-lobed. Petals none. Stamens
few or many. Styles and 1-ovuled cells of the ovary few. Fruit hard and
nut-like, 3 - 8-horned, 3 - 8-seeded.

PASSION-FLOWER FAMILT. 157

1. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM, FIG-MAKIGOLD. (Name com-
posed of Greek words s\g\niy'm<:^ flowering at middaij.) Cult, for ornament,
chieliy from S. Africa : fl. summer.

* Annual or biennial, broad-leaved, prostrate, cultivated in open (/round.
M. cryst^llinum, Ice-Plant. Plant remarkable for the glittering little
excrescences which cover the herbag:c, like hoar-frost ; leaves soft and tender,
large, tiic lower rounded heart-shaped or ovate, upper spatulate, wavy ; flowers
sessile, white or purplish, ^' across.

* * Perennial, someichat looodij -stemmed house-plants, from Cape of Good Hope:

leaves all opposite, sessile or connate at base, smooth.

M. dolabrif6rme, Hatciiet-lkaved F. With glaucous and dotted
hatchet-shaped leaves, and yellow flowers opening at evening.

M. acinaciforme, ^cymitar-leaved ¥. With pale 3-sided sabre-
shaped leaves (3' long, fully |' wide), flattened branches and peduncle, and
pink-purple flower 3' - 4' across.

M. spect^bile. With glaucous and linear 3-sided pointed leaves, and
pink-purple flower 2' across.

2. TETRAGONI A. (Name Greek for four-angled, from shape of the fruit. )
T. expSlnsa, New Zealand Spinach. Occasionally cult, as a Spinach :

leaves pale, triangular or rhombic-ovate, with short margined petioles ; greenish
small flower sessile in the axils ; stamens several, in clusters alternate with the
4 lobes of the calyx. (T)

51. PASSIPLORACE^, PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY.

Represented mainly by the Passion -flowers described below. In
conservatories may be found one or two species of Tacsonia, dif-
fering from true Passion-flowers in having a long tube to ihe flower,
but they are uncommon, and rarely blossom.

1. PASSIFLOR A, PASSION-FLOWER. (Flower of the Passion ; the
early Koman Catholic missionaries in South America finding in them symbols
of the crucifixion, the crown of thorns in the fringes of the flower, nails in
the styles with their capitate stigmas, hammers to drive them in the stamens,
cords in the tendrils.) Herbs or woody plants with alternate leaves and con-
spicuous stipules, climbing by simple axillary tendrils ; the flowers also axil-
lary, usually with 3 bracts underneath, and a joint in the peduncle. Calyx
with a very short tube or cup, and 5 divisions which are colored inside like the
petals, and often with a claw-like tip. Petals 5 on the throat of the calyx, or
sometimes none : within them the conspicuous crown of numerous filaments
or rays, forming a double or more compound fringe. Stamens 5, with nar-
row-oblong versatile anthers : their filaments united in a tube below sheath-
ing and adhering more or less to the long stalk which supports the 1 -celled
ovary. Styles 3, mosrly club-shaped : stigmas capitate. Fruit berry-like,
edible in several #pecies, with many seeds, enveloped in pulp, ou 3 parietal
placentae. Fl. summer, open for only one day. •

* Wild species of the country, herbaceous, smooth, icith 3-lobed leaves.
P. Itltea. Low grounds, from S. Penn. to 111. & S. : slender, low-climbing,

with the short and blunt lobes of the leaves entire, and a greenish-yellow flower

of no beauty, brtrcly 1' wide. "21

P. incarn^ta,'the fruit, called Maypops in S. States, edible, as large as a

hen's c<r(x : trailing or low-climbing, with deeply 3-cleft serrate leaves, a pair of

glands on the petiole and one or more on the small bracts, the jiurple crown

of the handsome flower (2' -3' across) rather longer than the i)ale petals.

Dry ground, from Virginia and Kentucky S. IJ.

♦ * Cult, from South America. Stems iroody, except the first. (These arc the

commoner species : there are a few hybrids and rarer ones. )

/

158 GOURD FAMILY.

•«- Leaves pcdmately lohed : flower widely spreading.

P. gracilis. Slender herb, with roundish and slip:htly 3-lobed otherwise
entire leav.es, and whitish merely 5-cleft Hower only 1' in diameter, destitute of
true petals. Recently introduced, remarkable for "the quick movement of its
tendrils. ®

P. CSSrulea, the Common* or Blue Passiox-floaver ; with leaves very
deeply cleft or parted into 5 or 7 lance-oblonj^ entire divisions, pale ; and flower
almost white, except the purple centre and blue crown banded with whitish in
the middle.

P. 6d.ulis, Granadilla ; the purplish edible fruit as larg:e as a goose-eg{? :
leaves dark green and glossy, deeply cleft into 3 ovate pointed lobes beset with
callous teeth ; bracts under the flower also toothed ; the crown crisped, 2' across,
whitish with a blue or violet base, as long as the white petals.

•*- •*- Leaves entire, feather-veined : flower hell-shaped.

P. quadrangular is, Large Graxadilla. Very large, with the branches
4-sided and the angles wing-margined ; leaves 4' - 8' long, ovate or oval, or
slightly heart-shaped, bright green, with 2-4 pairs of glands on the petiole ;
flower about 3' long, fragrant, crimson-purple and the violet or blue crown
variegated with white. Fruit rarely formed here, edible, 6' long.

52. CUCURBITACE^, GOURD FAMILY.

Mostly tendril-bearing herbs with succulent but not fleshy herb-
age, watery juice, alternate palmately ribbed and mostly lobed or
angled leaves, monoecious or sometimes dioecious flowers ; the calyx
coherent with the ovary, corolhi more commonly monopetalous,
and stamens usually 3, of which one has a 1-celled, the others
2-celled anthers; but the anthers are commonly tortuous and often
all combined in a head, and the fllaments sometimes all united in
a tube or column. Fruit usually fleshy. Embryo large, filling the
seed, straight, mostly with flat or leaf-like cotyledons. — Besides
those here described, there are occasionally cultivated for curiosity
the following annuals : —

MOMORDICA ELATlilllUM Or ECBALIUM AGRESTE, the SQUIRT-
ING Cucumber, a homely hairy herb without tendrils, and pro-
ducing an oblong hairy pulpy fruit (of violently purjrative qualities),
which when ripe bursts suddenly at the touch, and discharges the
contents with violence (whence the name Ecbalium).

Trichosanthes colubrina, Snake-Cucumber or Vege-
table Serpent, a tall climber with the staminate flowers orna-
mental, the lobes of the white corolla being cut into a lace-like
fringe of long and very delicate capillary lobes (whence the name
of the genus), and the fruit very like a snake, i or 4 feet long,
green and striped, turning red when ripe.

§ 1. Flowers large or middle-sized, on separate simple peduncles in the axils: anthers
with lonrj and narrow cells, bent up and down or contorted: ovules and seeds
many, horizontal, on mostly 3 simple or double jjlacenice : fruit {of the sort
called a iJepo) large, fieshy or pulpy with a harder rind.
* Both kinds of flowers solitary in the axils.
\ 1. LAGENARIA. Tendrils 2-rorked. Flowers musk-scented, with a funnel-form
*■ or bell-shaped calyx-tube, and 5 obeordate or obovate and mucronate white

petals ; the sterileon a long, the fertile on a shorter peduncle. Anthers lij?htly
cohering with each other. Stigmas 3, each 2-lobed. Fruit with a hard or
woody rind and soft flesh. Seeds margined. Petiole bearing a pair of glands
at the apex.

/

J

i

GOURD FAMILY. 159

CUCURBIT A. Tendrils 2-5-forked. Flowers large, with a bell-shaped or
short funnel-form 5-cleft yellow corolla, its base adherent to the bell-shaped
tube of the calyx. Stamens from the bottom of the flower: anthers long-
linear, much curved, all three united into a small head. Stigmas 3, each
2-lobed. Fruit fleshy with a firmer rind. Seeds mostly margined.

CITRULLUS. Tendrils 2-3-forked. Flowers with a short bell-shaped calyx-
tube, and a deeply 5-cIeft widely open pale yellow corolla. Stamens with
very short filaments: anthers lightly cohering. Stigmas 3, kidney-shaped.
Seeds marginless, imbedded in the enlarged pulpy placenta.

* « Sterile flowers clustered, fertile ones solitary in the axils.
CUCUMIS. Tendrils simple. Corolla of 5 almost separate acute petals.
Stamens separate: anthers with only one bend. Stigmas 3, blunt. Fruit
with a fleshy rind. Seeds not margined.

§ 2. Flowers small, one or both sorts in racemes, panicles, or corymbs.

« Ovules and seeds many, horizontal, on S placentce: fllaments separate: anthers
straiffhtish • tendrils simple : fruit a small berry.

5. MELOTHRIA. Flowers yellow or greenish, the sterile in small racemes, the

fertile solitary on a long and slender peduncle. Corolla open bell-shaped,
5-cleft. Anthers slightly united, soon separate. Fertile flower with calyx-
tube constricted above the ovary.

« « Ovules and seeds 1-4, larr/e and vertical: f laments monadelphotis : anthers
tortuous: tendrils Z-forked: fruit prickly or bristly.

6. ECHINOCYSTIS. Flowers white, the sterile in compound racemes or pani-

cles, the fertile solitary or in small clusters from the same axils. Corolla
wheel-shaped, of 6 narrow petals united at the base. Anthers more or less
united in a mass. Style hardly any: stigma broad. Fruit oval or roundish,
beset with weak simple prickles, bursting irregularly at the top when ripe;
the outer part fleshy under the thin green rind, becoming dry; the inner part
a fibrous net-work making 2 oblong cells, each divided at the base into two
1-seeded compartments. Seeds large, blackish, hard-coated, erect from the
base of the fruit.

7. SICYGS. Flowers greenish-white, the sterile in corymbs or panicles, the fer-

tile (very small) in a little head on a long peduncle, mostly from the same
axils. Corolla nearly wheel-shaped, 5-cleft. Anthers short, united in a little
head. Style slender: stigmas 3. Ovary tapering into a narrow neck below
the rest of the flower, 1-ccIled, becoming a dry and indehiscent, ovate or
flattish-spindle-shaped, bur-like fruit, beset with stiff and barbed bristles,
filled by the single hanging seed.

1. LAGENARI A, BOTTLE GOURD. (From the Latin lagena, a bottle.)
L. vulgaris, CoM.MON Gourd, Calabash. Cult, from Africa and Asia;

climbing; freely, rather clammy-pubescent and musky-scented, with rounded
leaves, lonj^-stalkcd flowers, white petals greenish- veiny, and fruit of very various
shape, usually club-shaped, or long and much enlarged at the apex and slightly
at base, the hard rind used for vessels, dippers, &c. ®

2. CUCURBITA, PUMPKIN and SQUASH. (Latin name.) The
very numerous cultivated forms, strikingly different in their fruit, have been
reduced to three botanical s])ccies, 1. C. Pepo, 2. C. maxima, 3. C. moschata,
which answer to the following sections. These all (T).

§ 1. Stalks and someiohat lohed leaves romjh-hristltj, almost prichhj : flower-stalkx

obtusely am/led, that of the fruit strom/li/ 5 - S-ridr/cd and ivith i>iterveniri(/

deep (/rooves, usunllij cnlarr/iiicj next the fruit : hollow interior of the friiit

traversed by coars". and separate soft or pulpy threads.

C. P6po, PuMPKix. Cult., as now along with Indian Com, by the North

American Indians before the coming of the whites ; large round iruit mostly

yellow, smooth, the flesh not hardening.

C. ovifera, Oraxge-Gourd, Eoo-Gourd, &c. : so called from the small,
orange-like, egg-shaped or pear-shaped, yellow or white or variegated fniit, used
for ornament : wild in Texas, probably the original of all this group.

160 GOURD FAMILY.

C. verruc6sa, "Warty, Long-neck, and Crook-neck Squash, Vege-
table Mahrow, &c. Fruit mostly harcl-fle.shcd at maturity, the surface
warty, ribbed, or sometimes smooth and even, from 2° to a lew inches in length
in the very various forms, in a remarkable one 3° -4° long and little thicker
than a man's arm.

§ 2. Sfalks and hr'njid green 5 - 1-lohed leaven pubescent with soft hairs : frnit-stalk

5-ridr/ed, prominently enlarged where it joins the fruit, the central pulp

hardly thready.

C. moschata, Musky, China, or Barbary Squash, &c. Cult, for

the edible fruit, which perfects only S., and is club-shaped, pear-shaped, or

long-cylindrical, with a glaucous-whitish surface.

§ 3. Stalks and almost kidney-shaped slightly or ohtnsehj b-lobrd leaves roughish-

liairij : flower-slalks terete : that of the fruit thick, tnany-striate but not ridged

and groaned : inner pulp copious and not thready.

C. maxima, Great or Winter Squash, &c. Fruit rounded, depressed,

often much wider than high, or (as in Ohio S.) ovate and pointed, usually

banded lengthwise, varying from 6' to 3° in length or breadth, the hard flesh

commonly yellow or orange. The crowned or Tukban Squashes have the

top of the fruit ])rojccting beyond an encircling line or constriction which marks

the margin of the adherent calyx-tube.

3. CITRITLLUS, WATERMELON. (Name made from Citrus, Latin
for Orange or Citron.) ®

C. vulgaris. Watermelon. Cult, from Asiju Prostrate, with leaves
deeply 3 - ."j-lobcd, and the divisions again lobcd or sinuate-pinnatifid, ])ale or
l)Iuish ; the refreshing edible pulp of the fruit, in which the dark seeds are im-
bedded, consists of the cnlapged and juicy jilacentae, which are reddish or rarely
white. — The so-called Citron of our gardens is a variety with a Hrm or hard
flesh, used for preserving.

4. CtrCUMIS, MELON and CUCUMBER. (The Latin name.) ®
C. Melo, Melon, Muskmelon. Leaves round-heart-shaped or kidney-
shaped, the lobes if any and sinuses rounded ; fruit with a smooth rind and
sweet flesh, the edible part being the inner portion of the pericarp, the thin and
watery placentae being discarded with the seeds. The Serpent Melon, some-
times called Serpent-Cucumber, is a strange variety, occasionally met with,
with a long and snake-like fruit.

C. sativus, Cucumber. Leaves more or less lobed, the lobes acute, the
middle one more ])rominent, often pointed ; fruit rough or muricate when young,
smooth when mature, eaten unripe.

6. MELOTHRIA. (An ancient Greek name for some sort of grape.) %
M. p6ndula, from Virginia S., is a delicate low climber, Avith roundish
or heart-shaped and 5-angled or lobcd roughish leaves, minute flowers, in sum-
mer, and oval green berries.

6. ECHINOCYSTIS, WILD BALSAM-APPLE. (Name from Greek
for hrdgchog and bladder.)

E. lobata. Low grounds, chiefly N. & W., and cult, for arbors: tall-
climbing, smoothish, with strongly and sharply 5-lobed leaves, copious and
rather jiretty white flowers, produced all summer, and oval fruit 2' long, dry
and bladdery after opening ; seeds flat. 0

7. SiCYOS, STAR-CUCUMBER. (Ancient Greek name of Cucumber.)
S. angul^tUS. A weed in damj) or shady grounds, commoner S., climb-
ing high, clammy-hairy, with roundish hcart-sha]>ed and 5-angled or slightly
lobed leaves, inconspicuous flowers, and little bur-like fruits beset wifh decidu-
ous barbed prickles. The tendrils are \Qry active in their movements, and in a
warm day coil by a visible motion after contact with a solid body. (D

/ f /. .

BEGONIA FAMILY. 161

53. BEGONIACE^, BEGONIA FAMILY.

Somewhat succulent herbaceous or more or less woody-stemmed
house-plants, of peculiar aspect, with alternate and unequal-sided
leaves, deciduous stipules, and monoecious flowers, in cymes or clus-
ters on axillary peduncles, numerous stamens, inferior triangular
ovary, becoming a many-seeded pod, — represented in choice culti-
vation by the genus

1. BEGONIA, ELEPHANT'S-EAR. (Named for M. Begon, Gover-
nor of St. Domingo 200 years ago.) Flowers with the calyx and corolla
colored alike, sometimes dull but usually handsome, both kinds commonly in
tlie same cyme, and flat in the bud ; the outer pieces answering to sepals
mostly 2, valvate in the bud ; the inner, or true petals, 2, or in the fertile
flowers usually 3 or 4, or not rarely wanting ; in the stwile flowers surround-'
ing a cluster of numerous stamens with short filaments ; in the fertile are 3
styles with thick or lobed stigmas. Ovary and pod triangular, often 3-winged.
— These curious plants are remarkable for the readiness Avith which they may
be propagated by leaves used as cuttings. The following arc the commonest
pure species. There are several rarer ones and many hybrids.

* Leaves and ichole plant smooth and naked: rather tall -growing, leaf y -stemmed.
■»- Leaves ovate-oblong, serrate with bristle-tipped teeth, not at all heart-shaped.

B. fuchsioides, so-called because the bright scarlet flowers, hanging on
a slender droojjing stalk, may be likened to those of Fuchsia ; the crowded and
small green and glossy leaves only a little unequal-sided at base.

■^ ••- Leaves very obliquelg heart-shaped or half heart-shaped at base, almost entire.

B. nitida, with obliquely heart-shaped glossy leaves green both sides, and
with large light rose-colored flowers.

B. S^ngUinea, Avith large and fleshy obliquely ovatcheart-shaped leaves,
having a narrow rcvolute margin, pale green above, red beneath, as are the
stalks ; the flowers Avhite, not shoAvy,

B. maculata, cult, under the name of B. ARGTROSTfoMA, both names
referring to the silvery-white spots scattered over the upper face of the
leaves, Avhich are narroAver and more oblong than in the preceding, purplish
or crimson beneath, the margin cartilaginous but not rcvolute, the flowers Avhite
or flesh-colored.

B. COCCinea, Avith scarlet flowers, as the name denotes, and oblong half
heart-shaped leaves glossy alxjA^e, and green both sides or purple at the margin,
which is a little Avavy-tooUied.

* * Leaves slighthj bristhj-hairy above and more so on the sharp teeth : stems

elongated, naked, bearing tubers or bulblets in the axils.
B. Evansi^na (or B. d/scolor), an old-fashioned species from China,
now rare, almost hardy even N., producing all summer shoAvy rose-colored
flowers in the open ground ; the ovate and heart-shaped pointed leaves not very
oblique, red beneath.

* * * Leaves smooth and naked altoi'e, bristle-bearing on the toothed or cut mnrqtns

and long jyetiofes : stems fleshy, enct or ascending ; flowers ivith the 2 colored

sepals, but seJdom any petals.
B. manicata, a handsome species of the consen'atory, remarkable for the
purple bristle-bearing scales or fringes on the ajiex or upper part of the petiole,
and simihir smaller tufts on the ribs of the loAver face of the large and broadly
ovate-heart-shaped lea\'es ; flowers small, but numerous and elegant, in an open
panicle on a very long naked peduncle, flesh-colored.

B. phyllomaniaea, has the stem thickly beset Avith leaf-like scales or
little adventitious leaves, from Avhich the plant may be propagated, both
leafstalks and peduncles bristly, the large loaves ovate-heait-shaped and tapering
to a narrow point, their margins cut-toothed, and rather large but not showy
flowers.

S&F— 18

162 PARSLEY FAMILY.

* * * * Lem^es, or especially the petioles, and the peduncles or scapes, hristhf .

hairy, these all from a fleshy tuberous or creeping rootstock.
■•- Leaves large, obliquely heart-shaped, toothed or merely wavy -margined, variously
silvered or variejjated al)Ove, reddish or purple beneath : flowers rather large
but not showy : cultivated far t/ieir foliage, now much crossed and mixed.
B. Hex, the most prized and now the commonest species of the group, with
the leaf silver-banded or silvery all over the upper face, and smooth pale rose-
colored ilowcrs.

B. Griffithii, like the preceding, but leaves and stalks more downy-hairy,
and the almost white llovVers hairy outside.

B. xanthina, with leaves, &c. much as in the two preceding, but the
flowers yellow.

+- •*- Leaves deeply about 7-cleft : flowers with only the 2 sepals, no petals.

B. heracleifblia, with rather large and rounded hardly oblique leaves,
smooth above and sometimes variegated, the lobes broad lanceolate and cut-
toothed, and small pale rose or whitish flowers.

54. UMBELLIPER^, PARSLEY FAMILY.

Herbs, some innocent and many of them aromatic, others acrid-
narcotic poisons, with small flowers in umbels, calyx adherent to
the 2-celled ovary which has a single ovule hanging from the sum-
mit of each cell, 5 minute calyx-teeth or none, 5 petals, 5 stamens,
and 2 styles ; the dry fruit usually splitting into 2 seed-like portions
or akenes : seed with hard albumen and a minute embryo. Eryn-
gium and one or two others have the flowers in heads instej4d of
umbels. Stems usually iiollow. Leaves alternate, more coramoi;]y
compound or decompound. Umbels mostly compound : the circle
of bracts often present at tlie base of the general umbel is called
the involucre ; that at the base of an umbellet, the involucel.

The flowers being much alike in all, the characters have to be
taken from the form of the fruit, and much stress is laid upon the
receptacles of aromatic oil {vittce or oil-tubes) which are found in
most species and give characteristic flavor. The family is too dif-
ficult for the beginner. So that only the common cultivated, and
the most conspicuous or noteworthy wild species are given here.
For the remainder the student is referred to the Manual, and to
Chapman's Southern Flora.

§ 1. Fruits covered toith little scales or tubercles, crmcded (as are the fowers) in a
head instead of an umbel, and tcith a jwinted scaly bract under each floiver.

1. ERYNGIUM. Flowers blue or white, with evident awl-shaped calyx-teeth,

and top-shaped fruit without any ribs. Leaves in our species simple and
with bristly or prickiy teeth.

§ 2. Fruits covered tcith bristly prickles, bur-like : umbels compound.

2. SANICULA. Flowers greenish or yellowish, so short-stalked or nearly sessile

that the umbellets appear like little heads, each with some perfect and fertile
and some staminate flowers. Fruits ovoid or globular, not readily splitting
in two, not ribbed, completely covered with short hooked prickles. Leaves
palmately parted.
8. DAUCUS. Flowers white or cream-color, in a regular compound umbel: the
petals unequal, or those of the marginal flowers larger. Prickles in rows on
the ribs of the short fruit, which splits in two when ripe. Leaves pinnately
compound or decompound.

PARSLEY FAMILY. 163

4 3. Fruits naked (not prickly), splitting when ripe and dry into two one-seeded pieces
or carptU, each usually with 5 ribs or some of them may be wings.

* Umbels simple or sometimes proliferous, one over the other. Leaves simple.

4. HYDROCOTYLE. Flowers white. Fruit much flattened contrary to the line

of junction of the two carpels: no oil-tubes. Leaves rounded.

« * Umbels compound. Fruits mostly with oil-tubes in the form of lines or stripes, one
or more in the intervals between the ribs, and some on the inner face, sometimes
also under the ribs.

•*- Fruit wingless.
+4. Seed concave on the inner face : marginal flowers larger and irregular.

5. CORIANDRUM. Fruit globular, not readily splitting in two, indistinctly

many-ribbed: a pair of large oil-tubes on the inner Aice of each carpel.
Flowers white. Leaves pinnately compound. Plant strong-scented.

■*•*■ ++ Seed deeply grooved doion the inner face : flowers all alike, white.

6. OSMORRHIZA. Fruit long and slender, club-shaped, or tapering at the base,

somewhat sweet-aromatic: no obvious oil-tubes. Leaves twice or thrice
ternate. Root sweet-aromatic.

7. CONIUM. Fruit short, broadly ovate, rather strong-scented, compressed at the

sides, each carpel with 5 strong and more or less wavy ribs: oil-tubes many
and minute. Leaves pinnately decompound.

4-». H-1- ++ Seed slightly if at all hollowed out on the inner face.

8. CICIITA. Fruit globular and contracted on the sides, each carpel with 5 broad

and thickened blunt ribs, and an oil-tube in each interval: the slender axis
between the carpels splitting in two. Flowers white. Leaves pinnately
decompound, not aromatic. Fruit aromatic.

9. SIUM. Fruit globular or short-oblong and contracted on the sides, each carpel

with 5 strong or corky ribs, and commonly 2 or more oil-tubes in the narrow
intervals. No axis or hardly any left when the carpels separate. Flowers
white. Leaves pinnate. Not aromatic.

10. APIUM. Fruit ovate or broader thnn long, flattened on the sides, each carpel

5-ribbed and a single oil-tube in the intervals: axis left when the carpels sep-
arate not splitting in two. Flowers white.

11. CARUM. Fruit ovate or oblong, flatfish on the sides; each carpel with 5

narrow ribs, and a single oil-tube in the intervals: the axis from which the
carpels separate splitting in two. Flowers mostly white. Leaves decom-
pound. Fruit or foliage aromatic.

12. FCENICULUM. Fruit oblong; the two carpels with a broad flat face, 5 stout

ribs, and a single oil-tube in the intervals between the ribs. Flowers yellow.
Leaves decompound : the leaflets slender thread-shaped. Whole plant sweet-
aromatic.
4_ 4- Frziit roinged or icing-margined at the junction of the two cai'pels, which are flat
on the face and flat or flatfish and 3-7-ibbed on the back. Leaves pinnately or
ternately comjxmnd.

** Wing double at the margins of the fruit.

13. LEVISTICUM. Fruit ovate-oblong, with a pair of thickish marginal wings,

and single oil-tube in each interval. Involucre and involucels conspicuous,
the bracts of the latter united by their margins. Flowers white. Plant
sweet-aromatic.

14. ARCHANGFLIUA. Fruit ovate or short-oblong, with thin or thickish margi-

nal wings, and many small oil-tubes adherent to the surface of the seed. In-
volucels of separate mostly small bracts: involucre hardly any. Flowers
white or greenish.

++ ++ Wing surrounding the margin of the fruit single, splitting in two only when the
ripe carpels separate.

15. HERACLEIIM. Fruit, including the thin and broad wing, orbicular, very flat,

and the three ribs on the back very slender: the single oil-tulies in the inter-
vals reaching from the summit only half-way down. Flowers white, the
marginal ones larger and irregular. Leaves ternately compound. Plant
strong-scented.

16. PASTINACA. Fruit oval, very flat, thin-winged: the single oil-tubes running

from top to bottom. Flowers yellow, the marginal ones not larger. Leaves
pinnately compound.

1G4 PARSLEY FAMILY.

1. ERYNGIUM, ERYNGO. (Ancient name, of obscure meaning). Fl.
in summer.

E. yuceaBfblium, Button-Snakeroot. Sandy and mostly damp ground,
from New Jersey S. & W. : stout herb, 2° - 3° high, smooth, of aspect quite
unlike most Umbelliferous plants, having linear and tapering grass-like leaves,
parallel-veined in the manner of an Endogen, and fringed with bristles, a few
globular thick heads in place of umbels, a very short involucre, and white
flowers. 2/

E. Virgini^num. Wet grounds from New Jersey S. : with lance-linear
rather veiny leaves showing some distinction between blade and petiole, the
former with rigid teeth, and involucre longer than the bluish heads. (2) There
are several other species from North Carolina S.

2. SA.NICULA, SANICLE. (Latin name, from sano, to heal.) Common
in thickets and open woods. Flowers greenish, crowded in small and head-
like umbcllets, in summer. %

S. Canadensis. Stems l°-2° high ; leaves thin, palmately 3-5-parted
into wedge obovatc or oblong sharply cut and toothed divisions, the side ones
often 2-lobed ; umbcllets rather few-flowered, with the sterile flowers in the
centre almost sessile ; styles shorter than prickles of the bur-like fruit.

S. Marilandica. Stems 2° -3° high ; leaves of firmer texture, with nar-
rower divisions and rigid teeth ; umbcllets with many flowers, the sterile ones
on slender pedicels, fertile ones with long styles.

3. DAtrCUS, CARROT. (Ancient Greek name.) Fl. in summer.

D. Carbta, Commox C. Cult, from Europe for the root, occasionally run
wild : leaves cut into fine divisions ; umbel concave and dense in fruit, like
a bird's nest ; involucre of pinnatifld leaves. (2)

4. HYDROCOTYLE, WATER-PENNYWORT. (From Greek words
for water and Jlat dis/i ) Low and small very smooth herbs, growing in water
or wet places, mostly with "creeping or rooting stems, and simple rounded
leaves either kidney-shaped or peltate. Fl. all summer. 2/

* Leaves peltate from the centre, on long petioles ichich, as well as the peduncles,

rise from slender running rootstocks • fruit sharp- margined.

H. umbell^ta. Along the coast and rivers from Mass. S. : flowers many
in the umbel, on slender pedicels ; petioles and peduncles 3' - 8' high.

H. interrupta. Same range, smaller than the other, with fei\ flowers on
short pedicels in each of the little umbcllets growing one above the other to form
an interrupted spike.

* * Leaves not peltate : peduncles and fiedicels both short : stems slender, branched.
H. Americana. Shady damp places ; leaves thin, small, crenate and

lobcd, on short petioles, with minute flowers in their axils.

There are two larger, long-petioled, but less common species from Pennsyl-
vania S., viz. H. repAnda and H. ranunculoIdes.

6. CORIANDRUM, CORIANDER. (Name from Greek word for bug:

the herbage has a bedbug-like scent.)

C. sativum. Cult, from the Orient, for the aromatic coriander-seed : low,
with small umbels of few rays ; fl. summer. ®

6. OSMORRHIZA, SWEET CICELY, not the European plant of that

name, wliich is Myrrhis odorXta, with much more sweet-scented fruit.

(Name, Greek for scented root, the root being sweet-aromatic.) Rich moist

woods, common N. : fl. late spring and summer. ^

O. longistylis, the smoother species, with the sweeter root, has slender
styles, and ovate cut-toothed short-])ointed leaflets, which are slightly downy.

O. brevistylis, has conical styles not longer than the breadth of the ovary,
and downy-hairy taper-ix)iuted almost pinnatitid leaflets.

PARSLEY FAMILY. 165

7. CONIUM, POISON HEMLOCK. (Greek name of the Hemlock by
which criminals and philosophers were put to death at Athens.)

C. macul^tum, Spotted H. Waste grounds, run wild, from Eu. :
a smooth, branching herb, with spotted stems about 3° high, very compound
leaves with lanceolate and pinnatitid leaflets, ill-scented when bruised : a virulent
poison, used in medicine : fl. summer. @

8. CICUTA, WATER-HEMLOCK. (Ancient Latin name of the true
Hemlock, transferred to some equally poisonous plants.) Fl. summer. Jl
C. macul^ta, Spotted Cowbane, Musquasii-Root, Beaver-Poisox,

&c. Tall smooth stem sometimes streaked with purple, but seldom really
spotted ; leaflets lance-oblong, coarsely toothed or sometimes cut-lobed, veiny,
the main veins mostly running into the notches ; fruit aromatic when bruised ;
root a deadly poison.

9. SiUM, WATER-PARSNIP. (Old name, of obscure meaning.) 11
S. line^re, the common species, in water and wet places : tall, smooth,

with grooved-angled stems, simply pinnate leaves, the long leaflets linear or
lanceolate, very sharply serrate and taper-pointed, and globular fruit with
w^ing-like corky ribs : fl. all summer. Root and herbage also poisonous.

10. APIUM, CELERY, &c. (Old Latin name.) One species cult.: viz.
A. grav^olens. A strong-scented, acrid, if not poisonous plant, of the

coast of Europe ; of which the var. dulce. Garden Celery, is a state rendered
bland and the base of the leafstalks enlarged, succulent and edible when
blanched, through long cultivation; leaves pinnately divided into 3-7 coarse
and wedge-shaped cut or lobed leaflets or divisions ; umbels and fruits small.
Var. rapXceum, Turkip-kooted Celery, is a state with the root enlarged
and eatable. (D

11. CARUM, CARAWAY, &c. (Name perhaps from the country, Ca?-/a.)
§ 1. True Caraway, with finely pinnately compound leaves, and ichite flowers.
C. Carui, Garden Caraway : cult, from Eu., for the caraway-seed, the

oblong highly aromatic fruit ; stem-leaves with slender but short thread-shaped
divisions,

§ 2. Parsley or Petroselinum, with coarser leaves and greenish flowers.
C. Petroselinum (or Petroselinum sativum), Parsley: cult, from
Eu., especially the curled-leaved state, for the pleasant-flavored foliage, used in
cookery, chiefly the root-leaves, which have ovate and wedge-shaped 3-lobed and
cut-toothed divisions ; fruit ovate. (2)

12. FCENICULUM, FENNEL. (Name from the Latin/r^wm, hay.)
P. VUlg^re, Common F. Cult, from Eu., for the sweet-aromatic foliage

and fruit : stout very smooth herb 4° - 6° high ; leaves with very numerous
and slender thread-shaped divisions ; large umbel with no involucre or involu-
cels ; fruit ^' or J' long, in late summer. 21

13. LEViSTICUM, LOVAGE. (Ancient Latin name.) One species.
L. officinale, Garden L. Cult, in old gardens, from Eu. : a tall, very

smooth, sweet aromatic herb, with large tcrnatcly or pinnately decompound
leaves, coarse wedge-oblong and cut or lobed leaflets, a thick root, and small
many-flowered umbels. 2/

14. ARCH ANGELIC A. (Genus established on a species of Angelica.)
Fl. summer. 2/

A. atropurptirea, Ghkat A. Moist deep soil N. : strong-scented,
smooth, with very stout dark-jnirple stem 3° - 6° high, large leaves tcrnatcly
compound, and the divisions with 5-7 pinnate leaflets, which are ovate and

166 GINSENG FAMILY.

ctit-serrate ; petioles with large inflated membranaceous base ; flowers greenish-
white ; fruit smooth and thin-winged.

A. hirsilta. Dry ground, commoner S. : stem 2° - 5° high, rather slen-
der, downy at top, as are the umbels and broadly winged fruits ; leaflets thick-
ish, ovate-oblong, serrate ; flowers bright white.

15. HERACLJSUM, COW-PARSNIP. (Named after Hercules.) Fl.
summer. 21,

H. lan^tum, Downy C, wrongly called Masterwort. Damp rich
ground N. : very stout, 4° - 8° high, woolly-hairy when young, unpleasantly
strong-scented, with large cut and toothed or lobed leaflets, some of them heart-
shaped at base, and broad umbels with white flowers and large fruits.

16. PASTIN AC A, PARSNIP. (Latin name, from pasfws, food.)

P. satlva, Common P. Run wild in low meadows, and then rather
poisonous, cult, from Eu. for the esculent strong-scented root : tall, smooth,
with grooved stem, coarse and cut-toothed or lobed leaflets, and umbels of small

yellow flowers. @

55. ARALIACE^, GINSENG FAMILY.

Like the foregoing family, but often shrubs or trees, usually more
than two styles and cells to the ovary and fruit, the latter a berry
or drupe. Besides a few choice and uncommon shrubby house-
plants, represented only by the two following genera. The flowers
in both are more or less polygamous, and the lobes or margin of
the calyx very short or none. Petals and stamens 5.

1. ARALIA. Flowers in simple or panicled umbels, white or greenish: the petals

lightly overlapping in the bud. Styles 2 - 5, separate to the base, except in
sterile flowers. Leaves compound or decompound. Root, bark, fruit, &c.
warm-aromatic or pungent.

2. HEDEKA. Flowers in panicled or clustered umbels, greenish : petals valvate

in the bud. Ovary 6-celled: the 5 styles luiited into a conical column.
Leaves simple, palmately 3-5-lobed or angled. Woody stems climbing by
rootlets.

1. ARABIA. (Derivation obscure : said to be a Canadian name under
which a species was sent from Quebec to the Garden of Plants at Paris.) ^Ji

§ 1. Wild S ars apart lt.a, &c. Flowers perfect or pohjfjamous with both fertile
and sterile on the same plant : umbels more than one : fruit black or dark
purple, spicy : seeds or cells and styles .5.

# Large and leafy -stemmed, loith very compound leaver sometimes 2° or 3° across,

and loith many umbels in a large compound panicle : fl. in summe?-. ^

A. spin6sa, Angelica Tree, Hercules' Club. River-banks from
Penn. S.,'and planted : a shrub or low tree, of peculiar aspect, the simple stout
trunk rising 6° - 20° high and beset with prickles, bearing immense leaves with
ovate serrate leaflets, and corymbed or panicled umbels.

A. racemdsa, Spikenard. Woodlands in rich soil, with herbaceous
stems 3° - .5° high from a thick aromatic root, not prickly, widely spreading
branches, heart-ovate leaflets doubly serrate and slightly downy, and racemed-
panicled-umbcls. ,

* * Smaller : short stems scarcely ivocfdy at base : few umbels : fl. early summer.
A. hispida, Bristly Sarsaparilla. Rocky places : bristly stems 1° -

2° high, leafy below, naked and bearing corymbed umbels above ; leaves twice
pinnate, the leaflets oblong-ovate and cut-toothed.

A. nudicatllis, Common Wild S. Low ground: the aromatic horizontal
slender roots running 3°- .5° long, used as a substitute for officinal Sarsaparilla ;
the smooth proper stem rising only 2' - 4' inches, bearing a single long-stalked

DOGWOOD FAVILT. 167

leaf of 5 ovate or oval serrate leaflets on each of the 3 divisions of the petiole,
and a short peduncle with 2-7 umbels.

§ 2. Ginseng. Sterile and feHile flowers on separate simple-stemmed plants, in
a single slender-stalked umbel, below it a simjle whorl of digitate leaves:
styles and cells of the fruit 2 or 3.

A. quinquefblia, Ginseng. Rich woods N. : root spindle-shaped, warm-
aromatic, 4' -9' long; stem 1° high; leaflets .5 at the end of each of the 3
petioles, slender-stalked, thin, obovate-oblong, pointed, serrate ; fl. in summer ;
fruit red.

A. trif61ia, Dwarf G. or Ground-nut. Low woods, N. : 4' -8' high
from a deep globular pungent-tasted root ; leaflets 3 or sometimes 5 sessile on
the end of each of the 3 petioles, narrow-oblong and obtuse : fl. in spring ; fruit
orange-yellow.

2. HEDERA, IVY. (The ancient Latin name.) Fl. late summer.

H. H61ix, True or English Ivy, from Europe. Woody climber, with
evergreen glossy rounded heart-shaped or kidney-shaped and 3-lobed or 3-angled
leaves, or in some varieties more deeply 3 - 7-clcft, yellowish-green flowers, and
blackish berries ; covers shaded walls, '&c., adhering by its rootlets, but scarcely
stands far N. without some protection.

56. CORNACE^, DOGWOOD FAMILY.

Shrubs, trees, or one or two mere herbs, with simple leaves, small
jflowers, calyx-tube in the perfect or pistillate ones coherent with the
surface of the 1 - 2-celled ovary, which is crowned with the small
calyx-teeth or minute cup, bearing the petals (valvate in the bud)
and stamens of the same number : style and stigma single : ovule
and seed solitary in the cells, hanging from the summit: fruit a
small drupe or berry.

Garrya elliptica, a ^singular Californian shrub, with thick op-
posite leaves, and dioecious greenish flowers in hanging catkin-like
spikes, is rarely cultivated or planted.

1. CORNUS. Flowers perfect, in cymes, close clusters, or heads (with or with-
"* out a corolla-like involucre). 'Minute teeth of the calyx, petals, and sta-
mens 4. Style slender: stigma terminal. Beny-like little drupe with a
2-celled 2-seeded stone. Leaves entire, opposite except in one species,
deciduous. Bark very bitter, tonic.

2. AUCUBA. Flowers dioecious, dull purple, in axillary panicles. Teeth or lobes

of the calyx and petals 4. Stamens in the sterile* flowers 4, with short fila-
ments and oblong anthers. Fertile flowers with a 1 celled ovary, becoming
an oblong red berry in fruit: style short: stigma capitate. Leaves opposite,
coriaceous and glossy, evergreen, smooth, more or less toothed.

3. NYSSA. Flowers polvgamous or dioecious, greenish, crowded or clustered on

the summit of an axillary peduncle, the sterile ones numerous, the fertile
2-8 in a bracted cluster, or rarely solitary. Calyx of 5 or more lobes
or teeth. Petals small and narrow, or minute, or none. Style slender or
awl-shaped, bearing a stigma down the whole length of one side, revolute.
Ovary and stone of the drupe 1-celled and 1-seeded. Trees, with deciduous
alternate lenves, often crowded on the end of the branchiets, either entire,
angled, or few-toothed.

1. CdRNUS, CORNEL or DOGWOOD. (Name from cornu, horn, from
the hardness of the wood.) Fl. late spring and early summer.

§ 1. Flotvers greenish, crowded in a head or close cluster, ichirh is surrounded bu
a showg corolla-like {white or rarely pinkish) 4-leaved involucre: fruit
bright red.

C. Canadensis, Dwarf Cornkl, Buxcii-bekry. Damp woods N. :
a low herb, the stems springing from creeping slender subterranean shoots

168 DOG^fTOOD FAMILY.

which are slightly woody, bearing 4-6 ovate or oral leaves at the summit, as
if in a whorl, below the stalked flower-head ; petal-like leaves of the involucre
ovate ; fruits globular, in a cluster, rather eatable.

C. fl6rida, Flowering Dogwood. Rocky woods, also planted for orna-
ment: tree 12° -30° high, with ovate pointed leaves, petal-like leaves of the
involucre (l^'long) obcordate or obovate and notched, and oval fruits in a
head. According to common tradition flowering just at the proper time for
planting Indian Corn.

§ 2. Flowers yellow {earlier than the leaves), in a small umbel, surrounded by

a small and dull-colored involucre of 4 scales : fruit bright red.
C. Mas. Sparingly planted from Eu. : a tall shrub or low tree, with oval
pointed leaves and handsome oblong fruit, the pulp eatable and pleasantly acid.

§ 3. Flowers white in open and flat cymes, without involucre, in early summer:
fruit small, globular, not eatable, blue, or white, in an exotic species black.
* Branches of the previous year red or purple, especially in spring.
C. sanguinea, European Rkd-Osier D. Sometimes planted from Eu. :
erect, with ovate leaves rather downy beneath, and black or dark purple fruit.

C. Stolonifera, Wild Red-Osier D. Shrub 3° -6° high, in wet places
N., spreading by prostrate or subterranean running shoots, smooth, witli ovate
abruptly pointed leaves roughish both sides and whitish beneath, small cymes,
and white or lead-colored fruit.

C. sericea, Silky D. or Kinnikinnik (the dry bark smoked by the In-
dians W.) : in wet places, has dull red branches, the shoots, cymes, and lower
face of the narrow ovate or oblong pointed leaves silky -downy ; fruit bluish.
* * Branches brownish or gray.

C. asperif61ia, Rough-leaved D. Dry soil from Illinois S. : shrub
3° -5° high, with branches and small oblong or ovate leaves pubescent, upper
face of the latter rough, the lower downy ; cymes small and flat ; fruit bluish.

C. Strieta, Stiff D. Wet grounds S! : shrub 8° -15° high, with ovate
or lance-ovate taper-pointed leaves smooth and green both sides, loose flat
cymes, and pale blue fruit.

C. paniculata, Panicled D. Moist grounds, common N. : shrub 3° -8°
high, much branched, smooth, with ash-colorcd bark, lancc-ovatc pointed leaves
acute at base and whitish beneath, and proportionally large and numerous con-
vex cymes, often panicled ; fruit white.

* * * Branches green streaked with brownish or whitish.

C. eircin^ta, Round-leaved D. Wooded hillsides, &c. : shrub 3° -10°
high, with warty-dotted branches, pretty large round-oval and short-pointed
leaves downy beneath, small flat cymes, and light blue fruit.

C. alternifblia, Alternate-leaved D. Hillsides and banks of streams :
shrub or tree 8° - 25° high, with streaked alternate and spreading branches,
ovate or oblong taper-pointed leaves acute at base and only minutely pubescent
beneath, mostly alternate, but crowded at the end of the branches ; cymes large
and flat, very open ; fruit bright blue on reddish stalks.

2. AXTCUBA. The Japanese name of the species commonly cultivated as
a house-plant, viz.

A. Jap6llica. Shrub, with large ovate-oblong leaves bright green and
usually marbled with yellow, the flowers inconspicuous, but the red berries
when formed handsome.

3. NYSSA, TUPELO, PEPPERIDGE, SOUR GUM-TREE. (The
Greek name of a Nymph, of no very obvious application to these trees.^
El. spring. Fruit acid.

* Sterile flowers in loose clusters : fruit blue, not eatable.

N. multifldra, Common Tupelo or Sour Gum, in rich woods, N. & S. :
tree 30° - 50° high, with horizontal branches and Beech-like spray, ovate or
obovate leaves entire and smooth or glossy when old, fertile flowers 3 - 8 on the

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 169

slender peduncle, and dark blue oval fruit ^' long. Wood tough, hard to split.
Leaves changing to bright crimson in autumn.

N. aqua,tiGa, Water Tupelo, of the S., in pine-barren swamps ; with
smaller leaves than in the preceding (l'-2' long) and varying from lance-oblong
to roundish, short peduncles, the fertile 1 - 2-flowered, and smaller oval fruit.

N. unifldra, Large Tupelo ; in water, from Virg. and Kentucky S. :
large tree, with leaves ovate or oblong, acute, often with a few sharp teeth,
4' - 6' long, on slender petioles, downy beneath ; fertile peduncles long and
1 -flowered ; fi'uit oblong, about 1' long. Wood soft : roots very spongy, used
for corks,

* * Sterile flowers in a head: oblong fruit red and eatable.

N. capitata, Ogeechee Lime ; so called from the acid fruit (1' or more
long) : in swamps far S. : a small tree, with oblong or obovate leaves (3' -5'
long) downy beneath ; fertile flowers solitary on very short peduncles.

IL MONOPETALOUS DIVISION. Includes the orders of
this class which have both calyx and corolla, and the latter in one
piece, that is, the petals united more or less into one body.

57. CAPRIPOLIACE^, HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.

Slirubs, or rarely herbs, with calyx adherent to the 2 - 5-celled
ovary (the teeth or limb above it sometimes nearly obsolete or ob-
scure), stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla (or in Linnaea
one fewer) and borne on its tube, and opposite leaves without
stipules. Yet in some species of Viburnum there are little append-
ages imitating stipules on the base of the petiole. Seeds with a
small embryo in fleshy albumen.

§ 1. Perennial herbs, with bell-shaped or tubular corolla, prominent awl-shaped or
linear lobes to the calyx, and a slender style tipped with a capitate stigma.

1. LINNiEA. A pair of flowers nodding on the summit of a slender scape-like

peduncle. Corolla narrow bell-shaped, with 5 almost equal rounded lobes.
Stamens 4, two of them shorter. Ovary and small pod 3-celled, but perfect-
in": a seed in only one cell. Creeping evergreen herb.

2. TRIUSTEUM. Flowers sessile in the axils of the leaves, single or in a cluster.

Corolla oblong-tubular, with 5 short almost equal lobes, scarcely longer than
the leaf-like lobes of the calyx. Stamens 5, equal. Fruit fleshy, orange or
red. crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes, containing 3 bony seeds or
rather nutlets. Erect and coarse leafy herbs; their leaves narrowed at base,
but united around the simple stem.

§ 2. Shrubby, with tubular or bell-shaped corolla, slender style, and capitate stigma.
* Teeth of the calyx very short on the 2 - ^-celled ovary : fruit a berry : leaves simple,
entire, or rarely ivavy or lobed on some vigorous young shouts.

3. SYMPHORICARPUS. Flowers small, in close clusters or interrupted spikes.

Corolla bell-shaped, with 4 or 5 equal roundish lobes and as many short
stamens in the throat. Ovary 4-celied, but the berry only 2-seeded, two cells
being empty. Low upright shrubs, with oval short-petioled leaves.

4. LONICERA.' Corolla tulnilar, funnel-form, or oblong, more or less irregular,

being gibbous or bulging on one side at base, and the 5 lobes not all alike, but
in one species nearl v so. Stamens 5. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, becoming a sev-
eral-seeded berry. Twining or upright shrubs.
« » Teeth or lobes of the calyx slender, on the summit of the slender or taper-pointed
ovary, which becomes 'a viany-seeded 2-valved pod : leaves simple, serrate.

5. DIER VILLA. Corolla funnel-form, almost regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5.

Ovary narrow, sometimes linear and stalk-like. Low upright shrubs, with
flowers in terminal or axillary loose clusters or cymes.

170 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.

§ 3. Shrubs or some low trees, with small fiowers in broad cymes, shoi't and widely
open deeply b-lobed regular corolla, 1-3 sessile stiijmns, and berry-like fruit,
containing 1-3 seeds or ratlwr seed-like stunts. Odyx-teeth on the ovary very
short or obscure : stamens 5.

6. VIBURNUM. Leuves simple. Fruit containing a single flat or flattish stone.

7. SAMBUCUS Leaves pinnate, and the oblong or lanceolate leaflets serrate.

Fruit containing 3 seeds or ratiier small seed-like stones.

1. LINN^A, TVv'IN-FLOWER. (Named for Linnctus.) Only one
species,

L. boreklis. Mossy woods and cold bogs N. : creeping stems bearing
round-oval and sparingly crcnate somewhat hairy small leaves, and in early
summer the sweet-scented flowers ; corolla purple and whitish, hairy inside.

2. TRIOSTEUM, FEVERWORT, HORSE-GENTIAN. (Greek for
three bones, from the 3 bony seeds or rather stones.) The root has been used
in medicine, and the seeds for cotFee. In rich soil : fl. early summer.

T. perfoli^tum, the common species, is softly hairy, 2° - 4° high, with
oval leaves abruptly narrowed at base, and brownish-purple flowers.

T. angustifdlium, chiefly S., a smaller and bristly-hairy plant, with nar-
rower lanceolate leaves more tapering at base, and greenish or cream-colored
flowers.

3. SYMPHORICARPUS. (Name from the Greek, denotes crowded
fruits.) Wild on rocky banks, especially W. & S., and cult, for the orna-
mental insipid berries. Flowers white or slightly rose-color, produced all
summer.

S. racemdsus, Snowberry. Clusters of flowers in interrupted leafy
spikes (rather than racemes) terminating the branches; berries snow-white, in
autumn. Common in gardens.

S. vulgaris, CoiiAL-uEURY, Indian Currant. Short clusters of flowers
in the axils of most of the leaves ; berries small, dark red.

4. LONIC3RA, HONEYSUCKLE, WOODBINE. (Named for an old
German herbalist, Lonitzer, latinized Loniceras.)

§ 1. True Honeysuckles, with twining stems {in one wild species slightly so).

* Corolla with very long tube and 5 short almost regular lobes.
L. S9mp6rvirens, Trumpet H. Wild from New York S., and com-
monly cult. Leaves evergreen (as the name denotes) only at the S., thickish,
pale beneath, the lower oblong, the uppermost pairs united round the stem ;
flowers scentless, in spiked whorls, 2' long, scarlet with yellow inside (also
a yellow variety), produced all summer; berries red.

* * Corolla strongly 2-lipped ; lower lip narrow, up>)er one broad and 4-lobed.
-t- The 2 to 4 uppermost pairs of leaves united round the stem in the form of an oval
or rounded disk or shaUoio cup, the flowers sesfiile in their axils, or partly in
leafless spiked ivhorls h yond : berries red or orange.
++ European Honeysuckles, cultivated for ornament : flowers purple and white or
turning yellowish inside, sweet-scented, in summer.

L. Caprifblium, Common European H., has leaves smooth on both
sides, and flowers usually only in early summer.

L. Etriisea, Italian or Perpetual H., has the leaAcs downy beneath
and blunter, and flowers through the summer.

++ ++ Wild species, loith flowers smooth and nearly scrntless, except the first species,
in late spring or early summer: leaves smooth {except one variety) and
glaucous or whitish beneath.

L. gr^ta, Sweet Wild H. Wild in Middle States and S., sometimes
cult. : leaves obovate ; corolla white with a pink or purple slender tube, fading
yellowish, fragrant.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 171

L. fl&va, Yellow H. Wild N. W. and along the Alleghanies ; low-
climbing ; the broad and thickish leaves very white-glaucous both sides ; flowers
light yellow.

L. parvifl6ra, Small H. Low and bushy, with oblong leaves green
above, but very white-glaucous beneath; the corolla (less than 1' long) strongly
gibl)Ous at base, greenish-yellow or whitish and tinged with ];urple : in the var.
Douglasii, found only N. W., nearly crimson, and the grecQcr leaves downy
beneath or ciliate.

4H. ++ ++ Wild species with clammy -pubescent orange-colored flovjns.

L. hirstlta, Hairy H. Moist or rocky grounds N. & W. : with oval and
large dull green leaves, the lower face and branches downy-hairy.

■I- -t- Leaves all separate and short-petiokd, not glaucous, pubescent : flowers in
pairs on axillary peduncles.

L. Jap6niea (commonly so called, L. confusa, DC), Japax or Chinese H.
Commonly cult. ; the slender downy stems twining freely, with oval dull green
leaves, and flowers very fragrant at evening ; corolla deeply 2-lipped, reddish
outside, white inside turning yellow.

§ 2. Fly-Honeysuckles, upright or straggling bushes, never twinina, with

leaves all distinct to the base, and a pair of floivers on the summit of an

axillary^peduncle, the tivo berries sometimes united into one.

* Four large leafy bracts surrounding two cylindrical {I' long) ydlowish flowers.

L. involuerkta. Wild from Lake Superior to California, and sparingly

planted : shrub 2° - 5° high, downy when young, with ovate or oblong leaves

3' - 5' long, on short petioles, clammy flowers, and berries quite separate.

* * The two or four bracts under the ovaries small or minute.

•<- Planted for ornament from Europe : flowers rose or pink-red, profuse and showy.

L. Tartarica, Tartarian H. Much-branched shnib .5° - 8° high, smooth,
with oval heart-shaped leaves, short corolla, and red berries uniting at base as
they ripen : fl. spring.

-I- -f- Wild species, in moist cold woods or bogs N. : flowers

L. ciliata, Early Fly-H, Straggling, 3° - 5° high, with oval or oblong
and partly heart-shaped leaves thin and downy beneath when young, slender
peduncles, honey-yellow corolla (^' long) with short nearly equal lobes and very
unequal-sided base, and separate red berries : fl. early spring.

L. oblongifdlia, Swamp F. Upright, 2° - 5° high, with oblong leaves,
long and slender peduncles, deeply 2-lipped corolla (^' long) in early summer,
and purple berries.

L. eserillear Mountain F., the rarest species, l°-2° high, with oval
leaves, very short peduncle, moderately 5-lobed corolla, and two ovaries united
to form one blue berry.

5. DIERVILLA, BUSH-HONEYSUCKLE. (Named for one Dierville,
who took the common species from Canada to France.)

* Wild species, on rocks and hills, with pale or honey-yellow and slender funnel-

form corolla, not shounj, and oblong pod.

D. triflda, Common B. ; everywhere N., l°-4° high, with oblong-ovate
taper-pointed leaves on distinct petioles, mostly 3-flowered peduncles, and slen-
der pointed pods : fl. all summer.

D. sessilif61ia, only along the Alleghanies S., has lance-ovate sessile
leaves, many-flowered peduncles, and short-pointed pods : fl. summer.

* * Planted for ornament from Japan and China ; the shoioy rose-colored corolla

broadly funnel form with an abruptly narroivtd base, very sUnder stalk-like
ovary and linear pod.
D. Jap6niea. Shrub 2° - 5° high, loaded with the handsome flowers in
late spring; corolla 1' or more long; leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed.

J

172 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.

6. VIBURNUM, ARROW-WOOD, &c. (Ancient Latin name, of un-
certain meaning.) Flowers white, or nearly so, in spring or early summer:
fruit ripe in autumn,

§ 1 . FLoivers all alike, small, and perfect.
* Cult, or planted from S. Europe, with evergreen smooth entire leaves.

V. Tinus, 'Laurestinus. Not hardy N., but a common house-plant,
winter-flowering, or planted out in summer ; leaves oblong ; fruit dark purple.

* * Wild species, some occasionalli/ planted: leaves deciduous, at least N.

•*- Leaves not lobed nor coarsely toothed, smooth or with some minute scurf: fruit
black or with a bluish bloom.

++ Leaves glossy , finely and evenly serrate with very sharp teith.
V. Lentigo, Sheep-berry. Tree 15°- 30° high, common in moist
grounds, chicHy N. ; leaves ovate, conspicuously pointed, on long margined
petioles ; cyme broad, sessile ; fruit oval, ^' or more long, sweet, eatable.

V. prunif61iuin, Black Ha>v. Dry soil, from Conn, to 111. and S. :
hardly so tall as the preceding, with smaller and oval mostly blunt leaves.
++ ++ Leaves entire or with a few wavy or crenate small teeth, thickish.

V. obov^um. Along streams from Virginia S. : slirub with obovate
leaves seldom over 1' long, and small sessile cymes.

V. ntldum, Withe-rod. Swamps, from New England to Florida ; with
leaves oval, oblong, or almost lanceolate, not glossy ; cyme on a peduncle ; fruit
roundish.

•t- -I- Leaves coarsely toothed, strongly featht-r-veined, the veins prominently marked,
straight and simple or nearly so : fruit smelt : cyme ped uncled.

V. dent^tum. Arrow-wood (the steins having been used by the Indians
to make arrows). Common in Avet soil, .5°- 10° high, smooth, with ash-colored
bark, ])ale and broadly ovate evenly sharp-toothed leaves, on slender petioles,
and bright blue fruit.

V. m611e, Soft A. From Kentucky S., soft-downy, with less sharply
toothed oval or obovate leaves, on slender petioles, and blue oily fruit.

V. pub^SCens, Downy A. Rocky grounds, N. & W. ; a low and strag-
gling shrub, with ovate or oblong and acute or taper-pointed leaves, having
rather few coarse teeth, their lower surface and the very short petioles soft-do\vny ;
fruit dark purple.

■•--*- H- Leaves lx)th coarsely toothed and somewhat 3-lobed, roundish, 3 - 5-ribbed
from the base and veiny : cymes slender-peduncled, small : fruit red.

V. acerifdlium, Maple-leaved A. or Dockmackie. Shrub 3° -6°
high, in rocky woods, with 3-ribbed and 3-iobed leaves soft-downy beneath, their
pointed lobes diverging ; stamens slender.

V. paucifldrum. Cold woods, only fixr N. or on mountains ; with almost
smooth leaves 5-ribbed at base and 3-lobed at summit ; cyme few-flowered ;
fruit sour.

§ 2. Flowers round the margin of the cyme neutral {without stamens or pistils) and
very much larger titan the fei tile ones, Hydiangea-like and showy : ptlioUs
bearing evident appendages which imitate stipules : fruit red, sour.

V. Opulus, Cranberry-tree. Tall and nearly smooth shrub, with gray
bark, scaly buds, 3 - 5-ribbed and strongly 3-lobed leaves, the lobes pointed and
commonly few-toothed, and cymes peduncled. The wild form in low grounds
N. & E. ; the juicy acid fruit bright red, used as a substitute for cranberries
(whence the name of High Cranberry-bush). The long-cultivated form
from Europe, planted for ornament, under the name of Guelder Rose or
Snowball-tree, has most of the flowers of the cyme changed into enlarged
corollas.

V. lantanoides, Hobble-bush (popular name from the straggling or
reclining branches taking root at the end, and forming loops ; the botanical
name because the leaves resemble the V. LantXna x)r Wayfaring-teee of

MADDER FAMILY. 173

Europe, occasionally planted (but that has no enlarged neutral flowers) : cold
moist woods N., with naked buds, large round-ovate leaves heart-shaped at base
and abruptly pointed at the apex, closely serrate, and pinnately many-veined,
the veins anil netted veinlets prominent underneath and covered, like the stalks
and branchlets, with rusty scurf ; cymes showy, very broad, sessile ; fruit not
eatable, coral-red turning crimson.

7. SAMBIJCUS, ELDER. (From Greek name of an ancient musical in-
strument, supposed to have been made of Elder stalks.)
S. Canadensis, Common or Black-berried Elder. Alluvial soil,

fence-rows, &c. Stems woody only towards the base, 5° -6° high, with white

pith, 7-11 oblong smooth or smoothish leaflets, the lowermost often 3-parted;

flat cymes in early summer, and small black-purple fruit.

S. pdbens, Red-berkikd E. Rocky woods chiefly N., with more woody

stems and warty bark, yellow-brown ])ith, fewer and more lanceolate leaflets

downy underneath, panicle-like or convex cymes, in spring, followed by bright

red berries.

58. RUBIACE.^, MADDER FAMILY.

Like the preceding family, but with stipules between the opposite
(or sometimes ternately whorled) entire leaves, or else (in the true
Madder Family) the leaves whorled without stipules. An immense
family in the tropics, and here represented by several wild and a
few commonly cultivated species. (The commonest in choice con-
servatories, not here described, are Burchellia Capensis, a shrub
with a head of orange-scarlet flowers, the corolla almost club-shaped;
Manettia cordifolta, a twiner with ovate somewhat heart-
shaped leaves, and long tubular somewhat 4-sided scarlet corollas,
or M. BfcoLOR, with lanceolate leaves, and corolla red toward the
base, yellow toward the summit ; Pentas carnea, with ovate-
oblong hairy leaves, and terminal cyme of handsome flowers, with
salver-form flesh- colored corolla, hairy in the enlarged throat and
5-lobed.)

L MADDER FAMILY proper. Leaves in whorls, without
stipules. Ovary 2-celled, forming a small and twin, fleshy or berry-
like, or else dry and sometimes bur-like, 2-seeded fruit. Calyx above
the ovary obsolete.

> 1. RUBIA. Like the next, but the divisions of the corolla and the stamens 5.
Fruit berry-like.
2. GALIUM. Flowers small or minute, mostly in clusters, with a wheel-shaped
4-parted (or sometimes 3-parted) corolla, and as many short stamens.
Styles 2. Slender herbs, with square stems, their angles and the edges of the
leaves often rough or almost prickly.

II. CINCHONA FAMILY, &c. Leaves opposite, or some-
times in threes or fours, and with stipules.

§ 1. Only a single ovule and seed in each cell.

* Low herbs, with narrow funnel- form or salver-form corolla, its lobes {valvule in the
bud) and the stamens 4.

8. DIODIA. Flowers sessile in the axils of the narrow leaves. Stipules sheath-
ing, dry, fringed with long bristles. Ovary 2-celled, in fruit splitting into
2 hard and dry closed nutlets.

/

s)

174 MADDER FAMILY.

4. MITCHELL A. Flowers in pairs at the end of branches, the two ovaries united

into one, which in fruit forms a '2-eyed scarlet berry. Corolla densely white-
bearded inside, white or purplish-tinged outside. Style 1 : stigmas 4, slender.
Seeds, or i-ather httle stones, 4 to each of the two flowers. Stipules small,
not fringed.

* * Shrubs or small trees : . lobes of the corolla overlapping in the hud.

5. CEPHALANTHUS. Flowers many and small, crowded in a close round head

raised on a peduncle. Calyx 4-t6othed. Corolla tubular with 4 very short
lobes. Stamens 4. Style 'long and much protruded,tipped with a capitate
stigma. Fruit small, dry and hard, inversely pyramidal, at length splitting
into 2 or 4 closed one-seeded portions.

6. COFFEA. Flowers in small clusters in the axils of the leaves. Calyx 4-5-

toothed. Corolla with a short tube and 4 or 5 spreading lobes of about the
same length. Stamens 4 or 5, with linear-oblong anthers. Style bearing
2 slender stigmas. Ovary 2-celled, becoming a small berry, containing 2 hard
plano-convex seeds with a groove down the face {coffee), enclosed in a loose
parchment-like hull.

§ 2. Several or many ovules and seeds in each cell oj" the ovary and fruit.
* Shrubs or low trees, all except the first exotic house-plants.

7. PINCKNEYA. Flowers in a terminal compound cyme. Calyx with 5 lobes,

4 of them small and lanceolate, the fifth often transformed into a largo bright
rose-colored leaf! Corolla hairy, with a slender tube and 5 oblong-linear
recurving lobes. Stamens 5, protruding. Fruit a globular 2-celled pod, filled
with very many thin-winged seeds.

8. GARDENIA. Flowers solitary at the end of the branches or nearly so, large,

very fragrant. Calyx with" 5 or more somewhat leaf-like lobes. Corolla
funnel-shaped or salver-shaped, with 5 or more spreading lo<l»es convolute in
the bud, and as many linear anthers sessile in its thro;it. Style 1: stigma
of 2 thick lobes. Fruit fleshy, surmounted by the calyx-lobes," ribbed down
the sides, many-seeded.

9. BOUVARDIA. 'Flowers in clusters at the end of the branches. Calyx with

4 slender lobes. Corolla with a long and slender or somewhat trumpet-shaped
tube, and 4 short spreading lobes, valvate in the bud. Anthers 4, almost
sessile in the throat. Style 1 : stigma of 2 flat lips. Pod small, globular,
2-celIed. Seeds wing-margined.

* « Low, native herbs.

10. HOUSTONIA. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, the 4 lobes valvate in the
bud. Stamens 4. Style 1 : stigmas 2. Pod short, 2-celled, the upper part
rising more or less free from the 4-lobed calyx, opening across the top, and
ripening rather few saucer-shaped or thimbel-shaped pitted seeds in each cell.
Stipules short and entire, sometimes a mere margin connecting the bases of
the opposite leaves.

1. RITBIA, MADDER. (Name from Latin ruber, red, alludes to the red
roots, which furnish the well-known red dye.)

B,. tinctbria, Common or Dyers' M. Cult, from Eu. for the red roots,
branchinrj from the ground, 1 ° - 2° high, with angles of the stems and edges of
tlio lancc-oblong or oblanccolate leaves (mostly in sixes) very rough ; flowers
greenish, in summer ; hcny black. 11

2. GALIUM, BED STRAW or CLEAVERS. (Name from Greek for
milk, which some spocics in Europe were used to curdle.) Fl. summer.
The following all wild species. Several have a red root like that of
Madder.

§ 1. Fruit a Hack berry, like that of Madder: hut the parts of the white flower
are onlij 4. Onlij in Southern States, in dry sandy soil. IJ.

G. hispiduluni. Spreading stems l°-2° long; leaves in fours, ^' or
les ; in length, lancc-ovate ; peduncle 1 - 3-flowercd ; berry roughish.

G. uniflbruni. Smooth, slender, l°high; leaves linear ; flowers mostly

solltaiy.

MADDER FAMILY. ' 175

§ 2. Fruit dry when ripe, small.
« Smooth : leaves with strong midrib but no side ribs or nerves : flowers white,

loosely clustered at the end of spreadimj Lranches.
G. asprellum, Rough Bedstkaw. Low thickets : 3° - 5° high, as it
were clinibing, the backwardly prickly-roughened angles of the stem and edges
and midrib of the lance-oblong pointed leaves adhering to contiguous plants ;
leaves in whorls of 6 on the stem and of 4 or 5 on the branchlets : flowers
numerous.

G. trifldum, Small B. Swamps and low grounds, 6' - 2° high, roughi.'^h
or sometimes nearly smooth ; leaves varying from linear to oblong, 4 - 6 in the
whorls ; flowers rather few, their parts often 3.

* * Fruit smooth or stightUj bristly : leaves 3-ne7-ved : flowers white, in a narrow

ana iong terminal panicle, y.
G. boreMe, Northern B. Rocky banks of streams N. ; l°-2° high,
smooth, erect, with lance-linear leaves in fours.

* * * Fruit a little bur, being covered loith hooked prickles.
•1- Leaves mostly 6 or 8 in a whorl, with midrib and no side nerves : flowers whitish
or greenish : stems reclining or prostrate, bristly-rough backwards on the angles.

G. Aparine, Cleavers or Goose-Grass. Low grounds : leaves in
eights, lanceolate, rough-edged, 1 ' - 2' long ; peduncles axillary, 1 - 2-flowered ;
fruit large. ®

G. trifldrum, Sweet-scented Bedstraw. Woodlands, especially N. ;
leaves mostly in sixes, lance-oblong, bristle-pointed ; peduncles terminating the
branches, 3-iiowered. Sweet-scented in drying. ^

■*- ■*- Leaves all in fours, more or less Snerved : flowers not white : stems ascending,
about 1° high, rather simple, not prickly-roughened. "21

G. pil6suni. Commonest S., in dry thickets : leaves oval, dotted, downy,
1' long; flowers brown-purple or cream-colored, all pedicelled, the peduncle
2 - 3-times forked. Var. puncticul6sum is a smooth form S.

G. circaezans, Wild Liquorice, the root being sweetish: common in
thickets ; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, ciliate ; peduncles once forked, their
long branches bearing short-pedicelled dull or brownish flowers along the sides,
the fruit reflexed.

G. lanceol^tum, like the preceding, common N. ; but with lanceolate or
lance-ovate tapering leaves, 2' long.

8. DIODIA, BUTTON- WEED. (Name fron\ Greek for a thoroughfare,

being humble weeds, often growing by the wayside.) El. all summer, white

or whitish.

D. Virginica. Sandy banks from Maryland S. ; with spreading stems
1° - 2° long, broadly lanceolate sessile leaves, salver-shaped corolla ^' long,
2-parted style, and oblong fruit crowned with 2 calyx-tccth. %

D. t6res. Sandy fields from N. Jersey and Illinois S. ; with slender stems
3' - 9' long, linear and rigid leaves, small corolla rather shorter than the long
bristles of the stipules, undivided style, and obovatc little fruit crowned with
the 4 short calyx-teeth. ®

4. MITCHELLA, PARTRIDGE-BERRY. (Named for Dr. J. Mitchell,
who corresponded from Virginia with Linnaeus.) Fl. in early summer. "^
M. ripens, the only species, common in woods ; a little herb, creeping over

the ground, with the small evergreen leaves round-ovate, very smootli and
glossy, bright green, 'sometimes with Avhitish lines, short-petiolcd ; the flowers
pretty and sweet-scented ; the scarlet fruit remaining over winter, eatable, but
dry and almost tasteless.

5. CEPHALANTHTJS, BUTTON-BUSH. (Name from Greek words
for head vaxd flower .) Fl. snmtner and autumn.

C. OCCident^is, the only species, is a tall shrub, common along the bor*

176 MADDER FAMILY.

dcrs of ponds and streams, with lance-oblong- or ovate-pointed leaves, on petioles,
either in pairs or thi'ecs, and with short stipules between them ; the head of
white flowers about 1' in diameter-

6. COPPEA, COFFEE-TREE. (The Arabic name somewhat altered.)
C. Ar^bica, the species which produces Coffee, is a shrub or small tree,

sometimes cult, in conservatories, Avith smootli and glossy oblong leaves, bearing
fragrant white flowers in their axils, followed by the red berries, containing the
pair of seeds.

7. PINCKNEYA, GEORGIA BARK or FEVER-TREE. (Named
by Miciiaux in honor of Gen. Pinckney.)

P. ptlbens, the only species, is a rather downy small tree or shrub, in wet
pine ban-ens, S. Car. to Georgia, with large oval leaves, slender stipules, and
purplish flowers of little beauty, but the great calyx-leaf commonly produced is
striking. This plant is of the same tribe witli the Cinchona or Peruvian
.Bark, and has similar medicinal (tonic) properties. Fl. early summer.

8. GARDENIA, CAPE JESSAMINE. Not an appropriate name, as the
species so called does not belong to the Cape of Good Ho])e. (Named for
Dr. Garden of South Carolina, who corresponded with Linmeus.)

G. fl6rida, Cape Jessamine. A favorite house-plant from China, 2° -4°
high, with smooth and bright-green oblong leaves acute at both ends, large and
showy very fragrant flowers, the white corolla 5 - 9-lobcd, or full double, and
large oblong orange-colored berry 5 - 6-angled and tapering at the base.

9. BOUVARDIA. (Named for Dr. Bouvard, director of the Paris Gar-
den of Plants over a century ago.)

B. triph^lla. Shrubby or half-shrubby house-plants, blossoming through
the winter, and in grounds in summer, from Mexico, Avith ovate or oblong-
ovate smoothish leaves, in threos- or the upper in pairs, and scarlet corolla,
minutely downy outside, nearly 1' long.

B. lei^ntha, now commoner and winter-blooming, has more downy leaves
and smooth deep-scarlet corolla.

10. HOUSTONIA. (Named by Linnaeus for a Dr. Houston, an English
physician, who botanized on the coast of Mexico, where he died early.)

* Delicate little plants, with \-floioered peduncles, flowering from early spr in f) to

summer : corolla salver-form : pod somewliat 2-lobed, its upper half free :
seeds loith a deep hole occupying the face.

H. CSerulea, Common H. or Bluets. Moist banks and grassy places,
3'- 5' high, smooth and slender, erect, Avith oblong or spatulate leaves only 3" or
4" long, very slender peduncle, and light blue, purplish, or almost white and
yellowish-eyed corolla, its tube much longer than the lobes. ©

H. rainima. Dry hills from 111. S. W. : roughish, l'-4' high, at length
m-.ich branched and spreading ; with leaves ovate, spatulate, or the upper linear,
earlier peduncles slender, the rest short, and tube of the purplish corolla not
longer than its lobes and those of the calyx. 0 ;D

H. rotundif61ia. Sandy soil from North Carolina S. : with prostrate and
creeping leafy s'tems, peduncles shorter than the roundish leaves and recurved
in fruit ; corolla white. 2/

* * Erect, leafy-stemmed, 5' - 20' high, with fl,oivers in terminal clusters or cymes,

in summer: corolla funnel -form: seeds rather saucer-shaped. %

H. purptirea. Wooded or rocky banks, commoner W. : smooth or slightly
downy, with ovate or lanceolate 3 - 5-ribbed leaves, pale pui-ple flowers, and
upper ha'f of globular pod free from the calyx.

VALERIAN FAMILY. 177

Var. longif61ia, the common one N. ; slender or low, with 1 -ribbed leaves,

those of the stem varying from lance-oblong to linear.

H. angustiiolia. Dry banks from 111. S. & W., with tnfted erect stems,
narrow-linear and acute 1 -ribbed leaves, crowded short-pedicelicd flowers, lobes
of the white corolla densely bearded inside, and only the top of the obovate pod
rising above the calyx.

59. VALERIANACE^, VALERIAN FAMILY.

Herbs, with opposite leaves, l^o stipules, calyx coherent with' the
ovary, which has only one fertile one-ovuled cell but two abortive or
empty ones, and stamens always fewer than the lobes of the corolla
(1 -3, distinct), and inserted on its tube. Style slender: stigmas
1 — 3. Fruit small and dry, indeliiscent ; the single hanging seed
with a large embryo and no albumen. Flowers small, in clusters
or cymes.

« Lobes of fhe calyx many and slender, but hardly seen when in flower, being rolled
up inwards around the ba^e o/'ihe corolla; in fruit they unroll and appear
as long plumose bristles, resembling ajffippus, like thistle-down,

1. VALERIANA. Corolla with narrow or funnel-form tube usually gibbous at

the base on one side, but not spurred, its 5 spreading lobes almost equal.
Stamens ?. Akene 1-celled, tlie minute empty cells early disappearing.
Root strong-scented.

2. CENTRANTIIUS. Corolla as in the preceding, but with a spur at the base.

Stamen only one.

* # Lobes of the calyx of a few short teeth or mostly hardly any.

8. FEDIA. Corolla funnel-form, with 5 equal or rather unequal spreading lobes.
Stamens mostly 3. Akenc-like fruit with one fertile and two empty cells, or
the latter confluent into one.

1. VALERIANA, VALERIAN. (Name from valere, to be well, alluding
to medical properties, the peculiar-scented root of some species used in medi-
cine.) n. early summer, often dioecious, white or purplish. "^

* Garden species from Europe, producing the medicinal Valerian-root.

V. officinalis, the commonest in gardens, 2° -3° high, a little downy, with
leaves of 11 to 21 lanceolate or oblong cut-toothed leaflets, and rootstocks not
running.

V. Phu, is smoother, with root-leaves simple, stem-leaves of 5 - 7 entire
leaflets or lobes, and rootstock horizontal.

* * Wild species N. and chiefly W. : all rather rare or local.

V. pauciflora. Woodlands, Penn. to Illinois and S. W. ; l°-2° high,
smooth, with thin ovate and heart-shaped toothed root-leaves, stem-leaves of
3-7 ovate leaflets, rather few flowers in the crowded panicled cyme, and long
slender corolla.

V. sylvatica. Cedar swamps from Vermont W. & N. ; with root-leaves
mostly ovate or oblong and entire, stem-leaves with 5-11 lance-oblong or ovate
almost entire leaflets ; corolla funnel-form.

V. 6dulis. Alluvial ground from Ohio W. ; l°-4°hiij:h, with a large
spindle-shaped root (eaten by the Indians W.), thickish leaves mostly from the
root and minutely woolly on the edges, those of the root lanceolate or spatulate,
of the stem cut into 3-7 long and narrow divisions.

2. CENTRANTHUS, SPURRED VALERIAN. (From Greek words
ior spur •M\i\fi>u2er.) El. summer. ^

C. rtlber, Rbd S. or Jupiter's-Beard. Cult, for ornament, from S.
En. : a very smooth rather glaucous herb, 1° - 2° high, with lance-ovate nearly
entire leaves, all the upper ones sessile, and cymes of small flowers in a narrow
panicle, the corolla very slender, ^' long, red, rarely a white variety.
12

o

178 TEASEL FAMILY.

3. PfiDIA, CORN SALAD, LAMB-LETTUCE. (Ori-in of the name
obscure.) Our species are all very much alike in appearance, smooth, with
forkinr^ stems 6' -20' hi<z:h, tender oblong leaves either entire or cut-lobed
towards the base, and small flowers in clusters or close cymes, with leafy
bracts, and a short white or whitish corolla, in early summer. They
belong to the section (by most botanists regarded as a separate genus)
Valerianella. (T) (2)
F. olitbria. Common Corn Salad of Eu., sparingly naturalized in

the Middle States, has fruit broader than long, and a thick corky mass at the

back of the fertile cell.

F. Fagopyrum, from New York W. in low grounds, has ovate-triangular

smooth fruit sh^j^ like a grain of buckwheat when dry (whence the specific

name), the confluent empty cells occupying one angle, and much smaller than

the broad and flat seed.

F. radi^ta, common from Penn. and Michigan S., has fruit mostly downy

and somewhat 4-angled, the parallel narrow empty cells contiguous but with

a deep groove between them.

60. DIPSACE^, TEASEL FAMILY.

Differs from the preceding family by having the flowers strictly
in heads, surrounded by an involucre, as in the next family, — from
which it differs in the separate stamens, hanging seed, &c. All
are natives of the Old World.

1. DIPSACUS. Coarse and stout herbs, with stems and midrib of leaves often
prickly, and the i»eads with rigid prickly-pointed bracts or chaff under each
flower, under the whole a conspicuous leafy involucre. Each Hower more-
over has an involucd in the form of a little calyx-like body enclosing the
ovary and akene. Calyx continued beyond the ovary into a mere truncate
short cup-like border. Corolla slender, with 4 short lobes. Stamens 4.
Style slender.
SCABIOSA. Less coarse, not prickly; the short heads surrounded by a softer
green involucre; a short scale or soft bristle for a bract under each flower.
Corolla funnel-form, 4-5-cleft, oblique or irregular; the outer ones often
enlarged. Stamens 4. Style slender. Involucel enclosing the ovary and
the calyx various.

1. DIPSACUS, TEASEL. (Name from Greek word meaning io thirst ; the
united ba.,cs of the leaves in the common species catch some rain-wat&r.)
n. summer.

D. sylv^stris, Wild T. Run wild along roadsides, 4° -5° high, prickly,
with lance-oblong leaves, the upper ones united round the stem, large oblong
heads, purplish or lilac corollas, and slender-pointed straight chaff under each
flower. @

D. fuUbnum, Fuller's T. Less prickly than the other, with involucre
hardly longer than the floAvcrs, the awn-like tips of the rigid chaff hooked at
tlie end, which makes the teasd useful for carding woollen cloth : cultivated in
fields for this purpose, sometimes escaping into waste places and roadsides. (2)

2. SCABIOSA, SCABIOUS. (From Latin word for scurfy, perhaps from
use of the plants to cure skin-diseases.) Fl. summer. One European species
is commonly cultivated for ornament, viz.

S. atropurptirea, Sweet S., or when with dark purple or crimson
flowers called j^.Iourxtxg Bride ; the flowers are sometimes rose-colored or even
wliitc : plant l°-2° high, with obovate or spatulate and toothed root-leaves,
pinnatcly-parted stem-leaves, the cup or involucel enclosing the ovary 8-grooved,
ealyx proper with 5 long bristles surmounting the akene ; the outer corollas
enlarged. ®

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 179

61. COMPOSIT-aE, COMPOSITE FAMILY.

Herbs, or a very few shrubs, known at once by the " compound
flower," as it was termed by the older botanists, this consisting of
several or many flowers in a head, surroi^ded by a set of" bracts
(formerly likened to a calyx) forming an ifivolacre^ the stamens as
many as the lobes of the corolla (almost ^hvays 5) and inserted on
its tube, their anthers syngenesious^ i. e.junited in a ring or tube
through which the style passes. Calyx with its tuJafc incorporated
with the surface of the ovary, its limb or border (naSed the pappus)
consisting of bristles, either rigid or downy, or of teeth, awns, scales,
&c., or of a cup or crown, or often none at all. Corollas either
tubular, funnel-form, &c. and lobed, or strap-sliaped (ligulate), or
sometimes both sorts in the same head, when the outermost or mar-
ginal row has the strap-shaped corollas, forming rays (which an-
swered to the corolla of the supposed compound flower), the separate
flowers therefore called ray-Jiotcers ; those of the rest of the head, or
disk^ called disk-jiowers. The end of the stalk or branch upon
which the flowers are borne is called the receptacle. The bracts, if
there are any, on the receptacle (one behind each flower) are called
the chaff of the receptacle ; the bracts or leaves of the involucre
outside the flowers are commonly called scales. Style 2-cleft at
the apex. Ovary 1-celled, containing a single ovule, erect from
its base, in fruit becoming an akene. Seed fllled by the embryo
alone. For the flowers and fruit, and the particular terms used in
describing them, see Lessons, p. lOG-108, fig. 219-221, p. 112,
fig. 229, 230 ; p. 130, fig. 291 - 29G.

The largest family of Flowering Plants, generally too difficult for
the beginner ; but most of the common kinds, both wild and culti-
vated, are here briefly sketched. For fuller details as to the wild
ones, with all the species, the student will consult the Manual, and
Chapman's Southern Flora. There are two great divisions which
include all the common kinds.

I. Head with only the outermost flowers strap-shaped, and these
never perfect, i. e. they are either pistillate or neutral, always with-
out stamens, or else with strap-shaped corollas entirely wanting.
Plants destitute of milky or colored juice.

A. No strap-shaped corollas or true rays.

§ 1. Thistles or Thistle-like, the heads icith very many fowers, all alike and mostly
perfect. Branches of the style short or united^ even to the tip. Scales of the
involucre many-ranked^ these or the leaves commonly tipped tcith prickly or
bristly points.

* Pappxis of many hng-plumed bristles: receptacle with bristles between the flowers.

1. CYNARA. Scales of the involucre of the ojeat heads thickened and fleshy

towards the base, commonly notched at the end, with or without a prickle.
Akonos slightly ribbed. Otherwise much as in tlie iiext.

2. CIKSIUM. Scales of tlie involucre not fleshy-thickened, prickly-tipped or

else merely pointed. Akenes llattish, not riblied. Filaments of tho stamens
separate.

180 COMPOSITE FAMILY.

* * Pappus of naked, rough or short-barbed bristles, or none.
■h- Filaments of the stamens united into a tube. Leaves tvhite-varieyated.

3. SILYBUM. Scales of the involucre with the upper part leaf-like and spread-

ing, spiny. Receptacle beset with bristles. Akenes flattened: pappus of
many rather short aud rigid bristles minutely bearded on their edges.

•t--t- Filaments separate.

4. ONOPOiRDON. Heads and flowers as in true Thistles, No. 2. Receptacle naked

and honeycombed. Akenes 4-angled, wrinkled: pappus of many slender
bristles united at base into a horny ring. Stems strongly leaf-winged.

5. LAPPA. Scales of the globular involucre abruptly tipped with a spreading

slender awl-shaped appendage, mostly hooked at its point. Receptacle bristly.
Akenes flattened, Avrinkled:" pappus of many short and rough bristles, their
bases not united, deciduous. Leaves and stalks not prickly.

6. CAKTHAMUS. Outer scales of the involucre leaf-like and spreading, middle

ones with ovate appendage fringed with spiny teeth or little spines, innermost
entire and sharp-pointed. Receptacle beset \vith linear chaff. Akenes very
smooth, 4-ribbed: pappus none. Leaves with rigid or short spiny teeth.

7. CNICUS and 8. CEN TAUREA; see next division.

§ 2. Thistle-like or Scnbioiis-Uke, with many-rnnked imhrirnted urnles to the involucre,
viany-jlowers. and the two branches vf the style united into one Imly almost or
quite to the tip, as in § 1 : but the outer Jimrtrs of the head different from the
rest and sterile, except in a few species of Centdurea. Receptacle beset with
bristles.

7. CNTCUS. Outer flowers smaller than the rest, slender-tubular, sterile. Scales

of the involucre tipped with a long spine-like appendage which is spiny-fringed
down the sides. Akenes siiort-cylindrical, uaany-ribbed and grooved, crowned
with 10 short and horny teeth, within which is' a pappus of 10 long and rigid
and 10 short n:iked bristles. Leaves prickly-toothed.

8. CKNTAUREA. Outer flowers sterile and with corolla larger than the rest.

often funnel-shaped and with long sometimes in-egular lobes, forming a kind
of false ray; but these are wanting in a few species. Involucre various, but
the scales commonly with fringed, sometimes with spiny tips. Akenes flat or
flattish: pappus of several or many bristles or narrow scales, or none.

§ 3. Bur-like oi" achenium-like in the frUit, which is a completely closed involucre
containing only one or two flowers, consisting of a pistil only, with barely i%
rtidimtnt of corolla, therefore vtry different from most plants of the faintly ;
but the staminate flowers are several and in a flat or top-shaped involtccre.
Heads therefore monoecious^ or rarely diascious: no pappus. Coarse and
homely weeds.

9. XANTHIU^L Heads of staminate flowers in shoi-t racemes or spikes, their

involucre of several scales in one row: feitile flowers below them, clustered
in the axils, two together in a 2-celled hooked-prickly bur.

10. AMBROSIA. Heads of staminate flowers in racemes or spikes terminating the

stem or branches, their involucre of sevci-al scales united in flattish or top-
shaped cup; fertile flowers clustered below the staminate, only one enclosed
in each small achenium-likc involucre, which is naked, or with a few tubercles
or sti'ong points near the top in a single row.

§ 4. Plants not thistle-like nor bur-like.

* Two kinds of flowers in the same head, the outer ones with pistils only.

•+- Pappus none or a minute border or cup : no chaff among the flowers : scales of the
involucre dry, often with scarious margins, imbricated. Bitter-aromatic or
rather acrid plants.

11. TANACETUM. Heads of many yellow flowers; the marginal ones with pistil

only and a 3-5-toothed corolla* Akenes angled or ribbed, with a flat top,
crowned with a cup-like toothed or lobed pappus. Very strong-scented
herbs, with heads in a corymb.

12. ARTE]\nSL\. Heads small, of few or many yellow or dull purplish flowers,

some of the marginal ones pistillate and fertile, the others perfect, but some-
times not maturing the ovary. Akenes obovate or club-shaped, small at the
top, destitute of pappus. Bitter-aromatic, and strong-sceuted plants, with
heads in panicles.

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 181

•H- -f- Pappus none nt all to the outer pistillate and fertile flowers, hut of some slender
bristles in the central and perfect yet seldom fi-uit-btaring jlov)ers : scales of
the involucre woolly.

13. FILAGO. Heads small crowded in close clusters, of many inconspicuous

flowers, each fertile pistillate flower in the axil of a thin and dry chaffy scale,
and with a very slender thread-like corolla; the central flowers with a mo^'e
expanded 4 - 5-tootlied corolla. Low herbs, clothed with cottony wool : leaves
entire.

■•-•<-••- Pappus of all thejlowers composed of bristles : no chaff among thejloicers.

14. ERPXHTHITES. Heads of many whitish flowers, Avith a cylindrical involucre

of many naiTow and naked scales in a single row: outer flowers with very
slender corolla: inner with more open tubular corolla. Akenes nan-ow:
pappus of copious very fine and soft naked Avhite hairs. Rank coarse herb.
87. ERIGERON. One species has such short and inconspicuous rays that it may be
looked for here.

15. GNAPHALIU M. Heads of very many whitish or yellowish flowers, siirrounded

by an involucre of many ranks of "dry and white or otherwise colored (not
green) scarious and persistent scales woolly at base; the flowers all fertile,
the outer ones with pistil and very slender corolla, the central ones perfect
and with more expanded 5-toothed corolla. Pappus a row of very slender
and roughish bristles. Cottony herbs.

16. ANTENNARIA. Like Gnaphafium, but the plants nearly or quite dioecious:

the staminate flowers with a simple style, but the ovary sterile, and their
pappus of stouter bristles which are thicliened at the summit and there more
or less barbed or plumed.

* * Only one kind of flowers in the head.
•*- Scales of the involucre dry and papery or scarious, often colored {i. e. not green),
not withering. (Everlastings.)
•w- Many flowers in the head: scales of the involucre in many rank^.

16. ANTENNARL\. Flowers dioecious, in one plant all pistillate, with very slender

coi-oUas and a pappus of long and very fine hair-like miked bristles ; in the other
staminate (with a simple imperfect style), and the pappus of thicker bristles
enlarging and somewhat plumed or barbed at their summit. Leaves and ,
stems cottony.

17. RHODANTHE'. Flowers perfect, Avith open 5-toothed yellowish corollas. In-

volucre (silvery or rose-colored), smooth, obovate or top-shaped. Akenes
Avoolly: pappus of numerous plumose bristles. Leaves and stems smooth
and naked.

18. AMMOBIUM. Flowers perfect, with yellow 5-lobed corollas, surrounded by a

silvery-white involucre. Chaflv' scales on the receptacle among the flowers.
Akenes flattish-4-sided: pappus of 4 teeth, two of them prolonged into a
bristle. Leaves and stems white-cottony, the latter with leaf-like wings.

4-4. ++ Only 3 or i flowers in each head.

19. HUMEA. Flowers perfect, purplish, surrounded by a few dry and scarious

scales of the involucre: no ch:iff on the small receptacle. Akenes smooth:
no pappus. Herbage green, not cottony: the small heads drooping in aa
ample compound panicle.

-t— 1- Scales of the involucre not dry and scarious or papery : flowers all perfect.

H-*- Flowers yellaio, with chaff between them : akenes flat, bearing 2-4 awns m- bristles.

63. BIDENS, and 52. COREOPSIS: a few species have no ray-flowers.

•»-»• ++ Flowers yellow : no chaff: akenes not flat : pappus of copious very soft andflnt
down-like bristles.

80. SENECIO, one or two species which are destitute of ray-flowers.

•M- ++ ++ Flowers not yellow nor orange : no chaff among them.

a. Branches of the style slender and rough all over with minute bristles.

2.0. VERXOXTA. Heads corymbod, with an involucre of many imbricated scales,
and 15 to 30 or more rose-purple flowers. Lobes of the corolla slender. Akenes
cylindrical, several-ribbed: pappus of copious hair-like bristles, suiTounded
at base by an outer set of very short and fine scales or sctde-like bristles.
Leaves alternate.

182 COMPOSITE FAMILY.

b« Branches of the style long and slender or mostly rather club-shaped, smooth or
very minutely puberulent under a lens.

21. LIATRIS. Heads of several or many rose-purple flowers, surrounded by a

more or less imbricated involucre. Lobes of the corolla rather long. Ake'nes
slender, about 10-ribbed : pappus of many long and slender bristles, which are
, plumose or else beset with a shoit beard' or roughness for their whole length.
Leaves alternate, entire.

22. KUHNIA. Heads small, of 10-25 dull cream-colored flowers, surrounded by a

few lanceolate scales of the involucre. Corolla slender, barely 5-toothed.
Akenes cylindrical, many-striate: pappus a row of white plumose bristles.
Leaves mostly alternate.

23. MIKANIA. Heads of 4 flesh-colored flowers, with an involucre of only 4

scales. Corolla 5-toothed. Akenes 5-angled: pappus a row of hair-tike
naked (barely roughish) bristles. Leaves opposite; stem twining.

24. EUPATORIUM. Heads of 3 or more flowers, and an involucre of several or

many scales. Corolla 5-toothed. Iieceptacle flat or merely convex. Akenes
5-angled: pappus a row of hair-like naked (barely rough)' bristles.

25. CONOCLINIUM. Heads, &c. as in the preceding, but the receptacle conical.

Flowers many, blue or bhxe-purple. Leaves opposite.

26. AGERATUM. Like the preceding; but the receptacle flattish, and the pappus

of a few chaffy scales, mostly tapering into a slender stiff rough bristle.
Leaves opposite.
17. PIQUERL\. Heads very small, of 3-5 white flowers, and involucre of 4 or 5
scales. Akenes 5-angled: pappus none. Leaves opposite, 3-ribbed.

C. Branches of the style smooth, with a conical or fiat unusally minutely hairy tip.

28. CACALL\. Heads corymbed, with 5-30 white or whitish flowers. Scales of

the involucre a single row, with a few small bractlets at base. Corolla
5-cleft. Akenes oblong, smooth : pappus of very many fine and soft down-
like naked bristles. Leaves alternate.
40. BELLIS. A cultivated state of the Daisy, with quilled (monstrous) flowers
may be sought here.

B« With strap-shaped corollas or rays at the margin of the head.

§ 1. Herbage not spotted with large translucent or colored strong-scented glands.

* Paj]pus of copious hair-like bristles: no chaff on the receptacle among the flowers.

"•- Rays yellow, except in one or two species of Senecio and one Solidago, pistillate.

29. TUSSILAGO. Ray-flowers very numerous and in many rows, fertile, with

narrow ligules; the tubular disk-flowers few in the centre, and not fertile.
Scale of tlie involucre nearly in one row. Pappus fine and soft. Head soli-
tary on a scaly-bracted scape.

30. SENt^CIO. Ray-flowers several in a single row, or sometimes none: the disk-

flowers (as in all the following) perfect and fertile. Scales of the involucre in
a single row, or often with small bractlets at the base. Pappus very fine and
soft. Heads mostly in corymbs. Leaves alternate, simple or compound.

31. ARNICA. Ray-flowers several or many in a single row. Scales of the invo-

lucre nearly 'equal in 2 rows. Pappus a single row of rough rather rigid
bristles. Akenes slender. Heads few and rather large. Leaves opposite.

32. INULA. Ray-flowers very numerous in one row, with narrow ligules. Outer

scales of tlie involucre "leaf-like. Pappus of many slender roughish bristles.
Akenes narrow. Heads large and broad, the tubular perfect floAvers very
numerous, their anthers with two tails at the base. Leaves alternate.

33. CHRYSOPSIS. Ray-flowers numerous in one row, scales of the involucre

nan-ow, not leaf-like. Pappus of many roughish slender bristles, with also an
/ outer row of very short and stout or chaff-like bristles. Akenes flattened,

\^ hairy. Heads single or coi'vmbed. Leaves alternate.

34. SOLIDAGO. Ray-flowers 1-8, or rarely 10 - 16, the tubular disk-flowers sev-

eral, rarely many. Involucre oblong, its scales imbricated and appressed, of
unequal lengths. Pappus a row of slender roughish bristles. Akenes nar-
row, terete, many-ribbed. Heads in panicled racemes, corymbs, or clusters,
mostly small. Leaves alternate.
-»- H- Rays white, purple, blue, (fc. never yellow, the flowers of the disk mostly yelloto.
Asters and the like. Leaves alternate, simple. Akenes flattened or flattish.

35. CALLISTEPHUS. Ray-flowers very numerous, usually in more than one row,

or in cultivated varieties in several rows. Involucre in several rows, more or

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 183

less leafy. Pappus of many slender and roughish bristles, surrounded at bas«
by a little cup or crown, consisting of many little scales or short stiff bristles
more or less united. Heads solitary teraiinating leafy stems or branches,
large and broad. LeaA^es sessile, coarsely toothed. Root annual.

S6. ASTER. Ray-flowers more or less numerous in one row. Involucre imbricated
Pappus of very numerous slender roughish bristles ; no cup or crown of
short bristles outside. Heads usually panicled or corymbed. Root usually
pei*ennial.

37. ERIGERON. Raj'-flowers numerous, narrow, and commonly occupying more
than one roAv. Involucre more simple than in Aster, the scales narroAvci-,
appressed, mostly of equal length and occupying only one or tAvo roAVs, Avith-
out any leaf-like tips; and the pappus more scanty, often some minute short
and sometimes chafT-like bristles at the base of the"^long ones.

* * Pajjptis not of long hnir-like bristles, either a little cup or crown, or of a few
scales, tetth, awns, ffc, or none at all.

-I- No chaff on the receptacle among the flowers, except in 41-43 and some cultivated
and altered forms 'i/'44. Leaves mostly alternate.

++ Akenesflut : rays jnstillate, not yellow, at least in our species.

88. BOLTONIA. Flowers resembling those of 36 and 37. Receptacle conical or

hemispherical. Akenes \'ery flat, obovate or obcordate with a callous margin
or Aving: pappus of severarminute and short bristles, and commonly 2 or 3
short awns. Leafy-stemmed, tall, branching herbs, Avith pale-green thickish
and chieflA' entire lea\-es often tui-ned edgCAvise.

89. BRACHYCOME. FloAvers like those of 36 or 37. Receptacle conical. Akenes

flat, wingless: pappus a ring of minute short bristles or narrow scales united
into a short ci-OAvn.

40. BPXLIS. Heads Avith numerous Avhite, reddish, or purple ravs. Receptacle

high conical. Akenes flat, oboA^ate, Avingless: no pappus. Loav herbs, with
solitary peduncled heads, and entire or merely toothed leaves.

41. ACHILLEA. Heads mostly AA'ith fcAv and Avhite (rarely rose-red or yelloAv)

rays. Receptacle small, flattish, chaff'y. Akenes oblong, margined: no
pappus.

++ -M- Akenes not flat, nor boat-shaped : pnppus a short croion or none : rays pistillate
and fertile except in 42.

42. MARUTA, Rays neutral, Avhite; otherAvise almost exactly as in the next.

43. ANTHE^IIS. Rays pistillate and fertile, numerous, Avhite or sometimes yelloAV.

luA'olucre of many small close-pressed scales. Receptacle convex, Avith some
slender chaff, at least at the centre. Akenes terete, mostly ribbed. LeaA^es
once to thrice pinnatelv divided.

44. CHRYSANTHEMUM, including LEUCANTHEMUM and PYRETIIRUM.

Rays pistillate and fertile, numerous. Receptacle conATx or flat, without
chaff, except in some double-floAA-ered varieties. Disk-floAvers mostly Avith a
flattened tube. Pappus none. OtherAvise nearly as in Anthemis.

■»-♦• -t-t- 4-v J Irenes top-shaped or ohlong, not fl/rtfened nor incurved: pappus of o — lO
conspicuous thin chaffy scales with midrib more or less extended into a bristle
or awn: rays in one row, not very numerous, wedge-shaped, 3 - b-cUft or lobed,
yelloio or jiartly reddish or brownish-purple, never white: involucre of separate
scales.

45. HELENIUM. Rays pistillate. luA'olucre of a fcAV small and nan-ow spreading

or reflexed scales. Receptacle globular or conical. Heads mostly corymbed.
(Akene and pappus, Lessons, p. 130, fig. 294.)

46. GAILLARDIA. Rays neutral, often partycolored. Involucre of tAvo or more

roAvs of loose leafv'-tipped scales. Receptacle convex. Disk-flowers often
purple : the styles with A'ery slender hispid branches. Heads solitary on slen-
der terminal peduncles.

.Ht- ++ ++ -t-v y^^-en('s short, not incurved, covered with extremely long soft-silky hairs
{which must not be confounded with pappus), hiding the minute pnppus of many
delicate little scales: rays nuwerous in one rvw, neutral, yelloio wiili dark-
colored spot at base, nearly entire : involucre of 2 or 3 rows of short scales
united in a cup.

47. GAZANIA. Head solitary on a long terminal peduncle, large and sIioaa-v, the

rays expanding only in sunshine or bright davlight. Receptacle flat. 'Div!:-
floVers yellow : their style abruptly thickenecl below the tAvo sliort branches.

184 COMPOSITE FAMILY.

4H. ■!-(. ++ ++ 4-). Akenes incurved or hont-skaped, rough-tubercled on the back : nopnp'
pus: rays numerous in more than one row : flowers <Ul yellow or orange.

48. CALENDULA. Heads sliowv, solitary terminating the branches, with the very

numerons rays pistillate and fertile, expanding in sunsliine or bright daylight;
the disk-flowers sometimes few in the centre and sterile. Involucre of lui-
merous short green scales. Receptacle flat. Akenes all that mature belong-
ing to the ray-flowers, strongly incui-ved, some of them even horse-shoe-
shaped, or coiled into a ring, and (especially the outer ones) with thickened
margins.

•i- +. A chaff on the receptacle behind each Jlower.
■*^Only the ray-fiowers fertile or vintunng their akenes; those of ihe disk, even if
apparently perfect, always sterile: Jlotvers all yellow. Coarse tall herbs.

49. POLYMXIA. Heads rather small or middle-sized, with about 5 leaf-like scales

to the involucre, and some thin and small inner ones, few or several ray-
flowers producing turgid obovate or partly triangular akenes with no pappus.
Herbage clammy-pubescent and rather strong-scented: all but the upper-
most leaves opposite, and their petioles winged or dilated and stipule-like at
the clasping base.
60. SIL?HIL'.\L Heads mostly large, with numerous somewhat leafy-tipped or
green scales to the involucre imbricated in 2 or more rows, numerous ray-
flowers producing very broad and flat akenes (parallel with the scales of the
involucre), which have commonly a wing-like margin and 2 teetii or a notch
at the top. Juice resinous.
++ •+-*• Disk-Jlowei's perfect and fertile, those of the ray pistillate and fertile or neutral.
a* Akenes flattened parallel icith the scalts of the involucre and chaff of the recep-
tacle', or in 53 sometimes very slender. Leaves generally opposite : involucre
double, the outer mostly leaf-like, the inner of erect scales.
51. DAHLL\. Rays in the natural flowers neutral or in the common species more
or less pistillate, but in the gardens most or all of the flowers are changed into
rays. Inner involucre of numerous more or less united scales. Akenes
oblong, obscurely 2-horned or notched at the apex.

62. COREOPSIS. Rays usually 8, neutral, mostly yellow, or brown-purple at base.

Involucre commonly of about 8 outer loose or leaf-like scales and as many
erect inner ones. Chafl" slender, deciduous with the flat akenes, which have
mostly a pappus of 2 teeth or a^^•ns, the latter not barbed downwards.

63. BIDEXS, Like. Coreopsis, but several without rays, and some with slender or

needle-shaped akenes; all bear 2 or more rigid persistent awns, which are
barbed downwards !
b. Akenes flattened if at all contrary to the .icnles <f the involucre and the chaff of
the receptacle, having the latter usually embracing or folded round their outer
margin.
= Rays deciduous after Aoioering, yelbw. sometimes brown-purple at base in 60, 61,
or white in one ojbb. Leaves either opposite or alternate in same genus, in
54-56.

64. ACTINOMERIS. Rays neutral, few or several. Involucre of several nearly

equal scales. Receptacle convex or conical. Akenes flat, oval, wing-mar-

fined: pappus of 2 persistent smooth aAvns. Leaves simple, serrate, often
ecurrent into wings on the stem.

65. VERBESINA. Rays few (in ours 1-5), pistillate. Involucre of few erect

scales. Receptacle rather flat. Akenes flat, winged or wingless: pappus of
2 persistent awns. Leaves simple, decurrent into wings on the stem.

58. XDIENESIA. Rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre spreading.
Receptacle flattish or convex. Akenes of the ray wrinkled and wingless;
those of the disk flat and wing-margined, with two slender awns united to
tlie wing. Leaves mostly with winged petioles which are dilated and clas|>-
ing at the base.

67. HELIANTHUS. Rays several or many, neutral. Scales of the involucre im-
bricated. Receptacle flat or convex. ' Akenes flattish, more or less 4-angled
or lenticular, marginless: pappus of 2 thin chaffy scales corr?isponding with
the outer and inner angle of the akene, and sornetimes with minute inter-
mediate ones, all deciduous from the ripe fruit. (Lessons, p. 130, fig. 293.)
Leaves simple, entire or serrate: stems not winged.

58. HELIOPSIS. Rays 10 or more, pistillate. Scales of the involucre in 2 or 3
row:J, the inner shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical. Akenes 4-angled,
somewhat cubical : no pappus. Leavos opposite, petioled, triple-ribbed.

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 185

69. RUDBECKIA. Rays several or numerous, neutral. Scales of the involucre
in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columnar. Chaff soft.
Akenes short, 4-ungular, marginless, flat at the top : pappus none or a short
even cup-border or border. Leaves alternate.

60. LEPACHVs. Like 59, but akenes flattened, wing-margined on the inner and

sometimes on the outer edge, 1 - 2-toothed at summit. Disk grayish. Chaff
short and truncate. Leaves alternate, pinnately compov;nd.

61. DRACOPIS. Like 60, but involucre of some v«ry small linear scales, and

akenes terete, tapering to base, minutely striate, blunt at top, and the attach-
ment at one side of the base. Leaves alternate, mostly entire, clasping.
= = Rays rather persistent, long, drooping, pistillate but sterile, rose-purple.

62. ECHINACEA. Rays numerous. Scales of the involucre nan-ow and spread-

ing. Receptacle conical ; the persistent and rigid spinv-tipped chaff" longer
than the purplish disk-corollas. Akenes thick and short, 4-sided, and with a
toothed border for a pappus. Leaves chiefly alternate, 3 - 5-ribbed.
= = = Rc^ys persistent on the fruit, becoming dry and papery, broad, pistillate and
fertile, of varimis colors.

63. ZINNIA. Rays several. Receptacle conical ; the oblong chaff not longer than

the velvety-tipped disk-corollas. Akenes oblong or linear, flattened, or those
of the ray 3-sided; pappus of a chaffy awn or tooth on each angle, or some-
times hardly any. Leaves opposite, sessile, and entire. Heads solitary,
tei-minating the stem or branches.

§ 2. Herbage, involucres, ^c. dotted icith large pellucid or colored glands or oil-
receptacles imbedded in their substance, making the plants strong-scented:
involucre of one rojo of scales united into a bell-shaped or cylindrical cup : no
chaff on thefiattish receptacle: jlowers yellow or orange.

64. TAGETES. Rays pistillate. Involucre without bractlets at base. Akenes

elongated, flat, somewhat 4-sided: pappus of 2 or more unequal rigid chaffy
scales, often united into a tube or cup, sometimes tapering into awns. Herbs
very glabrous.

65. DYSODIA. Rays pistillate, mostly short. Involucre wath some loose bractlets

at the base. Receptacle beset with short chaffy bristles. Akenes slender,
4-angled : pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into numerous rough
bristles, so as to appear at first sight as if capillary. Leaves opposite.

II. Head with all the flowers strap-shaped and perfect. Plants
with milky juice. Leaves alternate. (No chaff on the receptacle
in any of the following.)

§ 1. Pappus of many minute chaffy scales, forming a short crown oi' cup.

66. CICHORIUM. Head of several blue flowers. Involucre double ; the outer of

5 short and spreading, the inner of about 10 erect scales. Akenes short, with
broad summit. Stems twiggv, leafy mostly towards the base. (Lessons,
p. 107, fig. 222; the akene, p. iSO, fig. 292.)

§ 2. Pappus of rather numerous and stout long-j)lumose bristles.

67. TRAGOPOGON. Head large, of many yellow or purplish flowers. Involucre

of about 12 lanceolate rather fleshy scales in a single row, somewhat united at
the base. Akenes terete, slender, roughish, tapermg into a long beak, which
bears the rigid long-plumed bristles of the pappus, 5 of these longer and naked at
the summit. Stems leafy; leaves entire, parallel-veined, clasping at the base.

68. LEONTODON. Head rather small, of many yellow flowers. Involucre of

many narrow equal erect scales, and a few'sliort bractlets at base. Akenes
spindle-shaped : pappus a single row of tawny plumose bristles. Leaves all
at the root or base of the scapes.

§ 3. Pappus of very many slender, but rather stiff and rough, naked and taicny bristles.

69. HIERACH'M. Heads small or smallish, of 12 or more yellow flowers. Scales

of the involucre uneqxial and in more than one row. Akenes short, oblong or
columnar, not beaked: the fragile bristles of the pappus not very copious.
Stems naked or leafy.

70. NABALUS. Heads usually nodding, of 5-40 green ish-Avhite or yellowish often

purple-tinged flowers. Involucre cylindrical, of 5-15 linear scales in a single
row and a few short bractlets at base. Akenes cylindrical : pappus of very
copious straw-colored or brownish bristles. Steins leafy.
S&F— 19

4

186 COMPOSITE FAMILY.

§ 4. Pappus of extremely copious andjine soft hair-lilce naked bristles.
If! Mature akenes with the pappus raised on a very long slender st tlk-Uke beak.

71. PYRRHOPAPPUS. Head of yellow flowers as in the next; but the pappus

rusty red and with a minute ring of soft down underneath it. Stems branch-
ing sind leafy near the base, the long peduncles naked.

72. TARAXACUM. Head of very many yellow flowers on a slender hollow and

wholly naked scape. Involucre double, the inner of numerous narrow scales
in a single row, the outer of short loose scales. Akenes terete or spindle-
shaped, strongly ribbed and tubercled on the ribs, much shorter' than its
slender beak which elevates at maturity the soft and whit« pappus. (Les-
sons, p. 130, fig. 206.)

73. LACTLCA. Heads of several variously colored flowers. Involucre of several

lanceolate or ovate imbricated scales of unequal length. Akenes flat, ab-
ruptly contracted into the slender beak which elevates the very white soft
pappus. Stems leafy.

* * Akenes with a short and thick beak or none : heads many-fowered.

74. MULGEDIUM. Involucre as in 73. Flowers blue or bluish. Akeues flat-

tened, short-beaked. Stems leafy.

75. SONCHUS. Involucre as in 73, or with narrow and more equal scales, and

tumid at base. Flowei's yellow. Akenes flat and short, without a beak to
support its very soft white pappus. Stems branching and leafy. (Lessons,
p. 130, fig. 295.)

1. CYNARA, ARTICHOKE. (Ancient Greek name.) Two species oc-
casionally cult, from the Old World, as esculents. ^

C. Sc61ymus, Truk Artichoke, with stout stems, slightly prickly
leaves mostly once or twice pinnatifid and cottony beneath, the ovate and usu-
ally pointless scales of the involucre and the receptacle of the young flower heads
fleshy, and edible when cooked.

C. Cardlin cuius, Cardoox, has the leaves more deeply and compoundly
divided and prickly, the less fleshy scales of the head prickly-tipi)ed ; the fleshy
leafstalks and midrib eaten after being blanched in the manner of celery.

2. CIRSIUM, TRUE THISTLE. (Old Greek name.) Flowers purple
or pink, occasionally yellow or white, in summer. © ^

§ 1. All the scales of the head armed with spreading prick!// tips.
C. lanceol^tum, Commov Thistle. Nat. fiom Eu. in pastures, &c. ;
the base of the rough deeply ])innatitid leaves running down the stem in lobed
prickly wings ; fl. purple. @

§ 2. All or most of the scales of the head appressed, the innermost not prickly-
pointed, the outer with a short prickle or point, or none.

* Leaves green both sides or a little cottony or cobwebby underneath.

C. arv6nse, Canada T. A vile pest in fields and meadows N., nat. from
Eu. : si)rea(ling by deep running roots as well as by seed : numerous short-
peduncled heads only I' long, with rose-purple flowers ; leaves moderately pin-
natifid, weak-prickly. ^

C. horridulum, Yellow T. Wild near the coast in sandy ground ;
has very ])rickly leaves, rather large heads surrounded at base by an involucre
or whorl of leaf-like very prickly bracts, and yellowish or j)urplish flowers.

C. pumilum, Pasture T. Wild in dry fields, l°-3° liigh, with lance-
oblong pinnatifid leaves, single very large heads (almost 2' across) of fragrant
(purple or rarely white) flowers, sometimes leafy-bracted at base. ®

C. muticum, Swamp T. Wild in swamps and low ground; 30-8° high,
with deeply divided leaves, few or no prickles, and rather large naked heads,
most of the scales pointless ; flowers purple. %

* * Leaves white-cottony underneath : flowers purple, rarely white. Wild species.

C. altissimum, Tall T. Fields from Penn. and S. ; 3°- 10° high, branch-
ing, leafy up to the rather small heads, the oblong leaves wavy or only slightl/
pinnatifid, except the lowest. @ ^

JicUi-^t^- ^--i^^t^

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 187

C. Virgini^num, Virginia T. Chiefly S. & W. on plains and baiTcns,
with rather simple stems l°-3° high, ending in a long- naked peduncle; leaves
lanceolate and slightly or not at all pinnatifid ; head small. ^

C. discolor, Two-colored T. Low grounds, 3° - 6° high, branching
and leafy, with rather small heads, and deeply pinnatifid leaves green above
white beneath, their lobes narrow and prickly pointed, (a)

V 3. SILYBUM, MILK THISTLE. (An ancient Greek name.)

S. Marianum, the only species, cult, in some gardens and rarely running
wild, from the Old World, well marked by its white-blotched or veined smooth
leaves with clasping base and merely sinuate prickly margins; flowers purple,
in late summer, (i) (2)

I 4. ONOPORDON, COTTON or SCOTCH THISTLE. (The ancient
Greek name.)

O. Acanthium. Nat. from Eu. in waste places : tall, white-cottony, with
weak prickles on the sinuate-pinnatifid leaves and the broad leaf-like wings of
the stem and branches ; flowers purple, late summer. (2)

5. LAPPA, BURDOCK. (Name from a Greek word meaning to /ay Ao/rf
of, from the burs or hook-awned heads.)

L. oflQ-Cin^Iis, var. major, the Common B., with large leaves loosely
cottony beneath, or somewhat naked, the lower heart-shajjed, upper ovate, is
common in manured soil and barnyards. Var. minor is smaller and smoother,
with leaves tapering at the base, often cut-toothed or cleft. Fl. mostly purple,
all summer and autumn. ® @

6. CARTHAMTJS, SAFFLOWER, FALSE SAFFRON. (Arabic
name of the plant, from the properties of the orange-colored flowers, which
arc used in dying or coloring yellow, as a substitute for true Saffron.)

C. tinctOrius, the only common species, cult, in country gardens, from the
Orient ; smooth, 6' - 12' high, with ovate-oblong leaves and large head, in
summer. ®

7. CNICUS, BLESSED THISTLE. (Greek name of a kind of Thistle.)
C. benedictus, the only species, scarce in waste places S., from Eu. ; has

much branched loosely woolly stems, leafy up to the rather small heads of yel-
lowish flowers, and pale pinnatifid leaves with slightly prickly edges.

8. CENTAUREA, CENTAUREA or STAR-THISTLE. (Ancient
name, after Chiron the Centaur.) Fl. summer.

§ 1 . F/oivers all alike in the head, the marginal ones not enlarged and ray-like :

pappus of vertj short bristles : scales of head ivith darkfringed appendage.
C. nigra. Black C. or Knapweed. A coarse weed, in fields and waste

})laces E., nat. from Eu. ; stem 2° high ; leaves roughish, lancc-oblong, the
ower with some coarse teeth ; flowers purple. 11

§ 2. Marginal flowers more or lefs enlarged, forming a kind of false ray, and
sterile : jmppus of bristles : scales of head zvith fringed appendage.

C. Cineraria, or candid^ssima, a low species, cult, from S. Eu. with
very white-woolly twice pinnatifid leaves, and purple flowers, the outermost
little enlarged : not hardy N. 2/

C. Americana. Cult, from Arkansas and Texas : smooth, with stout
stem l°-2° high, oblong or lance-oblong leaves, the upper enti/c, very large
head of showy pale ptirple flowers, the outer ones much enlarged, and the scales
with large scarious-fi-ingcd appendage. 0

C. Cyanus, BLUEnoxxLE or Cornflower. In gardens, from Eu., spar-
ingly running wild ; loosely cottony, with stem-leaves linear and mostly entire.

188 COMPOSITE FAMILY.

solitary long-stalked head, the outer flowers very large and blue, with white or
rose-colored varieties. 0 ®

C. montana. Cult, from Eu. : low and stout stems from creeping root-
stock, leaves lance-oblong, head larger, but flowers similar to last. 1^

§ 3. AMBERn6A. Marginal sterile flowers many : pappus of narrow chaff, or
none : scales of head naked and smooth. Cult, for oi-nament, from Asia.

C. odor^ta, or Amberboi, Sweet Sultana. Smooth, with mostly pin-
natifid leaves, long-stalked head of yellow fragrant flowers, the outer ranks
enlarged, and chaffv'-bristled pappus. ®

C. mosch^ta, Musk-scented S., has rose-purple or white musk-scented
flowers, the outer little enlarged, and no pappus. (T)

9. XANTHIUM, COCKLEBUR, CLOTBUR. (Name from the Greek
ioY yellow, the plants said to yield that color.) Coarse and vile weeds, with
stout and low branching stems, alternate and petioled merely toothed or lobed
leaves, and obscure greenish flowers, produced all summer. ®

X. strum ^rium, Common C. Barnyards and waste manured ground :
rough, l°-2° high, with broadly triangular-heart-shaped toothed or slightly
lobed leaves on long petioles ; the fruit a bur fully ^' long, with 2 straightish
beaks at the apex.

Van echin^tum, on sandy shores, has a turgid bur 1' long, with incurved
beaks and more numtrous prickles, beset with glandular bristles.

X. spinosum, Spiny C. Sandy shores and waste places, E. & S.
Hoary ; the branching stems armed with slender triple prickles at the base of
the narrow short-petioled leaves ; bur small, with a single beak-like tip.

10. AMBROSIA, RAGWEED. (The classical name means food for the
Gods: ])crhaps sarcastically applied to these miserable weeds.) Leaves oppo-
site or the upper alternate, mostly lobed or cut : flowers greenish, all summer
and autumn. (T)

A. trifida, Great Ragweed. Tall coarse herb along low borders of
streams, 4°- 10° high, rough, with opposite deeply .3-lobed leaves on mai-gined
petioles, the lobes lance ovate and serrate, staminate beads in racemes, their in-
volucres 3-ril)bcd on one side, the fertile one or fruit obovate and with 5 or 6
ribs ending in a tubercle or spiny point.

A. bident^ta. Prairies from 111. S., 10-3° high, hairy, very leafy ; the
leaves alternate, closely sessile, lanceolate, and with a short lobe or tooth on one
side near the base ; heads in a dense spike, the top-shaped involucre of the sterile
ones With a large lanceolate appendao-e on one side.

A. artemisisefblia, Roman Wormwood, Hogweed, or Bitter^veed.
Waste places and roadsides, l°-3° hii^h, hairy or roughish ; with t\vice pin-
natifld leaves either opposite or alternate, pale or hoary beneath, staminate
heads in panicled racemes or spikes, the small roundish fruit with about 6 littlo
teeth or spines.

11. TANACETUM, TANSY. (Old name, said to be a comiption of
Athanasia, undying, from the durable flowers.) Fl. all summer. ^

T. VUlg^re, Common Tansy, from Eu. : cult, in old gardens, and a road-
side weed, 2° -4° high, smooth, strong-scented and acrid, with deep green 1-3-
pinnately compound leaves, the leaflets and winged margins of the petiole cut-
toothed ; in var. cui'spum, leaves more cut and crisped.

T. Balsamita, Costmary : a garden herb, from Eu., 1° - 2° high, smooth,
with pleasant scent, the pale leaves oblong and nearly toothed, and small heads
of pale yellow flowers.

12. ARTEMISIA, WORMWOOD. (Dedicated to Artemis, the Greek
Diana.) Fl. summer.

* Leaves hoary or cottony, at least underneath. ^

A. Absinthium, Common Wormwood, from Eu. ; in old gardens and
a roadside weed ; strong-scented, silky-hoary, with stems 2° -4° high and rather

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 189

woody at base, twice or thrice pinnatcly parted leaves with lanceolate lobes, and
noddinji: hcmi.s]>herical heads.

A. vulgaris, MUGWORT of Eu. ; in old gardens and roadsides, with
pinnatifid leaves green above and cottony-white beneath, their lance-linear
divisions mostly cut and cleft, and small heads in open panicles.

A. Ludovieiana, Wkstekn M., is wild from Michigan W. and S. W.,
with lanceolate leaves mostly cottony-white on both sides, many of them entire
or merely toothed, and larger heads in narrow or spike-like panicles.
* * Leaves (and whole plant) smooth and green or nearly so,
•«- Not very Jine orjinely cut.

A. biennis, Biknnial Wormwood. Gravelly banks and shores N. W.,
extending E. along railroads; l°-3° high, with small greenish heads mxuh
crowded in the axils the once or twice pinnatifid leaves, their lobes linear, in the
lower cnt-toothed. 0 ®

A. Draciinculus, Tarragon, is sparingly cult, from Eu. for the aro-
matic (lance-linear entire) leaves, used as a condiment. ^

•*- •*- Very fine thn ad-like or capillary diinsions to the 1 - 3-pinnately divided
leaves : heads loosely punicled.

A. Abrotanum, Southernwood, from S. Eu. ; cult, in gardens for the
plcasant-sccntcd foliage, 3°- 5° high, woody-stemmed. 11

A. caudata, is a wild Wormwood along the sandv coast and lake shores.
2° - 4° high, (i)

13. FILAGO, COTTON-ROSE. (Latin name, from the cottony hairs.)

F. Germ^nica, German C. or Herba Tmpia of the old herbalists,
branches with a new generation of clustered heads rising out of the parent clus-
ter at the top of the stem (as if undutifully exalting themselves) ; stems .5' - IcV
high, crowded with the lanceolate erect and entire cottony leaves. Old dry
fields from New York S. ; fl. summer and autumn. ®

14. ERECHTHITES, FIREWEED. (Ancient name of some Ground-
sel, after Krcchtheus ) Fl. summer and autumn. (T)

E. hieracif61ia, one of the plants called Eireweed, because springing
up where woods have been cleared and ground burned over, especially N. : very
rank and coarse herb, often hairy, l°-.5° high, with lanceolate or oblong cut-
toothed leaves, the upper with auricled clasping base, and panielcd or corymbed
heads of dull Avhite flowers, in fruit with copious white and very soft downy
pappus.

15. GNAPHALIUM, EVERLASTING, IMMORTELLE, CUD-
WEED. (Name from Greek, meaning lock of tcool.) Fl. summer and
autumn.

§ 1 . Wild species, with crowded small heads, the slender pistillate flowers very
numerous and occnpyiny several roics.

* Scales of the involucre ichite or yellowish-white : sinn erect, 1° - 2° hiyh : heads

many, corymbed. Common in old fields, copses, ^^c.

G. polyc6phaluin, Common Everlasting. Leaves lanceolate, with
narrowed bas(; and wavy margins, the tipper surface nearly naked ; the perfect
flowers few in the centre of each head. CO

G. deciirrens, Decurrent E., equally common from New Jersey to
Michigan and N. ; leaves lance-linear, cottony both sides, the base partly clasjv
ing and extending down on the stem ; many perfect flowers in the centre of each
head. 2/

* * Scales of the involucre taivny-purplish or ichitish, not at all showy or petal-

like : heads small, crowded m sessile clusters : ste7ns spreading or ascending,

3' - 20' hifii. (D
G. uligin6sum, Low Cudweed. A most common, insignificant little
weed in wet places, especially roadsides, with lanceolate or linear leaves, and in-
conspicuous lieads in terminal clusters.

(JPIJI^POSITE FAMILY.

G. purptireum, Purplish C. In sand or ji^ravel along and near the
sea-shore : taller, with oblong-spatulate or lanceolate leaves green above and
white-cottony beneath, and purplish heads in axillary clusters, or spiked along
the upper part of the stem.

§ 2. Ornamental exotic Immortelles in the gardens, these in strictness named
Helichrysum, icith pistillate flowers fewer or in a single marginal row.

G. bracte^tum, or HelichrVsum bracteatum, from Australia : tall,
smoothisli or slightly downy, with lanceolate leaves, large head^ terminating the
branches and with some leaf-like bracts on the peduncle, the permanent and
very numerous scales of the involucre very showy and petal-like, spreading in
many ranks, golden yellow, and with white varieties. @ 0

G. (or H.) macr^nthum, from Australia, is less tall (l°-2° high), with
roughish stem and lance-oblong or spatulate leaves green throughout, and the
showy solitary heads nearly 2' across ; the scales of the involucre rose-red, or
white on the upper face. % ®

16. ANTENNARIA, EVERLASTING, IMMORTELLE. (Name
from the club-shaped pappus of the staminate flowers, which resembles the
antennai pf certain insects.) ^

A. margarit^cea, Pearly Everlasting. Dry fields and woods,
especially N., fl. in summer : stem about 2° high, leafy to the top ; the leaves
lance-linear ; heads in a broad corymb, the fertile ones with a few imperfect
staminate flowers in the centre ; scales of the involucre pearly white, rounded.

A. plantaginifblia, Plantain-leaved E. Dry knolls and slopes, fl.
early spring : in patches, spreading by runners and oflfsets ; the root-leaves
spatulate or obovate and tufted ; flowering stems 4' - 8' high, with few and small
lanceolate leaves ; heads in a small corymb, the fertile ones with narrow and
acutish, the staminate with white and rounded scales.

17. RHODANTHE. (Name from Greek words for rose and flower, from
the rose-colored pearly heads, which in cultivation are sometimes white.) ®

R. Manglesii, cult, in gardens for ornament, from Australia : a low
smooth herb, with oblong and alternate clasping entire leaves, and loosely
corymbed showy nodding heads of yellow flowers, the pearly involucre obovate
or obconical, smooth, rose or white, very ornamental, in summer.

18. AMMOBIUM. (Name from Greek words meaning Z/rm^ ?*rj sanrf.) ®
A. al^tum, of Australia, cult, for ornament : 1° -3° high, rather cottony,

with root-leaves oblong and tapering downwards into a petiole, stem-leaves
small and lanceolate, and extended down the branches and stems in the form of
leaf-like wings ; heads solitary with pearly white involucre surrounding yellow
flowers.

19. HUMEA. (Named for Lady Hume.) From Australia, cult, for orna-
ment. ®

H. 61egans. Tall, 3° - 6° high when in flower, with simple stem thickly
set with the alternate lance-ovate and clasping green leaves, the summit branch-
ing into a large drooping panicle, its branches slender, bearing very numerous
and small purplish heads.

20. VERNONIA, IRON-WEED. (Named for a Mr. Vernon, of Eng-
land, who travelled in this country.) Fl. autumn. %

V. Noveboracdnsis, New York or Common ^ron-Weed. Near the

coast and along rivers : 3° - 6° high, with lanceolate serrate leaves, crowded
along the whole height of the stem, heads in a broad corymb, and scales of in-
volucre with slender awl-shaped or awn-like tips.

V. fascicul^ta, only W. & S. in prairies, &c., has the scales of involucre
blunt and pointless, except perhaps some of the lowest.

V. angustifdlia, only S., has narrow linear and more scattered leaves.

COMPOSITE FAMILY. l9l

21. LIATRIS, BUTTON-SNAKEROOT or BLAZING-STAR. (An

unexplained name.) Chiefly in pine-ban-ens or sandy soil. Fl. late summer

and autumn. %

§ 1. Stem commonly wand-like and simple, rising from a round corm or short tuber,
very leafy loitli narrow and entire often grass-like leaves : heads spiked or
racemed, or occasionally Irranchiug into a panicle, with imbricated involucre:
lobes of the rose-pur pit corolla long and slcndei-.

' * Bnstles of the pappus plainly plumose to the naked eye.

••- Heads small, only 4 - b-flowercd.

L. tenuifolia, in S. pine-barrens, has very slender mostly thread-shaped
leaves, stem 2° - 4° high, very slender raceme, and scales of involucre erect and
pointed.

L. ^legans, from Virginia S. ; 2° high, often hairy or downy, with com-
pact spike, short lanceolate or linear leaves, and scales of involucre with spread-
ing rose-purple tips.

•*- •»- Heads large and fewer, cylindrical, many-flowered.

L. squarrbsa, Common Blazing-Star; from Pcnn. S. & W. ; lo-3°

high, with linear leaves, few heads about 1' lon^, and scales of involucre with
spreading leaf-like ti])S.

L. cylindr^cea, from W. Canada S. W., smaller than the preceding,
6' - 18' high, the narrow heads with short and rounded appressed tips.
* * Bristles of the pappus not plainly plumose to the naked eye.
H- Heads 30 - 40-flowered, commonly an inch broad.
L. Seari6sa, with stout stem 2° - 5° high, lanceolate leaves, or the lower
spatulate-oblong, and very numerous scales of the involucre with rounded tips,
often scarious or purple on the margins.

H- M- Heads 3 - \ 5 -flowered, from i' to ^' long : stem 2° - .5° high.

Ij. pycnost^chya, in prairies "W., with linear or lance-linear leaves, and
a very dense spike of about 5-flowered heads, the scales of the involucre with
recurving purplish tips.

L. spic^ta, the commonest species ; in low grounds, with 8-12-flowered
heads crowded in a long spike, the oblong and blunt scales of involucre without
anv obvious tips.

ij. graminif61ia, in wet pine-barrens from Ncav Jersey S., has 7 - 12-
flowered heads in a looser spike or raceme, the rigid appressed scales blunt or
slightly pointed.

L. gracilis, from N. Carolina S., with spreading leaves, the lower lance-
oblong and long-petioled, the others linear and short, and 3 - 7-flowered small
heads on spreading pedicels.

§ 2. No tuber or conn : leaves broad: heads S7nall, in a corymb.
Ii. odoratissima, Vanilla-plant of low pine-barrens S. (also wTongly
called Hound's-tongue) : 2°-3° high, very smooth, with pale obovate or ob-
long leaves Avhich are vanilla-scented in withering, the heads 7 - 8-flowered, in-
volucre of few scales, and pappus not plumose.

22. KUHNIA. (Named by Linnneus for Dr. Kuhn of Pennsylvania.)

K. eupatorioides, the only species from New Jersey to Wisconsin S.,
is a rather homely herb, Avith lanceolate leaves, and panicledor corymbed small
heads of flowers, in autumn. ^

23. MIKANIA, CLIMBING HEMPWEED. (Named for a Bohemian

botanist. Prof Mikan.)

M. Se^ndens, a rather handsome plant, climbs over bushes in low grounds,
with triangular-heart-shaped or halberd-shaped leaves, and" small heads of pur-
plish flowers, in summer. ;^

192 COMPOSITE FAMILY.

24. EUPAT6RIUM, THOROUGHWORT, BONESET. (Old name,
dedicated to Eupator Mithridates, who is said to have used the European spe-
cies in medicine. Most of the species are American.) 21
E. glechonoph^llum, of Chili, and one or two other somewhat woody-
stemmed and white-flowered s})ecies are cultivated in greenhouses for winter-
blooming. — The folloAving are the commonest wild species ; fl. late summer
and autumn.

§ 1. Leaves 3-6 in a whorl: heads 5 -\5-Jlowered, cylindrical, the purplish
scales closely imbricated in several rows : Jlotvers Jiesh-colored.

E. purptireum, Purple T. or Joe-Pye Weed. Low grounds, with
simple stems 3° - 12° high, with or without purplish spots or dots, very veiny
oblong-ovate roughish-toothed and pointed leaves on petioles, and dense com-
pound corymbs.

§ 2. Leaves opposite (or only the uppermost alternate) and sessile : heads corymbed,
the scales more or less imbricated: Jlowei's ichite.
* Leaves united at base around the stem in pairs [connate-perfoliate).
E. perfoli^tum, Thoroughwoht or Boxkset. Low grounds every-
where (the bitter infusion used as a popular medicine), 2° -4° high, hairy; the
lanceolate leaves taper-pointed, serrate, very veiny and somewhat wrinkled,
5' -8' long; the very numerous heads crowded in a dense corymb, 10-30-
flowered.

* * Leaves separate at base : heads mostly 5 - S-Jlowered.

E. Sessilif61ium, on shady banks, is smooth, 4° -6° high, with lance-
ovate serrate leaves (3' -6' long) tapering from a rounded closely sessile base to
a slender point, and small heads in very compound flat corymbs.

E. pub6scens, in dry soil chiefly near the coast, only 2° high, with ovate
acute and toothed downy leaves, and 7-8 flowers in the heads.

E. rotundifblium, in similar places and like the foregoing, but with
roundish-ovate blunt leaves more deeply toothed, and 5-flowered heads.

E. teucrifblium, in low grounds near the coast, roughish-pubescent,
with ovate-oblong or lance-oblong veiny deeply few-toothed leaves and small
corymbs.

E. Alburn, in sandy soil from New Jersey S., 2° high, is roughish-hairy,
with oblong-lanceolate coarsely toothed and strongly veiny leaves, and heads
crowded in the corymb, the lanceolate and pointed scales of the involucre white
above and larger than the flowers.

E. altissimum, in dry soil from Penn. to 111. and S., is stout and tall,
3° -7° high, downy, Avith lanceolate leaves (resembling those of some Golden-
rods) tapering to both ends and conspicuously 3-nerved, either entire or toothed
above the middle ; corymbs dense ; scales of the involucre blunt.

E. hyssopifolilim, in dry, sterile soil, from Mass. S., l°-2° high,
smoothish, with narrow linear or lanceolate blunt 1 - 3-nerved leaves.

§ 3. Leaves alternate or the lower opposite, all long-petioled : corymbs compound :
Jioivers 12-15 in the head, smidl, ichite.

E. Ser6tinum, in low grounds from Maryland to 111. & S., minutely
pubescent, tall (3° -6° high), bushy-branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate and
taper-pointed, triple-ribbed, coarsely toothed, 5' -6' long; the involucre very
downy.

§ 4. Leaves opposite, petioled, triple-ribbed : heads in corymbs, %-^0- flowered, the
scales of the involucre equal and almost in one row : flowers white.

E. ageratoldes, White Snake-root. Common in woods, especially
N., 2° - 3° high, smooth, with broadly ovate long-petioled coarsely and sharply
toothed thin leaves (4' - 5' long), and heads of handsome pure-white flowers in
compound corymbs.

E. aromaticum, like the preceding, but commoner S. and only near the
coast; more slender, usually less smooth, with thicker leaves more bluntly
toothed on short petioles, the corymbs usually less compound.

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 193

25. CONOCLINIUM, MIST-FLOWER. (Name from Greek, means
conical receptacle, in which alone it differs from Eupatorium, i. e. from such
species as those of the last section.) 11

C. eCBlestinum, in rich soil from Penn. to 111. and S., sometimes cult,
for ornament, 1 ° - 2° high, with triangular-ovate or slightly heart-shaped
coarsely toothed leaves, and a flat corymb of small heads of blue-purple flowers,
in autumn.

26. AGER ATUM. (An ancient Greek name, which means not growing old,
probably applied originally to some sort of Everlasting.)

A. conyzoides, the variety with azure-blue flowers called A. MexicXnum,
cult, for ornament from Trop. Amer. ; 2° -3° high, soft-downy, with ovate or
somewhat heart-shaped petioled leaves, and corymbed heads of azure-blue flow-
ers, produced all summer and autumn. ®

27. PIQUERIA. (Named for an obscure Spanish botanist, Piquerio.)

P. trinervia, from Mexico, cult, for winter-blooming; smooth', 2°-30
high, branched, with lance-oblong 3-nerved sparingly serrate leaves, and loose
panicled corymbs of very small white-flowered heads ; much used for dressing
larger cut flowers. ®

28. CACALIA, INDIAN PLANTAIN. (Ancient name, of uncertain
meaning.) Natives of rich soil, fl. mostly in late summer. 21

* Receptacle flat : involucre with some bracts at the base.
C. SUav6olens, from Conn, to Wisconsin and S., but rare; 3° -5° high,
with hulberd-shapcd serrate leaves on winged petioles, and rather large heads of
20-30 flowers.

* * Receptacle pointed in the middle : involucre 5-flowered, of 5 scales, naked.

C. reniformis. Great I., from New Jersey to Illinois and S. along the
mountains, 4° - 9° high, with large and green repand- toothed petioled leaves,
the lower kidney-shaped, the upper fan-shaped.

C. atriplieifblia, Pale I. Commoner S. : pale or glaucous, with coarsely
toothed or angled leaves, the lower almost kidney-shaped, the upper wedge-shaped.

C. tuberbsa, Tuberous I. Wet prairies W., with angled stem and
green thickish 5 - 7-nerved mostly entire leaves, the lower lance-oval and taper-
ing into long petioles, the u^per short-petioled. Flowers in early summer.

29. TTJSSILAGO, COLTSFOOT. (Name from the Latin fuss/s, a cough,
for which the ])lant is a popular remedy.) 21

T. Farfara, the only species, is wild along brooks, damp roadsides, and
near dwellings N., probably introduced from Europe, spreading very much by
its creeping (mucilaginous and bitter) rootstocks, which send up, in earliest
spring, scaly-bracted scapes, 3' - 6' high, bearing a single Dandelion-like head,
followed by the rounded and somewhat angled or toothed heart-shaped or kid-
ney-shaped leaves, which are cottony beneath when young.

30. SENECIO, GROL'^'DSEL. (Name from the Latin senex, an old
man, referring to the hoary hairs of many species, or to the white hairs of the
pappus.)

§ L Wild species, chiefly ofloiv or wet grounds, with yellow flowers.
* No ray flowers, introduced from Eu. : fl. all summer. ®

S. vulg^is, Common Groundsel; a low weed in waste or cultivated
grounds E., corymbose, nearly smooth, with pinnatifid and toothed leaves.
* * With rayflowei's, native herbs : fl. spring and early summer.
S. lob^tus, Butterweed. Low banks of streams S. & S. W., very
smooth, l°-3° high, with tender lyrate-plnnatifid or pinnate and variously
lobcd leaves, small heads in naked corymbs, and about 12 conspicuous rays. Q)
13

^^^9^ COMPOSITE FAMILY.

S. aiireus, Golden Ragwort or Squaw-weed. Cottony when young,
becoming smooth with age, sometimes quite smooth when young, with simple
stems l°-3° high, root-leaves simple and in different varieties either round,
obovate, heart-shaped, oblong, or spatulate, crenate or cut-toothtd, on slender
petioles, lower stem-leaves lyrate, upper ones sessile or clasping and cut-pin-
natifid; corymb umbel-like ; rays 8 -12. %

§ 2. Exotic species, cultivated for ornament from the Old World.

* Emilia, or CacA-Lia, of the older botanists, with no rays, but many orange-

red disk-flowers in a very simple cup-like involucre : akenes with 5 acute

and hispid-ciliate angles. ®
S. SOncllifdIia, Tassel-Flower : cult, as a summer annual, from India,
very smooth or a little bristly, pale or glaucous, l°-2° high, with root-leaves
obovate and petioled, stem-leaves sagittate and partly clasping, and rather siiowy
heads in a naked corymb, in summer.

* * Heads with no rays and only 6-12 disk-flowers, small, yellow: stem extensively

climbing, more or less tunning.

S. SC&ndenS, cult, as house plant under the name of German Ivy, but is
from Cape of Good Hope, and resembles Ivy only in the leaves, which are
round-heart-shaped or angled and with 3-7 pointed lobes, soft and tender in
texture, and very smooth : the Howers seldom produced. ^

* # * Cineraria. Heads with rays and numerous disk-flowers : not climbers.

•*- Flowers all yellow. 11

S. Cineraria, or CinerXria MARfxiMA, of Mediterranean coast, an old-
fashioned house-plant, ash-white all over (whence the name Cineraria and the
popular one of Dusty Miller) with a woolly coating; the branching stems
somewhat woody at base ; leaves pinnately parted and the divisions mostly
sinuate-lobed ; the small heads in a dense corymb.

S. Kaempferi, of Japan and China, is most probably the original of the
FARFfjGiUM orAnde, lately introduced into the gardens, where it hardly ever
flowers : it is cultivated for the foliage, the thick and smooth rounded and angled
rather kidney-shaped root-leaves blotclied with white ; some of the flowers more
or less 2-lipped. ^

•*- ■*- Ray flowers purple, violet, blue, or varying to white, those of the disk of
similar colors or sometiines yellow.

S. Heretieri, or CinerXria lanXta, from Teneriffe, with woody base
to the stem, rounded heart-shaped 5 - 7-lobcd leaves on slender petioles, very
white-cottony I)eneath but soon smooth and green above, and peduncle bearing
solitary rather large head of purple flowers, is a less common ijiwhi^-plant than
the next. 1/, ^-"^""^

S. cruentUS, the Common Cineraria of the greenhouses, from Tene-
riffe, is herbaceous, smoothish, with the hearf-s'ha])CTt--tmd angled more or less
cut-toothed leaves green above and usually crimson or purple underneath, the
lower with wing-margined petioles dilated" into clasping auricles at the base ;
heads numerous in a flat corymb, the handsome flowers purple, crimson, blue,
white, &c. %

S. elegans, Purple Ragwort, from Cape of Good Ho])e, a smooth herb,
with deeply piunatifid leaves, the lower petioled, the upper with half clas];ing
base, the lobes oblong and often siimate-toothed ; he.uls corymbed, Avith yellow
or purple disk-flowers and purple or rarely white rays. (T) And a full-double
variety, having the disk-flowers turned into rays. 2/

31. ARNICA. (Old name, thought to be a corruption of Ptannica.) The
common European species is used in medicine. The following probably has
similar properties. "21

A. nudicatllis, so called for the naked stem, which bears only 1 or 2 pairs
of small leaves, although lO-S*^ high, the main leaves being clustered at the
root, thickish, sessile, ovate or oblong, 3 - 5-nerved, mostly entire, hairy ; heads
several, loosely corymbed, pretty large and showy, in spring. Low pine-baiTeus
from S. Penn. S.

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 195

32. INTTLA, ELECAMPANE. (Ancient Latin name.) El. summer. %
I. Heldnium, Common Elecampane. In old gardens and nat. from

Eu. by roadsides ; a stout herb, with stems SP - fp high from a thick mucilagi-
nous root (used in medicine), large entire leaves woolly beneath, those from the
root ovate and petioled, the others pai-tly clasping; heads large, but the rays
very narrow.

33. CHRYSOPSIS, GOLDEN ASTEK. (Name from two Greek words
meaning golden in appearance, from the yellow flowers.) Low herbs, wild
chiefly S. & W., in dry and barren or sandy soil : fl. summer and autumn.

C. graminifblia, from Delaware S. : silvery-silky, with long lance-linear
and grass-like shining nerved leaves, and single or few heads. Jl

C. falcata, on the coast, from Cape Cod to New Jersey : only 4' - 10' high,
woolly, clothed to the top with short and linear 3-nerved rigid leaves, which are
often curved or scythe-shaped (whence the specific name) ; heads small,
cofymbcd. 2/

C. goss^pina, from Virginia S. : white-cottony all over (whence the name),
with oblong obtuse rarely tootlied leaves, and few pretty large heads. If,

C. Mariana, the commonest species, from Long Island S. : silky with long
and weak hairs, or smoothish when old, with oblong leaves, and a few corymbed
heads on glandular peduncles. If

C. villosa, from Wisconsin S. «Sb W. : coarsely hairy and somewhat hoary,
leafy to the top, with corymbed branches bearing single heads on short pedun-
cles, and narrow-oblong leaves. Jf

34. SOLIDAGO, GOLDEN-ROD. ( Old name, from Latin word to 7wal-«
whole, from supposed healing qualities. ) There are very many species, flow-
ering through late summer and autumn. See Manual and Chapman's S,
Elora. The following are a few of the very commonest. "^

§ 1. Heads clustered in the axils of the feather-veined leaves.

S. bicolor. Pale and downy or hairy, with oblong or lance-oblong scarcely
toothed leaves, and small heads with cream-colored or nearly white ray-flowers !

S. latifblia, of shaded banks N. : smooth, with broadly ovate pointed and
sharply serrate thin leaves, and bright yellow ray-flowers.

S. CEesia is like the last, but with more branched and glaucous stems, and
lanceolate or lance-oblong sessile leaves.

§ 2. Heads in racemes forming a terminal panicle.
* Leaves feather-veined, not 3-ribbed.

S. argtita. Smooth, with the lowest and root-leaves oblong or lance-oval
pointed and sharply toothed, the upper narrower and entire ; the slender one-
sided naked racemes widely spreading or drooping.

S. altissima, badly named, as it is mostly only 2° - 4° high, one of the
earliest-flowering Golden-rods, with rough-hairy stem, small lance-ovate or
oblong and serrate very veiny leaves, and one-sided recui-ving racemes of small
heads of bright-yellow flowers.

* * Leaves feather-veined and indistincthj triple-ribbed, entire or nearly so, grayish.
S. nemor^Iis, in dry open ground, flowering soon after midsunnner, only

l°-2° high, ])ale with very minute down ; the leaves spatulate-oblong or oblan-
ceolate ; one-sided dense racemes numerous and at length recurving, and flowers
bright golden-yellow.

♦ * * Leaves plainly either Z-ribbfd or triple-ribbed: racemes one-sided, crowded,

spreading or recurving and forming an ample panicle.

S. Canadensis, has rougli-hairy stems, lanceolate and usually serrate
pointed leaves rather downy beneath but rough above, and small head:? with
short rays.

S. gigantda is smooth or smoothish, especially the stem, and wiih larger
heads and rays than the preceding.

196 COMPOSITE FAMILY.

§ 3. Heads much crowded in a terminal compound corymb.

S. rigida, in dry soil, a tall and stout species, minutely hoary-downy and
roughish, the thick oval or oblong leaves with a strong midrib ; the remai-kably
large heads as many as 30-fiowered.

S. laneeol^ta, along river-banks, only 2^ - 3° high, very bushy-branched,
nearly smooth, with lance-linear 3 - 5-nen'ed leaves, and dense flat corymbs of
small heads sessile in clusters, the small rays 15-20, the disk-flowers fewer.

S. tenuifblia, in sandy ground, usually near the coast.; like the preceding,
but more slender, with narrow linear mostly 1 -nerved dotted leaves, and nar-
rower or club-shaped heads, the small rays 6-12,

35. CALLISTEPHUS, CHINA-ASTER. (Name from Greek words
meaning beautiful croivn.) Fl. all summer, (i)

C. Chinensis, the well-known Chixa-Aster, of the gardens, a native of
China and Japan, has numerous varieties of various colors, the finest full-
double.

36. ASTER, STAR WORT, ASTER. (Name, aster, a star.) This vast
genus (with which SericocArpus and DiplopAppus may be here included)
is too difficult for beginners, and those who are prepared for their study will
naturally use the Manual for the northern species, and Chapman's Southern
Flora for the few that are peculiarly southern. We barely mention the com-
monest and more distinct or striking of our 40 or 50 wild species. Fl. late
summer and autumn. '^

§ 1. With heart-shaped and petioled leaves, at least the lower ones.

* Heads in open corymbs, middle-sized : rays white or nearly so and rather fev).

In woodlands, rather carly-Jiowerimj.

A. C0rymb6sus, Corymbed Aster. Rather slender, with thin coarsely-
toothed and sharp-pointed leaves, which are considerably longer than broad,
aad only 6-9 rays.

A. macrophyllus, Large-leaved A. Larger and stouter, 2° -3° high,
with broader and thickish rather rough leaves, and more rigid corymbs of larger
heads, with 12-24 rays.

# * Heads panicled, numerous and small. In woodlands, Sfc.

A. COrdifdlius, Heart-leaved A., is smooth or .smoothi.sh, much
branched, with thinnish serrate leaves on slender petioles, and very numerous
loosely panicled small heads, the rays pale blue or whitish.

A. undul^tus, Wavy-leaved' A., is minutely downy, with the leaves only
slightly toothed or wavy, the lowest heart-shaped and on margined petioles, the
upper abruptly contracted into short and broadly winged jietioles with dilated
and clasping base, or else ses.:;ile by a heart-shaped base ; the heads larger and
in narrow or raceme-like panicles, and with rather showy pui*ple-blue rays.

§ 2. With lower leaves never heart-shaped, the upper ones sessile and partly clasp-
ing by a henrt-shaprd or auricled Ixise : heads large or rather large, showy,
the numerous rays jjurple or blue.

* Scales of the involucre not at all leafy, but with short greenish tips, rigid, close-

pressed in many ranks, the outer successively shorter: rays deep-colored:
leaves entire or nearly so. Dry grounds.

A. patens, Spreading A. Rough with short hairiness, l°-3° high, with
long widely spreading branches, and single large heads terminating the slender
minutely-leaved branchlets ; all the stem-leaves clasping, usually lance-oblong
or lanee-ovate, the larger ones often contracted above the heart-snaped base,
rough-edged ; rays deep purple-violet.

A. laevis, Smooth A. Well-known by its perfect smoothness, pale, often
glaucous, with lanceolate or lance-ovate leaves, heads middle-sized in a rather
close panicle, involucre of close-pressed whitish scales with abrupt green tips,
and rays sky-blue.

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 197

* * Scales of the involucre not leafy but loose and slender, all 0/ about the same

length, clmnmy-ytandalar, leaves entire.

A. Novse-Angliae, New England A., but everywhere common in low
grounds ; the stout hairy stem 4° - 8*^ high, thickly beset to the top with
lanceolate minutely downy leaves, which all have an auricled clasping base ;
heads many and large in a crowded corymb ; the rays very numerous and
narrow, violet-purple, or in var. r6seus rose-purple or reddish.

* * * Scales of the involucre about equal in length, loose and with more or less

leaf like spreading tips, or the outermost wholly green : leaves serrate in the

viidd/e or sometimes nearly entire : heads loosely corymbed or paniclcd.

Low grounds.

A. prenanthoides. In rich woodlands chiefly N. & W. ; only l°-2°

high, almost smooth, with lance-ovate leaves coarsely toothed in the middle,

tapering above into a long point, and below into a portion narrower than the

abruptly dilated heart-shaped clasping base ; rays pale blue.

A. puniceus, Red-stkmmed A. In wet grounds, mostly 3° - 6° high,
loosely branched, rough-hairy, commonly purple-tinged, with lance-oblong or
lanceolate sparingly serrate rough leaves, the base auricled and partly clasping ;
scales of involucre slender ; rays long, bright or pale blue.

A. longifblius, Long-leaved A. Smooth or nearly so, l°-4° high,
with lanceolate or linear often entire taper-pointed rather firm and glossy leaves,
more leaf-like scales to the involucre, and bright blue-purple rays.

§ 3. With leaves none of them heart-shaped, those of the stem all sessile : heads very
small and numerous, racemed or panicled : involucre imbiicated in few or
several rows : the scales ivith green tips, the outer successively shorter.

* In dry open ground, dlx>ut 1° high : rays white : scales of the involucre rigid and

whitish, with abrupt and spreading conspicuous green tips.

A. ericoldes, Heath-like A. Smooth or rather hairy, with lanceolate
or linear-awl-shaped leaves acute at both ends, and scales of the involucre broadest
at base, the green tips acute.

A. multiflorus, Many-flowered A. Very common in sterile dry soil,
pale or slightly hoary with fine close down, much branched and bush-like, with
spreading linear leaves rough or ciliate on their margins, the upper sessile or
partly clasping by a broad base ; scales of involucre spatulatc, the green tip
shorter than the whitish lower portion.

* * In low, moist, or shady places, l°-3° high: scales of involucre with short and

close-pressed green or greenish tips.

A. Tradesc§-nti. Nearly smooth, with slender stems, linear or lance-
linear leaves, and very small and numerous heads closely racemed along the
upper side of the flowering branches, the scales of the involucre narrow linear
and acute ; rays white.

A. miser. Rather hairy, with lanceolate or lance-oblong thin leaves taper-
ing to each end and sharply toothed about the middle, heads loosely racemed or
scattered on diverging branches, and with linear rather blunt scales of the invo-
lucre ; rays pale blue-purple or white.

A. dumosus, Bushy A. Smooth or almost so, loosely bushy-branched,
with mostly linear entire or slightly serrate rough-edged leaves, and loosely
racemed flowering branchlets bearing solitary or few heads ; scales of the invo-
lucre linear-spatulate and blunt, closely imbricated in several rows ; rays usually
light purple-blue, sometimes nearly white.

§ 4. With small and very rigid linear sessile leaves, a large head solitary at the
end of the simple stem or fiv branches, tfip involucre of narrow rigid scales
closely imbricated in vtry many rows, without green tips, and shoicy violet-
blue rays.

A. linariifblius, of the older botanists, strictly DiplopAppus lixarii-
f6lius (having a double pappus, the outer of very short bristles) ; common in
open gravelly or sandy ground. 6' - 20' high; the spreading leaves with rough
margins, strong midrib, and no veins.

108 COMPOSITE FAMILY.

37. EHIGEE-OTT, FLEABANE. (Name of Greek words, for s}>rinfj and
old man, su^^gestcd probably by the hoary appearance of some- vernal sj)ccics.)
EiiiGi:RON srECiosuM of Oregon is occasionally cultivated as a garden

perennial, is more showy than any of the following, which are the common

wild species of the country.

§ 1. Rays conspicuous : heads more or less corijmbed : stem erect.
* Rays purple or purplish, very numerous (50- 150) : pappus sim/)le. 2/

E. Philadelphieum, Common F. Low grounds : 2° high, rather hairy,
with oblong mostly entire and partly clasping stem-leaves, spatulate and toothed
root-leaves^ and several heads ; the rays very many and narrow, pale reddish-
pui'ple : fl. summer.

E. bellidif61ium, Daisy-leaved F. or Robin's Plantain. Moist
ground, soft-hairy, 1° -2° high, with a cluster of rather large roundish root-
leaves lying flat on the ground, the stem-leaves rather few and small ; heads
1 - 9 and long peduncled, rather large, with about 50 linear light bluish-purple
rays : fl. late spring.

* * Rays white, only about 3D, rather broad : pappus simple. 2/

E. v6rnum. Low grounds from Virjjinia S. ; smooth, with oval or spatu-
late leaves all at the root, slender scape 1°- 2° high, with a few small heads :
fl. spring.

* * * Rays white or nearly so, 50 or more, narrow : pappus double, the outer of a
row of minute chaffy bristles or little scales, d) (2)

E. Stl'ig6sum, Smaller Daisy-Fleabane. Fields: 2° - 4° high,
smoothish, or roughish with minute close-pressed hairs ; leaves entire, the
lower spatulate and slender-petioled, the upper lanceolate ; rays pretty long :
fl. all summer.

E. ^nnuura, Larger Daisy-Flearane. Fields and waste places; a
common weed, S'^ - 5° high, branched above, roughish with spreading hairs ;
leaves ovate or lance-ovate, the lower ones coarsely toothed ; rays rather short,
often tinged with purple : fl. all summer.

§ 2. Rays inconspicuous, scarcely longer than the cylindrical bell-shaped involucre
and the simple pappus, numerous, in more t/uin one row.

E. Canadense, Horseweed or Bctterweed. A common weed in waste
or cult, ground, bristly hairy ; with erect strict stem 1° - 5° high, linear leaves,
only the lowest ones cut-lobed, and very small panicled heads of whitish flowers,
all summer. ®

38. BOLTONIA. (Named for .7. Bolton, an English botanist.) Wild
plants of low grounds S. & W., resembling Asters except in the akcnes and
pappus : ray-flowers blue-purple or nearly white ; disk-flowers yellow ; in
autumn. "21

B. diffusa, of Illinois & S., has small heads loosely panicled on the slender
open branches, which bear small awl-shaped leaves, those of the stem lance-
linear ; ])appus of several bristles and 2 short awns.

B. glastifblia, from Tenn. S. & W., has fewer larger and corymbed heads,
lanceolate partly erect leaves, broadly winged akenes, and 2 or 3 short awns in
the pappus.

B. asteroides, from Penn. S., less common, is very like the last, hut
with narrow margins to the akenes and no awns (only a few short bristles) in
the pappus.

39. BRACHYCOME. (Name in Greek means short tufl, from the pap-
pus, in which respect mainly it diiJers from the Daisy-genus.)

B. iberidifblia, cult. fi)r ornament, from Australia, has slender branching
stems nearly 1° high, pinnately parted leaves with very slender divisions, and
handsome heads with violet-blue ray-flowers and similar or darker purple
centre, produced all summer. (1)

V

COMPOSITE FAMILY.

40. BELLIS, DAISY. (The old Latin name of the Daisy, from hellus,

jjrctty.) (Fl. sprint; and summer.)

B. integrifblia, Wkstern Wild Daisy : in open grounds from Kentucky
S. W., has branching spreading stems 4' -10' long, bearing some lanceolate-
oblong or spatulate leaves, and terminal slender-peduncled heads with pale
blue-purple rays. ® (?)

B. perennis. True or English Daisy, cult, from Eu., mostly in double-
flowered varieties, i. e. with many or all the disk-flowers changed into rays, or,
in the common quilled form, all into tubes (pink or white) : in the natural state
the centre is yellow, the rays white and more or less purplish or crimson-tipped
underneath ; * head solitary on a short scape ; leaves spatulate or obovate, all
clustered at the root. ^

41. ACHILLEA, YARROW, SNEEZEWORT. (Named after ^cM/es.)

/Leafy-stemmed, with small heads in corymbs. ^
A. Millef61ium, Common Y. or Milfoil, abounds over fields and hills,
10' -20' high, with leaves twice pinnately parted into very slender and croAvded
linear 3 - 5-cleft divisions, heads crowded in a close fiat corymb, with 4 or 5
short rays, white, sometimes rose-colored : all summer.

A. Ptarmiea, Sneezewort. Run wild from Eu. in a few places, cult, in
gardens, especially a full-double variety, which is pretty, fl. in autumn ; leaves
simple, lance-linear, sharply cut-serrate ; heads in a loose corymb, with 8-12
or more rather long bright white rays.

42. MARtlTA, MAYWEED. (Meaning of the name uncertain.) Native
of the Old World.

M. Cotula, or Anthemis Cotula, the Common Mayweed, along road-
sides, especially E-. ; low, strong-scented and acrid, with leaves thrice pinnately
divided into slender leaflets or lobes, rather small heads terminating the branches,
yfith white rays and yellow centre ; all late summer, (i)

43. ANTHEMIS, CHAMOMILE. (Ancient Greek name, from the pro-
fusion of flowers.) Natives of Old World : fl. summer. Peduncles bearing
solitary or very few heads.

A. arv6nsis, Field C. Resembles Mayweed and grows in similar places,
but rare, is not unpleasantly scented, has fertile rays and a minute border of
pappus. (T) ®

A. ndbilis, Garden C, yields the Chamomile-flowers of the apothecaries,
spreads over the ground, very finely divided foliage pleasantly strong-scented ;
rays white ; pappus none. 2/

A. tinctbria, Yellow C, is cult, for ornament, but hardly common :
2° -3° high, with pinnately divided and again pinnatifid or cut-toothed leaves,
and heads as large as those of Whiteweed, with golden-yellow flowers, or tha
rays sometimes white. 21

44. CHRYSANTHEMUM, including LeucAnthemum and Vrnk-
THRUM. (Name means golden Jlotvers in Greek; but they are of various
colors. ) AH natives of Old World.

§ 1. LeucAnthemum or Whiteweed and Feverfew : the ray-flowers
white, those of the ceiitre mostly ydloiv. 2/

C. LeucAnthemum, or LeucAnthemum vulgAre, the too common
Whiteweed or Ox-eye Daisy, filling meadows and pastures, and difficult to
eradicate ; has stems nearly simi)le and erect from the creeping base or root-
stock, bearing cut-toothed or slightly pinnatilid leaves below (the lowest spatu-
late, upper partly clasping), the naked summit bearing the single showy head,
in early summer. 2/

C. (or L.) Parthdnium, or Pyr^thrum Parthenium, Feverfew.
Cult, in old gardens, and running wild ; with branching leafy stems 1° - 3°

200 COMPOSITE FAMILY.

high, leaves twice pinnatcly divided into rather coarse ovate leaflets, and loose
corymbs of rather small heads, in summer. A double-flowered variety has the
disk-corollas transformed into white or whitish tubes.

C. parthenioides, 1)ouble-fl. or Parsely-leated Feverfew, from
Chhia ; probably a low, finer-leaved, and much altered full double variety of the
foregoing, with pure white flowers all in the form of rays, produced through the
summer and autumn.

§ 2. Chrysaxtiiejiums of the gardens ; the flowers of various colors, but only
in certain varieties white.

C. r6seum, from Persia and N. Asia, with simple stems bearing once or
twice pinnately divided smooth leaves with linear divisions, and at the naked
summit single heads as large as those of Whiteweed, but with pale rose or bright
pink-red rays (and in some varieties full double), is coming into ornamental
cultivation : the pulverized flower-heads form the well-known Persian Insect
powder : fl. summer. 2/

C. Indicum, parent of the Chinese Chrysanthemums, flowering in
late autumn, of numerous forms and colors, mostly full-double, &c. from China
and Jai)an. 2/

C. coron^rium, Summer Chrysanthemum, with yellow or sometimes
•whitish flowers, cult, from N. Africa ; smooth, with branching stems, twice
pinnately parted leaves with auriclcd and clasping base, and lanceolate or linear
cut-toothed divisions ; the involucre of broad and scarious scales, (i)

46. HELENITJM, SNEEZEWEET). (The old Greek name of some very
different plant named after Helen.) Nortii American herbs.

H. autumnale, the commonest species, Avild in low grounds, l°-4° high,
with ianceohUe toothed leaves, their base often decurrent on the stem, and a
corymb of showy yellow-flowered heads, the rays often drooping, in au-
turrin. 2/

46. GAILLARDIA. (Named for Gaillard, a French amateur of botany.)
North American low or spreading herbs : fl. all summer.

G. lanceol^ta, wild from Carolina S. in pine barrens, has narrow mostly
entire lanceolate leaves, commonly small and few yellow rays, and purple disk-
flowers. ® 11

G. pulchella, wild from Louisiana W. and cult, for ornament (one form
called G. picta), has broader leaves, some of them cut-toothed or lobed, and
showv heads with the large ravs mostly brownish crimson-purple with yellow
tips. ' (D

G. arist^ta, wild from Missouri W., and cult., is more downy than the
last, less branched, with large showy rays yellow throughout, or their base
brown-purple. %

47. GAZANIA. (Named for a learned ecclesiastic of the middle ages,
Thtodore de Gaza.) South African plants of the conservatory, and flowering
all summer when bedded out.

G. rigens, also named splendens, of Cape of Good Hope, with short
stems spreading on the ground, bearing spatulate entire or some pinnatifid
leaves, which are nearly smooth and green above, but very silvery with white
cotton underneath, and a large showy head, the orange rays over'l' long, and
with a dark eye-spot at base. ^

48. CALEWDULA, MAKIGOLD. (Name from the Latin calendce or

calends ; flowering through the months.)

C. officinalis, Garden Marigold, of the Old "World ; cult, in country
gardens, 1° high, spreading, with green and succulent obl»ng and entire ses<;ile
leaves, rather unpleasantly scented, and large head of yellow flowers, produced
all summer, sometimes nearly full-double/ most of the curjlla.^ being strati-
shaped. (X)

COMPOSITE FAMILY. 201

49. POI."5?"M!N"IA, LEAF-CUP. {These coarse and inelegant plants are
oddly dedicated to one of the Muses.) Fl. summer and autumn. 21
P. Canadensis, common in shaded ravines N., is 3° - 5° hi^rh, clnmmy-

hairy, with thin leaves, the lower pinnatifid, the upper 3 - 5-lobcd or angled,

and the few pale-yellow and broad rays of the small heads shorter than the

involucre.

P. Uved^lia, in rich soil from New York to 111. and S., is roughish-hairy,

stout, 4° -10° high, with large ovate and angled or lobed leaves, the upper

ones sessile, and rays of the pretty large head 10-15, bright yellow, longer than

the involucre.

60. SILPHIUM, ROSIN-PLANT. (Ancient Greek name of some very
different plant.) Fl. summer and autumn. ^

§ 1. Leaves alternate, large, most of them petioled.

♦ The stout and rough flowering stetnn ( 3° - 6° high ) leafy up to the few large heads :

scales of involucre ovate, with tapering and spreading rigid tips.

S. lacini^tum, Rosin- Weed or Compass-Plant, of prairies, from Michi-
gan W. & S., so called because the rough-hairy deeply pinnatifid root-leaves (of
ovate outline) incline to present their edges N. & S.

♦ * The slender smooth floivering stems (4° - 10° high) leafy only near the base,

dividing above into a panicle of many smaller heads.

S. terebinthin^eeum, Prairie-Dock, so called from the appearance
of the large root-leaves, which are ovate or heart-oblong and l°-2° long, besides
the slender petiole, the margins somewhat toothed : common W.

S. COmpositum, from North Carolina S., is more slender and smaller, with
round heart-shaped leaves either toothed or cut, or divided.

§ 2. Leaves or many of them in ivhorls of 3 or 4 along the terete stems, rather sinall,
entire or coarsely toothed.

S. trifoli^tum, of S. & W., has the smooth stem 4° -6° high, lanceolate
roughish leaves, and small heads.

S. Asteriseus, of dry soil S., is rough-hairy, with fewer and larger heads.

§ 3. Leaves opposite and clasping or connate : stems leafy to the top.

S. integrifblium, in prairies from Michigan W. & S. ; roughish, 2° - 4''
high, Avith lance-ovate partly heart-shaped and entire distinct leaves.

S. perfoli^tum, Cup-Plant, of rich soil W. & S. : with very smooth
square stems 4° - 9° high, around which the ovate coarsely toothed leaves are
connate into cup which holds water from the rains.

51. DAHLIA. (Named for a Swedish professor, Dahl, contemporary with
Linnasus. ) ]^ Two or three Mexican species, of which the most familiar is
D. variabilis, Common Dahlia of the gardens, with pinnate leaves, ovate

serrate leaflets, and large heads, much increased in size and altered, of all colors :
roots fascicled and tuberous (Lessons, p. 32, fig. 60).

52. COREOPSIS, TICKSEED. (Named from Greek word for bug, from
the shape of the akenes. ) Many wild species : several cult, for ornament : these
are the commonest. Fl. summer. (See Lessons, p. 106, 107, fig. 219, 220.)

§ 1. Rays broad, coarsely 3 - 5-toothed : outer involucre not longer than the inner:
akenes orbicular or oval, incurved when mature. Chiefly cultivated.

♦ ® (1) Disk-flowers and lower part of the rays dark-colored or In-oirn-purple :

akenes in these species ivingless and nearly naked at top : leavis comj)onnd.
C. tinct6ria, of Arkansas, &c., the commonest Coreopsis or Calliopsis
of all country gardens ; smooth, with lower leaves twice-pinnately divided into
narrow leaflets, numerous heads, and lower half or sometimes almost the whole
of rays brown-purple : in one variety they arc changed to tubes.

202 compositp: family.

C. Drummondii, of Texas, is low and spreadinj;, rather hairy, with leaves
of 3-7 oval leaflets, or some of them simple, heads on long peduncles, and very
broad rays golden yellow with small dark spot at base.

* * (i) Disk-Jlowers yellow : rayn yellow with a darker and purplish-streaked spot

near the base : akenes winged and 2-toothed.

C. COronata, of Texas, is low, with slender-petioled leaves oblong or spatu-
latc, or some of them 3 - 5-parted, and very long peduncle ; rays broad and
handsome.

* * * ^ Disk-flowers and rays (1' long) entirely yeVoio ; akenes orbicular, much
incurved and broadly winged when ripe, crowned with 2 little teeth or scales.

C. lanceol^ta. Wild W. & S., and cult, in gardens ; 10-2° high, smooth
or sometimes downy, in tufts, with lanceolate or oblanceolatc entire leaves
mostly crowded at the base, and long slender peduncles : flowers in early
summer.

C. auricul^ta. Wild W. & S., and in some gardens ; taller, sometimes
with runners or suckers at base, leafy to near the top ; upper leaves oblong,
lower roundish and sometimes auricled at base or with 3-5 lobes or leaflets.

§ 2. Rays entire or nearly so, oblong or lanceolate : akenes oblong, with a very
narrow wing or border, not incurved, and obscurely if at all 2-toothed at the
apex : scales of outer involucre narrow and entire : heads rather small, the
floicers all yelloio. Jl

* Low, l°-3° high, leafy to the top: leaves really opposite and sessile, but divided

into 3 leaflets, thus seemimi to be 6 in a whorl. Wild chiefly in S. States,
all bat theflrst are cult in gardens.

C. senifolia, has seemingly 6 lance-ovate and entire leaflets in a whorl,
(i. c. two, but each 3-divided) smooth or downy.

C. verticill^ta, has the pair cut into once or twice pinnate almost thread-
shaped divisions, smooth.

C. delphinifblia, very like the last, but with fewer lance-linear divisions.

* * Tall, leafy to the top, with evidently opposite petioled leaves.

C. tripteris. Rich ground W. & S., with simple stems 4° -9° high, leaves
of 3-0 lanceolate entire leaflets, corymbed heads, very short outer involucre,
and blunt rays.

§ 3. Rays oval or oblong, golden yellow, slightly notched : akenes wingless, not in-
curved, bearing 2 awns or teeth for a pappus : outer involucre conspicuous
and resembling leaves : branching plants of wet grounds, with thin leaves
mostly of 3-1 pinnate toothed or cut veiny leaflets ; resembling the next
genus, but the awns not dowmvardly barbed. (T) ®

C. trichosperma. Swamps mostly near the coast, 10-2° high, with 3-7
lanceolate or linear cut-toothed leaflets or divisions, numerous heads, and nar-
row-oblong or linear wedge-shaped marginless akenes with 2 stout teeth.

C. atirea, only S., has upper leaves often simple, lower nearly as in the fore-
going, and shorter wedgc-obovate akenes with 2 or 4 short chafF-like teeth.

C. aristdsa, from Illinois S., has more compound leaves with oblong or
lanceolate often pinnatifid leaflets, and broad -obovate very flat akenes slightly
margined and bristly ciliate, the pappus of 2 long and slender awns, or somo-
times 3 or 4, or in one variety none at ail.

53. BIDENS, BUR-MARIGOLD, BEGGAR-TICKS. (Latin for two-
toothed, from the usually 2 awns of the pappus.) Our species ® or (2) ;
fi. summer and autumn. The akenes adhering to the dress or to the fleece
of animals by their barbed awns.

§ 1. Akenes broad and flat, with bristly ciliate margins.

* Coarse and very homely weeds, commonly without any rays.

B. frond6sa, Common Beggar-ticks. Coarse weed in low or manured
grounds, 2° -6° high, branched, with pinnate leaves of 3-5 broad lanceolate

COMPOSITE FAjIILY. 203

coarsely toothed leaflets, outer involucre much longer than the head, and wedgc-
obovate akencs ciliate with upturned bristles, and 2-awned.

B. eonnata, Swamp B. Low grounds; smooth, l°-2° high, with simjdo
lanceolate and taper-pointed leaves, or the lower .'3-divided and decurrent on the
petiole, smaller heads, narrow wedge-shaped akenes minutely and downwardly
ciliate and bearing about 3 awns.

* * Tjow smooth hpvbs, with showij goldm yellow rays 1 ' long.

B. Chrysanthemoides, Larger IUr-Makigold. Shallow water or
wet places, G'-.30' high, with sipple lanceolate sessile serrate leaves, outer
involucre shorter than the rays, arid wedge-shaped akcnes with almost prickly
downwardly barbed margins and 2-4 awns.

§ 2. Akenes linear or needle-shaped.

B. Beckii, Water B. Immersed in water, N. and W., the single short-
peduncled heads rising a])ove the surface, and with showy rays ; leaves cut into
very numerous fine hair-like divisions ; awns of the stout akenes 4-6, barbed
near the tip.

B. bipinn^ta. Dry soil, from Conn, to 111. and S., 1° - 3° high, branched,
with 1 - 3-pinnately parted petioled leaves, ovate-lanceolate leallets, small heads,
short pale-yellow rays, and slender akenes with 3-4 barbed awns.

64. ACTIWOMERIS. (Greek-made name, alluding to the irregularity
of the rays in the commonest species. ) ^

A. squarrbsa, common in low rich soil from W. New York S. & W. ; with
branching stems 4° -8° high, lance-oblong leaves tapering to both ends, nu-
merous rather corymbcd heads, spreading involucre, 4-10 irregular rays, and
broadly winged akenes : fl. Sept.

A. helianthoides, in open grounds W. & S., resembles a Sunflower as
the name denotes, l°-3° high, with more hairy lance-ovate sessile leaves, few
and larger heads, erect involucre, 8-15 regular rays, and slightly winged
akenes : fl. summer,

55. VERBESINA, CROWNBEARD. (Origin of name obscure.) Ours
are tall (4"^ -7° high) branching herbs in rich soil, with compound corymbs
of small heads : fl. summer. %

v. Siegesb6ckia, from S. Penn. to 111. & S., has 4-winged stems, smooth-
ish, large and thin ovate and opposite leaves pointed at both ends, yellow flow-
ers, and wingless akenes.

V. Virginica, of same range, has stem, less Avinged, smaller lance-ovate alter-
nate leaves soft-downy beneath, white flowers, and narrowly winged akenes.

56. XIMINESIA. (Named for .7. Ximines, a Spanish apothecary.)

X. encelioides, of Texas and Mexico, and cult, for ornament, 2° high,
spreading, rather hoary, at least the lower face of the oblong or heart-shaped
clasping serrate leaves ; the bright yellow heads somewhat corymbed, showy,
the rays dee])ly 3-toothed : fl. all summer. ®

57. HELIANTHUS, SUNFLOWER (which the name means in Greek).
The following are the commonest of the numerous species, manv of which are
difficult.

§ 1. 0 Receptacle Jint and very broad : disk brownish : leaves alternate, I road
and triple-riblied, peli'oled : Ji. summer. Cult. Jar ornament : wild only far
S. W. : fl. all summer.

" H. ^nnuus, the Great Commox Sunflower of the gardens, with huge
beads ; leaves green, roughish, not hoary.

H. argophyllus, of Texas, cult, for its hoary-white foliage ; heads smaller.

§ 2. ^ Reccplacle and disk convex : heads middle-sized or rather small : flower-
ing throughout late summer and autumn.

204 COMPOSITE FAMILY.

* Disk dark purple, contrasting with the yellow rays.
••- Leaves long and linear, l-nen^ed, entire, sessile : heads small and mostly
corymbed : involucre of leaf- like spreading scales.

H. angUStifblius, of pine-barrens from New Jersey S., has slender rough

stems 2° - G° high, lower leaves opposite and roufj:li.

H. orgyalls, of Kansas and Arkansas, cult., has stems (6° - 10° high), and
crowded very narrow alternate leaves smooth : fl. late. •

-H- -*- Leaves oval or lanceolate, oppositr : stems 1°— 3° hif/h, bearing solitary or
fw long-peduncltd rather large heads: incolucre of short close, scales.

H. lieteroph;^llus, of low pine-barrens S. ; rather hairy, with lowest
leaves oval or oblong, upper ones lance-linear and few ; scales of involucre
lanceolate.

H. rigidus, of dry prairies TV. & S. ; rough, with thick firm leaves lance-
oblong or the lower oval ; scales of the involucre ovate or oblong, blunt.

* * Disk yellow as well as the rays, or hardly dingy-broivnish.
•*- Scales of the involucre short and broadly lanceolate, regularly imbricated, without
leaf-like tips : leaves nearly all opj/usite and nearly entire.

H. OCCident^lis, of dry barrens from Ohio W. & S. : somewhat hairy,
with slender simple stems l°-3° high, sending off runners from base, naked
above, bearing 1-5 heads ; lowest leaves ovate or lauce-ovate ; upper ones
narrow, small and distant.

H. m6Ilis, of same situations, is soft white-woolly all over, 2° -4° high,
leafy to the top, the leaves heart-ovate and partly clasping.

-t- ■♦- Scales of the involucre looser and leafy-tipped : stems leafy to the top.
■»-*• Leaves chiefly alternate and not triple-ribbed.
H. gigant^US, common in low grounds N. ; rough and rather hairy, 3°-
10° high, with lanceolate serrate nearly sessile leaves, and pale yellow rays.

•^+ -w- Leaves mainly opposite, except in the last, ^-ribbed at base or triple-ribbed.

H. divaric^tUS, common in dry sterile soil, has smooth stem l°-3° high,
rough ovate-lanceolate leaves tapering to a point and 3-nerved at the rounded
sessile base.

H. hirstltUS, only W., differs from the preceding in its rough-hairy stem
1° - 2° high, and leaves with naiTower base more or less petioled.

H. strumbsuS, common in low grounds, has mostly smooth stems 3° -4°
high, broadly lanceolate or lance-ovate leaves rough above and whitish or white-
downy beneath, their margins beset with fine appressed teeth, and petioles short
and margined.

H. decapetalus, so named because (like the preceding) it commonly has
10 rays ; common along streams, has branching stems 3° - 6° high, thin and
bright-green smoothish ovate leaves coarsely toothed and abruptly contracted
into margined petioles ; scales of the involucre long and loose.

H. tuberbsus, Jerusalem Artichoke (i. e. Girnsole or Sunflower in
Ita'ian, corrupted in England into Jerusalem) : cult, for the tubers and run
wild in fence-rows, probably a state of a wild S. W. species ; 5° -7° high, with
triple-ribbed ovate petioled leaves, rough-hairy as well as the stems, all the
upper ones alternate, the running rootstocks ending in ovate or oblong edible
tubers.

68. HELIOPSIS, OX-EYE. (Greek-made name, from the likeness to
Sunflower.)

H. Isevis, our only species, common in rich or low grounds, resemb'es
a Sunflower of the last section, but has pistillate rays and 4-sided akenes with-
out pappus : l°-4° high, smooth; leaves ovate or lance-ovate, triple-ribbed,
petioled, serrate ; head of golden-yellow flowers terminating the branches, in
summer. 2/.

COMPOSITE FAMILX. 205

69. RUDB]^CKTA, CONE-FLOWER. (Named for i?»<//;^c^, father and
son, Swedish botanists.) The following are the commonest species, all
natives of this country : fl. summer.

§ 1. Dish broadly conical, dark-colored, the snfi chaff not pointed: rough-hairy
plants 1° - 2° hiffh, leafij below, the naked summit of the stems or brunches
bearing single showy heads : leaves simple. %
R. Speciosa, from Penn. W. & S., and cult, in some gardens ; leaves lan-
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, S-S-riei-ved, petioled, coarsely
toothed or cut.

R. hirta, common in open ground W. & S., introduced into meadows E.
with clover-seed ; stems stout and mostly simple ; leaves nearly entire, triple-
ribbed, oblong-lanceolate or the lowest spatulate, the upper sessile.

§ 2. Disk conical, dark-purple, the chaff awn-pointed : lower leaves often pinnately
parted or 3-cleft. @

R. triloba, from Penn. to 111. «Sb S. ; hairy, 2° - 5° high, much branched,
with upper leaves lance-ovate and toothed, and the numerous small heads with
only about 8 rays.

§ 3. Disk globular, pale dull brownish [receptacle siveet -scented), the chaff blunt
and downy at the end ; lower leaves 3-parted. ^

R. SUbtomentbsa, of the prairies and plains W. ; somcAvhat downy, with
leafy stems 3° - 5° high, ovate or lance-ovate serrate upper leaves and short-
pcduncled heads.

§ 4. Disk oblong, or in fruit cylindrical and 1' long, gi-eenish yellow, the chaff very
blunt and downy at the end : leaves all compound or cleft. 21

R. lacinidta, Common Cone-Flower, in low thickets; 3° -7° high,
smooth, branching above ; lowest leaves pinnate with 5-7 cut or cleft leaflets,
upi>er ones 3 - 5-parted, or the uppermost undivided ; heads long-peduncled,
with linear drooping rays l'-2' long.

60. LEPACHYS. (Supposed to be formed from Greek words for thick
and scale.) Receptacle anise-scented when crushed. Fl. summer.

L. pinnata, in dry soil from W. New York W. & S. : minutely roughish
and slightly hoary ; the slender leafy stems 3° -5° high, bearing leaves of 3 - 7
lanceolate leaflets, and somewhat corymbed heads with the oval or oblong disk
much shorter than the oblong drooj)ing yellow rays ; akenes scarcely 2-toothed,
flattish, the inner edge hardly wing-margined. 21

Li. COlumn^ris, of the plains W. of the Mississippi ; cult, for ornament ;
l°-2° high, with single or few long-peduncled heads, their cylindrical disk often
becoming 2' long, and longer than the 5-8 broad drooping rays, these either
yellow, or var. pulcherrima, with the base or lower half brown-purple ; akenea
1 - 2-toothed at top and winged down one edge. 21

61. DRACOPIS. (Name refers in some obscure way to a Dragon.) ®

D. amplexicaillis, wild far S. W., sometimes cult, for ornament ; smooth,
l°-2° high, with clasping heart-shaped pale leaves, and long-peduncled heads,
like those of the preceding, the broad rays mostly shorter than the cylindrical
disk, and either yellow or the lower part brown-purple.

62. ECHINACEA, HEDGEHOG CONE-FLO WT:R. (Name means like
a hedgehog, viz. receptacle with prickly pointed chaff.) Fl. summer. 21

E. purptirea, in prairies and open grounds from W. Penn. W. & S. :
stems l°-2° high from a thick and black pungent-tasted root (called Black
Sampson by quack-doctors), bearing ovate or lanceolate 5-nerA-ed and veiny
leaves, the lower long-petioled, and terminated by a large head ; rays 15 - 20,
dull rose-purple.

E. angustifblia, from Wisconsin S., is a more slender form, with narrow
lanceolate 3-ncrved entire leaves, and 12-15 brighter-colored rays.

V

206 COMPOSITE FAMILY.

63. ZINNIA. (Named for a German professor, Zinn.) Commonly cul-
tivated for ornament : fl. all summer.

Z. 61egans, the favorite Garden Zinxia, from Mexico, with ovate heart-
shaped half-clasping leaves, and very large heads of rose-colored, purple, violet,
red, or white flowers, 2 -3' in diameter, of late also full-double like a small
Dahlia ; chaff of receptacle crestecl-toothed at tip ; akenes barely 2-toothed at
summit. (T)

Z. multiflbra, from Mexico, &c., now not common in gardens, being less
showy, has ovate-lanceolate leaves, hollow peduncle much enlarged under the
head, obovate red-purple rays, blunt entire chaff, and 1-awned akenes. (i)

Z. angUStifblia, cult, as Z. aijrea, from Mexico, is widely and copiously
branched, rough-hairy, with lanceolate leaves, many small heads, oval orange-
yellow rays, and conspicuously pointed chaff.

64. TAGfiTES, FRENCH or AFRICAN MARIGOLD, but from South ,
America and Mexico. (Mythological name.) Fl. all summer. ®

* Plant anise-scented, with entire leaves, small corynibed heads, andfeio rays.
T. Itieida, now rather uncommon in gardens, has glossy lanceolate serrate
leaves, and orange flowers.

♦ * Plant stronrj-scented : leaves pinnate : leaflets cxU-toothed : head large.

T. er6cta. Large African M., with lanceolate leaflets, inflated club-
shaped peduncles, and heads of orange or lemon-colored flowers, often full double.

T. p^tula, French M., with flner lance-linear leaflets, cylindrical pedun-
cles, and narrower heads, the rays orange or with darker stripes.

T. sign^ta is a more delicate low much-branched species, with finely cut
leaves, slender pednnclcs, and smaller heads, the 5 rays purple-spotted or spotted
and striped with darker orange at base.

65. DYSODIA, FETID MARIGOLD. (Name, in Greek, denotes the
ill-scent of the plant. ) Fl. late summer and autumn.

D. chrysanthemoides. Roadsides and river-banks W. & S. W. : a low

weed, nearly smooth, with spreading branches, opposite pinnately parted and
finely cut leaves, and few yellow rays scarcely exceeding the involucre. (1)

66. CICHORIUM, SUCCORY, CICHORY, or CHICORY. (Arabic
name of the plant.) Fl. all summer.

C. intybus, Common C. Nat. from Eu. by roadsides, &c. mainly E. :
leaves runcinate, rough-hairy on the midrib, or the upper ones on flowering
stems small and bract-like, entire ; showy blue flowers opening only in the
morning and in cloudy weather ; deep root used as substitute for coffee. ^

C. Endivia, Endive, cult, from East Indies, for autumn salad ; leaves
smooth, slightly or deeply toothed, or much cut and crisped, flowering stems
short and leafy. @ ®

67. TRAGOPOGON, SALSIFY. (Greek name for goaVs-heard, from
the pappus.) Fl. early summer.

T. porrifblius, Common S. or Oyster-plant. Cult, from Eu. for the
edible tap-root, sometimes running wild: smooth and pale, 2° -4° high, branch-
ing, with long leaves tapering from a clasping base to a slender apex, very large
heads on hollow peduncle much thickened upwards, and deep violet-purple
flowers. (2)

68. IiEONTODON, HAWKBIT. (Greek name fbr lion-tooth, from the
runcinate leaves of some species.)

L. autumn^le, Fall Dandelion or Hawkbit. Nat. from Europe in
meadows and lawns E. : leaves pinnatifid or laciniate; scapes slender, 8'- 12'
high, branching ; peduncles thickish and scaly-bracted next the small head :
fl. summer and autumn. ^

r COMPOSITE FAMILY. 207

69. HIERACIUM, HAWKWEED (which the name means in Greek).
Wild plants of the countiy, in dry ground : fl. summer and autumn. ^
H. Canad6nse, chiefly N., has simple stems l°-3° high and leafy up to

the corymbed summit ; lanceolate or oblong acute leaves with a few coarse teetli,
and rather large heads with loose imbricated involucre.

H. panic ulatum, in woods, has slender and branching leafy st^ms 2° -3°
high, lanceolate scarcely toothed leaves, a loose panicle of very small 12-20-
tiowered heads on slender peduncles, the involucre very simple.

H. scabrum, in more open grounds, is roughish-hairy, with rather stout
simple stem (2° -3° high), bearing obovate or oval nearly entire leaves, and
a narrow panicle of many small heads, the 40 - 50-flowered involucre and stiff
peduncles thickly beset with dark glandular bristles ; akenes not tapering.

H. longipilum, in prairies AV., is so named from the exceedingly long
(often 1') straight bi-istly hairs of the stem ; has narrow oblong entire leaves,
panicle and 20 - 30-flowered involucre between the last and the next, and akenes
spindle-shaped.

H. Gronbvii, common in sterile soil, with slender stems leafy and very
hairy below, leaves oblong or obovate, panicle narrow, small heads, slender
peduncles and 20 - 30-flowered involucre sparingly glandular-bristly, and spindle-
shaped akenes with very tapering summit.

H. venbsum, Rattlesnake- Weed ; common in dry sandy ground, very
smooth or with a few hairs ; with leaves chiefly at the root, obovate or oblong,
thin, purple-tinged beneath and purple-veiny above ; scape slender, l°-2° high,
forking into 2-7 slender peduncles bearing small about 20-flo\vered heads ;
akenes linear, not tapering.

70. NABALUS, RATTLESNAKE-ROOT. (Name from Greek word
for a harp, alluding probably to the lyrate leaves of some species.) Roots
tuberous or spindle-shaped, bitter. Fl. late summer and autumn. ^

* Peduncles and 5 - \2-Jlowered heads smooth : leaves very variable.

N. altissimus, Tall R. or AVhite-Lettuce. Rich woods N., 3° -6°
high, with long and narrow leafy panicle, petioled leaves inclined to be ovate-
triangular ; heads 5 - 6-flowered ; pappus dirty white.

W/^lbus, Common White-Lettuce, in open woods, chiefly N. and W.,
is glaucous, with more corymbed panicles of 8-12-flowered heads, usually more
cut or divided leaves, and cinnamon-colored pappus.

N. Fr^seri, Lion's-foot, or Gall-of-the-Earth, is commonest in dry
soil E. and IS., l°-4° high, with narrow-corymbed panicles of 8- 12-flowered
heads, and pappus dull straw-color.

* * Peduncles and 12 - 40-Jlowered heads hairy. Chiejiy West, on plaim, <5'c.

N. racembsus has smooth wand-like stem 2° - .5° high, lance-oblong
slightly toothed leaves, the upper ones partly clasping, and a narrow spiked
panicle of about 12-flowered heads.

N. ^sper is similar, but rough-pubescent, the 12 - 14-flowered heads mostly
erect and larger.

N. crepedinius, only W., is smoother, with stout stem 5° - 8^ high,
wide corymbed panicles of 20 - 40-flowered heads, brown pappus, and broad
leaves 6' - 12' long on winged petioles.

71. PYRRHOPAPPUS, FALSE DANDELION. (Name means m
Greek Jkum -colored pa/ipus ; this and the leafy stems obviously distinguish
this genus from the next.) (T) (2)

P. Carolini^nus, in sandy fields from Maryland S. : l°-2° high, with
oblong or lanceolate leaves often pinnatifid or cut, the upper partly clasping :
fl. spring and summer.

72. TARAXACUM, DANDELION. (Greek name referring to medici-
nal properties of the root.) @ %

T. Dens-lebnis, Common D., in all fields, &c., from spring to autumn.
Inner involucre closes after blossoming till the akenes mature and the beak

\J

208 LOBELIA FAMILY.

lengthens and elevates the pappu? ; then the involucre is reflexed, the pappus
spreads, and with the fruit is blown away by the wind.

^73. LACTUCA, LETTUCE. (AncientLatin name, from the milky juice.)
L. satlva, Garden Lettuce. Cultivated from Europe, the broad and

tender root-leaves used for salad ; stem-leaves heart-shaped and clasping ;

flowers yellow. (T) (2)

L. Canadensis, Wild Lettuce. Open grounds, 3° -9° high, with

lanceolate or oblong leaves often pinuatifid, sometimes entire ; flowers pale

yellow, sometimes purple or reddish. (2)

74. MULGEDIUM, FALSE or BLUE LETTUCE. (Name from
Latin rauUjeo, to milk.) Fl. summer, in thicket-borders, &c.

M. acuminatum, from New York to 111. & S. ; 3° - 6° high, with ovate
or lance-ovate barely seirate leaves on winged petioles, blue flowers, and bright
white pappus. (2)

M. Floridknum, from Penn. "VV. «Sb S. ; like the first, but with all the
leaves or the lower ones lyrate or runcinate, uppermost i^artly clasping. (2)

M. leucophaeum, in low grounds : resembles Wild Lettuce, and with
equally variable lanceolate or oblong often irregularly pinnatifid leaves, very
compound panicle of pale blue or bluish-white tlowers, and tawny pappus. (2)

75. SONCHUS, SOW-THISTLE. (Ancient Greek name.) Coarse
weeds, with soft-spiny-toothed runcinate-pinnatifld leaves : nat. from Eu. :
fl. summer.

S. oler^ceus, Common S. ; in manured soil and damp waste places; 1°-
5° high, acute auricles to the clasping base of the leaves, pale yellow flowers,
and akenes wrinkled transversely. Ci)

S. ^sper, like the last, but the leaves less divided and more spiny-toothed,
the auricles of their clasping base rounded, and akenes smooth with 3 nerves on
each side. (1)

S. arv6nsis. Field S. Less common E. ; l°-2o high from creeping
root-stocks, with larger heads of bright yellow flowers, and bristly peduncles
and involucre. 2/

62. LOBELTACE^, LOBELIA FAMILY.

Plants with milky acrid juice, alternate simple leave-, and scat-
tered racemed or panic-led flowers ; the calyx-tube adherent to the
many-seeded ovary and pod ; the corolla irregularly 5-lobed and
mostly split down as it were on the upper side ; the 5 stamens
united into a tube commonly by their filaments and always by their
anthers; style only one.

Downingia 61egans, under the older name of Clixt6nia elegans, and
D. pulchella, formerly Clixt6nia pulchklla, are delicate little annu-
als from California, sparingly cultivated. They resembles small Lobelias, with
very bright blue flowers, but are known by the very long and slender 1 -celled
pod, and short tube of corolla not much split down. The first has the 2 narrow
lobes approaching each other opposite the 3-lobed lip which has a whitish centre.
The second has a larger corolla, with centre of the 3-lobed lip yellow and white,
and the 2 other lobes widely diverging. — The other common plants of the
order belong to

1. LOBELIA (named after the herbalist De VOhel or Lohel). Tube of the
calyx and 2-celled ])od short. Corolla split down on one side, the 5 lobes
more or less irregular or unequal. Two or all 5 anthers bearded at top.

i

re\i

CAMPANULA FAMILY. 200

* Exotic, cultivated for ornament.

L. Erinus, from Cape of Good Hope^ the common low and spreading little
Lobelia of conservatories and summer gardens, with abundant small flowers
azure-blue, usually white in the throat, and narrow toothed upper leaves : 0 or
continued by cuttings.

L. laxiflbra, from Mexico, cultivated in conservatories under the name of
SiphocAmpylus BfcoLOR ; tall, with curved and large red and yellow flowers,
hanging on long slender peduncles from the axils of the oblong or lanceolate
toothed leaves. 2/

* * Wild species of the country, one or two^f them sometimes cultivated for orna-
ment ; fl. summer : growing in wet or low grounds, except two of them.

-t- Corolla deep red : stems tall and simple.

L. cardinalis, Cardinal-Flower, with lance-oblong leaves and erect
raceme of large and showy flowers, which are very rarely rose-colored or even
white. © 11

••- -t- Flowers blue or with some white in the throat.

L. infl^ta, Indian Tohacco. Somewhat hairy, 9' -18' high, much
branched, with ovate toorhc d leaves, and spike-like leafy racemes of small
flowers, the pale blue corolla only 2" long, and. pod inflated, (i) Common in
fields : a noted quack medicine.

L. syphilitica, Great Blue L. Slightly hairy, 1° - 3° high, leafy, with
ovatc-oblong irregularly toothed leaves, dense leafy raceme, hairy calyx, and
corolla almost 1' long. 2/

L. puberula, chiefly S. & W. ; minutely soft-downy, with blunter and
finer-toothed leaves, and rather 1-sided spike of smaller deeper-blue flowers. 2/

L. spic^ta, in sandy or gravelly damp or dry soil ; smoothish, Avith long
and wand-like stems l°-3° high, obovate lowest leaves, narrow and small
upper ones, and close naked raceme of very small flowers. (2) %

Li. Kalmii, of wet banks N. ; smooth, with branching stems 5'- 12' high,
obovate root-leaves, few and lanceolate or linear stem-leaves, a loose raceme
of slender-pedicelled and small but handsome bright-blue flowers, and obovate
pods. © %

63. CAMPANULACE.^, CAMPANULA FAMILY.

Herbs with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowery
with regular 5-lobed (blue or white) corolla and 5 stamens borne
on the summit of the calyx-tube which is adherent to the 2 - 5-
celled many-seeded ovary and pod ; style 1 ; stigmas as many as
the cells of the ovary. Stamens separate in all our plants of the
order, which by this and by the regular corolla (valvate in the bud)
are distinguished from the preceding.

1. SPECULARIA. Corolla nearly wheel-shaped. Stigmas 3. Pod linear Or nar-

row oblong, opening by a lateral valve or short cleft into each cell. Other-
wise as in the next.

2. CAMPANULA. Corolla bell-shaped, or of various shapes. Stigmas and cells

of the short pod 3-5, each cell of the latter opening by a lateral valve or
short cleft.

3. PLATYCODON. Corolla very broadly open from a narrow base, balloon-shaped

in the bud. Pod top-shaped, 5-celled, opening at the top into 3-&-valvea.

L SPECULARIA, VENUS'S LOOKING-GLASS. (Old Latin namo
of European species is «Sjocct</Mm P'e?jms.) Fl. all summer. ®

S. Spdculum, Garden V., cult, from Eu. for ornament, is a Ioav herb,
with oblong leaves, pretty blue flowers terminating the spreading branches, and
linear triangular pod.

S & F— 20

210 HEATH FAMILY.

S. perfoli^ta, a wild weedy plant in sterile or sandy ground, with simple
stems 3' - 20' high, furnished throughout with round-heart-shaped clasping
leaves, and small tiowers in their axils, only the later ones expanding a small
hlue corolla ; pod oblong.

2. CAMPANULA, BELLFLOWER or HAREBELL. (Diminutive of
Italian or late Latin name for bell.) Fl. summer. (Lessons, p. 102, fig. 207.)

* Wild species of the country, all with 3 stigmas and ^-celled pod.

C. Americana, Tall Wild B. Rich moist ground especially W., with
stem 3° - 6° high, thin lance-ovate taper-pointed serrate leaves, and long loose
spike of flowers, the almost wheel-shaped light-blue corolla 1' broad, and long
curved style. (V) ©

C. aparinoides, Small Marsh B. Grassy wet places, with delicate
weak stem 8' -20' high, and rough backward on the angles, bearing small lance-
lincar leaves and a few small flowers on diverging peduncles, the bell-shaped
corolla 3" -4" long. %

C. rotundifolia, Commox Harebell. On precipices and rocky banks
N., with tufted spreading slender stems 5' -12' high, round or heart-shaped
root-leaves, dying early, but narrow mostly linear stem-leaves (the specific name
therefore unf[)rtunate), and a few slender-peduncled flowers, the blue bell-shaped
corolla 6 ' - 8" long. %

* » European species of the gardens : flowers mostly hlue, with white varieties.
•*- Stigmas and cells of the pod 3 : no appendages to calyx. 2/

C. Carp^thica. Smooth, tufted, 6' -10' high, with roundish or ovate
pctioled small leaves, slender 1 -flowered peduncles, and open bell-shaped corolla
about 1' long.

C. rapunculoides. Weedy, spreading inveterately by the root, rather
hairy, the erect leafy stems \° -2° high, with lowest leaves heart-shaped and
petioled, upper lancc-ovate and sessile, nodding flowers in the axil of bracts
forming a IcatV raceme, and tubular-bell-shaped corolla I' long.

C. Trachelium. Roughish-hairy, 2° -3° high, with more coarsely toothed
and broader leaves than the last, and rather larger bell-shaped corolla.

C. persicsefolia. Smooth, with upright stems l°-2^° high, and bearing
small lance-linear leaves, root-leaves broader, all beset with minute close teeth ;
the flowers nearly sessile and erect, rather few in a sort of raceme, the open bell-
shaped corolla l^'-2' long, sometimes double.

■t- •»- Stigmas and cells of the pod 5 : calyx with refexed leafy appendages. ® (2)

C. Medium, Canterbury Bells. Erect, branching, hairy, with coarse
toothed leaves, and oblong-bell-shaped flowers 2' - 3' long, often double.

3. PLATYCODON. {A Grcak-madG n&mQ, means hrondbelljlower.) ^
P. grandiflbrum. Cult, from Siberia ; very smooth, pale or glaucous,

rather low and spreading, with lance-ovate coarsely toothed leaves, terminal
peduncle bearing a showy flower, the broadly expanded 5-lobed corolla fully
2' broad, blue or white, sometimes double, in summer.

64. ERICACE^, HEATH FAMILY.

Very large family, chiefly of shriib-5, difficult to define as a whole ;
the leaves are simple and mostly alternate ; the flowers almost all
regular, and with as many or twice as many stamens as there are
petals or lobes of the corolla ; their anthers 2-celled, each cell more
commonly opening by a pore or hole at the end ; ovary mostly
with as many cells as there are lobes to the corolla ; style only one,
and seeds small.

Epacris is a genus and the type of a family or sub-order of
Ileath-like shi'ubs, of Australia, some of them cult, in conservatoriea

HEATH FAMILY. . 211

Epacrises and the like differ from Heaths in their stamens (often
inserted on the tube of the corolla) having one-celled antliers. The
Heath Family comprises the following subordinate families: —

il. WHORTLEBERRY FAMILY, known by having the tube
of the calyx adherent to the ovary, on which the monopetalous
corolla and the stamens are therefore mounted. All are shrubs,
with scaly buds. Fruit a berry or berry-like.

, 1. GAYLUSSACIA. Stamens 10: anthers with the cells opening by a chink at
the blunt or tapering top. Ovary 10-celled with one ovule in each cell, fonn-
ing a berry-like fruit containing 10 apparent seeds, or properly little stones.
Flowers in lateral racemes; branchlets and leaves beset with resinous or
clammy dots or atoms.

2. VACClNlUM. Stamens 10 or 8: anthers tapering up into a tube with a hole

at the top. Ovary with several or many ovules in each cell, forming a pulpy
many-seeded (rarely rather few-seeded) berry.

3. CHIOGPvNES. Stamens 8: anthers with short cells minutely 2-pointed, and

opening by a lai*ge chink down to the middle. Ovary 4-celle(3, in fruit a white
many-seeded beiry.

II. HEATH FAMILY PRorsR ; shrubs or small trees with
calyx free from the ovary.

§ 1. Heaths: the corolla persisting dry and scnrious long after the flowers open,
enclosing the pod; the evergreen leaves needle-shaped or minute. Lobes of
calyx and corolla 4: stamens 8. No scaly leaf-buds.

4. ERICA. Corolla of various shapes, 4-toothed or 4-cleft, longer than the calyx.

Pod loculicidal. Leaves needle-shaped or linear with margins revolute.

5. CALLUNA. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted, much shorter and less conspicuous

than the 4 colored and scarious-persistent sepals; below these 2 or 3 pairs of
bracts, the inner ones scale-like. Pod septicidal. Leaves very short and
small, opposite, crowded, and imbricated.

^ 2. Corolla deciduous {not remaining dry after fl(nvering).

* Monopetalous {or in No. 16 icith two of th^jJetals nearly separate).

-t- Fruit berry-like, containing 5-10 seeds or very small stones: calyx dry underneath.

6. ARCXOSTAPHYLOS. Corolla urn-shaped, 5-toothed, enclosing the 10 sta-

mens ; their anthers opening at the top, and 2-awned on the back. Leaves
alternate.

-I- +- Fruit a dry and many-seeded pod,

•w- But enclosed in the calyx which becomes thick and fleshy, so that the fruit imitates
a berry, but has a dry pod inside.

7. GAULTHERIA. Corolla oblong or short-cylindrical, 5-toothed. Anthers 10,

4-awned or 4-pointed at top, opening only there. Leaves alternate, broad,
often spicy-aromatic, evergi-een.

•M- -i-f Calyx dry and separate from the pod.
a. Corolla salver-shaped, H-lobed ; anthers opening lengthwise, not appendaged.

8. EPIG^A. Sepals 5, thin and scale-like, ovate-lanceolate, style slender. Leaves

evergreen, reticulated, roundish.

b. Corolla cylindrical, urn-shaped, orate, or globular, very rarely bell-shaped, the
orifce i^-toiithed ; anthers opening wholly or mainly at the top. All belonged to
Andromeda of Linmeus, now divided as follows.

9. CASSANDRA. Calyx of 5 ovate and acute rigid sepals overlapping in the

bud, and a pair of "similar bractlets at its base. Corolla almost cylindrical.
Anthers with tubular tips to the cells, and no awns on the back. Pod flattish
from above, when ripe splitting into an outer layer of 6 valves and an
inner cartilaginous one of 10 valves. Shrub, with leaves rather scurfy.
10. LEUCOTHOK. Calyx of 5 almost separate sepals a little overlapping in the
bud. Corolla ovatc-oblong or almost cylindrical. Anthers without tubular
tips. Pod flattish from above, 5-valved, loculicidal. Shrubs.

212 HEATH FAMILY.

11. ANDROMEDA. Calyx valvate in the early bud ; no bractlets. Corolla various.

Pod globular or short-ovate, 5-valved, loculicidal. Shrubs.

12. OXYDENDRUM. Calyx valvate in the bud; no bractlets. Corolla ovate.

Anthei's awnless. Pod conical or pyramidal, 5-valved, loculicidal. Tree.

C* Corolla (usually large) open-bell-shaped, saucer-shaped^ funnel-form, i.fc.^ b-lobed
or cleft : anthers short, without atcns or other oppendayts, vpeniny only by
holes at the top : f laments long and sltnder, as is also the style ; pod septicuitd ••
leaves entire.

= No scaly buds : bracts green, frm^ andTpersistent.

13. KALMIA. Corolla broadly open, slightly 5-Iobed, and with 10 pouches in

which the 10 anthers are 'lodged until extricated by insects, when the bent
elastic filaments fly up and discharge the pollen/ Pod globular. Leaves
evergreen. Flowers in umbels or corymb-like clusters.
= = Flowers in uinbd-like clusters from large scdy terminal buds, their thin scale-
like bracts or bud-scales fdlinff as the blossoms are developed. Calyx often
minute or obsolete.

14. RHODODENDRON. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-form, or various. Stamens

10, often curved to the lower side. Leaves evergreen, or rarely deciduous.
Pod mostly oblong.

15. AZALEA. Stamens 5, or rarely more, and leaves deciduous: otherwise nearly

as in Rhododendron. And the characters run together, so that Azaleas would
hardly be kept distinct, except that they are so familiar in cultivation.

16. RIIODURA. Like Azalea, but the corolla strongly irregular, the upper part

3-lobed, the lower of 2 almost or quite separate petals; and stamens 10.

# * Polypetalous or nearly so: the {white) corolla of 5 equal petals,

"*- Widely spreading, oval or obovate : leaves evergreen : foicers in a terminal umbel.

17. LEIOPHYLLUM. Stamens 10: anthei-s opening lengthwise. Pod 2-3-celled.

Leaves small, smooth both sides, glossy, mostly opposite.

18. LEDUM. Stamens 5-10: anthers opening by holes at top. Pod 5-celled.

Leaves alternate, thinnish, rusty-woolly underneath. Flowers from scaly
terminal buds, as in Azalea.
•*- -t- Petals less spreading : leaves deciduous : flowers in hoary racemes.

19. CLETHRA. Sepals and obovate-oblong petals 5. Stamens 10: anthers arrow-

shaped and renexed in the bud, the hole at the top of each cell then at the
bottom. Style 3-cleft at the apex. Pod 3-valved, 3-celled, enclosed in the
calyx. Leaves alternate, serrate, feather-veined, deciduous.

III. PYROLA FAMILY; evergreen herbs or nearly so, with
calyx free from the ovary, corolla of separate petals, anthers turned
outwards in the bud, soon inverted, when the holes by which they
open are at top. Seeds innumerable, with a loose cellnlar coat.

20. PYROLA. Flowers in a raceme on a scape which bears rounded leaves at

base. Petals roundish, more or less concave. Stamens 10, with awl-shaped
fihiments. Style long. Valves of pod cobwebby on the edges.

21. MONESES. Flower solitary, with orbicular widely spreading (sometimes only

4) petals, conspicuously 2-horned anthers, large 5-rayed stigma on a straight
style, and nod as in the next genus: otherwise like Pyrola.

22. CHIMAPHILA. Flowers several in a corymb or umbel, with orbicular widely-

spreading petals, 2-horned anthers on filaments enlarged and hairy in the
middle. Very short top-shaped style covered bv a broad orbicular stigma,
and valves of pod smooth on the eciges. Stems leafy below: leaves narrow,
smooth and glossy.

IV. INDIAN PIPE FAMILY ; herbs destitute of green foli-
age, parasitic on roots of other plants ; commonly represented by
one common genus, viz.

23. MONOTROPA. Calyx or 2 or more deciduous bract-like scales. Corolla of

4 or 5 erect spatuliite or wedge-shaped petals, resembling the scales of the
stem. Stamens 8 or 10: anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top,
style stout: sti'^a depressed. Pod 4 - 6-celled, seeds iunumex-ahle, minute,
resembling fiao sawdust.

\nI-uyU\y] /. 'i^^ im

uC V \j \J/ if W^

HEATH FAMILY. 213

1. GAYLUSSACIA, HUCKLEBERRY or AMERICAN WHORTLE-
BERRY. (Named for the French chemist Gay-Lussac.) Flowers white
tinged with reddish, in late spring : the edible fruit ripe late in summer, that
of the first species largely gathered for the market.

G. resinbsa, Common or Black H. Low or rocky ground, common ex-
cept S. W., l°-3° high, clammy-resinous when young, with rigid ^ branches,
oval leaves, short one-sided racemes in clusters, rather cylindrical corolla, and
black fruit without a bloom.

G. frondbsa, Bluk-Tanglb or Dangleberry. Low grounds from New
England S., with diverging slender branches, pale leaves white beneath, slen-
der racemes and pedicels, short corolla, and sweet blue-black fruit with a bloom.

G. dumbsa, Dwarf H. Sandy soil near the coast, rather hairy or bristly,
with thickish rather shining oblong leaves, long racemes, leaf-like oval bracts
to the pedicels, bell-shaped corolla, and insipid black fruit.

2. VACCINIUM, CRANBERRY, BLUEBERRY, &c. (Ancient Latin,
name, of obscure meaning.) Berry edible. (Lessons, p. 104, fig. 216.)

§ 1. Blueberries, beyorfd New England commonly called Huckleberries ;
with /eaves deciduous at least in the A'orthern States ; flowers in spring in
clusters from scaly buds separate from and rather earlier than the leaves ;
corolla oblong or short cylindrical, b-toothed, enclosing the 10 anthers, berries
ripe in summer, sweet, blue or black ivith a bloom, each of the 5 many-seeded
cells divided into two.

V. Pennsylv^nicum, Dwarf Early Blueberry. Dry or barely
moist grounds N. and E. : 6' - 15' high, with green angular branches, mostly
lance-oblong leaves bristly-serrulate and smooth and shining both sides, the
sweet berries earliest to ripen.

V. Canad^nse, Canada B. Low grounds only N., is taller, l°-2° high,
the broader entire leaves and branchlets downy.

V. vaeillans, Low Pale B. Dry woodlands, less northern ; l°-3° high,
with yellowish branches, smooth and pale or glaucous leaves obovate or oval
and entire, and berries ripening later than the first.

V. tenellum, Southern B. Low grounds from Virginia S. ; lO-3° high,
with greenish branches rather pubescent, obovate-oblong or oblanceolate leaves
scarcely serrulate and often pubescent, ^' - 1' long.

V. COrymbbsurQ, Common Sw^amp B. N. & S. in wet or low grounds :
3° - 10° high, with oval or oblong leaves, either smooth or downy, pale or green,
and sweetish berries ripening in late summer ; in one downy-leaved variety pure
black without a bloom.

§ 2. Evergreen Blueberries of the South, in low pine batrens, procumbent
or only 1° - 2° high, with b-toothed corolla and 10 stamms.

V. myrsinites, with stems 6' - 20' high, lanceolate or lance-obovate leaves
I' - 1' long and mostly pale beneath, and black or blue berries.

V. crassifblium, with procumbent slender stems, thick and shining oval
or oblong leaves ^' or less in length, their margins revolute, globular-bell-shaped
corolla, and black berries.

§ 3. Farkleberry and Deerberrt ; erect shrubs with single axillary or
racemed flowers on slender pedicels, in early summer, open-bell-shaped
corolla, 10 stamens, anthers with very slender tubes and 2 awns on the back,
and insipid berries ripening late, each of their 5 cells divided into two, and
maturing few seeds.

V. arbbreum, Farkleberry. Open woods from Virg. and S. 111. S. :
8°- 15° high, evergreen far S., with oval glossy leaves, anthers included in the
5-toothed white corolla, and black mealy berries.

"V. Stamineum, Dekuheuky or Squaw-Huckleberry. Dry woods,
N. & S. : 2° - 3° high, rather downy, with dull and pale ovate or oval leaves,
anthers nmch longer than the greenish or wliitish 5-cleft corolla, and large
greenish berries.

214: HEATH FAMILY.

§ 4. Cranberry; creeping or trailing* very slender hardly woody plants, with

small evergreen leaves whitish beneath, single flowers in summer, borne on

slender' erect pedicels, pale rose corolla deeply parted into 4 narrow re flexed

divisions, 8 anthers with very long tubes but no awns on the back, and acid

red berry ^-celled, ripe in autumn.

V. Oxyc6ccus, Small C. Cold peat-bogs N. & E. : a delicate little plant,

flowering at the end of the stems, the ovate acute leaves (only i' long) with

strongly revolutc margins, berry only half as large as in the next, often speckled

with white, seldom gathered for market.

V. macroc^rpon, Large or American C. Bogs from Virginia N. ;
with stems 1° to 3° long, growing on so that the flowers become lateral, ob-
long obtuse leaves sometimes ^' long, and with less revolute margins, and
berries ^' or more long ; largely cultivated for the market E.

3. OHJOGENES. (Greek-made name, alluding to the snow-white berries.)

C. hispidula, Creeping Snowberry. Cool peat-bogs and low mossy
woods N. ; with nearly herbaceous slender creeping stems, very small ovate

f>ointed evergreen leaves, their lower surface and tiie branchlcts beset with rusty
u-istles, minute axillary flowers in late spring, and white berries ripe in summer :
these and the foliage have the flavor of Aromatic Wintcrgreen.

4. ERICA, HEATH. (Ancient Greek name.) All belong to the Old
"World. The Heaths of the conservatories, blooming in winter, belong to
various species from Cape of Good Hope. Of the European species one bears
the winter well at the North, and is planted, viz.

E. Cornea (in the form called E. herbXcea), of the Alps ; a low under-
shrub, with linear blunt leaves whorled in fours, and rosy or bright flesh-colored
flowers, with narrow corolla rather longer than calyx, in early spring.

6. CALLUNA, HEATHER, LING. (Name from Greek, to sweep, brooms

being made from its twigs in Europe.)

C. vulgaris, Common H. of North Europe, seldom planted, very sparingly
found wild in E. New England and Nova Scotia, &c. : fl. summer.

■J ' d U ■ ,

6. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, BEARBERRY (the name in Greek).

A. Uva-Ursi, Common B. ; trailing over rocks and bare hills N., forming
mats, with thick smooth and entire obovate or spatulate evergreen leaves, and
small scaly-bractcd nearly white flowers in a short raceme, in early spring, fol-
lowed by the red austere berries. Leaves used in medicine, astringent and
somewhat mucilaginous.

7. GAULTHERIA, AROMATIC WINTERGREEN, &c. (Named
for Dr. Gaulthier or Gaultier of Quebec, over 130 years ago.)

G. prociimbens, Creeping W., Boxbkrry, Checkerberry, &c. ;
common in evergreen and low woods, spreading by long and slender mostly
subterranean runners, sending up stems 3' - 5' high, bearing at summit a few
obovate or oval leaves and in summer one or two nodding white flowers in the
axils, the edible red " berries " lasting over winter : these and the foliage famil-
iar for their spicy flavor, yielding the oil of winter green

G. Shallon, in the shade of evergreen woods of Oregon, &c., and sparingly
planted, a shrub spreading over the ground, with glossy ovate slightly heart-
shaped leaves about 3' long, and flowers in racemes.

8. EPIGJSA. (Name in Greek means on the ground, from the growth.)

E. ripens, Trailing Arbutus, Ground Laurel, or, in New England,
Mayflower. Sandy or some rocky woods, chiefly E., under pines, &c. ; proj-

HEATH FAMILY. 215

trate, with rusty-bristly shoots, somewhat heart-shaped leaves slender-petioled,
and small clusters of rose-colored or almost white spicy-fragrant flowers in early-
spring.

9. CASSANDRA, LEATHEK-LEAF. (A mythological name.)

C. ealycul^ta. Wet bogs N. and mostly E. ; low much branched shrab,
with small and nearly evergreen dull oblong leaves sprinkled with some fine
scurf or scaly atoms, and small white flowers in the axils of the upper leaves
forming one-sided leafy racemes, in early spring.

10. LEUCOTHOE. (Mythological name.) Flowers white, in naked
^ scaly-bracted racemes or spikes, which are formed in summer and open the

next year.

§ 1. Evergreens on moist hanks of streams, with very smooth and glossy JineJy

and f^hitrp/y serrate leaves ; the rather catkin-like dense racemes sessile in

their axils ; bractlets at the base of the short pedicels ; flowers in spring ,

exhaling the scent of Chestnut-blossoms.

L. Catesbsei, abounds from Virginia S. along and near the mountains,

with long recurving branches, ovate-lanceolate and very taper-pointed leaves on

tonspicuous petioles, and narrowish sepals.

L. axillaris, belongs to the low country S., flowers very early, has broader
less pointed leaves on very short petioles, and broad-ovate sepals.

§ 2. Deciduous-leaved, ivith one-sided looser racemes at the ends of the branches,

flowering in late spring or summer after the membranaceous leaves are

developed ; bractlets close to the calyx, acute.

L. raeembsa. Low grounds E. & S. ; erect, 4° - 8° high, with oblong

acute serrulate leaves a little downy beneath, long and upright racemes, and

4-awned anthers.

11. ANDROMEDA. (Mythological name.) Flowers white, rarely tinged
with rose, mostly in spring.

§ 1 . Flowers in naked one-sided racemes crowded at the end of the branches, formed
in summer and opening early the next spring : leaves evergreen.

A. floribllnda. Along the Alleghanies S. and planted for oniament ;
3°- 10° high, very leafy, the lance-oblong acute leaves serrulate with very fine
bristly teeth, abundance of handsome flowers, the ovate-urnshaped corolla
strongly 5-angled ; anthers 2'awned low on the back.

§ 2. Flowers in umbel-like clusters: leaves evergreen : stamens 2-awned.

A. polifblia. Cold wet bogs N. ; 6' - 1 8' high, smooth and glaucous ;
with lanceolate entire revolute leaves white beneath, flowers in a simple termi-
nal umbel, the corolla almost globular.

A. nitida. Low pine-barrens from North Carolina S. ; 2° - 6° high, very
smooth, with 3-angled bnmchlets, ovate or oblong and entire glossy leaves,
abundant honey-scented flowers in numerous axillary clusters, and ovate-
cylindrical corolla.

§ 3. Flowers in umbel-like clusters on wood of the previous year, in late spring or
early summer: leaves mostly deciduous, but often thickish or coriaceous : pods
5-angled by a prominent rib or ridge at the lines of opening.

♦ Flowers ^' or more long, nodding, smooth, clustered mostly on leafless shoots :
stamens 2-awned. Smooth ornamental shrubs, 2° -4° high.

A. specibsa. Low barrens S., barely hardy N. in cultivation ; with oval
or oblong blunt and serrate leaves, often mealy-whitened ; corolla open bell-
shaped.

A. Marina, Stagger-bush (the foliage said to poison lambs and calves).
Low grounds E. & S. ; with glossy oval or oblong entire veiny leaves, and
leaf-like lanceolate sepals half the length of the almost cylindrical corolla.

216 HEATH FAMILY.

* * Flowers very smaU, with globular and scxirfy-pnhescent corolla. Rusty pu-

bescent or scurfy shrubs, 4° - 10° high.

A. ferruginea. Low sandy grounds S. with thick and rigid mostly ever-
green rusty obovate leaves, the margins revolute.

A. ligUStrlna. Low grounds E. & S. ; with thin and green obovate-oblong
leaves, and panicled clusters of small flowers.

12. OXYDENDRUM, SORREL-TREE, SOUR- WOOD. (Both the
Greek-made and English names refer to the sour-tasted leaves.) One species.
O. arbbreum. Rich woods, Penn. to Ohio and S. ; tree 15° -40° high,

smooth, with oblong-lanceolate pointed serrulate leaves (resembling those of the
Peach), on slender ])etioles, and white flowers in long one-sided racemes clus-
tered in a loose panicle at the end of the branches of the season, in early
summer.

13. KALMIA, AMERICAN or MOUNTAIN LAUREL. (Named for
Pet>'r Kaim, pupil of Linnaeus, who travelled in this country before the
middle of the last century.) Ornamental shrubs, scarcely found W. : foliage
thought to poison cattle. Fl. spring and early summer.

X. Iatif61ia, Largk Mountain-L., also Calico-bush, Spoox-wood, &c.,
in Middle States. Common N. in damp grounds and along the mountains S.,
where it forms very dense thickets, 4° -10° or even 20° high, with mostly
alternate lance-ovate leaves bright green both sides ; the large and showy
clusters of rose-color or white or crimson-spotted flowers terminal and clammy,
in early summer.

X. angustifblia, Narrow-leaved or Sheep L., Lamkill. Low or
dry grounds ; 2° - 3° high, with narrow-oblong short-petioled leaves opposite or
in threes and pale beneath, and corymbs of smaller crimson-purple flowers lat-
eral (in late spring), their pedicels recurved in fruit.

X. glatica, Pale L. Cold bogs N. ; l°-2° high, with 2-edged branches,
opposite sessile oblong or linear leaves white beneath and with revolute margins,
the corymbs of lilac-purple flowers terminal, in spring.

14. RHODODENDRON, ROSE-BAY. (The name in Greek means
Rose-tree) Very ornamental shrubs or small trees. Calyx in our species
small or minute.

* Leaves thick and evergreen, smooth : branches stiff" and erect : flowers in early

summer from very large terminal buds: corolla broadly bell-shaped.

R. maximum, Great R. or Wild Laurel. Mountain-sides, abundant
through the Alleghanies, and N. sparingly to Maine and Canada ; 6° - 20°
high, with lance-oblong leaves (4' -10' long) narrowish below, clammy pedi-
cels, and pale rose or nearly white corolla (1' broad) greenish in the throat, on
the upper side more or less spotted with yellow or reddish : fl. midsummer.

R. Catawbidnse, Catawba R. High Alleghanies from Virginia S., and
planted ; 3° - 6° high, with oval or oblong leaves rounded at both ends and
pale beneath (3' -5' long), usually rusty pedicels, and large purple corolla:
fl. early summer. This, hybridized with other less hardy species, especially
with the next, and with the tender R. arboreum of the "Himalayas (cult, in
conservatories) gives rise to most of the various Rhododendrons of ornamental
grounds.

R. Pontieum, from Pontus, &c., hardy when planted N. only as a low
shrub, has obovate-lanceolate leaves tapering to the base, and a very open bell-
shaped purple corolla, in late spring.

* * Leaves evergreen, but thinnish ; branches slender and spreading or drooping :

flowers in early summer.
R. punct^tum, Dotted R. Along the mountains E. from N. Carolina
S., and sparingly planted ; 4° - 6° high, with oblong or lance-oblong leaves
acute at both ends, 2' -4' long, and sprinkled, like the branchlets and outside
of the rather small short funnel-shaped rose-colored corolla, with rusty dots or
atoms.

HEATH FAMILY. 217

* * * Leaves tardily deciduous, thickish : floxcers borne on the naked shoots in

earliest spring : corolla almost wheel-shaped, bright rose-purple.
R. Dauricum, cult, from Siberia ; a low shrub, with small oblong leaves
(l'-2' long) sprinkled with minute dots, becoming rusty beneath.

15. AZALEA. (Name in Greek means arid; not applicable to these orna-
mental shrubs, which grow in low, wet, or shady grounds.)

§ 1. Chinese Azaleas, with thickish almost or quite ei-ergreen leaves, rather

leafy calyx, short-tubed corolla approaching to bell-shaped, and often 10

stamens, — therefore in strictness rather Rhododendrons :

A. indica, cult, from China and Japan, &c., is however the Azalea of

florists, flowering in late winter and early spring in conservatories, with red,

purple, pink, white or variegated showy flowers, green rather shining leaves,

and shoots beset with appressed awl-sliaped rusty bristles.

§ 2. True Azaleas or False Honeysuckles, with deciduous leaves, slen-
der cylindrical tube to the corolla, the chiefly 5 stamens and the style long
and protruded : hardy ornamental shrubs.

* Flowers developed later than the leaves, in summer, very fragrant.
A. Visc6sa, Clammy A. Swamps E. & S.; 4° -10° high, with bristly
branchlets, oblong-obovate mostly smooth leaves commonly jjale or whitish
beneath, often glossy above, and white or rosy-tinged very clammy flowers.

* * Flowers developed with or rather before the thin and veiny mostly pubescent

leares, in late spring, slighdy fragrant.

A. nildifl6ra, Purple A. or Pinxter-flower. Swamps, chiefly E. & S. ;
30 _ Qo liigh, with oblong or obovate leaves ; branchlets and narrow tube of the
rose or pink-red corolla rather glandular-pubescent, and calyx very small.

A. calendul^cea, Flame-colored A. In and near the Alleghanies,
especially S., and cult, in hybrid forms ; has yellow or flame-colored corolla and
Jarger cnlyx-lobes than the preceding.

A. P6ntica, planted from the Old World, a native of the Caucasus ; has
larger (2' or more broad) golden or orange-yellow flowers, terminating naked
branches, the tube clammy-downy.

16. RHODORA. (Name made from the Greek word for Rose, from the
co'.or of the flowers and general likeness to Rhododendron.)

R. Canadensis. Cold wet grounds, from Penn. N. & E. : low shrub, with
handsome rose-pink flowers in spring, somewhat earlier than the pale rather
hairy leaves.

17. LEIOPHYLLUM, SAND -MYRTLE. (Name from the Greek,
meaning smooth le<f ^

L. buxif61ium. In sand, from New Jersey S. ; evergreen shrub a few
inches high, much branched, with oval or oblong Myrtle-like leaves (from 4' to
near ^' long), and umbels of small white flowers in late spring.

18. LEDUM, LABRADOR TEA. (An old Greek name.) Fl. early
summer.

L. latifblium, Common or Broad-leaved L. Low and damp or wet

grounds from Penn. N. ; 2° - 5° high, with oblong leaves, usually 5 stamens,
and oblong pods.

19. CLETHRA, WHITE ALDER. (Old Greek name of Aider, from
some resemblance in the foliage.) Fl. in stimmer.

C. alnif61ia, the only common species, in low grounds, 3°- 10° high, with
wedge-obovate sharply serrate straight-veined leaves^ a:id upright panicled
racemes of fragrant small flowers.

218 HOLLY FAMILY.

20. PYKOLA, WINTERGREEN, SHIN-LEAF. (Old name, dimiim-
• tive of Pyrus, the Pear-tree, the application not obvious.) Flowers mostly

greenish-white, in summer.)

* Flowers nodding, the petals partly expanding, the hanging sfi/le more or less

curved, tipped with a nan-ow stigma, and stamens ascending.

P. rotundif61ia. Damp or sandy woods ; has thick and shining round
leaves on short petioles, many-tiowered raceme, and blunt anthers : a variety ia
bogs has rose-purple flowers.

P. elllptica. Rich woods N. ; has thinnish and dull upright leaves on
rather long and margined petioles ; the greenish-white flowers nearly as in the
preceding.

P. chlor^ntlia. Open woods N. ; smaller, the scape only 5'- 6' high, with
a few greenish-wliite flowers, thick but dull roundish leaves only 1' long, and
anthers short-horned.

* * Flowers all turned to one side, rather spreading than nodding, the petals con-

niving, stamens and style straight, stigma large and 5-rayed.
P. Seeilnda. Rich woods N. & E. : slender, 3' - 6' high, with thin ovate
leaves and dense spike-like raceme.

21. MONESES, ONE-FLOWERED WINTERGREEN. (Name, from
the Greek, refers to the solitary flower.) Flowering in early summer.

M. uniflora. Cold woods N. E. : with roundish and serrate veiny leaves
about ^' long, scape 2' - 4' liigh, and rather large white or rose-colored flower.

22. CHIMAPHILA, PIPSISSEWA or PRINCES -PINE. (Name
from Greek, means lover of ivinter, i. e. Wintergrecn ) Plants of dry woods,
branched at base, 3'- 10' high, with fragrant wax-like mostly flesh-colored
flowers, in early summer.

C. umbellkta, Common P. Leaves wedge-lanceolate, sharply serrate, not
spotted ; flowers 4-7, with violet-colored anthers.

C. macul^ta, Spotted P. Lower, 3' -6' high, with ovate-lanceolate
remotely toothed leaves blotched with white, and 1-5 flowers.

23. MONOTROPA, INDIAN PIPE. .(Name from the Greek, refers to
the flower or summit of the stem turned over to one side or hanging : in
fruit it straightens.) Fl. summer.

M. uniflora, Commox Indian Pipe or Corpse-plant ; in rich woods ,•
smooth, waxy-white all over, 3' - 6' high, with one rather large nodding flower
of 5 pet:i'.5 and 10 stamens.

M. Hyp6pitys, Pine-sap or False Beech-drops ; in Oak and Pine
woods; rather downy, tawny or reddish, fragrant, 4' -12' high, with several
smallish flowers in a scaly raceme, having 4 petals and 8 stamens, or the upper-
most 5 v.etals and 10 stamens.

65. AQUIPOLTACE^, HOLLY FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, wUh alternate .simple leaves, small mostly po-
lygamous or dioecious axillary flowers, having; divisions of tlie hee
calyx, petals (these almost or quite distinct), stamens (alternate
with petals), and cells of the ovary of the same number (4-6 or
even 9, and fruit berry-like, containing 4-6 single-seeded little
stones. Solitary ovule hanging from the top of each cell. Sessile
stigmjs 4 — 6, or united into one. Flowers white.

Nemopan THEs Canadensis, sometimes called Mountain Hol-
J.Y, shrub with slender petals and large dull red berries, in cold
woodi or bogs N., is the only representative besides the species of

EBONY FAMILY. '219

1. ILSX, HOLLY. (Ancient Latin name, which howerer belonged rather
to an Oak than to Holly.) Fl. early summer : fruit autumn.

§ 1. True Holly, with thick and rigid evergre/n leaves, red berries, and parts
ofthejlowers in fours, rarely some in Jives or sixes.

I. Aquifolium, European Holly, is occasionally planted, not quite
hardy N. ; tree with more glossy and spiny leaves, and brighter red berries than

I. opaca, American H. Low grounds from E. New England S. ; tree
20° - 40° high, smooth, with gray bark, oval leaves wavy-margined and spiny-
toothed.

I. Dah6on, Dahoon H. Shrub or small tree, of I6w pine-barrens from
Eastern Virginia S., a little downy, with obof ate or oblong-linear short-petioled
leaves sparingly toothed above the middle ; or, var. myrtif6lia, with narrower
leaves barely 1' long and mostly entire.

I. Cassine, Yaupon H. Shrub on the sandy coast S., with oblong or
lance-ovate crenate leaves only 1' long, and flowers in sessile clusters. Leaves
used for Yaupon tea.

§ 2. Prinos, &c., shrubs with deciduous mostly thin leaves, and red berries.
* Parts of the flower 4, 5, rarely 6 : nutlets striate on the back.
I. decidua. Wet grounds S. & W. ; with wedge-oblong or lance-obovate
obtusely serrate leaves downy on the midrib beneath, when old glossy above,
and with acute calyx-lobes.

I. ambigua. Wet grounds S. ; with the thin oval or oblong pointed
leaves smooth or smoothish and sharply serrate, and obtuse ciliate calyx-lobes.

I. mollis. Shady grounds along the Alleghanies from Penn. S. ; like the
last, but soft-downy, and fertile peduncles very short.

♦ * Parts of the blossom 6 [or sometimes 5-9) in the fertile, 4-6 in the sterile
flowers : nutteta of the berry smooth and even.

I. verticill^ta, Common Winterberry or Black Alder. Common
in low grounds ; with obovate or wedge-lanceolate serrate leaves (l|'-2' long)
acute or pointed at both ends, the lower surface often downy, very short-pedun-
cled flowers mostly clustered, and very bright scarlet-red berries ripening late in
autumn. There is nothing whorled in the leaves or flowers, so that the name
is rather misleading.

I. laevigata, Smooth W. Wet grounds along the coast of New England
to Virginia ; has smoother and narrower minutely serrate leaves glossy above,
long-peduncled sterile flowers, and larger less bright berries ripening earlier.

§ 3. Ink BERRY ; shrubs with thickish evergreen leaves glossy above, ofien blackish-
dotted beneath, parts of the flower 6, or rarely 7-9, ana with black
astringent berries, their nutlets smooth and even.
I. gld,bra, Common Inkberry. Along sandy coast from Mass. S., 2° -4°
high ; with wedge-oblong few-toothed near the apex, flowers several on the
sterile, solitaiy on the fertile peduncles.

I. COri^cea. Wet soil from Carolina S. ; 4° - 8° high, with larger obovate-
oblong or oval leaves entire or with scattered sharp teeth.

66. EBENACE.^, EBONY FAMILY.

Trees, with hard wood, no milky juice, alternate entire leaves,
from 2 to 4 times as many stamens as ther« are lobes to the corolla,
several-celled ovary, with a single ovule hanging in each cell, and
berry with large hard-coated seeds. Represented only by

1. DIOSPYROS, PERSIMMON, DATE -PLUM. (Ancient Greek
name.) Flowers polygamous or dioecious, the fertile ones single in axils of
leaves, the sterile smaller and often clustered. Calyx and corolla each 4 - G-
lobed. Stamens about 16 in the sterile, 8 imperfect ones iu the fertik flowers,

220 8TORAX FAMILY.

inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers turned inwards. Berry edible

when very ripe, plum-like, p:lobular, surrounded at base by the persistent

thickish clilyx. Fl. early summer.

D. Virginiana, Common P. Southern New England to Illinois and S. :
tree 20° -60° high, with very hard blackish wood, nearly smooth thickish ovate
leaves, very short peduncles, 4-parted calyx, pale yellow 4-cleft corolla, 4 styles
2-lobed at tip, 8-celled ovary, and plum-like fruit green and very acerb, but yel-
low, sweet, and eatable after frost.

67. SAPOTACE^, SAPPODILLA FAMILY.

Mainly tropical trees or shrubs, with hard wood, and in otlier
respects also resembling the last family, but mostly with milky
juice, perfect flowers, anthers turned outwards, erect ovules, and
bony-coated seeds. Represented S. by a few species of

1. BXJMEIjIA. (Ancient name of a kind of Ash, transferred to this genus. )
Flowers small, white or whitish, in clusters in the axils of the leaves. Calyx
5-parted. Corolla .5-cleft, and with a pair of internal appendiiges between the
lobes, 5 good stamens before them, and as many petal-like sterile ones or
scales alternating. Ovary S-celled, hairy: style 1, pointed. Fruit cherry-
like, containing a single large stony-coated seed. Small trees or shrubs, with
branches often spiny, and deciduous but thickish leaves entire. Fl. summer :
fruit purple or blackish. Natives of river-banks, &c.

B. lycioides, from Virginia to Illinois and S., is smooth, with obovate-
oblong or lance-wedge-shaped leaves 2' - 4' long, and greenish flowers.

B. t6liax, still more southern, has smaller leaves brown-silky underneath,
and a shorter white corolla.

B. lanugindsa, in dry soil from S. Illinois S. ; has leaves rusty-hairy or
woolly beneath, and white corolla.

68. STYKACACE^, STORAX FAMILY.

Slirubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, pei'fect flowers with
4-8 petals more or less united at the base, and bearing twice as
many or indefinitely numerous partly monadelphous or polyadel-
phous stamens, only one style, and a 1 — 5-celled 1 - 5-sepded fruit.
Ovules as many as 2 in each cell. Calyx in ours coherent more or
less with the 2 - -i-celled ovary.

1 STYRAX. Flowers from the axils of the leaves, white, showy, on drooping pe-
duncles. Calyx scarcely 5-toothed, its base coherent merely with the base of
the 3-celled manv-o\'uled ovary. Corolla open bell-shapcd, mostly 5-partccI,
rather downy outside. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla,
with flat filaments monadelphous at base, and*^ linear anthers. Fi-uit dry,
1-celled, with u^^uully only one globular hard-coated seed at its base.

2. HALESIA Flowers in fascicles on hanging pedicels from the axils of the
deciduous leaves of the preceding year, white, showy. Calyx 4-toothed, the
tube wholly coherent with the 2-4-cel!ed ovary. Petals 4,' or united into a
bell-shaped corolla. Stamens 8-16: filaments monadelphous at the base:
antheri^ hnear-oblong. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fmit large and dry, 2-4-
winged, Avithiu bony or woody and 1-4-celled, a single seed filling each
slender cell.

8. SYMPLOCOS Flowers yellow, in the axils of the thickish leaves, not droop-
ing. Calyx 5-cleft, coherent with the lower part of the 3-celled oyarj\
Petals 5, broad, nearly separate. Stamens veiy many in 5 clu<;ters, one
attached to the base of each petal : filaments very slexider : anthers very
short. Fruit 1-celIed, 1-seeded, small and dry.

PLANTAIN FAMILY. 221

1. STYRAX, STOKAX. (The ancient Greek name.) Leaves, &c. with
some scurf" or starry down. Shrubs, in low pine woods or barrens, from Vir-
ginia S. : fi. late spring.

S. grandifolia, has obovate leaves (2' -6' long) white downy beneath, and
flowers mostly numerous in racemts.

S. puiveruleata, has oval or obovate leaves less than 2' long, their
low»r face scurfy -downy, and fragrant flowei's few together or single.

S. Americana, has obiong almost glabrous leaves acute at both ends, and
flowers 2-4 together or single.

2. HALESIA, SNOWDROP- or SILVER-BELL-TREE. (Named for
Stephen Hales, early writer of essays in vegetable physiology.) Tall shrubs
or small trees, flowering in spring just as the leaves appear.

H. tetraptera, Fouu-wixged H. Along streams fi-om Virginia and the
Ohio River S., planted for ornament and hardy N. : tall, smoothish, with oblong
finely serrate leaves, 4-lobed corolla, 12 -IG strongly monadelphous stamens,
and 4-wingcd fruit.

H. diptera, Two-winged H., confined to low cimntry S. ; has coarsely
serrate more downy oval leaves, 4 nearly distinct petals (1' long), 8-12 nearly
distinct stamens, and 2-wingcd fruit

3. SYMPLOCOS. (A Greek name, means 5rrouu»r/ fo^r^Ae?-.) Fl. spring.
S. tinctoria, Sweet-Leaf, Horse-Sugar. Shrub or small tree, in rich

ground S., with coriaceous oblong nearly entire almost evergreen leaves, pale
beneath, and small odorous flowers in close sessile bracted clusters. Leaves
sweet-tasted, greedily eaten by cattle.

P9. PLANTAGINACRffi, PLANTAIN FAMILY.

Consists almost entirely of the very familiar weedy genus

1. PLATTTAGO, PLANTAIN, RIBGRASS. (The old Latin name.)
Flowers in a s])ikc, on a naked scape, small, whitish. Sepals 4 (or rarely 3
from two of them growing together), imbi-icated, persistent. Corolla short
salver-form, thin and m'mibranaceous, nsua!)}^ bectmiing scarious and dry, or
withering on the pod ; lobes 4. Stamens 4 (or rarely 2) borne on the tube of
the corolla : filaments usually lengthening suddenly at flowering time and
hanging (as in Grasses), bearing the 2-celled anthers. Style and long hairy
stigma single and thread-like. Ovary 2-cellcd. Pod 2-celfed, a jnixis, the top
falling ofl^'as a lid, and the ])artition then falling out along with the 2 or more
seeds. Leaves parallel-ribbed, all from the ground. The folloAving are the
common species : fl. summer.

§ 1 . Flowers all alike and perfect, in each the styh protruded a daxj or two before
the antheis open or are hung out : lobes ofcuroda remainimj wide open.

P. m^jor, Common Plantain, in yards, &c. Usually smooth or smooth-
ish, Avith ovate or oval 5 - 7-ribbed leaves, a slender spike, and 7 - 16-seeded
pod. X

P. lanceol^ta, Ribgrass, Ripplegrass, or English Plantain. Nat.
from Eu. in fields: rather hairy, with lanceolate or lance-oblong 3-5-ribbed
leaves, a grooved-angled scape, thick and close spike, two of the sepals mostly
united into one, and 2-seeded pod. 2/

P. maritima, Seaside P. Salt-marshes N. E. ; smooth, with linear thick
and fleshy sometimes almost terete leaves, showing no ribs, slender spike, and
2 - 4-seeded pod. (i) i/

§ 2. Flowers ahnost dioecious, or of 2 sorts, one tvifh 4 lovfj stamens and open
corola, the other wilh minute short stamens, and corolla closing permanently
over the pod.

P. Virginica. Sandy grounds mostly S. : small, pubescent, with obavate
or lance-spatulate 3 - 5-ribbed leaves, a small spike, and 2-!sGeded j)od.

222 PRIMROSE FAMILY.

70. PLUMB AGIN ACE^, LEAD WORT FAMILY.

Known by the flowers with parts five throughout, viz. 5-lobed
plaited calyx, 5 stamens opposite as many petals or lobes of the
coiolla and almost se[)arate from th«n, 5 styles or 5 stigmas, and
the free ovary 1 -celled, containing a single ovule hanging on a
slender stalk which rises from its base ; the fruit a small utricle.

§ 1. Lmo hardy herbs, with leaves all from the root, and flowers on scapes, having
afunmi-shaptd scarious calyx, nearly or quite separate petals taptriny at bate^
and 5 almost or quite separate styles.

1. ARMERIA, Tufted plants with evergreen very narrow and entire leaves,

simple scapes bearing a head of rose-colored flowers, and styles plumose-
hairy towards the base.

2. STATIC E. Broadish-leaved herbs, with scapes branching mto a panicle,

bearing 3-bracted flowers or clusters : styles smooth.

§ 2. Plants of wnrni regions, with bravthinr/ mostly woody stems beaHng alternate
entire leaves, ana hracted spikes (f h'lndsxme jlowers, having a tiibular calyx
and corolla, ana one style bearing 5 sogmns.

3. PLUMBAGO. Calyx 5-toothed at the apex, glandular along the 5 ribs or

angles. Corolla salver-fonn, with long tube.

1. ARMERIA, THRIFT. (Old Celtic name latinized.) Fl. summer. :^
A. vulgaris (also called A. MARfTiM.v), Common Thrift, wild on shores

of Europe, &c., cuit. in gardens for edgings, &.C., with sliort spreading leaves
and scape 3' - 6' high.

2. STATIC3. (Ancient Greek, mean in?: afttrinfjext, the roots used as such
in popular medicine.) A few species of the Old World are cult, in choice
gardens, but not commonly. 1^

S. Lim6niuni, Se.\-Laveni>ku or I\I.\Rsn-IlasKMARY. Along the coast
in salt-marshes : with oblong or spatulato thick and pale leaves on slender
petioles, scapes l°-2° high, bearing lavender-colored tlowers all summer.

3. PLUMBAGO, LEAD WORT (which the Latin name denotes). The
following are cult, in conservatories, or turned out to flower all summer.

P. Capensis, Cape L., with somewhat climbing angled stems, oblong
spatulate leaves, and large pale or lead-blue corolla, the tube 1^' long.

P. COCCinea, Red-flow eked L., of the East Indies, i.s more tender, with
deep red flowers.

P. Zeylanica, White-flovvered L., of the East Indies, with smaller
white flowers.

71. PRIMULACE^, PRIMROSE FAMILY.

Herbs with regular perfect flowers, the stamens borne on the
corolla, and as many as its divisions and o|)posite them, one style
and sti<rmn, and many or sometimes few ovules on a free central pla-
centa of the one-celled ovary, in fruit a pod.

§ 1. mth leaves all from the root and simple, the flowers on a scape,
* From ajibrous-rooted croion or root-stuck.

1. PRIMULA. Calyx o-toothed or 5-clefr, often angled. Corolla salver-shaped

or funnel-shaped witii 5 spreading lobes; the stamens included in its tube.
Pod opening by valves or teeth at the top. Flowers in an umbel, which is
sessile in one species, but usnallv raised on a scape.

2. DODECATHEON. Calyx 5-parred, reflexed. Corolla 5-parted ; the divisions

lanceolate, strongly refiexed. Stamens conniving in a long slender cone, the
linear anthers very much longer than the short partly monadeiphous fiia-
meuts. Pod splitting into 5 valves. Flowers in an umbel.

PRIMROSE FAMILY. 223

« « From a depressed or hiscuit-shaped fleshy corm.
8. CYCLA^IEN. Flower resembling that of Dodecatheon, but only one on a
scape or stalk. Anthers sessile, pointed.

§ 2. With hnfy stems, the leaves simple and chiefly entire,
* /« one whorl at the summit of the slender stem : pints of the flower 7.

4. TRIENTALIS. Calyx and corolla wheel-shaped, of mostly 7 divisions united

only at base, those of the' former linear-lanceolate, of the latter oblong, of
both pointed. Filaments united in a ring at base: anthers oblong, curving
when old. Flowers white.
* * In pairs or whorls along the stems : parts of the flower mostly 5.

5. LYSIMACHIA. Corolla yellow, wheel-shaped, S-parted (or rarely of 5, 6, or

even 7 nearly or quite separate narrow petals). Filaments beardless, often
monadelphous at base. Pod splitting into valves.

6. ANAGALLIS. Corolla red, blue, or white, wheel-shaped, the 5 divisions broad.

Filaments bearded. Pod (a pyxis) open by a transverse division, the top
falling off as a lid, many-seeded.

* * * Alternate leaves alona the branching stems : base of calyx and ovary coherent.

7. SAMOLUS. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, with a little body

like a sterile filament in the clefts. Stamens included. Pod many-seeded,
spii^ting into 5 valves. Flowers small, white, in racemes.

§ 3. With hollow inflated leafy stems ; the leaves whorled or scattered, the lower (mes
pinnately parted : j)arts of the flower 5.

8. HOTTONIA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short suh^er-shaped: stamens included.

l*od opening by 5 clefts down the side, many-seeded. Flowers small, in
whorls along the upper part of the stem and branches.

1. PRIMULA, PRIMROSE, COWSLIP, &c. (Name from primus,
spring, from the flowering-time of true Primrose.) 1^ Two small species
are scarce along our northern borders (see Manual) : the following are the
common ones cult, for ornament.

* Tender house-plaid, with inflaUd conical calyx, and round-heart-shaped 1 -^'

lobed /eaves.

P. Sinensis, Chinese Primrose, a dow^ny plant, with often proliferous
umbels of large and showy flowers, purple, rose, or white, sometimes double,
in one variety cut-fringed.

* * Hardy or nearly so, from Eu , with large tuhidar or ohlong-hdl-shaped angled

calyx, and icrinkled-veiny oh'ong or spatu/ate leaves tapering into short wing-
margined petioles : flowi-rs natural/y yellow, in spring.

P. grandifl6ra (or aca^lis), True Primrose, has leaves somewhat
hairy beneath, and the large flowers rising on sletider pedicels from their axils,
the proper scapes not developed ; corolla flat, sulphur-yellow.

P. ofS-Cinalis (or veris), English Cowslip; somewhat pubescent with
minute pale down, scapes bearing the umbels above the leaves, much smaller
flowers of deeper color, and the limb of corolla rather concave or cup-like, the
throat commonly orange. The sorts of Polyanthus are cultivated varieties,
with flowers enlarged, of various colors, or partycolored, often more or less
double.

* * * Scarcely hardy N., with bell-shaped calyx much shorter than the funnel-

shaped corolla, and smooth and thick obovate leaves, mostly covered with
some fine mealiness.

P. Auricula, Auricula, of Southern Europe ; low, with sessile leaves,
and scape bearing a few fragrant flowers, these pale yellow, with varieties white,
purple, or of various hues, sometimes full double.

2. DODECATHEON. (Fanciful name, from Greek for tivelve gods.) ^
D. Me^dia, called Shooting-Star at the West, or sometimes Americas

Cowslip : in rich open woods from Penn. S. and especially W., and cult, for
ornament ; smooth, with a cluster of oblong or spatuiatc leaves around the base

224 PRIMROSE FAMILY.

of a simple scape, 6' - 2° high, which has an umbel of several or many hand-
some rose-purple or often white flowers nodding on the slender pedicels, becom-
ing erect in fruit : fl. late spring.

3. CYCLAMEN". (Classical name for the wild plant of Europe called
SowBUEAD.) Cult, in this country as house-plants for winter-flowei-ing.
Flowers rose-colored, pink, or white] noddirrg on the apex of the stalk, the
reflexcd lobes turned upwards. ]^

C. Europseum, Common C: Conn l'-2' in diameter, sending up heart-
shaped thick sometimes angled leaves, often marked with white above and
crimson-purple or violet beneath, on slender petioles, and flowers with open
throat and oval or oblong divisions, the flower-stalks coiled up after flowering
so as to bring the pod to the ground to ripen. •

C. Persicum, PiiusiAX C, is more tender, with longer and lanceolate
divisions and less open throat to the corolla, the flower-stalks not coiling after
blossoming.

4. TKIENTALIS, CHICKWEED-WINTERGREEN. (From Latin
for the third part of a foot, the usual height of the European species.) If.

T. Americ^a, Ameuicax C. or Star-flower. In open low woods,
especially N. : a pretty plant, the stem bearing a few scales below, and at top
a whorl of long-lanceolate leaves tapering to both ends, also 2 or 3 slender-
stalked delicate flowers with taper-pointed petals, in spring.

5. LYSIMACHIA, LOOSESTRIFE (which the name means in Greek).
Fl. summer. 2/

§ 1. Wi'd species of the country, in Jaw or wet grounds : corolla yellow.

L. thyrsiflbra. Wet swamps N. : smooth, with simple stem leafless at
base, above with lanceolate sessile leaves, in the axils of one or two of them
a short-pcduncled oblong spike or cluster of small flowers, having slender fila-
ments and lance-linear mostly separate purplish-dotted petals, and as many little
teeth between them.

L. Stricta. Common N. & S. : smooth, very leafy, branching, with mostly
opposite lanceolate sessile dark-dotted leaves tapering to each end, flowers on
slender pedicels in a terminal long raceme leafy at base, unequal filaments mo-
nadelphous, and lance-oI)long lobes of coroila blackish-streaked.

L. quadrifdlia. Sandy moist ground : rather hairy, with ovate-lanceolate
sessile leaves 4 (or 3 - G) in a whorl, slender peduncles in the axils of the upper
ones, and ovate-oblong lobes of corolla dark-streaked.

L. Cili^ta. Low thickets ; with erect stems 2° - 3° high, opposite dotless
leaves lance-ovate with rounded or heart-shaped ciliate base and on fringed
petioles, flowers nodding on slender peduncles from the upper axils, light yellow*
corolla not streaked nor dotted, the lobes round-ovate and wavy-margined or
denticulate, little longer than the sepals.

L. radicans, fi'om Virginia S. W., resembles the foregoing, but stems or
branches reclined and rooting, and leaves and flowers smaller by half.

li. lanceol^ta, commonest W. «& S., is similar, but with oblong or linear
leaves mostly narrowed into short and margined petioles.

L. longifdlia, from Western New York W., has similar but deeper yellow
flowers, and sessile linear blunt stem-leaves of thicker texture.

§ 2. European species in cultivated grounds, Sfc.

L. vulgaris, Common L. of Europe : a rather stout downy plant, 2° - 3°
high, with oblong or lance-ovate leaves 3 or 4 in a whorl, flowers in panicles,
and monadelphous filaments.

L. nuramul^ria, Money wonr : trailing and creeping in damp garden-
grounds, or running wild sometimes ; smooth, with opposite small round
leaves, and solitary flowers in their axils on short peduncles. (Lessons, p. 77,
fig. 155 )

BLADDERWORT FAMILY. 225

6. ANAGALLIS, PIMPERNEL. (Old Greek name, meaning de%/t(/u/.)
Low herbs of the Old World, flowering all summer.

A. arvensis, Common P. or Poor-Man's Weather-glass, the small
(red, ]>urple, or white) flowers said to close at the approach of rain ; in gardens
and running wi'd in sandy fields ; spreading on the ground, with pale ovate
leaves shorter than the peduncles, and rounded petals fringed with minute
glandular teeth. 0

A. cserulea, Blue P., of the gardens, a tender mostly larger form of the
preceding, with larger blue flowers. (1)

7. SAMOLUS, W^ATER-PIMPERNEL, BROOKWEED. (Old name,

of unknown meaning.) Fl. late summer. ® Jl

S. Valerandi, van Americ^nus. Along rills and wet places ; spread-
ing, 6' - 10' high, with obovate leaves, and very small flowers on slender pedi-
cels, which bear a bractlet at the middle, but no bract at base.

8. HOTTOlSriA* WATER VIOLET or FEATHERFOIL. (Named
for a Prof. Hotton of Holland.) Fl. summer. IJ.

H. iuflata. A singular plant in pools and ditches, smooth, with stems and
branches much inflated except at the joints, bearing finely cut pectinate leaves ;
flowers white.

72. LENTIBULACSiE, BLADDERWORT FAMILY.

Aquatic or marsh herbs, with the ovary and pod as in Primrose
Family, but with irregular bilabiate flowers bearing a spur or sac
underneath, and onlj 2 stamens: — represented by the two follow-
ing genera.

1. UTRICULARIA. Calyx parted into 2 nearly entire lips. Corolla deeply 2-

lipped, the lower lip bearing above a prominent palate closing the throat, and
below a large spur. Anthers 2, converging in the throat of corolla. Stigma
2-lipped. Leaves finely cut, mostly into threads or fibres, many bearing
little air-bladders; some are leafless.

2. PINGUICULA. Upper lip of calyx 3-cIeft, lower 2-cleft. Lips of corolla

distinctly lobed, the hairy or spotted palate smaller, so that the throat is
open. Otherwise as in Utricularia. Leaves all in a tuft at base of the
1-flowered scapes, broad and entii'e, soft and tender.

1. UTRICULARIA, BLADDERWORT. {Ufnciilus, a little bladder.)
Fl. all summer. The following are the commonest species.

* Floating, branching, bladder-bearing : corolla violet-purple.

U. purptirea. Only E. & S., with 2-4 flowers on the peduncle, and a
rather short spur appressed to the 3-lobed lower lip of corolla.

* * Floating, branching, bladder-beariiig : corolla yellow.

U. infl^ta. Only E. & S. : swimming free, the petioles of the whorl of
leaves around base of the 5-10-flowered scape inflated into oblong bladders,
besides little bladders on the thread-like divisions of the leaves.

U. vulgaris, Large B. Common in still or slow water ; the stems l°-3°
long and very bladder-bearing on the thread-like many-])artcd leaves ; flowers
5-10 in raceme, large, with spur rather shorter than lower lip.

U. intermedia. Chiefly N. in shallow water, with stems 3' -6' long,
bearinfr rather rigid leaves with linear-awl-shaped divisions, and no bladders,
these being on sejiarate leafless branches, the slender raceme few-flowered ;
spur nearly equalling the very broad lower lip.

U. gibba. Chiefly Middle States : small, with short branches bearing
sparse thread-like leaves and some bladders, 1 - 2-flowered i)edunclcs only l'-3'
high, and blunt conical spur shorter than lower lip.
15

226 BIGNONIA FAMILY.

U. bifl6ra. Chiefly S. : stems 4' - 6' long, bearing rootlet-like leaves and
many bladders, 1 - 3-flowered peduncles 2' - 4' high, and awl-shaped spur as
long as lower lip.

* * * Simple and erect naked scape-like stem rooting in wet soil, with mimite and

fugacious grass-like leaves seldom seen : commonly no bladdeis : flowers
yellow.
U. SUbul^ta, from N. Jersey S. in wet sand; very slender, 3' -5' high,
with several very small slender-pedicelled flowers.

U. eornilta. In bogs N. & 8. ; 6'- 15' high, bearing 2-4 large flowers
crowded together on short pedicels, or S. with 4-12 more scattered and smaller
flowers.

2. PINGUiCULA, BUTTERWORT. (Name from Latin, pivguis, fat.

Both names from the fatty or greasy-looking leaves, which in ours are more

or less clammy-pubescent.)

♦ Corolla violet-purple ; the upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed.

P. VUlg6.ris, is scarce on wet rocks along our northern borders ; scape 2'
higli ; ujjper lip of corolla short ; spur straightish and slender : fl. summer.

P. pumiLa, in moist sand from Georgia S. & W., has rather large flower
on scape 2' -6' high, with blunt sac-like spur: fl. spring.

P. el^tior, borders of ponds from N. Carolina S., has scapes near 1° high,
and large corolla (I' wide) with blunt spur : fl. summer.

* * Corolla yeJlow, wore hellshaped, less distinctly 2-lipped, the 5 lobes often clejl.
P. Itltea. Wet pine barrens S. ; whole plant yellowish, with nodding

flower (1' or more wide) on scape G'-12' high, in spring.

73. BIGNONIACE^, BIGNONIA FAMILY.

Woody plants, or a few herbs, with more or less bilabiate flowers,
diandrous or didynamous stamens (often with rudiments of the
wanting ones), 2-lipped stij^rna, fraa variously 1 — 4-celled ovary,
and fruit, usually a pod, containing many large mostly flat and
winged seeds, filled with the large embryo : no albumen.

I. BIGNONIA FAMILY proper ; almost all woody plants,
wiih opposite leaves, I-2-celled pods, and flat winged seeds. (Les-
sons, p. loJ, fig. 316.)

4 1. Climbers, with compound leaves and ^fertile stamens in two pairs.
* Barely woody or herbaceous : ovary and pod one-celled wiih 2 parietal placenta.

1. ECCREMOCARPUS. Calyx 5-cleft, short. Corolla tubular, with 5 short and

round recurved lobes. Pod short. Seeds winged all round.

« « Woody-stemmed: ovary and pod 2-celled, but (he placentie parietal : valves of pod
jailing aioay from tUc partition : seeds loilh a broad thin icing.

2. BIGNONIA. Calyx nearly truncate. Corolla tubular bell--ihnped, 5-lobed.

Pod flattened parallel with the valves and partition. Climbing by leaf-
tendrils.

3. TECOMA. Calyx 5-tootlied. Corolla funnel-shaped, tubular, or bell-shaped,

6-lobed. Pod"^flattish or flattened contrary to the partition, the edges of
which separate IVom the middle of the valves. Leaves in ours odd-pinnate.
The hardy species climb by rootlets.

§ 2. Trees, with simple leaves and 2 or rarely \ fertile stamens.

4. CATALPA. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla inflated bell-shaped, the 5-lobed

border more or fess 2-lipped and wavy. Pod very long and slender, hanging;
the partition contrary to the valves. Narrow wings of tlie seed lacerate-
fringed. (For corolla and stamens, see Lessons, p. 95, fig. 1^6.)

BIGNONIA FAMILY. 227

II. SESAMUM FAMILY, &c. ; herbs, wlih simple leaves,
some of llie upper ones alternate, and 4-celle(l ovary and fruit
(but the stigma of only 2 lips or lobes), containing fiat but thick-
coated wingless seeds.

5. SESAMUM. Calyx 5-parted, short. Corolla tubular bell-shaped, 6-lobed ; the

2 lobes of the upper Up shorter than tiie others. Stamens 4. Fruit an
oblong obtusely 4-sided pod, 2-valved. Flowers solitary hi the axils of the
leaves, ahnost sessile.

6. MAR I'YNIA. Calyx 5-toothed, often cleft down one side. Flowers large, in

terminal corymb or raceme.

1. ECCREMOCARPUS. (Name, from the Greek, means hanging fruit.)
E. SC^ber, or Calampelis scaber, from Chili, cult, in gardens and con-
servatories ; tender, climbs by branched tendrils at the end of the twice pinnate
leaves ; leaflets roughish or smoothish, thin, ovate or heart-shaped ; flowers in
loose drooping racemes ; corolla inliated-clubshaped and gibbous, orange-red,
about 1' long.

fii/dC^* BIGNONIA. (Named for the French Abb^ Bignon.) Our only true

/ / native BiGNONiA is
2,-^-^^ B. capreolata. Climbing trees from S. Virg. to 111. and S. ; smooth,

^u «^the leaves evergreen at the south, with a short jictiole and often what seems
I ^ like a pair of stipules in the axil, a single pair of lance-oblong leaflets heart-
/^y^ shaped at base, and a branched tendril between them ; flowers several in the

' axils, the corolla 2' long, orange red outside, yellow within, in spring.

3. TECOMA, TRUMPET-FLOWER. (Mexican name abridged.)
Formerly under Bigxonia, which name the species still bear in cultivation.
Fl. late summer.

T. radicans, Wild T. or Trumpet-Creeper. Wild from Penn. and

111. S., planted farther N. ; climbing freely by rootlets; leaves of 5-11 ovate or
lance-ovatc taper-pointed and toothed leaflets ; flowers corymbed ; orange-yellow
and scarlet corolla funnel-shaped.

T. grandiflbra, Great-flowered T. Cult, from Japan and China,
not quite hardy N., climbing little, with narrower leaflets, and 5-cleft calyx
nearly equalling the tube of the corolla, which is bell-shaped, 3' long and
broad, much wider than in the foregoing.

T. Capensis, Capk T. of conservatories, has smaller and rounder leaflets,
naked-peduncled cluster of flowers, long-tubular and curving orange-colored
corolla 2' long, and stamens jjrotrudcd.

T. jasminoides. A flne greenhouse species, from Australia, twining,
very smooth, with lance-ovatc entire bright green leaflets, and white corolla
pink-purple in the throat.

4. CATALPA, or INDIAN BEAN. (Aboriginal name; the popular
name alludes to the shape of the pods.)

C. bignonioldes, Common Catalpa. Tree wild S. W., and widely
planted ; with large heart-shaped pointed leaves downy beneath, open panicles
(in summer) of white flowers (1' long) variegated and dotted within with some
yellow and purple, and pods 1° long.

C. Ksdmpferi, of Japan, beginning to be planted, has smooth leaves,
many of them 3-lobed or angled, and flowers one half smaller.

5. SESAMUM, SESAME. (The Greek name, from the Arabic.) ®

S. indieum, from India and Egypt, somewhat cult, or running wuld in
waste places far S. ; rather |)ubescent, with oblong or lanceolate leaves, the
lower often 3-lobed or ])arted, pale rose or white corolla 1' long, and sweet
oily seeds, used in the East for food, oil, &c.

228 BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.

6. MARTYNIA, UNICORN-PLANT. (Named by Linnscus for Prof.
Martijn..) Clammy-pubescent and heavy-scented rank herbs, with long-
petioicd rounded and obliquely heart-shaped wavy -margined leaves, and large
flowers, in summer, (i)

M. probOSCidea, Common U. • Wild S. W., and cult, in gardens;
coarse, with nearly entire leaves, large corolla whitish with some purple and
yellow spots, and long-beaked fruit.

M. fr^grans, Sweet-scented U. Cult, from Mexico ; less coarse and
clammy, Mith somewhat 3-lobed or sinuate-toothed leaves, and showy violet-
purple vanilla-scented llowers.

74. GESNERIACE-aS, GESNERIA FAMILY.

Tropical plants, with 2-li|)ped or somewhat irreguhir corollas,
didynnmous stamen:^, a oiie-ceiled ovary witli two parietal many-
seeded placentce, — th(;refbre botanically like tlie next family ; but
with green herbage, and not parasitic, and the common cultivated
\ species have the tube of the calyx colierent at least with the base
J^of the ovary. Many, and some very showy, plants of this order
^'"^ are in choice conservatories ; the commonest are the following.

Gloxinia specidsa. An almost stemlcss herb, with ovate and crenately
toothed leaves and 1 -flowered scape-like peduncles ; tlie dcliexed corolla 2' long,
ventricoso, between bell-shaped and funnel-form, gibbous, with a short and
spreading somewhat unequal 5-lobcd border, violet with a deeper-colored throat,
in one variety white. 2/

Gesn^ria zebrina. Stem tall, leafy; leaves pctioled, cordate, velvety,
purple-mottled ; a terminal raceme of showy flowers noddinj* on erect pedicels ;
corolla tubular-ventricose, with a small 5-lobed and somewhat 2-li))ped border,
glandular, scarlet, with the under side and inside yellow and dark-spotted. —
There arc several oths.'r sT)ecies. ^

Achim^nes longinbra. Stem leafy ; flowers in the axils of oblong or
ovate hairy leaves, which they exceed; tube of the obliquely salver-shaped
corolla over an inch long, narrow, the very flat 5-lobcd limb 2' or more broad,
violet-colored above, — also a white variety. Propagates by scaly bulblets from
the root. ^

75. OROBANCHACEiEI, BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.

Low, root-parasitic perennials, destitute of green herbage, and
with yellowish or brownish scales in place of leaves, the monopet-
alous corolla more or less 2-lipped or irregular, 4 didynamous
.stamens, and one-celled ovary and pod with the 2 or 4 parietal pla-
ceiita3 covered with innumerable small seeds. Ours occur in woods,
and mostly parasitic on the roots of trees.

1. EPIPIIEGUS. Stems slender and bushy-branching, with pmall and scattered

scales and two sorts of flowers, scattered in loose spikes or racemes, with
minute bracts. Upper flowers conspicuous, but seldom ripening fruit, with
tubular 4-tootIied corolla, and long filaments and style; lower flowers small
and f>hort, seldom oj)ening, but fertilized in the bud.

2. CONOPHOLIS. Stems thick, covered with finn overlapping scales, each of

the upper ones with a flower in its axil, forming a spike. Calyx 4- &-toothed,
and split down on the lower side. Corolla short, strongly 2-!ipped; upper
lip arched and notched; lower one spreading and 3-cleft. Stamens pro-
truding.
S.-^APHYLLON. Stems are chiefly slender 1-flowered scapes from a scaly
mostly subterranean base. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla with a long curved
tube, and a spreading slightly 2-li'pped or irregular 5-lobed border; the lobes
all nearly aUke. Stamens included iu the tube.

FIG wop FAMILY. 229

1. EPIPHEGUS, BEECH-DROPS, CANCER-ROOT. (Name in
Greek means on the Beech : the plant chiefly found parasitic on the roots of
that tree.) One species,

E. Virgini^na. Common, about 1° high, with purplish flowers ^' or more
long, in late summer and autumn.

2. CONOPHOLIS, SQUAW-ROOT, CANCER-ROOT. (The name
is Greek for cone-scale, the plant having the aspect of a slender fir-cone when
old.) One species.

C. Americana. Not widely common, in oak woods, forming clusters
among fallen leaves, 3' - 6' long, as thick as the thumb, yellowish : fl. eai'ly
summer.

3. APHYLLON, NAKED BROOM-RAPE or ONE-FLOWERED

CANCER-ROOT. (Name in Greek means without leaves.) Fl. spring and
early summer.

A. uniflbrum. Open woods or thickets : slightly clammy-pubescent, with
1-3 scapes (3' -5' high) from a subterranean scaly base, and lance-awl-shaped
calyx-lobes half the length of the violet-purplish corolla.

A. fascicul^tum, the other species, occurs only from Northern Michigan
W. ; has scapes from a scaly base rising out of the ground, and short triangular
calyx-lobes.

76. SCROPHULARIACE^, FIGWORT FAMILY.

' ^^npwn on the whole by the 2-lipped or at least more or less
/y}fU^ ifYe0:iir monopetalous corolla, 2 or 4 didynamous stamens, single
^J style, entire or 2-Iobed stigma, and 2-celled ovary and pod contain-
"^A "'^ ^tjveral or many seeds on the plaeentie in the axis ; these with
^6^ ^ a small embryo in copious albumen. But some are few-seeded, a
^ f(pw have tlie corolla almost regular, and one or two have 5 stamens,
. ' ^^^.^ither complete or incomplete. A large family, chiefly herbs, some

shrubby, and one species is a small tree.

§ 1. Intermediate between this family and the Nightshade Family ; the flowers ter-
minal or lateral, never really from the axils of the leaves or bracts ; the
corolla hardly if at all sensibly i-lipped, sometimes almost regular., the lobes
plaited in the bud: stigma enlarged., often 2-lipped. All garden exotics.

♦ With 4 stamens only, included icithin the narrow throat of the salver-shaped corolla :

leaves alternate and entire.

1. BRUNFELSIA. Shrubs, with glossy oblong leaves. Corolla with 5 rounded

and about equal lobes, two of them, however, a little more united. Anthers
all alike. Fruit fleshy.

2. BROWALLIA. Herbs,"^ mostly a little pubescent and clammy. Corolla with

somewhat unequally 5-lobed border, the lobes with a broad notch. Two of
the anthers shorter and only 1-celled. Fruit a dry pod.

# # With 4 anther-bearing stamens and a sterilef lament : corolla with wide throat.
V 8. SALPIGLOSSIS. Herbs, with cut-toothed or pinnatifid alternate leave?.

Corolla funnel-form, with very open throat, a little oblique or irregular, the
lobes all with a deep notch at the end. Pod oblong.

§2. Oyrolla imbricated and not plaited in the hud; the smaller tip S-parted; the
larger 5-clefl, and the lobes again 2-cleft or deeply notched. Flowers terminal,
panicled.

V 4. SCHIZANTHUS. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions narrow. Corolla with tube
shorter than the divisions, which appear as if cut up, the middle lobe of the
smaller lip, towards which the stamens and style are inclined, more or less
hooded or sac-like. Stamens with good anthers 2, the 2 or 3 others small and
abortive. Stigma luiuute. Leaves aiiernate, pinnate, or pimiately cut.

s.-

230 FIGWOKT FAMILY.

§ 3. Corolla with lobes imbricated and not plaited in the bud, either 2-lipped or more
07' less irreyular, the divisions or lobes at most 5. Pedundts fruiu the axil of
leaves or bracts, no flower ever reidly terminating the main stem or branches.
« Tree, with larye and opposite Cutnlpa-like leaves.

5. PAULOWXIA. Calyx very downy, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla decui-ved, Avith a

cylindrical or funnel-form tube, and an enlarf^ed oblique border of 5 rounded
lobes. Stamens 4, included. Pod turgid, thick, filled with very numerous
winged seeds.

« « Herbs, or a few becoming low shrubs.
H- With 5 anther-bearing stamens a',%d a whtel-shnped or barely concave coi'olln.

6. VERBASCUM. Flowers in a long terminal rsiceme or spike. Calyx 5-parted.

Corolla with 5 broad and rounded only slightly unequal divisioiis. All the
filaments or 3 of them woolly. Style expanding and flat at apex. Pod
globular, many-seeded. Leaves alternate.

-»- ■•- With only 2 or 4 anther-beating stamens.
■*-*■ Corolla tch eel-shaped, or at least with wide spreading border mostly much longer
than the short tube : fioivers single in the axils of the leaves or collected in a
raceme or spike.

7. CELSL\. Like Verbascum, but with only 4 stamens, those of 2 sorts.

8. ALOXSOA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla very unequal, turned upside down by

the twisting of the pedicel, so that the much larger lower lobe appears to be
the upper and the two short upper lobes the lower. Stamens 4. Pod many-
seeded. Lower leaves opposite or i:i threes.

9. VEROXICA. Calyx 4-parted, rarely 3 -5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, or

sometimes salver-shaped, with 4 or rarely 5 rounded lobes, one or two of
them usually rather smaller. Stamens 2, with long slender filaments. Pod
flat or flattish, 2 - many-seeded. At least the lower leaves opposite or some-
times whorleil.
*■¥*+ Corolla salver-sliiped, with almost regular 4 - 5-lobed border: flowers in a
terminal spike. Ilert one species of No. 9 tcould be sought.

10. BUCHXERA. Calyx tubular, 6-toothed. Corolla with a slender tube, and

the border cleft iiito 5 roundish divisions. Anthers 4 in 2 pairs, one-celled.
Style club-shaped at the apex. Pod many-seeded. Leaves mainly opposite,
roughish.

++^-v++ Corolla either obviously 2-Upped, or funnel-form, tubular, or bell-sliaped.
= Corolla 2-parted neiirhj to the base, the 2 lips sac-shaped or the lotver larf/er one
slipper-shaped : stamens only 2 {or very rarely 3), and no i-udiments of more.

11. CALCEOLARIA. Calyx 4-parted. The two sac-shaped or slippei--shaped
divisions of the corolla entire or nearly so. Pod many-seeded. Leaves

chiefly opposite, and flowers in cymes or clusters.
= = Corolla almost 2-pnrted, the middle lube of the lower Up folded together to form
aflat i)ocket which encloses the 4 stamens and the style.

12. COLLIXSIA. Calvx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla turned down ; its short tube

laterally flattenerl, strongly bulging on the upper side: upper lip 2-cleft and
turned back; the lower one larger and 3-lobed, its middle and laterally
flattened pocket-shaped lobe covere 1 above by the two lateral ones. A little
rudiment of the fifth stamen present. Pod globular, with few or several seeds.
Flowers on pedicels single or mostly clustered in the axils of the upper oppo-
/ site (rarely whorled) leaves, which are gradually reduced to bracts, forming
an internipted raceme.

= = = drolla not 2-pnrted nor snlver-ahaped, but with a tube of some length in

proportion to the 2-lipped or more or less irregular {rarely nearly regular)

A -b-lobed border, and
a* With a spur or sac-like projection at the base on the lower side, and a projecting

palate to the lower lip, which commonly closes the throat or nearly so : stamens

4, and no obvious rudiment.

13. LINARIA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, and with a spur at bnse,

(Lessons, p. 102, fig. 211.) Pod m:iny-seeded, opening by a hole or chink
wliich form*? below'the summit of eacfi cell.
1 1. AXTIRRHIXUM. No spur, but a sac or gibbosity nt the base of the personate
corolla (Lessons, p. 102, fig. 210): otherwise like 13.

FIGWORT FAMILY. 231

b. Neither spur nor sac at base of the corolla, nor a projecting palate in the throat,
nor with the upper lip laterally compressed or /aided and narrow and arched.

1* Stamens tcitk anthers 4, and no rudiment of the fifth: peduncles 1-fiowered,

16. MAURANDIA, including LOPHOSPERMUM. Herbs with alternate or partly
opposite leaves, and solitary long-peduncled flowers in their axils, climbing
by their coiling leafstalks and flowerstalks. Calyx 5-parted, foliaceous.
Corolla open-mouthed, between bell-shaped and inflated-tubular, with 2

f)laits or hairy lines running down the tube within, the border obscurely 2-
ipped or oblique, but the 5 spreading roundish lobes nearly similar, the upper
ones outermost in the bud. Pod as in 14.

16. DIGITALIS. Herbs with erect simple stem, alternate leaves, and a simple

terminal raceme of hanging flowers. Calyx 5-parted, foliaceous, the upper
sepal smallest. Corolla declining, with a long more or less inflated tube and
a short scarcely spreading border, distinctly or indistinctly lobcd, the lower
lobe or side longest, -the lateral ones outermost in the biid. Pod 2-valved,
many-seeded.

17. GER ARDIA. Herbs with branching stems, opposite or some alternate leaves,

and above with single flowers in their axils or those of the bracts. Calyx
5-toothed or 5-cIefl. Corolla inflated bell-shaped or tubular-funnel form,
with an oblique or rather unequal border, the 5 lobes somewbat equal, the
lower and lateral ones outside in the bud. Two pairs of stamens of quite
unequal length. (Lessons, p. 95, fig. 194.) Pod globular or ovate, pointed,
2-valved, manv-secded.

18. SEYMERIA. Serbs, like 17; but corolla with a short and broad bell-shaped

tube, not longer than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly eqiial spreading lobes ; and
the stamens almost equal, their anthers blunt at base.

19. MIMULUS. Herbs, with opposite leaves, and single flowers in the axils of the

upper ones. Calyx prismatic, with 5 projecting angles, 5-toothed. Corolla
tubular or funnel-form, 2-lipped, the upper lip of 2 rounded and recurved
lobes, the lower of 3 rounded sj)readiiig lobes. Stamens included. Stigma
of 2 flat lips. Pod 2-valved, many-seeded.

20. TOREXIA. Trailing herbs, with opposite leaves and axillary flowers. Calyx

prismatic, with sharp angles, 2-lipped at summit, the lips 2-toothed and
3-toothed. Corolla short-funnel-shaped or tubular with inflated throat,
4-lobed, the upper lobe (sometimes slightly notched) outermof^t in the bud.
Filaments arched and their anthers brought together in pairs under the upper
lobe, the longer pair almost equalling the upper lobe and bearing a short
naked branch or appendage at base; the shorter pair simple and included.
Stigma 2-lipped. Pod many-seeded.

2* Stamens with good anthers only 2, a pair of sterile ones or abortive filaments
generally present also: fiov'ers small: calyx b-parted: corolla 2-lipped : leavfs
opposite, with single fiowers in the axil of the upper ones: peduncles simple
and bractkss.

21. ILYSANTHES. Spreading little herbs. Upper lip of the short corolla erect

and 2-lobed: the lower lai'ger, spreading, 3-cleft. Upper pair of stamens
with good anthers, included in the tube" of the corolla; lower pair borne in
the throat and protnided, 2-forked, without anthers. Stigma 2-lipped. Pod
many-seeded.

22. GRAT'IOLA. Low herbs. Upper lip of the corolla either entire or 2-cleft;

lower 3-c!eft. Stamens included; the upper pair with good anthers; the
lower pair short with rudiment of anthers or a mere naked filament, or none
at all. Stigma 2-lipped. Pod many-seeded. A pair of bracts at the base
of the calyx.

3* Stamens with anthers 4, the fifth stamen present as a barren filament or a scale :
calyx -^-parted or of 5 imbricated sepals: stigma simple: leaves chiefly oppo-
site : flnirers in the axils of the. upper leaves, or ivhen these are reduced to
bracts forming a termimd panicle or raceme : peduncles few- flowered, or when
one-fi(rwered hearing a pair of bractleis, from the axils of which fiowers may
spring : pod many-seeded.

23. SCROPITULARIA. Homely and rank erect herbs. Corolla small, with a

globular or oval tube, and ii short border composed of 4 short erect lobes and
one (the lower) spreading or rofloxed. Fertile stamens short and included;
the rudiment which ansvvers to the fifth is a little scale at the summit of tho
tube of the corolla.

232 FIGWORT FAMILY.

24. CHELOXE. Low npright smooth herbs, with flowers sessile in spikes or
cluBters in the axils of the upper leaves, and accompanied by closely imbri-
cated concave roundish bracts and bractlets. Corolla short-tubular and
inflated, concave underneath, with the 2 broad lips only slightly o{Sn; the
upper arched, keeled in the middle, notched at the apex; the lower one
woolly bearded in the throat and 3-lobed at the end. Filaments and anthers
woolly: sterile filament shorter than the others. Seeds winged.

26. PENTS'TEMON. Herbs (or a few shrubby at base), with mostly upright
stems branching only from the base, and panicled or almost racemed flowers.
Corolla tubular, bell-shaped, fuimel-form, &c., more or less 2-lipped, open-
mouthed. Sterile filament conspicuous^ usually about as long as the anther-
bearing ones. Seeds wingless.

26. RUSSELMA. Rather shrubby spreading plants, or with pendulous angular

branches; the flowers loosely panicled or racemed. Corolla tubular with 5
short spreading lobes, the 2 upper a little more united. Sterile filament
small and inconspicuous near the base of the corolla. Seeds wingless.

C. Neither spur nor snc at base of the corolla, the narrow laterally compressed or
infolded upper lip of which is helmtt-^nped or arched, entire or minutely
notched, and enclosing the 4 stamens; no sterile Jilament. Often showy but
uncuUivable plinls.

27. CASTILLEIA. Herbs with simple stems, alternate leaves, some of the upper,

with flowers chiefly sessile in their axils, colored like petals, and more gay
than the corollas. Calyx tubular, flattened laterally, 2-4-cIeft. Corolla
tubular, with a long and narrow condnnlicato erect ixnpcr lip, and a very
short 3-lobed lower Hp. Cells of the anther unequal. Pod many-seeded.

28. PEDICIJLAKIS. Herbs with simple stems, chiefly pinnatifid leaves and

spiked flowers. Corolla tubular, with a strongly arched or flattened helmet-
sliaped upper lip, and the lower erect at base, i2-crestcd above and 3-lobed.
Seeds several in each cell.

29. MELAMI'YRUM. Low herbs with branching stems, opposite leaves, and

flowers in their axils, or the upper crowded in a bracted spike. Calyx bell-
shaped, 4-cloft, the lobes taper-pointed. Corolla tubular, enlarging above,
with the lower tip nearly equalling the nan-ow upper one and its biconvex
palate apprcssed to it, 3-lobed at the summit. Cells of the anther minutely
pointed at base. Pod oblique, with oivly 2 seeds hi each cell.

1. BRUNPELSIA. (Named for the old herbalist, Otto Brnnfih.) Con-
"■ servatory shrubs, from Brazil, cult, under the name of Fkanc/scea ; with

showy flowers, blue or violet turning paler.

B. latifolia, is very smooth, with oval or oblong leaves, and few flowers
at the end of the branches 1^' acrosn.
B. Hopcana, with lance-oblong leaves 2' long, and flower only 1' wide.

2. BROWALLIA. (Xamcd for Dr. Browall, of Sweden, first a friend,
later a bitter o))poncnt of Linnaius.)

B. demissa (named also B. kl\ta when the plant and the man it was named
for grew exalted), from S. America; cult, in the gardens, l°-2° high, bushy-
branched, with ovate leaves and handsome briuht vio!ct-blue flowers (1' or less
across, at length as it were racemed) produced all summer. (T)

3. SALPIGLOSSIS. (Greek for trnmpet-tonque, from the cuiwcd apex of
the style with dilated stigma likened to the end of a trumpet.

1. S. sinu^ta. Cult, from Chili as an ornamental anntial or biennial, under
various names ansl varieties according to the color of the large f'owers, dark-
purple, or straw-colored and mostly striped : fl. all summer. In appearance
resembles a Petunia.

4. SCHIZANTHUS. (Creek for cut floicer, the corolla being as if cut
into slips.) Cult, for ornament, from Chili : fl, summer. (T)

S. pinn^tus, the common species, of several varieties ; slender, 1^-2° high,
pubescent with fine glandular hairs, with leaves once or twice pinnate or parted
into narrow divi.^ions, and numerous handsome flowers barely 1' in diameter.

FIGWORT FAMILY. 233

usually pink ami white variegated with yellowish and some deeper purple spots
on the larger lobe. — There ai*e one or two larger flowered but less common
species.

5. PAULOWNIA. (Named for a Russian Princess.) Only one species.
P. imperialis, of Japan, cult, for ornament, scarcely hardy far N. ; the

heart-shaped very ample leaves resembling those of Catalpa but much more
downy, flowers in large terminal panicle, in spring, the violet corolla l2^'-2'
long.

6. VERBASCTJM, MULLEIN. (Ancient Latin name.) Natives of the
. ^ / Old World, here weeds, often hybridizing: fl. summer. Jl ©

ICoujC V. Th^psus, Common M. Fields: densely woolly, the tall simple stem
, winged from the bases of the oblong leaves, bearing a long dense spike of yellow

^H/-^ (rarely white) floAvers.

\MjiM/&y^' Lychnltis, White M, Waste places, rather scarce : whitened with
' thin powdery woolliness, the stem not winged, ovate leaves greenish above, and

spikes of yellow or rarely white flowers panicled.

V. Blattaria, Moth M. Roadsides : green and smoothish, 2° - 3° high,

slender, with ovate toothed or sometimes cut leaves, and loose raceme of yellow

or else white and purplish-tinged flowers.

7. CELSIA. (Named for 0. Celsius, a Swedish Orientalist.) Fl. summer.

C. Cr6tica, cult, for ornament from the Mediterranean region: 2° -3°
high, rather hairy, or the raceme clammy, with lower leaves pinnatifid, upper
toothed and clasping at base, corolla orange-yellow with some purple ( 1 ' - 2'
across), lower pair of filaments naked, the upper pair short and woolly-
bearded. (D

8. ALONSOA. (Named for Alonzo Zanoni, a Spanish botanist.) Cult, as
annuals, from South America : fl. all summer.

A. ineissefblia (also called urtic^f6lia) : smoothish, branching, l°-2°
high, with lance-ovate or oblong sharply cut-toothed leaves, and orange-scarlet
corolla less than 1' wide : several varieties.

X. 9. VERONICA, SPEEDWELL. (Name of doubtful derivation, perhaps
referring to St. Veronica.) Fl. summer.

§ 1. Shruhhy, tender, very leafy species, from New Zealand, ivith entire and
(flossy smooth and nearly sessile evergreen leaves, all opposite, dense many-
Jloivered racemes from the axils, and acutish pods.
V. speeibsa, is smooth throughout, with obovate or oblong blunt or retuse
thick leaves, and very dense spike-like racemes of violet-purple flowers.

V. salicif61ia, has lanceolate acute leaves, and longer clammy-pubescent
• racemes of blue flowers.

V. Lindleyana, has oblong-lanceolate pale leaves, and racemes of pale
lilac flowers.

§ 2. Herbs, growing icild, or those of the first subdivision cultivated in gardens.

* Spikes or dense spike-tike racemes tei-viinating the erect stem or branches and
often clnstcred. 2/

V. spic^ta, and sometimes V. rAxicuiATA, or hybrids between them, are
cult, for ornament, from Eu. : 9' -2° high, with opposite lanceolate toothed
leaves, lobes of mostly blue corolla much longer than the distinct tube, and pod
notched at the end.

V. Virginica, Cut.ver's root. Wild in rich woods from Vermont W.
& S. ; remarkable for the tube of the small whitish corolla longer than the
acutish lobes and much longer than the calyx ; simple stems 2° -6° high, bear-
ing whorls of lanceolate or lauce-ovatc pointed finely serrate leaves ; spikes

dense and clustered. ^ c t7 «,
o & -c — 2 1

204 FIG WORT FAMILY.

« ♦ Racemes in the axils of the opposite leaves ; stems creeping or procumlienf at
Ixuie, but above ascending : corolla, as in all the following, strictlij wheel-
shaped. %

-*- "Water Speedwells or Brooklime, in water or toet ground, smooth and
with pale blue (sometimes darker striptd) Jlowers on slender spreading pedicels.

V. Anag^Uis. In water N. : leaves lance-ovate acnte, sessile by a heart-
shaped base, 2' -3' long- ; pod slightly notched, many-seeded.

V. Americana. In brooks, much more common ; leaves mostly petiolcd,
ovate or oblong, serrate ; flowers ou more slender pedicels ; and pod more tur-
gid than in the foregoing.

V. SCUtell^ta. lii bogs N. ; slender, with linear slightly toothed sessile
leaves, only 1 or 2 very slender zigzag racemes, few long-pedicelled pale flowers ;
and very fiat pod deeply notched at both ends, broader than long, few-seeded.

•*-•*- In dry ground, pubescent, with light blue Jlowers in spike-like racemes.

V. ofO-Cin^is, Common Speedwell. Spreading or creeping, low; leaves
wedge-oblong or obovate, serrate, short-pctioled ; pedicels shorter than calyx ;
pod wedge-obcordate, several-seeded.

» * * Raceme loose, terminating the leafy lo>o stem or branches, or Hie small Jlowers
in the axils of the gradually decreasing leaves.

V. serpyllifblia. Thyme-leaved S. Creeping or spreading on the
ground; with simple llowering stems ascending 2' -4', smooth; leaves roundish,
small, almost entire ; corolla pale blue or whitish with darker stripes, longer
than the calyx. %
.cx^A,«,f.7! V. peregrina, Neck weed or Purslaxe-S. Common weed in damp
Lri2.«-6^ waste or cult, ground ; smooth, erect, branching, with lower leaves oval or
"oblong and toothed, the upper oblong-linear and entire, inconspicuous flowers
almost sessile in their axils, whitish corolla shorter than the calyx, and many-
seeded pod slightly notched, (i)

V. arvdnsis, Corn S. Introduced into waste and cult, grounds E. ;
hairy, 3' - 8' high, with lower le.ives ovate and crenate, on petioles, the upper
sessile lanceolate and entire, blue flowers short-])e(luncled, and pod obcordate. (i)

10. BUCHNERA, BLUE-HEARTS. (Named for one Buchner, an early
German botanist.) Flowers summer. 2/

B. Americana. Sandy or gravelly plains, from New York W. & S. ;
-rough-hairy, turning blackish in drying; with slender stem l°-2^° high, veiny

leaves coarsely few-toothed, the lowest obovate, middle ones oblong, uppermost
lance-linear, flowers scattered in the slender spike, and corolla deep purple.

11. CALCEOLARIA. (From Latin ca/croZ^s, a shoe or slipper.) Tender
South American herbs or shrubs, with curious and handsome Howei-s, cult, as
house and bedding i)lants. The common cultivated species are now for the
most part too much mixed and crossed for botanical analysis.

C. integrifblia (also called rug6sa and salvi.efolia) is the commonest
woody-stemmed species, with oblong leaves rugose in the manner of Gai-den
Sage, aiid small yellow or orange flowers in crowded clusters.

C. COrymbbsa, herbaceous, hairy or clammy-pul)escent, with ovate crenate-
toothed leaves nearly all at the root, and loose corymbs or cymes of yellow flow-
ers, the purple-spotted mouth considerably open.

C. crenatiflbra, a fertile ])arent of many of the more showy herbaceous
garden forms, with more leafy stems and larger flowers, their orifice rounder and
smaller, the hanging lower lip or sac 1' or more long, more obovate and flat,
somewhat 3-lobcd as it were towards the end, and variously spotted with purple,
brown, or crimson.

C. Seabiossefblia is a delicate annual, with pinnately divided slightly
hairy leaves, on ]ietioies dilated and connate at base, and loose small pale yellow
flowers vv-ith globular lower lip about ,}' wide.

FIGWORT FAMILY. 235

12. COLLINSIA. (Named by Nuttall for the late Ztccheus Cdlina of
Fhiliulclphia.) Flowers handsome, mostly 2-colored. ® (2)

C. v6rna. Wild from Western New York W. : slender, 6' - 20' high, with
ovate or lance-ovate and toothed leaves, the upper clasping heart-shaped, and
slender-peduncled flowers in early spring, lower lip blue, upper white.

C. bicolor, of California, and a handsome garden annual, is stouter, with
crowded flowers as if whorled, pedicels shorter than calyx, lower lip of corolla
violet, the upper pale or white, or in one variety both white.

13. LINARIA, TOAD-FLAX. (Name from Linum, Flax, from resem-
blance in the leaves of the commoner species.) Fl. summer.

* Leav(S ruirrow, sessile, and entire: stems erect: flowers racemed.

L. Canadensis, Wild T. Gravelly and sandy ground, with scattered
linear leaves on the slender flowering stems, or oblong and in pairs or threes on
prostrate shoots, and very small blue flowers. ® (2)

JLi. vulgaris, Comaion T., Ramsted, Butter-and-Eggs. A showy but
troublesome European weed, of fields and roadsides, l°-3° high, with alternate
crowded linear or lanceolate pale leaves, and a dense raceme of yellow flowers
(I'long) with paler tips. 2/

L. triornith6phora. Cult, from Europe: glaucous, 2° -3° high, with
ovate-lanceolate leaves in whorls, and rather large slender-peduncled long-spurred
flowers, violet and purple-striped. 21

* * Leaves hroad, often lohed : stems and branches trailing : flowers very small,
yellow and purple mixed, on long axillary pf^duncles : natives of Europe.

L. Elatine. Nat. in gravelly or sandy soil : hairy, with ovate and halberd-
shaped short-petioled leaves, the lower ones opposite. (T)

L. Cymbal^ia. Cult, as a delicate little trailing ornamental plant : very
smooth, ])alc, with rooting branches, and thickish almost kidney-shaped 3-5-
lobed leaves on long petioles. ^

14. ANTIRRHINUM, SNAPDRAGON. (Name from the Greek,
compares the flower with the snout or muzzle of an animal.) Nat. and cult,
from Europe : fl. summer.

§ 1. True Snapdragon, with palate closing the mouth of the corolla, and ei'ect
or ascending stems, not climbing.

A. m^jus, Large S. of, the gardens; with stems l°-3° high, oblong or
lanceolate entire smooth leaves, and glandular-downy raceme of showy flowers,
the crimson, purple, white, or variegated corolla over 1' long. 21

A. Ordntium, S.mall S. Weed in some old gardens and cult, grounds ;
low, slender, with linear leaves, and white or purplish axillary flowers ^'
long. (1)

§ 2. Maurandia-like S., with palate not so large, nor fully closing the mouth,
and stems climbing by the coiling of their slender pdioks and sometimes of
the p'-dnncles also.

A. maurandioides, cult, from Texas and Mexico, as MaurAndia
axtiruiiimflora ; smooth, with triangular-halbcrd-shapcd leaves, or some of
them hcai-t-shaped, and showy flowers in their axils, the violet or purple corolla
1' or more long. 2/

15. MAURANDIA. (y^iimcd for Prof. ^raHranch/.) Excluding the last
preceding s])ecies, which has the flower of Snapdragon, and including
LopHOSPERMUM, wlilch lias wing-margined seeds. Mexican climbers, with
triangular and heart-shaped or halberd-shaped and obscurely lobed leaves,
tender, cult, for ornament : fl. all summer.

§ 1 . Corolla naked inside, rather obviously 2-lipped.
M. Barclay^na. Stems and leaves smooth ; calyx glandular-hairy, c'am-
my, its divisions lance-linear ; corolla purple, u^^ually dark, 2' or more lon^;.

236 PIG WORT FAMILY.

M. semperflbrens, has lanceolate smooth calyx-divisions, and smaller
rose-piirple or violet corolla.

§ 2. LopiiosPERMUM. Corolla very ohscnrehj 2-Vpped, and with 2 bearded lines.

M. erubdscens. Somewhat soft-pubescent, with irrcfrularly toothed leaves,
rosc-colorcd llowers 3' long, and ovate-oblong rather leaf-like sepals

M. scandens, now less common and not so showy, is less pubescent, and
has smaller less-infiate(|l deeper purple corolla, and lance-oblong sepals.

16. DIGITALIS, FOXGLOVE. (Latin name, from shape of the corolla,
likened to the finger of a glove, in the common species.)

D. purptirea. Purple F., of which varieties with corolla white or pale
and more or less strongly spotted corolla are common, 2' long, the lobes rather
obscure ; leaves rugose, somewhat downy. Cult, from Eu. : fl. summer. "21

17. GERARDIA. (Named for the herbalist, Gerarde.) Handsome, but
uncultivable plants : fl. late summer and autumn. The following are the
commonest wild species : mostly of gravelly or sandy soil.

§ I. Corolla purple or rose-color, somewhat bell-shafyed : calyx-teeth short : anthers
all alike, nearly pointless at base : leaves narrow, linear or thread-shaped,
entire: loosely hranchiny, nearly all annuals, except tlie first.

G. linifblia. Pine-barrens S. ; with erect branches, and erect linear leaves
about the length of the peduncles, truncate calyx, and corolla 1' long. 11

G. tenuifolia. N. & S. ; with opposite pedicels equalling the linear
spreading leaves, broadly awl-sliaped calyx-teeth, and corolla ^'-i' long.

G. fiiifblia. S. ; with alternate pedicels twice the leiigth of the rather
fleshy thread-shaped or slightly club-shaped leaves ; corolla %' long.

G. aph.;^lla. S. ; with short pedicels alternate along one side of the
flowering branches, and minute scale-like or awl-shaped appresscd leaves,
minute calyx-teeth, and corolla ^' long.

G. purpurea. N. & S. in low ground ; with stout pedicels not longer
than the consjiicuously 5-lobed calyx, opposite and spreading rather broad
linear leaves, and corolla ^' - 1' long.

G. maritima. Salt marshes N. & S., lower than the preceding, and with
fleshy blunt leaves, the pedicels as long as the upper ones and as the obtusely
5-toothed calyx, and corolla ^' -\' long.

§ 2. Corolla purple {nr sometimes white) : cah/x deeply and uneqtially ry-rlrjl ;
anthers pointles-:, those of the shorter jmir much smaller: leaves rather broad.

G. auriculata. Low grounds, from Penn. S. & W. ; rough-hairy, with
nearly simple stem, lanceolate or oblong leaves entire, or the lower with a lobe
on each side of the base ; flowers sessile in the upper axils ; corolla I' long.

§ 3. Corolla yelloio and with a longer tube, the inside woolly, as are the filaments
and anthers ; the latter almost projfctinc), slender-pointed at base : ca'yx
5-clefi : taller herbs, with leaves or some of them ]>innatifid or toothed, il
« Stems nearly simple : flowers in a leafy raceme : corolla more tubular.

G. fl^va, DowxY False Foxglove. Open dry woods: 3° -4° high,
minutely soft-downy ; upper leaves lanceolate or oblong and entire, lower sinuate
or pinnatifid ; jicdicels very shf)rt ; corolla \^' long.

G. quercifolia, Smooth F. Rich woods, commoner S. & W. : 3° -6°
high, smooth and glaucon:s ; upper leaves often entire, lower once or twice
pinnatifid ; pedicels as long as calyx ; corolla 2' long.

G. integrilolia. Barrens, from Penn. S. & W. : l°-2° high, smooth,
not glaucous ; leaves lanceolate, entire ; corolla 1' long.

* * Steins bushy-branched : calyx-lobes toothed or pinnatifid: leaves mostly cut.

G. grandiflbra. Oak openings from Wisconsin S. : 3° -4° high, minutely
downy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, coarsely cut-toothed, the lower pinnatifid; ped-
icels shorter than the barely toothed calyx-lobes ; corolla 2' long.

FIGWORT FAMILY. 237

G. pedicul^ria. Common N. & S. : sjightly pubescent, 2° -3° high, very
leafy; leaves all ])innatifid and the lobes cut-toothed; pedicels opposite and
lon<2:er than the hairy serrate calyx-lobes ; corolla over 1' long.

Gr. pectin^ta. Sandy barrens S. : more hairy than the foregoing, with
finer divided leaves, alternate pedicels shorter than pinnatifid calyx-lobes ; corolla
broader and 1^ long.

18. SEYMERIA. {'Earned for Henry Seijmer.) Wild plants S. & W., very
near Gerardia : flowers yellow, in summer and autumn.

S. macroph^ila, Mullicin-Foxglove. Shudy river-banks W. : 4° -5°
high, with large leaves, the twice or thrice pinnately divided or cut, the upper
lanceolate and toothed ; curved corolla woolly inside, also the filaments ; style
short. 2/

S. peetin^ta. Sandy ground S. : about 1° high, branchy, clammy-pubes-
cent ; ]!innatiii(l leaves with ohiong-linear lobes ; corolla ^' long. (T)

S. tenuilblia. Low sandy grounds S. : 2° - 4° high, with long slender
branches ; leaves pinnately divided into thread-shaped divisions ; corolla hardly
^> long. (1)

19. MIMULUS, MONKEY-FLOWER. (From Greek for an ape, from
the grinning corolla.) Fl. all summer.

* Wild in ivet jjlaces, with erect square strm 1° — 2° Jiigh, ohJong feather-veined
serrate leaves, and violit-purple corolla (1' or so in length). ^

M. ringens, the commonest, with clasping leaves, peduncles longer than
the flower, and taper-pointed calyx-teeth.

M. alatUS, not rare more S., has leaves tapering into a petiole, peduncle
shorter than calyx and short-toothed, and sharp wing-like angles to stem ;
whence the name.

* * Cult, for ornament, chi'fi/ in conservatories, from Western N. America.
M. glutinbSUS, shrubby conservatory plant from California, glutinoi-.s-

pubesccnt, with oblong or lanceolate leaves, and large yellow orange or brick-
red flower.

M. cardin^lis. Erect, clammy-pubescent ; leaves wedge-oblong, partly
c]as])ing, several-nerved ; flowers large, brick-red. 2/

M. luteus. Erect, smooth ; leaves ovate or cordate-clasping, several-
nerved ; flowers shoAvy, yellow, often spotted with rose or brown ; of many
varieties. 2/

M. mosch^tus, Musk-plant. Weak and diffiise, rooting, clammy-vil-
lous, smelling strong of musk ; leaves ovate or oblong ; flower small, pale
yellow. 2/

20. TOREISTIA. (Named for 0. Toren, an obscure Swedish botanist.)

T. Asi^tiqa, cult, from India, a handsome hothouse plant, with lance-ovate
serrate leaves, wing-angled calyx, and coi-o'-a over 1' long, j-.ale violet or purple
with the tube and the end of the 3 roundetl lower lobes dark violet.

21. ILYSANTHES, FALSE FIMPEKNEL. (From Greek words for
mire awd flower, alluding to the station.) Fl. all summrt'.

I. gratioloides. Common in wet places, a smooth diffiisc little plant,
4' - 8' high, with rounded or oblong leaves, and small purple or bluish
flowers. (T)

22. GRATIOLA, PIKDGE-HYSSOP. (Old name, from Latin gratia,
grace.) Rather insignificant plants, in low or wet places : flowering all
summer. (T) %

* Sterile fit nviMits minute or hardhj any : corolla, whitish, ivith i/elloivish tube.

Gr. Virgini^na. Rather clammy, with lanceolate leaves a:id slender pe-
duncles.

238 FIG WORT FAMILY.

G. SphaBroc&rpa. Chiefly S. : smooth and stouter, with lancc-ovat3
leaves, peduncles scarcely longer than the calyx, and larger spherical pod.

» * Sterile Jilarnents obvious, itsita/Ji/ tipped with a little glandular head in place of
the anther : leaves shoH.

G. viscbsa. Chiefly S. W. : clammy, with lance-ob'.ong toothed leaves
shorter than the peduncles, and whitish flowers.

G. atirea. Sandy wet soil, V,. & 8. : nearly smojtli, with rather narrow
entire leaves as long as the peduncles, and golden yellov flowers.

G. pil6sa. From N. Jersey S. : very difl^erent from any of the foregoing,
having rigid and ^simple erect stems and ovate or oblong sessile leaves, both
hairy, the flowers sessile, the white corolla hardly longer than the calyx.

23. SCROPHULARIA, FIGWORT. (Plants a supposed remedy for
scrofula.) These homely and insigniflcant plants hardly ought to have given
the name to this large and imjxjrtant family.

S. nodosa. Damp shady ground : smooth, with 4-sided stem 3° -4° high,
ovate or oblong coarsely toothed leaves, and small lurid flowers in loose cymes,
all summer. 21

24. CHELONE, TURTLE-HEAD (to which the name, from the Greek,
refers), SNAKE-HKAD, BALMONY.

C. glabra, the common species, of wet places; l°-2° high, with lanceolate
or lance-oblong leaves on very short petioles, and white or pale purple corolla
1' or more long, all summer. ;^

25. PENTSTEMON. (Name, from the Greek, meaning 5 stamens,
refers to the presence of the 5th stamen, which, however, has no antiier.)
Showy North American and a few Mexican plants, chiefly Western ; two or
three are wild E. ; several are in choice cultivation, but few arc yet common
h^re. Fl. late spring and summer. Jl

* Wild E. of the Mississippi, and sometimes cult. : flowers ivhite, commonly tincjed
with some pnrp isli or vio/et : leaves partly clasping, often senate: panicle
clammy, the corolla slightly so.

P. pub6scens. Somewhat clammy-pubescent, or smoothish except the
panicle, l°-3° high, variable; stem-leaves lanceolate; flowers nodding; the

f)lainly 2-lipped coro.la (1 long) with gradually enlarging tube concave on tho
ower, convex on the upper side, a sort of palate almost closing the mouth ;
sterile filament yellow-bearded down one side.

P. Digitalis. N. Virginia to 111. & S. : taller (20-4°), smooth up to the
naked panicle, with wider more entire leaves ; corolla but slightly 2-lipped,
open, abruptly inflated bell-shaped above from a narrow tube ; stenle filament
sparingly bearded on one side.

* ♦ Wild beyond but near the Mississijypi, showy and cultivafed for ornament.

P. grandiflbrus. Plains from Falls of St. Anthony W. & S. W. : veiy
smooth, pale and glaucous, l°-3° high, with thick ovate leaves (l'-2' long)
closely sessile and entire, the upper ones rounded, short-pedicellcd flowers
racemcd, lilac-jmrjile oblong-bcll-sh \pcd corolla l^'-2' long and almost equally
5-lobcd, the sterile filament nearly smooth.

P. Cobsea. Plains from Nebraska S. : I°-2o high, stout, with ovate often
denticulate thick leaves, a slightly clammy few-flowered panicle or raceme,
pale purplish or whitish corolla al)out 2' long and abruptly much inflated above
the narrow base, the border 2-linped, but the oblong lobes similar; the sterile
filament bearded.

P. glaber. Plains from Nebraska and Missouri W, : very smooth, com-
monly pale or glaucous, with ascending stems 1°- 2° long, lanceolate or lance-
ovate entire leaves, and a narrow panicle of very handsome flowers ; the tubular-
inflated corolla about 1^' long, bright pui-))le blue, with the spreading lobes
of the 2 short lips similar ; sterile filaments and also the anthers slightly hairy
or else naked.

, - ACANTHUS FAMILY. 239

* * * Farther Western species, cultivated and hardy in the rjardens.

P. OVcltUS, of Oregon, is an early blue-flowered species, smoothish, with
ovate or lance-ovate serrate leaves, and open panicle of small flowers.

P. barbatUS, supposed to come from Mexico, ion^^ cult, in the gardens ;
smooth, with slender wand-like stems 3° -4° high, lanceolate and entire pale
leaves, long and loose raceme or panicle of drooping flowci-s, narrow tubular
scarlet corolla over 1' long, with erect upper lip ccmcave and slightly 2-iobed,
the lower parted into 3 rcflexed or spreading ob!ong lobes, some beard in the
throat, and sterile fllament naked. Var. Tokri>,yi, from New Mexico and
Rocky Mountains, is taller, the brighter red corolla with little or no beard in
the throat.

* * * * Common garden species from Mexico, hut not hardy N., are forms of

P. HartW^gi. Smooth : leaves lanceolate, entire, the upper broader at the
base and clasping ; peduncles elongated, 3-flowered ; corolla 2' long, deep red
or red purple, the border almost equally 5-cleft ; sterile fliament naked.

P. campanul^tUS. Smooth : IcaA^es lanceolate, acuminate, sharply ser-
rate, the base clamping ; flowers in a raceme-like one-sided panicle ; corolla ven-
tricose above, reddish-purple or rose-colored ; sterile filament bearded. Varies
greatly in cultivation.

26. RUSSELLIA. (Named for Z)r. ^/eranc/eriJusse// of Scotland.) ^
R. jlincea, of Mexico, a showy house and bedding plant; very smooth,

with small lance-ovate or linear, or else reduced to little scales on the copious
long and rush-like green hanging branches and branchlcts ; corolla 1' long, nar-
row, bright carmine red.

27. CASTILLEIA, PAINTED-CUP. (Named for CastiUejo, a Spanish
botanist.) There are several showy species on the plains from beyond the
Mississip])i to the Pacific. Fl all late spring and summer.

C. eoccinea, Scarlet P. Sandy Ioav grounds ; pubescent, simple-
stemmed, l°-2° high, with stem leaves cut-lobed, those next the flowers
3-cleft, their dilated and cut-toothed lobes brilliant scarlet, while the 2-cleft
calyx is yellowish and the narrow corolla pale yellow. ® @

28. PEDICULARIS, LOUSEWOKT (which the name denotes). -^
P. Canadensis, Comimon P. or Wood-Betony. Low, rather hairy,

with alternate leaves, the upper pinnatifid, lower pinnate, a short dense spike of
greenish and purplish flowers, oblique calyx without lobes but split down in
front, and a dagger-shaped pod : fl. sj-.ring.

P. lanceoi^ta. Less common, in swamps ; l°-3° high, smoothish, with
lance-oblfmg leaves doubly cut-toothed, some of them opposite, a close spike of
pale yellow flowers, 2-lobed leafy-crested calyx, and ovate pod : fl. late summer.

29. MELAMPYRUM, COW-WHEAT. (The name in Greek means
black grain, from the color of the seeds.) ®

M. Americ^num, our only species, common in open woodlands ; 6'- 12'
high, with lanceolate leaves, the upper ones abrupt or truncate at base and
with a few bristle-tip])ed teeth, the scattered flowers pale yellowish or almost
white, sometimes purplish-tinged ; profluced all summer.

77. ACANTHACE^, ACANTHUS FAMILY.

Plant-^ with opposite simple leaves, 2-lipped or otlierwise irregu-
lar or even regular monopefalous corolla, 4 didynamoiis or else only
2 stamens, 2-celled ovary and pod. and few seeds, — distinguished
from the related orders by the seeds without albumen and borne on
hook-like projections of the [)]acenta3 or on a sort of cup. Chiefly
a tropical family ; many in clioice conservatories, here omitted.

J

nam
4. DICLl

240 ACANTHUS FAMILY.

§ 1. Tunning tropical herbs {or cult, as herbs), with nearly rcgulir b-lobed corolla,
and globular seeds supported by a cartilaginous ring or sli allow cup.

1. THUNBERGIA. Flowers enclosed when in bud by a pair of large leaf-like

bractlets borne below the short cu|)-shaped calyx. Corolla with a mostly
somewhat curved tube and an abruptly wide-spreading border of 5 rounded
equal lobes, convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, included. Pod globular,
tipped with a long and conspicuous flattened beak, 2-4-seeded. Peduncles
axillary, i-flowered.

§ 2. Erect or spreading : all the following are herbs, with flat seeds borne on hook-
like processes (retinaculu) : calyx i-5-parted, mostly 2-bracted.

2. ACANTHUS. Corolla of one 3-lobed lip, the upper lip wanting. Stamens 4,

with one-celled cilinte anthers. Leaves pinnatifid. Flowers in a spike.

3. RUEIXLV. Corolla funnel-form, with an almost equally 5-lobed spreading
border, convolu'^e in the bud. Stamens 4, included: cells of the anthers

)arallel. Pod narrow, contracted into a stalk-like base, above 4- 12-sceded.
ULIPTERA. Corolla 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-Iobed, the upper 2-cleft or
entire; but the flower as it were reversed so that the 3-lobed lip seems to be
the upper one. Stamens 2, protruded: cells of the anther equal, but one
placed below the other. Pod 2-4-seeded below the middle.
5. DIANTHEKA. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip erect and notched; the lower
3-lobed, wrinkled or veiny towards the base, spreading. Stamens 2 : cells of
the anther one below the other, mostly unequal. I'od flattened above, coii-
jotract94 into a"8talk-like base, 4-seeded above the middle.

1. TEtuNBERGIA. (Named from the Swedish botanist Thunberg.)
Showy flowers produced all summer.

T. al^ta (so named from its winjjcd petioles) from Africa, is the one com-
monly cultivated (as an annual) in many varieties as to size and color of flower,
bufl", oranji^c, white, &c., usually with blackish-purple eye ; herbage soft-downy
or hairy ; leaves between heart-shaped and arrow-shaped. ^

2. ACANTHUS. (Old Greek and Latin name, from the word for spine or
prickle. ) 11

A. mbllis, one of the classical species, from S. Eu., is occasionally cult., not
hardy N. : the broad sinuatcly and deeply pinnatifid leaves mostly from the root,
hardly at all prickly ; flowers on a short scape, dull-colored.

3. RUELLIA. (Named for the herbalist Rnelle.) Ours are wild herbs,
chiefly southern, with purple or blue showy flowers, mostly in clusters,
produced all summer. 21

§ 1 . Cells of the anther pointed at base : stigma only one : pod ^-sefided.
R. oblongifolia. Pine barrens S. : downy, 6'- 12' hij^h from a creeping
base, with nearly sessile oval leaves barely 1' long, almost bristle-shaped sepals,
but oblong bracts, and spotted purple corolla 1' long.

§ 2. Cdls of the anther blunt : stigmas 2 : pod 8 - \2-seeded : stems l°-4° high.

R. cili6sa. Bry soil W. & S. : clothed with soft white hairs, the oval or
oblong leaves nearly sessile, pale blue corolla (about 2' long) with slender tube
much longer than the inflated upper part and than the bristle-shaped sejials.

R. Str6pens. Richer soil, from Penn. AV. & S. : smooth or slightly downy,
with obovate or oblong leaves (l'-4' long) narrowed into a j)etiole, and purple-
blue corolla (l'-2' long) with tube hardly longer than the expanded portion or
than the linear-lanceolate sepals.

4. DICLIPTERA. (Greek words for double, shut, from the 2-valved pod.)
D. brachiata, of low banks S. is nearly smooth, with 6-angled stem bear-
ing many branches, thin ovate-oblong ])ointed leaves on slender petiole, and
inten-uptcd s])ike-like clusters of small purple flowers, each with a pair of con-
spicuous flat bracts. 2/

VERVAIN FAMILY. 241

6. DI ANTHER A. (From Greek for double anther, alluding to the two

separated cells on each filament.) Fl. all summer. "21

D. OV^ta. Muddy banks of streams S. : 4' -8' high, smooth, with lance-
ovate short-petioled leaves longer than the 3-4-flowered peduncles in their
axils, and small pale pur])le flowers.

D. Americana. Wet borders of streams : 2° high, smooth, with long
linear-lanceolate leaves, and long peduncles (4' -6' long) bearing an oblong
spike of pale purple flowers.

78. VERBENACE^, VERVAIN FAMILY.

Plants with opposite (or sometimes whorled) leaves, diiFering
from the other orders with irregular moiiopetalous and didynamous
or tetrandrous flowers by the ovary not 4-lobed and with a single
ovule in each of its (1-4) cells, the fruit either fleshy or when
dry at length splitting into as many 1-celled indehiscent nutlets.

Besides the following some species of Clerodendron are culti-
vated, in choice conservatories.

§ 1. Flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes, the flowers expanding fivm below-upwards.

1. PHRYMA. Flowers in slendes- loose spikes. Calyx cylindrical, 2-lippecl, the

upper lip of 3 slender-pointed teeth, the lower short and 2-toothed. Corolla
tubular, 2-lipped, the upper lip notched, lower larger and 3-lobed. Stamens
included. Ovary 1-celled, forming a simple akene in the calyx. Herb.

2. VERBENA. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx tubular or prismatic, 5-ribbed

and plaited. Corolla §alver-form, the tube often cuiwed, the border rather
unequally 5-cleft. Stamens included: upper pair sometimes wanting the
an-hers. Ovary 4-celled, at maturity splitting into 4 dry akenes or nutlets.
Herbs.
8. LIP PI A. Flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes. Calyx tubular, 2- 5-toothed.
Coi'olla tubular, with 5-lobed 2-lipped border, the lower 3-lobed lip larger.
Stamens included. Ovary and dry fruit 2-celIed, 2-seeded.

4. LANTANA. Fiowers in heads or short spikes. Calyx minute, obscurely

4-toothed. Corolla with an unequal 4-cleft spreading border, the vipper lobe
sometimes iiotched. Stamens included. Ovary 2-celled, becoming berry-
like, and containing 2 little stones or nutlets. Shrubs or herbs.

§ 2. Flowers nearly regular, in cymes from the axils of the simple leaves : shrvbs.

5. CALLICARPA. Calyx 4- 5-toothed, short. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, short,

4 -5-lobed. Stamejis 4, protmded, nearly equal. Ovary 4-celled, in fruit
beny-like, with 4 little stones.

§ 3. Flowers irrerjnlnr, in cymes or clusters in the axils of the compound digitate
leaves or <f the upper leaves reduced to bracts: shi'ubs or trees.

6. VITEX. Calyx 5-toot^lied. Corolla tubular, with a spreading 2-lipped boi'der,

the lower lip 3-parted and rather larger than the 2-lobed upper lip. Stamens
4, pi'otrude.l, as is the style. Ovary 4-celled, becoming berry-like in the
fruit, which cojitains a single 4-celled' stone.

1. PHRi'MA, LOPSEED. (Name of unknown meaning.) One species.
P. LeptOSt^jhya. Copses, &c. ; 2° -3° high, with coarsely-toothed ovate

thin leaves, and brandies terminated by the slender spikes of very small purplish
flowers, in summer, the pedicels reflexed in fruit. %

2. VERBENA, VErvVAIN. (Latin name of some sacred herbs.) Fl. all
summer. — (xcnus of difficult analysis on account of numerous hybrids, both
wild and in cultivation,

§ 1. Vervains native to the country, or growing as wild weeds, inosth/ in waste
or cnltlvdtf-d ground : the flowers insignificant, in slender spikes ; no appen-
dage at tip of the anthers. All but the last with upright stems. %

V. angustif61ia, Narrow-leaved V. Stems 6' -18' high; leaves nar-
16

242 VERVAIN FAMILT.

row lanceolate, sessile, roughish, slightly toothed ; spikes few, thickish, crowded
with purple flowers.

V. Stricta, Hoary V. Barrens W. & S. : whitish-hairy, 10-2° hi^h ;
leaves obovate or oblong, serrate, sessile ; spikes thick and dense ; flowers blue,
larger than in the <Hhers.

V. hastata, Blue V. Stem 4° -6° high; leaves lance-oblong, some of
the larger with short side lobes at base, cut-serrate, petioled ; spikes densely-
flowered, coryrabed or panicled ; flowers blue.

V. urticifblia, Nettle-lkaved or White V. Stem 4° -6° high;
leaves oval or oblong ovate, coarsely serrate, petioled ; spikes of small wliite
flowers slender and loose.

V. ofiBLcin^lis, European V. Nat. by roadsides, at least S. Stems
l°-.3° high, branched ; leaves sessile, 3-cleft and mostly pinnatifid into narrow
cut-toothed lobi^s ; small purplish flowers in very slender panicled spikes.

V. bractebsa. From Wisconsin S. ; hairy, spreading o: procumbent ;
leaves wedge-sliaped or lance-oblong, cnt-pinnatifid or 3-cleft, short-petioled ;
small purple flowers in solitary loose spikes, tlu lower ones leafy-bracted.

§ 2. Verhenas of the rjarden soi-t, with creeping or spreading stfvis, and dense
spikes of larger or showy Jlotvers : anthers of the longer stamens with a
gland-like tip. ^ (V)

V. Aubl6Lia. Wild from 111. and Caro'ina W. & S. : has cnt-pinnatifid
leaves, and a long-peduncled spike of purple flowers, minutely bearded in the
throat. — This and the several following species fram South Brazil, Buenos
Ayres, &c., variously and greatly mixed, make up the Verbenas which adorn
our gardens in summer.

V. chamaedrifolia, the original Scarlet V., with ob'ong-lanceolato
coarsely serrate leaves, nearly all sessile, and most intense red or scarlet flowers,
in a flat cluster.

V. phlogiflbra, also named TweediXna. More upright; the leaves
decidedly petioled ; the flowers inclined to form an oblong spike, and crimson,
varying to rose, but not to scarlet.

V. incisa, diflers fro:n the last in the pinnatifid incised leaves, the petioled
ones with a heart-shaped base ; flowers in a flat cluster, rose-color or purple.

V. teueroid3S. Erect or spreading, with ovate-oblong and i icised sessile
leaves, and a lengthened spike of white or pale rosy flowers, sweet-scented,
especially at nightfall.

V. erinoides, or mult^fida. Dwarf and much creeping, rough-hairy,
with leaves piunatifld into linear divisions, and originally with violet purple
flowers, and

V. pulchella or tenera, with equally finely cut leaves, and rather larger
originally rose-violet flowers, are part parents of the smaller races.

3. LIPPIA. (Named for A. L'ppi, an Italian botanist.) Fl. late summer.
L. lanceol^ta, Fog-fruit. A creeping weedy herb, along river-banks

from Penn. S. & W., with wedge-: ;patul ate or oblanecolate leaves serrate alx)ve
the middle, and slender peduncles from the axils bearing a head of bluish
small flowers.

1j. citrioddra (or Alot^sia), the Lemon-scented or Sweet Verbena
of the gardens ; shrub from Chili, with whorls of linear-lanceolate fragrant
leaves, roughish with glandular dots, and small whitish and bluish flowers in
slender spikes. ,

4. LANTATTA. (Origin of name obscure.) Tropical or subtropical,
mostly shrubby plants, planted out in summer, when they flower freely until
frost comes ; stems often rough-prickly ; herbage and flowers odorous, in
some pleasant, others not so. The species are much mixed.

L. C^mara, from Tropical America, has flowers deep yellow, turning first
to orange, then to red.

L. mixta, from Brazil, has flowers oj^ening white, soon changing to yel-
low, orange, and finally to red.

MINT FAMILY. 243

Ii. nivea, from Brazil, has the pleasant-scented flowers white and unchang-
ing; or, in var. mutabilis, changing to bluish.

L. involucr^ta, of West Indies, has small obovate and prominently veiny
leaves, more or less downy beneath, and heads of lilac-purple flowers, involucrate
by the outer bracts.

L. Sellowiana, of Southern Brazil, is low and spreading, with wedge-
oblong or ovate strongly veined leaves, long peduncles, and heads of reddish-
purple flowers lengthening somewhat with age.

5. CALLICARPA. {¥rom Greek for beauttfid fruit.) Fl. early summer.
C. Americana, Fkench Mulberry. Kich soil from Virginia S. : shrub

3° - 8° high, Avith some scurfy down, especially on the lower face of the ovate-
oblong toothed leaves, and the clusters of bluish flowers ; fruits violet-blue and
showy.

6. VITEX, CHASTE-TREE. (The ancient Latin name.)

V. Agnus-castus, Chaste-tree, of Mediterranean region, has .5-7 lan-
ceolate entire leaflets whitened underneath, and bluish flowers in sessile clusters
forming an internipted spike at the end of the branches ; hardy only S.

V. ineisa, of Northern China, barely hardy in gardens N., has 5-7 leaflets
lanceolate and cut-pinuatifid, and the clusters of bluish flowers peduncled.

79. LABIAT.^, MINT FAMILY.

Chiefly herbs, with aromatic herbage, square stems, opposite
simple leave?, moie or less 2-lipped corolla (whence the name of
the order), either 4 didynamous or only 2 stamens, 2-lobed stigma,
and at once distinguished from all the related families by the deeply
4-parted ovary (as if 4 ovaries around the base of a common style),
ripening into as many seed-like nutlets, or akenes, each containing
a single seed. Embryo usually filling the seed. As in all these
families, there are 2 lobes belonging to the upper and 3 to the lower
lip of the corolla. Flowers from the axils of tlie leaves or bracts,
usually in cymose clusters, or running into terminal racemes or
spikes.

^ 1. Stamens 4, pnrnlhl and ascending, and projecting from a notch on the tipper
side (ftke corolla. Nutlets reticulated ana pitted, obliquely fxed by the inner
side near the bnse.

* Lobes of the corolla nearly equal and oblong, turned fonoard so that there seems

to be no upper tip, ihejilaments conspicuously projecting from the upper side.

1. TEUCRIUM. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with a deep cleft between the two

upper lobes. Cells of the anther confluent.

2. TRICHOSTEMA. 'Calyx 5-cleft in 2 lips, oblique. Filaments very long and

slender, curved, coiled up hi the bud.

♦ * Lobes of the corolla eqwdly spreading : f laments slightly projecting from the

notch between the 2 upper h>hes.

8. ISANTHUS. Catyx bell-shaped, equally 5-lobec1, enlarging after flowering.
Corolla only little longer than the calyx", bell-shaped, with 5 equal spreading
lobes.

^ 2. Stamens 4, reclining on the lower lobe of the corolla, the outer or loicer pair
lunger: anthers 2-ctlltd. Corollt loiuallij turned down or declining. Nutlets
smooth or smoothiah. fixed by their base, as in all the following divisions.

4. OCOIU^I. Calyx deflexed in fruit, 5-toothed, the upper tooth or lobe much
broadest and sometimes wing-margined. Corolla short, the upper lip as it
were of 4 lobes, the lower of one entire flat or flattish decliueJ lobe scarcely
longer than the upper. Filaments separate.

244 MINT FAMILY.

B. COLEUS. Calyx as in No. 4. Corolla similar, but the lower lobe longer and
concave or bout-shaped, enclosing the stamens and style: filaments monadel-
phous.

6. HYPTIS. Calyx with 5 less unequal or equal teeth. Corolla of 4 short simi-

lar upper lobes, and a longer abruptly deflexed saccate lower one ; filaments
separate.

7. LAVANDULA. Calyx not deflexed, 13-15-nerved, 5-toothed, the upper tooth

mostly larger. Corolla with \ube longer than the calyx, regularly 2-lipped,
i. e. upper lip 2-lobcil, lower S-lobed, t'ne lobes all equally spreatling. Sta-
mens included, but declined towards the lower lobe of the' corolla.

§ 3. Stamens 4 (and (he lower or outer pair longest) or 2, slraujht and distant or
divevfihuf: anthers plainly 2-ctlltd, not conniinnf/ in p tirs. Lobes of the
corolla fiat and spreading^ or the upper erect but md arihed.
« Corolla short and rather bell-shaped, hardly if at all 2-lipped, the 4 or rarely 5
lobes nearly equal and all spreading.
3. PERILLA. Calyx in flower 5-cleft, in fruit nodding and enlarging, becoming
2-lipped. Corolla 5-cleft, the lower lobe a little longer. Stamens 4, nearly
equal. Style deeply 2-cleft.
9. MENTHA. 'Calyx eq'ually 5-toorhed. Corolla with a 4-cleft border, the upper
lobe a little broader and sometimes notched at the end. Stamens 4, nearly
equal, similar.

10. LYCOPUS. Calyx 4 -5-toothed. Corolla with 4 about equal lobes. Stamens

2: the upper pair, if any, without anthers.
« « Corolla evidently 2-lipped, but all the lobes of nearly equd length, the upper lip
erect and mostly nottheil. the tower spreading and '6-cleft, the tube not bearded
within : stamens with anthers only 2.

11. CUNILA. Calyx equally 5-toothed, striate, very hairy in the throat, one half

shorter than the corolla'. Stamens 2, lo:ig and protruding: no rudiments of
the other pair.

12. HEDEOMA. Calvx 2-lipped, gibbous on the lower side near the base, hairy

in the throat. Corolla short. Stamens 2, with anthers scarcely protruded,
and 2 sterile short filaments tipped with a little head in place of anther.
« « « O'l'olla elongated and irregidar : the It.wer lube or lip much the larger, pen-
dent, cut-toothed or f ringed, tlie Mothers nearlu equal and alike: tube toith a
bearded ring inside at the bottom of Uie enlarged throat : stamens 2 ivith
anthers or rarely 4.

13. COLLINSONIA. Calyx ovate, enlarging and turned down after flowering,

2-lipped, the upper lip flat and 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Cells of the an-
ther diverging.
* # # * Corolla evidently 2-lipped. short, the upper lip erect or somewhat spread-
ing ami nearly entire or notched, the lower siyreauing or 3-cleft : stamens with
anthers 4.

14. HYSSOPUS. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 6-toothed, naked in the throat.

Corolla with the miildle lobe of the lower lip larger and 2-cleft. Stamens
very long and protruding.

15. PYCN ANTHEM UM. Calyx oblong or short-tubular, about 13-nerved, equally

5-toothed or somewhat 2-lippcd, naked in the throat. Corolla with the lobes
of the lower lip ovate and entire. Flowers crowded in heads or close cyxnQ<.

16. OKIGANrM. Calyx hairy in the throat, about 13-nerved. Lower lip of the

corolla of 3 similar lobes.' Flowers crowded into spike-like clusters and fui--
nished with imbricated often colored bracts.

17. THYMUS. Calyx ovate, hairy in the throat, 13-nervpd, 2-lipped; the up])er

lip 3-toothed and spreading, "the lower cleft into 2 awl-shaped ciliute lobes.
Corolla not strongly 2-lippecl, the upper lip resembling the 3 lobes of the lower
lip but notched at the apex. Stamens mostly protruding.

18. SATURElX. Calyx bell-shaped, naked in 'the throat, 10-nerved, equally

6-toothed. Corolla with lower lip of 3 nearly equal entire lobes. Stamens
somewliLit ascending. Leaves naiTow.

^ 4. Stamens 4 {the lower or oider pair longer), ascending or curved and iciih (he
phiinh) 2-ielled anthers ojjpraximate or conniving in pairs under the erect and
flattish but not arched upper lip. Calyx more w less 2-lipped.

19. CALA:MINTHA. Calyx not flattened. Corolla straight, with inflated throat,

and 2-lipped border," the spreading lower lip 3-parted, its middle lobe entire
or slightly notched.

MIxNT FAMILY. 245

20. :MELTSSA. Ciih-x with 3-toothed iipper lip fl:it. Corolla more or le^s curved

and ascending.' Filaments arching and bringing the anthers together iii pairs.
Otherwise as in 19.

§ 5. Stamens only 2, parallel and ascending under the erect or someu:hat scythe-
shaped entire or barely notched upper lip of the corolla: anthers 1-celled,
either strictly so or by lonjiuence of the 2 celU end to end.

21. SALVIA. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip 3-toothed or entire, the lower 2-clefr,

tliroat not hairy. Corolla deeply 2-lipped ; the lower lip spreading or hanging,
3-lobed, the middle lobe larger and sometimes notched at the end. f^ilament
as it were compound, the proper filament short and bearing on its apex an
elongated thread-like or linear body (the connective, in fact) attached by its
middle, one end of which ascending under the upper lip bears a linear
1-celled anther, the other descending bears the other smaller and imperfect
cell, or a mere vestige of it, or is naked. Flowers usually large or showy.

22. ROSMARINUS. Calyx and corolla nearly as in Salvia, but the lateral lobes of

the lower lip of the corolla erect and somewhat contoi'ted (as in some Sages
also). Stamens resembling those of Monarda and protruded, but with a short
tooth on the filament below the middle. Shrub.

23. MOXARDA. Calyx tubular, elongated, many-nei-ved, nearly equally 5-toothed,

mostly hairy in the throat. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, narrow m the throat,
the oblong or linear lips about equal in length, the lower 3-lobed at the apex,
its narrower middle lobe slightly notched. Stamens with long and simple
filament bearing directly on its apex a linear anther. Flowers rather large,
numerous in the whorled or terminal heads.

24. BLEPHiLIA. Calyx short-tubular, naked in the throat, 2-lipped, the upper

lij) with 3 awned, the lower with 2 nearly blunt teeth. Corolla with a more
expanded throat, bluish. Otherwise like Monarda, but flowers smaller.

§ 6. Stamens 4, direr fjinfj or ascending^: the upper or inner piir longer ! Upper
lip if the torolli erector a hide arching, the luicer spreading.

25. LOPHANTHUS. Calyx rather unequally 5-toothed. Upper lip of corolla

slightly 2-lobed, the lower moderately spreading, its middle lobe somewhat
crenate. Stamens not parallel, the lower and shorter ones more or less as-
cending, the upper and longer ones diverging and declining, so as to seem the
lower. Tall erect herbs, with small flowers clustered in paniclcd spikes.

26. NEPETA. Calyx obliquely 5-toothe*l. Stamens parallel and ascending, and

their anthers approaching in pairs under tlie upper lip of the corolla, their
cells diverging from each other. Middle lobe of lower lip of corolla con-
siderablv largest.

27. CEDRONKLLA. Flowers nearly like those of Kepeta: but the cells of the

anthers parallel.
87. PHLOMIS, of the next section, might from the stamens be sought for here.

§ 7. Stamens 4, the lower or outer pair longer, ascemJing and parallel, their anthers
in jxiirs mostly tinder the concave or arched upper lip of the corolla. Plants
not sweet-scented, some <f them bitter-qroinatic.

» Q>rolla inflated fumi'l-form and rather slightly 1-Hpped : calyx ihinnish. open
bell-shiiped in fruit, the 5 teetli equal and pointless: fuwtrs simply spiked^
only one to each bract or f oral laf.

28. PHYSOSTEGIA. Upper lip of the corolla broad and a little arched, entire;

lower of 3 broad and somewhat spreading short lobes. Smooth and scentless
herbs, with thickish and sessile lanceolate or oblong leaves.
« * Girolla decidedly 24lpped : calyx also 2-lipped, irregular, closed in fruit.

29. BRUXELLA. Calyx tubidar bell-shaped, reticulated, flattened on the up-

per side; the upper lip broad, flat, 3-toothcd; the lower 3-cleft. Tube of
the corolla dilated on the lower side just below the rather nan-owed throat;
upper lip arche<l and entire; lower widely spreading, with lateral lobes ob-
long, the concave middle one rounded and crenulate. Filaments 2-toothed at
the apex, the lower tooth bearing the anther. Flowers in a terminal close
. head or short spike.
80. SCUTELLARIA. Calyx short, with the very short lips trur.catc and entire, and
a large hump on the U)>|)er side, the whole helme:->haped; the upper lip usu-
ally falling awav when the fruit is ri])e. Corolla with rather long ascending
tube, the lateral lobes of the lower lip small and somewhat comiected v.i'.h
the arched upper liji, the mi<l(l!e lolio larger and spreading or the sides roflox'-f' :
anthers of the lower stamens 1-ceIled. Rijr<M'ish herbs, not aromatic, w'.Ai
flowers single iu the axil of each bract or leaf.

246 MINT FAMILY.

« « * CoroUa decidedly 2-li/)ped : calyx 5-toothed, regular, or sometimes obscurely
2-lipped, not closing in fruit : the tettk commonly awl-shaped or trianyular,
ofttn rigid oi' spiny-tipptd.

-*- Stamens included in the tube of the corolla : calyx 10-toothed.

31. MARRUBIUM. Teeth of the calj-x awl-shaped or spiney-tipped, recurved

after flowering. Corolla small: upper lip erect. Bitter-aromatic plauts:
flowers in axillary capitate whorls.

••- I- Stamens raised out of the tube of lite corolla : calyx o-toothed.
•M- Anthers opening crosswise by 2 uneqwd valves, the smaller one ciliate.

32. GALEOPSIS. Calvx tubular bell-shaped, 5-nerved, with spinv-tipped teeth.

Corolla enlarged In the throat, the ovate and entire upper lip arched, tlie
middle lobe of spreading lower lip obcordate. Flowers in axillary whorl-like
clusters.

++ ++ Anthers opening lengthwise in the ordinary way.

33. LAMIUM. Calyx tubular bell-shaped, with 5 awl-shaped spreading teeth.

Corolhi much enlarged in the throat, the upper lip arching ana with a narrow
base, lateral lobes of lower lip very short, the middle one rounded and spread-
ing or turned down, its base much narrowed. (Lessons, p. 102, fig. 209.)
Stamens ascending under the upper lip. Nutlets tnuicate at the top.
84. LICONURUS. Calvx top-shaped, the awl-shaped teeth when old spreading and
spiny-pointed. Corolla like Stachys, but middle lobe of lower lip obcordate.
Stamens parallel. Nutlets truncate and sharply 3-angled. Stems erect.
Flowers in close whorls in the axils of cut-lobed leaves.

35. STACHYS. Calyx mostly tubular bell-shaped, the teeth triangular or awl-

shaped, sometimes rigid or even pungent. Corolla not enlarged in the throat,
the upper lip entire or nearly so, the lower 3-lobed with the middle lobo
nearly entire. Stamens ascending under the upper lip, but the outer pair
turned down after discharging their pollen ! Nutlets obtuse, but not trun-
cate. Flowers crowded in whorls, most of these commonly approximate in a
terminal raceme or spike.

36. BETONICA. Like Stachys, but calyx more tubular and with awn-like teeth,

tube of corolla longer and its upper lip sometimes notched, and the stamens
generallv remaining parallel.

37. PHL0MIt5. Calyx tubular, with 'rigid nan-ow awl-shaped teeth from the

notch of as many very short and broad lobes. Corolla as in Stachys. Upper
pair of stamens (rather the longer) with an awl-shaped appendage at the base
of the filaments.

38. MOLUCCKLLA. Calyx membranaceous and greatly enlarged, fimnel-form,

the border reticulated, vei?iv, entire, except 5 mucronate points. Corolla
much shorter than the calyx; the middle lobe of its lower lip obcordate.
Nutlets 3-sided.

1. TEirCKIUM, GERMANDER. (Named for Tcurer, kinj- of Troy.) %
T. Canadense, our only species, in low grounds, l°-3° high, downy,

with ovate-lanccolatc serrate leaves downy beneath, and pale purple or rarely
■white flowers collected in a long spike, in late summer.

2. TRICHOSTEMA, BLUE CURLS. (Name from the Greek, means
hair-like stamens.) Ours are branching loosely-flowered rather clammy low
herbs, with entire leaves, and small flowers as it were panicled, blue, or
changing to purple, in summer and autumn. (T)

T. dichotomum, Common B. or Bastard Pennyroyal. Sandy fields
E. & S, : 6'- 12' high, with mostly lance-oblong short-petioled leaves.

T. line^re, from New Jersey S., has linear or lance-linear smoother leaves.

3. IS ANTIIUS, FALSE PENNYROYAL. (Name in Greek means eywa/
flower, i. c. parts of corolla regular.) ®

I. CSeruleus. Common in sandy or sterile soil ; bushy-branched, clammv-
pubescent, G' - 12' Iiigh, with obong'3-nerved entire leaves, and scattered small
\)luc flowcro on axillary peduucles : all summer.

MINT FAMILY. 247

4. 6CIMUM, SWEET BASIL. (Greek name, referring to the odor, the
herbage sweet-scented.)

O. Basilicum, Sweet Basil. Low sweet-herb, of kitchen-gardens, from
India, with ovate somewhat toothed leaves, ciliate petioles and calyx, and bluish-
white faceuied flowers, in summer. (T)

5. COLEUS. (Name from the Greek word for sheath, alluding to the mona-
delphous stamens.)

C. Bllimei, of Java, especially its var. Verschaffeltii, the showy spe-
cies of ornauientiil grounds in summer, planted for its richly-colored ovate pointed
and coarsely toothed Icaves^jeither blotched with crimson or bi-onze-red, or almost
wholly colored ; the inconspicuous flowers blue or bluish and racemed.

6. HYPTIS. (From a Greek word meaning reversed.) Fl. late summer.
H. radiata. Low ground, North Carolina & S. : stems 2° - 4° high ;

leaves lance-ovate, toothed ; flowers white or purple-dotted, small, crowded in
peduncled whitish-involucrate heads, y,

7. LAVANDULA, LAVENDER. (From Latin lavo, to lave, for which
Lavender-water is used.)

L. v6ra, Garden L. Cult, from S. Europe : a low undershrub, barely
hardy N., hoary, with lance-linear leaves, and slender spikes of bluish small
flowers on long terminal peduncles, in summer.

8. PERILLA. (Name unexplained.) Natives of China ana Japan. 0

P. oeimoides, var crispa, or P Naxkinensis of the gardens, a bal-
samic-scented much-branched herb, cult, for its foliage, the ovate-petiolcd leaA'es
in this variety dark pui-ple or violet-tinged beneath, bronze-purple .above, the
margins wavy and deeply cut-toothed, the insignificant rose-colored or whitish
flowers in panicled spike-like racemes, in late summer.

9. MENTHA, MINT. (Ancient Greek and Latin name.) One native
and two very common naturalized European species, mostly spreading rap-
idly by running rootstocks ; leaves toothed ; the small flowers purplish-
bluish, or almost white, in summer. 2/ The following common Mints
all in wet places.

M. viridis. Spearmint. Nearly smooth, with oblong or lance-ovate wrin-
kled-veiny sessile leaves, and flowers in narrow terminal spikes.

M. piperita, Peppermint. Smooth, with ovate acute petioled leaves, and
whorled clusters of flowers forming loose interrupted spikes.

M. Canadensis, Wild Mint. Along shaded brooks; pleasant-scented,
hairy or a smooth variety, with ovate or lance-oblong acute or pointed leaves on
short petioles, and whorls of flowers in the axils of some of the middle pairs.

10. LYCOPUS, WATER-HOREHOUND. (Name in Greek means uWA
foot.) Kesembling the Wild Mint, but bitter, and not aromatic, commonly
producing slender sometimes tuber-bearing runners from the l)ase, smooth, the
very small white flowers close-clustered in the axils of the leaves, in summer.
Wild in shady moist soil. ^

L. VirginiCUS, Bcgleweed. Common N. ; stems blunt-angled, 6'- 18'
high ; leaves mostly lance-ovate and merely toothed ; calyx-teeth 4, ovate and
bluntish. Used iu medicine.

L. EuropSGUS, under several varieties : common N. & S., is taller, wiLli
sharply 4-imgled stems, ovate-ubloug or lanceolate leaves cither toothed or pin-
natifid, many flowers iu the elusteri or whoris, and 5 Cidyx-teeth rijid and
sharp-pointed.

248 MINT FAMILY.

11. CUNIL A, DITTANY. (An old Latin name of unknown meaning.)
C. Mariana, Maryland D. Dry hills through the Middle States ; nearly

smooth, 1° high, corynibosely much branclied, with ovate or heart-shaped almost
sessile serrate leaves (1' long*), and pcduucled loose cymes of purplish flowers, in
summer. ^

12. HEDEOMA. (Formed from a Greek name of a sort of Mint, refers to
the sweet scent. ) Low and fragrant-scented, growing in dry and ojjen or sterile
grounds, with small flowers in loose axillary clusters, all summer.

H. pulegioides, American Pennyroyal, the pungent aromatic scent
and taste being like that of the English Pennyroyal or Mentha Pulegiuni of Eu. ;
very common, 5' - 8' high, hairy, branching, with oblong-ovate petioled leaves,
few flowered clusters, and bluish corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx. 0

H. hispida, is common from Western Illinois S. W. ; 2' - 5' high, hairy,
with sessile linear entii'e leaves, and bristly-ciiiate calyx. (T)

13. COLLINSONIA, HORSE-BALM. (Named for Peter Col/inson of
London, who corresponded with Bartram and Linnaeus.) liather tall and
large-leaved strong-scented plants : fl. summer. ^

C. Canadensis, also called Rich-weed and Stone-root, the only com-
mon species, in rich moist woods; smooth, 2° -3° high, with ovate serrate
leaves 3' - 6' long and on long petioles, and pale yellow lemon-scented flowers
on slender pedicels in panicled racemes.

14. HYSSOPUS, HYSSOP. (The ancient Greek name of the plant, from
the Hebrew.) ]/

H. officinalis, the only species, cult, in gardens from the Old World,
rarely running wild : smooth tufted simple stems or branches 2° high ; leaves
lance-linear and entire ; small clusters of blue flowers crowded in a terminal
spike, in summer.

16. PYCNANTHEMUM:, mountain mint or BASIL. (Name
from Greek, means dense floiar-clusters.) Several species, all aromatic-scented,
1° - 3° high, in open usually gravelly or sandy soil ; flowers with pale corolla
often purple-dotted, in late summer and autumn. ^ Only the following
widely common.

P. inc^num. Leaves petioled, ovate or oblong, remotely toothed, finely
soft-downy above and white-hoary beneath, those next the open flat cymes
whitened both sides; bracts and calyx-teeth somewhat awn-pointed.

P. mtlticum. Minutely soft-downy but hardly whitened, rather low,
bushy-branched ; leaves mostfy lance-ovate and sessile, with rounded or slightly
heart-shaped base, minutely sharp-toothed, rather rigid ; flowers in heads or
dense clusters ; calyx-teeth and inner bracts rather blunt.

P. pil6sum. Only from W. Penn. W., is downy with rather long soft
hairs ; the broadish lanceolate leaves acute at both ends and nearly entire ;
whorled heads at the end of the branches ; the calyx-teeth and bracts ovate-
lanceolate and acute,

P. arist^tum. Only from New Jersey S., in pine-barrens : minutely soft-
pubescent; leaves lance-oblong or broadly linear, rigid, almost entire ; flowers
in heads, with the narrow and awn-pointed bracts and calyx-teeth as long as the
corolla.

P. laneeol^tuni. Smoothish, not hoary, very leafy, bushy branched ;
leaves small and clustered, narrow lanceolate or lance-linear, rigid, sessile, ob-
tuse at base ; flowers small, in numerous globular close heads which are crowded
in terminal corymbs ; calyx-teeth and bracts short, triangular ; lips of the
corolla very short.

P. linifdlium. Like the last, less common N. : smoother, with lanoe-
linear leaves, and narrower sharp-pointed bracts and calyx-teeth.

MINT FAMILY. 249

16. out GANUM, MARJORAM. ( Old Greek name, said to mean delight
of mountains.) Natives of the Old Worid : sweet-herbs : fl. summer. 2/

O. vulg^re, Wild Marjoram. Old gardens, and wild on some road-
sides ; l°-2° high, with small ovate nearly entire leaves, on short petioles, and
purplish flowers in corymbed purple-bracted clusters or short spikes ; calyx
equally 5-toothed.

O. Majoraua, Swekt Marjoram. Cult, in kitchen-gardens (as an ®) ;
leaves small and linely soft-downy ; the bracts not colored ; flowers whitish or
purplish, with calyx hardly toothed but cleft nearly down on the lower side.

17. THYMUS, THYME. (Ancient Greek and Latin name ) Low or
creeping slightly woody-stemmed sAvcet-aromatic plants of the Old World :
fl. small, in summer. Leaves in the common species entire, small, from ^'
to near ^' long, ovate, obovate or oblong with tapering base. ^

T. Serpyllum, Crekpixg Thyme. Cult, as a sweet herb, rarely a little
spontaneous ; creeping, forming broad flat perennial turfs ; leaves green ;
whorls of purplish or flesh-colored flowers crowded or somewhat spiked at the
ends of the flowering branches.

T. vulgaris, ('03IM0N Thyme. Rarely cult., more upright and bushy
than the other, pale and rather hoai'y ; flowers in shorter clusters.

18. SATUREIA, SAVORY. (The ancient Latin name.) Aromatic :
fl. summer.

S. hortensis. Summer Savory. Low and homely sweet herb of the gar-
dens, sparingly run wild W., with oblong-linear leaves tapering at base, and
pale or purplish small flowers clustered in their axils, or running into panicled
spikes at the end of the branches. ®

19. CALAMINTHA, CALAMINTH. (GrQQ\ fox heautifd Mint.) FL
summer. 21

§ \. Flowers loose in the axils, or above running into racemes or panicles.

C. glabella. A delicate native but uncommon species, only from Niagara
Falls W. : smooth, with weak stems 5' - 20' long, also with creeping runners,
oblong or almost linear leaves, or ovate on the runners, the loose purplish flow-
ers about ^' long.

C. Ndpeta, BASiL-TnyjrE. Nat. from Eu. from Virginia S. : soft-downy,
branching, l°-2° high, with round-ovate crcnate leaves, small and loose purple
flowers, and calyx hairy in the throat.

§ 2. Flowers in terminal heads or head-like whorls, croicdid with awl-shaped bracts.

C. Clinopbdium, Basil. Waste grounds and along thickets ; hairy,
with rather simple stems l°-2°long, ovate and nearly entire petioled leaves,
and pale purple small corollas.

20. MELISSA, BALM, BEE-BALM. (Old name from Greek for 6ee. )
Old- World sweet herbs. Fl. summer. 2J.

M. 0flB.cin^is, Commox B. Gardens, sparingly running wild ; rather
hairy, loosely-branched, lemon-scented, with ovate or scarcely heart-shaped cre-
nate-toothed leaves, and yellowish or soon white flowers in small loose axillai-y
clusters.

21. SALVIA, SAGE. (From the Latin salvo, to save, from its reputed
healing qualities.)

§ 1. Wild Sages of the country, all with blue or partly ichite corollas. Jl
* Upper lip of calyx 3-toothed: lower cell of the anther present but d formed.
S. lyr^ta. Sandy soil from New Jersey to III. & S. : 1° - 2° high, rather
hairy, with leaves mostly at the root atid obovate or lyre-shaped, and a smaller

E air' on the stem; whorls of flowers forming an interrupted raceme; corolla
ardly 1' long.

250 MINT FAMILY.

* * Upper lip of the cahjx entire : lower cell of the anther wanting.

S. urtieif61ia. Woodlands from Maryland S. : l°-2o high, leafy, some-
what clammy-downy ; leaves rhombic-ovate ; racemes slender, the blue and
white corolla only J' lon<^.

S. aziirea. Sandy soil S. & S. W. : nearly smooth and green, with rather
simple stems, 2° -4° high; leaves lance-linear with tapering base, obtuse,
entire, or the lower serrate; the showy azure-blue flowers (less than 1' long)
numerous in a spike-like raceme.

S. Pitcher i, from Kansas to Texas, is very like the foregoing, but minutely
soft-downy ; occasionally cultivated, as is also

S. farinbsa, of Texas, with more ])etioled oblong-lanceolate leaves, the
spikes, calyxes, &c. white-hoary, in contrast with the light blue corolla.

§2. Garden Sages, cultivdled for ornament, or the first species for its savory
foliage. Perennials, bat some cult, as annuals, sectral woocltj at base.
* Flowers blue.
S. officinalis, Commox Sage, from S. En. : low, minutely hoary-pubes-
cent, with ol)long-lanceolate leaves finely reticulated-rugose and the margins
crenulate, spiked flower-whorls, and short corolla.

S. patens, from Mexico : 2° -3° high, rather hairy, with crenate triangular-
ovate or halberd-shaped leaves, or the u])])erm()st sessile ones oval, loosc-pcdi-
celled flowers, showy deep blue corolla over 2' long, the lips widely gaping and
the stamens exserted.

* * Flowers scarlet-red.

S. spldndens, Scarlet Sage, of Brazil : smooth, with branching stems,
ovate pointed leaves, the floral ones and calyx as well as the corolla (2' or more
long and with short lower lij)) bright scarlet.

S. fTilgens, Cardinal or Mexican Red S., from Mexico: tall, pubes-
cent, with crenate ovate or oval leaves heart-shaped at base and somewhat
rugose, green calyx, and long-tubed downy deep scarlet corolla over 2' long,
the style plumose.

S. COCCinea, from Tropical America : somewhat downy or soft-hairy,
with ovate and heart-shaped acute cn-nate leaves, deciduous bracts, green or
purplish calyx, and smooth red corolla 1' long, with lower lip much longer tiTan
the up))er one.

S. pseudo-COCCinea, from Trop. Amcr. : like tlie last, but with bristly-
hairy stems, less heart-shaped leaves, and corolla more or less pubescent.
* * * Flowers tvhite.

S. argentea, from the Mediterranean regions : cult, for its silvery-white
foliage, hardy ; the very large round-ovate root-leaves clothed with long white
wool ; flowering stem and its sessile leaves, as well as calyx, &c. clammy-hairy;
the white corolla with scythe-shaped upper lip 1' long and a very short tube.

22. ROSMARINUS, KOSEMARY. (Old Latin name, dew of the sea.)
R. officin^is, IVom S. Eu. : not hardy N. : leaves evergreen, linear, entire,

with rcvolute margins, white hoary beneath, the upper with pale blue flowers in
their axils.

23. MONARDA, HOnSE-MIXT or BALM. (Named for an Ciirly
Si)anish writer on the medicinal plants of the New World, Monardez.) Fl.
summer.

§ 1 . St<imens and sfi/le protruding beyond the narrow acute upper lip of the coroJla .

hares oblong-orate or lance-ovate, with roundish or slightly heart-shaped base^

veiny, }>leasant-scente<l.

M. didyma, Oswego Tea or Bee-Balm. Wet ground N., and cult. ;

leaves ])etioled ; the floral ones tinged with red; calyx' naked in the throat;

corolla bright red. ,

M. flstulbsa, Wild Bercamot. Rocky grounds ; soft-downy or smooth-
ish ; leaves ])etioled, the floral ones often whitish ; calyx very hairy in the
throat ; corolla rose-color, purple, or white.

MINT FAMILY. 251

M. Bradburi^na. From Ohio W., differs from the prccedin;,' in the
sesdiie leaves soft-hairy beneatli, calyx contracted above, and shorter corolla.

§ 2. Stainevs not lovcjer than the purple-spotted notched tipper lip of the short
corolla, the tube of which is nearli/ enclosed in the calyx. ® (2)

M. punctata, Horse-Mint. Dry sandy ground, from New York to
111. and IS. : strong-scented and pungent, slightly hoary ; leaves lanceolate,
the tloral ones and bracts tinged yeliow and purp.e ; calyx-teeth short and awn-
less ; corolla yellowish.

M. aristata. IMains from Missouri S. W., has its calyx strongly bearded
in the throat and with awn-like teeth, the floral leaves and bracts conspicuously
awn-tipped.

24. BLEPHIIjIA. (From Greek for eyelash, the bracts strongly ciliate,
the outer ones ovate.) Fl. summer. 2/

B. Ciliata. Dry ground, from Penn. S. & W. : leaves almost sessile, ovate
or oblong, whitish-downy beneath ; outer bracts large, acute ; corolla hairy.

B. nepetoides. Low shady grounds N. & W. : hairy all over ; leaves
lance-ovate sometimes heart-shaped at base, on distinct petioles ; bracts smaller
and very slender-pointed ; corolla smoothish, purple-spotted.

25. LOPHANTHUS, GIANT HYSSOP. (Name from Greek for rrcsf
and flower, not very appro])riatc. Wild in rich soil, chiefly N. & W., with
ovate and toothed leaves : fl. summer. 21

L. nepetoides. Smooth, coarse, not sweet-scented ; stem 4° - 6° high
and sharply 4-angled; calyx-teeth ovate, bluntish, almost equalling tlie dull
yellowish corolla.

L. seroph.ulariif6Hus. Resembles the preceding, but the obtusely an-
gled stem and sharper-toothed leaves rather pubescent, the lanceolate acute calyx-
teeth shorter than the purplish corolla.

L. anisatUS. Wild from Wisconsin far N. W. and rare in cultivation :
slender, Avith anise-scented leaves white beneath, and calyx much shorter than
the lavender-blue corolla.

26. NEPETA, CAT-MINT. (Latin name, from the city Nepete.) 11
N. Cataria, Catnip. Weed nat. from Eu. around dwellings and gardens :

soft-downy ; with oblong heart-shaped leaves deeply crenjite, and whitish flow-
ers crowded in terminal clusters or spikes, in late summer.

N. Glechoma, Ground Ivy, Gill. Weed nat. from Eu. in waste or
cult, shaded grounds : creeping and spreading, with smoothish rounded kidney-
shaped crcnate leaves on slender petioles, and light blue flowers in their axils,
each i)iur of anther cells approaching and forming a little cross : fl. all spring
and summer.

27. CEDRONi^LIiA. (From Greek name of o<7 of cedar, alluding to the
sweet aromatic scent of the foliage of the first si^ecies.) The cultivated species
not hardy N. : fl. summer. Jl

C. triph:^lla, Balm-of-Gilead of the English gardens, here rarely cult.,
from Madeira ; very sweet-scented leaves of 3 broadly lanceolate leaflets ; flowers
purplish.

C. Mexicana, from New Mexico, has simple lance-ovate leaves with heart-
shaped l)asc, erect stems, and handsome rose-colored flowers in close clusters.

C. COrd^ta, wild in shady grounds from W. Penn. S., but rare : low,
hairv, with long leafy runners, heart-shaped leaves, and scattered flowers, the
purplish corolla 1^' long, its throat inflated.

28. PHYSOSTEGIA, FALSE DRAGON-HEAD. (Name from Greek
words for inflated or bladdery covering.) Fl. ail summer. 2/

P. Virginiana. Wet banks of streams, from New York W. & S., in sev-
eral varieties: 1° -4° high; leaves mostly serrate; flowers either crowded or
rather distant in the spikes ; corolla pale rose-purple, 1' or more long.

252 MINT FAMILY.

29. BRUNi^LLA, SELF-HEAL or HEAL-ALL. (Latinized from the
old Gennaii name.) Fl. all summer. %

B. vulgaris. Low fields and copses • low, spreading, with ovate or oblong
petiolcil leaves, and 3 flowers under each of the broad and round purplish bracts
of the head ; corolla bluish-purple or rarely white.

30. SCUTELLARIA, SKULLCAP. (Name from Latin scutellum, a
dish.) Fl. in summer, in species ours blue or violet. 11

§ 1. Fhicers in racemes or spikes terminating the stem atid branches.

S. versicolor. River-banks, from Penn. W. & S. : stem stout, l°-.3° hio;h,
soft-pul)esccnt, as are the heart-shaped very veiny and rugose crenate and bhmt-
ish long-pctlolcd leaves; spike-like racemes clammy-pubescent; corolla almost
r long, the lower lip purple-spotted.

S. canescens. From Penn. S. & W. : stems branching, 2° -4° high;
leaves petioled, ovate or lance-ovate, or some of tliem heart-shaped at base, the
lower surface as also the racemes and flowers whitish with very fine soft down,
otherwise smoothish ; corolla 1' long.

S. pilbsa. Pubescent with spreading hairs; stem nearly simple, l°-.30
high, bearing rather distant pairs of roundish or oblong-ovate veiny leaves, the
lower sometimes heart-shaped, upper on short-margined petioles ; racemes
short, the bracts spatulate ; corolla |' long.

S. integrlfblia. Along thickets: minutely hoary, lo-2° high; leaves
lance-oblong or linear, obtuse, nearly entire, very short-petioled ; raceme short;
corolla 1' long, much enlarged upwards.

§ 2. Flowers short-pcdunclcd in the axils of some of the sessile leaves.

S. nerv6sa. Moist ground from New York S. W. : smooth, lo-2° high,
slender; leaves roundish or ovate, sparingly toothed, 1' long, those subtending
the tlowers ovate-lanceolate and entire, the nerve-like main veins prominent
beneath ; flowers ^' long.

S. parvula. Dry banks and shores, commoner W. & S. : low and spread-
ing, 3' -6' high; with round-ovate or lance-ovate and slightly heart-shaped
leaves ^' or more long, and flowers \' long.

S. galericul^ta. Wet groimd N. : smoothish ; the slender sim])le stems
lo_2o i,i„.i, . leaves ovate-lanceolate, sometimes with a heart-shaped base, acute,
serrate ; flowers %' long, with arched upper lip.

§ 3. Flowers in axillarij or some terminal one-sided racemes.
S. lateriflora. Wet shady places : smooth, branching, 1° -2° high, with
lance-ovate or oblong acute coarsely serrate leaves on slender petioles ; racemes
rather leafy-bracted ; flowers \' long.

31. MARRUBIUM, IIOREHOUND. (Late Latin name, from Hebrei^
word for oitter.) Fl. late summer. ^

M. VUlgare, Common H., from Europe, in gardens and waste places :
branching, spreading, hoary-downy, with round-ovate crenate-rugose leaves on
petioles, and small wliite corolla.

Black Houkhound, Ballot a nIgra, of Europe, and naturalized in a
few ])laces E., is not hoary, and has purplish flowers with a spreading .5-toothed
border to the calyx.

32. GALEOPSIS, HEMP-NETTLE. (Name in Greek means like a
jveasrl ; the likeness not at all ol^vious.) Fl. summer, (i)

G. Tetrahit, Common- H. Damp waste and cult, grounds, nat. from Eu. :
a common weed, rather bristly-hairy, with stem swollen below each joint, leaves
ovate and coarsely serrate, and corolla purplish or variegated.

33. LAMIUM, DEAD-NETTLE. (Name from Greek word for Mroaf.)
Low spreading herbs IVom Old World : fl. spring and summer.

MINT FAMILY. 253

« Insignijicant weeds in waste or cnltivated grounds, with few small and purple or
slendtr flowers in some of the axils. Q) ®

L. amplexic^ule. Leaves rounded, deeply crenate-toothed and cut, the
tipper ones clas[)ing ; corolla with a long tube, its upper lip bearded, the
lower one spotted.

L. purplireum. Not so common : leaves more heart-shaped, and less
cut, all of them petioled.

# * Flowers larger, V long, in several axillary whorls: corolla ascending, the
lateral lobes bearing a sender awl-shaped appendage. ^

Ii. album. Gardens and waste grounds : hairy ; leaves all petioled, ovate
and heart-shaped, rugose-veiny ; flowers white.

L. maculktum. Cult, in gardens ; hairy or nearly smooth ; leaves as in
the other, but with a white spot or blotch on the upper face ; flowers purple.

34. LEONURUS, MOTHERWORT. (Name in Greek means //o«'sto7,
but there is no obvious resemblance.) Fl. late summer.

Ij. Cardiaca, Comimox M. Nat from Eu. in cult, and waste grounds;
tall, with paimaicly cleft long-petioled leaves, the lower rounded, the upper
wedge-shaped at base ; upper lip of pale purple corolla beai'ded. 2/

35. STACHYS, HEDGE-NETTLE. (Greek word for spike, from the
inflorescence.) Elowers in summer, in all ours 2/.

* Wild species in Wi t grounds, with small light reddish-purple corolla.

S. pallistris. Common in many and diverse varieties, rough-hairy or
smooth, or the angles of the stem bristly ; leaves oblong or lance-ovate, or the
lower heart-shaped at base, crenatcly toothed, the lower or nearly all petioled ;
calyx-teeth sharp-])ointcd or pungent.

S. hyssopil61ia. Wet sandy soil, not common : smooth, low (1° high) ;
leaves linear or linear-oblong, almost entire, sessile ; calyx-teeth softer and less
pointed.

* * Cultivated for ornament • not very common.

S. lariclta, from Europe : low, tufted ; the stems, oblong Mullein-like
leaves, and dense interrupted spike wholly covered with thick and silvery white
wool, and very short dull purple corollas.

S. COCCinea, Scarlet S , from Mexico, with ovate-oblong and heart-
shaped pu.bescent leaves, and whorled flowers with bright red corolla, its tube
often 1' long.

36. BETONICA, BETONY. (The Latin name.) Cult, occasionally in
old gardens, from O.d World. Stems low, erect: leaves coarsely crenatc,
oblong, those on the stem few, of the root hvrger and heart-shaped on long
petioles. Fl. summer. 2/

B. grandiflbra, Grkat B., from Northern Asia; with stem l°-2° high,
flowers in separated whoHs, purple corollas 1^' long.

B. o£Q.Gin^llS, >\^ood B., from Europe, has flowers many times smaller, in
a more crowded oblong spike.

37. PHLOMIS, JERUSALEM SAGE. (Old Greek name of some woolly
plant.) Fl. summer. %

P. tuberosa, from E. Eu. : cultivated in old gardens, sparingly run wi'd ;
stems 3° - 5° high ; lea\cs ovate or ovjite-oblo.ng and heart-shaped, crenate,
rugose, smoothisli ; flowers in remote and dense Avhorls ; upper lip of the purpio
corolla white-hairy inside.

38. MOLUCCELLA, MOLUCCA BALM, SHELL-FLOWER. (Name
from Molucca Islands.) Fl. summer. 0

M. IsBVis, from Asia : in some old gardens : low, much branched, smooth,
with roundish petioled leaves, flowers sessile in their axi's accompanied by
spine-like bracts, the remarkable large cup-shaped calyx oblique and I'long,
much exceeding the inconspicuous corolla.

iy/y-''-'^jto\ BORAGE FAMILY.

80. BORRAGINACE^, BORAGE FAMILY.

Mo-^tly rough or rouijh-liairy plants, known from all related
monopetalous orders by having a deeply 4-lobed ovary, or apparently
4 ovai'ies around the base of a common style, each 1-ovulcd, ripen-
ing into akenes or nutlets, along with regular flowers (Echiura
excepted), stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla (5) and
alternate with them, and alternate (mostly entire) leaves. In the
Heliotrope tribe, however, the ovary is not lobed, but the fruit at
maturity separates into 2 or 4 nutlets. Stigmas 1 or 2. Embryo
filling the seed : no albumej^. Flowers disposed to be on one side of
the stem or branches, or of the branches of cymes, the raceme-like
clusters coiled at the end and straightening as the flowers expand.
Herbage not aromatic ; juice commonly bitterish, often somewhat
mucilaginous. Roots of several are red and used for dye.

I. BORAGE FAMILY proper, having the deeply 4-parted
ovary as above. Ours all herbs.

^ 1. Corolla irregular funnel-form, naked in (he throat : stamens unequal!

1. ECHIUM. Two of the spreading lobes of the corolla shorter than the others.

Stamens ascending, more or less protruding: filaments and style long and
slender. Stigmas 2. Nutlets erect, leathery, rough-wrinkled.

§ 2. Corolla wheel-shaped, with no tube at all.

2. BORRAGO. Flowers, as in all the following, perfectly regular. A blunt scale

at the base of each lobe of the 5-parted corolla, alternating with the con-
niving stamens. Filaments very short, broad, and with a cartilaginous pro-
jection behind the linear pointed anther. Nutlets erect.
6. MYOSOTIS, and 7. OMl'HALODES, from the short tube to the corolla may
be sought for here.

§ 3. Corolla tulmlar, funnel-form, or salver-shaped, sometimes almost wheel-shaped,
* Open in the tliroat, the folds or short scales, if any, not closing over the orifce.

3. MERTENSIA. 'Corolla tubular, trumpet-shaped, with the widely spreading

border scarcely at all lobed and its throat perfectly naked in the common
species; the slender filaments protruding. Fruit fleshy, smooth or wrinkletl.
Smooth plants, which is rare in this order.

4. ONOS^I ODIUM. Corolla tubular, with the 5 acute lobes erect or converging,

the throat perfectly naked, bearing the arrow-shaped or linear and mucronate
anthers : filaments' hardly any. Style very slender and pi-otruding. Nutlets
stony, smooth, fixed by their base. Very "rough-bristly homely plants,
6. LITHOSPEUML'31. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, with* rounded lobes
imbricated in the bud, with or without evident short and broad scales or
folds in the throat. Anthers oblong, included : filaments hardly any. Nut-
lets stony, smooth or roughened, ovate, fixed by the base. Rough or hairy
?lants, mostly with red roots.
OSOTIS. Corolla very short-salver-form, the tube only about the length of
the 5-toothed or 5-cleft calyx, the rounded lobes eonvolute in the bud, the
throat with 5 small and l)lunt arching appendages. Anthers short, included.
Nutlets smooth and hard, fixed by their base. Low and small, mostly soft-
hairy plants, the small racemed flowers commonly bractless.

• « Scales or appendages of the corolla, conspicuous one before the bast of each lobe,
and closing or nearly closing the orifce.
•*- Corolla short-salcer-shaped or nearly wheel-shaped : stamens included.

T. OMPHALODES. Corolla with tube shorter than the rounded lobes. Nutlets
smooth, depressed, and with a hollow basket-like top. Flowers loosely ra>
cemed: no bracts. Low smooth or smoothish herbs.

r

BORAGE FAMILY. 255

8 ECHINOSPERMUM. Corolla with tube as short as the rounfled lobes, the
throat closed with short rounded scales. Nutlets erect, fixed to the central
column or base of the style, triangular, roughened, and bearing one or more
marginal rows of barb-tipped prickles, forming small burs. Coarse weeds,
with leafy-bracted racemed flowers.

9. CYNOGLOSSUM. Corolla between short funnel-form and wheel-shaped, the
tube about the length of the rounded lobes ; throat closed by the blunt scales.
Nutlets bur-like, oblique on the expanded base of the style, to which they
are fixed by their apex, roughened all over with short* barbed or hooked
prickles. Coarse and strong-scented plants, with racemed flowers, the lower
sometimes bracted, otherwise bractless.

■I- ■«- Corolla tubular and more or lesa funnel-shaped.

10. LYCOPSIS. Corolla with a curved tube, slightly oblique 5-lobed border, and

bristly-luiiry scales in the throat. Stamens included in the tube. Nut-
lets rough-wrinkled, erect, fixed by a hollowed base. Coarse, rough-bristly
plants.

11. SYMPHYTUM. Corolla straight, tubular-fumiel form, with short spreading

lobes which are somewhat longer than the large awl-shaped scales and
tlie linear or lanceolate anthers. Style slender, commonly protruding. Nut-
lets erect, smooth, coriaceous, fixed by a hollowed base. Coarse herbs, branch-
ing and leafy, with thickened or tuberous roots, the juice mucilaginous and
bitterish, used in popular medicine. Flowers nodding in raceme-like often
forked clusters, either naked or leafy-bracted at base.

II. HELIOTROPP: family, the ovary not divided but
tipped with the simple style, the fruit when ripe separating into 2
or 4 closed pieces or nutlets.

12. HELIOTROPIUM. Corolla short funnel-form or salver-shaped, the open throat

more or less' plaited. Anthers nearly sessile, included. Style short: stigma
conical or capitate. Ovary 4-celled,*in fruit splitting into 4 nutlets. Flowers
small, in one-sided single or cymose-clustered spikes, mostly bractless.

13. HELIOPHYTUM. Corolla constricted at the throat. Style very short. Fruit

mitre-shaped, sj)litting at maturity into 2 nutlets each 2-celled. Otherwise
as in Helioti-opiura.

1. ECHIUM, VIPER'S BUGLOSS. (Name from Greek word for viper.)
E. vulgcire, Commox V. or Blueweed. Cult, from Eu. in old pardons,

and a weed in fields, Pcnn. to Virjrini.T, : l°-2° hig'h, very rough-bristly, with
lanceolate sessile leaves, and showy flowers in racemed clusters, the pur];le
corolla changing to bright blucf in summer. @

2. BORRAGO, BORAGE. (Old name, supposed corruption o^ cor ago, from
imagined eordial properties. )

B. officinalis, Common B. CiiU. from Eu. in old gardens, spreading,
branched, beset with sharp and whitish spreading bristles ; leaves oval or
oh'ong-lanceolate; flowers loo.sely racemed, handsome, blue or purplisli, with
dark anthers, in summer. ®

3. MERTENSIA. (Named for a Prof. Mertens, of Germany.) -^

M. Virginiga, Viroiman or Smooth Luxowort. Alluvial soil VT.
& S., and cult, for ornament : a.,vrr;i smooth and ])a'e leafy jdant, 1°-!.° high,
with obovate entire leaves, those of the root ]ong-j)etio!ed, handsome flov.-crs
spreading or hanging on slender pedicels in loose raecme-likc clusters, the light
blue or at first purple corolla 1' long : fl. spring.

4. ONOSMODIUM, FALSE GROMWELL. (Name means hie Ono,-
via, an European genus of this family.) "Wild ])lants of the country, mostly
in rich soil, in dry or alluvial ground : flowers leafy-bracted, greenish or yel-
lowish-white, in summer. 2/

256 BORAGE FAMILY.

O. Virgini^num. Clothed with harsh but appressed short bristles, 1 o - 2°
hiiih, with obloiip: leaves, and lance-awl-shaped lobes of narrow corolla spar-
ingly bristly outside.

O. Carolini^num. From New York W. & S. : shaggry with rough and
spreading bristles, stout, 3° -4° high, with lance-ovate or oblong-acute leaves,
and lobes of rather broad corolla triangular and thickly hairy.

O. moUe. Only W. : hoary with softer and whitish appressed hairs, the
oblong-ovate bluntish leaves strongly ribbed, and lobes of the triangular-poiutcd
lobes of the narrow corolla thickly hairy outside.

5. LITHOSPERMUM, GROMWELL, PUCCOON. (Name from
Greek, means stony seed.) Flowers in late spring and summer, at length
scattered or as if spiked, leafy -bracted.

§ 1. Corolla white or on/i/ jjiUowish in the wholly naked throat, scarcely longer than
the calyx : nutlets rough-wrinkled and pitted, gray and dull. (V) @

L. arv6nse, Corn Gromwell. Nat. from Eu. in waste dry soil, 6'- 12'
high, roughish-hoary, with lanceolate or linear leaves and inconspicuous flowers.

§ 2. Corolla dull whitish, rather short, with little downy scales or rather folds in
the throat: nutlets smooth or with a few pores, of en ivory-white. JJ.

L. angUStifdlium. River-banks from 111. S. & W. : minutely roughish-
hoary, braiichi'd, G' - 15' high, with linear rigid leaves, short peduncles recurved
in fruit, and corolla not longer than calyx.

L. offlcin^ie, Common G. of Europe, a weed by some roadsides : l°-2o
high, bniiichcd above, with broadish-lanccolate acute leaves rough above but
soft-downy beneath, and corolla longer than calyx

L. Iatif61ium. From W. New York W. & S. : larger and rougher than
the last, ovate aiul lance-ovate pointed leaves 2' - 4' long and prominently
ril)bcd, those from the root larger and roundish ; corolla shorter than calyx.

§ 3. Coro'ln bright orange-yellow, showy, longer than calyx, almost salvr-shaped,
with little appendages in the throat evident : nutlets smooth, usually ivory-white.

L. hirtum, Hairy Prccoox. Dry ground, chiefly S. & W. : 10-2°
high, roughish-bristly, with lanceolate or linear leaves, or those next the flowers
ovate-oblong and bristly-ciliate, the crowded flowers ]>cduncled, tube of the
corolla scarcely longer than the breadth of the border (i'-l'j and woolly-
bearded at base inside.

L. can^scens, Hoarv P. Mostly N. & W. : softer-hairy and somewhat
hoary, G'- 15' high, smaller-flowered than the preceding, and tube of corolla,
smooth at base inside.

L. longiflbrum, only on prairies N. W., flas linear leaves, and tube of
corolla 1' or more long, many times longer than the eroded-toothed lobes.

6. MYOSOTIS, FORGET-ME-NOT or SCORPION-GRA^S. (Name
in Greek means )nouse-ear, from the short soft leaves of some species.) Fl.
spring and summer.

M. pallistris, True F., in gardens and some waste places, with loosely
branched steins ascending from a creeping base, rough-|)nbescent lance-oblong
leaves, moderately 5-cleft calyx shorter than the spreading pedicels, its hairs
not hooked nor glandular, and its lobes open in fruit; corolla light blue with a
yellow eye. — Var. l.4xa, wild in wet places N., has smaller flowers on still
longer pedicels. ]•/

M. arvensis. Not rare in fields, &c. : hirsute, with lance-ob'ong acutish
leaves, racemes naked at base and stalked, small b'ue corolla, pedicels spreading
in fruit and longer than the 5-cleft equal calyx, the lobes of which are closed in
fruit, and the tube beset with some hooked oV glandular-tipped hairs, fi) (2)

M. v6rna. Dry hills : bristly-hirsute, erect (4'- 10 high), branched from
base, with oblong and blunt leaves, racemes leafy at base, very small mostly
white corolla, pedicels in fruit erect and aj^pressed at base, but abruptly bent
outwards near the aj)ex, and rather shorter than the unequal very bristly calyx,
some of its bristles hooked or glandular at their tip. (1) (D

BORAGE FAMILT. * 257

7. OMPHAIjODES. (Name from the Greek, refers to the navel-shaped
depression on the upper face of the nutlets.) Cult, from Eu. for ornament.
O. verna, Blue or Spring Navelwort. Spreading by leafy runners ;

leaves ovate or somewhat heart-shaped, 2' -3' long, pointed, green ; flowers
azure-bliic, in spring. 2/

O. linifdlia, White N. Erect, 6'-12'hig'h, loosely branched, very pale
or glaucous, with broadly lanceolate leaves sparingly ciiiate, the upper sessile,
white or bluish flowers, and turgid nutlets toothed around the margin of the
cavity. Q)

8. ECHINOSPERMUM, STICKSEED. (Name of two Greek words
for hcdtiekog and seed, from tiie nutlets )

E. L^ppula. Weed of waste grounds, especially N., roughish-hairy, erect,
1°- 2° high, with lanceolate leaves, small blue flowers, and nutlets with rough-
tubercled back and thickly-prickled margins : fl. all summer. Q)

9. CYNOGLOSSUM, HOUNDSTONGUE (which the name means in
Greek). Fl. summer. Nutlets form burs which adhere to fleece.
C. ofl&ein^le, Common H. Coarse weed from Europe, common in pas-

^ tures and roadsides : leafy, soft-pubescent, with spatulate or lance-oblong
leaves, the upper ones closely sessile, crimson purple corolla, and flat somewhat
margined nutlets. @

C. Virginicum, Wild Comfrey. Rich woods : bristly-hairy ; with
simple stem leafless above and bearing a few corymbed naked racemes of blue
flowers, the stem leaves lance-oblong with heart-shaped clasping base, the nut-
lets very convex. 2/

C. Morisbni, Beggar's Lice. Thickets and open woods : a common
weed, ^° - 4° high, with slender widely spreading branches, thin oblong-ovate
leaves tapering to both ends, forking and diverging racemes of very small
whitish or bluish flowers on pedicels reflexed in fruit, and convex barbed-prickly
small nutlets. (1) (2)

10. LYCOPSIS, BUGLOSS. (Name of Greek words for M;o//and face or
aspect.) European weeds. Fl. summer. (1)

L. arv6nsis, Field or Small Bugloss. Very rough-bristly weed, about
1° high, in sandy fields E. ; with lance-oblong leaves, and small blue corolla
little exceeding the calyx.

11. SYMPHYTUM, COMFREY. (From Greek word meaning to rjrow
tofjether or unite, alluding probably to supposed healing properties.) Cult,
from Old World : fl. summer. 2/

S. officinale, Common C. Rather soft-hairy ; the branches winged by
/^■|4;he dccurrent bases of the oblong-lanceolate leaves ; corolla yellowish-white.
r^ Naturalized sparingly in moist grounds.

i/^^S. aspdrrimum, Hough C. Cult, in some gardens: stem and widely
\lj^ spreading branches excessively rough with short and somewhat recurved little
prickles, not winged ; calyx-lobes short ; corolla reddish purple in bud changing
to blue.

12. HELIOTROPIUM, HELIOTROPE (i. e., in Greek, turning to the
sun). Fl. all summer.

* Splices only in pairs, or the lateral ones solitary : Jloicers irhite. (\)

H. Curassavicum. Sandy shores and banks from Virginia and Illinois

S. : very smooth and pale ; leaves oblong, spatulate, or lance-linear, thickish,

veinless

H. Europseum. Old gardens and waste places S., introduced from Eu. ;

hoary -downy, 6' -18' high; leaves oval, long-pctioled, veiny.

S & F— 22

258 WATERLEAF FAMILY.

* * Spikes coVcrted in terminal and several times forked a/mr it : woody-stemm' d
or shrubby house and bedding plants from Peru and Chili. 21

n. Peruvi^num, Swekt Heliotrope. Pubescent, with ovate-oblonj^
or lance-ovate very veiny rugose leaves, and vanilla-scented pale blue-purple
flowers.

H. corymbosum. Cult, with the other, differs mainly in the larger and
deeper-blue flowers of much less fragrance.

13. HELIOPHYTUM. (Name of the Greek words for sun and plant,
indicating the resemblance to Heliotrope.)

H. Indicum, Indiav Heliotkope : hairy low plant, nat. from India as a
weed in waste Lrround S. ; with ovate heart-shaped leaves, and solitary spikes of
small purj^lish flowers, in summer ; a cavity before each seed-bearing cell of the
2-lobed fruit, d)

81. HYDROPHYLLACE^, WATERLEAF FAMILY.

Plants in some sort resembling botli the foregoing and tlie following
families, in the arrangement of the flowers more commonly imitating
the former; differing from both in the I -celled ovary and pod with
2 parietal placentixi. In some the placenta? unite in the axis, making
a two-celled ovary. Style 2-cleft or else 2 separate styles. Ovuh\s
at least 2 to each placenta. Seeds with a small embryo in hard
albumen. Juice inert and watery. Leaves mostly alternate, simple
or compound. The following are all N. American plants, some
wild, the others cult, for ornament from the West.

§ 1. Slijle 2-cleft: ovnry and pod \-celltd, with tiro parietal placentcB,

» These fleshif and so broid that they line the omn/, and enclose the {mostly 4) ovules
ami seeds : corolla usually convolute in the bud, comnwnly uriih 6 ur 10 folds,
scales, or other appendcu/es down the inside of the tube.

1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Calyx 5-parte(l, sometimes with pmall appendages at the

sinuses, not enlarged in tVuit. Corolla bell-shaped. Style and mostly hairy
filaments protruded : anthers linear. Pod small, globose, ripening 1-4
spherical seeds. Flowers in crowded cymes or clusters. Leaves alternate,
slcnder-petioled.

2. NEMOPHiLA. Calyx 5-parted, and with a reflexed appendage in each sinus,

somewhat enlarging in fruit. Corolla open bell-shaped or wheel-shaped,
longer than the stamens. Flowers solitary and long-peduncled. Leaves
mostly opposite, at least the lower ones.
« « Phrenice nnrrmo^ adherent directly to the walls, or else borne on an incomjtlete
pirtithm and projecting into the cell, where they sometimes meet: lubes of the
corolla imbricaltd in the bud.
8. PHACELIA. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions narrow : no appendages at the
sinuses. Corolla open bell-shaped, approaching wheel-shaped. Stamens and
style often protmdcd. Pod 4 - m my-seeded. Leaves alternate. Flowers in
one-sided raceme-like clusters or spikes.
4. WHITLAVIxV. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped or slightly contracted at the throat,
the 5 short and broad lobes abruptly and widely spreading. (Pod many-
seeded.) Otherwise as the last section of Phacelia.

§ 2. Styles 2 {rarely S), separate quite to the base: ovary and pod 2-celled : seeds
minute and very numerous.

6. HYDROLEA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open-bell-shaped or approaching wheel-
shaped, rather shorter than the stamens: filaments enlarged at base. Herbs,
or somewhat shrubby, with entire leaves and often spines in their axils.
Flowers in loose axillary clusters.
WIGANDIA, trom South America, with very large roiinded leaves and sharp
or stinging bristles, is of late planted out as an ornamental leaf-plant, but is
as yet uncommon.

WATKRLEAF FAMILY. 259

1. HYDROPHYLIitTM, WATERLEAF, is a translation of the name
from the Greek, the application obscure. Plants of rich woods, &c. Flow-
ers white or bluish-tinged, in early summer. 21

* Cahjx wilh minute appendages if ani^ : rootsfocks creeping, scaly-toothed.

H. raaeroph^llum. From Ohio W. & S. W. : rough-hairy, with leaves
pinnately«divided into 9-13 cut-toothed divisions or leaflets ; a globular cluster
of flowers on a very long peduncle.

H. Virginicum. Very common N. & W. : smooth or smoothish, with
5-7 main divisions to the piimate leaves, the lowest pair 2-parted, and calyx-
lobes bristly-ciliate.

H. Canad6nse. Chiefly N. : barely 1° high, nearly smooth, the roundish
leaves palmately 5-7-lobed and with heart-shaped base, or some minute leaflets
on the petioles, which arc longer than the peduncles of the flower-cluster.
* * Cahjx with a conspicuous reflexed appendage in each sinus.

H. appendieul^tum. From New York W. & S. : pubescent or hairy,
with rounded pnlmately 5-lobed leaves or some of them pinnately divided, rather
loose flower-clusters, and bristly-hairy calyx.

2. NEMOPHIIjA. (Name from the Greek, means /owro/'^^e (/row.) Low
spreading plants cultivated for ornament ; all but the first from California :
fl. summer. (T)

"N. phacelioides. Wild from Arkansas S., and sparingly cult. ; with
ascending stems l°-2° long, alternate leaves pinnately parted into 3-9 oblong
entire divisions, and purplish-blue corolla 1^' broad.

N. insignis. Slender, procumbent, with lobes of the pinnate leaves cut-
toothed, and pure blue corolla 1' broad.

Hf. macul^ta. Pro-trate, with leaves all opposite and mostly sessile,
the lower lyrate-pinnatifid, upper sparingly cut-toothed, and white corolla with
violet patch on each lobe.

"N. atom^ria. Procumbent ; leaves opposite, pinnatifid ; corolla smaller,
white sprinkled with chocolate-brown spots.

3. PHACELIA. (Name from Greek Avord for a cluster.) Several species
cult, for ornament : fl. spring or summer.

§ 1. True Phacelia, ivith onJy 4 ovules and seeds : lubes of corolla entire.

P. COngesta. Cult, from Texas, <S:c. : rather pubescent, with leaves pin-
nately divi(led or cleft into few oblong or ovate cut-toothed leaflets or lobes, and
small blue flowers in 3 or 4 spikes at the summit of a slender peduncle ; stamens
slightly ])rotruding. ®

P. tanacetif 61ia, from California : taller, bristly-hairy, with narrower
pinnatifid leaflets, larger flowers in louL-^er dense spikes, and long stamens. ®

P. bipinnatilida. Vfild from Ohio S. & W, in rich shady soil : \°-2<>
high, branched, glandular-hairy, with leaves twice pinnately divided into ovate
cut-lobcd leaflets, flowers slender pedicelled in long loose racemes, violet-blue
corolla ^' or more broad. @

§2. CosmAntiius, with ^ ovules and se£d^, and fringed lobes to corolla. ® (2)
P. Plirshii. Shady soil from Penn. W. & S. and cult, under the name of

the next : slender, 8' -12' high ; lobes of pinnatifid leaves several, lance-oblong,

acute ; flowers of the raceme numerous, on slender pedicels ; corolla light blue

or Avhitish, ^' broad ; filaments hairy below.

P. fimbriita, the true i)lant grows only in the high Alleghanies S., is

smaller, Avith 3-7 rounded or oblong blunt divisions to the leaves, few and

smaller white flowers.

§ 3. EtjTOCA, with seeds or at leaM ovules several or many : coroHa-lnbes entire.

P. parvifl6ra. Shaded banks from Penn. to N. Car. : scarce, delicate
little plant, 3' -6' high, with pinnatelv divided or cleft leaves, a raceme of few
flowers on slender pedicels, bluish corolla less than ^' wide, and few seeds. ®

260 POLEMONIUM FAMILY.

P. viscida, cult, from California as EtxocA vfsciDA : clammy all ovei
with dark j^landular hairs, rather coarse ; leaves ovate, cut-toothed, short-
petioled; racemes single terminating the branches ; corolla deep blue, 1' or less
wide ; pod many-seeded, (d

4. WHITIjAVIA. (Named by the lamented Professor Harvey for his
friend ^1/r. Whitla.) Fl. summer. 0 •

W. grandiflbra. Cult, for ornament, from California : resembles Pha-
celia viscidain growth and fohage, but only slightly chimmy, the roundish-ovate
or slightly heart-shaped leaves coarsely toothed, on longer petioles ; racemes
loose ; corolla 1' or more long, violet-biue (also a white variety) ; stamens and
style very slender and protruding.

5. HYDROLEA. (Named from Greek word for «;afe/; the plants aquatic
or in wet places.) Fl. summer. ^

H. quadriv&lvis, of S. E. States, has hairy stems ; lanceolate acute leaves
tapering to the base, and lanceolate sepals nearly as long as the corolla.

H. affinis, of river-banks, from S. Illinois S., is smooth, with short-petioled
lanceolate leaves, and ovate sepals as long as the corolla.

H. ov^ta, of S. W. States, has soft-downy stems, ovate leaves, looser flow-
ers, and lanceolate villous sepals.

82. POLEMONIACE^, POLEMONIUM FAMILY.

Chiefly herbs, with regular flowers, persistent 5-eleft calyx, the 5
lob(^s of the monopetalous corolhi convolute in the bud, 3-lol)ed
style, 3-celled ovary and pod ; the sinji^le, few, or many seeds in each
cell borne on the thick axis. Embryo strai<;lit in the axis of
albumen. Insipid and innocent plants, the juice watery. Nearly
all are N. American plants, many cult, for ornament.

§ 1. Erect or diffuse herbs, not climbing, andicilh nothing resembling stipules.

1. PHLOX. Calyx narrow, prismatic or plaited, 5-toothed or 5-clcft. Corolla

salver-shapeil, with a long tube (Lessons, p. 102, fig. 208), in which the 5
short and unequally inserted stamens are included. Ovary often with 2
ovules, but the short pod with only one seed in each cell. Leaves entire and
mostly sessile, the lower all opposite, upper often alternate.

2. GILL\.' Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla of various shapes.

Stamens equallv inserted and projecting from the throat of the corolla, not
declined. Ovules and seeds several in each cell. Leaves either entire, cut,
or divided.

3. POLEMONIUM. Calyx bell-shaped. Corolla open-bell-shaped or short-funnel

form. Stamens sleiuler, like those of Gilia, but declined, hairy-appendaged
at the base. Leaves pinnate, alternate.

§ 2. Tall-climbing by compound tendrils on the pinnate leaves : lowest leaflets close
to the stem, unlike the others, imitating stipules.

4. COBvEA. Calyx of 5 large leaf-like divisions, the margins of which, applied

each to each, appear like 5 winged angles. Corolla bell-shaped, with short
and broad spreading lobes. Stamens declined. A fleshy disk around the
base of the ovary. Seeds numerous in each cell of the pod, winged. Pe-
duncles axillary, 1-flowered, leafy-bracted near the base, naked above.
Leaves alternate.

1. PHLOX. (Greek hr flame, anciently applied to Lychnis, and transferred
to these North American plants.)

§1. ® Cu'tivated for ornam''nt from Texas : fl. all summer.
P. Drumm6ndii. From this come all the annual Phloxes of the gardens :
rather low, branching and spreading, somewhat clammy-pubescent, with co-
rymbs of purple, criiusou, rose-colored, or even white, showy flowers.

POLEMONIUM FAMILY. 261

§ 2. ^ Wild in mostly dry or rocky ground, also common in gardens, where the
species are much crossed and varied.

* Stems erect : flowers in oblong or pyramidal, panicle, with short peduncles and

pedicels : lobes of corolla entire, pink-purple, and with white varieties.
Wild from Pennsylvania S. and W. : Ji. summer.
P. panicul^ta. Smooth, or some varieties roughish or soft hairy, 2° - 4°
high, stout ; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate and mostly with tapering base ;
panicle broad ; calyx-teeth sharp-pointed.

P. maculata. Smooth; stem slender, l°-20high, purple-spotted lower
leaves lanceolate, upper lance-ovate from a rounded or somewhat heart-shaped
base ; panicle long and narrow, leafy below ; calyx- teeth hardly pointed.

* * Stems ascending or erect, but oflen ivith a prostrate base, 1° -3° high: whole

plant smooth, not clammy nor glandular : flowers corymbed : lobes of corolla
round and entire. Wild chiefly W. and S., seldom cult. : fl. summer.
P. Carolina. Leaves varying from lanceolate to ovate, or the upper heart-
shaped ; flowers crowded, short-pcduncled, pink ; calyx-teeth acute.

P. glaberrima. Slender; leaves often linear-lanceolate, 3' -4' long;
flowers fewer and loose, pink or whitish ; calyx-teeth sharp-pointed.

* * * Flowering stems ascending, or in the flrst erect, loio, terminated by a loose

corymb, which is clammy-pubescent more or less, as well as the tliinnish
leaves : flowers mostly jtedicelled : calyx-teeth very slender : fl. late sj>7-i}ig.

P. pildsa. From N. Jersey to Wisconsin & S. : mostly hairy ; erect
stems 1° or so high ; leaves lanceolate or linear and tapering to appoint (l'-2^'
long) ; flowers loose, with s]>reading awn-pointed calyx-teeth ; lobes of pink,
rose, or rarely white corolla oliovate and entire.

P. anKJBna. Barrens from \jrg. to 111. & S. : pubescent, spreading
from the base, 6' -1° high, leaves lanceolate, or broadly oblong or ovate on
sterile shoots, short ; flowers in a crowded leafy-bracted corymb, with straight
hardly awn-pointed calyx-teeth ; corolla purple, pink, or nearly white.

P. r^ptans. Moist woods from Tenn. and Kentucky S. : spreading by
long runners, which bear round-obovate often smoothish leaves, those of the low
flowering stems oblong or ovate (about ^' long) ; flowers few but crowded ; lobes
of the deep pink-purple corolla round-obovate, large (1' broad).

P. divaricata. Moist woods from N New York W. & S. : soft-pubescent;
stems loosely spreading ; leaves ovate-oblong or broad-lanceolate (l'-2' long) ;
flowers looselv corymbed and peduncled ; corolla large, pale lilac, bluish, or
lead-colored, the lobes wedge-obovate or commonly inversely heart-shaped and
as long as the tube.

m * * 1^ Stems creeping and tufted, rising little above the ground, almost ivoody,
persistent, as are the rigid and crowded glandular-pubescent leaves : flowers
few in the depressed clusters, in early spring.

P. subul^ta, Ground or Moss Pink. Wild on rocky hills W. & S. of
New England, and common in gardens, forming broad mats ; leaves awl-shaped
or lanceolate, at most |' long ; corolla pink-purple, rose with a darker eye, or
varying to white, the wedge-obovate lobes generally notched at the end.

2. -GILIA. (Named for one Gil, a Spanish botanist.) Species abound

from Texas and Kansas to California. Several are choice annuals of the

gardens : fl. summer.

G. coronopif61ia, or Ipomopsis, called Cypress Gilia from the
foliage resembling that of Cypress- Vine : wild S. and cult. ; has erect wand-
like stem 2° -3° high, thickly clothed with alternate crowded leaves pinnately
divided into thread-like leaflets, and very long and narrow strict leafy panicle
of showy flowers ; the corolla tubular-funnel form, light scarlet with whitish
specks on the lobes inside, 1^' long. (Lessons, p. 101, flg. 201.) @

G. androsacea, or Leptosipiion AXDROsACErs, of California; low and
slender, with opi)<)site leaves palmately cleft into 5-7 narrow linear divisions,
a head-like cluster of flowers with very long and slender but small salver-shaped
corolla, lilac or whitish with a dark eye. Q)

2G2 CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.

G. tricolor, of California: with branching stems, about 1° hij^h, scattered
Hiternate leaves 2-3 times pinnatcly dissected into short linear divisions, flow-
ers panicled at the end of the branches, short funnel-form corolla with lilac-
purple or whitish lobes, brown-purple throat, and yellow tube. ®

G. capitata, of California and Oregon; lo-2° high, with alternate leaves
twice pinnately divided into small linear or thread-like leaflets or lobes, and
numerous small blue Howers crowded in heads at the end of naked branches;
. the corolla narrow funnel-form with lanceolate lobes, (i)

3. POLEMONIUM, GUEEK VALERIAN, JACOB'S LADDER.

(Ancient name, from the Greek word for war, or in honor of a philosopher or
king named Poltmon.) Fl. early summer. ^

P. r6ptans. Woods of Mi Idle States, also cult. ; smooth, with weak and
spreading (but never creeping) stems 6' -10' long, 7-11 lance-ovate or oblong
leaflets, small corymbs of nodding light blue flowers, and stamens and style not
longer than the corolla.

P. caeruleum. Cult, in gardens from Eu., also rarely wild N. : smooth
or sometimes hairy ; with erect stem l°-3° higli, 9-21 mostly lanceolate and
crowded leaflets, clusters of bright blue flowers collected in a long panicle, and
stamens and style longer than the lobes of the corolla, which is 1' broad.

4. COBiEA. (Nam m1 for one Coho, a Spanish priest in Mexico, from which
country the common species was introduced into cultivation.) 2/

C. SC^ndenS. Smooth, tall-climbing by its much branching tendrils ;
leaflets ovate ; dull purple or greenish corolla 2' or more long, long filaments
coiling spirally when old : fl. all summer, usually cult, as an annual.

83. CONVOLVULACE^, CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.

Tiduing, ti'uilijig, or rai'ely erect plants, (ours herbs,) commonly
jrtjth_some milkyjujce, allernnte leaves, no stipules ; regular mono-
petalous flowers wi;h 5 (rarely 4,) iml>ricated sepals, as many
separate stamens, corolla convolute or twi>ted in the bud, a
2-4-celled ovar}-- and poil with only 1 or 2 ovules erect from the
base of each cell, becoming large seeds, containing a curved or
.coiled con picuous embryo iu some mucilaginous (or when dry,
harder) albumen. "^

L CONVOLVULUS FAMILY proper; with ordinary foli-
age, axillary peduncles bearing one or more usually showy flowers,
and embryo with broad leaf-1 ke cotyledons folded and crumpled in
the seed. (Lessons, p. 14, fig. 25 - 28.) Calyx of 5 separate sepals.

§ 1. Style single and entire : stigm'is 1-3.
« Cnhjx naked, i. e. not enclosed by a pair of leafy bracts.

1. QUA^IOCLIT. Corolla nearly salver-shaped or trumpet-shaped, with a long

tube, the border not twisted in the bud. Stamens and style commonly pro-
truded. Stigma capitate, more or less 2-lobed. Pod 4-celled: cells 1-seeded.
(Lessons, p. 101, fig. 202, 203.)

2. IPOMCEA. Corolla various, more commonly funnel-form, the border twisted

in the bud. Stamens mostiv included. Stigma capitate, commonlj' 2 - 3-lobed.
Pod 2-4-celled.

3. CONVOLVULl'S. Corolla open fimnel-form or almost bell-shaped. Stamens

included. Stigmas 2, linear. Pod 2-celIed: cells 2-seeded.
« * Calyx surrounded and enclosed by a pair of large leafy haart-shaped bracts.

4. CALYSTEGIA. Corolla open funnel-form, the Avide-spreading border obscure-

ly lobed or entire. Stamens included. Style bearing 2 linear or oblong
stigmas. Pod 4-seeded. Peduncles l-flowered.

CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. 2G3

§ 2. Style 1-cleft or 2 separate styles, rarely 3. Spreading or trailing, not twining.

5. BONAMIA. Like Convolvulus, but the styles 2 or sometimes 3, or in one

species 2-cleft, and stigmas capitate. Peduncles 1 - 7-flowered.

6. J^VOLV^ULUS. Corolla short and open funnel-fornr, or almost wheel-shaped.

Styles 2, each 2-cleft: the 4 stigmas obtuse. Tod 2-celled: cells 2-seede(f.

II. DODDER FAMILY ; slender parasitic twiners, without
green herbage and with only some minute scales in place of leaves ;
embryo slender and spirally coiled in the seed, destitute of coty-
ledons.

7. CUSCUT A. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft, or of 5 separate sepals. Corolla short, 4 - 5-cleft.

Stamens with a scale-like mostly fringed appendage at their base. Styles 2
in our species. Ovary 2-celled :' cells 2-ovuled. Pod commonly 4-seeded.

1. QUAMOCLIT. (Aboriginal Mexican name.) Twiners, with small
flowers red or crimson, and with pale or white cultivated varieties, in summer,
open through the day. Qj

Q. vulgaris, Cypress-Vine. Cult, from Mexico : leaves pinnately parted
into slender almost thread-shaped divisions ; peduncles 1 -flowered ; border of
the narrow corolla 5-lobcd.

Q. COCCinea. Run wild S. & W. : leaves heart-shaped, pointed ; sepals
awn-pointed ; peduncles several-tiowcred ; border of (1' long) corolla merely
5-augled.

2. IPOMCEA, MORNING GLORY. (Greek-made name.) FL summer.

§ 1. Ovari/ a7id pod 3-celIed {or accidental!!/ 4-ceIlecl), with 2 seeds in each cell:

stigma more or less 3-lobcd : corolla funnel -fur m, opening in early morning

for a few hours : stems twining freely, hairy, the hairs more or less retrorse.

I. purptirea, Commox M. Cult, from Trop. Amer. and wild around

dwellings ; with heart-shaped pointed entire leaves, 3-4-flowered peduncles, and

puqDlc sometimes variegated or nearly white corolla, 2' long. (I)

>ce I. NIL Cult, or run wild S, : with heart-shaped 3-lobcd leaves, 1 -3-flow-

J^^^ ered peduncles, slender-pointed sepals, and blue-purple or sometimes white

.^ corolla 1'- 2' long. (T)

^^'^^.V I. limb^ta or albo-margin^ta, perhaps a var. of the preceding, a
tender spci'lcs, with leaves little lobod, angled or entire, and larger corolla with
deep violet border, ed^cd with white 2^' broad. ®

I. Learii, cult, from S. Amer. : tender, less hairy, with heart-shaped and
some deeply 3-lobed leaves, many flowers crowded on the summit of the
peduncle, and deep violet-blue corolla, 3' long and border 3' wide. ;^

§ 2. Ovary and pod 2-cellect, the cells 2-S('eded, or sometimes each cell divided by a
partiiion making 4 one-seeded cells: lobes of the stigma if any only 2.

I. Bona-N6x, or C.vloxy'ction spkciosum. Cult., also wild far S. :
tall-twining, very smooth, but stems often beset with soft almost prickly
projections ; leaves heart-shaped, halberd-shaped, or angled ; peduncles long,
1 - few-flowered ; corolla salver- form with a slender tube 3' -4' long and the
border still broader, white, opening at evening.

I. Batatas, Sweet Fotato. Cult, from East Indies : creeping, seldom
twining, smooth, producing the large fleshy edil)le roots for which the plant is
cultivated; leaves variously heart-shaped, ha'bcrd-shaped, or triangulai-, some-
times cut-lobed ; ])eduncles bearing 3 or 4 flowers ; corolla funnel-form, purple,
1^' long ; ])od with 4 one-seeded cells. 2/

I. Michauxii. Light soil along the coast S. : creeping or twining, with
heart-shaped or triangular sometimes lobed leaves downy beneath ; flowers
downy ; corolla purplish-white with purple eye, 3' - 4' long, opening at night ;
pod partly 4-celled, with silky seeds ; root extremely large and fleshy. ^

2G4 CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.

I. pandur^ta, Wild Potato- Vine or Max-of-the-Earth. Sandy or
gravelly soil, Conn, to 111. & S. : trailinjj; or twining, stout, smooth, with heart-
sliapcd and sometimes liddle-sliaped or halberd -'Mo bed leaves, I - .'i-tlowered
p3duncles, sma.l braets, and open fiinnel-forra white corolla with deep purple
eye, 2' - 3' long ; root very large and deep. 11

I. sagittildiia. Salt-marshes, from North Carolina S. : smooth, with
stems twining 2° -3° high, or trailing, narrow lanceolate or linear long-sagittate
leaves, 1 -3-flowcrcd club-shaped peduncles, and the bright purple funnel-forra
corolla 2' - 3' long. "jI

I. laeunosa. Low grounds, Penn. to 111. and S. : twining, nearly smooth,
with heart-shaped nearly entire leaves, sliort 1 - 3-flowered peduncles, #mall
white 5-lobcd corolla about ^' long and twice the length of the pointed eiliate
sepals, and slightly hairy pod. (j)

I. eommutata. Low grounds S. & W. : rather hairy, twining; with thin
heart-shaped and sometimes angled or 3-5-lobed leaves, 4-angled 1-5-flowered
peduncles about the length of the slender petioles ; purple corolla 1'- 2' long
and 4-5 times the length of the pointed eiliate sepals ; pod hairy.

3. C0NV6LVITLUS, bindweed. (From Latin convolvo, to roll
around or twine.) Fl. summer.

C. arv6nsis, Field Bindweed of Eu., is a weed on the coast E. : spread-
ing and low-twining, smoothi.^h ; leaves ovate-oblong and narrow-shaped ; pe-
duncles 1-flowered ; corolla white tinged reddish, less than 1' long. 2/

C. tricolor. Cult from S. Europe in gardens ; hairy, low, with ascending
branching stems, lance-obovate or spatulate almost sessile leaves, 1-flowered
peduncles, ratlfer largo and showy flowers opening in sunshine, the corolla blue
with pale or white throat and yellow tube, ij)

4. CALYSTEGIA, BRACTED BINDWEED. (From Greek words
denoting the calyx cov red, that is, by the bracts.) Fl. all summer.

C. sdpium, HKD-iE B. Wild in low grounds, also planted : twining freely,
sometimes also trailing, spreading by running rootstocks; smooth, also a downy
variety ; leaves triangular and halberd-shaped or arrow-shaped, with the lobes
at base obliquely truncate and sometimes toothed or sinuate ; peduncles 4-angled ;
corolla white or light rose-colored, \^' -2' long. 2/

C. spithamaea. Dry sterile ground ; downy, not twining, 6' -12' high;
leaves oblong, some of them more or less auricled or heart-shaped at the base ;
corolla white, 2' long. 11

5. BOWAMIA. (Named for F. Bonamy.) Low, small-flowered: corolla
more or Ic^s silky or hairy outside : fl. suiivmer : chiefly S. 2/

B. humistr^ta. Dry pine barrens from Virg. S. : sparsely hairy or
smoothish ; leaves varying from oblong vv^ith heart-shaped base to linear ; sepals
smooth ; corolla white, almost 1' long ; filaments hairy ; styles united at base.

B. aquatica. Along ponds S. : finely soft-downy ; leaves varying as in
the preceding ; sepals silky ; corolla pink or purple ^' long ; filaments smooth ;
styles nearly separate.

B. Pickeringii. Sandy barrens from N. Jersey S., scarce: leaves nearly
linear, narrow, tapering to a sessile base ; bracts leaf-like and longer than the
flowers; sepals hai'y ; corolla white, hardly ^' long; styles united to above the
middle, and with staineni also protruding.

6. EVOLVULUS. (From Latin for unroll, that is, it does not twine.)
Low and diminutive small-flowered plants, only S. Fl. summer. %

E. arg^nteus. Dry ground from Missouri S. : tufted from a woody base,
.5' -7' high, silky-woolly all over; broadly lanceolate leaves crowded, mostly
nearly sessile, as are the flowers in their axils ; corolla purple ; \' broad.

E. Serioeus. Damp ground S. & S. W. : slender-stemmed, silky with
fine appressed hairs, except the upper face of the scattered lance-linear leaves ,
corolla white or bluish, not ^' broad.

NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 265

7. CtJSCUTA, DODDER. (Old name, of imcertmn derivation.) Plants
resemble threads of yarn, yellowish or reddish, spreading over herhs and low
bushes, coiling around their branches, which they adhere to and rob of their
juices. Flowers small, mostly white, clustered.

§ 1. Stigmas slender ; pod opening hi/ a trannvrrse division, all round near the base,
Laving the partition behind. Nativs of Eurojw : Ji. earlij summer.

C. Epiiinum, Flax Dodder. Growing on flax, which it injures; occa-
sionally found iu our flax-fields ; flowers globulai*, in scattered heads ; corolla.
5-parted. j^

§ 2. Stigmas capitate : pods bursting irregularly if at all : wild species of the
country, mosily in rich or low ground : Jl. summer and autumn. ®

* Flowers in rather loose clust>rs, mostly shoj-t-pcdicel/ed, the scaly bracts few and

scattt-red : calyx 4 - 5-cle/l.
-*- Corolla with cylindriad tube, in fruit covering the top of the pod.

C. tenuifldra. On shrubs and tall herbs from N. Jersey W. & S., in
swamps : pale ; tube of the corolla twice the length of its ovate acute spreading
lobes and of the ovate blunt calyx-lobes.

C. inflexa. On shrubs and tall herbs in prairies and barrens W. & S. :
corolla fleshy, mostly 4-cleft, its tube no longer than the ovate acutish crenulate
erect or inflexcd lobes of the corolla and the acute keeled calyx-lobes.

C. decora. Wet prairies S. W. : with larger flowers, the corolla broadly
bell-shaped, its 5 lobes lance-ovate and acute.

"^-^ Corolla bell-shaped, remaining at the base of the ripe pod. "
C. arvdnsis. On low herbs, in fields and barrens from New York to 111.
& S. W. : flowers earliest (June, July) and smallest ; tube of corolla shorter than
its 5 lanceolate pointed spreading lobes, much 'onger than the stamens.

C. Chloroc^rpa. On low herbs, in wet soil, from Delaware W. & S.W. :
orange-co'ored ; oj)en bell-shaped corolla with lobes about the length of the
mostly 4 acute lobes and the stamens ; pod large, d'^pressed, greenish-yellow.

C. Gronbvii. The commonest E. & W. and the only one N. E. ; on coarse
herbs and low shrubs in wet places; beli-sha} ed corolla with tube usually
longer than its 5 (rarely 4) ovate blunt spreading lobes; its internal scales
large and copiously fringed.

* * Floicers sessile in compact mostly continuous clusters, making large bunches or

close matted coils, when old resembling pieces of rope twisted uruuna the stems
of coarse herbs or shrubs : calyx of stjxtrate sepals swroumlcd by similar
crowded bracts : remains of the corolla borne on the top of the ripe pod.
C. COmpacta. On shrubs, from N. York S. & W. : bracts (3-5) and
sepals round and appressed; tube of corolla cylindrical.

C. glomer^ta. On Golden rods and other coarse Compositje, from Ohio
W. & S. W. : the numerous oblong scarious bracts closely imbricated with
recurving tips ; sepals similar, shorter than the cylindraceous tube of the corolla.

84. SOLANACE^, NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.

Plants with rank-scented herba*^e (this and the fruit more com-
monly narootic-poisonous, colorless juice), alternate leaves (l)ut apt
to be in pairs and unequal), rcunlar flowers with the parts usually
in fives, but the ovary nio.-tly 2-cellod, the many->eeded placentjB
in the axis. The seeds have a slender usually curved embryo in
fleshy albumen. (Lessons, p. 15, fig. 34, 3.J.) The order runs on
the one hand into Scrophulariaceaj, which a few species aj proach
in a somewhat irregular corolla, but their stamens are as many as
the lobes. On the other hand the Nolana group is appended, which
differs from all in its separate ovaries around a common style.

266 KIGHTSIIADE FAMILY.

I. NOLANA FAMILY, with few or many separate ovaries
collected in a circle or heap around the ba.e of a single style. Low
and spreading plants.

1. NOLANA. Ciilyx S-cleft, foliaceous. Corolla short and open funnel-form,

Slaited in the'bud. Stameus 5. Style 1: stigma capitate or club-shaped.
varies 3 - 40, becoming 1 - 4-celled drupelets or nutlets, each cell 1-seeded.

. IL NIGHTSHADE FAMILY proper, with only one 2-cellftd
or sometimes 3-o-celled ovary as well as style, the many -seeded
placentae in the axis, usually much projecting into the cell.

§ 1. Corolla icheel-shaped, lobed or jmrted into 5 or sometimes more dlmslons, plaited
and Vdlvute or the mnvijins turned inwards in the bud: the lube very short :
antliers conniving around the style': fruit a berr-ij.

2. LYCOPERSICUM. Like Solanum, except that the anthers are united by a

membrane at their tips and the cells open lengthwise. Leaves pinnately
compound.

3. SOLAiS'UiL Stamens with anthers equalling or mostly longer than the very

short filaments, usually not united, the cell's opening by a hole at the apex.
(Lessons, p. 101, fig. 204, 205.) Leaves simple or pinnate.

4. CAPSICUM^. Stamens with slender filamcu' s nmcli longer than the short and

separate commonly heart-shaped anthers, their cells opening lengthwise.
Berry sometimes dry and inflated, then becoming 1-celled.

§ 2. Oyrolla between wheeUshnped ojid funnel-form, plaited in the bud, the border very
moderately if at all lobed: anthers sep'irate, opeidnt/ lengthwise: calyx blad-
dery-hijlated after Jloweriny, enclosing tke ylobul ir berry.

5. PHYSALIS. Calvx 5-cleft. Corolla mostlv somewhat 5-lobed.. (Lessons, p.

101, fig. 206.) Stamens erect. Fmit a juicy, of.eu edible, 2-cellcd beiry.

6. NICANDKA. Calyx 5-parted and angled, 'tlie divisions somewhat arrow-

shaped. Corolla'witli widely-spreading border almost entire. Fruit a dry
3 - 5-celled berry.

§ 3. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel form, tubular, or salver-shaped: anthers separate,
opening Itugthwi^e : calyx not bladdery-injl tied.
« Calyx urn-sh iped in fruit, enclosing thejxHl' corolh considerably irregular.

7. HYOSCYAMUS. Calyx 5-lobed, the spreading border becorning reticulated,

enclosing the 2-celled pod, which opens by the top falling off as a lid. Co-
rolla short funnel-form, with the plaited* border more or less oblique and
unequal. Stamens declined.

* Calyx h-2)arttd to near the base, the lobes foliaceous.

8. ATIiOPA. Calyx with ovate divisions, in fruit enlarging and spreading under

the globose purple berry. Corolla between bell-shaped and funnel-form, with
5 triangular-ovate lobes' Stamens and style somewhat declined, slender.

9. PETUNIA. Calyx with narrow somewhat spatulate lobes much longer than

the tube. Corolla funnel-form or somewhat salver-shaped, the 5-lobed border
commonly a little unequal. Stamens included in the tube, unequal. Pod
2-celled, j-valved.

* * * Calyx tubular, prismatic, or bell-shaped,

••- Covering the dry pod or nea'i'h^ so : corolla snlver-sh^tped or funnelform, the lobes

plaited in the bud : seeds minute.

10. NIEREMBERGIA. Corolla with very slender threid-like tube (<^'-l' long),

abruptly cxpanderl at the narrow throat into a saucer-shaped or almost wheel-,

shaped 5-lobed border. Stamens short, borne on the throat. Stigma kidney-

shaped and somewhat 2-lipped. Flowers scattered.
NICOTIAXA. Corolla with a re

11. NICOTIAXA. Corolla with a regular 5-lobed border. Stamens inserted on its

tube, included: filaments straight. Stigma capitate. Pod 2-4-valved from
the apex. Flowers more or less racemed or panicled.

t- ••- Calyx prismatic, falling away after flowering , leaving the 2- 4-celled pod naked.

12. DATURA. Corolla funnel-form, strongly plaited in tlie bud, and with 5 or

more i)oiuted teeth. (Lessons, p. 100, fig. 199; p. 110, fig. 225.; Filaments

[nigiitshade FAatlLTjf 267

■■^ .-^^'^'\- "

slendor. Stigma somewhat 2-lobed or"2-lipped. Pod globular, in the com-
mon species prickly and 4-cciied, but the 2 ])lacentae-bearing or false par-
titions often incom'plete. Seeds large and flat, somewhat kidney-shaped.
Flowers terminal or in the forks.
+- -t- +- Calyx btll-shnped, cup-shaptd, or short-tubular, in fruit pei^sistent under or
partly covering the 2-ctUed berry ; slirubs, with entire J eather-veined Itaves.

13. CESTRUM. Corolla tubular-funnel-form or club-shaped, the lobes folded or

plaited lengthwise in the bud. Stamens included. Stigma capitate. Ovary
with few ovules in each cell. Berry few-seeded. Flowers in clusters.

14. LYCIUM. Parts of the flower often in fours. Corolla funnel-form, bell-

shaped or tubular, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stigma capitate. Beny
many-seeded, red or reddish. Flowers solitary or umbelled, lateral.

1. NOLANA. (From Latin no/a, a little bell.) Cult, for ornament, from
coast of Peru and Chili ; the foilovvjng procumbent and spreading, rather
fleshy-leaved, smooth except some scattered hairs on the stalks, the showy
blue flowers solitary on axillary or lateral peduncles, opening in sunshine, all
summer.

N. atriplieifblia, with obovate or broadly spatulate leaves (resembling
those of ypinach, whence the specific name) ; sky-blue corolla 2' wide with
white and yellowish centre ; ovaries numerous in a heap, each 1-celled and
1 -seeded. (\)

N. prostrata, now less common, has more petioled rather narrower leaves,
smaller pale vio.et-blue flower striped with purple, and few ovaries each of 2 - 4
cells. (X)

i^ LYCOPERSICUM, TOMATO. (Name in Greek means wolf-peach,
""' no obvious application.) Fl. summer.

L. escul^ntun] , Tomato, cult, from trop. America, includes the manifold
varieties and forms ; hairy, rank-scented ; leaves interruptedly pinnate, larger
leaflets cut or pinnatifid ; flowers yellowish, by cultivation having their parts
often increased in number, .the esculent red berry becoming several celled. ®

3. SOLANUM, NIGHTSHADE, &c. (Derivation uncertain.) Flowers
mostly in corymb or raceme-like clusters, in summer.

§ 1. More or less prickly herbs, ivith acute elongated-lanceolate anthers.

* Ven/ priclchi calyx enclosing- the dry berry : anthem declined, unequal, one of
them much longer than the rebt, leaves dnuately once to thrice piniiatijid. (T)

S. rostratum. Wild on plains W. of Mississippi, and becoming a weed
in some g.irdens. has yellow flowers, 1'- 1^' in diameter.

S. heterodbxum. Wild S. W. beyond the Mississippi, sometimes cult,
for ornament, has violet-blue flowers, and the more divided leaves resemble
those of Watermelon, but are very prickly

* * Calyx mostly someivhat prickly but not enclosing the fruit: anthers nearly equal.
S. Carolin6nse, Horsi -Nktt-le. Wild weed in sandy soil from Conn.

S. : roughish downy, 1° high, with ovate-oblong angled or sinuate-lobed leaves,
yellowish prickles, and pale blue or white flowers almost 1' wide. JJ.

S. aculeatiSSimum. Weed introduced into waste pUices S., 10-2°
high, bristly hairy, greener and more prickly than the foregoing, with smaller
wiiite flowers. ij)

S. Melong^na, Egg Plant, Aubergine. Cult, for the large oblong
or ovate violet-colored or white esculent fruit (2'-G' long) ; leaves ovate, rather
downy, obscurely sinuate ; corolla violet with yellow eye. ®

§ 2. Plants not at all prickly : anthers blunt.
S. nigrum, Black or Common Nightshade. Low weed of shady
grounds, much branched, nearly smooth, with ovate wavy-toothed or sinuate
leaves, very small white flowers, and globular black berries said to be poison-
ous. (I)

268 NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.

S. tuberosum, Potato. Cult, from Chili for the esculent tubers ; leaves
pinnate, of several ovate leaflets and. some minute ones intermixed ; flowers blue
or Avhite ; berries round, jj^reen. "^l

S. Dulcamara, Bittersweet. Nat. from Eu. in moist cult, and waste
grounds ; smoothish, with tall stems woody at base and disposed to climb, ovate
and heart-shaped leaves, some of the up])er ones halberd-3-lobed, or with one or
two pairs of smaller leaflets or lobes at base, corolla violet-purple with a pair
of greenish spots on the base of each loI>e, and oval red berries. 2/

S. j asminoides. Woody-stemmed house-plant from Brazil, tall-climbing
by its petioles, very smooth, with oblong ovate or slightly heart-shaped entire
leaves, or some of them divided into 3 leaflets, and clusters of white or bluish
flowers. %

S. Pseudo-Capsicum, Jerusalem Cherry. Shrubby house-plant
from Madeira, cult, fur the ornamental bright red ])erries, resembling dierries ;
smooth, with lance-oblong entire leaves and small white flowers. 2/

4. CAPSICUM, CAYENNE or RED PEPPER. (Said to come from
Greek word meaning to gobble or eat quickly.) Originally all South Ameri-
can. Fl. summer.

C. ^nnuum, Commox C. Cult, for the large oblong or globular and often
angled dry berry (red or green), which is exceedingly pungent, and used as a
condiment ; leaves ovate, entire ; flowers white, with ti-uncatc calyx. 0

C. eerasiforme, is cult, rarely as a ])epper, more commonly for the orna-
mental cherry-like Iruit, either bright red or yellow ; stem shrubby. ]/

6. PHYSA.LIS, GROUND CHERRY. (Greek name for hladdcnj, from

the inflated fruiting calyx.) El. summer.

§ 1. Low stems (6' -20' hi(fh) from slender creepirif/ root storks : anthers yellow :
fruitinrj calyx loosely inflated, 5-<inr/led, much lar<jer than the edible berry.
All but the. first are wild species of the country, in liyht or sandy soil. 21

P. Alkekengi, Strawberry Tomato. Cull, from S. Eu., and running
wild E. : rather downy ; leaves triangular-ovate, pointed ; corolla greenish-
white, .'j-lobcd, not spotted ; fruiting calyx ovate, turning red ; berry rod.

P. Pennsylvanica. Smooth or somewhat hairy, but not clammy ; leaves
varying from ovate to lanceolate (var. lanceolXta), entire or sparingly wavy-
toothed ; corolla yellowish with a darker throat and slightly 5-io-toothed
border ; fruiting calyx sunken at the base ; berry red.

P, visc6sa. Clammy-pubescent, much branched, bushy ; leaves ovate or
heart-sha})ed and mostly toothed ; corolla light yellow with dark brown centre;
fruiting calyx truncate or slightly concave at base, sharply 5-angled ; berry
orange or reddish, glutinous.

§ 2. Stems 1 ° - 3° high, from an annual root : flowers smnll, licjht (jreenish-yeUow :
anthers tinged with blue or v o'et. Wild sp'cies in low or cult, grounds. (V)

P. pubescens. Clammy-hairy or downy ; stems much spreading ; leaves
ovate or heart-shaped, augulate-toothed ; corolla brown-spotted in the throat ;
sharply .5-angled fruiting calyx loo.sely enclosing the yellow or greenish berry.

P. angulata. Nearly smooth ; leaves more sharply cut-toothed ; peduncles
slender, very small corolla not spotted ; fruiting calyx lO-angled, loose, at length
filled by the greenish-yellow berry.

P. Philad^lphiea. Almost smooth, erect ; leaves ovate or oblong and
oblique at base, slightly toothed or angled ; corolla dark colored in the throU,
over ^' wide ; fruiting calyx globo.se, comnletely filled by the large reddish or
purple edible berry, and open at the mouth.

6. NICANDRA, APPLE-OF-PERU. (Named from the poet Nicander?)
Only one species : fl. summer. ®

N. physaloides. Tall smooth weed from Peru, Avild in moist waste
grounds ; with ovate angled or sinuate-toothed leaves, and solitary peduncles,
bearing a rather large pale blue flower.

NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. " 2G9

7. HYOSCYAMUS, HENBANE. (Name of the Greek words for horj
and bean.) Fl. sumn>er. Q) (2)

H. nlger, Black Henbane, of Europe, cult, in old gardens, and a weed
in waste places : clammy-downy, strong-scented, narcotic-poisonous ; with clasp-
ing sinuate-toothed leaves, sessile flowers in one-sided leafy-bracted spikes, and
dull yellowish corolla netted-veiny with purple.

8. ATROPA, BELLADONNA. (Named after one of the Fates.) ^

A. BeUadonna, the only species, sparingly cult, from Europe : low and ,
spreading, nearly smooth, with ovate entire pointed leaves, flowers single or in
pairs nodding on lateral peduncles, dull-purple corolla, and handsome purple
berry ; whole plant poisonous, used in medicine.

9. PETUNIA. {Petun is an aboriginal name of Tobacco.) Cultivated as
garden-annuals, from South America. The common Petunias are of the two
following species and their hybrids : herbage clammy-pubescent; flowers large
and showy, in summer.

P. nyctaginiflbra, with originally white corolla, the long narrow tube
3 or 4 times the length of the calyx.

P. violkcea, now much the more common, Avith weaker stems, and violet-
purple or rose-red corolla, the broader and ventricose tube hardly twice the
length of the calyx.

10. NIEREMBERGIA. (Named for J. Nieremberg, a priest and botani-
cal collector in Buenos Ay res, Avhence the common species comes.) ]^ (T)

N. gracilis. Cult, for ornament under many varieties, low, with slender
bushy branches, small linear or spatulate-linear leaves, and scattered flowers
produced all summer, white or veined or tinged with purple.

11. NICOTIANA, TOBACCO. (Named for John Nicot, one of the in-
troducers of Tobacco into Europe.) Rank, acrid-narcotic, mostly clammy-
pubescent plants, chiefly of America ; leaves entire or merely wavy-margined.
Fl. summer.

N. Tabacum, Common T., the principal species cult, for the foliage: 4°-
6° high, with lance-ovate decurront leaves l°-2° long, or the upper lanceolate,
panicled flowers, and rose-purple funnel-form corolla 2' long, with somewhat in-
flated throat and short lobes. (T)

N. nistica, a weed in some places, is a low homely plant, with ovate and
petioled leaves 2' -5' long, and green funnel-form corolla (1' long) contracted
under the short round lobes. (1)

N. longiflbra, is slender, 2° -3° high, cult, for its handsome white flow-
ers, which 0])en toward evening ; corolla salver-shaped, the green tube 4' and
the lance-ovate acute lobes ^' long ; leaves lanceolate, undulate. (D

N. noctiflbra, its handsome white flowers also opening at evening (as the
name denotes), is similar to last, but with ovate-lanceolate petioled leaves, tube
of corolla only 2' - 3' long, and its roundish lobes notched at the end. ®

12. DATURA, THORN-APPLE, STRAMONIUIVI, &c. (Name altered
from the Arabic.) Rank-scented, mostly large-flowered, narcotic-poisonous
weeds, or some ornamental in cultivation : fl. summer.

§ 1 . Flower and the umalJif prickli/ 4-vahed pod erect, the latter resting on n plate

or saucer-shaped bodi/ tvhtch is the persistent kise of the calyx, the irhole

upper part of which Jails off entire ajler flowering : corolla with a 5-toothed

Iwrder. ®

D. Strambnium, Common T. or Jamestown-Weed. Waste grounds :

smooth, with green stems and white flowers (3' long) ; leaves ovate, angled, or

sinuate-toothed.

D. T^tula, Purple T. A weed very like the other, but rather taller, with
purple stem and pale violet-purple flowers.

270 GENTIAN FAMILY.

§ 2. Pod nodding on the short recurved peduncle, rather Jitshy, bursting irregular'
ly, otherioise as in the foregoing section : flowers large, showy. Cult, from
warm ngions for ornament. (T) 2/

D. Metel. Clammy-pwbescent ; leaves ovate, entire or obscurely angled-
toothcd ; corolla white, the 10-toothcd border 4' wide.

D. meteloides. Cult, from New Mexico (sometimes under the name of
D. Wrightii ) ; like the other, but pale, almost smooth, the flower sweet-scented,
and the corolla with more expanded 5-toothed border 5' -6' wide, white or pale
violet.

§ 3. Flower and smooth 2-ce'led pod hanging, the former very large, 6'- 10' long:
calyx splitting down lengthwise after flowering. Tropical American tree-
like shrubs, cult, in conservatories : floivers sometimes double.

D. arbor ea, has ovate or lance-oblong entire or angled pubescent leaves,
long teeth to the corolla, and unconnected anthers.

D. suaveolens, has mostly entire and smooth leaves, short teeth to the
corolla and the anthers sticking together.

13. OESTRUM. (Name given by the Greeks to some different plant,
the derivation obscure.) Shrubs of warm climates, chiefly American ; a few
cult, in conservatories.

C. 61egans, or IIabrothAmxus elegans, from Mexico, has the branches
and lower face of the ovate-lanceolate or oblong pointed leaves downy-])ubescent,
terminal corymbs, and rose-purple club-shaped corollas less than 1' long.

C. nocturnum, from W. Ind. ; with smooth ovate leaves, and axillary-
clusters of yellowish green slender flowers, very sweet-scented at night.

C. Parqui, from Chili ; has lanceolate smooth leaves very acute at both
ends, and a terminal panicle of crowded spikes or racemes of tubular-funnel-
form or partly club-shaped dull-yellow flowers, fragrant at night.

14. LYCIUM. (Named from the country of the original species, Lycia.)
Trailing, climbing, or low spreading shrubs, usually spiny, with small leaves
often clustered on lateral spurs, and small flowers, in spring and summer.
Ij. VUlg^re, Matrimony Vink. From the Mediterranean region : planted,

and sparingly running wild in some places, slightly thorny, with very long and
lithe recurved or almost climl)ing branches, oblong-spatulate leaves, slender
stalked flowers clustered in the axils, and pale greenish-purple 5-cleft corolla
about equalling the 5 stamerrs.

L. Carolini^num. Wild in salt marshes S. : low, spiny, with fleshy
thickened almost club-shaped leaves, scattered small flowers, and 4-cleft purple
corolla shorter than the 4 stamens.

85. GENTIANACE^, GENTIAN FAMILY.

Known generally from the other monopetalous plants with free
ovary by the 1-celled ovary and pod with 2 parietal placentae
covered with small seeds, along with regular flowers, their stamens
as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, and
the leaves opposite, simpFe, entire, and sessile, without sripules. The
exceptions are that in some cases the ovules cover the whole inner
face of the ovary, and in one group the leaves are alternate and
even compound. They are nearly all very smooth and bitter-tonic
plants, with colorless juice, the calyx persistent. Ours herbs, none
in common cultivation.

§ 1. Leaves opposite or whorled and entire^ sessile. Corolla with the lobes mostly
convolute in the bud, sometimes also plaited in the sinuses.
+- Style slender, deciduous from the pod : anthers soon curving.
-1. S ABB ATI A. Calyx 5 - 12-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla wheel-shaped.
5 - 12-parted. Style 2-parted. Pod globular, many-seeded. Slender herbs.

GENTIAN FAMILY. 271

•»-■»- Style {if any) and stigmas persistent on the pod: anthers straight.

2. FRASERA. Culyx and corolla deeply 4-parte(l, wheel-shaped; divisions of the

latter with a glandular and fringed"^ spot or pit on their middle. Pod oval,
flattened, rather few-seeded: seeds large and flat, wing-margined. Large
thick-rooted herbs, with whorled leaves and panicled flowers.

3. GENTIANA. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft. Corolla 4 - 5-lobed, often with teeth or salient

folds at the sinuses, usually withermg-persistent. Style short or none; stig-
mas 2, persistent. Pod oblong, containing innumerable small seeds with loose
cellular or winged coat. Flowers solitaiy or clustered, mostly showy.

4. BARTONIA. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft. Style none. Pod ob-

long, flattish, the minute innumerable seeds covering its whole imier face.
Flowers very small. Leaves reduced to little awl-shaped scales.

§ 2. Leaves alternate, long petioled. Corolla with the lobes valvate and the edges
turned inwards in the bud. Seeds many or few, tcith a hard or bony coat.

5. MENYANTHES. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla very short-funnel-form, 5-lobed,

white-bearded over the whole upper face. Style slender, persistent: stigma
2-lobed. Pod globular, with many smooth and shining seeds. Flowers
racemed on a stout scape; one or more long petioles sheathing its base,
and bearing 3 oval or oblong leaflets.

6. LIMNANTHEMUM. Calyx and corolla 5-parted; the oval divisions of the

latter with a yellowish crust at their base, and in our species otherwise
naked. Style short or none. Pod several-seeded. Water-plants, bearing
the flowers in an umbel on the long slender petiole of the floating round-
heart-shaped leaves.

1. SABBATIA, AMERICAN CENTAURY. (Named for Sahhati, an
Italian botanist.) Chiefly in sandy and low or wet grounds, along the
coast (with one or two exceptions) : flowers white or pink, usually handsome,
in summer. ® (D

* Flowers white, h-parted, numerous in cymes or cori/mbs, seldom over ^' broad.

S. paniculkta. Low grounds S. : stem l°-2° high, with 4 sharp wing-
like angles ; leaves linear or oblong, mostly 1 -nerved ; lobes of the corolla little
longer than the narrows-linear calyx-lobes.

S. lanceolata. From New Jersey S. : taller, larger-flowered, with lance-
ovate 3-nervcd leaves, or the upper ones lanceolate and distant, acute ; lobes of
corolla much exceeding the thread-shaped calyx-lobes.

S. maerophylla. Only S. : 2° -3° high, glaucous, with terete stem,
thickish lance-ovate S-S-Jiervcd leaves, and lobes of smaller corolla very much
exceeding the bristle-like calyx-lobes.

* * Flowers rose-pink, rarely white, with yellowish or greenish eye, 5-parted, in

panicled clusters, 1' or more broad. In rather dry ground, much branched
above, l°-3^ /t/>//i, the only species which extend \\ . to Illinois, <j'C.
S. braehi^ta, chiefly S., has slightly angled stem, linear or narrow-oblong
leaves, and fewer flowers only 1' broad.

S. angularis, from N. York S. & W., has wing-like angles to the stem,
ovate or heart-shaped 5-nerved leaves, and corolla 1^' broad.

* * * Flowers rose-purple or white, 5 - G-parted, 1 ' or less broad, scattered singly

on long pednncles : stems slender 5' - 20' high, commonly forking, scarcely
angled. All grow in salt vuirshes or near the coast.
S. calycbsa. Only from Virg. S. : has oblong pale leaves narrowed at
base, and lance-spatulate calyx-lobes longer than the mostly white corolla.

S. Stell^ris. From Mass. S. : has lance-oblong leaves or the upjjer linear,
and linear calyx-lohes shorter than the rose-purple yellowish eyed corolla.

S. gracilis. From Mass. S. : very slender, with linear or almost thread-
like leaves, thread-shaped calyx-lobes as long as corolla, otherwise like preceding.

* * * * Flowers bright rose-colSr or with white varieties, 7 -\2-parted, very hand-

some, 1^' - 2' broad : stems simple or sparingly branched, 1° - 2° Jiigh.

S. chloroldes. Along sandy ponds, from Plymouth, ^Mass. S. : leaves
lanceolate; peduncles 1 -flowered, slender; calyx-lobes linear.

S. gentianoides. Wet barrens S. : stem-leaves linear ; flowers short-
pcdunclcd or sessile, clustered.

272 GENTIAN FAMILY.

2. FRASERA, AMERICAN COLUMBO. (Named for John Eraser.)

F. Carolinensis. Rich wooded ground W. & S. : root very large and
deep, bitter (used in medicine as a substitute for Columbo) ; stem 3° -8° high;
leaves mostly in fours, lance-oblong, or the lowest spatulate; corolla 1' wide,
greenish-yellow or whitish, and dark-dotted. @ 21.

3. GENTIANA, GENTIAN. (Old name, from G^en^aw, king of Illy ria.)
Chiefly in woods and damp ground : flowering chiefly in autumn, a few in
summer.

§ 1 . Corolla without plaits at the sinuses : anthers separate : seeds wingless. ® (2)

G. quinqueflbra. Chiefly N. & W. : branching ; leaves ovate-lanceolate
or slightly heart-shaped at base ; flowers panicled, hardly I ' long, the 5 lobes
of the pale blue corolla triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed.

G. crinita, Fuinged Gentian. Low grounds N. & W. : leaves lanceo-
late or broader, with rounded or heart-shaped base ; flowers solitary on long
peduncles terminating the stem or simple branches ; calyx with 4 unequal
lobes ; corolla sky-blue, showy, 2' long, funnel-form, the 4 wedge-obovate lobes
with margins cut into a long and delicate fringe.

G. det6nsa, takes the place of the preceding species N. W., and is perhaps
a variety of it : has linear leaves and less fringe to the corolla (to which the
name alludes), often none at the top of the lobes.

§ 2. Corolla naked, l|-'-2' long, with plaits at the sinuses, which project more or
less iiTto teeth or thin intermediate lobes : pod stalked in the corolla. IJ.

* Stems low, bearing 1-3 slender-peduncled flowers : seeds wingless.

G. angustifolia. Pine barrens from N. Jersey S. : 6' -15' high, with
linear leaves, and open fumiel-form azure-blue corolla 2' long, its lobes ovate ;
anthers separate.

* * Stems l°-2° high, bearing clustered or rarely solitary 2-bracted flowers attlie

summit of the leafy stem, and oflen in the upper axils also.
•»r- Corolla between bell-shaped and short funnel form or obconical, mostly open, with
ovate lobes exceeding the usually toothed appendages of the plaits.

G. oehroletica. Chiefly S. in dry ground : leaves obovate or spatulate-
oblong, narrowed at the base ; calyx-lobes linear ; corolla greenish-white with
greener and purplish stripes inside, somewhat bell-shaped ; anthers separate ;
seeds wingless.

G. alba. Along the Alleghanies and N. W. : flowering at midsummer ;
leaves lance-ovate from a partly heart-shaped base, tapering thence to a point ;
calyx-lobes ovate, short ; corolla yellowish-white, with short and broad lobes ;
anthers conniving ; seeds broadly winged.

G. puberula. Dry barrens and prairies W. & S. : low, roughish, or
minutely pubescent, with lancc-oblong, ovate, or linear rough-margined leaves
only 1' -2' long ; calyx-lobes lanceolate ; corolla bright blue, open, its spreading
ovate lobes 2 or 3 times longer than the cut-toothed intermediate appendages ;
seeds not covering the walls of the pod, as they do in the related species.

G. Saponaria, Soapwort G. Low woods, chiefly N, and along the
Alleghanies ; leaves lance-ovate, oblong, or obovate, or in a northern variety
linear, narrowed at base ; calyx-lobes linear or spatulate ; corolla light blue or
verging to white, little open, its short and broad lobes longer than the con-
spicuous 2-cleft intermediate appendages ; anthers conniving or united ; seeds
narrowly-winged.

-»- •*- Corolla more club-shaped and seldom open, truncate, with no proper lobes.
G. Andrewsii, Closed G. Woods especially N. : leaves lance-ovate or
lance-oblong Avith a narrowed base ; calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, short ; corolla
blue (rarely a white variety), its proper lobes if any shorter than the broad and
more conspicuous fringe-toothed and notched appendages which terminate the
folds ; anthers connected ; seeds broadly winged.

LOGANIA FAMILY. 273

4. BARTONIA. (Named for Prof. B. S. Barton, of Philadelphia.) In-
significant herbs, with awl-shaped scales for leaves, and a few pedunclcd white
flowers. ® .©

B. ten611a. Woods : 5'- 10' high, with branches or peduncles 1 -3-flow-
ered ; lobes of corolla oblong, aciitish ; ovary 4-angled : fl. summer.

B. v6rna. Bogs, only S. : smaller, less branched, 1 - few-flowered ; flowers
larger, in early spring ; lobes of corolla spatulate, obtuse ; ovary flat.

5. MENYANTHES, BUCKBEAN. (Name from Greek words for
month and flower ; application not obvious. The popular name from the
leaves, somewhat resembling those of the Horsebean.)

M. trifoli^ta. Cold wet bogs N. : fl. late spring ; corolla white or tinged
with pink ; scape hardly 1° high. 2/

6. LIMNANTHEMUM, FLOATING-HEART. (Name formed of
Greek words for swamp and blossom.) But our species grow in water, and pro-
duce through tho summer the small white flowers, accompanied by spur-like
thick bodies, probably of the nature of roots. "21

L. lacunbsum, is common E. & S. : leaves l'-2' long, on very slender
petioles, entire ; lobes of corolla broadly oval ; seeds smooth and even.

L. trachysperma, in deeper water, from Maryland S. : leaves rounder,
2' -6' broad, wavy-margined, roughish or dark-pitted beneath ; petioles stouter ;
seeds roughened.

86. LOGANIACE^, LOGANIA FAMILY.

Known among monopetalous plants by having opposite leaves
with stipules or a stipular line between their bases, along with a
free ovary ; the flower regular or nearly so, and stamens as many
as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them.

§ 1. Woody twining climber, with evergreen haves and showy Jlowers.

1. GELSEMIU^M. Calyx 5-parted. Covolla open funnel-form, the 5 lobes broad

and imbricated in"^ the bud. Stamens 5: anthers sagittate. Style slender:
stigmas 2, each 2-parted, lobes linear, ovary 2-celled. Pod oval, flattened
contrary to the partition, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds winged.

§ 2. Herbs, nol climbing.

2. SPIGELTA. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes narrow. Corolla tubular and some-

what funnel-form, the 5 lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens 5 : anthers linear.

Style 1, slender, hairy above, jointed near the middle. Pod short, twin,

2-celled, few-seeded, when ripe separating across neai' the base which is left

behind, and splitting 2 or 4 Valves.
MITREOLA, of the South, comprises a couple of quite inconspicuous weeds, and
POLYPREMUM, also S. is a common weedy plant; — both wholly insignificant,

as well in the herbage as in the minute white flowers.

1. GELSEMIUM, YELLOW JESSAMINE of the South, the name an
Italian one for Jessamine, but of a different order from true Jessamine.

G. Senip6rvirens, our only species : low grounds from E. Virg. S., climb-
ing trees, bearing shining lance-ovate small leaves (evergreen far S.), and a
profusion of axillary clusters of bright yellow very fragrant handsome flowers
(1' or more long), in early spring.

2. SPIGELIA, PINK-ROOT or WORM-GRASS. (Named for Adrian
Spiegel, latinized Spigelius.) Fl. summer.

S. Marilandica, Maryland P. Rich woods, from Penn. W. & S. :
nearly' smooth, 6' -18' high; leaves sessile, lance-ovate, acute; flowers in
simt)le or forked spike-like clusters terminating the stem or branches ; corolla
1^' long, slender, handsome, red outside, yellow within, the lobes lanceolate.
Root used as a vermifuge. 2/
18

274 DOGBANE FAMILY.

87. APOCYNACE^, DOGBANE FAMILY.

Herbaceous or woody plants, known mainly by the. milky acrid
juice, opposite (sometime^; whorled) simple and entire leaves, with-
out stipules, and legular monopetalous flowers with 5 in the calyx,
corolla, and stamens, the lobes of the corolla convolute or twisted in
the bud, the anthers conniving around the stigma or often adhering
somewhat to it, ordinary pollen, filaments separate, tlie 2 free ovaries
commonly separate, but often the styles and always the stigmas
united into one. The ovaries also are often united into one, the juice

SBVefSt (as of Periwinkle and Oleander) is not at all or slightly
milky, and one of our genera has alternate leaves. Some are orna-
mental in cultivation, many are acrid-poisonous. There is com-
monly a ring, membrane, or other appendage on the style below the
stigma, to which the anthers are apt to adhere.

' ' / '^ 1. Snrubs cult, for ornament, natives ofioarm climates: leaves oftener whm'led.

* 1. ALL AMANDA. Corolla larore, yellow, Ayith short tube abniptly expanded into
cylindrical bell-shaped or funnel-form, the 5 lobes broad and' rounded. Sta-
mens at the summit of the proper tube or throat, alternate and conniving with
as many 2-parted nai-row scales. Ovary one and 1-celled, with 2 parietal pla-
centaj, becoming a prickly pod. Style slender. Seeds naked.
2. NERIUM. Corolla salver-form or the' long tube narrow funnel-fonn. the throat
crowned with 5 slender-toothed scales. Stamens on the middle of the tube:
anthers 2-tailed at base and tapering at the apex into a long hairy twisted
awn-like appendage. Style 1. Ovaries 2, forming pods. Seeds tufted.

§ 2. More or less woody-stemmed twiners, icith opposite leaves.
8. ECHITES. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, naked in the throat. Fila-
ments very short. Style 1. Ovaries 2, becoming 2 long terete pods. Seeds
with a downv tuft, ^''lowers large and showy.

4. FORSTERONfA. Corolla funnel-form, ueai-ly as in Echites, but the flower

small, and filaments slender.

§ 3. Herbs or scarcely woody plants, not twiners : hark usually abounding with tough
Jibres ' ovaries 2, becoming muny-seedtd 2>ods in fruit.

* Leaves opposite.

5. VINCA. Corolla salver-shaped or the tube funnel-form, the throat naiTow

and naked. Stamens inserted on the upper part or middle of the tube : fila-
ments short. Style 1, slender. Pods rather short. Seeds abrupt at each
end, naked, rough. The hardy species trail or creep.

6. APOCVNUM. Corolla bell-shaped, crowned with 5 triangular appendages in

the throat. Stamens attiiched to the very base of the corolla. Style none.
A large ovate stigma unites the tips of the 2 ovaries, which in fi-uit foiTn long
and slender pods. Seeds with a long tuft of silky down at one end. Upright
or ascending herbs, with small pale or white flowers in terminal cymes or
corymbs, and very tough fibrous bark.

* * Leaves alternate, very numerous.

7. AMSONIA. Corolla salver-shaped or the slender tuba somewhat funnel-form,

beai'ded inside, without appendages at the throat, the lobes long and linear.
Stamens inserted on and included in the tube : anthers blunt at both ends.
Style 1, slender. Pods long (4' -6') and slender. Seeds cylindrical, abriapt
at both ends, with no tuft. Upright herbs, with terminal panicled cymes of
bluish flowers.

1. ALL AM AND A. (Named for Dr. F. Allamand, who discovered the
common species iu Guiana.)

A. cathartiea. A showy shrub of the conservatory, with bright green
oblong thiunish leaves, and goiden-yellow flowers 2^-3' long.

DOGBANE FAMILY. 275

2. NERIUM, OLEANDER. (The ancient Greek and Latin name.)
Leaves coriaceous, rigid, closely and transversely veiny. Flowers showy, in
terminal cymes, in summer, deep rose-color, or with white varieties, either
single or double.

N. Oleander, the Oleander of common house-culture, from the Levant :
leaves lanceolate ; appendage surmounting the anthers scarcely protruding ;
flowers large, scentless.

N. odbrum, Sweet 0. : less cult., from India, more tender ; leaves linear-
lanceolate ; appendage of the anthers protruding ; flowers fragrant.

3. ECHITES. (Name from Greek -word for a viper.) Plants from the
warm parts of America, one not rare as a conservatory climber, viz.

E. suav6olens, or MANDEvfLLEA suaveolens, Chili Jessamine, a
slender woody-stemmed tall twiner, with thin oblong or ovate heart-shaped
pointed leaves, and slender peduncles bearing a few racemed very fragi'ant flow-
ers, the white corolla with ample 5-lobed border, 2' broad.

4. FORSTERONIA. (Named for an English botanist, T. F. Forster.)
P. diff6rmis, in low grounds from Virginia S. & W., is a barely woody

twiner, the flowering branches herbaceous and downy ; leaves thin, oval-lan-
ceolate, pointed, or sometimes linear, narrowed into a petiole; flowers ^' long,
in cymes, greenish-yellow, all summer.

5. VINCA, PERIWINKLE. (Latin name, from a word meaning to bind,
from the thread-like stems.) X-

§ 1. True Periwinkles, cu^.from Europe, hardy or nearly so, smooth, trail-
ing over the ground or creepitu/, only the short flowering stems ascending,
with blue {or by variation icliite) flowers solitary in the axils, in spring or
early summer.

V. minor, Common Periwinkle, in all country-gardens, spreading freely
by the creei)ing sterile stems, evergreen, with ovate or oblong-ovate shining
leaves barely l^' long, and almost truncate wedge-shaped lobes to the corolla:
fl. early sjjring.

V. m^jor, Large P., not quite hardy N., a variety with variegated leaves
is most cultivated, larger than the first species and leaves rounder, the lobes of
corolla obovate.

V. herbacea : not evergreen ; stems reclining and rooting ; leaves lance-
oblong, lobes of the more purple-blue corolla oblong-obovate : fl. late spring.

§ 2. Tropical erect, somewhat woody at base: flowers produced all the season.

V. r6sea, house and bedding plant from West Indies, with oblong-petioled
veiny leaves, and showy corolla with slender tube and very narrow oriiice, rose-
purple, or white, with or Avithout a pink eye.

6. APOCYNUM, DOGBANE (to which the name in Greek refers),
INDIAN HEMP, from the use made of the bark. El. summer. ^

A. androsaemifblium, Spreading D. Along thickets, mostly N. :
branches forking and widely spreading ; leaves ovate, petioled ; corolla open
bell-shaped with spreading lobes.

A. cann^binum, Common Indian Hemp. Gravelly or wet banks of
streams : branches more erect ; leaves oblong, lance-oblong, ovate, or slightly
heart-shaped ; flowers more crowded and erect ; lobes of the corolla little
spreading.

7. AMSONIA. (Named for a Mr. Charles Amson.) Low grounds chiefly
S. ; very leafy, 2° - 3° high, smooth or somewhat hairy, with rather small
flowers, in late spring.

A. Tabernsemont^na. Leaves varying from ovate or lance-ovate to
lanceolate, acute at each end, pale beneath.

A. eili^ta. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, the margins and mostly the
stems beset with some scattered bristles.

276 MILKWEED FAMILY.

88. ASCLEPIADACE^, MILKWEED FAMILY.

Plants with milky juice, leaves, pistils, fruits, and seeds nearly as
in the preceding family ; but the anthers more connected with the
stigma, their pollen collected into firm waxy or granular masses
(mostly 10), the short filaments (monadelphous except in the last
genus) commonly bear curious appendages behind the anthers form-
ing what is called a crown, and the corolla more commonly valvate
in the bud. The flowers are rather too difficult for the beginner
readily to understand throughout. For a particular study of them
the Manual must be used.

§ 1. Erect herbs, with ordinary foliage, and deeply h-paried reflexed calyx and
corolla. FUncers in simple umbels. Fruit a pair ofjnxls {follicles,) containing
numerous _p.at seeds furnished with a coma (Lessous, p. 135, fig. 317) or long
tuft of sifl down at one etid.

1. ASCLEPIAS. Stamens with their short filaments monadelphous in a ring or

tube, bearing behind each anther a curious erect and hood-like or ear-like
appendage, Avith a horn projecting out of the inside of it: the 5 broad anthers
closely surrounding and pai'tly adhering to the very thick stigma, a mem-
branous appendage at their tip inflected OA'er it. Each of the 2 cells of the
anther has a finn waxy pear-shaped pollen-mass in it: and the two adja-
cent masses from two contiguous anthers are suspended by a stalk from a
dark gland ; these 5 glands, bonie on the margin of the flat top of the stigma,
stick to the legs, &c. of insects, and are can*ied oft', each gland taking with it
2 pollen masses, the whole somewhat resembling a pair of saddle-bags.

2. ACLRATES. Like Asclepias, but no horn in the hoods or eai"-like appendages,

and the flowers always greenish.

§ 2. Tidnivg plants icith ordinary foliage ; pods and seeds nearly as in Asclepias.

* Anthers icith their hanging pollen-masses nearly as Asclepias : pods smooth and even.

3. ENSLENIA. Calyx and corolla 5-parted, the divisions lance-ovate and nearly

erect'. The 5 appendages of 'the filaments are in the form of membranaceous
leaflets, each bearing a pair of awns on their truncate tip. Herb.

4. VINCETOXICUM. Corolla 5-partcd, wl'.eel-sliaped. A flat and fleshy

5- 10-lobed disk or crown in place of the hoods of Asclepias. Herbs.

* * The 10 pollen-masses horizontal, fxed inp>airs to 5 glands of the stigma.
6. GONOLOBUS. Corolla wheel-shaped: a fleshy and wary-lobed ring or crown
in its throat.

* * * The 10 short pollen-masses fixed by their base in pairs to the 5 glands of the

stigma, and erect, iihrubby plants, of tropical regions.

6. HOYA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed, thick and wax-like in appearance.

Crown of 6 thick and depressed fleshy appendages radiating from the central
column.

7. STEPHANOTIS. Corolla salvei^shaped, the tube including the stamens,

crown, &c., in its somewhat swollen base, the 5 ovate lobes couA'olute in the
bud. Crown of 5 thin erect appendages. Stigma conical.
» * * * Anthers distinct, the 5 pollen-masses each composed if 4 small granular
masses united, and applied directly to the glands of the stigma witliout any stalk.
Shrubby twiners.

8. PERIPLOCA. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, the divisions hairy on the

upper face: alternate with them are 5 small thick scales, each bearing a
bristle-shaped appendage. Filaments distinct, bearing anthers of more ordi-
nary appearance than in the rest of this family. Stigma hemispherical.
Pods smooth.

§ 3. Fleshy loio plants, Cactus-like, ivith only small fleshy scales or teeth in place of
leaves, onihe angles of the thickened stems or branches.

9. STAPELIA. Flowers lar^e, lurid, solitary, lateral. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla

6-cleft, wheel-shaped: within is a crown formed of two rings of short appen- ^
dages or lobes. Masses of waxy pollen 10, erect.

MILKWEED FAMILY. 277

1. ASCLEPIAS, MILKWEED, SILKWEED. (The Greek name of

/Escidapias, father of medicine.) Flowering in summer. %

# F/oicers bright oram/e or red; pods smooth : leaves opposite, except in the first.

A. tuberdsa, Butterfly-Weed, PLEtiRiSY Kqot. Dry hills : milky
juice hardly any ; stems and mostly scattered linear or lance-oblong leaves
hairy ; flowers bright orange.

A. Curassavica. Wild far S., cult, from S. America, as a house and
bedding plant; nearly smooth; leaves lanceolate; umbels long-peduncled ;
corolla scarlet-red, the hoods orange.

A. paup^rcula. Wet barrens from N. Jersey S. : tall, smooth, with
long lance-liucar leaves, one or more few-flowered umbels raised on long
peduncle, and red corolla with bright orange hoods.

A. rtlbra. Low barrens from N. Jersey S. : smooth, with lance-ovate
gradually taper-pointed leaves, a few many-flowered umbels on a long naked
peduncle, and purple-red flowers.

* * Flowers pink or light rose-purple : leaves all opposite : pods smooth.

A. incarn^ta, Swamp Milkweed. Wet grounds, with very leafy
branching stems, lanceolate or lance-oblong acute leaves, often slightly heart-
shaped at the base ; smooth or smoothish, or in var. pulchra pubescent and
the leaves very short-petioled.

* * * Flowers dull purplish, greenish, or white.
•*- Steins branching, almost woody at base : leaves all opposite : pods smooth.

A. per^nnis. Low grounds S. : nearly smooth ; leaves lanceolate or lance-
ovate, slender-petioled ; flowers small, white ; seeds mostly without a tuft !

•*- •♦- Stem simple : leaver all opposite and closely sessile or clasping by a heart-
shaped base, the apex rounded or notchtd: plants smooth, pale or glaucous.

A. Obtusifolia. Sandy grounds, 2° -3° high, the ratlfer remote broadly
oblong leaves wavy ; umbel mostly solitary, long-peduncled ; flowers pretty
large, greenish-purplish.

A. araplexicaulis. Dry barrens S. : stems reclining, 1°- 2° high, very
leafy; leaves ovate-heart-sbaped ; umbels several, short-peduncled ; corolla ash-
colored, the hoods Avhite.

-*-■*- -^ Stem simple or nearly so, leafy to the top : leaves all opposite, ovate, oval,
or oblong, pretty large, short-petioled : umbels lateral and terminal : Jiowers
^' long or nearly so.

++ Pods beset with soft prickle-shaped or warty projections.

A. Cornuti, Common Milkweed of fields and low grounds N. : downy,
or the large pale leaves soon smooth above ; flowers dull greenish-purplish.

++ ++ Pods even, but usually minutely downy.

A. phjrtolaccoides, Poke -Milkweed. Moist grounds N. & W. ;
smooth or smoothish, 3° - .5° high ; leaves large, pointed or acute at both ends ;
umbels loose, the long pedicels ( 1' -3') equalling the peduncle ; corolla greenish,
but the more conspicuous hoods white.

A. purpurascens. Rich ground N. & W. : lo-3° high; leaves downy
beneath, smooth above, the upper taper-pointed ; pedicels of the rather loose
umbel sliorter than the peduncle ; corolla dark dull purple.

A. variegata. Dry grounds, commoner S. & W. : l°-20 high, nearly
smooth ; leaves oval or obovate, slightly wavy ; j)eduncle and crowded pedicels
short and downy ; corolla white, the hoods purplish.

•*-•*-■*-•*- Stems simple or rarely branched, slender: leaves most of them in whorls :
pods slender and smooth : fioivcrs small, white or ivhitish.

A. quadrifdlia, Fouu-leaved ]\L Rocky woods mostly N. : stems 1°
- 2^ high, nearly smooth, naked below, bearing about the middle one or two
whorls of 4 ovate or lance-ovate taper-pointed petiolcd leaves, and beneath or
above them usually a ]iair of smaller ones ; pedicels slender ; corolla mostly
tinged with pink, the hoods white.

278 MILKWEED FAMILY.

A. vertieill^ta, Whorled M. Dry ground, l°-20 high, smoothish ;
stems very leafy throughout ; leaves very narrow linear or thread-shaped, in
whorls of 3 - 6 ; flowers greenish-white.

2. ACERATES, GKEEN MILKWEED. (Name from the Greek, means
ivithout a horn, i. e. none to the hood-like appendages, in which it differs from
Asclepias.) Flowers green or greenish, in summer. ^

§ 1. Flowers in compact lateral umbels: corolla with oblong rcflexed divisions:
the hoods erect : jxkIs slender, sometimes downy, but with the surface even.

A. viridiflora. Dry sandy or gravelly soil : soft-downy or smoothish,
l°-2° high; leaves varying from oval to linear, mostly opposite; globular
umbels nearly sessile ; flowers short-pedicelled, nearly ^' long when open ;
hoods not elevated above the base of the corolla.

A. longifolia. Low barrens W. & S. : rather hairy or roughish, l°-3°
high, with very numerous mostly alternate linear leaves, flowers smaller and on
slender pedicels, the umbel peduncled, hoods elevated on a short ring of fila-
ments above the base of the corolla.

§ 2. Floivers in loose terminal and solitary or corymbed umbels : divisions of the
corolla bare'y spreadinr/, but the lar(/e hoods spreading and slipper-shaped :
pods thick, often with some sq/l tubercle-tike projections.

A. paniculata. Dry prairies and barrens from 111. S. & W. : smoothish,
1° high ; leaves alternate, oblong or lance-oblong; flowers 1' broad, green, the
hoods purplish.

3. ENSLENIA. (Named for A. Enslen, an Austrian traveller.) ^

E. ^Ibida. River-banks from Ohio S. & W. : climbing, 80-12° ; smooth,
with opposite heart-ovate long-petioled leaves, and small whitish flowers in
raceme-like clusters on axillary peduncles, all late summer.

4. VINCETOXICUM. {^amc is equixaicnt to Poison Periivinkle.) %
V. nigrum, from Eu. : a low-twining smooth weed, escaping from gardens

E. ; leaves ovate and lance-ovate ; flowers small, brown-purple, rather few in
axillary umbels, in summer.

6. GONOLOBUS. (Name in Greek means angled pod.) Ours are twin-
ing herbs, along river-banks, chiefly IS., with opposite heart-shaped petioled
leaves, and corymbs or umbels of dark or dull-colored small flowers, on pedun-
cles between the petioles, in summer. %

G. ISBvis. From Virg. to Illinois S. : smooth or only sparingly hairy, the
yellowish-green flowers and the longitudinally ribbed pods smooth.

G. obliquus. From Fcnn. S. : haiiy, somewhat clammy ; flowers mi-
nutely downy outside, long and narrow in the bud, dull crimson-purple within,
the straj)-sliaped or lanceolate divisions ;j' long ; pods ribless, warty.

G. hirsutus. From Virginia S. : differs from the last in its short-ovate
flower-buds, the oval or oblong divisions of corolla only about 4' long.

6. HOYA, WAX-PLANT. (Named for T. Hoy, an English florist.)

H. carndsa, a well-known house-plant from India ; with rooting stems,
thick and fleshy oval leaves, umbels of numerous flesh-colored or almost white
flowers, the upper surface of corolla clothed with minute papilla).

7. STEPHANOTIS. (Name from Greek for crown and ear, referring to

the appendages of the stamens.)

S. floriblinda, from Madagascar : a fine hot-house twiner, very smooth,
with opposite oval or oblong thiekish leaves, and lateral umbels of very showy
fragrant flowers, the pure white corolla 1^' in diameter, the tube 1' long.

OLIVE FAMILY. 279

8. PEBIPLOCA. (Name, a Greek word, implies that the plant twines.)
P. Graeca, of S. Eu., cult, as an ornamental twiner, hardy through the

Middle States : smooth, with opposite ovate mostly pointed leaves, on short
petioles, and lateral cymes of rather small flowers, the corolla greenish-yellow
with the upper face of the oblong lobes brownish-purple : in summer.

9. STAPELI A. (Named for a Dutch naturalist. Dr. Van Stapel. ) Strange-
looking llcshy plants of the Cape of Good Hope, cult, in conservatories along
with Cactuses. The commonest is «

S. hirsuta. Stems or branches G'-IO' high, with concave sides, pale and
obscurely downy ; liowcr 3' -4' in diameter, dull purple and yellowish with
darker transverse stripes, beset with purple very long hairs, and with denser
hairiness towards the centre, exhaling a most disgusting odor, not unlike that
of putrid meat.

89. OLEACE^, OLIVE FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, chiefly smooth, without milky juice, distinguished
among monopetalous plants with free ovary by the regular flowers
having stamens almost always 2, and always fewer than the 4 (some-
times 5 or more) divisions of the corolla, the ovary 2-celled and
(except in Jasminum and Forsythia) wi:h one pair of ovules in
each cell : style if any only one, rarely 2-cleft. A few are nearly
or quite polypetalous ; others apetalous.

§ 1. Calyx and coi'olla with 5-8 lobes A single erect ovule and seed in each cell.

1. JASMINUM. Corolla salver-shaped, the lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens

2, included in the tube. Ovary and the berry-Uke fruit 2-lobed, 2-seeded.

^ 2. Calyx and corolla with the parts in fours, or sometimes (in Fraxinus) one or
both wanting. Ovules hanging, usually a pair in each cell, many in No. 2.
Leaves opposite, except accidentally.

* Leaves simple : flowers perfect and complete.
+- Ovides and seeds numerous or several in each cell of the ovary and pod.

2. FORSYTHIA. Corolla golden yellow, bell-shaped, 4-lobed, the lobes con-

volute m the bud. The 2 stamens and style short. Pod ovate. Leaves
deciduous.

H- +- Ovules a pair in each cell, but the seeds often fevcer.

3. SYRINGA. Corolla salver-form, the lobes valvate in the bud, the tube much

longer than the 4-toothed calyx. Fruit a pod, 4-secded, flattened contrary
to the narrow partition, 2-valved, the valves almost condupHcate. Seeds
sH^htly wing-margined. Leaves deciduous.

4. LIGUS'IRUM. Corolla short funnel-form, with spreading ovate obtuse lobes,

valvate in the bud, white. Fruit a 1-4-seeded black beny. Leaves finn
and thickish, but deciduous.

5. OLEA. Corolla short, bell-shaped, or deeply cleft into 4 spreading lobes, white.

Fruit a drupe, the hard stone often becoming 1-celled and 1-seeded. Leaves
evergreen.

6. CHIONANTIIUS. Corolla Avhite, 4-parted, or of 4 very long and narrow linear

petals slightly or scarcely united at their base; to which tlie 2 (rarely 3 or
even 4 in cultivation) verv short stamens barelv adhere. Fruit a fleshy and
globular drupe, the stone becoming 1-celled and commonly 1-seeded. Leaves
deciduous.

# * Leaves pinnate : flowers polygamous or dioscious, in most species apetalous.

7. FRAXINUS. Calvx small, sometimes obsolete or wholly wanting. Petals 4,

2, or none. Anthers large. Fruit a simple samara or key (Lessons, p. 131,
fig. 300), usually becoming 1-ceIled and 1-seeded. Leavcs'deciduous.

280 OLIVE FAMILY.

1. JASMINUM, jessamine. (From the Arabic name.) Cultivated
for ornament, from the Old World, all tender and house-plants except at the
South. Flowers fragrant.

* Flowers ydlow : leaves commonly alternate and compound.

J. odoratissimum, Common Sweet Yellow J., from Madeira : smooth,
tAvining ; leaflets 3 or 5, ovate ; jjeduncles terminal, few-flowered.

J. revolutum, from Himalayas or China : not twining, has mostly 3-7
leaflets, and more numerous and fragrant flowers, 1^' Avide.
* * Flowers ivhite : leaves opfosite.

J, ofl3.cin^le, Commox White J., from the East, has striatc-angled
branches scarcely twining, about 7 oblong or lancc-OA-ate leaflets, a terminal
cyme of very fragrant flowers and calyx-teeth slender.

* J. grandiflbrum, from India, has 7 or 9 oval leaflets, the uppermost con-
fluent, larger and fewer flowers than the foregoing, reddish outside.

J. Az6ricum, from the Azores and Madeira : not twining, with 3 ovate or
heart-shaped leaflets, terminal cymes of very sweet-scented flowers, and very
short calyx-teeth.

J. Sambac, from Tropical India : scarcely climbing, pubescent ; leaves
simple, ovate, or heart-shaped ; flowers in small close clusters ; calyx-teeth
about 8, slender, the rounded lobes of the corolla as many ; flowers simple or
double, very fragrant, especially at evening.

2. FORSYTHIA. (Named for W. A. Forsyth, an English botanist.)
Ornamental shrubs, from China and Japan, with flowers from separate
lateral buds, preceding the serrate leaves, in early spring.

P. viridissima, a vigorous shrub, with strong and mostly erect yellowish-
green branches, covered in early spring with abundant showy yellow flowers,
followed by the deep green lance-oblong leaves.

F. SUSp^nsa, shrub with long and slender weak branches hanging, or some
of them creeping, to be treated as a climber ; flowers still earlier, but less pro-
fuse ; leaves thinner, duller, ovate.

3. SYRINGA, LILAC. (From Greek word for tube, alluding either to the
tubular corolla or to the twigs, used for pipe-stems.) Familiar ornamental
tall shrubs, from the Old World, with scaly buds in the axils of the leaves,
but hardly ever a terminal one (so that there is only a pair at the tip of a
branch), entire leaves on slender petioles, and crowded compound panicles or
thyrsus of mostly fragrant flowers, in spring.

S. vulgaris, Common L., from E. Europe or Persia : with ovate and more
or less heart-shaped leaves, and lobes of corolla moderately spreading ; fl. lilac
or pale violet, and a white variety.

S. P6rsica, Persian L. ; more slender, with lance-ovate leaves, and looser
clusters of lilac-purple or paler or sometimes white flowers, border of the corolla
flat when open.

4. LIGtJSTRUM, PRIVET or PHIM. (Classical Latin name.) Shrubs
of Old AVorld, planted for ornament, with short-petioled entire leaves and
panicles of small flowers, in early summer.

L. VUlg^re, Common P., of Europe, here planted for hedges, and running
wild E. ; leaves small, lance-ovate or lance-oblong.

L. Japonieum. Cult, from Japan, not hardy N. : has long and widely
spreading branches, larger ovate leaves, and larger flowers in ample panicles.

5. OLE A, OLIVE. (The classical Latin name.) Flowers small, and in
small panicles or corymbs, in spring.

O. Europsea, Olive of the Levant, sometimes planted far S. : tree with
lanceolate or iancc-oblong pale entire leaves, whitish-scurfy beneath, and oblong
edible oily fniit.

OLIVE FAMILY. 281

O. Americana, Devil-wood. Wild alon^^ the coast from Virginia S. :
small tree, with lance-oblong and entire very smooth green leaves (3' -6' long),
and spherical fruit.

O. fragrans, or OsmAnthus fragrans, of Japan and China (differing
from Olive genus in the almost 4-parted corolla and 2-parted style), cult, in
green-houses for the exquisite fragrance of its very small flowers ; the leaves
oblong or oval, sharply serrate, bright green, very smooth.

6. CHIOWANTHUS, Fringe-Tree. (Name of the Greek words for
snoiv and blossom, from the very light and loose panicles of drooping snow-
white flowers.)

C. Virginica, Common F. River-banks from Penn. S., and planted for
ornament : shrub or low tree, Avith entire oval or obovate leaves (3' -5' long),
the lower surface often rather downy, loose panicles of flowers in late spring or
early summer, petals 1' long, and fruit blue-purple with a bloom.

7. FRAXINUS, ASH. (Classical Latin name.) Timber-trees, with light
and tough wood, dark-colored buds, and small insignificant flowers appearing
in spring with or rather before the leaves of the season, from separate buds in
the axils of the leaves of the preceding year.

§ 1. European Ashes, planted as shade trees, <Jr. : Jlowers polygamous.

F. drnus, Flowering Ash, of S. Europe, the tree which furnishes manna,
not hardy N., sometimes planted S. : this and a species like it in California have
4 petals, cither distinct or slightly united, or sometimes only 2, narrow, green-
ish ; leaflets 5-9, lanceolate or oblong, small.

F. excelsior, English or European Ash. Hardy fine tree, with bright
green lance-ob!ong leaflets nearly sessile and serrate ; petals none and calyx
hardly any ; fruit flat, linear-oblong. The Weeping Ash is a variety or sport
of this.

§ 2. American Ashes, all destitute of petals, and dioecious or mostly so.

* Fruit terete at the base, winged from the other aid: calyx nwiule, persistent :

leaflets 7-9, or sometimes 5, stalked, either sparingly toothed or entire.

F. Americana, White Ash. Large forest tree of low grounds, furnish-
ing valuable timber ; with ash-gray bi'anches, smooth stalks, ovate or lance-
oblong pointed leaflets either pale or downy beneath ; and rather short fruit
with a terete marginless body and a lanceolate or wedge-linear wing.

F. pubescens, Red Ash. Common E. & S. ; known by its velvety-

Eubescent young shoots and leafstalks, and fruit Avith its flattish Vedgcd seed-
earing body acute at the base, the edges gradually dilated into the lance-linear
or oblanceolatc wing.

F. viridis, Green Ash. Like the last, into which it seems to pass, but
is smooth, with leaves bright green on both sides : a smaller tree, most common
W. &S.

* * Fruit flat and ivinged all round : ^leaflets mostly green both sides and serrate.

F. sarabucif61ia, Black Ash. 8mall tree in swamps, N. & N. W.,
with tough wood separable in layers, used for hoops and coarse baskets ; the
bruised leaves with the scent of Elder : smooth; leaflets 7 - 11 , sessile on the
main stalk, oblong-lanceolate tapering to a point ; calyx none, at lea^t in the
fertile flowers ; fruits linear-oblong.

F. quadrangul^ta, Blue Ash. Large forest tree W., yielding valuable
wood ; with square branchlets, 5-9 ovate veiny leaflets on short stalks, and
narrowly oblong fruits.

F. piatycarpa, Carolina Water-Ash. River swamps S : small tree,
with terete branchlets, 5-7 ovate or oWong short-stalked leaflets acute at both
ends, and broadly winged (sometimes 3-winged) fruits, oblong with a tapering
base.

S&F— 23

282 BIRTPIWORT FAMILT.

III. APETALOUS DIVISION. Includes the orders with
flowers destitute of corolla ; some are destitute of calyx also.

90. ARISTOLOCHICAE^, BIRTHWORT FAMILY.

Known from all other apetalous orders by the numerous ovules
and seeds in a 6-celled ovary, to which the lower part of the calyx
is adherent, the latter mostly 3-lobed, the stamens genei-ally G or
12. Anthers adnate and turned outwards. Calyx dull-colored,
valvate in the bud. Leaves petioled, usually heart-shaped, not
serrate. Flowers solitary, perfect, commonly large. Bitter, tonic
Of stimulant, sometimes aromatic plants.

1. ASARUM. Low stemless herbs, with one or two leaves on long petioles, and a

flower at the end of a creeping aromatic rootstock, tlie flowers therefore
close to the ground. Calyx regular, with 3 equal lobes. Stamens 12, dis-
tinct, borne on the apex of the ovary or the base of the stout style, usually
pointed beyond the anther. Seeds large, thickish, in a rather fleshy and
u'rcgularly bursting pod.

2. AKIS fOLO'CHIA. Leafy-stemmed herbs or woody twiners. Calyx tubular

variously irregular, often curved. Filaments nonc^ anthers adherent directly
and by their whole inner face to the outside of the 3 - G-lobed stigma. Seeds
very flat, in a dry 6-valved pod.

L ASARUM, ASARABACCA, WILD GINGER. (Ancient name, of
obscure derivation.) On hillsides in rich woods : fl. sjmng. 11
§ 1. Filaments slender, much longer than the short anthers: style 1, thick, hearing
6 thick stigmas : leaves a single pair with a peduncle between them.

A. Canad6nse, Canada Wild Ginger, sometimes called Snakeroot.
Common N. : soft-pubescent ; leaves broadly heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, not
evergreen ; calyx bell-shaped but cleft down to the adherent ovary, brown-
purple inside, the abruptly sj)rcading lobes pointed.

§2. Filaments short or almost none: anthers oblong -linear : styles 6j.each 2-cleft,
bearing the stigma below the cleft : leaves thick and evergreen, smooth, ojlen
mottled, usually only one each year : rootstocks in a close cluster.

A. VirginieurQj Virginia W. Along the Alleghanies S. : leaves small,
rounded heart-shaped ; calyx tubular-bcU-shaped with a somewhat narrowed
throat and broad short lobes, the base coherent only with base of the ovary.

A. arifdliura, from Virginia S , has larger somewhat halberd-shaped
leaves, and very short and blunt lobes to the calyx.

2. ARISTOLOCHIA, BIRTHWORT. (Ancient name, from medicinal
properties.) Cells of the anthers in our species 4 in a liorizontal row under
each of the 3 lobes of the stigma, i. e. two contiguous 2-celled anthers in each
set, or 6 in all. Flowers in and above the axils.

A. Serpentiiria, Virginia Snakeuoot (used in medicine). Rich woods,
chiefly in Middle States and S. : low downy herb ; stems clustered about 1°
high ; leaves ovate or oblong and heart-shaped, sometimes halberd-form, acute ;
flowers all next the root, curved hke the letter S, contracted in the middle and
at the throat, in summer. 2/

A. Sipho, Pipe- Vine, Dutchman's Pipe (from the shape of the curved
calyx). Rich woods from Penn. along the mountains S. and planted for arbors ;
very tall-climbing woody twiner, smooth, but the rounded heart-shaped leaves
often downy beneath, these becoming 8' -12' broad ; peduncles with a clasping
bract, di'ooping ; calyx Ij' long, inflated above the ovary, narrowing above,
contracted at tlie throat, the flat border brown-purple and obscurely 3-lobed :
fl. late spring.

A. tomentosa. Common S. : a more slender woody climber, with smaller
rounder and very veiny downy leaves, and yellowish flower with an oblique
almost closed brownish orifice, the border reflexed : fl. late spring or summer.

four-o'clock family. ?83

91. NYCTAGINACE^, FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.

Represented by a few plants with tubular or funnel-forra calyx
colored like a corolla, and falling away from a persistent lower
portion which closes completely over the 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary
and seed-like fruit, forming a hard and dry covering which would
be mistaken for a true pericarp. Stamens 2-5, the long slender
filaments hypogynous, but apt to adhere somewhat to the sides of
the calyx-tube above. Embryo coiled around some mealy albumen.
(Lessons, p. 15, fig. 36, 37.) Ours are herbs, with opposite simple
entire or wavy leaves, and jointed stems, tunid at the joints.

1. ABRONIA. Flowers small, many in a peduncled nmbel-like head surrounded

by an involucre of about 5 separate bracts. Calyx salver-shaped with a
slender tube, and a corolla-like 5-lobed border, which is plaited in the bud,
the lobes generally notched at the end. Stamens 5 and style included.

2. OXYBAPHUS. Flowers small, a few together surrounded by a 5-lobed invo-

lucre, which enlarges and becomes thin, membranaceous, reticulated, and
wheel-shaped after flowering. Calyx with a very short tube constricted
above the ovary, expanding into a 'bell-shaped 5-lobed corolla-like border,
open only for a day. Stamens (mostly 3) and slender style pi'otruding.
Fruit (persistent bo^se of calyx) akene-like, strongly-ribbed.

3. MIRABILIS. Flower large, in the common species only a single one in the

cup-shaped 5-cleft green involucre, which thus exactly imitates a calyx, as
the tubular funnel-shaped or almost salver-shaped delicate calyx does a
corolla. Stamens 5, and especially the style (tipped with a shield-shaped
stigma) protinided. Fruit ovoid, smooth and nearly even.

1. ABRONIA. (Name from Greek word meaning delicate.) Western
North American herbs, cultivated for ornament : fl all summer. ^

A. Uinbellata, from coast of California, has prostrate slender stems, ovate-
ohlont? slender petioled leaves, and rose-purple flowers open by day, the invo-
lucre of small bracts.

A. fr^grans, from Rocky Mountains, hardy N., has ascending branching
stems, lance-ovate leaves, and white sweet-scented flowers opening at sunset;
the involucre of conspicuous ovate scarious and whitish bracts.

2. OXYBAPHUS. (Name from a Greek word for a vinegar-saucer, from
the shape of the involucre.) If. Several species on Western plains : fl. rose-
purple, all summer.

O. nyctagineUS. Rocky or gravelly soil from Wisconsin W. & S. :
smooth or smoothish ; leaves petioled, varying from ovate to lanceolate, obtuse
or heart-shaped at base.

O. ^Ibidus. From North Carolina S. : often hairy above ; leaves sessile
or nearly so, acute at base, lanceolate or oblong ; fruit more hairy.

3. MIRABILIS, FOUR-O'CLOCK or MARVEL-OF-PERU. (Clu-
sius called it Adiniral>i/is, which Linnteus shortened.) Natives of warm parts
of America : roots very large and fleshy ; leaves more or less heart-shaped,
the lower petioled ; flowers mostly clustered, showy, opening towards sunset
or in cloudy weather, produced all summer. '^

M. Jal^pa. Cult, for ornament in many varieties as to flower (red, yellow,
white, or variegated), its tube only 2' long and thickish, stamens shorter than
its sj)rcading border ; whole plant nearly smooth.

M. longiflbra. Less common in cult. ; tube of the sweet-scented flower
6' long and clammy-hairy (as well as the upper leaves) ; stamens shorter than
its spreading white border.

M. Wrighti^na. Texas and cult. : more slender than the last, nearly
smooth, tube of the smaller and more slender fointly fragrant flower 4' long,
the border white tinged with rose ; stamens and style much protruding.

284 ' GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.

92. PHYTOLACCACE^, POKEWEED FAMILY.

A small family, represented here only by a single species of the
principal genus,

1. PHYTOLACCA, POKE or POKEWEED. (A mongrel name, of

the Greek word for plant prefixed to the French lac, lake, alluding? to the

crimson coloring-matter of the berries.) Calyx of .5 rounded petal-like white

sepals. Stamens 5-30. Ovary of several ccll^ and lobes, bearing as many

short styles, in fruit a depressed juicy berry, containing a ring of vertical

seeds ; these formed on the plan of those of the next family. 21

P. dee^ndra, Common P. or Score, Garget, &c. Coarse smooth

weed of low grounds, with large acrid-poisonous root, stout stems 6° -9° high,

alternate ovate-oblong leaves on long petioles, and racemes becoming lateral

opposite a leaf, in summer, ripening the dark crimson purple berries in autumn ;

stamens, styles, and seeds 10.

93. CHENOPODIACE^, GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.

Represented chiefly by homely herbs, with inconspicuous green-
ish flowers i the l-celled ovary has a single ovule and ripens into
an akene or utricle, containing a single seed, usually with embryo
coiled more or less around mealy albumen. Leaves chiefly alter-
nate. Plants neither attractive nor easy to students ; only the
cultivated plants and commonest weeds here given.

^ 1. Cultivated for ornament, twining plant, with white flowers : calyx corolla-like.

1. BOUSSINGAULTIA. Flowers in slender spikes from the axils of the leaves,

perfect. Calyx 6-paried, spreading, and with one or two exterior sepals or
bracts. Stamens 6. Avith slender filaments. Style slender: stigmas 3, club-
shaped. Fruit a thin akene, pointed with the persistent style.

^ 2. Cultivated for food, Jrom Eu. : flmcers greenish, as is usual in the family.

2. BETA. Flowers perfect, clustered, with 3 bracts and a 5-cleft calyx becoming

indurated in fruit, enclosing the hard akene, the bases of the two coherent.
Stamens 5. Style short: stigmas mostly 2. Seed horizontal.

3. SPINACIA. Flowers dioecious, in axillaiy close clusters; the staminate ones

racemed or spiked, consisting of a 4-5-lobed calyx and as many stamens.
Pistillate flowers with a tubular calyx which is 2-3-toothed at the apex and
2-3-horned on the sides, hardening and enclosing the akene. Styles 4.
Seed vertical.

§ 3. Weeds of cultivation, or of roadsides, fields, ^c. Fhicers perfect, bractless.

4. BLITUM. Flowers in close axillary clusters or heads, which are sometimes

confluent into inteiTupted spikes. Calyx 2-5-parted, becoming fleshy or
berry-like in fruit in the genuine species. Stamens 1-5. Styles or stigmas
2. Seed vertical in the calyx.

5. CHENOPODIUM. Flowers in small clusters collected in spiked or sometimes

open panicles. Calyx mostly 5-cleft, not succulent in fruit. Ovary and
utricle depressed. (Lessons, p. 130, fig. 297.) Styles 2, rarely 3. Seed
horizontal, or in a few species occasionally vertical.

The following also are common species along the coast or near salt-water : —

Atriplex p^tula, and one or two other species of Orach b: most like
Spinacia, but scurfy or mealy.

Salicornia herbaeea, and tAvo other species of Glassavort : low, leaf-
less, fleshy, jointed, branching plants, with the flowers sunken in the fleshy
spikes.

Suasda maritima, Sea Elite : with branching stems, and small flowers
in the axils of linear nearly terete fleshy leaves.

S^sola Kali, Saltwort : bushy-branching annual, with awl-shaped

GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 285

prickly pointed leaves, and flesh-colored horizontal wings on the back of the
fruiting calyx, making a circular broad border.

1. BOUSSINGAXJLTIA. (Named for the traveller and agricultural

chemist, IJoussingault.)

B. baselloides, of South America : high twining plant, in cultivation her-
baceous, from oblong tubers resembling small potatoes : smooth, with some-
Avhat heart-shaped succulent leaves, and slender racemes of deliciously fragrant
small flowers in autumn. ^

2. BETA, BEET. (Latin name.) One species in cuhivation, viz. : —

B. vulg^is, CoMMOx Bekt, from S. Eu. : cult in many varieties, with
ovatc-oblong smooth often wavy-margined leaves, sometimes purple-tinged ;
flower-clusters spiked ; root conical or spindle-shaped. Mangel Wurtzel or
Scarcity-Root is a mere variety, the root used for feeding cattle. (2)

«

3. SPINACIA, SPINACH. (Name from Latin for spine or thorn; prob-
ably from the horns or projections on the fruiting-calyx which become rather
spiny in one variety. )

S. oler^eea, CoMMon Spinach, cult, from the Orient, as a pot-herb ; the
soft-fleshy leaves triangular or ovate and petioled. (I) (2)

4. BLITUM, ELITE. (Ancient Greek and Latin name of some pot-herb
or of the Amaranth.) El. summer.

B. capit^tum, Strawberry Elite, the flower-heads as the fruit matures
becoming bright red and juicy, like strawberries ; leaves triangular and halberd-
shaped, wavy-toothed, smooth and bright green. Dry banks, margins of woods,
&c. N., sometimes in gardens. @ (i)

B. Bonus-Henrieus,' Good-King-Henry, cult, in some old gardens, is
between a Elite and a Goosefoot, being slightly mealy, as in the latter, and the
calyx not fleshy nor fully enclosing the fruit, but the seed is vertical ; leaves
triangular and partly halberd-shaped ; flower-clusters crowded in an interrupted
terminal spike. ^

5. CHENOPODIUM, GOOSEFOOT (which the name denotes in
Greek), PIGWEED, &c. Weeds : 11. late summer and autumn.

§ 1. Either smooth or with scurf 1/ mealiness, insipid, never hair?/ nor aromatic. ®

C. Alburn, White G. or Lajib's-Quarters; the commonest species in all
cult, grouiul : pale, more or less mealy, with leaves varying from rhombic-ovate
to lanceolate, either anglcd-toothed or entire, and flower-clusters in dense pani-
cled spikes. Var. EosciXnum, Avild in shady ])laces, mostly S., has loose
branches, obscure mealiness, and smaller loosely clustered flowers.

C. Tirbicum, in waste grounds, is dull green, scarcely mealy, the triangular
leaves coarsely and sharply many-toothed, flower-clusters in dense panicled
spikes, and seed with I'ounded margins.

C. hybridum, Maple-leaved G. Waste grounds, unpleasantly scented
like Stramonium, bright green throughout; the widely branching stem 2° -4°
high ; the thin large leaves triangular and heart-shaped, sinuate and angled, the
angles extended into a few taper-pointed coarse teeth ; racemes in loose and
leafless panicles ; seed sharp-edged.

§ 2. Not meali/ or scurfi/, but miniUeli/ glandular or pubescent, aromatic-scented:
the seed sometimes vertical. 0 ©

C. Bbtrys, Jerusalem Oak or Feather Geranium. Gardens and
some roadsides : low, spreading, almost clammy-pubescent, sweet-scented ;
leaves sinuatc-iinnatiiid, slender-petiolcd ; racemes loosely corymbed.

C. ambrosioides, Mexican Tea, Wormseed. Waste grounds, especi-
ally S. : rather stout, smoothish, strong-scented ; leaves oblong or lanceolate,
vaiwing from entire to cut-i)innatitid, nearly sessile ; spikes dense, leafy or leaf-
less. This, especially the more cut-leaved var. ANTiiELMfxTicuM, is used as a
vermifuge, and yields the wormseed-oil.

286 AMARANTH FAMILY.

94. AMARANTACE-aS, AMARANTH FAMILY.

Weeds and some ornamental plants, chieflj herbs, essentially like
the foregoing family, but the flowers provided with dry and mostly
scarious crowded persistent bracts, and the fruit sometimes several-
seeded. The cultivated sorts are ornamental, like Immortelles, on
account of their colored dry bracts which do not wither.

^ 1. Leaves alternate^ mostly long-petioled : anthers 2-ceUed.

1. AMARANTHS. Flowers monoecious or polygamous, each with 3 bracts.

Calyx of 5, or sometimes 3, equal erect sepals, smooth. Stamens 5, some-
times 2 or 3. Stigmas 2 or 3. Ovule solitary, on a stalk from the base of the
ovary. Fruit an utricle, 2-3-pointed at apex, usually ojjening all round
transversely, the upper part falling ofl[' as a lid (Lessons, p. 130, fig. 298),
discharging the seed. Flowers in axillary or terminal spiked clusters.

2. CELOSIA. Flowers perfect. Ovules and seeds numerous. Otherwise nearly

as Amarantus, but the crowded spikes imbricated with shining coloreci
bracts. In cultivation the spikes are often changed into broad crests.
§ 2. Leaves opposite : anthers 1-celled.
8. GOMPHRENA. Flowers perfect, chieflj' in terminal round heads, crowded
with the firm colored bracts. Calyx 5-parted or of 5 sepals. Stamens 5,
monadelphous below: filaments broad, 3-cleft at summit, the middle lobe
bearing a 1-celled anther (Lessons, p. 114, fig. 239). Utricle 1-seeded.

Achyr^nthes or Ireslne Verschaflf^ltii is lately cult, for its red
foliage, a poor substitute for Coleus, except in shade, where it has clear red
stems, its ovate or roundish opposite leaves strongly veined or blotched with red,
or wholly crimson.

Iresine celosioides, a wild tall weed, with opposite leaves, and panicles
of small wliitc-woolly fiuwcrs, is common S. W.

Acnlda cannabina, in salt-marshes along the coast, is a tall annual, like
an Amaranth, but diwcious, bracts inconspicuous, and the fleshy indchiscent
fruit 3 - 5-angled and crested.

1. AMARANTUS, AMARANTH. {Yvom Greek for unfading.) Coarse
weeds of cult, and waste grounds, and one or two cultivated for ornament :
fl. late summer. Bracts commonly awn-pointed. 0

§ 1. Red Amaranths, the Jlower -clusters or the leaves tinged ivith red or purple.

A. caud^tus, Princes' Feather. Cult, from India : tall, stout ; leaves
ovate, bright green ; spikes red, naked, long and slender, in a drooping panicle,
the terminal one forming a very long tail.

A. hypochondriacus. ' Cult, from Mexico, &c. : stout ; leaves oblong,
often reddish-tinged ; flower-clusters deep crimson-purple, sliort and thick, the
upper making an interrupted blunt spike.

A. panicul^tUS. Coarse weed in gardens : the oblong-ovate or lance-
oblong leaves often blotched or veined with purple ; flowers in rather slender
purplish-tinged spikes collected in an erect terminal panicle.

A. inelancll61icus, Love-lies-Bleeding. Cult, from China or India:
rather Ioav ; stems and stalks red ; the ovate thin leaves dark purple or partly
green ; or, in var. tricolor, greenish with red or violet and yelloAv variously
mixed ; sepals and stamens only 3.

§ 2. Green Amaranths, or Pigweeds, flowers and leaves green or greenish.

A. retrofl^XUS, Common Pigweed : erect, roughish-pubcscent or smooth-
er ; spikes crowded in a stifl" panicle, the awn-pointed bracts rigid.

A. spinbsus, Thorny A. Waste ground, chiefly S. : dull green leaves
with a pair of spines in their axils ; flowers small, yellowish-green, in round
axillary clusters and in a long terminal spike.

A. 4lbus. Roadsides and streets, spreading over the ground ; with obovate
and spatulate leaves, flowers all in small clusters in their axils and covered by
rigid sharp-pointed bracts ; sepals 3 ; stamens 2 or 3.

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 287

2. CELOSIA, COCKSCOMB. (Name in Greek means dried, alluding to

the scarious bracts.) Fl» summer. ®

C. erist^ta, Common C. of the gardens, from India, in various usually
monstrous forms, the showy flower-crests crimson-red, sometimes rose-colored,
yellow, or white.

8. GOMPHRENA. (Ancient name of an Amaranth.) Fl. summer,

G. globdsa, Globe Amaranth or Bachelor's-Button. Cult, from
India : low, branching, pubescent, with oblong nearly sessile leaves, and dense
round heads crimson, rose-color, or white.

95. POLYGONACEiE, BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.

Known by the alternate entire leaves having stipules in the form
of scarious or membranous sheaths at the strongly marked usually
tumid joints of the stem. Flowers mostly perfect, on jointed pedi-
cels, with green or colored 4-6-parted usually persistent or wither-
ing calyx, 4-9 stamens on its base, 2 or 3 stigmas, 1-celled ovary
with a single ovule rising from its base (Lessons, p. 122, fig. 268),
forming an akene or nutlet. Embryo mostly on the outside of
mealy albumen, the radicle pointing to the apex of the fruit.

Eriogonum differs in having no obvious stipules, and the
flowers from a cup-shaped involucre. There are a few species
of the genus S. and S. W., and many near and beyond the Rocky
Mountains.

§ 1. Calyx of 5, rarely 4, more oi' less petal-like similar sepals^ erect after flowering.

1. POLYGONUM. Flowers in racemes, spikes, or else in the axils of the leaves.

Akene either lenticular when there are 2 stigmas, or triangular when there
are 3. Embiyo curved round one side of the albumen: cotyledons narrow.

2. FAGOPYRUM. Differs from one section of Polygonum mainly in having an

embryo in the centre of the albumen, which is divided into 2 parts by the
very broad leaf-like cotyledons. The triangular akene longer than the calyx.

§ 2. Calyx of 6 sepals often of two sorts : styles 3.

3. RHEUM. Sepals all similar, petal-like, withering-persistent underneath the

3-winged fruit. Stigmas capitate or wedge-shaped. Stamens 9.

4. RUMEX. Sepals of 2 sorts; the 3 outer ones herbaceous and at length spread-

ing; the alternate inner 3 larger, somewhat colored, enlarging after flowering,
becoming veiny and dry, often bearing a grain-like tubercle on the back, and
convergent over the 3-angled akene. Stigmas a hairy tuft. Stamens 6.

I. POLYGONUM, KNOT WEED, JOINTWEED. (The name in Greek
means manij-jointed. ) Chiefly Aveeds ; some with rather showy flowers ; the
following are the commonest : fl. late summer and^ autumn.

§ 1. Flowers along the stem, nearlxf sessile in the axils of the almoit sessile linear or
oblong leaves, small, greenish-white : sheaths scai'ious, usually cleft or torn
and fringed. (T)

P. avioul^re, Kvot-grass, Goose-grass, or Doorweed. Prostrate
or spreading and variable low weed, with ])ale lanceolate or oblong leaves,
commonly 5 stamens, and dull 3-sided akene enclosed in the calyx. Yar.
ERECTUM, has more upright stems, and larger oblong or oval leaves.

P. ramosissimum. Chiefly W. in sandy soil : with nearly erect much-
branched and rigid striate stems 2° -4° high ; lanceolate or linear leaves taper-
ing into a ])etiole, and a glossy akene ; sepals 6 and stamens 6 or 3, or else
sepals 5 with 4 or 5 stamens.

288 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.

P. t6nue. Rocky dry soil : slender, upright, with thread-like branches,
along which the upper flowers form a loose leafy spike ; leaves narrow linear,
acute ; akene shining^

§ 2. Flowers collected in terminal spUces or spike-like racemes, rose-purple or flesh-
color, or rarely white or greenish.

* Leaves small and thread-like or at lengih none : the sheaths truncate, naked, rigid:

many-jointed raceme with a single flower under each bract.
P. articuld-tum. Sandy shores and barrens : a slender little plant, bushy-
branching, 4' -12' high; flowers rose-colored, nodding; stamens 8; akene
triangular, (i)

* * Leaves ovate, sJiort-petioled : sheaths cylindrical, f ringed-hairy : greenish

flowers 1 - 3 from each bract of the long and slender spikes, unequally 4-
parted ; the 2 styles reflexed on the lenticular akene and hooked at the tip.
P. Virgini^num. Thickets : 20-40 high, nearly smooth ; leaves rough-
ciliate, 3' - 6' long ; flower somewhat curved ; stamens 5. 21

* * * Leaves lanceolate, oblong, or ovate, chiefly petioled : sheaths cylindrical:

flowers several from each bract of the spike, b-parted.
•»- Sheaths mostly with an abruptly spreading foliaceous border {ivhich sometimes
falls ojf) : tall, 30 - 80 high, with dense cylindrical nodding spikes of rose-
colored flowers, apdflat akeJies.

P. orient^e, Princes' Feather. Gardens and cultivated grounds, from
India : with large ovate pointed leaves, and 7 stamens.

P. C^reyi. Swam])s from Pennsylvania N. & E. : with lanceolate leaves,
glandular bristly peduncles, and 5 stamens.

"<- "»- Sheaths truncate, without a border.

++ Herbage and flowers not acrid nor punctate with pellucid c/lands or dots.

= In moist soil : leaves lanceolate : plants nearly smooth. ®

P. incarn^tum. Tall, 30- go high; leaves tapering from near the base
to a narrow ])oint (4' -12' long) ; sheaths smooth and naked ; peduncles rough
with scattered sessile glands ; spikes linear, nodding ; flowers flesh-color or pale
rose ; the 6 stamens and 2 styles included ; akene flat with concave sides.

P. Pennsylvanicum/ Stems 10-30 high, the branches above and pe-
duncles bristly with stalked glands ; sheaths naked ; spikes oblong, thick and
blunt, erect ; flowers rose-purple ; stamens 8, a little protruding ; style 2-cleit ;
akene with flat sides.

P. Persicaria, Lady's Thumb. Nat. from Eu. near dAvellings, about
10 high: upper face of leaves with a dark blotch near the middle; sheaths
somewhat bristly-ciliate ; spikes oblong, dense, erect, on naked peduncles ;
flowers greenish-purple ; stamens mostly 6 ; style 2 - 3-cleft ; akene either
flattish or triangular.

= = In water : stems rooting below. 2J.

P. amphibium. Water p. Chiefly N. : stems often simple bearing a
single ovate or oblong dense spike or head of pretty large and showy i-ose-red
flowers ; leaves oblong, heart-oblong, lance-ovate or lanceolate, mostly long-
petioled, often floating ; sheaths not fringed ; stamens 5 ; style 2-clcft.

P. hydropiperoides. Commonest S. : stems slender, rising out of
shallow Avatcr IO-30 high ; leaves narrowly lanceolate or lance-oblong ; sheaths
hairy and fringed with long bristles ; spikes erect, slender ; flowers small, pale
or white ; stamens 8 ; style 3-cleft ; akene sharply triangular.

++ •*-*■ Herbage (smooth) pungently acrid : leai:es and pale sepals marked with
pellucid dots cr glands, in which the acrid quality resides : sheaths fringed
ivith bristles.
P. ^cre, Water Smartweed. Shallow water or wet soil : stems rooting
at the decumbent base, rising 2° -40 high; leaves lanceolate or linear, taper-
pointed ; spikes slender, erect ; flowers whitish or pale flesh-color ; stamens 8 ;
akene sharply triangular, shining. 21

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 289

P. Hydrdpiper, Commox S. or Water 'Pepper. Low or wet grounds

N. : l°-2° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate; spikes nodding, mostly short;
flowers greenish-white ; stamens 6 ; akene either flat or obtusely triangular. 0

* * * * Leaves heart-shaped or arrow-shaped, petiokd : sheaths half-cylindrical.
•*- Tear-thumb. Stems with spreading branches, the angles and petio'es armed

with sharp reflexed prickles, bij which the plant is enabled almost to climb :
/lowers in peduncled heads or short racemes, white orjlesh-color. (T)

P. arifdlium. Low grounds : leaves halberd-shaped, long-petioled ; the
peduncles glandular-bristly ; stamens 6 ; styles 2 ; akene lenticular.

P. sagitt^tum. Low grounds : leaves arrow-shaped, short-petioled ; the
peduncles naked ; stamens mostly 8 ; styles 3 ; akene sharply 5-angled.

•♦- •*- Black Bixdw^eed. Stems twining, not prickly : flowers whitish, in loose
panicled racemes : three outermost of the 5 divisions of the calyx keeled or
crested, at least in fruit : stamens 8 : styles 3 : akenes triangular.

P. Conv61vulus. Low twining or spreading weed from Eu., in culti-
vated fields, &c. : smoothish, with heart-shaped and almost halberd-shaped
leaves, and very small flowers. (T)

P. cilinbde. Rocky shady places : tall-twining, rather downy, a ring of
reflexed bristles at the joints ; leaves angled-heart-shaped ; outer sepals hardly
keeled. %

P. duinet6rum, Cumbixg False Buckwheat. Moist thickets : tall-
twining, smooth ; joints naked ; leaves heart-shaped or approaching halberd-
shaped ; panicles leafy ; outer sepals strongly keeled and in fruit irregularly
winged. %

2. PAGOPYRUM, BUCKWHEAT. (The botanical name, from the
Greek, and the popular name, from the German, both denote Deech-ivheat, the
grain resembling a diminutive beech-nut.) Cult, from N. Asia, for the flour
of its grain : fl. summer. ®

P. eseulentum, Common B. Nearly smooth ; leaves triangular-heart-
shaped inclining to halberd-shaped or arrow-shaped, on long-petioles*; sheaths
half-cylindrical ; flowers white or nearly so in corymbose panicles ; stamens 8,
with as many honey-bearing glands interposed ; styles 3 ; acutely triangular
akene large.

P. tart^ricum, Tartary or Indian Wheat. Cult, for flour on our
N. E. frontiers and N. : like the other, but flowers smaller and tinged with
yellowish ; grain half the size, with its less acute angles wavy.

3. RHEUM, RHUBARB. (Name said to come from the Greek, and to
refer to the purgative ])roperties of the root ; that of several species, of N.
Asia, yield oflieinal rhubirb.) %

R. Rhaponticura, Garden R. or Pie-plant ; the large fleshy stalks of
the ample rounded leaves, filled with pleasantly acid juice, cooked in spring as
a substitute for fruit ; flowers white, in late spring.

4. RUMEX, DOCK, SORREL. (Old Latin name.) The three enlarged
sepals which cover the fruit are called valves. Flowers greenish, in whorls
on the branches, forming panicled i-acemes or interrupted spikes.

§ 1. Dock. Herbage bitter: flowers perfect or partly monoecious, in summer.

* In marshes : stem erect, stout : leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, flat, not wavy :

valves entire or obscurely wavy-toothed in the first species. ^

R. orbicul^tus, Great Water Dock. Common N. : 50-0° high;
leaves often l°-2° long; flowers nodding on slender pedicels; the valves
round-ovate or almost orbicular, thin, finely reticulated, nearly ^' wide, each
bearing a grain.

R. Britannica, Pale D. Commoner S. • 2° -6° high ; pedicels nodding,
shorter than the fruiting calyx, which has broadly ovate loosely reticulated
valves, one with a large grain, the others commonly naked ; root yellow.
19

290 LAUREL FAMILY.

R. salicif61ius, White D. Salt marshes : lo-3° hi^h ; pedicels much
shorter thaii the fruiting calyx and in much-crowded whorls, forming a spike ;
valves more triangular than in the foregoing and smaller, their grain very
large ; root white.

R. vertieillatus, Swamp D, Common N. : 3° -5° high; whorls loose ;
fruit-bearing pedicels slender and club-shaped, abruptly reflexed ; valves some-
what rhombic and with narrow blunt apex, each bearing a very large grain ;
leaves thickish, the lowest often heart-shaped at base.

* * Weeds nat. from Europe in cult, or ivaste rjround : stem erect, 2° -4° high :
lower hives or some of them heart-shaped at base, all more or less wavy :
root commonly yellow and spindle-shaped. IJ.

R. Crispus, CuRLKD D. Leaves green, lanceolate, very wavy-curled, the
lower rather truncate than heact-shaped at base ; whorla crowded in long
racemes ; valves rounded, heart-shaped, nearly entire ; mostly grain-bearing.

R. sanguineus, Bloody-veined or Red D. Leaves less curled and
red-veined, knceolate or oblong ; whorls distant ; pedicels very short ; valves
nari'owly oblong, one or more grain-bearing.

R. Obtusifblius, Bitter D. Leaves little wavy, the upper lance-ob'ong
and acute, lower oblong-heart-shaped and obtuse ; whorls loose and distant ;
valves ovate, partly halberd-shaped, beset with some long sharp teeth near the
base, usually only one grain-bearing.

* * * Sandy sea-shore and river-banks N. : 5' -12' high, spreading. ®

R. maritimus. Minutely pubescent ; leaves lance-linear, wavy-margined,
the lower auriclcd or heart-shaped at base ; whorls much crowded into leafy
spikes ; valves rhombic-oblong with a tapering point, turning orange-colored, a
large grain on the back and 2 or 3 long stout bristles on each margin.

§ 2. Sorrels. Herhaqe acid: some leaves halberd-shaped, others with entire
narroired base : flowers dioecious, small, in a terminal naked panicle : valves
naked : fi. spring and summer. "21

R. Aeetos611a, Common or Sheep Sorrel. Low weed in all sterile
fields ; leaves lance-ol)long or halberd-shaped, the lobes or auricles narrow ; pedi-
cels jointed with the flower ; ovate valves hardly enlarging in fruit.

R. Engelm^nni, only S. & W., differs in pedicels jointed near the mid-
dle, and thin rounded heart-shaped valves becoming many times larger than
the akene.

96. LAURACE^, LAUREL FAMILY.

Spicy-aromatic trees or shrubs, the alternate simple leaves (with
entire margins but sometimes lobed) more or less marked with
minute pellucid dots ; the regular flowers with a calyx of 4 or 6
sepals imbricated in two ranks in the bud, and free from the
ovary ; the latter is terminated by a simple style and stigma, is
1-celled with a hanging ovule, and in fruit becomes a berry or
drupe. The stamens (in ours 9) furnish a special character, their
anthers opening by uplifted valves ! To this family belong the
classical Laurel or Bay, the Cinnamon, the Camphor-tree, &c.

* Flowers perfect, in axillary panicles.

1. PERSEA. Calyx 6-parted, persistent at the base of the berry. Stamens 9

with anthers, the 3 outer of which are turned outwards, the 6 others inward;
also 3 glands or sterile filaments forming an innermost row. The two proper
cells of the anther with a lower and an upper chamber, making 4 compart-
ments, each opening by a valve in the manner of a trap-door.
* * Flowers toholly or nearly diceciotis, greenish-yellmo, leaves deciduous.

2. SASSAFRAS. Flowers in an open corymbed and peduncled cluster, with

spreading 6-parted calyx: sterile ones with 9 stamens in 3 rows, the filaments
of the three inner with' a pair of yellow stalked glands on their base. Anthers
with 4 chambers as in the preceding. Fertile flowers with 6 i-udiments of
stamens and an ovoid ovary, becoming a drupe.

MEZERUM FAMILY. 291

8. LINDERA. Flowers in sessile lateral clusters, with a 6-parted honey-yellow
calyx: sterile ones with 9 stamens having simply 2-celled and 2-valved
anthei-s; the inner 3 filaments lobed and glandular at base. Fertile flowers
with a globular ovary, surrounded bv numerous rudiments of stamens.
Berry red, oval; the stalk not thickened.

4. TETRANTHERA. Flowers in small lateral clustered umbels, with 6-parted
deciduous calyx: sterile ones with 9 similar stamens; anthers turned in-
wards, the 2 cells with 2 chambers, each opening by a valve, as in Sassafras.
• Fertile flowers with a globular ovary, surrounded by numerous rudiments of
stamens, and becoming a globular drupe or beny.

1. PERSE A, EED BAY. (Ancient of some Oriental tree.) Leaves ever-
green : flowers greenish-white, in summer.

P. Carolindnsis, CAnoLixA Red Bay. Tree or large shrub, in low
grounds, from Delaware S. : hoary when young, the oblong leaves soon smooth
above ; berries blue on a red stalk.

2. SASSAFRAS. (The popular name of this very well-known tree.)

S. oflS-Cinale, Sassafras. In rich woods : a fine tree with mucilaginous
yellowish twigs and foliage, spicy bark, flowers appearing in spring with the
leaves ; these ovate and obovate, and some of them 3-cleft, smooth when old ;
fruit blue on a club-shaped rather fleshy stalk.

3. LINDERA, SPICEBUSH, WILD ALLSPICE, FEVERBUSH.

(Named for J. Linder, a Swedish botanist.) Genus also named Benzoin.
Shrubs : fl. in spring, preceding the leaves.

L. Benz6in, Commox S. or Bexjamix-bcsh. Damp woods: 6° -15°
high, almost smooth ; leaves thin, obovate-oblong, acute at base, 3' - 5' long.

L. melisssefblia. Wet grounds S. : 2° - 3° high, silky-pubescent ; leaves
oblong, obtuse or slightly heart-shaped at base, l'-2' long, when old smooth
above.

4. TETRANTHERA. (Name in Greek means four anthers, alluding to
the 4 chambers to each anther.)

T. genieulata, Pond Spice. Along ponds in pine-barrens from Virginia
S. : large shrub, soon smooth, with forking and divergent or zigzag branches,
rather coriaceous oval or oblong leaves (^'-1' long), appearing later than the
flowers in spring ; these in little crowded clusters of 2 - 4 from 2 - 4-leaved in-
volucres ; fruit red, globular.

97. THYMELEACEiE, MEZEREUM FAMILY.

Shrubs with acrid and very tough fibrous bark, entire leaves, and
perfect flowers, having a simple corolla-like calyx, bearing twice as
many stamens as its lobes (usually 8), the anthers of the ordinary
sort ; the free ovary one-celled, with a single hanging ovule, becom-
ing a berry-like fruit. Flowers commonly in umbel-like clusters.

1. DAPHNE. Calyx salver-shaped or somewhat funnel-shaped ; the 4 lobes

spreading, the 8 anthers nearly sessile on its tube, included. Style very short
or none: stigma capitate.

2. DIRCA. Calyx tubular, without any spreading lobes, the wavy-truncate

border sometimes obscurely indicating 4 teeth. The 8 stamens ani the style
long and slender, protruding.

1. DAPHNE. (Mythological name, the nymph transformed by Apollo
into a Laurel.) The following cult, for ornarnent from the Old World.
D. Mezdreum, Mezereum. Hardy low shrub from Europe. 1° - 3° high,

with purple-rosc-colored (rarely white) flowers, in lateral clusters on shoots of

the preceding year, in early spring, before the lanceolate very smooth green

leaves : berries "red.

292 SANDALWOOD FAMILY.

D. Cnebrum. Hardy under-shrub from Eu., spreading and branching,
with crowded hmce-oblong or oblanceolate evergreen leaves (Tess than 1' long),
and a terminal cluster of handsome rose-])ink flowers in spring.

D. odbra, Sweet Daphne. Greenhouse shrub from China, with bright
green lance-oblong evergreen leaves, and terminal clusters of Avhitc or pale pink
sweet-scented flowers, in winter.

2. DIBCA, LEATHERWOOD, MOOSE-WOOD. (Classical ftreek
name of a celebrated foimtain.)

D. pallistris, the only species, in damp woods chief! v N. : shrub 2°-G°
high, with tender white wood, but very tough bark, used' by the Indians for
thongs (whence the popular names), the numerous branches as if jointed; leaves
obovate or oval, alternate, nearly smooth, deciduous ; flowers before the leaves
in earliest spring, honey-yellow, few in a cluster from a bud of 3 or 4 dark-hairy
scales forming an involucre ; berry reddish.

98. EL3EAGNACE^, OLEASTER FAMILY.

Silvery-scurfy shrubs or small trees, having often dioecious

ijiconspicuous flowers, the calyx-tube of the fertile ones itself

• enclosing the ovary, becoming fleshy and ripening into a sort of

berry, around the akene-like true fruit, the seed of which is erect.

Otherwise much like the preceding family.

Sheph^rdia Canadensis, a low shrub along our northern borders, with
opposite oval leaves, soon green above, but silvery and with some rusty scurf
beneath, dioecious 4-parted flowers, and yellow berries.

S. arg6ntea, Buffalo-Bkrry, shrub through the plains and mountains
far W. and N. \V., and planted for ornament, has alternate oblong leaves with
narrowed base, silvery both sides, and edible acid red berries.

Else^gnus arg6ntea, Silver-Bkrry of the far West, also cult., with
oval silvery leaves and mealy edible berries ; the genus known by the mostly
perfect flowers with salver-shaped calyx, the stamens only as many as the lobes,
usually 4. — One or two Old World species are occasionally planted.

.J ,(,^99. SANTALACE^, SANDALWOOD FAMILY.

/YWT^ Hepresented by one or two shrubs along the Alleghanies S., one

'km

b.

of them the Pyrularia oleifera, the Oil-nut or Buffalo-nut,
— and widely by a low herb, viz.

1. Com^ndra Umbell^ta. Dry ground, common N. : probably para-
sitic on the roots of shrubs. Known by the 5 stamens with their anthers
connected with the face of the Avhite calyx-lobes behind them by a tuft of thread-
like hairs (to which the name, from the Greek, alludes) ; tube of the calyx
coherent below with the ovary, becoming a hard or nut-like fruit, filled by a
globular seed. Stems 6' - 10' high, with many small oblong pale leaves.

100. LORANTHACE.^, MISTLETOE FAMILY.

Parasitic on the branches of trees, represented only, through the
Middle and Southern States, by

Phoradendron flav6scens, American Mistletoe; with obovate or
oval, yellowish-green, thick, slightly petioled leaves, and short yellowish jointed
spikes in their axils, of dioecious greenish flowers, the fertile ones ricening v/hit«
berries. , ..

SPURGE FAMILY. 293

101. SAURURACEiE, LIZARD'S-TAIL FAMILY.

A very small family, having a single Eastern North American
representative in

Saurtirus cernuus, Lizard's-tail. Wet swamps : fl. summer ; stem

jointed, 2° high, branching; leaves heart-shaped, Avith converging ribs, petioled;
flowers white, crowded in a dense but slender tail-like spike, with the end
nodding, perfect, but with neither calyx nor corolla ; stamens 6 or 7, with long
slender white filaments ; pistils 3 or 4, slightly united at base. (Lessons, p. 90,
fig. 180.)

102. EUPHORBIACE.^, SPURGE FAMILY.

Plants with mostly milky acrid juice and moncecious or dioecious
flowers, of very various structure ; the ovary and fruit commonly
3-celled and with single or at most sc pair of hanging ovules and
seeds in each cell.

§ 1. Oi'ules and seeds only one in each cell.
« Flowers both stnminaie and pistillate really destitute both of calyx and corolla:^ a
pistillate and numerous stamlnnte surrounded by a cup-like involucre which
imitates a calyx-^ so that the whole would be iaktnfor one perfect Jlower.

1. EUPHORBIA. For the structure of the genus, which is recondite, see Manual,

and Structural Botany, fig. 1143. Tiiese plants may be known, mostly, by
having the 3-lobed ovary raised out of the cup, on a curved stalk, its 3
short styles each 2-cleft, making 6 stigmas. Fruit when ripe bursting into
the 3 carpels, and each splitting into 2 valves, discharging the seed. What
seems to be a stamen with a jointed filament is really a staminate flower, in
the axil of a slender bract, consisting of a single stamen on a pedicel, the joint
being the junction.

* * Flowers of both kinds provided with a distinct calyx.

2. STILLINGIA. Flowers in a terminal spike, naked and staminate above, a few

fertile flowers at base. Calyx 2-3-cleft. Stamens 2, rarely 3. Pod 3-lobed.
Stigmas 3, simple. Bracts with a fleshy gland on each side. Leaves alter-
nate, stipulate.

3. ACALYPHA. Flowers in small clusters disposed in spikes, staminate above,

fertile at base; or sometimes the two sorts in separate spikes. Calyx of
sterile flowers 4-parted, of fertile 3- 5-pai-ted. Stamens 8-16, short, raona-
delphous at base; the 2 cells of the anther long and hanging. Styles 3,
ciit-fringed on the upper face, red. Pod of 3 (rarely 2 or 1) lobes or cells.
Fertile fiower-clusters embraced by a leaf-like cut-lobed bract. Leaves alter-
nate, petioled, with stipules, serrate.

4. RICINLIS. Flowers in large panicled clusters, the fertile above, the staminate

below. Calyx 5-parte(l. Stamens very many, in several bundles. Styles 3,
united at base, each 2-parted, red. Pod large, 3-lobed, with 3 large "^seeds.
Leaves alternate, with stipules.

5. JATROPHA. Flowers in cymes or panicles; the fertile in the main forks.

Calyx colored like a corolla, in the sterile flowers mostly salver-shaped and
5-lobed, enclosing 10-30 stamens, somewhat monadelphous in two or more
ranks ; in the fertile 5-parted. Stvles 3, united below, once or twice forked
at the apex. Pod 3-celled, 3-seeded. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, with
stipules.

§ 2. Ovules and mosthi seeds 2 in each cell of the ovary and S-horned jx>d. Jtiice not
milky in the fotlounny : which have monoechms flowers, 4 sep'ds, 4 exserted
tlamens in the sterile, and 3 awl-shaped spreading or recurved styles or stigmas
in the fertile flowers.

6. BUXUS. Flowers in small sessile bracted clusters in the axils of the thick

and evergreen entire opposite leaves. Shrubs or trees.

7. PACHYSANDRA. Flowers in naked lateral spikes, staminate above, a few

fertile flowers at base. Filaments long, thickish and flat, white. Nearly
herbaceous, low, tufted: leaves barely evergreen, alternate, coarsely few-
toothed.

294 SPURGE FAMILY.

1. EUPHORBIA, SPURGE. ( Said to be named for Euphorbus, physician
to King Juba. ) Flowers commonly in late summer.

§ 1. Shrubby species of the conservatory, wintfr-flowering, icith red bracts err leaves.

E. pulcherrima, or Poinsettia, of Mexico : unarmed stout shrub, with
ovate or oblong and angled or sinuately few-lobed leaves, rather downy beneath,
those next the flowers mostly entire (4' - 5' long) and of the brightest vermilion-
red ; flowers in globular greenish involucres bearing a great yellow gland at the
top on one side.

E. splendens, of the Mauritius : smooth with thick and horridly prickly
Btems, oblong-spatulate mucronate leaves, and slender clammy peduncles bearing
a cyme of several deep-red apparently 2-petalous flowers ; but the seeming petals
are bracts around the cup-like involucre of the real flo\vers.

E. flilgens, or jacquini.t:fl6ra, of Mexico: unarmed, smooth, with slen-
der recurved branches and broadly lanceolate leaves, few-flowered ; jicduncles
shorter than the petioles, what appeal's like a 5-cleft corolla are the bright red
lobes of the involucre.

§ 2. Herbs natives of or nattiralized in the country, the first and last and some-
times a few of the others cult, in gardens : fl. lute summer.

* The leaves which are crowded next the flowei'-cups or involucres have their mar-
gins or a paH of the base colored (white or red) : stem erect, 1° - 3° high. ®

E. margin^ta. Wild on the plains W. of the Mississippi, and cult, for
ornament : leaves pale, ovate or oval, sessile, the lower alternate, uppermost in
threes or i)airs and broiuUy white-margined ; flower-cup with 5 white petal-like
appendages behind as many saucer-shaped glands.

E. heteroph^lla. Kocky banks S. VV. : smooth; leaves alternate, ovate
and sinuate-toothed, or fiddle-shaped, or some of them lanceolate or linear and
entire ; the upper with red base ; no petal-like appendages to the flower-cup and
only 1 or 2 sessile glands.

E. dent^ta. Kich soil from Penn. S. W. : hairy, only the lower leaves
alternate, the upper opposite, varying from ovate to linear, uppermost paler or
whitish at base, and the few glands of the flower-cup short-stalked.

* * The leaves none of them colored : but the flower-cup ivith 5 bright-white con-

spicuous ajqyendages, imitating a b-clcft corolla. Jl

E. COroll^ta. Gravelly or sandy soil, from New York S. & W. : 2° -3°
high; leaves varying from ovate to linear, entire, the lower alternate, upper
whorled and opposite ; flower-cups umbellcd, long-stalked.

* * * Leaves all alike and opposite, r/rem, or with a broivn-red spot, short-petioled,

ivith scaly or f ringed-cut stipules : stems low-spreading or prostrate, repeat-
edly forTced : a small flower-cup in each fork, bearing 4 glands, each bor-
dered tvith a more or less petal-like white oi- reddish margin or appendage.
Of these there are several species, insignificant iveeds ; these two are the
commonest everywhere in sandy or gravelly open places.
E. macul^ta. Prostrate ; leaves oblong-linear, very oblique at base, ser-
rulate above, blotched in the centre ; pods sharp-angled, very small.

E. hypericifblia. Ascending 10' -20' high; leaves ovate-oblong or
linear-oblong, serrate, often with red spot or margins; pod blunt-angled; seeds
wrinkled.

* * * * Ijcaves without stipulea, none with colored margins or spots : the floiver-

cups also green or greenish, umheUtd, their glands wholly destitute of any
petal-like appendage.
•*- Leaves of the commonly erect stem alternate or scntfered : those of the umbel-like
inflwescence ivhorhd or opposite and^f different shape, usually roundisli :
glands of the flower-cup mostly 4. Weeds ofr weed-like.
•^ Glands of the flower-cup transversely oval and obtuse. (T)
E. platyph^lla. Nat. from Europe N. : upper stem-leaves lance-oblonp-,
acute, minutely serrulate ; uppermost heart-shaped ; floral ones triangular-ovalo
and heart-shaped ; umbel 5-rayed ; glands large and sessile ; pod beset with
depressed warts ; seed smooth.

SPURGE FAMILY. 295

E. obtUS^ta. Native W. & S. : like preceding, but taller, l°-20 high;
stem-leaves oblong-spatulate and obtuse, the upper heart-shaped ; floral ones
dilated-ovate ; umbel once or twice 3-rayed, then 2-rayed ; glands of flower-cup
short-stalked ; pods long-warty.

E. dictyosperma. Open ground S. W. Resembles thB preceding, but
slender ; leaves obtusely serrate ; glands small, almost sessile ; seeds delicately
reticulated,

E. Helioscbpia. Weed from Europe in waste places N. : with stouter
ascending stems C - 12' high; leaves all obovate and rounded or notched at the
end, the lower wedge-shaped, finely serrate ; umbel first with 5, then 3, and at
length with 2 rays ; glands orbicular and stalked ; pods smooth and even ;
seeds with honeycomb-like surface.

++ ++ Glands of the Jlower-cup with 2 long horns : pod smooth : seeds sculptured
or pitted and pale. Q) @

E. P6plus. Waste places, from Eu. : stem erect ; leaves petioled, entire,
round-obovate, the upper floral ones ovate ; umbel first 3-rayed, afterwards
2-forkcd ; pod 2-crested on each lobe.

E. commut^ta. Wild from Wisconsin and Virginia S. W., on shady
slopes : stems with decumbent base ; leaves obovate, the upper sessile, the
rounded floral ones broader than long ; mnbel 3-forked ; pod crestless : fl. early
summer.

++++++ Glands crescent-shaped : pod granular : seeds smooth, dark-colored. %

E. Cyparissias, Cypress Spurge. Gardens from Eu. and running
wild E. : in dense clusters 6' -10' high, smooth; stem and branches crowded
with small linear entire leaves, the floral ones small and rounded heart-shaped ;
umbel many-rayed.

•«- -»- Leaves all or chiefly opposite, entire, smooth, almost sessile : pod smooth.

E. Ipecacuanhse, Ipecac Spurge. Sandy soil from New York S. :
branching repeatedly from the long perpendicular root, widely spreading ;
leaves barely 1' long, varying from obovate to linear ; peduncles solitary in the
forks, slender ; flower-cup dull purple, with 5 glands. ^

E. L^thyris, Caper Spurge. Cult, from Eu. in country gar^ns : glau-
cous ; stem erect, stout, 2° - 3° high ; leaves thick ; those of the stem lance-
linear, floral ones oblong-ovate and heart-shaped ; umbel 4-rayed, then forking ;
glands short-horned. ®

2. STILLING-IA. {^amGd for Dr. B. Stilling/leet.) Very smooth plants,
only S. : flowering all summer.

S. sylv^tica, Queen's Delight. Dry soil from Virginia S. : herb 1°-
3° high, clustered from a woody root ; leaves crowded, almost sessile, varying
from obovate to lance-linear, serrulate ; stamens 2.

S. ligUStrina. River-swamps from N. Carolina S. : shrub 6° -12° high;
leaves lance-obovate or oblong, entire ; spikes short ; stamens mostly 3.

S. sebifera, Tallow-tree of China, planted South Carolina' & S. : tree
20° - 40^ high ; leaves rhombic-ovate, entire, long-petioled ; stamens 2 ; seeds
white, yielding a useful vegetable tallow or wax.

3. ACALYPHA. (Ancient Greek name of Nettle.) Flowering through
latj summer and autumn.

A. Virginica. A most common, coarse, low weed in fields, &c : smoothish
or hairy, turning purplish, with leaves varying from ovate to linear, fertile
flowers in short clusters ; pod and seed smoothish. ®

A. Carolini^na. Cult, ground, chiefly S. : has thin heart-shaped closely
serrate leaves, mostly a long terminal fertile spike, pods beset with soft prickles,
and seeds rough-wrinkled. ®

4. RICINUS, PALMA-CHRISTI, CASTOR-OIL PL^VNT. (Latin
name of a bug, Avhich the seed resembles.)

R. COmm'Cinis, the only species, but of many varieties, native probably of
Africa : a sort of tree, but cult, in temperate climates as a stately annual, for its

296 NETTLE FAMILY.

seeds, from which castor-oil is expressed, and in ornamental grounds for its
magnificent foliage ; the peltate and palmately 7 - 11-cleft leaves 1° - 2° broad,
or even more : fl. late summer.

5. JATROPHA. (Derivation of name obscure.) Chiefly tropical plants ;
one is a weedy plant wild S., viz.

J. tirens, var. stimulbsa (or J. stimul6sa), Tread-Softly or Spurge-
Nettle, names referring to its stinging bristly hairs, which are like those of
Nettles: dry sandy soil, branching, 6' -12' high ; leaves rounded heart-shaped,
3 - 5-Iobed or variously cleft or parted ; flowers slender, white ; stamens 10,
their filaments almost separate. 11

6. BtJXUS, BOX. (Ancient Latin, from the Greek name of the Box-tree. )
B. semp^rvirens, Tree Box, and its more common var. nAna, the

Dwarf Box, with much smaller leaves, from the Mediterranean, are planted
North chiefly for borders, especially the Dwarf Box.

7. PACHYSANDRA. (The name in Greek means <Kc^ stamens.) %
P. prociimbens. Rocky woods, W. slope of the Alleghanies, and in some

gardens ; developing its copious spikes from the base of the short procumbent
densely tufted stems, in early spring.

103. URTICACE^, NETTLE FAMILY-

This family, taken in the largest sense, includes very various
apetalous plants, with raona3cious or dioecious flowers (except in
the Elm Family), having a distinct calyx free from the 1 -seeded
fruit. Liner bark generally tough. Leaves with stipules, which
are sometimes early deciduous. There are four suborders.

L ELM FAMILY. Trees, the juice not milky. Leaves
alternate^* 2-ranked, simple : stipules small and falling early.
Flowers monoeciously polygamous, many of them perfect, with
the lilaments not inflexed in the bud, and 2 diverging styles or
loDg stigmas. Ovary 1 - 2-celled, with 1 or 2 hanging ovules,
in fruit always 1-celled and 1-seeded.

* Fruit dry, loinged or nut-like. Anthers turned outioards.

1. ULMUS. Calyx bell-shaped, 4-9-cleft. Stamens 4-9: filaments long and

slender. Ovary mostly 2-ce]led, becoming a 1-celled thin samara or key-
fruit winged all round (Lessons, p. 131, fig. 301). Flowers in clusters in
axils of last year's leaAes, in early spring, before the leaves of the season,
purplish or yellowish-green. Leaves straight -veined, serrate.

2. PLANERA. 'Like Elm, but flowers more polygamous, appearing with the

leaves in small axillary clusters; the lobes of tha calyx and stamens only 4
or 5 ; the 1-celled 1-ovuled cvary forming a wingless nut-like fruit.
* # Fruit a berry-like globular small drupe. Anthers turned inward.
8. CELTIS. Calyx 5- 6-parted, persistent. Stamens 5 or 6. Stigmas very long,
tapering. Ovary and drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded. Flowers gi-eenish, in the
axils of the leaves; the low^er ones mostly staminate and clustered, the upper
fertile and mostly solitary on a slender peduncle.

II. FIG FAMILY. Trees with milky or colored acrid or
poisonous juice. Leaves alternate. Flowers strictly monoecious or
dioecious. Styles or stigmas commonly 2.

§ 1. Flowers of both kinds mixed, lining the inside of a closed fleshy receptacle, or
• holloio jiower-stalk, which ripens into what seems to be a sort of berry.

4. FICUS. Receptncle in which the flowers are concealed borne in the axil of
the leaves. Akene seed-like. Stipules large, successively enveloping the
young leaves in the bud, falling off as the leaves expand.

NETTLE FAMILY. 297

§ 2. Flowers of the two kinds mostly separate ; the fertile crowded in catkin-like

spikes or hend^, loliich become fleshy in fruit : Jilavients iiifiexed in the bud,

spreading elastically when the adyx expands.

-5. MORUS. Flowers usually monoecious, both sorts in catkin-like spikes. Calyx

4-parted. Stamens 4. Fertile spike altogether becoming an oval or oblong

multiple pulpy fruit imitating a blackberry, but the pulp consists of the

calyx, bracts, &c. of the flowers, each enclosing a small akene.

6. BROUSSONpyriA. Flowers dioecious; the sterile in cylindrical catkins,»and

like those of Mulberry; the fertile in globular heads, mixed with little bristly
scales, their calyx urn-shaped and 3-4-toothed, out of which the ripened
ovary protrudes and forms a club-shaped rather fleshy fruit. Style single.

7. MACLURA. Flowe s dioecious; the sterile in racemes, and nearly like those

of Mulben-y ; the fertile densely crowded in a large spherical head, its calyx
of 4 uneqiial sepals, in fruit enclosing the small akene: the whole head
ripening into a fleshy yellow mass, resembling an orange with a roughish
surface.

III. NETTLE FAMILY proper. Herbs, as to our wild
species, with bland watery juice and tough fibrous bark : many are
armed wi'h stinging hairs. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, green-
ish. Filaments transversely wrinkled and inflexed in the bud,
straightening elastically when the calyx opens. Fruit an akene :
style or stigma one and simple. — All ours worthy of notice belong
to the three followinij o;enera.

8. URTICA. Flowers in racemed, spiked, or head-like clusters; the calyx in

both sorts of 4 separate sepals. Stamens 4. Stigma a sessile globular tuft.
Akene flat, ovate, straight and erect, enclosed between the larger pair of
sepals. Herbage beset with stinging hairs: leaves opposite.

9. LAPORTEA. i lowers in loose open cymes, the upper chiefly fertile, and

lower sterile ; the latter with 5 sepals' and stamens ; the foniier of 4 venr
unequal sepals, the t\vo outer or one of them minute. Stigma slender awl-
shaped, hairy down one side, persistent on the ovate flat very oblique and
nearly naked akene, which is soon reflexed on its wing-margined pedicel.
Herbaoe beset with stings : leaves large, alternate.

10. BffiUMKRIA. Flowers either dioecious or intermixed, clustered in spikes; the

sterile as in Urtica; the fertile with a tubular or urn-shaped calyx barely
toothed at the apex, enclosing the ovary and closely investing the oblong flat
akene. No stings.

IV. HEMP FAMILY. Rough herbs, wnth watery juice and
tough fibrous bark. Leaves mostly opposite and palmately lobed
or compound. Flowers dioecious, greenish ; the sterile in axillary
loose compound racemes or panicles, the fertile in close clusters or
catkins : calyx of the former with 5 sepals, of the latter one scale-
like sepal embracing the ovary and akene. Stigmas or hairy styles
two, long.

11. CANNABIS. Erect herb. Stamens 5, drooping. Fertile flowers in irregular

spiked clusters. Leaves of 5-7 lanceolate Trregularly toothed leaflets.

12. HLMULUS. Tall-twining. Stamens erect. Fertile flowers in solitarv short

catkins or spikes, 2 flowers under each of the bx'oad thin bracts wliicli make
the scales of the strobile or hop-fruit.

1. ULMUS, ELM. (The classical Latin name.) Fine trees in deep,
mostly moist or alluvial soil. Fl. early si)ring ; fruit in early summer.

§ 1. Leaves roufjh and harsh on the upper, soft and usuaUt/ downy on the loiver
surface: seed in thf middle of tJie orhicidar or round-oval fruit, far away
from the shallow notch : flower-clusters (/lobular : pedicels very short.
U. flilva, Slippery Elm. Common, rather small tree through the coun-
try, with tough reddish wood, well-known very mucilaginous inner bark, and

298 NETTLE FAMILY.

rusty-downy buds ; leaves 4' -8' long, doubly serrate, very rough above ; those
and the flowers sweet-scented in drying ; calyx-lobes and stamens 7 - 9 ; fruit
much less than 1' long, the seed-bearing centre pubescent.

U. mont^na, Wych or Scotch Elm. Planted from Eu. : leaves smaller
and less rough ; buds not downy ; calyx-lobes and stamens about 5 ; fruits 1'
long, smooth.

§ 2. Leaves smooth above, smaller: notch at the summit of the fruit reaching nearly
to the seed-bearing cell : fruit only about ^' long.

* European species occasionally planted : foioers in dose clusters : pedicels very

short or hardly any : stamens 4 or 5 : fruit smooth, round-obovate.

XJ. eamp6stris (or gl\bra), English Elm. Large tree with rather short
horizontal or ascending branches ; leaves 2' -4' long, mostly or soon smooth.

U. suber6sa, European Cork-Elm. Probably a mere variety of the
preceding, with thick plates of cork on the branches.

* * Wild species, with the flowers soon hanging on slender stalks, which are jointed

above the middle : Jruit ovate or oval, with 2 sharp teeth at apex, the margin
downy-ciliate at least when young.

U. Americana, American or White Elm. Well known large tree,
with long ascending branches gradually spreading, drooping slender branchlets,
which are smooth as well as the buds, not corky ; the abruptly pointed leaves
2' -4' long ; flowers in close clusters, with usually 7-9 calyx-lobes and stamens ;
fruit smooth except the margins, its incurved points closing the notch.

U. raeembsa, Corky White Elm. Resembles the foregoing, but with
downy-ciliate bud-scales ; branches becoming corky, young branchlets some-
what pubescent, leaves with straighter veins, and flowers raccmed.

XJ. al^ta, Whaiioo or Winged Elm. Virginia to 111. and S. : small
tree, with bud-scales and branchlets nearly smooth, winged plates of cork on
the branches, and small thickish leaves (l'-2' long) {ilmost sessile.

2. PLANERA, PLANETl-TREE. (Named for /. .7. Planer, a German
Botanist.) Flowers greenish, appearing with the leaves in early spring.

P. aqu^tica, American P. River swamps, from Kentucky S. : small
tree, leaves ovate-oblong, smooth ; fruit stalked in the calyx, beset with irregular
warts or crests.

3. CELTIS, HACKBERRY or NETTLE-TREE. (Ancient Greek name
for the Lotus-berry, produced by the European species.) El. spring: fruit
ripe in autumn, eatable.

C. OCCident^lis, American H. Small or middle-sized tree, of rich Ioav
grounds ; with reticulated ovate and taper-pointed serrate or entire leaves,
oblique or partly heart-shaped at base, sweet thin-fleshed fruit as large as a pea.
Var. pumila, a straggling bush, chiefly S., only 4°- 10° high.

4. PICUS, FIG. (The Latin, altered from the Greek name of the Fig.)
F. Carica, Common Fig. Cult, from the Levant, as a house-plant N. :

leaves broad, 3 - 5-lobed, roughish above, rather downy beneath ; figs single in
the axils, pear-shaped, luscious.

P. elastica, India-Rubber-tree of E. Indies (not that of S. America) :
tree cult, in conservatories for its beautiful leaves, 6' - 10' long, oval-oblong,
entire, thick, smooth, bright green, glossy above.

P. ripens, from China, a delicate creeping species, fixing itself firmly by
rootlets and covering walls in conservato -ie.i ; leaves 1' or less long, oblong-
ovate, with unequal partly heart-shaped base.

6. MbRXJS, MULBERRY. (Old Greek and Latin name.) Leaves heart-
shaped or ovate, mostly serrate, often palmately lobed ; short catkin-like
spikes axillary or lateral ; fl. spring : fruit in summer, eatable.
M. rtlbra, Red Mulberry. Low tree, wild in rich woods or along

streams ; leaves rough above, downy beneath, pointed ; spikes often dioecious,

fruit cylindrical, red, turning dark purple.

NETTLE FAMILY. 299

M. nigra, Black M. Middle-sized tree, planted and sparinji^ly run wild
from the Levant ; leaves rough ; spikes short and short-peduneled ; fruit short-
oblong or globular, red turning black, pleasant- tasted.

M. ^Iba, White M. Small tree, planted from China : the leaves feed silk-
worms, these are smooth and mostly oblique at base ; spikes slender-peduncled,
in fruit oval or oblong, white or pale rose-color, rather insipid.

6. BROXJSSONETIA, PAPER-MULBERRY. (Named for Broussonct,
a French naturalist.)

B. papyrifera, of Japan. Cult, as a shade-tree from New York S. :
spreading by suckers, with a very fibrous bark ; leaves rough above, downy be-
neath, serrate, some of them ovate or slightly heart-shaped, others 3-cleft or
vaiiously lobed : flowering iu spring.

7. MACLtrRA, OSAGE-ORANGE. (Named for the late Mr. Maclure,

founder of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.)
M. aurantlaca, Common 0., or Bois d'arc (Bow-wood, the tough
yellow wood used for bows by the Indians). Low bushy tree from Arkansas,
&c. : multiplying rapidly by its running roots ; planted for hedges, especially
W. ; armed with slender and very sharp spines ; leaves lance-ovate, entire, very-
glossy : fl. spring.

8. URTICA, NETTLE. (The classical Latin name.) Common in waste
grounds and near dwellings : fl. summer.

* Floioer-clusters in branching panicled spikes : often dicecious. %
TJ. dioica, Common N. A weed from Eu., full of stings, 20-3° high,
with hcait-ovate very decpl}'^ serrate leaves downy beneath.

U. gracilis. Fence-rows, &c. : 2° - 6° high, with ovate-lanceolate less
deeply serrate leaves, longer petioles, rather few stings, and slender spikes.
* * Flower-clusters shorter than the petiole, most'ij 2 in the same axil, containing
both sorts of flowers : stings scattered. ®

U. chamsedryoides. Wild S. & W. : slender, with heart-ovate or lance-
ovate leaves moderately toothed, and dense flower-clusters.

U. urens, Small N. Weed from Eu., not common : 8' -12' high, with
ovate leaves deeply cut into long spreading teeth ; flower-clusters small, loose.

9. LAPORTE A, WOOD-NETTLE. (Named for one Za,/?orfe.) ^

L. Canadensis. Moist and rich woods : 2° -3° high; ovate leaves 4' -7'
long and long-petioled, a single 2-cleft stipule in the axil : fl. all summer.

10. BCEHMBRIA, FALSE-NETTLE. (Named for Prof. Bohmer of

Germany.) 2/

B. cylindrica. Moist shady grounds, lo-3° high, smoothish ; leaves
mostly opposite, ovate or lance-ovate, 3-nerved, serrate, long-petioled ; flower-
clusters crowded in long narrow interrupted spikes, in summer. *

B. nivea, Ramie, or the Grass-Cloth Plant of China. &c., 3^-4° high,
with ovate leaves white-downy beneath, is recently planted S. ^Y. for its very
valuable textile flbres.

11. CANNABIS, HEMP. (The ancient name.) Fl. all summer. ®

C. sativa, Common Hemp. Tall coarse plant from the Old World : cult,
for the flbres of its stem.

12. HUMULUS, HOP. (Name said to be a diminutive of hiinuis, tho
ground ; the application not apparent.) Fl. summer. "21

H. Ltipulus, Common Hop. Wild in alluvial soil N. &. W. : also cult,
from Eu. ft)r hops : tho aromatic bitterness resides iu the yellow resinous grains
which ai)j)ear on the fruiting calyx, akcnes, &c. ; stems almost prickly down-
wards ; leaves heart-shaped and sU'ongly 3 - 7-lobed.

300 WALNUT FAMILY.

104. PLATANACE^, PLANE-TREE FAMILY.

This order, if it may be so called, consists merely of the small
genus

1. PLATANUS, PLANE-TREE. (The ancient name of the Oriental
species, from the Greek word for broad, alluding either to the leaves or the
wide-spreading branches.) Flowers monoecious, in separate naked heads
hanging on slender peduncles ; the sterile of many short stamens with club-
shaped little scales intermixed ; the fertile of club-shaped or inversely py-
ramidal ovaries mixed with littlp scales and tipped with a slender awl-^haped
simple style, ripening into a sort of akene with a tawny -hairy contracted
base. No evident calyx. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or angled, the
hollowed base of the petiole covering and concealing the axillary bud (Les-
sons, p. 22, fig. 50) : stipules sheathing, like tho.se of the Polygonum Family.
Fl. spring.

P. OCCidentillis, American Plane, Sycamore, or Buttoxwood.
Well-known large tree by river-banks, with white close bark separating in thin
brittle plates ; leaves truncate or heart-shaped at base, rather scurfy-downy
until old, the short lobes sharp-pointed, and fertile heads solitary.

P. orientals, Oriental Plane, especially its var. acerifolia, seldom
planted in this country, is very like ours, but has leaves more cut and sooner
smooth, the heads larger.

105. JUGLANDACE^, WALNUT FAMILY.

Trees with alternate pinnate leaves, no stipules, and monoecious
flowers ; the sterile ones in catkins with an ii-regular calyx and
several stamens ; the fertile single or 2 or more in a cluster, with a
3-o-lobed calyx, the tube of which is adherent to the ovary.
The latter is incompletely 2-4-cclled, but has only a single ovule,
erect from its base, and ripens into a large fruit, the bony inner part
of which forms the nut, the fleshy at length dry outer part the
husk. Seed 4-lobed, filled with the fle^lly and oily embryo, the
large and separated cotyledons deeply two-lobed and crumpled or
cori'ugated.

1. JUGLANS. Sterile flowers in solitary catkins from the wood of the preceding

year, each with 12 - 40 stamens on very slioi't filaments. Fertile flowers on
a terminal peduncle, witli a 4-toothed calyx, 4 little green petals, and 2 club-
shaped and fringed conspicuous stigmas. ' Husk of the fruit drying up with-
out splitting. Bark and shoots resinous-aromatic and strong-scented. Buds
several, one over the other, the uppermost far above the axil (Lessons, p. 27,
fig. 52).» Pith in plates. Leaflets numerous.

2. CARYA. Sterile flowers in clustered lateral catkins, with 3-10 almost sessile

anthers. Fertile flowers 2 -5 in a cluster on a terminal peduncle: no petals:
stigmas 2 or 4, large. Husk of the fruit splitting into 4 valves and falling
away from the smooth nut. Valuable timber and nut trees, with very hard
and tough wood, and scaly buds single (Lessons, p. 22, fig. 49), from which
are usually put forth both kinds of flowers, the sterile below and the fertile
above the leaves.

1. JUGLANS, WALNUT. (Name from Jovis glans, the nut of Jupiter.)
Fl. spring : fruit ripe in autumn. Seed sweet and edible.

* Native trees of the country : vnt with very rough and furrowed surface, from
which the dried husk does not /all away : seed very oily.

J. cindrea, Butternut or White W. Middle-sized tree, mostly N. :
stalks and shoots clammy-downy; leaflets downy, at least beneath, oblong-
lanceolate, pointed, serrate ; fruit oblong ; nut with very rugged ridges.

OAK FAMILY. 301

J. nigra. Black W. Large tree, commoner "W. & S. : stalks and shoots
not clammy, minutely downy ; leaflets smoothish, ovate-lanceolate, serrate ;
fruit spherical.

» « Planted from the Old World : hush friable, separating when dry from the
roundish and smoothish thin-shelled nut.

J. rdgia, English Walnut, so called, but native of Asia : leaflets oval,
entire, smoothish; fruit ripens sparingly in Middle States.

2. GARY A, HICKORY. (Greek name of the Walnut, applied to these

North American trees.) Fl. in rather late spring : nuts fall in autumn.

§ 1. Sterile catkins in a sessile cluster : leaflets 13-15, short-stalked: nut edible.

C. oliV8Bf6rmis, Pecan-nut. Along rivers, from Ilhnois S. : leaflets
oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed ; nut cylindrical-oblong, olive-shaped, the seed
delicious.

§ 2. Sterile catkins 3 or more togf-ther on a common peduncle : leaflets sessile or
nearli/ so, of 5 — 9 or rarely 11-13 leaflets : nut globuhir or short-oval.

* Nuts sweet-tasted and edible [the hickory-nuts of the market) ; the husk splitting

into 4 thick and hard valves : buds large, of about 10 scales.

C. Mba, Shell-bark or Shag-Bark H. Commonest E. : bark of old
trunks very shaggy, separating in rough strips ; inner bud-scales becoming very
large and conspicuous on the young shoot ; leaflets 5, the 3 upper much larger
and lance-obovate ; nut white.

C. sulcata, Western Shell-bark H, From Penn. W. & S. : differs
from the foregoing in lighter-colored heart-wood, 7-9 leaflets more downy be-
neath, fruit with very thick husk 4-ribbed above the middle, and larger yellow-
ish or dull-white nut (sometimes 2' long) mostly with a point at both ends.

C. toment6sa, Mocker-nut or White-heart H. Common E. & S. :
bark rough, but not splitting off in strips ; shoots and lower surftice of the
leaves woolly-downy when young ; leaflets 7-9, lance-obovate, or the lower
lance-oblong ; fruit with very thick hard husk,- and globular nut (not flattish on
the sides) brownish, very thick-shelled, hardly flt to cat.

* * Nuts bitter, in a rather thin and friable husk, which splits only at the top, or

tardily to near the base : bark on the trunk close : bud-scales falling early.

C. porcina, Brown H. or Pig-nut. Common N. : bark of trunk
rough ; bud-scaics about 10, small ; shoots and leaves nearly smooth ; leaflets
5-7, obovate-lanceolate ; fruit pear-shaped; nut oblong or oval, hard-shelled,
seed at first sweet, then bitterish.

C. am^ra, Bitter-nut. Moist or low grounds : bark of trunk smooth and
very close ; yellowish bud-scales about 6 ; shoots and leaves pubescent when
young; leaflets 7-11, lanceolate or lance-oblong; fruit and white thin-shelled
and tender nut globular ; seed at first sweet, then very bitter.

C. aqu^tica, Water H. River-swamps S. * Small tree, with rough
bark; bud-scales as in the last; leaflets 9-13, lanceolate, smooth; nut thin-
shelled, 4-angular, flattish ; seed very bitter.

106. CUPULIPER^, OAK FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate and simple straight-veined leaves,
very deciduous stipules, and monoecious flowers ; the sterile in
slender catkins (except in the Beech) ; the fertile solitary, clustered,
or sometimes spiked, and furnished with an involucre which forms
a cup or covering to the 1-celled 1 -seeded nut. This nut comes
from an ovary with 2 or more cells having one or two ovules hang-
ing from the summit of each ; but all except one cell and one
ovule are abortive. -There is a calyx adhering to the ovary, as is
fhown by the minute teeth crowning its summit. Seed tilled by
the embryo, which has thick and fleshy cotyledons.

802 OAK FAMILY.

4 1. Sterile flowers with, a distinct 4 - l-lobed calyx and 3-20 slender stamens -.fertile

flowers 1-4 t» a cup or bur-like involucre.
« Sterile flowers clustered in slender catkins : their bi'acts inconspicuous or deciduous.

1. QUERCUS. Stamens 3 - 12. Fertile flower only one in the bud-like involucre,

which becomes a scaly cup. Stigma 3-lobed. ' Nut (acorn) terete, with a firm
shell, from which the "thick cotyledons do not emerge m gennination. (Les-
sons, p. 130, fi^. 299; p. 13, fig.' 21, 22.)

2. CASTANEA. Stamens 8-20. Fertile flowers few (commonly 3) in each in-

volucre, one or more ripening; stigmas mostly 6 or 7, bristle-shaped. Nuts
coriaceous, ovoid, when more than one flattened on one or both sides, en-
closed in the hard and thick very pricklv bur-like at length 4-valved invo-
lucre. Cotyledo)is somewhat folded togetlier and cohering, remaining under
ground iu germination.

* * Sterile flowers in small heads on drooping peduncles.
8. FAGUS. Caljy'X of sterile flowers bell-shaped, 5 - 7-cleft, containing 8-16 long
stamens, fertile flowers 2 together on the summit of a scaly-bracted pe-
duncle; the innermost scales uniting form the 4-lobed involucre: ovary
3-celled when young, crowned by 6 awl-shaped calyx-teeth and a 3-cleft or
3 thread-like styles: in fruit a pair of sharply 3-sided nuts in the 4-cleft soft-
prickly rigid involucre. Cotyledons thick, somewhat crumpled together, but
rising and expanding in germination.. (Lessons, p. 11, fig. 13-15.)

§ 2. Sterile flowers consisting of a /eio short stamens partly adhering to the bract,
and destitute of any proper c<dyx ; the nnlhers Icelled: fertile flowers in
pairs under each bract of a head, spike, or sitort catkjn, each with one oi' two
bractlets,foi'ming afoliaceous oi' sac-like involucre to the nut. Sterile catkins
rather dense.

4. CORYLUS. Scales of the sterile catkin consisting of a bract to the insirle of
which 2 bractlets and several stamens adhere. Fertile flowers in a little
head, like a scaly bud: stigmas 2, long and red. Nut rather large, bony,
wholly or partly enclosed in a leaf-like or tubular and cut-lobe(? <3i toothed
involucre.

6. OSTRYA. Scales of the sterile catkin simple. Fertile flower? m a sort of
slender catkin, its bracts deciduous, each flower an ovary tipp^'i with 2 long
slender stigmas and enclosed in a tubular bractlet, which becomes a bladdery
greenish- white oblong bag, in the bottom of which is the lixtle nui: these
together form a sort of hop-like fruit.

6. CARPINUS. Sterile catkin as in Ostrj'a. Fertile flowers in a sort of slender
loose catkin; each with a pair of separate 8-lobed bractlets, which become
leaf-like, one each side of the small nerved iiut.

1. QUERCUS, OAK. (The classical Latin name.) Flowers in spring;
aconis ripe in autumn. All but one of the following species are natives
of the country.

§ 1. Annual-fruited Oaks, the acorns maturing the autumn of the first year, there-
fore on the wood of the season, usual ly in the axil of the leaves, out of
which they are often raised on a peduncle: kernel commonly sweet-tasted:
no bristles on the lohts or teeth of the leaves.
* White Oaks, with lyrately or sinuateJy pinnatifid and deciduous leaves.
•<- European tree, more or less planted eastward.
Q. R6bur, ErROPEAx or English Oak. Belongs to the same section
with our White Oak ; but leaves smaller, not glaucous beneath, sinuate-lobed,
but hardly pinnatifid ; acorn oblong, over 1' long, — one or a few in a cluster
which is nearly sessile in the axils in var. sessilifl6ra, — raised on a slender
peduncle in var. pedunculA.ta.

H- +- Native species : leaves pale or whitish beneath.
Q. dlba, White Oak. Rich soil : large tree with whitish bark ; leaves
soon smooth, bright green above, whitish beneath, with 3-9 oblong or linear
obtuse and mostly entire oblique lobes ; the shallow rough cup very much
shorter than the ovoid-oblong (about 1' long) acorn; seed edible.

Q. obtusiloba, Post Oak, Rough or Box Whitk Oak. Small tree in
barren soil, commonest S., with very durable wood; thickish leaves grayish

OAK FAMILY. 803

downy beneath, pale and rough above, simiately 5 - 7-lobed, the lobes divergent
and rounded, the upper pair larger and sometimes 1-3-notched; naked cup
deep saucer-shaped, half or one third the length of the small acorn

Q. macrocarpa, Buk-Oak, Over-cup or Mossv-cup White Oak.
Middle-sized tree in fertile soil, commonest W. : with obovate or oblong lyrately
pinnatifid leaves, of various shape, pale or downy beneath, smooth above ;
cup dec]), thick and woody, from hardly 1' to 2' in diameter, covered with hard
and thick pointed scales, the upper ones tapering into bristly points, making a
mossy-fringed border; acorn I'-l^' long, half or wholly covered by the cup.

Q. lyrSta, Soutiieux Overcup Oak. Large tree in riA^er-swamps, from
N. Car. S. & W. : leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets, obovate-oblong,
with 7-9 triantrular and entire acute lobes, glossy above, whitish-downy be-
neath ; cup sessile, globular, rough with rugged scales, almost covering the
globular nut.

* * Ciiestnut-Oaks, with toothed or sinuate leaves, not lohed except sliffhtli/ in

the first species, while or whitish downy beneath: cup hoarij, about half the
length of the oblomj-oroid edible acorn.

Q. bieolor, Swamp AViiite Oak. Low grounds, chiefly N. & W. : tall
tree, with leaves intermediate between the White and the Chestnut Oaks, being
more or less obovate and sinuate-toothed, or some of them nearly jnnnatifid,
hoary with soft down beneath, wedge-shaped at base, the main veins only 6-8
pairs and not prominent ; peduncle in fruit longer than the petiole ; cup often
mossy-fringed at the margin ; acorn hardly 1' long.

Q. Prinus, Chestnut Oak. The leading form is Swamp Chestxdt
Oak, in low grounds mainly S. ; with obovate or oblong leaves wavy-toothed
and minutely downy beneath, the main veins 10-16 pairs and prominent be-
neath ; fruit-bearing' peduncle short ; the thick cup 7' - 1' wide, tubcrcled with the
thick scales ; acorn 1' or less long. — Var. moxticola, Rock Chestnut Oak,
has large acorns like the above, but more the chcstnut-likc leaves of the next;
grows in and near the mountains. — Var. acumixXta, Yellow Chestxut Oak
of rich rather dry soil through the interior, mostly of tbe Middle States, has
chestnut-like oblong or lanceolate leaves, mostly roundish at base, on slender
petioles, equally and sharply toothed, and very straight-veined ; cup about ^'
broad, its scales small and close ; acorn rather small.

Q. prinoides, Dwarf Chestxut or Chinquapin-Oak. Barren or
sandy soil, mostly E. : shrub 2° -4° high, Avith obovate or oblong sinuate
leaves narrowed at base ; and acorns and cup like those of true Chestnut Oak,
but very much smaller ; producing little abortive acorns in the axiis of some of
the scales of the cup.

* * * Live Oak, ivith energreen coriaceous leaves, not lobed.

Q. vlrens, Live Oak. Barrens or sands along the coast from Virg. S.
Small or large tree, or a mere shrub, with very durable firm wood, the branch-
lets and lower face of the small oblong entire (or rarely spiny-toothed) leaves
hoary ; conspicuous peduncle bearing 1-3 small fruits, with top-shaped cup
and oblong acorn.

§ 2. Biennial-fruited Oaks, the acorns not maturing until the autumn of
the second year, these therefore borne on oUl wood be/oiv the lea res of the
season, on short and thick peduncles or none : kernel always bitter : tip or
lobes of the leaves, commonly bristle-pointed.

* Thickisii-leaved Oaks, some of them almost or quite evergreen at the South,

coriaceous but deciduous N., entire, sparingly toothed, or barely 3-lobed at
the summit.
^- Txaves generaVy entire, not widened upioards : acorns spherical, small.

Q. einferea, Upland Willoav Oak. Dry pine-barrens, S. E. Virginia
and S. Small tree or shrub ; resembles Live Oak, but more downy, narrower-
leaved, the cu]) shallow, and small acorn globular.

Q. Ph^Uos, Willow Oak. Sandy low woods from New York S. : a
middle-sized tree, remarkable for its linear-lanceolate smooth willow-like leaves
narrowed at both ends.

304 OAK FAMILY.

Q. imbric^ia, Laurel or Shingle Oak. Rather sterile soil, from Kew
Jersey W. & S. W. : a midille-sized tree, with laurel-like lance-oblong leaves
glossy above, more or less downy beneath.

-f- -(- Leaves widening upwards, where they are sometimes moderately 3-5-lobed:
acorns globular, ovoid, small.

Q. aqu^tica, Water Oak. Wet ground from Maryland S. : a small
tree, with very smooth and glossy obovate-spatulate oblanceolate or wedge-
oblong leaves long-tapering at base ; cup saucer-shaped.

Q. nigra, Black-Jack or Barren Oak. Barrens, from New York S.
& W. : low tree (8°- 25° high), with wedge-shaped leaves Avidely dilated and
mostly 3-lobed at summit, but often rounded at the narrow base, rusty-downy
beneath, sniooth and glossy above ; cup top-shaped, coarse-scaly.

* * Black and Red Oaks, with long-petiokd and sinuate-lobed or pinnatijid
deciduous leaves.
■<- Downy beneath even when mature : cup saucer-shaped with top-shaped base.

Q. ilieif61ia, Bear or Black Scrub-Oak. Sterile hills and barrens,
mostly N. & W. : shrub 3° -8° high, straggling; leaves obovate with wedge-
shaped base, above angularly 3-7-lobed, whitish-downy beneath ; acorn ovoid,
barely ^' long.

Q. falc^ta, Spanish Oak. Dry soil. New Jersey to 111. and S. : large
tree, with oblong leaves obtuse or rounded at base, 3 - .5-lobed above, grayish or
yellowish-downy beneath, the lobes mostly narrow and entire or sparingly
toothed and somewhat curved ; acorn globular, hardly ^' long.

•4- ••- Mature leaves smooth on both sides or nearly so, generally ovate, oblong, or
some of the larger oliovate in outline, and varying from sinuately to deeply
pinnatijid, turning various shades of red or crimson in late autumn : wood
course-grained.

++ Leaves with wedge-shaped base and short petiole, rather thick and coriaceous.

Q. Catesbaei, Turkey or Barrens Scrub-Oak. Small tree in pine
barrens S. : leaves deeply pinnatifid or 3-.5-cleft, the long and narroAv or un-
equal lobes somewhat scythe-shaped and often nearly entire ; cup very thick
and of coarse scales, 1' or less broad, half enclosing the ovoid nut.

•»-•■ ++ Leaves mostly rounded or obtuse at the base, slender-petioled, thinner.

Q. COCCinea, Scarlet Oak. Dry or barely moist soil : large tree, with
gray bark, the interior reddish, rather firm leaves more or less glossy above and
deeply pinnatifid ; cup coarse-scaly, top-shaped or hemispherical Avith a conical
scaly base, covering half or more of the roundish acorn (this ^'-'i' long).

Var. tinctbria, Quercitron, Yellow-barked, or Black Oak. Bark
of trunk darker-co!ored, thicker, rougher, internally orange (quercitron), and
much more valuable to the tanner and dyer ; cup less top-shaped ; leaves less
pinnatifid or some of them barely sinuate, thinner, less glossy, and more like
those of the next.

Q. rubra, Red Oak. Common in rich and poor soil : large tree, with
dark gray smoothish bark, very coarse reddish wood, and thinnish moderately
pinnatifid leaves ; cup saucer-shaped, sessile or on a short and abrupt narrow
neck, of fine close scales, very much shorter than the nearly oblong acorn (this
1' or less in length).

Q. paliistris, Swamp Spanish or Pin Oak. , Low grounds, only N. :
middle-sized tree, with less coarse wood, deeply pinnatifid smooth leaves with
their divergent lobes separated by broad and rounded sinuses ; cup flat-saucer-
shaped with a short scaly base or stalk, of fine scales, very much shorter than
the roundish acorn, which is barely ^' in length.

2. CASTANEA, CHESTNUT. (Classical name, taken from that of a
town in Thessaly.) Flowers in summer, ai)pearing later than the elongated
strongly straight-veined and merely serrate leaves.

C. vesca, European Chestnut : seldom planted : large tree, with oblong-
lanceolate pointed leaves beset Avith coarse sharp-pointed teeth, Avhen mature
smooth and green both sides ; nuts 2 or 3 in ea^h involucre.

SWEET-GALE FAMILY. 305

Var. Americana, American Chestnut : large tree in hilly woods,
from Canada to Florida, distinguishable from the European only by leaves acute
at the base, and nuts sweeter and smaller.

C. piimila, Chinquapin. Sandy dry soil chiefly S. & E. : shrub or
small tree ; with lance-oblong leaves whitish downy beneath, and very sweet
nut solitary in the involucre, therefore terete.

3. PAGUS, BEECH. (Classical Latin name, from the Greek, alluding to
the nuts being good to eat.) Elowers appearing with the (straight-veined
and serrate) leaves, in spring.

F. ferruginea, American Beech. Forest tree, commoner N., with fine-
grained wood, close and smooth light gray bark, and light horizontal spray ;
the leaves oblong-ovate and taper-pointed, distinctly toothed, thin, their silky
hairs early deciduous, the very straight veins all ending in the salient teeth.

F. syiv^tica, European Beech, occasionally planted as a shade-tree, is
distinguished by broader and shorter, firmer, more hairy, and wavy-toothed
leaves, some of the main veins tending to the sinuses. Copper Beech is a
variety with crimson-purple foliage.

4. CORYLUS, HAZEL-NUT, FILBERT. (Classical Latin name.)
Shrubs, with flowers in early spring, preceding the rounded-heart-shaped,
doubly-serrate, at first downy leaves. Edible nuts ripe in autumn.

C. Avell^na, European H. or Filbert. Occasionally planted : 6°- 10°
high, with bristly shoots, and smoothish deeply-cleft involucre about the length
of the (1' long) oval nut.

C. AmeriCcina, American H. Thickets : 4° -6° high, with more downy
shoots, leaves, and involucre, the latter open down to the smaller globular nut
in the form of a pair of broad cut-toothed leafy bracts.

C. rostr^ta, Beaked H. Thickets and banks, mostly N. : 2° -5° high,
with more ovate and scarcely heart-shaped leaves, the densely bristly involucre
prolonged in a narrow curved tube much beyond the ovoid nut.

6. OSTRYA, HOP-HORNBEAM. (Classical name.) Slender trees, with

very hard wood : flowers appearing with the (Birch-like) leaves, in spring.

O. Virglnica, American H., Iron-wood or Lever-wood. Rich woods :

tree 30° -50° high, with brownish rough bark, and oblong-ovate taper pointed

sharply doubly serrate leaves downy beneath, the sacs of the fruit bristly at base.

6. CARPINUS, HORNBEAM, IRON-WOOD. (Ancient Latin name.)
Low trees or tall shrubs, with furrowed trunks and very hard wood, the clot4
gray bark and small leaves resembling those of the Beech ; floAvers with the
leaves, in spring.

C. Americana, American H., also called Blue or Water Beech.

Banks of streams: 10° -20° high ; with ovate-oblong pointed doubly serrate
leaves, becoming smooth, and halberd-3-lobed bracts of the involucre.

107. MYRICACE^, SWEET-GALE FAMILY.

Shrubs, with re.sinous-dotted often fragrant simple leave?, and
monoecious or dioecious flowers, both kinds in short scaly catkins or
heads, and destitute of any proper calyx, the l-.-eeded fruit a fleshy-
little drupe or at length dry nut, commonly coated with wax.

1. MYRICA. Flowers mostly dioecious, the catkins from lateral scaly buds: each

flower under a scale-like bract and with a pair of bractlets; the sterile of
2-8 stamens; the fertile of an ovary bearing 2 slender stigmas and surround-
ed by a few little scales.

2. COMPrONIA Flowers mostly monoecious, the sterile in cylindrical catkins;

the fertile m globular bur-like heads. Ovary surrounded by long awl-shaped
scales which persist around the smooth little nut.
S & F— 24

306 BIRCH FAMILY.

1. MYRtCA, BAYBERRY, SWEET GALE, (Ancient name of some
aromatic slii'iib. ) Fl. spring, witli or earlier tiian the leaves.

M. G^le, Sweet Gale. Cold bogs N. : l°-4° liigh, with pale wedge-
lanceolate leaves, sen-ate towards the apex ; little nuts crowded, and as if
winged by a pair of scales.

M. cerifera, Bayberry, Wax-Myrtle. Along the coast : shrub 2° - 8°
high, with fragrant lance-oblong or lanceolate mostly entire leaves, becoming
glossy above, the scattered bony nuts thickly incrustcd with greenish or white
wax and appearing like berries.

2. COMPTONIA, SWEET-FERN. (Named for Henri/ Compton, a
bishop of London.) Flowers rather later than the leaves, in spring.

C. asplenifblia, the only species, in sterile rocky soil, chiefly E. : l°-2°
high, with linear-lanceolate downy leaves pinnatifid into many short and rounded
lobes, resembling a Fern, and sweet-aromatic.

108. BETULACE^, BIRCH FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, often resinous-sprinkled and aromatic, with al-
ternate, simple, mostly straight-veined leaves, commonly deciduous
stipules, and monoecious flowers, both kinds in scaly catkins, and 2
or 3 under each bract. Ovary 2-celled and 2-ovuled, but the fruit
(a little nut or akene often surrounded by a wing like a samara)
1 -celled and 1-seeded. Stigmas 2, thread-like.

1. BETULA. Sterile catkins long and hanging: 3 flowers under each phield-

shaped scaly bract, each with a scale bearing 4 sliort stamens wltli 1-celled
anthers. Fertile catkins stout: 2 or 3 flowers under each 3-lobed bract, each
of a naked ovary ripening into a rounded broadly winged scule-like little key-
fruit, tipped with tlie 2 stigmas.

2. ALNUS. Flowers much as in Betula: but usually a distinct 3-5-parted calyx;

anthers 2-celIed; oval fertile catkins composed of thick and at length
woody persistent scales; and the little imtlets less winged or wingless.

1. BETULA, BIKCH. (The ancient Latin name.) Trees with slender
spray (or a few low shrubs), more or less spicy-aromatic twigs, sessile scaly
buds, flowers in early spring along with the leaves ; the sterile catkins golden
yellow ; the fertile ones mostly terminating very short 2-leavcd branches of
the season. The following are all native trees.

* Trunk ivith brown or yellow-gran hark, the inner and the tioigs and thin straight-

veined leaves spici/-aromaiic : petioles short : thick fruiting catkins with
their thin scales rather persistent : fruit with narrow wing.
B. 16nta, Sweet, Black, or Cherry Birch. Moist Avoods mostly N. :
a rather large tree, with fine-grained valuable wood, dark brown close bark on
the trunk (not peeling in thin layers) and bronze-reddish twigs, very aromatic ;
leaves oblong-ovate and somewhat heart-shaped, sharply doubly serrate all roumi,
soon glossy above and almost smooth ; fruiting catkins oblong-cylindrical.

B. Itltea, Yellow or Gray B. With the other and more northward :
less aromatic ; bark of trunk yellowish-gray and somewhat silvery, separating
in filmy layers ; leaves duller, more downy, and rarely at all heart-shaped ;
fruiting catkins short-oblong.

* * Trunk with chalhi-ivhite hark peeling hmizontalh/ in thin shrets : leaves and

narrow cylindrical smooth catkins slender-stalkal : bracts falling with the
broad-winged fruit,
B. alba, vai-. populifolia, American White Birch. Small tree in low
or sterile soil, from Penn. N. E., 1 5° -25° high, with triangular very taper-
pointed smooth and glossy leaves.

B. papyr^cea. Paper or Canoe Birch. Large tree, from upper part of
Penn. N., mostly farN. ; with more ovate and even heajt-shaped leaves (dull

WILLOW PAMILT. S07

"beneath, and even dark green above), and more papery bark than in White
Birch, separating in ample sheets.

* * * Trunk with qreenish-hrown hark, hardly peeling in lai/ers, reddish twigs
little aromatic, and oblong downy short-stalked catkins : wings of fruit broad. ,

B. nigra, Eiveu or Red Birch. Middle-sized tree of low river-banks,
commonest S. : leaves rhombic-ovate, whitish and mostly downy beneath.

2. ALNUS, ALDER. (Ancient Latin name.) Small trees or shrubs, with
narrow leaf-buds of very few scales and often stalked, and catkins mostly
clustered or racemed on leafless branchlets or peduncles.

§ 1. Flowers with the leaves in spring, the sterile from, catkins which were nakrd
over winter, while the fertile catkin was enclosed in a scaly hud.

A. viridis, Green or Mountain Alder. Only rather far N., and on
mountains: 3° -8° high; leaves round-oval or ovate, glutinous; fruit with
a broad thin wing.

§ 2. Flowers in earliest spring, much before the leaves, both sorts from catkins
which have remained na/ced over winter: wing of fruit narrow andthickish.

A. Serrul^ta, Smooth a. Common, especially S. : 6° -12° high, with
obovate smooth or smoorhish leaves green both sides and sharply serrate.

A. incana, Speckled or Hoary A. Common N. along streams : 8° -20°
high; with broadly oval or ovate leaves rounded at base, serrate and often
coarsely toothed, whitened and commonly downy beneath.

109. SALICACEiE, WILLOW FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, with bitter bark, soft liglit wood, alternate undi-
vided leaves, either persistent or deciduous stipules, and dioecious
flowers ; both kinds in catkins, one flower under each bract or scale,
the staminate of naked stamens only; the fertile of a 1-celled ovary
which becomes a 2-valved pod with 2 parietal .or basal placentie,
bearing numerous seeds furnished with a tuft of long cottony down at
one end.

1. SALIX. Scales of the catkins entire. Sterile flowers of few or rarely many

stamens, accompanied by 1 or 2 little glands. Fertile flowers witli a little
gland at the base of the ovary on the inner side: stigmas 2, short, eac'n
sometimes 2-lobed. Shrubs or ti-ees with lithe branches, mostly 1-scaIed
buds, and narrow leaves.

2. POPULUS. Scales of the catkins cut or cleft at the apex. Flowers on a cup-

shaped oblique disk. Stamens usually numerous. Stigmas long. Catkins
drooping; flowers preceding the leaves, these mostly broad. Buds scaly.

1. SALIX, willow, osier. (The classical Latin name.) The Wil-
lows, especially the numerous wild ones, are much too difficult for the be-
ginner to undertake. For their study the Manual must be used. The
following are the common ones planted from the Old World, with some of
the most treedike wild ones,

§ \. Stamens 2, hut their filaments and often the anthers also united into one.

S. purptirea, of Eu. : known by the reddish or olive-colored twigs, lateral
catkins before the leaves and with dark scales, red anthers, and sessile downy
ovary.

§ 2. Stameiuf 2 and separate.

♦ Flowers earlier than the leaves : catkins sessile along the shoot of preceding year.

S. Vimin^lis, Basket W. or Osikh, of Eu., the twigs best for basket-
work ; has lanco-linear entire slender-pointed leaves 3' -6' long and satiny-white
underneath.

308 WILLOW FAMILY.

« « Flowers slightly earlier than the leaves hut rather late in spring, on lateral
calkins which have 4 or 5 leafy bracts at their base.

S. COrd^ta. A common wild species along streams, badly named, as the
loaves are seldom heart-shaped at base and generally lanceolate, often tapering
to both ends, sharply serrate, smooth, pale or whitish beneath; stipules on
young shoots conspicuous, ovate or kidney;shaped ; ovary slender-stalked,
tapering, smooth.

* * * Flowers in loose catkins terminating leafy lateral shoots of the season, there-
fore later than the leaves, in late spring or early sununer.

S. longif61ia, Loxg-leaved W. Wild on river-banks N. : low shrub or
low tree, with very long lance-lincar nearly sessile sparsely denticulate leaves
grayish-hairy when young ; catkins with narrow yellowish scales ; the stalked
silky-downy ovary bearing large stigmas.

S. Babylbniba, Weeping W. Planted from the Orient : a familiar tree,
with very slender drooping branches, and linear-lanceolate leaves white beneath ;
in the monstrous variety called annulXris, Hoof W., curved into a ring.

S. ^Iba, White W., commonly the var. vitellixa, with yellow twigs :
planted from Eu. ; a familiar tree ; leaves lanceolate, serrate, white-silky under-
neath ; stipules lanceolate ; ovary nearly sessile and smooth.

S. fragilis, Brittle W., from Eu. (so called because the twigs, used for
basket-work, &c., break off readily from their base, as in several other species) ;
large tree, with lanceolate taper-pointed leaves white but smooth beneath, half
heart-shaped stipules, and nearly sessile smooth ovary.

§ 3. Stamens 3-5 or more, sepurate : catkins late-foivering, terminating leafy
branches of the season as in the preceding species : stamens hairy : ovary
smooth : scales deciduous : leaves serrate, smooth.

S. nigra, Black W. Low river-banks : wild tree, with rough black bark,
narrow-lanceolate taper-pointed leaves, 3-6 stamens, and short-ovate pods.

S. pent^ndra, Bay W. A handsome tree, planted from Eu. for the deep
green very glossy lanceolate taper-pointed leaves, of the same hue both sides,
the large staminate catkins of golden yellow flowers also handsome : stamens
4-12, commonly 5 ; pods tapering.

S. Iticida, American Bay W. Wild in wet ground N : very like the
last, but a shrub, with shorter catkins on a less leafy short branch.

2. P6PULUS, POPLAR, ASPEN. ( Classical Latin name. ) El. spring.

§ 1. Buds not glutinous : leaves cottony, at least beneath, even ichen old.

P. ^Iba, Abele or White P. Tree planted from Eu., with spreading
branches, roundish slightly heart-shaped wavy-toothed or lobcd leaves soon
green above, very white-cottony beneath : spreads inveterately by the root.

§ 2. Buds not glutinous : leaves cottony when developed, but soon smooth and
green both sides : bark smooth and close, greenish-white.

P. tremuloides, American Aspen. Small tree, common in woods N. ;
with small roundish-heart-shaped leaves beset with small regular teeth; scales
of the catkin cut into 3 or 4 linear lobes, fringed with long hairs.

P. grandidentata, Larger Amkrican Aspen. Middle-sized tree, com-
mon in woods : the larger roundish-ovate leaves with coarse and irregular blunt
teeth ; scales unequally 5-6-cleft, slightly fringed.

P. heterophylla, Downy Poplar. Wet grounds, common only W^ &
S. : tree 40° -60° high; legves round-ovate or heart-shaped with the sinus
closed by the overlapping lobes, obtuse, serrate Avith incurved teeth, 3' -5' long,
white wool deciduous only with age, leaving traces on the veins beneath and on
the petioles ; fruiting catkins smooth.

§ 3. Buds glutinous with aromatic resin or balsam: leaves smooth from the first.

P. dilat^ta, Lombardy P. Stiff spiry tree, with closely appressed branches,
and small broadly triangular pointed leaves, formerly much planted, from the
Old World, — thought to be a remarkable state of

PINE FAMILY. 309

P. nigra, Black P., of Eu., which is occasionally planted, and4ias spread-
ing branches, larger leaves, more glutinous buds, &c.

P. monilifera, Cottox-wood or Necklace P. Along the Great Lakes
and rivers, from L. Champlain W. and S. W. : large tree, with young branches
somewhat angled ; leaves dilated-triangular or slightly heart-shaped, taper-
pointed, serrate Avith cartilaginous incurved teeth and prominent lateral veins ;
fertile catkins very long and interrupted, their scales cut-fringed ; stigmas very
large, toothed.

P. balsamifera, Balsam P. or Tacamahac. Middle-sized tree, wild
along our Northern borders and N. W. : has round or scarcely angled branch-
lets, very glutinous and pleasantly balsamic strong-scented bud-scales, and ovate
or lance-ovate gradually tapering leaves.

Var. candicans, Balm-of-Gilead P. : planted around dwellings as a
shade tree, wild in some places, spreading inveterately fi-om the root ; appears
to be a variety of the Balsam Poplar, with broader ovate and often heart shaped
leaves lighter-colored beneath.

Subclass IL GYMNOSPERMOUS : no closed ovary, style,
or stigma, but ovules and seeds naked on a scale or some other sort
of transformed leaf, or in Yew at the end of a scaly-bracted stalk ;
the mouth of the ovule receiving the pollen directly. (Lessons, p. 121,
fig. 264-266; p. 133, fig. 312-314.) Leaves not netted-veiued.

Cycas revoltlta (Lessons, p. 19, fig. 47), from the southern part of
Japan, a palm-like low tree of conservatories, wrongly called Sago Palm, and

Zamia integrifdlia, the Coontie of Florida, the root-like trunk of
which does not rise above ground, and furnishes a kind of flour called Florida
Arrow-root, represent the order Cycadace^.

111. CONIFER-^], PINE FAMILY^*

Trees or shrubs, with wood of homogeneous fibre (no ducts),
resinous juice, commonly needle-shaped or awl-shaped leaves, and
monoecious or sometimes dioecious flowers destitute of both calyx
and corolla, and in catkins or the like. (See Lessons, as above.)

I. PINP2 FAMILY PROPER. These are true Coniferce^ or
cone-bearing trees, the fertile flowers being in a scaly catkin which
becomes a strobile or scaly cone. The scales are each in the axil
of a bract (which is sometimes evident and projecting, but often
concealed in the full-grown cone), and bear a pair of ovules ad-
hering to their inner face next the base, the orifice downwards,
and the two winged seeds peel off the scale as the latter expands
at maturity. They all have scaly buds. All the common and
hardy trees of the family belong to the following.

1. PINUS. Leaves persistent, long and needle-shaped, 2, 3. or 5 in a cluster from
the axil of dry bud-scales, developed after the scaly shoot of the season
lengthens. Sterile catkins clustered at the base of the shoot of the season:
each stamen answers to a flower, reduced to a 2-celled anther, with hardly
any filament. Cone woody, mostly large, maturing in the autumn of the
second year. Cotyledons of the embrvo several. (See Lessons, p. 18, fig.
45, 46; p. 72, fig. 140; p. 133, 144, fig. 312-314.)

* For a particular account of the numerous trees of this noble family now planted or
beginning to be planted for ornament special works should be consulted, such, especially, as
the recent '■ Book of Evergreens •' by Mr. Iloopcs. We give here only the principal species
of the country, east of the Mississippi, and the well-established introduced species, mainly
such as are fully hardy North.

310 PINE FAMILY.

2. ABIES. Leaves persistent, linear or short needle-shaped, bonie directlv on the

shoots of the season, over which they are thickly and uniformly scattered.
Sterile catkins in the axils of the leaves of the preceding year. 'Fertile cat-
kins solitary, maturing in the autumn of the same year; tlieir scales thin and
even, never prickle-bearing.

3. LARIX. Leaves all deciduous in autumn, soft, short needle-shaped, in spring,

developed very many in a dense cluster from axillar\' buds of the previous
summer (Lessons, p.' 71, fig. 139), those on shoots of 'the season similar but
scattered. Cones as in Abies, the scales persistent.

4. CEDKUS. Leaves as in Larix, but rigid and persistent. Cones globular,

large, of very broad thin scales, which at length fall away from the axis.

II. CrPRESS FAMILY. These have both kinds of flowers
in short often globular catkins of few scales ; the fertile making a
globular or ovate small cone, which is often fleshy M'hen young,
sometimes imitating a berry. The branches appear and the shoots
grow on without the intervention of any scaly buds. Leaves often
opposite or whorled, sometimes scale-like and adnate to the branch.

§ 1. Scales of the globular cone with a pointed bract behind each loedge-shaped scale,
party cohering with its back.

5. CRYPTOMERIA. Cone terminating a leafy branch, the recurved tip of the

bract and awl-shaped lobes of the top of the scales projecting.

§ 2. Scales of the fruit simple, no bract behind them.
* Fruit a sort of cone, dry and hard lohen mature : flowers moncecious, rarely dioRciom,
•«- Leaves thin and delicate, flat, deciduous.

6. TAXODIUM. Two kinds of flowers on the same branches ; the sterile catkin

ppike-panicled, of few stamens; the fertile in small clusters. Cone globular,
firmly closed till mature, of several very thick-topped and angular shield-
shaped scales, a pair of erect 3-angled seeds on their stalk.
•»- ■•- Leaves evergreen, linear and awl-shaped, alternate, free, destitute of glands.

7. SEQUOIA. Catkins globiilar, the scales of the fertile ones bearing several

ovules. Cone woody; the shield-shaped scales closed without overlapping,
and bearing 3-5 flat wing-margined seeds hanging from the upper part of
their stalk-like base.
•*-•»-+- Leaves evergreen, opposite, awl-shaped and scale-shaped {the former on the
more vigonms lengthening shoots, the latter closely imbricated and decussate on
the succeeding branchlets). commonly icith a resinous gland on tJie back. Seeds
and ovules erect : cotyledons only 2 or 3.
6. CUPRESSUS. Cones spherical; the shield-shaped scales closing by their
well-fitted margins, not overlapping, separating at maturity, each scale bear-
ing two or usually several ovules and winged or wing-margined seeds, its
broad summit with a central boss or short point.
9. THUJA. Cones oblong or globular, the scales not shield-shaped but concave
and fixed by their base, overlapping in pairs, pointed if at all from or near
their summit, spi-eading open at maturity, each bearing a single pair of
ovules and seeds, or rarely more.

* * Fruit berry-like : flowers commonly dioecious.

10. JUNIPERUS. Catkins very small, lateral; the fertile of 3-6 fleshy scales

growing together, and ripening into a sort of globular beny, containing 1-3
bony seeds. Leaves evergreen, opposite or whorled.

IIL YEW FAMILY. Distinguished by having the fertile
catkin, if it may be so called, reduced to a single terminal flower,
consisting of an ovule only, surrounded by some bracts, ripening
into a nut-like or drupe-like seed: cotyledons only 2. There is
nothing answering to the scales of a pine-cone. Leaf-buds scaly as
in the true Pine Family. Flowers mostly dioecious, axillary.

11. TAXUS. Leaves linear, appearing more or less 2-ranked, green both sides.

Both kinds of catkins, if such they may be called, are small axillary buds

PINE FAMILY. 811

imbricated with persistent scales, bearing at the apex, one a few naked
stamens, each with 3-8 anther-cells under a somewhat shield-shaped apex,
the other an ovate ovule. This in fruit becomes a nut-like blackish seed,
restinc^ in the bottom of a berry-like red cup.

12. TORREYA. Leaves, catkins, &c., nearly as in Taxus. Stamens more scale-

shaped at top, each bearing 4 hanging anther-cells. Naked seed resembling
a thin fleshed drupe or Avhen dry a nut, -with no cup around it, as large as a
nutmeg, wliich it resembles also in the brain-like interior structure.

13. SALISBURIA. Leaves wedge-shaped and fan-shaped, deeply 2-cleft and the

lobes wavy-toothed and somewhat cleft at the broad truncate end, traversed,
with straight simple or forking nerves or veins, like a Fern. Flowers not
often seen. Sterile catkins slender and loose. Seed drupe-like, and with a
fleshy short cup around its base.
PODOCARPUS, one or two species in choice conservatories, and two half
hardy in the Middle States as low shrubs, — the genus so called because
the fleshy seed is raised on a sort of stalk, — belongs here. The leaves are
sometimes much unlike those of other Coniferous trees, being large, linear,
lanceolate, or even ovate, and veinless, except the midrib.

1. PINUS, PINE. (The classical Latin name.) riowers in late spring.

§ 1. PiTCH-PiNES and their relatives, with leaves only 2 or 3 in the cluster,
scaly -sheathed at the base : wood resinous.

* Cones lateral and persistent on the branch long ajler shedding the seed, the scales <
thickened at the end, often tipped with a cusp or spine : leaves rigid.,
1- Leaves 3 in the cluster. All natives, but the last Californian.

P. australis, Loxg-lewkd or Southern Yellow Pine. Lofty striking
tree, of pine-barrens from N. Car. S. ; with leaves 10'- 15' long, very resin-
ous wood, and cones 6'- 10' long, the scales tipped with a reflexed short spine.

P. tJEda, Loblolly or Old-field P. Smaller tree, in light soil, from
Virginia S , with less resinous wood, dark green leaA^es 6'- 10' long, and solitary
cones 3' - 5' long, the scales tipped with a short straight or incurved spine.

P. rigida, Northern Pitch P. Sandy or thin rocky soil, abounding
along the coast N. and in the upper country S. : a stout tree, with dark green
leaves 3' -5' long from short sheaths, clustered ovate-conical cones 2' -3' long,
the scales tipped with a recurved spine or prickle.

P. serbtina, Pond P. Small tree in wet ground from N. Car. S. ; with
valueless wood, leaves 4'- 8' long, and mostly opposite round-ovate cones 2' -3'
long, th^r scales tipped with a very small and weak prickle.

P. ponder6sa (or BenthamiXna) ; planted from California, where it is a
characteristic tree, with heavy wood, deep green leaves 6'- 11' long, and clus-
tered cones about 3' long, reflexed on a short stalk.

H- -t- Leaves only 2 in the sheath, or a few of them sometimes in threes.
•M- Planted from Europe.
P. sylv6stris, Scotch Pine (wrongly called also Scotch Fir), the com-
mon Pine of N. Europe : middle-sized tree, known by the bluish-white hue of
its flat leaves (2' -4' long), reddish bark on the firunk, and narrow tapering
cones, the scales with tubercle-like tips.

P. Austriaca, Austrian P., a probable variety of P. LARfno, or Cor-
8ICAN P. of S. Eu. : a fast-growing massive tree, with very rough branches,
dark-green slender but rigid leaves 4' -6' long, and conical cones 2.^' -3' long.

++ ++ Wild species of the country.

P. piingens, Table-Mountain or Prickly Pine. Along the Alle-
ghauies from Penn. to S. Car. : middle-sized tree ; with dark blnish-green
leaves only about 2' long ; but the heavy and clustered cones fully 3' long,
ovate, and the scales armed witli a very strong soniewhat hooked spine.

P. mitis, Yellow Pi.ne of the North, Short-leaved Yellow Pine S. :
a middle-sized tree in sandy or dry soil, with firm fine-grained wood, slender
leaves (not rarely in threes) 3' -5' long, and mostly solitary ovate or oblong-
onical cones barely 2' long, the scales tipped with a minute weak prickle.

312 PINE FAMILY.

P. inops, Jersey Scrttb P. Low straorgling tree of barrens and sterile
hills, from New Jersey S. & W. ; with drooping branchlcts, leaves l'-3' long,
and solitary ovate-oblong cones 2' long, retlexed on a short stalk, the scales
tipped with an awl-shaped prickle.

F. Banksiana, Gray or Northern Scrub P. Along our northern
frontiers and extending N., on rocky banks : straggling shrub or tree, 50-20°
high ; with oblique or contorted leaves 1' long, curved cones barely 2' long, and
blunt scales.

* * Cones at the apex of the branch and fallinrf after shedcUnq the seed, their
scales slightly thickened at the end and without any prickly point ; leaves
only 2 in the cluster and with a long sheath, slender.
P. resinbsa, Red Pine, and wrongly called Norway Pjne : the Latin
name not a good one, as the tree is not especiallv resinous : dry woods N.
from N. England to Wisconsin ; 50° - 80° high, with reddish and smoothish
bark, compact wood, dark green leaves 5' -6' long and not rigid, and ovate-
conical smooth cones about 2' long.

§ 2. White Pines, with softer haves, 5 in the cluster, their sheath and the scale
undtrnrath early deciduous : cones long, cylindrical, tn-minal, hangimj,
falling cifer shedding the seeds, their scales hardly if at all thickened at the
end, ]X)intless : seed thin-shelled and winged.

P. Str6bus, White Pine. Tall tree in low or fertile soil N. and along
the mountains ; with soft white wood invaluable for lumber, smooth greenish
bark on young trunks and branches, pale or glaucous slender leaves 3' -4' long,
and naiTow cones 5' - 6' long.

P. excelsa, BiiOTAN or Himalayan White P. Ornamental tree barely
hardy for N. ; with the drooping and white leaves and the cones nearly twice
the length of those of White Pine,

P. Lamberti^na, Lambert's or Sugar P. One of the tallest trees of
Oregon and California, beginning to be planted : has leaves as rii^id as in many
Pitch Pines, 3' -5' long, bright green, the cones also at first erect, when full
grown 1 2' - 20' long.

§ 3. Nut Pines, with leai^es, ^x. as in the preceding srcfion, but short thick cones
of fewer and thick pointless scales, and large hard-shelled edible seeds desti-
tute of a wing.

P. C6mbra, Cembra or Swfss Stone P. of the higher Alps : small,
Blow-growing, very hardy ornamental tree, with green 4-sided leaves 3^4' long
and much crowded on the erect branches ; cones round-oval, erect, 2' long, the
round seeds as large as peas.

2. ABIES, SPRUCE, FIR {Classical Latin name. — The names Abies
and Picea, for Spruce and Fir, arc just oppositely used by different authors.
Linnffius employed the former for Spruce, the latter for Fir, and so do some
late writers. The ancients used the names just the other way, and the later
botanists mostly follow them) FI. late spring.

§ 1. Spruce. Conps hanging or nodding on the end of a branch, their scales
persistent : cells of the anther o})ening lengthwise : the needle-shaped and
4-sided leaves pointing every ivay.

A. exc6Lsa, Norway Spruce : the most common and most vigorous
species planted, from Europe ; fine large tree, with stout branches, deep green
leaves lar^^er than in the next, the mature hanging cones 5' -7' long.

A. nigra, Black or Double Spruce. Cold v»oods and swamps N. and
along the mountains S. : middle-sized tree, with leaves (seldom over ^' long)
dark green, and a glaucous-whitish variety E. ; its ovate cones recurving on
^hort branches, I'-l^' long, persistent for several years, thin rigid scales with
thin often eroded edge.

A. ^Iba, White Spruce. Wild only along our northern borders and N. ;
when planted a very handsome tree, with pale glaucous leaves ; cylindrical
nodding cones about 2' long, falling the first winter, the thinner scales with a
firm even edge.

PINE FAMILY. 313

A. Menzi6sii, Menzies' Spruce, of the Rocky Mountains and W., is
planted and likely to become common : fine tree, with broader and stiffer leaves
than the foreg:oing, almost prickly-pointed, silvery -whitish beneath; cones al>out
3' long, cylindrical, soft ; their scales rhombic-ovate, thin and pale.

§2. Hemlock-Spruce (Tsuga). Cones hamjing on declined branches of the

preceding yar, small, persistent, and their scales persistent : sterile catkins

very small and globular, oj a few anthers which open across : leavisjiat, on

distinct little petioles, most of them spreading right and left so as to apjiear

2-ranked on the branch.

A. Canadensis, Hemlock-Spruce. Common on hills N., and planted

for ornament : large tree, with coarse wood, light and spreading spray, broadish-

linear and blunt leaves only ^' long, green above and white beneath, and oval

cones only |' or §' long', their bracts very short and hidden.

A. Dougl^sii, Douglas Spruce, one of the tall trees from Rocky
Mountains and W. to the Pacific, planted but proves not quite hardy enough N.,
is of this section : it has slender leaves 1' or more long, light green, indistinctly
2-ranked; cones 2' -3' long, loose, with pointed and toothed bracts projecting
beyond the scales.

§ 3. Fir. Cones set rigidly erect on the upper side of spreading branches of the
preceding year, their scales and commonly conspicuous bracts falling away
with the seeds ichen ripe from the persistent slender axis : seeds resinous :
anthers irre(/ularly bursting : leaves fat, white beneath each side of the
prominent viidrib, those on horizontal branches inclined to spread right and
left so as to appear 2-ranked.

* Balsam Firs, 7iative trees: bark yielding Canada balsam from blisters, Sfc.
A. balsamea, CoMnrox B. Small tree of cold or wet grounds N., hand-
some when young, but short-lived, with worthless wood, narrow linear leaves

J' or less than 1' long and much crowded, cylindrical violet-colored cones 2' -4'
long and 1' thick, their bracts with only the abrupt slender point projecting.

A. Fraseri, Fraser's or Soutiierx B. Along the higher Allcghanies :
small tree, like the precedmg ; but the small cones (only l'-2' long) ob'ong-
ovate, with the short-pointed upper part of the bracts conspicuously projecting
and reflexed.

* * Silver-Firs, &c., ve^^y choice ornamental trees, only the frst at oil common.

■I- Leaves blunt.

A. peotin^ta, European Silver-F. Large tree with wood, its horizon-
tal branches with narrow leaves (greener above than in Balsam F., nearly as
white beneath and 1^' long) forming a flat spray ; cones 6' -8' long, with
slender projecting points to' the bracts.

A. Nordmanni^na, from the Crimea and N. Asia ; with thicker-set and
broader leaves than the foregoing, linear, curved, 1' long, deep green above and
whitened beneatli ; cones large and ovate.

A. Pichta, SiiJERiAN SiLVER-F. ; with thicker-set leaves than those of
European Silver-Fir, dark green above and less white beneath ; cones only 3'
long, their shoft bracts concealed under the scales.

A. grandis, Great Silver-Fir of Oregon and California: resembles a
fine Balsam Fir on a large scale, with broader leaves notched at the end, about
1' long, and thicker cones with concealed bracts.

•<- Leaves acute or j/oiuted, especially on main shoots, rigid, ividely and about
equally spreading on all sides.

A. Cephal6nica, Cephalonian Silver-Fiu : remarkable for its very
stiff almost prickly-pointed squarrose leaves dark green above, white beneath.

A. Pinsdpo, Spanish SilveRtFir : resembles the last, but not so hardy,
leaves less pointed, and the bracts of the cones are concealed.

3. LARIX, LARCH. (The ancient name.) Trees planted for ornament
and valualile for timber : branches slender, the young ones pendulous : flow-
ers in earliest spring, much before tho leaves appear : catkins from later.**

SI 4 PINE FAMILY.

spurs or broad buds ; the sterile globular, yellow ; tbe fertile oval, crimson-
red, being the color of the bracts.

L. Europasa, European Larch, the one generally planted : a fine fast-
growing tree, with leaves about 1' long, and longer cones of numerous scales.

L. Americana, Amkricax L., Tamarack or Hackmatack. Swamps
N. : slender tree with shorter and paler leaves, and small cones of few scales,
only 1^' or I' long.

4. CEBRUS, CEDAR, i. e. of Lebanon. (Ancient Greek name.) Wood
reddish, fragrant. Cult, for ornament, but precarious in this climate.

C. Libani, Cedar of Lebanon ; with dark foliage and stiff horizontal
branches, the terminal shoot erect : not hardy E. of New York.

C. Deod^ra, Deodar C. of Himalayas ; with lighter drooping s]M:ay on
young trees, and whitish foliage : seems unlikely to flourish in this country.

6. CRYPTOMERIA. (Name, from the Greek, means concealed parts or
joints.) Evergreen tree from Japan,

C. Jap6nica, not hardy N. but often in conscn^atories ; leaves crowded,
awl-shaped, many-ranked, edgewise and decurrent on the stem.

6. TAXODIUM, BALD-CYPRESS. (Name, from the Greek, means
Yew-like: the resemblance is only in the shape of the leaves.) Fl. before
the leaves, in earliest spring.

T. distichum, American B. or Southern Cypress. Large tree in
swamps S., and planted, even N. : branchlets slender, many of them falling in
autumn like leafstalks ; leaves light green, ^' long, narrow-linear, 2-ranked, on
some flower-bearing shoots awl-shaped and imbricated ; cones 1 ' or less thick.

7. SEQUOIA, REDWOOD. (Named for the Cherokee half-breed Lulian
See-qua-yah, who invented an alphabet for his nation.) Very celebrated,
gigantic, Californian trees, with fibrous bark, not unlike that of Taxodium,
and soft, fissile, dull-red wood. Neither sjiccies is hardy in New England,
or safe in the Middle States ; but the second is disposed to stand.

S. Semp6rvirens, Common Redwood of the coast ranges of California ;
with flat and linear acute leaves 2-ranked on the branches, but small awl-shapcd
and scattered ones on the erect or leading shoots, and small globular cones
(barely 1' long).

S. gigantea. Giant Redwood (in England called Wellingtonia) of the
Sierra Nevada ; with all the leaves awl-shapcd and distributed round the branch ;
cones ovoid, l^'-2' long.

8. CUPRESSUS, CYPRESS. Classical name of the Oiiental Cypress,
namely,

C. seilip6rvireilS, planted only far S. ; stiff narrow tree, with slendf^r
erect branchlets, dark foliage, and cone 1' in diameter, each scale many-sccdod.

C thujoides, White Cedar. Tree of low grounds S. & E., with white
vahiable wood, slender spray, and pale glaucous-green triangular-awl-shaped
leaves much finer than in Arbor Vita; ; cones hardly ^' wide, with few seeds to
each scale, and these almost wingless.

C. Lawsoniana, of N. California, recently much planted, and if fully hardy

Promising to be very ornamental ; has thickly set and plume-like flat sj^ray, of
luish-green hue, and cones scarcely above 4' in thickness, their scales bearing
2-4 ovules and ripening 2 or 3 seeds.

C. pisifera, or Retinospoka pisifera (of which C. OBTtrsA is seemingly
a form with the scale-shaped leaves blunter and cone larger), is a scarcely hardy
species, introduced from Japan, the cones only as large as peas (to which the
specific name refers), a single pair of broad-winged seeds to each scale.

C. squarrosa, or kuiooides, from Japan, is perfectly hardy N., perhaps
a variety of the last, but of strikingly different appearance, bearing only loose
and awl-shaped leaves.

PINE FAMILY. 815

9. THX!rjA, ARBOTl VITtE. (Ancient name of some resin-bearing ever-
green.) The varieties planted in collections are very numerous ; the follow-
ing are the principal natural types, by many taken for genera.

T. occident^lis, Ameuican Arbor Vit^, or White Cedar of the

North. Common tree N., in swamps and cool moist woods, much planted,
especially for hedges and screens ; leaves mostly of the scale-shaped sort, blunt
and adnate ; cones oblong, rather soft, the oblong scales pointless, and bearing
2 thin winged seeds. Many nursery varieties, some of which, especially var.
ERicoiDES or Heath-like A., have the loose awl-shaped sort of leaves.

T. orient^lis, or Biota ohientalis, the Chinese A., not fully hardy
far N. : small tree, with even the scale-shaped leaves acute, cone larger, with
thicker scales tipped with a recurving horn-like apex or appendage, each
2-seeded, and the seeds hard-shelled and wingless. — Var. alfrea, the Golden
A. is dwarf and very dense, with yellow-green or partly golden-tinged foliage.
Var. Tartaric A, is a more hardy glossy-green variety, the leaves scale-shaped.
Var, Melden'Sis, one with only loose and awl-shaped leaves. Even the slender-
stemmed and weeping T. pendula is an extreme variety.

T. dolabrata, or Thujopsis dolabrata of Japan. Remarkable for its
very flat spray, broad and very blunt large leaves (sometimes ^' long) green
above and white beneath ; the cone with thick and rounded scales, each with
5 wing-margined seeds.

10. JUNIPSRUS, JUNIPER. (Classical Latin name.) Fl. late spring.
§ 1. Leaves [scale-like and awl-shaped, small, the former sort minute and very

adnate) like tho^e of Cypress and Arbor Vitce.

J. Virginiana, Red Cedar or Savin. A familiar shrub and small or
large tree, with most durable and valuable reddish odorous Avood ; the small
fruit dark with a white bloom, erect on the short supporting branchlct.

J. Sabina, var. procurabens. Rocky banks, trailing over the ground
along our northern borders, with the scale-shaped leaves less acute, and the
fruit nodding on the short peduncle-like recurved branchlet.

§ 2. Leaves all of one sort, in lohorls of Z, jointed with the stem, linear with an awl-
shaped prickly pohit, the midrib prominent, also the rib-like margins.

J. eommunis, Common Juniper. Erect or spreading shrub ; with very
sharj)-pointed leaves green below and white on the upper face ; berries large and
smooth. The wild, low, much spreading variety is common N. in sterile or
rocky ground. Var. Hibernica, very erect tree-like shrub, forming a narrow
column, is most planted for ornament, from Eu.

11. TAXUS, YEW. (Classical name, from the Greek for a how, the tough
wood was chosen for bows.) Fi. early spring.

T. baccata, European Yew. Low tree, with thick upright trunk, spread-
ing short branches, and pointed dark green leaves about 1' long ; when planted
in this country forms only a shrub.

Var. fastigiata, Irish Yew; a singular form, making a narrow column,
the branches a]))n-essed ; the leaves shorter, broader, and scarcely in two ranks.

Var. Canadensis, American Yew or Ground Hemlock ; shady cold
banks and woods N. ; the stems spreading over the ground.

12. TORRE YA. (Named for our Dr. John Torrey.) Flowers in spring.

T. taxif6Iia. Woods in Florida : a handsome tree, but with the wood and
foliage ill-scented ; leaves like those of Yew but longer and tapering to a sharp
point : hardy as a shrub as far north as New York. — T. Californica, is the
Californian Nutmeg-tree. T. NUcfFERA, from Japan, is another species.

13. SALISBtlRIA, GINKGO-TREE. (Named for/e. A. Salisbury.)

S. adiantifdlia (the name denotes the likeness of the leaves to those of
the Maidenhair Fern) , a most singular tree, planted from Japan, hardy even
N. ; branches spreading ; the fan-shaped alternate leaves with their slender
stalks, 3' or 4 long.

316 PINE FAMILY.

Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS
PLANTS : Distinguished by having the woody matter of the
stem in distinct bundles scattered without obvious order
throughout its whole breadth, never so arranged as all to
come in a circle, when abundant enough to form proper
wood as in Palms and the like, this is hardest and the
bundles most crowded toward the circumference. Embryo
with a single cotyledon ; the first leaves in germination
alternate. Leaves mostly, but not always, parallel-veined.
Parts of the flower almost always in threes, never in fives.
See Lessons, p. 117, and for style of vegetation, p. 19, fig. 47.

The plants of this class may be arranged under three gen-
erally well-marked divisions.

L SPADICEOUS DIVISION. Flowers either naked, i. e.
destitute of calyx and corolla, or these if present, not brightly
colored, collected in the sort of spike called a spadix, which is
embraced or subtended by the kind of developing bract termed a
spathe. The most familiar examples of this division are offered
by the Arum Family. To it also belong on one hand the Palms,
on the other the Pondweeds — here merely mentioned, as follows : —

S^bal Palmetto, Cabbage Palmetto, of the sanfly coast from N. Car-
ohna S., our only tree of the class, with

S. serrul^ta, Saw Palmetto, of the Southern coast, the trunk of which
creeps on the ground, and the short petioles are spiny-margined, Avlience the
popular name,

S. Adansdnii, Dwarf Palmetto, the leaves of which, rising from a
stem underground, are smooth-edged, and

Chamserops H;^Strix, Blue Palmetto of S. Carolina, &c., with erect
or creeping trunks only 2° -,'3° long, and pale or glaucous leaves 3° -4° high ;
— these represent with us the Palm Family.

Potanaog^ton natans, and other species of Poxdweed abound in
ponds and streams, and represent the Naiadace.d or Pondweed Family, —
plants of various forms but of little interest — in fresh water.

Zost^ra marina, Grass- Wrack or P]el-Grass of salt water, with its
long ribbon-like bright green leaves, and flowers hidden in their upper sheaths,
represents the same family in shallow bays of the ocean.

L^mna polyrhiza, Duckweed, consisting of little green grains, about
i'- J' long, floating on stagnant water, producing a tuft of hanging roots from
their lower face, never here found in blossom,

L. minor, still smaller and with only a single root, — and the less common
L. trisulca,, which is oblong-lanceolate from a stalk-like base, — all propa-
gating freely by budding from the side and separating, — are greatly simplified
little plants representing the Lemnacea: or Duckweed Family, their mi-
nute flower rax'ely seen. See Manual ; also Structural Botany, p. 70, fi<j. 102.

ARUM FAMILY. 317

112. ARACE-aS, ARUM FAMILY.

Plants with pungent or acrid watery juice, leaves mostly with
veins reticulated so as to resemble those of the first class, flowers
in the fleshy head or spike called a spadix, usually furnished with
the colored or peculiar enveloping bract called a snathe.

There are several stove-plants of the family now rather common
in choice collections, mostly species and varieties of Caladium, cul-
tivated for their colored and variegated foliage.

§ 1. Leaves with expanded blade, and with spreadinfj nerves or veins, never linear.
* Flowers wholly destitute of calyx and corolla.

1. ARIS^MA. Leaves compound, only one or two, with stalks sheathing the

simple stem, which rises from a fleshy corm, and terminates in a long spadix
bearing flowers only at its base, where it i»-enveloped by the convolute lower
part 01 the greenish or purplish snathe. Sterile flowers above the fertile,
each of a few sessile anthers ; the fertile each a 1-celled 5-G-ovuled ovary,
in fi'uit becoming a scarlet berry: commonly dioecious, the stamens being
abortive in one plant, the pistils abortive in the other.

2. COLOCASIA. Leaves simple, peltate, and with a notch at the base. Spathe

convolute, yellowish, much longer than the spadix : the latter covered with
ovaries at base, above with some abortive rudiments, still higher crowded
with numerous 6-8-celled sessile anthers, and the pointed summit naked.

3. PELTANDRA. Leaves arrow-shaped; these and the scape from a tufted

fibrous root. Spathe convolute to the pointed apex, green, wavy-margined.
Spadix long and tapering, covered completely with flowers, i. e. above with
naked shield-shaped anthers each of 5 or 6' cells, opening by a hole at the
top, below with one-celled ovaries bearing several erect ovules, in fruit a
1-3-seeded fleshy bag. Seeds obovate, surrounded by a tenacious jelly.

4. RICHARDIA. Leaves arrow-shaped ; these and the long scape from a' short

tuberous rootstock. Spathe broad, spreading above, bright white, convolute
at base around the slender cylindrical spadix, which is densely covered above
with yellow anthers, below with ovaries, each incompletely 3-celled, and con-
taining several hanging ovules.

5. CALLA. Leaves heart-shaped, on long petioles; these and the peduncles from

a creeping rootstoclc. Spathe open, the upper face bright white, spreading
widely at the base of the oblong spadix, which is wholly covered with
flowers; the lower ones perfect, having 6 stamens around a'l-celled ovary;
the upper often of stamens only. Berries red, containing a few oblong seeds,
surrounded with jelly.

* * Flowers with a perianth, perfect, covering the whole spadix.

6. SYMPLOCARPUS. Leaves ovate, very large and veiny, short-petioled, ap-

pearing much later than the flowers "^ from a fibrous-rooted conn or short
rootstock. Spathe shell-shaped, ovate, incurved, thick, barely raised out of
ground, enclosing the globular spadix, in which the flowers are as it were
nearly immersed. Each flower has 4 hooded sepals, 4 stamens with 2-celled
antheVs turned outwards, nnd a 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary tipped with a short
awl-shaped style: the fruit is the enlarged spongy spadix under the rough
surface of which are imbedded large fleshy seeds.

§ 2. Leaves linear, flag -like, nerved: spadix appearing lateral.

7. ACORUS. Spadix cylindrical, naked, emerging from the side of a 2-edged

sample scape resembling the leaves, densely covered with perfect flowers.
Sepals 6, concave. Stamens 6, witli linear fihunents and kidney-shaped an-
thers. Ovaj-y 2-3-ce!led, with several hanging ovules in each cell, becoming
dry in fruit, ripening only one or two small seeds.

1. ARIS^MA, INDIAN TURNIP, &c. (Name altered from Aram, to
which these plants were formerly referred.) Wild plants of rich woods, fl.
in spring, vciny-lcavcd, their turnip-shaped corm farinaceous, but imbued
with an intensely pungent juice, which is dissipated in drying. 2/

A. triph;!^llum, Common Indian Tdrnip. In rich woods ; leaves mostly

2, each of 3 oblong j)ointed leaflets ; stalks and spathe either green or variegated
with whitish -and dark-purple stripes or spots, the latter witli broad or flat
summit incurved over tlie top of the club-shaped and blunt spadix.

818 CAT-TAIL FAMILY.

A. Drac6ntiuin, Dragon-Arum, Dragon-root, or Green Dragon.
Low grounds; leaf mostly solitary, its petiole l°-2° long, bearing 7-11
pedate lance-oblong pointed leaflets ; the greenish spathe wholly rolled into a
tube with a short slender point, very much shorter than the long and tapering
tail-like spathe.

2. COLOCASIA. (The ancient Greek name of the common species.) 2/
C. antiqu6rum, one variety called C. esculexta ; cult, in the hot parts

of^the world for its farinaceous thick rootstocks (Avhich are esculent when the
acrid princi])le is driven off by heat, as also the leaves), and in gardens for its
magnificent foliage, the pale ovate-arrow-shaj)ed leaves being 2° -3° long when
Avell grown ; the stalk attached much below the middle, the notch not deep.

3. PELTANDRA, ARROW-ARUM. (Name of Greek words meaning
shield-shaped sUimen, from the form of the anthers.) Fl. summer. ^

P. Virgklica. Shallow water : 10-2° high ; leaves pale ; the fine trans-
verse nerves running from the midrib and netted with 2 or .3 longitudinal ones
near the margin ; scapes recurved in fruit ; top of the spathe and spadix
rotting off, leaving the short fleshy base firmly embracing the globular cluster
of green berries.

4. RICH AUDI A. (Named for the French botanist, L. C. Richard.) IJ.
R. Africana, the ^^^thiopian or Egyptian Calla, of common house-
culture, but a native of the Cape of Good Hope and not a true Calla, — too
familiar to need fuller description.

6. CALLA, WATER ARUM. (An ancient name.) Fl. early summer. :^
C. palustris. Cold and wet bogs from Penn N. : a low and small, rather

handsome plant; leaves 3' -4' long; filaments slender; anthers 2-celled.

e. SYMPLOCARPUS, SKUNK CABBAGE. (Name of Greek words

for fruit (J roivn tocjelher.) "IJ.

S. fOBtidus, the only species, in swamps and wet woods, mostly N. : send-
ing up, in earliest spring, its purple-tinged or striped spathe enclosing the head
of flowers, and later the large leaves, when full grown 1°- 2° long, in a cabbage-
like tuft ; the fruit 2' -3' in diameter, the hard bullet-like seeds almost ^' wide,
ripe in autumn.

7. ACORXJS, SWEET FLAG or CALAMUS. (Ancient name, from
the Greek, said to refer to the use as a remedy for sore eyes.) 2}.

1. A. Calamus, Common Sweet-Flag : in wet grounds ; sending up the
2-edged sword-shaped leaves, 2° or more high, from the horizontal pungent
aromatic rootPtock : fl. early summer.

113. TYPHACEJE, CAT-TAIL FAMILY.

Marsh herbs, or some truly aquatic, with linear and straight-
nerved erect (unless floating) long leaves, sheathing at base, and
monoecious flowers on a dry spadix, destitute of calyx and corolla ;
the fruit dry and nut-like, 1 -seeded, rarely 2-seeded.

Near to this belongs Pandanus, cult, for its foliage in some con-
servatories, with prickly toothed leaves crowded on woody stems.

1. TYPHA. Flowers indefinite, in a dense cylindrical spike terminating the long

and simple reed-like stem ; the upper part of stamens only, mixed witli long
hairs; the lower and thicker part of slender-stalked ovaries tapering into a
style and below sm-rounded by numerous club-shaped bristles, which form
the copious down of the fruit.

2. SPARGANIUM. Flowers collected in separate densje heads, scattered along

the summit of the leafy stem; the upper ones of stamens only with some

WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY. 819

minuts scales interposed, the lower of pistils, each ovary with a few small
scales at its base, the whole ripening into a spherical head of small nuts,
which are wedge-shaped below and with a pointed tip.

1. TYPHA, CAT-TAIL FLAG. (From Greek word for fen, in which
these plants abound.) Fl. early summer. %

T. Iatif61ia, Commox C. or Kekd-Mace ; with flat leaves, these and the
stem 6°- 10° hifxh ; no interval between the sterile and fertile part of the spike.

T. angUStiiiblia, Narkow-leaved C. Less common, smaller ; leaves
narrower, more channelled toward the base ; commonly a space between the
sterile and the fertile part of the spike.

2. SPARGANIUM, BUR-REED. (Name from Greek for a fillet, al-
luding to the ribbon-shaped leaves ) Fl. summer. 1|.

S. eurye^rpum, Great B. Border of ponds and streams, 3° -5° high,
with panicled-spiked heads, the fertile when in fruit Ig" thick, the nuts broad-
tipped ; stigmas 2 ; leaves \' - 1' wide, flat on upper side, keeled and concave-
sided on the other.

S. simplex, Smaller B. Only N. : in water; erect, sometimes floating,
lo-2° high, mostly with a simple row of heads; leaves narrower; stigma
simple, linear, as long as the style ; nuts tapering to both ends and with a
stalked base.

S. minimum, Smallest B. Mostly with leaves floating in shallow
water (6'- 10' long) and flat; heads few; stigma simple, oval; nuts oval,
short-pointed and short-stalked.

II. PETALOIDEOUS DIVISION. Flowers not on a spadix,
"with a perianth (calyx and corolla), all or part of it usually colored.

114. ALISMACE.^, WATER.-PLANTAIN FAMILY.

Marsh herbs, with flowers on scapes or scape-like stems, in pani-
cles, racemes, or spikes, with distinct calyx and corolla, viz. 3 se-
pals and 3 petals, and* from 3 to many distinct pistils ; stamens on
the receptacle. Juice sometimes milky. The genuine AlismacejB
have solitary ovules and seeds, and wholly separate pistils. Some
outlying related plants differing in these respects are annexed.

I. ARROW-GRASS FAMILY. Calyx and corolla colored
alike (greenish). Anthers turned outwards. Ovaries 3 partly
united, or a single 3 - 6-celled compound pistil. Leaves petiole-like,
without a blade.

1. TRIGLOCHIN. Flowers perfect, small, in a slender spike or raceme, bract-

less. Calyx and corolla deciduous. Stamens 3 or 6, with oval anthers on
short filaments. Ovary 3 -6-celled, splitting when ripe from the central axis
into as manv closed and dry seed-like 1-seeded cells : stipTuas sessile.

2. SCHEUCHZI^RIA. Flowers perfect, few and rather small, in a loose bracted

raceme. Sepals and petals oblong, persistent. Stamens 6, with linear an-
thers. Pistils 3, with globular 2 - 3-ovuled ovaries slightly united at base, and
diverging in fruit, forming 3 turgid pods. Stigmas flat, sessile.

IL WATER-PLANTAIN FAIMILY proper. Calyx of 3
persistent green sepals. Corolla of 3 deciduous white petals. An-
thers turned outwards. Ovaries many, tipped with short style or
stigma, 1-ovuled, becoming akenes in fruit. Leaves sometimes only
petioles, commonly with distinct blade, when the nerves or ribs
are apt to be more or less joined by cross veins or netted.

320 WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.

8. ALISMA. Flowers perfect, loosely panicled. Petals involute in the bud.
Stamens 6. Ovaries many, in a ring, very flat-sided, becoming coriaceous
flat akenes, 2 - 3-keeled on the back.

4. ECHINODORUS. Flowers perfect, in prolifcFous umbels. Petals imbricated
in the bud. Stamens 9 or more. Ovaries heaped in a head, becoming wing-
less akenes.

6. SAGITTARIA. Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious or polygamous, in suc-
cessive whorls, the sterile at the summit of the scape; the lowest fertile.
Stamens usually numerous. Ovaries very many, heaped on the globular
receptacle, in fruit becoming flat and winged akenes.

III. FLOWERING-RUSH FAMILY. (Butoue^.) Dif-
fers i'roin the preceding mainly in the few ovaries having numerous
ovules distributed all over the inside.

6. LIMNOCHARIS. Flowers perfect, long-peduncled. Petals large, vellow. Sta-
mens numerous with slender filaments, a few of the outennost without an-
thers, the rest with linear antliers. Ovaries 6 or more, somewhat united at
base. Leaves roundish and heart-shaped, long-petioled.

1. TRIGLOCHIN, ARROW-GRASS. (Name in Greek means three-
pointed. ) Insignificant rush-like plants, in marshes, mostly where the wa-
ter is brackish : fl. summer. ^

T. pallistre. Slender, 6' -18' high, with linear-club-shaped ovary and
fruit, the 3 pieces when ripe separating from tlie sharp-pointed base upwards.

T. maritimum. Stouter, 12' -20' high, with fruit of about 6 pieces
rounded at base. — Var. elXtum, in bogs of the interior, N., 20' -30' high, the
pieces of the fruit sharp-angled on the back.

T. tri^ndrum, a small slender species along the coast S., has only 3
sepals, no petals, 3 stamens, and a 3-lobed fruit.

2. SCHEUCHZEIIIA. (Named for the early Swiss botanist, Scheuchzer. )
S. pallistris. Peat-bogs from Penn. N. : 1° high : fl. early summer. "^

3. ALISMA, WATER-PLANTAIN. (The old Greek name, of uncertain
meaning.) Fl. all late summer.

A. PlantagO. Shallow water : leaves long-petioled, varying from or oblong-
heart-shaped to lanceolate, 3-5-ribbed; panicle l°-2° long of very many and
loose small flowers. ^

4. ECHIN6D0RITS. (Named probably from Greek words for prickly
Jiask, the head of fruit being as it were prickly-pointed by the styles, but
hardly so in our species. The following oc^ur in muddy or wet places, chiefly
W. & S. : fl. summer ; the flowering shoots or scapes mostly proliferous and
creeping.

E. pdrvulus : a tiny plant, l'-3' high, with lanceolate or spatulate leaves,
few-flowered umbels, 9 stamens, and almost pointless akenes. (T)

E. rostratUS, with broadly heart-shaped leaves (l'-3' long, not including
the petiole) shorter than the erect scape, which bears a panicle of proliferous
umbels; flower almost ^' wide; 12 stamens; akenes beaked with slender
styles. ®

.E. radicans, with broadly heart-shaped and larger leaves (3' - 8' wide)
which are very open or almost truncate at base ; the creeping scapes or stems
becoming l°-4° long and bearing many whorls ; flowers ^'-%' broad ; akenes
short-beaked.

5. SAGITTABIA, ARROW-HEAD. (From the Latin for mrow, from
the sagittate leaves which prevail in the genus. In shallow water : fl. all
summer ^

* Filaments long and slender, i. e. as long as the linear-oblong anthers.
S. lancifblia. Common from Virginia S. : with the stout leaves l°-3«>
and scapes 2° - 5° high, the coriaceous blade of the former lance-oblong and

frog's-bit family. 321

always tapering into the thick petiole, the nerves nearly all from the thick
and prominent midrib.

S. variabilis. The common species everywhere, exceedingly variable ;
almost all the well-developed leaves arrow-shaped ; filaments nearly twice the
length of the anthers, smooth ; akenes broadly obovate, with a long and
curved beak ; calyx i-emaining open.

S. calycina. Along rivers, often much immersed ; many of the leaves
linear or with no blades ; the others mostly halberd-shaped ; scapes weak,
3' - 9' high ; pedicels with fruit recurved ; filaments roughish, only as long as
the anthers ; akenes obovate, tipped with short horizontal style ; calyx appressed
to head of fruit and partly covering it ; the fertile flowers show 9-12 stamens,
the sterile occasionally some rudiments of pistils.

* * Filaments very short and broad.

S. heteroph^lla. Common S. & W. : scapes 3' - 2° high, weak ; the
fertile flowers almost sessile, the sterile long-pedicelled ; filaments glandular-
pubescent ; akenes narrow-obovate, with a long erect beak ; leaves linear, lance-
olate, or lance-oblong, arrow-shaped with narrow lobes or entire.

S. graminea. Common S. : known from the foregoing by the slender
pedicels of both kinds of flowers, small almost beakless akenes, and leaves
rarely arrow-shaped.

S. pusilla. From N. Jersey S. near the coast : known by the small size
(1-3' high), few flowers, usually only one of them fertile and recurved in fruit ,'
stamens only about 7, with glabrous filaments ; akenes obovate, with erect beak ;
and leaves without a true blade.

S. nutans, only S. is probably a large state of the last, with leaves having
a floating blade l'-2' long, ovate or oblong, or slightly heart-shaped, 5-7
nerved.

6. LIMNOCHARIS. (Name from the Greek means delight of the pools.)

L. IIumb61dtii. Tender aquatic plant from S. America, Avhich, turned
into pools, spreads widely by its proliferous branching and rooting stems, and
flowers all summer and autumn ; each flower lasting but a day, the 3 broad
sulphur-yellow petals I'-l^'long; pistils about 6; leaves about 3' long, the
midrib swollen below.

115. HYDROCHARIDACEiE, FROGS-BIT FAMILY.

Water-plants, with dioecious, monoecious, or polygamous flowera
on scape-like peduncles from a sort of spathe of one or two leaves,
the perianth in the fertile flowers of 6 parts united below into a
tube which is coherent with the surface of a compound ovary : — we
have three plants, two of them very common.

« Floating.! spreading by proliferous shoots ; leaves long-petioled, rounded heort-sliaped.

1. LIMNOBIUM. Flowers moncEcious or dioecious, from sessile or short-stalked

leaf-like spathes, the sterile spathe of one leaf surrounding 3 long-pedicelled

staminate flowers: the fertile 2-leaved, with one short-pedicelled flower.

Perianth of 3 outer oval lobes (calyx) and 3 naiTow inner ones (petals). A

cluster of 6-12 unequal monadelplious stamens in the sterile flower: some

awl-shaped rudiments of stamens and a 6-9-celled ovary in the fertile

flower; stigmas 6-9, each 2-parted. Fruit berry-like, many-seeded.

• • Growing under water, the fertile flowers only rising to the surface ; the sterile

{not often detected) breaking off their short stalks, and Jloating on the surface

around the pistillate flowers.

1. ANACHARIS. Stems leafy and branching. Fertile flowers rising from a tiibu-
lar ppatlie; the perianth prolonged into an exceedingly slender stalk-like
tube, G-lobed at top, commonly bearing 3-9 apparently good stamens: ovary
1-celled with a few ovnles on the walls: style coherent with the tube of the
perianth: stigmas 3, notched.

8. VALLTSNERIA. Steinless ; leaves all in tufts from creeping rootstocks. Fer-
tile flowers with a tubular spathe, raised to the surface of the water on an

21

322

PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.

extremely long and slender scape: tube of the perianth not prolonged beyond
the 1-celled ovary, with 3 obovate outer lobes (sepals) and 3 small inner
linear ones (petals), and no stamens. Ovules very numerous lining the walls.
Stigmas 3, sessile, 2-lobed. I'ruit cylindrical, berry-like.

1. LIMNOBIUM, FROG'S-BIT. (Name in Greek means living in
pools.) i lowers whitish, the fertile ones larger, in sunrtncr. :^

L. Sp6ngia. Floating free on still water S. & W. ; has been found in bays
of Lake Ontario: rooting copiously; leaves l'-2' long, purple beneath, tumid
at base with spongy air-cells.

2. ANACHARIS, WATER-WEED. (Name from the Greek means
destitute of charms.) Fl. summer. "21

A. Canadensis. Slow streams and ponds : a rather homely weed, with
long branching stems, beset with pairs or whorls of pellucid and veinless
1 -nerved minutely sen-ulate sessile leaves (^'-1' long), varving from linear
to ovate-oblong, the thread-like tube of the yellowish perianth often several
inches long.

3. VALLISWERIA, TAPE-GRASS, EEL-GRASS of fresh water.
(Named fur A. Vallisneri, an early Italian botanist.) Fl. late summer. ^
V. spiralis. In clear ponds and slow streams, with bright green and grass-
like linear leaves (lo-2° long), delicately nerved and netted; fertile scapes
rising 2° - 4° long, according to the depth of the water, afterwards coiling up
spirally and drawing the fruit under water to ripen. — The leaves of this and
the preceding are excellent to show cyclosis. (See Structural Botany, p. 31,
Lessons, p. 1C7.)

116. PONTEDERIACE^, PICKEREL-WEED F.

A few water plants, distinguished frona the foregoing bj having
the tubular corolla-like perianth free from the ovary, and the flow-
ers perfect. Represented by

Scli6Ilera graminea, or Water Star-Grass ; a grass-like Aveed grow-
ing under water in streams, with branching stems beset with linear pellucid ses-
sile leaves ; the flower with a slender salvcr-fonn pale yellow perianth, of six
narrow equal divisions raised to the surface on a very slender tube, and only 3
stamens.

Heteranthdra renifbrmis, Mud-Plantain, in mud or shallow water
S. & W. ; with floating round-kidney-shaped leaves on long petioles, and 3 -.5
ephemeral Avhite flowers, from the sheathing base or side of a petiole ; their per-
ianth salver-form, with a slender tube, bearing 6 nearly equal divisions and 3
dissimilar stamens, one with a greenish, two with yellow anthers.

H. linidsa, in mud S. & W. : distinguished by its oblong or lance-oblong
leaves, and solitary blue flower. — The only widely common plant of the family
belongs to

1. PONTEDERIA, PICKEREL-WEED. (For the Italian botanist
Pontec/era.) Flowers in a terminal spike. Perianth of C divisions irregularly
united below in a tube, the 3 most united forming an upper li]) of 3 lobes, the
others more spreading and with more or less separate or lightly cohering
claws forming the lower lip, open only for a day, rolling up from the apex
downwards as it closes ; the 6-ribbed base thickening, turning green, and en-
closing the fruit. Stamens 6, the 3 loAver in the throat, with incurvxd fila-
ments ; the 3 upper lower down and shorter, often imperfect. Ovary 3-celIed,
2 cells empty, one with a hanging ovule. Fruit a 1-ceIled 1-secded utricle.

P. COrd^ta, Common P. Everywhere in shallow water; stem l°-2°high,
naked below, above bearing a single petioled heart-shaped and oblong or lance-
arrow-shaped obtuse leaf, and a spike of purpHsh-blue flowers ; upper lobe with
a conspicuous yellowish-green spot : fl. all surainer, 2/

ORCHIS FAMILY. 323

117. ORCHIDACEiE, ORCHIS FAMILY.

Herbs, with flowers of peculiar structure, the perianth adherent
to the one-celled ovary (which has numberless minute ovules on
3 parietal placenta;), its chiefly corolla-like 6 parts irregular, 3 in
an outer set answering to sepals, 3 within and alternate with these
answering to petals, one of these, generally larger and always differ-
ent from the others, called the labellum or lip : the stamens are
gynandrous^ being borne on or connected with tlie style or stigma,
and are only one or two; the pollen is mostly coherent in masses of
peculiar a[)pearance. All perennials, and all depend upon insects
for fertilization. Beginners will not very easily comprehend the
remarkable structure of most Orchideous flowers. But our more
conspicuous common species may be readily identified as to genera
and species.

§ 1. Epiphyte or Air-Plant Ouchids. Of these a great variety are cultivated
in the choicest conservatories. We have one in the most Soutiiern States.

1. EPIDENDUM. The 3 sepals and 2 petals nearly alike and widely spreading:

the odd petal or lip larger and 3-lobed, its base' united with the style, which
bears a lid-like anther, containing 4-stalked pollen-masses, over the glutinous
stigma.

§ 2. Terrestrial Orchids, growing in the soil, in woods or low grounds.
« Anther only one, but of 2 cells, which when separated {as in Orchis) must not be
mistaken for two anthers : pollen colhcted into one or mure masses in each
cell : stigma a glutinous surface.

•H- Lip or odd petal produced underneath into a free honey-bearing horn or spur :
pollen of each cell all conneciad by elastic threads with a central axis or stalk,
the lower end (f which is a sticky gland or disk, by adhesion to which the whole
mass of pollen is dragged from the opening anther and carried off by inset is.

2. ORCHIS. The 3 sepals and 2 petals are conniving and arched on the upper

side of the flower; the lip turned downwards (i. e. as the flower stands on its
twisted ovary). Anther erect, its two cells parallel and contiguous ; the 2
glands side by side just over the concave stigma, and enclosed in a sort of
pouch or pocket opening at the top.

3. HA BEN ARIA. Flower generally as in Orchis, but the lateral sepals com-

monly spreading; the glands attached to the pollen-masses naked and ex-
posed.

•*- •«- No spur to the lip : anther borne on the back of the style below its tip. erect or
inclined: the ovate stigma on the front. FUiivers in a spike, small, white.

4. SPIRANTHES. Flowers oblique on the ovary, all the parts of the perianth

erect or conniving, the lower part of the lip invohite around the style and
with a callosity on each side of the base, its nan*ower tip somewhat recurved
and crisped. Pollen-masses 2 (one to each cell), each 2-parted into a thin
plate (composed of grains lightly united bv delicate threads), their summits
united to the back of a narrow boat-shaped sticky gland set in the beaked tip
over the stigma. Leaves not variegated.

5. GOODYERA. Flowers like Spiranthes; but the lip more sac-shaped, closely

sessile, and destitute of the callous protuberances at base. Leaves variegated
with white veining.
•t- •*- -t- No spur to the lip, or one adherent to the ovary: anther inverted on the apex

of the style, commonly attached by a sort of hinge : pollen 2 or 4 separate soft

masses, not attached to a stalk or gland.

•*^ Flowers rather large : pollen-masses sift, of lightly-connected powdery grains.

6. ARETHUSA. Flower only one, on a naked scape: the 3 sepals and 2 petals

lanceolate and nearly alike, all united at the base, ascending and arching
over the top of the long and somewhat wing-margined style, on the petal-like
top of which rests the helmet-shaped hinged anther, over a little shelf, the

324 ORCHIS FAMILY.

lower face of which is the stigma. Lip broad, erect, with a rccun'In*
rounded apex and a bearded crest down the face. Pollen-masses 4, two iii
each cell of the anther.

7. CALOPOGON. Flowers 2, 3, or several, in a raceme-like loose spike; the lip

turned towards the axis, diverging widely from the slender (above wing-mar-
gined) style, narrower at base, larger and rounded at the apex, strongly
bearded along the face. Sepals and the 2 petals nearly alike, lance-ovate,
separate and spreading. Anther lid-like : pollen-masses 4.

8. POGONIA. Flowers one or few terminating a leaf-bearing stem; the sepals

and petals separate; lip crested or 3-lobed. Style club-shaped, wingless:
stigma lateral. Antlier lid-like, somewhat stalked: pollen-masses 2, only one
in each cell.

m. ++ Flowers mostly small, dull-colored, in a spike or raceme on a brownish or yel-
lowish lenjiess scape : jxjllen-masses 4, yhbular, soft-ioaxy.

9. COR ALLORHIZ A. Flowers with sepals and petals nearly alike ; the lip broader,

2-ridged on the face below, from its base descends a short sac or obscure spur
which adheres to the upper part of the ovarv. Scape with sheaths in place
of leaves; the root or rootstock thickish, much branched and coral-like.

10. APLECTRUM. Flowers as in No. 9, but no trace of a spur or sac, larger.

Scape rising from a large solid bulb or corm, wliich also produces, at a differ-
ent season, a broad and many-nerved green leaf

« « Anthers 2 (Lessons p. Ill, fig. 226), borne one on each side of the style, and a
trowel-shaped body on the upper side answers to the third stamen, the one that
alone is present in other Orchids : pollen powdery or pulpy : stiyma ruuyhisn^
nut glutinous.

11. CYPRIPEDIUM. Sepals in appearance generally only 2, and petals 2, besides

the lip whicli is a large mflated sac, into the mouth of Avhich the style, bear-
ing tlie stamens and terminated by the broad terminal stigma, is declined.
Pollen sticky on the surface, as if with a delicate coat of varnish, powdery or
at length pulpy underneath.

1. EPIDENDUM. (Name in Greek means upon a tree, i. e. an epiphyte.)
E. COnbpseum, our only wild Orchidcous Epiphyte or Air-plant, is found

from South Carolina S. & W. on the boughs of MagJiolia, &c., clinging to the
bark by its matted roots, its tuberous rootstocks bearing thick and firm lance-
olate leaves (l'-3' long), and scapes 2'- 6' long, with a raceme of small greenish
and purplish flowers, in summer. (Lessons, p. 34, 35, fig. 35.)

2. ORCHIS. (The ancient name, from the Greek.) We have only one true
Orchis, viz.

O. spectabilis, Showy Oucnis. Rich hilly woods N. ; with 2 oblong
obovate glossy leaves (3' -5' long) from the fleshy-fibrous root, and a leafy-
bracted scape 4' -7' high, bearing in a loose spike a few pretty flowers, pink-
purple, the ovate lip white : in late spring.

3. HABEKARIA, popularly called ORCHIS. (Name from Latin hahena,
a rein or thong, from the shape of the lip of the corolla in some species.)
Flowers in a terminal spike, each in the axil of a bract, in late spring or sum-
mer. In all but one species the ovary twists and the lip occupies the lower or
anterior side of the flower.

§ 1. Fringed Orchis. Lip and often the other petals cutfrinqed or cleft,
shorter than the long curving spur: cells of the anther more or less diverging
and tapering hplow, the sticky gland at their lower end strongly projecting
forwards. These are our handsomest wild Orchises : all grow in bogs or low
grounds: stems leafy, l°-4° high.
* Flowers violet-purple, in summer: the lip fan-shaped, ^-parted nearly down to ilie

stalk-like base, and the divisions more or less fringed.
H. flmbri^ta, Larger Purple Fringed O. Wet meadows from Pcnn.
N, E. : lower leaves oval or oblong, upper few and small; raccmc-like spike
oblong, with rather few large flowers in early summer ; petals oWong, tootlicd
down the sides; lip almost 1' wide, hanging, cut into a delicate fringe.

ORCHIS FAMILY. 323

H. psyc6des, Smaller Purple Fringed O. Common, especiallr
N. : leaves oblong, above passing into lance-linear bracts ; spike cylindrical,
4'- 10' long, crowded with smaller and fragrant flowers; lateral petals wedge-
obovate, almost entire ; lip spreading, only ^' wide, cut into denser fringe.

H. peramcena. From Penn. W. & y. along and near the mountains :
flowers of size intermediate between the two preceding, the broad wedge-shaped
lobes of the lip moderately cut-toothed, but not fringed.

* * Flowers greenUh or yellowish-white, in late suimner: glands oval or lanceolate,

almost facirig each other : spike long and loose.

H. leucophsea. From Ohio W. & S. : 2° -4° high; leaves lance-oblong;
flowers rather large, the fan-shaped lip 3-parted, i' long, and many-cleft to the
middle into a thread-like fringe.

H. lAcera, Ragged Fringed O. Common N. & E. : l°-2° high ; leaves
lanceolate or oblong ; petals oblong-linear, entire ; divisions of the slender-stalked
3-parted lip narrow and slenderly fringed.

* * * Flowers bright white, in summer: the lip fringe-margined hut not clejl.

H. blephariglottis, White Fringed 0. Peat-bogs N. : like the next,
but rather smaller, 1° iiigh, the fringe of the lauce-oblong lip hardly equal to
the width of its body.

* * * * Flowers bright orange-yellow, in late summer : glands orbicular, projecting

on the beak-pointed bases of the very diverging anther-cells : ovary and pod

long, tapering to the summit.

H. clli^is, Yellow Fringed O. Sandy bogs: l|^°-2° high; leaves

oblong or lanceolate; spike short, of many crowded very showy flowers ; petals

cut-fringed at apex, the oblong body of the lip narrower than the copious long

and fine fringe.

H. crist^ta, from Penn. S. : smaller, with narrower leaves, and flowers
only a quarter the size of the preceding, the petals crenate, and the ovate lip
with a narrow lacerate fringe.

§ 2. Yellow, green, or white species, with lip entire, at least not fringed.

* Stem leafy: leaves oblong or lanceolate : flowers small : anther-cells nearly parallel.
H. Integra. Pine barrens from New Jersey S. : resembles H. cristata,

having small bright orange-yellow flowers, but the lip is ovate and entire or
barely crenulate.

H. Vir6scens. Wet grounds, common: 10' -20' high, with a conspicu-
ously bracted at length long and loose spike of small dull-green flowers ; the
lip oblong, almost truncate at the apex, its base with a tooth on each side and
a nasal protuberance on the face ; spur slender, club-shaped.

H. viridis, var. bracte^ta. Cold damp woods N. : 6'- 12' high, with
lower leaves obovate, upper reduced to bracts of the short spike, which are much
longer than the green flowers; lip truncate and 2 - 3-toothed at the tip, very
much longer than the sac-shaped spur.

H. hyperb6rea. Cold low woods and bogs N : 6'- 2° high, very leafy;
leaves lanceolate ; spike dense, often long ; flowers greenish, the lanceolate lip
like the other petals, spreading, entire, about the length of the incurved spur.

H. dilat^ta. Resembles the last, grows in same places, but commonly more
slender and with linear leaves; flowers white, less wide, open, the lanceolate
lip with a rhombic-dilated base ; glands strap-shaped.

H. nivea. Sandy bogs, from Delaware S. : lo-2° high, all the upper
leaves bract-like ; flowers white, in a loose cylindrical spike, very small, different
from all the rest in having the (white) ovary without a twist, and the linear-
oblong entire lip with its long thread-like spur therefore looking inward.^.

* * Stem a naked scape: the leaves only 2 at the ground: flowers prptty large in

a loose spike: anther-cells ividely diverging at their tapering or beak-like
projecting base.

H. orbicul^ta, Great Green O. Evergreen woods and hillsides N. : a
striking plant; its exactly orbcular loaves 4' -8' wide, bright green above and
silvery beneath, lying Hat on the ground ; scape \°-2° high, bracted, bearing
many large greenish-white flowers in a loose raceme ; sepals roundish ; lip nar-

326 ORCHIS FAMILY.

rowly spatu late-linear and drooping; spur about 1^'long, curved, gradually
thickened towards the blunt tip : fl. July^,

H. Ho6keri. Sandy woo^s from Penn. N. : smaller in all parts, flowers
in June; the orbicular leaves only 3' -5' broad and flat on the ground; scape
naked, 6' -12' high, bearing fewer yellowish-green flowers in a strict spike;
sepals lance-ovate; lip lanceolate and pointed, incurved, the other petals lance-
awl-shaped; spur slender, acute, nearly 1' long.

4. SPIRANTHES^ LADIES'-TRESSES. (Name from the Greek, de-
notes that the flowers are spiral : they often are apparently spirally twisted in
the spike.) Flowers white. The species are difiicult; the following are the
commonest.

* Flowers crowded in 3 ranks in a close spike : wet banks or hogs.

S. Iatif61ia. Only from Delaware N. : known by its oblong or lance-ob-
long leaves (1' -3' long), all at the base of the scape, and narrow spike of small
smooth flowers early in June.

S. Romanzovi^na. Cold bogs, from N. New England W. : 5' - 15' high,
with oblong-lanceolate or grassy-linear leaves, a dense spike of flowers at mid-
summer, all 3 sepals and 2 petals conniving to form an upper lip.

S. cdrnua, Common E. and S. : 6' -20' high, with lance-linear leaves,
cylindrical often lengthened spike, and lower sepals not upturned but parallel
with the lower petal or lip : fl: in autumn.

* * Flowers in one straight or often spirally tivisted ixmk, in summer.

S. graminea. Wet grassy places from N. England S. : stem about 1°
high, towards its base and at the fleshy root bearing linear or lance-linear leaves,
which mostly last through the flowering season ; spike dense and much twisted,
rather downy.

S. gracilis. Hills and sandy plains : scape slender, 8'- 18' high, bearing a
slender spike ; leaves all from the tuberous root, short, ovate or oblong, apt to
wither away before the small flowers appear in late summer.

6. GOODYERA, RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN. (Named for John
Goodyer, an English botanist.) Flowers small, in summer, greenish-white,
spiked on a scape ; the leaves all clustered at the root, ovate, small.
Q. rdpens. Evergreen Avoods N. : 3' - 8' high, slender ; flowers in a loose

one-sided spike, with inflated sac-shaped lip.

G. pubescens. Oak and pine woods E. & S. : 6'- 12' high ; larger, with

leaves more beautifully white-reticulated, and flowers not one-sided in the denser

spike ; lip globular.

G. Menziesii. Woods, only from New York W. : 9'- 12' high ; leaves less

reticulated ; flowers loose in the spike, narrower and pointed in the bud, the lip

hardly sac-shaped at the base and tapering to a narrow apex.

6. ARETHTJSA. (Mythological name of a nymph and fountain.) Fl. late
spring.

A. bulbdsa. A charming little plant, in wet bogs N. : consists of a scape
6'- 10' high rising from a solid bulb or corm, sheathed below with one or two
green bracts, and terminated with the bright rose-pink flower 1'- 2' long.

7. CALOPOGON. (Name in Greek means beautiful heard, referring to
the lip.) Fl. early summer.

C. pulohellus. Wet bogs : scape about 1° high, from a small solid bulb,
slender, bearing next the base a long linear or lanceolate many-nerved grass-like
leaf, and at the summit 2-6 beautiful pink-purple flowers (!' broad), the lip as
if hinged at its base, bearded with white, yellow, and purple club-shaped hairs.

8. POGOTTIA. (Name in Greek means bearded, i. e. on the lip : this is
hardly the case in most of our species.) We have several, but the only widely
common one is

P. ophioglossoides. Wet bogs along with the Calopogon, and in
blossom at the same time : stem 6' - 9' high from a root of thick fibres, bearing

ORCHIS FAMILY. 327

an oval or lance-oblong closely sessile leaf near the middle, and a smaller one or
bract near the terminal flower, sometimes a second flower in its axil ; flower 1'
long, pale rose-color or whitish, sweet-scented ; sepals and petals nearly alike;
lip erect, beard-crested and fringed.

9. CORALLORHIZA, CORAL-ROOT (which the name means in

Greek).

C inn^ta. Low woods, mostly N. : 3' -6' high, yellowish, with 5-10 very
small almost sessile flowers ; lip 3-lobed or halberd-shaped at base : fl. spring.

C. Odontorhiza. Rich woods, common only S. : 6'- 16' high, thickened
at ba?e, brownish or purplish, with 6-20 pedicelled flowers, and ]|p not lobed
but ratiier stalked at base, the spur obsolete.

C. multifl6ra. Cojnmon in dry woods, 9' -20' high, purplish, stout, with
10-30 short-pedicelled flowers, lip deeply 3-lobed, and adnate spur manifest.

10. APLECTRUM, PUTTY-ROOT, ADAM-AND-EVE. (Name,
from the Greek, means destitute of spur.)

A. hyem^le. Woods, in rich mould, mostly towards the Alleghanies and
N. : scape and dingy flowers in early summer ; the large oval and plaited-nerved
petioled leaf appears towards autumn and lasts over winter ; solid bulbs one
each year, connected by a slender stalk, those of at least two years found to-
gether (whence one of the popular names), 1' thick, fllled with strong glutinous
matter, which has been used for cement, whence the other name.

11. CYPRIPEDIUM, LADY'S SLIPPER, MOCCASON-FLOWER.

(Greek name for Venus, joined to that for a slipper or buskin.) Two exotic
species are not rare in conservatories ; the othei's are among the most orna-
mental and curious of our wild flowers : in spring and early summer. Root-
stocks very short and knotty, producing long and coarse fibrous roots.
§ 1. The three sepals separate: stem leafy, one-fowered.

C. arietinum. Ram's head C. Cold bogs N. : not common ; the simallest
species, with slender stem 6' -10' high, oblong-lanceolate leaves, and a dingy
purplish flower, the sac conical and in some positions resembling a ram's head,
one sepal lance-ovate, the two others and the two petals linear.

§ 2. Two of the sepals united by their edcjes into one under the sac or slipper, but

their very ti/is sometimes separate.
* Stejn l°-2° hi(jh, leafy to the I - 3-flowered summit: leaves lance-oblong or
ovale, wifh many someichat plaited nerves, more or less pubfscent: sac or
slipper horizontal, muck inflated, open by a rather large round orifice.
••- Sepals and linear loavy-twisted petals brownish, pointed, larger than the sac.
C. pub6scens, Yellow Lady's-Slipper. Low woods and bogs, mainly
N. : sac light yellow, higher than broad, convex above ; sepals long-lanceolate :
flowers early summer, scentless.

C. parvifldrum, Smaller Yellow L. In similar situations; stems and
leaves generally smaller, and flower about half the size of the other, somewhat
fragrant, the sac broader than high, deep yellow, and the lance-ovate sepals
browner.

C. C^ndidum, Small White L. Bogs and low prairies, chiefly W. :
small, bai'ely 1° high, slightly pubescent ; sac like that of preceding but white.
•*- -t- Sepak and petals broad or roundish and flat, white, not larger than the sac.
C. spect^bile, Showy L., and deserving the name, in bogs and rich low
woods N., and along the mountains S. : downy, 2° or more hiy^h. with leaves
6' -8' long, white flowers with the globular lip (Ij'long) painted with pink-
purple, in July.

* * Scape naked, bearing a small bract and one flower at summit.
•t- Wild species, with onhj a pair of oblong many-nerved downy leaves at the root.
C. ac^ule, Stem LESS L. Moist or sandy ground in the shade of ever-
greens : scapo 8 - 12' high ; sepals and petals greenish or purplish, the latter

328 BANANA FAMILY.

linear, shorter than the rose-purple obTbng-obovate drooping sac, which is split
down the front but nearly closed : fl. spring.

•*- •<- East Indian species of the conservatory, with several thick and firm heeled
leaves in 2 ranks at the root : sac hanging, largely open at top.

C. insigne, has linear strap-shaped cartilaginous leaves, and yellow flower
with some greenish and purple-spotted.

C. venlistuin, with more fleshy oblong-strap-shaped mottled and spotted
leaves, and purplish flower with some green and yellow.

118. scitAmine^, banana family.

Here is assembled a group of tropical or subtropical plant?, with
leaves having distinct petiole and blade, the latter traversed by
nerves running from the midrib to the margin ; flowers irregular,
with a perianth of at least two ranks of divisions, below all combined
into a tube which is adherent to the 3-celled ovary ; the stamens
1-6 and distinct. We have only two, by no means common, wild
representatives on our southeastern bordeis ; the cultivated ones
are chiefly grown for their ornamental foliage, and most of them are
rarely seen in blossom. They may therefore be simply referred to,
as follows.

I. GINGER FAMILY. Seeds, rootstocks, or roots hot-aro-
matic. Stamen only one, with a 2-celled anther, commonly era-
bracing the style, but not united with it.

Hed^ehium Gardner i^nam, Garland-Flower, cult, from India:
stems 3° -4° high, furnished to the top with oblong 2-ranked leaves, terminating
in a large spike of handsome light-yellow flowers, a slender tube bearing 6
divisions which may be likened to those of an Orchideous flower, one (answer-
ing to the lip) much larger and broader than the 5 others, and a very long
protruding reddish filament terminated by a yellow anther sheathing the style
up almost to the stigma.

IL ARROWROOT or INDIAN-SHOT FAMILY. No hot-
aromatic properties, the thick rootstocks, &c., commonly contain
much starch, from which genfiine arrowroot is produced. Stamen
only one with an anther, and that one-celled.

Thalia dealb^ta, wild in marshes and ponds far S., is dusted over with a
white powder, the heart-ovate long-petiolcd leaves all from the root, reed-like
scape branching above into panicled spikes of small much-bracted purple flowers.

Maranta zebrina, rarely flowers, but is a showy leaf-plant in conserva-
tories ; the oblong leaves 2 or\3 feet long, purple beneath, the upper surface
satiny and with alternating stripes of deep and pale green ; flowers dull purple,
inconspicuous, in a bracted head or spike near the ground on ^ short scape.

Canna Indica, Common Indian Shot (so called from the hard shot-
like seeds, these several in the 3 cells of the rough-Avallcd pod) : frequently
planted for summer flowering ; the lance-ovate or oblong pointed leaves 6' -12'
long; flowers several in a simple or branching spike, about 2' long, red,
varying to yellow, or variegated ; stamen Avith petal-like fllament bearing the
anther on one side, otherwise resembling the 3 divisions of an inner corolla,
these probably transformed sterile stamens. — The following, more magnificent
for summer foliage, and sometimes for flowers, are choicer sorts, but much
confused as to species.

C. Warszewiezii, 4° -.5° high, with mostly purplish or pui-ple-margined
pointed leaves, and crimson-red flowers.

PINE-APPLE FAMILY. 329

C. discolor, grows 60-10° high, with broad purple-tinged very large
leaves, and crimson or red-purple flowers.

C. gl^uca, especially its var. Ann^i, 8° -13° high, with its glaucous
pale taper-pointed leaves, and yellow or red flowers 4' long.

C. fl^CCida, wild in swamps from South Carolina S. : 2° -4° high, with
ovate-lanceolate pointed leaves, and yellow flowers 3' -4' long; all tlie inner
divisions obovate and wavy, lax, the 3 outer or calyx reflexed.

III. BANANA FAMILY proper. Not aromatic or pungent.
Stamens 5 with 2-celled anthers, and an abortive naked filament.

Strelitzia Reginae, a large stemless consen^atory plant, from the Cape
of Good Hope, winter-flowering, with 2-ranked root-leaves, their long rigid
petioles bearing an gvate-oblong thick blade ; scape bearing at apex an oblique
or horizontal and rigid conduplicate spathe, from which several large and
strange-looking blossoms appear in succession ; the 3 outer divisions of the peri-
anth 3' -4' long, orange-yellow, one of them conduplicate and taper-pointed, and
somewhat like the two larger of the bright blue inner set, or true petals, which
are united tmd cover the stamens, the other petal inconspicuous.

Miisa sapientum, Banaxa ; cult, for foliage and for the well-known
fruit ; the enwrapping bases of the huge leaves forming a sort of tree-like suc-
culent stem,. 10° -20° high ; the flower-stalk rising through the centre, and de-
veloping a drooping spike, the flowers clustered in the axil of its purplish
bracts; perianth of 2 concave or convolute divisions or lips, the lower 3-5-
lobed at the apex and enclosing the much smaller upper one ; berry oblong, by
long cultivation (from off'shoots) seedless. (Lessons, p. 19, fig. 47.)

M. Cavendlshii. A dwarf variety, flowering at a few feet in height, is
the more manageable one, principally cultivated for fruiting.

119. BROMELIACE^, PINE-APPLE FAMILY.

Tropical or subtropical plants, the greater part epiphytes, with
dry or fleshy, mostly rigid, smooth or scurfy leaves, often prickly
edged, and perfect flowers with 6 stamens. — represented by several
species of Tillandsia in Florida, a small one further north, and sev-
eral of various genera in choice conservatories, not here noticed.

Anan^ssa sativa, Pixe- Apple ; cult, for its fruit, the flowers abortive,
and sometimes for foiiage,' especially a striped-leaved variety.

Tillandsia usneoldes, the Long Moss or Black Moss (so called),
hanging from trees in the low country from the Dismal Swamp S. : gray-
scurfy, with thread-shaped branching stems, linear-awl-shaped recui-ved leaves,
and small sessile green flowers ; the ovary free, forming a narrow 3-valved pod,
filled with club-shaped hairy-stalked seeds : fl. summer.

120. AMARYLLIDACEiE, AMARYLLIS FAMILY.

Chiefly perennial herbs, with leaves and scape from a bulb, corm,
&c., the leaves nerved from the base, and rarely with any dislinction
of blade and petiole ; the perianth re<z;ular or but moderately
irregular and colored, its tube adherent to the surface of the 3-celled
ovary ; and 6 stamens with good anthers. Bulbs acrid, some of
them poisonous. To this family belong many of the choicer bulbs
of house-culture, only the commonest here noticed.

§ 1. Scape and linear hairy leaves from a little solid bulb or corm.
1. HYPOXYS. Perianth G-parted nearly to the ovary, spreadiug, greenish out-
side, yellow within, persistent and withering on tlie pod.
S & F— 25

AMARYLLIS FAMILY.

§ 2. Scape and mostly smooth leaves from a coated bulb.
* A cup-shaped, funnel-shaped^ or saucer-shaped crown on the throat of the perianth.

2. NARCISSUS. Perianth with a more or less cylindrical tube, 6 equal widely

spreading divisions, and stamens of unequariength included in the cup or
crown. Scape with one or more flowers, from a scarious 1-leaved spathe.

3. PANCRATIUM. Perianth with a slender tube, 6 long and narrow divisions,

and a cup to which the long filaments adhere below, and from the edge of
which they project. Anthers linear, fixed by the middle. Scape bearing a
few flowers in a cluster, surrounded by some leaf-like or scarious bracts.

« * No cup nor crown to the flower, or only minute scales sometimes in the throat.

H- Filaments borne on the tuJ)e of the flower: anthers fixed by the middle, versatile:

spathe of 1 or ^ scales or bracts.

4. CRINUM. Perianth with a slender long tube and 6 mostly long and narrow

spreading or recui-ved divisions. Stamens long. Scape solid, bearing few or
many flowers, in an umbel-like head. Bulb often columnar and rising as if
into a sort of stem. Leaves in several ranks.

5. AMARYLLIS. Perianth various; the divisions oblong or lanceolate. Scape

bearing one or more flowers. Leaves mostly 2-ranked.

-t- -1- Filaments on the ovary at the base of the 6-parted perianth: anthers erect, not
versatile : spathe a bract opening on one side.

6. GAL ANTHUS. Scape with usually a single small flower on a nodding pedicel.

Perianth of 6 oblong separate concave pieces; the three inner shorter, less
spreading, and notched at the end. Anthers and style pointed.

7. LEUCOIUM. Scape bearing 1-7 flowers on nodding pedicels. Perianth of

6 nearly separate oval divisions, all alike. Anthers blunt. Style thickish
upwards.

§ 2. Stems leafy, or scape beset with bracts, from, a tuberous rootstock or cratim.

8. ALSTRCEMERIA. Stems slender and weak or disposed to climb, leafy to the

top, the thin lanceolate or linear leaves commonly twisting or turning over.
Flowers in a terminal umbel. Perianth 6-parted nearly or quite to the ovary,
rather bell-shaped, often irregular as if somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens more or
less declined. Style slender: stigma 3-clcft.

9. POLIANTHES. Stem erect and simple from a thick tuber, bearing long-linear

channelled leaves, and a spike of white flowers. Perianth with a cj-lindrical
and somewhat funnel-shaped slightly curved tube, and 6 about equal spread-
ing lobes. Stamens included in the'tube: anthers erect. The summit of the
ovary and pod free from the calyx-tube; in this and other respects it ap-
proaches the Lily Familj'.
10. AGAVE. Leaves thick and fleshy with a hard rind and a commonly spiny
margin, tufted on the crown, which produces thick fibrous roots, and suckers
and offsets ; in flowering sends up a bracted scape, bearing a spike or panicle
of vellowish flowers. Perianth tubular-funnel-shaped, persistent, with 6 nar-
row almost equal divisions. Stamens projecting: anthers linear, versatile.
Pod containing numerous flat seeds.

1. HYPOXYS, STAR-GRASS. (Name from the Greek, means acute at
the base ; the pod is often so. )

H. er^eta, the common species, in grass; with fcAv-flowcrcd scape 3' -8'
high, and leaves at length longer ; yellow star-like flower over ^' broad.

2. NARCISSUS. (Greek name, that of the young man in the mythology
who is said to have heen changed into this flower.) Most of them are per-
fectly hardy : fl. spi'ing.

N. posticus, Poet's N. Leaves nearly flat ; scape 1 -flowered ; crown of
the white flower edged with pink, hardly at all projecting from the yellowish
throat : in full double-flowered varieties the crown disappears.

N. bifldrus, Two-flowerkd N., or Primrose Peerless of the old
gardeners, has two white or pale straw-colored flowers, and the crown in the
form of a short yellow cup.

N. poly^nthos is the parent of the choicer sorts of Polyanthus N. ;
flowers numerous, white, the cup also wliite.

AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 831

N. Tazdtta, Polyanthus N. Leaves as of the preceding linear and
. nearly flat, glaucous ; flowers numerous in an umbel, yellow or sometimes
white, with the crown a golden or orange-colored cup one third or almost one
half the length of the divisions.

N. Jonquilla, Jonquil. Leaves narrow, rush-like or half-cylindrical ;
flowers 2 to 5, small, yellow, as also the short cup, very fragrant.

N. Pseudo-Narcissus, Daffodil. Leaves flat, and 1 -flowered scape
short ; flower large, yellow, with a short and broad tube, and a large bell-shaped
cup, having a wavy-toothed or crisped margin, equalling or longer than the
divisions : common double-flowered in country gardens.

3. PANCRATIUM. (Name in Greek means all powerful: no obvious
reason for it.) Flowers large, showy, fragrant, especially at evening in
summer. Cult, at the North ; the following wild S. in wet places on and
near the coast.

P. maritimum. Glaucous ; leaves linear, erect ; scape barely flattish ;
perianth 5' long, its gi'een tube enlarging at summit into the funnel-shaped
12-toothed cup, to the lower part of which the spreading narrow-lanceolate
divisions of the perianth are united.

P. rot^tum (or P. MkxicXnuji). Leaves linear-strap-shaped, widely
spreading-, bright green, 2' or more wide ; scape sharply 2-edged ; slender tube
of the perianth and its linear widely spreading divisions each about 3' long, the
latter wholly free from the short and broadly open wavy-edged cup.

4. CRINUM. (The Greek name for a Lily.) Showy conservatory plants,
chiefly from tropical regions ; one wild S.

C. am^bile, from East Indies ; the hxige bulb rising into a column ; leaves
becoming several feet long and 3'- 5' wide; flowers numerous, 8' -10' long,
crimson-purple outside, paler or white within.

C. Americ^num, wild in river swamps far S. ; much smaller, with a
globular bulb; scape l°-2° high; flower white, 6' -7' long.

5. AMARYLLIS. (Dedicated to the nymph of this name.) One wild
species S. ; many in choice cultivation, and the species mixed. The following
are the commonest types.

A. Atam^sco, Atamasco Lily, wild from Virginia S. in low grounds ;
scape 6' -12' high, mostly shorter than the glossy leaves; flower 2' -3' long,
single from a 2-c!eft spathe, regular, funnel-form, white and pinkish ; stamens
and style declined.

A. formosissima, Jacob.eax or St. James's Lily, of the section
SpREKifcLiA : cult, from South America : scape bearing a single large and de-
clined deep crimson-red flower, with hardly any tube, and 2-lipped as it were,
three divisions recurvcd-spreading upwards, three turned downwards, these at
base involute around the lower part of the deflcxed stamens and style.

A. Reginse, from South America ; with 2-4 large almost regular nodding
flowers, crimson-red, with hardly any tube, and the deflcxed stamens curved
upwards at the end.

A. Belladdnna, from the Cape of Good Hope ; has elongated bulbs, chan-
nelled narrow leaves shorter than the solid scaiie, and several almost regular
large rose-red fragrant flowers, funnel-form with very short tube, the stamens
not mucli declined.

A. specibsa, or Vall6ta purpijrea, from Cape of Good Hope ; the scar-
let-red flowers with funnel-shaped tube rather longer than the broad ovate and
nearly equal spreading divisions.

6. GALANTHUS, SNOWDROP. (Name formed of the Greek words
for millc andyZ'^uvr, probably from the color.) Fl. earliest spring.

G. nivalis, of Europe, sends np soon after the winter's snow leaves the
ground a pair of linear pale leaves and a sca])e 3' -6' high, bearing its dclicato
dro<)))ing white flower, the inner divisions tipped with green : a variety is full
double.

332 IRIS FAMILY.

7. I.EUC6IUM, SNOWFLAKE. (Ancient Greek name means WJtitg
Violet.) In gardens from Europe ; much like Snowdrops on a larger scale,
flowering later, the scape more leafy at base, and leaves bright green.

L. V^rnum, Spring S. Scape about 1° high, mostly l-flowered, in spring ;
pod pear-shaped and 6-sided.

L. sestivum, Summeu S. Scape 2° high, bearing 3-7 rather broader
flowers in late spring or early summer ; pod rounder.

8. ALSTRCEMERIA. (Named by Linnaeus for his friend Baron Alstros-
mer.) Plants of the conservatory, from W. South America, of mixed species.
A. Pelegrina, Lily of the Incas, from Peru. Flowers few or solitary

at the end of the branches, open, rose-colored or whitish, blotched with pink
and spotted with purple, with some yellow on the inner divisions.

A. psittacina. Flowers umbellcd, funnel-form in shape, the spatulate
divisions more erect and close, red, tipped with green and brown-spotted.

A. versicolor. Flowers few, terminating the drooping or spreading
branches, yellow spotted with purple.

0. POLIANTHES, TUBEROSE. (Name from Greek words for city and
flower; therefore not Polyanthes. And the popular name relates to the tuber-
ous rootstock, therefore not Tube-Rose. )
P. tuberbsa, the only species cultivated, probably originally from Mexico ;

the tall stem Avith long several -ranked leaves at base and sborter and sparser

ones towards the many-flowered spike (produced in autumn when planted out) ;

the blossoms very fragrant, white, or slightly tinged with rose, the choicer sorts

nt>*^4,y ^ AGAVE, AMERICAN ALOE. (Name from Greek word for wonderful)

Plants flower only after some years, and die after maturing the fruit.

A. Virginica, of sterile soil from Virginia to 111. and S. ; has lance-oblong

denticulate and spiny-tipped leaves 6'- 12' long, and scape bearing a loose

, simple spike of small flowers, 3°-G° high. '

i^j^ -*V A. Americana, of Mexico, is the common Century Plant or American

^ ^. Aloe; with veiy thick spiny-toothed and spine-pointed haves, 2?-4° long,

i^ M^^jy-^'^ilfH^green, or a variety yellowish-striped, the scape when developed from old

^^ 4,^ plants (said to flower only after 100 years in cool climates) tree-like, bearing an

121. IRIDACE^, IRIS FAMILY.

Distinguished by the equitant erect leaves (Lessons, p. 68, fig.
133, 134), of course 2-ranked, and tlie 3 stamens with anthers facing
outwards. Flowers showy, colored, mostly from a spathe of two or
more leaves or bracts ; the tube of the perianth coherent with tlie
3-celled ovary and often prolonged beyond it, its divisions G in two
sets (answering to sepals and petals), each convolute in the bud.
Style 1, or rarely 3-cleft: st'gmas 3, opposite the 3 stamens and the
outer divisions of the perianth. Fruit a 3-celIed and many-seeded
pod. Stems or herbage rising from a rootstock, tuber, or solid bulb
(corm. Lessons, p. 45, fig. 71, 72) ; these are acrid, sometimes very
much so. A-ll are perennial herbs.

§ 1. Perianth of 3 outer recurving., and 3 inner commonly smaller erect or incurving
divisions : stigmas or more properly lobes of the style petal-like.
1. IRIS. Flowers with tube either slightly or much prolonged beyond the ovnry,
in the latter case coherent also with the style. Stamens under the overarch-
ing branches of the style: anthers linear or oblong, fixed by the base, 'i lie
real stigma is a shelf or short lip on the lower face of the i^etul-liko braiich
of the style, only its inner surface St igmatic. Pod 3-6-angled.

.f(R^ FAMILY. 333

§ 2. Perianth parted almost to the base into 6 nearly equal widely spreading divisions t
stamens separate or nearly so : style 3 - Q-lobea.

2. PARDANTHUS. Foliage and aspect of an Iris with leafy branching stem,

from a rootstock. Divisions of the flower oblong with a narrow base. Fila-
ments slender, much longer than the anthers. Style long, club-shaped, its
simple brandies tipped with a broad and blunt stigma. Pod pear-shaped ;
the valves falling away expose the centre covered with black berry-like
seeds.

3. NEMASTYLTS. Stem simple or sparingly branching above, from a solid bulb

like that of a Crocus. Divisions of the flower obovate. Filaments awl-
shaped, much shorter than the linear anthers. Style short, its 3 lobes parted
each into two, bearing long and thread-like diverging stigmas. Pod truncate.
Seeds dry, angular.

§ 3. Perianth deeply cleft or parted into 6 widely spreading divisions : stamens mon-
adelphous to the top : style long : stigmas 3 or 6, thread-like : Jiowers opening
in sunshine and but once for a few hours.

4. SISYRINCHIUM. Root mostly fibrous: leaves grass-like. Divisions of the

wheel-shaped flower all alike. Stigmas 3, simple.
6. TIGRIDIA. From a solid bulb with some hard brittle coating. Leaves lance-
olate, large, very much plaited. -Three outer divisions of the perianth very
. large and with a concave base ; the other 3 very much smaller and fiddle-
shaped. Stigmas 3, each 2-cleft.

§ 4. Perianth tubular at base, the 6 divisions all more or less spreading : stamens sepa-
rate: style long: stigmas 3, more or less dilated: flowers lasting for several
days. Plants from solid bulbs or C07'ms. (Lessons, p. 45, fig. 71, 72.)

6. GLADIOLUS. Flowers numerous in a spike, on a rather tall leafy stem

remaining open, irregular, the shoi-t-funn el-shaped tube being somewhat
curved, and the divisions more or less unequal, the flower commonly oblique
or as if somewhat 2-Upped. Stamens (inserted on the tube,) and style as-
cending. Leaves sword-shaped, strongly neiwed.

7. CROCUS. Flowers and narrow linear leaves rising from the bulb, the ovary

and pod seldom raised above ground: perianth with a long and slender tube;
its oval or roundish divisions alike, or the 3 inner rather smaller, concave,
fully spreading only in sunshine. Leaves with revolute margins.

There are besides many tender plants of the family in choice collections, the
greater part confined to the conservatories, — mostly belonging to

Ixia maeul^ta, of Ca])e of Good Hope, and others, once of that genus,
now called Sparaxis, Watsonia, &c. ; also to Montbretia or Trit6nia, &c.

Schizostylis COCCinea, from South Africa, lately introduced : not very
tender, with long and keeled linear leaves, and stems 3° high, bearing a spike
of bright crimson-red flowers 2' across, , the ovate acute lobes all alike and widely
spreading from a narrow tube; the slender style deeply cleft (whence the name)
into 3 thread-like branches.

Morsea iridoides, of the Cape ; very like an Iris, as the specific name
denotes ; but the 6 divisions of the perianth all nearly alike and widely spread-
ing, white with a yellow spot on the 3 outer ones.

1. IRIS, FLOWER-DE-LUCE, BLUE FLAG. (Greek and Latin my-
thological name, and name of the rainbow.) Fl. spring and early summer.

§ 1. Wild species of the country, all with creeping rootsft>ck's.
* Dwarf, with simple very short stems (or only leafy tufta). 1 -^flowered in early
spring, from creeping and branching ahndt^r rootslocks, here and there tuber'
ous-thickened : flowers violet-blue, with a long slender tube, and no beard.
I. v6rna, St.ender Dwarf-Trts. Wooded hillsides, from Virginia and
Kentucky S. ; with linear grassy leaves, tube of flower about the length of its
almost equal divisions, which are on slender orange-yellow claws, the outer ones
crestless.

I. cristilta, Crested D. Along the Alleghanies, &c., sometimes cult ;
with lanceolate leaves, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, tube of flower (2' lonir)
much longer than the scdrcely stalked divisions, the outer ones crested ; pod
sharply triangular.

B^^ IRIS FAMILY.

» * Taller: the several-flowered often branching stems 1^-3° high: tube of the
floiver short: the outer divisions naked, heardldss, and all but one c/e.s//rss;
the inner very much smaller: fl. late spring and early summer, in su-anips.

I. Virginiea, Slender Blue Flag. Slender; with very naiTow linear
leaves, and blue flowers with some white (barely 2' long), on slender peduncles,
with hardly any tube beyond the 3-angled ovary.

I. versicolor, Larger Blue-Flag. Stout ; stem angled on one side-,
leaves sword-shaped, |' wide; flowers light blue variegated with some yellow,
white, and purple, hardly 3' long, the inflated tube shorter than the obtusely
3-angled ovary ; pod oblong, 3-angled.

I. hexdgona. Only S. near the coast; with simple stem, narrowish long
leaves, and deep blue variegated flowers 4' long, the outer divisions crested, the
tube longer than the 6-angled ovary.

I. etiprea. Only S. and W. ; with copperish-yellow flowers 2' long, the
tube about the length of the 6-angled ovary.

I. trip^tala. Only S. in pine-barren swamps ; with rather short sword-
shaped glaucous leaves, and few blue flowers (2' -3' long), variegated with
yellow and purple, the inner divisions very short and wedge-shaped, the
tube shorter than the 3-angled ovary.

§ 2. Garden species from the Old World, cult, for ornament.

* A dense beard along the lower part of the 3 outer diiusions of the flower: the
stamens in all spring from thickened rootdocks.
■♦- Dwarf: flowering in early spring.

I. ptimila, Dwarf Garden Iris. Stem very short; the violet and pur-
ple flower close to the ground, with slender tube and obovate divisions, hardly
exceeding the short sword-shaped leaves.

•*- -»- Taller and larger, several flowered, in early summer.

I. Germ^nica, Common Flower-de-Luce of the gardens, with very
large scentless flowers, the deep violet pendent outer divisions 3' long, the obo-
vate inner ones nearly as large, lighter and bluer.

I. sambticina, IElder-scented F., is taller, 3° or 4° high, and longer-
leaved ; the flowers about half as large as in the preceding, the outer divisions
less reflexed, violet, but whitish and yellowish toward the base, painted with
deeper-colored lines or veins ; upper divisions pale grayish or brownish blue ;
spathe broadly scarious-margined.

I. squ^lens, very like preceding, with longer dull violet outer divisions to
the flower whitish and striped at base, and purplish-buff-colored inner divisions.

I. varieg^ta, has much smaller flowers, with spatulate-obovate divisions
2' long, white with pale yellow, the outer divisions veined with dark-purple and
purplish-tinged in the middle.

I. Florentlna, Florence or Sweet F. Less tall than the Common F.,
with broader leaves, and white faintly sweet-scented flowers, bluish veined, the
obovate outer divisions 2^' -3' long, with yellow beard. Its violet-scented root-
stock yields orris-root.

* * No beard nor crest to the flower : all but the last with rootstocks.

I. Pseudacorus, Yellow Iris, of wet marshes in Europe, with very long
linear leaves and bright yellow flowers, sparingly cultivated.

I. graminea, Grass-Leaved I., has narrow linear root-leaves 2° -3°
long and often surpassing the 1-3-flowered stem; flower purple-blue, with
narrow divisions.

I. Persica, Persian Iris. A choice house-plant, dwarf, nearly stemless
from a kind of bulb-like tuber, from which the flower rises on a long tube,
earlier than the leaves, delicately fragrant, bluish, Avith a deep-purple spot at
the tip of the outer divisions, the'inner divisions very small and spreading.

2. PARDANTHUS, BLACKBERRY LILY. (Name from the Greek,

means pard-flower, alluding to the spotted perianth.) Fl. late summer.

Pard^nthus Chin6nsis, from China, cult, in country gardens and

escaping into roadsides: 3° -4° high, more l)ranching than an Iris; the di-

visiens of the orange-colored flower (1' long) mottled above with crimson spots,

TAM FAMILY. 335

the fruit, when the valves fall and expose the bcrry-likc seeds, imitating a black-
berry, whence the common name.

3. NEMASTYLIS. (Name from the Greek, means thread-like style, ap-
plicable here to the stigmas.) Fl. spring and summer.

N. COBlestina. Pine barrens S. : l°-2° high, with handsome but fuga-
cious bright blue flowers ; the leaves mainly from the small bulb, linear and
plaited.

4. SISYRINCHIUM, BLUE-EYED GRASS. (Name in Greek means
hog's snout, the application not apparent.) El. all summer.

S. Bermudi^na. In all moist meadows ; the slender 2-winged stems
6^-12' high, in tufts, longer than the root-leaves, almost naked; the small
flowers in an umbel from a 2-lcaved spathe, their obovate divisions bristle-tipped
from a notch, pale blue, sometimes purplish, in a Western variety white.

6. TIGRIDIA, TIGER-ELOWER (as the name denotes). Fl. summer.
T. pavbnia, from Mexico, the principal species, with several varieties,
planted out for summer flowering, sends up a stem 2° high, bearing in succession
a few very large showy flowers b' or 6' across, yellow or orange-red, the dark
centre gaudily spotted with crimson or purple.

6. GLADIOLUS, CORN-FLAG. (Name a diminutive of the Latin
word for sword, from the leaves.) Several choice tender species in conserva-
tories ; while the hardy ones and those which bear planting out, which make
our gardens gay in late summer and autumn, are from the following :

G. comnitlllis, of Europe, is the old-fashioned hardy species, with rather
few rose-red (rarely white) flowers ; the filaments longer than the anthers.

G. Byzantinus, of the Levant, is larger in all its parts, with more flowers
in the spike and more showy ; filaments shorter than the linear anthers.

G. blAndus, of the Cape of Good Hope, is the parent of many of the
4cndcr white or pale rose-colored varieties.

G. cardinalis, of the Cape, also tender, has large scarlet-red flowers,
often white along the centre of its 3 lower divisions.

G. psittacinus, of the Cape, is a tall and robust species, its numerous
large flowers with very broad divisions, dull yellow, mixed or bordered with
scarlet. This is the parent of G. Gandavensis, now univei-sally cultivated,
and from which so many fine sub- varieties have been produced, with scarlet, red
and yellow, orange, and other colors.

7. CROCUS. (The Greek name of ^q^ron.) Cult, from the Old World.

C. v6rnus, Spring Crocus ; with violet, purple, white or mixed colored
flowers, the broad divisions rarely expanded, and short dilated stigmas Avith
jag,<2:ed margins.

C. luteus and C. Susi^nus, Yellow Crocus, with yellow or orange
flowers, and opening wider, are mere varieties of the first.

C. sativus, Fall Crocus, with violet purple and fragrant flowers, in
autumn, is rarely seen here. Its long and narrow orange-red stigmas are
saj/ron.

122. DIOSCOREACE^, YAM FAMILY.

Twining plants, from tubers or thick rootstocks or roots, having
ribbed and netted-veined petioled leaves more or less imitating those
of Exogens, and small greenish or whitish dioecious flowers, with
the tube of the perianth in the fertile ones adhering to the 3-celled
ovary ; its 6 divisions regular and parted to near tlie base or to the
ovary. Styles 3, distinct or nearly so. Ovules and seeds 1 or 2 in
each cell.

SMILAX FAMILY.

T^mus eleph^ntipes, or TestudinXria elaphaxtipes, of the Cape
of Good Hope, is a curiosity in conservatories ; the globular or hemispherical
trunk, resting on the ground, covered with very thick bark soon cracked into
separate portions, and resembling the back of a tortoise; out of it spring every
year slender twining stems, bearing rounded heart-shaped or kidney-shaped leaves.

1. DIOSCOREA, YAM. (Named for Dioscorides.) Flowers in axillary
panicles or racemes : stamens 6 in the sterile ones, separate. Fertile ones
producing a 3-celled 3-winged pod, when ripe splitting through the wings.
Fl. summer. 2/

D. villbsa, Wild Yam : sends up from a knotty roots tock its slender
stems, bearing heart-shaped pointed leaves, either alternate, opposite, or some
in fours, 9-11-ribbed and with prominent cross-veinlets. In thickets, com-
moner S. : slightly downy, or usually almost smooth, so that the specific name
is not a good one

D. Batatas (or D. Jap6nica of some), Chinese Yam: cult, from China
and Japan, for ornament, or for its very deep and long farinaceous roots, —
a substitute for potatoes, if one could only dig them ; with very smooth heart-
shaped partly halberd-shaped opposite leaves, and produces bulblets in the axils.
D. sativa, True Yam, with great thick roots, is only of hot climates.

123. SMILACE^, SMILAX FAMILY.

Chiefly woody-stemmed plants, a few herbaceous, climbing or
supported by a pair of tendrils on the sides of the petiole, having
ribbed and netted-veined leaves and small dioecious flowers, as in the
foregoing ; but the ovary is free from the perianth, bears mostly 3
long and diverging sessile stigmas, and in fruit is a berry ; the an-
thers are only 1-celled, opening by one longitudinal slit (the division
of the cell, if any, corresponding with the slit). Consists of the genus

1. SMILAX, GREENBRIER, CATBRIER, or CHINA-BRIER. (An-
cient Greek name.) All wild species, in thickets and low grounds ; flowers
small, greenish, in clusters on axillary peduncles, in summer, or several of
the Southern prickly ones in spring.

§ 1 . Stems woody, ojlen prickly : ovules and seeds only one in each cell.

* Smooth, and the haves ojten glossy, 5-9-ribbed : stigmas aiid cells 0/ ovary 3.

-t- Berries red : peduncles short: leaves b-rihbed: prickles hardly any.

S. lanceolata, from Virginia S. : climbs high ; leaves evergreen, lance-
ovate or lanceolate, acute at both ends ; rootstock tuberous.

S. Walter!, from New Jersey S. : 6° high ; leaves deciduous, ovate or
lance-oval, roundish or slightly heart-shaped; peduncles flat; rootstock creeping.

•«- Berries black, often with a bloom : leaves mostly roundish or somewhat heart-
shaped at base: peduncles almost always flat.

S. rotundif6Iia, Common Greenbrier. Yellowish-green, often high-
climbing ; branchlets more or less square, armed with scattered prickles ; leaves
ovate or round-ovate, thickish, green both sides, 2' -3' long; peduncles few-
flowered, not longer than the petioles.

S. glauca. Mostly S. of New York : like the preceding, but less prickly,
the ovate leaves glaucous beneath and seldom at all heart-shaped, smooth edged,
and peduncles longer than petiole.

S. tamnoides. New Jersey to 111. and S. : differs from preceding in the
leaves varying from round heart-shaped to fiddle-shaped and halberd-shaped,
green both sides, pointed, and the edges often S])arsely bristly.

S. Pseudo-China, China-Brier; from New Jersey 'and Kentucky S. :
rootstock tuberous; prickles none or rare; leaves ovate and heart-shaped, green
both sides, often contracted in the middle, and rough-ciliate, 3' - 5' long ; flat
peduncles 2' -3' long.

LILT FAMILY. 337

S. hispida. Only from Penn. N. : rootstock long ; stem high-climbing,
below beset with long and dark bristly prickles ; leaves ovate and heart-shaped,
green both sides, thin, 4' -5' long; flat peduncles 1^'- 2' long; flowers larger
than in the Common Greenbrier.

* * Downy or smooth : stigma, cell of the ovary, and seed only one !

S. pumila. Sandy soil S. : rising only l°-3° high, not prickly, soft-downy,
with ovate or oblong and heart-shaped 5-ribbed evergreen leaves, when old
smooth above ; peduncles twice as long as petioles, densely-flowered ; berries
whitisli.

S. laurifdlia. From pine-barrens of New Jersey S. : very smooth, high-
climbing, stem with some prickles ; leaves thick, evergreen, glossy, varying
from ovate to lanceolate, 3-nerved ; peduncles not exceeding the petiole and
pedicels; berries black.

§ 2. Sterns herbaceous, never prickly, smooth : leaves long petioled, thin : oimles
and seeds usually a pair in each cell: berries blue-black with a bloom.

S. herb^cea, Carriox Flower (the scent of the blossoms justifies the
name) : common in moist ground ; erect and recurving, often without tendrils,
or low-climbing, very variable in size, generally smooth ; leaves ovate-oblong
or roundish and mostly heart-shaped, 7-9-nerved ; peduncles sometimes short,
generally 3' -4' or even 6' -8' long, even much surpassing the leaves, 20-40-
flowered.

S. tamnifolia. Pine barrens from New Jersey S. : differs in its heart-
shaped and some halberd-shaped only 5-nerved leaves ; peduncles rather longer
than the petioles, and berry fewer-seeded.

"^124. LILIACE^, LILY FAMILY.

Lare:e family, known as a whole by its regular symmetrical flow-
ers, with perianth of 6 (in one instance of 4) parts, as many stamens
with 2-ceIled anthers, and a free 3-celled (rarely 2-celled) ovary.
Perianth either partly or wholly colored, or greenish, but not glu-
maceous. Flowers not from a spathe, except in Allium, &c.
Chiefly herbs, with entire leaves ; all perennials. The great groups
comprised are the following.

I. TRILLIUM FAMILY; with netted-veined leaves all in one
or two whorls on an otherwise naked stem, which rises from a fleshy
rootstock : styles or sessile stigmas 3, separate down to the ovary.
Fruit a berry.

1. TRILLIUM. Perianth of 3 green persistent sepals, and 3 colored petals ; the

latter at length withering away after flowering, but not deciduous. Anthers
linear, adnate, on short filaments, looking inwards. Awl-shaped styles or stig-
mus persistent. Ovary 3 - 6-augled. Beny purple or red, ovate, many-seeded.

2. MEDEOLA. Pei'ianth of 6 oblong and distinct nearly similar pieces, recurved,

deciduous. Anthers oblong, shorter tlian the slender filaments. Stigmas or
styles long and diverging or recurved on the globular ovary, deciduous.
Berry dark-purple, few-seeded.

II. MELANTHIUM FAMILY; with alternate and parallel-
veined leaves ; stem simple, at least up to the panicles ; and flowers
often polygamous, sometimes dioecious ; styles or sessile stigmas 3,
separate down to the ovary. Fruit a pod. Anthers almost always
turned outwards. Perianth withering or persisting, not deciduous,
the 6 parts generally alike. Mostly acrid or poisonous plants, some
used ill medicine.

22

338 LILY FAMILY.

§ 1. Stemless : the large Jloioer with a long tube rising directly from a thin-eoated
solid bulb or corm: anthers 2-ceUed.

8. COLCHICUM. Perianth resembling that of a Crocus. Stamens bomo on the
throat of the long-tubular perianth. Styles very long.

§ 2. Perianth without any tube, of 6 distinct or almost separate divisions.

« Anthers 2-celled, short : flowers in a simple raceme or spike : pod loculicidal.

4. CHAMiELIRIUM. Flowers dioecious or mostly so. Perianth of 6 small and

narrow white pieces. Pod ovoid-oblong, many-seeded. Spike or raceme
slender.

5. HELONIAS. Flowers perfect, in a short dense raceme, lilac-purple, turning

green in fniit; the divisions spatulate-oblong, spreading. Filaments slender:
anthers blue. Pod 3-lobed; cells many-seeded.

6. XEROPHYLLUM. Flowers perfect, in a compact raceme, white; the divisions

oval, sessile, widely spreading, naked. Filaments awl-shaped. Pod globular,
3-lobed, with 2 wingless seeds hi each cell.

♦ « Anthers kidney-shaped or round heart-shaped, the two cells confluent into one,
ehitlfl-shaped after opening : styles awl-shaped : j^od 3-horned, septicidul : seeds
commonly flat or thin-margined.

7. AMIANTHIUM. Flowers perfect, mostly in a simple raceme. Perianth white,

the oval or obovate spreading divisions without claws or spots. Filaments
long and slender. Seeds wingless, 1-4 in each cell. Leaves chiefly from the
bulbous base of the scape-like stem, linear, keeled, gi-ass-like.

8. STP^NANTHIUM. Flowers polygamous, in paniclcd racemes on a leafy stem.

Pei'ianth white, with spreading and not spotted lanceolate divisions tapering
to a narrow point from a broader base, which coheres with the base of the
ovary. Stamens very short. Seeds several, wingless. Leaves linear, keeled,
grass-like.

9. VERATRUM. Flowers polygamous, in panicled racemes. Perianth greenish

or brownish, its obovate-oblong divisions narrowed at base, free from the
ovary, not spotted. Filaments snort. Seeds rather numerous, wing-margined.
Leaves broad, many-nerved. Base of the leafy stem more or less bulb-like,
producing; many long white roots.

10. MELANTIlIUM. Flowers polygamous, in racemes forming an open pyramidal

panicle. Perianth cream-colored, turning green or brownish with age, per-
fectly free from the ovarv, its heart-shaped or oblong and nartly halberd-
shaped widely spreading divisions raised on a claw and marked with a pair
of tlarker spots or glands. Filaments short, adhering to the claws of the

{)erianth, persistent. Seeds several in each cell, broadly winged. Leaves
anceolate or linear, mostly grass-like. Stem roughish-downy above, its
base more or less bulbous.

11. ZYGADENUS. Flowers pefect or polygamous, in a terminal panicle. Peri-

anth greenish white, its oblong or ovate widely spreading divisions spotted
■with a pair of roundish glands or colored spots near the sessile or almost
sessile base. Stamens free from and about the length of the perianth. Leaves
linear, grass-like ; stem and whole plant smooth.

III. BELLWORT FAMILY; with alternate and broad not
grass-like parallel-veined leaves : stem from a rootstock or from
fibrous roots, branching and leafy : style one at the base, but 3-cleft
or 3-parted. Fruit a pod, few-seeded. Anthers turned rather
outwards than inwards. Perianth of 6 almost similar and wholly
separate pieces, deciduous. Not acrid nor poisonous. Plants ihter-
mediate between the preceding groups and the next.

12. UVULARIA. Flowers solitary or sometimes in pairs at the end or in the forks

of the forking stem, drooping, vellowish; the perianth rather bell-shaped
and lily-like, its divisions spatulate-lanceolate, with a honey-bearing groove
or pit at the erect narrowed base. Stamens short, one at the base of each
division : anthers linear, much longer than the filaments. Pod triaugulai- or
8-lobed, loculicidal from the top. Seeds thick and roundish.

LILY FAMILY. 339

ly. ASPARAGUS FAMILY; with parallel-veined mostly
alternate leaves, branching or simple stems from a rootstock, at
least there is no bulb, a single style (if cleft or lobed at all only at
the summit), and fruit a few several-seeded berry. Pedicels very
often with a joint in the middle or under the flower. Flower
almost always small, and white or greenish, chiefly perfect.

§ 1. Herbs with ordinary broad leaves.

♦ Flowers bell-sJiaped, ofQ separate and similar deciduotis divisions: stamens on the
receptacle or nearly so : anthers turned outioards.

13. CLINTONIA. Flowers erect, few or several in an umbel on a naked scape,

the base of which is sheathed by the stalks of a few large oval or oblong and
ciliate root-leaves. Filaments long and slender; anthers linear or oblong;
style long. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, becoming a blue berry. Rootstocks creeping,
like those of Lily-of-the-Valley, which the leaves also resemble.

14. PROSAKTES. Flowers single or few, hanging at the end of the leafy spreading

branches on slender simple stalks, yellowish. Divisions of the perianth
lanceolate or linear. Filaments much longer than the linear-oblong blunt
anthers. Ovary with a pair of hanging ovules in each of the 3 cells, becom-
ing an ovoid or oblong and pointed red berry. Rootstock short, not creep-
ing: herbage downy.

15. STREPTOPUS. Flowers sinde or rarely in pairs along the leafy and forking

stem, just out of the axils of the ovate clasping leaves: the slender peduncle
usually bent in the middle. Divisions of the perianth lanceolate, acute, the
three Inner ones keeled. Anthers arrow-shaped, on short and flattish fila-
ments. Ovary 3-celled, making a red many-seeded berry.

« « Flowers with perianth of one piece, but often deeply parted, the stamens on its
base or tube : anthers turned inwards: stems not branched.

16. CONVALLARIA. Flowers nodding in a one-sided raceme, on an angled scape

which rises, with the about two oblong leaves, from a running rootstock.
Pei-ianth shoi-t bell-shaped, with 6 recurving lobes. Stamens included.
Style stout. Ovary with several ovules, becoming a few-seeded red berrv.

17. SMILACINA. Flowers in a raceme or cluster of racemes terminating a leaf-

bearing stem, small, white. Perianth 6-parted, in one 4-parted. Filaments
slender: anthers short. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, making a 1 - 2-seeded berry. Root-
stocks mostlv creeping.

18. POLYGONATUM. Flowers nodding in the axils of the leaves along a leafy

and recurving simple stem, which rises from a long and thickened rootstock.
Perianth greenish, cylindrical, 6-lobed or 6-tootlied, bearing the 6 included
stamens at or above the middle of the tube. Style slender. Ovary 3-celled
with few ovules in each cell, in fmit becoming a globular black or blue few-
seeded berry.
§ 2. Plants with small scales in place of leaves, from the axils ofiohich are produced
false-leaves, i. e. bodies which by their position are seen to be of the nature of
branches, but which imitate and act as leaves. Perianth greenish or tvhitisn,
G-parted, the stamens borne on its base. Berry Z-celled, the cells 2-seeded.

19. ASPARAGUS. Flowers greenish-yellow, bell-shaped, scattered along the much

divided branches. Styles short : 'stigma 3-lobed. The so-called leaves very
narrow.

20. MYRSIPHYLLUM. Flowers 2 or 3 in the axils, greenish- white; the linear-

oblong divisions of the perianth recurved. Stamens almost as long as the
Ijerianth. Style slender: stigma entire. The so-called leaves lance-ovate.
Stems twining.

V. LILY FAMILY proper (including Asphodel Family) : dis-
tinguished by the single undivided style (or rarely a sessile stigma),
and fruit a loculicidal pod. Perianth with all 6 parts generally
corolla-like, and in all tlie following nearly similar. Leaves par-
allel-veined or ribbed, sometimes with netted-veins also. Stem or
scape mostly simple.

340 LILT FAMILY.

§ 1. From a coated or sometimes scaly hulb.

* Stem leafy, especially above, the leaves often ichorled or croioded : divisions of the
perianth with a honey-beariny furrow or spot ut or near the base : style long :
stigmas or lobes 3 : jx^d packta with 2 rows of depressed and fat soft-coated
seeds in each cell. FUncers larye, often several.

21. LILIUM. Flower bell-shaped or funnel-form with the separate or partly united
divisions spreading or recurved above: the honey-bearing-groove beginning
at their base. Anthers linear, at first erect, at length versatile. Pod oblong.
Bulb mostlv scaly (Lessons, p. 46, fig. 73, 74).

22. FRITILLARIA. Divisions ot the bell-shaped flower distinct, not at all re-
curving; the honey-bearing spot above their base. Bulb coated or scaly.
Flowers always nodding, otten spotted.

« * Stem 2-leaved or few-leaved at or towards the base, naked above and ordinarily
l-flowered at summit: the six pieces of the bell-sliaped perianth separate : sta-
mens on the receptacle or nearly so : anthers erect : seeds many, pale.

23. TULIP A. Stem 1- 2-leaved above the ground, bearing an erect large flower.
Divisions of the perianth broad, not recurved nor spi-eading. Ovary and pod
triangular, columnar: stigmas 3, sessile. Seeds nearly as in Lily.

24. ERYTHRONIU^L Scape 2-leaved from the ground, bearing a nodding flower.
Divisions of the perianth lanceolate, recurved or spreading above. Ovary
and pod obovate: seeds globular. Style long, more or less club-shaped.

* « « Scape naked, bearing several or many flowers : seeds very few, globular or
angled, mostly with a crtistaceous or brittle black coat.

H- Perianth Q-parted or 6-sepalled, either wheel-shaped or less widely spreading.

25. ORNITHOGALUM. Flowers in a corymb, bracted, white, wheel-shaped.
Style 3-sided : stigma 3-angled.

26. ALLIUM. Flowers in a simple umbel, from a 1- 2-leaved or scarious spathe.
Style persistent, slender: stigma entire.

27. SCILLA. Flowers in a simple raceme, mostly blue. Style slender.

t- •*- Perianth merely Q-toothed or Q-cleft, bearing the short included stamens on its
tube : 2}od triangular.

28. MUSCARI. Flowers in a raceme; the globular or urn-shaped narrow-mouthed
perianth nearly 6-toothed.

29. HYACINTHUS. Flowers in a raceme; the short-funnel-shaped or bell-shaped
perianth 6-cleft, the lobes spreaduig.

§ 2. Scape and leaves from a tuberous rootstock or fbrous-rooted croicnj no bulb.

* Stamens and styles long and slender, declined: stigma nearly simple : flowers large.

30. AGAPANTHUS. Flowers in a 2-bracted umbel, blue. Perianth tubular at
base, with 6 widely spreading divisions nearly regular. Pod triangular,

C'ft^ manv seeded. Seeds flat, brownish, winged above. Leaves linear, flat.
'v4-i.,/«W. FUNIvIA. Flowers in a raceme, blue or white. Perianth funnel-form, 6-cleft,
the lobes hardlv spreading, somewhat irregular. Pod oblong, prismatic,
many-seeded. Seeds flat, black, with a soft and thin coat, winged at the
apex. Leaves ovate or heart-shaped, netted- veiny between the ribs, and on
long petioles.

82. HEMEROCALLIS. Flowers few on a somewhat branching scape, yellow,
2«. lasting but a dav- Perianth funnel-form, with short narrow tube closely m-
*^^ vesting the ovary; the nearlv similar divisions more or less spreadmg. Pod

', -^^- thick, at first fleshy. Seeds' few in each cell, roundish, with a hard and brit-
V tie black coat. Leaves linear, grassy, keeled.

* * Stamens and style straight, protruding from the tubular perianth.

83. TRITOMA. Flowers verv many, nodding in a dense raceme or spike on a
bracted scape. Perianth tubvilar, regular, red or yellow, 6-toothed. Fila-
ments of two lengths. Pod many-seeded. Leaves narrow-linear, long and
grassy, keeled, crowded at the root.

§ 8. Stem a woody trunk, either short or tree-like, bearing a crovrl of rigid and
pungent-painted sword-sliaped persistent leaves : no bulb.
82. YUCCA. Flowers in an ample tenninal compound panicle, large, often polyga-
mous, white or whitish. Perianth of 6 separate oval or oblong acute divis-
ions, not deciduous, the 3 inner broader, longer than the stamens. Stigmas
3, sessile. Pod oblong, many-seeded; the depressed seeds as iu Lily.

'yctii^

v^^-v,..^.^.. ^.^o^, JJx^r^Jcd -KCO-^- 'A4

t ^-^^M ih^ a^-c/- LiLt 4amilt.^ 341

/^Among the various cultivated plants of the choicer collections, the following
are not rarely met with.

* Not bulbousi^

Phormium t^nax, New Zealand FlaX. Nearly hardy N., but does
not flower ; the very firm finely nerved linear evergreen leaver tufted on matted
rootstocks, strongly keeled, conduplicate below, nearly flat above, yielding a
very strong fibre for cordage.

Dracaena and Cordyline, Dragon-Trees, two or three species, orna-
ments of choice conservatories, cult, for their foliage.

A16e angul^ta, A. variegata, and other Aloes, with very thick and
fleshy 2-ranked leaves crowded or imbricated at the ground, sending up a slen-
der scape, bearing a spike or raceme of tubular flowers ; in conservatories.
* * From coated bulbs, sending up leaves and scapes.
Lachenalia tricolor; tender bulb from Cape of Good Hope; with
lanceolate soft leaves blotched with purple, and a raceme of small, rather sin-
gular than handsome, greenish-purple and yellow flowers, its erect divisions
connivent, the three interior longer.

Calochortus, Cyclob6thra, Brodisea, and Tritel6ia, handsome
flowered bulbs, chiefly from California and Oregon, hardly any quite hardy N.

1. TRILLIUM, THREE-LEAVED NIGHTSHADE, WAKE ROBIN,
BIRTHROOT. (Name from Latin trilix, triple, the parts throughout being
in threes.) Low stem from a short tuber-like rootstock (Lessons, p. 42, fig. 67),
bearing a whorl of tliree green conspicuously netted-veined ovate or rhom-

', boidal leaves, and a terminal flower, in spring. All grow in rich or moist
woods, or the last in bogs.

§ 1. Flower sessile: petals and sepals narrow, the former spatulate, dull purple,
T. Sessile. From Penn. W. & S. : leaves sessile, often blotched ; petals

sessile, rather erect, turning greenish, long persisting.

T. recurvatum. Only W. : differs in having the leaves narrowed at

base into a petiole, sepals reflcxed, and pointed petals with a narrowe<l base.

§ 2. Flower raised on a peduncle: petals withering awaj/ soon aper floivring.

* Peduncle erect or inclined : leaves rhombic-ovate, sesnile by a wedge-shaped base,

abruptli/ taper-pointed : petals flat.

T. grandifl6rum, Great-flowered White T. From Vermont to
Penn. and \V., flowering rather late : handsome, the obovate petals 2' - 2^' long,
much larger than the sepals, gradually recurving from an erect base, pure white,
in age becoming rose-colored.

T. er^ctum, Purple T. or Birthroot. Chiefly N. : not so large as the
preceding; the dark dull purple petals ovate, widely spreading, little longer
than the sepals, I'-l^' long.

Var. Alburn, from New York W. : has greenish white, rarely yellowish
petals.

Var declin^tum, from Ohio N. W., has peduncle fully half the length of
the leaves and horizontal, or in fruit even reflexed ; petals white or pinkish.

* * Peduncle recurred from thr. first under the short-pet ioled or almost sessile leaves,

not longer than the ovary and recurved ichite petals.

T. cdrnuum, Nodding T. Commonest E. : leaves rhombic-ovate ; petals
oblong, ovate, acute, J^'-ij' long; styles separate.

T. styI6sum. tipper country S. : leaves oblong, tapering to both ends ;
petals oblong, tinged with rose-color, much longer and broader than the sepals ;
styles united at base.

* * * Peduncle nearly erect ; leaves rounded at the base and short-pet ioled.

T. niv^le, Dwarf White T. From Ohio N. W. : very early-flowering,
2' -4' high; leaves oval or ovate, obtuse; petals oblong, obtuse, pure white,
r long ; stvles slender.

342 LILT FAMILY.

T. erythroc^pum, Painted T. Low woods or bogs N. : leaves ovate,
taper-pointed ; petals lance-ovate, pointed, wavy, white with pink stripes at the
base ; berry bright red.

2. MEDEOLA, INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT (from the taste of the
tuberous white and horizontal rootstock ; the Latin name from Medea, the
sorceress). Fl. early summer.

M. Virginica, the only species : in woods: simple stem l°-3° high, cot-
tony when young, bearing near the middle a whorl of 5 - 9 obovatc-lanceolate
thin and veiny but also parallel-ribbed leaves, and another of 3 (rarely 4 or 5)
much smaller ovate ones ,at the,tt5p, around an umbel of a few small recurved-
stalked jflow^ers.^ .^y'\ ■ w-—^---^

IJViTur^ ^. cdiiCltlCUM. (Named from the country, Colchis.) Flowers in au-
tumn, sends up the lanceolate roo^leaves the next spring. Sparingly cult,
from Eu. for ornament.

C. autumnale, Common C, mostly with rose-purple or lilac flowers.
C. variegatum, perhaps a variety, has shorter and wavy leaves, and peri-
anth variegated with small purjjle squares, as if tessellated.

4. CHAM^LIRIUM, DEVIL'S BIT. (Name in Greek means Ground
Lily, of no obvious fitness.) Fl. summer.

C. Itlteuin, also called Blazing-Star : low grounds, commoner "W. & S. :
rootstock short and abrupt, sending up a stem l°-3° high, bearing flat lance-
olate leaves at base, some shorter ones up the stem, and a wand-like spike or
raceme of small bractless flowers, the sterile ones from the stamens appearing
yellow.

6. HELONIAS. (Name probably from the Greek for a swamp, in which

the species grows.) Fl. spring.

H. bullata. Rare and local plant, from New Jersey to E. Virginia, but
sometimes cult. : very smooth, the tuberous stock producing a tuft of oblong or
lance-spatulate evergreen leaves, from the centre of which rises in spring a leaf-
less scape l°-2° high, bearing the rather handsome flowers.

6. XEROPHYLLUM. (Name means, in Greek, arid-leaved, the narrow
leaves being dry and rigid.) Fl. early summer.

X. asphodelioides. Pine barrens, from New Jersey S. : a striking plant,
with the aspect of an Asphodel; simple stout stem rising 2° -4° high from a
thick or bulb-like base, densely beset at base with very long needle-shaped rigid
recurving leaves, above Avith shorter ones, which at length are reduced to bristle-
like bracts ; the crowded white flowers showy.

7. AMIANTHIUM, FLY-POISON. (Name, from the Greek, alludes
to the flowers destitute of the spots or «rlands of Melanthium and Zygade-
nus.) Flowers summer, turning greenish or purplish with age.

A. inuscsetoxicum, Broad-leaved F. Open woods from New Jersey

5. : with a rather large bulb at the base of the stem, bearing many broadly linear
(^'-1' wide) blunt leaves; raceme dense; flowers rather large; seeds few, red
and fleshy.

A. angustifolium. Pine barrens S. : stem hardly bulbous at base, 2'
high ; leaves narrow, acute, pale ; seeds linear, not fleshy.

8. STENATTTHIUM. (Name from Greek means narrow flower.) Fl.
summer. z^'

S. angUStifdlium. Low meadows and prairies, from Penn. S. & W. :
2° -6° high, leafy, the leaves long and narrow ; flowers only ^' long, in a pro-
longed terminal and many shorter lateral racemes, making an ample light
panicle.

LILT JAMILT. 343

^ 9. VERATRUM, FALSE HELLEBORE. (Old name, from Latin vere
ater, truly black.) Mostly pubescent stout herbs ; the roots yield the acrid
I poisonous veralrin. Flowers summer.

V. viride, American White Hellebore, or Ixdian Poke. Swamps,
^ mostly N. : stout stem 2° -4° hif,^h, thickly beset with the broadly oval or ovate
J strongly plaited sheath-clasping leaves ; panicle of spike-like racemes pyramidal ;
■^ ' flowers yellowish-green turning greener with age.

Du V. parviflorum, along the Alieghanies, is slender, 2° -5° high, with scat-
y^ . tered oval or lanceolate scarcely plaited leaves below, and a long and loose pan-
icle of greenish small flowers turning dingy or brownish with age.

10. MELANTHIUM. (Name, from the Greek, means Hack flower, the
perianth turning darker, yet not black.) Fl. summer.

M. Virginicum, Bunch-flower. Moist grounds, from S. New York
S. & W. : 3° -5° high; lowest leaves sometimes 1' wide, the upper few and
small ; flowers rather large.

11. ZYGADENUS. (Name in Greek means j/ote(f(7/anc?s.) Fl. summer.
Z. glab^rrimus. Pine barren bogs S. : l°-3° high, from a running root-
stock ; leaves rather rigid, keeled, nerved, taper-pointed; panicle many-flowered;
divisions of perianth \' long, a pair of round spots above the narrowed base.

Z. glatlCUS. Bogs along our N. borders : l°-3° high, from a bulb ; leaves
flat, pale ; flowers rather fev/ ; base of perianth coherent with that of the ovary,
the divisions marked with an inversely heart-shaped spot.

12. UVXTLARIA, BELLWORT. (Name from the Latin uvula, or palate;
the application obscure.) Stems 6' -2° high, naked below, leafy above: fl.
spring. All in rich woods.

* Leaves ohlong, the base clasping round the stem which seems to run through the

blade just above its base (Lessons, p. 67, fig. 131) : pod 3-lobed: rootstock
very short and erect.

IT. grandiflbra, the common one from W. New England W. : with pale
greenish-yellow flower 1 j' long and smooth or nearly so inside.

U. perfoliata, common E. & S. : smaller, with sharper tips to the an-
thers, and the parts of the barely yellowish perianth granular-roughened inside.

U. flava, chiefly N. E., with bright yellow flower about 1' long, and nearly
smooth inside.

* » Leaves not surrounding the stem, mereli/ sessile: rootstock creeping: pod

sharplij triangular.

U. sessilifoHa, common, especially N. : 6'- 12' high, with pale lance-ob-
long leaves, and whitish cream-colored flower |' long; pod stalked.

13. CLINTONIA. (Named f)r DeWitt Clinton of New York.) Cold
moist woods : flowers early summer.

Cf. boredlis. Only N. and along the mountains; flowers 2-7, greenish
yellow, over ^' long ; berry rather many-seeded.

C. umbellata. Along the Alieghanies ; flowers numerous, 4' long, white
speckled with green or purplish dots ; seeds only 2 in each cell.

14. PROSARTES. (Name from Greek word meaning hanging.)

P. lanugindsa. Rich woods the whole length of the Alleghany region to
Canada : branches widely spreading ; leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, rounded or
slightly heart-shaped at the sessile base ; flowers ^' long, greenish ; style with 3
.Btigmas : fl. late spring. / ' / • ^.

^ 15. STREPTOPUS, TWISTED-STALK (which the name denotes in
Greek). In cold damp or wet woods N. : flowers in late spring and early
summer, small, barely ^' long.

344 LILY FAMILY.

S. amplexif61ius. Stem stout, rough at base, 2° - 3° high ; leaves strong-
ly clasping, smooth, glaucous beneath ; flower whitish, on a long stalk with
abrupt bend above the middle ; anthers slender-pointed ; stigma truncate.

S. rbseus. Stem l°-2° high; leaves green, finely ciliate, and with the
few branches beset with more short and fine bristly hairs ; flower rose-purple,
on a less bent stalk ; anthers 2-horned ; stigma 3-cleft.

16. CONVALLARIA, LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY. (Name altered
from the Latin Lilium convcdlium, of which the English name is a translation.)
n. late spring.

C. maj^lis, the only true species, cult, everywhere, from Europe, and wild
on the higher Alleghanies ; its small sweet-scented white flowers familiar.

17. SMItACINA, FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL. (Name a diminutive
of Smilax, which these plants do not resemble.) Wild in woods or low
grounds : fl. late spring.

§ 1. Perianth of only 4 reflexed spreading divisions: stamens 4 : ovary 2-celled.

S. bifolia. In all moist woods N. : 3' -6' high ; stem bearing 2 (sometimes
3) heart-shaped leaves, and a short raceme of small flowers ; berries red.

§ 2. Perianth of 6 divisions: stamens 6 : ovary Z-cclled, rarely 2-celled.

S. trif61ia. Cold bogs N. : 3' -6' high, smooth, with mostly 3 oblong
leaves raiK-ring to a sheathing base ; raceme loose, few-flowered ; berries red.

S. stell^ta. Rocky places N. : l°-2p high, smooth, or the 7-12 lance-
oblong leaves minutely downy when young; raceme several-flowered; berries
blackish.

S. raceni6sa. Moist copses and banks, chiefly N. : 2° high, minutely
downy, leafy to the top ; the oblong or lance-oval leaves ciliate, pointed at each
end ; flowers small, crowded in a compound raceme; the divisions of perianth
narrow ; beiTies pale red and speckled.

18. POLYGONATUM, SOLOMON'S SEAL. (Name in Greek means
many-jointed. The English name is from the rootstocks, the impression of
the seal being the scar left by the death and separation of the stem of a foi*mer
year: Lessons, p. 42, fig. 66.) Stem recurving or turned to one side. Fl.
late spring and early summer.

P. bifl6rum, Smaller S. Wooded banks : l°-3° high ; the ovate-oblong
or lance-oblong leaves nearly sessile and glaucous or minutely whitish-downy
beneath ; peduncles mostly 2-flowered ; filaments roughened, borne above the
middle of the tube.

P. gigailt^UlD, Larger S. Alluvial grounds N. : 3° -3° high, smooth ;
leaves ovate, partly clasping ; peduncles 2-8-flowered; filaments smooth and
naked, borne on the middle of the tube.

19. ASPARAGUS. (The ancient Greek name.) Fl. early summer.

A. officinalis, Common Asparagus. Cult, from Eu. for its esculent
spring shoots, spontaneous about gardens : tall, bushyrbranched, the leaves
thread-shaped.

20. MYRSIPHYLLUM. (The name in Greek means myrtle-leaved.)
M. asparagoides, of Cape Good Hope : a very smooth delicate

twiner, cult, in conservatories for winter decoration, under the name of
Smilax : the bright green so-called leaves 1' or more long, glossy-green both
sides, nerved, set edgewise on the branch, but turning so as to present an upper
and under face ; the small flowers produced in winter, sweet-scented, with
reddish anthers; berries green. — That the seeming leaves are of the nature
of branches is shown in Ruscus, the Butcher's Broom, of Europe (here
rarely cultivated), where they are rigid, spiny-tipped, aud bear flowers on on«
face.

LILT FAMILY* 345

21. LILIUM, LILY. (The classical Latin name, from the Greek.) All,
including our four wild Lilies, more or less commonly cultivated : fl. summer.

§ 1. Flowers erect, orange or orange-red, of bell-shaped outline, the divisions widely
separate and on slender claws : no bulblets in the axils of the leaves. Wild
species of sandy soiL

L. Philadelphicum, Wild Orange-Red Lily. Chiefly N. & W. :
l°-2° high, with lanceolate or lance-linear leaves nearly all in whorls of 5-8,
and 1-3 open-bell-shaped reddish-orange flowers, 2^' -3' long, spotted inside
with dark purple.

L. Catesbsei, Southern Ked L. Chiefly S. : 10-2° high, with scattered
linear-lanceolate leaves, a solitary and larger nearly scarlet flower; the oblong-
lanceolate divisions wavy-margined, recurving above, 3' -4' long, with very-
slender claws, within crimson-spotted on a yellow ground.

§ 2. Flowers erect, orange ; the oblong divisions without claws, conniving at the
broad base, the upper part spreading.

L. bulbiferum, Bulblet-bearixg L. Cult, in old gardens, from Europe :
1^0-30 high, producing bulblets in the axils of the lanceolate irregularly scat-
tered leaves, and few reddish-orange flowers, the divisions 2' -2^' long, with
some rough brownish projections at base inside, but hardly spotted.

§ 3. Flowers nodding ; the divisions without claws, rolled back, mostly dotted inside.
* Bulblets in the axils of the leaves.

L. tigrinum, Tiger Bulblet-bearing L. Cult, from China: stem
4° -5° high, cottony; leaves lanceolate, scattered; flowers panicled, numerous,
very showy, orange-red, the divisions about 4' long, black-spotted inside.

* * No bulblets in the axils.

•*- Wild species of the country in moist meadows and bogs : flowers orange or
orange-red, strongly dark-spotted inside.

L. Canad6nse, Canada L. Stem 2° -5° high, bearing few or several
long-peduncled flowers ; leaves lanceolate, all in whorls, their edges and nerves
minutely rough; divisions of the flower 2' -3' long, recurved-spreading above
the middle.

L. sup^rbum, American Turk's Cap L. Stem 3'- 7' high, bearing few
or many flowers in a pyramidal panicle : leaves lanceolate, smooth, imperfectly
whorled or many of them scattered; divisions of the flower strongly rolled
backwards, about 3' long.

L. Carolini^num, Carolina L., in the low country S., appears to be a
variety of the above, 2° - 3° high, with broader leaves and only 1 - 3 flowers
more variegated with yellow.

•t- -I- Cultivated species from the Old World.

L. Pompbnium, Turban L., of Europe: slender, with scattered and
crowded lance-lineur or lance-awl-shaped leaves, and several small orange-red or
scarlet (rarely white) flowers, their lanceolate acute divisions somewhat bearded
inside. This and the next small-flowered, and not common in gardens.

L. Chalcedbnicum, Ked L. of Palestine and throughoift the East;
stem thickly beset with scattered narrow lance-linear erect leaves, their margins
rough-pubescent ; flowers several, scarlet or vermilion, the divisions bearded
towards the base within, not spotted.

L. M^rtagon, Turk's Cap or Martagon L., of Europe: 3° -.5° high,
with lance-oblong leaves in whorls, their edges rough, and a panicle of rather
small but showy light violet-purple or flesh-color (rarely white) flowers dotted
with small brown-purple spots.

Ij. Specibsum, of Japan : stem l°-3° high ; leaves scattered, lance-ovate
or oblong, pointed, slightly petioled ; flowers few, odorous, the strongly revo-
lute divisions about 5' long, white or pale rose-color, with prominent purple
warty projections inside : now of many varieties.

Li. auratum, Goldkn-banded L., of Japan : stem l°-2° high: leaves
lanceolate, scattered ; flowers 1-3, barely nodding, sweet-scented, very large,

346 l,ILT FAMILY.

the ovate-lanceolate divisions 6' or more long, spreading almost from the base
and the tips revolute, white with a light yelloAV band down the middle of the
upper face, which is spotted all over with prominent purple spots and rough
with bristly projections near the base. Probably a Japanese hybrid of the pre-
ceding with some other : the most showy species known.

§ 3. Flowers inclined, v)hite, more or less funnel-form in outline ; the naked sessile
divisions conniving or somewhat united below into a tube, their summits
more or less spreading, but hardly recurving. All cultivated, from Asia,
, with scattered leaves.

L. e^ndidum, Common White Lily. Cult, from Persia, &c. : with lan-
ceolate leaves, and few or several bell-shaped flowers, smooth inside, sometimes
double.

L. Japonicum, Japan White L. Cult, from Japan : 2° high, with
mostly only one flower, which is nodding and larger than in the foregoing, below
connivent into a narrower tube, and above with the divisions more widely
spreading.

L. longiflorum, Long-fl. White L., of Japan : 1° high, with lanceo-
late leaves, and a single horizontal funnel-form flower, 5' or 6' long, the narrow
tubular portion longer than the rather widely spreading portion.

22. FRITILLARIA. (Latin fritillus, a dice-box, from the shape of the
flower, which difters from a Lily in its more cup-shaped outline, the divisions
not spreading.) Fl. spring.

P. Mele^gris, Guinea-Hen Plower. Cult, from En. : 1° high, with
linear alternate leaves, mostly solitary terminal flower purplish, tessellated with
blue and purple or whitish; the honey-bearing spot narrow.

P. imperialis, or PETf lium imperiale. Crown Imperial. Cult, from
Asia: a stately herb of early spring, 3° -4° high, rather thickly beset along
the middle with lanceolate or lance-oblong bright green leaves more or less in
whorls ; flowers several hanging in a sort of umbel under the terminal crown
or tuft of leaves, large, orange yellow, or sometimes almost crimson, a round
pearly gland on the base, of each division ; pod 6-angled.

/ 23. ^IJLIPA, TULIP. ^Name and the common species said to come
from Persia.) PI. spring and early summer : all from the Old World.
T. Gesneri^na, Common T., from Asia Minor, is the original of the
various ordinary hardy kinds ; leaves lance-oblong, glaucous, shorter than the
flower-stalk ; divisions of the flower very obtuse.

T. suav^oleus, Sweet T. of Eu. : low ; floAver sweet-scented, its divisions

acute, appearing very early. r ^ .

' U " 24. ERYTHRONIUM, DOG-TOOTH- VIOLET. (Name from the

Greek word for red, — not appropriate even for the original European species.)

PI. spring,

E. Dens-C^nis, Dog-tooth- Violet of Eu : sometimes cult. ; has broadly
oblong pale leaves little spotted, and a rose-puqjle or almost white flower in
earliest spring.

E. Americanum, Yellow D. or Addi:r's-tongue. Moist or low
woods, very common E. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, mottled and dotted with
dark-purpli'sh and whitish ; flower light yelloAV.

E. albidum, White D. Rare in N. Y. and Penn., but common W. :
leaves less or not at all spotted ; flower bluish-white.

25. ORNITHOG ALUM, STAR OF BETHLEHEM. (Name in Greek
means bird's-milk, a current expression for some marvellous thing.) PI.
early summer.

O. umbell^tura, Common S. or Ten-o'clock, from Eu. : in old gardens
and escaped into some low meadows : leaves long and grass-like ; flowers bright
white within, green outside, opening in the sun, on slender stalks.

LILT FAMILY. 347

26. iuLLIITM, ONION, LEEK, GARLIC, &c. (Ancient Latin name.)
Taste and odor alliaceous.

§ 1. Wild species of the country, or one a naturalized tveed.

* Leaves bruad : flowers white, in summer : ovules and seeds singh in each cell.
A. tricoccum, Wild Leek. Rich woods N. : bulbs clustered, large,

pointed, sending up in spring 2 or 3 large lance-oblong flat leaves, and after
they wither, in summer, a many-flowered umbel on a naked scape.

* * Leaves linear, grass-like : ovules and seeds a pair in each cell : flowers rose-

color,_in summer.

A. C^rnuum, Nodding Wild Onion. Banks, through the Alleghany
region and N. W. : scape angular, l°-2° long, often nodding at the apex;
pedicels of the loose many-flowered umbel drooping ; flowers light rose-color ;
leaves linear, sharply keeled on the back, channelled.

A. mutabile, Changeable Wild O. Dry sandy soil S. : scape 1° high,
terete, bearing an erect umbel of white flowers changing to rose-color ; leaves
narrow, concave ; bulb coated with a fibrous network.

A. vine^le, Field or Crow Garlic. A weed from Eu. in gardens and
cult or waste low grounds ; slender scape sheathed to the middle by the hollow
thread-shaped leaves which are grooved down the upper side : flowers greenish-
rose-color ; often their place is occupied by bulblets.

* * * Leaves narrow -linear, grass-like: ovules and seeds several in each cell:

flowers neurit/ white, in spring.

A. striatum. Low pine barrens and prairies, Virginia to Illinois and S. :
scape and leaves 6'- 12' high, the latter involute and striate on the back ; flowers
3-10 in the umbel.

§ 2. Cultivated from the Old World: flowers in summer.
* Learesflat.

A. Mbly, Golden Garlic. Cult, for ornament in some gardens : leares
broadly lanceolate; scape 1° high; flowers numerous, large, golden yellow.

A. sativum, Garden Garlic. Bulbs clustered, pointed; leaves lance-
linear, keeled; flowers few, purple, or bulblets in their place; filaments all
broad and 3-cleft.

A. Porrum, Garden Leek. Bulb elongated, single ; leaves broadly linear,
keeled or folded ; flowers in a head, white, with some rose-colored stripes ; 3 of
the filaments 3-forked.

* * Leaves cylindrical, hollow : umbel globular, manyflowered.

A. Asealonicum, Schallott. Bulb with oblong offsets; leaves awl-
shaped ; flowers lihK'-purple ; 3 of the filaments 3-forked.

A. SehCEil6prasuill, Chives. Low, tufted; leaves awl-shaped, equal-
ling the scape ; flowers purple-rose-color, its divisions lanceolate and pointed,
long; filament simple.

A. C6pa, Onion. Bulb depressed, large; leaves much shorter than the
hollow indated scape; flowers Avhite, or bulblets in their place.

27. SCILLA, SQUILL. (The ancient name of S. MARfxiMA of S. Europe,

^, . the bulb of which is the oflficinal squill.)

"^^'^^^^^S. Pr^seri, Wild S. called Wild Hyacinth at the W., Quamash.
*^ Moist banks and prairies from Ohio W. & S. W. : scape and linear-keeled
.^^(jjy\Oi, leaves 1° high ; flowers pale blue, in a long loose raceme, in spring.

S. amdena, S. verna, &c. are cult, from Europe in some choice collections,
for their early bright blue flowers, but are rare.

, 28. MUSCARI, GRAPE or GLOBE HYACINTH. (Name from the
musky scent of the flowers in one species.) All from Eu. : fl. spring.
M. botryoides, Common Grape-Hyacinth, of country gardens, es-
caping into lawns and fields : a pretty little plant, sending up in early spring

V

348 LILY FAMILY.

its narrow linear leaves, and a scape (5' -7' high) bearing a dense raceme of
globular deep blue flowers which are barely ^' long, resembling minute grapes,
scentless.

M. raeembsum, less common in gardens, is more slender, with flaccid
leaves and ovoid faintly scented flowers.

M. mosch^tum, is glaucous, and lias larger and ovoid-oblong livid musky-
scented flowers, and linear-lanceolate shorter leaves.

M. COmbsum, is larger, 9' high, with violet-colored oblong flowers, on
longer pedicels in a loose raceme, the uppermost in a tuft and abortive : the
monstrous variety most cultivated produces, later in the season, from the tufted
apex of the scape a large jjanicled mass of abortive, contorted, bright blue
branchlets, of a striking and handsome appearance.

29. HYACINTHUS, HYACINTH. (Mythological name, the plant
dedicated to the favorite of Apollo.)

H. orientMis, Common H., of the Levant, with its raceme of blue flow-
ers, is the parent of the numberless cultivated varieties, of divers colors, single,
and double : fl. spring.

30. AGAPANTHUS. (Of Greek words for am wWe^^yer.) One species,
A. umbeH^tuS. Cult, from Cape of Good Hope, a handsome house-plant,

turned out blOoms in summer; leaves large, bright-green, l°-20 1ong; scape
l^o_2o high, bearing an umbel of pretty large blue flowers.

31. PUNKIA. (Named for one Funk, a German botanist.) Ornamental,
large-leaved, hardy plants, cult, from Japan and China : fl. summer. For-
merly united with the Day-Lily.

P. subcord^ta. White Day-Lily, is the species with long, white, and
tubular-funnel-form flowers.

F. ovata, Blue D., the one with smaller, more nodding, blue or violet
flowers, abruptly expanded above the narrow tube.

32. HEMEROCAIiLIS, DAY-LILY. (Name. In Greek, means beauty
of-(i.(hnj. the large flower ephemeral.) Cult, from the Old World, especially
in country gardt-ns; the first species escaped into roadsides : fl. summer.

H. flilva, Common Day-Lilt. A familiar, rather coarse and tall plant,
with broadish linear leaves and tawny orange flower, the inner divisions wavy
and obtuse.

H. fl^va, Yellow D. Less coarse, with narrower leaves and light yellow
flowers, the inner divisions acute.

33. TRITOMA. (Name in Greek means thrice cut, supposed to allude to
the three sharp edges of the tapering apex of the leaves, viz. the two margins
and the keel.) Flowers unpleasantly-scented, showy, in autumn.

T. Uv^ria, from Cape of Good Hope, planted out, is ornamental in autumn,
the scape rising from the thick clumps of long grassy leaves 3° or 4° high, the
cylindrical spike or raceme producing a long succession of flowers, which are
at first erect and coral-red, soon they hang over and change to orange and at
length to greenish yellow. Roots half hardy N.

34. YUCCA, BEAR-GRASS, SPANISH-BAYONET. (American ab-
original name.) Wild in sandy soil S., extending into Mexico, &c. Cult,
for ornament, but only the nearly stemless species is really hardy N. : fl.
summer, lai'ge, and whole plant of striking appearance. Under various names
and varieties, the common ones mainly belong to the following :

* Trunk short, covered ivith leaves, risinfj only a foot or two above the ground:
flowering stalk scape-like : pod dry.

Y. filament6sa, Common Bear-Grass, or Adam's Needle. From E.
Virginia S. : leaves lanceolate, l°-2° long, spreading, moderately rigid, tipped
with a weak prickly point, the smooth edges bearing thread-like filaments ; scape
3° -6° high ; flowers white or pale cream-co.or, sometimes tinged pui-plish.

RUSH FAMILY.

Y. angustifblia, wild over the plains beyond the Mississippi, is smaller,
with erect and narrow linear leaves, few threads on their white margins, and
yellowish-white flowers.

« * Trunk arborescent, 2° -8° hi(/h in wild plants on, the sands of the coast
aS., or much higher in conservatories, naked below : no threads to the leaves.

lSr. glori6sa. Trunk low, generally simple ; leaves coriaceous, smooth-
edged, slender-spiny tipped, l°-2='long, I'-l^'wide; flowers white, or pur-
plish-tinged outside, in a short-peduncled panicle.

Y. aloifolia, Spanish-Bayoxet. Trunk 40-20° high, branching when
old ; leaves very rigid, strongly spiny-tipped, with very rough-serrulate saw-
like edges, 2° or more long, l'^' - 2' wide ; the short panicle nearly sessile. ,

1^. jm^GACBM, RUSH FAMILY. ^ ^ ^?^nj>^

Plants with the appearance and herbage of Sedges and Grasses,
yet with flowers of the structure of the Lily Family, having a com-
plete perianth of 6 parts, 3 outer and 3 inner, but greenish and
glume-like. Stamens 6 or 3, style 1 : stigmas 3.

1. JUNCUS. Ovary and pod 3-celled or almost 3-celled, many-seeded. Herbage

smooth : stems often leafless, generally pithy.

2. LUZULA. Ovary and pod 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentte, and one seed to

each. Stems and leaves often soft-hairy.

1. JIJNCUS, RUSH, BOG-RUSH. (The classical Latin name, from the
verb meaning to join, rushes being used for bands. ) Flowers summer. — We
have more than 30 species, chiefly in bogs or wet grounds, most of them diffi-
cult and little interesting to the beginner, — to be studied in the Manual and
in Dr. Engclmann's monograph. The following are the commonest.

§ 1. Leafless Rushes, with naked and jointless round stems, wholly leafless,
vierelji with sheaths at base, in tujls/from matted running rootstocks : flowers
in a lateral sessile panicle. ^ /

J. efftlSUS, Common Rush, in Ioav grounds ; has soft and pliant stems
2° -4° high, panicle of many greenish flowers, 3 stamens, and very blunt pod.

J. filif6rmis, of bogs and shores only N., is slender, pliant, l°-2° high,
with few greenish flowers, 6 stamens, and a broadly ovate blunt but short-
pointed pod.

J. Balticus, of sandy shores N. ; has very strong rootstocks, rigid stems
2° - 3° high, a loose panicle of larger (2" long) and chestnut-colored with green-
ish flowers, 6 stamens, and oblong blunt but pointed deep-brown pod.

§ 2. Grassy-leaved Rushes, with stems bearing grass-like flat or thread-
shaped (ni'Ver knotty) leaves, at least near the base : panicle terminal.

* Flowers crowded in heads on the divisions of the panicle : steins flattened :

leaves flat : stamens 3.

J. margin^tUS. Sandy wet soil, from S. New England S. & "W. : l°-3°
high; leaves long linear; heads several-flowered, brownish or purplish. !^

J. ripens. Miry banks S. : spreading or soon creeping, 4' -6' high ; leaver
short linear ; heads of green flowers few in a loose leafy panicle.

* * Flowers single on the ultimate branches of the panicle, or rarely clustei-ed:

stamens 6 : leaves slender.
J, bufbnius. Along all wet roadsides, Sec. : stems low and slender, branch-
ing, 3' -9' high; greenish flowers scattered in a/loose iianicle; sepals lance-
linear and awf-pointed. n; ^■<-:'- -- ^?^ y(*^<r^ ^1^i-./0,
J. Ger^rdi, Black Grass of salt marshes : in tufts, with rather rigid stems
• l°-2° high, and a contracted panicle of chestnu^brown but partly greenish
flowers, the sepals blunt. 2/

350 SPIDER WORT FAMILY.

J. tenuis. Open low grounds and fields, everyivhere N. : in tnfts, with
wiiy stems 10' -20' high, a loose panicle shorter than the slender leaves near it,
and green flowers with lanceolate very acute sepals longer than the gr^en blunt
and scarcely pointed pod. "^

J. dichotomus. Low sandy grounds, takes the place of the preceding S :
has more thread-like leaves, flowers more one-sided on the branches of the pan-
icle, and greenish sepals only as long as the globular and beak-pointed brown-
ish pod. ^

§ 3. Knotty-leaved Rushes, the stems {often branching above) having 2-4
thread- sh< I per/ or laterally flattened leaces, which are knotty as if jointed
(especially when dry) by internal cross-partitions: panicle terminal. Of
these there are many species, needing close discrimination : the following are
only the very commonest, especially the northern ones. ^

J. acumin^tUS. Very wet places : 10' -30' high ; heads 3-10 flowered in
a loose spreading panicle, greenish turning straw-colored or brownish; sepals
lance-awl-shaped, barely as long as tlie triangular sharp-pointed pod ; stamens
3 ; seeds merely acute at both ends. It flowers in early summer.

J. UOdbsus. Mostly in sandy or gravelly soil : spreading by slender root-
stocks which bear little tubers, 6' -15' high; heads few, crowded, chestnut-
brown, each of 8-20 flowers ; sepals lancc-linear and awl-pointed, hardly as
long as the slender and taper-pointed pod ; seeds abruptly short-pointed at both
ends ; stamens 6.

J. SCirpoides. From New York S. : stems rigid, 10-3° high from a
thick rootstock ; heads spherical and dense, 15-80-flowered, dull pale green;
sepals rigid, awl-shaped and l)ristly-pointcd ; stamens 3 ; pod taper-pointed ; seeds
abruptly short-pointed at each end.

J. Canadensis. Wet places, common, flowering in autumn, very variable,
l°-3° high; heads numerous, greenish of light brownish, 5 - many-flowered ;
sepals lanceolate, the 3 outer shorter ; stamens 3 ; seeds tail-pointed at both
ends.

2. LUZULA, WOOD-RUSH. (L/zc/oZa is Italian for the. 9^o?/;-M.wm.) %

Xi. pilbsa. Shady banks N. : 6' -9' high; with lance-linear leaves, and
chestnut-brown flowers in an umbel, in spring.

L. camp^Stris. Dry or moist fields and woods, 6' -12' high, with linear
leaves, and 4-12 spikes or short heads of light brown or straw-colored heads in
an umbel, in spring.

126. COMMELYNACE.^, SPIDERWORT FAMILY.

Herbs with mucilaginous juice, jointed and mostly branching leafy
stems, and perfect flowers, having a perianth of usually 3 green and
persistent sepals, and three ephemeral petals (these commonly melt
into jelly the night after expansion) ; 6 stamens, some of them often
imperfect, and a free 2-3-celled ovary; style and stigma one. Pod
2 - 3-celled, few-seeded. Not aquatic, the greater part tropical.

1. COMMELYNA. Flowers blue, irregular. Sepals unequal, 2 of them sometimes

united by their contiguous margins. Two of the petals rounded and on slen-
der claws, the odd one smaller or abortive. Stamens unequal; three of them
fertile, one of these bent inwards ; three smaller and with cross-shaped im-
perfect anthers : filaments naked. Leaves abi-uptly contracted and sheathing
at base, the impermost forming a spathe for the flowers.

2. TRADESCANTIA. Flowers regular. Petals all alike, ovate, sessile. The

6 stamens all with similar and good anthers, on bearded filaments.

1. COMMELYNA, DAY-FLOWER. (There were three Commelyns,
Dutch botanists, two of them were authors, the other published nothing. In
naming this genus for them, Linnaeus is understood to have designated the

TELLOW-ETED GRASS FAMILY. 851

two former by the full-developed petals, the latter by the smaller or abortive

petal. ) Ours are branching perennials, or continued by rooting from the joints ;

in 'alluvial or moist shady soil : fl. all summer.

C. erecta. From Penn. S. & W. : stem erect, 2° -4° high; leaves lance-
oblong, 3' -7' long, the margins rough backwards, and sheaths fringed with
bristles ; spathes crowded, hooded, top-shaped in fruit ; odd petal like the others
but smaller.

C. Virginica. From S. New York S. & W. : stems reclining and rooting
at base ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrower ; spathes scattered, conduplicate,
round-heart-shaped when laid open ; odd petal inconspicuous.

2. TRADESCANTIA, SPIDER WORT. (Named for the gardener-bot-
anist Tradescant. ) Leaves sheathed at the base. 2/

* Wiid species of moist or rich woods, one very common in gardens : with erect
stems, linear or lanceolate keeled leaves, the uppermost nearly like the others,

•t- Umbels sessile at the end of the stem and branches between a pair of leaves, or later
also in the lower axils : flowering in summer.

T. Virginica. Common wild from W. New York W. & S., and in gar-
dens : leaves lance-linear, tapering regularly from the base to the point, ciliate;
umbels terminal ; flowers blue, in garden vai'ieties purple or white.

T. pilbsa. Chiefly W. : 2^ or more high, with zigzag stem, more or less
pubescent leaves lanceolate from a narrowish base, very dense terminal and ax-
illary umbels of smaller and later purple-blue flowers, and hairy calyx and
pedicels.

H- •*- Umbels one or two on a naked peduncle.

T. rosea. Sandy woods chiefly S. & W. : slender, 6' -12' high, smooth,
with linear grass-like leaves, and rose-colored flowers ^' wide.
* * Conservatory species from the tropics.

T. zebrina, the only one common, spreads by branching and rooting freely,
rarely blossoms, is cult, for its foliage ; the lance-ovate or oblong rather succu-
lent leaves crimson beneath, and green or purplish above, variegated with tAvo
Inroad stripes of silvery white.

T^ulda a^6</iAo{jLvvKfi^ f^^^^i /Cn

127. XYRIDACE^, AlLOW-EYED GRASS F.

Rush-like herbs, with equitant leaves, like Sedges, or rather Bul-
rushes, in having flowers in a head or spike one under each firm
glurae-like bract, but with a regular perianth of 3 sepals and 3 col-
ored (yellow) petals; also a 1 -celled many-seeded ovary and pod
with 3 parietal placentae, somewhat as in the Rush Family, repre-
sented by

. Xyris flexubsa. Common Ykllow-kyed Grass, of sandy bogs. Scape
4'- 16' high; head roundish; lateral sepals glume-like lance-oblong, boat-
shaped, wingless ; the anterior one larger, membranaceous, enwrapping the
corolla in the bud and deciduous with it ; petals 3, with claws, alternating with
3 sterile bearded or plumose filaments and bearing on their base 3 naked fila-
ments with linear anthers ; style 3-clcft. 2/

X. Carolini^na, the commonest of several Southern species ; also N. :
l°-2° bigh, the scape 2-edged at top, bearing a larger head (about ^' long),
lateral sepals winged but neai'ly naked on the keel. ^

X. flmbri^ta, from pine barrens of New Jersey S. : 2° high, with oblong
head almost I' long, the lateral sepals fringed on the keel. '^

352 SEDGE FAMILY.

128. ERIOCAULONACEiE, PIPEWORT FAMILY.

Another small group of marsh or aquatic herbs, of Rush-like
appearance, with a head of monoecious white-bearded flowers, in
structure somewhat like the Yellow-eyed Grass, terminating a naked
scape, at the base of which is a tuft of grassy awl-shaped, linear,
or lanceolate leaves of loose cellular texture, not equitant, but the
upper surface concave.

Eriocaulon septangul^re, in ponds or in their gravelly margins, is
the common species N., with 7-angled scap^ 2' - 6' high, or more, when the water
is deeper : fl. summer.

E. gnaphalodes, with grassy awl-shaped laper-pointed leaves, in pine-
ban-cn swamps from N. Jersey S.

E. decangulare, with similar or wider and blunt leaves, 10-12-ribbed
scapes lo-3° high, and heads sometimes ^' wide; in similar situations S.

III. GLUMACEOUS DIVISION. Flowers enclosed or sub-
tended by glumes or husk-like bracts ; no proper calyx or corolla,
except sometimes minute bristles or scales which represent the peri-
anth. Stems of the straw-like sort, called culms.

129. CYPERACEiE, SEDGE FAMILY.

Some rush-like, others grass-like plants, with flowers in spikes or
heads, one in the axil of each glume, the glume being a scale-like or
husk-like bract. No calyx nor corolla, except some vestiges in the
form of bristles or occasionally scales, or a sac which imitates a
perianth ; the 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary in fruit an akene. Divisions
of the style 2 when the akene is flattish or lenticular, or 3, when it
is usually triangular. Leaves when present very commonly 3-
ranked, and their sheath a closed tube; the stem not hollow. A large
family, to be studied in the Manual, &c., and too difficult for the
beginner. Therefore passed over here.

None cultivated, except sparingly Cyperus escdlentus of the
Mediterranean region, for its nut-like, sweet-tasted tubers, called
Chufa: only two are pernicious weeds, and that from their multi-
plying by similar nut-like tubers, which are hard to extirpate ; these
are CYrERUS thymatodes, in sandy soil, but troublesome only S. ;
nnd C. ROTUNuus, var. Hydra, the Nut-Grass or Coco-Grass
of the South. In the genus Scmrus, the tall Common Bulrush,
S. LACUSTRis, or better the small one with 3-sided stems, S. pun-
gens, in the borders of ponds, is used for rush-bottomed chairs.
Cladium effusum, with its coarse saw-edged leaves is the Saw-
Grass of the South. Of Sedges proper (Carex) there are about
160 species, several of which contribute (more in bulk than value)
to the hay of low coarse meadows and half-reclaimed bogs.

(^ GRASS FAMILY. 353

W. GRAMINEiE, GRASS FAMILY.

Grasses, known fiom other gUimaceous plants by their 2-ranked
leaves having open sheaths, the jointed stems commonly, but not
always hollow, and the glumes in pairs, viz. a pair to each spikelet
even' when it consists of a single flower (these called glumes proper),
and a pair to each flower (called palets), rarely one of them want-
ing. Flower, when perfect, as it more commonly is, consisting of 3
stamens (rarely 1, 2, or 6), and a pistil, with 2 styles or a 2-cleft
style, and 2 either hairy or plumose-branched stigmas: ovary 1-
celled, 1-ovuled, becoming a grain : the floury part is the albumen
of the seed, outside of which lies the embryo (Lessons, p. 16, 17,
flg. 38-42).

The real structure and arrangement of the flowers and spikelets
of Grasses are much too difficult and recondite for a beginner. For
their study the Manual must be used : in which the genera both of
this and the Sedge Family are illustrated by plates. Here is oflTered
merely a shorthand way of reaching the names of the commonest
cultivated and meadow grasses and the cereal grains.

A. Stems hollow, or soon becoming so.
§ 1. Spikelets in panicles, sometimes crowded but never so as to form a spike.

* Flowers monoecious, the staminale and pistillate separate in the same panicle.

Zizania aqu^tica, Indian Rice or Water Oats : in water, common-
est N. W. ; tall and reed-like Grass, with leaves almost as large as those of
Indian Corn, the upper part of the ample panicle bearing pistillate flowers on
erect club-shaped pedicels, the lower bearing: staminate flowers on spreading
branches ; each flower or spikelet with only one pair of j^lumes, the outer one
long-awned ; grain slender, ^' long, collected for food by N. W. Indians. ®

* * Flowers one and perftct in each spikelet, with or without rudiments of others.
H- Stamens 6.

Oryza sativa. Rice. Cult. S., from Asia, in low grounds: 2° -4° high,
with upper surface of the lance-linear leaves rough ; branches of the panicle erect ;
outer glumes minute, the inner coriaceous, very much flattened laterally, so as
to be strongly boat-shaped or conduplicate, closing over the grain and falling
with it, the outer one commonly bearing an awn. (T)
-I- -t- Stamens .3, or rareli/ fewer.

Agr6stis vulgaris, Rkd-top. Rather low and delicate grass of meadows vJ

and pastures, with ob ong spreading panicle of small purple or purplish spikelets ;
the lanceolate proper glumes thin, but much flrmer than the delicate palets,
about the length of the outer one, the upper truncate palet one half shorter. JJ. \

A. diba, FiORiN or White Bent Grass. Less abundant in meadows, '

the stems with procumbent or creepin*^ base; li^ule long and conspicuous;
>^ ^^'^panicle more dense, greenish or slightly purplisli : a valuable meadow-grass. ^J.

Calamagrostis Canadensis, Blue-Joint Grass. In all bojrs N., and n'-^^
yJL » in reclaimed low meadows, much liked by cattle : 3°-b° high ; resembles an Ac^ros- ^m

tis, but taller, and with a tuft of downy long hairs around the flower almost of {/"^^-^
its length, the lower palet with a delicate awn low down on its back and scarcely /Vvv^
stouter than the surrounding down. ^

C. arenaria. Sea Sand-Reed of beaches, where it serves a useful pur- ^
pose in binding the sand by its long running rootstocks ; has the panicle con- y
tracted into a long spike-like infloi-escence, so that it would be sought in the \
next division ; leaves long and strong ; spikelets pale, rather rigid, the hairs at '
the base of the palets two thirds shorter than they. 2/

U.^' ./. , S&F— 28

n

f

354 GRASS FAMILY.

Ph^aris arundinicea, Reed Canary-Grass, the striped variety is
the familiar Ribbon-Grass of country gardens ; wild in bogs and low grounds ;
2° ^ 4° high, with flat leaves nearly '^' wide, flowering in early summer, in a
pretty dense contracted panicle, but open when the blossoms expand ; the ovate
whitish glumes longer and much thinner than the blunt coriaceous palets ; a
hairy rudiment or appendage at the base of each of the latter. ;^

P. Canari^nsis, Canary-Grass. Cult, from Eu. for Canary-seed, and
/'' ' running wild in some waste places: }°-2° high, with the panicle contracted
If into a sort of oblong spike, the glumes with' wing-like keels, and a little scale or
rudimentary sterile flower at the base of each palet. ®

* * * Floicers several in each spikelet, all or nearli/ all perfect.

H- Reeds or Canes of the lx>rders of rivers and ponds. ^

Phragmites commtinis, Common Reed, mostly N. : 5° -12° high,
with leaves l'-2' wide, the stems dying down to the base ; panicle in late sum-
mer or autumn, loose ; spikelets 3 - 7-flowered, beset with white silky long hairs,
i Arundin^ria macrospdrma, Large Cane, forming the cane-brakes

(/ J Vi I^' ■ ^^^^'^ woody stems 10" -20° high and leaves l'-2' wide, branching the sec-
1l /(J'iM-ond year, at length flowering from the branches, in Feb. or March ; the panicle
of a few small racemes of large many-flowered naked sjiikelets, the palets downy.
{^yjyU^'^A* t6cta, Smaller Reed, S., is only 4°- 10° high, and more branching.
J r CaM^-^^ "^ Meadow- Grasses, Sj-c. ; with awn if any terminating the glume or palet.

%^,\i. D^ctylis glomerkta, Orchard-Grass. Nat. from Europe in meadows

>^pjfk^.\ and yards : a tall and coarse but valuable grass for hay, &c , flourishes in shady

places, 3° high; with broadly linear, rather rough, ])ale, and keejed leaves, and

1, Vudk ,a dense panicle of one-sided clusters, on which the spikelets are much crowded,

' ' each 3-4-floAvcred, both the glumes and the laterally compressed-keeled lower

palet tapering into a short awn, rough-ciliatc on the keel : fl. early summer. 2/

-» / .,■ I ti^^^i Meadow-Grass ; several common species ; known by the open panicle

Y^*' " of 3-lO-flowcrcd spikelets, the glumes and palets blunt (no awn nor pointed

tip), the latter lateralh' compressed and decj) boat-shaped, with scarious or white

membranaceous edges, and usually some deljcate cobwebby hairs towards the

bag^. Fl. sumra'er.,^ ^ all but the fir^t.^ / r ,■< , y

Poa annua, Low Spear-wtass. Very low weedy grass in cult, ground,
waste places, paths, &c. : fl. in spring or again in summer. 0

P. eompressa, Wire Grass. In gravelly waste soil : pale, with low
very flat stems, rising obliquely from a creeping base ; panicle small.

P. serdtina, Fowl-Mkadow-Grass or False Red-top : an important
native grass in wet meadows N. ; flowers in late summer in a loose panicle, the
2jW-ftgwei^d,spil^l|jts^ncen with dull purple; lower palet narrow, acutish.

P. trivi^is, Rotfo'insn Meadow-Grass. A common introduced meadow
and pasture 'grass, N. : flowering before midsummer, with open panicle of green
spikelets, these mostly 3-flowered, the lower palet prominently 5-ncrved ; sheaths
and leaves roughish ; ligule oblong, acute. A white-striped variety, lately in-
troduced, is cult, for ornament and very pretty.

P. pratdnsis. Common M. or westward called Kentucky Blue Grass.
Dry meadows and ^pastures, spreading by running rootstocks, and Avith more
crowded and often purplish panicle than the foregoing, flowering in earliest
summer, the sheath smooth, and ligule short and blunt ; lower palet hairy
along the margins and the 5 nerves.

Festtica, Fescue Grass. Known from Poa by the firmer or even cori-
aceous texture of the lower palet, which is convex on the back, not cobwebby,
and sometimes awn-tipped.

P. OVina, Sheep's Fescue. Valuable pasture and lawn-grass, ^° - 2° high,
tufted, with slender or involute pale leaves, 3-8-flowei-ed spikelets in a short
1-sided panicle, open in flowering, contracted afterwards, the lov.-cr palet rolled
up, almost awl-shaped and tipped with a sharp point or bristle-like awn. 2}.

GRASS FAMILY. 855

F. el^tior, Taller Meadow Fescue, A rather ri^d grass of meadows
and jjastures, nat. from Europe: l°-4° high, with green flat leaves, a narrow
panicle with short hranches appressed before and after flowering, 5 - 10-flowered
green spikelets, the lower palet blunt, or acute, or rarely with a short aAvn. %

Br6mus, Buo.me Grass. Spikelets large, at length drooping in an open
panicle, containing 5-10 or more flowers, the lower palet with a short bristle
point or an awn from the blunt rounded tip or notch, the upper palet soon adher-
ing to the grain. Coarse grasses : two or three wild species are common, and the
following are weeds of cultivation, from Europe, or the last cultivated for fodder.

B. sec^linus, Common Chess or Cheat. Too well known in wheat-
fields ; nearly smooth ; panicle open and spreading, even in fruit ; spikelets
turgid; flowers laid broadly over each other in the two ranks; lower palet
convex on the back, concave within, awnless or short-awned. (T) ©

B. racenidsus. Upright Chess : like the other, but with narrower
erect panicle contracted in fruit, lower palet slender-awned, and sheaths some-
times hairy. 0 @

B. mollis, Soft Chess : like the preceding, but soft-downy, with denser
conical-ovate spikelets, and the long-awned lower palet acute. ® (2)

B. unioloides, or B. SchrXderi (Ceratochloa unioloides) : lately
much ])rized for fodder, may be vaiuable S., is rather stout and broad-leaved,
with drooping large spikelets much flattened laterally, so that the lower palets
are almost conduplicate and keeled on the back. 2/

Briza maxima, Large Quakixg Grass or Rattlesnake-Grass, is

sometimes cult, in gardens for ornament, from Eu. : a low grass, with the
hanging many-flowered ovate-heart-shaped s[)ikelcts somewhat like those of
Bromus, but pointless, very tumid, purplish, becoming dry and papery, rattling
in the wind, — whence the common name. ®

•♦-••--»- Grain and Meadow- Grasses, ivifh a mosfhj twisted or hent aivn on the
bark of the lower palet : Jlowers 2 or 3, or few in the spikelet, and mostly
shorter than the glumes.

++ Flowers perfect or the uppermost rudimentary.

Av^na sativa, Cultivated Oat, from Old World : soft and smooth,
with a loose panicle of large drooping spikelets, the palets investing the grain,
one flower with a long twisted awn on the back, the other awnless. ®

A. ntlda, Skixless Oat, rarely cult, from Old World : has narrower
roughish leaves, 3 or 4 flowers in the spikelet, an<^grain loose in the palets. ®

/\ . / ' "'++ ++ One flower peffect arm one sTaminate only.

Arrenath^rum aven^eeum, Oat-Grass, or Grass-of-the-Axdes.
Rather coarse but soft grass, introduced from Europe into meadows and fields,
and rather valuable : 2° -4° high, with flat linear leaves, long and loose panicle,
thin and very unequal glumes, including a staminate flower, the lower palet, of
which bears a long bent awn below its middle, above tliis a perfect flower with
its lower palet bristle-pointed from near the tip, and above that a rudiment of a
third flower. ^

Holcus lan^tus, Velvet-Grass, or Meadow-Soft-Grass. Introduced
from Eu. into meadows, not^very common, l:}°-2° high, well distinguished by
its paleness and ve!vety softness, being soft downy all over ; panicle crowded ;
the flowers only 2 in the spikelet, small, rather distant, the lower one perfect
and awnless, the u])])er staminate and with a curved or hooked awn below the
tip of its lower palet. ^

§ 2. Spikelets either strictly spiked or in a panicle so contracted and denae as to
imitate a spike. {Here would be sowf/it one species of Csxhxnxiv^rostis and
one of Phalaris, /or which see above, p. 354, 355.^

* Awn borne low down on the Ixick of one or two palets.

Anthox^nthum odor^tum, Swekt-sckvted VF.RNAL-GRAsg^nat.
from Eu. : the plant which gives delicious fragrance to drying hay (the other.

11

356 GRASS FAMILY.

viz. Hier6chloa roreXlts, Sexeca or Holy-GraSs, bein^- rare) : low,
slender, soft and smooth ; the pale brown or greenish spikelets croAvded in an
evident spike-like panicle ; each composed of a pair of thin very unequal glumes,
above and within these a pair of obcordate or 2-lobed hairy empty palets, one
with a bent awn from near its base, the other with a shorter awn higher up ;
above and within these a pair of very small smooth and roundish palets, of
parchment-like texture, enclosing 2 stamens and the 2-styled pistil, finally in-
vesting the grain. ^

Alopeeurus pratdnsis, Meadow Foxtail. Introduced from Europe
abundantly into meadows E, : flowering in spring; stem about 2° high, bearing
few pale soft leaves, terminated by a cylindrical soft and denise spike, or wliat
seems to be so, for the spikelets are really borne on short side branches, not on
the main axis ; these spikelets very flat contrary to the glumes, which are con-
duplicate, united by their edges towards the base, keeled, fringed-ciliate on the
keel; these enclose a single conduplicate lower palct (the upper one wholly
wanting) which bears a long awn from below* the middle of the back, and sur-
rounds 3 stamens and the pistil.

* * Atvn, if any, from the apex of the glumes or palets.

■*- Spikelets densdi/ crowded in a long perfectly cylindric(tl apparent spike, each spike-
let strictly l-foivered: f/ltimes 2, keekd and nearly conduplicate, aim-pointed,
much larger and of firmer texture than the thin and truncate a wnl ess palets.

Phl6um pratdnse, Cat-tah. Grass, Ti^iothy, or Herd's Grass;
introduced from Eu. ; a coarse hut most valuable meadow grass, 2° -4° high,
with green roughish spike 3' -8' long; the small spikelets are crowded on very
short branches, and therefore the seeming spike is not a true one. '^l

■*- -t- Spikelets strictly spiked all on one side of a fattened jointless rhachis, much
crouded: the 2-5 spikes digitate, i. e. all on the a/tex <f tlip flnicering stem :
palets awnltss. Finger-grass might be sought here ; see Panicum below.

HH. Flower only one to each spikelet, and a mere rudiment beyond it, awnless.

C;^nodon Dactylon, Bermuda or Scutch Grass. An introduced weed
chiefly S., where it is useful in sandy soil, where a better grass is not to
be had ; creeping extensively, the rigid creeping stems with short flattish
leaves and sending up flowering shoots a few inches high, bearing the 3-5 slender
spikes. ^

■^ -M- Flowers 3-5 or more in each spikelet, the uppermost generally imperfect .-
seed loose, proportionally large, rough-wrinkled. (T)

Eleusine Indica, Crab-Grass, Yard-Grass, Dog's-tail, or Wire-
Grass. Introduced only in yards or lawns N., more abundant S., where it is
valuable for cattle ; low, spreading over the ground, pale ; glumes and palets
pointless.

Dactyloct6nium JEgyptiaeum, Egyptian Grass. Yards and fields,
chiefly a weed, S. : creeping over the ground, low; spikes dense and thickish ;
glumes flattened laterally and keeled, one of them awn-pointed, the strongly
keeled boat-shaped lower palet also pointed.

1- -^ •»- Spikelets spiked alternately on opposite sides of a zigzag jointed rhachis.
** Glume only one to the solitary spikelet, ivhich stands edgewise.

L61iuin per^nne, Dvrnel, Rye-Grass, or Ray Grass. Introduced
from Eui'ope : a good pasture-grass, l°-2° high, with loose spike 5' -6' long,
of 12 or more a'njut 7-flowered spikelets placed edgewise, so that one row of
flowers is next the glume, the other next the rhachis ; loAver palet short-awned
oraAjfjless/^^ ^^^^^^ l^j^.-r^.j'TjA .. _ ^.

\ ■■' 4-4. Glurhes a pair to the single spvc&et, right and left at each joint of the rhachis.

Triticum ripens, Couch-Grass. Quitch or Quick-Grass, &,c., belongs
to the section Avith perennial roots; this spreads amazingly by its vigorous
long running rootstocks, is a peat in cultivated fields, and is too coarse and

GRASS FAMILY. 357

hard for a meadow ^ass : of many varieties, introduced from Europe ; spikelets* a/i^t^^
4 - 8-flowercd ; lower palct either pointless or short-awned. 2/ k^.^^

T. vulg^re, Wheat. Spike dense, somewhat 4-sided; the spike\eti^/jt '
crowded, 4 - 5-flowered, turgid; glumes ventricose, blunt; palet either awn'^'^ ''^''^'^^^
or awnless ; grain free. (I)

T. Spelta, Spelt. A grain rarely cult, in this country; spike flat, the'
rhachis fragile, bi'caking up at the joints ; grain enclosed in the palets. ® ^ /fi-f'\

Sec^le cere^le, Rve. Tall ; spike as in wheat; spikelets with only 2 per- C^^^
feet flowers ; glumes a little distant, bristly towards the base ; lower palet ven- /
tricose, long awned ; grain brown. ^ '^i^uyClt

•«-•»-•*- Glumes 6 at each joint, in front of the 3 spikelets, foitning an imiolucr^ "^"^

Hordeum VUlgare, Common Barley, from the Old World : spike
dense, the 3 spikelets at each joint of the rhachis all with a fertile flower, its
lower palct long-awned. (i)

H. dlstichum, Two-kowed Bauley, from Tartary : only one spikelet
at each joint of the rhachis with a fertile flower, the two lateral spikelets being
reduced to sterile rudiments, the flowers therefore two-rowed in the spike. ® -v^' v

"/ '*
+- •*- H- -t- Spikekis in a contracted panicle or seeming spike, or if spiked some- '-^y^
idiat on one side of the rhachis : each with a single perfect flower, its palets ' *"
of coriaceous or cartilaginous teMure : by the side of it are either one or two
thin palets of a sterile usuallij neutral flower.

Set^ia, Foxtail-Grass. Spikelets in clusters on the branches of the
contracted spike-like panicle or seeming spike, these continued beyond them
into awn-like rough bristles ; but no awns from the spikelets themselves.
Weeds, or the last one cult. ; all from Old World ; fl. late summer. (T)

S. glauca, CoMMOX Foxtail : in all stubble and cultivated grounds ; low;
spike tawny yellow, dense ; long bristles 6-11 in a cluster, rough upwards (as
also all the' following) ; palets of perfect flower wrinkled crosswise.

S. viridis, Gueex Foxtail or Bottle-Grass ; has less dense and green
spike, fewer bristles, and palets of perfect flower striate lengthwise.

S. Italica, or Germanica, Itvwan Millet, Bengal Grass, &c. Cult.

for fodder, 3° -5" high, with rather large leaves, a compound or interrupted so-

cilicd spike, which is evidently a contracted panicle, sometimes 6' -9' long and

nodding when ripe ; bristles short and few in a cluster ; palets of the fertile

/ tlowcr smooth. ^

ir/ /'P- Panicum (Digit^ria) sanguin^le, Fixger-Grass or Crab-Grass.
^ Chiefly, a weed in cult, fields in late summer and autumn, but useful in thin
1^0/%^ grounds S. for hay; herbage reddish; spikes 4-15, slender, digitate, nearly
1-sided; spikelets seemingly L-flowered with 3 glumes ; no awns, f^

P. Crus-galli, Cock's-foot P., or Barxyard-Grass. Common weedy
grass, of moist barnyai'ds and low rich grounds : coarse, with rather broad leaves,
and numerous seeming sp kcs along the naked summit of the flowering stems,
often forming a sort of panicle ; spikelets containing one R-rtile and one sterile
flower, the lower palet of the latter bearing a coarse rough awn. (T)

P capill^re, Witch Grass of stubble and corn-fields in autumn, having
a very open capillary panicle, would be sought under another division ; it is a
mere weed. ® //,

• • ' ^ -ivw B. Stems not hollow, pithy.

§ 1. Spikelets clustered or scaltcred in an ample panicle, each with one perfect and
one neutral or staminate flower.

* Without silky-down : glumes, <J'c. russet-brown, coriaceous.
S6rgllUin VUlg^re, Ixdiax Millet, DuRRA,or Doura, &c., from Africa
or India; the var. cerxuum, Guinea Corn, has densely contracted panicle,
and is cult, for the grain. Var. sacchar-Xtum, Sweet Sorghij.m, Chinese
Sugar-Caxe, Imphee, &c , cult, for the syrup of the stem; and Broom-corn,
for the well-known corn-brooms. (J;

Ttbf^,

358 GRASS fa:.iily.

* * Long white silky down with thejluiccrs.

S&ceharum oflBLCin^rum, True Sugar-Cane : cult, far S. : rarely
left to flower, jjropagated by cuttings ;,, stem 8° - 20° high, 1' - 2' thick. ^

Gyn6rium arg^nteum, Pampas Grass. Tall reed-like grass, from
S. America, planted out for ornanrent ; with a large tuft of rigid linear and
tapering recurved-sprcading lcaves/s(^veral feet in length ; the flowering stem 6
to 12 feet high, in autumn bearing an ample silvery-silky panicle. ^

§ 2. Spikeleis in spikes : staminate and pistillate separate^
* In the same spike, the upper part of which is staminate, the lower pistillate.
Tripsaeum daetyloides, Gama Grass, Sesamk Grass. Wild in
moist soil from Conn. S. : proposed for fodder S. ; nutritious, but too coarse ;
leaves almost as large asi those of Indian corn ; spikes narrow, composed of a
row of joints which brea)c apart at maturity ; the fertile cylindrical, the exter-
nally cartilaginous spikelets immersed in the rhachis, the sterile part thinner
and flat. IJ.

* * In different spikes.

Z6a M^ys, Maize, Indian Corn. Stem terminated by the clustered
slender spikes of staminate flowers (the tassel) in 2-flowered spikelets; the pis-
tillate flowers in a dense and many-rowed spike borne on a short axillary branch,
two flowers within each pair of glumes, but the lower one neutral, the upper pii-
tillate, with an extremely long style, the silk. ® jv^ .

'W/i-i l'^ ■4^J^AO vv«"/^ ^ ^^- ^

S[E^^^^ II.

g^5)^W^EELESS OR CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS:

Those which fructify without true flowers, that is, with-
out stamens and pistils, and produce spores (simple cells) in
place of seeds.

Class III. ACROGENS ; the highest class of Flower-
less Plants, those with a distinct axis, or stem, growing
from the apex, containing woody matter and ducts, and
bearing leaves, or something answering to leaves.

The account of the three following families is contributed by Professor
Daniel C. Eaton, of Yale College. Figures of the indigenous genera are
given in the Manual.

131. EQUISETACE^, HORSE-TAIL FAMILY.

Perennial flowerless plants, rising from creeping rootstocks ; the
stems mostly hollow, furrowed, many-jointed, with mere scales at
the joints united into a sheath in place of leaves ; either simple or
with branches in whorls about the joints; fructification in terminal
cone-like spikes, compo^^ed of o-ans^led short-stalked and shield-
shaped scales, each bearing on the under surface about 6 one-celled
spore-cases. Contains but one genus.

1. EQUISETUM, HORSE-TAIL, SCOURIXG-RUSH. (Name from
the Latin, meaning horse-tttil.) Stems grooved, the cuticle often containing
silex ; each joint closed at the lower end, and bearing at the upper a tubular
sheath (a whorl of united leaves) which encloses the base of the next Joint,
and is split into as many narrow teeth as there are ridges in the stem. Seeds
(that is, spores) minute, each with four club-shaped threads, which are coiled
ai)Out the spore when moist, but uncoil suddenly when dried. — Of 25 species,
most of them widely distributed throughout the world, four or five are com-
mon with us.

§ 1. Stetns living through the winter, unhranched, or with very few branches, fruit'
ing in sum ma'.

E. hyem^le, Dutch Rushes, Scourixg-rush. Common on wet banks,
N. : stems solitary or 2-4 together, cylindrical, l°-4° hiffh, with many rough
ridges ; sheaths marked with one or two black rings, and divided into 15-25
narrow teeth, their points deciduous.

E. scirpoides. Wooded hillsides, from Penn. N. : stems in dense clus-
ters, 3' -6' liigh, not hollowed, very slender and wiry, entangled, about 6-fur-
rowed ; sheaths 3-toothed.

360 FERX FAMILY.

§ 2. Stems annual, not living through the winter, branched, at least the sterile ones.

E. limbsum. Muddy edges of streams, rather common : stems all alike,
2° -3° high, with many furrows, fruiting in summer, and afterwards sending
out a few upright branches ; sheaths with 15-20 dark-colored acute teeth.

E. arvdnse, Common Horsk-tail. Moist tandy places, common N. :
fertile stems unbranched, Avith very conspicuous sheaths, 4' -8' high, appearing
in earliest spring and soon withering ; sterile stems 8' - 20' high, producing
many whorls of rather rigid slender and mostly simple 4-angled branches.

E. sylv^ticum, Woodland II. Common N., along the edges of moist
woods : fertile stems appearing in early spring, but lasting all summer, both'
these and the sterile ones producing many whorls of spreading or gracefully
decurved compound sottish 3 - 5-furrowed branches and branchlets ; sheaths of
the main stem loose, 8 - 14-toothed.

132. FILICES, FERN FAMILY.

Flowerless plants with creeping or ascending rootstocks, or even
erect trunks, bearing distinct leaves (fronds), which are rolled up
(circinatc) in the bud (except in one group), and bear commonly on
the under surface or on the edges the simple fructification, consist-
ing of I -celled spore-cases (technically called spoj^angia) variously-
grouped in dots, lines, or masses, and containing but one kind of
minute, 1-celled, powdery, numerous spores. A large family, most
abundant in warm and moist regions, consisting of 8 suborders, 6 of
which are represented with us.

[The divisions of a ■pinnatijid frond are propei-ly called segments; of a pinnate
frond, pinnce ; of a 2-3- i-pinnate frond, pinnubs or ultimate segments. The stalk
of the frond is a stipe; its continiiuliim t/uough the frond, the rhachis ; its hram^hts,
partial or secondary rhachises. A rharhis bordered by the leaf y portion becomes a
midrib, which may be primary, secondary, jf'c.J

I. POLYPODIACEiE, or TRUE FERNS : characterized bj
stalked spore-cases, having a vertical, incomplete, many-jointed,
elastic ring, which straightens at maturity, breaking open the spore-
case transversely, and so discharging the spores. Spore-cases rarely
if ever on very narrow thread-like branches ; the fruit-dots often
covered by a scale-like involucre (the indusium).

§ 1. No definite fiiiit-dots, but the spore-cnses in large patches on the binder surf ace
of the fei-til'e frond, or entirely covering the under surface: no indusium.

1. ACROSTICHUM § CHRYSODIUM. Fronds simple or pinnately branched,

with reticulated veins : spore-cases covering the whole under surface of the
fropd or of its upper divisions.

2. PLATYCERIUM. Fronds irregularly forking; veins reticulated: spore-cases

ill large' patches on special portions of the under surface.

• § 2. Spore-cases on the back <f the frond, sometimes near the mnrgin, in dots or lines
{sori) placed on the veins or at the ends of the veins, but loiihout indusium of
any kind.
8. POLYPODIUM. Fronds simple or pinnate, rai-cly twice pinnate; veins free
or reticulated; fruit-dots round or roundish, at the ends of the veins, or at the
point where several veins meet (anastomose). Stalk articulated to the root-
stock, and leaving a distinct scar when decayed away.
14. PHEGOPTERIS. Agrees with Polypodium in most respects ; but has the fi-uit-
dots smaller, and coramonl}' on ttie veins, not at their ends, and the stalk is
not articulated to the rhachis.
4. GYMNOGRAMME § CEROPTERTS. Fronds compound, covered beneath
with white or yellow waxy powder: fruit-dots in long often forking lines
on the veins.

FERN FAMILY. 361

'5. NOTHOLiENA. Fronds once or twice pinnate, woolly, scaly or powdery be-
neath ; fruit-dots at the ends of the veins, forming a line next the margin of
the divisions.

§ 3. Spore-cases on the back along the margin of the frond, provided loiih an invo-
lucre formed of its rejiexed and more or less altered margin.

6. ADIANTUM. Fruit-dots at the ends of the veins, borne on the inner side of a

refiexed portion of the margin. Stalk dark and polished, sometimes chafiy-
bristly. Pinnules always separate, distinctly stalked or almost sessile, but
never decurrent on the rhachis.

7. PTERLS. Spore-cases on a transversa veinlike receptacle within the margin,

which connects the ends of the veins, and is covered by the reflcxed thin
margin. Stalk light-colored (except in § Do^jy^opteris.) Pinnules or ultimate
segments adnate to the rhachis, often decurrent.

8. FELLMA. Spofe-cases in short lines on the upper part of the veins, confluent

in a sub-marginal band of fructification, white within, more, or less covered
by the reflexed and commonly thin margin. Stalk dark and polished, some-
times chaffy. Pinntxles mostly distinct, sessile or nearly so.

§ 4. Fruit-dots oblong or linear, on transverse reticulating veinlets, in rows near the
midrib and parallel to it: induslum of the same shape as the fruit-dot, opening
toward the midrib and attached by the outer edge to the fruitful cross-veinlet.

9. WOODWARDIA. Fniit-dots straight, oblong-linear, in chain-like rows, partly

sunken in shallow cavities of the under surface of the frond. Rather large,
native. Veins reticulated, often very much so.

10. DOODIA. Fruit-dots oblong, often slightly crescent-shaped, not sunken in the

frond. Exotics; the narrow fronds pinnatifid or simply pinnate.

§ 5. Fruit-dots oblong or linear, on one or both sides of oblique veinleis, with involvr
ores of like shape attached by one edge to the veinlet and free along the other.

11. ASPLENIUM. Fruit-dots single and placed on the upper side of the veinlets,

rarely douljle and set back to back on both sides of the same veinlet. Veins
mostlv free.

12. SCOLOPENDRIUM. Fruit-dots linear, elongated, double and placed face to

face along contiguous veinlets; each pair thus seeming to be a single one
with an indusium opening along the middle. Frond simple, ribbon-shaped
or tongue-shaped, with free forking veins.

13. CA.MPTOSOnUS. Fruit-dots various, mostly short; those near the midrib

double as in the last; the outer ones angled, curved or straiglit, simple as in
Asplenium. Frond simple, tapering to a long and narrow usually rooting
point. Veins reticulated.

§ 6. Frntit-dots on the back of the veins, rarely at the ends, round or roundish, covered
at hast when young by a special induslum of the same general shape. Sterile
and fertile fronds alike or nearly so.

15. ASPIDIUM. Induslum flat, round or kidney-shaped, fixed at or near the cen-

tre, opening all round the edge. Mostly rather large Ferns, from once to thrice
pinnate. Veins free in the native species.

16. C YSTOPTERIS. Induslum convex, fixed by the base partly under the fruit-

dot, at length refiexed. Small Ferns, with delicate twice* or thrice pinnate
fronds. Veins free.

§ Sterile fronds broad and leafy: fertile ones with contracted and rolled up and pod-
like or berry-like didsion^ : indusium very obscure, irregularly serntcircular,
2)laced at the base of a short receptacle to which the sjmre^ases are attached.

17. STRUTHIOPTERIS. Sterile fronds tall, with free veins, gi-owing in a crown;

fertile fronds coming up much later in an inner circle, pinnate, each pinna
rolled up from the edges into a somewhat cylindrical or necklace-like body,
containing the fruit.

18. ONOCLEA. Fronds scattered on along creeping rootstock: sterile ones with

reticulated veins; fertile ones twice pinnate, the divisions contracted, rolled
up and ben-y-like.

§ 8. Involucres star-shaped, with broad and ragged or else capillary and jointed rays,
placed on the veins xinder the round fruit-dots, sometimes at first enveloping
the sjx)re-€'tscs.

19. WOODSIA. Small Ferns, often growing in dense tufts: fronds once or twice-

pinnate : veins forked, free.

3G2 FERN FAMILY.

§ 9. Fruit-dots separate or laterally confluent at or near the margin of the frond,
borne on the ends of the veins, or on the ends of very short side-veinlets : the
iiidusium attached at the base or base and sides, and opening tmoard the mar-
gin of the fruitful portion of the frond.

20. DAVALLIA. Indusium of a single piece, flattish or often convex and shaped

like half a goblet cut lengthwise. Exotic Ferns, mostly decompound.

21. DICKSONIA. Indusium united by its sides with a little lobe or tooth of the

frond, forming a minute 2-lipped' cup, at first nearly or quite closed, opening
as the spore-cases ripen. Large Ferns, native or exotic, some of the latter
arborescent. •

II. CYATHEACE^, or TREE FERNS : with erect and tree-
like stems, often many feet high. Fruit-dots round, not marginal,
naked, or with an involucre placed beneath the stalked spore-cases,
which are seated on a globose or elevated receptacle, have a some-
what oblique complete ring, and burst open transversely.

22. CYATHEA. Fruit-dots on a vein or in the forking of a vein, at first enclosed

in a globose involucre, which opens at the top, and remains cup-shaped with
an entire or broken edge.

23. ALSOPHILA. Fruit-dots as on the last, but entirely naked, or with a rudi-

mentary indusium consisting of a minute scale beneath the spore-cases:
veins free.

III. HYMENOPHYLLACEiE, or FILMY FERNS: these
have very delicate and tran.-liicent fronds, the short-pedicelled spore-
cases growing on a short or long thread-like receptacle, included in
a goblet-shaped or 2-lipped involucre, and furnished with a complete
transverse or slightly oblique ring.

24. TRICHOMANES. Fruit-dots marginal, at the end of a vein, which extends

through the funnel-form or goblet-shaped involucre, as a thread-like recepta-
cle bearing the spore-cases; involucres sunken more or less in the frond, and
of the same pellucid texture.

IV. SCHIZtEACEzE : mostly small Ferns, or else with climb-
ino- fronds. Spore-cases ovate, sessile, having a complete transverse,
articulated ring or cap at the apex, and opening by a longitudinal
slit.

* Ferns with elegant climbing fromls, lising from slender creejnng rootstocks: sjfore-

casesfxed by their side.

25. LYGODIUM. Pinnae or frondlets in pairs. Spore-cases covered by imbri-

cating scale-like indusia in a double row on narrow lobes of the frond.

# * Not climbing: rootstock short : fronds clustered: spore-cases fixed by their base :

no indusium.

26. ANEIMIA. Spore-cases on the narrow panicled branches of the lowest pair of

pinnge of the 1-3 pinnate frond, or on separate fronds.

27. SCHIZ.EA. Spore-cases in a double row on the nan-ow divisions of a pinnate

or rarely pedate special appendage to the simple and linear, or fan-shaped,
and sornetimes many-forked frond.

y. OSMUNDACEiE, or FLOWERING FERNS: rather large
Ferns ; the spore-cases covered with reticiilnted ridges, opening
longitudinally into two valves, and with no ring, or a mere vestige
of a transverse ring at the back.

28. OSMUNDA. Rootstock verv thick, -creeping, the growing end producing a

crown of tall showy fronds. Fertile fronds or parts of fronds contracted,
pinnately compound, the narrow often thread-like divisions densely covered
with nearly sessile spore-cases.

FERN FAMILY. 363

VI. OPHIOGLOSSACE^, the ADDER' S-TONGUE FAM^
ILY: mostly rather small ferns, with sessile, globular, coriaceous
opaque and smooth spore-cases, opening transversely into 2 valves,
and wholly destitute of a ring. Fronds not rolled up in the bud,
as th(iy are in all the foregoing, rising from a very short rootstock
or corm, with fleshy roots.

29. BOTRYCHIUM. Spore-cases in pinnate or compound spikes, distinct. Sterile

part of the frond compound; veins free.

30. OFHIOGLOSSUM. Spore-cases cohering in a simple spike. Sterile part of

frond simple in our species ; the veins reticulated.

1. ACROSTICHUM § CHRYSODIUM. (From Greek words Meaning
a row at the top, the application not evident.) AH tropical.

A. aureum. A large evergreen Fern, along the coast of South Florida ;
the fronds simply pinnate, coriaceous; pinnae 4' -6' long, l'-2' wide, elliptical
or oblong-linear.

2. PLATYCERIUM, STAG-HORN FERN. (Name from the Greek,
meaning broad horns.) Natives of Africa, Australia, &c. : cult, in conserva-
tories.

P. alcicorne. Sterile fronds sessile, rather thin, flat and rounded, over-
lapping each other; fertile ones erect, 1° high, whitish and minutely downy
beneath, 2-3 times forked, with divisions about 1' wide, the topmost ones
fruitful.

3. POLYPODIUM, POLYPODY. (Name in Greek means mani/:footed,
referring to the branching rootstock.) An immense genus, found in all parts
of the world.

§1. PoLYPODinM proper. Veins free : the following all native.
P. vulgare, Common Polypody. Rocky places N., small, simply pin-
natifid, evergreen, smooth both sides, 4'- 10' high, 1'- 3' wide, the numerous
divisions oblong-linear ; fruit-dots rather large.

P. incanum. Shady places S., often on trees ; much like the last, but
much smaller, and beneath grayish and scurfy with peltate scales ; fruit-dots
rather small.

§ 2. Campy LONEtTRON. Veins parallel, pinnate from the midrib, connected hy
numerous transverse angularly arched veinltts, with short fruit-bearing vein-
lets proceeding from the angles.

P. Phyllitidis, Harts-toxCxUE, of Tropical America ; frond simple,
linear-lanceolate, l°-Uo long, l'-2' wide, thinly chartaceous, smooth and
shining ; fruit-dots in 2 rows between the veins.

§ 3. NiPiiOBOLUS. Veins much as in the preceding, but very obscure and closely
ret'iculatf.d. Fronds simple, of a thickish texture, covered on both sides with
a close stellate down.

P. Lingua. Cult, from Japan : fronds 4' -8' long, ovate-oblong or lanceo-
late, entire, at len<]fth nearly smooth above ; fruit-dots exceedingly numerous,
closely arranged in many rows.

§ 4. Phleb6dium. Veins reticulated, with free veinlets included in the larger
meshes. Fruit-dots in 1-3 roirs befireen the midrib and margin, commonly
placed each one on the converging ends of a pair of veinlets.

P. atireum. A large showy Fern of Florida, and cult, from West Indies ;
fronds on a stout stalk, l)roadly ovate in outline, smooth, pale ffreen above,
jjlaucous beneath, pinnately parted into 5-9 or more oblong-linear or lanceo-
late spreading divisions.

364 FERN FAMILY.

4o GYMNOGRAMME. (Name meaning in Greek a naked line, from
the elongated fruit-dots.) The following- cult, species all have free veins, and
the under surface of the fronds covered with a yellow or whitish waxy powder.
G. triangularis, Californian Gold-fkrx. Deserves more general cul-
*ivation ; frond 4' -6' long, on slender and polished stalks, broadly 3- or rather
5-angled in outline, twice pinnate below,* pinnate above; pinnas oblong-lanceo-
late, deeply pinnatifid into obtuse lobes. Smooth and green above, beneath
of a rich golden yellow, sometimes paler ; the fertile fronds at length nearly
covered with brownish lines of spore-cases.

G. SUlphurea, of West Indies : fronds narrowly lanceolate in outline,
l°-l^°high, 2' -3' wide, pinnate; pinnie ovate or ovate-oblong, lower ones
gradually smaller and very remote, pinnatifid into ovate obtuse toothed or rag-
ged lobes, the lower surface covered with sulphur-yellow powder.

G. calomelanos, from Tiopical America, the commonest Gold and Silver
ferns of the conservatories ; much like the last, but liroader and larger, the lower
pinnae largest, and lobes mostly acute. The powder white, or in var. ch ry so-
ph ylla golden yellow.

5. NOTHOL^NA. (Name from the Greece, signifying apnrions wool, the
woolly pubescence of some species concealing the rnarginal fruit-dots.) The
following cult, species arc small, 4' -8' high, ovate in outline, mostly tri-

' pinnate ; their ultimate divisions roundish-ovate or oblong, distinct, stalked,
and covered beneath with a waxy powder : stalk and branches dark brown
and polished.

N. flavens, from Central America : powder bright yellow ; fruit-dots ex-
tending fioin the edge almost to the midrib, so that it might equally well be
considered a Gymnogramme.

N. nivea. Also Central American, and very like the other; but the powder
snowy white, and the fruit-dots closer to the margin.

6. ADIANTUM, MAIDEN-HAIR. (Name from the Greek, meaning
iiniOfUed, the rain-drops not adhering to the fronds.) A large genus, most
abundant in warm climates.

* Frond simply pinnate : exotic.

A. macroph^Uum. Cult, in hot-houses from "West Indies; pinnae 2-5
pairs and a terminal one, nearly sessile, deltoid-ovate, 2' -3' long, nearly half
as wide; fructification in long marginal rarely interrupted lines. Tinnag of
sterile fronds wider and somewhat crenately incised and Joothed.

* * Frond 2-4 times pinnatf, ovate-lanceolate in general outline.

A. Capillus-Veneris, Venus-hair, so named from the shining capillary
branches of the rhachis ; native S., often in conservatories N. : twice pinnate or
thrice pinnate at the base, the long upper part simply pinnate ; pinnules about
^' broad, on very slender stalks, sharply wedge-shaped at the base, rounded at
the top, or rhomboidal, commonly deeply lobed from the upper margin ; fruit-
dots one to each lobe ; involucres kidney-shaped or transversely oblong. Plant
6' -12' high, often pendent from damp shaded rocks in the mouths of wells,
&c., in S. of Europe.

A. ..ffithiopicum, as commonly seen in hot-houses, is much like the last ;
but has smaller pinnules not so sharply wedge-shaped, often broader than long,
and less deeply lobed ; fruit-dats in deep sinuses of the upper margin ; involucres
kidney-shaped or crescent-shaped.

A. GUne^tum, from S. America, is a much larger plant, broadly triangu^
lar in outline, 3-4 times pinnate; pinnules smaller and very numerous, wedge-
shaped at the base, the upper edge deeply lobed ; fruit-dots as in the last.

* * * Frond two-forked, loith elongated simply pinnate divisions sjnnnging from
the upper side of the two recurved branches: midrib of the pinnules none:
veins forked from the base.

A. pedatum. Maiden-hair. Native in shady woods ; whole plant smooth,
lo_2o high; principal divisions 4' -10' lon^, I'-l^' wide; pinnules very

FERN FAMILY. 365

numerous, oblonj^, broadest at the base, obtuse, lobed from the upper edge ;
fruit-dots at the top of the lobes ; involucres transA^ersely oblong or linear.

A. hispidulum, from Australia, &c. : commonly less symmetrical than
the last, when young irregularly 3 -4-branched; a smaller plant with finely
chaffy or bristly stalk and rhacliis ; pinnules minutely hairy, nearly entire;
fruit-dots crowded along the upper margin, involucres rounded kidney-shaped.

7. PTERIS, BRAKE. (The ancient Greek name for Ferns, meaning a
wing, from the feather-like fronds. ) Another large and widely distributed genus.

§ 1. Veins free: stalk straw-colored or brownish.
* Frond simply pinnate : pinnce undivided.
P. longifdlia. Cult, from warm regions, native in S. Florida : oblong-
lanceolate in outline ; pitnuB numerous, linear and tapering from a truncate or
cordate base, the upper and lower ones gradually smaller.

* * Frond pinnate, and with the lower pairs of pinnce forked or again pinnate,

the divisions and upper pinnce elongated, simple.

P. Crdtica. Cult, from warm climates, native in Florida: l°-2° high;
pinnae 1-4 pairs, the upper ones slightly decurrent, lower ones cleft almost to
the base into 2-3 long linear-lanceolate acuminate divisions ; sterile ones and
tips of the narrower fertile ones finely and sharply serrate. Var. albo-lineata
has a whitish stripe in the middle of each division.

P. Serrul^ta. Cult, from China: 1°-1|° high; pinnas 3-8 pairs, all
but the lowest decurrent and forming a wing 3" wide on the main rhachis ;
lower pairs pinnately or pedately cut into several narrow linear-acuminate
divisions ; upper ones simple, sterile ones spinulose-serrulate.

* * * Fronds pinnate, and the numerous primary divisions pinnately cut into many

lob'S, the lowest ones mostly with 1-3 elongated similarly-lobcd branches on
the lower side.

P. quadriaurita. Cult, from East or West Indies, &c. : fronds 10-3°
long, 6'- 12' wide, broadly ovate in outline ; lobes of primary divisions^linear-
oblong, ^'-1' long, 3" wide, very numerous and often crowded, mostly* rather
obtuse. Var. argyuea, has a band of white along the middle of the primary
divisions ; to this is added a tinge of red in var. tricolor.

* * * * Fronds broadly triangular, twice or thrice pinnate throughout: lowest

primary divisions long-stalked.

P. aquilina, Commox Brake. Plentiful everywhere, 10-5° high, harsh
to the touch ; the lowest prinuiry divisions standing obliquely forward ; second-
ary divisions pinnatifid with many oblong or linear sometimes hastate lobes,
which in a fruiting frond are bordered everywhere with brown spore-cases.

§ 2. Doryopteris. Veins finely reticulated: frond pedate, and 5-angled:
stalk black and shining.

P. ped^ta. Cult, from West Indies and S. America: frond 2' -6' long
and nearly as wide, almost parted into a few primary divisions ; upper ones en-
tire, lowest pair again cleft ; the lobes on the lower side much largest.

8. PELL^A, CLIFF-BRAKE. (Name from the Greek, meaning dark-
colored, descriptive of the stalk.) Mostly small Ferns: the following species
have fronds of a somewhat coriaceous texture.

P. rotundifblia, from New Zealand: frond narrow, 6'- 12' long, on a
chaffy and pubescent wiry stalk, simply pinnate; pinnaj round or roundish-
oblong and entire ; band of spore-cases very wide and concealing the narrow
involucre.

P. atropurptirea. Wild, on shaded Hmerock : fronds tufted, 6'- 12' lon^^,
2'-4' wide, with polished and sparingly downv stalks, 2-pinnate, simplv pinnate
toward the top ; pinnules distinct, oblonir or linear-oblong, rarelv hall>cM-d-sliaped,
obtuse or slightly mucronate ; involucre rather broad, and at length hidden bv
the spore-cases.

P. hast^ta, from South Africa: mostly larger than the last and very vari-
able; frond ovate-laiiceolatc or oblong, l-S-pinuate; pinnules lanceolate or

3G6 FERN FAMILY.

rhomboid-ovate, very often halberd-shaped, the end one^ of the primary pinna
much the larj^est, often l'-2' long and ^'-1' broad; stalk and brandies black
and polished, smooth ; involucre rather narrow.

9. WOODWARDIA, CHAIN-FERN. (Named in honor of Thomas J.
Woodward, an English botanist of fhe last century.) A suiall genus of rather
large Ferns, all natives of the N. temperate zone.

W. Virginica. Tall, growing in swamps N. & S. : sterile and fertile
fronds alike, ovate in outline, pinnate, with lanceolate deeply pinnatifid pinniB ;
lobes oblong, obtuse ; veins reticulated, forming a single row of meshes along
the midribs of pinnae and of lobes, the outer veinlets free; fruit-dots oblong,
close to the midribs.

W. angustif61ia. Range, &c. of the last, but less common : fronds 6' -
10' long, 4' -6' broad, pinnatiM almost to the winged rhachis into 17-27 lobes,
which are broadly lanceolate and with copiously reticulated veins in the sterile
frond, but are narrowly linear in the fertile, and with a single \-ow of narrow
meshes next the midrib ; fruit-dots linear, sausage-shaped, one iu ^ach mesh.

10. DOODIA. (Named in honor of Samuel Doody, an early English Crypto-
gamic botanist.) Small Ferns, cult, from Australia and New Zealand.

D. eaud^ta. Fronds 9'- 15' long, linear-lanceolate, on dull-black nearly
smooth stalks, pinnate with many linear serrate and nearly sessile pinnse, which
are about I'long, often slightly auriculate at base, the lower ones rather trian-
gular, distant ; fruit-dots in a single row next the midrib.

D. aspera. Stalk black and rough with small ragged points ; fronds broadly
lanceolate, rather coriaceous, harsh to the touch, ])innatifid to the rhachis ; di-
visions crowded, oblong-linear, spinulose-serrate, lower ones gradually smaller;
fruit-dots not close to the midrib, sometimes a second row next the margin.

11. ASPLENIUM, SPLEENWORT. (Name from the Greek ; refers to
supposed action on the spleen.) A very large genus, the size of the species
ranging from quite small up to very large and even tree-like.

§ 1. Fronds undivided, large and showi/ : cult, from East Indies, Sfc.

A. Nidus, Bird's-nest Fern. Fronds numerous, broadly lanceolate,
2° - 4° long, 4' - 8' wide, entire, short-stalked, arranged in a crown around the
central upright rootstock ; fruit-dots very narrow, elongated, crowded, running
from the stout midrib obliquely half-way to the margin.

§ 2. Fronds small, pinnatifid beloiv, tapering into a long entire point • native.
A. pinnatifldum. Very rare, near Philadelphia, and sparingly W. & S.,
especially along the Alleghanies : fronds 3'- 6' long, ^"- U' wide at the base;
lobes roundish-ovate mostly obtuse; fruit-dots small, irregular.

§ 3. Fronds simply pinnate.
* Small Ferns, 4' - 15' high : all except the last are wild species.

A. Trichomanes. Common, forming dense tufts in crevices of shady
rocks : fronds linear, 4' -8' long, with black and shining stalk and rhachis, and
many roundish or oblong slightly crenated or entire pinnaj, about 4' long and
about half as broad ; fruit-dots few to each pinna.

A. ebeneum. Common in rocky woods : fronds linear-lanceolate, nar-
rower at the base, 8' -15' long, 1'- 2' wide; stalk dark and polished; pinna?
many, linear-oblong, often slightly curved, finely serrate, auricled on one or
both sides at the base ; fruit-dots numerous.

A. flabellifdlium. Cult, from Australia : lax, the rhachis often pro-
longed and rooting at the very end , fronds linear; pinna? sharply wedge-shaped
at the base, the broad and rounded end crenated ; fruit-dots irregularly radiat-
ing from the base of the pinnas.

* * Large Ferns, l°-3°//vV/A.
A. angUStifblium. Rich woods N., and S., mainly along the mountains :
fronds thin, long-lanceolate, pinnas many 3' -4' long, linear-lanceolate from a

FERN FAMILY. 367

truncate or rounded base, acuminate, nearly entire ; those of the fertile frond
narrower ; fruit-dots slightly curved, very numerous.

§ 4. Fronds more than once pinnate.
# Fruit-dots more than one in each smallest division of the frond.

A. Rtlta-mur^ria, Wall-Rue. On exposed cliffs of limestone, from
Vermont W. & S. : fronds small, 1' -4 'long, ovate, twice or thrice pinnate,
the few divisions rather thickish, wedge-shaped or rhomboid, toothed at the
top ; fruit-dots few, becoming confluent.

A. furc^tum. Cult, from Trop. America, S. Africa, &c. : fronds 8' -15'
long, 3' -6' wide, on a somewhat hairy stalk, ovate-lanceolate, pinnate with
lance-oblong acuminate pinnaj, which are again pinnately cut nearly or quite to
the midrib ; divisions oblique, wedge-shaped, narrow, serrate, rather coriaceous,
deeply marked by the forking veins ; fruit-dots elongated, radiating from the
base of the division.

A. thelypteroides. In rich rocky woods, not rare : fronds l^°-3° high,
thin in texture, broadly lanceolate, pinnate ; pinnas 3' - 6' long, lanceolate,
deeply pinnatifid into close-set oblong and obtuse minutely toothed lobes ; fruit-
dots 6-12 to each lobe, some of them commonly double.

A. Filix-foemina, Lady-Fern. Common in moist woods : fronds large
(2° -3° high, 4' -8' broad), growing like the last in a crown, 2-3-pinnate;
pinnae lanceolate, with a narrow border to the secondary rhachis : pinnules
oblong and sharply serrate, or in larger plants lanceolate and pinnatifid with
incised lobes ; fruit-dots short, variously curved, at length confluent.

* * Smallest divisions of the frond narrow, entire, containing but a single veinlet
and but one fruit-dot.

A. Bel^ngeri. Cult, from Malacca and Java: fronds 1°-1^° high,
2' -3' wide, coriaceous, pale green, as is the stoutish stalk; pinnaj oblong,
truncate at the base, with a rounded apex, pinnatifid to the winged midrib into
numerous narrowly oblong and obtuse lobes, the upper basal ones of each pinna
2-3-cleft, the rest entire and bearing on the side farthest from the main rhachis
a solitary elongated fruit-dot.

A. myrioph^llum. Limestone caves in Jackson Co., Florida : fronds
delicate, almost translucent, lanceolate, 6' -9' long, l'-2' wide, 2-3-pinnate;
smallest divisions obovate-oblong, 2" -3" long, ^" wide; fruit-dot in the lower
half of each division.

A. bulblferum. Cult, from New Zealand, &c : fronds herbaceous, ample,
bi-oadly lanceolate, l°-3° long, 6'- 12' wide, 2-3-pinnate, often producing
leafy bulbs on the upi>er surface ; pinnae triangular-lanceolate, with a broadly
winged midrib ; pinnules lanceolate, deeply toothed or cut into oblong-linear
lobes ; fruit-dots extending from the middle of the lobes downward almost to
the midrib of the pinnules.

12. SCOLOPENDRIUM. (Xame from the Greek word for a centipede, U/n/ft^
suggested by the many oblique lines of fruit each side of the midrib.) I/A/I/Xt
S. VUlg^e, Hart's-tongue. Rare, among shaded rocks in Central New ,^ |

York and in Canada West; fronds 6' -18' long, l'-2' wide, oblong-lanceolate " i
from a heart-shaped base, herbaceous, the margin entire or wavy. Cultivated //^'W^
forms from England are crisped, crested, many-forked, &c.

13. CAMPTOSORUS, WALKING-LEAF. (Name from the Greek,
meaning a bent heap, referring to the curved and angled fruit-dots.) Almost

the only species is

C. rhizophyllus. Damp mossy rocks N. & S., mainly along the moun-
tains : frond 4'- 12' long, tapering from a heart-shaped or auricled base 6"- 12"
wide to a long narrow point, which often roots at the end, and there gives rise
to a new plant, ready to take another step in advance.

14. PHEGOPTERIS, BEECH-FERN (which the name means in Greek,
the original species often found among beeches). Chiefly tropical; but the
following arc all wild species, in rocky or shady woods.

368 FERN FAMILY.

* Fronds twice pinnalifid: the sessile pinnae mostly forming an irregular and

mwiy-iingkd icing along the rhachis.

P. polypodioldes, formerly Polyp6dium Pheg6pteris. Common N. :
fronds 4' - 9' long, longer than broad, triangular-ovate, slightly hairy beneath ;
pinnae lanceolate, the lower pair turned obliquely forwards ; secondary divisions
crowded, oblong, obtuse, entire ; fruit-dots all near the margin.

P. hexagonoptera. Common N. & S. : larger than the last, which it
much resembles, but the frond is broader than long ; lowest pinnae much the
largest and with elongated and pinnatitid divisions ; fruit-dots not exclusively
near the margin.

* * Fronds with three primary divisions, which are stalked, rhachis wingless.

P. Dryopteris. Common N. : fronds broadly triangular, 4'- 6' wide,
smooth ; the three primary divisions triangulai', once or twice pinnate with ob-
long obtuse entire or toothed lobes ; fruit-dots near the margin.

15. ASPIDIUM, SHIELD-FERN. (Greek for a little shield, referring to
the indusium.) — A very large genus,^ inhabiting all parts of the world.

§ 1. Nephr6dium or Dryopteris. Indusium round-kidney-shaped or nearly
circular with a narrow clef I from the lower side almost to the centre.
* Fronds thickish, simply pinnate, the few pinnae entire or nearly so.
A. Siebbldii. Cult, from Japan : fronds coriaceous, smooth, about 1°
high, with 2-4 pairs of side pinnce, each 4' -6' long and nearly 1' wide, and a
terminal one rather larger than the others ; veins with 4-6 free parallel branch-
es ; fruit-dots large, scattered in several rows.

» * Fronds thin, decaying in early autumn (or tender hot-house plants), pinnate ;
pinnce simply pinnatifd with mostly entire obtuse lobes : indusium small.

•*~ Rootstock creeping, slender, nearly naked and bearing scattered fronds : veins
fee, simple or once forked : wild species, common in bogs and low grounds.

A. Thel^pteris. Fronds lanceolate, 10' -18' long, on slender stalks,
nearly' smooth; pinnae lanceolate, 2' -4' long, about ^' wide, spreading or
turned down, the lowest pair scarcely shorter ; divisions oblong, fruiting ones
seeming acute from the revolute margins ; veins mostly forked ; fruit-dots con-
fluent when ripe ; indusium smooth.

A. Noveborac^nse. Much like the last, but hairy beneath along the
rhachis and veins ; Ironds tapering both ways irom the middle ; lower pinnae
gradually smaller and distant ; lobes flat, the basal ones often larger and incised ;
veins rarely forked; fruit-dots distinct; indusium slightly glandular.

■^ •«- Rootstock oblique or erect, stouter, bearing the fronds in a crown : veins simple,
fee, or the lower ones of contiguous lobes united: indusium hairy.

A. patens. Low shady grounds, Florida and W. : fronds l°-2° high,
sparsely pubescent, ovate-oblong; pinnae 3'- 6' long, ^' wide, numerous, lance-
olate from a broad base, lowest pairs a litilc smaller; divisions oblong, slightly
falcate, obtuse or acutish; veins entirely free; indusium slijihtly hairy.

A. mdlle. Cult, from tropical countries : very nmch like the last, but ev-
erywhere downy or soft-hairy; pinnaj less deeply lobed; lobes obtuse; lower
veinlets (1 or 2 pairs) uniting with the corresponding ones of contiguous lobes
and sending out a ray-like veinlet to the sinus ; indusium very hairy.

* * * Fronds smooth, from once to thrice pinnate, groiaing in a crown from a

stout and chaffy rootstock, and often remaining green through the winter :
veins 2 - '^-forked or branching. Wild species of the country.

•«- Fronds imperfertly evergreen, once pinnate with deeply pinnatifd pinnce, or
nearly twice pinnate : fruit-dots not close to the margin : indusiu7n rather
large, fat, smooth, persistent.

A. Goldi^um. Rich moist woods N. : fronds broadly ovate, 2° -4° high,
9' -12' wide; pinnai obloug-lanceolate, broadest about tlie middle, parted to the

FERN FAMILY. 869

midrib; divisions very nuuierons, nearly 1' lonf^, soracTrhat scythe-shaped,
rather acute, serrate with incurved teeth ; fruit-dots very near the midrein.

A. cristatum. Wet places in woods, common : fronds narrowly oblong,
l°-2° high, 3'- 5' wide, rather rigid, erect; pinnae triangular-ovate, broadest
at base, pinnatifid almost to the midrib, divisions not many, oblong, obtuse,
finely serrate, the largest ones sometimes toothed or pinnatitid-lobed ; fruit-dots
half-way between midvein and mai-gin. — Var. ClintoniXnum, in swampy
woods, N., is very much larger every way, with fruit-dots nearer the midvein,
and is often mistaken for A. Goldia^um. — Var. FloridXkum, in wet woods
S., has the lower pinna? triangular-lanceolate and sterile, but the upper ones
fertile, narrower and longer, with very short obtuse rather distant divisions,
which are decurrent on the winged secondary rhachis.

■t- ••- Fronds imperf&ih evergreen, twice or thrice pinnate : the divisions cut-
toothed or incised : frait-dots not near the margin : indasium rather small,
withering awnj.

A. Spinuldsum. Shady woods, very common N. : fronds thin, oblong-
ovate ; pinna; oblong-lanceolate, the lower ones broader and somewhat triangu-
lar ; pinnules very numerous, oblong-ovate, piniiately incised, the oblong lobes
with spinulose teeth toward the ends ; indusium smooth or minutely glandular
at the margin. — Has several forms. — Var. dilatXtum, in mountainous places,
N.. is larger, broader in outline and commonly but twice pinnate ; pinnules of
the lowest pinnas greatly elongated. — Var. Boottii, in swampy woods N., is
2° -3° high, of narrow outline, barely twice pinnate, with oblong-ovate toothed
pinnules, or the lower ones pinnatifid : — it runs apparently into A. cristatum.

•<--*- H- Fronds fv^li) evergreen, thichish, about tivice-pinnate : fruit-dots near the
margin : indusium thickish, convex, persistent.

A. margin^le. Rocky woods, common N. : fronds l°-2° long, ovate-
oblong, bluish-green, the stalk very cha% ; pinna? lanceolate, 3' - 5' long ;
Einnules oblong, often curved, entire or obtusely toothed, attached by a broad
ase to the narrowly winged secondary rhachis ;' fruit-dots close to the margin,
rather large.

§ 2. PoLYSTiCHrM. Indusium orbicular, peltate, atfnched bi/ the centre to a
short stalk: veins forking, free : wild speci'S of the conntry.

A. acrosticlioides. Rocky woods, common ; fronds l°-2° high, grow-
ing in crowns, with chaffy rootstocks and stalks, evergreen, shining, lanceolate,
simply piimate ; pinnae numerous, obiong-lanceolate from an unequal half-
halberd-shaped base, serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth, rarely incised, upper
ones of the fertile frond smaller and bearing copious soon confluent fruit-dots.

§3. Cyrt6mium. Indusium. as in § Polystichum. Fronds once pinnate:
veins pinnate front the midrib, pinnate/g branching, the veinlefs reticulated
and forming arched meshes with 1-3 free included veinlets rising from the
base of the arch : exotic.

A. falc^tum. Cult, from Japan : fronds. 10-2° hiirh, 5' - 9' broad ; base
of stalk chaffy with large scales; pinna? thick and shining, end one large and
rhomboid or halbcnl-shapcd ; side ones few or many, oblong-ovate, long-pointed,
nearly entire, Imver side of base rounded, upper side angled or slightly auricled ;
fruit-dots in many rows on all or nearly all the pinnae.

16. CYSTOPTERIS. (Greek for Bladder Fern, alluding to the thin,
sometimes inflated indusium.) Species few, mostly Northern.

C. fr^gilis. Shaded or moist rocky places, common N. : fronds very deli-
cate, 4' -8' long, with slender stalks, oblonjrovate, twice-pinnate; pinnae with
a nai-rowly margined rhachis ; j)innules oblong or ovate, toothed or incised, very
variable ; indusium pointed at the upper end

C. bulbifera. Wet places, oftenest in ravines, from N. Carolina N. :
fronds l°-3° high, 3' -5' wide at the base, narrowed above and much elon-
gated, twice pinnate, bearing scattered bu'.blets beneath ; pinnules oblong, ob-
tuse, toothed or pinnatifid ; indusium roundish, truncate on the upper side.
24

370 FERN FAMILY.

17. STRTTTHldPTERIS, OSTRICH-FERN (which the name means
in Greek, from the large plume-like sterile fronds).

S. Germ^nica. Alluvial grounds, N. : sterile fronds tall, 2° - 5° high,
lanceolate, narrowed at the base into a short angular stalk, pinnate ; pinnae
very many, narrowly lanceolate, pinnatifid more than half-way to the midrib ;
lobes numerous, oblong ; fertile fronds very much shorter, blackish, standing
erect after the others have withered.

IS.'ONOCLEA. SENSITIVE-FERN. (Name, from the Greek, mean-
ing a closed vessel, referring to the berry-like fructification.) The only species is
O. sensibilis. Common in wet places : sterile fronds of all sizes up to 2°
high, broadly triangular-ovate, the rhachis winged ; pinnjB not many, lanceolate,
entire or obtusely lobed less than half-way to the midrib* veins everywhere
reticulated ; fertile fronds with few closely appressed pinnae.

19. WOODSIA. (For Joseph Woods, an Enghsh botanist. )

W. Obtlisa. Rocky places, from Carolina N. ; fronds 6' - 18' high, slightly
glandular, broadly lanceolate, pinnate with ovate or oblong deeply pinnatifid
or again pinnate divisions ; lobes oblong, obtuse ; indusium at first closed,
opening into a few ragged lobes.

W. Ilv^nsis. Exposed rocks, common N., and along the AUeghanies:
forms large tufts; fronds 4' -8' high, rusty chaffy beneath, oblong-lanceolate,
pinnate; divisions ovate, obtusely lobed; indusium obscure, consisting of a
few jointed hairs.

20. DAVALLIA. (Named for 3/. Dam//, a Swiss botanist.) Many trop-
ical or sub-tropical species, the following cult, in conservatories.

D. Canari^nsis, Hare's-Foot-Fkrx, from the Canary Islands, etc.:
rootstock creeping above ground, covered with brownish scak-s, and looking not
unlike an animal's paw; fronds few, smooth, broadly triangular, 8'- 15' long
and about as wide, 3-4-pinnato ; pinnules cut into a few narrow lobes ; these
are directed upwards, bearing at or just below the end a single fruit-dot; indu-
sium whitish, deeply half-cu])-sliaped.

D. tenuif61ia, from India and China : rootstock creeping, crisp with short
chaffy hairs; fronds smooth, 1°- 2° high, broadlt lanceolate, 3 - 4-pinnate ;
smallest divisions narrowly wedge-shaped, bearing at the truncated ends one or
two fruit-dots ; indusium brownish, mostly broader than deep.

21. DICKSONIA. {Tor Jam^s Dickson, an English botanist.) The spe-
cies all but one tropical or in the southern hemisphere.

D. punctiI6bula. Moist shady places, from N. Carolina N. : rootstock
creeping, slender ; fronds scattered, thin, minutely glandular, pleasantly odor-
ous, lancelote, long-pointed, 2° - 3° high, mostly bipinnate ; pinnules pinnatifid ;
the divisions toothed, each bearing a minute fruit-dot at the upper margin ;
indusium globular.

D. antarctica. Tree-fern from New Zealand, a great ornament in large
conservatories : trunk 3' - .5' thick, sometimes many feet high, bearing in a
crown at the top many fronds, 6° - 9° long, 2° - 4° broad, coriaceous, twice
pinnate ; pinnules ol)long, acute, pinnatifid ; the oblong-ovate diA'isions bearing
1-4 rather large fruit-dots ; indusium prominent, plainly two-valved.

22. CYATHEA. (Name from the Greek word for a small cup, referring to
the involucre.) Tree-ferns from tropical countries.

C. arborea. Rardy cult, from W. Iiulies : trunk sometimes 20° high,
stalk mostly light-brown, and without prickles or chaffs ; fronds 4°- 10° long,
bipmnate ; pinnge 1° - 2° long, 6' - 8' wide, lanceolate ; pinnules narrowly lance-
olate, spreading, pinnatifid to the midrib ; lobes oblong, slightly serrate, with
4-9 fruit-dots near the midvein ; involucre beautifully cup-shaped, the margin
entire. — Several other species, as well as one or two of the allied genus Hemi-
TKLiA (with an imperfect involucre, veins often partly reticulated), are rarely
seen in conservatories.

FERN FAMILY. 371

23. ALSO'PHILA. (From Greek words meaning grove-loving, the species
growing in tropical forests.

A. aspera. Rarely cult, from W. Indies: trunk 6° -8° high; stalks
prickly, clothed at the base with pale, narrow scales ; fronds 6° - 8° long, 2° - 3°
wide, bipinnate ; rhachis hairy above ; pinnai oblong-lanceolate ; pinnules very
many, lanceolate, pinnatifid almost to the midrib ; lobes oblong, curved, ser-
rate, obtuse ; fruit-dots 8-10 to a lobe; indusium a thin scale on one side of
the fruit-dot, often disappearing with age.

A. pruin^ta, from S. America, is sometimes seen ; a much smaller plant ;
rootstock short, clothed with bright-brown wool ; fronds smooth, green above,
pale and glaucous often almost white beneath, bipinnate; pinnules deeply
toothed ; fruit-dots solitary at the base of each tooth ; spore-cases mixed with
woolly hairs.

24. TRICHOMANES. (An ancient Greek name of some Fern, referring
to the hair-like stalks.) A large genus ; most of the species tropical.

T. radicans. On dripping rocks, Alabama and Tennessee, very rare : fronds
pellucid, 4' -8' high, tbe stalk and rhachis narrowly Avinged, lance<)late, pinnate
with 1 - 2-pinnatiiid ovate pinnai ; involucres on short lobes, funnel-shaped,
with long exserted receptacles. — A broader and more compound form from
Killarney, Ireland, is grown in Wardian cases.

25. LYGODIUM, CLIMBING-FERN. (Name from a Greek word
meaning /extWe, alluding to the twining and climbing fronds.) Not many
species ; all but ours tropical.

L. palmatum. Low shady woods, rather rare: smooth, slender, and deli-
cate, 2° -4° high, entangled among herbs; pinnaj roundish, 12"- 18" wide,
deeply heart-shaped at the base, palmately 5 - 7-lobed, upper ones decompound
an>i fertile.

L. Japonicum. Conservatory plant from Japan : climbing 10°- 12° high,
smooth; pinnae ovate, 5' -9' long, bipinnate, divisions ovate-lanceolate, often
halberd-shaped ; divisions of the upper pinnse bordered with narrow fertile lobes.

26. ANEIMIA. (Name from the Greek, meaning without covering, allud-
ing to the naked spore-cases.) Mainly tropical.

A. Phyllitidis. Cult, from S. America : 12'- 18' high, has the two lower
pinnae lonir-stalked, narrowly-elongated, 3-4-pinnate, fertile; middle portion
of the frond sterile, simply pinnate; pinnce lanceolate, finely seiTate; veins re-
ticulated.

A. adiantoides. Native in Key West, Florida; with lower pinnae as in
the last; middle portion sterile, 2-3-pinnate; pinnai long-pointed; divisions
obovate-wedge-shaped, entire or toothed at the end, with free veins forking from
the base.

27. SCHIZ.^A. (Name from the Greek verb which means to split, refer-
ring to the many-forked fronds of certain tropical species. )

S. pusilla. Wet sand, in pine woods of New Jcrse)^ : stf^rile fronds very
slender, flattened, simple and linear, curled up ; fertile ones similar, but straight,
2' -3' high, bearing at the top the fertile portion, 2" -3" long, comi^osed of
about 5 pairs of minute pinnne.

28. OSMIJNDA, FLOWERING FERN. (Name of doubtful origin,
anciently " Osmund the Wattnnan,^' who was perhaps St. Osmund, Bishop of
Salisbury, or possibly St, Christopher, patron of watermen. Mde Hooker's
British Ferns.) Species very few, fruiting in spring or early summer.

* Fruiting fronds distinct from the leafy ones.
O. cinnamdmea, Cinxamon-Ferv. Swamps, abundant everywhere:
sterile fronds 2° - v)° high, broadly lanceolate, pinnate with many lanceolate
deeply pinnatifid pinnae ; fertile ones much shorter, at first woolly, soon Avith-
cring ; fructification bright cinnamon color.

372 CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.

* * Fructification home at the top or middle of an otherwise leafy frond.

O. Claytoni^na. Wet places, common : sterile fronds much like those
of the last, but more obtuse at the top ; fertile ones with 2-4 pairs of contracted
and fertile l)lackisK pinnae just below the middle, — otherwisfc iiKe the sterile.

O. regklis, Royal Fern. Also common in swamps and wet woods,
fruitinj^ later than the others : fronds ti'uly bipinnate; pinnules oval or ©hlong,
serrulate, obtuse, sometimes a little heart-shaped at base, or slightly auricled on
one side; fertile portion at the top of the frond, panicled; spore-cases liglit-
brown.

29. BOTRYCHIUM, MOONWORT. (Name from the Greek word for
a bunch of (j rapes, from the appeai*ance of the fructification.) Species very few,
none cultivated.

B. tern^tum. Shaded grassy pastures and hillsides : plant fleshy, 3' - 10'
high ; common stalk with two branches, a long-stalked fertile one with twice or
thrice pinnate rructification facing a triangular tcrnately compound sterile yox-
tion on a longer or shorter stalk. — Has several forms :"var. lunarioidks has
roundish kidney-shaped sterile divisions; in var. onLiQi+UM they arc lanc-eolate
from an oblique base; and in var. dissectum, pinnatifid into narrowly toothed
and ragju'cd logics.

B. Virginieura. In rich woods : plant herbaceous, not fleshy, 6' - 1 8' high ;
sterile portion sessile on the common stalk, thin, broadly triangular, ternate ;
the parts twice or thrice ] (innate; divisions thin, oblong-lanceolate, incised or
toothed; fertile portion long-stalked, twice or thrice pinnaie. — Other smaller
species occur rarely N.

30. OPHIOGLOSSUM. (Greek equivalent of the common name )

O. vulg^tum, Addku's-tonoue Wet meadows or hillside pastures,
rare: 3'- 10' high; sterile portion somewhat fleshy, ovate or elliptical, entire,
l'-2' long, sessile near the middle of the stalk which supports the short two-
sided spike. — Some rare tropical species have large and palmate, or pendulous
and ribbon-like fronds.

134. LYCOPODIACEiE, CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.

Flowerless plants, often moss-like or fern-like, with leafy, often
elongated and branching stems, the spores contained in rather large
solitary spore-cases borne in the axils of the simple mostly awl-
shaped leave>:.

§ 1. Growing on Inud : stems more or less elonf/ated and branching: haves mostly
less than V long, often minute: spore-cases in the axils of thz upper [often
transformed and imbricated) scale-like leaves.

1. LYCOPODIUM. Mostly evergreen plants ; the leaves awl-shaped, in 4 or

more rows ; the 2-valvcd kidney-shaped spore-cases all of one kind, contain-
ing only minute numberless spores.

2. SELAGINELLA. But one species evergreen N- ; leaves mostly flattened, rare-

ly awl-shaped, mostly in 4 rows, two rows being of smaller leaves; spore-cnses
of 2 kinds; one 2-valve(l and filled with minute spores, the other 3-4-valved
and containing very few large spores.

§ 2. Grawinn in water or mud: stems very short and corm-like : leaves I'ush -like,
elonf/nted. mth larfje spore-cases adheinng to the upper surf ace of their dilated
bases, and as if imbedded in them.

3. ISOETES. Outer spore-cases with large reticulated spores; inner ones with

minute powdery spores.

1. LYCOPODIUM, CLUB-MOSS. (Name from the Greek, meaning
wo fs foot, probably from the short hairy liranches of L. clavatnm. ) Specici
about 100, in all parts of the world : the following all wild species.

CLUB-MOSS FAMILY. OjTd ^-^

51. Fructification not in a distinct spike. Leaves all alike, dark-greeti, nyid,

mD in about 8 rows.

jS^ lucidulum. Damp woods N. : stems 4' - 8' long, tufted, ascending,
forking ; leaves spreading or reflexcd, sharp-pointed, irregularly serrulate, dark
green and shining.

§ 2. Fructification spiked at the top of an erect branch : fertile leaves and those of
the crexqnng stems nearly alike, soft, narrowly linear, many-roioed.

ii. alopecuroides. Pine-barren swamps, New Jersey & S. : scarcely ever-
green : stem and sparingly forked sterile branches creeping, fertile ones 6' -18'
high, all rather stout and tliick'y clothed with spreading soft linear-awl-shaped
bristly-ciliate leaves, those of the spike with long slender tips.

§3. Fructification spiked: the fruitinfj leaves yellowish, scale-like, shorter and
broader than those of the sterile branches.

{ * Spike sessile at the top of an ordinary branch.

Ii. anndtinum. Cold woods N. : stem creeping, l°-4° long; branches
4' -9' high, nearly erect, once or twice forked ; leaves about 5-rowed, spreading
or reflexcd, rigid, lanceolate, acute, nearly entire ; those of the solitary spikes
ovate, with spreading points and ragged scarious margins.

Ii. dendroideum, Grouxd-Pjne. Moist woods, common N. : rootstock
creeping, under-ground, nearly leafless ; stems looking much like a miniatui-c
hemlock, 9' -12'' high; the many spreading branches with shining lanceolate
entire leaves in about six rows ; leaves of the lower and often of the upper row
smaller than the rest; spikes single, or 4 -10 on a plant; scales ovate pointed,
margin slightly scarious, nearly entire.

* * Spikes raised above the ordinary branches on a slender stalk which has only a

few inconspicuous leaves

■»- Stems creeping, very short : spikes always single.

L. Carolini^num. Wet pine-barrens, Ncav Jersey and S. : scarcely CA'er-

green ; stem and prostrate branches rooting underneath ; leaves soft, lanceolate,

entire, spreading horizontally, with an upper appressed row ; spikes slender ou

stalks 4' -6' high. — Allied in habit to L. alopecuroides.

•*- ■*- Stems extensively creeping ; spikes of en in pairs or fours.

L. clav^tum, Club-mo.ss. Common N. in dry Avoods : running stem long U-y)^
and leafy ; branches mostly erect, cordlike, irregularly pinnate ; branchlets J9 J J
4-10, thickly covered with linear-awl-shaped entire commonly bi-istle-tipped/T^^^
leaves; spikes mostly in pairs. /vfXjc^vi:

L. COmplan^um. Dry Avoods, commonest among evergreens : running ^ -^ ,
stems with scattered awl-sh:i])ed very small leaves ; branches erect, several times /^
branched i the parts repeatedly forked into many horizontally spreading flat- A V J
tened branchlets. " / '^ '^^^'^

2. SELAGINELLA. (Name a diminutiA^e of Selago, a species ofLyco—
podium.) Species over 200, the greater part tropical.

§ 1 . Native species.

S. rup6stris. Exposed rocks : a common moss-like little CA'crgrcen ; stems
and densely tufted branches I' -2' high ; leaA'es aAvl-shaped, marked Avith a nar-
roAv furrow on the back, and tipped Avith a minute bristly point ; spikes four-
cornered.

S. ^pus. Damp places in meadoAVS ; common, especially S. : very delicate ;
stems 2' -4' high, sparingly branched; leaves 4-roAA'ed, those of the side roAvs
spreading horizontally, scarcely 1" long, ovate Avith the xipper side larger, mi-
nutely serrulate ; intermediate ones half as large, erect, very acute ; spikes
2" - 6" long. — Often cult, as S. densa.

§ 2. Cultivated, mostly tropical species, seen in conservatories : much branched:
leaves of the branches fonr-roweA, two side rows of spread inq leaves set ap^
parently edgiwise, and tioo upper rows of smaller oppressed leaves. Spike
four-cornerei, at the ends of the branchlets.

374 CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.

^ Stems trailing, sending out rootlets nearly up to the end.
•I- Branchlets only I" broad: leaves wide apart in each row.
S. delieatissima. Stems 4' - 8' lonc,r, irregularly forked and branched ;
branches rather distant; leaves oblong-roundish, obtuse, with a few slender
cilia towards the base ; intermediate ones ovate, pointed.

-<- +- Branchlets 2" - 3" broad, their leaves closely placed in each row.

S. Kraussiana. (Lycopodium denticulXtum of the florists.) Stems
rery long, articulated below each branch ; branches distant, bearing a few short
forked branchlets; leaves bright green, the larger ones oblong-ovate, acute,
rounded on the upper side, nearly straight on the lower, minutely denticulate ;
smaller ones Avith longer often reflexed points.

S. unein^ta. (Lyc. cesium of florists.) Stems very long, not articu-
lated, freely branched ; branches 2 - 3-pinnate with short crowded branchlets ;
leaves when living with a steel-blue iridescence, Aiding to green when dried, very
closely placed, larger ones oblong, equal-sided, obtuse, entire ; smaller ones
ovate with slender incurved points.

* * Stems ascending, only the lower part bearing lorig rootlets.

S. Martensii. (Lyc. sxoLOxfFERUM of florists.) Stems 6' -10' long,

much branched from the base ; branches bipinnate, with copious branchlets

2'/ -3" or even 4" wide ; larger leaves crowded, obliquely ovate, the upper side

broadest, obtuse, entire ; smaller ones ovate with a slender often recurved point.

* * * Stems erect, or marly so, rooting only at the very base.

S. er^thropus. Stalk 2' - 6' high, bright red, having a few closely ap-
pressed red leaves, and bearing at the top a broad frond-like stem pinnately or
pedately divided into a few 2-3 times pinnate branches, with very numerous
extremely crowded branchlets 1" - 1^" wide; leaves closely imbricated, obliquely
ovate-oblong, curved upward, rather obtuse, ciliatc; smaller ones ovate, with
long straight points.

S. Braiinii. (Lyc. Willden6vii of florists.) Stalk straw-color or pale
red, shorter than in the last, finely pubescent, as are the branches ; frond-like
stems long-ovate, 4 times pinnate, resembling an elegant fern ; branchlets not
crowded, about 1" wide; leaves scarcely imbricated, ovate, obtuse, entire;
smaller ones with straight points.

* * * * Stejns in a dense nest-like tuft, not rooting : branches often curling up

when dry.

S. CUSpid^ta. (Lyc. circinXlk of florists.) Frond-like stems 6' -8'
long, green above, paler beneath, oblong or lyre-shaped, loosely 3-pinnatc ;
branchlets \" wide ; leaves obliquely ti iangulai-ovate, wiih long often incurved
bristle-points, having a narrow whitish margin, sparingly ciliated and minutely
denticulate ; smaller ones obliquely ovate, Avith long slender points.

S. lepidoph^lla, from Lower California, &c., is the " Bird's-Nest Moss,"
or " Resurrec:ion-Plant." It is a nest-like ball when dry, but when moist it un-
folds and displays the densely 2 -3-pinnate elegant fern-like branches radiating
from a coiled-up central stem ; the leaves white-margined, closely imbricated,
round-ovate, obtuse. — Nearly 30 species are cultivated in Great Britain, besides
those here described.

3. ISOETES, QUILL WORT. * (Name from the Greek words for equal and
year, meaning that the plant is the same at all seasons.) The species demand
too nice discrimination for the beginner, and must bo studied by aid of the
Manunl.

I. laciistris, rather rare only N., and the far commoner

I. echinospora, are the principal northern species, living under water.

I. ripkria and I. Engelm^nni, with leaves 4' - 20' loiig, live partly
out of water, at least for a part of the summer.

I. ineIan6poda, only W., lives in shallow ponds or pools which dry up in
summer.

INDEX.

\* The names of the Classes, Subclasses, and Orders arc in full capitals ; those of th«
Genera, &c., as well as popular names, are in common type.

Abcle-tree
Abies
Abronia
Abutilou
Acacia
Acalypha

ACANTHACE^ 239

Acantlius 240
ACANTHUS FAMILY 239

Acer 89, 91

Acerates 276, 278

Achillea 183, 199

Achimenes 228

Achyranthes 286

Acnida 286
Aconitum (Aconite) 34, 41

Acorus 317, 318

ACUOGENS 359

Acrostichum 360, 353

Actjea 34, 39

Actinomeris 184, 203

Adam-and-Eve 327

Adam's Needle 348

Adder's- tongue 346, 372
ADDER'S-TONGUE F. 363

Adiautum 381, 334

Adlumia 50

Adonis 34, 37

iEschynomene 95, 105

^.sculus 89, 90

African Marigold 206

Agiipanthus 340, 348

Agati 106

Agave 330, .^2

Agcratum 182, 193
Agrimonia (Agrimony) 125

Agrostis 353

Ailanthus 83

Albizzia 99, 114

Alchemilla 117, 125

Alder 307

Alder-Buckthorn 87

Alisnia 320

ALISMACE^ 319

AUamanda 274

Allium 340, 347

Almond 118

ALMOXD FAMILY 116

Alniw 306,307

Aloe 341

Alonsoa 230, 233

Alopecurus 350

308

Althaea

70, n, 74

310, 312

Alsophila

362, 371

283

Aistroemeria

330,332

70,73

Alum-Root

135

99, 115

Alyssum

52,56

293, 295

AMARANTACE^

286

nor-

Amaranth 286
AMARANTH FAMILY 286

Amarantus 286

AMARYLLIDACEiE 329

Amaryllis 330, 331
AMARYLLIS FAMILY 329
Amberboa (Amberboi) 188

Ambrosia 180, 188

Amelanchier 117, 129

American Laurel 216

American Aloe 332

American Columbo 272

American Ipecac 121

Amianthium 338, 342

Ammania 150

Ammobium 181,190

Amorpha 95, 103

Ampelopsis 85, 86

Amphicarpa3a 97, 109

Amsonia 274, 275

ANACARDIACE.^ 84

Anacharis 321, 322

Anagallis 223, 225

Ananassa 329

Andromeda 212, 215

Aneimia 362, 371

Anemone 34, 35

Ang(;lica-trce 166
ANGIOSPERMOUS

PLANTS 33

Anise-tree 4-3

Anofla 70, 72

AN ON ACE JS 43

Antennaria ISl, 190

Anthemis 183, 199

Authoxanthum 355

Antirrhinum 230, 235

Anvchia 64, 68
APKTALOUS DITISION 282

Aphvllon 228, 229

Apios 97, 108

Apimn 163, 165

Aplectmm 324, 327

APOCYNACEiS 274

Apocynum 274, 2.75

AppU 129

Apple-of-Peru 268

Apricot 118

AQUIFOLIACE^ 218

Aquilegia 34, 40

Arabis 51, 54

ARACEiE 317

Arachis 96, lOo

Aralia 166

ARALIACE^ 166

Arbor-Vit« 315

Archangelica 163, 165

Arctostaphylos 211, 214

Arenaria 64, 67

Arethusa 323, 326

Argcmone 48, 49

Aripgcma 317

Aristoloehia 282
ARISTOLOCIIIACEiE 282

Armeria 222

Arnica 182, 194
Aromatic "Wlntergreen 214

Arrcnatherum 3i;5

Arrow-Arum 318

Arrow Grass 320
ARROW-GRASS FAMILY 319

Arrow-IIead 320
ARROWROOT FAMILY 328

Arrow-wood 172

Artemisia 180, 188

Artichoke 186

Arum Family 317

Arundinaria 354

Asarabacca 282

Asarum 282

ASCLEPIADACEiE 276

Asclepias 276, 277

Ascyrum 61

Ash 281

Ash-leaTed Maple 92

Asimina 44

Asparagus 339, 344
ASPARAGUS FAMILY 339

Aspen 308

Aspidiimi 361,368

Asplenium 361,366

Aster 183, 19^5

Astilbe 132, 137

Astragalus 96, 107

Atamasco Lily 331

Atragene 35

Atriplex 284

Atropa 266, 269

376

INDEX.

Aubergine

Aucuba

Auricula

Arena

Avens

Azalea

267
167, 1G8
223
3o5
122
212, 217

Bald-Cypress 314

Balloou-Vine 90

Ballota 262

Balm 249, 250

Balm-of-Gilead 251
Balm-of-GUead Poplar 3U9

Balu»ony 238

Balsam ^ 81

Banana 329

BANANA FAMILY 328

Baneberry 39

Baptisia 98. Ill
Barbadoes Flower-fencfc 113

Barbaroa 51, 54

Barberry 45

BARBERRY FAMILY 44

Barley 357

Barnyard Grass 357

Barren Strawberry 121

Bavren-wort 45
Bai-touia 151, 271, 273

Ba.sil 248, 249

Ba-il Thyme 249

Basswood 75

Bastard Pennyroyal 246

Bauera rubioides 131

Bay berry 306

Bean 108

Bean-trefoil-tree 101

Bearberry 214

Bear-Grass 348

Beaver-Poison 165

Bcdstraw 174

Bee-Balm 249

Beech 305

Beech-Drops 229

Beech-Fcru 867

Beehive 101

Beet 285

Beggar's Lice 257

Beggar-Ticks 202

Begonia 161

BEGONIACE^ 161

BEGONIA FAMILY 161

Belladona 269

Bellflower 210
Bellis 182, 183, 199

Bell wort 343
BELLWORT FAJIILY 338

Bengal Grass 337

Benjamin-Bush 291

Benzoin 291

BERBERIDACEiE 44

Berberis 44, 45

Berchemla 86, 87

Bergamot 250

Bermuda Grass 356

Beta 284, 285

Betonica (Betony) 246, 253

Betula 306

BETULACEiE 306

Bidens 184, 202

Bignonia 226, 227

BIGNONTACE.^ 226
BIGNONIA FAMILY 226

Bilsted 140

Bindweed 264, 289

Biota 315

Birch 306

BIRCH FAMILY 306

Bird's-nest Fern 366

Birthroot 341

Birthwort

BIRTH WORT FAMILY

Bishop'S-Cap

Bitter-Cress

Bitter Sweet

Bittersweet

Bitterweed

Black alder

Black bean

Blackberry

Blackberry Lily

Black Grass

Black Moss

Black Sampson

Black Snakeroot

Black-Thorn

Bladder Campion

Bladder Ketmia

Bladder-nut

BLADDER-NDT FAMILY 89

Bladder-Senna 107

Bladderwort 225

BLADDERWORT FAMILY

225
Blazing-Star
Bleeding Heart
Blephilia
Blessed Thistle
Blite
Blitum
Blood-root
Blue Beech
Blueberry
Bluebottle
Blue Curls
Bluets

Blue-Eyed-Grass
Blue Flag
Blue Hearts
Blue-Joint Grass
Blue Lettuce

137
64

188

219

109

124

334

349

329

205

39

118

66

74

90

191, 342

50

245, 251

187
285
284, 285
49
305
213
187

Blue-Tangle

Blueweed

Blumenbachia

Bccconia

Bochmeria

Bois d'Arc

Bokhara

Bol tenia

Bonamia

Boneset

Borage

BORAGE FAMILY

BORRAGINACEJE

Borrago

Botrychium

Bottle-brush

Bottle Gourd

Bottle Grass

Bouncing Bet

Boussingiiultia

Bouvardia

Bowman's Root

Bow-^V'ood

Box

Boxberry
j Box-Elder
j Boykinia
I Brachycome
I Eracted Bindweed
! Brake
I Bramble

Brassica
I Brasenia
I BRASTLETTO FAMILY

Brier Rose

Briza

Broccoli

Brodio^

176

&35

833

234

353

208

213

255

152

48,49

297 299

299

101

183, 198

263, 204

192

255

254

254

254,255

363, 372

149

159

357

Brome Grass
BROMELIACE^
Bromus
Brooklime
Brookweed
Broom-corn

BROOM-RAPE FAMILY
Broussonetia 297,

Browallia 229,

Brunella 245,

Brunfelsia 229,

Bryophyllum 138,

Buchnera 230

Buckeye
Buckthorn

BUCKTHORN FAMILY
Buckwheat

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY
Buffalo-Berry
Buffalo-nut
Bugbane
Bugleweed
Bug! OSS 1
Buh-ush '
Bumelia
Bunch-berry
Bunch-Flower
Burcliellia Capensis
Burdock
Bur-Marigold
Burnet

Burning-bush
Bur- Reed
Bush-Clover
Bush-Honeysuckle
Butcher's Broom
Butomcfe
Butter-and-Eggs
Buttercup
i Butteiflv-Pea
Butterfly-Weed
Butternut

Butterweed

193,

I Butterwort

. Button-bush

! Button-Snakeroot 164,

Button-weed

Buttonwood

Buxus 293,

284, 285

174, 176

121

299

296

214

92

132, 133

183, 193

204

365

124

51,52

46

125

52
341

a55
329

355
234
225
857
228
299
2S2
252
232
139
234

90

87

86
289
287
292
292

39
247
257
852
220
167
343
173
187
202
125

88
319
104
171
844
820
235

37
109
277
800
198
226

175
191
175
300
296

Cabbage 52
Cacalia 182, 193, 194

CACTACE^ 152

CACTUS FAMILY 152

Caisalpinia 99 113

Caiophora 152

Cakile 62, 56

Calabash 159

Caladium 317

Calam'agrostifl 353

Calaminth 249

Calamintha 249

Calampeiis 227

Calamus 318

Calandrinia 69

Calceolaria 230, 234

Calendula 184, 200

Calico-bush 216
California Nutmeg-tree 315

Calla 317. 318

Callicarpa 241,243

Caliiopsis 201

Callirrhoe 70 72

Callistemon 149

Callistephus 182, 196

Calluna 211, 214

Calochortus 341

Calonvction 203

Calopbgon 324, 326

Caltha 34 89

CALYCANTHACE.E 130

Calycanthus 131
CALYCANTHUS FAMILY 130

Calystegia 2o2, 234

Camelina 51, 55

Camellia 76

CAMELLTACEiE 75

CAMELLIA FAMILY 75

Campanula 209, 210

CAMPANULACE,E 209
CAMPANULA FAMILY 209

CamptosoruB 381, 337

Campy loneuron 363

Canary-bird Flower 81

Canary-Grass 354

Cancer-Root 229

Candytuft 55

Canna 328

Cannabis 297, 299

Canterbury Bells 210

Cape Jessamine 176

Crape-Myrtle 150

CAPER FAMILY 56

Capers 56

CAPPARIDACEiE 56

Capparis spinosa 56

CAPRIFOLIACE.E 169

Capsella 52, 55

Capsicum 266, 268

Caragana 96, 106 [

Caraway 165 ;

Cardamine 51 , 54 ,

Cardinal-Flower 209 :

Cardiospermum 89, 90 ;

Cardooa 186 '

Carex 352

Carolina Allspice 131

Carpet-weed 68

Carpinus 302, 305 '

Carrion Flower 337 i

Carrot 164 !

Carthamnus 180, 187 !

Carum 163, 1(35

Carva 300, 301

CAKYOPHYLLACEiB 63

Cashew Family 84

Cassandra 21 1 , 2 15

Cassia 99, 113

Castanea 302, 304

Castilleia 232, 239

Castor-oil Plant 295

Catalpa 226, 227

Catbricr 336

Catchfly 65

Catgut 106

Cat-Mint 251

Catnip 251

CAT-TAIL FAMILY 318

Cat-Tail Flag 319

Cat-tail Grass 356

Cauliflower 52

Caulophyllum 45

Cayenne Pepper 268

Ceanothus 87

Cedar 314

CcdroneUa 245, 251

Ccdrus 310, 314

Celandine 49

Celandine Poppy 49

CELASTRACBiE 87

Celastrus 88

Celery 165

Celosia 286, 287

Cclsia 230, 233

Celtis 296, 298

Centaurea 180, 187

Centaury 271

INDEX.

Centradenia

148

Centrantliua

177

Ceutrosema

97, 109

Century Plant

332

Cephalanthus

174. 175

Cerastium

64,67

Ceratochloa

355

Cercis

98, 113

Cere us

153, 154

Ceropteria

360

Centrum

267, 270

Chain-Fern

366

Chamselirium

338,342

Chamomile

199

Charlock

52

Chaste-Tree

243

Cheat

. 355

Checkerberry

214

Chciranthus

51,54

Chelidonium

48, 49

Chelone

232,238

CHENOPODIACEiE 284

Chenopodium 284, 285

Cherry 118

Chess 355

Chestnut 304

Chick-Pea 111
CHICKU'EED FAMILY 64
Chickweed-VVintergreen 224

Chicory 206

Chili Jessamine 275

Chimaphila 212, 218

Chimonanthus 131

China-Aster 198

China-brier 336

Ciiina-tree 84

Chinese Sugar-Cane 357

Chinese Sumach 83

Chinquapin 305

Chiogenes 211, 214

Chionanthus 279, 281

Chives 347

Chokeberry 130

Chorizema 98, 111

Christmas Rose 39

Chrysanthemum 183, 199

Ciirysodium 3G3

Chrysopsis 182, 195

Ciirysosplenium 133, 137

Chufii 352

Cicer 98, 111

Cichorium 185, 206

Cichory 203

Cieutsi 163. 165

Cimicifuga 34, 39

Cinchona 176
CINCHONA FAMILY 173

Cineraria 194

Cinnamon-Fern 371

CinquefoU 122

CircfEa 141, 142
Cirsium . 179,186

CISTACE.!! 60

Cistus Ladaniferus 60

Citron 83, 100

Citrullus 159, 160

Citrus 82, 83

Cladium 3o2

Cladrastis 98, 112

Clarkia 142, 143

Claytonia 69

Cleavers 174

Clematis 33, 35

Cleome 67

Clethra 212, 217

Cliauthus 93

! ClilT-Urake 3'i5
i (Climbing False Buckwheat 289
F— 27

877

CHmWng-Fem 371

Climbing Fumitory 60

Climbing ilempweed 191
Clintonia 208, 339, 343

Clitoria 97, 109

Clotbur 188

Clover 101

Club-Moss V 372
CLUB-MOSS FAMILY 372

Cnicus 180, 187

Cobsea 260, 262

Cocculus 44

Cocklebur 188

Cockscomb 287

Coco-Grass 352

Coffea (Coffee) 174, 176

Cohosh 45

Colchicum 338, 342

Coleus 244, 217

Collinsia 230, 235

Collinsonia 244, 248

Colocasia 317, 318

Coltsfoot 193

Columbine 40

Colutea 96, 107

Colza 52

Comandra 292

Comfrey 257

Commelyna 350

COMMELYNACE^ 350

Compass-Plant 201

COMPOSITE 179
COMPOSITE FAMILY 179

Comptonia 305, 306

Cone-Flower 205

CONIFERS 309

Conium 163, 165

Conoclinium 182, 193

Couopholis 228. 229

Convallaria 339, 344

CONVOLVULACE^ 262

Convolvulus 262, 264
CONVOLVULUS FAMILY 262

Coontie 309

Coptis 34, 39

Coral-berry 170

Corallorhiza 824, 327

Coral Root 327

Cordyline 341

Coreopsis 184, 2(il

Coriander 164

Coriandrum 163, 164

Corn 358

CORNACE^ 167

; Corn-Cockle 65

Cornel 167

Corn-Flag 835

Cornflower 187

{ Corn Salad 178

! Cornus 167

; Coronilla 96, 106

' Corpse-plant 218

I Corydalis 50

\ Corylus 802, 305

] Cosmanthus 259

Costmary 188

Cotoneaster 117, 129

: Cotton 74

I Cotton-Rose 189

Cotton Thistle 187

! Cotton-wood 309

i Cotyledon 138, 139

Coiich-Grass 356

! Cow-herb 66

! Cow-parsnip 166

Cowslip 223

Cowslips 3'^

\ Cow- Wheat 23^

378

INDEX.

Crab-Gra«8

856, a57

Cranberry

213

Cranberry-tree

172

CranesbiU

79

Crassula-^

138,139

CRASSULACKffi 137

Crataegus 117, 128

Creeping Snowberry 214

Crinkle-root 55

Crinuui 330, &31

Crocus 333, 335

Crotalaria 94, 100

Crowfoot 37
CROWFOOT FAMILY 33

Crownbeard 203

Crown Imperial 346

CRUCIFER^ 51
CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS

359

Cryptomeria 310, 314

Cuckoo-Flower 55

Cucumber 160

Cucumber-tree 43

Cucumis 159, 160

Cucurbita 159

CUCURBITACEiE 158

Cudweed 189

Culver's Root 233

Cuuila 244, 248

Cunonia Capensis 131

Cuphaea 150, 151

Cup-Plant 201

Cupressus 310, 314

CUPULIFER^ 301

Currant 133

Cuscuta 263, 2^35
CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY
43

Cyanophyllum 148

Cyathea 362, 370

CYATIIEACE^ 362

CYCADACEiE 309

Cycas 309

Cyclamen 223, 224

Cyclobothra 341

Cydonia 117, 130

Cynara 179, 186

Cynodon 356

Cynoglossum 255, 257

CYPERACE^ 352

Cyperus 352

Cypress 314

CYPRESS FAMILY 310

Cypress Vine 263

Cypripedium 324, 327

Cyrtomium 369

Cystopteris 861, 369

Cytisus 94, 100

Dactylis

a54

Dactylocteniunj

356

Daffodil

331

Dahlia

184, 201

Daisy

199

Dalea

95, 102

Dalibarda

116, 124

Dandelion

207

Dangleberry

213

Daphne

291

Darlingtonia

47

Darnel

a56

Date-Plum

219

Datura

266, 269

Daucus

162, 164

Davallia

362, §T0

Day-Flower

350

Day-Li ly

348

Dead-Nettie

262

1 Decumaria 132, 134

j Deerberry 213

I Deer-Grass 148

Delphinium 34, 40

Dentaria 52, 65

Deodar 314

Desmanthus 99, 114

' Desmodium 95, 104

Deutzia 132, 135

Devil's Bit 342

Devil-wood 281

Dewberry 125

Dianthera 240, 241

Dianthua 64

Diceutra 50

Diervilla 169, 171

Dickjonia 362, 370

Dicliptera 240
DICOTYLEDONOUS

PLANTS 13, 33

Dictamnus 82

I Diclytra 50

Digitalis 231, 236

Diodia 173, 175

Dionaja 59^ qq

Dioscorea 336

DIOSCOREACE^ 335

I lliospyros 219

Diplopnppus 197

DlPSACiiiE 178

Dipsacus 178

Dirca 291, 292

Ditch Stone-Crop 138

Dittany 248

Dock 289

Dockmackie 172

Dodecatheon 222, 223

Dodder 265

DODDER FAMILY 263

Dogbane 275

DOGBANE FAMILY 274

Dog-s-tail 356

Dog-Tooth-Violet 346

Dogwood 167
DOGWOOD FAMILY 167

Dolichos 97, 109

Dpodia 361, 366

Doorweed 287

Doryoptcris 366

Doura 357

Downingia 208

Draba 52, 55

Dracasna 341

Dracopis 185, 205

Dragon -Arum 318

Dragon-Root 318

Dragon Tree 341

Dropwort - 121

DROSERACE^ 59

Dryopteris 368

Duckweed 316
DUCKWEED FAMILY 316

Durra 857

Dutchman's Breeches 60

Dutchman's Pipe 282

Dutch Rushes 359

Dysodia 185, 206

EBENACE^li; 219

EBONY FAMILY 219

Ecbalium 158

Kccremocarpus 226, 227
Enchanter's Nightshade 142

Echeveria 139

Echinacea 185, 205

Echinocactus 153, 156

Echinocystis 169, 160

Eohinodoriu 820

Echinospermum 265, 257

Echites 274, 275

Echium 254, 255

Eel-Grasa 3I6, 322

Egg Plant 267

Egyptian Grass 356

EL^AGNACE^ 292

Ela?agnu8 292

ELATINACE^ 63

Elatine 63

Elder 173

Elecampane 195

Elephant's Ear 161

Eleusine 856

Elm 297

KLM FAMILY 296

Elo les 61, 63

Emilia 194

Endive 206
ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 316

Enslcuia 276, 278

Eutoca 259

Epidcndrum 323, 324

Epigapa 211, 214

Epilobium 142, 143

Epimedium 44, 45

Epiphegus 228, 229

Epiphyllum 153, 154

EQUISETACE.'E 359

Equisetum 359

Erechthites 181, 189

Erica 211, 214

EIIICACE^ 210

Eriobotrya 129

Eriocaulon 352
ERIOCAULONACEiE 352

Eriogonum 287

Erigeron 183, 198

Erodium 78, 79
Eryngium (Eryngo) 162, ICA

Erysimum 51, 54
Erythrina 96, 97, 108

Erythronium 340, 346

Escht:choltzia 48, 49

Eucharidium 142, 143

Eucnide 152

Eugenia 149

Eupatorium 182, 192

Eui)horbia 293, 294

EUPIIORBIACEiE 293

Euonymus 88

Evening-Primrose I43
EVENING PRIMROSE

FAMILY 141

Everlasting 189, 190

Evolvulus 263, 264
EXOGENOUS PLANTS 12, 23

Fagopyrum
Fagus

Fair Maids of France
Fall Dandelion
False Beech-drops
False Dandelion
False Dragon-Head
False-flax
False Gromwell
False Hellebore
False Indigo
False Lettuce
P'alse Loosestrife
False Mermaid
False Mitrewort
False Nettle
False Pennyroyal
False Pimpernel
False Red-top
False Saffron

287, 289

302, 306

38

206

218

207

251

55

255

343

103, 111

208

146

79

137

299

246

237

354

187

INDEX.

379

False Solomon's Seal 844

Fiirfugium 104

Farkleberry 213

Featherfoil 225

Feather Geranium 285

Fedia 177, 178

Fennel 165

Fennel-flower 40

Fenugreek 101

Fi<:UN FAMILY 360

Fescue Grass 354

Featuca 354

Fetid Marigold 206

Feverbush 291

Feverfew 199

Fever-tree 176

Feverwort 170

Ficus 296, 298

Fig 298

FIG FAMILY 296

Fig-Marigold 157
FlG-MAlilGOLD FAMILY

156

Figworfc 238

FIG WORT FAMILY 229

Filago 181,

Filbert

FILICES

Filmy Ferns

Finger-Grass

Fiorin

Fir

Fire-Pink

Fire weed

Five-finger

Flax

FLAX FAMILY

Fleabane

Floerkea

Flower-de-luce

Flowering-Fern

FLOWERING FERNS

FLOWERING-RUSH

FAMILY
FLOWERING PLANTS 12, 33
Flowering Wintergreen 93
FLOWERLESS PLANTS 359
Flower-of-an-hour 74

Fly-Poison 342

Foeniculum 163, 165

Fog-fruit
Forget-me-not
Forked chickweed
Forsteronia
Forsytbia
Fothergilla
Four-o'clock
FOUR-OCLOCK FAMILY 283
Foul-Meaiow-Grass 354

Foxglove 237

Foxtail-Grass 357

Fragaria 116, 123

357

353

312

66

143, 189

122

77

77

198

78, 79

333

371

3d2

320

242

256

68

274, 275

279, 280

140

232

87

76

2n, 272

82

279, 281

206

243

281

Fumitory 50

FUMITORY-FAMILY 49

Funkia 340, 348

183, 200
97, 109
330,331
246, 252
173, 174

Gaillardia

Galactia

Galanthus

Galeopsis

Galium

207

Franciscea

Frangula

Franklinia

Frasera

Fraxinella

Fraxinus

French Marigold

French Mulberry

Fringe-Tree

Fritillaria

Frogs-Bit 322

FROGS-BIT FAMILY 321

Frostweed 60

Fuchsia 142, 147

Funiaria 60

FUMARIACEJE 49

), 346

Gall-of-the-Earth

Gama Grass 358

Gardenia 174, 176

Garget 284

Garland Flower 328

Garlic 347

Garrya 167

Gaultheria 211, 214

Gaura 142, 143

Gaylussacia 211, 213

Gazania 183, 200

Gelsemium 273

Genista 94, 100

Geutiana (Gentian) 273, 272

GENTIANACE.E 270

GENTIAN FAMILY 270

Georgia Bark 176

GERANIACEiE ^ 77

Geranium 78, 79

GERANIUM FVMILY 77

Gerardia 231, 236

Germander 246

German Ivy 194

GESNERIACEJE 228

Gesneria 228
GESNERIA FAMILY 228

Gcum 116, 122

Giant Hyssop 251

Gilia 260, 261

Gill 251

Gillenia 116, 121

Giliiflower 53

GINGER FAMILY 328

Giukgo-Tree 315

Ginseng 167

GINSENG FAMILY 166

Girasole 204

Glade-MaUow 72

Gladiolus 333, 335

Glass wort 284

Gleditschia 99, 114

Globe-flower 39

Globe Hyacinth 347

Glottidium 106

Gloxinia 228
GLUMACEOUS DIVISION

30,352

Gnaphalium 181, 189

Goatsbeard 121

Godetia 145

Golden Aster 195

Golden Chain 101

Golden-Rod 195

Golden Saxifrage 137

Gold- Fern 314

Goldthread 39

Gomphrena 286. 287

Gonolobus 276, 278

Good-King-Henry 285

Goody era 323, 32(5

Gooseberry 133

Goosefoot 285
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY 284

Goose-grass 175, 287

Gordonia 76

Gossypium 70, 74

Gourd 159

GOURD FAMILY 158

GKAMINEiB 853

106,

158

85
347
299
353
135
355
316

231, 237
262
336
318
278
luO
256
268
251
214

108, 167
373
261
107
193
149
172
357
346
74
99, 113

360,364

27,309

57

858

61,66

823,324
270
293
314

Halesia 220, 221

HALORAGE.?: 140

HAMAMELACEiE 140

Hamamelis 140

Hardenbergia 97, 109

Hardback 120

Harebell 210

Hare's-Foot-Fern 370

Hart's-tongue 863, 367

Haw 128, 172

Hawkbit 206

Hawkweed 207

Hawthorn 128

Hazel-nut 805

Heal-all 262

Ileart's-ease 69

Heart-Seed 90

Heath 214

Heather 214

HEATH FAMILY 210

Hedcoma 244, 248

Hodera 166, 167
Hedgehog Cone-Flower 205

Hedge-hyssop 237

Hed'ge-^lusUrd 53

Hedge-Nettle 253

Hedvchium 328

HelJnium 183, 200

Helianthemum 60

Helianthus 184, 203

Hclichrvsum 190

Heliophytum 255, 253

II(>liopsis 184, 204

hp:liotrope family 255

Heliotropium (Heliotrope)

255,257
Hellebore 343

UeUeborus (HeUebore) 34,39

Granadilla

Grape

Grape Hyacinth

Grass-Cloth Plant

GRASS FAMILY

Grass-of-ParuassuB

Grass-of-the-Andes

Grass- Wrack

Gratiola

Greek Valerian

Greenbrier

Green-Dragon

Green Milkweed

Green- weed

Gromwell

Ground Cherry

Ground Ivy

Ground Laurel

Ground-nut

Ground-Pine

Ground Pink

Ground Plum

Groundsel

Guava

Guelder Rose

Guinea Corn

Guinea-Hen Flower

Gumbo

Gymnocladus

Gymnogramme

GYMNOSPERMOUS

PLANTS
Gynandropsis
Gynerium
Gypsophila

Ilabenaria
Ilabrotliamnus
Hackberry
Hackmatack

380

Helonias 338, 342

Hemerocallis 840, 348

Hemitelia 870

Hemlock Spruce 313

Hemp 299

HEMP FAMILY 297

Hemp-Nettle 252

Henbane 269

Hepatica 34, 86

Heracleum 163, 166

Herba Impia 189

Herb Robert 79

Hercules' Club 106

Herd's Grass 356

Hes peris 51, 53

Heteranthera 322

Hetcrocentron 148

Heuchera 132, 135

IDbiscus 70, 74

Hickory 801

Hieracium 186, 207

Hierochloa 856

Hippuris 141

Hoary-pea lU6

Hobble-bush 172

Hog-Pea-nut 109

Hogweed 188

Holcus 855

Holly 219

HOLLY FAMILY 218

Hollyhock 71

Holly-Grass 356

Honesty 55

Honey-Locust 114

Honeysuckle 170
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY 1G9

Hop 299

Hop-Hornbeam 805

Hop-tree 83

Hordeum 357

Horehound 252

Hornbeam 305

Horse-Balm 248

Horse Bean 111

Horse-Chestnut 90

Horse-Gentian 170

Horse-mint 250, 251

Horse-Nettle 207

Horseradish 58

Horse-Sugar 221

Horse-tail 359
HORSE-TAIL FAMILY 359

Horseweed 198

Hoteia 137

Hottonia 223, 225

Houndstongue 191, 257

Houseleek 138

Houstonia 174, 176

Hoya 276, 278

Huckleberry 213

Hudsonia 60

Humea 181. 190

Hamulus 297, 299

Hyacinthus 340

Hyacinth 348

Hydrangea 132, 135

Hydrastis 34 38
HYDROCHARIDACEJE 321

Hydrocotyle 163, 164

Hydrolea 258, 260

Hvdrophyllum 258, 259
HYDROPHYLLACEiE 258
HYMENOPHYLLACE^. 3^

Hyoscvamus 266, 269

HYPERICACE^ 61

Hypericum 61

Hypoxys 329, 330

Hyptis 244, 247

INDEX.

Hyssopufl (Hyssop)

244,248

Kale

52

Kahnia

212, 216

Iberis

62,55

Kennedya

97, 110

Ice-Plant

157

Kentucky Blue Grass 3^4

Ilex

219

Kentucky Coffee-tree

113

lilicium

42,43

Korria

116, 121

Ilysanthes

231, 287

Kidney Bean

'108

Immortelle

189, 190

Kinniidnnik

108

Impatieus

78, bl

Kitaibclia

70,71

Imphee

357

Knapweed

187

Ipomoea

262, 2U3

Knawel

68

Ipomopsis

2bl

Knot-grass

287

Indian Bean

227

Knotweed

287

Indian Com

353

Koelreuteria

89,90

Indian Cress

81

Kohlrabi

52

Indian Cucumber-Root 842

Kosteletzskya

70,73

Indian Currant

170

Kuhnia

182, 191

Indian Fig

153

Indian Hemp

275

LABIATiE

243

Indian Mallow

73

Labrador Tea

217

Indian Millet

357

Laburnum

94, 101

Indian Physic
Indian Pipe

121

Lactuca

180, 208

218

Ladies' Eardrops

147

INDIAN PIPE FAMILY 212

Ladies' Smock

55

Indian Plantain

193

Ladies'-Tresses

326

Indian Poke

343

Lady-Fern

S'57

Indian Rice

853

Lady's Mantle

125

Indian Shot

328

Lad3 's Slipper

327

INDIAN-SHOT FAMILY 328

Lady's Thumb

288

Indian Turnip

317

Lagenaria

158, 159

Indian Wheat

289

Lagerstroemia

149, 150

India-Rubber-Tree

298

Lambkin

216

Indigofera

90, 106

Lamb-Lettuce

178

Indigo-plant

106

Lanib'.^-Quartcrs

285

Inkberry

219

Lamium

240, 252

Inula

182, 195

Lantana

241, 242

Ircsine

286

Laportea

297, 2t.9

IRIDACEiE

832

Lai'pa

180, 187

Iris

332,833

Larch

313

IRIS FAMILY

332

Large Cane

STA

Irish Broom

100

Larix

310, 313

Iron-weed

190

Larkspur

40

Iron-wood

305

Lathyrus

98, 110

Isanthus

243, 246

LAUKACE.i:

290

Isatis

52,66

LAUREL FAMILY

290

Isoetes

872, 374

Laure?tinu8

172

Italian May

120

Lavandula

244,247

Italian MiUet

857

Lavatera

70,71

Itea

132,134

Lavender

247

Ivy

167

Lead-Plant

103

Ixia

333

Lead wort

222

LEAD WORT FAMILY 222

Jacobaean Lily

331

Leaf-cup

201

Jacob's Ladder

262

Leather-leaf

215

Jamestown- Weed

269

Loatherwood

292

Japan Alspice

131

Lechea

60,61

Jasmiuum

279, 280

Ledum

212, 217

Jatropha

298, 290

Leek

847

JefFersonia

45, 40

LEGUMINOSiB

94

Jerusalem Artichoke

204

Lciophyllum

212, 217

Jerusalem Cherry

268

Lemna

318

Jerusalem Oak

285

LEMNACEiE

316

Jerusalem Sage

253

Lemon

83

Jessamine

280

Lemon-scented Verbena 242

Jewel-Weed

81

Lens

98, 111

Joc-Pye Weed

192

LENTIBULACEiE

225

Jointed Charlock

56

Lentil

111

Join tweed

287

Leontodon

185, 206

Jonquil

asi

Leonurus

246, 253

Judas-tree

113

Lepachys

186, 206

JUGLANDACE^

300

Lepidium

52,56

Juglans

800

Leptosiphon

261

JUNCACE^

349

Lespedeza

95,104

Juncus

349

Lettuce

208

June-Berry

129

Leucanthemum

183, 199

Junipcrus (Juniper)

310, 815

Leucoium

330, 332

Jupiter's-Beard

177

Leucotho'3

21i 215

Jussiaea

142, 145

Lever-wood

365

INDEX.

881

Levisticum

163,165

Liatris

182, 191

Ligustrum

279, 280

Lilac

280

LILIACE.E

337

Lilium

3i0, 345

Lily

345

LILY FAMILY

337,339

Lily-of-the-Valley

344

Lime

83

Lime-tree

75

Limnanthemiim

271,273

Limnanthes

77,79

Limnobium

321, 322

Limnocharis

S20, 321

LINACEJi

77

Linaria

230, 235

Linden

75

LINDEN FAMILY

75

Lindera

291

Ling

214

Linnaea

169, 170

Liuura

77

Lion's-Foot

207

Lippia

241, 242

Liquidambar

140

Liriodendron

42

Lithospermum

254, 256

Live-for-ever

138

Liver-leaf

35

Lizard's Tail

293

LIZARD'S-TAIL FAMILY 293

Loasa

152

LOASACE.E

151

LOASA FAMILY

151

Lobelia

208

LOBELIACE.E

208

LOBELIA FAMILY

208

Loblolly Bay

76

Locust-tree

107

LOGANIACE.E

273

LOQANIA FAMILY

273

Lolium

356

Long Moss

329

Lonicera

169, 170

Loosestrife

150,224

LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY 149

Lopezia

142, 147

Lophanthus

245, 251

Lophospemium

231, 236

Lopseed

241

Loquat-Tree

129

LOKANTHACE.E

292

Lotus

47

Lousewort

239

Lovage

165

Love-lies-Bleeding

286

Low Spear Grass

354

Lucerne

101

Ludwigia

142,146

Lunar ia

5^, -55

Lungwort

255

Lupinus (Lupine)

94,100

Luzula

349, 350

Lychnis

64,65

Lyeium

267, 270

Lycopersicum

266, 267

LYCOPODIACE^

372

Lycopodium

372

Lycopsis

255,257

Lycopus

244, 247

Lygodium

362, 371

Lysimachia

223, 224

LYTHRACEiE

149

Lythrum

150

Maclura

297, 299

Madder

174

MADDER FAMILY 173

Madwort 66

Magnolia 42

MAGNOLIACE^ 42
MAGNOLIA FAMILY 42

Mahernia 75

Maliogauy-tree 84

Mahonia 45

Malion stock 53

Maiden-hair 364

Maize 358

Malcolmia 61, 53

MALLOW FAMILY 70

Mallow 71

Malope 70, 71

Malva 70, 71

MALVACE^i 70

Malvaviscus 70, 73

Mamillaria 153, 156

Mandevillea 275

Mandrake 48

Mancttia cordifolia 173

Man-of-the-Earth 263

Maple 91 ;

MAPLE FAMILY 89

lAIaranta 328

Glares tail 141

Marigold 200 '

Marjoram 249 i

Marrubium 246, 252 I

Marsh-Mallow 71 !

Marsh-Marigold 39 I

Marsh-Rosemary 222

Marsh St. Johu's-wort 63

Martyuia, 227, 228

Maruta 183, 199

Marvel-of-Peru 283

Master wort 166

Matrimony-Vine 270

Matthiola 51, 53

Maurandia 231, 235

May-apple 46

Mayflosver 214

Maypops 157

Mayweed 199

Meadow-Beauty 148

Meadow- FoxtaU a56

Meadow Grass 354

Meadow-rue 36

Meadow-Soft-Grass 355

Meadow-Sweet 120

Medeola 337, 342

Medicago 94, 101

Medick 101

Melampyrum 232, 239

Melanthium 338, 343
MELANTIIIUM FAMILY 337

MELASTOMACEiE 148
MELA3T0MA FAMILY 148

Melia 84

MELTACE.E 84

MELIA FAMILY 84

Melilotus (Melilot) 94, lOl

Melissa 245, 249

Melocactus 153, 156

Melon 160

Melon-Cactus 156

Mclothria 159, 160

MENISPERMACE^ 44

Menispermum . 44

Mentha 244, 247 i

Mentzelia 151

Menyanthes 271, 273

Mennaid-weed 141

Mertensia 254, 255
M ES EM BR Y ANTH EM E.E

156

Mesembryanthemum 156, 157

Mexican Tea 285

Mezereum 291
MEZERKUM FAMILY 291

Mignonette 57
MIGNONETTE FAMILY 57

Mikania 182, 191

Milfoil 199

Milk-Pea 109

MUk Thistle 187

Milk-Vetch 107

Milkweed 277
MILKWEED FAMILY 276

Milkwort 92

Mimosa 99, 114

MIMOSA FAMILY 99

Mimulus 231, 237

Mint 247

MINT FAMILY 243

Mirabilis 283

Mist-Flower l93

Mistletoe 292
MISTLETOE FAMILY 292

Mitchella 174, l75

Mitella 133, 137

Mitreola 273

Mitrewort 137

Moccason-Flower 327

Mocker-nut 301

Mock-orange 119, 134

Modiola 70, 73

Mollugo 64, 68

Molucca Balm 253

Moluccella 246, 253

Slomordica 158

Monarda 245, 250

Moneses 212, 2ia

Moneywort 224

Monkey-Flower 237

Monkshood 41
MOXOCOTYLEDONOUS

PLANTS 316
MONOPETALOUS DIVI-
SION 169
Monotropa 212, 218
Montbretia 333
MOONSEED FAMILY 44
Moouwort 372
Moose wood 91, 292
Moroea 333
Morning Glory 263
Morus 297, 298
Moss Pink • 261
Motherwort 253
Mountain Ash 130
Mountiiin Holly 218
Mountain Laurel 216
Mountiiin Mint 248
Mourning Bride 178
Mouse-ear Chickweed 67
Mouse-tail 37
Mud-Plantain 322
Mugwort 189
Mulberry 298
Mulgedium 186, 208
Mullein 233
MuUein-FoxgloTe 237
Musa 329
Muscadine 86
Muscari 340, 347
Muskmelon 160
Musk-plaut 237
M usq uas h-Root 165
Mustard 62
MUSTARD FAMILY 51
Myosotis "254,256
Myosurus 34, 37
Mvrica 305, 306
MYRICACE^ 305

•dii2

INDEX.

Myriophyllum

141

Ophloglossum

863,372 Penthorum

137, 133

Myrrhis odorata

164

Opuntia

152, 153 Pentstemon

23?, 238

Myrsiphyllum

339,344

Orache

284

Peppergrass

66

MYKTAOE^

149

Orange

83

[ Peppermint

247

MYRTLJB FAMILY

149

Orange-grass

62

I Pepperidge

168

Myrtus

149

Orange-root

88

Perilla

244,247

Orchard-Grass

354

Periploca

276, 279

Nabalus

185, 207

ORCUIDACE^

323

Periwinkle

275

NAIADACE^

316

Orchis

823,324

Persea

290, 291

Naked Eroom-rape

229

ORCHIS FAMILY

323

Persimmon

219

Nandina

44,45

Origanum

244, 249

Peruvian Bark

I7rt

Napaea

70,72

Oruithogalum

340,346

PETALOIDEOUS mvj-

Narcissus

330

OROBANCHACE^

228

SION

319

Nasturtium

51, 53, 81

Orpine

138

Petalostemon

95, 102

Navelwort

257

ORPINE FAMILY

137

Petilium

346

Neckweed

234

Oryza

353

Petroselinum

165

Nectarine

118

Osage-Orange

299

Petunia

266, 269

Negundo

89,92

Osiei-

307

Phacelia

268. 269

Nelumbiiun

46

Osmanthus

281

PH^NOGAMOUS PLANTS"

Nelumbo

46

Osmorrhiza

163,164

33

Nemastylis

333,335

Osmunda

362, 371

Phalaris

354

Nemopanthes

218

OSMUNDACEiE

362

Phaseolus

97, 108

Nemophila

258,259

Ostrich-Fern

370

Pheasant's-eye

fifi

Nepeta

245, 251

Ostrya

802, 305

Pheasant's-eye Adonis 37

Nephrodium

368

Oswego Tea

260

Phegopteris

360, 367

Nerium

274, 275

OxaUs

77,78

Philadelphus

132, 134

Nesaea

150

Oxeye

204

Phlebodium

. 363

Nettle

299

Ox-eye-Daisy

199

Phleum

356

NETTLE FAMILY

296, 297

Oxybaphus

283

Phlomis

246, 253

Nettle-Tree

298

Oxydendrum

212, 216

Phlox

260

New-Jersey Tea

87

Oyster-Plant

206

Phoradendron

292

New Zealand Flax

341

Phormium

341

New Zealand Spinach I57

Pachysandra

293, 296

Photinia

117, 129

Nicandra

266, 268

Paeon ia

34,41

Phragmites

854

Nicotiana

266, 269

Pa?ony

41

Phryma

241

Nierembergia

266, 269

Painted-Cup

239

Phyllocactus

153, 154

Nigella

34,40

Palm

316

PhysaHs

266, 268

Night-Blooming Cereus 154

Palma-Christi

295

Physostegia

245, 251

Nightshade

267

Palmetto

316

Phytolacca

284

NIGHTSHADE FAMILY 265

Pampas Grass

358

PHYTOLACCACEJE

284

Nine-Bark

120

Pancratium

330,331
357

Picea

312

Niphobolus

363

Panicum

Pickerel-weed

322

Nolana

266, 267

Pansy

59

PICKEREL-WEED F. 322

NOLANA FAMILY

266

Papaver

48

Pie-plant

289

Nonesuch

101

PAPAVERACE^

48

Pigweed

285, 286

Notholaena

361, 364

Papaw

44

Pimpernel

225

Nuphar

46,47

Paper-Mulberry

299

Pinckneya

174, 176

Nut-Grass

a52

Pardanthus

333,334

Pine

311

Nutmeg-flower

40

Parna.ssia

132, 135

Pine-Apple

329

NYCTAGINACEiE

283

Parsley

165

PINE-APPLE FAMILY 329

Nymphaea

46,47

PARSLEY FAMILY

162

PINK FAMILY

309

NYMPH^ACEiE

46

Parsley Piert

125

Pine-sap

218

Nyssa

167, 168

Parsnip

166

Pinguicula

225,226

Partridge-berry

175

Pink

64

Oak

302

Partridge Pea

113

PINK FAMILY

63

OAK FAMILY

301

Pasque-flower

36

Pink-Root

273

Oat

355

Passiflora

157

Pinus

809.311
61,62

Oat-Grass

855

PASSIFLORACE.E

157

Pine-weed

Oca

79

Passion Flower

157

Pinxter Flower

217

Ocimum

243, 247

PASSION-FLOWER

Pipe-Vine

282

(Enothera

144, 143

FAMILY

157

PIPEWORT FAMILY 352

Ogeechee Lime

169

Pastinaca

163, 166

Pipsesscwa

218

Oil-nut

292

Paulownia

230, 233

Piqueria

182, 193

Okra

74

Pea

no

Pisum

98, 110

Olea

279, 280

Peach

118

PITCHER-PLANT I

47

OLEACEJE

279

Peanut

106

PITTOSPORACK/E

57

Oleander

274. 275

Pear

129

PITTOSPORUM FAMILY 57

OLEASTER FAMILY 292

PEAR FAMILY

117

Planera

296, 298

Olive

280

Pearlwort

67

Planer-Tree

298

OLIVE FAMILY

279

Pea-tree

106

Plane-tree

300

Omphalodes

254, 257

Pecan-nut

301

PLANE-TREE FAMILY 300

ONAGRACEiE

141

Pedicularis

233, 239

PLANTAGINACE/E

221

Oniou

347

Pelargonium

78,79

PLANTAIN FAMILY 221

Onobrychis

95, 103

Pellfea

861, 365

PLATANACE.E

300

Onoclea*

861, 370

Peltandra

317, 318

Platanus

300

Onopordon

180, 187

Pencil-Flower

'103

Platycerium

360, 3.3

Oaosmodium

254, 255

Pennyroyal

248

Platycodon

£09, 210

OPHIOaLOSSACEiE

3-33

Pentas carnea

173

Pleurisy-Root

277

IKDEX.

383

Plum 118

PLUMBAGINACE^ 222

Plumbago 222

PLUxM FAMILY 116

Poa 354

po'Jocarpus 311

Podophyllum 45, 46

Pogonia 324, 326

Poinciana 113

Poinsettia 294

poison-Dogwood 84

poison-Elder 84

Poison Hemlock 165

Poison-Ivy 84

Poison-Oak 84

Poke or Pokeweed 284
POKE WE ED FAMILY 284

Polanisia 57

POLEMONIACE^ 260

Polemonium 260, 262
POLEMONIUM FAMILY 260

Polianthes 330, 332

Polyanthus 223

Polygala 92

POLYGALACE^ 92
POLYGALA FAMILY 92

POLYGpNACEiE 287

Polygonatum 339, 344

Polygonum 287

Polymnia 184, 201
POLY PET ALOUS

DIVISION 33

POLYPODIACEiE 360

Polypody 363

Polypremum 273

Polypodium 860, 333
Polypodium Phegopteris • 368

Polystichum 369

Pomegranate 150

Ponime Blanche 103

Pond-Lily 47

Pond Spice 291

Pondweed 316
PONDWEED FAMILY 316

Pontederia 322

PONTEDERIACExE 322
Poor-Man's- Weatherglass 225

Poplar 42, 308
POPPY FAMILY, Poppy 48

Populus

Portulaca

PORTULACACE-aS

Potamogetoa

Potato

Potentilla

Poterium

Pi-airie Clover

Prairie Dock

Prickly Ash

Prickly- Pear Cactus

Prickly Poppy

Pride-of-India

Prim

Primrose

PRIMROSE FAMILY

Primrose Peerless

Primula

PRIMULACEiE

Princes' Feather

Princes-Pine

Prinos

Privet

Prosartea

Proserpinaca

Prunus

Psidium

Psoralea

Ptelea

307, 308

69

69

316

268

116, 122

117, 125
102
201

82

153

49

84

£80

223

222

330

222, 223

222

286, 288

218

219

280

339,313

141

116, 118

149

95, 103

82,83

Pteris 861, 365

Puccoon 256

Pulsatilla 36

PULSE FAMILY 94

Pumpkin 159

Punica 149, 150

Purslane 69

PURSLANE FAMILY 69

j Putty-Root 327

Pycnanthemum 244, 248

Pyrethrum 183, 199

Pyrola 218, 217

PYROLA FAMILY 212

Pyrrhopappua 186, 207

Pyrularia 292

Pyrua 117, 129

Quaking Grass 355

Quamash 347

Quamoclit 262, 2!^

QUASSIA FAMILY 83

Queen-of-the-Prairie 121, 126

Queen's Delight 295

Quercus 302

Quillwort 374

Quince 130

Quitch-Grass 366

Radish 56

R;igged-lady 40

Ragged-Robin 65

Ragweed 188

Ragwort 194

Ramie 299

Ramsted 235

RANUNCULACE^ 33

Ranunculus 34, 37

Rape 52

Raphanus 62, 66

Raspberry 124

Rattlebox 100

Rattlesnake Grass 355

Rattlesnake Plantain 326

Rattlesnake-Root 207

liattlesnake-Weed 207

Ray Grass 356

Red Bay 291

Red-bud 113

Red Cedar 315

Red Pepper 268

Red-root 87

Red-top 353

Redwood 314

Reed 354

Reed-Mace 319
RESEDACE^, Reseda 57

Resurrection-Plant 374

Retinospora 314

RIIAMNACE^ 86

Rhamnus 86, 87

Rheum 287, 289

Rheumatism-root 46 i

Rhcxia 148 I

Rhodanthe 181, 190

Rhododendron 212, 216

Rhodora 212, 217

Rhubarb 289

Rhus 84

Rhynchosia 97, 110

Ribes 132, 133

Ribgrass 221

Rice 353

Richardia 817, 318 i

Ricinus 293, 295

Ripplegrass 221

Robinia 96, 107

Robin's Plantain 198

Rochea 138, 139 i

Rock-Cress 54

Rocket 53
ROCK-ROSE FAMILY 60

Roman Wormwood 188

ROSACEA 115

Rosa (Rose) 117, 126

Rose-apple 149

Rose-bay 216

ROSE FAMILY 115

Rose-Mallow 74

Rosemary 250

Rose of China 74

Rosin-Plant 201

Rosmarinus 245, 250

Rowan-Tree 130

Royal-Fern 372

Rubia 173, 174

RUBIACE^ 173

Rubus 116, 124

Rudbeckia 185, 205

Rue 82
Rue-Anemone
RUE FAMILY
Ruellia

Rumex 287,
Ruscus
Rush

RUSH FAMILY

Russellia 221,

Ruta

RUTACE^
Rye
Rye-Grass

81

240

289

344

349

349

239

52

82

81

867

856

Sabal 816

Sabbatia 270, 271

Saccharum 358

Sa«red Bean 47

Safflower 187

Sage 249

Sagina 64, 67

Sagittaria 320

Sago Pahn 809

Sainfoin 103

St. Andrew's Cross 61

St. James Lily 331

St. John's- Wort 61

ST. JOHN'S-WORT F. 61

St. Peter's-Wort 61

St. Peter's Wreath 120

SALICACE^ 807

Salicornia 284

Salisburia 311,315

Salix 307

Salpiglossis 229, 232

Salsify 206

Salsola 284

Saltwort 284

Salvia 245, 249

Sambucus 170, 173

Samolus 223, 225

Sand-Mvrtle 217
SANDALWOOD FAMILY 292

Sand Spurrey 68

Sandwort 67

Sanguinaria 48, 49

Sanguisorba 125

Sanicula (Sanicle) 162, 164

SANTALACE.5: 292

SAPINDACEiE 88

Sapindus 89, 90

Saponaria 64, 66

SAPOTACEiE 220
SAPPODILLA FAMILY 220

Sarracenia 47

SARRACENI.\CE^ 47

Sarsiiparilla, Wild 108

384

Sassafras 290, 291

Satin-Flower 55

Satureia 244, 249

SAURURACE^ 293

Saururua 293

Savin 315

Savory 249

Saw-Grass 352
Saxifraga (Saxifrage) 132, 136

SAXIFRAGACE.*; 131
SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 131

Scabiosa (Scabious) 178

Schallott 347

Sclieuchzeria 819, 320

Schizandra 42 43

Schizaea 362, 371

SCUIZ.4;ACE^ 362

Schizanthus 229 232

Schizostylis 333

Schollera 322

Schrankia 99, 114

Scilla 340, 347

Scirpus 352

SCITAMINEJE 328

Scleranthus 64, 68

Scolopendrium 361, 3o7

Scoke 284

Scorpion-grass 256

Scotch Broom 1(H)

Scotcli Thistle 187

Scouring-Rush 359

Scrophularia 231, 238
SCROPHULARIACE^ 229

Scutch Grass 356

Scutellaria 245, 252

Scurvy-Grass 54

Sea Elite 284

Sea-Lavender 222

Sea-Rocket 66

Sea Sand-Reed 353

Secale 357

SEDGE FAMILY 352

Sedum 138

Selaginella 372, 373

Self-Heal 252

Sempervivum 137, 138

Seneca Grass 356

Seneca Snakcroot 93

Senecio 182, 193

Senna 113

Sensitive-brier 114

Sensitive-Fern 370

Sensitive Joint- Vetch 105

Sensitive-plant 114

Sequoia 310, 314

Service-Berry 129

Sesame Grass 358

Sesamum (Sesame) 227

SESAMUM FAMILY 227

Sesbania 96, 106

Setaria 357

Seymeria 231, 237

Shadbush 129

Sheep-berry 172

Shell-Flower 263

Shepherdia 292

Shcpherd's-purse 65

Shield- Fern 368

Shin- leaf 218

Shooting-star 223

Shrub Yellow-root 38

Sicklepod 54

Sicyos 159, 160

Sida 70, 73

Sidesaddle-Flower 47

Silene 64, 65

Silk-Flower 114

Silk-tree 114

INDEX.

Silkweed

277

Spurge

294

Silphium

184, 201

SPURGE FAMILY

293

Silver-Bell-Tree

221

Spurge-Nettle

296

Silver-Berry

292

Spurred Butterfly-Pea 109

Silver-Fern

364

Spurred Valerian

177

Silybum

180, 187

Spurrey

68

SIMARUBACE^

83

Squash

159

Siphocampylus

209

Squaw-root

229

Sisymbrium

51,53

Squaw-weed

194

Sisyrinchium

833,335

Squill

347

Slum

163,165

Squirrel-Corn

50

Skullcap

252

Squirting Cucumber

158

Skimmia

82,83

Stachys

246, 253

Skunk Cabbage

318

Staff-tree

88

Sloe

118

STAFF-TREE FAMILY 87

Sniartwecd

288

Stagger-bush

215

SMILACE^

336

Stag- horn Fern

363

Smilacina

839,344

Stapelia

276, 279

Smilax

834-336

Staphylea

89,90

SMI LAX FAMILY

336

Star-Anise

43

Smoke-tree

84

Star-Cucumber

160

Snake-Cucumber

158

Star-Flower

224

Snake-head

' 238

Star-Grass

822,330

Snakeroot

192, 282

Star of Bethlehem

'346

Snapdragon

235

Star-Thistle

187

Snowball-tree

172

Starry Campion

66

Snowberry

170, 214

Starwort

^ 196

Snowdrop

331

Starwort Chickweed

67

Snowdrop-Tree

221

Statice

222

Snowflake

332

Steeplebush

120

Sneozeweed

200

Stellaria

64,67

Sneezewort

199

Stenanthium

838,342

Soapberry

90

Stephanotia

276, 278

SOAPBERRY FAMILY 88

STERCULIACE^

75

Soapwort

66

STERCULIA FAMILY 75

SOLANACE^

265

Stickseed

267

Solanum

266,267

Stillingia

293, 295

Solidago

182, 195

Stitchwort

67

Solomon's Seal

344

Stock

63

Sonchus

186, 208

Stone-Crop

138

Sophora

98, 112

Storax

221

Sorghum

357

STORAX FAMILY

220

Sorrel

289

Storksbill

79

Sorrel-tree

216

Stramonium

269

Sour Gum-tree

168

Strawberry

123

Sour-wood

216

Strawberry-bush

88

Sowbread

224

Strawberry Blite

286

Southernwood

189

Strawberry Geranium 136

Sow Thistle

208

Strawberry Tomato

268

Spadiceous Division

316

Strelitzia

329

Spanish-Bayonet

348

Streptopus

839,343

Spanish Broom

100

Stuartia

76

Spanish Trefoil

101

Stylophorum

48,49

Sparaxis

333

Stylosanthes

95, 103

Sparganium

818, 319

Styptic-Weed

113

Spartium Junceum

100

STVRACACE^

220

S patter-Dock

47

Styrax

220,221

Spearmint

247

Succory

208

Specularia

209

Sugar Cane

358

speedwell

233

Sumach

84

Spelt

857

SUNDEW FAMILY

69

Spergula

64,68

Sunflower

203

Spergularia

64,68

Suaeda

284

Spicebush

291

Supple-jack

87

Spiderwort

351

Sutherlandia

96

SPIDERWORT FAMILY 350

Struthiopteris

861, 870

Spigelia

273

Swainsona

96

Spikenard

166

Sweet Basil

247

Spinach

285

Sweet Bay

43

Spinacia

284, 285

Sweet-Brier

126

Spindle-tree

88

Sweet Cicely

164

Spira;a

116, 120

Sweet Clover

101

Spiranthes

823,326

Sweet-Fern

306

Spleenwort

366

Sweet Flag

318

Spoon-wood

216

Sweet Gale

306

Spotted Cowbane

165

SWEET GALE FAMILY 305

Spring Beauty

69

Sweet-gum Tree

140

Spruce

312

Sweet-Leaf

221

INPEX.

385

Sweet-Potato

263

Toothwort

55

Verbeslna

184

,203

S wee t-sceu ted-Shrub

131

Torenia

231,237

Vernonia

181

190

Sweet-sceuted Vernal-Grass

Torreya

311, 315

Veronica

23l»

,233

355

Touch-me-not

81

Vervain

241

Sweet Sultana

188

Trachelium

209

VERVAIN PATVm.-K

241

Sweet-Verbena

242

Tradescantia

350,351

Vetch

110

Sweet-W'iiiiain

64

Trailing Arbutus

214

Vetchling

110

Swietenia Mahogani

84

Tragopogon

185, 206

Viburnum

170

,172

Sycamore

300

Tr eac le-M us tard

54

Vicia

98

,110

Symp'.ocarpus

317, 318

Tread softly

295

Victoria regia

46

Symplocos

220, 221

Tree Clover

101

Vinca

274

,275

Symphoricarpus

169, 170

Tree Ferns

302

Vincetoxicum

276

278

Symphytum

255, 257

Tree of Heaven

83

VINE FAMILY

85

Syriuga ISi

, 279, 280

Trefoil

101

Viola (Violet)

68

Trichomanes

862, 371

VIOLACEiE

68

Tacamahao

309

Trichosanthes

158

VIOLET FAMILY

68

Tacsonia

157

Trichostema

243, 246

Viper's Bugloss

255

Tagetes

185,206

Trientalis

223,224

Virgin's-Bower

35

Talinura

69

Trifolium

95, 101

Virgilia

112

Tallow-tree

295

Triglochin

319, 320

Virginia Creeper

86

Tamarack

314

Trigonella

94, 101

Virginia Snakeroot

282

Tamarix

63

Trillium

337,341

Virginia Stock

53

TAMARISCINE-i:

63

TRILLIUM FAMILY 337

VITACE^

85

TAMARISK FAMILY 63

Triosteum

169, 170

Vitex

241

,243

Tamus

338

Tripsacum

358

Tanacetum

180, 188

Triteleia

341

Wake Robin

841

Tansy

188

Triticum

356

AV^aldsteinia

116

,121

Tansy-Mustard

53

Tritoma

840, 348

Walking-leaf

367

Tape-Grasa

322

Tritonia

333

Wallflower

54

Taraxacum

186, 207

Trollius

34,39

Wall-Pepper

139

Tare

110

TropiRolum

78,81

Wall-Rue

367

Tarragon

189

True Ferns

330

Walnut

300

Tartary Wheat

289

True Thistle

186

WALNUT FAMILY

300

Tassel- Flower

194

Trumpet-Creeper

227

Water Arum

318

Taxodium

310, 314

Trumpet-Flower

227

Water Beech

805

Taxus

310, 315

Trumpet-fjeaf

48

Water Chinquepin

47

TEA FAMILY

75

Tsuga

313

Water-cress

63

Tea Plant

76

Tuberose

332

Water-Hemlock

165

Tear-Thumb

289

Tulipa (Tulip

340, 346

Water-Horehound

247

Teasel

178

Tulip-tree

42

Waterleaf

259

TEASEL FAMILY

178

Tupelo

168

WATERLEAF FAMILY

258

Tecoma

226, 227

Turnip

52

Water-Lily

47

Ten-O'clock

316

Turtle-head

238

WATER-LILY FAMILY

46

Tephrosla

96, 106

Tussilago

182, 193

Watemielon

160

Testudinaria

333

Twin-Flower

^70

Water-Milfoil

141

Tetragonia

156, 157

Twin-lea^

46

WATER-MILFOIL

F.

140

Tetranthera

291

Twisted-staiK

343

Water Oats

353

Teucrium

243, 246

Tvpha

318, 319

Water-parsnip

165

Thalia

328

TYPUACBiE

318

^Vater-pennywort

164

Thalictrum

34, 36

Water Pepper

289

Thea

76

Ulmus

296,297

Water-Plantain

320

Themiopsis

98, 112

UMBELLIFER^

162

WATER-PLANTAIN F.

319

Thimbleberry

124

Umbrella-tree

42

Water-pimpernel

225

Thistle

186

Unicorn-Plant

228

\Vater-shicld

46

Thorn-Apple

269

Urtica

297, 299

Water Star-Grass

822

Thoroughwort

192

URTICACEiE

29a

Water Violet

225

Three-leaved Nightshade 341

Utricularia

225

AVater-weed

822

Thrift

222

Uvularia

338,343

WATER- WORT FAMILY 63

Thuja

310, 315

Watsonia

833

Thujopsis

315

Vaccaria

64, 66

Wax-Myrtle

306

Thunbergia

240

Vaccinium

211, 213

Wax-Plant

278

Thyme

249

Valeriana (Valerian)

177

Wax-work

88

TlIYMELEACEiB

291

VALKRIANACE.E

177

Wayfaring-tree

172

T Hymns

244. 249

Valcrianella

178

Weld

57

Tiarella

133, 137

VALKRIAN FAMILY 177

W.-Uingtonia

814

Tickseed

201

Vallisneria

321,322

Wliahoo

298

Tick-trefoil

104

Vallota

331

Wheat

857

Tiger-Flower

aso

Vanilla-plant

191

Whin

100

Tigridia

333,335

Vegetable Serpent

158

Wliite Alder

217

Tilia

75

Velvet-Grass

356

White Bent Grass

853

TILIACE^

75

Velvet-Leaf

73

Wliite Cedar

315

Tillaea

133, 139

Venus's Fly Trap

60

White Lettuce

207

Tillandsia

329

Venus-hair

3M

White Thorn

128

Timothy

356

Venus's Looking-Glass 209

Whiteweed

199

Toad-Flax

235

Veratrum

838,343

White-wood

42

Tobacco

269

Verbascum

230, 2»i

Whitlavia

258

,260

Tomato

267

Verbena

241

Whitlow-Grass

65

Touthuche-tree

82

VERBENACE^

241

Whortleberry

213

25

386

INDEX.

■WHORTLEBERRY

F.

211'

Woad

56

Yarrow

199

Wigandia

258 Woad-Waxen

100

Yellow Bachelor's-Button 92

Wild Allspice

291

Wollsbane

41

Yellow-Eyed Grass

351

Wild Balsam-Apple

160

Wood-Betony

239

YELLOW-EYED GRASS

Wild bean

108

Woodbine

170

FAMILY

851

Wild Bergamot

250

Wood-Nettle

299

Yellow Jessamine

273

Wild Comfrey

257

Wood-Rush

350

Yellow Pond-Lily

47

Wild Ginger

282

Woodsia

361, 370

Yellow puccoon

38

Wild Hyacinth

347

Wood-Sorrel

78

Yellow-Rocket

54

Wild Liquorice

175

Woodwardia

361, 366

Yellow-Wood

112

Wild-Potato-Vine

-

264

Worm-Grass

273

Yew

315

Willow

307

Wormseed

285

YEW FAMILY

310

WILLOW FAMILY

307

Wormseed-Mustard

54

Yucca

840,348

Willow-herb

143

Wormwood

188

Yulan

43

Wind-flower

35

Windsor Bean

111

Xanthium

180, 188

Zamia

809

Winterberry

219

Xerophyllum

338,342

Zanthorhiza

34,38

Winter-cress

54

Ximinesia

184, 203

Zanthoxylum

82

Wintergreen

214

,218

XYRIDACEiE

351

Zauschneria

142, 143

Wire-Grass

354

-356

Xyris

351

Zea

358

Wistaria

97

,108

Zinnia

185, 206

Witch Grass

'357

Yam

336

Zizania

353

Witch-llazcl

140

YAM FAMILY

335

Zostera

316

WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY 140

Yard-Grafis

856

Zygadenua

338,343

THE EN1>.

f

OTAmSTS iPlClROSCOFE.

This Convenient Instrument, devised and manu-
factwred -first for the use of the Students in

has given so great satisfaction there, and elsewhere,
that we deem it a duty to malce it better known,
and offer it at a price within the reach of all
students.

It is attached to a box, one and a half inches
high and less than four inches long, into which it
is neatly folded when not in use. The needles are
used for dissecting flowers, or other objects, too
small to he otherwise handled for analysis. The
lenses magnify about fifteen diameters; or, with

r

three lenses, about one-third more.

A thousand things about forest, field or garden,
afford objects of intense interest for daily study.

Prof ASA GRAY, of Harvard University, our
-popular American Botanist, says of it : '^ You are
at liberty to call it the .« Gi^y's M.icf\oscope."
J do not think anything better can be made for
the money!*

Price of Microscope, with two lenses, - $2 00

'' three '' - 2 50

For Sale by

- IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOU & CO.,

138 <fi 140 Grand St., K. F., JP. O. Box, 1478,

Publishers of Gra/s (Botanies.

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THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE
STAMPED BELOW

RENEWED BOOKS ARE SUBJECT TO IMMEDIATE
RECALL

LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS

Book Slii)-35m-7,'62(D296s4)458

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^ Gray, A.

J)£a-t Field, forest and
<f^..yA garden botany.

Grrai

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Call Number

QK117
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