FIELDBOOK of Ulnoiw Wild Flowers of (LLINOIS|NATURALH ISTORY SURVEY MANUAL 4 | ee Seti T TS CENTRAL CIRCULATION BOOKSTACKS The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return to the library from which it was borrowed on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. TO RENEW CALL TELEPHONE CENTER, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN NOV i 9 1993 MAR 1 § 1994 JUL 30 1997 SEP 0 2 1998 c “7 iF vv, t/ Fa e u gn? _. o he f. ti Wisin i VU OG. When renewing by phone, write new due date below previous due date. L162 as, a WILD FLOWERS of ILLINOIS To him who in the love of Nature holds Communion with her visible forms, she speaks A various language. Thanatopsis—WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT And he who wanders widest lifts No more of beauty’s jealous veils _ Than he who from his doorway sees The miracle of flowers and trees. The Last Walk in Autumn—Joun GREEN Tantus amor florum ——— Morro or LINNAEUS The Blue Violet, State Flower of Illinois (See page 201) Welcome, maids of honor! You doe bring In the Spring And wait upon her. She has virgins Y’are the maiden many posies Fresh and faire; And, so grac’t Yet you are To be plac’t More sweet than any. ‘Fore damask roses. To Violets—RoBrrt HPrrRIcK STATE OF ILLINOIS Henry Horner, Governor Fieldbook of ILLINOIS WILD FLOWERS Six hundred fifty of the more common flowering plants in the state ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY MANUAL 1 DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION Printed by authority of the State of Illinois Urbana, [!linois March 1936 STATE OF ILLINOIS Henry Horner, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION Joun J. Hainan, Director BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION Joun J. Hainan, Chairman Wittram Trecease, D.Sc., LL.D., Biology Wituram A. Noyes, Ph.D., LL.D., Chem.D., D.Sc., Chemistry Joun W. Avorn, C.E., Engineering Henry C. Cowes, Ph.D., D-Sc., Forestry Epson C. Bastin, Ph.D., Geology ArtHur Cutts Witvtarp, D.Eng., LL.D., President of the University of Illinots NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION URBANA, ILLINOIS Scientific and Technical Staff THeEoporeE H. Frison, Ph.D., Chief SECTION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY W. P. Fuint, B.S., Chief Entomolo- gist C. C. Compton, M.S., Associate En- tomologist M. D. Farrar, Ph. D., Research En- tomologist S. C. CuHanocer, B.S., Southern Field Entomologist J. H. Biccer, B.S., Central Field Entomologist L. H. SHropsuire, M.S., Northern Field Entomologist W. E. McCautey, B.S., Assistant Entomologist C. W. Kearns, M.S., Research Fel- low in Entomology J. F. Atstertunp, M.S., Research Fellow in Entomology Dwicut Powe t, A.B., Research Fellow in Entomology SECTION OF APPLIED BOTANY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY L. R. Tenon, Ph.D., Botanist™ J. C. Carrer, Ph.D., Assistant Botanist G. H. Boewe, M.S., Field Botanist SECTION OF FORESTRY James E. Davis, M.F., Extension Forester SECTION OF AQUATIC BIOLOGY Davip H. Tuompson, Ph.D., Zoolo- gist F. D. Hunt, Field Naturalist D. F. Hansen, A.M., Assistant Zo- ologist D. J. O'Donnett, M.S., Assistant Zoologist SECTION OF INSECT SURVEY H. H. Ross, Ph.D., Systematic En- tomologist Cart O. Monr, Ph.D., Associate Entomologist, Artist L. H. Townsenp, Ph.D., Assistant Entomologist B. D. Burke, M.A., Assistant En- tomologist SECTION OF GAME RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT R. E. Yeatrer, Ph.D., Game Spe- cialist . W. H. Leicu, M.A., Assistant Zo- ologist SECTION OF PUBLICATIONS Carro._it Cuournarp, M.A., Editor x = FOREWORD THIs BOOK is a selection of more than 600 of the more common wild flowers of Illinois. It has not been intended as a complete botanical record, either seasonally or geographically, but rather as a guide to the enjoyment of those flowers most frequently met in walks through our woods and fields. For that reason the descriptions are as non- technical as possible, and the less familiar botanical terms employed are explained in the introductory chapter. This way of presenting to the people of Illinois, and especially the youth, an ordered description of the state’s principal wild flowers originated in a manuscript acquired by the Natrurat History Survey in 1929. It was written by Dr. W. B. MacDougall, then assistant professor of botany in the University of IIlinois. Publication of the book was delayed until a suitable place for it could be found in the Survey series, and by the time of its allocation another and inclusive project had been undertaken which materially “ affected much of the original writing. This project was the Flora of Illinois, for the compilation of which Dr. Herman S. Pepoon of Y= Chicago was engaged. To sustain a more perfect agreement between the two texts, Dr. Pepoon was consulted on the preparation of this “wild flower collection, and to him fell the task of checking the new [/™ information and revising the keys. In this manner about one \ -\ hundred sixty additional species were placed in the work, mostly as footnotes, and all the main descriptions were reworked to conform to the standard of information it was felt that each should supply. Without the assistance of several Illinois botanists the book could not have merited the confidence of its sponsors or the public to whom it is presented. Dr. MacDougall having removed from the state, it was found necessary to confer with other scientists. It is for this reason that authorship of the book is not ascribed to one writer, and that we record our thanks and appreciation of those friends who have contributed to this endeavor. ~ Nomenclature, which follows the seventh edition of Gray’s =) Manual except for a few obligatory changes, has been certified by “Mr. Paul G. Standley of the Field Museum of Natural History, LN Chicago. Two sections in the introductory chapter have been ‘prepared by men outside the Survey staff—the ecological material iN entitled “Plants in Their Homes,” page 2, by Dr. George D. Fuller, associate professor of botany in the University of Chicago, and the 96326623 liscussion of fruits, page 20, by Dr. John T. Buchholz, professor of botany in the University of Illinois. The set of illustrations which accompanied the original manu- script was the work of Mrs. Charlotte Liebtag Grant of the Univer- sity of Illinois department of botany. Her drawings have for the most part been retained; however, where alterations or new ones were needed they have been furnished by Dr. Carl O. Mohr, asso- ciate entomologist and artist for the Survey. The frontispiece is a water color by Cecil Vincent Donovan, assistant professor of art in the University of Illinois. In final form, the book was planned, styled and indexed, and the work of the several contributors unified, by Mr. Carroll Chouinard, editor for the Survey. THEODORE H. FRison Urbana Chief June 1, 1935. —’t is and ever was my wish and way To let all flowers live freely, and all die (Whene’er their Genius bids their souls depart) Among their kindred in their native place. I never pluck the rose; the violet’s head Hath shaken with my breath upon its bank And not reproacht me; the ever-sacred cup Of the pure lily hath between my hands Felt safe, unsoiled, nor lost one grain of gold. The Life of Flowers—WA.ttTER SavaGE LANDOR Vili CONTENTS Page Mie mates Fos 7 Ta eee oe ae vil Wild Flowers: Where They Grow and How acy. sre Hermedin vn 02625 4. ones 1 Plants in their homes 2.—Plant structure 5.— Pollination 18.—Fertilization 20.—The fruit 20. —The names of plants 24.—The use of keys 25. Nia Biowers-of Illinois. ©... 040 fs-i02 wane = 29 Key to families 30.—Description of species 35-392. Pibetee kn oo... ues Sees Lees See 393 Botanist Go thou to thy learned task, I stay with the flowers of spring: Do thou of the Ages ask What me the Hours will bring. RatepH Wa.tpo EMERSON I believe a leaf of grass is no less than the journey work of the stars, * * * And the running blackberry would adorn the parlors of heaven, Song of Myself—Watt WHITMAN EELINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY MANUAL 1 MARCH 1936 Wild Flowers WHERE THEY GROW AND HOW THEY ARE FORMED ~ Ye field flowers! the gardens eclipse you ’t is true: Yet wildlings of nature, I dote upon you, For ye waft me to summers of old When the earth teemed around me with fairy delight, And when daisies and buttercups gladdened my sight, Like treasures of silver and gold. Field Flowers—Tuomas CAMPBELL HY is the dominant color of vegetation green? It is be- cause most plants contain millions of tiny round or oval bodies which are filled with a substance that happens to be green. Because it is green this substance is called chlorophyll, meaning leaf green. Chlorophyll is one of the most important things on earth because it enables the plants that have it to manufacture food from carbon dioxide and water. Either we eat the plants or animals do; in the first case chlorophyll is of direct importance in human food and in the second it is indirectly concerned, for people may eat the meat of such grazing animals as cattle and sheep. Or, chlorophyll may be important in the lives of things man uses, such as the wood of trees for houses and furniture, herbs for medicines, and numberless extracts in the chemistry of certain industries. Importance of flowers.—Like other living things, plants grow old and die. Therefore, they must reproduce that there may be a constant supply of plants year after year. Flowers are the structures primarily concerned with reproduction; to understand this relationship is to know the flowers’ true im- portance. Secondly, flowers are beautiful in combinations of colors, shapes, sizes and numbers of parts that are truly astonish- ing and worthy a lifetime of study. 1 ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY MANUAL 1 Indeed, the beauty of many of our wild flowers has largely proved their undoing. A great part of the joy that comes from driving through the country or hiking through fields and woods would be missing if there were no wild flowers there to greet us. But being there, they have moved many thoughtless people to pick them, often in such numbers as to exterminate them from many areas they once dominated. Legal protection.—In an effort to protect the flowers which are rapidly disappearing at the hands of wanton pickers, the state has given them the protection of law. In 1923 the General Assembly of Illinois enacted a law for the conservation of certain wild plants. This act makes it unlawful to buy, sell or offer for sale any trillium, lady’s slipper, gentian, bloodroot, columbine or lotus. It also prohibits the picking of certain kinds of wild flowers without consent of the owner of the prop- erty on which they grow. Such a law, of course, is commendable, but lovers of nature as well as legislators must come to the rescue of our vanishing flowers; every effort should be made in schools and homes to teach others the advantages of conserving the beautiful, the interesting and the useful things of nature. PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES Plants, like human beings, are social and live in communi- ties. Occasionally on a sandy desert or rocky ledge a solitary plant may be found growing quite alone, but the vast majority are grouped together by similar needs and for the solution of their similar problems. Chief among their common needs are water, light, warmth and space in which to grow and reproduce. Within the limits of Illinois, rainfall is so abundant that most of its native plants usually have sufficient water, and the sun- shine gives an abundance of light during the spring and summer days. From April to October it is warm enough for plants to grow, and the soil is so rich that the space in which to develop becomes crowded, often overcrowded. Plant succession.—With the crowding, some plants are not able to compete with others and they disappear or are found in small numbers only. Plants that need an abundance of sunlight often crowd the surface so much that their own seedlings, unable to grow in the shade of the parents, die out and allow plants that endure shade very well to come in under the sun plants. The earlier communities thus effect changes resulting in their 2 FIELDBOOK OF ILLINOIS WILD FLOWERS own destruction at the same time that they prepare the way for other and more highly organized communities. These successor- groups finally reach such a high degree of perfection and stability that we speak of them as climax communities, which may endure for centuries with little or no change. The great plant communities of Illinois are its forests and grasslands, covering many square miles. Then there are smaller communities of its rivers, lakes and ponds, and also some of its rocks and open sandy plains. Since we lack room here to discuss them all, mention of a few of the most important must suffice. Perhaps the forests are most interesting because of the abundance and variety of plants they contain and the beautiful flowers which the trees shelter. Most of our forests are old. They have occupied their places for centuries. We can, however, still find some young ones in abandoned farms and pastures that are no longer grazed. There the trees are likely to be small, some of them mere shrubs like the sumachs, the thorn and crab apples. Then there are the aspens, the sassafras and the red cedars. All these need an abundance of sunlight, consequently their seedlings do not de- velop well in their own shade but give way to oaks, hickories and maples, and in the southern part of the state to beech and tulip. While these changes in the forest communities are going on—changes that require centuries to accomplish—the soils too are changing and eventually there develops a luxuriant climax forest on a rich climax soil. Forest flowers.—We may for the present disregard the trees and examine some of the other plant citizens in the forest community and see how they have solved their problems. Each forest community in the succession which has led to the climax has its own group of wild flowers, but the finest collection is found in the richest forests. There they form a seasonal suc- cession from early spring to late autumn. The early spring flowers have a good water supply, for the winter snows and spring rains have thoroughly moistened the soil. In order to get plenty of sunlight they have stored material in bulbs, roots and rootstocks so that the spring beauties, the bloodroots, the dogtooth violets, the Dutchman’s breeches, the harbinger of spring, the hepaticas, the blue phlox and their associates are able to expand their leaves and open their flowers days and weeks before the trees have come into full foliage and 3 ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY MANUAL 1 shaded the ground. At this time, too, the forest floor has on it few larger leafy plants and hence the smaller spring plants are not submerged by their taller neighbors. Under such con- ditions the vernal plants open their petals and expand their leaves, and many of them ripen their seeds before the taller plants come into leaf. There is another group of early flowers, growing where the soil is thinly spread over the rocks, which, because they find that only in spring is there enough water, come up early, flower quickly in spring and spend the dry summer as resting bulbs or dry seeds. In this group are the little draba, the small white forget-me-not, the purple oxalis, and the nodding wild onion. SUMMER AND AUTUMN FOREST FLOWERS As the expanding leaves of the forest shade its floor, the flowers of the late spring and summer appear. These are plants with broad thin leaves that thrive in the shade. They grow taller, completely carpet the forest floor, and quite conceal the early spring flowers. To this group belong the May apple with its broad umbrella leaves, the baneberry and the blue cohosh, the yellow celandine poppy, the waterleaf, the purple wild geranium and the blue Virginia cowslip. Besides, there are the wild parsnip and its many relatives, including the yellow pimpernells, the white sweet cicely, the honeworts and the sanicles. There are also scores of other broad-leaved shade plants that crowd one another in the cool depth of the forest. At the same time, the ferns expand and claim a portion of the forest’s shade. There are the shield and Christmas ferns on the hillsides and the spleenworts and delicate maidenhairs of the deep woods, while in the moister spots the interrupted and cinnamon ferns may be found. As the summer advances, another group of flowers appears. It includes the asters, goldenrods, thoroughworts, white snake- root and wood sunflowers, all of which belong to the great Composite family. About the same time, the tall American bellflower opens its blue blossoms and the yellow flowers of the false foxgloves appear. During all these months many less common flowers will be found to enrich the seasonal succession of bloom. Prairie flowers.—On the grasslands the problem of light is much different than in the forest. There is no midsummer 4 FIELDBOOK OF ILLINOIS WILD FLOWERS shade for prairie flowers and hence the broad-leaved shade plants are absent from the grasslands. The level prairie surface is not well drained, and hence the soil in early spring is too wet for many spring flowers. A little later, however, the prairie violets come in, and late in spring the fields may be pink with phlox and nodding wild onions, while nearby are the pale blue spikes of the wild hyacinth and the golden clumps of the puccoons. By midsummer an abundance of plants will have overtopped the grasses and opened their flowers in the full sunlight. Among the conspicuous ones are the white and purple prairie clovers, the milkweeds, the wild morning glories and the verbenas. Late summer brings its mobs of the daisy family, which includes the purple ironweeds and blazing stars, the white and purple asters, and the yellow flowers of the goldenrods, compass plants, coneflowers and sunflowers. Thus the beauty of the spring flowers of the forest 1s surpassed by the gorgeous display of the prairies in July and August. Other flower homes.—Among the floral displays found in other communities are the marsh marigolds and spring cress of the stream side, the violets and yellow buttercups of the flood- plains, and the water lilies of the ponds and lakes. All the communities are worth careful study, and will disclose to the student some insight into the ways of nature and repay the observer with pictures of varying beauty. PLANT STRUCTURE A, VEGELATIVE The three fundamental kinds of vegetative parts possessed by flowering plants are roots, stems and leaves. These parts . are a means of reproduction in many plants, but more generally they are concerned with growth and the preservation of the individual. Roots.—The true, scientific definition of a root differs markedly from the ideas about roots held by people in general. It will serve our purpose here, however, to observe in a general way how roots serve the plant, so that essential ideas of what a root is and does may be gained. Roots generally are descending structures dividing at ir- regular intervals, having a protective structure over the growing 5 ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY MANUAL 1 cells at the tip, called a root cap, and discharging three principal functions—anchorage, absorption of water and certain mineral salts, and food storage. They may be grouped into two common systems—faproot and diffuse. The taproot system is like that of the parsnip, with a main central root extending vertically into the soil and having many much smaller branches. In the diffuse root system there are numerous roots of approximately equal size that extend downward and outward in all directions. The majority of diffuse-rooted plants have very fine or fibrous roots, as corn or other grasses, but some like asparagus and rhubarb have many thick roots of diffuse arrangement. Roots of most flowering plants are in the ground but in some instances they are aerial or in water, and it is to be remembered that not all underground structures are roots. Stems.—That portion of the plant that bears the leaves is the stem, and that place on the stem where the leaves are normally borne is called a mode. Also at the nodes, branch stems are developed from the sides of the main stem. There are many modifications of stems which at times are not easy to recognize; of them the following will be met in the descriptions of plants in this book: rhizome, tuber, bulb, corm, stolon, tendril and scape. MODIFIED FORMS OF STEMS The rhizome or rootstock is an underground stem which ts usually elongated and horizontal. It grows from a terminal bud and produces lateral buds at its nodes. A curious thing about the rootstocks of perennials is that all of them in the same species are found at approximately the same distance beneath the sur- face of the soil. If in growing through the soil these underground stems encounter a depression, they grow downward; if they . encounter an elevation they grow upward, so as to maintain their usual distance beneath the surface. This phenomenon, which is not well understood, is sometimes called the “law of level.” A fleshy underground stem, much enlarged and short, usually ovoid or oblong, and also bearing a terminal and several lateral buds, is called a tuber. The common potato is our best example. A bulb is a short underground stem, tipped by a bud, from 6 FIELDBOOK OF ILLINOIS WILD FLOWERS which rise many fleshy and food-storing scales or modified leaves that overlap and form a hard-packed, ovoid mass. The lily and the onion grow from bulbs. | That form of underground stem which is short and solid, usually flattened from top to bottom, and stored with plant food, is called a corm, of which the Jack in the pulpit is a good example. A stolon, frequently called a runner, is a horizontal stem which extends over the ground until the tip takes root and aS a b C Fig. 1—CompLerte, SIMPLE AND COMPOUND LEAVES. a.—Simple leaf, complete with stipules. b.—Pinnately compound leaf. ¢.— Palmately compound leaf. at the same place produces leaves and flowers, propagating a new plant. Runners of the strawberry are known to everyone. A tendril is a coiled slender outgrowth of a leaf or stem which usually assists in supporting the plant, and is commonly observed on vines. A scape is a naked flower stalk that rises from the ground and has the true stem structure. A tulip is probably the most familiar example. Leaves.—Leaves vary considerably in different kinds of plants, and so are used much more than roots and stems for purposes of identification. A complete leaf is composed of three parts: blade, petiole and stipules, fig. 1 a. The essential part of the leaf is the d/ade, 7 ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY MANUAL 1 which has many forms but in the majority of cases is broad, thin and flat, so as to provide a large surface for absorption of the light that is needed in manufacturing plant food, and for water loss by evaporation. The petiole, if it is present, is the stalk by which the blade is attached to the stem. The base of the blade is its usual place of attachment to the petiole, but the attachment may be to the under surface as in the garden nas- turtium, in which case the leaf is said to be peltate. Stipules Fig. 2.— LEAF MARGINS AND VENATION. a.—Pinnately veined, lobed leaf of oak. b.—Palmately veined, toothed leaf of nettle. c.—Netted-veined, doubly toothed leaf of elm. d.—Parallel-veined, entire leaf of false Solomon’s seal. are the outgrowths, frequently leaflike, from either side of the petiole base. Leaves may be modified into forms not easily recognized, as, for example, the spines of cactus and the scales of the onion bulb. Quite commonly they retain a familiar shape but are incomplete by absence of stipules, petiole or both. On many kinds of leaves no stipules develop, from others they drop when the leaf is young, and on the complete leaf they persist, of course, through maturity. The fine scars on the stem at the bases of the petioles, left as the stipules drop off, are called 8 FIELDBOOK OF ILLINOIS WILD FLOWERS a b C e f Fig. 3.—TuHE sHAPES OF LEAVES. a.—Lanceolate. b.—Ovate. c.—Heart-shaped or cordate. d.—Linear. e.—Oblong. f.—Oval. the stipular lines, which are helpful in identifying certain kinds of plants. Sometimes the petiole is lacking and the blade is 9 iLLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY MANUAL 1 attached directly to the stem, in which case the leaf is said to be sessile. In other cases where the petiole is absent, as in the grasses and grasslike plants, a lower portion of the leaf clasps or encloses the stem, and either splits down one side or forms a complete tube. In either case the clasping segment is called a leaf sheath. : SIMPLE AND COMPOUND LEAVES A simple leaf is one in which the leaf blade is a single piece, fig. I a. A compound leaf is one in which the blade is divided into leaflike parts, called /eaffets. If the leaflets are arranged like pinnae of a feather the leaf is pinnately compound, fig. 1 b; ar- ranged like fingers of the hand, the leaf 1s palmately compound, fig. 1 c. Sometimes the leaflets are divided, so that the leaf is said to be twice compound, and subdivision of these latter parts makes the leaf three times compound.’ A leaf whose petiole has three main divisions is ternately compound; each of these divisions may have its little petiole, or petio/ule, divided three times to make the leaf twice ternately compound. The leaf which simply has three leaflets is called trifoliate, and the term ternate is usually reserved for leaves two or three times ternately compound. VENATION AND SHAPE OF LEAVES Pinnate and palmate are terms used also to describe arrange- ment of the principal veins of the leaf. If there is a midvein and the other large veins branch from it like pinnae, the leaf is pinnately veined, fig. 2 a; but if all the main veins start from the base of the blade, the leaf is pa/mately veined, fig. 2 b. In many leaves numerous small veins connect the larger ones, to form a network. Such a leaf is said to be netted veined, fig. 2 c. In other cases, such as the leaves of orchids, lilies and grasses, there are none of these small cross-veins; all veins run in approximately the same direction and are nearly parallel, fig. 2 d. Such leaves are said to be parallel veined. The commonest shapes of leaves are shown in fig. 3. Some- times a Janceolate, a, or ovate, b, leaf may have the broadest part near the tip instead of the base, in which case the terms oblanceolate and obovate are used. The heart-shaped leaf, c¢, is another common form. The terms /inear, d, and oblong, e, describe leaves such as those of the larger blue flag and common 10 FIELDBOOK OF ILLINOIS WILD FLOWERS milkweed, respectively. Common chickweed is an example of a plant bearing ova/ leaves, f. CHARACTERISTICS OF LEAF PARTS Tips, bases and margins of leaves are described in a number of ways that assist and sometimes clinch the identification of plants. Bases and tips may commonly be referred to as rounded or narrowed. Short blunt tips are called obtuse, sharp acute, and long sharp points acuminate. The margins of leaves or leaflets may be, as shown also in fig. 2, /obed, a, toothed, b, or entire, c. Teeth may be coarse or fine, sharp or blunt; or the leaf may be doubly toothed—having large teeth whose margins have small teeth, fig. 2c. The lobes or the teeth vary greatly. They may be small or large, round or pointed, deep or shallow, and their margins may be entire or toothed. The indentation between two lobes is called a sinus. Leaves originate as outgrowths from the sides of developing young stems while these are still in the bud. At the nodes or points of attachment for the leaves there may frequently be seen buds just above the leaf or above the scar left by the leaf when it drops. This position in the angle between leaf and stem is called the axi/ of the leaf, and buds developing there are axillary buds. ARRANGEMENTS OF LEAVES ON STEMS There are three possible arrangements for the leaves at the nodes. If there is one leaf at a node the arrangement 1s spiral, sometimes called alternate, since the leaves range round the stem so that no one is directly over the leaf at the node next below. Two leaves at a node form the arrangement called opposite; and three or more at a node the whorled. A whorl of leaves immediately below a flower or flower group 1s called an involucre; a secondary whorl of modified leaf structures above the involucre is called an involucel. Some or all of the leaves may be dasa/. In such case they spring from or near the base of the stem, and may be few and sessile or on long petioles, or many forming a rosette at the surface of the soil. Leaves divide into two great classes according to the length of time they remain on the stem. If they stay all winter, per- sisting until after new leaves develop, they are evergreen; how- ever, if they drop off in autumn they are known as deciduous. 11 ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY MANUAL 1 B. REPRODUCTIVE Plants that propagate by means of their vegetative parts, such as by stolons as we have noted, have an asexual or vegetative means of reproduction. Plants that grow anew from seed have a sexual means of reproduction through the functioning of special- ized organs in the flower. Fig. 4—THE COMPLETE FLOWER. I.—Pistil; a, ovary; b, style; c, stigma. II.—Stamen; d, filament; e, anther, gross view; f, anther, cross-section. III.—Perianth; g, sepal; h, petal. THE FLOWER The complete flower.—A complete flower, fig. 4, consists of four kinds or sets of organs—pistils, stamens, petals and sepals. There is a type of flower in which these parts are spirally arranged around a central axis, but in all other flowers each set of organs makes up its own circle around the center of the flower and is called a whorl. In many flowers the organs are distinct and easily recognized; in others they are considerably modified. Pistils—The innermost whorl comprises one or more pistils. A pistil, fig. 4 I, usually has three parts. The enlarged portion at the base, a, is the ovary. Two or more individual pistils may occur, fused together so as to make the whole structure appear to be a single one having rounded projections, which mark the true number of pistils present. This is the compound pistil, and 12 FIELDBOOK OF ILLINOIS WILD FLOWERS because the projections are mostly prominent at the ovary, such an ovary is commonly spoken of as /obed. Within the ovary at the base of each pistil are one or more small bodies, called ovules, attached to a mass of tissue which, no matter what its location in the ovary, is called the placenta. If this tissue is part of or an outgrowth from the wall of the ovary, the ovule attachment is said to be parietal. In the compound ovary the placenta of each unit pistil may appear to have been pressed so closely to its neighbor that fusion occurred, to produce a united column in the middle of the structure. This column or axis to which the ovules cling gives the name of axia/ attachment to the arrange- ment. Each unit pistil is then a carpe/in the compound pistil, and its walls form partitions in the compound ovary. If we imagine that in some flowers these partitions disappear so that the several carpels coalesce into a single compartment, the placentas will be left as a column by itself in the center, and to this form is given the name free central placenta, which is the type common to the Pink family. At the upper end of the pistil is a portion, c, usually enlarged, which is called the stigma. This is usually somewhat sticky and it serves to receive the pollen. The sty/e, b, merely connects stigma and ovary; in a few cases it is lacking and in others it may be branched as further indication that the pistil is compound. STAMENS, PETALS AND SEPALS Stamens.—Next outside the pistil or pistils is a set of organs called stamens, which vary greatly in number among species. A stamen, fig. 4 II, usually consists of a stalklike portion, d, called the fi/ament, which bears the principal part of the stamen —the anther, e, or structure in which the pollen grains are formed. ee ciclle the filament may be lacking. Anthers have various forms, the most common showing in cross-section four rounded masses of pollen-forming cells. At a later stage, f, two of the walls between these pollen cells break down to loose the pollen grains in two chambers or pollen sacs, one on either side of the anther. Stamens may have long filaments and extend beyond other parts of the flower, then they are spoken of as exserted; when they do not extend they are included. Petals—Outside the stamens is a leaflike whorl of organs which are rarely green and more often white or highly colored. These are the petals, which make up the corolla, fig. 4 III h. 13 ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY MANUAL 1 They commonly attract insects that will pollinate the flower. They may rise separately or be joined together for part or all of their length. In any case, the variety of forms due to these possibilities alone is so great we ought to consider it a little more fully, and may by reading the descriptions of regular and irregular flowers, page I$. The petals themselves have many shapes. A common one is that of an ovate upper portion and a comparatively wide base; less commonly the upper part is expanded and called the /imd, which tapers into a stalklike base called the claw. Certain modifications in the structure of petals, or appendages on them, will be met in descriptions of Illinois wild flowers that follow. Some are: the palate, a swollen projection into the throat of the corolla on the lower half of such flowers as snapdragons; spurs, as in wild columbine, which are hollow, pointed and backward elongations of one or more petals; p/aits, which are wrinkles or slight lengthwise folds on the petals; and crowns, bractlike outgrowths or fringe on the inner side at the junction of claw and limb. Sepals—Finally, the outermost whorl consists also of leaflike structures called sepals, fig. 4 III g. They comprise the calyx, and like the petals may be separate or grown together. The calyx is usually green and protects the flower in bud. In certain cases where the corolla is lacking, and in some where it is present, the calyx is white or colored and increases the flower’s attractiveness for insects. Calyx and corolla together compose the perianth. Other structures.—Several additional structures may occur on the lower parts of flowers, usually the sepals. 4was are stiff bristles which terminate some flower part. The ood is one or more sepals or petals rolled up like a helmet or hood, covering stamens or pistils or both. Within the hoods may be a glutinous structure, called a horn, which curves over the stamens and pist- ils, and assists pollination by forcing insects to brush against anthers and stigmas. Perfect and imperfect flowers.—As we have said, a flower that possesses all four sets of organs—pistils, stamens, petals and sepals—is called complete; lacking one or more sets it is imcom- plete. In addition, the flower may be perfect or imperfect. If a flower has stamens and pistil, the organs directly concerned with sexual reproduction, it is perfect, whether it has other parts or 14 FIELDBOOK OF ILLINOIS WILD FLOWERS not. If either the pistil or stamens are missing the flower is imperfect. The flower may be incomplete by absence of stamens or pistils and therefore be imperfect, or it may be incomplete by absence of calyx or corolla or both, and remain a perfect flower. A complete flower is necessarily perfect. A flower without pistils (incomplete and imperfect), and having stamens, is called a staminate flower; likewise a flower without stamens and having pistils (also incomplete and im- perfect), is called a pistillate flower. A plant which bears the two forms of flowers 1s monoecious; plants that bear only pistillate or only staminate flowers are dicoecious. Regular and irregular flowers——The majority of flowers are star shaped, having petals nearly alike in size and shape radiating from the center of the flower. Usually the remaining parts of star-shaped flowers are similarly arranged, and where the members of each set or whorl are alike, the flower is regular or radial. Unlike sepals or petals make the flower irregular or bilateral. Five principal types of irregularity will be met among Illinois wild flowers. Perhaps the simplest is that form in which a petal or sepal is deformed, modified or enlarged out of likeness to the others. Orchids, for example, have the lowest petal inflated into a sac and sometimes prolonged backward into a spur. A second form is that of the violets, wherein the two upper petals are alike, the two side petals resemble each other, and the lowest is unequal, swollen or spurred. A third and very pronounced type is illustrated by the pea and bean, whose flowers are butterfly shaped. In them one petal is broad and conspicuous, and in the bud is folded about the others; this is the standard. Two narrower petals, one on either side, are called wings; the two lower and usually smallest petals are loosely united to form the kee/, enclosing stamens and pistil. Five- parted flowers in which the two upper petals unite nearly or entirely their length, the three lower uniting similarly and the two groups thus formed joining below or partly up the sides are called two-lipped, labiate or bilabiate flowers. The snap- dragon is a good example. The fifth type of irregularity is that of the strap-shaped ray flowers of the Composites. Here the petals are united into a tube upward a slight distance from the base, and the rest of the way the tube is as though split open, and the corolla lies flat like a strap. 15 ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY MANUAL 1 Petals, and to some extent sepals, by being joined for part or all of their length, present a variety of forms, regular and irregular. Certain types of joined corollas are subu/ar, others are bell shaped. A narrow tube that flares into a wide-spreading border, called the /imd, is salverform. If the tube graduates into the border instead of diverging suddenly, the corolla is — funnelform. The junction of tube and limb is the throat. Flowers whose petals spread out at once, with no tube or a very short one, and radiate like the spokes of a wheel, are wheel shaped. Arrangement of the flower organs.—We have seen that the organs are in sets or whorls around the center of the flower, but we will also need to consider the relative heights at which they are attached. Fig. 5.—ATTACHMENT OF THE FLOWER PARTS. a.—Hypogyny. b.—Perigyny. c.—Epigyny. The stem or flower stalk that supports a solitary flower or a flower cluster is called the peduncle. The stalk of an individual flower within a cluster is the pedice/. The upper end of the flower stalk, to which the flower parts are attached, is the receptacle. Alteration in the shape of the receptacle produces the three forms of flowers shown in fig. 5. A convex or conical receptacle has the sets of organs placed upon it one above the other, the lowest being sepals, next petals, then stamens and finally pistils. Such a flower is hypogynous, and the ovary is superior, a. In other flowers the receptacle is cup shaped and the calyx and corolla are attached to its edge, around the pistil but entirely free from it. Such a flower is perigynous,b. Finally the receptacle may be concave, enclosing the ovary and grown fast to it. Here the other parts are attached to the receptacle above an inferior ovary, and the flower is epigynous, c. Flower clusters—A plant may bear only one flower or it may have several or many in clusters. Each cluster is an inflorescence, of which there may be one or many on the plant. 16 FIELDBOOK OF ILLINOIS WILD FLOWERS TYPES OF FLOWER CLUSTERS Flowers are most frequently clustered according to a definite pattern. Five patterns of clusters are shown in fig. 6. The spike, a, has sessile flowers attached to an unbranched stem, and it may be so/id or interrupted. If the little flowers, or florets, are closely arranged, then sparse, then packed again, the spike is interrupted; with the florets in one mass the spike 1s solid. The raceme, b, is a cluster in which the singly pediceled flowers are arranged along the sides of a common stalk. The panicle, c, is a compound cluster whose branches resemble racemes. In the foregoing types of clusters the order of blossoming 1s from bottom to top of the stem, which never has a terminal flower. Fig. 6—Types OF INFLORESCENCE. a.—Spike. b.—Raceme. c.—Panicle. d.—Umbel. e.—Cyme. In the flat-topped cluster called the umbel, d, the pedicels come from the same point, the top of the peduncle, and the subtending bracts become an involucre. The cyme, e, is a flat-topped cluster caused by the production of flowers in terminal buds. Hence axillary buds take up the work of growth, which widens the inflorescence in a compound fashion. SESSILE-FLORET CLUSTERS Three more clusters, whose florets are sessile or nearly so, are the catkin, which is a nodding, drooping or rigid spike; the head or receptacle bearing many flowers; and the spadix, a fleshy spike or elongated head bearing small and often imperfect flowers, the whole often enclosed by a large bract or modified leaf known as the spathe. Typical examples are—catkin, pussy- willow; head, dandelion; spathe and spadix, Jack in the pulpit. 17 iLLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY MANUAL 1 POLLINATION Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma. It must take place before fertilization and the production of seeds can proceed. In most flowers it seems to be advantageous to have the pollen come from some other plant of the same species, rather than from the anthers of the same flower. This cross-pollination is necessarily brought about by some external agency. The principal agents of pollination are wind, water and animals. Agents of pollination.—Although the simplest form of polli- nation is by wind, the structural adaptation of some flowers to it is as perfect as that of others to pollination by animals. Wind-pollinated flowers are in many cases imperfect—some flowers of a species having only stamens and the others only pistils. The staminate flowers are often in catkins, which hang downward and yield pollen, when it is ready, to the slightest breeze. When not in catkins they often have exserted stamens, with anthers freely exposed to the wind. Sometimes the pistillate flowers are also in catkins, but more frequently they are not. Most wind-pollinated flowers produce an abundance of pollen, which is necessary because the wind is a very wasteful agent. It scatters pollen indiscriminately, so that only a small percentage of it falls upon stigmas of the same kind of flowers. Upon flowers of different kinds of plants, the pollen ordinarily does not germinate, or start to grow. Also, wind-pollinated flow- ers usually have neither odor nor nectar, and as a rule are not showy. Where they are perfect, stamens and pistils mature at separate times, preventing se/f-pollination. _ Water is a considerably less important agent, and probably none of the flowers in this book depend on it, except bur sedge and the water purslane. The great majority of flowers described in this book are pollinated by insects. Insects visit the flower to obtain food, either nectar or pollen, and while getting it incidentally bring about pollination. All the many beautiful types of flowers are thought to have originated because of this relationship to in- sects, a phenomenon which if it were not so common would certainly be considered among the most amazing in the whole realm of nature. Many flowers are not pollinated at all un- less they are visited by insects, and some only if visited by a particular kind of insect. 18 FIELDBOOK OF ILLINOIS WILD FLOWERS Flowers pollinated by insects contrast sharply with those that are pollinated by wind. A majority of them are perfect lowers, and many have developed adaptations of form that oractically insure cross-fertilization. DIMORPHIC AND TRIMORPHIC FLOWERS Flowers of the same species which have in one form short stamens and long pistils, and in another form long stamens ind short pistils, are said to be dimorphic, meaning of two forms. [ntroduction of an intermediate stage between these two forms, naking another combination of stamens and pistils possible, sroduces trimorphic flowers, meaning of three forms. The ntermediate stage is the result of adding a second set of stamens hat alternate with and are never equal in length to the first et. Thus in trimorphic flowers we have: form z—a short vistil or pistils, one set of stamens of medium length and the second set long; form 2—the pistil of medium length, one set of stamens shorter and the other longer than the pistil; form 37— he pistil long and the stamens in two sets below it, one short ind the other medium. It is a general principle among flowers hat the lower the position of the anthers the smaller the pollen yrains; and, in trimorphic forms especially, the pollen will not rerminate well unless it is transferred to a stigma of the same elative position as the anther from which the pollen came. There are other notable characteristics of insect-pollinated lowers. Usually they are showy due to color, size, shape or irrangement, and frequently they have an odor. They com- nonly produce nectar, a sweetish secretion of glands at the base f the ovary or corolla. The pollen grains, instead of being dry ind smooth, are often rough and sticky. Flowers that are wide ypen and can be pollinated by nearly any kind of visiting insect often have numerous stamens and abundant pollen, but those vhich partly or wholly conceal the pollen in’tubular or closed orollas usually have few stamens and little pollen. INSECTS WHICH POLLINATE FLOWERS Honeybees and bumblebees are the most efficient among ollinating insects. First, they have a twofold interest in the lower, gathering pollen as well as nectar for food. Then they ire hardy and live longer than other insect visitors; also they ire stout fliers and visit a greater number of flowers over a vider area than do, let us say, butterflies and carrion flies. 19 ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY MANUAL 1 They work continuously from beginning to end of the flowering season and they are good botanists, often confining their visits on any one collecting trip to one species of flower, and so do not mix different kinds of pollen. Their hairy legs and bodies are well fitted for carrying pollen and their elongated mouthparts enable them to obtain nectar from almost any sort of flower. Butterflies are frequent visitors of showy and fragrant flowers, especially those with long corolla tubes. These insects feed on nectar only and are apt to visit several species within a short time. Thus they may cross-pollinate flowers of different species, and that pollen may or may not germinate on the foreign stigma, depending on certain other factors. Moths are closely related to butterflies, but are night flyers instead of day-flying insects, and are thus important as polli- nators of some fragrant light-colored flowers which open in the evening. In the southern hemisphere birds are nearly as common pollinating agents as are insects, but in Illinois the single species of hummingbird which occurs is the only one of importance. FERTILIZATION Pollination is followed after a suitable interval by fertiliza- tion, an event which takes place within each ovule in the ovary. A pollen grain must germinate on the stigma and send out a pollen tube, a fine microscopic thread which grows from a pollen grain down through the pistil until it reaches one of the ovules within the ovary. Each ovule must receive the contents of the end of the pollen tube before it can develop into a seed, and unless fertilization occurs, no seeds will develop. Many flowers fail to develop into fruits because of failure of fertilization, and the number of seeds in the fruit may be few or many depending not only upon the number of ovules in the flower, but also upon the number of these which were successfully fertilized. THE FRUIT To the botanist, the fruit does not necessarily refer to an edible part accompanying or bearing the seeds. The fruit is usually that part of the flower which matures along with the seeds, and often the fruit appears as nothing more than an extra layer or two surrounding the seed coat. A seed is the unit 20 FIELDBOOK OF ILLINOIS WILD FLOWERS which comes from an ovule within the ovary, but a fruit may contain many seeds or only a single seed; it may split open to shed the seeds or it may remain closed and invest the true seed permanently with an extra protective layer. Thus, sunflower seeds, acorns and hickory nuts, forms which range in size from the small dandelion seed to the walnut, are dry fruits not easily separated from the single seed which they enclose. Fruits classified.—Fruits may be classified into the fleshy fruits and dry fruits. Thus the apple, plum and persimmon are fleshy fruits, whereas the maple seed, milkweed pod and cotton boll represent dry fruits. The fleshy fruits are further classified into several categories, depending upon whether they have hard stony centers, separate compartments for the seeds, or bear few or many seeds. The fruit of the apple, quince and pear is called a pome, the fruit of the gooseberry, persimmon and grape is called a Jerry and the fruit of the plum and cherry, with a stony covering for the single seed, is called a drupe. In the blackberry and raspberry (which are not true berries in the botanical sense) we find a cluster of many tiny druplets, each one of them a cherry or plum in miniature. We call this an aggregated fruit. Here there are many small pistils in the flower, each one of which may develop into a druplet; on the other hand, in plum and peach only one pistil is found, which develops in a nilar manner into a single large drupe. Likewise, the strawberry has many simple pistils in the flower, each of which develops into a dry akene, but the receptacle of the flower to which they are attached becomes the conspicuous fleshy part. The fleshy fruit of a garden rose is called by another name, the hip, that of a hawthorn is called a haw, and there are many other names which are used in describing certain special kinds of fruits. For example, the fruit of a melon is called a pepo. DEHISCENT AND INDEHISCENT FRUITS The dry fruits may be subdivided into the indehiscent fruits that do not split open, and the dehiscent fruits that split open when ripe. The smallest of the indehiscent fruits are the akenes, illustrated by the fruits of dandelions. These are frequently provided with parachutes consisting of a crown of tiny bristles (the pappus), which carry them over great distances on air currents. Others, such as Spanish needles, have a pappus of little hooks or spines by which the akenes ‘become attached to clothing and are carried about by man and animals, thus effecting 21 ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY MANUAL 1 their dissemination. Many akenes have no special appendages, others may have tufts of hairs which are formed differently and have other names, such as the feathery crown of hairs on the akenes of clematis, or the coma, or tuft of hairs that rise separate- ly from the seed coat of the milkweed. The seed of grass is often spoken of as an akene but is more properly called a grain or a caryopsis; and that of mints, in which only a part of the ovary comes off with each seed, is called a nutlet. Winged fruits such as those of ash and maple are called samaras. The larger fruits of oaks, hazel and walnuts, which do not split open to shed the seeds, are called nuts, and their dissemination is dependent upon animals; they are commonly planted in the ground by squirrels hoarding their winter’s supply of food. The seed coats of many of these indehiscent fruits are so hard that they must be split open by frost before the seeds can germinate. There are still other, more complex indehiscent fruits, such as the fruit of the cocklebur and burdock. These are aggregates of a flower cluster and are included in the category of multiple fruits. There are also fleshy multiple fruits such as the mulberry, for here we have the product of a cluster of small flowers. Dehiscence.—The dehiscent fruits that split open to shed their seeds are of many different kinds. They split open along definite lines or seams called sutures. The capsule is illustrated by the fruit of the poppy, the Jimson weed and the lily. Some of them split open lengthwise into two or more pieces called valves, they may split open crosswise as in the purslane, or they may open by little pores near the top of the seed capsule as in the common poppy. All these fruits are derived from the flower with a compound pistil, one which has several parts, cavities or compartments. Follicles and pods are names given to certain fruits coming from simple pistils, such as the fruit of a columbine and pea; the first kind splits down the inner side only, the second splits down the outer side as well. The fruits of certain mustards, called siligues, appear similar to the pods and follicles but are in fact compound or double, often having a definite partition between two halves. Thus the more complex terminology employed by botanists implies certain important distinctions which tell us something of the kind of flower and pistil which gave rise to the particular 22 FIELDBOOK OF ILLINOIS WILD FLOWERS fruit in question: though these differences seem trivial at times, they are very important in referring the plant in question to its appropriate family in its classification. They tell us whether the fruit is the product of a flower cluster or a single flower, whether it came from the ovary of a flower which was free from the calyx or one which was united with the calyx, etc. DISSEMINATION Some fruits are disseminated while still containing their seeds, which are shed from them later; other fruits shed their seeds while still attached to the plant. Seed dispersal structures and agents of dissemination.—The fruit of the elm and ash illustrate the samara, or “‘key fruit,” which has wings that readily provide dispersal by wind. Fruits of the maple and box-elder are often double. Many seeds of the dehiscent fruits are provided with special parts which facilitate their dissemination. The seeds of milk- weeds and cottonwood have tufts of long hairs, outgrowths of the seed coats. Seeds of the catalpa tree are flat and fringed on the margins so they are easily borne by the wind. Such naked seeds outwardly resemble but are not true samaras, in that true samaras are fruits containing seeds. When the fruits of the touch-me-not, violets, the lupine and wild geranium split open, the seeds are thrown out with such violence that they are propelled through a considerable distance. Thus the variety of methods by which fruits and seeds are disseminated is so great that close observers may still hope to discover some special method which has not been fully described in a textbook, and many nature lovers derive great pleasure and satisfaction from the pursuit of their observations on seed dissemination. Some naturalists make extensive collections illustrating the great variety of methods of seed dispersal. Water is less common than wind as an agent of dissemination, but is important in that it may carry fruits or seeds for long distances. Many seeds and fruits are lighter than water and will float almost indefinitely, as, for example, seeds of the larger blue flag; they are protected by a corky outer layer that water- proofs them for a considerable time. Such seeds, however, at length absorb water and sink, or continue to float but lose their ability to germinate. Consequently, there is a limit to the dis- tance and time they may be transported by water and still 23 ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY MANUAL 1 grow, with a few exceptions such as arrowleaf, seeds of which have been found with germinating powers unimpaired after soaking at the bottom of a pond for seven years. Again, drift- wood and other floating objects may harbor fruits and seeds, and carry them great distances. It is superfluous to point out that animals play an important part in the dissemination of edible fleshy fruits. They also aid in the dispersal of seeds and fruits which are inedible. Some of the seeds contained in fleshy fruits are disseminated very effectively because they are not digested as they pass through the alimentary tract of birds and animals. The prickly fruits of burdock may be carried over great distances on the fur of various animals or the wool of sheep. The seeds of certain rushes at the water’s edge are so tiny that they may be carried from one pond or lake to another, mixed with mud clinging to the feet of wading birds. Ants disseminate such seeds as those of bloodroot, wild ginger and false mermaid, which have oily or albuminous appendages. The ants feed on these appendages and often carry the seeds considerable distances. Man is an important agent of dissemination, as he scatter s seeds and fruits much as other animals do. He is still more important, however, for his means of travel and transportation. Many kinds of seeds are carried on trains and some of them are scattered along the right of way. For this reason a railroad track is an excellent place to go flower hunting. One is almost sure to find there a flora rich in number and variety of species. THE NAMES OF PLANTS In studying large numbers of objects it is always necessary to classify them in some way. This is true whether the objects are plants, insects, rocks, bank notes or birds. In classifying plants, all those that are the same kind, as determined by their having like characteristics of leaves, flowers, stems, etc., as we have already discussed, are said to constitute a species. This is the simplest group of individuals which have descended from the same stock. All species that resemble one another in certain fundamental respects are grouped into genera. Similar genera are grouped into families, families into orders and the orders into classes. The plants discussed in the following pages need be grouped for our purpose no higher than families. The families appear in this book in order from simple to complex structured, 24 FIELDBOOK OF ILLINOIS WILD FLOWERS and contain a selection of the lesser groups—genera, species and a few varieties or subdivisions of species. All these division-units, or groups, have individual names, and no two family, order or genus names are alike. The technical name is in Latin or Greek, and most groups have a common name in English as well. Thus we have the Rosaceae or Rose family, containing the genus Crataegus or Hawthorns, of which one species, Crataegus mollis, will be found on page 149 as the red haw. Genus and species together comprise the scientific name of a plant, and this is followed by initials or abbreviations to indicate the person who is the authority responsible for the name. Latin and Greek are used because they are more generally understood and have been adopted for this use in many countries. In this book the technical names are, with a few exceptions in the nature of corrections, from Gray’s Manual of Botany, seventh edition, and the plants are listed by families in the order of that text. Common names have been chosen from a variety of sources, and in each case are those which seem to enjoy the greatest favor. But the important thing for us is to get acquainted with the wild flowers, make friends of them, and learn to call them by some accepted name. Whether we use Latin or English matters little so long as we understand which plants are meant. THE USE OF KEYS If our only means of identifying a wild flower were to hunt through descriptions of several hundred species, such as are in this book, the task would be difficult and tedious. If, however, we had a quick way of recognizing the family to which the plant belonged and then were told where in the book the family might be found, locating the plant would not be much trouble. To take the short-cut we consult a key. Step by step through a number of plant characteristics, such as “petals 5,” “petals 4,” we will pick our way, selecting those bits of description that fit the plant we have found and rejecting those which do not, until we complete the series and arrive eventually at the family and page on which our specimen is discussed. Suppose that about June I we start on a hike and in passing through a rather open, gravelly woods we find a little plant with a cluster of basal leaves that remind us of clover, and a 25 ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY MANUAL 1 naked stem, bearing several pretty violet flowers. We examine the flowers and find 5 green sepals, 5 violet petals, 10 stamens, an unlobed ovary and § styles. We will not pick any of the flowers but will sit down among them with our book and turn to the Key to Families, page 30. TRACING THROUGH KEY TO FAMILIES Starting with number 1 in the key, we have a choice of three groups of characteristics: “Trees or shrubs, erect,” “Shrubs (vines) that climb,” and “Herbs.” We choose “Herbs” and go to the number given, which is 19. At 19 we find a choice of four alternatives, and since the leaves of the plant we have are not abnormal in that they are not curiously shaped and are not scales or spines, we go on as indicated to the number 20. Our plant does not have milky sap, and so we proceed to 22; from there, since its leaves are netted veined, we go to 23. As there is a corolla we go to 24, furthermore the petals are separate, and sO we go to 32. At 32 we have “Corolla borne on the receptacle” and “Corolla borne on the calyx.”’ Choosing the first, we move on to 33, and from there, since the leaves are not fleshy, we go to 35. Our plant is growing on land, so that we go on to the next choice at 36, from which we jump to 41, since the flower has, as we have said, 10 stamens. Here the fact that the flower is perfect sends us to 42, and thence, since the corolla is regular, to 43. Here the 5 violet petals of our flower make us choose “Petals 5” and we go as directed to 45. Here we examine the ovary again, find it not 5-lobed, and go on to 46. Now we must be careful in picking out the line which really describes the leaves of our plant—are they opposite, alternate or basal? The key makes it as easy as possible here, limiting the choice to two, and since we saw in the beginning that our plant had basal leaves, we conclude that we have found some member of the Wood Sorrel family. Turning to page 175 we find this family begun with a description of the violet wood sorrel, which, as we read, proves to be the plant we have been tracing. USE OF KEY TO GENERA On some occasions we may have quite a few descriptions within the family to run through before we can be sure of our plant, and a little more help would be welcome. Let us take such an example, leading through a new set of signposts in the key. Suppose that on a little later trip, just outside the woods 26 FIELDBOOK OF ILLINOIS WILD FLOWERS on a waste area of sandy soil, we find a little plant with a slender stem, ordinary net-veined leaves, smooth ovary and blue corolla. Each flower has § narrow sepals, but the petals are grown to- gether into a labiate and spurred corolla. There are 4 stamens and 1 pistil. Perhaps if we look about a bit we will notice one or more plants like ours having fruits, for we may need these in the process of identification. We begin again with number 1 in the key, go to Ig, 20, 22, 23 and 24 as we did before, since as yet the same characteristes belong to this plant as to the other. At 24 we diverge, however, since our second plant has united petals. At 53, to which we have been directed, we choose “‘Calyx free from the ovary” and go to 54, which, because the corolla is conspicuously irregu- lar, sends us to 65. Here the smooth ovary determines that we must go to 66, and now we must turn to the fruits. These are not reflexed on the stem, consequently we pass to 67, and because we have already seen that our flower is neither heart shaped nor 2-spurred, we go to 68. Here the many seeds in the capsule settle the question: our plant is in the Figwort family. Now when we turn to page 299 as provided, we find that this large family contains several genera for which a key had to be provided also. In this Key to Genera will be found the Latin or Greek names only. Using this key exactly like the first, the genus to which our plant belongs will soon be discovered, and after that there will be only one or two full-length descrip- tions to choose from to establish the species.* Under 1 in the Key to Genera, we choose between “Herbs” and “Trees,” and then going to 2, between “Perfect stamens 2,” “Perfect stamens 4,” and “Perfect stamens 5.” The stamens have anthers and filaments and so are perfect, and since there are 4 of them we proceed to number 3. Here we find “Corolla spurred at the base,” and “Corolla not spurred,” and since the corolla is spurred it must belong to the genus Linaria. This genus is represented by two species, beginning on page 301, of which the second, or blue toadflax, Linaria canadensis, page 302, is the one that fits this plant. *It should be remembered that all the keys have been constructed for the particular purpose of running down the plants which this book describes, instead of the families and genera at large. 27 TO THE FRINGED GENTIAN Thou blossom, bright with autumn dew, And colored with the heaven’s own blue, That openest when the quiet light Succeeds the keen and frosty light; Thou comest not when the violets lean O’er wandering brooks and springs unseen, Or columbines, in purple dressed, Nod o’er the ground bird’s hidden nest. Thou waitest late, and com’st alone, When woods are bare and birds are flown, And frosts and shortening days portend The aged Year is near his end. Then doth thy sweet and quiet eye Look through its fringes to the sky, Blue—blue—as if the sky let fall A flower from its cerulean wall. I would that thus, when I shall see The hour of death draw near to me, Hope, blossoming within my heart, May look to heaven as I depart. WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT 28 WILD FLOWERS OF ILLINOIS Your voiceless lips, O flowers! are living preachers, Each cup a pulpit, every leaf a book Supplying to my fancy numerous teachers From loneliest nook. Hymn to the Flowers—Horace Smitu 16. ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY MANUAL 1 KEY TO FAMILIES @rees or shrubs, erect... 52. oi. ee kc eb we 2 Shrubs (vines) that ‘climb.... 2.0: 5... . 2. 1... See 17 BEER se cor 19 Bark and leaves spicy, aromatic. ... LAUREL FAMILY p. 118 Bark and leaves not thus..............'. . .s..eeynee 3 Flowers chocolate brown, 3-parted; fruits bananalike...... SSO Ee ae CUSTARD APPLE FAMILY p. 113 i ts is oa en ee ee 4 Leaves palmately 5-9-foliate. .SOAPBERRY FAMILY p. 190 Leaves pinnately divided; sap milky...........¢/......0. Sr Ie erg a Son pe os CASHEW FAMILY p. 184 Not Chai8. fos bo sis one oe a ah + PS cnet 5 Flowers yellow, blooming in fall........................ RY TS ie ee WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY p. 144 INot tiuse.. 5 os. es 2 be ee oe ee cts Deep 6 Flowers 4-parted: )./: 6o25 6. 2. . 5s) eos a ee 7 Flowers 5 or 6-parted.. 2.2... . 000.05. ee I fe) Flowers in catkins, pendant or erect.. ..BIRCH FAMILY p. 73 Leaves alternate, simple.. DOGWOOD FAMILY in part p. 225 Leaves alternate, compound, dotted with clear spots..... Rt ee Pec «al Se Ee Ge eee RUE FAMILY p. 178 Leaves opposite... 2... 0. 0000.05 bo ee ee 8 We Cel es ae BLADDER NUT FAMILY p. 189 Leaves stmple.)...... 5:55:50 252. ss. es soe oo 9 Flowers -dull purple...STAFF TREE FAMILY in part p. 187 Flowers greenish, white or yellow, many in cluster...... AO Cane ay Sena eee DOGWOOD FAMILY in part p. 225 Leaves Opposite sjo.:62. 0. aegaleo)o.e- wb sone 4 js0 a8 pie II Leaves alternate. 2.3 20). ow nce so» 2.8 ain et pe 12 Flowers greenish yellow, solitary or few in cluster........ is SAE clea See STAFF TREE FAMILY in part p. 187 Flowers white in dense clusters.......:.......si.908.0ue IS 4 aS hal HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY in part p. 321 Flowers very small or small in lateral clusters............. 13 Moet thus... 204... cae e ee es dda ee » alae 14 eet aig erates i. ....7 & 2 .doe ek ees HOLLY FAMILY p. 186 Petals more or less united... HEATH FAMILY in part p. 227 Flowers. irregular, butterfly shaped.......... /:.4.eemaue RN ich. See Tie PULSE FAMILY in part p. 157 Stamens very many; flowers conspicuous...............- re ta | ng Oat”, Alaa ROSE FAMILY p. 145 Petals incurved.............. BUCKTHORN FAMILY p. 192 Petals not incurved; flowers white....................-. i Raa naa SAXIFRAGE FAMILY in part p. 139 30 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. at. 32. 33- FIELDBOOK OF ILLINOIS WILD FLOWERS KEY TO FAMILIES—CONT’D Leaves’compound; flowers large. .. BIGNONIA FAMILY p. 314 Eee ENON TLS J tabla 2S saw cae dd os 3 oo Dao ne eee: 18 Leaves palmately veined..... MOONSEED FAMILY p.114 Leaves pinnately veined. . STAFF TREE FAMILY in part p. 187 Leaves curiously shaped to hold liquids.................. ee OE Poe PITCHER PLANT FAMILY pp. 137 Leaves reduced to prickles; stems fleshy and jointed...... SO OS gee nS eee eee ae CACTUS FAMILY p. 204 Leaves scalelike; plants without green color.............. NOE uh I sd eke HEATH FAMILY in part p. 227 Meaces at Mattila DDEATAHES 2 .a:<.0:<)0 ss. <-.n/ ip on A wie Boe as 20 Mismtaiwitminy ean) eS dt cee 21 SE Ee eT Rah ARTS ers Die we.) 023 Fe 22 Corolla lobes completely reflexed.. MILK WEED FAMILY p. 242 Bee MBE BIS oa. edited oo: DOGBANE FAMILY p. 238 Leaves usually entire, elongate and parallel veined......... 76 Re Ages feted WEIned: foun ec... cos Pee ee Be Pe ee 23 Sener E SS Si 0. eas’ s. ic bebe ae eek» ee 24 ERIM HA TN. Bee! oy Dp We CS ee 25 Petals separate....... RRs sR ee ce eee o cate ee ee 32 Ree ete Oe ICES BENSEER . 2... 2.5...) eee ee ee 53 Stipules’ forming a sheath at each node.................- ee ia aarti s Clace », oe 22 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY p. 78 TERME St ne eet Be nd pic Poe 2H cee Re pide oa ee 26 Flowers perfect, borne in spikes..... PEPPER FAMILY p. 72 Flowers not in spikes, or flowers imperfect................ 27 Pete snore than fo separate... 2: +2. ~ 2 jan eke « vue aes SE ot ee en oe CROWFOOT FAMILY in part p. 95 Piel t- 4st more than 1, not separate... .....: ..---..- cee Ovary ‘fee Pe Ei aici eg sd wt eechin mb cman eee 29 DIME DUNE TICEIO Rice 25 55 ec a. o/ 27s Bie + Sine Ae 2 oo AB = ee 30 Flowers small, clustered in 5-lobed involucres............ EE a © cal ene FOUR-O’CLOCK FAMILY p. 81 iam PMR OUE TMVOIUCEESS 25. 5. so as » 6 oes Hin oe oie ae 31 Calyx small, whitish........ SANDALWOOD FAMILY p.75 Calyx large, ‘conspicuously lic ta) ea eat Ape)! a _ Sah PO Ee A RRS pagar ee BIRTHWORT FAMILY p. 76 Ree Fe ee etal = ane sacle. NETTLE FAMILY p. 74 Styles 3; sap milky.........SPURGE FAMILY in part p. 181 cu et eae eae ee ORPINE FAMILY in part p. 138 OE SS Rs SR ee ae POKEWEED FAMILY p. 80 Carcauamorne on thetreceptacle.: 2.0). ijeaies- +. sdmecdcewes> 33 ere PC EOE ANY. oo une on ice ee a ee ewe fea gle 50 PST cr. oo ee eae Ray, eee Eee Een peat aes 1 gaa? 34 PEI SC a ohh ened vee eS Pans vba a ae ak oR ae mee 35 34: 35. 36. 37- 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43- 44. 45. 46. 47- 48. 49. 50. ee ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY MANUAL 1 KEY TO FAMILIES—CONT D Re ok eS FS none ees PURSLANE FAMILY p. 89 ON Ry gee Baap ORPINE FAMILY in part p. 138 Plants growing in water........ WATER LILY FAMILY p. 91 Plants growing on land}. 02.5. «)... «is «;+. 25 36 Stamens more than :12..:........<.... - = 4s 00 eae 37 Stamens not more than 12. ................ 90s 41 Sap milky or highly colored.........POPPY FAMILY p. 119 PVE Pa FET a os noe 5 ose snlse on » won 38 Stamens united into a column around the pistil.......... gat We Soo 8 ty Se MR Batre Op MALLOW FAMILY p. 193 Not Hing pias o\usare'e ‘a w-n'e's 6 o's ¢ 6.055 bolle pinata Rea nan 39 Pistils more than 1......CROWFOOT FAMILY in part p. 95 |g 13k Se RPO eG 40 SO: See ek een es ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY pp. 199 Petals more than 5....... BARBERRY FAMILY in part p. 115 Flowers imperfect.......... SPURGE FAMILY in part p. 181 Flowers perfect.:..:...,.........+ See be cae 42 Corolla regular... 0.0.0.2... .. eis. <2 ee 43 Corolla trreguiar.........:....+.05 ba BS, ee 47 Reece. te OL Ce 2 FALSE MERMAID FAMILY p. 183 Petals 4.00. 6k kas seinen $5 ee 44 Petals 5:0 Ss A whet eee 45 Petals more than 5....... BARBERRY FAMILY in part p. 115 Stamens 6, 2 shorter than other4... MUSTARD FAMILY p. 124 Stamens more Pan OH. 6s} fake Se | CAPER FAMILY p. 136 Ovary opeds . oo ee. ae GERANIUM FAMILY p. 177 Not thus....).... 00,03 2 ea 46 Leaves opposite; ae swollen. ...PINK FAMILY pp. 82 Leaves alternate or basal. .... WOOD SORREL FAMILY p.175 Leaves with stipules : or eae ad lines. « . s.40'.s.escheee 48 Not thus). suo oer os es ee 49 Bedwas simagie | 000 Sky poe a vostes VIOLET FAMILY p. 200 ‘Leaves compound............ PULSE FAMILY in part p. 157 Calyx spurred; flowers large >... 44....'.|). 2s. 3 i) ag meh eRe Rl TOUCH-ME-NOT FAMILY p. i91 Calyx not spurred; flowers small ae ales 6 6 8s oe eS go eee ee eee + PRI te SES ABRN ES agp MILKWORT FAMILY pp. 180 Style te ee Soe alte Sake a 51 Cae i id erste ce os vw bs wecnsios av whi 9 ot ws ae a 52 Calyx tube enclosing ovary and wholly free from it...... A eee Pe ee | pe Oe LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY p. 205 Calyx tube attached to whole length of ovary............ HA PN, aR GN EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY p. 208 Flowers small in umbels......... PARSLEY FAMILY p. 214 Flowers various, not in umbels... 2 2.....) 44 255 ou gee TOS ee ie oe SAXIFRAGE FAMILY in part p .139 32 53: 54. a5. 7 pe FIELDBOOK OF ILLINOIS WILD FLOWERS KEY TO FAMILIES—CONT’D Demerirectete TRC OVATY, 2). sc ee haw cen oak ee 54 aon. Sttreme to tmeavarys 2. ee oS A 70 Beemeerrceetttr Ef Bet SO. Di i Uae pone gue 55 Poacols couspicupuary itreanlar. 222, 0.0.2.4 8. Le 65 iyarics 4lobed.. /2 ..:.........- BORAGE FAMILY in part p. 259 EE rs Se oiniye ne eeepc ss Dole ade Coe ee 56 Style 3-cleft or lobed. ...... POLEMONIUM FAMILY p. 252 eRe eME RT. 5) he ke hee, fiat | OMS ae ee eee 57 Stamens attached to corolla opposite the lobes.......... Me Ane ae aN ean apa PRIMROSE FAMILY p. 230 Stamens attached to corolla alternate with lobes........... 58 ie aM UESENERENen Phtr an 2 Sc Cet coe fone eet Te ae aie 59 ESR ECEM IRE ae, haa ae ne oe ae 60 Leaves with stipules or stipular lines... ..... 2. -...2.... oe Sy Sali ee Bie ie lame LOGANIA FAMILY p. 234 PEER. “2s OG oe Tit. ost. GENTIAN FAMILY p. 235 Style 2-lobed or divided........ WATERLEAF FAMILY p. 255 ww el Ee ee Se ei ie al mi 61 REARDON get Re) Bs Caray cds near Ba ei a Oe 62 PICA MM eet tee Ne so eb gen ee ees Re 64 Ovules and seeds many..... NIGHTSHADE FAMILY pp. 293 Ovules few, usually 4 Plants climbing or trailing ...CONVOLVULUS FAMILY p. 248 RS OST RR a ee BORAGE FAMILY in part p. 259 Flowers small in spikes. ....VERVAIN FAMILY in part p. 267 Flowers large, not in spikes fA Se ae ACANTHUS FAMILY in part p. 315 2 GE SG Cg 5 MINT FAMILY p. 272 neuer Pore hha PI. cee hs Fae he Pee 66 Fruits reflexed on the stem....... LOPSEED FAMILY pp. 317 (EIS Sip et andens s Soe pn ca a ROR 2g oe, Nt VE Rdg 67 yee care shaped or-spurred.. | o5 ..) oe on _ Oe Bee Ere FUMITORY FAMILY p. 121 gS Us PRESEE So ae oN © Gera REE BR ae 68 Ovules or seeds numerous, small. ..FIGWORT FAMILY p. 299 Gralesior secus few, usually 4. . =. 2.52 oo fan ocd bee oe 69 <0 He en er ACANTHUS FAMILY in part p. 315 2 ES, De er el eee VERVAIN FAMILY in part p. 267 emer orere ys eo), AR fed testo AY 2k SP 71 Blawerstimpertect..*....... l2.. . 6363 GOURD FAMILY p. 326 inmcrsitdestar bended! lho! . PR) ON ee OO bens been a2 eo SUES, ae A Se OS ea a af AA. ee ae 7 PESENS SCPARITC 6...) 2 canis me TEASEL FAMILY p. 325 Bie RR MUA ARE RETY AUENEES s . <5 gules bse a oo > a BRE See Ne Gees ee COMPOSITE FAMILY p. 333 73: 74: 75. 76. 77: 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. * ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY MANUAL 1 KEY TO FAMILIES—CONCL’D Corolla tube split down one side. ... LOBELIA FAMILY p. 330 Cc a4 i Seria MPM EE 74 Semves Miternete. . .. . 0.4 0p 9m on 75 Me MMOS fis ey oni noh's se = MADDER FAMILY p. 318 Corolla 5-lobed..... HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY in part p. 321 Flowers with a colored perianth.............0.000500000% 81 INGE ERUS 6 cece ae ee ce cheeks Ree ba non ahs eng 77 Flowers on a spadix, usually within a spathe.............. Moni ala ahd ALO RENEW <9 o's, hse giv nes ARUM FAMILY, p. 40 PAGE CHGS os ook o we ies vies misin a 9c «emp fe 78 Flowers enclosed by dry husks (scales)................... 79 Flowers not so enclosed; crowded in a spike.............. es RR REE Line uae EG: CATTAIL FAMILY p. 35 Stems round or flattened, not 3-sided........5.......++s00s 80 Seems Msdally S-sided.. (0) 2%)... sansa SEDGE FAMILY p. 39 Stems solid; each flower on a short stalk of its own, with eee ee eee RUSH FAMILY p. 47 Stems hollow except at nodes; flowers in chaffy clusters, number of scales not readily determinable.......... I tes ot Sore Nr SCAN tare ele GRASS FAMILY p. 38 Pistilli nee ee Fees AR. 5 Ae 82 Pistils numerous......... WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY p. 36 Calyx attached below the’ovary. ...:...:.... 1) dst eee 83 Calyx attached above the ovary....... 4.5... 73g 86 Sepals green...) 2.5. iL A SLY... . avd ae 84 Sepals and petals colored alike. ..... i255. 4,4 ee 85 Leaves of chestemin-whotls of 3... ..-... 0.2 80 Ro Ledves all basal’ o70 Sos ritess cle te eee Erythronium p. Reaves .on.stem , 150.3%)... wees, cok eae eee Matanthemum p. Leaves all basal. :.. vac 2k. oS. Léaves off stem... 0.0. Oo eget on) eee Ieaves rigid and sharp’ pointed .....% 2.352 Yucca p. Leaves neither rigid nor sharp pointed.... Hemerocallis p. Style Pee i get eee Oe See PASS ey. BU Tofieldia p. Flowers in the axils of leaves............... Polygonatum p. Flowers in a terminal inflorescence.................. pee Perianth of 6 separate parte... Gee ed Smilacina p. Perianth tubular and 6-lobed.o.. . ¢.4...3., cone Aletris p. LILIACEAE SI 55 57 62 53 57 62 LILIACEAE LILY FAMILY FALSE ASPHODEL Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. The False Asphodel is commonly found only in bogs through- out a comparatively narrow range, Newfoundland and Maine to Minnesota and Illinois, and in this state will be found probably only in the bogs and moorlands of Lake county. It is thus not a plant met ordinarily, | but one for which a search must be made. It is a perennial herb with a stem 6-20 inches tall, very hairy, and sticky because of its numerous black glands. There are usually 2-4 leaves near the base and the rest are strictly basal. Their blades are flat and narrow, one-quarter inch wide and 2-7 inches long. The flowers, more or less clustered in threes, appear from June to August in a terminal raceme which is 1-2 inches long in flower and longer in fruit. The pedicels are covered with glands like those of the stem. The 6 very thin and greenish white segments of the perianth remain on the maturing fruit. There are 6 stamens with slender filaments. The 3-celled capsule is oblong and about twice as long as the perianth. It contains many seeds, each of which has a slender taillike appendage at either end. And nearer to the river’s trembling edge There grew broad flag flowers, purple prankt with white, And starry river buds among the sedge, And floating water lilies, broad and bright, Which lit the oak that overhung the hedge With moonlight beams of their own watery light; And bulrushes, and reeds of such deep green As soothed the dazzled eye with sober sheen. The Question—Percy ByssHE SHELLEY 49 LILY FAMILY LILIACEAE BELLWORT Uvularia grandiflora Sm. The Bellwort is easily recognized by its foliage, for the base of each leaf is grown around the stem in such a way that it looks as though the stem had grown right through the leaf. It grows in rich woods from Quebec to Ontario and Minn- —— ZZ esota, south to Georgia, Tenn- essee and Kansas, and blooms from April to June. A number of fleshy roots branch from the underground stem by which the plant is perennial. The aerial stem is 6-20 inches high and forked above the middle. Below the fork is a single leaf or none at all, whereas several are above the fork. The leaves are somewhat hairy on the lower surface, at least when young, but otherwise the whole plant is smooth. The flowers are lemon yellow and always drooping. The 6 seg- ments of the bell-shaped perianth 7 are separate and they fall off after ‘\ the flower has bloomed. Usually ‘) they are smooth on both sides. The 6 stamens are free from the perianth or attached to its very base. The filaments are slender and short and the narrow anthers are much longer. The ovary is 3-lobed and 3-celled. The 3 styles are united to the middle and separate above. The capsule is 3-angled and con- tains 3-9 seeds. The other Bellwort of the region, Uvularia perfoliata L., has smaller flowers and is covered with a whitish bloom. There are 1-3 leaves below the fork and all the leaves are smooth. The plant grows 6-20 inches high in moist woods or thickets from eastern Massachusetts to Ontario, North Dakota and southwestward. It is a rarity in Illinois. 50 LILIACEAE LILY FAMILY WILD ONION. NODDING ONION Allium cernuum Roth The Wild Onion grows on prairies, banks and _ hillsides from New York to British Columbia and south to West Virginia, Kentucky and New Mexico. It usually has a cluster of 1-2-inch bulbs on a short underground stem. The flower stalk is 1-2 feet high and the leaves somewhat shorter. The many-flowered umbel is nodding, hence the name Nodding Onion. Below the umbel are 2 short bracts which soon drop off. The bell-shaped, white or rose flowers of this species bloom in July or August. The stamens, longer than the peri- ag anth, mature and discharge their x), pollen one atatime. Thestigmasdo 3% a not open until all 6 anthers have * YORWY discharged their pollen, and so assure cross-pollination. The capsule is 3-lobed and 6-seeded. The Wild Leek, Allium tricoccum Ait., grows in rich woodland soil. It has a cluster of bulbs 1-2 inches high, seated on a short underground stem. The leaves appear very early in spring but wither before flowering time in June and July. The flower stalk is 4-5 inches tall and the umbel is not nodding. There are usually 2 fairly large bracts which at first enclose the flowers but later drop off. The pedicels become rigid and more than one-half inch long. The flowers are white and the stamens are not longer than the perianth. The deeply 3-lobed capsule is dehiscent but the round and shining black seeds remain on the plant for some time. k | Cc The Prairie Onion, Allium stellatum Ker, is a rare species in IIli- nois and more abundant westward to Missouri, Kansas and Minne- sota. Here it occurs on sandy or gravelly prairies of the western border counties. The numerous leaves are long, very slender and flat, and rise from a small bulb covered with a firm, thick and smooth membrane. The erect umbel, which easily distinguishes this species from its nearest relative, the Nodding Onion, is at the top of-a naked stem or scape and bears many small pink flowers. The Onion odor is very mild. 51 LILY FAMILY LILIACEAE WILD GARLIC Allium canadense L. Of the several species of Allium that are cultivated, the most important are the English Garlic, the Chives and the common garden Onion, of which there are many varieties. All produce bulbs and all have the characteristic Onion odor. They are propagated by seeds or the small bulbs called sets. The bulb of Wild Garlic is covered by a netlike membrane. Wild Garlic is common in moist meadows and open woods from New Brunswick to Minnesota and south to Florida, Texas and Colorado. It blooms in May and June and often is very showy. The solitary bulb is usually less than 1 inch high. The flowering stem grows 8-24 inches tall and the leaves, all basal, are ordinarily somewhat shorter. Just below the umbel are 2 or 3 white, broadly ovate bracts. The flowers are pink or white. The persistent perianth is com- posed of 6 similar and nearly separate parts, with a stamen, the filament of which is widened below, attached to the base of each part. The pistil consists of a 3-celled ovary, a slender style and 3 small stigmas. The fruit is a capsule containing several black seeds. Often some or all of the flowers are replaced by bulblets. Another Wild Garlic, or Field Garlic, of southern and eastern counties is Allium vineale L., which has a very offensive odor and is thus an evil weed in pastures, for if eaten by cows it taints the milk and renders it worthless. From the very small and hard bulb, which is covered with a tough membrane, rise many soft, hollow leaves of dark green. The slender scape is very rigid and bears at the top a dense umbel of small greenish or purplish flowers. These are largely replaced by small, ovoid and hard bulblets of which each ends in a long threadlike appendage. 52 LILIACEAE * LILY FAMILY WILD ORANGE-RED LILY. WOOD LILY Lilium philadelphicum L. This Lily blooms in July and August and is common in fields where the soil is sandy, and at the edge of woods, from New England to the Rocky mountains. The stem springs from a very scaly bulb and rises unbranched 2-3 feet, producing 1-3 flowers at the apex. The leaves are usually borne in whorls of 3 or more, though occasionally there is only I or 2 at a node. The bud of the Wild Orange-red | Lily is greenish, but when the | always erect flower opens, the SA \\ perianth is shown to consist of 6 reddish orange parts with . 8 r —__—SS i / é purple spots inside toward the — WE base. In western states a deep Tp red variety is more frequently found. The 6 stamens are =) directly in front of the peri- anth segments and slightly attached to their bases, so & i that when pulled they come ly off together. The long style is somewhat thickened toward the upper end and the stigma is 3-lobed. The ovary con- tains 2 rows of closely packed ovules in each of its 3 cells, and the pod fruit is oblong and filled with flattened seeds. The Day Lily, Hemerocallis fulva L., is a common but strikingly beautiful inhabitant of meadows and banks of streams throughout the state. Its 6-15 tawny orange flowers are borne on a single scape 3-6 feet high, and bloom through June and July. The Lilylike, bell- shaped perianth opens for a single day. Often great clumps of this plant are formed from its habit of spreading by means of its bright orange-red rhizomes, which are knotted like beads on a string. A pure, cool lily, bending Near the rose all flushed and warm. Guonare—E, L. SPROAT 53 LILY FAMILY * LILIACEAE TURK’S-CAP. LILY Lilium michiganense Farwell The Turk’s-cap Lily is the common species of the north central Mississippi valley, extending in two or three race forms from Minnesota to Tennessee and from the plains to the Alle- gheny foothills. This is a newly erected species and according to its au- thority is the one for which L. superbum L. has traditionally been mistaken. Marking and formations in the root systems are the determining characteris- tics used to separate the species. This perennial grows in moist fertile soil from a scaly bulb attached to a rhizome, which ex- plains its objectionable migrating habit.. The stems are rather stout, 2-9 feet high, and bear whorls of 6-12 lanceolate leaves. The nodding flowers, sometimes 40 on a singlestem but more commonly 2-6, are terminal and orange-red, thickly spot- ted with purplish brown. The 6 divisions of the perianth are strongly curved backward or evenrolled upon themselves. The fruit is slightly 3-lobed and contains many black seeds. The Turk’s-cap Lily is often mistaken for the Canada or Wild Yellow Lily, Lilium canadense L. This flower, however, has a much yellower bloom and the divisions of its bell-shaped perianth are much less recurved. It is a species which authorities now agree is eastern and Alleghenian. And the stately lilies stand Fair in the silvery light, Like saintly vestals, pale in prayer ; Their pure breath sanctifies the air, As its fragrance fills the night. A Red Rose—J. C. R. DORR 54 LILIACEAE LILY FAMILY YELLOW ADDER’S TONGUE Erythronium americanum Ker Not many of our early spring flowers are yellow, and of those that are, one, the Yellow Adder’s Tongue, is very rare in IIli- nois. It grows in rich forest soil, particularly along the banks of streams, from New Brunswick to Ontario, south to Florjda and Arkansas. The seeds germinate just below the surface of the soil and produce a very small bulb bearing 1 leaf the first year. The next year a stem grows downward from this bulb and forms another bulb a few inches deeper. This process is repeated four or five years, the old bulb withering each time. When a bulb has been pro- duced at a depth of 3-15 inches, depending on the character of the soil, it sends up a stem 5-10 inches high, bearing 2 pale green leaves mottled with purple, and 1 flower that blooms in April and May. The 3 sepals are green and purple on the outside, and pale yellow inside, whereas the 3 petals are pale yellow on both sides. Both sepals and petals are dotted with reddish brown spots at the base. There are 6 stammens which have long brown anthers that open lengthwise. The pistil consists of a 3-celled ovary and a single style and stigma. The fruit is a capsule containing many seeds which are brown and curved when mature. Soon after the blooming season the leaves die and the capsule lies on the ground until ripe. The White Dogtooth Violet, Erythronium albidum Nutt., is similar to the Yellow Adder’s Tongue but has white flowers, and the style, which is more slender, bears 3 stigmas. In many places it is also more common. 55 LILY FAMILY LILIACEAE WILD HYACINTH Camassia esculenta (Ker) Robinson The bulbs of this and related species are commonly called Quamash and are edible. The plant is easily cul- tivated and the Indians used it extensively as food. Members of the Lewis and Clark expedition saved their lives by eating Quamash when their food supply ran out. Wild Hyacinth is found in moist prairies and meadows and sometimes in. open woods from Pennsylvania to Minnesota and south to Georgia and Texas, and should be carefully distinguished from the larger-flowered plant of the northwest. The bulb is 1-1% inches high and its outer coat is nearly black. The flower stalk is 1-2 feet high and sometimes bears I or 2 short, narrow, nearly color- less leaves. The foliage leaves are all basal, grasslike and somewhat shorter than the stalk. The pale blue. flowers, blooming in April and May, are produced in a rather open raceme 3-8 inches long when in flower and longer in fruit. Each is borne in the axil of a bract. Bracts, pedicels and peri- anth segments are all about three- quarters of an inch long. The 6 stamens, attached. by slender fila- ments to the bases of the narrowly oblong, 3-5-nerved perianth segments, are somewhat shorter than the latter. The pistil consists of a sessile ovary, a slender style and a 3-lobed stigma. Numerous black, roundish and shining seeds are in each cell of the short, thick, 3-angled capsule the 3 valves of which are transversely veined. 56 LILIACEAE LILY FAMILY FALSE SPIKENARD Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. This species grows in rich woods from Nova Scotia to British Columbia and south to Georgia, Missouri and Arizona. In most parts of Illinois it is very common, and it blooms from May to July. It grows 1-3 feet high and usually the stem is somewhat downy. The leaves are 3-6 inches long, He acuminate and oblong-lanceolate or oval, sessile, the lower short petioled, finely hairy beneath and sometimes above, and with margins finely hairy. Numerous small white flowers are borne in a dense panicle which is 1-4 inches long and peduncled. The 6 perianth segments are oblong, equal and separate, and at the base of each a stamen is attached by its slender filament. The berries are red speckled with purple. They are about one-quarter inch in diameter, have a strong pleas- ant odor, and are eaten in | great numbers by birds. _Another very dainty member of this family, which grows in _moist woods and blooms from May to July, is the Wild Lily of the Valley, Maianthemum canadense Desf. It is small, with a slender, often zigzag stem 2-7 inches high, usually bearing only 2 alternate leaves. The leaves are lanceolate-ovate, heart shaped at the base, with a very narrow sinus, and are sessile or short petioled. The small white flowers are pro- duced ina terminal, rather dense and many flowered raceme. Unlike most Lilies, the perianth segments and the stamens are 4, and the ovary is 2-celled. The fruits are speckled pale-red berries about one-fifth of an inch in diameter. LILY FAMILY LILIACEAE FALSE SOLOMON’S SEAL Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. There is really nothing false about this plant. It is called False merely because its leaves closely resemble those of the Solomon’s Seal. In fact they are so similar that before the inflorescence appears it is very easy to mistake one species for the other. Ky False Solomon’s Seal grows on moist wooded banks Se _ from Newfoundland to Sh British Columbia and south to Virginia, Kentucky, Kan- sas and California. It also occurs in northern Europe. In our climate it blooms in May and June. It has a stout, fleshy Oe gaa ZA, underground stem and an \\\ aerial stem, also rather stout, 8-20 fF" Cy inches high, smooth, either : Ss ol straight or somewhat zigzag, and @''/ quite leafy. All the leaves are de ) sessile and somewhat clasping, | ) smooth on the upper side but minutely hairy below. The greenish white flowers are borne in a simple several-flowered raceme which is sessile or short peduncled and only 1-2 inches long. The pedicels are usually shorter than the flowers. The perianth is composed of 6 separate segments which are a little shorter than the 6 stamens. The pistil has a 3-celled ovary that is just a little longer than the style, and a very slightly 3-lobed stigma. The fruit is a berry usually containing 6 seeds. It is sometimes green with 6 black stripes and in other cases entirely black. Although the Three-leaved False Solomon’s Seal, Smilacina trifolia (L.) Desf., extends across the continent in the cooler regions of Labrador and New Jersey to British Columbia, it is infrequent in the bogs of northern Illinois. It may readily be known by the 3 smooth leaves having sheathing bases on the smooth stem. This is a dwarf plant, up to 6 inches, crowned with a small raceme of few rather large, starlike, 6-pointed flowers on peduncles. The small berry fruits are greenish speckled with red-brown. 58 —— = LILIACEAE LILY FAMILY GREAT SOLOMON’S SEAL Polygonatum commutatum (R. & S.) Dietr. The many joints of the rootstocks in this genus account for the name, from two Greek words meaning many, and knee. The Great Solomon’s Seal is found in rich woods and along the shaded banks of streams from New Hampshire to Manitoba and south to Georgia and Arizona. It is perennial by a thick underground stem which plainly shows the scars of each year’s aerial shoots. The smooth and graceful- ly curved, upright stem is 1-8 feet high. Leaves are perfectly smooth and somewhat darker green above than below. The flowers are 2-10 in an umbel, or rarely 1. The tubular perianth is greenish white and 6-lobed at the end. The 6 stamens, having an- thers arrow shaped at the base, are attached at the base of the perianth and grown fast to it for half their length or more. The pistil consists of a 3-celled ovary, a slender style and a slightly 3-lobed stigma. The fruits are dark blue berries, very handsome in summer. The Small Solomon’s Seal, Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) EIL, is more common than the Great. It grows 8-36 inches high and is zigzag near the top. The leaves are pale and somewhat hairy beneath but smooth above. The 1-3 flowers on each peduncle andjthe berries are a little smaller than in the Great Solomon’s Seal, but are other - wise similar. The Rose into the Tulip’s ear Murmured: ‘‘The Lily is a sight; Don’t you believe she powders, dear To make herself so saintly white? She takes some trouble, it is plain, Her reputation to sustain.” Tell-tale—OLIVER HERFORD 59 LILY FAMILY LILIACEAE PURPLE TRILLIUM. WAKE ROBIN Trillium recurvatum Beck Trilliums are easily recognized by the fact that the parts of the plant are grouped in threes. This is our commonest Trillium, occurring by the thousands in some woodlots, and ranging from Ohio to Minnesota, south to Mississippi and Arkansas. It is also the least conspicuous member of the genus. The stem is 6-18 inches high. The leaves are petioled and mottled characteristically light and dark green. The flower is sessile at the tip of the stem. Its 3 green sepals are strongly re- flexed, whereas the red- purple petals are nearly erect or spreading. The anthers of the stamens are much longer than the filaments. The fruit is 6-winged at the top. \ The Large-flowered Trillium, Trillium grandifiorum (Michx.) Salisb., is one of the most beautiful in the genus, and is theoreti- cally protected by law in Illinois. However, ravaging pickers and commercial enter- prises in land have exterminated it from many places. It occurs in woods from /¢ Quebec to Minnesota and south to North i) Carolina and Missouri, and blooms in May and June. The stem is usually stout and 8-18 inches high. The leaves are broadly ovate, 2-6 inches long, rather long pointed and sessile or nearly so. The lanceolate sepals are I-2 inches long and the white or pinkish, strongly veined petals are still longer. The anthers are about one-half inch long and the filaments are shorter. The berry is black, slightly 6-lobed and nearly I inch in diameter. The Sessile-leaved Trillium, Trillium sessile L., is often called Sessile-flowered Wake Robin because in this plant both the leaves and flowers are sessile. The greenish purple petals are lanceolate, erect and spreading, sepals are spreading, and the globose fruit is 6-angled and slightly winged. This is a rare species of moist woods especially in the north and the Illinois valley. 60 LILIACEAE LILY FAMILY SNOW TRILLIUM. DWARF WHITE TRILLIUM Trillium nivale Riddell The Snow Trillium is one of the very earliest of large spring flowers. It is distributed in woods from Pennsylvania and Ohio to Minnesota, south to Kentucky and west to Nebraska, but within this region it is of quite local occurrence, being entirely absent from some localities and in other places forming large and conspicuous patches in the woods. The stem is 2-6 inches high and the 3 leaves are petioled. The pedun- cle is sometimes erect and sometimes bent or curved beneath the leaves. The 3 sepals are green and the 3 petals pure white. The anthers of the 6 stamens are about as long as the filaments. The fruit is a 3-lobed berry. The Drooping Trillium, Trillium declinatum (Gray) Gleason, is another white Trillium which occurs in woods and blooms in May and June. It is larger than the Snow Trillium, the stem being about 1 foot high. Leaves are 3-5 inches long and about as broad. They havea short point and are narrowed at the base but are very nearly sessile. The peduncle is 144-2% inches long and either horizontal or bent downward. The unpleasantly scented flower has 3 white, oblong-ovate petals and 3 green sepals about one-half inch long, filaments of the 6 stamens half as long as the anthers, and a white or pinkish ovary. A dainty inhabitant of rich woods but rare in Illinois is the Nodding Trillium, Trillium cernuum L., in which the horizontal or declined stem hides the white flowers beneath the broad leaves. Petals and the ovary may be pinkish, and the filaments are nearly or exactly equal to the anthers in length. The fruit is a red-purple ovoid berry. The range of this species is from Newfoundland to Manitoba and south to Georgia and Missouri. It should not be confused with the larger, strong-odored T. declinatum, above. Nearby a scarlet creeper trails a fence, Nearer a hawthorn tree Drops its wee crimson apples into the lush green grass. The Golden Bowi—Mary McMILLAN 61 LILY FAMILY LILIACEAE COLICROOT. STAR GRASS Aletris farinosa L. The Colicroot is a shy inhabitant of out of the way places, and is found in dry, more often in wet, but only in sandy soil. It occurs locally from Maine to Minnesota and south to Florida and Arkansas. This is a perennial with numerous tough fibrous roots. The foliage leaves are basal but the flowering shoot, which grows 1-3 feet high, bears several small bractlike leaves. The whole plant is a pale yellowish green, and is very bitter. The many flowers, borne in an erect spicate raceme 4-12 inches long, bloom in July and August. The white cylindrical peri- anth is 6-lobed at the top, with the 6 stamens attached to the tube just below the lobes. Thickly set points roughen and give a mealy appearance to the outside of the perianth, from which comes the generic name meaning a slave who grinds corn. The pistil consists of a 3-celled ovary, an awl- shaped style and 3 stigmas. The fruit is a capsule containing numerous seeds. The plant of which Colicroot appears almost as a smaller edition is the Spanish Bayonet, Yucca filamentosa L., a very striking plant of the southeastern United States which naturally or by artificial means has become well established in many parts of the Ozark uplift. The great basal cluster of swordlike leaves remains green throughout the winter, and in summer if the plant is old enough it sends up a stout scape 2-10 feet high and bearing a great panicle of white flowers. The flowers are 114-2% inches long, ovate and 6-divided, with 6 stamens shorter than the perianth. It requires the Pronuba moth to pollinate and fertilize it, and pays for the work by harboring in its 3-celled capsule along with the many seeds, the egg of the moth. 62 LILIACEAE LILY FAMILY CARRION FLOWER Smilax herbacea L. It is a curious fact that some odors which are very un- pleasant to the human sense of smell are most attractive to certain flies. Thus carrion flies, drawn to this species by its disagreeable odor, pollinate it and give to it their name. This plant grows in woods and thickets from New Brunswick to Mani- toba, south to Florida, Louisiana and Oklahoma. It is perennial by numerous short thick tubers. The smooth, usually branched stem is 3-15 feet high and climbing by means of ten- drils. The smooth, 7-9- nerved leaves are ovate or rounded, mostly heart shaped at the base and ter- minating acutely to short- acuminately. The peduncles are 4-9 inches long and the umbels are 15-80-flowered. There are 6 separate greenish white segments in the perianth, and the flowers are dioecious. The fruits are bluish black 2-4-seeded berries. The Shining Green Brier or Horse Brier, Smilax rotundifolia L., has a hard, more or less angular stem often of great length, bearing numerous moderately stout prickles. The alternate 5-nerved leaves are 3-6 inches long and nearly round, varying to ovate or lanceolate on young shoots. The peduncle, 1 inch long or less, is slightly flattened and bears 6-25 green flowers the perianth segments of which are hairy tipped. The berries are black, one-quarter inch in diam- eter and 1-3-seeded. This species grows in moist thickets and is especially abundant in southern Illinois. It ranges from Nova Scotia to Minnesota and south to Georgia and Texas. 63 AMARYLLIS FAMILY AMARYLLIDACEAE STAR GRASS Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville The Amaryllis family contains a number of important decorative plants, of which the best known are Narcissus, Daffodil and Jonquil. The Century Plant is also a member of this family and likewise the Sisal Hemp from which twine and rope are made. Star Grass grows in dry or moist grasslands from Maine to western Ontario, south to Florida and Texas. It is peren- nial by a corm, from which arises a tuft of linear grasslike leaves, all basal and more or less hairy. The flowering stem, 2-6 inches high and also hairy, comes from the midst of the basal leaves. The flowers are 1-6 in an umbel. The perianth, attached above the ovary, is composed of 6 separate and similar parts which are bright yellow on. the inner or upper surface and greenish and some- what hairy on the outer. To the bases of the parts are attached the 6 stamens, somewhat un- equal in length. The style is a little shorter than the stamens and has 3 angles down which the stigmas extend. The capsule is oblong and thin walled, and the seeds are slightly angled and black. The Daffodil, Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus L., of Illinois is commonly found along field edges and roadsides, especially in the south. A leafless angled scape 6-12 inches high springs from the whitish or brownish bulb and bears a terminal, usually solitary flower. The 6 yellowish perianth segments are separate and to their bases is fixed the cylindrical yellowish crown, enclosing the 6 stamens and the pistil with a deeply inferior ovary. And sweet the brimming dew that overfills The golden chalices of all the trembling daffodils. The Old-fashioned Garden—Joun Russet Hayes 64 IRIDACEAE IRIS FAMILY LARGER BLUE FLAG. FLEUR DE LIS Iris versicolor L. To the Iris family belong the cultivated Crocuses which so delight us in early spring. Here also belongs the Blackberry Lily which is commonly cultivated and which has escaped in some places to roadsides and woods. The Larger Blue Flag or Fleur de Lis is found in wet places throughout the eastern half of the United States and Canada, and blooms from May to July. It is a peren- nial with a stout, irregularly Zi branched underground stem € that gives rise to the flower- ing stalk and a compact : cluster of bladelike leaves, wl nearly vertical and 1-2 feet bei long. The stems are leafy and 1-3 feet high. The splendor of this flower aptly suggests its name, taken from the Greek meaning rainbow. The 3 recurved sepals and 3 upright petals are violet- blue with purple veins and are varie- gated toward the base with green, yellow and white. The style, colored like the rest of the flower, is divided into 3 branches which arch over the sepals and might easily be mistaken for petals. The end of each of these branches is turned back to form a crest. Underneath this crest is a thin lip or shelf the upper surface of which is covered with minute hairs and a sticky secretion. This is the stigma. Curved under these branches of the style are the 3 stamens, each with an anther as long as the filament that bears it. The ovary is below the other parts of the flower and develops into a 3-celled capsule with 2 rows of seeds in each cell. I saw no planted things, But white and purple butterflies Tied down with silken strings. Iris Flowers—Mary MCNEIL FENOLLOSA 65 IRIS FAMILY IRIDACEAE WHITE BLUE-EYED GRASS Sisyrinchium albidum Raf. The White Blue-eyed Grass, common in open grassy places from North Carolina to Ohio, Ontario and Wisconsin, south to Arkansas and Mississippi, blooms from April to June. It produces a large number of grasslike basal leaves and several flattened stems 3-24 inches high. The white or pale blue flowers are produced in an umbel between 2 bracts that form a sort of spathe. The perianth is composed of 6 similar parts, and the 6 stamens have their filaments united more than halfway to the top. The ovary, which is inferior, is 3-lobed, and the style is also. The fruit is a capsule which is pale straw color when mature. The Dark Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium angusti- folium Mill., is quite similar to the white species but the flowers are deep violet-blue and the capsules are dull brown, sometimes tinged with purple. It usually blooms a little later, from May to July. The Large Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium grami- neum Curtis, grows 1-2 feet high in wet meadows and deep woods from New Hampshire to Minnesota and southwest. Its 2-4 large, deep blue flowers bloom in April and June. They are borne at the ends of 2 unequal branches which terminate the stem in the axil of the solitary grasslike stem leaf. Below are several basal leaves, with roughened edges, about 7 ami inch wide and nearly as long as the flower stalk. A WHITE IRIS Tall and clothed in samite, Chaste and pure, In smooth armor— Your head held high In its helmet Of silver: Jean D’Arc riding Among the sword blades! Has spring for you Wrought visions, As it did for her In a garden? PAULINE B. BARRINGTON 66 ORCHIDACEAE ORCHIS FAMILY Aside from having some of the most beautiful and highly prized flowers known to man, the Orchis family is commercially important, since it is from the seed pods of two tropical climbing species that vanilla is obtained. Forty kinds of Orchids are known to grow wild in Illinois, and several of them were at one time abundant. Now, however, not a single species is common. The flower of the Orchid is always in threes. The 3 sepals are alike and the 2 lateral petals, always alike, commonly resemble them. The third petal forms the lip and is the most colorful and striking part of the flower. It - is always dissimilar, often markedly so, usually larger and saclike, frequently bearded or fringed and fitted with a spur which contains nectar for the attraction of insects. All genera except Cypripedium have a single fertile sta- men which unites with the style to form the column in the axis of the flower, at the base of the lip. The style often terminates in a beak at the base of one anther or between the sacs of two. The stigma is the sticky undersurface of the beak. The pollen of most of these plants is peculiarly formed. It consists of 2-8 pear-shaped and usually stalked masses in the 2 cells of each anther. These masses, connected in pairs from cell to cell by elastic threads which at their point of intersection are attached to a sticky disk, are called pollinia. The seeds of Orchids are extremely small and have very little reserve food in them. In many species they will not germinate under natural conditions except in the presence of certain kinds of fungi. In other species the seeds will germinate but are unable to develop beyond the seedling stage unless the proper fungus, which is always found in the roots of mature Orchids, is present. This dependence upon fungi has made the growing of Orchids from seed a very difficult undertaking. Recent- ly it has been found that in some cases at least the stimulus for development that comes from the fungus can be sup- plied by the use of certain chemicals, such as sugars, and Orchid growers are now substituting this method quite extensively. 67 ORCHIS FAMILY ORCHIDACEAE MOCCASIN FLOWER. STEMLESS LADY’S SLIPPER Cypripedium acaule Ait. This handsome and delightfully fragrant Orchid was formerly common but is now very rare. It grows in dry sandy or rocky woods from Newfoundland to Manitoba and south to North Carolina and Tennes- see, and blooms in May and June. It has fleshy fib- rous roots, 2 basal leaves and a rather stout, 1-flowered stalk 6-15 inches high. Stem and leaves are glandular hairy. The sepals and lateral petals are greenish purple, whereas the large in- flated saclike lip is a beautiful pink with darker veins. The lip is nearly closed and must be forced open by insects in gathering nectar. The pollen is granular. The Larger Yellow Lady’s Slipper, Cypripedium parvifiorum Salisb. var. pubescens (Willd.) Knight, grows in voods or inswampy or boggy places. It isa larger plant, 1-2 feet high, nd the stem bears several oval leaves 2-6 inches long and 1-3 inches vide. The greenish sepals, striped with purple, are ovate or lance- late and longer than the lip, whereas the lateral petals, similarly olored and always twisted, are narrower. The lip is a large inflated ac with a rounded opening on the upper side. It is pale or golden ellow and 1-2 inches long. The Smaller Yellow Lady’s Slipper, Cypripedium parviflorum alisb., is similar but the petals are reddish brown and the lip, much maller than in the larger variety, is very fragrant.g The species is ery rare in sandy swamps of the state. The Small White Lady’s Slipper, Cypripedium candidum Muhl., » a dainty orchid of cool boggy prairies and grows in clumps of 2-20 r more stems. The moccasin-shaped lip is less than 1 inch long nd is white outside and purple striped within. The other petals and ne sepals are narrow, elongated, more or less twisted, and spotted ith purple. 68 ORCHIDACEAE ORCHIS FAMILY PURPLE FRINGED ORCHIS Habenaria psycodes (L.) Sw. The Purple Fringed Orchis grows in wet woods, meadows and swamps from Newfoundland to Minnesota and south to North Carolina and westward. It has fleshy, somewhat tuberous roots and a slender leafy stem 1-3 feet high. Leaves vary from oval to lanceo- late and are 2-10 inches long and 1-3 inches wide. This increasingly rare Orchid blooms in July and August. The lilac or purplish and delicately fragrant flowers are borne in a dense raceme 2-6 inches long. The upper sepal is a little narrower than the lower ovate 2, and the 2 lateral petals are oblong and toothed along the upper margin. The lip is 3-parted, the segments fan shaped and beauti- fully fringed. At the base the lip is extended into a spur about three- quarters of an inch long. The pollen is in the form of pollinia. The White Fringed Orchis, Habenaria leucophaea (Nutt.) Gray, is abundant locally across the northern third of the state. The stout, angled stem, 14%4-2% feet high, bears the lanceolate leaves 4-8 inches long, and is tipped with the 3-5- inch, loosely flowered spike. The large flowers are fragrant and white, sometimes tinged with green. The obovate petals are cut toothed and about one-quarter inch long, and the 3 wedge-shaped segments of the half-inch lip are copiously fringed. The spur is 1-1¥% inches long. In northern Illinois bogs and swamps the Tall Green Orchis, Habenaria hyper- borea (L.) R. Br., may be found. The 2-3-foot stem bears many lanceolate leaves 2-12 inches long and is topped by a narrow 2-8-inch spike of greenish yellow flowers. Sepals and petals are oval, blunt and one-quarter inch long, and the some- what larger lip is deflexed and bears at its base a blunt, narrow spur as long as itself. 69 ORCHIS FAMILY ORCHIDACEAE GRASS PINK Calopogon pulchellus (Sw.) R. Br. This Orchid is the only member of its genus. The generic name, from two Greek words meaning beautiful beard, and the Latin specific name meaning beautiful, refer particularly to the lustrous fringe on the lip of the flower. The Grass Pink grows in open bogs and meadows from Newfound- land to Florida, Minnesota and Missouri. It is very rare in Illinois but may be found occasionally in small colonies in the northern part of the state. The scape arises 1-1% feet high from a solid bulb and is sheathed below by the base of the solitary grasslike leaf. Below the leaf are several scales. The raceme inflorescence has 4-12 purplish pink flowers, each in the angle of a small bract. The lateral sepals are flat, curved and tapering, and the upper is narrower. The petals are lanceolate, obtuse and constricted at the middle. The broadly triangular lip is as though hinged at the base and is bearded along the upper side with yellow and purplish crimson hairs. The 2-celled anthers contain pollinia, and the column is about as long as the lip and 2-winged at the summit. The capsule is oblong and nearly erect. The Ragged Green Orchis, Habenaria lacera (Michx.) R. Br., also called Fringed Green Orchis, is a frequenter of swampy grounds, wooded bogs or open swales from New England to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Missouri. The stem bears several firm lanceolate leaves, the upper gradually smaller and narrower. The 2-6-inch spike is loosely flowered. The yellowish green flowers are one-half to three-quarters of an inch long and the lip is one-half inch long, deeply 3-parted and narrowly fringed on each part. The spur of the lip and the ovary are also one-half inch long. 70 ORCHIDACEAE ORCHIS FAMILY PUTTYROOT. ADAM AND EVE Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl.) Torr. This plant arises from a corm, attached to a second one which will give rise to the next year’s plant. This attachment accounts for the name Adam and Eve, and the name Puttyroot refers to the consistency of the corms. This Orchid is found in rich woods from Vermont to Sas- katchewan and Oregon, south to Georgia, Missouri and California. It is rare in Illinois, having so far been recorded less than a dozen times, and then as isolated plants from widely separated parts of the state. The flowering stem is 1-2 feet oo high and usually bears 3 scales but no yi i leaves. A single thick and dull green Re \\! basal leaf is produced in late season é S\\ ZA and when fally grown is oblong-ovate is and 3-5 inches in length. It lies all 4 | t winter on the ground attached to the . plant, and by spring the underside has assumed an exquisite reddish purple hue. Before the new flower stalk begins to grow, the leaf disappears. \\e The flowers, blooming in May or June, are dull yellowish brown mixed with purple. The 3 sepals and the lateral petals are quite similar, linear-lanceolate and about one-half inch long. The oblong lip is somewhat shorter than the other petals, blunt, barely 3-lobed and with its margin fringed. The column 1s shorter than the lip and slightly curved. The oblong-ovoid capsule is angled and a little less than 1 inch long. A pale, pure yellow form of this plant is sometimes found, and may be growing along with the spotted. 71 PEPPER FAMILY PIPERACEAE LIZARD’S TAIL Saururus cernuus L. The Lizard’s Tail is related to the plant which gives us black pepper. It is the only species of the genus and the only member of the Pepper family native to Illinois; most of the others are tropical. The Lizard’s Tail grows in swamps and shallow water through- out most of eastern United States, and blooms from June to August. Its slender un- derground stems lives over winter and propa- gates the plant by branching and sending up new shoots. A colony thus established may occupy a considerable area and persist for many years. The slender and erect stem, 2-5 feet high, is sparingly branched and when young slightly hairy, later becoming smooth. The dark green, ovate leaves are 3-6 inches long, deeply heart shaped at the base, entire and palmately 5-9-ribbed. There are several 4-6-inch and very dense spikes of fragrant flowers. The tips of the spikes, on whose account the plant name is derived, droop as the flowers mature. Neither calyx nor corolla is present but the stamens and pistil are white and fairly conspicuous. Stamens are 6-8 and the pistil is composed of 3 or 4 parts, each containing 1 seed. The fleshy fruit is one-eighth inch in diameter and becomes much wrinkled when dry. Men call me Birch Tree, yet I know In other days it was not So. I am a Dryad slim and white Who danced too long one summer night, And the Dawn found and prisoned me! The Spirit of the Birch—ARTHUR KETCHUM 72 BETULACEAE BIRCH FAMILY HAZELNUT Corylus americana Walt. The Birch family is made up entirely of trees and shrubs, and includes also the Birch, Alder, Blue Beech and Ironwood. The Hazelnut is not a wild flower but a fine early spring-bloom- ing shrub which might 4 “wee well be used more ex- se) KK tensively as an ornamen- tal plant. It is easily grown, adapts itself ad- Ay d mee BS mirably to hedges, and the fruits are as tasty as imported Filberts, though smaller. 3 oypoyt “ 40. 20 dy Boe 9) a, The Hazelnut grows 3-12 feet tall along fence rows, forest borders and similar places in moist and dry situations from Maine to Saskatchewan, south to Florida and Oklahoma. It blooms in March and April and the nuts are ripe in September and October. The finely toothed leaves are oval or ovate, with tips acute or acuminate, smooth or nearly so above and finely hairy be- neath, and 3-6 inches long. Stiff pinkish hairs cover the young shoots but the twigs become smooth. The flowers are monoecious. In early spring the staminate flower is produced in a pendulous catkin which was formed late in the preceding fall. There are 4 stamens and 2 bractlets which are more or less attached to the scale of the catkin. Each stamen is split in such a way that there appear to be 8 stamens with 1-celled anthers. The pistillate flowers are borne, several in a cluster, from scaly buds at the ends of short branches. Each consists of 1 pistil with a 5-lobed calyx grown fast to the ovary. The style is short and there are 2 red stigmas. Surrounding the flower are 2 bractlets, enlarged in fruit and forming the husklike covering of the nut. 73 NETTLE FAMILY URTICACEAE WOOD NETTLE Laportea canadensis (L.) Gaud. The Nettle Family is represented in Illinois by many species, but because they bloom inconspicuously only two species are mentioned here—one noted not for attractive flowers but its stinging hairs. The Wood Nettle grows in rich woods from New Brunswick to Ontario, Minnesota and _ south- westward, and blooms from June aN to September. It is perennial by an underground stem. The plant is 1-4 feet tall and thickly covered with sting- ing hairs. The hairs eS BO 5 ££s e ct aK are sharp enough to penetrate clothing, and this accomplish- ed, the slightly en- larged end easily breaks off, allowing SA Ge the irritating acid that fills the hollow interior to strike the skin. Fortunately the irritation does not last long. The leaves are thin and may be smooth or with some stinging hairs. meer s IV aoe , i Ph haar The flowers are imperfect and the forms are separated, those in the lower clusters being staminate and in the upper pistillate. Each staminate flower consists of 5 sepals, 5 stamens and a rudimentary ovary. The pistillate flower consists of 4 very un- equal sepals and a simple pistil with a slender style that remains on the akene fruit. Hemp, Cannabis sativa L., is a minutely downy plant abundant along some watercourses. It is grown in this country for its fibers which are used in cordage, and in the Orient it is the source of hashish. The stem is 3-10 feet tall and the branches are nearly erect. The petioled leaves, opposite or alternate, are palmately 5-11-divided tothe base. The greenish, axillary flowers are dioecious, the staminate panicled and the pistillate spicate. 74 —-— oe SANTALACEAE SANDALWOOD FAMILY BASTARD TOADFLAX Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. The Sandalwood family is small, unimportant and chiefly tropical. The Bastard Toadflax is the only member dwelling in Illinois, and it is interesting principally because of its parasitic habit. Although it has green leaves and can manufacture food for itself as well as any green plant, it often attaches its roots to the roots of other plants, mostly trees and shrubs, and robs them of a portion of their food or food materials. The Bastard Toadflax is found in dry, mostly sandy soil from Maine to Wisconsin and south to Georgia, Arkansas and Kansas. It is an herbaceous perennial with an underground stem and very leafy, usually branched, upright shoots 6-16 inches high. The leaves are pale beneath, with the pale midrib prominent. Greenish white flowers bloom from late April to early July. They are perfect but lack a corolla. The calyx is grown fast to the ovary but is 5-lobed above. Each of the 5 stamens is attached to the base of a calyx lobe by a tuft of hairs. The style is slender. The fruit is 1-seeded, resembles a small drupe and is conspicuously crowned by the persistent calyx lobes. Another Bastard Toadflax, Comandra Richardsiana Fernald, has leaves equally green on both sides, much firmer and incon- spicuously veined. The rootstock is at the surface of the soil. plant is also found on dry sandy soil, but from eastern Quebec to Saskatchewan, south to the Great Lakes region, Missouri and Kansas. It flowers from May to August. Basil, Boneset, Toadflax, Tansy, Weeds of every form and fancy; Milkweed, Mullein, Loosestrife, Jewelweed, Mustard, Thimbleweed, Tear-thumb (a cruel weed). Clovers in all sort—Nonesuch, Melilot; Staring Buttercups, a bold and yellow lot. Daisies rioting about the place With Black-eyed Susan and Queen Anne’s Lace... Joe-Pyeweed—Lovuis UNTERMEYER 75 BIRTHWORT FAMILY ARISTOLOCHIACEAE WILD GINGER Asarum canadense L. Many people have tramped the woods for years with- out seeing the flower of the Wild Ginger, yet this plant is quite common throughout our state and its flower is relatively large and pretty. However, the flower is seldom seen because it is produced so close to the ground that it is hidden be- neath leaves and for- est debris. This plant is easily transplanted and grows well in rich soil in shady places, spreading by means of a brown or greenish brown under- ground stem. It is found throughout the states bor- dering the Mississippi river, south to Missouri, and the eastern states, south to North Carolina. In spring 2 long-petioled kidney-shaped leaves arise from the rootstock, become 5-7 inches broad and remain green through the summer. The stem has a strong odor of ginger when broken or bruised. The flower blooms in April or May but has no corolla. The 3-lobed calyx is grown fast to the ovary and is purplish green on the outside and rich brownish purple or chocolate color within. The filaments of the 12 stamens are slender and extend beyond the short anthers, terminating in sharp points. They adhere above to the column, of 6 united styles, and their bases expand below into a case that encloses the ovary. The ovary is 6-celled and matures into a capsule containing many seeds. The Short-lobed Wild Ginger, 4sarum canadense L. var. reflexum (Bicknell) Robinson, is almost a duplicate of the species but the calyx segments are short, deltoid and almost from the opening of the flower are abruptly reflexed, strongly and permanently. It is found mostly in the southern portion of Illinois. 76 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE BIRTHWORT FAMILY VIRGINIA SNAKEROOT Aristolochia Serpentaria L. The Virginia Snakeroot is one of the more curious flowers in this small family. It occurs in rich or dry woods from Con- necticut to Michigan and south to Florida, Louisiana and Missouri. In Illinois it will likely be found only in the south. It is a perennial herb with a short underground stem and fibrous aromatic roots that contain a stimu- lant used in medicine. The upright leafy shoot grows 10-36 inches high but the flowers are all produced at the base of the plant on short scaly branches, or rarely underground. There is no corolla. The calyx is shaped like an S somewhat enlarged at both ends and is grown fast to the ovary. The 6 stamens, in 3 pairs, have no filaments and the anthers are attached to the 3-lobed style. The fruit is a dry capsule about one-half inch in diameter and 6-ridged out- side, containing a very large number of small flattened seeds. The Woolly Pipevine, Aristolochia tomen- tosa Sims, is also found in the extreme southern part of the state. It is a woody twining vine which is very hairy. The flowers are shaped very much like an old-fashioned Dutch pipe. The calyx tube, 14% inches long and sharp- ly curved, is yellowish green except at the 3-lobed, dark purple limb. The 6 anthers are united in pairs beneath the 3 spreading lobes of the stigma. The flowers have a rather unpleasant odor and are pollinated by flies. : Lilacs have bloomed and faded, and the rose Has dropped its petals, but the clover blows, And fills its slender tubes with honeyed sweets; To James Russell Lowell—O.iveEr WENDELL HoLMEs 77 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY POLYGONACEAE WOOD KNOTWEED Polygonum virginianum L. The Buckwheat family is quite large and contains the cultivated Buckwheat and all of the Docks and Smart- weeds as well as the plants included here. There are many kinds of Knotweeds, a number of which grow in dry places and others in wet. The Wood Knotweed, however, grows as a rule only in woods and thickets. It is found from Nova Scotia to Minne-— sota and south to Florida and Texas, — and blooms from July to November. The stem is 1-4 feet tall and mostly smooth. It may be unbranch- J ed or with a few branches above the - / middle. It is swollen at the joints, © and the leaf stipules form cylindrical - -sheaths about the joints. These sheaths are hairy and fringed at the top with short bristles. : The flowers are borne on a long k slender spike. There is no corolla but the greenish white calyx, which is unequally 4-parted, is somewhat i corollalike. There are 5 stamens and i I pistil with 2 long styles. The fruit is an akene which is dark brown or Se creamy, smooth and shining. The plant has an interesting method of scattering its fruits. When mature these are reflexed on the spike, the persistent styles becoming curved and rigid. If the ends of the styles are touched with the finger, or by an animal or any object, the fruit suddenly hops off from the spike like a bug from a stick and may fall several feet away. There flames the first gay daffodil Where winter-long the snows have lain. Daffodils—RvuTH GUTHRIE HARDING 78 POLYGONACEAE BUCKWHEAT FAMILY CLIMBING FALSE BUCKWHEAT Polygonum scandens L. The Climbing False Buckwheat is a common vine in woods and thickets throughout most of the eastern half of the United States and Canada. It blooms from July to September and is usually loaded with fruit in autumn. The smooth stem is often 20 feet long, and much like the genus Polygonatum, page 59, the many joints account for the generic name, from the Greek meaning knee. It dies to the ground in winter but the under- ground parts are per- ennial. Leaves are heart shaped and acuminate. The yellowish green flowers are in leafy racemes. There is no corolla but there is a $-parted calyx the 3 outer segments of which are strongly winged and extend down the flower stalk. There are 8 stamens and 1 pistil with 3 stigmas and almost no style. The fruit is a 3-angled akene which is black or very dark, smooth and shining. The Black Bindweed, Polygonum Convoloulus L., is a closely related but annual plant which is common on cultivated and waste ground—a troublesome weed. Its stems are usually not more than 3 feet long. The Water Smartweed, Polygonum Muhlenbergii (Meisn.) Wats., bears several to many spikes of rose flowers on leafy stems 2-3 feet high. They grow in colonies in muddy or dry places and their under- ground stems form such dense mats that a patch once started is most difficult to eradicate. 79 POKEWEED FAMILY PHYTOLACCACEAE POKEWEED. COMMON POKE Phytolacca americana L. The Pokeweed family is represented in Illinois by only this species, which is variously called Pokeweed, Pokeberry, Common Poke, Pigeon Berry and Inkberry. It is found in waste places, fields, open woods and thickets throughout most of the eastern and southeastern parts of the United States, and is one of the few Ameri- can plants that have be- come widely established as weeds in Europe. The young shoots are sometimes eaten like Asparagus and the leaves are often used as greens. A tincture from the roots is much used in medi- berries is used in antifat drugs. It is a smooth, narcotic- herbaceous plant with a lanceolate or ovate-lanceo- late, pinnately veined, acute or acuminate at both ends and on > pinnately veined, acut petioles one-half inch to 4 inches long. The plant branches profusely and usually bears many clusters of flowers. There is no corolla but the white sepals are petallike. There are 10 short stamens and a green ovary with 10 recurved styles. The inedible fruits are dark purple, very juicy berries, in long racemes. The Pokeweed blooms from June to September and ripe berries are found from August to October. 80 cine, and extract from the — odored, somewhat fleshy — branching stem that grows — 3-10 feet tall and a large perennial root that is poison- — ous. The alternate leaves — are 8-12 inches long, oblong- — NYCTAGINACEAE FOUR-O’CLOCK FAMILY WILD FOUR-O’CLOCK. HEART-LEAVED UMBRELLAWORT Oxybaphus nyctagineus (Michx.) Sweet The Four-o’clock family is a relatively unimportant group, represented in our gardens bythe MarvelofPeru. In it the colored calyx is commonly mistaken for the corolla because below each flower is a green in- volucre that looks Et MS like a calyx. QQ y Several species of & SM Wild Four-o’clock are i occasionally found in YT NY \ Illinois but only this ~~ ISS one is common. It occurs in dry soil throughout the Missis- sippi basin from Can- ada to Louisiana and west as far as Colorado. In this state it is a characteristic weed of the sand or gravel beds of railroads, where its red flowers are very conspicuous. The stem, often angled or 4-sided below, is rather slender, much branched and 1-3 feet high. The opposite leaves are smooth or nearly so and all are petioled except the upper bractlike ones. The root is large and perennial. This plant blooms from May or June to August, the numer- ous flowers being produced in small clusters in 5-lobed involucres. The red corollalike calyx is tubular and constricted or narrow- ed above the ovary. There are 3-5 stamens and 1 long style. The fruits are 1-seeded and covered with short hairs. The Narrow-leaved Umbrellawort, Oxybaphus linearis (Pursh) Robinson, is a tall species, smooth except for the slightly hairy peduncles and involucres. The leaves are thick and linear, and covered with a whitish bloom. They are usually sessile or nearly so. $1 PINK FAMILY CARYOPHYLLACEAE COMMON CHICKWEED. WINTERWEED Stellaria media (L.) Cyrill The large Pink family has representatives in nearly every part of the world. Some of them are valuable ornamental plants and others are troublesome weeds. The true Pinks have various types of outgrowths or crowns on the petals at the junction of claw and limb. The Common Chickweed is found almost everywhere throughout the north- ern hemisphere, not only in woods and meadows and waste places but in cultivated fields, gardens and lawns as well. It is sometimes called Winterweed because it blooms nearly the whole year round. Sprigs of it are fed to pet canaries and young chickens but the plant is usually a nuisance in dooryard and garden. This is a steady-growing and much- branched plant. Its stems, 3-15 inches long, are hardly strong enough to stand erect and so they sprawl over the ground or lean upon other plants. They are smooth except for a line of short soft hairs along 1 side, and sometimes the petioles of the lower leaves are hairy. The flowers are small, not much more than one-quarter inch across. They open fully only on sunny days. The calyx is 5-lobed and its green velvety sepals are somewhat longer than the white petals. There appear to be Io petals but the true number is 5, for each is so deeply notched that it looks like a pair. The pistil has 3 styles and it matures into a small many-sided capsule full of seeds. And here be four-o’clocks, just opening wide Their many colored petals to the sun, As glad to live as if the evening dun Were far away, and morning had not died! Four-o’clocks—JuLia C. R. Dorr 82 CARYOPHYLLACEAE PINK FAMILY COMMON MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED Cerastium vulgatum L. The Common Mouse-ear Chickweed is a native of Europe and northern Asia and is one of the many plants that have been accidentally introduced into this country from Europe. It is a perennial which has spread over nearly all of temperate North America, where it is found in fields, woods and dooryards, often be- coming a troublesome weed. The whole plant is covered with hairs and is usually somewhat clammy or sticky. The stems are 6-18 inches long and often repeatedly branched. They are sometimes erect but more often lean upon other plants or trail on the ground. Blooming occurs throughout the summer, from May to September, at first with the flowers clustered but as thestemsand flowerstalkslengthen, the inflorescence becomes very open. At length the pedicels are much longer than the calyx. The flower is composed of 5 obtuse or acute green sepals, about equaling the 5 white 2-lobed petals, 10 stamens and I pistil with 5 styles. The fruit is an elongated and somewhat curved, many-seeded cap- sule which opens by to teeth at the top. Since the plant blooms all summer and the fruits mature quickly, a very large number of seeds are produced each season. This ability to produce seed so abundantly is one reason why the Mouse-ear Chickweed has been able to spread extensively. PINK FAMILY CARYOPHYLLACEAE WHITE CAMPION Lychnis alba Mill. This casual immigrant from the Old world is a biennial which grows 1-2 feet tall and is usually much branched. It is found in waste places from Nova Scotia to Ontario, Pennsyl- vania, Minnesota and southwestward, and blooms during summer months. The whole plant is covered with glandular hairs so that it is very viscid or sticky. The leaves are opposite and the lower ones taper into margined petioles, whereas the upper are sessile as shown. The white or pinkish, and often dioecious flowers are somewhat fragrant, opening in the evening and remaining open during the morning hours of the next day. They greatly resemble the Ragged Robin of our gardens, Lychnis Flos-cuculi L., save that the latter are much more deeply cleft. The staminate flowers contain Io stamens, and the pistil of a pistillate flower consists of a rather large ovary and § styles. The white, 2-lobed petals are con- spicuously crowned at the place of bending. The 5-toothed calyx is tubular and becomes much en- larged as the fruit matures. The capsule contains many seeds and opens by 5 2-lobed teeth. The Mullein Pink, Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr., is a showy plant 16-36 inches high and white woolly. It is often cultivated. The large crimson petals and twisted calyx teeth distinguish it from the White Campion. Though this plant is abundant in southwestern Michigan, official records of its having been found in Illinois are meager. It isa perennial herb that has been introduced from Europe and is now distributed from Maine to Michigan, and has also been reported from the Pacific coast. 84 CARYOPHYLLACEAE PINK FAMILY SLEEPY ‘GAPCHFLY Silene antirrhina L. This plant gets its name from two interesting char- acteristics. It is called Sleepy because the flowers open for only a short time while the sun is shining and if they are picked and taken into the shade they quickly close. It is called Catchfly because a portion of the stem below each pair of leaves is sticky and insects which attempt to crawl up the stem are caught in this material and often perish there. It used to be said that this phenomenon served to protect the flowers from insects that might eat the nectar and pollen without aiding polli- nation, but since many relatives of this species seem to get along perfectly well without any such protection it is doubtful that there is any advantage in having a glutinous stem. The Sleepy Catchfly is an annual with a slender, somewhat branched stem 8-36 inches high. It occurs on rather dry soil in waste places and open woods nearly throughout North America except in the extreme north, and blooms from June to September. The small flowers have a tubular 5-toothed calyx, 5 pink petals or occasionally none, 10 stamens and 1 pistil with 3 styles. The persistent calyx becomes somewhat expanded as the fruit enlarges and ripens. The latter is a many- seeded pod that opens by 6 teeth at the summit. The Bladder Campion, Silene Jatifolia (Mill.) Britten & Rendle, has been naturalized from Europe and although found from Quebec and Ontario, south to New Jersey, Illinois and Iowa, is rare in this state. The large white flowers in panicles have an inflated bladder- like calyx and 2-cleft petals that are nearly crownless. The calyx is also strikingly veined. The plant is covered with a whitish bloom and bears the characteristically paired leaves from swollen nodes. 85 PINK FAMILY CARYOPHYLLACEAE FIRE PINK Silene virginica L. The Fire Pink is found in dry open woods and forest borders from Minnesota to Missouri and eastward to Georgia and New York. It blooms from May to September but is usually most abundant in June and July. It is a perennial with a slender stem, 1-2 feet high, that branches near the upper end and is covered with very short glandular hairs that make it somewhat sticky. The opposite leaves are rather thin; the lower are somewhat spoon shaped and have winged petioles, whereas the upper leaves are oblong-lanceolate and sessile. Because of its brilliant crimson flowers, 1-1% inches broad and borne erect on slender pedicels in terminal cymes, and despite the fact that usually only a few of these are open at one time, the Fire Pink is a beautiful and con- spicuous plant. Each of the 5 long and 2-toothed petals has a scalelike crown. As in all Sil- enes there are 10 stamens and 1 pistil with 5 styles. The hairy calyx is tubular and 5-lobed, three-quarters of an inch to 1 inch long and enlarged as it persists on the fruit. The fruit is a many-seeded pod which opens by 6 teeth at the summit. The various species of Silene have no efficient means of scattering these spiny or tuberculed seeds, but produce them in large numbers and rely on the chance that a few out of several hundred will find suitable places in which to grow. 86 CARYOPHYLLACEAE PINK FAMILY STARRY CAMPION Silene stellata (L.) Ait. f. The Starry Campion is another Catchfly but in this case it is the calyx rather than a portion of the stem that is glutinous. Peculiar markings under the bark of the root evidently suggested the skin of a snake to the members of \) certain Indian tribes, who used ; y the plant as an antidote for snake Se Sa bite. ; /3 This perennial dwells in We () woods and especially wooded ae LS . G J, slopes from Minnesota to Arkansas and east to Mass- achusetts, and blooms from June to August. It is common in such locations practically throughout Illinois. The yellowish green leaves, fringed at the mar- gins with very fine hairs, are arranged in whorls of 4 except near the top and sometimes at the base, where they are in pairs. The 2-4-foot stem is densely covered with very short hairs and is enlarged con- spicuously at each whorl of leaves. The common name comes from the beautiful white flowers, the 5 petals of which are deeply fringed at the base and are crownless. They open in the evening and close when the sun becomes bright the next day. The bell-shaped, 5-toothed calyx is inflated like a bladder and often stained reddish. The 10 stamens extend well beyond the petals; the pistil consists of an ovary and 3 styles. The fruit is a many-seeded pod about the length of the calyx, opening by 6 teeth at the end. ‘‘Small herbs have grace, great weeds do grow apace :” And since, methinks, I would not grow so fast, Because sweet flowers are slow and weeds make haste. King Richard III—SHAKESPEARE 87 PINK FAMILY CARYOPHYLLACEAE BOUNCING BET. SOAPWORT Saponaria officinalis L. The Soapwort is so named because its juice when placed in water forms a lather and has cleansing proper- ties. The juice is easily extracted by pounding the root on a board, and has been so derived and used by ( generations of farmers’ wives who happened to run (p > out of soap on washday. ; 3o2 The Bouncing Bet is a ARS native of Europe which was SK S brought into this country as a garden flower, but apparently, as perhaps its name implies, was too vi- (2; vacious to remain domesti- 2 PAZ ee and so has escaped <= S rom cultivation and now Q\ ~ is common throughout the country along roadsides and in waste places. Other names are Sweet Betty, Lady by the Gate, and for some occult reason, Old-maid’s Pink. The plant has a perennial root so that when once started it may form a patch and remain for years. It spreads vegetatively by stolons. The smooth stem is 1-2 feet high, green, sometimes stained with red, and not much branched. The opposite leaves are thickish and smooth. The fragrant, quite showy and often double flowers bloom from July to September. Those that are fully exposed to light are pink but those in the shade may be nearly white. The long tubular calyx is 5-toothed at the summit and the 5 petals are generally notched. The crown consists of 2 threadlike out- ~ growths from each petal. There are 10 stamens, of which the 5 longer mature first. The pistil has a long ovary and 2 styles, and the fruit is a many-seeded pod which opens by 4 teeth at the end. 88 PORTULACACEAE PURSLANE FAMILY SPRING BEAUTY Claytonia virginica L. The Spring Beauty is a dainty maiden commonly and usually abundantly found in moist woods from Nova Scotia to Sas- katchewan and south to Georgia and Texas. Blooming in March, April and May, she appears indifferent to cold winds and frosty nights, but nevertheless she loves the sun and re- fuses to open her flowers if it is not shining. She faces the sun as it rises and gradually turns her flowers so as still to face it as it sets. Should it disappear behind a cloud she immediately sulks and closes her flowers until it reappears. Or, if her flowers are picked, they close. The rather weak stem, light green often stained with red, is 6-12 inches long. It rises from a deep perennial tuber and bears 2 opposite, somewhat fleshy leaves and often 1 or more slightly longer basal leaves. The flowers are borne in a some- what one-sided loose terminal raceme that becomes 3-5 inches long. They have 2 green sepals and § petals, white or pink with darker pink veins. The stamens are white with pink anthers and are attached to the bases of the petals. They mature before the pistil and after they have discharged their pollen bend outward toward the petals; then the 3 stigmas become ready to receive pollen from some other flower. The fruit is a dry capsule con- taining 3-6 seeds. The Broad-leaved Spring Beauty, Claytonia caroliniana Michx., is much like the first species in appearance, growth habits and range, except that the flowers are smaller and fewer and the leaves are spatulate-oblong or oval-lanceolate and about half as long. Some- times the plant is more nearly erect. It is a rarity in Illinois. 89 PURSLANE FAMILY PORTULACACEAE COMMON PURSLANE Portulaca oleracea L. This naturalized European plant is found in fields and waste places nearly throughout the continent except in the far north. It is a useful salad plant and is relished also by sheep and pigs, rabbits, squirrels and woodchucks. It is sometimes called Pussley and in some locali- ties where it is a weed the expression has arisen, ‘“Meaner than Pussley.”’ The Purslane does not grow upright but spreads over the soil, freely branching from a deep central root. As an annual it is easily destroyed by cultiva- tion, but it produces 5 immense quantities of seed and on this account, ic plus its high resistance to drouth, is very per- C sistent. If pulled up the plant wilts slowly; and if some of its roots are covered with soil before it is completely wilted, it will start growing again. The yellow flowers, produced all summer, are small but quite pretty, and they open in sunshine for only a few hours in the morning. There are only 2 sepals, grown together at the base and partly attached to the ovary. The 5 yellow petals and 7 or more stamens are attached to the calyx and usually fall off shortly. The style is deeply 4-6-cleft. The fruit is a capsule containing a very large number of small seeds. The Prairie Talinum, Talinum teretifolium Pursh, and the Small- flowered Talinum, 7. rugospermum Holzinger, the 2 species of this genus found in Illinois, grow together in sandy, gravelly or rocky barrens and are so much alike as to require close inspection for iden- tification. They are small, fleshy and smooth perennials with many short, linear, cylindric leaves clustered at the base of the stem. The rosy or pinkish flowers, in cymes on scapes, are about one-half inch in diameter, with 5 petals and 2 sepals that soon drop off. The pedicels are bracted. T. teretifolium is distinguished by its oblong anthers and smooth seeds; T. rugospermum has spherical anthers and roughened seeds. 90 NYMPHAEACEAE WATER LILY FAMILY YELLOW POND LILY. SPATTERDOCK Nuphar advena Ait. f. The Water Lily family is composed of water plants, most of which have floating leaves. The famous Victoria regia, which is a native of the Amazon river valley, has gigantic floating leaves almost strong enough to be used as rafts. Some species have very large and beautiful flow- ers and are frequently used as ornamental plants in artificial ponds. Probably no water plant is better known than the Yellow Pond Lily, for it is very common in ponds and slow-running streams from Labrador and Nova Scotia to the Rocky mountains, south to Florida, Texas and Utah. It is extremely vari- able, usually three or more forms being found in the same pond, and it is difficult to say at present whether or not we should place them all in one species. In some localities this plant is called Spatterdock, Cow Lily or Frog Lily. The stout cylindrical stem creeps upon the bottom of the pond or stream and the leaves grow from it. The float- ing leaves and those above water are 5-12 inches in greatest diameter, thick and with a deep sinus at the base, whereas those that are submerged, when present, are thin and nearly round. The lower surfaces of the leaves, as well as the petioles and flower stalks, are often hairy. The flowers are produced all summer and are yellow or purple tinged. The conspicuous floral parts are the sepals, usually 6. The petals are numerous but they are small, fleshy and stamenlike. The stamens, with anthers about as long as the filaments, are also numerous and are arranged in 5-7 rows. The pistils are many but united into a compound structure, and so form I fruit which is a sort of capsule. 91 WATER LILY FAMILY NYMPHAEACEAE SWEET-SCENTED WATER LILY Nymphaea odorata Ait. The Sweet-scented Water Lily has been called the queen of our waters and well merits the name, for few flowers are held in higher esteem. According to a legend of the Lanape Indians this flower orig- inated from a falling star, which upon striking the water changed into a Water Lily. It is closely related to the Lotus of the Old world, a flower which has always been DS cy | a symbol of the Buddhist ny; MY, ins religion. In many places ey ; Naren Le the great beauty of the ef Vise OO Sweet-scented Water | AS Lily has threatened to et an be the cause of its de- struction, for its flowers have been shamefully collected by hundreds and peddled on our city streets. This plant is found in ponds and slow streams from New- foundland to Manitoba and south to Louisiana and Florida, blooming from June to September. In Illinois its common situ- ation is the eastern and lake area of the state. The white flowers are 3-6 inches broad and wonderfully fragrant. They float upon the surface of the water in a field of waxy green leaves which have a tendency to assume reddish tints on the under surface. The 4 sepals are dark green outside and white or pinkish within. The many firm petals, pure white or tinged with pink, are inseveral rows, and the outer petals are larger. At the center are many pure yellow stamens, the inner slender and with long anthers, and the outer broader and almost petallike. The many pistils are united into 1 large com- pound ovary with the stigmas radiating from the top. After the flowers have faded, they are drawn beneath the surface of the water, where the fruits ripen. 92 NYMPHAEACEAE WATER LILY FAMILY LOTUS Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. There are three species of Lotus, our American, one in the West Indies and one Asiatic and Australian. This is by far the most striking member of the Water Lily family in I]linois, and is noted wherever found. Its occurrence is mark- edly local from Labrador to the Rocky mountains and from Florida to Texas. In this state the Lotus is abundant in some river shallows and lake margins. It is perennial from a large rootstock buried in the mud. From this arise several great leaves which are centrally pel- tate and have diameters up to 30 inches. The leaves do not float but are lifted 1-2 feet above the water. In midsummer the great flower buds arise from the same rootstock and open into very large flowers, 6-10 inches across. Sepals and petals are numerous and cream yellow. Stamens are many and their anthers have hooked tips. The pistils are several or many and each is ovuled. They coalesce to form a conical fruit with the hard seeds imbedded in the upper part; thus each ovary opens by a pore on the flat upper surface of the fruit. The very starchy seeds are about two-fifths of an inch in diameter. The fruit breaks off and floats indefinitely, at length by decay dropping the seeds. THE WATER LILY Whence, O fragrant form of light, Or the blossom of a dream, Hast oon drifted through the Fashioned in the foamy stream? night, Swanlike, to a leafy nest, Nay—methinks the maiden moon, On the restless waves, at rest? When the daylight came too soon, Fleeting from her bath to hide, Art thou from the snowy zone Left her garment in the tide. Of a mountain summit blown, JOHN BANISTER TABB 93 WATER LILY FAMILY NYMPHAEACEAE CAROLINA WATER SHIELD Cabomba caroliniana Gray The Carolina Water Shield is a¥southern plant which is found in ponds from southern Illinois and Missouri to North Carolina, south to Florida and Texas. The slender stem is often several feet long, much branch- ed and covered with a jellylike substance. The leaves are of two types. Those below the surface of the water are op- posite and repeatedly divided into narrow segments, whereas the floating leaves are alternate and shieldlike. The plants bloom from May to September and the flowers are white with yellow spots at the base. The 3 sepals and 3 petals are similar in size and color. There are usually 6 stamens and 3 pistils, the latter in fruit containing 3 seeds each. There is another Water Shield, Brasenia Schreberi Gmel., which is likely to be found in ponds in any part of the state. he flowers are smaller than those of the Carolina Water Shield and dull purple; the leaves are alternate, shield shaped and floating. Stamens are more numerous (12-18) and pistils also (4-18). The Water Nymph or Water Lily, Nymphaea tuberosa Paine, is the commonest white Water Lily in Illinois. It has no fra- grance. The leaves are mostly larger than the sweet-scented species, more prominently ribbed and very rarely crimson beneath. The rootstock bears numerous tubers, often compound, which detach themselves from the parent plant. Seeds are fewer and much larger. 94 RANUNCULACEAE CROWFOOT FAMILY This large family is confined mostly to the northern hemisphere. It is not of very great economic importance except that some of its members, such as Peonies and Larkspurs, are much prized as garden flowers and orna- mental plants. The Buttercups, or genus Ranunculus, contain an acrid juice which makes them unpalatable to horses and cattle. For this reason they often form tufts of green untouched herbage in an otherwise closely grazed pasture. - Their genus name is derived from the Latin rana meaning frog, and was used because some of the Buttercups grow in places where frogs are abundant. In using the key to the genera it must be remembered that the calyx is often colored like a corolla, especially when the corolla is lacking, and when only one set of organs is present in addition to stamens and pistils it is ordinarily a calyx rather than a corolla. The genus Hepatica is likely to be troublesome because its sepals look like petals and there is a 3-leaved involucre close under the flower that looks like a calyx. KEY TO GENERA SS ee od a er ee a ea Clematis p. 106 Pere OE CUTIE AS bk bos bes se do eo ee ees 2 PeeGerateseit. NL. or oe ok ok te oda see ee eee : ee Nee a co cas ote bw 6s a aie Meee Soke eat 5 3. Petals produced backward into spurs........ Aquilegia p. 110 ETT Vga Rly 5 ESO tp Ray gE A Rn aI SAP ef Pr 4 SEEDING TIMINICTOUS <0. c.5 oa Foo ood sn ioe mane a Ranunculus p. 96 spre OF es TUit a DEFTLY. ..¢ ebiccani sede > oe sae Actaea p. III pes Prete AT DCTLIECE o.4 & wpa osm bp ened we aenedt > Thalictrum p. 100 TISELGE Se Ted oe i a on ei Seen eens, a poe Wy el 6 a Urinmommnmmetna it i te, aes | ale oe Caltha p. 109 emmecen tte getty. fl Ve a SS aah Eo ae ee G 7. Leaves or leaflets about 3-lobed but without small teeth... .8 emmes Gh lcaners, LOGENEE, o> 6.5 oe oo. da ele ee se Fe eee if) San tne CEN oe "Se As ot ass wind of Dele ee ee Hepatica p. 102 oeereaectanaies Chie 4s. clei 3 Sed a RE) il aaa 9 9. Ovaries 1-seeded; fruit an akene............ Anemonella p. 101 Ovaries 2-several-seeded; fruit a pod........ Isopyrum p. 108 1o. Sepals 3, falling off as flowers open.......... Hydrastis p. 112 See SNMOTE GMAtt 9 3 oe S2 Pe kk ed ylak noe > Anemone p. 103 CROWFOOT FAMILY RANUNCULACEAE YELLOW WATER CROWFOOT Ranunculus delphinifolius Torr. Water plants are as a rule rather widely distributed, due in part to the fact that birds which frequent ponds fly from one to another carrying mud, containing seeds or fruits, on their feet. on This plant is found from Maine to Oregon FANG: / and south to North Carolina and Arkansas. FNS The stems are either floating or immersed, ) or occasionally creeping in the mud. They sometimes grow several feet long, branching frequently and often rooting at the joints. The leaves below the surface of the water are like the one shown; those above water are less finely divided. The greenish sepals of the flowers, which are raised above the water, are much smaller than the 5-8 deep yellow petals. Stamens and pistils are numerous and the fruits are akenes. The Common White Water Crow- foot, Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. capillaceus DC., frequents ponds and - slow-running streams. Its white flowers are produced at the surface of the water, and its leaves, all under water, are divided and subdivided into long soft threadlike parts which collapse more or less when withdrawn from the water. The Stiff Water Crowfoot, Ranunculus circinatus Sibth., com- pletes the trio of water plants in this family found in Illinois. The leaves are under water, sessile and with broad stipules. The divisions of this leaf are short and spreading into a circle, and they do not collapse when withdrawn from the water. The Oblong-leaved Spearwort, Ranunculus oblongifolius Ell., is a peculiar plant of stagnant ponds, ditches and small sluggish streams of southern Illinois below Saline county. The erect stem is 2 feet high and much branched above. Leaves are slightly toothed to entire, the lower very long stalked, and vary from linear above to ovate-oblong below. The bright yellow 5-petalled flowers are less than one-half inch broad. Stamens are less than 20 and the globular fruits are about one-eighth inch in diameter. This is a coast plant from Delaware to Florida and Texas, ascending the Mississippi basin to Missouri and Illinois. 96 RANUNCULACEAE CROWFOOT FAMILY SMALL-FLOWERED CROWFOOT Ranunculus abortivus L. Of all the many common Buttercups the Small-flowered Crowfoot is the most weedlike because its small flowers make it much less conspicuous and less handsome than most of the others. It is widely dis- tributed, being found in woods and other moist places from Labrador and Nova Scotia to Manitoba, southward to Florida, Ar- kansas and Colorado. It is a biennial and blooms in April, May and June. The stem is_ slightly fleshy and grows 6-24 inches high. It usually has numer- ous branches and may be entirely smooth or covered with short scattered hairs. The basal leaves have long petioles and are round- heart shaped or kidney form. Those on the stem and branches are sessile or nearly so and often divided nearly to the base into 3-5 parts. The green sepals, mostly 5, are reflexed downward and the 5 yellow petals are shorter than the calyx. Stamens and pistils are numerous. The styles are extremely short. The fruits are akenes, each with a short curved beak. There is a minute nectar pit and a scale at the base of each petal, and on this account the flowers are visited and pollinated by several kinds of insects. The Hooked Crowfoot, Ranunculus recurvatus Poir., is another small-flowered species common in woods. The stems are hairy and the leaves are all 3-lobed and toothed. The beaks of the fruits are long and curved into hooks. The root leaves of this species are rarely divided. The plant occurs from Nova Scotia to Manitoba and south to Florida and Kansas. It flowers in May and June. 97 CROWFOOT FAMILY RANUNCULACEAE EARLY CROWFOOT Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. This is one of the earliest Buttercups, blooming in April and May. It is found on hills and in open woods from Ontario and New England south to North Carolina and west to Manitoba and Texas. In Illinois it is very common on sunny open banks, especially in the north. The plant is usually 4-6 inches high. It produces a cluster of thickened fleshy roots, several pinnate basal leaves with hairy petioles, and I or more flowering stems which are also hairy. The petals are yellow, 5-7, and about twice as long as the divisions of the calyx. Stamens and pistils are numerous. The fruits form a head of flattened and slightly margined akenes. The persistent style forms a slender, straight or somewhat curved beak which is about as long as the akene. The common Buttercup is the Tall Crowfoot, Ra- nunculus acris L., which has been naturalized from Europe. It is common in fields and blooms from June to August. From a cluster of much-divided basal leaves springs the hollow flowering stem bearing few leaves and large bright yellow flowers. The stems are hairy and 8-24 inches high, and contain most of the intensely acrid juice for which the plant is named. The flowers are followed by heads of flattened, slightly hooked akenes. The buttercups, bright eyed and bold, Held up their chalices of gold To catch the sunshine and the dew. Centennial Poem—J. C. R. Dorr 98 RANUNCULACEAE CROWFOOT FAMILY SWAMP BUTTERCUP Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. This species grows 1-3 feet high in swamps and other moist or shady places. It is found from New Brunswick to Manitoba and south to Georgia and Texas. The roots are fi- brous and not fleshy. The stem, smooth or hairy, produces from the lower part num- bers of radiating stolons 1-3 feet long that root at the joints. The leaves are com- pound and each of the 3 leaflets has 3 lobes variously toothed and notched. The lower leaves are extremely long petioled. The flowers are produced from April to August. The petals are bright yellow and much larger than the green spreading sep- als. Stamens and pistils are numerous as in all Buttercups. The mature akene has winglike margins and is tipped by a stout, slightly curved beak, as long as the fruit itself, which falls off at or near maturity. The Bristly Crowfoot, Ranunculus hispidus Michx., resembles the Swamp Buttercup but is more compact. There are no stolons and the stem is covered with long bristly hairs, although a smooth- ish form is known. The leaves are 3-divided or the basal 3-lobed; the divisions or the lobes are variously cut. The bright yellow petals are oblong and greatly exceed the spreading sepals. The plant is common in the southern part of Illinois. Its general range is from Vermont to North Dakota and south to Georgia and Arkansas. 99 CROWFOOT FAMILY RANUNCULACEAE EARLY MEADOW RUE Thalictrum dioicum L. The Early Meadow Rue is a perennial which frequents rocky woods from central Maine west and southwestward. Its smooth stems are I-2 feet high and its 2 or 3 leaves are several times ternate. The light green leaflets are. thin “and > 7-7- lobed. The dioecious flowers bloom during April and May and are pollinated by the wind. Stamens are numerous and as they become a little more mature than _ those shown they droop so that the pollen is easily .shaken out. There are no petals but the sepals, usu- ally 4, are purplish or greenish white and somewhat petallike. They often drop off as the flowers mature. Pistils are 4-15 and they develop into strongly ribbed akenes. The Tall Meadow Rue, Thalictrum polygamum Muhl., which grows in sunny wet places, blooms later in the season, from July to September. It is a larger, stouter plant, 3-10 feet high, and its flowers are more conspicuous. The staminate flowers are usually white and the pistillate purplish. Rich bottomlands through- out the state are favorite habitations. The Waxy Meadow Rue, Thalictrum revolutum DC., has a stout purplish stem 3-7 feet high. The leaves are 3 or 4 times ternate, and the upper are sessile or short petioled. The leaflets are 1-3-lobed above the middle, dark green above and paler and waxy or glandular hairy beneath. The plant emits a strong heavy odor. The flowers are sometimes dioecious. Two distinguishing marks are the hairlike filaments which may be slightly thickened above, and the rolled margins of the leaves or leaflets. 100 RANUNCULACEAE CROWFOOT FAMILY RUE ANEMONE Anemonella thalictroides (L.) Spach Rue Anemone gets its name by having flowers like an Ane- mone and leaves like the Meadow Rue. It is a common perennial in woods throughout eastern United States as far west as Kansas and Minnesota, blooming from March to June. The roots of this plant are clus- tered and resemble minute Sweet Potatoes. In early spring the flowering stem arises 4-9 inches high, usually with no leaves except those of the involucre. The latter has 2 or 3 sessile leaves, each with 3 trilobed leaflets on long slender petiolules; this gives the effect of a whorl of 6, or as shown, g simple leaves. There are generally 3 flowers, of which the middle one blooms frst. Uhete is no Sey corolla but the calyx consists of 5-10 sepals, white or sometimes pinkish and quite con- spicuous. Stamens are numerous and there are 4-15 pistils whose ovaries develop into deeply grooved, pointed akenes up to one-half inch long and sessile. In rare instances the sepals, stamens or involucre are variously modified. The basal leaves are long petioled and twice compound as shown, and appear after the flowers. The False Rue Anemone, page 108, closely resembles this plant, and differences between them should be carefully noted. 101 CROWFOOT FAMILY ~ RANUNCULACEAE SHARP-LOBED HEPATICA. LIVERLEAF Hepatica acutiloba DC. | This Hepatica, frequently called Liverleaf, is one of our earliest spring flowers. In woods throughout Illinois and neigh- boring states it is found blossoming soon after the Soft Maple and the Skunk Cabbage, usually in March. It becomes more abundant in the western part of its range, which is from western Quebec to Minn- esota, south through western New Hampshire to Georgia and Missouri. The old leaves live over winter and the new ones do not develop until after the flowers have come out in spring. They are normally 3- s-lobed but a fungus usually seems associated with later leaves that have more lobes, giving rise to the belief that extra lobations are deformities. The flowers have no petals but their sepals appear like petals because they are either white or gaily colored various shades of blue and purple. The 3 small leaves just below each flower form an involucre that looks like a calyx. The stamens are numerous and all of them bear anthers. Pistils also are numer- ous and each develops into an akene. The odor of the flowers is slightly unpleasant and not attractive to insects except a few flies which probably aid in pollination. Another species, the Round-lobed Hepatica, Hepatica triloba Chaix, also occurs in Illinois but not as commonly as in eastern states. It is abundant in woods from Nova Scotia to Florida, west- ward to Minnesota and Missouri. The lobes of the leaves are ovate, obtuse or roundish whereas those of the Liverleaf are pointed. The 6-12 sepals are blue to purplish or may be nearly white. There are several ovate-oblong, hairy and pointed akenes in a small loose head. 102 RANUNCULACEAE CROWFOOT FAMILY PASQUE FLOWER _ Anemone patens L. var. Wolfgangiana (Bess.) Koch The Pasque Flower is found blooming in March and April only in dry soil in the prairie portions of I]linois and Wisconsin, northwest to British Columbia and southward into Texas. It is locally very abundant on dry barren rolling knolls along the northern line of Jo Daviess, Carroll, Stephenson, Winnebago, Boone and McHenry counties, \ and the northwest corner of Cook \ county. The plant is a perennial herb covered with silky hairs and having a thick underground stem. It produces a cluster of basal leaves which are long petioled and palmately divided into nar- row segments. The upright stem, ZA 6-16 inches high, bears a solitary purple or white flower and some distance below it an involucre of 3 sessile leaves. The 5-7 sepals are petallike and form the conspicuous part of the flower. There are no petals but usually there are some very small glandular stamens that do not produce pollen and have the yf position of petals. The inner i « stamens have anthers and produce pollen. The pistils are numerous and have long silky styles. The akene fruits are in a head and have long feathery styles like those of some species of Clematis, page 106. After flowering, the peduncle usually elongates, sometimes to 1 foot or more, so that the fruits are well exposed to the wind. They are often blown considerable distances. The dews drip roses on the meadows Where the meek daisies dot the sward. Spring—FRANCIS LEDWIDGE 103 CROWFOOT FAMILY RANUNCULACEAE TALL ANEMONE. THIMBLEWEED Anemone virginiana L. According to the Greek poets the Anemone originated in the tears dropped by Venus while she was grieving in the forest over the death of her sweetheart, Adonis, and all sorts of mystic qualities have been attributed to these plants. Present knowledge, however, forces us to abandon most of the ancient beliefs and we are left only the fact that the roots of some species have certain medic- inal qualities. The Tall Anemone or Thimble- weed is found in woods and meadows from Maine to Minne- sota and southward, and blooms from June to August. It has a stout hairy stem 2-3 feet tall and usually branching at the involucre. Leaves forming the involucre are 2-§ but usually 3. The basal leaves are long petioled but other- wise similar to those of the involucre. The flowers are borne on long peduncles, of which the earliest one is naked and the rest with a pair of bracts near the middle. The § petallike sepals are white or greenish white, and the stamens and pistils are numerous. The fruits are akenes clustered to form an oblong or somewhat cylindrical head sometimes 1 inch high or more, and from which the plant gets the name Thimbleweed. The Silky Thimbleweed, Anemone cylindrica Gray, is a smaller plant with a grayish pubescence and a longer head of fruit. It grows on barren rocky knolls and other open places from eastern New Brunswick and northern New Jersey to Manitoba and Kansas, and is found also in the Rocky mountains. Its smaller flowers are 2-6 on very long upright peduncles, all of which are naked. 104 RANUNCULACEAE CROWFOOT FAMILY PRAIRIE ANEMONE Anemone canadensis L. The Prairie Anemone occurs on moist banks and prairies from Labrador to Pennsylvania, Kansas and Colorado. In Illi- nois it is not likely to be found in the extreme southern portion but is fairly common else- where. It is a perennial, 1-2 feet tall, which often forms large colonies. Often cultivat- ed, it makes a beautiful garden flower. The leaves that come directly from the underground stem are 5$-7-parted or cleft, and long petiol- ed, but those on the flowering shoot are sessile. The latter leaves are in a whorl of 3, forming a pri- mary involucre which bears a naked pedun- cle with 1 _ flower. Later 2 peduncles arise from the same point and on either side of the stem of the first flower. Each has a 2-leaved involucre at the middle, where it may branch in turn. The flowers are produced from May to August. There are no petals but the 5 or more sepals are white and petallike. Stamens and pistils are numerous. The fruits are akenes clus- tered on a circular head. Another common species is the Wood Anemone or Wind Flower, Anemone quinquefolia L. This is a delicate little plant 4-9 inches high, which grows in open woods or along their margins, and blooms in April or May. Each stem bears a single flower and an involucre of 3 long-petioled compound leaves, each with 3 wedge-shaped or oblong, toothed leaflets. The 4-7 petallike sepals are pure white or sometimes tinted with pink or blue, and the numerous cream- tipped stamens are clustered about the 15-20 green pistils at the center of the flower. The fruits are akenes. Compare this with the ’ False Rue Anemone, page 108. 105 CROWFOOT FAMILY RANUNCULACEAE VIRGIN’S BOWER Clematis virginiana L. The various species of Clematis differ from most other members of the Crowfoot family in having opposite instead of alternate leaves, and in being climbing plants. The climbing habit gives a plant the advant- age of being able to get its leaves up in- to the air without expending energy and material in con- structing supporting tissue for holding its own stem erect, but it has the dis- - advantage of mak- ing the plant depen- dent upon finding something to climb. This and other members of the genus are greatly prized as ornamental vines. The Virgin’s Bower may be seen trailing gracefully over fences or clinging to the branches of shrubs or trees, especially in lowlands along streams or in moist lanes, from Georgia and Tennessee to Manitoba and Nova Scotia. It climbs by twisting its leaf stalk about supports, often to form delightful shaded arches which amply justify its common name. The green or purple-stained stems are often 12 feet or more in length and usually much branched. The vine is sometimes woody at the base but usually is not and dies to the ground each year. The root is perennial. The coarsely toothed leaflets of the opposite leaves are dark green, silky on the lower surface when young and smooth when mature. The dioecious flowers are produced from July to September. There are no petals but the 4 or 5 white or greenish white sepals are petallike, and the light green stamens and pistils are numer- ous. The long feathery styles remain on the akene fruits and aid in their dissemination. 106 RANUNCULACEAE CROWFOOT FAMILY LEATHER FLOWER Clematis Pitcheri T. & G. The Leather Flower is found only occasionally in the north- ern part of the state but is common throughout central Illinois and westward to Nebraska and Texas. By twisting its leaf stalks about a sup- port it may climb Io ae feet or more, though RSS more often it is 7) (GO lower. UU) d more or less covered with very short hairs. The leaves are pin- nately compound and / the 3-9 leaflets may ss be entire or 3-lobed. The flowers appear in June. The 4 or 5 sepals of the bell-shaped calyx are thick and leathery. They are dull purple and curve outward at the tips. There are no petals. Stamens are numerous and have narrow anthers; the pistils are also numerous and have long silky styles which persist on the akene fruits. y—s a Le, N The branches are ((7;)) WK LEN The Marsh Clematis, Clematis crispa L., resembles the Leather Flower but its blue-purple flowers are much more conspicuous and the broadened tips of the sepals are crisply waved. The 3-9 lanceolate leaflets are firm and much narrower. Instead of climbing, this species prefers to sprawl over low objects. In Illinois it is found in the Cairo sector only. Frequently mistaken for Clematis Pitcheri is another Leather Flower, Clematis Viorna L., which is, however, not found as far north in the state. The sepals of this flower are much thicker than those of the first species, and the tails of its fruits are feathery, not silky or smooth. There a bed of rue was set With an edge of mignonette, And the spicy bergamot Meshed the frail forget-me-not. Honeysuckles, hollyhocks, Bachelor’s button, four-o’clocks, Marigolds and blue-eyed grass Curtsied when the maid did pass, A Colonial Garden—JAaMES B. KENYON 107 CROWFOOT FAMILY RANUNCULACEAE FALSE RUE ANEMONE Isopyrum biternatum (Raf.) T. & G. The False Rue Anemone, which blooms in April and May, is found in moist shady places from Ontario to Minnesota and south to Florida and Texas. It is common in Illinois and is often mistaken for the Wood Anemone, page 105. It will be well to understand the differ- ences between the two species. In both, the corolla is lacking and the sepals are white and petallike. In the Wood Anemone the sepals are 4-7, the stamens are numerous and the pistils 15-20. In the False Rue Ane- mone there are prac- tically always 5 sepals, 10-40 stamens and usu- ally only 4 pistils, though there may be 3-6. The Wood Ane- mone bears only 1 flower and a whorl of 3 leaves in an involucre on each upright stem, whereas the False Rue Anemone bears several flowers in the axils of alternate leaves, as well as a terminal flower. The fruits of the Wood Anemone are akenes and those of the False Rue Anemone are capsules containing 2 or more seeds. The fibrous roots of the False Rue Anemone are thickened at intervals into little tubers, but such tubers are not found on the roots of the Wood Anemone. On the other hand, the Wood Anemone has an underground stem, which the False Rue Anemone has not. The False Rue Anemone is also frequently mistaken for the Rue Anemone, page Io1, which it closely resembles. 108 RANUNCULACEAE CROWFOOT FAMILY MARSH MARIGOLD Caltha palustris L. The Marsh Marigold is a northern plant. It occurs from Newfoundland west to the Rocky mountains and south as far as Iowa and South Carolina. In this latitude it extends round the earth and in England is the “gowans” of song and story. In Illinois it is found in the north and central parts but not in the extreme south. This perennial grows in swamps and wet meadows and blooms from April to June. Where abundant, its showy yellow flowers make large areas brilliant. Its tender fleshy stems and leaves are often gathered in spring just as the plant is coming into flower, and cooked like Spinach. In some places where it is used for food in this manner, it is often erron- eously called Cowslip. The stout hollow stems are smooth and become 1-2 feet long. Usually they are clustered, and each branches and bears several flowers. The basal leaves have long broad petioles, whereas the upper leaves are short petioled or sessile. The flowers have no petals but the 5-9 sepals are yellow and petal- like. Stamens are numerous and pistils 5-10. The fruits are many-seeded follicles. Two varieties of this species, reported elsewhere in the United States as differing by having slenderer forms and smaller flowers, have not been distinguished in Illinois. There I go to meet the Springtime, When the meadow is aglow, Marigolds amid the marshes— And the stream is still and slow. The Path That Leads to Nowhere—CoRINNE ROOSEVELT ROBINSON 109 CROWFOOT FAMILY RANUNCULACEAE WILD COLUMBINE Aquilegia canadensis L. The varying shades of color in these flowers should not confuse the observer. Two factors largely cause the change in colors within the species from deep yellow to crimson. One is the ease with which the flowers are pollinated and the other is the amount of limestone in the soil. The latter has led some botanists to call the limestone forms of Jo Daviess county Aquilegia formosa (=fair or hand- some.) This is the only species of Wild Columbine native in Illinois, though there are species other than this in southern and western states. All Columbines are fond of rocky slopes and ledges where the soil is scanty but they are also found in open woods, along railroads and in other undis- turbed places. This plant occurs throughout the eastern half of the United States, Maine to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. The flowers, produced from April to July, are scarlet outside and yellow within, the 5 sepals and 5 petals being colored alike. The petals are prolonged backward into hollow spurs which contain the nectar. Stamens are numerous and usually some are without anthers. There are 5 pistils crowded together, each crowned by a slender style. The fruits are cylindrical pods which open along the inner side, exposing the smooth and shining seeds arranged in 2 rows. Buds and flowers hang inverted but after pollination they slowly straighten up so that the fruit is erect as shown. 110 RANUNCULACEAE CROWFOOT FAMILY WHITE BANEBERRY. WHITE COHOSH Actea alba (L.) Mill. The White Baneberry or White Cohosh has a more striking appearance in fruit in September than in bloom from late April to early June, but it is to be considered among our common spring flowers. It is found in woods from Nova Scotia to Georgia and west to Minnesota and Missouri. The underground stem is perennial. The upper part of the plant is bushy gé and 1-3 feet high. The § upper leaves may be sessile & and the lower are large, petioled and 2 or 3 times ternate. The leaflets are sharply cleft and toothed. The white flowers are produced in a short and thick terminal raceme. The 4 or 5 sepals fall off as the flower opens, exposing the 4-10 small narrow petals. The numerous stamens have slender filaments. There is 1 pistil consisting of an ovary and a broad sessile stigma. The fruit is a white poisonous berry on a stout red pedicel. It is these red pedicels and white berries that make the plant so conspicuous in autumn. The Red Baneberry, Actea rubra (Ait.) Willd., is also found in Illinois woods but is less common. The leaves of this species are somewhat less sharply toothed, and it is easily recognized in fruit because the berries are red and the pedicels are siender. These fruits are very poisonous. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the Milky Way, They stretched in never ending line Along the margins of the bay: Ten thousand saw I, at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. Daffodils—WILLIAM WORDSWORTH 111 CROWFOOT FAMILY RANUNCULACEAE GOLDEN SEAL. ORANGEROOT Hydrastis canadensis L. The Golden Seal, also called Orangeroot, is becoming rarer every year. Forests, which harbor a rich deep leaf mold and create dense shade, are being thinned out, destroying the conditions needed by the Golden Seal, so that it appears doom- ed. However, it is still found locally throughout its range, from western New England to Minne- sota and southward. This is the only spec- ies known in America and there is one other in Japan. Thecommon name comes from the thick yellow underground stem, which was for- t merly much used in medicine. In early spring it sends up a single basal leaf and a simple hairy stem bearing 2 leaves near the top and terminated by a single whitish flower, which blooms in April. The long-petioled basal leaf is 5-8 inches broad, with 5-9 palmately arranged lobes sharply and unequally toothed. The 2 stem leaves are much smaller but otherwise similar. There are no petals; the 3 sepals are petallike and fall off as the flower opens. The numerous stamens are the most con- spicuous part of the flower. There are usually 12 or more pistils, each containing 2 ovules and having a flat 2-lipped stigma. In fruit the ovaries form a head of crimson, I or 2-seeded berries, the whole somewhat resembling a raspberry. This is a plant that is frequently overlooked, not because of its low habit but because the flower is short lived and incon- spicuous between the terminating leaves. 112 ANONACEAE CUSTARD APPLE FAMILY COMMON PAWPAW Asimina triloba Dunal The Custard Apple family is mostly tropical and its only member in this climate is the Common Pawpaw. Apparently there are two varieties of Pawpaw, one with white pulp and one with yellow. The yel- \ low pulp is regarded as the more palatable and possibly this form may be so improved under cultivation that the fruits will be of eco- nomic importance. The Common Pawpaw does not extend much north of Illinois but does grow in southern Michi- gan, east to New Jersey and south to Florida and Texas. It is a tall shrub or small tree 10-40 feet high, frequenting rich soil on the banks of streams. The dark purple or maroon flowers may be looked for from the last of April to the early part of June. There are 3 sepals which are rather small and densely hairy. The 6 floral parts shown are petals, the 3 outer much larger than the inner. Stamens are numerous and packed into a globular mass. There are usually not more than 4 pistils. The fruits, which mature in September and October, are classed as fleshy berries but they are 3-6 inches long and 1-2 inches in diameter, yellowish green or brownish when ripe and containing numerous large flat seeds arranged in 2 rows. The pools are clear as glass Between the white cups of the lily flowers; The currants are like jewelled fairy bowers; A dazzling insect worries the heart of a rose, Where a delicate fern a filmy shadow throws, And airy as bubbles the thousands of bees Over the young grape clusters swarm as they please. Midsummer Blooms Within Our Quiet Garden Ways— EMILE VERHAEREN 113 MOONSEED FAMILY MENISPERMACEAE MOONSEED Menispermum canadense L. This Moonseed is a woody plant that climbs by twining around any support it can find. It grows along streams and forest borders or in rather open woods throughout the eastern half of the United States and south- ern Canada, abundant in some localities and rare in others. The leaves are quite vari- able but usually peltate and 3-7-lobed. They are slender petioled and broadly ovate, being 4-8 inches wide. The flowers are dioecious and bloom in June and July. Both forms are borne in loose clusters in the axils of leaves and are greenish white or yellowish white and quite small. Each flower has 4-8 sepals and 6-8 short petals. The staminate form has 12-24 stamens, and the pistillate 2-4 pistils and usually a few sterile filaments. The fruits ripen in Sep- tember as purplish blue or black drupes which are cov- ered with a waxy bloom and resemble small grapes, but they are not edible. The stone of the fruit becomes curved in maturity so that it is more or less half-moon shaped and the cause of the plant’s common name. The Scarlet Moonseed, Cocculus carolinus (L.) DC., is a low straggling climber found only in the southern part of the state. Several minutely hairy stems rise 4-8 feet from the root crown, bearing alternate heart-shaped leaves, downy beneath. The small greenish flowers are in panicles and give way to brilliant coral red ' drupes supposedly poisonous. 114 BERBERIDACEAE BARBERRY FAMILY MAY APPLE. MANDRAKE Podophyllum peltatum L. The Barberry family is chiefly important for the common Barberry Bush which harbors the fungus that causes black stem rust of Wheat, and for the eradication of which the United States spends large sums each year. The May Apple is a common perennial in rich woods throughout Illinois and over most of the eastern half of the United States. Its stout stem creeps un- derground not far be- low the surface, and from it branch thick fibrous roots. The peltate leaves are often 1 foot in diameter. Each flower is borne on a short slender stem, sometimes from the petiole of a single leaf but usually, as shown, from the crotch of a branching petiole that bears a pair of leaves. There are 6 pale green sepals which soon fall off, 6 or g white petals, twice as many stamens as petals and 1 fat pistil. Forms with pink flowers are occasionally found. The edible fruit, though commonly called an apple, is really a berry. Ripe in July, it is sweet and slightly acid, 1-2 inches long but possibly reaching the size of a small Lemon, though darker yellow, more fleshy, much less juicy and containing many seeds. Wild Lemon and Hog Apple are other names from these characteristics. Roots, stems and leaves contain a poisonous substance called podophyllin, much used in medicine. O. the bank where wild flowers blossom, ferns nod and mosses creep In a tangled maze of beauty over all the wooded steep! Homesick—Juv.Lia C. R. DORR 115 BARBERRY FAMILY BERBERIDACEAE TWINLEAF. RHEUMATISM ROOT Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers. In rich woods of the central and northern parts of the state, as well as throughout the Great Lakes region and south to Tennessee, grows a plant that in many respects resembles the Bloodroot, page 119, but is more closely related to the Common Barberry. This is the Twinleaf or Rheuma- tism Root. It received its generic name in honor of Thomas Jefferson. Each blade of the long- petioled basal leaves is divided into 2 leaflets which appear exactly alike and so account for the name Twin- leaf. At flowering time the leaves are small but later their stalks may become I foot in length and the blades 4 inches long or longer. The flower stalk also elon- gates and may be 1 foot or more in length by the time the fruit is mature. The stalk, slender and leafless, arises in April or May and bears a solitary white flower. The sepals fall off as the flower opens but there remain about 8 petals, as many stamens and a solitary pistil with a 2-lobed stigma. The pear-shaped pod fruit opens by a half-lid at the top. Numerous seeds are arranged in several rows. Each seed has upon 1 side a fleshy outgrowth called an aril. Ants feed on this aril and frequently carry the seeds from place to place, thus aiding their dissemination. A moonlit path hemmed in by beds of bloom, Where phlox and marigolds dispute for room With tall, red dahlias and the briar rose. The Fruit Garden Path—AMY LOWELL 116 BERBERIDACEAE BARBERRY FAMILY BLUE COHOSH. PAPOOSE ROOT Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. The Blue Cohosh is one of the few interesting wild flowers of this family. It is found in rich woods from New Brunswick to South Carolina and west to Manitoba and Missouri. In Illinois it occurs commonly throughout. This is a smooth perennial herb with matted and knotty underground stems. In early spring it sends up a nearly naked stem 1-3 feet high, which when young is covered with a whitish waxy bloom. The base is sheathed in large bracts and at the top is borne 1 large, nearly sessile, ternately compound leaf. The leaflets look much like those of the Tall Meadow Rue, page Ioo. Usually there is also a smaller, twice compound leaf near the base of the inflorescence. The flowers are produced in April and May before the leaf has reached full size. There are 6 green sepals with 3 or 4 little bracts at the base, 6 small glandlike petals and 6 stamens. The single pistil has a short style and the stigmatic surface is on 1 side only. The 2 seeds develop so rapidly that soon after flowering they burst the ovary and remain exposed. They are borne on stalks about one-quarter inch long and be- come as large as peas, turn blue and resemble berries or drupes. May is building her house of petal and blade; ~ Of the roots of the oak is the flooring made, With a carpet of mosses and lichen and clover, Each small miracle over and over, And tender, travelling green things strayed. May is Building Her House—RicHArD LE GALLIENNE 117 LAUREL FAMILY LAURACEAE WILD ALLSPICE. SPICE BUSH. FEVER BUSH Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees The Laurel family is represented in Illinois by the Spice Bushes and Sassafras. The Cinnamon Tree, from the bark of which commercial cinnamon is made, and the plant from which camphor is obtained are tropical mem- bers of this family. The Spice Bush is a shrub with smooth bark and slender twigs, which grows 5-15 feet high. It is found from Maine to Ontario, Michigan and Kansas, south to North Caro- lina and Tennessee. Its bright yellow flowers, which appear early in spring, and its brilliant red fruits, which ripen in autumn, are very conspicuous and make it a desirable shrub for ornamental planting. Twigs and leaves when broken or bruised have a spicy odor by which the plant may easily be identified. The flowers are imperfect and generally dioecious; they appear in March and April before the leaves. There is no corolla but the 6 sepals are yellow. The pistillate flower has 15-18 rudimentary stamens of two forms, neither of which produces pollen, and a single pistil. The staminate flower has 9 stamens in 3 sets of 3, and a rudimentary and functionless pistil at the center. Filaments of the 3 inner stamens are lobed and gland bearing near the base; the anthers open by lids. The fruits are bright red drupes. The Downy Fever Bush, Benzoin melissaefolium (Walt.) Nees, is found from Missouri and southern Illinois to North Carolina, Florida and Alabama. It is similar to the Spice Bush, but twigs, buds and lower surfaces of the leaves are densely covered with short hairs. 118 PAPAVERACEAE POPPY FAMILY BLOODROOT Sanguinaria canadensis L. The Bloodroot gets its name from the orange-red juice that flows out when any part of the stem or petiole is cut or broken. This juice is called latex and in most plants in which it is found is milky white. Latex is different from the sap of the plant and occurs in special receptacles. It usually contains a mixture of nearly everything that is produced in the plant, including foods and waste materials, but no definite function is known for it. Rubber is made from the latex of rubber plants and probably all latex con- tains rubber in small amounts. The Bloodroot is a com- mon perennial in rich woods from Nova Scotia, Manitoba and Nebraska to Florida, Alabama and Arkansas. It blooms in April or early May. From the terminal bud of the thickened underground stem arise a leaf and a stem with a single flower. At first the leaf partly envelops the flowering shoot but later it unfolds, enlarges, and, persisting well into the summer, manufactures food to be stored in the underground stem and then to be used the following spring. The 2 sepals fall off as the flower opens but 8 or more con- spicuous white petals remain. Like most members of the Poppy family, the flowers do not last long and if picked the petals soon drop off. The fruit is a many-seeded 1-celled pod. 119 POPPY FAMILY CELANDINE POPPY PAPAVERACEAE Stylophorum diphyllum (Michx.) Nutt. In contrast with the Bloodroot, which possesses a red juice or latex, the Celandine Poppy has a bright yellow juice. The name Stylophorum means style bearing and was given to this plant because most other members of the Poppy family do not have a distinct style. This Poppy is limited to a few of the central states. It is found from extreme western Penn- sylvania to Wisconsin and Missouri, and south as far as Tennessee. In Illinois it occurs in the damp woods of the south but is not common. This perennial has a _ stout underground stem from which rise the basal leaves and flowering stem 1-2 feet high. The lower surfaces of the leaves are pale and the upper are bright green. Leaves of the flowering stem are 1-3 and commonly 2 opposite. The flowers are produced from April to May either singly or in clusters of 2 or more. Each has 2 hairy sepals which soon drop off, and 4 striking deep yellow petals. The stamens are numerous and there is 1 pistil with a distinct style and a 2 or 4-lobed stigma. The capsule fruit contains many seeds which are conspicuously crested. Bright are the blossoms of the scarlet sage, And bright the velvet vest On the nasturtium’s breast; Bright are the tulips when they reddest rage, And bright the coreopsis’ eye; But none of all can with your brilliant beauty vie, Poppies—JOHN RUSSELL HAYES 120 FUMARIACEAE FUMITORY FAMILY DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES Dicentra Cucullaria (L.) Bernh. The Fumitory family is relatively small and economi- cally unimportant save for a few garden flowers such as Bleeding Heart. The Dutchman’s Breeches occurs from Nova Scotia to Lake Huron and Minnesota, southward to North Caro- lina and Missouri. It is quite common throughout most of its territory and along with its relative the Squirrel Corn, page 122, frequently takes possession of considerable areas. The delicate smooth stems arise 5-10 inches high from a cluster of small per- ennial tubers packed so closely together as to have the appearance of a scaly bulb. The feathery ternate- ly compound, basal leaves are slender petioled and a shade lighter green beneath. The plant receives its common name from the white or occasionally pink-tinted, dainty and yellow-tipped flowers, which remind one of a pair of inverted pantaloons. The 2 leglike spurs are petals modified into this peculiar shape. Two other, narrow and smaller petals are at right angles to the larger, with their tips extended to form an arch over the 6 yellow stamens. There are only 2 sepals, very small and scalelike. The pistil has a very slender style and a 2-lobed stigma. These deli- cate flowers, 1-10 on a single stalk, appear in April and May and should be looked for in rich woods. The daisy’s bloom on the meadow’s breast, The wandering bee And his ceaseless quest Of the tempting sweets in the clover’s crest, Are the joys of a summer morning. 2 i The Joys of a Summer Morning—HENERY A. WISE Woop 121 FUMITORY FAMILY FUMARIACEAE SQUIRREL CORN Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. The Squirrel Corn is found in rich woods from Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, southward to Missouri, and along the mountains to Kentucky and Virginia, but it is rare in Illinois. Since it greatly resembles the Dutchman’s Breeches, page 121, perhaps it will be sufficient to note the differ- ences. Leaves and stem arise 6-12 inches high in this species, and also from tubers, but these, instead of being clustered into a bulbous structure as in the Dutchman’s Breeches are scattered on underground stems and are produced so near the surface of the soil that they frequently be- come uncovered and lie on top of the ground. These yellowish tubers look some- wz thing like grains of Corn and are said to be relished by squirrels, hence the | common name. Leaves are a the same except that in this species they are decidedly paler beneath witha fine whitish bloom. The Squirrel Corn blooms a week or so later than the Dutch- man’s Breeches, during April and May. The nodding, short- pediceled flowers, 4-8 in a raceme topping the slender scape, are greenish white frequently tinged with rose and are slightly fragrant with the odor of Hyacinth. They are shaped very much like our garden Bleeding Heart, a native of Japan but very closely related. The crests or tips of the inner petals of Squirrel Corn are much larger and more conspicuous than those of the Dutchman’s Breeches. Fruits of the two species are similar. 122 FUMARIACEAE FUMITORY FAMILY GOLDEN CORYDALIS Corydalis aurea Willd. This very pretty inhabitant of rocky woodlands is scattered in far-separated localities throughout the state. It has traveled far and irregularly and grows from Nova Scotia and Pennsyl- vania to Minnesota and Alaska, south to Missouri and in the Rocky mountains to Arizona. This is our commonest species and yet because of its se- cluded habitat is un- known to most people and commonly unob- served by the profes- sional botanist. The plant grows I foot high from a fibrous root cluster, branches diffusely and _ bears numerous smooth, much-divided leaves suggestive of its cousin the Dutchman’s Breeches, page 121. The bright golden yellow flowers, one-half to three-quarters of an inch long, are borne in terminal and lateral racemes. They are very irregular with 2 sepals and 4 closely attached petals, with 1 of the outer petals long spurred at the base. Stamens are 6 in 2 sets of 3 opposite the outer petals. The single pistil becomes a long, curved, very slender pod contracted regularly at intervals. The black seeds are conically thickened discs, shiny and with minute concentric ridges. The flowers bloom from the latter part of May to August and the seeds are ripe in September. The Pale Corydalis, Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers., has pur- plish or rose flowers which are yellow tipped, in panicled racemes on a stalk 4-24 inches high. Rocky bluffs are the best places to look for this plant. The spur of the corolla is short and rounded, and the elongated pods are slender and erect. 123 MUSTARD FAMILY Io. The flowers of nearly all species of the Mustard family are characterized by 4 sepals, 4 petals arranged in the form of a cross, 6 stamens 2 of which are shorter than the other 4, and 1 pistil which in fruit becomes a pod. They are so much alike that it is frequently impossible to identify the plants by flowers alone; and the fruits, which often differ enough for purposes of identification, must then be used. The family is very important economically, as it con- tains, besides a number of weeds, many beautiful garden flowers and such vegetables as Cabbage, Cauliflower, Kale, Brussels Sprouts, Kohl-rabi, Mustard, Turnip and Radish. No plant in the family is poisonous, but leaves or roots, stems, and in some cases seeds, have a pungent odor or peppery taste. KEY TO GENERA Flowers yellow. . ov. o2.2.: 77. d0 5. U0 Flowers white or purple. :..... ....... 2.13.0 ee Petals more than one-half inch long... .. 7...) O22 eee Petals shortef ..c. 0... 082204)... eee Flowers orange-yellow; leaves narrow...... Erysimum p. Flowers yellow; leaves broader.............. Brassica p. Flawers Bright “yellow... Ages Le. e6 ee: eee Barbarea p. Flowers pate yellow 2.0 0a. fs OS a: Sisymbrium p. Plants growing in brooks or streams.......... Radicula p. Plants not in.brooks or streams...) s. . <.... <4 Jee Fruits flat and short.) -. 002: .... 0.2... 2 ee Fruits elongated... . 2. ....../92 2... 2s. 4 ee Fruits nearly circular, up to one-half inch in diameter; seeds 2.or more in each cell. :)..00 5.45555 Thlaspi p. Fruits nearly circular, not more than one-eighth inch in diameter; seeds 1 in each cell........... Lepidium p. Pimits ttiamewlare as. co likes Ue te ee ee .Capsella p. Leaves palmately divided. 27.5. 00 es Dentaria p. Leaves not palmately divided. ¥ 2020s. +... S-ee Two of the sepals with a hump just below the tip........ NEE ee Mcp aaa cectend a a Palace BG tn Ty Todanthus p. 132 Lower leaves nearly as broad as long, on long petioles.... eR RE Ow oon ep AGk a ha Uk See en ee ae Cardamine p. 134 Lower leaves much longer than broad, on short petioles... SUN dated sa see pix eens Baie palette Echo na ee ee een Arabis p. 135 CRUCIFERAE CRUCIFERAE MUSTARD FAMILY FIELD PENNYCRESS. MITHRADATE MUSTARD Thlaspi arvense L. The Field Pennycress is a smooth annual which is not common in the southern part of the state but becomes more frequent farther north and in Canada is often a pernicious weed. It is a native of Asia and Europe and from the latter was introduced into this country. It blooms from June to September. This plant grows in fields, roadsides and waste places, is 6-18 inches high and usually somewhat branched above, though frequently simple in colonies. The basal leaves are petioled but they soon disappear and then all the leaves are like those shown, oblong or lanceo- late, slightly dentate and sessile by arrow-shaped bases. They are alternate as in all Mustards. The numerous small flowers are white, each of the 4 petals being about one-eighth of an inch long. There are 6 very short stamens and a single pistil with a flattened ovary, which in fruit becomes enlarged to a diameter of one- half inch and is distinctly winged. This | pod is longitudinally divided, with 2-8 seeds in each half. | Wild Peppergrass or Birdseed, Lepz- dium virginicum L., is a very common smooth annual of yards and waste places alike. It grows up to 1 foot high and becomes much branched as the season advances. The leaves are variable, the obovate or spatulate basals having large terminal lobes and small lateral ones, and the small, very numerous and linear or lanceolate stem leaves are more or less toothed and sessile. The small white flowers are born at the summit of elongating racemes. Stamens are 2. The flat round fruits are notched at the apex, about one-eighth inch across, and have 2 cells each containing 1 seed. Seed-eating birds like the fruits. Illinois is well within the range of this plant, which is from Quebec to Minnesota, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico. The blooming season is June to September. 125 MUSTARD FAMILY CRUCIFERAE SHEPHERD’S PURSE Capsella Bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. The Shepherd’s Purse is one of our commonest flowering plants, probably second in this respect only to the Dandelion. It is a native of Europe but is now widely distributed over nearly all parts of the earth inhabited by man. In Illinois it is common everywhere along roads and streets and about SS a ZB i i 4 dwellings, as well as in fields Q iS) ef? YF Sip -& and waste places. y) This annual starts early ) and blooms throughout the season from April to late autumn. The branching stem grows 6-20 inches high from a long deep root. It is usually hairy near the base but smooth above. The basal leaves, 2-5 inches long, are more or less lobed and form a large rosette. The stem leaves are relatively few and often nearly entire, but usually with earlike appendages at the base. Flowers are white and have the usual structure for the family: 4 sepals, 4 petals, 6 stamens with 2 shorter, and 1 pistil. The triangular or purse- shaped pods have 2 cells con- taining 10-12 seeds each. The seeds have no special means of dissemination but since 50,000 of them are not uncommonly produced by a single plant there is great probability that some will be widely scattered. Because these plants are extremely variable in size, foliage, inflorescence and shape of the pod, many species have been proposed in place of this single name. Sixty-three subdivisions have been suggested by one investigator alone. 126 CRUCIFERAE MUSTARD FAMILY WILD MUSTARD. CHARLOCK Brassica arvensis (L.) Ktze. The Wild Mustard or Charlock was introduced into this country from Europe, has flourished and has become a very common weed. It occurs in grain fields and waste places through- out the United States. | E It is an annual, 1-2 feet high and branching above the middle, some- times covered with stiff scattered hairs but sometimes entirely smooth. The leaves are rough to the touch, coarsely and prominently ribbed and veined, and with edges irregularly notched or wavy. The yellow flowers, blooming from May to November, have the usual structure for members of this family and the pods are commonly smooth but rather knotty. The Black Mustard, Brassica nigra (L.) Koch, is another European plant that has become a weed here. It is larger, growing 2-7 feet tall and branch- ing freely. Its flowers are smaller and its pods are shorter and usually closely appressed to the stem. It blooms from June to November and is found in fields, along roadsides and in waste places throughout the country. Table mustard and mustard oil are made from the seeds of this plant and in Europe it is extensively cultivated for the purpose. It may also be cultivated for fodder, in which case it is harvested before the seeds mature. The White Mustard, Brassica alba (L.) Boiss., also from Europe and cultivated, may be distinguished from the similar Charlock, Black Mustard and Rutabaga by the fact that all its leaves are pale, deeply divided and do not clasp the stem. The pods are bristly and have large 1-seeded angular beaks that are sword shaped and one- half the length of the whole pod. There is a flower, a little flower With silver crest and golden eye, That welcomes every changing hour, And weathers every sky. A Field Flower—JAMES MONTGOMERY 127 MUSTARD FAMILY CRUCIFERAE TUMBLE MUSTARD Sisymbrium altissimum L. The Tumble Mustard is another immigrant from Europe which has spread over the continent, north from Virginia, Missouri, and Utah into Nova Scotia, Ontario and British Columbia. In many places it has become a very annoy- ing weed. This is a biennial which in the first year produces a rosette of leaves but no up- right stem. The food manu- factured by the leaves is stored in the root, from which the plant sends in the second year a smooth, erect and freely branching stem 2-4 feet high, on which flowers and seeds are pro- duced all summer. The leaves vary greatly from the base to the top of the plant, all gradations be- tween the kinds shown being found. The small, pale yellow flowers have the typical struc- ture of flowers of this family. The pods are very slender and divided longitudinally into 2 parts, each of which contains 1 or 2 rows of seeds. Sometimes an upper portion of the plant breaks off and 1s blown along over the ground, or it may get caught on a Tumbleweed or a Russian Thistle which is being blown about. In this way the seeds are threshed out of the pods and scattered over the soil. The Hedge Mustard, Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop., is a common weed throughout Illinois. It is erect, 1-3 feet high, smooth or somewhat soft hairy, and its spreading branches are rigid. The flowers are deeper yellow and much smaller; the thick-walled pods are hairy, short stalked and appressed to the scarcely branched stem. The valves have a strong prominent midrib. It is likewise a European invader of waste ground, 128 CRUCIFERAE MUSTARD FAMILY WESTERN WALLFLOWER Erysimum asperum DC. Orange-yellow is an unusual flower color, not only in the Mustard family but among flowers in general. The large bright orange-yellow flowers of the Western Wallflower therefore have undoubted value in attracting certain insects that will ac- complish pollination, and they make this plant a very con- spicuous inhabitant of open places and woodland borders. It is found only locally from Illinois and Ohic to Newfound- land but is more common westward to Colorado and New Mexico. ‘(Pheistem,; 123 feet ‘tall, is slightly rough with short hairs and is usually simple but may branch near the top. The stem leaves may be somewhat toothed as shown, or they may be entire. Lower leaves are somewhat larger and _ they taper into short petioles. The flowers have the usual 4 sepals, 4 petals, 6 stamens and 1 pistil, and bloom from April to July. The pods are 4-sided and contain 2 rows of seeds. The Wormseed Mustard, Erysimum cheiranthoides L., blooms in July and August along the banks of streams and in the open. It is found locally in river bottoms throughout Illinois. The slender and branching stem is roughish and the lanceolate leaves are barely toothed. The small pods are upright on slender spreading pedicels, and are blunt angled. The flowers are the usual Mustard family yellow. Treacle Mustard or Tarrify are other names given it in various parts of its range, from Newfoundland through New Jersey to Missouri and the Pacific coast. 129 MUSTARD FAMILY CRUCIFERAE TRUE WATER CRESS Radicula Nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Britten & Rendle _ It frequently happens that when a plant is introduced into a new country whose climate is agreeable it finds conditions for growth and reproduction unusually favor- able, partly because it is freed from com- petition with many of its natural enemies. Under such circumstances many plants become pernicious weeds. This Water Cress could hardly be called a weed but it is an introduced plant which has spread over most of the central part of the continent and is common in most places. It is a native of Europe and northern Asia, and is now found in the West Indies and South America as well. It is greatly prized and ex- tensively used as a salad, for which purpose it was originally cultivated. 3 True Water Cress grows in the water of |brooks and streams and forms very dense patches of considerable size. The smooth stems float on the water or creep on the mud, branching freely and rooting at the nodes. Leaflets of the pinnately com- pound leaves are 3-11, obtuse, ovate or oval, or the larger terminal one somewhat circular. The small white flowers have the usual structure of flowers of this family, and the petals are about twice as long as the sepals. The pods, turned upward from the slender pedicels of equal length, are divided longitudinally into 2 parts, each of which contains 2 rows of seeds. The Marsh Cress or Yellow Swamp Cress, Radicula palustris (L.) Moench, is common in wet places or shallow water. The smooth erect stem is 8-32 inches high and much branched. Leaves are pinnately cleft or more deeply parted; the upper may be deeply narrow lobed. The small orange-yellow flowers are on pedicels as short as the flower but longer than the ellipsoid-cylindric pods. The blooming season is May to August. 130 CRUCIFERAE MUSTARD FAMILY YELLOW ROCKET. COMMON WINTER CRESS Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. The Yellow Rocket, also called Bitter, Winter, Yellow or Rocket Cress, is among the first yellow-flowered members of the Mustard family to bloom, from April to June. It is dis- tributed from western Pennsylvania to Minnesota, Missouri and southwestward, principally on waste lands, in meadows and along roadsides. Sometimes it is abundant enough to carpet large areas a brilliant yellow. The single thick green stem grows 1-2 feet high. It is smooth, strong and angular, and each of its several branches terminates in a cluster of flowers. The lower leaves, 4-5 inches long, have short slender petioles, and form a rich shiny green tuft about the base of the stem. They are often used as a spring salad and the plant is sometimes cultivated for this purpose. The leaves have the shape of a lyre, being cut usually into § parts of which 1, rounded and terminal, is larger than the other 4 in opposite pairs. The flowers have the characteristic Mustard family structure: 4 sepals, 4 petals, 6 stamens 2 of which are smaller than the other 4, and 1 pistil. The anthers are yellow and the calyx becomes yellow as the flower matures. The lower flowers open first and are soon followed by the seed pods while the top of the cluster is yet crowded with buds. The Erect-fruited Winter Cress, Barbarea stricta Andrz., is very similar to Yellow Rocket in foliage but the pale yellow flowers are in bloom gathered at the summit of the raceme in a flat-topped or con- vex open cluster. The pods, on slender pedicels, are appressed against the axis of the raceme. Barbarea verna (Mill.) Asch. is the Early Winter Cress, which differs by having leaves with 5-8 pairs of lateral lobes, and longer pods on very thick pedicels. It is occasional in southern Illinois. 131 MUSTARD FAMILY CRUCIFERAE FALSE ROCKET. PURPLE ROCKET Iodanthus pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud. The common name of this plant comes from the latter’s similarity to another plant with larger flowers, which is cultivated in gardens under the name Rocket. The False Rocket never becomes a weed. It grows mostly along river banks and in moist woods, and is found from western Pennsylvania to Minnesota and south to Tennessee, Louis- iana, Missouri and Texas. It is the only species of Jodanthus and is not found in other parts of the world. The flowers bloom in May and June and the fruits mature in July and August. ? The plant is a smooth erect peren- nial 1-3 feet high, branching toward the top. The lower leaves are ovate or oblong and 2-8 inches long. They taper into mar- gined petioles which have earlike appendages at the base and clasp the stem. The leaf forms vary greatly from the base to the top of the stem; an upper leaf is shown. The many flowers are purple, brightening to violet or even whitish. They are one-quarter inch broad and on spreading pedicels. The 4 sepals and 4 long petals are all quite slender. The 6 stamens are arranged as usual in this family, with 2 shorter than the other 4, but the pistil is provided with a stout style. The fruit is an ascending linear pod 1-1% inches long, somewhat flattened and containing several oblong seeds in 2 rows separated by a thin partition. 132 CRUCIFERAE MUSTARD FAMILY TOOTHWORT. PEPPER ROOT Dentaria laciniata Muhl. The Toothwort, sometimes called Pepper Root, grows in rich moist woods and blooms in April and early May, thus taking advantage of the sun that reaches the then unshaded forest floor. It is found from Que- bec to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana, and 1s common throughout Illinois. The plant is per- ennial by — under- ground stems which are rather deep in the soil and are di- vided into tuberlike joints that are readily separable. These tubers are edible, having a pleasant peppery taste com- parable to the Radish or Cress, and have furnished a delightful addition to many a lunch on a springtime hike. The stem, grow- ing 8-15 inches high, is usually hairy, at least towards the upper end, but it may be entirely smooth. There are ordinarily 3 leaves, two of which are shown, arranged in a whorl on the stem. They are 3-parted nearly to the base, the divisions lanceolate, linear or oblong, deeply cut toothed or lobed, and the lateral ones often deeply 2-cleft. Usually there are no other leaves at flowering time but later some basal leaves, similar but with longer petioles, may be produced to carry the work of food manufacture well into the summer. The flowers have the structure characteristic of the family and are white or in some cases tinged with pink or purple. The fruit is a linear, ascending pod 1-1 % inches long and con- taining 1 row of seeds in each half. 133 MUSTARD FAMILY CRUCIFERAE PURPLE SPRING CRESS. BITTER CRESS Cardamine Douglassii (Torr.) Britton In low rich woods in April or early May, the Purple Spring Cress or Bitter Cress may be found in bloom. It occurs from Maryland and Kentucky far north and northwestward along the Canadian Rockies to Arctic America. It is perennial by tuber- bearing underground stems, from which it comes up in masses over considerable areas. The slender stem is 5-12 inches high and may be somewhat hairy or entirely smooth. The basal leaves are borne on long slender petioles, whereas the stem leaves, 2-6, have short petioles or are sessile. They are usually toothed as shown but may be nearly or quite entire. The 4 sepals are purple tinged and the 4. petals are pale or rose-purple. The ma- ture pods are about 1 inch long and contain 2 rows of seeds separated by a partition. When ripe the halves curl up elastically from the base and the seeds may be thrown some distance. The Spring Cress, Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) BSP., is a similar plant which blooms 2-3 weeks later, in late May and early June, but its flowers are white instead of purple and it is usually found in more open swamps or other wet places. The Pennsylvania Bitter Cress, Cardamine pennsylvanica Muhl., occurs commonly on wet shores of ponds and stagnant waters as a much branched leafly plant 12 inches high. The small leaves have 7-11 lateral and terminal leaflets, the terminal broad, ovate, and the oblong laterals tending to unite along the central axis. The white flowers are very small and the pods are erect on ascending pedicels. 134 CRUCIFERAE MUSTARD FAMILY ROCK CRESS Arabis lyrata L. The Rock Cress grows in rocky and sandy places. It is likely to be found, therefore, in any of those places in the state where there are rock outcrops or sandy soil. It is widely dis- tributed, being found in suitable situ- ations from Ontario to Connecticut, "> Virginia and Tennessee, southwest to £ (2 Missouri and northwestward through Manitoba and British Columbia to ¥Y Alaska. It is also found in Japan. \ yl The plant has a fleshy taproot that XY ) lives through at least one winter, as in \ the more northern parts of its range it is biennial, and perennial farther south. The solitary or several stems grow 4-12 inches high and usually are somewhat hairy toward the base but occasionally entirely smooth. There is a cluster of basal leaves, often several times the number shown, which may be hairy or smooth. The number of flowers on each stem varies greatly. The 4 yellowish green sepals are small but the pure white petals are longer and quite conspicuous. There are the usual 6 stamens, 2 shorter than the others, and 1 pistil with a short slender style. The fruit is a pod containing 2 rows of seeds. The Sicklepod, Arabis canadensis L., is a perennial 2-4 feet high, mostly unbranched, with numerous lanceolate leaves barely toothed or entire and sessile or nearly so. The small greenish white flowers are in terminal or lateral racemes. They are followed by flat green pods 2%-4 inches long and curved, which remain after the leaves have fallen and then open from below by the 2 elastic valves. The Bank or Smooth Rock Cress, Arabis laevigata (Muhl.) Poir., is abundant on steep, shaded, wooded bluffs throughout. It is 2-4 feet tall, smooth and covered with a bloom. The lanceolate or linear stem leaves are mostly toothed and are attached by arrow-shaped clasping bases. The oblong-linear petals of the small greenish white flowers are scarcely longer than the calyx, and the long narrow pods are recurved-spreading on generally erect pedicels. 135 CAPER FAMILY CAPPARIDACEAE CLAMMYWEED Polanisia trachysperma T. & G. The Caper family is confined mostly to warm regions, only a few species being found in cool temperate climates. Capers, prepared from the young flower buds of one of the members of this family, are pickled and used in salads. They have a pungent flavor similar to that of many members of the Mustard family. This western plant has migrated into Illinois and is found in equal or greater numbers than the lesser-flower- ed species Polanisia graveolens Raf. It chooses sandy places, particularly along the Missis- sippi river and its branches, and along railroads coming in from the west. It is native from this state through Missouri and Texas to Cali- fornia, and through Iowa to British Columbia. The Clammyweed is a more or less branching annual, erect or reclining with the summit turned upward, and covered with long-petioled, trifoliate, very clammy leaves which give off a strong unpleasant odor when bruised or handled. The oblong- obtuse leaflets are entire and about 1 inch long. The flowers are in leafy or bracted terminal racemes. The 4 sepals are purplish and slightly unequal, and the 4 yellowish white petals are nearly one-half inch in length and have long claws. Stamens are g-12 with purplish filaments very much exserted, often twice the length of the petals. The single pistil becomes a rough pod 1% inches long, nearly or quite sessile, erect and containing many rough seeds. The other Clammyweed is Polanisia graveolens Raf., separable by means of its flowers; they are half the size of P. trachysperma, have usually 11 stamens about equaling the yellowish white petals, and a very short style. The pod is slightly stalked and the seeds are smoothish, 136 SARRACENIACEAE PITCHER PLANT FAMILY PITCHER PLANT. HUNTSMAN’S CUP Sarracenia purpurea L. This lone Pitcher Plant of the north is found throughout the Great Lakes region, eastern Canada and the northwestern states, and in Illinois the northern peat bogs. It produces a rosette of pitcher-shaped leaves which may be en- a tirely green but more often are streaked with red or purple. These curious leaves are usually partly filled with water and trapped insects, the prod- uct of whose decay the plant absorbs and uses as part of its food supply. Entrance’ § to ‘the pitchers is easy and in- sects often go in, perhaps merely by chance or per- haps attracted by the bright colors. Egress, however, is almost im- possible because the ye rounded arching hood a the upper end of the Ne pitcher is lined inside with numerous short hairs which point downward. Most of the in- sects sooner or later get into the water and drown. On the other hand, several kinds of insects live or breed in the water in these pitchers. The nodding flowers, which appear on 1-2-foot scapes in June, are deep purple, nearly globose and 2 inches or more in diameter. Each consists of 5 sepals, which remain while the fruit matures, 5 incurved obovate petals, numerous stamens and a pistil which has a §-celled ovary, 1 short yellowish style and a broad um- brella-shaped summit with ¢ little hooked stigmas. Beneath the calyx are § little bracts colored like the sepals. 137 ORPINE FAMILY CRASSULACEAE STONECROP Sedum ternatum Michx. Most members of the Orpine family are succulent, their leaves thick and fleshy. Probably the most familiar examples are the Live-forever and the Hen and Chickens, which are frequently planted in gardens and cemeteries. This rare member of the family ranges in Illinois between Alexander and Kankakee counties, and is extremely local from Connecticut to Michigan and from Georgia to Tennessee and Missouri. It is a | perennial by creeping rootstocks en which bear ascending leafy branches sie 3-8 inches high. The leaves are - as oval, entire, fleshy and one-half to 1 inch long; and the lower are in a : whorls of 3. 7 Each branch terminates in 2-4 palmate racemes which are spread- ing or recurved in flower in May. The white flowers, one-half inch broad, have 5 greenish sepals, 5 acute petals, 10 long exserted stamens and § separate green pis- tils. The many-seeded follicles are one-eighth inch long and have a scale at the base. The Showy Stonecrop, Sedum pulchellum Michx., is a rare and fine species found on rocks of Hardin, Pope and Johnson counties near the Ohio river. It may be immediately known by its de- cumbent or trailing habit, its very numerous small cylindric leaves, which are slightly clasping, and in particular by the three-quarter- inch flowers of rose-purple varying to white, which are borne in long-armed spreading cymes. The Ditch Stonecrop, Penthorum sedoides L., is not fleshy like the rest of the family. It is an upright weedlike perennial which grows in unshaded wet places from New Brunswick to Florida and west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas and Texas. The stem is 6-24 inches tall and usually branched and somewhat angled near the top but round below. The yellowish green calyx is 5-lobed, and petals are usually absent. There are 10 stamens. The 5 pistils are united at the base and in fruit form a 5-beaked many- seeded capsule that opens by 5 slits. 138 SAXIFRAGACEAE SAXIFRAGE FAMILY ROUGH ALUM ROOT Heuchera hispida Pursh The Saxifrage family is of considerable economic importance in that it furnishes the fruits of Currants and Gooseberries as well as a number of ornamental shrubs. The Rough Alum Root is an herbaceous plant and does not bear edible fruits. It is found Ny, on dry barren knolls or Ms dry open wooded areas from Virginia to western Ontario and Kansas, ° Idaho and Saskatche- wan. It will not likely be found in the southern end of Illinois but is fairly common in cen- tral and especially the northern part. The plant is perennial by an underground stem. The upright stem is 2-4 feet tall and rough with rather stiff hairs. There are several geraniumlike leaves, usually basal, on \ long, slender, hairy petioles. Af The flowers bloom in May and June. They have a greenish tubular calyx which is 5-lobed and very much 1-sided, and 5 petals which are small and project scarcely beyond the calyx lobes. The 5 stamens usually do not extend beyond the calyx. The pistil, with 2 slender styles, ripens into a 2-beaked capsule that opens between the beaks. The genus Saxifraga of this family is largely and widely repre- sented in Illinois by the Swamp Saxifrage, Saxifraga pennsylvanica L., and may be distinguished from the Alum Roots or genus Heuchera by the fact that its members have white flowers and 10 stamens instead of 5, and by its pinnately veined leaves. Forbes Saxifrage, Saxifraga Forbesii Vasey, is included in Britton & Brown with the Swamp Saxifrage, but not so in Gray’s Manual, and it may be that the peculiar rock structure and constitution of its habitat, the cliffs of Giant City state park at Makanda, ac- counts for sufficient divergence in leaves, stamens and follicles to make it a separate species. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY SAXIFRAGACEAE BISHOP’S CAP. MITERWORT Mitella diphylla L. One of the most modest and dainty of our spring wild flowers is the Bishop’s Cap or Miterwort. It will not force one’s atten- tion and unless acquainted with it one is liable to pass it by with scarcely a glance. But although inconspicuous, the individual flowers are really very pretty. The plant is especially fond of growing on old, greatly decayed logs and is found in rich woods from Quebec to Minnesota and south to Missouri and North Carolina. It is perennial by an underground stem and produces a cluster of heart-shaped basal leaves with slender petioles, and a slender stem, 10-18 inches high, that bears a pair of almost sessile leaves near the middle. Stems and leaves are hairy. The flowers, in an elongated spikelike raceme, bloom in April and May. The calyx tube is grown fast to the ovary below and has 5 white lobes above. The corolla consists of 5 white petals which are narrow and deeply cut, appearing like fringe. There are 10 stamens with very short filaments and 1 pistil with 2 short styles. The fruit is a many-seeded capsule from the shape of © which the name Bishop’s Cap is derived. The Naked or Northern Bishop’s Cap, Mitella nuda L., is a dainty greenish-flowered plant of the north and has been found only in one county of northwestern Illinois. Its native heath is the Mackenzie region of Canada, east to Labrador. Its slender stem, 4-6 inches high and usually leafless, is few flowered, and will be discerned coming chiefly from among the mosses on rocks in rich moist woods. The hairy, kidney-shaped leaves are edged with rounded teeth. 140 SAXIFRAGACEAE SAXIFRAGE FAMILY GRASS OF PARNASSUS Parnassia caroliniana Michx. The Grass of Parnassus is a pretty perennial herb which grows in swamps and wet meadows from New Brunswick to Manitoba and south to Virginia and Iowa. It is common in the swampy parts of the Waukegan flats along Lake Michigan and in the bogs of Lake county but is not found in the central and southern parts of the state. The unbranched flowering stem grows 6-24 inches high and bears a single terminal flower and 1 sessile clasping leaf somewhat below the mid- dle. There are also several basal leaves on long petioles. The flower blooms from July to September and pro- duces an abundance of nectar. The calyx is small and 5-lobed nearly to the base. The 5 petals are white or creamy and delicately veined with pale | green lines. Five fertile sta- \, / mens with rather large anthers \" alternate with the petals, and \ at the base of each petal is a \ cluster of 3-5 imperfect sta- \ mens, called staminodia, each of which is tipped with a N ¢ nectar gland. The pistil consists of an ovary and 4 stigmas but no style. It develops into a capsule containing many small, winged seeds. Beyond the queen hydrangeas splendid rule Barbaric marigolds; chrysanthemums Outshine gladioli, and sunflowers flaunt Their crests of gold beneath the giant gourds. The Garden in August—GeERTRUDE HUNTINGTON McGIFFERT 141 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY SAXIFRAGACEAE WILD HYDRANGEA Hydrangea arborescens L. The flower of our cultivated Hydrangea bushes appears to consist merely of a flat white calyx. It has been derived from the wild form and in clusters is more beautiful. Breeding for this cultivated race has been possible due to ? the existence of a few such out- ermost flowers in the clusters of the Wild Hy- drangea, where their function seems to be the attraction of insects. The Wrage Hydrangea is a shrub 4-10 feet high, which grows along the wooded slopes of ravines and banks of streams from New York to Georgia and west to Illinois, Missouri and Oklahoma. It does not occur in Illinois north of La Salle county but is not uncommon in the central and southern portions. The stem is smooth or nearly so and the ovate opposite leaves are toothed and usually somewhat paler green beneath. The plant blooms in June and July and sometimes again in September. Frequently all the flowers are perfect. The 8-10-ribbed calyx tube is hemispherical and remains as the outer covering of the fruit; the limb is 4 or 5-toothed. There are 4 or § ovate petals, 8 or 10 stamens and 1 pistil with 2-4 styles. The fruit is a 15-ribbed capsule with many seeds in its 2 cells, and it opens by a hole between the diverging styles. The Gray or Pale Hydrangea, Hydrangea cinerea Small, of the Ohio river region differs principally in its branches, ash gray by means of a fine close down, and in the leaves, which are densely pale downy beneath. The small white flowers are in compound flat-topped clusters, but the outer ones are characteristically en- larged, showy and sterile. 142 SAXIFRAGACEAE SAXIFRAGE FAMILY MISSOURI GOOSEBERRY Ribes gracile Michx. This is a shrub of dry or rocky soil from Michigan and Indiana to South Dakota, south to Tennessee and Oklahoma. It grows up to 4% feet and usually has 1-3 spines at each node on the stem. The young branches are white or ‘ whitish and often covered with prickles. The white or greenish white, epigynous flowers appear in April or May in inverted clusters on stalks which are usually some- what hairy and gland bearing. The calyx con- sists of 5 long lobes and a short tube on the throat of which the 5 small petals are inserted. The 5 stamens alternate with the petals and have long threadlike filaments. The 2 long styles are somewhat united. The fruit matures from July to September as a smooth, purplish, many-seeded and edible berry. The tips which are picked from the fruits are the ends of the sepals, as the Gooseberry is the fleshy calyx enclosing the ovary and seeds. The Prickly Gooseberry, Ribes Cynosbati L., which is quite common in central and northern Illinois, has greenish flowers in which stamens and style are not longer than the bell-shaped calyx, and the fruits are armed with long prickles. Rocky woods are the choice of this Gooseberry, from western Maine to the mountains of North Carolina, west to Manitoba and Missouri. The Currants, both wild and cultivated, are closely related to the Gooseberries. They may be distinguished by the absence of spines at the nodes, and by the flower clusters, which are elongated racemes with several flowers instead of only 1-4 as in the Goose- berries. Our commonest wild Currant is the Wild Black Currant, Ribes floridum L’Hér., which has rather large yellowish flowers in April and May. This plant ranges from New Brunswick to Saskatchewan and southwestward. 143 WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY HAMAMELIDACEAE WITCH-HAZEL Hamamelis virginiana L. The Witch-hazel family is relatively small and made up entirely of trees and shrubs. An extract distilled from the branches of this species is marketed as aremedy for sprains, bruises and the like, or as an astringent. The Witch-hazel is a shrub with a maximum height of 25 feet, and is usually much smaller. It likes damp woods, in which it may be found » from Nova Scotia to Florida and from Minne- sota to Texas. This plant is unique among shrubs because it blooms in late autumn and the fruits mature a year later. The persis- tent calyx is 4-parted and grown fast to the lower part of the ovary. The 4 yellow, long and narrow petals also per- sist a long time. There are 8 stamens, 4 perfect alternating with the petals and 4 imperfect and scalelike. The pistil con- sists of a 2-celled ovary and 2 short styles. The fruit is a woody capsule containing 2 seeds. The capsules are ripe about the time the next crop of flowers appears. If they are collected in September or October and kept indoors they dry out and at length burst with a snap, discharg- ing the seeds often more than 20 feet. The Sweet Gum or Bilsted, Liguidambar Styraciflua L., is the other of the two members of the family found in Illinois. This is a large and beautiful tree in the swampy woods of the south, known for its star-pointed, 5-7-lobed leaves and fragrant sap. It is found only in swampy woods along the Atlantic coast and the Gulf, up the Mississippi basin to Illinois and Missouri. 144 ROSACEAE ROSE FAMILY The Rose family is economically important because it is the great fruit family, furhishing among others the Apple, Pear, Peach, Plum, Cherry, Apricot, Strawberry, Raspberry and Blackberry. In addition to the fruits there is a largenumber of highly prized ornamental plants, espe- cially the Rose and such shrubs as Bridal Wreath. Practically all members of this family are insect pollinated; in fact so necessary are insects for the polli- nation of many fruit trees that in large orchards it is customary to keep bees as pollinating agents. KEY TO GENERA fPeesetictly woody situbs or small trees... .0..5.0... 00.2206 2 SRMSERAPINEH WIE PTICKICS. . (05... a. snip eG Ue vale eee bee os 5 ReMi rere ett Ooh) Se 2 Boose 5. sven = dws 4 hes 5S 6 2. Petals attached below ovaries; fruit dry...... Spiraea p. 146 Perstterterdcncu A00VE OVarics.. ... 2. O56 d+ cues Se oo cde ee 3 ae. egucies amned with thorns........ 7.2. Crataegus p. 149 Pate IE OUE ENOENS use). fdas a5 oc» bovd « Damo te we OE ee 4 4. Leaves sharply and finely toothed........ Amelanchier p. 148 Mermrearnarsely fOOTNEd «x... 4.62606 0002 Pyrus p. 147 mupebetais.attached below ovaries.........---...+. Rubus p. 154 Betis aAtiached abovesOVvaries.. <2. . 2... 2 ea alae Rosa p. 156 Ge eetale attached Delow OVAPIES.... 2 62S. oe bee eee 7 Petals attached above ovaries..............A4grimontia p. 155 7. Styles jointed, elongated and persistent...... ....Geum p. 153 PRD STP AINE SS ele sn so oa ki Sn amie cin 2 eR 8 8. Receptacle pulpy, enlarged and edible in fruit. Fragaria p. 150 Recepisgmeemry. woiten hairy... 2c ...6:s.8~+- 3 Potentilla p. 151 Love, it is the time of roses! In bright fields and garden-closes How they burgeon and unfold! How they sweep o’er tombs and towers In voluptuous crimson showers And untrammelled tides of gold! How they lure wild bees to capture All the rich mellifiuous rapture Of their magical perfume, And to passing winds surrender And their frail and dazzling splendor Rivalling your turban plume! The Time of Roses-—SAROJINI NAIDU 145 ROSE FAMILY ROSACEAE MEADOW SWEET Spiraea salicifolia L. The Meadow Sweet or Queen of the Meadow is a shrub 2-6 feet high, the tough yellowish brown stems of which are covered with fine hairs. It is found in moist places from New York to North Carolina and Miss- ouril, northwestward to Sas- katchewan, and blooms from June to August. It is not ex- tensively cultivated because other species, such as the Brid- al Wreath, Spiraea prunifolia Sieb. & Zucc., introduced from Japan, are preferred. The alternate leaves are firm, pointed at tip and base, and finely and sharply toothed. They are about 2-234 inches long. The flowers have a slight odor but are not fragrant; in this respect the name Meadow Sweet is somewhat misleading but it applies very well to the simple beauty of the plant. The short calyx is s-lobed and persists as the fruit matures. The 5 slightly curved and rounding petals are white, and 10-50 rosy stamens project from the flower to give it a feathery appearance. Five to 8 pistils are present and develop into small several-seeded pods. The Hardhack or Steeplebush, Spiraea tomentosa L., is sometimes found in low grounds in the northern part of the state. Its stems and lower surfaces of the ovate or oblong and toothed leaves are very woolly. The rose or rarely white flowers are in short racemes in a dense panicle, and the pods are also woolly. There were many flowers in my mother’s garden, Sword-leaved gladiolas, taller far than I, Sticky-leaved petunias, pink and purple flaring, Velvet-painted pansies smiling at the sky ; Scentless portulacas crowded down the borders, White and scarlet-petalled, rose and satin-gold, Clustered sweet alyssum, lacy-white and scented, Sprays of gray-green lavender to keep ’til you were old. In My Mother’s Garden—MARGARET WIDDEMER 146 ROSACEAE ROSE FAMILY WILD CRAB Pyrus ioensis (Wood) Bailey One of the most beautiful and fragrant of all trees is the Wild Crab when it is in bloom in late April and May. The rose-colored buds and the delicately pink flowers have a dis- tinctive beauty beg- garing description. It is from this species that the Bechtel’s Double-flowering Crab of our gardens is derived. The Wild Crab is found from central Kentucky and Indi- ana to Wisconsin and Minnesota, south to eastern Kansas, Texas and Louisiana. The tree grows 10-20 feet tall. The lower sur- faces of the alternate leaves are densely covered with downy hairs, at least when young, and the petioles are quite woolly. The 5 green sepals and 5 pink or whitish petals are attached to the urn-shaped receptacle above the ovaries. Stamens are numerous and there are 2-5 styles. The extremely fragrant fruit is green when ripe and excellent for making jelly. The Southern or Narrow-leaved Crab, Pyrus angustifolia Ait., is also a common tree of southern Illinois and southern states. It likewise seeks low ground near streams. It is particularly striking in bud, for the pink flowers do not open for perhaps 10 days after reaching full size. The fruit, much smaller than in the Wild Crab, is green and less fragrant. In southern Illinois will also be found the American Crab, Pyrus coronaria L., a somewhat armed tree 10-35 feet high, grow- ing in thickets and open woods. The leaves are thick, ovate or elliptic, shining and dark green above; and the fragrant pink flowers are few in each cyme and mostly less than 1 inch broad. 147 ROSE FAMILY ROSACEAE JUNEBERRY. SHAD BUSH Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic. var. Botryapium (L.f.) T. & G. The Juneberry, also called Shad Bush and Sarvice, is a tall shrub or small tree 9-30 feet high or possibly more. It is quite common in dry open woodlands from Nova Scotia to western Ontario and south to Louisiana and Florida. The wood of this plant is brown and very hard. The alternate leaves when young are brownish purple and folded lengthwise. They are then also densely matted with wool, and re- tain a sparse hairiness even when old or become smoothish very late. The flowers appear in April or May before the leaves are fully de- veloped. The calyx is cleft into 5 short lobes, and the 5 white, strap- shaped petals and numerous sta- mens are attached above the ovary. There are § styles united at their bases. The fruit ripens in June or early July. It is berrylike, reddish purple or dark purple, and divided by thin partitions into Io parts, each of which contains I seed. Sometimes, however, I or more seeds fail to develop. On some plants the berries are very juicy and sweet and are relished by man and birds, but on others they are dry and tasteless. The dark purple fruits are usually better than the reddish ones. The Dwarf Juneberry, Amelanchier spicata (Lam.) C. Koch, is a shrub 3-4 feet high that grows on steep rocky banks, and be- cause of its stoloniferous stems, in colonies. It is rare and local in Illinois. The small leaves are hairy and coarsely toothed. The flowers have 5 short, ovate petals, and 5 short, ovate, greenish white sepals. The red fruit is globular, one-quarter inch in diameter, and its top is woolly. This plant is restricted generally to the banks of ‘streams from eastern Quebec and central Maine to the mountains of western Massachusetts and westward about the Great Lakes. 148 ROSACEAE ROSE FAMILY RED HAW Crataegus mollis (T. & G.) Scheele There are many kinds of Crataegus, at least 20 of which are in Illinois, and some are very difficult to identify. All are thorny shrubs or small trees with simple alternate leaves, white flowers, and fruits that resemble small apples. This is one of the commonest spec- ies in the state and is also the largest fruited. Phe -Ked, Haw grows in rich, pref- erably moist soil from southern Ontario to South Dakota, Kan- sas and Kentucky. The bark is grayish brown and somewhat scaly and furrowed, and the curved thorns are 1-2 inches long. The leaves are densely covered with short hairs beneath. The white flowers appear in May and the tree is strikingly beautiful in full bloom. The green calyx is $-lobed and the 5 white petals and about 20 stamens are at- tached above the ovaries. There are usually 5 styles and the fruit contains ¢§ little bony nutlets, each with 1 seed. The fruits shown are not mature. When they ripen in September they are smooth, scarlet, about 1 inch in diameter and with thick yellow flesh. They are eaten raw or made into jelly. The Cockspur Thorn, Crataegus Crus-galli L., is another com- mon species the small flowers of which are pretty because of the wine red anthers. The leaves are sharply toothed but not lobed, and the small greenish red fruits have a hard dry flesh. There are about 10 stamens and 1-3 styles, and the fruits contain usually 2 nutlets. 149 ROSE FAMILY ROSACEAE WILD STRAWBERRY Fragaria virginiana Duchesne The several varieties of garden Strawberries that we prize so highly have been derived from crossing a Chilean species with our native forms. The wild berries are smaller but fully as delicious as the cultivated. The Wild Straw- berry is common in fields and along road- sides and railroads in the northern middle west, blooming from April to June. The hairy leaves, flower- ing shoots and run- ners grow from the end of a simple, short underground stem. The dark green leaf- lets are rather thick and firm. The calyx is deep- ly 5-cleft and has a bract in each sinus which appears to double the parts and make the flower seem Io-cleft. The 5 petals are white and the numerous stamens are orange-yellow. The fleshy receptacle forms the green cone-shaped center of the flower, and is covered with numerous pistils. It is the receptacle which enlarges to become the red edible berry; the seedlike structures on the surface of the berry are individual fruits, each an akene. Another form of this Wild Strawberry, Fragaria virginiana Duchesne var. illinoensis (Prince) Gray, is coarser and larger, with flower scapes and pedicels densely covered with spreading or widely diverging hairs. The fruit is quite apt to have a pro- nounced neck. The Hill Strawberry, Fragaria vesca L. var. americana Porter, is common in open rocky woods. Its leaves are much smaller and thinner, its runners much longer and more slender, and its smaller fruits are less juicy and mounted on a dry tasteless neck. 150 ROSACEAE ROSE FAMILY. PALE CINQUEFOIL. ROUGH-FRUITED CINQUEFOIL Potentilla recta L. Former belief in the medicinal powers of this plant accounts for the generic name, from the Greek patens meaning powerful. The Pale Cinquefoil, blooming from June to September, is a hand- some species entirely suitable for cultivation as a garden flower. It is a native of Asia and since its introduction into this country has become quite common in waste places in most of the northeastern states. The plant is erect, 1-2 feet high, rather stout, very hairy and considerably branched. The leaves are divided into 5-7 leaflets and all but the uppermost are petioled. They are green on both sides and quite hairy, especially below. Its flowers are larger and lighter yellow than those of most other species. The green calyx is 5-cleft and has a bractlet in each sinus. The 5 showy yellow petals are notched. There are about 20 stamens and many pistils with slender styles. The fruits are akenes whose rough surfaces account for the name Rough- fruited Cinquefoil. In the bogs of northern Illinois the Shrubby Cinquefoil, Poten- tilla fruticosa L., is found. It is strictly a northern plant, being found in Greenland, Labrador and Alaska, south to New Jersey, northern I]linois, Minnesota and in the mountains to Arizona and California. This is a very leafy, much-branched shrub that grows 6-48 inches high and in some places is a troublesome weed. The leaves are pinnately compound, having 5-7 silky narrow oblong leaflets. The yellow flowers are produced abundantly from June to September. 151 ROSE FAMILY ROSACEAE FIVE-FINGER. CINQUEFOIL Potentilla canadensis L. The Five-finger or Cinquefoil is common from New Bruns- wick to Georgia and west to Minnesota and Texas, and blooms from April to August. It spreads by slender runners 3-24 inches long. The leaves are palmately s-lobed and in their axils grow the 1-flowered peduncles, the first of which usually occurs in the axil of the second stem leaf. The flowers resemble those of the Strawberry except that they are yellow. The flat green calyx is $-cleft and has a bractlet in each sinus, so that it appears 1o-cleft. The 5 roundish petals are yellow and notched at the end. Stamens are numerous, and the many pistils are collected into a head on a hairy receptacle that is dry instead of fleshy as in the Strawberry. The fruits are akenes. _ The Silver Weed, Potentilla Anserina L., is a com- mon perennial of moist sandy flats and shores, abun- | £ dant in the northeast section of the state. Leaves and the many-jointed runners are white hairy beneath. ‘ The leaves are pinnately compound with 5-21 leaflets alternating large and small. In the axil grows the largest yellow- flowered Potentilla, with the usual structure for the genus. The Rough Cinquefoil or Yellow Strawberry, Potentilla mon- speliensis L., is another common species. It grows more erect than the Five-finger and the leaflets are 3 instead of 5. This species occurs over most of Canada to Alaska, south to Maryland, Missouri and New Mexico. The largest of the genus in Illinois is the Tall Potentilla, Potentilla arguta Pursh, also the only native white-flowered species. The usually stout stem grows 4-40 inches high, is covered with brownish hairs and is glandular above. The 7-11 leaflets are pinnate instead of palmate, ovate, toothed and downy beneath. The Tall Potentilla inhabits rocky, gravelly or alluvial soil from eastern Quebec to Maryland and westward. 152 ROSACEAE ROSE FAMILY WHITE AVENS Geum canadense Jacq. This plant is common in shaded places, widely distributed along forest borders throughout most of the eastern United States and Canada, and blooms from June to August. It is common in rich open wood- lands of Illinois. The slender branching stems are often covered with soft hairs but may be entirely smooth as shown. They grow 18-30 inches high and bear alternate leaves which are 3 or 5- lobed or unlobed. In ad- dition to the stem leaves there is a cluster of basal leaves which have long petioles and are 3-lobed or pinnately 3 or 5-divided into unequal segments, some- times with smaller seg- ments on the petioles. The green calyx is s-lobed and has a bractlet in each sinus. The 5 small petals are white and the numerous yellow-tipped stamens surround the central cluster of green pistils. The reflexed calyx lobes persist on the fruits, which are akenes on a cylindrical receptacle as shown. The per- sistent styles are jointed and hooked so that they readily cling to clothing or the fur of animals. There are two yellow-flowered Avens common in Illinois. One is the Yellow Avens, Geum strictum Ait., which grows in swamps and moist meadows and blooms in July and August. The other is the Spring Avens, Geum vernum (Raf.) T. & G., which grows in shaded places and blooms from April to June. Its cluster of fruits is stalked and so raised well above the persistent calyx. The North American distribution of these species is about the same, being generally Ontario to Tennessee and Texas. The Yellow Avens ranges farther, however, to Newfoundland, British Columbia and New Mexico. 153 ROSE FAMILY ROSACEAE WILD BLACKBERRY Rubus allegheniensis Porter The Wild Blackberry occurs in dry soil from Nova Scotia to Ontario and south to North Carolina and Arkansas, and will likely be found in recent clearings of what was upland forest. Its reddish to purple stems grow 2-8 feet tall and are covered with prickles, which for- tunately prevent people from gathering them for bouquets. Leaves of the first year’s growth usu- ally have 5 leaflets, whereas most of those on the flowering canes, which are 1 year old, have 3 leaflets. The starry white flowers are very con- spicuous and exceeding- ingly common in May and June. The large petals are about twice as long as the green sepals, and stamens and pistils are numerous. The delicious juicy fruits mature during July and August, being successively green, red and black. Blackberry jam made from these fruits has long been a favorite preserve with city and country folk alike. The Black Raspberry or Thimbleberry, Rubus occidentalis L., is also common in the state, occurring quite generally from Georgia and Mississippi to Quebec and Ontario. The stems are overcast with a whitish waxy bloom, and they often bend over and root at the tips. The flowers may easily be distinguished from those of the Blackberry because they are smaller, and the petals are shorter than the sepals. The purple-black fruits ripen early in July. 154 ROSACEAE ROSE FAMILY SOFT AGRIMONY Agrimonia mollis (TY. & G.) Britton Various species of Agrimony were formerly gathered every fall by country people and used for many purposes, but especially as a substitute or additional flavoring for tea. The leaves have a spicy odor when crushed and were thought to have medicinal value. The Soft Agrimony is a perennial branching herb 2-6 feet tall, with tuberous roots. It grows in woods and thickets from Massachusetts and North Carolina to Michigan, Illinois and Kansas, and blooms from July to October. The alternate leaves are a peculiar in having pairs of & small leaf segments interposed with larger leaflets. There are usually 7 of the main leaflets, as shown, but these may be s- 11. The stems are covered with soft hairs and the leaves are velvety, especially on the lower surface. The small flowers have 5 yellow petals and 5-15 stamens attached above the ovaries. The green calyx is 5-lobed and just below the lobes are many hooked bristles which, persisting and making a bur of the fruit, provide for its ready dispersal by animals. There are 2 simple pistils and the fruit consists of 1 or 2 akenes within the bur. The Common Agrimony, Agrimonia striata Michx., also occurs in Illinois and is very similar but has fibrous instead of tuberous roots, and its leaves are dotted with glands. It blooms about a month earlier than the Soft Agrimony, in damp woods and alluvial soil from Newfoundland to Saskatchewan and Nebraska, south to West Virginia and New Mexico. 155 ROSE FAMILY ROSACEAE WILD ROSE. SWAMP ROSE Rosa carolina L. The Wild Rose is common in swamps and low ground, and blooms from June to August. It is found in all states from Minnesota and Mississippi eastward. It is a bushy species 1-8 feet high, spar- +, ingly armed with HY stout and usually } more or less curved U, gf prickles. The com- LG |! pound leaves have Sy 5-9, usually 7, leaf- i gp: lets, and long narrow stipules. The flowers are a beautiful pink, and have numerous yel- low stamens. The long narrow spreading sepals usually do not remain on the fruit as they do in some other Roses. The fruit is red and quite showy when mature. Another species that will be found is the Prairie or Climbing Rose, Rosa setigera Michx. This is a climber with stems up to 12 feet long, and leaves with 3 or sometimes 5 leaflets. It is heavily armed with stout hooked prickles. The Prairie Rose blooms in June and July and the white to deep rose flowers are 3-15 in a cluster. The home of this plant is the borders of thickets and prairies from Ontario to Nebraska and south to Florida and Texas. The Meadow Rose, Rosa blanda Ait., is also common here, especially in the northern part of the state. It grows 2-4 feet high in moist or rocky places and usually has no prickles. The handsome pink flowers are slightly fragrant and often 3 inches across. They open during June and July, and the sepals remain erect on the ripening fruit. The Meadow Rose is to be found westward from Newfoundland and New England to Missouri, chiefly in the region of the Great Lakes. 156 LEGUMINOSAE 53. 14. The Pulse family is extremely important to man. The Bean, Pea and Peanut are used as human food, Clover and Alfalfa are forage crops, and the Sweet Pea is highly prized as a garden flower. Still more important, however, is the fact that on the roots of all members of the family are little tubercles inhabited by bacteria; these bacteria are capable of taking nitrogen from the air and combining it with other elements so that it may be used by plants for constructing protein foods. Wherever these plants grow, therefore, the amount of available nitrogen in the soil is increased, and on this account all crop rotations are planned to include a member of the Pulse family every three or four years. Flowers cf the genera Cercis, Amorpha, Cassia and Petal- ostemum do not have butterfly-shaped corollas. PULSE FAMILY KEY TO GENERA Shrubs or small trees Fe opie: REPT TS. cn Suiata ek hey ohic,3linte toner As log Sh nen aces Zz MME ck adh es he oc Bile aoa oes adage eid ha tl epee a ae RS eee a sks ao eG Fx 9S ee Cercis p. 160 eS Oe 5 re a Amorpha p. 165 Deeemcemmir renGrns. 2 6. fay SEs eo oes et EE Vicia p. 172 ESM RSE SERRE TCIUILUIS 1.5.8) 2s Sars. ss aio aoee oe we ae 4 ements ee EM ns oye Pee 5 ee een O MUR TEMIIAIA TS oo)... S's digas DEA nin OR * EL ee ig. a2 osc eS ho Ae Seas ee 6 SE TRG ee ll oe ae Apios p. 173 Leaflets more than 134 inches long, more than 1% inches A SR Se ee a ear ee er Phaseolus p. 173 Leaflets not more than 1% inches long nor more than SI ES ae ee a Strophostyles p. 174 EMM AIIMNE BUVECIE uno eh Bs 2s en» ae ow ee 8 RemmonE rl bet I. WiHteG: . .. 2. del.c.> - wins ee » Re 9 oS SE ee See eee en eee Baptisia p. 161 phe ES eta eo Ae ie ee een cnn erg Cassia p. 158 Four of the petals attached to stamen tube. Petalostemum p. 166 Nerperals attached to stamen tube.. 2... 22-0... 47-theee fe) eR ee oan a ee a aa > oon eee Bee II Me CememrMRC EMA B. bidsae ni be ads £ os ese See pee Paweagay 13 Flowers yellow or white in slender racemes... . Melilotus p. 163 Flowers yellow in dense heads......Medicago in part p. 163 JEU SLT @ DEE Seas 2 5: rr er ernie Zs ie IRS, i) Ovule or seed 1; pod not jointed......-..—<.. Psoralea p. 164 Ovules or seeds 2 or more; pod jointed......Desmodium p. 170 Ree en eee be 3 Sos oe ae See ee Lupinus p. 162 Pare iASe wo Sot etwas a neo ame ae 14 Plant densely covered with silky, whitish hairs....... ace te cet. ers SESE SS saRuay.. oYEeR Tephrosia p. 168 faset smooth or-nearly so: 26...) 2.6. 2 2s es Astragalus p. 169 PULSE FAMILY LEGUMINOSAE WILD SENNA Cassia marilandica L. The dried leaves of an Arabian species of Cassia are extensively used in medicine under the name senna, and frequently the leaves of our Wild Senna are collected and used as a substitute for the imported article. This perennial has rather recently spread into Illinois from the east and may not be found in the extreme northern parts of the state. ° It grows in swamps and in’ wet soil along railroads and other waste places from New England to Tennessee, and blooms during July and August. Its light green, nearly smooth and sparingly branched stem grows 3-8 feet high. The firm leaves are smooth and yellowish green, having small stipules that fall off long before the leaves mature; the 10-20 leaflets are ar- ranged in pairs and the petiole bears a club-shaped gland near the base. Showy yellow flowers are clustered in the axils of the upper leaves. The 5 yellowish green sepals are slightly united at the base and the 5 yellow petals are nearly, though not quite, equal. There are 10 stamens, of which the upper 3 are imperfect and do not produce pollen. The pistil is hairy but becomes smooth as it matures into the many-seeded pod. Another Wild Senna, Cassia Medsgeri Shafer, is the common form of western and southern Illinois and has commonly been mistaken for the above species because of their great similarity. This Senna differs, however, in the petioles, in the pod and in the number of leaflets. 158 LEGUMINOSAE PULSE FAMILY PARTRIDGE PEA Cassia Chamaecrista L. The Partridge Pea grows in dry open places from Massachu- setts to Florida and west to Minnesota, Texas and Mexico. It is rather rare in the northern part of Illinois but is common farther south. The plant is an erect, widely branched annual 1-2% feet high. Its branches may be scantily hairy or entirely smooth. The 18-30 leaflets are somewhat sensitive to the touch and often fold up when the plant is handled. The petiole bears a cup-shaped gland below the lowest pair of leaflets. The showy yellow flowers are produced from July to September and in contrast to most members of this family are not butterfly shaped. The calyx is composed of 5 small green sepals only slightly united at the base. The 5 yellow petals are slightly un- equal and usually 2 or 3 have a purple spot at the base. The 10 stamens are distinct and the anthers, 4 yellow and 6 purple, are unequal and pollen bearing. There is 1 pistil with a slender style and the fruit is a many-seeded pod which may be smooth or hairy. When the pod is fully mature it opens somewhat elastically, the halves twisting and throwing out the seeds. The commoner form in the south is the Large Partridge Pea, Cassia Chamaecrista L. var. robusta Pollard, which is stouter and very hairy. The Wild Sensitive Plant, Cassia nictitans L., is a small erect or spreading annual having numerous small compound leaves with 10-44 leaflets, there being no odd terminal leaflet. Each leaf bears a small gland at the base of the stalk. The very small yellow flowers are totally inconspicuous, and they, together with its road- side habit, give it the appearance of a weed. This species is abundant along sandy stretches of road in southern counties, 159 PULSE FAMILY LEGUMINOSAE REDBUD Cercis canadensis L. The Redbud is a small tree 15-30 feet high, which is highly recommended for ornamental planting because it is a good- looking tree at all times and is extremely beautiful in bloom in April and May. Aside from its beauty it has no economic import- ance and is usually classed as a weed tree in the woodlot. It is largely a southern species, occurring in rich soil from Florida and Texas to Iowa, New York and southern Ontario. In Illinois it is common in the south and central part but is not found north of Kankakee county. Unlike most members of the Pulse family, the Redbud has leaves that are not compound; and the stipules soon fall off, so that they are seldom seen. The branch is shown as it appears in late autumn. The flowers appear before the leaves on branches of the preceding year. They are pink or red and produced very abun- dantly in small clusters. The calyx is rather short and broad and s-toothed. The corolla is imperfectly butterfly shaped. The standard, or upper petal, is smaller than the side or wing petals; the lower or keel petals are larger and not united. The IO stamens are distinct and the simple pistil develops into a several-seeded pod. Trees for the birds to build and sing, And the lilac tree for a joy in spring; Trees—Buiss CARMAN 160 LEGUMINOSAE PULSE FAMILY WHITE FALSE INDIGO. LARGE WHITE INDIGO Baptisia leucantha T. & G. False Indigo is a name applied to many species of this genus which blacken in drying, showing the presence of a blue dye resembling indigo. Some species contain the dye in quantities suffi- cient for commer- cial use. The White False Indigo is a smooth, somewhat fleshy per- ennial 2-4 feet high, with numerous stout branches. It occurs in rich soil along railroads or other waste places and in open woods from Ohio and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Texas and Florida, blooming during June and July. All the leaves are as shown. The flowers are white and arranged on lateral branches some- times 1 foot long. The 2 upper teeth of the tubular calyx are united so that it is only 4-toothed. The reflexed standard, or upper petal, is about the same length as the 2 straight wing petals. The keel petals are also straight and nearly separate. The 10 stamens are distinct and there is 1 pistil. The many- seeded pod, about three-quarters of an inch long and ellipsoid or nearly cylindrical, is borne on a long stalk in the calyx and 1s tipped with the stout pointed style. The Large-bracted Wild Indigo, Baptisia bracteata (Muhl.) Ell., is occasionally found in Illinois. It is a smaller plant and hairy. The spreading stems bend over and the heavy sprays of showy creamy flowers, blooming in May, often touch the ground. The hoary pods are pointed at both ends. Prairies, from Michigan to Minnesota and south to Texas, are the home of the Large- bracted Wild Indigo, a species which has gotten its common name from the large, leafy and persistent stipules and bracts. 161 PULSE FAMILY LEGUMINOSAE WILD LUPINE Lupinus perennis L. Lupinus comes from the Latin word meaning wolf and was used because these plants were supposed to devour the fertility of the soil. The fact is that they increase it, just as other legumes do, by increasing the supply of nitrogen through activity of the bacteria that inhabit the tubercles on the roots. The Wild Lupine grows mostly in sandy soil and occurs from Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana. It is common in the sand areas of Illinois and blooms in May and June. The plant is peren- nial, 1-2 feet high, much branched and somewhat hairy. The wheel-shaped leaves are light green ; & and have 7-11 leaflets. | ; The butterfly-shaped flowers are sweet scented, vivid blue and very showy, as they bloom in profusion. The calyx is deeply 2-lipped. The large standard has its sides turned back, and the keel is pointed and curved inward. The 2 wing petals are oblong. The 10 stamens are grown together to form a sheath about the pistil. Anthers of 2 sorts, oblong and round, alternate. The pistil matures into a very hairy pod which contains 5 or 6 seeds. There are white and pink races of this plant as well as the ordinary blue to purple form. 162 LEGUMINOSAE PULSE FAMIL’ YELLOW SWEET CLOVER Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. The Yellow Sweet Clover and its close relative White Swee Clover, Melilotus alba Desr., are very similar except in size anc the color of their flowers. Both are naturalized from Europ and are common mostly throughout the United States. In many places they are ex- tensively grown as forage crops and honey plants. They pro- duce nectar most abundantly in a rather dry climate, such as that west of the Mississippi river. The white species grows up to 10 feet and the yellow not much more than 3. Branchlets and leaves are covered with short fine hairs. . The foliage has a delightful fragrance, especially as it dries, and because of it the branches are often gathered and hung in rooms and closets. They are likewise hung at the doorways of country homes to keep away flies, which dislike the odor. The White Sweet Clover usually begins blooming in June about 2 weeks before the Yellow and both continue t produce their butterfly-shaped flowers through the summer In the flowers of the yellow species all the petals are about thi same length but in the white species the standard 1s longer The pods contain I or 2 seeds. Another very common Yellow Clover, also from Europe, is thi Black Medick or Nonesuch, Medicago lupulina L. This is a loy creeping annual with wedge-shaped or nearly round leaflets toothed near the tip. The yellow flowers are nearly like those o Sweet Clover but are in short spikes. The pods are kidney forn and 1-seeded. 163 PULSE FAMILY LEGUMINOSAE FRENCH GRASS Psoralea Onobrychis Nutt. This perennial grows along rivers and railroads, and in moist thickets and open woods from Ohio to Illinois and Missouri, southeast to South Carolina. It blooms in June and July. Some species of Psoralea have edible tuberous roots, but not the French Grass. Its nearly smooth, branched stem grows 3-6 feet high and bears numerous flow- er clusters both in the axils of leaves and at the ends of branches. The purplish flowers are butterfly shaped. The persis- tent calyx is $-tooth- ed, the lower tooth a little longer than the others. The standard is broadly oval and the 2 wing petals are oblong. The keel is curved inward between the 2 wings. The 10 stamens are alike and g of them are united. The pistil de- velops into a rough and wrinkled 1-seeded pod. that does not open at maturity. The Few-flowered Psoralea, Psoralea tenuiflora Pursh, grows on prairies in Illinois and westward to Texas, Colorado and Mon- tana. It is slender but much branched and bushy and grows 2-4 feet high. The 3 leaflets are very short stalked, oval and less than 1 inch long. The plant is smooth except for glandular dots sprin- kled throughout and especially on the ovate pods. The purplish flowers, about one-quarter inch long, are 6-14 in loose racemes and bloom from June to September. Lobes of the calyx, as well as the scalelike, persistent bracts, are ovate and acute. ‘The single seed is ovoid and brown. 164 LEGUMINOSAE PULSE FAMILY FALSE INDIGO Amorpha fruticosa L. The False Indigo is a beautiful shrub suitable for ornamental planting. It grows 5-20 feet tall along streams and in other moist places from Pennsylvania to Florida and west to Sas- katchewan and Texas. It is found in some places in the Rocky mountain region. The young branches are green- ish and somewhat velvety, becoming gray or brown and smooth as they get older: . The «9-25 leaflets, usually somewhat hairy un- til mature, have two forms of arrange- ment. Frequently all but the terminal one are opposite in pairs, or they may be alternate as shown. The flowers of most members of the Pulse family have 5 petals but those of the False Indigo have only 1. This single petal is purple and is wrapped around the stamens and pistil. The funnelform calyx has § short lobes or teeth, and persists on the fruit. The 10 stamens are united at the very base but are otherwise distinct. The pistil develops into a rather rough 1 or 2-seeded pod. The Lead Plant, Amorpha canescens Pursh, is also common in Illinois on hills and prairies and along railroads. It is a smaller shrub, 1-3 feet tall, and densely covered with white hairs. The leaflets are smaller and more numerous, being 21-51. The flowers are blue in densely clustered spikes 2-7 inches long. ‘The pod is 1-seeded. 165 PULSE FAMILY LEGUMINOSAE PURPLE PRAIRIE CLOVER Petalostemum purpureum (Vent.) Rydb. The structure of these flowers differs markedly from that of any other genus in the family. The calyx is nearly equally 5-toothed and somewhat hairy. There are only 5 stamens and their filaments are united to form a sheath which is cleft down 1 side. Four of the white petals are nearly alike and are borne at the top of the stamen sheath, whereas the fifth is nearly round or heart shaped and in- serted in the base of the calyx. The genus name Petalostemum comes from the combination of two Greek words meaning petal and stamen, and refers to the peculiar union of these parts. This smooth herb inhabits dry prairies from Indiana and Louisiana to the Rocky mountains and Mani- toba. It grows 1-3 feet high, gener- ally in small clumps and frequently along with its relative White Prairie Clover, page 167. It is abundant along railroads. The numerous small leaves, often so thickly clustered as to conceal the stiff and slender stems, have 5-9 very narrow leaflets about one-half inch long and sharp tipped. The flowers are in dense cylindric spikes one-half inch thick and up to 2 inches long. The calyx has § ovate, pointed sepals, and is silky hairy. The corolla is purple, slightly more than one-eighth inch long; the standard is heart shaped, and wings and the keel are oblong. CLOVER Little masters, hat in hand, Tell me—for I long to know— Let me in your presence stand, How, in darkness there below, Till your silence solve for me Was your fairy fabric spun, This your threefold mystery. Spread and fashioned, three in one. 166 LEGUMINOSAE PULSE FAMILY WHITE PRAIRIE CLOVER Petalostemum candidum Michx. White Prairie Clover occurs on dry plains from Indiana to Minnesota and Manitoba, south to Tennessee, Louisiana and Texas, and west to Colorado. Inasmuch as most of our Illinois prairies have been destroyed, the best place to look for this plant is along a iy railroad, where it appears in great patches Oe in June and July. aan This is a very common perennial whose Mie smooth, sparingly branched. or entirely Sindy simple stem grows 1-2 feet high. The 5-9 Rees leaflets are lanceolate or linear-oblong. SRE PTA RS The white flowers are crowded in a MORN cylindrical spike. Those at the base of the spike open first and the blooming progresses upward. The bracts, a little longer than the nearly smooth calyx, are awned. The fifth petal is heart shaped. The fruit is a 1 or 2-seeded pod within the persistent calyx. The Leafy Prairie Clover, Petalostemum folio- sum Gray, is a_ species which seems to be very limited in its distribution here. It has been found I) along the Kankakee river, along the Illinois river at | Romeo, near Joliet, and perhaps a few other places, V but it is very local. It has \ purple flowers but is easily distinguished from the Pur- ¢ ple Prairie Clover by the numerous leaflets, 13-31, close together. They are about one-half inch long and oval. The petal inserted at the base of the calyx is nearly round. Did your gossips gold and blue, Like the Genie, once again Sky and Sunshine, choose for you, Get you back into the grain? Ere your triple forms were seen, Little masters, may I stand Suited liveries of green? In your presence hat in hand, Can ye—if ye dwelt indeed Waiting till you solve for me Captives of a prison seed— This your threefold mystery? JOHN BANISTER TABB 167 PULSE FAMILY LEGUMINOSAE GOAT’S RUE. CATGUT Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers. [ The Goat’s Rue is common in dry sandy soil from Maine to Minnesota and south to Florida and northern Mexico. It is a somewhat branched herb that grows 1-2 feet high and is covered with silky whitish hairs. Its slender roots are very tough, because of which it is sometimes called Devil’s-shoestrings and Catgut. Wild Sweet Pea isa fourth name in some local- ities. The stems are quite leafy and the leaflets on each leaf are linear-oblong and 17-29. The yellowish white flowers, marked with purple, bloom during June and July. The calyx is about equally s-cleft. The stand- ard is nearly round, with the sides turned | back, and is silky on the outside. The 2 wing petals are oblong and the keel is somewhat curved. The filaments of 9 of the Io stamens are united nearly to,the top, but the tenth is united to the others only at the base. The pistil matures into a flat, several-seeded pod that is densely hairy. Like all members of the Pulse family the Goat’s Rue is pollinated by insects. It is the only one of 120 species of this genus to be found in Illinois. Oh, garden of grasses deep and wild, So dear to the vagrant and the child And the singer of an hour. Wild Gardens—ADA FostrR MURRAY 168 LEGUMINOSAE PULSE FAMILY MILK VETCH Astragalus canadensis L. There are many species of Milk Vetch but most of them are northern and western plants and only a few occur in Illinois. This is the one most frequently found in the state, although it is nowhere very common. It grows in rather dry or gravelly soil along railroads and in other open places SS Ms from Quebec, Saskatchewan WA, and Nebraska to Georgia, \ VA, Louisiana and Utah. This plant is an erect, branching, smooth or | t/ slightly hairy herb 1-5 feet SS GE high. Its oblong leaflets are 15-31 on each of the 8-12 AY pinnately compound, \ Mi short-petioled leaves. lied pz N Ss XK The flowers are greenish yellow or creamy, and very numerous in long dense spikes. They bloom during July and August. The calyx is tubular, its 5 teeth nearly equal, and the corolla is long and narrow. The standard is about the same length as the 2 oblong wing petals, or slightly longer, and the keel may be a little shorter. Nine of the 10 stamens are united and 1 is free. The pistil matures into a several-seeded pod which is oblong, cylindrical, smooth and nearly straight. The Ground Plum, Astragalus mexicanus A. DC., is sometimes found on prairies and other open places in this state. It grows only 6-15 inches high and branches from the base. The leaflets are about the same number as in the Milk Vetch. This species blooms in late April and May and the flowers are creamy with bluish tips. The unripe fruits resemble green Plums and are edible raw or cooked. They are frequently collected by prairie dogs for their winter store. 169 PULSE FAMILY LEGUMINOSAE POINTED-LEAVED TICK TREFOIL Desmodium grandiflorum (Walt.) DC. The Pointed-leaved Tick Trefoil is an erect perennial herb 1-5 feet high. It is found in rich or dry woods from Quebec to Ontario and South Dakota, south to Oklahoma and Florida, and blooms from June to September. The leaves are clustered at the summit of the stem; above them arises the long naked peduncle of the in- florescence. The leaf- lets have scattered hairs on both sur- faces. The purple butter- fly-shaped flowers are in wide-spreading panicles and have an obovate standard and wing petals of the same shape, a straight keel, and 10 stamens of which g are united and the tenth adherent only at the base. The mature pod is 2 or 3-jointed and long stalked within the calyx. The joints are somewhat longer than broad and well covered with hooked hairs. A most striking and easily identified member of this genus is the Naked-flowered Tick Trefoil, Desmodium nudiflorum (L.) DC., common practically throughout Illinois. The leaves are crowded at the summit of stems that bear no flowers. The inflorescence is a raceme on a mostly leafless stalk or scape 24-40 inches high. The 1-4-jointed pod is raised on a stalk many times longer than the calyx. . The Few-flowered Tick ‘Trefoil, Desmodium pauciflorum (Nutt.) DC., forms with D. grandiflorum and D. nudiflorum, above, a natural group of the genus which differs markedly from the other species. The flowers of D. pauciflorum are medium to large, on long peduncles, and the pods have conspicuous, tightly clinging joints. The leaves are single or two alternate. 170 LEGUMINOSAE PULSE FAMILY SHOWY TICK TREFOIL Desmodium canadense (L.) DC. Of the dozen or more Tick Trefoils found in Illinois this is the-showiest. It grows in open woods and along streams and railroads from Nova Scotia to Manitoba and south to North Carolina and Oklahoma, and blooms from July to September. It is perennial, with stout hairy stems 2-8 feet high and bearing leaves which are somewhat hairy below but smooth above. The upper leaves are nearly sessile but the lower have petioles up to 1 inch long. The large, purple or bluish purple, conspicu- ous flowers are produced in a dense-branched inflorescence. The calyx is somewhat 2-lipped, with the upper lip 2-toothed and the lower 3- lobed. The corolla is butterfly shaped; the stand- ard and wings are oblong and the keel 1s nearly straight. Nine of the IO stamens are united. The pistil develops into a pod which when mature is nearly sessile in the calyx, about 1 inch long and 3-5-joint- ed. Each triangular joint contains 1 seed and is covered with hooked hairs that en- able it to cling tena- ciously to clothing or to animals. The Hoary-leaved Tick Trefoil, Desmodium canescens (L.) DC., is another species quite common in Illinois, especially along railroads. It grows 3-5 feet high and is densely clothed with short, hooked hairs and also longer glutinous hairs that make the plant somewhat sticky. The 3 leaflets are 1-4 inches long, about equaling the petiole, and the terminal leaflet is usually somewhat larger than the other 2. The Illinois Tick Trefoil, Desmodium illinoense Gray, is simi- lar to the Showy Tick Trefoil but may be distinguished by its thick, rigid leaves which are very strongly netted below, the large and persistent stipules, and the 3-5 oval segments of the jointed pod. 171 PULSE FAMILY LEGUMINOSAE HAIRY VETCH Vicia villosa Roth The Hairy Vetch is a European plant which is frequently planted as a forage crop in this country, and has escaped into dry open soil until in some places it is more common than any native species. This an- nual or sometimes per- ennial is known through- out the eastern half of the United States, particularly in orchards, where experience has shown it to be the best legume for enriching the soil. The rather weak and slender, climbing or trailing stems grow 2-4 feet long. They, together with the flower stalks . and leaves, are densely UD) covered with soft short \ ¢ hairs. Leaflets are 8-24 and usually the terminal 3 are modified into ten- drils, by means of which the plant climbs. The white and bluish or violet flowers, blooming from May to September, are crowded in large numbers in the more or less 1-sided flower clusters. The calyx is 5-toothed with the 2 upper teeth shorter. The standard is oblong and stalked. The wing petals, also oblong, are attached to the middle of the keel, which is curved and slightly shorter than the other petals. Stamens are united at the base but 1 is separate the greater part of its length. The style is slender and has a tuft of hairs at the end, but the short-stalked, 5-8-seeded pod is smooth. In the northern half of the state the Purple or American Vetch, Vicia americana Muhl., is quite common in moist places. It is perennial and nearly smooth, trailing or climbing 2-3 feet. The stipules are conspicuous, being leaflike, sharply toothed and some- times one-half inch long. There are only 2-9 bluish purple flowers loosely arranged in each cluster, and the smooth, short-stalked pod is 4-7-seeded. 172 LEGUMINOSAE PULSE FAMILY WILD BEAN. GROUNDNUT Apios tuberosa Moench Many a country boy has rooted out and eaten the pear- shaped tubers of the Wild Bean. These tubers are said to have been used commonly in colonial days as a sub- stitute for bread. Because of them the plant is often called Groundnut. The Wild Bean grows in moist places from New Brunswick to Florida and west to Ontario, Minne- sota, Kansas and Texas, and blooms from July to Septem- ber. It is a beautiful vine whose slender twining stems climb over bushes to a height of several feet. The leaflets of the alternate compound leaves are usually 5 or 7, and there are stipules which soon drop off. The flowers are brownish purple. The calyx is somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 lateral teeth being very small, the 2 upper united into I which is very short, and the lower 1 longest and pointed. The butterfly-shaped corolla has 5 petals and in this case the standard is turned back somewhat and the long keel is incurved and twisted. There are 10 stamens, g united and 1 free. The simple pistil develops into a many-seeded pod. Another Wild Bean, sometimes called Kidney Bean, Phaseolus polystachyus (L.) BSP., is fairly common on dry rocky hillsides in open woods. From the thick fleshy root springs the smooth green stem which is conspicuous for its unusual length. Some- times it climbs over bushes 12 feet away from its rooting place. The purple flowers are small but handsome, in racemes through summer and fall. The calyx is 5-toothed or cleft with the 2 upper teeth often shallower, and the drooping pods are 4 or 5-seeded. 173 PULSE FAMILY LEGUMINOSAE TRAILING WILD BEAN Strophostyles helvola (L.) Britton The Trailing Wild Bean is found throughout the eastern half of the United States. In Illinois it is common on sand ballast along railroads and on sandy shores of streams and ponds, and is found also in open woods where the soil is sandy. The blooming season is July to October, so that flowers and mature fruits may often be found together. This is a low twining or trailing annual vine that branches from the base and has stems 2-8 feet long. The leaflets may be either 3-lobed or entire and the lateral ones are often somewhat I-sided. The peduncles occur in the axils of the leaves and each bears 3-10 flowers in a cluster at the end. The greenish purple flowers are butterfly shaped, and the 5-toothed calyx has the 2 upper teeth a little shorter than the rest. The standard is nearly round and the 2 wing petals are oval or oblong. The long and slender keel mens and style. Fila- stamens are united is strongly incurved — and encloses the sta-_ ments of g of the 10 and the other is free. The pistil develops into a nearly cylindrical, — slightly hairy, several-seeded pod. The Pink Wild Bean, Strophostyles umbellata (Muhl.) Britton, is a slender trailing perennial whose stems are clothed with back- ward pointing hairs. The unlobed leaflets are oblong, blunt and hairy on both sides. The pink flowers, one-half inch long, are on long peduncles in umbels that look like heads. The straight and slender pods are slightly flattened, about 2 inches long and somewhat hairy. The plant favors dry sandy ridges, knolls and dunes from Long Island to Illinois, south to Florida and Louisiana. 174 a OXALIDACEAE WOOD SORREL FAMILY VIOLET WOOD SORREL Oxalis violacea L. The generic name of the Wood Sorrels comes from a Greek word meaning sour, and is applied because these plants contain a good deal of the sour oxalic acid. A species with white flowers occurs in the New England states and is used there as the source of “‘salt of lemons”? by means of which rust stains are removed from linen. The family is of no eco- nomic importance and most of its members are natives of South America and Africa. This herb is nearly smooth and has a bulblike scaly base. It grows in rocky places and open woods from eastern Massachusetts to Minnesota and southwest. The blooming season is May and June. Three to a dozen um- bellately arranged flowers top the scape. Often they are dimorphic or even tri- morphic. There are 5 sepals and 5 violet petals. The 10 stamens are somewhat united at the base and are unequal, the shorter alternating with the longer. There is 1 pistil with 5 distinct styles, and the ovary matures into a dry pod containing several seeds. The Creeping Yellow Wood Sorrel, Oxalis repens Thunb., is a prostrate, freely branching herb with erect clusters of leaves and yellow flowers, 1-6 inches high. It prefers rich soil and fre- quents the grounds of greenhouses. The flower stalks are covered with very stiff reflexed hairs, and the 5-sided pods, one-half inch long or longer, contain many seeds. There has been some con- fusion among Oxalis records, so that this species is sometimes in- cluded as part of O. corniculata, p. 176. 175 WOOD SORREL FAMILY OXALIDACEAE LADY’S SORREL. SOUR GRASS Oxalis corniculata L. The Lady’s Sorrel is an herb, usually more or less hairy but sometimes smooth, that has become a common weed everywhere. Leaves and stems have an agreeable sour taste which accounts for the name Sour Grass. There are usually a few creeping stems, by means of which the’plant is perennial. The upright stems may be only a few inches high, and they bear the petioled, tri- foliate leaves whose leaflets fold at night. The plant blooms from early spring to late autumn and the small yellow flowers open only while the sun shines. Thecalyx consists of 5 yellow sepals, which remain on the fruit. There are 5 yellow petals, 10 stamens and 1 pistil with 5 distinct styles. The mature fruit is nearly cylindrical but tapers toward the summit. Its 5 compartments have several seeds each. The Yellow Wood Sorrel, Oxalis stricta L., is a closely related species. In it the pedicels are turned downward as the fruits mature, but the pods themselves are erect. The Great Yellow Wood Sorrel, Oxalis grandis Small, is the most striking yellow-flowered species. It grows 1-4 feet high in rich moist woodlands and blooms from May to August. Stems and pedicels are thickly covered with bristly hairs. The entire, broadly heart-shaped leaves, notched at the tip, are hairy beneath and generally have a brown margin. There are 3 to several flowers with smooth yellow petals in each of the long-peduncled — inflorescences. 176 a GERANIACEAE GERANIUM FAMILY WILD CRANESBILL Geranium maculatum L. The Geranium family is distributed throughout the world but is of no great importance except for the beauty of some of its flowers. The cultivated Geraniums belong to the genus Pelar- gonium. The spe- cies described here : gets its common S name from the long beak, like the ; bill of a crane, i 12 which the styles fe form on the fruit. 6) ' The Wild Cranes- bill or Wild Geranium is common in open woods and fields throughout the eastern half of the United States and Canada. The flowers bloom from the latter part of April to the end of June, and the earliest fruits usually mature before the last flowers of the same plant open. The erect forking stems rise 1-2 feet high from a heavy knotted underground stem which is power- fully astringent. Usually there are several basal leaves on long petioles; the stem leaves are smaller and sessile or on very short petioles. The petals are rose-purple. The 10 stamens are arranged in 2 circles of 5; those in the outer circle mature first and the pollen is distributed, then the inner stamens mature, and finally the 5 stigmas are ready for cross-pollination. The ovary matures into a s-celled fruit with 1 seed in each cell. When the fruit 1s mature the parts break loose at the base, curl up suddenly and discharge the seeds. The Carolina Cranesbill, Geranium carolinianum L., is a weedy species of dry barren soils throughout Illinois. The stems are fleshy, much branched and loosely hairy. The leaves are 5-9-cleft into oblong-linear, toothed segments. The pale pink flowers are small in compact umbelled clusters. 177 RUE FAMILY RUTACEAE NORTHERN PRICKLY ASH. TOOTHACHE TREE Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. The Rue family is important because to it belong the citrus fruits, including the Orange, Lemon, Grapefruit, Lime and Tangerine. Q yy, The Prickly Ash or Toothache Tree is a shrub that grows s-10 feet tall. It occurs throughout the eastern part of the United States except in the extreme south. In Illinois it is found on floodplains, banks of streams and in moist woods, where it frequently forms dense thickets. The bark and fruit were formerly much used in medicine. The branches are always armed with prickles in pairs at the bases of the leaves and sometimes on the petioles as well. The dioecious flowers appear in April and May. Both forms are greenish white and relatively inconspicuous. The calyx is missing or obsolete, but there is a corolla of 4 or 5 petals. The pistillate flowers contain 2-5 separate pistils with slender styles. Stamens are as many as the petals and alternate with them. The reddish fruit, which matures in August and September, is a somewhat fleshy 1 or 2-seeded pod, strongly aromatic and ex- ceedingly bitter. The seeds are black and shining. 178 RUTACEAE RUE FAMILY SHRUBBY TREFOIL. HOP TREE Ptelea trifoliata L. Ptelea is the Greek name of the Elm and is applied to this genus because of its similar fruits. The Hop Tree is a tall shrub or small tree which is found in rocky places from New York and Ontario to Minnesota and _ south- west. It has many local names, some of which are Wafer Ash, Shrubby Trefoil, Swamp Dog- wood and Wingseed. Of no economic importance, it is frequently culti- vated as an ornamental shrub and its bark was formerly much used in medicine. The small greenish white flowers that appear in June are usually very ill scented, the odor resembling that of a skunk, but fragrant flowers are occasionally found. Stamens and pistils are always present but the stamens in one form (the pistillate flowers) aresmall and do not produce pollen, whereas in the other form the pistils are dwarfed and functionless. Petals and sepals are 3-5 and the number of stamens is the same as the number of petals. The pistil consists of a 2-celled ovary, a short style and 2 stigmas. The fruit, which matures in August or September, is a 2-seeded samara, well adapted to wind dissemi- nation. It is very bitter and is sometimes used as a substitute for Hops. A form of this Hop Tree more common in Illinois is Ptelea trifoliata L. var. mollis T. & G. Practically the only difference is in its thickish leaflets, which are densely and permanently downy on both surfaces. The Lake Michigan shore is probably the preferred habitat of this variety in Illinois, and it is known in woods from Long Island to Florida and Minnesota to Texas. 179 MILKWORT FAMILY POLYGALACEAE PURPLE MILKWORT Polygala sanguinea L. The Milkwort family is relatively small and of little economic importance except that a few of its members are used in medicine. Several species of Polygala occur in Illinois, but in most parts of the state this is the most common. It is a smooth annual herb 6-15 inches high, which branches above the middle and is leafy to the top. It is found in fields, meadows and open places in woods from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Louisiana and North Carolina, and blooms from June to September. ~ The flowers are usually rose-purple but rarely greenish and even white. They are densely arranged in a globular or oblong head at the end of each branch. The single flower, as shown, is very irregular. There are 5 sepals, of which the uppermost and the 2 lowermost are small and greenish, whereas the lateral 2 are large and colored like the petals. The 3 petals are united into a tube which is split down the back. Filaments of the 6 or 8 stamens are united below into a split tube at- tached to the petals. The pistil has a 2-celled ovary and a long curved style, and de- velops into a 2-seeded pod. Each seed bears an outgrowth called a caruncle, which is nearly as large as itself. The Seneca Snakeroot, Poly- gala Senega L., is quite common in some places, especially in rocky soil. Several unbranched stems come from the thick and knotty rootstock, and bear the lanceolate, rough-margined leaves. The white flowers are borne in a terminal cylindrical spike. The wing petals are round-obovate and concave, and the crest on the back of the keel-shaped lower petal is. short. The caruncle is nearly as large as the seed. The plant blooms from May to July and is to be found southwest from New Brunswick, Hudson Bay and Alberta, Canada. 180 EUPHORBIACEAE SPURGE FAMILY GLANDULAR CROTON Croton glandulosus L. var. septentrionalis Muell. Arg. Most members of the Spurge family live in warm- climated countries and contain a milky juice; some of them contain an appreciable amount of rubber. A common cultivated plant of this family is the Castor-oil Bean. The Glandular Croton is found in sandy soil from Virginia to Indiana and Illinois, south to Florida and Texas. It also occurs in the West Indies and South America. Although not common in Illinois, it is likely to be found in any of the sandy regions of the state. It is an annual herb, usually dark green. The rather slender, more or less branched stem grows 8-30 inches high and bears the alternate, coarsely toothed leaves, each with 2 glands at the base of the blade. The imperfect flowers are produced from March to late autumn. Each of the staminate flowers, in terminal spikes, con- sists of a 4-parted calyx, 4 petals, a 4-rayed glandular disk and 8 stamens. The pistillate flowers are clustered at the base of the staminate spike. Each has § sepals, very rudimentary petals and a pistil with 3 styles whose stigmas are 2-cleft. The fruit is a 3-seeded capsule. The Three-seeded Mercury, Acalypha virginica L., is a mem- ber of this family common in fields and waste places. The long- petioled, ovate leaves are coarsely toothed and they often turn purplish. Staminate and pistillate flowers are in the same axillary cluster and are subtended by a large, palmately lobed bract. The capsule is decidedly 3-lobed and the seeds are nearly smooth. The plant ranges from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. It blooms from July to September. 181 SPURGE FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE FLOWERING SPURGE Euphorbia corollata L. The Flowering Spurge is the prettiest and most conspicuous Spurge in the state. It is frequently used as a cut flower under the name White Forget-me-not. It is common everywhere in rich or sandy soil from Massachusetts to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas, and it blooms from July to October. This Spurge is perennial by along stout underground stem. The upright stem is 10-36 inches high, usually unbranched up to the umbellike in- florescence, and contains an abundance of milky juice. The lower leaves are alternate, those of the inflorescence are opposite, and usually those just below the umbel are whorled. The flowers are clustered within a s-lobed involucre that is white and resembles a corolla. It bears 5 large yellowish green glands between the lobes at the base. Several staminate flowers line the base of the involucre, each consisting merely of a single stamen. The 1 pistillate flower is in the middle of the involucre and consists of a 3-lobed and 3-celled ovary, and 3 styles which are 2-lobed also. The Spreading eee Euphorbia humistrata Engelm., is a species very common on lawns. It often kills the grass and in autumn becomes reddish and causes unsightly spots. It grows prostrate; the involucres are small and, unlike those of the Flowering Spurge, inconspicuous. The leaves are elliptical to obovate, toothed toward the apex and sparsely hairy underneath. The pod fruits are sharply angled and minutely covered with short soft hairs. The seeds are red, ovate, blunt angled, minutely roughened and one twenty-fifth of an inch long. 182 LIMNANTHACEAE FALSE MERMAID FAMILY FALSE MERMAID Floerkea pro serpinacoides Willd. The single genus which represents this family in IIli- nois was named in honor of Gustav Heinrich Florke, a German botanist who lived from 1790 to 1835. Two species compose the genus; both are strictly North American plants, the False Mermaid being eastern and the other occuring only in the west. This plant is called False because there is a true Mermaid Weed, Proserpinaca, of the Water Milfoil family. This is a rather incon- spicuous annual which grows in marshes, moist forests and along rivers from Quebec to Delaware and west to Wisconsin and Missouri. Its slender stems, 4-15 inches long, are too weak to stand upright and so trail along the ground instead, or lean upon other plants. The minute flowers are white and bloom from April to June. The 3 green sepals are united at the base and remain attached to the fruit . The base of the calyx is filled by a fleshy disk having 3 very.small lobes. The 3 petals, shorter than the sepals, are attached to the margin of the disk and alternate with its lobes. There are 6 stamens, the 3 that alternate with the petals a little the shorter. The pistil consists of 2 or 3 ovaries united only at the base, and a style 2 or 3-lobed at the top. The ovaries develop into somewhat fleshy and roughened akenes. 183 CASHEW FAMILY ANACARDIACEAE SMOOTH SUMACH Rhus glabra L. This is exclusively a family of trees and shrubs, and is represented in Illinois by several species of Rhus, only. This shrub grows 4-12 feet high and is used for ornamental plantings because of its pretty red fruits and leaves which also turn a brilliant red in autumn. It is apt to spread too rapidly from root shoots, and the foliage is sub- ject to a mildew disease. The bark has been used as a source of tannin and the leaves and berries were formerly much used in medicine. It is found in dry sandy or gravelly soil from Nova Scotia to North Dakota and south to Florida and Louisiana, often in places where upland forests have been cut. The blooming season is June and July, and the fruit matures in September and October. The calyx is usually 5-cleft and usually there are 5 greenish white or yellowish petals, 5 stamens and 1 pistil with 3 styles. The berries when ripe are covered with red hairs that have a sour taste and are an excellent substitute for lemon juice in making a refreshing summer-time drink. The Shining Sumach, Rhus copallina L., is another species, found in the northern and southern parts of Illinois but rare or absent in the central part. It can be recognized by the fact that the main axis or central rib of the leaf is narrowly winged between the leaflets. Also, its branches and stalks are downy, whereas those of Rhus glabra are smooth with a whitish bloom. The Smoke Tree, Rhus cotinoides Nutt., is grown as an orna- mental plant but is not native in Illinois. 184 ANACARDIACEAE CASHEW FAMILY POISON IVY. POISON OAK Rhus Toxicodendron L. Poison Ivy or Poison Oak contains a nonvolatile oil which if it comes in contact with the skin may produce the irritation and blistering that is commonly called Ivy poisoning. Some persons are immune to it and others are very susceptible; cases are known both of persons who were very susceptible in youth but became immune or nearly so later, and of others immune for years, who later were victims of the poisoning. Susceptible persons who come in contact with Poison Ivy should wash the hands and face as soon as possible. Water alone will help but strong soap suds or solutions of sugar of lead or chloride of iron are better. The plant is common from Nova Scotia to British Columbia and south to Florida and Mexico, blooming in June and July. It will grow almost anywhere except in low peaty soil. It usu- ally grows as a densely fine-hairy vine, climbing by means of aerial roots, and will climb trees more than 100 feet tall. Oc- casionally it is found growing as an erect shrub. The flowers are similar to those of the Smooth Sumach, page 184, but they are arranged in a loose panicle, and the fruits are white. One must learn to recognize the plant, however, by its petioled, trifoliate and more or less downy leaves. The leaflets are ovate or round-diamond shape, 1-4 inches long, mostly acuminate, entire, finely round toothed or coarsely few toothed or lobed, and short soft hairy beneath. Poison Sumach or Poison Dogwood, Rhus Vernix L., is our most poisonous species. It is common in the swamps of Lake county and probably nowhere else in the state. It grows as an upright shrub 6-15 feet high and has smooth, pinnate leaves with 7-13 ovate-oblong, entire leaflets. 185 HOLLY FAMILY AQUIFOLIACEAE WINTERBERRY Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray The American Holly, I/ex opaca Ait., does not occur in Illinois, but the Winterberry is a shrub with deciduous leaves which belongs to the same genus. It occurs from Nova Scotia to Minnesota and south to Florida and Missis- sippi, and is usually found in low swampy woods or on low borders of lakes. In Illinois it is found in northern swamps, especially in Lake county, and in swampy woods of the south. The twigs are brown and the dark green leaves, which frequently turn black in autumn, are rather thick and leathery, smooth above but somewhat hairy below, at least on the veins. The small, whitish and inconspicuous flowers are produced in June or early July. They are imperfect and in axillary clusters, the staminate in clusters of 2-10 and the pistillate 1-3. The pistillate flowers commonly have 6 sepals, 6 petals and 1 pistil, whereas the parts of the staminate flowers are in fours, fives or sixes. The fruits are bright red berrylike drupes containing 4-6 nutlets. They remain on the branches until midwinter and because of them the plant is recommended for ornamental planting in moist places. The Swamp or Meadow Holly, Ilex decidua Walt., is a small tree found here only in the swamps of the south. It is noted for its light gray ~bark and its large scarlet berries, which remain after leaf fall to the last of December. The leaves are characteristically wedge shaped, shiny dark green above, and lighter and downy on the midrib beneath. 186 CELASTRACEAE STAFF TREE FAMILY BURNING BUSH. WAAHOO Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. The Burning Bush or Waahoo is a shrub or small tree 6-26 feet high, which has greenish 4-angled twigs. It is found mostly in open woods from Ontario to Florida and westward to Mon- tana, Nebraska and Oklahoma. Because of the numerous dark pur- ple flowers that open in June and the bril- liant scarlet fruits that mature in aut- umn, the Burning Bush is highly recom- mended for planting as an ornamental shrub. The flower usually has 4 sepals united at the base, and 4 purple petals. The 4 stamens are attached to the 4-angled disk that is stretched from the calyx over the ovary. The style is very short or lacking. The crimson fruit is a 4-lobed pod with 1 or 2 seeds in each lobe. Each seed is enclosed in a bright red outgrowth or pulp called an aril, and when the pod bursts these arils are exposed and so increase the beauty of the display. The fruits hang on nearly all winter unless eaten by birds. The Running Strawberry Bush or Creeping Waahoo, Euonymus obovatus Nutt., is another species common in moist woods through- out the state. It is a low trailing shrub which roots from the branches and seldom rises more than 1 foot from the ground. The obovate or oblong leaves are thin and dull. The parts of the greenish flowers, which bloom in April and May, are usually in fives. The petals do not have a distinct claw. The crimson fruits are rough with warts on the outside. This is a good plant to use for covering the ground under trees, since it an grow in the shade and forms dense mats. The plant is known from western Ontario to Pennsylvania, Ken- tucky and Illinois. 187 STAFF TREE FAMILY CELASTRACEAE CLIMBING BITTERSWEET. WAXWORK Celastrus scandens L. The Climbing Bittersweet is called by various names in different places, such as Shrubby or False Bittersweet, Staff Tree, Staff Vine and Fever Twig. It occurs throughout the eastern half of the United States except in the extreme south, and in Canada. It can grow in the open or in shade and in dry or moist soil, but does best in rich moist soil in shady situations. In Illinois it is often found along fence rows. This is a twining woody vine which may climb 30 feet or more. It is easily propa- gated by seeds or by root cut- tings and is frequently used for trellis work or as a cover for fences. It grows rather rapidly and will stand a great ) deal of pruning without per- manent injury, but the fruits have become so popular for winter bouquets that in some places the plant is threatened with extermination and should be protected. The small greenish yellow flowers, mostly dioecious, ap- pear in May or June. The calyx is 5-lobed and there are 5 round-toothed petals much longer than the calyx lobes. In the staminate flower the petals and 5 stamens are inserted on a disk that fills the bottom of the calyx. In the pistillate flower the pistil has 3 stigmas and a 3-celled ovary. The fruit, which matures in autumn, is orange outside but breaks open by 3 valves to expose a crimson-red pulp which surrounds the seeds, usually 6. ~ 188 STAPHYLEACEAE BLADDER NUT FAMILY AMERICAN BLADDER NUT Staphylea trifolia L. The Bladder Nut family is small and unimportant. Most of its members occur in Asia, this species alone being found in Illinois. The American Bladder Nut is a shrub 3-12 feet high, which occurs from eastern Canada and the New England states to Minnesota and south to Missouri and South Car- olina. Although found throughout Illinois it is not common, occurring locally on slopes and banks and occasionally in low forest places. It is easily propagated from seeds or cuttings and could profit- ably be used for ornamen- tal planting much more extensively than it is. The perfect flowers appear in April or May. The deeply 5-parted calyx is greenish white or sometimes pinkish, and persists on the fruit. There are 5 white petals, and § sta- mens alternate with them are borne on the outside of a large disk. There is 1 pistil with a 3-lobed and 3-celled ovary. The fruit, maturing in September or October, is a 3-lobed capsule which is hairy when young but smooth when mature. At maturity it opens at the top and the cells split along the inner side. There are usually 1-4 bony seeds, which are light brown, smooth and about the size of peas. But here’s a magic cometh new— As Summer dreams that she is A joy to gladden thee, indeed : old, This passionate out-flowering of Hangs out a myriad pleasure-bells The jewelweed. ; Of mottled gold! That now, when days are growing drear, Jeweluw'eed—FLORENCE EARLE COATES 189 SOAPBERRY FAMILY SAPINDACEAE OHIO BUCKEYE Aesculus glabra Willd. The Soapberry family is a large family in the tropics, where many of its members are woody climbers. This is the only common representative in Illinois, and despite its being a large tree is included here be- cause its large and beautiful flowers bloom early, usu- ally in May. This tree is to be looked for in woods, where it is usually as- sociated with Sugar Maple and Red Oak, from Pennsylvania to Florida and west to Iowa and Oklahoma. Its leaflets are usually — 5, which serves to dis- WI Od tinguish it from the introduced Horse Chestnut, Aesculus Hippocastanum L., which usually has 7 leaflets. The flowers are produced in large terminal panicles. The calyx has 5 somewhat unequal lobes. The corolla is pale yellow and consists of 4 upright but unequal petals, another distinction between this tree and the Horse Chestnut, whose flowers have 5 petals. The 5-8 stamens are curved and elongated, extending beyond the corolla. The pistil consists of a 3-celled ovary and 1 style. The fruit is a spiny capsule which usually contains 1-3 very large brown seeds. These seeds are mealy and contain a bitter poisonous principle. The Red Buckeye, Aesculus Pavia L., is a highly ornamental shrub or small tree of southern Illinois. It is distributed from Vir- ginia to Kentucky and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. The flowers, having a bright red corolla and tubular calyx, bloom in May. Stamens are not longer than the corolla. The leaves are smooth or soft downy beneath. The capsule fruits are smooth and contain 1-3 large, light brown, heavily wrinkled seeds. 190 BALSAMINACEAE TOUCH-ME-NOT FAMILY SPOTTED TOUCH-ME-NOT. JEWELWEED Impatiens biflora Walt. The Spotted Touch-me-not, also called Wild Balsam and Jewelweed, is found in moist shady places, often forming dense patches, from Quebec to Oregon and south to Georgia and Kansas. It is an annual, 2-5 feet tall, with stems that contain so much watery juice that they are nearly transparent. The flowers are orange- yellow thickly mottled with reddish brown, and _ oc- casionally pale and not mottled. They are axillary, single, and hang almost horizontal by slender pedi- cels. Their peculiar shape suggests some of the jewels worn as earrings by women of the nineteenth century. There are 3 sepals, the 2 lateral being small, green and nerved, and the third large, saclike with a long slender incurved spur one- half the length of the enlarged portion, and colored like the petals. The petals are 5, each side petal united to the one just behind, so that the apparent number of petals is 3. The anthers of the 5 stamens, alternate with the petals, are united around the stigma. A scale is borne on the inner side of each filament and the 5 scales come together over the stigma. The styles of the 5-parted pistil are lacking or obsolete and the fruit is a 5-celled, elastically dehiscent capsule filled with many seeds hanging in single rows. Although the large flowers are much visited by bumblebees they often do not develop fruits; instead, small flowers that never open but are pollinated in the bud are more likely to do so. Mature fruits are under such tension that a touch causes them to split into their 5 parts, hence the name Touch-me-not. 191 BUCKTHORN FAMILY RHAMNACEAE NEW JERSEY TEA Ceanothus americanus L. The Buckthorn family consists only of trees and shrubs and is not of great importance. Four species, in- cluding the New Jersey Tea, occur in Illinois and are used for ornamental planting. a HY BR This is one of our finest Fn Q BWASS plants to show the associa- Be ’ \ > tion or partnership called CYS Nip a mycorrhiza, between plant = cw roots and fungi. The root FP Sy oS tubercles resemble those in the Pulse family but are much larger and much more numerous. This species grows 1-3 feet high from a dark red root and makes a very good hedge plant. It grows in dry open woods and on dry or sandy prairies from Maine to Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas. Though - found throughout Illinois, it is probably less common in the south. The leaves are ovate or ovate-oblong, strongly 3-nerv- ed, toothed and finely hairy, especially beneath, 1-214 inches broad and often slightly heart shaped at the base. They were brewed for tea during the American Revolution. The flowers are produced in dense oblong clusters in June and July. The elongated peduncles are terminal or axillary and are often leafy. The calyx is top shaped and 5-lobed, with the tips of the lobes curving inward. Both the calyx and pedicel are white like the 5 petals. The latter are hooded and longer than the calyx. There are 5 stamens with long threadlike filaments. The pistil consists of a 3-lobed ovary and a short 3-cleft style. The nearly black fruit is dry, depressed, less than one-eighth inch high, and at maturity it separates into 3 nutlets, each containing I seed. 192 MALVACEAE MALLOW FAMILY VELVET LEAF. INDIAN MALLOW Abutilon Theophrasti Medic. The Mallow family is extremely important because it is the family to which the Cotton plant belongs. A number of highly prized ornamental plants, such as Hollyhock, Hibiscus and Rose of Sharon, are members. Stamens of all flowers in the family are united into a sheath or central col- umn around the pistil and joined with the bases of the petals. In the first 4 species presented, the col- umn bears anthers at its summit; in the last 4it bears anthers for a considerable portion of its length and is 5-toothed at the top. The Velvet Leaf was introduced into this country from India and is now a common weed everywhere in waste places. It is annual and has several names, such as Indian Mallow, Butter Print, Buttonweed and Pie Marker. The fibers of its stout branched stem, 3-6 feet high, are said to be used in China for making twine or rope. The whole plant is densely velvety and has a somewhat disagreeable odor when handled. The long- petioled leaves are heart shaped, 4-12 inches wide, toothed or nearly entire, and acuminate but the point blunted. The yellow flowers are produced from August to October. The calyx is 5-cleft and persistent, and there are 5 yellow petals. Stamens are numerous and united into a column bearing anthers only at the top. The pistils are also numerous but the ovaries are united in a ring so that in fruit they form a several-celled pod or capsule. Many seeds are produced and it is said that some of them have been known to germinate after they were 60 years old. 193 MALLOW FAMILY MALVACEAE PRICKLY SIDA Sida spinosa L. The specific name of this plant comes from the occur- rence of a little pointed tubercle at the base of each of the larger leaves, but it is somewhat inept, for this protuber- ance, though solid, can hardly be called a spine and the plant is not really prickly. The Prickly Sida is native throughout tropical America and has spread northward to Maine, Michi- gan, southern Wisconsin and Iowa. It is the only . Sida in Illinois. It isa much branched, finely and softly hairy annual which grows 1-2 feet high and produces small yellow flowers all summer. The flowers open for only a few hours in the morning. The calyx is s-toothed and naked at the base; that is, there is no involucel. The corolla consists of 5 yellow petals which are usually slightly 1-sided C but entire. The numerous stamens form a column which bears anthers only at the top. There are 5 pistils grown together to form a compound ovary but the ¢ styles are distinct. The s-parted fruit is within the persistent calyx and each part splits at the top into 2 beaks so that the fruit becomes 10-beaked. Each division of the fruit contains 1 seed. __The Poppy Mallow, Callirhoé involucrata (T. & G.) Gray, is a diffuse spreading herb of sandy areas, blooming from April to August. Its palmately 5-9-lobed leaves, with conspicuous, ovate, persistent stipules, are alternately arranged and on medium, long-haired petioles. The hairy upper stems and branches end in long hairy peduncles terminated by solitary red-purple flowers 2 inches in diameter. Sepals and petals are 5, and the pistils are indefinite. This is a common annual weed from Massachusetts to Michigan, Kansas and southwestward. 194 MALVACEAE MALLOW FAMILY COMMON MALLOW. CHEESES Malva rotundifolia L. The Common Mallow or Cheeses was introduced from Europe, has become naturalized and is now common throughout in waste places and cultivated grounds. The flowers yield a blue coloring matter which serves as a test for acids and alkalies, being red- dened by the former and rendered green by the latter. This is a biennial, the deeply penetrating root living over winter. The stems are prostrate, spreading and branching to such an extent that a single healthy plant may cover several square feet of soil. The leaves, ele- vated on their long pet- ioles, are so sensitive to light that their blades turn toward the east in the morning and follow the sun during the day, keeping the broad face always at right angles to the source of light. The Mallow blooms throughout summer and autumn, and unopened buds, flowers and mature fruit may be found at the same time. The flowers open only during sunny weather. The 5 green sepals, united at the base, persist as the fruit matures. At the base of the calyx are 3 little leaflike bracts which form a sort of outer calyx or involucel. The 5 petals vary from whitish to purplish red but their veins are always purplish red. The flattened fruits, divided into as many t-seeded parts as there are styles, are while green the edible “cheeses.” 195 MALLOW FAMILY MALVACEAE WOOLLY-FRUITED ROSE MALLOW Hibiscus lasiocarpos Cav. This Rose Mallow is a large perennial herb of low grounds and marshy places from Georgia to Texas, extending up the Mississippi basin to Kentucky and Missouri, and to southern Illinois and Indiana. The plant blooms from July to Wy (Uke September. Y= The stems, in clumps of Ss 3-20, are 2-5 feet high and EW\\ FER downy pubescent, especially —————— 2=—=> above. The leaves are broad- {os ly or narrowly ovate, toothed or 3-7-lobed, soft downy on both surfaces and in ad- dition bearing jong hairs on the upper surface. The large flowers are white or rose with deep crimson eyes. The petals are § and the hairy calyx § Auk s-toothed or cleft. The 4 (/ Gas bractlets of the involucel Ne po) LL are narrow and as long as os incl | the calyx or shorter, and i | fringed with long marginal hairs. The short cylindric capsule is densely stiff hairy and opens by 5 valves so that the many small, brown and nearly smooth seeds are shaken out by the wind. More rarely found in swamps and along streams of the state is the Swamp Rose Mallow, Hibiscus Moscheutos L. This is likewise a perennial herb with numerous canelike stems 5-6 feet high. The flowers, produced from July to August, are much like those of the. woolly-fruited species, may be 7 inches across and varying from white through several shades of pink, but are usually rose. The column bears anthers a considerable portion of its length, and the pollen may be white or yellow. The style divides into 5 short branches, each bearing a large stigma. The smooth or sparingly aoe fruit is a capsule with several to many seeds in each of its ; cells. 196 MALVACEAE MALLOW FAMILY HALBERD-LEAVED ROSE MALLOW Hibiscus militaris Cav. The Halberd-leaved Rose Mallow rivals the cultivated Hollyhock in beauty of floral display. It grows along streams and in other wet places from Pennsylvania to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisi- ana, and blooms in Aug- ust and September. This is a perennial which sends up each year a cluster of smooth stout stems 3-S feet high. Some or all of the leaves are halberd shaped; that is, they are shaped like an arrowhead but with the 2 basal lobes extend- ing outward almost at right angles. The large flowers are produced in the axils of the upper leaves as well as at the ends of branches. They are delicately pink or flesh color, with a purplish base. The green s-lobed calyx persists and becomes inflated as the fruit develops. Below it is an in- volucel of many narrow bractlets. The long column bears the anthers along the greater part of its length. Within 1s the com- pound pistil with a 5-celled ovary and 5 united styles whose stigmas are separate. The fruit is a capsule containing many silky seeds. The Rose Mallows should not be confused with the European Marsh Mallow, Althaea officinalis L., which belongs to the same family but is a quite different plant with much smaller flowers. The Marsh Mallow is the plant whose roots furnish the mucilage used in making marshmallow confectionery. It has become natural- ized in some places in this country but is seldom found in Illinois. 197 MALLOW FAMILY MALVACEAE FLOWER OF AN HOUR Hibiscus Trionum L. The Rose Mallows described on the preceding pages are rather shy plants, but the Flower of an Hour, belonging to the same genus, is much bolder and dwells in places frequented by man, such as road- sides, the edges of cornfields and other waste or cultivated places. This species is a native of south- ern Europe but it seems to like America very well and is now found from Nova Scotia to Florida and west to South Da- kota and Kansas. It is a low annual which branches from the base and spreads over the ground. The whole plant is covered with spreading hairs and the leaves are 3-7-lobed or divided, the obtuse lobes round toothed or cleft, and the middle one longest. 3 During the blooming season of August and September the Flower of an Hour opens for only a short while in the morning, thus acquiring its common name. The flowers, produced in the axils of the upper leaves, are sulfur yellow with a dark purple center, and the outer edges of the petals are tinged purple also. The involucel of many narrow bractlets is much shorter than the beautifully veined, inflated calyx, which is 5-lobed and s-angled. The numerous stamens are united into a column around the compound pistil and the style has 5 branches at the end, each branch bearing a stigma. The fruit is a hairy, nearly spherical, several-seeded capsule. The Rose of Sharon, Hibiscus syriacus L., is a southern plant which frequents rocky soil near streams. It is a tall, smooth shrub with wedge-shaped to ovate, pointed and cut-toothed or lobed leaves. The flowers, pink or white with a crimson center, bloom from July to September. 198 HYPERICACEAE ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY ROUND-PODDED ST. JOHN’S-WORT Hypericum cistifolium Lam. The St. John’s-wort family is of little economic impor- tance, although the Mangosteen, a very highly prized Asi- atic tropical fruit, belongs to it. About a dozen species of St. John’s-wort occur in Illinois but some of them are not common. They may usually be recog- nized by the opposite, mostly sessile leaves, dotted with blackish spots that can readily be seen by holding the leaf up to the light; and may be known also by the greater proportion of yellow flowers, though some have flesh color or purple blooms. The Round-podded St. John’s-wort grows 1-2% feet high and is simple or sparingly branched. It is found on rocky banks from southwestern Ohio to lowa, Alabama, Arkansas and Kansas. The stems are some- what woody at the baseandslightly 4-angled. The numerous yellow flowers are produced in cymes from July to September. The 5 ovate green sepals are narrow and usually shorter than the petals. The numerous stamens are distinct and there is 1 pistil with 3 styles. The fruit is a capsule containing many seeds that are roughly pitted and larger than in most species. The Shrubby St. John’s-wort, Hypericum prolificum L., grows 1-4 feet high and has 2-edged branches. The leaves are narrowly oblong and narrowed at the base. Often there are tufts of smaller leaves in the axils of the larger. The yellow flowers are produced abundantly from July to September. The stamens are very numerous and the styles are 3. The oval capsule is about one-half inch long. This plant occurs from southern Ontario to Minnesota, south to New Jersey, Georgia and westward. je VIOLET FAMILY VIOLACEAE BIRDFOOT VIOLET Viola pedata L. In some parts of the world there are shrubs and even trees that belong to the Violet family, but our Violets are all herbaceous plants, of which only cultivated Pansies are economically important. The many Violets, some white, some yellow and some blue, are much alike and sometimes not readily distinguished. Cross-polli- nation and the resultant forming of hybrids compli- cates attempts to find specific types. The Violets may be con- N veniently divided into two Ms aie L, \ groups, one comprising the => a Ni y species with leafy stems and y yw & the other those species in which the stem is under- - ground and the leaves and flower stalks appear to be growing directly from the ground. This species, rivaling the cultivated Pansy, is one of the most beautiful of our wild Violets. It is not as common here as it is farther east, Massachusetts and southwestward, but it is locally abundant in dry or sandy fields and hillsides and in open woods. The underground stem is short, stout and erect, and from it are given off the heavy fibrous roots. The leaves, as shown, are cleft into segments resembling the claws of a bird, and give the plant its common name. The Birdfoot Violet blooms in May and June and sometimes produces a few flowers again in late summer or autumn. The typical flower has the 2 upper petals dark violet and the 3 lower lilac-purple with dark veins, but the common Illinois form has all 5 petals lilac-purple. The orange tips of the stamens are large and conspicuous in the center of the flower. The pods are smooth and green, and the seeds are copperish. 200 VIOLACEAE VIOLET FAMILY HAIRY BLUE VIOLET Viola sororia Willd. By act of the state legislature in 1908 the Violet was made the official state flower of Illinois. No particular species was designated but it is commonly assumed that the lawmakers had in mind the common Blue Violets, of which there are several spe- cies in the state. Blue Violets should never be picked except in places where they are very abun- dant; but where there are hundreds of plants and liter- ally thousands of blossoms it does no harm to pick them provided only the flowers are taken and roots and leaves are not disturbed. | Often the beautiful blue flowers that we so admire produce no seeds. Late in the season small flowers without petals are produced on short peduncles. These never open \ but are self-pollinated and \ \ | produce seeds abundantly. The Hairy Blue Violet is found in moist meadows and woods and by shady ledges from western Quebec and New England to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Oklahoma. The lower surfaces of the leaves and usually the petioles are covered with very short hairs. It blooms in April and May and sometimes again in autumn. The peduncles are often 6 inches or more in length and the flowers shade through deep violet to lavender or lighter. The fruit is a many-seeded capsule. The Common Blue Violet, Viola papilionacea Pursh, 1s very similar but the leaves are smooth beneath. Occasionally the flowers, as in the above species, may be white. (See frontispiece.) 201 VIOLET FAMILY VIOLACEAE SWEET WHITE VIOLET Viola blanda Willd. The Sweet White Violet is a small plant with a slender underground stem, basal leaves and fragrant white flowers. It is found in moist woodlands from western Quebec to Minne- sota and southward to northern Georgia and Louisiana, and blooms in April and May. The whole plant is usually smooth ex- cept that there are short white hairs on the upper surfaces of the leaves. Midribs, petioles and flower stalks are often tinged red. In summer the plant spreads by slen- der leafy runners. The flowers are very irregular. The § green sepals are slightly unequal and have earlike appendages at the base. The white petals are purple veined, and the lower has a spur at the base in which nectar accumulates. There are § stamens, 2 of which have appendages that project into the spur of the corolla. There is 1 pistil. The Large-leaved White Violet, Viola incognita Brainerd, is similar, but the upper surfaces of the leaves are smooth, and the rest of the plant is somewhat hairy. Also, the 2 lateral petals are bearded. The Striped White Violet, Viola striata Ait.,is found in rich wood- ed bottomlands throughout the state but is most common in the south. It is much branched, 1 foot high or less, and has numerous heart-shaped and toothed leaves. The many large flowers are axillary on long peduncles. The petals are white, cream color or pale lavender, with the 2 lateral bearded and the lowermost thickly striped with purple veins. A violet by a mossy stone _ Half hidden from the eye! Fair as a star when only one Is shining in the sky. Lucy—WIiLLIAM WORDSWORTH 202 VIOLACEAE VIOLET FAMILY DOWNY YELLOW VIOLET Viola pubescens Ait. We have two common Yellow Violets, both of which occur in woods or thickets, and both of which belong to the group with leafy stems. In both the petals are yellow with large purple veins, and the seeds are light brown and relatively large, being nearly one-sixteenth of an inch long. The Downy Yellow Violet is found in rich dry woods from southern Maine and Ontario to Maryland and Kansas. It often has only 1 stem, as shown, which bears 2-4 leaves near the top. The basal leaf shown may not be produced. Stem and leaves are covered with soft downy hairs. The Smooth Yellow Violet, Viola scabriuscula Schwein., usually has 2-4 stems and 1-3 basal leaves. The stems are shorter and more leafy than in the downy species, the leaves are smaller, and stems and leaves are nearly or entirely without hairs. The yellow flowers are produced usually in May, but later in the summer flowers with- out petals occur. These never open and are self-pollinated. When the fruits are ripe they dry and finally burst open with such suddenness that the seeds are hurled out, often several inches. The Arrow-leaved Violet, Viola sagittata Ait., has intensely blue flowers on long peduncles coming from the vertical underground stem. The leaves are oblong and somewhat heart shaped at the base, where they expand into 1-3 spreading lobes that look like barbs and contribute to the common name. Of all her train, the hands of Spring First plant thee in the watery mould, And I have seen thee blossoming Beside the snowbank’s edges cold. The Yellow Violet—-WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT 203 CACTUS FAMILY CACTACEAE PRICKLY PEAR Opuntia Rafinesquii Engelm. The Cactus family is strictly American in distribution and is largely confined to the desert regions of North and South America. The members assume a variety of shapes, from flat and sprawling to erect and polelike, some at least 25 feet high. Leaves of the Cactus, in all but certain tropical species, come out tiny and fleshy but soon drop off and are replaced by prickles or spines. The only Illinois Cactus is the j Prickly Pear, growing in dry sandy or rocky soil and blooming in the middle of summer. It is found from Ohio to Minnesota and south to Kentucky and Texas. This is a prostrate plant with very fleshy branching stems made up of flattened joints, one of which is shown. The leaves are very small and awl shaped and soon fall off, but the stems are a deep green and carry on the work of food manu- facture. In the axils of the leaves are clusters of short barbed bristles and often longer spines as well. The bristles are bright reddish brown and the spines are whitish but may be red at base and tip. The large brilliant flowers are yellow but often have a reddish center. They open only in sunshine, but for several days in succession. The flower parts are attached above the ovary. The green sepals are numerous and spreading and there are 10 or 12 petals. Stamens are very numerous and arranged in several rows. There is only 1 style but several stigmas. The ovary matures into a pear-shaped, fleshy and edible berry nearly 2 inches long. 204 LYTHRACEAE LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY SWAMP LOOSESTRIFE. WATER WILLOW Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell. The Loosestrife family is relatively small and unimpor- tant. Its members are widely distributed but are most abundant in the American tropics. The flowers are di- morphous or trimorphous, and the calyx tube bears the sta- mens and petals at its throat. The Swamp Loosestrife is not uncommon in swamps and _ along the borders of ponds and streams from Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana. The 4-6 sided stems of this perennial grow 2-8 feet high and are curved over at the top. Often the submerged parts have a spongy thickened bark and are somewhat woody at the base. The willowlike leaves are sometimes opposite and sometimes whorled. Pink-purple trimorphic flowers are found in the axils of the upper leaves. The short calyx has 5 erect teeth and as many longer hornlike processes between the teeth. The corolla consists of 5 wedge-shaped petals. There are 10 stamens inserted on the calyx tube, 5 short and 5 long and exserted. The fruit is a globose, 3-5-celled capsule which is included in the calyx and dehiscent along the dorsal suture. The Long-leaved Ammannia, Ammannia coccinea Rottb., is a smooth branching herb 6-18 inches high, common on muddy banks throughout Illinois. In such places and on wet sandy shores it may be found from New Jersey to Florida and from Ohio to the Dakotas and southwestward. The linear-lanceolate leaves, 1-3 inches long, are paired and with somewhat clasping bases. The small scarlet flowers are 1-5, sessile in the axils of the leaves. The 4 petals, with the 4-8 more or less exserted stamens, are attached directly to the top of the 4-parted calyx tube. The styles are long and slender. The capsule fruit bursts irregularly, scattering many fine seeds. 205 LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY LYTHRACEAE LOOSESTRIFE Lythrum alatum Pursh In low wet places from southern Ontario to northern Georgia and west to Minnesota, South Dakota and Utah, the Loosestrife may be found blooming abundantly from June to August. It is conspicuous then because it often grows in masses and its deep purple flowers are showy, though small. The tall and wandlike stems are 1-4 feet high, much branched, 4-angled and usually wing margined, but not hairy. The leaves are oblong-ovate to linear- lanceolate, and the bases are rounded or heart shaped, whereas the tips are acute. Dimorphous flowers are produced singly and nearly sessile in the axils of the upper leaves. The calyx tube is cylindrical, nearly straight and not spurred at the base. It is 10-14-ribbed and has 5-7 teeth with as many appen- dages in the sinuses. The 5 identical purple petals and the 5-7 stamens are inserted in the throat of the calyx tube. Stamens of the short-styled flowers extend beyond the corolla. The fruit is a 2-celled capsule. The Spiked Loosestrife, Lythrum Sali- caria L., is a European species scattered in swamps and wet places in Illinois. Its round, smooth to downy stems grow 2-3 feet high, are mostly unbranched and bear many lanceolate leaves with clasping or heart-shaped bases. The reddish pur- ple flowers are trimorphic and in dense terminal and branching spikes. Each has 4-6 petals and sepals, 8-10 stamens and 1 pistil. The calyx and bracts are greenish and somewhat covered with soft downy hairs, and the lobes of the calyx are much shorter than the awl-shaped appendages in the sinuses. The cylindrical capsule is generally 2-celled and filled with many flat seeds, which are shaken out when the fruit bursts irregularly. 206 LYTHRACEAE LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY CLAMMY CUPHEA. BLUE WAXWEED Cuphea petiolata (L.) Koehne The Blue Waxweed grows in dry soil from New Hampshire to Ijlinois and Kansas, south to Georgia and Louisiana. It is rare in the northern part of this state but becomes more common farther south. It is a small annual which grows 6-20 inches erect, branches somewhat and is covered with very sticky hairs. The purple flowers are produced from July to October. The tubular calyx is 12- ribbed and has a very short spur on the upper side at the base. At the upper end it is slightly 1-sided and has 6 short teeth, usually with a little process in each sinus. The 6 purple ovate petals are unequal, as are the II or 12 stamens attached by very short filaments near the top of the calyx tube. The pistil consists of an ovary with a curved gland at its base next the spur of the calyx, a slender style and a 2-lobed stigma. The fruit is a few-seeded capsule, peculiar in that it splits along 1 side before the seeds are mature, and the placenta, or portion to which the flat seeds are attached, projects so that the seeds ripen outside the capsule. The Meadow Beauty, Rhexia virginica L., is the only well-known Illinois member of the Melastoma family, the Melastomaceae. This plant sends up its square stem 12-18 inches from a slender tuber- bearing rootstock. The rose- purple flowers are in terminal cymes and are about 1% inches broad. The 4sepals are very gland- ular outside. The blooming season is July to October, and the flowers give way to a 4-celled capsule containing numerous bent or coiled seeds. Sandy swamps and shores from Maine to Florida harbor this plant, and it is also known from Ontario to Illinois, lowa and southwestward. 207 EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY ONAGRACEAE SEEDBOX Ludvigia alternifolia L. The Evening Primrose family is small and none of its members are economically important. The varied forms of the Evening Primrose of this family and the common garden Pea of the Pulse family inspired Hugo De Vries, present- day Dutch botanist, to use them as a basis of observations for his theory of mutation. The Seedbox grows 2-3 feet high in swamps and low wet woods from New Hampshire, southern Ontario and Michigan to Florida, Kansas and Texas. It is an erect, branching and nearly smooth perennial herb having tuberous or clustered roots. The leaves are lanceolate to linear-lanceolate and acute or pointed at both ends. The flowers appear from June to September singly in the axils of the upper leaves. The 4 green sepals persist on the fruit but the 4 yellow petals are likely to fall away if the plant is jarred. The 4 stamens are inserted on the calyx with the petals. The fruit is a cubical capsule about one-quarter inch long, which contains many seeds and is the source of the plant’s common name. It opens by a pore at the base of the short style. The Water Purslane, Ludvigia palustris (L.) Ell., is quite common in muddy ditches and swamps. It is very different from the Seedbox. Its oval leaves are opposite instead of alternate and its stems creep upon the mud or float, and root at the nodes. The calyx lobes are very short and when the plant grows in water there usually are no petals; if it grows on land there are often 4 small reddish petals. The capsule is 4-sided and about one-fourth of an inch long. This plant ranges throughout the United States and blooms from June to November. 208 ONAGRACEAE EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY GREAT WILLOW HERB. FIREWEED Epilobium angustifolium L. The Great Willow Herb or Fireweed is common in open places across the continent from North Carolina, Kansas and California to Greenland and Alaska. It also occurs in Europe and Asia. It is especially abundant in recently cleared and burned forest areas, coming up thickly in such places as though in protest against the reckless destruction of woods. The young tender shoots are sometimes used as “greens.” This is a showy perennial herb with a rather stout, simple or branched stem that grows 2-8 feet high. The lanceolate leaves are pinnately veined and almost entire. The pedicels of the young buds are turned downward but they become erect before the flower opens. The limb of the brownish calyx is 4-divided to the top of the ovary, and the 4 large petals are narrow, entire and violet-purple. There are 8 stamens and 1 style with a stigma having 4 long lobes. Usually as the flower opens, the stamens and style are turned down. After the stamens have straightened up and the anthers opened suc- cessively, the style straightens and the stigma opens. The fruits are slender 4-angled capsules containing numerous small seeds, each with a coma. The Northern Willow Herb, Epilobium coloratum Muhl., 1s common in low grounds in Illinois, It is a bushy species 1-3 feet high, distinguished by its lance-shaped, toothed leaves which are conspicuously red-purple veined. They may grow to lengths of 5-6 inches with corresponding widths of one-half to three-quarters of an inch. The flowers are much like those in the above species, and the coma when mature is cinnamon color. The plant occurs south- westward from Maine to Nebraska, and blooms from July to September. 209 EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY ONAGRACEAE COMMON EVENING PRIMROSE Oenothera biennis L. The Common Evening Primrose grows abundantly in open places, usually in rather dry soil, from Labrador to Florida and west to Minnesota and Texas. This is a biennial that produces the first year only a rosette of leaves and a strong root. The fleshy root is said to have been used as a table vegetable long before potatoes were cul- tivated so universally. The rosette of leaves remains green all winter and in the spring there is produced an upright, leafy, more or less branched shoot that grows 1-6 feet high and bears the flowers and fruits. In Illinois this Evening Primrose begins blooming in June and continues until stop- ped by the frosts of October. y The beautiful and fragrant ‘WN flowers open at sundown and ee \ are interesting to watch. They VSS close the following day and | Va so are pollinated by night- fe flying moths. The 4 bright yellow petals and 8 stamens are inserted on the long and narrow calyx tube, which is terminated by 4 narrow reflexed lobes. The style is slender and the stigma 4-lobed. The mature capsules are three-quarters to 1% inches long and are covered with short hairs. They contain as many as 40 seeds each, and a mature plant once examined was thus found to produce 500,000 seeds. The Northern Evening Primrose, Oenothera muricata L., is commonly associated in this state with the above species, and is usually mistaken for it. However, it grows not more than 3 feet high instead of having the 6-foot range of the Common Evening Primrose, its leaves are narrower and more nearly entire, and above all, the hairs on its stems rise from reddish glands. 210 ONAGRACEAE EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY MEADOW SUNDROPS Oenothera pratensis (Small) Robinson The Meadow Sundrops is closely related and very similar to the Evening Primrose, page 210, but it is perennial and its large and handsome yellow flowers open in the morning instead of evening. It can easily be grown under cultivation and will be ad- mired in any flower garden. It grows in open places and rather low grounds from Ohio and Iowa south to Arkan- sas, and blooms from June to August. The stem is 1-2 % feet high, often branching near the top, and is covered with long, soft, widely spreading hairs. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, one-half to three- quarters of an inch long, and slightly coarse or stiff hairy on both surfaces. Flowers on the upper part of the stem are terminal, and the lower ones are produced in the axils of decidedly leaflike bracts. As in all members of the family, the flower parts are attached above the ovary. The calyx tube is slender and ends in 4 lobes which are finally reflexed. The 4 large bright yellow petals and 4 long stamens alternating with 4 short are attached to the calyx tube. The style is slender and the stigma 4-cleft. The capsule is some- what club shaped, 4-angled, promi- nently winged and very hairy. The seeds are numerous. \ Cc The Common Sundrops, Oenothera fruticosa L., is very similar and the two are often confused. This plant, however, grows in drier soil and is ordinarily less hairy or nearly smooth. The spikes are on naked peduncles. The capsule is oblong, winged and either hairy or smoothish. This species is found on dry sandy soil from southern New England to South Carolina, and also in Ohio, Michi- gan and Indiana. 211 EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY ONAGRACEAE GAURA Gaura biennis L. This Gaura is the only species in Illinois. It is a biennial herb which grows in rather dry soil from Quebec to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Georgia and Arkansas, and blooms from July to September. \A f The first year it produces a YR, ; rosette of leaves which manufacture SS SS 2 food to be stored in the roots and used the following year. The second SS. a year it sends up an erect, much aa } branched stem 2-5 feet high, covered SNA) | with short downy hairs and bearing SSQyZF : ‘\ ‘> ~—Ssailternate sessile leaves. y, y The rather loose spikes are pro- duced at the ends of branches as well as at the terminus of the main stem. The flower parts are attached above the ovary. The slender calyx tube is prolonged beyond the ovary and at the summit is divided into 4 rather y long, narrow and reflexed lobes. ptt The 4 slightly unequal petals are A yj (f} white, becoming pink with age. Z Petals and the 8 stamens are in- serted on the throat of the calyx tube. Stamens and the slender style are at first turned down. The sta- mens straighten as the anthers ma- ture, and after the pollen has been discharged or nearly so the style \ straightens and the 4-lobed stigma, ' closed and surrounded by a cuplike ring, opens. The 4-ribbed nutlike fruit is acute at both ends, less than one-quarter inch long, covered with soft hairs and contains 1-4 seeds. Because the flowers are quite small and not a vivid color, the name Gaura, which comes from a Greek word meaning superb, seems not to characterize our species very well. 212 ONAGRACEAE EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY ENCHANTER’S NIGHTSHADE Circaea lutetiana L. The Enchanter’s Nightshade is a branching perennial herb whose slender stems, swollen at the nodes, grow 1-2 feet high. It is common in woods from Nova Scotia to Ontario and North Dakota, south to Georgia and Ng Kansas. The genus name is sy ¥ derived from Circe, enchantress cia C2 of the Odyssey. ee. The slender-petioled, ovate rs leaves are 2-4 inches long, n- acuminate at apex and with the margins having widely spaced teeth. 2 The small white flowers are produced from June to Aug- ust. The flower parts are at- tached above the ovary. The calyx tube is prolonged only a short distance beyond the ovary and is then divided into 2 lobes which are turned back. Filling the end of the calyx tube is a cup-shaped disk to which the 2 white petals and 2 stamens are attached. The style is slender and unbranched. The pedicels become reflexed in fruit as shown. The fruit is densely covered with hooked hairs, making it a sort of bur. It contains only 1 or 2 seeds and does not open. The Small Enchanter’s Nightshade, Circaea alpina L., is a low smooth perennial 2-8 inches high, which favors cold places, woods and rocky cliffs. Leaves are somewhat heart shaped at the base and the white flowers greatly resemble those of the above species but are smaller. The 1-celled bur fruits are narrowly obovoid and the hairs are soft and fine. A form between these two and growing along with the Enchanter’s Nightshade is Circaea intermedia Ehrh., not commonly named. It grows 8-16 inches high and the leaves are thinner, ovate and more or less heart shaped, and the teeth are prominent. Minute bracts are usually present at the base of each flower. 213 PARSLEY FAMILY UMBELLIFERAE Many species in this large family have flowers so nearly alike that to identify the plants with certainty one must have the fruits. The flowers are usually in umbels and the leaves are in most cases compound, with the bases of the petioles expanded or sheathing the stem. Some members of the family are poisonous, as is the Poison Hemlock, which the ancient Greeks used to kill prisoners and which was the death potion of Socrates. Others are very valuable as garden vegetables, such as Celery, Parsnip and Carrot. The following key is intended only for the 14 genera given place in this book; for the remaining species stand- ard reference works will be required. KEY TO GENERA 1. Leaves thick, long, narrow, parallel veined. .Eryngium p. 215 Leaves not thus....:...). 50.04 AVvT Si oe 2 2, Flowers yellow..............0......0 =e Flowers-white or greenish white. ....... 2.20/95 34s ee 4 3. Plant small or medium; leaves ternate.......... Zizia p. 221 Plant coarse, large; leaves pinnately compound. Pastinaca p. 221 4. Stems very large, hollow, smooth, purple; flowers greenish Whites sok. «fits bd. Sea Angelica p. 222 5. Stems very large, coarse, hairy; umbel very large........ Git ph de. aisle aoe eo salsa niet eee Sa Heracleum p. 222 Plant not thus. . 2.000000 2.02 iw blo eee 6 6. Stems tall, marked lengthwise with purple lines; leaves 2 or 3 times pinnately compound................ Cicuta p. 219 Stems tall, green; leaves simply pinnate...... Oxypolis p. 222 Plant not thus. ..0. 5.005. ne 3,2 conte eo eo Be ae 7 qe eaves, palmately divided... 7. gs. ewes Bare Sanicula p. 216 Leaves pinnately or ternately compound.................- 8 8. Upper leaves pinnate, lowest pinnately dissected. .Sium p. 220 Leaves not thus...... :... ig scsu -s0 don. de oe 9 a aretais ' lati op Sees Ce eS ee Erigenia p. 219 Petals with tips turnéd*in®. | 0250272. ae IO ie. Broit: prickly. . 400.8 ist ae Se Perth oe ae Daucus p. 224 Pruit Righty)... cst. is cee Se wae ee Osmorhiza p. 218 Fruit smooth. or nearly. so... 4643 205% 0 bo sval eee II ra;'': Leaflets sharply toothed sO) Sia S Cry ptotaenia p. 220 Leaflets coarsely and bluntly lobed...... Chaerophyllum p. 217 214 UMBELLIFERAE PARSLEY FAMILY RATTLESNAKE MASTER. BUTTON SNAKEROOT Eryngium yuccifolium Michx. The Rattlesnake Master or Button Snakeroot is common in open places in all prairie portions of the state. It occurs locally as far east as Connecticut and New Jersey, as far south as Florida and Texas, and west to South Dakota and Kansas. It differs markedly from other mem- bers of the family in that the leaves are not compound, and the flowers are not in umbels. This is a smooth stout plant whose 2-6-foot stem is unbranched or branched near the top. The stiff spiny-toothed leaves are mostly clasping at the base and the lower may be 3 feet long, whereas the upper are much smaller. All are parallel veined and thick. The small white flowers bloom from June to September. Each is produced in the axil of a bract, in a dense head topping the stem, or in the axil of an upper leaf which has been reduced to a bract. The 5 calyx teeth are rigid and sharp pointed. The 5 white petals are erect, have long incurved tips and are mounted on the calyx. The disk above the ovary, to which the § sta- mens are attached, is relatively large and con- spicuous, and the 2 styles are long and slender. The scaly fruits contain 2 seeds each. Here, by the broken, moldering wall, Where still the tiger lilies ride, Cc Once grew the crown imperial, The tall blue larkspur, white Queen Margaret, Prince’s feather, and mourning bride. Beyond their pale, a humbler throng, Grew bouncing bet and columbine; The mountain fringe ran all along The thick-set hedge of cinnamon roses, And overhung the eglantine. A Puritan Lady’s Garden—SaraH N. CLEGHORN 215 PARSLEY FAMILY UMBELLIFERAE SHORT-STYLED BLACK SNAKEROOT Sanicula canadensis L. Growing 1-4 feet high, rather dull green, and producing numerous forked branches, this Black Snakeroot is very common in woods from New Hampshire to Florida and west to South Dakota and Texas. The leafy stems have 3-5 di- visions, and the leaves are alternate and petioled, ex- cept those which form the involucre as shown. The root was formerly used in medicine and the genus name is derived from the Latin word meaning to heal. The very small white flowers are produced from June to August, the flower parts being attached above the ovary as in all mem- bers of the family. The calyx is about one-twentieth of an inch long and is divided into 5 pointed lobes which are longer than the § minute white petals. The 5 stamens are attached to a flat disk at the base of the 2 short styles. The fruit shown is immature. When mature it is about one- fifth of an inch long, nearly spherical and thickly covered with hooked bristles which are longer than the 2 persistent styles. It is one of the very common burs that cling to our clothes in autumn. Another species of Black Snakeroot, Sanicula marilandica L., is very common. It is usually less branched and has firm bluish green leaves, the lower of which are on long petioles. The stamens are greenish white and the petals, of the same color, are slightly longer than the calyx. The fruit is about one-quarter inch long and the slender recurved styles are longer than the stout bristles. 216 UMBELLIFERAE PARSLEY FAMILY WILD CHERVIL Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz The Wild Chervil, which produces its small white flowers in abundance from April to June, is common in rich woods and often in open places on moist soil from New York to North Carolina and west to Iowa and Louisiana. It is a much branched annual herb 6-20 inches high, with slender, more or less hairy, spreading stems. The flowers are produced in small compound umbels, each cluster consisting of 2-6 few- flowered umbels on _ peduncles which are in turn arranged as an umbel. There is a cluster of small bracts forming an involucre below each little umbel but ordinarily there is no involucre below the compound umbel. The flower parts are attached above the ovary as is true of all members of the family. The calyx tube is so short as to be almost absent and there are no calyx teeth. The 5 white petals have the tips turned in and 1 is slightly larger than the others. The 5 stamens alternate with the petals and are attached with them to a sort of disk that crowns the ovary and surrounds the base of the 2 styles. The fruit when mature is a nearly smooth, oblong, somewhat angled or ribbed akene. There is 1 seed in each of the identical halves. The gladiolus and the fervent rose, Which in their splendor move unshadowéed, Upon their vital stems expose Their cups of gold and red. Within The Garden There is Healthfulness—EMILE VERHAEREN 217 PARSLEY FAMILY UMBELLIFERAE SMOOTH SWEET CICELY. ANISE ROOT Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. The Sweet Cicelys are perennial herbs and have clusters of thick edible roots which possess the fragrance and flavor of anise. One must be very sure of his identi- fication here since the roots Ren ob of some members of the Ni4 Parsley family are deadly ~: K poisonous. \ “| There are two common Ss Sweet Cicelys, the Hairy, found from Connecticut to I | Ontario and Manitoba, south \ to Florida and Texas, bloom- \ ing from May to July. } The plant is 1-2 feet high | and produces large clusters of pink or purple, faintly fragrant flowers. Stem and leaves are covered with soft hairs and the flowers are protected from unwelcome creep- ing insects by sticky glands which cover the calyx. The calyx lobes are longer than the tube. Rarely specimens are found with white flowers. The Smooth Phlox, Phlox glaberrima L., is quite similar but taller, 1-3 feet high, and grows in wet as well as dry places. It is smooth or nearly so throughout and has rather firm leaves that are long pointed at the tip and narrowed at the base. The calyx teeth are usually shorter than the tube. The corolla is pink or whitish and the lobes are entire or sometimes broadly notched at the end. This is an excellent species for perennial gardens. 252 POLEMONIACEAE POLEMONIUM FAMILY BLUE PHLOX Phlox divaricata L. This is a common spring flower in woods. It blooms from April to June and is found from Quebec to Ontario and Minne- sota, south to Florida and Louisiana. Throughout Illinois it is common and in northern woodlands is particularly abundant. The slender under- ground stem is perennial and bears aerial shoots that are partly creeping and partly ascending up to 1 foot in height. The leafy shoots remain green all winter and begin growing very early in spring. Leaves of the sterile shoots are ordi- narily less pointed than those of the flowering stem. The narrow green teeth of the calyx are considerably longer than the tube. The pale lilac or bluish corolla con- sists of a narrow tube and a flat 5-lobed, very rarely 6-lobed, limb. Usually the lobes are notched at the end but sometimes are entire. The 5 short stamens are attached at different heights in the corolla tube. The pistil consists of a 3-celled ovary, a slender style and 3 stigmas. The fruit is a capsule containing usually 3 seeds. The Wild Sweet William, Phlox maculata L., is a less common Phlox of northern Illinois prairies, found infrequently throughout. It is striking because of the 3-4-inch clusters of large reddish purple flowers, which sometimes have a deep purple eye, and the purple- spotted stem 1-3 feet high. 253 POLEMONIUM FAMILY POLEMONIACEAE GREEK VALERIAN. JACOB’S LADDER Polemonium reptans L. The Greek Valerian or Jacob’s Ladder is another of the very beautiful flowers for which the Polemonium family is noted, and is easily grown in gardens. It is a perennial of open hilly woods from New York to Minnesota and south to Georgia and Kansas. The plant is smooth or nearly so throughout. The slender, much branched stems are weak and spreading, in clump usually not more than 1 foot high from a short underground stem. Leaflets of the alternate compound leaves are Rone: Handsome light blue flowers are produced in large numbers from April to June. The bell-shaped calyx is green and 5- lobed. The blue corolla is also bell shaped and has a spreading 5-lobed limb. The 5 stamens attached to the corolla near the base of its tube often do not extend beyond it. The filaments are somewhat hairy at the base. The pistil consists of a 3-celled ovary, a long slender style and 3 stigmas. The flowers are quite variable in size and occasionally may be pink or white. Unlike Ph/ox, the Greek Valerian depends largely on bees instead of butterflies for polli- nation of its flowers. | The fruit is a dry capsule. There are usually 3 or 4 ovules in each cell of the ovary but the mature capsule ordinarily con- tains only 3 seeds. These are wingless or narrowly winged, and somewhat mucilaginous when wet. 254 HYDROPHYLLACEAE WATERLEAF FAMILY VIRGINIA WATERLEAF Hydrophyllum virginianum L. The Waterleaf family is small and of no special importance aside from the beauty of its flowers and their value as forage for honeybees. The fruit is a dry 2-valved capsule, generally l-celled with 2 parietal placentas bearing 4 to many seeds. The Virginia Waterleaf is quite common in woods __ from Quebec to Ontario and @ South Dakota, south to Kansas and South Caro- lina. It is abundant on ‘ 2 IY | moist soil at the foot of ZS Nf ZA 4 I Le, bluffs or in rich open woods throughout Illinois. The rather weak and slender stems grow 1-2% feet high and bear many clusters of flowers. The whole plant is smooth or nearly so with the excep- tion of the calyx, ovary and filaments, which are hairy. The leaves are similar to the one shown but the lower are larger, longer petioled and § or 7-lobed. This species begins blooming in May, often continuing to August. The flowers are white, pale violet or purple. The narrow calyx lobes are wide spreading or even reflexed, and the corolla lobes are erect. The capsule contains 1-4 nearly spherical seeds. The Large-leaved Waterleaf, Hydrophyllum macrophyllum Nutt., is somewhat more restricted in its distribution. It occurs from Vir- ginia to Ohio and southwest to Illinois, Tennessee and Alabama. It will not likely be found in northern Illinois but is not uncommon in the southern and central parts. The whole plant is very hairy. The rather stout stems are 2-3 feet high. Lower leaves are pinnately divided into 7-13 coarsely toothed segments, and the upper are similar but smaller. The flowers, produced in May and June, are like those of the Virginia Waterleaf. 255 WATERLEAF FAMILY HYDROPHYLLACEAE APPENDAGED WATERLEAF Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx. The Appendaged Waterleaf is a very common spring flower in woods from Ontario and New York to North Carolina, west to Minnesota and Kansas. It is perennial by a scaly under- ground stem whose growth allows the plant to spread rapid- ly. The leaves remain green all winter. The flowering stems are rather weak, considerably branched and 1-2 feet long. The lower and basal leaves are pin- nately divided into 5 or 7 lobes, but most of the stem leaves are like those shown. All are more or less vari- egated with greenish white. While this Waterleaf is in bloom from May to June it is often the most conspicuous herb through large areas of forest. The calyx is 5-parted nearly to the base and in each sinus there is a little reflexed lobe or appendage. The violet or purple corolla is s-lobed and bell shaped. The 5 stamens are attached near its base and alternate with the lobes. The filaments are hairy. The pistil consists of a hairy 1-celled ovary, a long slender style and 2 stigmas. The fruit is a spherical capsule about one-eighth of an inch in diameter and containing 1-4 seeds. With lobed but not divided leaves much on the order of this plant is the Broad-leaved Waterleaf, Hydrophyllum canadense L., occasionally found in patches throughout Illinois. However its calyx has minute if any appendages, the plant is less tall, and most of its leaves are basal. The stem is nearly smooth, whereas that of the Appendaged Waterleaf is hairy. In this species, too, the capsule is generally slightly larger. The Broad-leaved Waterleaf lives in woods from Massachusetts and southern New York to North Carolina and Illinois. 256 HYDROPHYLLACEAE WATERLEAF FAMILY ELLISIA Ellisia Nyctelea L. This innocent little plant is so common in partly shaded damp places and in cultivated fields that it is often classed as a weed. It is found from New Jersey to Minnesota and Saskatche- wan, south to Virginia and Kansas. It is an annual which is very easily destroyed by cultiva- tion. The rather weak and slender stems are usually much branch- ed and 4-12 inches high. The petioled leaves are 2-4 inches long and similar to those shown, the lower opposite and the upper alternate. The quite slender 1-flowered peduncles are produced opposite the leaves from April 4 to July. The green i calyx is deeply 5- lobed, about the length of the corolla 1 t until after flowering, when it enlarges and becomes wide spread- ing. It is about 1 inch broad when the fruit is mature. The whitish bell-shaped corolla is 5-lobed and has 5 minute appendages on the inner side. The 5 stamens are attached to its base and are in- cluded within the tube. The pistil consists of a 1-celled ovary, a short stout style and 2 stigmas. The placentas are 2-ovuled, nearly fill the ovary and are attached to it only at top and bottom. When ripe, the fruit hangs downward and the globose capsule is about one-quarter inch in diameter. Z2a/ WATERLEAF FAMILY HYDROPHYLLACEAE PURSH’S PHACELIA Phacelia Purshii Buckley Pursh’s Phacelia is not very common but in favorable years is abundant locally. It grows in moist woods and thickets or in open places from Pennsylvania to Minnesota and south to North Carolina and Mississippi. It is usually much branched and grows 6-12 inches high. Leaves are similar to those shown but the lower are petioled. The delicate light blue flowers of this plant make a pleasant addition to the annual flower garden. They bloom from April to June in quite strongly 1-sided clusters. The calyx is deeply parted into 5 narrow segments. To the base of the light blue to white corolla — and alternating with its fringed lobes are attached the 5 stamens. The fruit is a capsule containing usually 4 seeds. In the southern part of the state the Loose-flowered Phacelia, Phacelia bi- pinnatifida Michx., is not uncommon. Its home is rich shaded banks, where it may be found blooming in May and June. The flower clusters are not 1-sided and the lobes of the bright blue corolla are not fringed, but there are 5 pairs of ap- pendages on the inner side of the corolla tube between the stamens. The filaments are bearded and the anthers extend from the flower. There are 2 ovules on each of the 2 placentas and consequently 4 seeds in the globose capsule. This Phacelia may have flowers varying to deep purple, and their abundant bloom enlivens many moist thickets from North Carolina, Ohio and Missouri, south to Alabama. The Small-flowered Phacelia, Phacelia dubia (L.) Small, is known from New York to Kansas, south to Georgia and Texas. It is a some- what hairy, slender annual which branches from the base and is 5-12 inches high. The solitary racemes are loosely 5-15-flowered. The bluish white flowers are on threadlike pedicels that are generally longer than the oblong calyx lobes, and the barely exserted anthers are on slightly hairy filaments. It is abundant on moist shaded ground in certain parts of southern Illinois. 258 BORAGINACEAE BORAGE FAMILY The Borage family consists of about 1500 species, mostly herbs, some shrubs and a few tropical trees. The family is well represented in America and its members are especially abun- dant in the Mediterranean regions of Europe and Africa. The best known cultivated flowers of this family are the Heliotropes and the Forget-me-nots. The original Forget-me- nots, “that grow for happy lovers,” according to Tennyson, are natives of Europe and Asia where the type species, Myosotis scorpioides L., has been cultivated in gardens for centuries. It was brought to America by early settlers and now has spread extensively along the Atlantic coast, inland along the Great Lakes and into Illinois. It is found here rarely as are the two or three native American species, which are, however, just as “true.” Most members of the family may be easily recognized by the 5 stamens and deeply 4-lobed ovary. In the Heliotropes, however, the ovary is not lobed but splits into 4 parts in fruit. KEY TO GENERA MOAR GL IOBER wa ce ot kes bees ee Heliotropium p. 260 Uf AS CS in nee anne ee remeaer A es Be 2. oeeceubriwtruit. burlike. 20.0... 6... ee - o e e e 3 Sear smootn-truit.not burlike................ .9.d 32... tee 4 qaeiewers tcadish purple... .. 5.202... .. 25. Cynoglossum p. 261 Flowers white or whitish, small............... Lappula p. 262 neater aud leaves smooth. 7... 2.22. a8 Feo. Mertensia p. 263 Meena leaves Haity. 260. Pls. 2. lee foe ee 5 s. Corolla funnelform, lobes spreading........Lithospermum p. 264 oerolla tubular, lobes erect..-.......-2-.:. Onosmodium p. 266 THE END OF SUMMER When poppies in the garden bleed, And coreopsis goes to seed, } : And pansies, blossoming past their prime, Grow small and smaller all the time, When on the mown field, shrunk and dry, Brown dock and purple thistie lie, And smoke from forest fires at noon Can make the sun appear the moon, When apple seeds, all white before, Begin to darken in the core, I know that summer, scarcely here, Is gone until another year. Epna Sr. VINCENT MILLAY 259 BORAGE FAMILY BORAGINACEAE INDIAN HELIOTROPE Heliotropium indicum L. The Indian Heliotrope is an annual which was introduced into America from India and is now widely distributed in waste places in warm regions as far north as North Carolina, Kentucky, Illinois and Missouri. The hairy stem is 1-3 feet high and more or less branched. The lower leaves are alternate but the upper sometimes ap- pear to be opposite as shown. The curved 1-sided spike becomes 3-6 inches long and produces flow- ers continuously from May to November. One may frequently find ripe fruits at the base of the spike, flowers along the middle and buds at the tip. The 5 green calyx lobes are lanceolate and considerably shorter than the corolla tube. The corolla has a blue cylindrical tube and a spread- ing limb that is slightly 5-lobed. Within the tube and attached to its sides are § stamens with very short filaments. Unlike most members of the Borage family, the ovary is not lobed and the style is very short and falls off before the fruit is mature. The fruit becomes deeply 2-lobed as it matures and each lobe final- ly splits into 2 single-seeded nutlets which are ribbed on the back. The old sweet rocket sheds its fine perfumes, With golden stars the coreopsis flames, And here are scores of sweet old-fashioned blooms, Dear for the very fragrance of their names— Poppies and gilly flowers and four-o’clocks, Cowslips and candytuft and heliotrope and hollyhocks, The Old-fashioned Garden—JOHN RussELL HAYES 260 BORAGINACEAE BORAGE FAMILY COMMON HOUND’S TONGUE Cynoglossum officinale L. Favorite haunts of the Hound’s Tongue seem to be old pastures but it occurs in other fields and waste places as well. Though sometimes a troublesome weed it can be killed if cut below the surface of the ground. It was intro- duced into this country from Europe and is distributed from Quebec to Manitoba and Montana, south to Kan- sas, Alabama and South Carolina. This is a biennial which in the first year produces only a rosette of leaves and a strong root. In the second year a stout branched stem arises 1-3 feet high and leafy to the top. Basal and lower leaves are 6-12 inches long, 1-3 inches wide and on slender petioles. Pretty, though not very conspicu- ous, and disagreeably odored flowers are produced from May to September. The green calyx is 5-lobed and becomes enlarged and spreading in fruit. The corolla is reddish purple or very rarely white. It is somewhat funnel shaped but the tube is short and its throat is closed by 5 scales, 1 opposite each of the rounded lobes. The 5 stamens with short filaments and oblong anthers are attached to the corolla and included within its tube. The ovary is deeply 4- lobed and separates into 4 _ single- seeded nutlets in fruit, the style arising from between them. The nutlets are covered with short barbed prickles that cling readily to the fur or wool of animals. The Wild Comfrey, Cynoglossum virginianum L., is the other and perennial species in Illinois. This is a conspicuous woodland plant, roughish with spreading bristly hairs, whose flowering stems, 1 )4-2%4 feet tall, bear few small leaves and 2-6 racemes of pale blue flowers on long naked peduncles. The prickly nutlets are about three-eighths of an inch long and they separate and fall off at maturity. 261 BORAGE FAMILY BORAGINACEAE BEGGAR’S LICE Lappula virginiana (L.) Greene This biennial herb has the smallest of our common burs and by far the most tenacious. It is common in woods from New Brunswick to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Kansas, Louisi- ana and Georgia. It blooms from June to September and is always loaded with burs during the latter part of the season. There appears the first year a rosette of ovate or nearly rounded leaves with heart-shaped bases and long petioles. The second year brings the upright stem, 2-4 feet high, with slender spread- ing branches. By flowering time the basal leaves have disappeared and the stem leaves, like those shown, remain. Leaves on the lower part of the stem are much larger than those above. The small flowers are nearly white and constructed much like others in the family. The fruit is nearly spherical but splits into 4 nutlets which are armed on the margins and back with barbed prickles. The Burseed, Lappula echinata Gilibert, is a rare annual from Europe which is found principally along railroads. Its rough, widely branched stems are 6-24 inches high. The very small flowers are like those of the Beggar’s Lice but are blue, and the leaves are narrower. The nutlets have a double row of distinct slender prickles on the margins or distributed over most of the back. The Hairy Stickseed, Lappula Redowskii (Hornem.) Greene var. occidentalis (Wats.) Rydb., is a western plant that has been found in northern Illinois. It is very similar to the Burseed but the nutlets are armed with a single row of stout, flattened prickles that merge at the bases. 262 BORAGINACEAE BORAGE FAMILY VIRGINIAN COWSLIP. BLUEBELLS Mertensia virginica (L.) Link The early spring flowers of this plant are visited by various kinds of insects. Among these are the female bumblebees, the only bumblebees to fly at this time of year. They have mouth parts long enough to reach the bottom of the corollas but for some _ reason they frequently pierce the corolla tube at its side in- stead of obtaining the nectar in the usual way. The Virginian Cowslip grows in low meadows, moist woods and along streams from New York and southern Ontario to Minnesota, south to South Caro- lina and Kansas. It is perennial and when once started often spreads and forms beauti- ful large patches unless destroyed by flower pickers. The rather stout and usually much branched stems grow 1-2 feet high and like the leaves are entirely without hairs. The oblong, oval or obovate leaves are 2-5 inches long, obtuse at apex, pinnately veined, the uppermost sessile and the lower narrowed into margined petioles. The plants bloom during April and May. The buds are pink but the open flowers are light blue or purplish and rarely white. The calyx persists and is slightly enlarged in fruit. The corolla is so nearly bell shaped that the plant is sometiines called Blue- bells. On its slightly 5-lobed but plaited tube are inserted the 5 stamens, whose slender filaments are much longer than the anthers but not long enough to project beyond the corolla. The ovary is 4-divided and the style is very slender. The fruit consists of 4 single-seeded nutlets which are rounded and somewhat roughened on the surface. 263 BORAGE FAMILY BORAGINACEAE CORN GROMWELL Lithospermum arvense L. The Corn Gromwell is among the surprising number of weeds that are immigrants from other countries. Its home is Europe and Asia but now in many places in this country is more common than our native species. It is an annual or biennial in fields and waste places, and sometimes even on lawns, from Quebec to Ontario, south to Georgia and Kansas. — The erect and usually branched stem grows 6-20 inches high. The leaves are bright and green and the lowest sometimes have short petioles. The tiny white flowers, blooming from May to August, are sessile or nearly so in the spikes. The green calyx is 5-cleft, the narrow lobes about equaling the corolla tube in length. The corolla is funnelform, s-lobed at the top, with the 5 stamens inserted in its minutely hairy throat. The style is slender and the 4-divided ovary produces in fruit 4 brown and somewhat wrinkled or pitted nutlets. The Narrow-leaved Puccoon, Lithosper- mum angustifolium Michx., is a dry prairie inhabitant, and has the longest flowers of the genus. They are 2 inches long, one-half to three-quarters of an inch across, and massed in a flattened inflorescence that elongates in fruit. Small scalloped appen- dages are attached to the inner side of each of the 5 pale yellow petal lobes. Late-season flowers have small or inconspicuous corollas without these appendages or crests. The American or Wild Gromwell, Lithospermum latifolium Michx., is a rough-hairy perennial which, although 2-3 feet high and occurring locally on wooded slopes throughout the state, may easily be overlooked. There are many rough ovate-lanceolate leaves 2-5 inches long, from the axils of which spring small solitary funnelform flowers. The yellowish white corolla barely shows beyond the 5 linear-lanceolate calyx segments. The flowering time is May. The nutlets are white and shining, globose-ovoid and about one-sixth of an inch long. 264 BORAGINACEAE BORAGE FAMILY HOARY PUCCOON. STONESEED Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. This very showy spring flower grows in rather dry, usually sandy places where there is little shade. It is found from Ontario to Virginia and Alabama, west to Arizona, Utah and British Columbia, and blooms from April to June. It is a perennial whose stems and leaves are more or less covered with very short whitish hairs, at least when young. The stems are 6-18 inches high and may be solitary or clus- tered and either simple or branched. The oblong to linear leaves, up to 1% inches long, are sessile by a narrowed base and the lowest are often mere appressed scales. The dimorphous flowers are bright orange-yellow, ses- sile and usually quite numer- ous. The 5 narrow segments of the calyx are much shorter than the tube of the corolla. In the tube are 5 little append- ages which form a crest in the throat. The 5 stamens are at- tached to the corolla tube. The nutlets when mature are much shorter than the calyx seg- ments, white, smooth and shin- ing, hence the name Stoneseed. \ c The Hairy Puccoon, Litho- \} Spermum Gmelini (Michx.) Hitchce., is also found in Illinois, especially in the sandy areas near Lake Michigan. It is similar to the Hoary Puccoon but may easily be distinguished by the fact that the flowers are not sessile and the much larger corolla is woolly bearded at the base inside. Gmelin’s Puccoon is another name for this species, distributed from western New York to Florida and west to Minnesota, Colorado and New Mexico. 265 BORAGE FAMILY BORAGINACEAE WESTERN FALSE GROMWELL Onosmodium occidentale Mackenzie This western species is found on prairies and rocky or gravelly banks from Illinois to North Dakota and Manitoba, south to Texas and New Mexico. It is a perennial herb 1-3 feet high and covered with fine grayish hairs. The blooming sea- son is May to July. The calyx is deeply parted into § narrow segments. The whit- ish corolla is tubular, s-lobed at the top and covered outside with gray hairs. The 5 sta- mens have very short filaments and are at- tached to the tube of the corolla near the throat. The ovary is 4-parted and the style is long and slender. Sometimes all 4 parts of the ovary develop into nutlets but more often only 1 or 2 do so. The nutlets are smooth, dull white, about one-fifth of an inch long and somewhat pointed at the tip. The Shaggy False Gromwell, Onosmodium hispidissimum Mac- kenzie, is also found in Illinois, probably more widely distributed than O. occidentale. It is usually found in dry fields or thickets or on rocky banks. It is quite similar to the western species but is covered with coarser, more bristly hairs. The nutlets are distinctly constricted just above the base and are not much pointed at the end. Usually they have a brownish tinge. The Soft-hairy False Gromwell, Onosmodium molle Michx., and the Virginia False Gromwell, Onosmodium virginianum (L.) A. DC., have been reported as occurring in southern Illinois but they are very rare. The first is clothed with copious fine soft gray hairs but the latter has harsh and rigid appressed short bristles. The leaves of O. molle are sessile, one-half to 2 inches long and ovate-lanceolate; those of O. virginianum are 1-3 inches long, oblong, oval or oblong- ~ lanceolate, obtuse and sessile or the lower are oblanceolate, acutish and narrowed into petioles. The Virginia species occurs in thickets and on hillsides and the soft-hairy plant on prairies, but both bloom from May to July. 266 VERBENACEAE VERVAIN FAMILY WHITE VERVAIN Verbena urticaefolia L. Most members of the Vervain family are tropical and many are shrubs or even trees. The relatively few species that occur in Illinois are herbs. Only the Verbenas of our gardens are of economic importance, at least in this climate, though some tropical members, such as Teak, furnish excellent ship timber. The fam- ily is distinguished from the Mint family, which follows, chiefly on the basis of the un- lobed ovary. The 100 members of the genus Verbena are confined to the Americas, with the possible exception of one which is also found in the Mediter- ranean region. The White Vervain is widely distributed, be- ing found in waste places from New Brunswick to South Dakota and south to Florida and Texas. The slender 4- sided stem grows 3-5 feet high. The leaves resemble those of some of the Nettles. They are 1 4-5 inches long, ovate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, thin, cut toothed and petioled or the upper- most sessile. Long slender spikes, erect or somewhat drooping, bear the very small white flowers, barely one-eighth inch in diameter. They bloom from June to frost and as this species hybridizes readily with others all sorts of color and size forms may be found. Usually a number of the spikes grow from axils of the upper bracts so that the inflorescence is large and spreading. The fruits are oblong, less than one-eighth inch long, and scattered along the spikes instead of overlapping. 267 VERVAIN FAMILY VERBENACEAE NARROW-LEAVED VERVAIN Verbena angustifolia Michx. The Narrow-leaved Vervain is not as common as some of the Verbenas but is found in dry or sandy ground in open places from Massachusetts to Florida and west to Minnesota, Kansas and Arkansas. In Illinois it is found on dry barren slopes throughout but is not common. This is a perennial with a slender 4-sided stem that grows 1-2 feet high and is slightly rough with short hairs. It may be recognized at once by the sessile leaves, which vary from ex- tremely narrow to lanceolate but are without the prominent lobes or teeth found in other species. The flowers bloom from June to August, beginning at the base of the spike and opening successively toward the top. The calyx is tubular and nearly equally 5-toothed. The corolla is blue or purple and distinctly 2- lipped. Four stamens inserted on the corolla tube are arranged in 2 pairs of unequal length. The pistil consists of a 4-celled ovary, a short slender style and a 2-lobed stigma. The fruit is within the persistent calyx and it finally breaks up into 4 single-seeded nutlets. The Showy Verbena, Verbena cana- densis (L.) Britton, is so called because of its very large blue, purple or white flowers in short heavy spikes, which become 2-4 inches long in fruit. It is a hardy perennial, found only on the Ozark extension and frequently cultivated in the same locality. The very hairy stem is slender, branching and sprawling, not over 20 inches high. The membranous, petioled leaf is 1-3 inches long, cut lobed and divided, with wedge-shaped base and elongated petiole. The corolla is about 1 inch long and the limb one-half to three-quarters of an inch broad. 268 VERBENACEAE BLUE VERVAIN Verbena hastata L. VERVAIN FAMILY This is the largest and commonest Vervain in Illinois. It is abundant in low open moist places throughout, and beyond our state stretches from Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Florida and Arizona. The 4-sided stem grows 3-7 feet high and is slightly roughened by occasional very short hairs. The ser- rate leaves are lanceolate, petioled, taper pointed and 3-6 inches long. They are the source of Vervain tea, a familiar spring tonic, es- pecially in rural districts. Numerous spikes in a panicle bear the flowers, blooming from June to September. The flowers, crowded in the spike, are blue, white or pink, and about one-eighth inch broad. The Hoary Vervain, Ver- bena stricta Vent., is perhaps the most showy of all Ver- vains that adorn prairies, fields and other open places in summer. It is native only in the central part of the continent, occurring only in Oh PES Sen CNR HE «=| aaa oes 4% t dry sandy soil from Ohio and Ontario to Minnesota, South Dakota and Wyoming, south to Tennessee, Texas and New Mexico, frequent- ly in colonies of considerable size. The stem grows 1-3 feet high and is densely covered with soft whitish hairs. The large purplish flowers bloom from May to September in thick hairy spikes. The fruits are a little more than one-eighth inch long, crowded and overlapping on the spikes. The bracts are lanceolate-awl shaped and nearly as long as the calyx. VERVAIN FAMILY | VERBENACEAE | BRACTED VERBENA Verbena bracteosa Michx. All Vervains are bracted; that is, the flowers are arranged in a spike which is in the axil of a bract. But this is the only | common species that has conspicuous bracts longer than the species. The square stem may be 18 inches high and the whole plant — flowers and fruits. This is the only common species” that is annual instead of perennial and partly for this reason it is more weed- like than the others. It is found in waste places along roadsides and rail- roads and in fields from Virginia and Minnesota to British Columbia, south to Florida, Arizona and California. The whole plant is exceedingly hairy, and the 4-angled, much branched stems are 6-15 inches long. They do not grow upright like the other Ver- vains but are low and more or less prostrate like the Verbenas of our gardens. The bracts are rather stiff and the lower, like all the leaves, are often sharply lobed. The flowers, blooming from June to September, are purplish blue and in structure resemble those of the Nar- row-leaved Vervain, page 268, though about two-thirds the size, or little more than one-eighth inch long. The Small-flowered Verbena, Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt., is a less common, branching and sprawling per-— ennial whose flowers resemble the garden Verbena, or Mexican may be hairy. The leaves are once or twice pinnately divided into linear or oblong segments. The dense spikes are terminal and short, — lengthening in fruit. The purple or lilac corollas are one-half inch — long and equally broad. The bracts are linear-awl shaped and mostly — shorter than the fruit. The latter is slightly more than one-eighth — inch long. This is a western species at home on dry plains and prairies ; from western Illinois and Nebraska to Missouri, Texas and Mexico. 270 VERBENACEAE VERVAIN FAMILY FOG FRUIT Lippia lanceolata Michx. This plant was named in honor of a seventeenth century naturalist upon whose identity authorities are not wholly agreed. Several, however, repeat that he was Auguste Lippi, a Frenchman who traveled in Abyssinia. The Fog Fruit is found in moist or wet soil usually near streams, from New Jersey and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico. It occurs in_ suitable locations throughout Illinois. This is a close relative of the Verbenas but differs from them in several respects. The shoots are bright green and usually without hairs, although they may be sparingly covered with forked hairs. The slender stems, 1-2 feet long, are generally too weak to stand erect and so lying on the ground often root at the nodes. They are simple or little branched. The thin, oblong, ovate or oblong-lanceolate leaves are pinnately veined, acute tipped, sharply toothed to below the middle, narrowed to the somewhat wedge-shaped base, and sometimes they also have a few forked hairs on both surfaces. The flower clusters, bearing little pale blue flowers from June to August, are nearly spherical at first and become elongated later, but even in fruit do not exceed one-half inch in length. The bracts in the head are acute. The green calyx is flattened and 2-cleft. The corolla, not much longer than the calyx, is distinctly 2-lipped with the upper lip merely notched and the lower much larger and 3-lobed. Four short stamens, 2 lower than the others, are attached to the corolla tube and do not extend beyond it. The ovary has 1 ovule in each of its 2 cells, and the style is short and slender. The fruit is nearly spherical but at length splits into 2 single- seeded nutlets. 21 MINT FAMILY | LABIATAE This large and well-known family, with probably 3500 species, is represented in Illinois by many wild flowers and a smaller number of garden blooms. There are no poisonous species. The leaves, which are always opposite and simple, are in all species dotted with transparent oil sacs that mark the family’s economic importance. A variety of volatile oils from these sacs are extensively used in mint candies, chewing gum and medicine. Most members of the family are characterized by square stems and conspicuous flowers with irregular corollas, deeply 4-lobed ovaries and 2 or 4 stamens, but there are several exceptions. KEY TO GENERA 1. Ovary merely g-lobed... 20002... .2e. 2 2% Ovary deeply. 4-parted.... 2:25) 129.2 ee DISS ae ate een 32 9,~ Corolla ‘very irregular. 2: 0) U 29s ee Teucrium p. 273 Corolla nearly regular... si) we fee Isanthus p. 274 3. Calyx with a conspicuous hump on upper side. Scutellaria p. 275 Calyx without a hump on upperside... ....-...5:. eee ee 4 4. . Corolla nearly resularc:: <2 ee errr yr a Corolla '2-lipped oy... 060 5 ics «'s,2g daha ie 2 6 Corolla with 4 equal lobes and a fifth pendant. Collinsonia p. 292 5. Stamens 2; plants not fragfant.............. Lycopus p. 290° Stameiis 4} platits fragrant... 2.0: : se eee Mentha p. 291 Stamens 4; plants ill smelling; foliage purple....Peril/a p. 292 6. Stamens 2.2.00... 5 nck. ue oo be 72 Stamens 4... 40.00.00 280 oie te ee ee 9 7. Upper lip of corolla flat or nearly so........ Hedeoma p. 288 Upper lip of corolla concave.........-. . 2). See 8. 8. “Calyx nearly equally: 5-toothed::)..:.. ?222% Monarda p. 285 — Calyx -e-lipped:: 42 2s oh eee .Blephilia p. 287 sg. Upper lip of corolla flat or nearly so...... Pycnanthemum p. 289 Upper lip of corolla concave j..:¢ 4:2 s+. ...g 10 fo.iCalyx teeth stiff and spiny:3\irv,ts,. cps ed eeee Leonurus p. 283 Calyx teeth not spiny i, 2235 ..doeen . te lia ri, Flowers greenish yellow. ..2 . 2.2% oases Agastache p. 277 Flowers not greenish yellow....... eer me 12 227, EPlowers about 1 inch long... .. 5: eos eee Physostegia p. 281 | Blowers shorter. 2. 2.00 0. 0. ode Soe ee oa ia. Léaves sessile or hearly so... 2.22) ee ee Stachys p. 284 Reaves petioled. 0. ee a 14 ia. ke alyx% nearly equally s-toothed 3.7.5). 34.2 eeee Nepeta p. 278 Roayx 2-lipped | cshoiy Pea oe ee ee Prunella p. 280 LABIATAE MINT FAMILY AMERICAN GERMANDER. WOOD SAGE Teucrium canadense L. The American Germander is very common in the rich soil of fields and waysides from New England to Ontario and Minne- sota, south to Florida and Texas. It is an excellent honey plant but in some places be- comes a troublesome weed. It is perennial by an underground stem which if broken by cultivation grows into a number of new plants, though per- sistent cultivation de- stroys it. The square flowering stem grows I-2 feet tall. The leaves are smooth or nearly so above but are densely covered with white hairs beneath. The plant blooms from June to September, the flowers being pro- duced in a terminal spike which may become 6-12 inches long by the time fruits are ripe. The bell-shaped calyxis somewhat unequally 5-toothed. The corolla, varying from purplish to pink or sometimes cream, is very irregularly 5-lobed. Four upper lobes are small and turned forward in such a way that there seems to be no upper lip; the fifth and lower lobe is much larger. The 4 stamens extend from the deep cleft between the 2 uppermost lobes of the corolla. The ovary, 4-lobed but not deeply 4-parted, develops into 4 rather rough nutlets. Resembling the Wood Sage but on a larger scale and appearing less hoary because the bristly hairs stand out from the stem, is the Hairy Germander, Teucrium occidentale Gray. It is distributed in moist soil throughout Illinois and may grow 3 feet high. The axis of the bristly spike is sprinkled with protuberant glands. 273 MINT FAMILY wc seein ? FALSE PENNYROYAL Isanthus brachiatus (L.) BSP. The False Pennyroyal, only species of this genus in the world, is found in dry sandy or rocky soil from Vermont and western Quebec to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Texas. It occurs throughout Illinois. This annual herb has square slender stems 6-20 inches high, much branched and covered with very short, some- what sticky hairs. The oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, 3-nerved leaves are 1-2 inches long, short petioled, and may be entire as shown or they may have a few sharp teeth. The small blue flowers are pro- duced from July to September and as in most members of the Mint family are pollinated largely by bees. The slender axillary peduncles are 1-3- flowered and are borne on the branches as well as on the main stem. The calyx is broadly bell shaped and has § nearly equal, sharp-pointed lobes. Four stamens, 1 pair of which is slightly longer than the other, are inserted in the throat of the corolla. The ovary is deeply 4-lobed but not 4-parted as in most Mints. The long slender style is only slightly 2-lobed at the summit. The fruit consists of 4 somewhat rough, 1-seeded nutlets. What small leaf-fingers veined with emerald light Lay on my heart that touch of elfin might? What spirals of sharp perfume do they fling, To blur my page with swift remembering? * * * Their coolness brings that ecstacy I knew Down by the mint-fringed brook that wandered through My mellow meadows set with linden trees Loud with the summer jargon of the bees. A Breath of Mint—Grace Hazard CONKLING 274 LABIATAE MINT FAMILY MARSH SKULLCAP Scutellaria galericulata L. Skullcaps are readily recognized by the hump on the back of the calyx. They differ strikingly from most members of the family in that they entirely lack the characteristic Mint odor and their flowers are for the most part a beautiful blue. The Marsh Skullcap is one of our com- monest species and is quite easily culti- vated. It grows in swamps and along streams from Newfoundland to Alaska and south to North Carolina, Ohio and Arizona. It is perennial by very slender stolons. The erect stem is square, usually branched and 1-3 feet high. The thin ob- long-lanceolate to ovate-oblong leaves are 1-2% inches long, short petioled or the upper sessile, and low toothed or the upper entire. Solitary flowers are produced in the leaf axils from June to September. The calyx is 2-lipped, both lips being entire. The blue corolla has a slender tube with a slightly enlarged throat and is 2-lipped at the end. The upper lip is arched over the 4 stamens and the lower lip is spreading and 3- lobed, the middle lobe much the largest. The ovary is deeply 4-parted and the style is un- equally 2-cleft at the apex. The Heart-leaved Skullcap, Scutellaria versicolor Nutt., is another species in Illinois, growing in wet shaded places. All but the upper- most leaves are heart shaped, coarsely toothed and with slender petioles. The flowers are in a terminal raceme instead of being axillary, and bloom from June to August. The corolla is about 1 inch long and covered with very short hairs, and is blue but with the under side much lighter or even white. This Skullcap frequents woods and thickets, especially along streams, from Pennsylvania to Florida and west to Minnesota and Texas. 275 3 ; 1 +4 J MINT FAMILY _ LABIATAE - LITTLE SKULLCAP Scutellaria parvula Michx. The Little Skullcap is found in sandy or gravelly soil from Quebec to Ontario and South Dakota, south to Florida and Texas. It may be found in similar locations throughout Illinois. The plant is perennial by slender under- ground stems which are thickened at in- tervals into tubers. Aerial stems are very slender, 3-12 inches high and usually branched. This species varies considerably in amount of hairiness and in leaf form. Sometimes the plant is entirely smooth and at others quite hairy; sometimes the lower leaves may be toothed and petioled instead of all being entire and sessile as shown. The flowers, blooming from April to July, are solitary in the axils of the leaves. The corolla is violet-blue and covered nutlets are very rough and very small. Another species not uncommon in wet places is the Mad-dog Skullcap, Scutellaria lateriflora L., which was formerly thought to be useful in treating bites from mad dogs. This is a small-flowered species which is usu- ally entirely smooth. The square slender stem is very leafy and 4-32 inches high. The thin leaves vary from ovate to oblong or lanceolate and are petioled. The flowers are borne in leafy-bracted racemes both axillary and terminal. The corollas are bluish, vary- ing nearly to white. This species is distributed from Quebec to Minnesota, south to New Jersey, Florida and Texas. One of the handsomest American species is the Showy Skullcap, outside with very short hairs. The 4 Scutellaria serrata Andr., which occurs in woods from southern New | York and Pennsylvania to North Carolina and west to Illinois and Kentucky. It is confined to the Ozark area here. The slender, simple or branched stem is 1-2 feet erect and nearly smooth. Large ovate- elliptic, pointed leaf blades, strongly sharp toothed, are attached by rounded or almost heart-shaped bases to slender petioles. The nearly always simple and terminal racemes are loosely flowered, the flowers paired. The blue, minutely downy corollas are 1 inch long and have the rather narrow upper lip shorter than the lower. 276 ee ee LABIATAE MINT FAMILY GIANT HYSSOP Agastache nepetoides (L.) Ktze. The Giant Hyssop is among our tallest common Mints, often 5 feet high and generally 2 feet or more. It is found in woods from Quebec and Vermont to Minnesota and South Dakota, south to Georgia and Kansas. In Illinois it is common throughout. The stem is sharply 4-angled and smooth or nearly so. It grows from a perennial underground portion and 1s usually branched, at least near the top. The leaves are similar to those shown except that the lower are larger and definitely petioled. All are ovate, smooth, coarsely toothed and somewhat pointed. / 4 Ve ey hae YAS The flowers are crowded in interrupted terminal spikes from July to September, and bloom progressively upward from the base of the spike. The calyx is slightly 2-lipped, the 3 teeth of the upper lip being slightly larger than the 2 of the lower lip. The corolla is greenish yellow and strongly 2-lipped. Its upper lip 1s erect and 2-lobed and the lower is spread- ing and 3-lobed, its middle lobe being much the larger and slightly uneven with small rounded teeth. The 4 stamens are attached in the throat of the corolla, the upper pair a little the longer. The ovary is deeply 4-parted and the slender style is 2-cleft at the end. The fruit within the persistent calyx consists of 4 smooth 1-seeded nutlets. The Purple Giant Hyssop, Agastache scrophulariaefolia (Willd.) Ktze., is a yet larger plant, up to 8 feet high, and often grows along with the Giant Hyssop, from which it differs in little more than the color of its flowers, which are purple. The obtusely 4-angled stem and lower surfaces of the ovate or somewhat heart-shaped leaves are slightly soft hairy. The calyx teeth are lanceolate and acute, rather than ovate and obtuse as in the yellow-flowered species. 277 MINT FAMILY \ LABIATAE CATNIP. CAT MINT Nepeta Cataria L. Catnip tea was formerly the common remedy for a troubled and aching stomach due to indigestion, and easily taken be- cause it was pleasant to the taste. It is universally known that cats are exceedingly fond of eating the aromatic leaves of this plant or of rol- ling among the fragrant stems. Catnip or Cat Mint is an immigrant from Europe now common in waste places, especially near dwellings, from New Brunswick to Oregon, south to South Carolina, Kansas and Utah. It is a common weed throughout Illinois. The whole plant is densely covered with short whitish hairs which give it a pale green color. The square stem is rather stout, much branched and usu- ally 2-3 feet high. The ovate to oblong leaves are 1-3 inches long, petioled, coarsely round toothed, acute tipped and mostly heart shaped at the base, and darker green above than beneath. The flowers bloom from July to October in terminal clusters 1-5 inches long. The bracts of the spike are small and leaflike; the bractlets are awl shaped. The tubular calyx is 15-nerved, 5-toothed and only slightly irregular. Although the calyx cannot be said to be 2-lipped, the upper of the awl-shaped teeth are longer than the lower and about half the length of the densely minutely soft-hairy tube. The strongly 2-lipped corolla is nearly white and dotted with purple. The upper lip is slightly 2-lobed and the lower 3-lobed, the lower middle lobe being much broader than the other 2 and having shallow teeth around the margin. The 4 stamens are in pairs, of which the lower is a little shorter than the upper. The ovary is deeply 4-parted and produces 4 smooth nutlets in fruit. 278 LABIATAE MINT FAMILY GROUND IVY Nepeta hederacea (L.) Trevisan This plant is easily cultivated and sometimes used for ground cover in cemeteries, but it readily crowds out lawn grass and so may become a weed. Formerly it was much used in medicine but unlike Catnip . has a rather peculiar and slightly disagreeable odor and bitter taste. Most animals avoid eating it. The Ground Ivy, also called Gill over the Ground, often forms dense mats in damp or partly shaded places. Introduced into this country from Europe, it has spread from Newfoundland to Ore- gon and south from Georgia to Colorado, and is not likely to be found near towns. The 4-angled stems, often 18 inches long, are creeping and trailing, and frequently root at the joints. The branches are ascending. The leaves are nearly evergreen, petioled, round-kidney shaped, palmately veined and bordered with fairly large rounded teeth. Lower petioles are commonly longer than the leaves. The light blue flowers are few in axillary clusters from May to July. The tubular calyx is 15-nerved and instead of being 2- lipped is somewhat unequally 5-toothed. The corclla is about 3 times as long as the calyx and distinctly 2-lipped. Its upper lip is erect and notched, and the lower is spreading and 3-lobed. The lower middle lobe is broad and notched and the 2 lateral lobes are small. The upper pair of stamens, all of which bear diverging anther sacs, is much longer than the lower. The ovary is deeply 4-parted and produces in fruit 4 smooth, ovoid seedlike nutlets. 279 MINT FAMILY LABIATAE SELF-HEAL. CARPENTERWEED Prunella vulgaris L. This genus name was often written Brunella, especially be- fore Linnaeus’ time, as it was said to be derived from the German Braune, a throat disease for which this plant was used as a remedy. This perennial is a most widely distributed Mint, some- times known as Heal All. It is common along roadsides and in fields, woods and waste places nearly throughout North America and in Europe and Asia as well. The plant is 2-24 inches high and very variable. The square stem, usually simple but sometimes considerably branched, is slender, some- times too weak to stand erect and in other cases strictly up- right. The ovate-oblong leaves are petioled, entire or toothed and hairy or smoothish. The blooming season is~ May to October. The small flowers, 3 in a cluster, are sessile in the axils of round bractlike floral leaves, the whole crowded in a short terminal spike or head. These spikes are sessile or short peduncled, very dense, and be- come 2-4 inches long in fruit. The bracts are tipped with a sharp rigid point. The tubular-bell-shaped calyx is deeply 2-lipped, usually purplish, about 1o-nerved and closed in fruit. The violet, flesh color or rarely white corolla is deeply 2-lipped also, and the upper lip is entire and arched, whereas the lower is 3-lobed and spreading. The lower lateral lobes are oblong and the middle one is rounded, concave and with small rounded teeth. Two unequal pairs of stamens are under the upper lip. The filaments are 2-cleft at the apex, the lower division bearing the anther. The ovary is seats 4-parted and the fruit consists of 4 smooth seedlike nutlets. 280 LABIATAE FALSE DRAGONHEAD Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. MINT FAMILY Not all members of this family look like Mints. Externally the False Dragonhead, for example, reminds one of the Fig- wort rather than the Mint family. Examination of the ovary, however, will always serve to distinguish flowers of these two families, for in Mints the ovary is always 4-lobed or 4-parted and the fruit that develops from it consists of 4 nut- lets, whereas in the Fig- wort family the ovary is unlobed and the fruit is a capsule. The False Dragonhead grows in wet ground from Quebec to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. It blooms from June or July to September and often forms conspicu- ous, usually small, patches of color along railroads, since it spreads by slender underground stems. This plant is frequently culti- vated in gardens. The rather stout stem grows 1-4 feet high. The firm leaves, in varied lanceolate forms, are sharply serrate, narrowed at the base and acuminate at the apex. The upper are sessile and the lowest petioled. The bracts beneath the flowers are lanceolate and shorter than the calyx. A dense spike terminates the stem, bearing many pale purple or rose flowers, often variegated with white. In flower the calyx is cup shaped and the ovate-acute teeth are half as long as the tube; in fruit it is oblong, not quite one-half inch long, and the teeth are much shorter than the tube. The corolla 2-lipped and 1 inch long or more. MINT FAMILY LABIATAE LION’S HEART Physostegia denticulata (Ait.) Britton The Lion’s Heart is a beautiful perennial with flowers nearly 1 inch long and well worthy of a place in any flower garden. It grows in rather moist soil from Pennsylvania to Illinois and south to Florida and Texas, and blooms from June to August. The square stem is 1-2 feet high, rather slender and unbranched or at least but little branched. The leaves are firm but not thick; the upper are sessile and the lower have slender pe- tioles. The leaves are the chief means of differen- tiating this plant from its close relative the False Dragonhead, page 281, for in the latter they are sharply notched and toothed, and in the Lion’s Heart only faintly so. They are also greatly reduced in size toward the top of the stem here, but in the False Dragonhead the stem is cons>icuously leafy to the inflorescence. The loosely flowered spike blooms from the base upward, only a few flowers being open at a time. The bracts are lanceolate and little longer than the fruiting pedicels. The oblong-bell-shaped calyx is rather thin, membranous and swollen, and remains open in fruit. It is 1o-nerved and equally 5-toothed. The rose pink corolla is much longer than the calyx and the tube is gradually — enlarged upward and strongly 2-lipped at the end. The upper lip is concave and entire or nearly so, whereas the lower is 3-lobed and spreading, the middle lobe usually slightly notched at the end. The 4 stamens, in pairs of unequal length, are under the upper lip of the corolla. The ovary is deeply 4-parted and forms — in fruit 4 smooth ovoid-3-sided nutlets. 282 LABIATAE MINT FAMILY COMMON MOTHERWORT Leonurus Cardiaca L. This tall perennial herb is an immigrant from Europe which seems to prefer to grow near the habitations of man. Roadsides, spots near buildings and waste places are favorite haunts, from Nova Scotia to North Carolina, west to Montana and Utah. The stout, com- monly branched stem grows 2-5 feet high. Leaves are thin and membranous, the lower nearly round, 2-4 inches broad and 3-5 cleft, whereas the upper are as shown. The flowers, too small to be conspicu- | ous but really very : pretty, are produced in numerous axillary clusters from June to September. The calyx is 5-nerved and nearly equally 5-toothed. The teeth are stiff and sharp like prickles. The decidedly 2-lipped corolla varies from pink to pale purple and has a ring of white woolly hairs on the inside of the tube. The upper lip is slightly concave and densely bearded outside, and the lower is 3-lobed and mottled with dark purple spots. There are 4 stamens in pairs of unequal length. The ovary is deeply 4-parted and the style is 2-cleft at the top. The 3-sided nutlets are smooth and within the calyx. The Horehound Motherwort or Lion’s Tail, Leonurus Marrubias- trum L.., is a tall biennial from Europe which has stout stems, leaves much like those of Catnip, page 278, and white, very markedly 2-lipped flowers in dense axillary whorls. The calyx is equally s-toothed and hairy, its bristle-shaped, somewhat spreading teeth mostly shorter than the tube. The style is 2-cleft at the summit, the ovary 4-parted and the fruit 4 smooth 3-sided nutlets. This plant is an inhabitant of waste places and flowers from June to September. 283 MINT FAMILY LABIATAE WOUNDWORT. HEDGE NETTLE Stachys palustris L. The Woundwort or Hedge Nettle is a hairy herb of the Mint family that extends across the continent but does not go far to the south. It occurs south to Union county and is common in wet soil in open places in the Wy middle and northern parts of Illinois. Moist places along railroads are favorite spots, where it may be conspicuous in large patches. Formerly it DM YS, was much used in medicine. Ny ‘ wy : LAR The square stem of this ( ff perennial is 1-4 feet high, Dg ; rather slender, and the hairs . DOS on its angles are longer than { - elsewhere and point down- Cs UCL ol ~-~ ward. The leaves are rather ; H i 7 firm and sometimes the lower a if en. have short petioles. WW Blooming from June to ' September, the plant pro- duces 6-10 purple or pale red | € flowers in each of a number of whorls above the upper- most foliage leaves, sometimes also in the upper axils. The calyx is bell shaped and nearly equally 5-toothed. The corolla is strongly 2-lipped; the erect upper lip is entire, concave and some- what hairy outside, and the lower is spreading and 3-lobed. The 4 stamens, in pairs of unequal length, are under the upper lip of the corolla. The ovary is deeply 4-lobed and the style is 2-cleft at the top. The Light-green Hedge Nettle, Stachys cordata Riddell, is found on rich bottomlands throughout Illinois. It is paler green in leaves and stem, 24-32 inches high and very hairy. Leaf petioles are as long as the blades, which are 6 inches in length, 3 inches wide, heart shaped, pinnately veined and serrate. The pink-purple flowers are much like those of Woundwort, but in interrupted spikes that blossom in July and August. The plant lives in woods and thickets — from New York to Oregon, south to North Carolina and Illinois. 284 LABIATAE MINT FAMILY WILD BERGAMOT Monarda fistulosa L. This genus was named in honor of Nicholas Monardes, Spanish physician and botanist of the latter sixteenth century. One of the most beautiful and showy of all the Mint tribe is the Wild Bergamot, which despite its name is often content within the confines of a flower garden. However, it prefers the dry soil of . prairies, hills or roadsides, where it is found from Maine to Minne- sota, south to Florida and Texas. Its attractive flowers are much frequented by butterflies and sometimes by hummingbirds, which feed during the middle of summer upon its abundant nectar. This is a perennial which us- ually grows 2-4 feet high. The stem is 4-angled, more or less hairy and often considerably branched. The underground stems are thick and tough. The flowers are produced in terminal clusters surrounded by whitish or purplish bracts, some P=) SSR ae large and leaflike and others long Bion with threadlike points. [er The tubular calyx is 15-ribbed, s-lobed and hairy inside. The long 2-lipped corolla is usually lilac or pink. The 2 stamens are very slender and 2-lobed at the top. The ovary 1s deeply 4-parted and forms 4 nutlets in fruit. The Purple Bergamot, Monarda fistulosa L. var. rubra Gray, is so named from the conspicuous purplish bracts of the inflorescence. They surround the bright crimson flowers in a solitary terminal cluster which blossoms from June to August. The leaves are very pungent. On dry hills and in thickets this plant ranges from Maine and Ontario to Minnesota south to Florida and Louisiana. 285 MINT FAMILY LABIATAE HORSE MINT Monarda punctata L. The Horse Mint and its close relative the Wild Bergamot are very fragrant and yield an oil used in the manufacture of perfume. This species blooms in midsummer and continues late, sometimes after the first heavy frost, and through this | long season yields a high grade of honey. This common perennial grows in sandy open places from New York to Minnesota and south to Florida and Texas. As is the case with most sand- growing plants, it is usually covered rather densely with soft hairs. The square stem grows 2-3 feet high and is often much branched. The lanceolate or oblong leaves are sparsely serrate, 1-3 inches long and taper into the petioles. They often have smaller leaves clus- tered in the axils. The numerous flower clusters are axillary as well as terminal and the bracts that surround them are yellowish or purplish and more conspicuous than the flowers. The tubular calyx is somewhat hairy inside and its 5 teeth are very short. The yellowish corolla is spotted with purple on the upper as well as the lower lip. The 2 stamens do not extend beyond the hairy upper lip. The nutlets from the deeply 4-parted ovary are ovoid and smooth. The Bradbury Monarda, Monarda Bradburiana Beck, is our only species with sessile leaves. The plant grows on dry hills and open woodland areas, is 1-2 feet high and blooms from May to July. The ovate leaves are serrate, long pointed and generally heart shaped at the base. The bright green calyx is smooth outside and bristly within, about one-half inch long, shaped like a vase and constricted just below the 5 long teeth at the summit. The pink or white corolla has purple spots, and its upper lip is hairy. 286 -ABIATAE MINT FAMILY WOOD MINT Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth. One of the few flowers found blooming in damp woods from Mlay to September is the Wood Mint, a perennial quite common rom Quebec and Vermont to Minnesota, south to Georgia and [exas. Its square stem is '-3 feet high, more or less yranched and usually quite iairy. The leaves are sharp- y toothed and 2-4 inches ong. The flowers are in I to everal axillary and terminal vhorls which often become slobose. They are pollinated nostly by bees. The calyx s plainly 2-lipped and beset with long hairs. The upper ip has 3 teeth with long uwns, and the lower has 2 shorter and awnless teeth. [he corolla is pale purple with conspicuous darker spots. It is distinctly 2-lip- " sed, the upper lip being we rect and unlobed and the ower 3-lobed. The middle obe of the lower lip is narrower than the 2 lateral obes and notched at the end. The 2 stamens are at- -ached to the corolla tube and extend from it. The ovary is leeply 4-parted and the slender style is 2-cleft at the top. The ruit consists of 4 smooth 1-seeded nutlets. The Downy Wood Mint, Blephilia ciliata (L.) Raf., usually srows in dry open places and can be distinguished by its nearly sessile and slightly toothed leaves. The stem, 1-2 feet high, is sparsely 1airy or bristly above and commonly unbranched. The purple flowers, in a terminal spike and clustered in the uppermost axils, are like those of the Wood Mint except for the spots on the corolla, and are slightly longer. This plant ranges from Massachusetts to Wisconsin and south to Georgia and Missouri. It blooms from June to August. 287 MINT FAMILY LABIATAE AMERICAN PENNYROYAL Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. Though small and inconspicuous, the American Pennyroyal is certain to attract our attention by the delightful fragrance of its foliage. One familiar with the odor can identify the plant by it alone. Oil of Pennyroyal is often used by campers to drive away mosquitoes, andsit has very powerful medicinal properties. The plant is an annual that grows in dry open places from Quebec to Minne- sota and south to Arkansas and Florida, and blooms from July to September. The slender branches stems grow 6-18 inches high and are covered with fine soft hairs. The oblong-ovate leaves are petioled, somewhat toothed and have a pleasant pungent taste. A few bluish purple flowers are loosely arranged in each axillary cluster. The calyx is hairy and slightly 2-lipped, with the 3 upper teeth acute and the 2 lower, | of equal length, awl shaped and bristling. The upper of the 2 corolla lips is flat and SayN notched at the end, but the lower is spreading and 3-cleft. Stamens are 4 but 2 are rudimentary, without anthers. The ovary is deeply 4-parted and the } style is 2-cleft at the top. The fruit con- \ sists of 4 smooth ovoid nutlets. Likewise strongly aromatic and addicted to crowded colonies but even more insignificant singly is the Rough Pennyroyal, Hedeoma hispida Pursh, an inhabitant of open dry woodland knolls through- out the state. It is low and almost unbranched, with numerous narrow, stiff leaves one-half to 1 inch long and entire. Innumerable tiny bluish purple flowers are borne in dense axillary clusters. The densely hairy bracts and calyx are sharp pointed and almost burlike. This is a plant of dry plains from Louisiana and Arkansas north- west to Illinois, Colorado and beyond. It flowers from May to August. And I beheld in a sequestered place A slender crocus show its sun-bright face. The Crocus Flame—CLINnToNn SCOLLARD 288 LABIATAE MINT FAMILY NARROW-LEAVED MOUNTAIN MINT Pycnanthemum flexuosum (Walt.) BSP. The Mountain Mints are not so conspicuous as some other members of the family but they are common, often abundant and have the characteristic Mint flavor and odor. The Narrow-leaved Mountain Mint, though much less fragrant than others, is the commonest species in most parts of the state and frequently covers considerable areas on dry hills, fields or in thickets that are not too shady. It grows from Maine to Florida, west to Minnesota, Kansas and Texas. The square, slender, freely branching stems, 18-30 inches high, are rather stiff and nearly smooth throughout. The smooth firm leaves are narrow and sessile, the lowermost, sometimes on short petioles, excepted. The blooming season is July to September. The dense flower clusters are terminal and whit- ish from the numerous white hairs that cover calyx and bracts. The calyx is nearly equally 5-toothed. The whitish corolla has 2 purple-dotted lips, of which the upper is merely notched and the lower 3-cleft. The 4 stamens are arranged in pairs usually of unequal length. The ovary is deeply 4-parted and the style slender. The fruit consists of 4 seedlike nutlets. The Virginia Mountain Mint, Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) Durand & Jackson, is about equally common but more likely to be found on rather moist prairies. The numerous leaves are lanceo- late rather than linear but otherwise this is quite similar to the narrow-leaved species. It ranges from Maine to Georgia, west to the Dakotas, blooming from July to September. 289 MINT FAMILY LABIATAE WATER HOREHOUND Lycopus americanus Muhl. Members of this genus are practically without odor. The Water Horehound is common in wet soil nearly through- out the continent. It is perennial by suckers and produces stiff erect shoots that grow 1-2 feet high. The lower leaves are deeply and sharply cut and lobed, and the upper are as shown. The small white flowers are whorled in dense axillary clusters and bloom from June to October. The bell-shaped calyx has 5 sharp stiff teeth of equal length. One of the 4 corolla lobes is broader than the others and slightly notched at the tip. Two perfect stamens extend beyond. the corolla tube and 2 little rudi- mentary stamens are included within the tube. The ovary is deeply 4- parted and the slender style is 2-cleft at the top. The nutlets are smooth, slightly triangular and much shorter than the calyx. The Bugle Weed, Lycopus virgini- cus L., is a not uncommon species in this state. It grows in wet woodlands | from New Hampshire to Nebraska, south to Florida and Missouri. The slender stems are 6-24 inches high and give off long threadlike leafy stolons. The ovate or ovate-lanceolate leaves | are merely sharply toothed. The pale purple or white flowers bloom from July to September. The calyx is usually only 4-toothed and the corolla is twice as long as the calyx or even longer. The nutlets are slightly longer than the calyx. The Stalked Water Horehound, Lycopus rubellus Moench, is much like the Bugle Weed in habitat, range, and characteristics of stems and leaves. This is the taller plant, however, growing 1-3 feet high, and its blooming season lasts into October. It rarely has runners such as in L. virginicus; if it has they are short. The Stalked Water Hore- hound has long triangular sharp-pointed calyx teeth and the nutlets are much shorter than the calyx. 290 LABIATAE MINT FAMILY SPEARMINT Mentha spicata L. This 1s one of the most noted Mints, by reason of its important uses in candy, chewing gum and medicine. Its characteristic odor is One means of identification. It has been naturalized from Europe and is now common in wet places from Nova Scotia to Washing- Nyy ton and south from Florida to Califor- w/e nia. It is widely scattered and local along roadsides throughout Illinois. The Spearmint is a smooth peren- nial which spreads by leafy stolons and forms dense growths. The stems are 1-2 feet high, branched, with lanceo- late, nearly sessile and sharply serrate leaves, and small purple flowers in nar- row terminal spikes. The blooming season is July to September. The calyx is more or less bristly due to the 5 awnlike equal teeth. The corolla is smooth and pale purple, twice the length of the calyx and nearly equally 4-toothed. The posterior lobe is somewhat notched at the end. There are 4 equal stamens inserted on the corolla tube. The ovary is 4-lobed, the style long and slender, and the 2 stigmas spreading. The Corn Mint, Mentha arvensis L. var. canadensis (L.) Briquet, is sometimes called Field Mint and has been fre- quently confused with the type species M. arvensis L., which is a rarity in this state. It is perennial by suck- ers and its square, freely branching stems are 6-24 inches long. The lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate leaves are hairy and narrowed at the base. The white to pink or violet flowers are in axillary whorls from July toSeptember. The calyx is 5-toothed and the corolla 4-lobed. The Peppermint, Mentha piperita L., is a perennial by subterran- ean suckers which is occasional along brooks, ditches and pond margins throughout Illinois, and blooms from July to September. It is smooth, erect, branched and 1-3 feet high. It is separable from other Mints by its thick dense spikes which at first are short, and its lanceolate or oblong, acute and petioled leaves. 292 MINT FAMILY LABIATAE STONEROOT. RICHWEED Collinsonia canadensis L. This peculiar Mint, variously called Stoneroot, Richweed and Horse Balm, is distributed among three species, all confined to eastern North America. Collinsonia canadensis is the only species in Illinois, scattered in rich woodlands in the southern half of the state. It is a tall, strongly aromatic perennial with large, petioled, ovate leaves that are coarsely toothed. The stem is nearly smooth and 1%4-3% feet high. The flowers bloom from July to September in loosely panicled, terminal racemes. They are small, with yellow corolla and green calyx which is cup shaped, 2-lipped and 1o-nerved. Stamens are 2, with sometimes 2 others rudimentary, _ connected at the base of the fila- ments by a woolly ring on the corolla tube. The ovary is deeply 4-lobed and produces 4 smooth - nutlets. The fruiting calyx is en- ~~ Jarged and strongly ribbed. The Beefsteak Plant, Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton, has been naturalized from eastern Asia, runs wild along most watercourses in the south and has made its way into southern Illinois. It is a foliage plant whose stems and large toothed leaflets constitute its chief beauty, as they are more or less purple, and often conspicuously so. The latter are 3-6 inches long and nearly as wide, broadly ovate, acuminate at the apex and narrowing into long petioles, and coarsely toothed. The many-flowered 3-6-inch racemes are terminal and axillary. The flowers are very small, pur- plish white and inconspicuous, often so uncommon that mountaineers nsist that the plant does not bloom. The odor is very disagreeable and like that of some of the true bugs. 292 SOLANACEAE NIGHTSHADE FAMILY BITTERSWEET NIGHTSHADE Solanum Dulcamara L. The Nightshade family is very large, most members in- habiting the tropics and the number native of our climate not great. Of extreme economic importance are the Potato, To- mato, Eggplant, To- bacco and Petunia. This pretty climb- ing plant is a native of Europe and Asia but it appears to like certain parts of America very well. It is quite com- ° mon in waste places and especially abun- Y. dant in swamps from Nova Scotia to Minne- sota and south to New Jersey and Kansas. It makes a fine ornamental vine as foliage, flowers and fruits are all handsome, but it has a tendency to spread and become a weed in cities. The plant is perennial and some- what woody near the base, but most of the stem is herbaceous and dies to the ground or nearly so each winter. Having no special means for climbing, it leans upon or straggles over whatever support is available. The stems are usually 2-8 feet long. Leaves are quite variable, some being entire, others having a lobe on 1 side near the base and others having 2 such lobes. Blue, purple or rarely white flowers are produced from May to September, and during the latter part of the season flowers and ripe fruits may be found on the same plant. The calyx, with s short lobes, is persistent at the base of the fruit. The corolla is deeply s-cleft and its narrow pointed lobes are somewhat reflexed. The 5 stamens, with short filaments and long anthers, are at- tached to the throat of the corolla, and the anthers cling together to form a cone. There is 1 pistil. The fruit is a bright red, oval, inedible berry which may be fatally poisonous to children. 293 NIGHTSHADE FAMILY SOLANACEAE BLACK NIGHTSHADE. COMMON NIGHTSHADE Solanum nigrum L. The berries of this plant have been considered poisonous and it is sometimes called the Deadly Nightshade, but a num- ber of years ago the berries of a variety that produces unusu- ally large fruits were sold on the market under the name Wonderberries. Also it is said that the Black Nightshade is frequently confused with Burbank’s New Sunberry, and its berries sold under that name for making pie and jam. It is probable, there- fore, that the berries of this Nightshade are not as poisonous as was formerly believed, at least not after cooking. The Black Nightshade is a very common annual in waste places and cultivated soil from Nova Scotia to the far northwest and south to Florida, Texas and Mexico. It is also widely distributed as a weed in many other countries and includes nu- merous races or varieties which differ in minor re- spects. The branched stems grow I-2 feet high. White flowers are pro- duced from July until the plant is killed by freezing weather. The calyx is much shorter than the corolla and persists at the base of the fruit. The filaments of the stamens are somewhat hairy and the anthers are obtuse. The ripe berries are black, smooth and nearly spherical, about three-eighths of an inch in diameter and on nodding peduncles. 294 SOLANACEAE NIGHTSHADE FAMILY HORSE NETTLE Solanum carolinense L. The Horse Nettle is found in fields and waste places from Ver- mont and southern Ontario to Florida, west to Illinois, Nebraska and Texas. It is perennial by underground stems and where well established as a weed is sometimes quite difficult to eradicate. Usually this plant is considerably branched and grows 1-4 feet high. It 1s covered with fine branched hairs and is also armed with stout yellowish prickles. The violet orrarely white flowers are pro- duced from May to September. The calyx is $-lobed and about half as long as the corolla, which is wheel shaped with the 5 stamens inserted on its throat. The an- thers form a sort of cone around the style and open by pores at the upper end. The fruits are inedible orange-yellow berries. The Silver-leaved Nightshade, Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav., sometimes called White Horse Nettle, is a hoary perennial whose dense scurflike covering is caused by its many-rayed hairs. The 1-3- foot stems are much branched, have occasional slender prickles and bear lanceolate to linear, petioled leaves 1-4 inches long. The small s-parted blue or violet flowers are in cymes which at first appear terminal but at length lateral. The plant is found only along railways extending into the southwest. The Buffalo Bur, Solanum rostratum Dunal, is occasionally found as a weed in Illinois. It is a much branched, prickly annual 1-2 feet high, which appears whitish or yellowish from the abundant branched hairs that cover stems and leaves. The leaves are deeply lobed and sometimes almost Compound. The flowers are yellow and about 1 inch broad. The fruit is closely covered by the very prickly calyx, and including the prickles is 1 inch or more in diameter. 295 NIGHTSHADE FAMILY SOLANACEAE PRAIRIE GROUND CHERRY Physalis lanceolata Michx. Several kinds of Ground Cherry occur in Illinois, some of which are quite difficult to distinguish. This species is found on dry prairies from South Carolina to Illinois and west to South Dakota and NewMexico, blooming from July to September. It is perennial from a slender creeping under- ground stem. Thebranch- ing aerial stem grows about 18 inches high and is at first erect but later spreading. It is sparsely covered with short stiff hairs. The leaves are us- ually entire but may have some angular teeth. The calyx is 5-cleft and after flowering it en- larges and becomes much inflated, inclosing the fruit. The corolla is some- what funnel shaped and slightly 5-lobed, dull yel- lowish with a_ brown center, and about five- eighths of an inch broad. The fruit is a greenish yellow or reddish yellow berry. The Clammy Ground Cherry, Physalis heterophylla Nees, is probably our commonest species. It occurs in rich soil, especially where the surface has been disturbed through cultivation or other- wise. The whole plant is quite hairy and somewhat glandular sticky. The leaves are large, the blade usually more than 2 inches long and more or less coarsely toothed. The calyx is long haired and the corolla, nearly 1 inch broad, is greenish yellow with a brown or purple center. The ripe yellow berries are sometimes used for making pies. This perennial occurs from New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, south to Florida, Colorado and Texas. 296 eee SOLANACEAE NIGHTSHADE FAMILY MATRIMONY VINE Lycium halimifolium Mill. The Matrimony Vine is another member of the Nightshade family not native but introduced from Europe as an ornamental plant. It is a climbing or trailing shrub which is often used for covering fences, stumps or other unsightly objects, and which in many places has es- caped to waste lands and thickets. It is found locally from Ontario to Virginia and west to Minnesota and Kansas. The branched, often spiny stems are 6-25 feet long. The branches are somewhat angled and the spines, when present, are slender and about one-half inch long. The flowers are produced from May to August, either solitary or 2-5 in the axils of leaves. The bell-shaped calyx is 3-5- toothed or lobed and persists at the base of the fruit. Very often it is somewhat de- formed by small insect galls on its surface. The funnel-shaped 5-lobed corolla is at first purple and fades to greenish as it gets old. The 5 stamens are attached near the upper end of the corolla tube, the filaments being somewhat hairy at the base. There 1s I pistil with a 2-celled ovary and a slender style. The fruit is a bright orange-red oval berry about one-half inch long or less, and half as thick. These very pretty berries are not edible to man but they are undoubtedly eaten by birds. The poppy tosses here its torch, And the tall bee-balm flaunts its fire, And regally the larkspur lifts The slender azure of its spire. And from the phlox and mignonette Rich attars drift on every hand; And when star-vestured twilight comes The pale moths weave a saraband. A Midsummer Garden—CLINTON SCOLLARD 297 NIGHTSHADE FAMILY SOLANACEAE JIMSON WEED Datura Stramonium L. The juices of this plant have a rather disagreeable odor and ‘contain a poisonous substance which is the source of a valuable narcotic medicine. Rather serious results have been produced by holding the cut stem of a flower in the mouth. The Jimson Weed is a tropical plant which prob- ably came originally from India but which has become naturalized in this country from Nova Scotia to Florida and west to Minnesota and Texas. It is often found growing around and effec- tively hiding old rubbish heaps or neglected barn- yards, but it is also a fre- quent weed in cultivated fields. It is an annual whose stout smooth stem grows 1-5 feet high and branches considerably. WA The large white flowers = 4, : are produced from June to September. They open at evening and close after the sun comes out next day, being pollinated largely by night-flying hawk moths. There are 5 stamens attached near the middle of the corolla tube, and a single pistil with a slender style. The fruit is a capsule and contains a very large number of seeds. The much more common Purple Jimson Weed, Datura Tatula L., is very similar except that its stem, also 1-5 feet tall, is purple, com- monly more slender and usually a little more hairy. The leaves too © are like those of the Jimson Weed but are darker green or with a tinge — of purple. The corolla is lavender to purple or the tube may be nearly white. This plant is also an immigrant from the tropics. The fruits of both species are burlike but will not stick to anything. The longer prickles of the Purple Jimson Weed fruit are nearly equal. 298 SCROPHULARIACEAE FIGWORT FAMILY This large and widely distributed family contains at least 2500 species, most of them herbs, though a few are shrubs and trees. A few plants are very poisonous, a few more are trouble- some weeds, and some are used in medicine. The family also contains many species with beautiful flowers, and a large number of these are cultivated for ornamentation. KEY TO GENERA MUNI ss ee a sos ob dc fas fs onl cine «es ae eee 2 RT ee io) ee wie oie ne ee ee II ae mae at ek ee oe oof eee IO Si >. Sti Se ae ce ae te Laer Ae 3 Rep MEIETIS cn 5 as wc ba oa os Verbascum p. 300 emeeealasnurted at the base... .............0. Linaria p. 301 OLS LS i eee meee OP eae rs 3 eeeeeeaisa! 2 colors, blue and white..........:. Collinsia p. 303 Petree tee. OT) sc ae oh oe ee 5 Ree rete SEAMMCN PTESeft. Sk ee ee ke oe os ede ne Hole ale eke 6 eet Ne BIER e035 $082. PS vs Dare obs cea HE a ee 8 Gtemle’stamen a merescale.!.............Serophularia p. 304 MaMEErMCHL imaMment . 9) A. ie. . s+. ds cules Meee eee 7 7. Sterile stamen shorter than the others......... Chelone p. 306 Sterile stamen about equaling the others... .Pentstemon p. 305 Poet awers crowded in a spike... ..:2.3.-... Pedicularis p. 313 aRE RUPEE NCEE e.g Ln cha te sD dea os Sch See ee 9 eestor distinctly 2-lpped....2.2. 0-24. -e- es Mimulus p. 307 arene sesieciy O-lipped.. . 2... 2... 2 se eee Gerardia p. 311 eee ay aud-corolla s-lobed.. .- .5..-..--- 2 6 <*, Gratiola p. 308 Gaigswand corolla 4-lobed. ....°..:....-.°7..- Veronica p. 309 11. Flowers tubular, purple, 2 inches or more in length, _ 5 71) Sah SRI oe es A A re Paulownia p. 306 Sweet herbs in plenty, blue borage And the delicious mint and sage, Rosemary, marjoram, and rue, And thyme to scent the winter through. SS +) 1s Take roses red and lilies white A kitchen garden’s my delight; Its gillyflowers and phlox and cloves, And its tall cote of irised doves. The Choice—KATHARINE TYNAN Z99 FIGWORT FAMILY SCROPHULARIACEAE MOTH MULLEIN Verbascum Blattaria L. There are two varieties of Moth Mullein, one with yellow and the other with white flowers, but they are otherwise the same. This species was introduced from Europe and is now found in fields and waste places from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The stem is rather slender, smooth, unbranched and 2-6 feet high. The basal leaves are sometimes very large but they are seldom present at flowering time. The very handsome flowers are produced from June until late autumn in a loose raceme which may be as much as 2 feet long. Each flower opens but once, for a few hours in the early part of the day, and seldom are more than 3 or 4 open at any one time. The calyx is deeply 5-parted and the corolla is yellow or white with usually some brown marks on the back, and is also slightly unequally 5- lobed. The filaments of the 5 stamens are covered with violet hairs. The capsule is nearly spherical. The Common Mullein, Verbascum Thapsus L., is densely woolly all over. The unbranched stem is tall and stout and winged by the bases of the leaves that extend down on it. The yel- low flowers are produced in a long and very dense spike. Usually the filaments of only the 3 upper stamens are white hairy, the 2 low- er being smooth. This plant is a biennial and the rosette of woolly leaves produced the first year remains green all winter. 300 SCROPHULARIACEAE FIGWORT FAMILY YELLOW TOADFLAX. BUTTER AND EGGS Linaria vulgaris Hill The Yellow Toadflax is another of those immigrants which have become common in this country. It is a native of Europe and Asia and really has very pretty flowers, but is usually ignored as a weed. Perennial by short under- ground stems, it may persist in colonies for many years. It grows in waste places from Newfoundland to Oregon and south from Virginia to New Mexico. Other names are Brideweed, Flaxweed, and Eggs and Bacon. The smooth slender stems, 1-3 feet high, are simple or few branched and slightly downy near the inflorescence. They bear very many alternate leaves which are linear, sessile, entire and smooth, acute at both ends and up to 1% inches long. The plant usually begins blooming in June and continues until stopped by freezing weather. The large flowers, in dense terminal panicles, may be 1% inches long. They are light yellow but the long awl-shaped spur at the base is a little darker and the palate that closes the throat of the corolla is orange. The oblong segments of the calyx are acutish and about one-eighth of an inch long. Pedicels are about one-quarter inchlong. The 4 stamens, with thread- like filaments, are in pairs beneath the upper lip. The middle lobe of the lower i o¢ lip is shorter than the other two. The 2- celled superior ovary is topped by a lengthy slender style, and it ripens into a capsule containing in- numerable rough wingéd seeds. This plant is known practically throughout Illinois in all counties above a line from Hardin to St. Clair. | FIGWORT FAMILY SCROPHULARIACEAE BLUE TOADFLAX Linaria canadensis (L.) Dumont The Blue Toadflax, unlike the yellow species, is a native of — America and although very widely distributed is not nearly as — common, and is not considered a weed. It is found in dry soil, especially in sandy places, from Nova — Scotia to Florida, west and southwest- — ward across the continent. It is a smooth annual or sometimes biennial. The flowering stems are very slender, usually simple but sometimes branched, and 4-24 inches high or more. There are usually some sterile shoots, with- — out flowers, that spread from the base of the plant and are very leafy. The narrow leaves are entire and sessile, one-quarter of an inch to more than 1 inch long, and usu- — ally those of the sterile shoots, or some of them, are opposite. The blue flowers, one-quarter inch long or longer, are produced from May to September in long slender racemes. The 5 segments of the calyx are narrow and ~ about as long as the mature capsule. The pedicels are up to one-quarter inch long, ~ erect and appressed in fruit and minutely ~ bracted at the base. The corolla is irregu- — lar, 2-lipped and spurred at the base. The — threadlike spur is curved and as long as the tube or longer. The upper lip is 2-lobed and the lower 3-lobed. The palate on the lower ~ lip which closes the throat of the corolla — consists of a convex 2-ridged projection which is white. Dwarf forms in which the flowers have no corolla are frequently — found. There are 4 stamens with long — slender filaments. The fruit is a smooth, — globular, 2-celled capsule which opens at the end by a pair of 3-toothed valves and contains many small brown, angled and wingless seeds. 302 SCROPHULARIACEAE FIGWORT FAMILY BLUE-EYED MARY Collinsia verna Nutt. Blue-eyed Mary is one of the most beautiful and in some places one of the most abundant of all our spring flowers. It is found in moist woods and thickets from western New York and Ontario to Wisconsin, south to Pennsylvania, Kentucky and WA 5 Kansas, but occurs only locally y } in this state at least. na >> _ This is a biennial or annual Cae Se and its rather weak, slender be stems are 6-24 inches long. The leaves are thin, the lower pe- tioled, those along the middle sessile and toothed, and the () upper ones narrow and usually entire. PN) The long-peduncled flowers, \ blooming from April to June, are both axillary and terminal, yas about 6 in a whorl. They are ( about one-half inch long and more than twice exceed the | bell-shaped 5-lobed calyx. The corolla has a short tube and 2 | lips, of which the upper is Y, 2-cleft and white, whereas the lower is 3-lobed and blue or rarely purple. There are 4 stamens, in pairs, and the pistil has a long threadlike style. The fruit is a globose capsule, practically one-quarter inch in diameter and shorter than the calyx lobes, which contains a relatively small number of rather large seeds. Many flowers and fruits are produced on each plant so that the total number of seeds may be very large. The Violet or Narrow-leaved Collinsia, Collinsia violacea Nutt., is a quite similar species found in rich soil from southern IIlinois to Arkansas, Kansas and Texas. Its upper leaves are lanceolate and the corolla is violet. The globose capsule is shorter than the lanceolate acute lobes of the 5-parted bell-shaped calyx. 303 € FIGWORT FAMILY SCROPHULARIACEAE HARE FIGWORT Scrophularia leporella Bicknell The Hare Figwort grows mostly in woods from Vermont to Minnesota and south to Virginia and Kansas, and blooms from May to July. The stem is sharply 4-angled with flat sides, grows 3-8 feet high and is not much branched except in the inflorescence. It is somewhat glandular and sticky near the top. The leaves are smooth on both sides when mature. Rather small greenish purple flowers are pro- duced in a large and much branched inflor- escence. The calyx is about equally 5-cleft. The corolla, shining out- side and dull within, is s-lobed and very irregu- lar, the 2 upper lobes be- ing much longer than the others and erect, the 2 lateral also erect and the lower 1 usually turned down. Four perfect sta- mens, in pairs, are mostly included within the corolla tube. There is also a sterile stamen which is reduced to a greenish yellow scale on the roof of the tube. The style is slender but the stigma is somewhat enlarged. The ripe fruit is a brown, ovoid and cone-peaked capsule. The Maryland Figwort, Scrophularia marilandica L., begins blooming in July at about the end of the Hare Figwort’s season and continues into September. Habits and foliage of the two species are very similar. This plant’s corolla is greenish and dull outside, and brownish purple and shining within, and the 2 upper lobes are not much longer than the others. The sterile stamen or scale is deep purple. This is considered a good honey plant. . 304 SCROPHULARIACEAE FIGWORT FAMILY HAIRY BEARDTONGUE Pentstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. The Beardtongues are so called because the flowers con- tain a sterile stamen that extends up into the throat or mouth of the corolla like a tongue and is usually bearded with hairs. The Hairy Beardtongue grows in rather dry soil in open places, or in not too dense woods and thickets from Maine to Ontario and Minne- sota, south to Florida and Missouri. The rather slender stem is 1-3 feet high and is downy or hairy nearly to the base. The upper leaves are sessile but the basal are narrowed into the petioles. The flowers are produced from May to July and the inflorescence is glandular hairy. The rather small calyx is 5-parted. The tubular and 2-lipped corolla is light violet or purplish. Its throat is nearly closed by long soft hairs on the palate at the base of the lower, 3-lobed lip. The upper lip is 2-lobed. There are 4 perfect stamens, in pairs, and 1 sterile that is densely bearded for about half its length. The fruit is a capsule containing a large number of slightly angled seeds. The Funnelform Beardtongue, Pentstemon tubiflorus Nutt., is a smooth perennial except that the calyx and pedicels bear sticky hairs. The straight slender stem is 2-3% feet high and leafless above. Leaves are oblong to lanceolate, entire and the upper sessile or clasp- ing, the lower narrowed into margined petioles. The flowers, bloom- ing from May to July, are in slender compact interrupted panicles. The white or purplish funnelform corolla is 1 inch long, with the nearly equal 5 lobes spreading. ; The Smooth Beardtongue, Pentstemon laevigatus Ait., grows in moist or rich soil. The stem is without hairs to the inflorescence and has rather firm glossy leaves. The corolla is whitish or purplish and gradually enlarged upward so that the throat is wide open. The sterile filament is rather thinly bearded for about half its length. 305 FIGWORT FAMILY SCROPHULARIACEAE TURTLEHEAD. BALMONY Chelone glabra L. The Turtlehead blooms from July to September in low wet places throughout the eastern half of the continent. It is a peren- nial 1-3 feet high, which has toothed opposite leaves and a long terminal flower cluster. The white flowers begin blooming at the base of the cluster and open progres- sively upward. The 2-lipped corolla is tubular, shaped like a turtle’s head and nearly closed. There are 4 perfect stamens, in pairs, and 1 small and sterile. Anthers and filaments are woolly. The style is long and slender. The fruit is a cap- sule containing many flat- tened and winged seeds. The Red Turtlehead, Chelone obliqua L., is less tall, being 20-32 inches high, and sometimes its branches are spreading. It is a native of the swamps of extreme southern Illinois. The leaves are broadly lanceolate to oblong and mostly short petioled, acuminate at the tip and narrowed at the base, 2-6 inches long and with sharp teeth some- what spreading. The plant is particularly distinguished by its rose- purple flowers in terminal and axillary spikelike racemes. The bracts surrounding the flowers are minutely fringed with short hairs. This is strictly a southern plant, known only from Virginia to southern Illinois and Florida, and blooming from July to September. Frequently mistaken for a purple form of Catalpa is the Pau- lownia or Empress Tree, Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud., a large tree from Japan that has become extensively naturalized along the bluffs of the Ohio in the vicinity of Golconda. The enormous leaves are almost perfectly heart shaped and are opposite on the hairy stems. The flowers, borne in large terminal panicles, are tubular and s-parted, the deep royal purple and 5-limbed corolla slightly 2-lipped. Stamens are 4, inserted low on the corolla tube. The fruit is a large unsightly capsule which contains winged seeds and remains on the tree until spring. 306 SCROPHULARIACEAE FIGWORT FAMILY MONKEY FLOWER Mimulus ringens L. The Monkey Flower is so called because the corolla seems to be grinning as a monkey might. It is common in swamps, along streams and in other wet places from Nova Scotia to Virginia and Tennessee, west to Mani- ; toba, Nebraska and Texas. It is perennial by un- derground stems, and the whole plant is smooth. The square aer- ial stems are 1-3 feet high and usually much branched. The opposite leaves are sessile and usually the upper clasp the stem at the base. Violet flowers are pro- duced from June to Sep- tember singly in the axils of the leaves. The ped- uncles are at least twice as long as the s-angled and s-toothed calyx. The corolla, 2-lipped at the end, is tubular and has a pair of ridges within on the lower side. The upper lip consists of 2 lobes that are turned back, and the lower lip has 3 rounded lobes. The 4 stamens are inserted in pairs on the corolla tube. The style is very slender and the stigma is 2-lobed. The fruit is a many-seeded capsule. The Wing-stemmed Monkey Flower, Mimulus alatus Ait., which may be found in Illinois swamps along with the Monkey Flower, has a more sharply angled and winged stem, and all the leaves are petioled. The calyx teeth are less than one-quarter the length of the calyx and the peduncles are shorter than the calyx. The Yellow Monkey Flower, Mimulus glabratus HABK. var. Famesii (T. & G.) Gray, likewise prefers cool brooks, ponds or springs but is very local and may be restricted to the northern half of the state. It may be recognized by the bright yellow axillary flowers, one-half inch long and with the throat of the very irregular 2-lipped corolla bearded and somewhat open. The smooth stems are pros- trate, much branched and rooting at the nodes. The membranous leaves are nearly round and palmately veined, the lower petioled. 307 FIGWORT FAMILY SCROPHULARIACEAE HEDGE HYSSOP Gratiola virginiana L. The Hedge Hyssop is an annual in wet or muddy open places from Quebec to British Columbia and south to Florida, Texas and California. It often comes up in great abundance along the border of a wet field and it may be found in bloom any time from May to October. The plant grows 3-12 inches erect and becomes widely branched. The stem is usually glandular sticky, at least near the top, and bears sessile leaves which are nar- rowed at both ends, slightly toothed and smooth or nearly so. The flowers are axillary and the peduncles are shorter, or at least not longer, than the leaves. At the end of the peduncle are 2 bracts as long as the calyx. The calyx is about half as long as the corolla and deeply 5-parted, the segments being narrow and slightly unequal. The corolla is irregular, with a cylindrical yellowish tube and a short white, slightly 2-lipped limb. There are only 2 perfect stamens, with threadlike filaments, but sometimes rudiments of 2 others occur. The style also is threadlike and the stigma is slightly 2-lobed. The fruit is a capsule containing numerous seeds marked by a network of lines. Much less commonly will be found the Round-fruited Hedge Hyssop, Gratiola sphaerocarpa Ell., which flowers in wet places from April to June. The stems are stout, thickened at the base and bearing numerous opposite leaves which are sessile, oblong-oval, toothed and strongly 3-veined. The yellowish white flowers are a trifle more than one-half inch long and have no sterile filaments. The globular capsule is one-quarter inch in diameter. 308 : SCROPHULARIACEAE FIGWORT FAMILY CULVER’S ROOT Veronica virginica L. The Culver’s Root is closely related to the Speedwells, page 310, which one would never suspect from its growth habits and general appearance. It grows in woods, meadows and other open places from Massachusetts to Ontario and Mani- toba, south to Alabama and Texas. It is a good honey plant and formerly the root was extensively used in medicine. This is a tall, stout, perennial herb, 2-7 feet high, with a stem that is smooth or very nearly so and unbranched except in the inflorescence. Sometimes the uppermost leaves are opposite but regularly all are in whorls of 3-7. They are short petioled, finely tooth- ed, and may besmooth on both sides or some- what hairy below. Usually there are several very dense spikes of flowers blooming during July and August, the ter- minal spike develop- ing first. The calyx is 4-parted and short. The white or sometimes bluish corolla is tubular, nearly regular and 4-lobed at the end. The tube is much longer than the lobes. Two long stamens are inserted low on the corolla tube and extend well out of the flower. The style is about as long as the stamens and the stigma is very small. The many- seeded capsule is oblong-ovate, not notched, 2-3 times as long as the calyx and opens by 4 teeth at the apex. The Thyme-leaved Speedwell, Veronica serpyllifolia L., is a low perennial herb with dainty blue and dark-striped flowers, common in fields and open woods. The long stems come from a fibrous root, extend over the ground and turn upward a few inches from the tip. The fruits are obcordate capsules, a little shorter than the hairy calyx and tipped with the long slender style. This plant is known in Asia, South America and Europe, and its recorded spread over this continent is from Labrador to Alaska and south to Georgia and Cali- fornia. It blooms from April to August. 309 FIGWORT FAMILY SCROPHULARIACEAE CORN SPEEDWELL Veronica arvensis L. The Speedwells are mostly very small and insignificant plants that are easily overlooked. They are common, however, in fields, woods and waste places, and in cultivated soil. One or more kinds are apt to be along the edge of a lawn almost any time during the summer, and in all these places are known from Nova Scotia to British Colum- bia, south to Florida, Texas and Cali- fornia. Several species are natives of this continent but the Corn Speed- well is an immigrant from Europe. It is an annual and the whole plant is very hairy. The stem is slender and finally becomes much branched, the branches being 3-10 inches long and spreading. The low- est leaves are petioled but the upper are sessile. The flowers are produced from . March to September on very short peduncles in the leaf axils. The calyx is cleft into 4 narrow segments. The corolla is blue, sometimes very pale blue, and unequally 4-lobed. There are only 2 stamens, I on either side at the base of the upper corolla lobe. The ovary is 2-celled and the style slender. The capsule is flattened and 2-lobed. The Purslane Speedwell or Neckweed, Veronica peregrina L., is much less hairy or nearly smooth, 4-12 inches erect, and branched. The upper leaves are narrow, entire and sessile, whereas the lower are a little broader, either sessile or very short petioled and usually slightly toothed. The flowers of this species are nearly white, almost — sessile and in bloom from May to October. The heart-shaped capsule is a little shorter than the calyx and contains many flat seeds. This © plant is known in moist and cultivated soil throughout the United States. 310 SCROPHULARIACEAE FIGWORT FAMILY DOWNY FALSE FOXGLOVE Gerardia flava L. The Downy False Foxglove is found in dry openings in woods and thickets from Maine to Ontario and Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Mussissippi. It is perennial and partly parasitic on the roots of other plants. The whole plant is covered Oy f) with a soft close down. The stem yy is simple or sparingly branched \ and 2-4 feet high. The leaves are = quite variable, the upper usually (/ i entire and the lower variously ‘ei cut and toothed. All are usually he opposite but sometimes in whorls of 3. The Foxgloves bloom from July to September. The 5 lobes of the calyx are about as long as the tube. The corolla is yellow and VY smooth outside. The f 4 stamens are quite hairy and in pairs. The capsule is hairy and about twice as long as the calyx. The Smooth False Foxglove, Gerardia virginica (L.) BSP., has flowers very much like those of the downy species except that the corolla is not so widely expanded above. The plant is somewhat larger, being 3-6 feet tall, and is not downy. The leaves are usually petioled and much more deeply cut. None are entire. The capsule is without hairs. The Entire-leaved False Foxglove, Gerardia laevigata Rat., differs from the Smooth False Foxglove principally in having entire leaves, or at most the lowest obscurely toothed. The pedicels are shorter than the calyx tube and there is no bloom on the stems as commonly appears on the smooth species. A fairy, cradled in each bloom, “Leave me to blossom where I To all who pass the charmed sprung, | spot A joy untarnished shall I seem; Whispers in warning: “Friend, Pluck me, and you dispel the admire— charm af But touch me not! And blur the dream! Jewelweed—FLORENCE EARLE COATES eat FIGWORT FAMILY SCROPHULARIACEAE SLENDER GERARDIA Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl This is our commonest species of Gerardia and it grows in both moist and dry places, in woods that are not too dense or in open areas. It is found from Quebec to Georgia and west to western Ontario, Kansas and Texas. It is a smooth annual whose slender, much branched stem grows 6-24 inches high. The Slender Gerardia blooms from August to Octo- ber. The calyx is bell shaped and its 5 teeth are very short and pointed. The irregular corolla is light purple and some- what spotted, or rarely white, and slightly 2-lipped. There are 4 stamens, in pairs, which do not extend beyond the corolla tube. The filaments are somewhat hairy. The style is long and slender. The fruit is a spherical capsule which con- WA tains a very large number of somewhat angled seeds. The Purple Gerar- dia, Gerardia purpurea t L., is another species found in moist fields and meadows. The veg- etative parts of the plant are very much like those of the Slender Gerardia except that the leaves are a little longer. The blooming season is the same but the flowers of this species are larger and somewhat different. They are about 1 inch long and equally broad. The calyx teeth are triangular and nearly half as long as the tube. The corolla is purple, very much expanded above and covered outside with short hairs. The Auricled or Eared Gerardia, Gerardia auriculata Michx., is a rare annual, particularly of the northwest portion. Its slender, hairy stems are I-2 feet high and simple or branched above. The abundant sessile leaves are ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, and mostly rounded and 2-lobed at the base. Purple flowers are solitary in the upper axils and the 1-inch corollas are smooth within but exceedingly downy outside. Anthers of the short stamens are the smaller. 312 SCROPHULARIACEAE FIGWORT FAMILY WOOD BETONY. COMMON LOUSEWORT Pedicularis canadensis L. The superstition that this plant bred lice in sheep that fed on on it accounts for the name Lousewort. Wood Betony is the more correct name. It grows in dry open woods and thickets and on dry open knolls and slopes from Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Florida, Mississippi and north- ern Mexico. It is sometimes partly parasitic on the roots of other plants. There is usually a cluster of very hairy stems which grow 6-18 inches high. The leaves are scattered and all but the upper- most are petioled. The lower are pinnately divided and the upper are variously toothed and lobed. The blooming season is April to June. The yellow, though often reddish, flowers are pro- duced in a short dense spike. The hairy calyx is split down the front but is otherwise almost entire, though somewhat 1-sided. The corolla is strongly 2-lipped, the upper lip arched and in- curved, whereas the lower is 3-lobed. The 4 stamens are paired within the upper lip. The capsule is slightly 1-sided and about 3 times as long as the calyx. The Swamp Betony, Pedicularis lanceolata Michx., grows in wet places, is nearly smooth throughout and 1-3 feet high. The leaves are doubly cut toothed and some of them are opposite. The calyx is 2-lobed and the lobes have leaflike margins. The upper lip of the pale yellow corolla is incurved, and the capsule is not much longer than the calyx. This plant occurs from Ontario to Manitoba, south to Virginia, Ohio and Nebraska, and flowers from August to October. 313 BIGNONIA FAMILY BIGNONIACEAE TRUMPET FLOWER. TRUMPET CREEPER Tecoma radicans (L.) Juss. The Bignonia family is composed of trees, shrubs and woody vines, most of which have large and showy flowers. Most of them are tropical plants. The familiar Catalpa trees and the Cross Vine, which are found in the extreme southern end of the state, belong to this family. The seeds of all mem- bers are winged. Flowers of the Trumpet Creeper are pollinated largely by hummingbirds, which obtain nectar from the bases of the long corolla tubes. Nectar glands are also found on the outside of the calyx, and these are frequented by ants. The Trumpet Flower or Trum- pet Creeper is found in moist woods and thickets or in waste places in the open from New Jer- Florida and Texas. It is rare or absent from extreme northern Illinois but is common in the central and southern parts. This is a woody vine which climbs 20-40 feet high or in open places grows prostrate or sometimes” takes the form of a shrub. The opposite leaves are compound, with 7-11 leaflets. The latter are ovate to lanceolate, short stalked, sharply toothed, net veined, smooth or slightly hairy on the veins beneath, acute or acuminate at the tip and narrowing at the base, and are 1 4-3 inches long. The large scarlet flowers are produced in August and Septem- _ bers in clusters of 2-9. The calyx is bell shaped and 5-toothed. The long tubular corolla is slightly 2-lipped and 5-lobed at the end. The 4 stamens are arranged in pairs beneath the upper lip of the corolla and do not extend out of the flower. The pistil consists of a 2-celled ovary, a slender style and a 2-lobed stigma. The fruit is a podlike capsule 4-6 inches long, containing a large number of flat, winged seeds. ~ 314 sey to Illinois and Iowa, south to - ACANTHACEAE ACANTHUS FAMILY WATER WILLOW Dianthera americana L. The family is chiefly tropical with only a few representatives in our state. The Water Willow is so called because its leaves resemble those of some Willows, but it is totally unrelated to the Salicaceae or Wil- low family. It could almost as appropri- ately be called Water Orchid because of the resemblance its flow- ers have to some Orchids. The plant. grows in the water of shallow slow-running streams from Quebec to Wisconsin and south to Georgia and Texas. It is a smooth perennial herb with a slender, usually branched stem that grows upright 1-3 feet or more, depending on the depth of the water. The opposite leaves vary considerably in size, but only slightly from their linear-lanceolate form. They are gradu- ally acuminate, entire, and are sessile or narrowed into short petioles. The flowers are produced from July to September in spikelike clusters at the ends of slender axillary peduncles. - The calyx is deeply 5-parted. The purplish corolla is very ‘ir- regular, with a slender tube and a distinctly 2-lipped limb. The upper lip is somewhat concave and notched at the tip, and the lower is 3-cleft and rough on the inner surface. The 2 stamens are inserted on the throat of the corolla. There is 1 pistil. The fruit is a capsule about one-half inch long, exceeding the calyx, its stalk about the length of the compressed body, which con- tains 4 flat seeds. u The larkspur lifts on high its azure spires, And up the arbor’s lattices are rolled The quaint nasturtium’s many-colored fires; The tall carnation’s breast of faded gold Is striped with many a faintly flushing streak, The Old-fashioned Garden—JOHN RUSSELL HAYES 315 ACANTHUS FAMILY ACANTHACEAE SMOOTH RUELLIA Ruellia strepens L. Unlike the Water Willow, the Smooth Ruellia grows in dry places and rich soil in woods, along roadsides or other open places from Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and south to Florida and Texas. It is a nearly smooth perennial herb. The slender stem is 4-sided, 1-4 feet high and usually branched. The leaves are 3-6 inches long and petioled. Either solitary flowers or several together in the axils of leaves are produced from — June to September. Some- — times some of the flowers are very small and do not open but are self-pollinated in the bud and produceseeds. The calyx of the ordinary flower is $-parted; the co- rolla is blue and slightly ir- regular. Four stamens are attached to the corolla tube. © The capsule is club shaped and contains 6-20 seeds with mucilaginous coats. The Hairy Ruellia, Ruellia ciliosa Pursh, is covered with — soft whitish hairs. The oval or oblong leaves are nearly sessile and smaller than in the smooth species. The corolla tube is fully twice the — length of the calyx lobes and the throat is rather short. Sometimes — the 2 species are cross-pollinated and hybrids result. The record for this genus in Illinois is completed by the Stalked Ruellia, Ruellia pedunculata Torr., which occurs in dry rocky hills of the extreme south. It grows up to 2% feet, is much branched and ~ bearing generally long-pointed, ovate or ovate-lanceolate leaves. The axillary inflorescence of 1-3 flowers is supported by a long slender peduncle at whose summit are 2 leaflike bracts subtending the 1 or more similarly bracted pedicels. 316 PHRYMACEAE LOPSEED Phryma Leptostachya L. LOPSEED FAMILY The Lopseed has no relatives, it alone constituting the family. However, it always has an abundance of neighbors for it mingles with many other kinds of plants in forest communities. It is found from New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Florida and Kansas, and also in eastern and central Asia. It is a perennial herb with a slender, branched, somewhat 4-sided stem that grows 1-3 feet high. The leaves are very thin, the upper often sessile but the lower distinctly petioled. . The purplish or rose flowers are pro- duced in July and August in narrow spikes 3-6 inches long. The cylindrical calyx is 2-lipped, the upper lip being 2-cleft and the lower much shorter and 3-toothed. The corolla is also cylindrical and 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, concave and nearly entire, and the lower larger, spreading and 3-lobed. The 4 stamens, in pairs, are included within the corolla tube. The pistil consists of a I- celled ovary, aslender style and a 2-lobed stigma. As the fruit matures, the calyx which encloses the akene is reflexed downward against the stem. It is be- cause of this char- qeter tuat the plant is called Lopseed. € From shapeless roots and ugly bulbous things, What gorgeous beauty springs! Such infinite variety appears, A hundred artists in a hundred years Could never copy from a floral world The marvels that in leaf and bud lie curled. My Flower Room—E La WHEELER WILCOX 317 MADDER FAMILY RUBIACEAE PARTRIDGE BERRY Mitchella repens L. The Madder family is very large and noteworthy, with most of its members tropical. Most important economically are the Coffee and Quinine plants. A number of species are cultivated for their beautiful flowers. Certain tropical members have on their leaves little tuber- cles inhabited by bacteria which have the ability to utilize nitrogen of the atmosphere in much the same way that bacteria in root tubercles of the Pulse fam- ily do. This very pretty trailing herbis found in dry woods from Nova Scotia to Minnesota and south to Florida and Texas, creeping about the bases of trees. Not common in most parts of Illinois, it is found locally throughout, particularly in rocky woods. The branching stems, 6-12 inches long, root at the nodes. The leaves are often variegated with whitish lines. Generally they are ovate-circular, obtuse at the apex and round or slightly heart shaped at the base, opposite, petioled and entire or wavy margined. The dimorphous flowers are white and fragrant. They are produced from April to June in pairs on a common peduncle, with their 2 ovaries united. The calyx is tubular and 4-toothed. The corolla is tubular, 4-lobed at the end and densely bearded inside, with 4 stamens inserted in the throat. The style is slender and there are 4 stigmas. The bright red and edible, though nearly tasteless, fruit is a sort of double berry with 2 ‘blow ends” which mark the former positions of the flowers. These berries persist through the winter. 318 RUBIACEAE MADDER FAMILY BUTTONBUSH Cephalanthus occidentalis L. | The Buttonbush is a shrub 3-12 feet high, or sometimes a tree up to 20 feet. It is an excellent honey plant, often called Honey Balls because its fragrant nectar-producing flowers are borne in dense spherical heads. It oh grows in swamps and low “ places along streams from New Brunswick to Ontario and Wisconsin, south to Florida, Texas and Cali- fornia. Most of the leaves are opposite but usually some are in whorls of 3. The sessile white flowers bloom from June to September. Calyx and cor- olla, the latter much the long- er, are tubular and 4-lobed. 4 The 4 stamens are inserted on the throat of the corolla and have very short filaments. The style is very slender and about twice the length of the corolla. The fruit is dry and 1 or 2-seeded. Another group of common plants belonging to the Madder family is that of Bedstraw or Galium. Of the many kinds, perhaps the com- monest is Cleavers or Goose Grass, Galium Aparine L., abundant in rich woods. The square stem is weak and sprawling, and on the angles has prickles that curve downward. The flowers are very small and white, and the fruits are densely covered with hooked bristles to form burs. The oblanceolate leaves are in sixes or eights. Two other Illinois members of this genus are the Marsh Bedstraw, Galium palustre L., and the Shining Bedstraw, Galium concinnum T. & G. The first lives in wet meadows and swales, the second in dry open woods. The 16-inch stem of Marsh Bedstraw is little branched and slightly rough on the angles, that of the wood plant is low, much branched, even matting, and minutely but distinctly rough on the angles. The linear-elliptic, blunt-tipped and smoothish-margined leaves of G. palustre are grouped by twos to sixes at the nodes, but usually by fours, whereas the always linear leaves of G. concinnum are in whorls of 6 and their edges are rough. The large corolla of Marsh Bedstraw is always white but the minute one of Shining Bedstraw varies to rose tinged. 319 MADDER FAMILY RUBIACEAE LONG-LEAVED BLUETS Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. ~~ Several kinds of Bluets occur in I]linois. This one, whose leaves are really no longer than those of some others, grows in dry open places from Maine to Saskatchewan and south to Georgia and Missouri. It is a small, us- ually tufted perennial with nearly smooth stems that grow 5-10 inches high. The basal leaves are linear, I- nerved and sessile. The little pale purple or nearly white flowers are produced from May to September in loose clusters at the ends of the branches. The calyx is tubular and has 4 narrow lobes. The corolla is funnel shaped and also 4-lobed. Four short stamens are inserted on the throat of the corolla. The pistil consists of a 2-celled ovary, a slender style and 2 narrow stigmas. The fruit is a slightly compressed globose-ovoid capsule about one-twelfth of an inch in diameter and only partly enclosed by the calyx. The Common Bluets or Innocence, Hous- tonia coerulea L., is usually the commonest species in most grassy places or on wet rocks. It grows 3-7 inches high and spreads by slender underground stems, forming dense tufts or mats. The leaves, one-half inch long, are simi- lar to those of the Long-leaved Bluets. The delicate little flowers are produced from early spring until midsummer and are light blue, pale lilac or nearly white with a yellowish center, up to one-half inch broad and with the slender tube approximately the length of the lobes. This perennial is found from Nova Scotia to Ontario and Wisconsin, south through Georgia to Albama. 320 CAPRIFOLIACEAE HONEYSUCKLE FAMIL’ SMOOTH-LEAF HONEYSUCKLE Lonicera dioica L. The Honeysuckle family contains some of our most highly prized ornamental shrubs and vines but otherwise is not of much economic importance. Climbing Honeysuckles are exten- sively used for cov- ering trellises and for other ornamental purposes, and in most cases foreign species are prefer- red to the native. The Smooth-leaf Honeysuckle is found in moist and dry woods and in bogs from Maine to Manitoba, south to North Caro- lina and Missouri. It is a smooth twining shrub with stems 3-10 feet long. The leaves have a thin waxy coat on the lower surface. The bases of the uppermost and wider leaves are grown together but those lower and narrower are merely sessile or short petioled. The flowers are produced in termi- nal clusters in May and June. Two color forms are recognized; one is yellowish green usually tinged with purple, and the other, muc more common in Illinois, is red. The calyx is short, tubular an slightly 5-toothed. The tubular corolla, with 5 inserted stamen is swollen on 1 side at the base, and at the other end 2-lippe and 5-lobed. The pistil consists of a 2 or 3-celled ovary, a slend: style and an unlobed stigma. Stamens, style and the inner su face of the corolla tube are hairy. The fruit is a red few-seede berry. Resembling the Smooth-leaf Honeysuckle but covered with whitish bloom and having larger flowers is Sullivant’s Honeysuckl Lonicera Sullivantii Gray, which may be found blooming from Ap: to September in low grounds or on hillsides. The tube of the pa yellow flowers is about one-half inch long, slightly exceeding the lim and the yellow fruit is one-quarter inch in diameter. 321 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY CAPRIFOLIACEAE HORSE GENTIAN.. WILD COFFEE Triosteum perfoliatum L. This interesting plant has various other names, such as Fever- wort and Tinker’s Weed. Formerly it was much used in medi- cine, and it is said that Indians made a beverage from the fruits. It is found in rich, low open woods from Massachusetts to Illinois and Nebraska, south to Albama and Missouri. The stout stem is 2-4 feet high and cov- ered with fine gland- ular hairs. Leaves, calyx, corolla and the filaments are also somewhat hairy. The 4-9-inch leaves are acute or acuminate, entire or wavy mar- gined, soft hairy beneath and somewhat hairy above, and are abruptly or gradu- ally narrowed into clasping bases that join around the stem. The plant blooms in May and June and the fruits ripen in August and September. Perfect, sessile and 2-bracted flowers are solitary or clustered in the leaf axils. The corolla is purplish brown. The berries are orange-yellow, densely covered with fine hairs, about one-half inch long, flat globular, and contain usually 3 single-seeded nutlets. The Scarlet-fruited Horse Gentian, Triosteum aurantiacum Bick- nell, is a tall, coarse, open woodland perennial that flowers 2-3 weeks earlier and is to be found locally. The lower of the large broad leaves are sessile by narrowly winged bases that do not clasp the stem. The corolla is dull red with more spreading lobes than in the Horse Gentian, and the half-inch fruit is a bright orange-red ellipsoid drupe. Another shrub of the Honeysuckle family is the Indian Currant or Coralberry, Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench, uncommon or absent in the extreme northern part of the state but abundant in open woodland pastures and along roadsides farther south. It is 2-5 feet high, the branches light brown and soft hairy, and has opposite, oval or ovate, entire leaves 1-2 inches long and very short petioled. Pinkish flowers are produced in dense axillary spikes in July. In fall the twigs are loaded with the purplish red berries, which hang on and retain their color until late winter. 322 CAPRIFOLIACEAE HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY SOUTHERN BLACK HAW Viburnum rufidulum Raf. The Southern Black Haw isa shrub or small tree of woods anc thickets from New Jersey to Illinois and Kansas, south to Florid: and Texas. It does not occur in northern Illinois but is not un common in central and southern parts. The young branches are covered with soft rusty-colored hairs. Large clusters of white flowers appear in June. The calyx is 5 toothed and the wheel-shaped corolla is equally s-lobed with 5 stamens in- serted on its tube and extending beyond. The style is short and 3-lobed. The fruit is a small, nearly black drupe which ripens in October and 1s edible. The seed is flat and nearly round. The Nannyberry or Sweet Viburnum, Viburnum Lentago L is found throughout the state, usually in low or boggy places. It 1 a shrub or small tree 3-18 feet high, excellent for ornamental plant ing. The leaves are slender petioled, ovate, rather long pointed an closely and sharply toothed along the margin. Usually some them have winged petioles. The large clusters of white flowers ar pear in May and June and are very fragrant. The black, usuall oblong and edible fruits mature in September and October. Th seed is flat and oblong. Winter buds are smooth and acuminate. The Black Haw or Stag Bush, Viburnum pruntfolium L., isa tal erect and rapid-growing shrub similar to the Nannyberry, with tendency to crowd in moist thickets. The winter buds, however, ar smaller, blunted and often with reddish hairs. The ovate leaves at slightly or not pointed, finely toothed and with lower surfaces an slender petioles smooth. The white 5-petalled flowers are in sma sessile cymes. The oval. bluish black drupe is hoary, flattened an one-half inch long. 323 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY CAPRIFOLIACEAE COMMON ELDER Sambucus canadensis L. Horticultural varieties of Elder which may be purchased are no more desirable for ornamental planting than this com- mon form. The berries are excellent for jellies and pies; mixed with apples and stewed they make an excellent sauce which is some- times used on shortcake in place of strawberries. Leaves, bark and flow- ers have been used in medicine for a number of ailments. The Common Elder is a handsome shrub growing 4-10 feet high. It prefers moist soil and full sun- light, and is found from Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas. The stems are smooth, soft and woody, and con- tain a large white pith. Individually they live us- ually 3-5 years but new shoots sprout from the from dying out. Leaflets are 5-11, usually 7, ovate or oval, acute to acumi- nate, 2-5 inches long, sharply serrate and smooth above but sometimes slightly hairy on the veins beneath. Numerous large flat clusters of white flowers appear in June and July, and the dark purple berries ripen in September. The flowers are very fragrant and so visited by many pollinating insects, and the fruits are greedily eaten by birds. There are usually 5 lobes to the corolla, 5 stamens and 3 stigmas. The deep purple or black drupes are one-quarter inch in diameter and contain 3-5 roughened 1-seeded nutlets. 324 DIPSACACEAE TEASEL FAMILY WILD TEASEL Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. The Teasel family is small, and all its members are natives of the Old world. Wild Teasel was introduced into this country from Europe and is found in waste places and along roadsides from Maine and Ontario to North Carolina, west to Illinois. It is gradually spreading farther west and south. Though com- mon locally in a number of places in IIlinois, it is not gen- eral throughout. This is a biennial herb, producing the first year only a ros- ette of leaves that re- main green all winter, ; and the second year a stout stem 3-6 feet z high. Stems, pedun- cles, midribs of the leaves and the involucre below the inflores- cence are armed with numerous prickles. The opposite leaves are sessile and usually the upper have their bases grown together to form a sort of cup which is often filled with water after rains. The upper leaves are also acuminate and generally entire but the lower, often 1 foot long, are obtuse, round toothed or some- times pinnately cleft at the base. The flowers bloom from July to September, progressively upward from the base of the inflorescence. The heads are at first ovoid, become cylindric, and at length are 3-4 inches long. The linear leaves of the involucre are curved upward and as long as the head or longer. Each flower is accompanied by a chaffy bract and also a 4-leaved calyxlike involucel, and both of these structures are spiny pointed. The calyx itself is grown fast to the ovary and is cup shaped above. The blue or lilac corolla, attached above the ovary, is tubular, 2-lipped and 4-lobed. Four stamens are attached to the tube. The fruit is an akene. 325 GOURD FAMILY CUCURBITACEAE | ONE-SEEDED BUR CUCUMBER Sicyos angulatus L. The Gourd family consists mostly of annual climbing herbs with branched tendrils, and is largely tropical or subtropical. Many of its members are cultivated here, among which are Squash, Summer Squash, a Pumpkin, Cucumber, ‘es : Watermelon, Muskmelon, ‘ ee Citron and Gourd. The three members native in Illinois are given here. This vine is found in moist places, especially along river banks, from Quebec to Ontario and South Dakota, south to Florida and Texas. Some- times it is called Nimble Kate, probably because of its agility in climbing over other plants. The stem is angled and somewhat sticky with glandular hairs. It climbs to a height of 15-25 feet, or is sometimes low trailing. The leaves, sometimes as much as Io inches across, are rather thin and rough above and below. The blooming season is April to September. The flowers are imperfect and the plants monoecious. The staminate flowers are produced in a loose raceme on a long peduncle in the axil of a leaf. The calyx is cup shaped and 5-toothed. The white or green- ish white corolla is wheel shaped and 5-parted nearly to the base. The 3 stamens have their filaments united into a short tube and the anthers are also somewhat united. The pistillate flowers are borne, several together, in a headlike cluster at the end of a peduncle, often in the same axil as the staminate cluster. The flower parts are above the ovary. The style is short and slender, and there are usually 3 stigmas. The 1-seeded fruit is dry, yellowish, somewhat hairy and covered with slender rough spines which are easily detached. 326 CUCURBITACEAE | GOURD FAMILY WILD CUCUMBER. WILD BALSAM APPLE Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) T. & G. The Wild Cucumber or Wild Balsam Apple is found along rivers and in waste places from New Brunswick to Manitoba and south to Virginia and Texas. It is often used as an ornamental plant for covering un- sightly objects. The flowers are very fra~ S4 we | grant at night. 5 ‘ \ f -The stem is nearly Mm” \. ie | / smooth but angular SS and grooved. It is SIS Y Sl much branched and Ge © , climbs to a height of ee 15-25 feet. The leaves oe | are rough on both Lt sides. why fi! \ The flowers, pro- TAN duced from July to Beh Ved September, are im- yu] perfect, with both | forms on the same | plant. The staminate flowers are greenish \ white and very nu- t merous in axillary compound racemes. The pistillate are usually solitary in the same axils. Each staminate flower has 3 stamens. The fruit is at first fleshy but finally becomes dry and is thickly covered with weak prickles. It usually contains 4 large flat seeds. The Missouri or Fetid Wild Gourd, Cucurbita foetidissima HBK., is a trailing plant whose large, rough, angled stems extend 5-25 feet and bear few very large, alternate leaves that are long petioled, triangular-ovate and heart shaped at the base. It is perennial by an enormous root, sometimes 6 inches in diameter, which descends to unusual depths in search of moisture. The imperfect flowers are very large, yellow and solitary in the axils from May to September. Stamens are 3, pistil 1, and the globose ovary develops into a large yellow, thick-rinded berry called a pepo. 327 BLUEBELL FAMILY CAMPANULACEAE VENUS’ LOOKING GLASS Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC. This is a small flower that grows mostly in dry open places from Maine to British Columbia and south to Florida and Mexico. It also occurs in some of the islands of the West Indies. It is an annual plant with a slender, rather weak stem 6-24 inches high, more or less hairy and densely leafy. It is usually simple but sometimes branches near the base. Leaves are 6-24 inches long and one- quarter inch to 1 inch wide, and round toothed or sometimes entire. The upper are strongly clasping about the stem but the lower may be merely sessile. The flowers, which may be produced any time between May and September, are 1-3 sessile in the axils of the leaves. Early flowers are produced in the lower axils and have a 3 or 4-lobed calyx and a shorter, rudimentary corolla, but are dwarfed and do not open. Later flowers are borne higher on the stem and have a 4 or 5-lobed calyx and a beautiful blue or violet wheel-shaped corolla nearly 1 inch broad. There are 5 stamens with flat, membranous, hairy filaments that are shorter than the anthers. The 3-celled ovary is below the other floral parts and there is 1 style with 3 stigmas. The capsule is oblong or narrowly top shaped and it finally opens at about the middle by 3 little valves. The many small seeds have the shape of a double convex lens. PE a iC ae ae ne le ee And Sunday flowers were here as well— Adam and Eve within their hood, The stately Canterbury bell, And, oft in churches breathing fragrance, The sweet and pungent southernwood. A Puritan Lady’s Garden—SaraH N. CLEGHORN 328 CAMPANULACEAE BLUEBELL FAMILY TALL BELLFLOWER Campanula americana L. Among the plants of this economically unimportant family which are cultivated for their beautiful flowers are the Canter- bury Bells, the Bluebells and the Bellflowers. The Tall Bellflower is found in moist woods and thickets from New Brunswick to Ontario and South Dakota, south to Florida and Kansas. It is an annual or biennial herb with a rather slender and usually un- branched stem that grows 2-6 feet high. The leaves, 3-6 inches long, are thin and all but the uppermost are petioled. The light blue flowers are pro- duced from July to September in a terminal spike which may become 1-2 feet long. The tubular calyx is grown fast to the ovary and is 5-lobed above. The wheel-shaped corolla is deeply 5-cleft and the 5 stamens are attached at its base. The style is curved upward and the stigma is 3- Sg lobed. The fruit is a capsule which opens near the top by 3 small holes. y In the extreme northern part of the state the Harebell or Bluebell, Campanula rotundifolia L., is found. This is a perennial 6-36 inches high. The basal leaves are round-heart shaped, slender petioled, toothed or entire and often absent at flowering time, but the stem leaves are narrow, mostly entire and sessile. The beautiful blue flowers are distinctly bell shaped, nearly 1 inch long, and drooping or spreading on slender pedicels in a racemose inflorescence. The spreading awl-shaped calyx lobes are much longer than the short-top-shaped tube. The pendu- lous ribbed capsule opens by pores at the base. 329 LOBELIA FAMILY LOBELIACEAE CARDINAL FLOWER Lobelia cardinalis L. The members of the Lobelia family are widely distributed _ over the earth. Some of them contain a milky juice that is very poisonous. Quite a few are cultivated for the beauty of their flowers. Bees cannot pollinate the Cardinal Flower, conse- quently it is one of the few native plants depending for pollination upon humming- birds, which alone can reach the nectar atthe base of the long corolla tubes. This is one of our most 3 brilliant flowers of late sum- mer and early fall. It grows in low places, especially along streams, throughout the state as well as in all other states east of the Mississippi, and westward into Texas. The plant has a perennial underground stem which, to- — gether with the brilliant — flowers, makes it very desirable in a wild-flower garden. The — stems are usually 2 feet tall or taller, and the flowers are © produced in a rather 1-sided cluster at the top. Usually they are intensely red but rare specimens of rose or even white occur. The ovary is below the other parts of the flower with the calyx tube grown fast to it. The tubular corolla is split down — the upper side. The style slowly pushes up through the § sta- mens united in a tube around it and the stigma opens only after their pollen has been shed, to insure cross-pollination. The fruit that ripens in autumn consists of a 2-celled capsule which opens at the top to expose innumerable seeds, undoubtedly the smallest of any Illinois wild flower. And the red pennons of the cardinal flowers Hang motionless upon their upright staves. Among the Hills—Joun GREENLEAF WHITTIER 330 LOBELIACEAE LOBELIA FAMILY GREAT LOBELIA Lobelia siphilitica L. The Great Lobelia is common in low grounds from Maine and Ontario to South Dakota and south to Georgia, Louisiana and Colorado. It is perennial by short offsets and blooms from July to October. The stem is somewhat hairy, rather stout and very leafy. It is usually unbranched and grows 1-3 feet high. The leaves are nearly smooth and 2-6 inches long. The lower usually have short petioles, and the upper are sessile. Deep blue or very rarely white flowers are densely arranged in a spikelike raceme. The flower parts are attached above the ovary. The calyx is quite hairy and has 5 narrow lobes, and in the sinuses between them are large earlike, deflexed appendages. The blue corolla is split down 1 side and 2- lipped at the end. There are 5 stamens with their anthers united in a ring around the style. Three of the anthers are larger than the other 2, which have a tuft of hairs at the tip. The ovary is 2-celled and the stigma 2-lobed. The fruit is a capsule containing hundreds of minute brown seeds. Much daintier, with smaller blue flowers, is the Downy Lobelia, Lobelia puberula Michx., frequent in moist sandy places throughout the southern third of the state. The downy stems are very slender and unbranched. Leaves are sessile, oblong-lanceolate, densely short haired and very minutely toothed. The flowers are in bracted long spikelike racemes. The calyx has 5 elongated hairy lobes and the corolla is distinctly 2-lipped with the 3 broader lobes beneath. The larger anthers are minutely bearded. The fruit is a many-seeded capsule. This perennial is found from southern New Jersey to Florida, west to Illinois, Kansas and Texas, and blooms from August to October. bee | LOBELIA FAMILY LOBELIACEAE SPIKED LOBELIA Lobelia spicata Lam. This species is common on gravelly or sandy soil in open places or on praries from New Jersey to Florida and west to lowa and Texas, blooming from June to August. The stem is slender and grows 1-4 feet high. The many leaves are rather thick and pale green, the lower up to 3 inches in length and the upper much smaller, becoming bractlike. The flowers are pale blue and less than one- half inch long. The spikelike raceme may be- come 2 feet long. The bracts that subtend the flowers are narrow and entire, and the ascend- ing pedicels are very short. The calyx tube is — usually smooth, top shaped and shorter than — its somewhat hairy awl-shaped lobes. There — are no appendages in the sinuses. . The Indian Tobacco, Lobelia inflata L., usu- — ally grows in dry soil in fields and thickets, and ~ blooms from July to late fall. It is very acrid to the taste and quite poisonous, and has been noted as a quack medicine. It is an annual which is quite hairy. The stem is leafy, usually branched and 1-3 feet high. The thin, oval or oblong leaves are 1-2 inches long, the upper sessile but the lower usually on short petioles. The flowers are light blue and about one-quarter inch long. The calyx is smooth or nearly so. The capsule is much inflated or smaller when mature, and less than one-half inch long. The Brook or Water Lobelia, Lobelia Kalmii L., is a low perennial by offsets which is found only in sands of the northeastern lake region. Its few leaves are nearly linear and the pale blue flowers, in loose-panicled racemes, are less than — one-half inch long. The threadlike pedicels are — about equal the length of the linear or hairlike © bracts, and have 2 minute bractlets or glands — above the middle. There are no appendages in the sinuses of the calyx. The bell-shaped capsule is wholly inferior and less than one-quarter inch long. Se ne ae 332 COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY This is the largest family of flowering plants, likewise the highest as it ranks above all others in complexity of structure and physiological processes, in relationship to insects and in method of seed dispersal. Some of its members are pernicious weeds, many are used as garden and greenhouse flowers, but otherwise surprisingly few are of economic importance. The individual flowers in this family are small and pro- duced in dense clusters called heads. What is commonly called a Dandelion flower, for example, is really a head com- posed of a large number of individual flowers. In the case of the Dandelion all the flowers have flat straplike corollas. Ina plant like the Sunflower, on the other hand, the outermost flowers of the head, called ray flowers or more commonly rays, have strap-shaped corollas; the others, in the center and called disk flowers, have tubular corollas. A third type of head, such as in the White Snakeroot, has the corollas of all its flowers tubular. The calyx, always above the ovary, is very much modified in these flowers and is called a pappus. In some cases it is composed of hairlike bristles and in others of awns or scales, and in a few genera it is lacking. The style of the sterile flower is always 2-cleft. The head is in all cases surrounded by an involucre of more or less leaflike bracts. In many species there are bracts or scales on the receptacle among the flowers, spoken of as chaff. When they are absent the receptacle is said to be naked. Cross-pollination is the rule among the Composites. In all species described in this book the anthers are grown together around the style and the pollen sacs open on the inward side. As the flower opens, the style, with its stigmas closed, pushes up through the united anthers, scraping pollen from them. The pollen mass remains partly adherent to the anthers and falls over onto their upper ends, instead of being carried along, as the style grows past. Only after the style has grown beyond the anthers do the stigmas open to receive the pollen which insects will bring from other flowers. It will often require close observation to distinguish the different kinds of Composites but there should not be much _ difficulty in recognizing the ones included in this book. Many _ not included here are likely to be found, however, and for them _ more comprehensive manuals should be used. 333 COMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE KEY TO GENERA All corollas strap shaped... ...« «s,s...» +. +seia eee } All corollas tubular... 00... 5. co 060000 s us eee ees an Both strap-shaped and tubular corollas present............ All or nearly all leaves basal: .. 2... vs ce oe f Some of the leaves on upright stems................2-00 00d Pappus composed of scales and bristles........ Krigia p. 386 Pappus composed entirely of bristles........ Taraxacum p. 387 Pappus of scales; flowers mostly blue........ Cichorium p. 385 Pappus of bristles... .....5/s'2)s sss ..« .s/. See 5 Pappus white. 0.5 J 5..0500 5.000.405 2a ee 7 Pappus creamy or yellowish...... +..«+ivwsd» sab out eee 3 Pappus like a feather 2220.0: 242 (dws ae Tragopogon p. 385 Pappus hairlike .:s 05 00.6. i+.-0 «+00 aes Syepgmen ane ] Fifty or more flowers in each head.......... Sonchus p. 388 Not more than 30 flowers in each head........ Lactuca p. 386 WIOWMELS, VOUOW 6.0 ives eee 00> 6 Hieracium p. 392 Flowers whitish or purplish................ Prenanthes p. 391 Leaves and involucres very prickly............ Cirsium p. 383 Leaves not prickly). 0220500 0... sc ow oa te ee 10 Involucres forming burs in fruit.............. Arctium p. 383 Involucres not forming burs. ...;....52..5.02808s00n ame Plants woolly... 3.65.00... ec cee ee ok eve eee en Plants not. woolly.¢ o0i1 c500 008 32500 i a ee Plants strongly odored.................. Gnaphalium p. 357 Plants not strongly odored.............. Antennaria p. 35! Pappus of bristles: i000... 29005 OFS : Pappus lacking; heads very small.......... Artemisia p. 37 Involucre composed of § bracts.............. Cacalia p. 38 Involucre of more than § bracts..........«+)s¢ss1a ee eee Leaves opposite or whorled................ Eupatorium p. 33' Leaves alternate... . .. 000 cee wo nee 50 + buns een ; Heads arranged 10 a spike... .....+..-«s.< +0 seem Liatris p. 34 Fleas MOC FEDIRG. . seven ec cee eee eee Vernonia p. 33 Upper part of plant sticky or gumlike...... Grindelia p. 34 Piant not sticky or gumlike:: ...5...55 2 0s. or eee oe ‘ Plants strongly odored../. 02... ...s'.. «es +a) see nn Plants not strongly odored.. .. 0.5.0... t's yee eee Leaves finely: divided \).055 08505 25 sede ee } Leaves: not: finely divided .)..:.: +5 +9swt> Janae Polymnia p. 35 Disk flaweta’ vellow.::\5a7 toca ots aici Anthemis p. 3 Disk ; Lotrers, We ite o,o)0 09d inlet x CA abies ee Achillea p. 37 Pappus composed of bristles... .......+..4s++sse="» «sen Pappus not composed of bristles......... eee 334 COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAM 22. 23. 24. a6. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Ri. 32. 33. 34- 35. 36. NERS RMNW ae spt) a ee Sie him oiaVielg witha aie a Sere SS 2 Fath ae bie 2h i a Bracts of involucre equal in length.......... Erigeron p. Bracts of involucre not equal in length.......... Aster p. Bracts of involucre equal in length........... Senecio p. Bracts of involucre not equal in length.................. ERR Scan Dae ce iets. SIG ose be Peers 8s Chrysopsis p. TTI 5 SES EES MALS a ea Solidago p. IEE CIMA? occas a. oes oe eh nt Le heeabapeeene eemnnneer is Copmireet sth PODS: te il oh oe eae eee eemnucmerd BUrple. 65250. . $35, sake asks Brauneria p. Ray flowers about 20 or more......... Chrysanthemum p. POETS $2500 2. sod. st Oe ae ea ee > a te PA eee Disk flowers yellow; stem winged.......... Verbesina p. Disk flowers yellow; stem not winged........ Galinsoga p. Dem eeTS” WMT 0c. eb, eae 2 Parthenium p. Peace 1OTming wiles On. SteM.\>.. Os cae ¥ hes ee oe Be Leaf bases not forming wings on stem.................-. Corollas of ray flowers 3-lobed.............. Helenium p. Corollas of ray flowers not lobed.......... Actinomeris p. Bey Sowers producmie akenes >.) 045°... . Pe. Seen ss Bus nowers not producing. akenes..... 2.2.6.2. 2225 te = % Disk flowers producing akenes.............. Heliopsis p. Disk flowers not producing akenes.......... Silphium p. Peper pr more dawns, 20. bi 0k eid as ee dee PO MaPenBeIRIAN Ge BONE. 5. adie +55 eo bs Here 3s OEE ed Da ANG 35 Fcc. ores ab ke! pees alas Rudbeckia p. OEE Sh SRO Res Sage age pn Lepachys p. Pumas persistentechs.. . =... fe 3s x4,0v- «ees ea oe OS Pappus awns easily falling off............. Helianthus p. ET ea | ae ee ee Bidens p. aoppus avg oot bariied.., ..02< <0 2) 3: yee: * Coreopsis p. Dear common flower, that grow’st beside the way, Fringing the dusty road with harmless gold! First pledge of blithesome May, Which children pluck, and, full of pride, uphold— High-hearted buccaneers, o’erjoyed that they An Eldorado in the grass have found, Which not the rich earth’s ample round May match in wealth !—-thou art more dear to me Than all the prouder summer blooms may be, To the Dandelion—JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL 335 ILY 24 23 354 359 381 25 346 347 29 27 366 378 28 370 373 361 30 31 374 370 a9 33 362 359 35 34 363 367 36 368 372 371 COMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAEt ILLINOIS IRONWEED Vernonia illinoensis Gleason The Illinois Ironweed is common on prairies and in other open: places from Ontario to Illinois, Kentucky and Texas. It is peren-= nial and has a stout, densely hairy stem that grows 3-6 feet high! and is quite leafy. The leaves: are quite similar and densely, hairy on the lower surface. This plant blooms in bril-| liant display from August tor October. The inflorescence is: usually quite compact as the; heads have short peduncles.: The involucre is rather short’ cylindric and its bracts are: more or less hairy, purplish and: arranged in several series. The: receptacle is flat and _ noty chaffy. The 30-60 red-purple flowers of each head: are tubular and perfect. The akenes are cylindri-) cal and smooth or nearly so. The pappus is purple: and double, the outer part consisting of small! scalelike bristles and the inner part of a large: number of long threadlike bristles. The Western Ironweed, Vernonia fasciculata: Michx., is more often found on low grounds and‘ wet prairies, from Ohio to Minnesota, Nebraska and: Oklahoma. The blooming season is July to Septem-. ber. The plant is about the same size as V. i/linoensis | but the stem is smooth or nearly so. The leaves are very } narrowly lanceolate and are smooth or nearly so on® both sides. They are 3-6 inches long and are usually less than one- half inch wide. The heads are smaller than in the Illinois Ironweed, being only 20-30-flowered, but otherwise they are similar. The New York Ironweed or Flat Top, Vernonia noveboracensts | Willd., has somewhat hairy to smoothish stems that rise 3-9 feet! from the moist soil of wooded bluffs in the Illinois river system. The 3-10-inch leaves are lanceolate or narrowly oblong, fine toothed, more: or less hairy beneath and narrowed into petioles. The peduncled . heads are mostly 30-40-flowered, deep purple or rarely white. Bracts : of the hemispheric involucre are brownish purple or greenish and_ have spreading awl-shaped tips usually 2-3 times their own length The pappus is purplish or rarely green. 336 COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY JOE PYE WEED Eupatorium purpureum L. The Joe Pye Weed is said to have received its name from the fact that an Indian named Joe Pye used it a great deal in medi- cine. It is common in moist soil from New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas. The bloom- ing season is August and September. ge 6% TM) Ki Nn KY The stem grows 3- eo feet high, 1s usually unbranched except in the inflor- sscence, and is green or purple or some- times spotted with the two colors. It is sometimes entirely smooth but often more or less hairy. The leaves are in whorls of 3-6. They are smooth or some- what hairy on the lower surface along the veins. The heads are very numerous in a com- pound panicle. Below them is a cylindrical involucre whose bracts are pinkish or purple and arranged in 4 or 5 series of unequal length, the outer being shorter. The recep- tacle is flat and naked. There are 3-15 flowers in each head, each having a 5-toothed tubular corolla which varies from pale pink to purple or occasionally whitish. The akenes are 5-angled and the pappus consists of a single row of slightly roughened, slender bristles. This species is probably pollinated mostly by butterflies, although it is visited also by various kinds of bees. Names—they blossom into colored hills; Hills whose rousing beauty flows to me... And with all its soundless, purple trumpets, Lo, the Joe Pye Weed still blows to me! Joe Pye Weed—Lovuis UNTERMEYER 337 COMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE LATE-BLOOMING THOROUGHWORT Eupatorium serotinum Michx. The Late-blooming Thoroughwort is most frequently mistaken. for the very poisonous White Snakeroot, page 341; therefore the differences between them should be carefully noted. This species usually does not begin blooming until September and continues until killed by frost. Sometimes it grows in woods but is more often found in open places and in moist soil, such as river bottomland, from Delaware to Minnesota and south to Florida and Texas. The stem is much branched and densely cov- ered with fine hairs, much more so than White Snake- root ever is. Also, it is taller, growing 4-8 feet high. All” the leaves are slender pet- ioled, lanceolate or ovate lanceolate, sharply toothed | and 3-6 inches long, but on the average are narrower than those of the White Snakeroot, being from one- ! half inch to 2 inches wide. f They are 3-nerved but have a tendency to be 5-nerved at the base. Furthermore, although: most of them are opposite, the upper ones are alternate and this is never true of White Snakeroot. The heads are very numerous, the inflorescence being broadly cymose and about one-quarter inch high. The involucre is bell shaped and its narrowly oblong and hairy bracts are arrange in 2 or 3 series of very unequal length. There are 7-15 flowers in each head, and they are white but not pure white as are those o White Snakeroot. 338 COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY TALL THOROUGHWORT Eupatorium altissimum L. The Tall Thoroughwort is also sometimes mistaken for White Snakeroot, page 341. It is less common than some of the other species and grows in dry open places from Pennsylvania and Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Texas. This Thoroughwort re- sembles the late-blooming species on page 338, in that the stems of both are densely covered with fine hairs, and the blooming season, September to frost, is the same for both. The Tall Thoroughwort grows 4-8 feet high and is much branched near the top. Leaves, however, as well as the height of the plant, should serve to distinguish it from White Snakeroot; they are strongly 3-ribbed, lanceolate, gradually ta- pering below into a short petiole, rather thick and rough, toothed only above the middle or possibly entire. The lower leaves are opposite but the uppermost are alternate. The heads are crowded in the large inflorescence but each head has only about 5 white flowers. The involucre is bell shaped and its bracts are oblong, rounded or blunt and densely hairy. They are arranged in about 3 series with the outer shortest. The akenes are $-angled and the pappus is composed of slightly roughened, slender bristles. The Upland Boneset, Eupatorium sessilifolium L., has a tall, smooth, branching stem which bears many ovate-lanceolate, serrate leaves that are rounded at the base and always opposite and sessile. The heads and inflorescence are much like those of Tall Thorough- wort, the former about three-quarters of an inch high, and the bracts linear-oblong. The plant is found in dry woods from Massachusetts and Pennsylvania to Albama and Illinois. It blooms a few weeks earlier than the Tall Thoroughwort and lasts as long. 339 COMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE COMMON BONESET Eupatorium perfoliatum L. This is still another species often mistaken for White Snakes root, page 341, although it is really very different. It is a very common plant in wet places from Nova Scotia to Manitoba and south to Florida and Texas. It was for- merly a common pactice among coun-_ try folk to steep the leaves of this plant. to make “Boneset tea,” which was used | as a spring tonic and _ for various ailments. — The stem is stout — and very hairy, growing 2-5 feet tall and branching near the top. The leaves’ are Opposite or very — rarely in threes, and their bases aregrown _ together around the ~ stem. This character alone is sufficient to distinguish the plant from White Snakeroot. Further, they are rather rough and hairy on the lower surface, usually more or less wrinkled and very veiny. | The numerous heads are rather crowded in the large com- pound flat-topped inflorescence. Ten to 16 tubular and whitish or bluish flowers bloom in each head from July to September. The involucre is bell shaped and its lanceolate bracts are hairy. They are arranged in 2 or 3 series, the outer shorter. The akenes are s-angled and the pappus is a single row of slender bristles. Grandmother’s gathering boneset today; In the garret she’ll dry and hang it away. Next winter I’ll “need” some boneset tea— I wish she wouldn’t think always of me! . Grandmother’s Gathering Boneset—EvitH M. THOMAS 340 COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY WHITE SNAKEROOT Eupatorium urticaefolium Reichard White Snakeroot is the plant that causes “‘milk sickness.” When cows eat this plant they become ill and produce poison- ous milk which will sicken or kill persons who drink it. Horses and other animals have also suffered illness or death from eating this plant. It is often con- fused with some of the close relatives de- scribed on preceding pages, but it should be readily identified by its flowers and leaves. The White Snakeroot usually grows in open woods or on partly wooded slopes and banks from New Brunswick to Nebraska, south to Flor- ida and Louisiana. It grows I-4 feet high and is commonly smooth, but the usually much branched stem is occa- sionally more or less cov- ered with short soft hairs. The 3-nerved and veiny leaves are broadly ovate, 3-6 inches long, acumi- nate at the apex, and seo ¥, a MI } i iy estat | te v * \\] fl i LP coarsely and rather sharply toothed; all are opposite and thin and all except the very small ones at the top are petioled. The blooming season is July to late autumn. The inflorescence is loose and consists of many heads with 10-30 tubular and pure white flowers in each. The receptacle is flat. The bracts of the involucre are narrow, usually about the same length and are ranged in I row, but sometimes a few on the outside are shorter. 341 COMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE MIST FLOWER Eupatorium coelestinum L. The Mist Flower grows in rich soil in partly exposed places — from New Jersey to Michigan, Kansas and southwest. In Illinois - it is found only along streams and in wet places of the south, but — it is often cultivated elsewhere. — This plant blooms in August and — September and in gardens blends | well with PA/ox and other hardy native plants lacking blue colors. It can be propagated by seeds, or readily by dividing the roots in fall or spring. ay I), / NY : Ww JAN Sag 8 . This is a branching perennial herb 6-36 inches high. The stems are more or less hairy, tinged red to brown and bearing oppo- site round-toothed leaves on — short petioles. Below each of the many-flowered heads, which are arranged in rather compact clusters, is a broadly bell-shaped — involucre of linear-lanceolate, acuminate bracts that are green at the bases and brownish at the tips, equal or nearly so and in I or 2 series. The smaller figure shown is a single flower. The pappus is com-_ posed of soft white hairs. The 5 lobes of the corolla are intensely blue or violet. The stamens are inconspicuous but the 2 long stigmas are colored like the corolla and give a misty appearance to the flower cluster. The single- seeded 5-sided fruits are well adapted to wind dissemination. The receptacle in this species is distinctly conic, a difference | from other species of Eupatorium. 4 Dreaming of light till our dream became Aureate bells and beakers of flame— Splashed with the splendor of wine of flame. Columbines—ARTHUR GUITERMAN 342 COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY CYLINDRIC BLAZING STAR Liatris cylindracea Michx. The Blazing Stars or Button Snakeroots are among our most handsome late-summer and autumn wild flowers. They bloom mostly in August and September, and some of them are easily grown in gardens, where they make excellent ornamen- tal plants. The Cylindric Blazing Star grows in dry open places and is rather limited in its distribution, occurring from western Ontario to Minnesota and south to IIli- nois and Missouri. It is smooth or nearly so and only 1-2 feet high, sometimes branching near the top. The leaves are nar- rowly linear, 3-7 inches long and rather rigid. The heads are several or nu- merous, peduncled and with 15-60 purple and tubular flowers. The receptacle is nearly flat and not chaffy. The pappus is com- posed of 15-40 very feathery bristles. The broadly oval bracts of the involucre overlap ap- pressed in § or 6 series and are abruptly acuminate at the apex. The akenes are slender, 10- ribbed and somewhat hairy. The Large Blazing Star, Lia- tris scariosa Willd., also grows in dry places. The stem is somewhat hairy, at least above, and 1-6 feet high. The leaves are narrowly lanceolate, the lowest sometimes 1 foot long and petioled, the upper much smaller. The heads are hemispherical and one-half to 1 inch broad. They are 15-45-flowered and borne on stout peduncles or are sometimes sessile. The bracts of the involucre are in 5 or 6 series and their tips and margins are often colored. The flowers are bluish purple or very rarely white and they bloom in August and September. 343 COMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE PRAIRIE BLAZING STAR Liatris pycnostachya Michx. Wai » _ This is perhaps the most handsome and — Se Kip in many places the commonest Blazing Star. - Aaa! iy, Z It occurs from Indiana to Minnesota and De ~ south to Louisiana and Texas. NN Wa? The stem is usually hairy near the top but ‘ ‘ fpilis'.. 7 BG a, smooth below. It grows 2-5 feet high and has a) . VAN y WS ZZ ys SS Na 7 abundant, very narrow leaves, of which even SWAT the lowest are usually not more than one- INA, J, half inch wide, though they may be 1 foot Wt long. The upper are much smaller, linear — WN, WL / to awl-shaped and rigid. SN Wa The blooming season is August and Sep- ~ WZ tember. The spikes are 6-18 inches long and — i very dense. There are 3-6 purple flowers in hy WY Ye each head. The involucre is oblong or cylin- GS-4 drical and its oblong bracts are hairy and Ks | have spreading purple tips. The bristles of — Wp Yi the pappus are rough but not feathery. . j ER The Marsh Blazing Star or Gay Feather, 344 | Liatris spicata (L.) Willd., grows in moist — places. It has probably been used in medicine more than any other Liatris. It is smooth or ~ nearly so and grows 2-6 feet high. The lower — leaves are narrowly lanceolate, sometimes I foot long and about one-half inch broad; the — upper are much shorter and very narrow. The ~ spike is 4-15 inches long and usually dense. The — heads are usually sessile, short oblong or cylin- — dric and 5-13-flowered. The oblong bracts of the cylindrical bell-shaped involucre have slight — margins, are in 4-6 series and are not spreading. ] They are sometimes resinous and very smooth, ~ The flowers are bluish purple or occasionally white and the pappus bristles are rough or ~ barbed. The akenes may be covered with downy ~ hairs, or smoothish. This species ranges from Massachusetts to Minnesota and south to Florida, Louisiana and Arkansas. } COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY GUM PLANT. TARWEED Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal The Gum Plant or Tarweed grows on dry banks and prairies from Illinois to Minnesota and Manitoba, south to Texas and Mexico. It is only occasionally found east of Illinois, and even in this state is quite rare and local. The involucre and upper portions of the stem are exceptionally sticky, giving the plant its common name. The stem is considerably branched, smooth except for the stickiness and usually 1-2 feet high. Leaves are alternate, oblong to spatulate, blunt tipped and more or less clasping at the base. They are rather rigid and the sharp teeth are inclined to be almost spiny. The Gum Plant blooms from June to September. The large sticky heads contain both ray and disk flowers, which are yellow, the variety with ray flowers lacking not having been reported in Illinois. The disk flowers are perfect and the rays, which vary in length up to 1 inch, are pistillate. The bracts of the hemispherical in- volucre are linear-lanceolate, ar- ranged in several series, and their green awl-shaped tips are strongly recurved, which is what the specific name means. The receptacle is nearly flat and not chaffy. Both kinds of flowers produce the smooth, short and thick akene fruits, which in the outer flowers are usually thicker. The pappus is composed of 2 or 3 awns. Their gardens, banked with roses and with lilies— Those sweet aristocrats of all the flowers— Where Springtime mints her gold in daffodillies, And Autumn coins her marigolds in showers, And all the hours are toilless as the lilies. Old Homes—MADISON CAWEIN 345 COMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE GOLDEN ASTER Chrysopsis villosa Nutt. The Golden Aster is a hairy perennial of dry places from — Illinois to British Columbia and south to Alabama and New Mexico. It is locally quite abundant in some sand areas of this state and absent from others. The rough- © aN, Sew hairy, rigid stem is ~ CS aii // p> 1-2 feet high and its © TAIN SS — YH 1h | NY lower leaves are nar- — ayy NW rowed into petioles, | i 4 whereas the upper are — sessile. The blooming sea- son is July and Au- — gust. The rather few heads terminating the short branches con- — tain both ray and disk flowers. The ob-— long to linear ray © flowers are golden and ~ the disk flowers, of — which the outermost — bloom first, are a shade darker yellow. The bracts of the in- | volucre are narrow — and hairy, the outer shorter. The receptacle is flat. The pappus is double, the outer bristles small and scalelike, and the inner long and threadlike. Both kinds of flowers produce hairy, flattened and rather oblong ~ akenes. The Maryland Golden Aster, Chrysopsis mariana (L.) Nutt., has broader leaves, sometimes 1 inch wide, and numerous golden yellow heads. The 1-2!4-foot stem is covered with long silky hairs or is smoothish when old. The upper leaves are oblong to lanceolate, 1-2 inches long and sessile; the lower are oblanceolate or spatulate, 2-4 inches long and narrowed into a petiole. This plant frequents the same soils as Golden Aster and is usually found with it, but blooms - generally a month later and on the whole is uncommon in Illinois 346 COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY EARLY GOLDENROD Solidago juncea Ait. The Goldenrods are a very large genus, some species of which are very difficult to distinguish. Only the more common of the 33 species known to live in Illinois can be allowed space here. The Early Golden- rod frequently begins blooming in the latter part of June and con- tinues until September or later. It grows in either dry or moist pla- ces from New Bruns- wick to Saskatchewan and south to North Carolina and Missouri. The stem is 1-4 feet high, smooth through- outandratherstout and rigid. The leaves are lanceolate or oval-lan- ceolate, firm, smooth, toothed or nearly en- tire. The lower ones are large, sometimes 1 foot long and 2 inches wide, and long petioled. The upper are much smaller, sessile and entire. The heads are small and numerous mostly on the upper sides of the short recurved branches of the ample spreading panicle. The 7-12 yellow rays are small and the perfect disk flowers have tubular corollas. The bracts of the involucre are oblong and not at all spreading. The akenes are smooth or nearly so. The Broad-leaved Goldenrod, Solidago latifolia L., grows in rich woods and on wooded banks and blooms from late July to September. The smooth stem is somewhat angled and zigzag and grows 1-3 feet high. The leaves are broadly ovate, very strongly and sharply toothed and pointed at both ends. All are thin and usually all are petioled, with the petioles of the lower leaves winged. The heads are in short clusters in the leaf axils and sometimes also in longer terminal clusters, The bracts of the involucre are obtuse to acutish and appressed. There are only 3 or 4 yellow ray flowers, and the akenes are hairy. 347 COMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE TALL GOLDENROD Solidago altissima L. ~ The Tall Goldenrod grows in rich soil in open places from Maine to western Ontario and south to Georgia and Texas, and sce: from August to October. The hairy stem is 2-8 feet tall. : The lower leaves are sharply toothed, pe- tioled and 3-6 inches long; the upper are smaller, often entire and sessile; and all are 3-nerved, rough- ish above and hairy beneath. The small heads contain 9-15 rays and several disk flowers, both kinds being yel- low and both pro- ducing akenes. The receptacle is small | and not chaffy. Bracts of the involucre are linear, blunt or acu- — tish. The pappus consists of numerous slender bristles. The Hill Goldenrod, Solidago nemoralis Ait., is a handsome species common in dry places and on hillsides. The slender stem grows 6-24 — inches high, is densely covered with fine gray hairs and bears many — oblanceolate leaves mostly clustered toward the base. The lower © leaves are petioled, 3-6 inches long, toothed and indistinctly 3-nerved; — the upper are entire and become smaller gradually. The heads, about one-quarter inch high, are on the spreading or curved branches of a terminal, usually 1-sided panicle. The bracts of the involucre are — narrowly oblong, the ray flowers are 5-9 and the akenes are hairy. The Grass-leaved Goldenrod, Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb., is so called because of the many linear grasslike leaves, which are sessile, slightly rough margined and 3-nerved, borne the length of the 2-4-foot stem. The plant prefers moist soil, blooms from August — to October and is very abundant in low sandy fields. 348 COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY STIFF GOLDENROD Solidago rigida L. This beautiful and striking species is common on prairies and in dry gravelly or rocky soil from Massachusetts to Saskatchewan and south to Georgia, Texas and Colorado. It blooms from August to October. ; AW, The stem is stout, I-5 Qe: NNN 5 feet high and densely LOH Ff sites MA) ae ee FEY WW Wi d hf h h / y ws WH covered with fine whitis < a\ y VEZ hairs. The leaves are ay. : \ eA . . . SS Y tay 0 — y L2-Z thick, flat and rigid, and SRN Val p is ¢ usually rather rough on NW both sides. The lowest WS leaves are petioled and may be 1 foot long and 3 inches wide. The relatively large heads are many flowered and are in a terminal, more or less flat-topped inflorescence. The bracts of the broadly bell-shaped involucre are oblong and the outer ones are hairy. The 6-10 yellow ray flowers are rather large and conspicuous. Theakenes aresmooth and 10-15-nerved. The Common Goldenrod, Solidago can- adensis L., is very common and quite variable. It blooms from July to Sep- tember. The stem is rather slender, 1-5 feet high and mostly smooth but some- what hairy near the top. The leaves are narrowly lanceolate, thin and usually less than one-half inch wide. They are smooth above, commonly somewhat hairy on the veins below, and usually are sharply toothed though sometimes entire. The tiny heads are crowded on the spreading branches of a large panicle. There are 4-6 very small yellow rays. The greenish straw- colored bracts of the involucre are very thin and narrow. Along the roadside, like the flowers of gold That tawny Incas for their gardens wrought, Heavy with sunshine droops the goldenrod, Among the Hillh—JounN GREENLEAF WHITTIER 349 COMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE NEW ENGLAND ASTER Aster novae-angliae L. Britton & Brown’s “Illustrated Flora” describes 75 species of Aster in northern United States and Canada, and records exist of 57 that occur in Illinois. Ten of the most common are given here. This, one of the largest and most beautiful of the wild Asters, is often cultivated. Introduced into Europe as a garden flower, it has escaped and become established there in the wilds of some places. It grows here in moist grounds from Quebec to Saskatche- wan and south to Alabama, Kansas and Colorado. The stout hairy stem is 2-8 feet high, branched near the top and very leafy. The leaves are lanceolate, en- tire, rather thin and hairy. They are 2-5 inches long, about 1 inch wide, and the broad base clasps the stem. The large heads are numerous, 1-2 inches broad and more or less clustered at the ends of the branches. They bloom from August to October. The linear-awl-shaped bracts of the involucre are green, hairy, more or less glandular and sticky, and loosely — spreading. There are 40-50 narrow rays which are violet-purple, or rarely pink, red or white. The pappus is reddish white and the akenes are hairy. The Sky-blue Aster, 4ster azureus Lindl., is found on prairies and along the borders of woods. The stem is slender but stiff and 1-4 feet high. The leaves are thick, entire and rough on both sides. The lower — leaves are heart shaped, oblong or lanceolate, and have long, often hairy petioles; the upper are narrow and sessile. The heads are — numerous and about one-half inch high. The smooth, linear-oblong © bracts of the top-shaped involucre overlap in several series with their green tips appressed. There are 10-20 bright blue ray flowers, and the pappus is yellowish. This aster is known from western New York to Minnesota, south to Georgia, Missouri and Texas. 350 COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY DRUMMOND'S ASTER Aster Drummondii Lindl. This is one of the blue Asters that grow in dry soil in wood- land borders and on prairies from Ohio and Kentucky to Minne- sota and Texas. The stem is usually stout, branched, 2-5 feet high and densely covered with fine whitish hairs. The leaves are mostly thin and clothed with hairs like the stem, especially below. The lowest leaves are heart shaped, sharply toothed and with slender naked pe- tioles; higher ones have margined or winged petioles, and leaves on the branches are sessile and entire. The rather numerous heads bloom from late August to Oc- tober on racemose branches. The linear and acute or acuminate bracts of the top-shaped involucre are somewhat hairy and their green tips are not spreading. There are 8-15 blue ray flowers, and the pappus is whitish. _ The Arrow-leaved Aster, Aster sagittifolius Wedemeyer, is very similar to Drummond’s Aster, the principal distinction being that stem and leaves are essentially smooth. The Heart-leaved Aster, Aster cordifolius L., usually grows in woods or thickets. The stem, 1-5 feet high, is smooth or nearly so and much branched and bushy. The sharply toothed leaves are long pointed, thin and rough and more or less covered with scattered hairs above and on the veins beneath. The lower ones are broadly heart shaped, slender petioled and 2-5 inches long; the upper are short peti- oled or sessile and smaller. The heads are usually very numerous and small but handsome. The bracts of the involucre are green tip- ped but not spreading. The 10-20 ray flowers are violet, blue or sometimes nearly white, and the pappus is whitish. This species occurs from New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Missouri, and blooms from September to December. 351 COMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE SMOOTH ASTER Aster laevis L. This very ornamental blue Aster is often cultivated in gardens. It is common in dry open places from Maine to Saskatchewan and south to Alabama, Louisiana and Colorado. The stem is usually stout, \ smooth, more or less branched and : Ue 2-4 feet high. The leaves are thick DASE re and either entire or toothed. The '( upper ones are sessile and usually clasp the stem, and the lower are gradually narrowed into winged petioles. Those of the branches are often small and bractlike. The heads, blooming in Septem- ber and October, are usually numer- <= SLY ous and about 1 inch broad. The rigid, acute bracts of the bell- shaped involucre are green tipped \ and overlap in several series but are not spreading. There are 15-30 blue or violet rays. The pappus is yellowish and the akenes are smooth or nearly so. Short’s Aster, Aster Shortii Lindl., is a late-blooming blue species usually found on wooded banks or along edges of woods. The stem is rather slender and spreading, nearly smooth and © 2-4 feet high. The leaves are thick, — smooth above but minutely hairy beneath, ovate or lanceolate and tapering to a sharp point. They are entire or only slightly toothed and all but the uppermost have slender naked petioles. None of them are clasping but those of the branches may be small and bractlike. The others are 2-6 inches long and 1-2 © inches wide. The bracts of the involucre have green tips and are © not spreading. There are 10-15 narrow violet-blue ray flowers. The purple asters bloom in crowds in every shady nook, And ladies’ eardrops deck the banks of many a babbling brook. Autumn—E. G. EasTMAN 352 COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY HEATH ASTER Aster ericoides L. The Heath Aster is a common white flower in dry open places trom Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Missouri, bloom- ing from August to October. It is usually quite bushy, 1-3 feet high and smooth throughout. The lowest leaves are oblong and some- times toothed, but all are narrow and rigid. The small heads are usually very numerous and about one-half inch broad. The leathery, linear to lanceolate bracts of the hemi- spherical or bell-shaped involucre have green tips. The 15-25 ray flowers are white or rarely rose to purplish and the pappus is com- posed of white bristles. The Many-flowered Aster, Aster multiflorus Ait., is also very common, especially in sandy places and on prairies. The stem is much branched, bushy and usually somewhat hairy, and 1-3 feet high. The innumerable linear leaves are rigid, crowded, ses- sile and rough or hairy along the margins. Those of the main stem are one-half to 1% inches long, but those on the branches are very small. The heads are small, densely crowded and nearly sessile. There are 10-20 white ray flowers. The pappus is brownish white. At least some of the bracts of the involucre are bristly hairy, which is not true of the Heath Aster. The Red-stemmed Aster, Aster puniceus L., is a very tall branched species which grows in swamps. It is stout and rough hairy through- out or in lines along the 6-8-foot red stem. The oblong, sessile and clasping leaves are very rough above and slightly hairy or smooth beneath. The 20-40 rays are very showy, violet-purple and one-half inch long or more. The pappus is white and the akenes are yellowish because of their hairy cover. 353 COMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE COMMON FLEABANE Erigeron philadelphicus L. The Common Fleabane is perennial and usually grows in rather moist open places throughout the United States. It begins blooming in early spring, usually April, and continues until XW ; August. IZ The stem is hairy, rather slender, SSeS mostly branched near the top and is WEG. 3 PNG ASS 1-3 feet high. It bears obovate, ses- Z ili sile and ats entire leaves of which the lowest are often toothed and taper into short petioles, whereas the upper are clasping and frequently somewhat heart shaped at the base. The several to many heads are less than 1 inch broad. The bracts of the involucre are narrow and ap- proximately equal in length. The rays are rose-purple to pinkish, very narrow and numerous, usually more than 100. They and the yellow disk flowers produce minutely hairy akenes. The pappus is a single row of white bristles. The akenes are cov- ered with very short hairs. Robin’s Plantain, Erigeron pul- chellus Michx., is a soft-haired species perennial by stolons. It grows on dry f . hills and banks from Nova Scotia to | \ Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida ! and Louisiana, and blooms from April to June. The stem is hairy, unbranched and 1-2 feet high. Most of the leaves are at the base, 1-3 inches long, 1-2 inches wide and oc- casionally somewhat toothed. The stem leaves are few and far apart, sessile, partly clasping and mostly entire. The heads are few and large, usually more than 1 inch broad. There are usually about 50 light — blue-purple rays one-half inch or more in length. The disk flowers are yellow and the akenes nearly smooth. The pappus is a single row of bristles. : ) 354 COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY HORSEWEED. BUTTERWEED Erigeron canadensis L. There is no doubt about this plant being a weed. It is common everywhere in fields and waste places throughout North America except in the extreme north, and is widely distributed also in the Old world, in the West Indies and in ety South America. iW NE! ig eye The Horseweed is annual and us- ually somewhat bristly and hairy. It grows 3-10 feet high and the larger plants are much branched. The basal | and lower stem leaves are petioled and & cut lobed but the rest are mostly — linear and entire. The small heads are usually very numerous from June to killing frost. The bracts of the bell-shaped involucre are narrow and smooth, the outer shorter. The rays are white and num- erous but very short and inconspicuous. The disk flowers are yellowish. The akenes are somewhat flattened and the pappus is composed of numerous white bristles. The White Top or Sweet Scabious, Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., is another annual species common especially in old meadows and orchards. The stem is branched, covered with spreading hairs t and usually 1-4 feet high. The leaves are | coarsely and sharply toothed. The lowest are ovate and taper into a short petiole, ¢C. or are lanceolate and sessile. There are " 40-70 white or purple-tinged ray flowers which are about twice the length of the involucre. In this species the involucre is double, the inner part composed of slender bristles and the outer of scales. Rather numerous heads, somewhat more than one-half inch broad, are pro- duced from May to late autumn. You bold thing! thrusting ’neath the very nose Of her fastidious majesty, the rose, Even in the best ordained garden bed, Unauthorized, your smiling little head! o A Weed—GERTRUDE HALL 355 COMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE PLANTAIN-LEAVED EVERLASTING Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. Several species of Everlasting occur in Illinois and some of them are quite difficult to distinguish. This is probably the com- monest and gets its name from the fact that the basal leaves re- semble those of Plantain. It is also called &" thems, Ladies’ Tobacco, White Plantain, Pussytoes, and it often grows in patches which com- pletely cover the ground. Size, leaf form and ra NY sy, and sometimes Dogtoes. , Save Hy, 2g . - v ’ Pee ZZ It grows in dry soil, especially in open a 2 ey woods, from Quebec to Minnesota and south “, “ Bay ject ® e . ve hy. to Florida and Texas, blooming from April RS to June. The whole plant is densely woolly N individual plants. The flowering stems of fertile plants are 4-20 inches high and may be slender or stout. The basal leaves vary greatly in size and shape but are usually distinctly 3-ribbed, petioled, dull dark green above and silvery beneath. Stem leaves are sessile, oblong to lanceolate, and the upper are small and widely separated. The heads are one-quarter of an inch high and in convex racemose clusters. The involucre is composed of narrow greenish white bracts, acute or acutish. The corollas are tubular and distinctly 5-toothed. The white bristle pappus is abun- dant and the akenes are minutely glandular. The sterile or staminate plants seem to be less common than the pistillate. They are smaller, 3-8 inches high, and have somewhat smaller basal leaves. The stem leaves are mostly linear and the bracts of the involucre are oblong and blunt. Heads are smaller, corollas scarcely toothed and the white bristle pappus scanty. 356 other characteristics vary greatly among — COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY COMMON EVERLASTING Gnaphalium polycephalum Michx. This very fragrant herb can easily be determined by odor alone after one is familiar with it. The plant is common in rather dry fields and waste places from Nova Scotia to Manitoba and south to Florida and Texas. It is an annual, or more commonly winter annual, and blooms in August and September. The whole plant is more or less covered with white woolly hairs. It produces an upright stem 1-3 feet high, branching near the top. At the base is a rosette of oblong leaves that taper into short petioles. The leaves of the stem are sessile, densely white woolly beneath but nearly smooth and dark green above. The numerous heads are pro- duced in clusters of 5 or less. The bracts of the involucre are white or sometimes tinged with brown. They are oblong and thin and the outer are woolly at the base. The receptacle is nearly flat and Wii not chaffy. There are no ray \ flowers but several outer rows of it disk flowers are pistillate only ' and have very narrow corollas | minutely 3 or 4-toothed. The few central flowers are perfect and their whitish or yellowish corollas are 5-lobed. The pappus is I series of threadlike bristles. The oblong akenes are smooth. The Purple Cudweed or Everlasting, Guaphalium purpureum L., is less common on sandy or gravelly soils but will be found blooming from May to September. The slender 2-20-inch stem is covered with silvery white hairs. The many leaves are small, spatulate, entire and green above but silvery beneath. The tubular whitish flowers are in small heads sessile in upper axils and also in a terminal, sometimes leafy spike. Bracts of the involucre are tawny to purplish and the outer are woolly at the base. 357 SOMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE LEAFCUP Polymnia canadensis L. The Leafcup is quite common in rich woods and moist shaded avines from Vermont to Minnesota and south to North Carolina ind Arkansas. It has a very strong and rather unpleasant odor. The blooming season is June to September. it The stem is hairy and RS 4.) sticky, 2-5 feet high and KS Tete usually branched. The Qe if ye rf thin, deeply angulate- «<> AE ee lobed leaves, 4-10 inches ae Gv ies fee long, are mostly opposite So EA See eae but with some alternate. Nh Ze ~The heads, either ses- ARLES ~~ sile or short peduncled, “A aR Pe Nes are few in terminal clus- Mae ft ters. The more or less Ce SS peas hemispherical involucre 5 Ste ae is composed usually of 5 ; rather large outer bracts Ser and a greater number of small and thin inner ones. The receptacle is flat and chaffy with thin membranous bracts. Five white or yellowish ay flowers, which are pistillate-and produce thick 3-angled and -ribbed akenes, occur, but they are very variable. Usually they re very small, shorter than the involucre and wedge shaped. ometimes they are nearly one-half inch long and 3-lobed; in ther cases they are lacking. The disk flowers are light yellow nd perfect, but do not produce akenes. There is no pappus. The Yellow Leafcup, Polymnia uvedalia L., is a very large plant, ip to 10 feet high, found only in rich low woods of southern counties. “he variably lobed leaves may often be 1 foot long and equally wide, nd are generally clasping. The panicled inflorescence contains many eads 1-3 inches in diameter, having 10-15 bright yellow rays 3- oothed at the end, and numerous yellowish brown disk flowers yhich are tubular and perfect. 358 COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY ROSINWEED. COMPASS PLANT Silphium laciniatum L. All disk flowers of the plants in this genus are sterile. The Compass Plant gets its name from the fact that its leaves have a tendency to become twisted into a vertical plane with their edges pointing north and south. The Rosinweed or Com- pass Plant is common on prairies from Ohio to South Dakota and south to Ala- bama and Texas, blooming from July to September. The stem is stout and leafy and grows 6-12 feet high. It and the leaves are rough hairy. Basal leaves are pinnatifid with oblong or lanceolate lobes, long petioled and often 1 foot or more in length. Stem leaves are alternate and mostly sessile, gradually smaller and less divided. The several to many heads of yellow flowers are sometimes 5 inches broad. The peduncles are bracted at the base. Only the 20-30 ray flowers fruit. The akenes are oval, broadly winged, about one-half inch long and notched at the end. The bracts of the involucre are large, rigid and spreading at the tip. The Prairie Dock, Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq., is also com- mon on dry prairies. The stem is smooth or nearly so, 4-10 feet high and leafless except at the base. The leaves, nearly all basal, are very rigid and rough, ovate, mostly long petioled, pointed at the tip and heart shaped at the base. They are often 1 foot long and 6 inches wide. The heads are numerous, 2-3 inches broad and borne on smooth peduncles. There are 12-20 ray flowers and both kinds of flowers are yellow. The bracts of the hemispherical involucre are ovate-oblong, erect and smooth or minutely hairy. The akenes are narrowly winged, slightly notched at the end and 2-toothed. 359 COMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE ENTIRE-LEAVED ROSINWEED Silphium integrifolium Michx. The,Entire-leaved Rosinweed is common on prairies from Ohio to Minnesota and south to Louisiana and Texas. The abundant resinous juices of this and related species are often used by children for chewing gum. : The plant is perennial and has a stout stem that is sometimes smooth and some- times rough hairy. It grows 2-5 feet high and branches near the top. The leaves, us- ually entire but sometimes slightly toothed, are opposite, and because they are thick and rigid the plant is also called Stiff Rosinweed. Their form is ovate to ovate-lanceo- late, and they are rough above and hairy or smooth beneath. Those of the stem are closely sessile and often half-clasping by the rounded base. The heads of yellow flowers are quite numerous in August and september. The ray flowers are 15-25, pistillate and akene bear- ng. All but the inner bracts of the involucre are broad and have spreading leaflike tips. The receptacle is flat and chaffy. The akenes are flat oval or obovate, broadly winged and deeply 1otched at the top. There is no pappus. The Cup Plant, Silphium perfoliatum L., grows in low moist places. The stem is square, stout and smooth and 4-8 feet high. The eaves are opposite, ovate and coarsely toothed, and the larger are )-12 inches long and 4-8 inches wide. The upper leaves are grown together by their bases, forming cup-shaped receptacles which are often partly filled with water and drowned insects. The heads are juite numerous and 2-3 inches broad. The 20-30 ray flowers are about | inch long. The akenes are winged and sometimes 2-toothed, 360 COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY AMERICAN FEVERFEW Parthenium integrifolium L. This plant grows in dry open places on prairies and especially along prairie borders in wooded regions. It is found from Mary- land to Minnesota and south to Georgia and Arkansas, and its blooming season is May to September. It was formerly used in medicine and in some places is called Wild Quinine, as well as Prairie Dock and Cutting Almond. It is perennial by tuberous under- ground stems. The flowering stem is 1-4 feet high, rather stout and covered with fine hairs near the branch- ing top but usually smooth below. The leaves are ovate or ovate-oblong, acute Or acuminate at the apex, round-toothed, rough on both sides and firm; the lower are petioled and often 1 foot long and 5 inches wide, whereas the upper are much smaller, sessile and partly clasping. The heads are numerous in a dense flat-topped inflorescence. The involucre is hemispherical and its firm bracts are arranged in 2 series, the outer oblong and very hairy, and the inner broader and nearly smooth. The receptacle is cone shaped and covered with very thin chaff. Very short white corollas characterize the 5 ray flowers, which are pistillate and fertile. The disk flowers are staminate with imperfect pistils. The akenes are slightly flattened, margined and crowned by the persistent rays. 361 COMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE ROUGH OXEYE Heliopsis scabra Dunal The Rough Oxeye grows in dry or not too low open places” from Maine to Manitoba and south to New Jersey, Arkansas and New Mexico. This is a perennial which is said to be rather rare - in the east, but it is common in I]linois. | The stem, 2-4 feet high, is either branched or not and — is rough, at least toward the top. The leaves are ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 inches long, sharply toothed, acute or acuminate, firm, abruptly — narrowed at the base into - short petioles, and are rough on both sides. q The blooming season is ‘/\ June to September. The heads — /¢ \\ are few and sometimes there ///.| is only 1. The oblong bracts — f of the involucre are arranged in 2 or 3 series, are unequal in length and covered with short whitish hairs. The re- ceptacle is somewhat cone t shaped and its chaff envel- opes the disk flowers. Both the pistillate rays and the perfect disk flowers produce akenes, and both are yellow. The akenes are thick, 3 or 4-angled and somewhat hairy on the margins, at least when young. The pappus consists of I or more short teeth. 4 The Oxeye or False Sunflower, Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet, is found in open places throughout Illinois although it is not as common as the Rough Oxeye. The two are quite similar but the stem of the False Sunflower is smooth and the leaves are thin and smooth or nearly so. Very rarely the leaves occur in threes instead of being opposite. The akenes are smooth and their tips are cut of nearly straight. The pappus is 2-4 short teeth or may be absent. The flowering time is July to September. : 362 COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY THIN-LEAVED CONEFLOWER Rudbeckia triloba L. This biennial herb blooms in July and August along with many of its relatives in the family. Unlike a goodly number of them, however, it prefers rich moist woodlands. Occasionally it may be found in cleared fields, though it seldom be- comes a weed. It is dis- tributed through most states east of Kansas, ex- cept New England. A rosette of basal leaves appears the first year to manufacture food which is stored in the roots for use the next year. In the second year a hairy branching stem arises 2-5 feet and bears many showy heads. In shade the heads are fewer and the plant less branching than when it grows in the open. The lower leaves are dis- tinctly petioled and deeply 3-lobed, whereas the upper are shorter stalked or nearly or wholly entire. The heads are racemosely clustered and nearly 2 inches broad. The 8-12 ray flowers are yellow and sterile, having neither stamens nor pistils. Each dark purple disk flower is perfect and subtended by a sharp-pointed bract or chaff. The linear acute bracts of the involucre are hairy and soon reflexed. The 1-seeded fruits are smooth and 4-angled, with the pappus a minute crown. The Sweet or Prairie Coneflower, Rudbeckia subtomentosa Pursh, is an uncommon perennial of prairies and low ground in Illinois. The much branched stem is 1-5 feet high and densely covered with rough gray hairs. The 15-20 sterile ray flowers are yellow with a darker base, and the perfect disk flowers are purplish brown. The chaff is blunt and finely hairy or sometimes glandular at the apex. Bracts of the involucre are linear-lanceolate with acuminate tips reflexed, and are sweet scented. 363 COMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE BLACK-EYED SUSAN. YELLOW DAISY Rudbeckia hirta L. The Black-eyed Susan is exceedingly common in dry or moist — open places from Quebec to Manitoba and south to Florida, Texas and Colorado. Other names are Brown-eyed Susan, Eng- — lish Bull’s Eye, Niggerhead and Yellow © Oxeye Daisy. It is very variable and in some places is considered a rather trouble- — some weed, especially in meadows since — cattle do not eat it. The Black-eyed Susan © is visited by a great variety of insects and probably is a good honey plant. It is very hairy throughout. The stem — is simple or somewhat branched and 1-3 feet high. The leaves are thick, toothed or — entire; and the lower are petioled, whereas the upper are sessile. The heads, blooming from May to- September, are commonly few and some- times there is only 1. The involucre is somewhat hemispherical and its very © hairy bracts are arranged in 2-4 series. — The receptacle is cone shaped and chaffy — with concave scales that envelop the per- fect disk flowers, whose 5-lobed purple- — brown corollas are the source of nearly all the common names. Only the disk flowers — produce the smooth 4-angled akenes. There are 10-20 orange-yellow ray flowers, © each notched at the end. The chaff is hairy at the tip and there” is no pappus. The Brilliant Coneflower, Rudbeckia fulgida Ait., is a branched — perennial 1-3 feet high, found in dry soil only in southern counties. ; The leaves are entire or toothed; the basal have margined petioles, k are oblong-spatulate and 3-nerved, and upper stem leaves are usually sessile and somewhat clasping. The naked summits of the branches” produce single large heads with 10-12 bright yellow rays that have oranges bases. The globose disk is purple-brown and the chaff is nearly smooth and blunt. The pappus is a short crown. 364 COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY TALL CONEFLOWER Rudbeckia laciniata L. Cultivation of this plant dates back at least to 1640 when it was grown in the gardens of Charles I of England. A double form, said to have been found among specimens of the normal form, was introduced to cultivation about 1894. This is the Golden Glow of yards and gardens everywhere, useful as a cut flower but in its natural setting no im- provement upon the wild form. The Tall Cone- flower and Golden Glow alike are subject to at- tack by a red aphis that covers the upper parts of the stems and ruins the appearance of the plants. The Tall Coneflower is a branching perennial herb that will grow in almost any soil but is most vigor- ous and tall in moist thickets, often reaching Io feet there. It ranges from Quebec to Manitoba, Idaho and Colorado, south to Florida and Arizona. The lower leaves are long petioled and pinnately divided into 3-7 parts which are again divided into lobes; the upper are more nearly as shown. All are rather thin and minutely hairy on the margins of the upper surface. The several to many heads are 2 %-4 inches broad and bloom from July to September. The 6-10 drooping ray flowers are yellow and do not fruit. Bracts of the involucre are of unequal lengths. The chaff of the receptacle appears cut off nearly straight at the top and is marked with fine gray hairs. The greenish yellow disk flowers at the base bloom first and the higher ones follow until at length the disk is oblong and at least twice as long as thick. Each disk flower produces a brown 4-sided and 1-seeded fruit. The pappus is a short crown. 365 COMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE — NARROW-LEAVED PURPLE CONEFLOWER Brauneria angustifolia (DC.) Heller Three Purple Coneflowers occur in Illinois and since they are often confused their differences may well be noted. All are handsome perennials with thick black roots and stout stems which are naked near the top and bear a single large head of many flowers. Usually ray and disk flowers are purple and only the disk flowers produce akenes. The bracts of the involucre are lanceolate and somewhat spread- ing. The receptacle is cone shaped and the chaff on it spiny tipped and longer than the disk flowers. The akenes are thick, short and 4-sided, and the pappus con- sists of a short border or crown with small teeth. The Narrow-leaved Purple Coneflower grows in dry prairie and open places from Minnesota to Saskatchewan and Illinois to Texas. It has a very rough, hairy stem 1-2 feet high. The leaves gre entire, narrowly lanceolate and hairy. They are strongly 3- nerved; the lower are slender petioled whereas the upper may be sessile. | The heads, blooming from June to October, contain 12-20 purplish to white rays which are sterile, and very many reddish purple perfect disk flowers. The ray flowers are usually not more than 1 inch long and do not droop much. Most commonly confused with the narrow-leaved species is the — Pale Purple Coneflower, Brauneria pallida (Nutt.) Britton, probably the commonest of the three in Illinois. It is very similar but often taller, sometimes 3 feet high, and the commonly paler ray flowers are narrow and longer, up to 3 inches, and strongly drooping. The third species is the Purple Coneflower, Brauneria purpurea (DC.) Britton, which has a smooth stem 2-5 feet high, and broader lower and basal leaves that are usually 5-nerved, toothed and either narrowed or somewhat heart shaped at the base. Petioles of the lower leaves are mostly winged at the summit. The uppermost leaves are 3- nerved, sessile or nearly so and often entire. The heads are very Similar to those of the pale species, but the 12-20 rays are deeper pur- ple, 144-3 inches long and spreading, 366 —— COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY YELLOW CONEFLOWER Lepachys pinnata (Vent.) T. & G. The Yellow or Gray-headed Coneflower frequents dry open places from Ontario and New York to Nebraska, south to Florida, Louisiana and Kansas. Often it is with the Purple Coneflower, and especially abundant along railroads, where it makes a brilliant display from June to September. It is a fine orna- mental plant for the perennial garden. Stems and leaves are rough hairy. The stem is 3-5 feet high and simple or branched. The alternate leaves are pin- nately divided into 3-7 lanceolate, more or less toothed or cleft lobes. The lower leaves are petioled and sometimes Io inches long, whereas the upper are ses- sile or nearly so and may be small and entire. There are only a few, long-peduncled heads. The 4-10 long, yellow and droop- ing ray flowers do not produce akenes. The perfect disk flowers are gray and later become brown. The bracts of the involucre, few and small, are reflexed and arranged in 2 or 3 series. The re- ceptacle is oblong and its chaffy bracts, somewhat thickened and hairy at the tip, partly envelop the akene fruits. These are flattened and rather sharply winged or margined, with 1 margin prolonged into a short tooth, repre- senting all there is of a pappus. The Long-headed Coneflower, Lepachys columnaris (Sims) T. & G., is 1-2% feet tall, branching from the base, with terminal heads of yellow flowers, or in the variety pulcherrima T. & G., with rays yellow and purple-brown at the base. The thick leaves are pinnately divided into linear or linear-oblong, toothed or cleft segments. Bracts of the involucre are short, linear-lanceolate or awl shaped, and reflexed. The broad rays are 4-10, drooping and notched at the end. The disk is up to 1 inch long, and covered with perfect flowers and grayish hairy-tipped chaff. This species grows on dry prairies northwest of the Ohio river to Minnesota and south to Texas and Arizona. The blooming period is May to August. 367 COMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE PRAIRIE SUNFLOWER Helianthus grosseserratus Martens In many places this is our commonest wild sunflower. It grows on dry or moist prairies and in other open places from western Maine to South Dakota, south through Pennsylvania to Kansas and Texas, blooming from Au- gust to October. It is perennial by fleshy roots and slender un- derground stems. smooth and usually covered with a waxy bloom. The branches are usually somewhat hairy and the leaves are rough above and densely short hairy beneath. The lower leaves are opposite and sharply toothed, whereas the upper are alternate and often nearly entire. There are usually several and sometimes many heads. The bracts of the involucre have spreading green tips and are hairy. The 10-20 rays are deep yellow and the disk flow- ers are also yellowish. The akenes are nearly smooth and the pappus consists of 2 short awns which readily fall away. The Common Sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., also common on prairies, along roadsides and in other open places, is often cultivated. Its flowers, blooming from July to September, yield honey and a yellow dye, its leaves may be used for fodder, its seeds yield an oil or they may be fed to chickens, and its stems contain fibers that may be used in making twine. In the wild state it grows 3-10 feet high. The lowest leaves may be opposite but most of them are alternate. “a Pie) ry The 6-10-foot stem is mostly ~ They are broadly ovate, 3-nerved, petioled and toothed. The heads — are 3-6 inches broad, the ray flowers being yellow and the disk flowers purple or brown. My tall sunflowers love the sun, Love the burning August noons When the locust tunes its viol, And the cricket croons. Sunflowers—CLINTON SCOLLARD 368 COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE Helianthus tuberosus L. This plant gets its name by corruption of the Italian “Girasole Articocco,” meaning sunflower artichoke. This Sunflower, which grows from Nova Scotia to Manitoba and from Georgia to Arkansas and Kansas, produces irregularly pear- shaped edible tubers closely resembling potatoes in their food qualities. It was formerly cultivated by Indians and is grown by white men for themselves and as food for pigs, which are often turned into the field. This and the Pale Sunflower de- scribed below are found to- gether on moist soil and along roadsides and other waste places, and bloom from September to frosts. A single plant may produce 30-S0 tubers, by means of which it is perennial. The upright stem, growing from the tuber, rises 2-10 feet, usually branching near the top and bearing several heads of yellow flowers. The lower leaves are sometimes 12 inches long but they become smaller toward the upper part of the stem. see The 12-20 ray flowers possess neither stamens nor pistils and so do not produce fruits, but the yellow disk flowers, one of which is shown, are perfect and produce 1-seeded fruits. Each disk flower is accompanied on the receptacle by a chaffy scale, and the 2 scales at the top of the ovary, which represent the pappus, soon fall off. The Pale Sunflower, Helianthus decapetalus L., resembles the Jerusalem Artichoke but does not produce tubers, has a less hairy stem and only about 1o pale yellow ray flowers. The leaves are thin or membranous and but 3-8 inches long. The lower are opposite and slender petioled. The upper are commonly alternate, usually sharply toothed, roughish above and sparingly fine haired beneath, and with the round or squarish bases extending down the petioles. 369 COMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE | WINGSTEM Actinomeris alternifolia (L.) DC. Not many members of this family have winged stems, con- sequently this plant may usually be recognized by them, plus the unlobed ray flowers. This perennial grows in rich — soil, especially along streams and railroads, from New Jersey to lowa and south to Florida, Louisiana and Kansas. The leafy stem, either un- branched or branched near the top, grows 4-9 feet high and usually has narrow wings formed by the bases of the alternate leaves which extend down upon it. The leaves are 4-12 inches long, sessile or short petiol- ed, and rather rough on both sides. The lower ones are sometimes opposite and have narrow petioles. Numerous many-flowered heads bloom in August and September. The involucre is composed of a few narrow spreading bracts, and the receptacle is small and chaffy. There are 2-10 yellow ray flowers, slightly toothed at the end but not lobed. The disk flowers are also yellow. The pappus consists of 2 smooth awns. The White Wingstem or Crownbeard, Verbesina virginica L., is a similar plant, differing mainly in its broader and rougher leaves, its less fully winged stems and in its 3-5 white pistillate ray flowers. The akenes are minutely hairy and winged or wingless. The Sunflower Crownbeard, Verbesina helianthoides Michx., has a 2-4-foot stem, hairy and widely 4-winged by the sessile alternate leaves which are toothed, rough above and soft hairy beneath. The heads are solitary or few and broader than in the above species, being 2-3 inches across. The 8-15 yellow linear-oblong rays are pistillate or neutral. The akenes are rough, broadly winged and topped by a pappus of 2 fragile awns. This species frequents dry prairies and thickets from Ohio to Georgia, west to Iowa, Missouri and Texas. The flowering time is a little earlier than for both preceding species, being June and July. 370 COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY PRAIRIE TICKSEED. STIFF TICKSEED Coreopsis palmata Nutt. The Prairie or Stiff Tickseed is a typical prairie perennial, abundant on dry areas, along railroads and in other open places from Indiana to Louisiana, Manitoba, Minnesota, Nebraska and Texas. It blooms in June and July. The stem, which is rigid, smooth, but little branched and very leafy, \ WZ, grows I-3 feet high. The leaves are AY very characteristic and help toidentify @ > rh The Common Sneezeweed, EER : Swamp or False Sunflower, is Th NS (GES very common in swamps and NO wet meadows from Quebec to Manitoba and Oregon, south j to Florida and Arizona. It is perennial and the rather stout stem, 2-6 feet tall, is nearly smooth but winged by the bases of the alternate leaves which run down on it. The bright green leaves are rather firm, 2-5 inches long, oblong, lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, acute or acumi- nate at the apex and narrow- ed to the sessile base, toothed \\ or entire, pinnately few veined and smooth to slightly hairy. The heads, blooming from August to October, are numerous, often 2 inches broad, and borne on long peduncles covered with short hairs. The involucre is rather flattish and its bracts are densely covered with short whitish hairs. The 10-18 pistillate ray flowers are drooping, bright yellow, of equal length or longer than the globose disk, and 3-cleft at the end. The disk flowers are also yellow and perfect. Both produce akenes, which are hairy on the angles and have a pappus of 5-8 awned and chaffy ovate scales. 375 4 ste COMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE COMMON YARROW. MILFOIL Achillea Millefolium L. Bruise or crush a leaf of this plant and smell it. The pleasant odor is very characteristic and capable of identifying the plant. The taste of it is bitter, and though cattle avoid the Common Yarrow when green, they D aA {9 may eat it in dry fodder oF Y- Se CN, ‘ ; ENO Re Gat and so spoil the milk. HENRI) Whether another of its ator: 6) \ BRO names, Nosebleed Weed, } 1% \ is a true indicator or not, Y, the plant is still sold for medicinal purposes. The Milfoil is common in dry soil in open places AS throughout eastern North VOX America. By means of 7 horizontal rootstocks it is a hardy perennial weed, especially in pastures. The nearly smooth flowering stem grows 1-2 feet high. The basal leaves | and those on the numer- \ ous short flowerless shoots are mostly petioled and sometimes Io inches long, whereas those on the flowering stem are smaller , and sessile. All are finely \ c divided into many narrow segments. The heads, about one-quarter inch broad and blooming from June to November, are numerous in a nearly flat-topped in- florescence. The involucre is composed of small oblong bracts which are somewhat hairy. The 4-10 ray flowers are usually white but occasionally pink or purple. The disk flowers are yellow, their tubular corollas 5-lobed. Both kinds of flowers produce the oblong and only slightly flattened akenes having no pappus. 376 COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY MAYWEED. DOG FENNEL Anthemis Cotula L. The flowers of this weed, variously known as Mayweed, Dog Fennel, Pig Daisy, Chiggerweed and Fetid Chamomile, are very conspicuous, and as the foliage is also pretty the plant might be used for ornamental purposes but for its disagreeable odor. It is a native of Europe but is now common in waste places, along roads and about barnyards all over North America except in the extreme north, and is also widely distributed in Asia, Africa and Australia. This is an annual, nearly smooth and much branched herb, 1-2 feet high. The leaves are alternate, 1-2 inches long, sessile and 2 or 3 times pinnately divided into very narrow lobes. Repeated contact with this glandular foliage scalds the skin. The blooming season is June to late autumn. The heads are commonly numer- ous and about 1 inch broad. The bracts of the involucre are oblong and somewhat hairy. There are 10-18 white ray flowers, mostly 3-toothed, at length reflexed, and 8 commonly sterile. The receptacle is con- ZB « Z vex but becomes oblong, and its bristly chaff subtends the central flowers. The disk flowers are yellow and 5-lobed at | the top. The akenes are 1o-ribbed, rather | rough and without a pappus. The Field Chamomile, Anthemis ar- \ vensis L., resembles the Mayweed but is \ neither fetid nor acrid and is sometimes biennial. It is also from Europe and the leaves are also pinnately divided but more coarsely so. The oblong bracts of the involucre are blunt and usually somewhat hairy. As in the Mayweed, the heads are commonly numerous but usually a little broader. The 10-18 white pistillate rays are 2-toothed and spreading. The scales of the convex receptacle are lanceolate and acuminate. The oblong akenes are bluntly 4-angled and their pappus is a mere border. The flowering season is earlier and shorter, being May to August. 377 COMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE OXEYE DAISY. MARGUERITE Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L. Perhaps no plant is more properly thought of as both wild flower and weed than the Oxeye Daisy. This most beautiful field plant is known from Newfoundland and eastern Quebec to New Jersey and thereafter more rarely toward the southwest, and is often cultivated as a garden flower, usually under the name Marguerite. In some places it is justly considered a most pernicious weed, for where extremely abundant in hay fields it seriously injures the quality of the hay. It is perennial and when established may spread rapidly. The stems are smooth, slightly branched and 1-3 feet high. The obovate, oblong or spatulate basal leaves, in a mat, are long petioled and coarsely toothed or lobed; the stem leaves are narrowly oblong, mostly sessile and partly clasping, 1-3 inches long, and pinnately cut or toothed though the uppermost are very small and almost entire. The heads are few or solitary and 1-2 inches broad on long naked peduncles, from June to August. The mostly smooth bracts of the involucre are narrow and marked by brown lines along the dry, thin margins. There are 20-30 spreading white ray flowers, slightly 2 or 3-toothed. The disk flowers are bright yellow. Both kinds of flowers produce akenes having no pappus, and both are visited by many kinds of bees and butterflies. The Costmary, or Mint Geranium, Chrysanthemum Balsamita L. var. tanacetoides Boiss., is a very fragrant-leaved immigrant peren- nial which has no ray flowers. The toothed oblong leaves often have a pair of lateral lobes at the base, and contain the plant’s aromatic principle. The upper leaves are sessile. The Costmary blooms through the summer, principally along roadsides near old dwellings, and occasionally in colonies. 378 COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY TALL WORMWOOD Artemisia caudata Michx. Several kinds of Wormwood occur in Illinois, mostly in sandy soil, and some of them are very difficult to distinguish. The Wormwoods and Sagebrush of the west are Artemisias. A flowering plant called Broom Rape, which has no green tissue, often grows as a root para- site on Wormwood. The Tall Wormwood grows only in sandy soil from Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba to Indi- ana, Nebraska and Texas, and is especially common along Lake Michigan. It is one of the few plants that can grow on dune sand, where there is extremely little organic food matter. The slender stems are much branched, very leafy and 1-6 feet high. The lower and basal leaves, as well as those of the sterile shoots, are 3-6 inches long, slender petioled and 2-3 times pin- nately divided into very narrow linear lobes. The upper leaves are sessile or nearly so and pinnately divided or the topmost entire. The blooming season is July to September. The numerous heads are very small, very short peduncled, mostly nodding, and only the outer flowers of each head produce akenes, the inner ones being sterile. The involucre is composed of ovate bracts and is smooth. There are neither ray flowers nor pappus. The Biennial Wormwood, Artemisia biennis Willd., is widely distributed nearly throughout the state as a weed. It is not, however, strictly biennial, but annual or winter annual, and a better name is False Tansy or Bitterweed. It is smooth and the stem is very leafy, usually branched and 1-4 feet high. The leaves are 1-3 inches long and once or twice pinnately divided into narrow, toothed lobes. The very small heads are exceedingly numerous in crowded axillary clusters. The flowers are greenish yellow and all produce akenes. 379 COMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE TUBEROUS !NDIAN PLANTAIN Cacalia tuberosa Nutt. The Tuberous Indian Plantain grows on wet prairies and in marshes from Ohio to Minnesota and south to Alabama and Texas. It is often very abundant and may cover acres of grass- — land from June to Au- gust with a white blan- ket of flowers. The plant is smooth and green throughout. The stem is angled and grooved and grows 2-6 tuberous root. The leaves are thick and strongly 5-9 veined. The lower are 4-8 inches long, 1-3 inches wide, and have long petioles, but the upper leaves are much smaller and have short- margined petioles. Most of the numer- ous heads have 5 flow- ers, which are tubular and whitish. The involu- cre is one-quarter of an inch high or slightly more and its linear-oblong bracts are blunt and with a thin dried margin. The receptacle is flat and not chaffy but it has a fleshy projection from the center. The akenes are oblong and smooth and the pappus is composed of an abun- dance of white bristles. The Pale Indian Plantain, Cacalia atriplicifolia L., grows in woods from New Jersey to Indiana and Minnesota, south to Florida, Tennessee and Kansas. It blooms from July to September. The stem is round, smooth and covered with a waxy bloom. The leaves are thin, angular lobed and palmately veined, with the whitish waxy material on the lower surface. The lower leaves are somewhat triangu- lar, kidney form or slightly heart shaped, and the upper are more or less wedge shaped and toothed. The heads are numerous and similar to those of the tuberous species. 380 feet high from a thick © COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY GOLDEN RAGWORT. SQUAW WEED Senecio aureus L. This is probably the largest genus of plants, having at least 1200 species widely distributed throughout the north temper- ate zone. At least three or four species besides the Squaw Weed occur in Illinois. The genus name Senecio comes from the Latin senex meaning an old man. The Golden Ragwort is found in swamps, wet meadows and moist thickets throughout IIli- nois, northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. It blooms from May to August. It is a perennial that pro- duces at the base a cluster of simple rounded leaves with long petioles. The slender stem grows 1-3 feet high, branching near the top to produce a number of heads of golden flowers. The leaves toward the base of the stem have short petioles and are somewhat lobed, whereas the higher and sessile stem leaves are variously cut and toothed. Each head consists of 8-15 pistillate ray flowers and a number of perfect disk flowers. The involucre consists of a single row of erect bracts with usually a few minute scales at the base. The pappus, of many delicate smooth white hairs, persists and well adapts the smooth akene fruits to wind dissemination. An immigrant annual of this genus, the Common Groundsel, Senecio vulgaris L., is a weed on waste grounds. The hollow stem is nearly without hairs, usually much -branched, and 6-15 inches high, The leaves are 2-6 inches long, pinnately cleft, the lower petioled and the upper sessile or clasping at the base. It blooms from April to October but does not produce ray flowers, so that the inflorescence is much less conspicuous than that of the Golden Ragwort. Involucral bracts are linear, with a few or several outer ones having black awl- shaped tips The akenes havea coating of fine gray hairs and a white pappus. 381 COMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE COMMON BURDOCK Arctium minus Bernh. This commonest inhabitant of vacant lots and farm woods is best known for its burs. The bur is the entire head and its bur nature is due to the fact that the stiff bracts of the involucre have hooked tips. These burs get onto the tails of cattle and become so entangled that it is almost im- possible to get them out. They get into wool of sheep and the only way to get them out is to cut or tear off some of the wool. They also get into the fur of rabbits and other animals and onto the clothing of man. In all these cases, as the burs are carried about, the fruits are widely scattered. Roots and leaves of this plant have been used in medicine. The Burdock is another immigrant from Europe which has liked this country well enough to spread all over it. Indeed, it is so common that most people pass by without ever stopping to notice how pretty its flowers are. The plant usually grows 2-5 feet high and is much branched. The lower leaves are sometimes 1 foot long, nearly as broad, and are very veiny. They are usually heart shaped at the base, dark green and smooth above, lighter and wholly hairy beneath, and with stout hollow petioles that are not grooved. The flowers, blooming from July to November, have tubular corollas some shade of purple, the color varying considerably in different plants. Bracts of the involucre are smooth or slightly cottony, the spines of the outer ones spreading but those of the inner erect and shorter than the flowers. The akenes are oblong and somewhat flattened, and the pappus consists of numerous short bristles. 382 COMPOSITAE « COMPOSITE FAMILY PASTURE THISTLE Cirsium pumilum (Nutt.) Spreng. This native biennial is one of the most handsome as well as the most fragrant of our common Thistles. It is to be found in fields from Maine and Minnesota, south to Pennsylvania, Delaware and Iowa, blooming from July to September. The stem is stout, simple or somewhat branched and quite leafy. It grows 1-3 feet high from a thick, a solid branching root. The leaves, green above and below, are 3-7 inches long, and the lower are petioled. Vp Oy WB ‘ 4 7a / rh 3 ‘ ‘< The large heads of pur- ple, lilac or whitish flowers are 2-3 inches broad and about 2 inches high. The pappus is composed of num- erous silky white bristles. Country boys like to pull the florets from the re- ceptacle and chew the nectaries. The Common or Bull Thistle, Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Hill, is another immigrant from Europe common in pastures and along roadsides. It is biennial and the stout branched stem grows 3-5 feet high and is leafy to the top. The leaves are dark green, lanceolate and deeply lobed. They are 3-6 inches long, the lowest at times even larger, and their bases extend down on the stem. The lobes are tipped with stout prickles and the margins and bases are bristly. The heads, 2 inches high and equally broad, are mostly solitary at the ends of branches. The bracts of the involucre are covered with cottony hairs and tipped with slender prickles. The flowers are dark purple. Ha, prickle-arméd knight, Thou like a maiden art How oft the world hath cursed Who best can find protection thee, k Thou pestilence of Earth, ae ae The beldame who hath nursed From idleness’ infection. thee! The Thistle—MiILrES M. DAWSON 383 COMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE CANADA THISTLE Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. This is another immigrant from Europe which has become a pernicious weed in this country from Newfoundland to Virginia, Utah, Nebraska and British Columbia. It is probably the most hated of all Thistles if not of all weeds. The plant is readily identified by its jointed horizontal root- stocks, which other Thistles do . not have. It is perennial by these extensively creeping under- ground stems, which make it very difficult to exterminate. It grows I-3 feet high and the sessile, slightly clasping leaves are very prickly. The 5-8-inch basal leaves are sometimes petioled. A patch of these Thistles, in full bloom from June to Septem- ber, is a colorful display. The heads are numerous and the tubular flowers are purple or rarely whitish. They are imper- fect and the staminate and pis- tillate heads are on separate plants. This has led some farmers to believe that the Canada Thistle produces no seed, but on the contrary there are smooth oblong akenes with a conspicuous fine white pappus. Outer bracts of the head are ovate or ovate lanceolate, appressed and with short prickly points. Inner bracts of the pistillate heads are linear and long. The Tall Thistle, Cirsium altissimum (L.) Spreng., is common along the borders of woods and thickets. It grows 3-10 feet tall. The leaves are densely clothed on the lower surface with white wool. They may be entire, toothed or lobed, and are armed with rather weak prickles. The outer bracts of the involucre are marked by a dark line on the back and are tipped by a prickle, but the inner bracts are unarmed. The flowers are light purple. 384 COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY COMMON CHICORY. BLUE SAILORS Cichorium Intybus L. The Common Chicory or Blue Sailors is yearly becoming more common along roadsides and railroads and in other waste places. It is an immigrant from Europe and in this country ranges from Newfoundland to Minnesota and southwest. Its pulverized root has been extensively used as a substitute for or an adulterant of coffee. It is perennial from a long deep taproot, and its stem is stiff, with some stiff bristly hairs, much branched and 1-3 feet high. The lower leaves are 3-6 inches long, variously toothed or lobed and narrowed into long petioles. Those of the stem are much smaller, lanceolate or ob- long, lobed or entire, and have clasp- ing bases. The heads, 1-4 together in sessile clusters on the nearly naked branches, are numerous and very showy. They bloom from July to October, opening in the morning and closing usually by noon. The flowers are strap shaped and usually bright blue, though oc- casionally pink or white ones are found. Inner bracts of the involucre are about 8. The akenes are 5-angled and $-ribbed, and the pappus is com- posed of numerous small chaffy scales. Another immigrant with purple flowers that is becoming common along roadsides and railroads is the Salsify, Tragopogon porrifolius L., which has escaped from vegetable gardens, where its root is known as the familiar Oyster Plant. It has a smooth branching stem 2-4% feet high, and grasslike clasping leaves. The large solitary heads are very showy, on peduncles that are very much thickened and hollow for 1-3 inches below them. The bracts of the involucre are usually longer than the flowers. The pappus is composed of many long feathery bristles, and the akenes are often more than 1 inch long, the outer covered with scalelike tubercles. 385 COMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE DWARF DANDELION Krigia virginica (L.) Willd. The Dwarf Dandelion grows in sandy soil from Maine to Minnesota and south to Florida and Texas. It is annual and does not produce an upright stem. It has a rosette of leaves like a Dandelion, and usually several smooth, slender peduncles 1-15 inches long, each of which bears 1 head of yellow strap- shaped flowers. The blooming season is April to August. The involucre is made up of g-18 bracts arranged in 2 series of nearly equal length. When the fruits are mature these bracts are turned down. The re- ceptacle is flat and naked. The akenes are somewhat 5-angled and 15-20- ribbed. The pappus is in 2 parts, the outer composed of 5 thin rounded scales and the inner of 10 or more slender bristles. The Cynthia, Krigia amplexicaulis Nutt., is found in moist open places and blooms from May to October. It is per- ennial and in addition to a rosette of basal leaves produces a stem 1-2 feet high, which bears 1-3 oblong and nearly entire leaves produces a stem 1-2 feet high, which bears 1-3 oblong and nearly entire leaves with clasping bases, and 1-6 long- peduncled heads of orange flowers, about 1% inches broad. The basal leaves are 1-7 inches long and are narrowed into bordered petioles. The pappus is composed of 10-15 small oblong scales and about the same number of bristles. Another Dwarf Dandelion or the Goatsbeard, Krigia Dandelion (L.) Nutt., is a small perennial having much the appearance of a diminutive dandelion. A rosette of oblong-spatulate to linear-lanceolate leaves arises from a cluster of slender tuber-bearing roots. The scape is 6-18 inches high and bears generally a single head about 1 inch broad and composed entirely of yellow strap-shaped corollas. The akenes are nearly oblong and crowned by a pappus of about 12 small scales. This is a more southern species, living on moist soil from Maryland and Florida, west to Illinois, Kansas and Texas, and blooming from April to June. 386 . - ‘ ee ts ae) ae eee eee COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY COMMON DANDELION Taraxacum officinale Weber Everyone knows the Dandelion, which persists in growing in so many places where it is not wanted. It ranges all over the world except in arctic regions. Nearly everyone has at some time broken off the hollow flower stalk and used it as a whistle, and many people are very fond of the young leaves as greens. Few, however, stop to admire the flowers of this plant. It is too common; but if it were not so we would have it in our gardens and prize it highly for its beautiful yellow heads. The blooming season may be the year around, but usually is April to September. The Dandelion is perennial and sends its root down into the soil sometimes 4-5 feet. The stem is very short at the surface and bears the rosette of leaves. Every year this stem grows upward a little but at the same time the root contracts and pulls the stem down a little into the soil so that although the plant may live for many years it never becomes any taller. The Dandelion is admirably fitted for wind dissemination of its fruits. After the 150-200 flowers on each head have bloomed, the inner part of the involucre closes and remains closed while the fruits ripen. As the akenes mature, their beaks elongate and so raise the pappus some distance. At the same time the peduncle grows upward until the head is well above surrounding vegeta- tion. Then the involucre opens again and turns down out of the way so that the parachutelike fruits are fully exposed to the wind. The Red-seeded Dandelion, Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz., has more deeply lobed leaves and smaller heads. The 70-90-flowered heads are rarely more than 1 inch broad. The flowers are sulfur yellow instead of bright yellow, the outer rays purplish outside, and the akenes are bright or brownish red with a dirty white pappus. 387 9MPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE SPINY-LEAVED SOW THISTLE Sonchus asper (L.) Hill This plant is a native of Europe but it is widely distributed nearly all cultivated parts of the earth. Although it must be assed as a weed, it is a very showy and beautiful one when the pale yellow flowers are in bloom from May to late autumn. Like many other members of the Composite family this species has flowers which open only when the sun shines. It is an annual with fibrous roots. The stem is 1-10 feet high and not much branched. It is leafy toward the base but much less so toward the top. The leaves usually have few lobes and some- times none, but they are very spiny toothed. The lower and basal are petioled, whereas the upper are clasping and with basal earlike lobes. Stem and leaves con- tain an abundance of milky juice. The blooming season is May to late autumn. The heads are several and often numerous. The volucre is more or less bell shaped and usually becomes thick- ed at the base and more or less cone shaped when old. The acts are smooth and arranged in several series, the outer ones ccessively smaller. The receptacle is flat and naked. The rollas are strap shaped and 5-toothed at the end. Each of the it and margined akenes, 3-nerved on each side but otherwise 1voth, has a very abundant pappus of soft white bristles. The Common Sow Thistle, Sonchus oleraceus L., is very similar the spiny-leaved species, but the leaves are usually more lobed | id not spiny, and the akenes are longitudinally fine ribbed and ‘inkled crosswise. The plant is a common weed in most cultivated rts of the world except the extreme north, and has been naturalized this country from Europe. ~ 388 COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY PRICKLY LERGUCGE). (MEEK THISTLE Lactuca Scariola L. The Prickly Lettuce seems to have been introduced into this country from Europe about 1863 and is now common nearly throughout. In some places the young leaves are collected in great quantities in spring and used as a salad vegetable. Sheep eat the young leaves quite greedily and cattle seem to like them also. Gen- erally, however, it is considered a noxious weed because its hard stems dull reaping knives and its copious juice is a major annoyance in thresh- ing machinery. The stem is stiff, leafy and branch- ed near the top. It grows 2-7 feet high and is smooth, except that the lower portion is somewhat prickly. The alternate leaves are spiny toothed, sessile and clasping, and usually there is a row of prickles along the whitish green midrib below. The heads are very numerous with 6-12 pale yellow flowers, bloom- ing from July to September, in each. The involucre is cylindrical and the outer bracts are only about a third as long as the inner. The brown akene has a threadlike beak of equal length, and a white pappus of silky hair. The Wild Lettuce or Horseweed, Lactuca canadensis L., grows 3-10 feet high and is smooth throughout. The leaves are quite variable. Those of the main stem are usually somewhat pinnately lobed, sessile or clasping, and 2-8 inches long. The upper ones are usually smaller and entire, and sometimes all are nearly white. Each of the numerous heads contains 12-20 pale yellow flowers. The akenes are oval, flat and about as long as the slender beak. The pappus is white. Moist open places are favored by this plant, from Nova Scotia to British Columbia and south to Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas and Colorado. 389 COMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE BLUE LETTUCE Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn. The Blue Lettuce grows in moist open places or moist woods from New York and Pennsylvania to Nebraska and southwest, blooming from July to September. The stem is rather stout, smooth, 3-7 feet high and leafy up to the large inflorescence. Like all species of wild Lettuce, it contains an abundance of milky juice. The leaves are smooth above but somewhat hairy on the veins beneath. are borne on scaly pe- duncles, and the flowers, with strap-shaped cor- ollas 5-toothed at the end, are blue. The bracts of the involucre are in several series, the outer much smaller than the inner. The akenes are thick, somewhat flat- tened, and narrowed at the end into a distinct beak which supports the bristly white pappus, well adapted for wind dissemination. The Hairy-veined Blue Lettuce, Lactuca villosa Jacq., is 2-6 feet tall and its leaves are 4-6 inches long, sessile and clasping. They have short stiff hairs on the veins beneath, hence the common name. The Tall Blue Lettuce, Lactuca spicata (Lam.) Hitchc., is also common in moist soil. The smooth stout stems are 3-12 feet high and are leafy to the inflorescence. The leaves are sometimes entire but are more often variously toothed and lobed. They are mostly sessile but the lower are often narrowed into short-margined petioles. They are 5-12 inches long, 2-6 inches wide, and are smooth on both sides or somewhat hairy on the veins below. The green heads are very numerous, about one-quarter inch broad and tipped with dull purple to whitish rays. The akenes are oblong and narrowed above into a short beak. The pappus is brown. 390 The numerous heads - ee z ial ve om COMPOSITAE COMPOSITE FAMILY WHITE LETTUCE Prenanthes alba L. The White Lettuce is common in rich woods from Maine to Saskatchewan and south to Georgia, Kentucky and Illinois. It is perennial and the entire plant is more or less covered with a thin coat of whitish wax. The stem is commonly purplish and 2-5 feet high. The leaves are thick and quite similar, the largest sometimes 8 inches long. The heads, hanging down- ward, are numerous and 8-15- flowered, blooming in August and September. The pur- plish involucre is cylindrical and composed of about 8 principal bracts and several very small outer ones at the base. The receptacle is flat and naked. The flowers are greenish or yellowish white, fragrant, and all the corollas are tubular. The pappus is reddish brown and bristly. The Rattlesnake Root or Smooth White Lettuce, Prenanthes racemosa Michx., grows in marsh- es and other open wet places. It too is covered with a waxy bloom. The stem is smooth and 2-6 feet high. The slightly toothed leaves are oval or oblong-lanceolate; the lower taper into winged petioles, whereas the upper are partly clasping. The heads are very numerous in crowded clusters and do not droop much. The oblong-cylindric involucre is nearly one-half inch long, covered with coarse stiff hairs, and has 8-10 principal bracts with several smaller outer ones. The flowers are purplish and there are 12-15 in each head, blooming in August and September. The pappus is straw color. The Gall of the Earth or Tall Rattlesnake Root, Prenanthes trie foliata (Cass.) Fernald, is a smooth perennial 3-9 feet tall, nearly all of whose thinnish leaves are petioled, or the lower ternate. It grows in thickets and woods, principally in central and southern counties, and blooms from August to October. The smooth involucre is pale green or purplish, the flowers whitish or pale yellow, and the pappus is light brown. 391 COMPOSITE FAMILY COMPOSITAE PURPLE-LEAVED HAWKWEED Hiecracium venosum L. Nine species of Hawkweed grow in Illinois, four of which are quite common. This one grows mostly in dry woods and sandy open places from Maine to Manitoba and south to Georgia and Nebraska. The stems, 1-3 feet high and paniculately branching near the top, are several from the same root, or solitary. They are slender, smooth and entirely naked or with 1 or 2 leaves. A tuft of oblong-spatulate, smooth and purple-veined leaves grows at the base. The blooming season is May to late fall. The heads are com- monly numerous and 15-40- flowered. The bracts of the in- volucre are mostly in I series and smooth or nearly so. The receptacle is flat and naked. The corollas are strap shaped and yellow, and all the flowers are perfect. The akenes are cylin- drical and the pappus is composed of a rather small number of brown bristles. The Rough Hawkweed, Hiera- cium scabrum Michx., is also found in dry places and is probably our : commonest species. The stem is stout, hairy, leafy and 1-4 feet high. The leaves are alternate, hairy, oblong and narrowed to a sessile base or the lowest into short-margined petioles. There is no cluster of basal leaves at flowering time, which is July to September. The heads are usually numerous and less than 1 inch broad, and the stout peduncles are very glandular. The Canada Hawkweed, Hieracium canadense Michx., with a somewhat smooth or hairy stem 1-5 feet erect, likewise has no tuft. of basal leaves at flowering time, from July to September. The many stem leaves are ovate to lanceolate, coarsely toothed especially below the middle, sessile and at least the upper are clasping by rounded bases. The yellow flowers are-in numerous heads r«inch broad. 392 A Abutilon pee eet. 193 Acalypha virginica. . ..181 ACANTHACEAE ... .315 ACANTHUS FAMILY. . .315 Acerates floridana. .247 lanupinosa.......- 247 WaTigtHorac..-... .°- 247 Achillea Millefolium. .376 Acorus Calamus..... 43 Mersearaipa. . ss. : 111 Piaprace. a... apes | Adam and Eve...... Adder’s Fougne, tear Aesculus ‘glabra. . 190 Hippocastanum.. .190 Pavia?: a .190 Agastache nepetoides. 277 pee a2 Agrimonia mollis... ..155 SUE S5 22 > a eee 155 Agrimony, Common. .155 Oily 5 oe Shee 155 Aletris farinosa...... 62 Alexanders, Golden. ..221 Heart-leaved...... 221 Alisma a ee eauaticn 7 ALISMACEAE...... 36 Allium canadense.... 52 Berni: 2.4)... . 51 MIE UMACUDI ec <2 cic «is: 51 EMIEOCEUM.\s. 2/5. .5 3 51 sgh ttat) (oe a 52 Allspice, Wild....... 118 Almond, Cutting... ..361 eeerante eaves Dog- ri abso ce 2 isiies secinnta. .197 Alum Root, Rough.. .139 AMARYLLIDACEAE. 64 AMARYLLIS FAMILY.. 64 Amelanchier canadensis Botryapium..... 148 SIC ALA Reis vos: cies 148 American Bladder Nut OS ee ae ee 89 Cras = 3 a Peas es 147 Reyertew eth a ao 361 Germander........ 273 Gromwell:.......... 264 lshol li 3 ee 186 Pennyroyal........288 WMetetieg 5. a2. 2's oxen 172 Ammannia coccinea. .205 Long-leaved....... 205 Amorpha canescens. .165 fruticosa.. eee OS ASVISOTHE ied oo 238 Tabernaemontana. .238 ANACARDIACEAE. .184 Anemone canadensis.. 105 CviMeTiCcd .\). 6)... 104 1 fy iste fh 108 patens Watenaeins oe 103 Prairie. Ny i ae 105 quinquefolia....... 105 Rages oe aes ent 101 2 | a eee 104 WiC Piniana. sae slr 104 Woo .105 ‘Aitewionrits ’ thalictroides Se eRaeS 5 ty 8 Ree 101 Angelica eee aa As Hairy.. 223 Purple-stemmed. . 293 Villosarte ater ss: 223 Anise Rootea-2 = r2s.-s 218 ANONACEAE....... 113 Antennaria plantagini- foliai Ah). ess: 356 Anthemis arvensis 377 Cotulla 22223) os: 377 Apios tuberosa.......173 Aplectrum hyemale... 71 APOCYNACEAE.... .238 Apocynum androsaemi- folium . 32 cannabinum. po Se eh a 241 medium. . .240 Appendaged | Waterleaf ..256 Apple, Hog.. 115 May APES Wild Balsam...... 2h AQUIFOLIACEAE... .186 Aquilegia canadensis. .110 fOrmosasan.. s.c%ee 110 Arabis canadensis... .135 laevigatase ..5 423-8 135 lyrata. 3. aoe ser ee 135 ARACEAE ge. -.2 40 Arctium minus.......382 Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi s avichaa eek ots cats 228 Arisaema Dracontium 41 triphyllium . . 2.0%..." 40 Aristolochia eR C : 77 tomentosa. bees cs ots tik ee eee Arrow Arum, Green. . i Arrowhead.......... 36 Arrow-leaved Aster. .351 Waoletese. 5 222. e252 203 Artemisia biennis 379 caudatalco.. ee 379 Artichoke, Jerusalem .369 ARUM FAMILY....... 40 Green Arrow...... 41 Waterty 9. .2aac8 ee 43 Asarum canadense 76 PEVESKU ys 76 ASCLEPIADACEAE. . 242 Asclepias incarnata.. .245 phytolaccoides.....246 purpurascens...... 244 Sullivantii WES AE oe Sere 245 SVHACA emo 244 tUbDEEOSA So eee 243 Veber ke 243 WeEbiculata.. -ans.- 246 Ash, Northern cae Wrafers oo cae 208 Northern «6 ues 210 Everlasting, Common.357 Plantain-leaved. ...356 Purple..33) eee 357 F Fase Asphodel..... 49 Bittersweet........ 188 Buckwheat,Climbing 79 Drago 281 Foxglove, Downy. .311 Entire-leaved. . a Smooth. éxistican Gromwell, Shaggy. “366 Soft-hairy 5 fe a 266 Virginia >... cme 266 Western. 2... a8 266 Indigo.’ +). Meuse ee 165 White.:t: 2a 161 MERMAID.........- 183 FPAMILYi4.. 0 183 Pennyroyal........ 274 Rocket. 2.4 Acteer 132 Rue Anemone..... 108 Solomon’s Seal..... 58 Three-leaved.... 58 Spikenard.. ..). 22% 57 Sunflower..... 362, 375 Tansy “200 2ceee 379 Feather, Gay........ 344 Fennel, Dog......... STL Fetid Chamomile. ...377 Wild Gourd....... 327 Fever Bush......... 118 win te «. cel ae 118 PP er 188 Heverine. American. .361 Feverwort..........- 322 Few-flowered Psoralea.164 Tick Trefoil....... 170 Field Bindweed...... 250 Chamomile........ 377 Garlic, Jawa ete 52 Mint} -oree eno 291 Pennycress.......- 125 FiGwort FAMILy... .299 are. . jeu eee 304 Maryland... «sis 304 Fire Pink . jc. See 6 Fireweed............ 209 Five-finger.......... 152 Five-leaved Sneezeweed 374 Flat. Topiesa ou ee 336 Fleabane, Common. .354 Fleur de Lis..... ee lace oe = Florida Milleweed.. ..247 Flower, Cardinal..... 330 oa it Dace ht Selig lI Pw a ee ee Cae ae ee ee x, . = ae ee = ee ee Se gh) ms, pet lio Gi tere 63 lat 3 re 45 Suse se a... 227 Leila a 107 OS ee 342 Le 68 PARE Koc. ss 5 307 Grad ror. /.:...; 198 L226 fh eee 103 erimmanep nt! se 314 iG Ge 105 Wing-stemmed Monkey...... 307 Yellow Monkey... .307 Flowering Dogwood. 2225 purge. E182 Lata a 271 Forbes Saxifrage..... 139 Forget-me-not, White.182 Four-0’cLocK FAMILY GREET. weiels « « 81 CU eat 81 Foxglove, Downy False Pe 311 Entire-leaved False.311 Smooth False. . me | Fragaria vesca americana : .150 virginiana Metre Se 150 illinoensis....... 150 French Grass........ 164 Fringed Gentian..... 236 Green Orchis...... 70 Loosestrife. -.:.:.. 232 Orchis, Purple..... 69 MES eo... Bros hilysece seals. 91 FUMARIACEAE.....121 FuMIToORY FAMILY... .121 -Funnelform Beardtongue oe a ee 305 G Galinsoga.-......... 373 Dasvilotac. ....,... 373 Galium Aparine......319 Coneinnum.”. . 4... 319 palustre. . .319 Gall of the Earth... .391 Garlic, Field. . SRR TT a ge Cola 52 ORG Te eg ee ag ee ca 212 PICNMNS). -)s ges ao... 212 Say, Feather |. = .\..... 344 GENTIAN, Closed... . .237 AMIE. 235 BEMIPCO Ses 236 BeBe et et ake o 322 Praesens) ee 237 Scarlet-fruited Horse Se Att A IE WE Sd teks or 236 Gentiana affinis...... 236 Andrewsii......... 237 Sie ert) 2) ee 236 SGwat 2: 236 DHDETHAG oe «3 237 GENTIANACEAE 235 GERANIACEAE... .177 Geranium FaAMILy....177 INDEX carolinanum....... Lair MaAaCHIAbaM O04 77 Mint ica eee 378 Wild: 32.) eee 177 Gerardia, Auricled. . .312 auriculatass.)-. 2 an 312 Arend . 2 173 Groundsel, Common..381 Gant Plant ;) 2 5ee 345 Sweet.......:0 26 225 eee H Habenarialeucophaea 69 hyperborea........ 69 laeera: ..32. cee 70 psycodes)f2+,. 1. 69 Hairy Angelica...... 223 Beardtongue...... 305 Blue Violet........ 201 Germander........ 273 Hedge Bindweed...249 Pustoon 5.4 265 Ryda 5 oc. ae 316 Stickseed . 2. ests - 262 Sweet Cicely...... 218 Vetch. . .172 Wild Morning. Glory ..249 Hairy-veined “Blue Lettuce....... 390 Matlow 74... 197 Hamamelis virginiana ia Harbinger of Spring. .219 Hardhac 146 Hare Spee ay . .304 Harebelian <../,.craener 329 Haw» Black, 62. ocxcne 323 Re d SNS See 149 Southern Black... .323 Hawkweed, Canada. .392 Purple-leaved on OS 392 ROP. <5.2etess uses 392 Mazelnat.). 3.5 icecer 73 Heal All... 28.32 oes 280 Heart-leaved Aster. . .351 Golden Alexanders. 221 GSleulican.oi..:.%. > 275 Umbrellawort..... 81 Heatu Aster........ 353 UO is he gato a 227 Hedeoma hispida... .288 pulegioides........ 288 Hedge Bindweed..... 249 Fairy ine Ate B a. wae 249 Mustard... ..<.<.% 128 ET ae Pee 284 Light-green..... 284 BOON). Ss Sku nerews 308 Seid: fruited. . .308 Helenium autumnale. ted nudiflorum........ 374 tenuifolium. . 374 Helianthus annuus. . .368 decapetalus....... 369 grosseserratus..... 368 tuberosus)...:..:. 369 Heliopsis helianthoides 1] ap neahih a tetas? = 362 Ue: Nile eae ae A 362 Heliotrope, Indian. . .260 Heliotropium indicum.260 Hemerocallis fulva... 53 Hemlock, Water..... 219 12 (lives Re ee cota Ap 74 le bt ee eg ore 241 Hepatica acutiloba. ..102 Round-lobed...... 102 Sharp-lobed....... 102 fo) oe a” aS 102 Heracleum lanatum. .222 Heuchera hispida... .139 Hibiscus lasiocarpos. . 196 7 RCISSILOTIG SS ois ceo os 19 Moscheutos....... 196 Trionum.......-.- 198 syriacus.. ere Be Hieracium canadense. 392 Seetyritin = 125 os) ee ets 392 erosein. (' 5. sete 392 Hill Goldenrod...... 348 SIPAW DEITY. -3..< 3..." 150 Hoary Puccoon...... 265 WONVRIT. Lye oe eke 269 Hoary-leaved Tick Preto. 055 3 ss Sie PESYONE eo a cata ooh 115 Hotty, American... .186 PLOTS Crea ee 186 Meadow.......... 186 Wasi. oe tol 186 Moneworts =. 450: 220 Honey Balls......... 319 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY LOW OLE ae Be es 321 Smooth-leaf....... 321 Sublivanit 6. 5°. tre os 321 Hooked Crowfoot 97 BID Tree iis ccs cette 179 ee Water cs ates € 290 Horse Balm......... 292 13g: SRE) PETES, 63 Chestnut... secs 490 OTUs) Rego Oa 322 INDEX Scarlet-fruited. . i Bink. ; :-« leek Nettle. vices 08 White. . ks» emer 295 Horseweed...... 355, 389 Hound's Tongue, Common...... 261 Houstonia coerulea. . .320 longifolia et ree 320 Huntsman’s Cup... ..137 Hyacinth, Wild...... 56 Hydrangea arborescens142 CINIETEA, |... sense 142 Gray .; .. 3.0 eee 142 Pale. fis cies settee 142 Wald 32sec eee Hydrastis canadensis. 112 ae alaaletearas cs - 2 Hydrophyllum pitied diculatum.....256 canadense......... 256 macrophyllum..... 255 virginianum....... 255 HYPERICACEAE... .199 Hypericum cistifolium sis Ta gical cate A 199 proliiicums j.4gee ee 199 Hypoxis hirsuta...... 64 Hyssop, Giant....... 277 Hedge: . Sas:.adcmaae 308 Purple Giant...... Ef | Round-fruited Hedge PEE Ty en oa 308 Hystrix patula....... 38 | Tlex decidua......... 186 ICE tes ee 186 verticimata..°. . 22. 186 Illinois Ironweed..... 336 ‘hick Eretow. te 171 Impatiens biflora.....191 Indian Currant...... 322 Heliotrape. sss ea. 260 CHIDS 25 it ake ae 241 Mallow: o ..Saee ~ 193 Pinks. . 234 Pipes. Lee ee 227 Plantaid, Pale! 245 380 Tuberous....... 380 Toataceo.s ooh. es 332 PT WERE SS ccae oso oes 40 Indigo, Pais C See 165 Lass ee Wild.161 Large White. . .161 White False....... 161 Bukberry,.2.20 4... aes 80 Innocence......s.-. cea 320 Intermediate Dogbane Iodanthus pinnatifidus 1 mast, ahi k wibaatactean 32 Ipomoea hederacea. . .248 IRIDACEAE........ 65 Turs: Faaetiy 2) otk 65 versicolor. ........ 65 Ironweed, Illinois. . . .336 New York.........336 Western: 3s steak 336 Isanthus brachiatus. .274 Isopyrum biternatum. 108 Ivy, Ground. 35 ce 2.-< 279° POGON «|. 5.52 ae ke 185 J Jack in the Pulpit.... 40 Jacob’s Ladder...... 254 Jeffersonia diphylla. og Jenny, Wandering. . .230 Jerusalem Artichoke. . 369 Jewelweed.......... 191 Jimson Weed........ 298 Parple...8 one 298 Joe Pye Weed....... 337 JUNCACEAE....... 47 em effusus. 22% 47 Juneberry. 5. s/ciaee sire 148 Dwarf... .. +... 148 K Kate, Nimble........ 326 Kidney Bean........ 173 Kinnikinie 2.) st see 228 Knotweed, Wood.... 78 Krigia amplexicaulis..386 — Dandelion......... 386 VIP SINMICS > cca anaes 386 L LABIATAE.......... 272 Lace, Queen Anne’s. .224 Lactuca canadensis. . .389 floridana. . .. 17. 390 Scariola..<.3> 24 Saen 389 spicata, «.<..2k eee 390 villosa; tiie. Baooeee 390 Ladies’ Tobacco..... 356 Lady by the Gate.... 88 Lady’s Slipper, Larger Yellow........ Small White..... 68 Smaller Yellow.. 68 Stemless........ 68 Sorrel 575285 ae 176 Laportea canadensis.. 74 Lappula echinata..... 262 Redowskii occ ena erect e ere eeen ees virginiana......... 262 Large Blazing Star. ..343 Blue-eyed Grass... 66 Partridge Pea..... 159 | White Indigo...... 161 Large-bracte Lage-flowaeat Trillium Large-leaved Waterleat P White Violet. ..... 202 Larger Blue Flag. 65 Yellow Lady’s Slipper, Late Low Blueberry. .229 Late-blooming Thorough. WOLEs oe se seonels 338 LAURACEAE....... 118 LAUREL FAMILY...... 118 fence Plates)... 2... 5. 165 Meat Velvet... .. .::- 193 Leafcup. . ie S58 Yellow.. MEAS Leafy Prairie Clover. .167 Leather Flower...... 107 Ee ii a 51 LEGUMINOSAE... .157 iemon. Wild's... 115 Leonurus Cardiaca. . .283 Marrubiastrum.. . .283 Lepachys columnaris . 367 pulcherrima..... 367 iit fi 367 Lepidium virginicum . 125 Lettuce, Blue.. . 390 Hairy-veined Blue..390 | Reais) dhe Pe eane eee 389 Smooth White..... 391 Waltieiies. co. sss. 2.2% 390 Witte 2 )....27. 25 391 UREN Io AW oi2A2 are 389 Liatris cylindracea. . .343 pycnostachya......344 BCAMOSaSe Osis s ss 343 Spicdbae see oy. 344 Lice, Beggar’s....... 262 Light-green Hedge INGEEIE. 3 one 284 EIBVIACEAR.. 2 ..2:.. 48 Lilium canadense..... 54 michiganense...... 54 philadelphicum.... 53 SUPEEUHDIses et. ccs" « 54 Lity, Canada 54 OME anes foci oie ie 91 DE eS ee 53 —— EN Ty 48 91 of the ‘Valley, “Wild. 57 Sweet-scented Water iiskss-CAD od... os... 54 WEI Gap oe 94 Wild A aaa et 53 Wild Yellow. . oo Yellow Pond. m 7 / 91 LIMNANTHACEAE. 183 Linaria canadensis. . . 302 VINGALIS.© eek etree 301 Lion’s Heart.. eet 2ee ash: eee oe Sk 283 Lippia lanceolata... ..271 Liquidambar Styracifiua Se ies lie 144 Lithospermum angus- tifolium...: .. .264 APVENse. ese 8 és 264 BATICSECRS' > o8 ses. 265 ismeling 25) aos oe 265 latiHtolvan She!) 2: 264 Little Skullcap...... 276 Livertedice © ives aise 102 Lazard: Vail. 22:.25. . 42 Lobelia, Brook.......332 Garesnase 2.2 35... 330 Dawn. =o. 3 2 Se 331 TAMIR 2 anes) ioe 330 Greatys te. esi POS 331 ryabats: 72 eee Ot ee 332 INDEX Wahaint : t egieee 332 puberulacs ooo: RRB siphilitica... 22.4... 331 Spileatae cut See ee 332 Spiked sees 2h! 332 Water.) Jo Gane 332 LOBELIACEAE..... 330 LOGANIA FAMILY..... LOGANIACEAE..... 234 Long-headed Coneflower ho de estate tenes tenet 367 Long-leaved Ammannia SER eae le oie 205 Blucts: > 2424 - eee 320 Lonicera dioica...... 321 Sullivantii. . 321 Looking Glass, Venus’ 328 Loose-flowered Phacelia PE oe ae ee 258 LOOSESTRIFE........ 206 Common; 225... 232 AMEE een 205 Mrngeds,: sane 232 Marsh 2 ee 232 Narrow-leaved 231 NOUtHer <5, ee 231 Spiked: 5. wey 206 Dwantpm. . were eee 205 Trailing per cene cy S| WVellows 2.702 Ste eet VOPSEED? Ase 5205 317 FAMILY 25 on oe oss, 317 eo Gas so: 26.2 o 93 Lousewort, Common..313 Love Vine.. i: Low Bindweed....... 250 Blueberry, Late... .229 Low-bush Blueberry. .229 Ludvigia alternifolia. .208 palustris sae ee 208 Lupine, Wild........ 162 Lupinus perennis.... .162 Lychnisalba......... 84 Coronaria is i .2-si 2 84 a Lycium halimifolium .297 Lycopus americanus. oo slo =1! ko pe eae men rece 290 VITPINICUS iso sai =e 290 Lysimachia Nummularia BA CRUE eee 230 LYTHRACEAE...... 205 Lythrum alatum..... 206 Salicaria i os, ees 206 M MADDER FAMILY..... 318 Mad-dog Skullcap. . .276 Maianthemum canadense Pr AS Pees et A 57 MALLow, Common...195 European Marsh...197 AMEE 3 Se cee 193 Halberd-leaved Rose Fs See SOS Re SAME 197 Indians, Soe. 193 Marsh ix: sei 197 Poppyuiere seeks 194 Roses ears: 196 Swamp Rose...... 196 399 Woolly-fruited Rose rg ey chin ye 196 Malva rotundifolia 195 MALVACEAE....... 193 Mandrake? 22 e.cite 115 Many-flowered Aster. 353 Marguerite.......... 378 Marigold, Bur....... 372 Marsh. 5 eee 109 SWaiMprse fess hee 372 Marsh Bedstraw..... 319 Blazing Star.......344 Clematis: ee) ~ 107 Cress. aie ee 130 Loosestrife........ 232 Mallow. >... eee 197 Evropeam.. 2004 197 Marigold)s.7 o> 4. 740 Skullcap 41, 251% 275 Mary, Blue-eyed..... 303 Maryland Figwort. ..304 Golden Aster...... 346 Matrimony Vine..... 297 May Apples .. 224. n 115 Mayweed..-:... 2.2% 377 Meadow Beauty..... 207 Hollytie Setters 186 Queen of the...... 146 Rosé: 73s Shae 156 Rue, Karly.s2: 2-2 100 altsuscx sO eee 100 Waxy .100 Sundrops 2291 Sweet... .146 Medicago lupulina. . .163 Medick, Black....... 163 MELASTOMA FAMILY. 207 MELASTOMACEAE ..207 Melilotus alba....... 163 OficHiahss. s- see 163 MENISPERMACEAE, 114 Menispermum canadense 1 ae Mentha arvensis. . oon 291 canadensus...... 291 piperita oo ee 291 spicata. . : .291 Mercury, Three-seeded Bt (4! Mermaid, False. AGS 3 183 Mertensia virginica. .263 Milfoil... vn2 5 eee 376 Milk Thistle.........389 Wetel.. 22 c) sae 169 MILKWEED, Common.244 FAMILY... |; eis the 242 Florida i425 Shs 247 Greer os einer 247 Paes 5 ie eee 246 Prairie: 7 Aue see ee 245 Purples. ys ater 244 WAIN Wid)! Scere 245 Whorléed} 3450262 246 Woolly. <5. Se ice- 247 MILKworT FAMILy...180 Purple: e.i3. eee 180 Mimulus alatus...... 307 glabratus Jamesii. .307 FINGENS Gos 307 Wir: Gat =o actc ere 278 Corn... eee 291 Downy Wood..... 287 pS ere eee 272 We eee ato stele 291 Geranium......... 378 A eens eae 286 Narrow-leaved Mountain..... 289 Virginia Mountain . 289 Wood.. f 287 Missouri ‘Gooseberry . — Wild Gourd 327 Mist Flower.......-- 342 Mitchella repens..... 318 Mitella diphylla..... 140 re eres 140 Miterwort. . .140 Mithradate Mustard .125 Moccasin Flower..... 68 Monarda Bradburiana eno Weayat ah. os 286 Bradbury: ...5 ss = 286 Fists. . ene 288 Penthorum sedoides. . 138 Pentstemon hirsutus.305 ee ee rag Shaye eee 2 a Dee a J aera rele ie ae laevigatus......... 305 fMBIOEUS, 2... 5. . 305 PEPPER FAMILY.. hy PA Leas Se 133 Peppergrass, Wild... .125 Peppernnnt.-... 2... 291 Perilla frutescens.... .292 Petalostemum candidum .167 foliosum . ee ae 167 purpuTeumM........ 166 Phacelia bipinnatifida.258 dic a een 258 Loose-flowered.... .258 Pirate Soi es 3. ss 258 J 2553) TS oe 258 Small-flowered.....258 Phaseolus polystachyus , Ss Phlox, lees es 253 divaricata 2S. eee 253 ee cet iee 252 maculata. . .253 pilosa. e252 PEAIIe yee sie sc: 252 WRMIGOLDS uc ts 252 PHRYMACEAE..... 317 Physalis heterophylla. he janeeolatase |... ks 296 Physostegia denticulata VWiTepiniana=.)..,i. ...- 281 Phytolacca americana. 80 PHYTOLACCACEAE. 80 PICKERELWEED...... 46 RAMI 5 .. 46 Narrow-leaved..... 46 Pie Marker.. oe 195 [EdD PC ee A SIZ) Pigeon Berry........ 80 PINK FAMILY........ 82 LEDrve Gs s\n 86 PASSE oc Scie 70 linens eS . 234 WitiWeiae te oro sk. x. 84 Old-maid’s, .-. 2... 88 ROSE oe eee hc 235 Wild Bean........ 174 PIPERACEAE....... 72 Pipevine, Woolly.... 77 PITCHER PLANT...... 137 EARS) 2. Se 137 Pitchforks, Devil’s. ..372 Plant, Beefsteak..... 292 ORAPARS IS. sss x. 359 Corisen enh eS: DIT poy evsun: Aue = Sie aye eee 360 (thate: ¢ ee Pe 345 Weead a Ree. Sa 165 (OMS for: Oot eee 385 Piteners ere Ga... 137 Wild Sensitive. .... 159 Robin’ eS prey artes Fe "354 Tuberous Indian. . .380 255 oi aR) Spe ono | ae 47) Whe pers et hd 356 Plantain-leaved Ever- lasting. 2/562 356 Pieurisy Root... 243 INDEX Plum, Ground....... 169 foal Gig Tse aA aT 170 Poison Dogwood..... 185 WY. LDS Gee 185 Oak. 5x24 185 Suniach.-..oe Ee 185 Poke, Common...... 80 Milkweed......... 246 Pokeberry:s sence eo POKEWEED;~ =... 215 3 80 PAMILY 2 22 eee 80 Polanisia graveolens. .136 trachysperma......136 POLEMONIACEAE.. 252 POLEMONIUM FAMILY. 252 TreptanS ees aes: 254 Polygala sanguinea. ..180 Senegal cee ae BO POLYGALACEAE. ;.180 POLYGONACEAE... 78 Polygonatum biflorum 59 commutatum...... 59 Polygonum Convolvulus Muhlenbergii...... 79 Boandens. ys 79 virginianum....... 78 Polymnia canadensis. oa tivedalia. 2 Mss 5c Pond Lily, Yellow.... oi Pontederia cordata... 46 angustifolia...... 46 PONTEDERIACEAE. 46 Poppy, Celandine....120 AMIE. =cloteonres 119 Mallow. = 194 Portulaca oleracea... 90 PORTULACACEAE.. 89 Potentilla Anserina...152 ALOU ba ers SS te gerereions 152 CAnAGEeNSIS.. sie st460 152 £rztICOSA:... ae o bi c% 151 monspeliensis...... 152 PECAN range tae ae 151 Paley ao eee ee 152 Prairie Anemone..... 105 Blazing Star.......344 Glovers Weaty. .. 167 Barpiev eee oe 166 1 \" 5.0 7: eae a Dr 167 Coneflower........ 363 Poekey went: ae 361 Gentian sO L Od, Ground Cherry. . .296 Milkweed......... 245 Onion>" seers 51 Phigx + ise" % Tae. 252 ROGGE 7 Be re te 156 Sunflower.......:. 368 sRalinumin. Vets eo 90 ANekseeds rye ere 371 Prenanthes alba..... 391 TFACEIMDOSAIS tee ec OOr tritoliata ss - 3 2 391 Prickly Ash, Northern et eee Rie: 178 Gooseberry........ 143 MPEEEGCE Oh eee 389 Pears face eee 204 Sida, . pie ae 194 PRIMROSE, Common Evening Ae: i) IR AMIEY 5) thee 230 Northern Evening. .210 PRIMULACEAE..... 230 Prunella vulgaris... .280 Psoralea, Few-flowered fit gt Se 164 Onobrychis........164 tenuiflora’). se 164 Ptelea trifoliata..... 179 mbllish Aes ae 179 Puccoon, Gmelin’s. . .265 Hairy.) 3 ee 265 Hoary:: eee 265 Narrow-leaved... ..264 PULSE FAMILY....... 157 Purple Bergamot... .285 Coneflower........ 366 Narrow-leaved. ..366 Paley ors aoe ee 366 Cudweed.22.925 47357 Everlasting 240 ee 357 Fringed Orchis..... 69 Gerardia.......... 312 Giant Hyssop...... 277 Jimson Weed...... 298 Milkweed......... 244 Milkworts +. 4. 180 Prairie Clover..... 166 Rocket: es nee 132 Spring Cress...... 134 ‘BrilliimsA. nea 60 Vetch. . Bilis Purple-head | ‘Sneezeweed 74 Jc ahaa eee 392 Purple-stemmed Angelica CG PR ee 223 Pursh’s Phacelia..... 258 PURSLANE, Common.. 90 PAMISGY 222.5 0.c8. eae 89 Speedwell......... 310 Witter. =-:.25) eee 208 Passley .:. 3.332 ee 90 Pussytoe€s 4a ote 356 Puttyroot. 2< ) eee 71 Pycnanthemum flexuosum wipe cee a ee RO virginianum....... 289 Pyrus angustifolia... .147 coronaria =. ....:.. 147 10CNSIS?:...2 aoe 147 Q Quamashe nS coca 56 Queen Anne’s Lace...224 of the Meadow... .146 Quinine, Wild....... 361 R Radicula Nasturtium- aquaticum....130 Palustrise * 1. cate: 130 Ragged Green Orchis. 70 RROD: {hes eee 84 RANUNCULACEAE... 95 Ranunculus abortivus. . delphinifolius septentrionalis Raspberry, Black... . Rattlesnake Master. . Red Baneberry Rhexia virginica Rhus copallina 60 Sessile- flowered Wake 60 Robin’ S Plantain. ae. peda CMe o Bis Wie he» he Tall Rattlesnake... 196 ao pete lcaved. ; 1 py coliy-fruited. 3 INDEX Prairie: :. Js iseotiek os 156 WEINT)'. s\n 156 Wie oa oe ihe 156 Rosinweed. . 2.6.08. 359 Entire-leaved...... 360 Still. haa eee 360 Rough Alum Root. . .139 Cinquefoil. . (e952 Hawkweed........ 392 Oxeyes i hee ee 362 Pennyroyal. 288 Rough-fruited ‘Cinquefoil sc: sniie te Sh ae SE 1 Round- Hobe Hedge Hyssop. 2.28 308 Round- lobed gs a . .102 Round-podded St. John’s-wort. ..199 RUBIACEAE........ 318 Rubus allegheniensis.. 154 occidentalis........ 154 Rudbeckia fulgida. . .364 intake lope 364 jaeinidta: ee ae 365 subtomentosa..... 363 trilobae)c a ae 363 Rue Anemone....... 101 Palisey i tne see 108 Early Meadow..... 100 ICA MATS 4 oe 178 Goats Faroe ke aria 168 Tall Meadow...... 100 Waxy Meadow....100 Ruellia ciliosa....... 316 Hairy.. x pace pedunculata. . ire tg 316 Smouthe 2c. Sue 316 Statkeds, 4 oe 316 strepens.. .316 Rennie Strawberry eth ee 187 Rusu, Basket Pen ae 47 OMmony ose le 47 FAMILY 68 atte 47 RUTACEAE.........178 Ss Sabatia angularis.....235 Sage, Wood......... 273 Sagittaria latifolia.... 36 Sailors, Blue......... St. JOHN’S-woRT FAMILY RE er eee? 99 Round-podded. . . 199 ShribbyAece cee 199 Sally, Wandering... .230 SUMISIEY. | es, ce ee 385 Sambucus canadensis.324 SANDALWOOD FamILy. 75 Sanguinaria canadensis .119 Sanicula canadensis. .216 marilandica....... 216 SANTALACEAE..... 75 SAPINDACEAE..... 190 Saponaria officinalis. . 88 Sarracenia purpurea. .137 SARRACENIACEAE. 137 ALGICE a'....: eee 148 Saururus cernuus.... 72 Saxifraga Forbesii....139 pennsylvanica..... 139 SAXIFRAGACEAE.. .139 SAXIFRAGE FamIy...139 orbes:... be a ee 139 Swamp 235 Pee 139 Scabious, Sweet...... 355 Scarlet Moonseed....114 Scarlet-fruited Horse Gentian. . .322 Scrophularia leporella. 304 marilandica....... 304 SCRORRU Le Scutellaria iene " waiyt bp ate ork Soe 2 lateriflora ne 276 parvula?: =. ¢ oe ee 276 serrata: .2. 35 eee ee 276 versicolor......... 245 Seal, False Solomon’s. 58 Golden: 5.53336 112 Great Solomon’s... 59 Small Solomon’s... 59 Three-leaved False Solomon’s..... 58 SEDGE, Bur......... 39 FPAMULY 0) 5 eer one 39 Sedum pulchellum 138 ternatum.-:\.4. nee 138 Seedbox ..) $20.2 208 Self ‘Healz= > ee 280 Seneca Snakeroot....180 Senecio aureus...... 381 Vulgaris. 0 Soe 381 Senna, Wild......... 158 Sensitive Plant, Wild .159 Sessile-flowered Wake Robins) eee 60 Sessile-leaved Trillium 60 Shad :Bush. =e 148 © 0S 0 eee Ry aor eee Sharon, Rose of.. : 198 Sharp-lobed Hepatica.102 Shepherd’s Purse... .126 Shield, Water........ 94 Carolina Water.... 94 Shining Bedstraw....319 Green Brier....... 63 Sumach 2 assoc 184 Shoestrings, Devil's. . 168 Shooting Star........ 233 Short-lobed Wild oe Short’s Aster........ 352 Shoat Black Snakeroot..... 216 Showy Stonecrop. . .138 Skulleap :'3)...25% 276 Tick Trefouke =e. 171 Verbena... : ...2.. 268 Shrubby Bittersweet. ee Cinquefoil......... 51 St. John’s-wort 199 Trefotl: "serge 179 Sicklepod. : 2:00 = 135 Sicyos angulatus..... 326 Seles Prickly. = 2... -'. 194 Spinesa ses 2%. 194 Silene antirrhina.. 85 Sefer 85 stellata..........-. 87 Vag tot Sse See 86 Silky Thimbleweed.. .104 Silphium integrifolium oie ko See oe ie 360 laciniatum........ 359 perfoliatum....... 360 terebinthinaceum.. eer Silver Weed......... 52 Silver-leaved Nightshade. fine? wieuw © * Os 2 © 0 officinale.......... 128 Sisyrinchium ers. 66 angustifolium. . 66 gramineum........ 66 Sium cicutaefolium...220 Skullcap, Heart-leaved Biers ss 2, 276 Mad-dog....::-.-.- 276 WEIESHOeP ee cis cs >. - 275 SHOWN os =. 3 1-": 276 Skunk Cabbage...... 42 Sky-blue Aster...... 350 Sleepy Catchfly...... 85 Slender Gerardia..... 312 Small Enchanter’s Nightshade. ...213 Solomon's Seal..... 59 White Dogwood. . .226 Lady’s Slipper... 68 Smaller Yellow Lady’ s Slipper....... 68 Small-flowered eat 97 Phacelia. Bes Be arom us ‘258 SR ALI TERET yoo us's $6 nie: 90. MeEEDeia cles cis «55s 270 Smartweed, Water... 79 Smilacina racemosa.. 57 SteHataA ome ee = © 58 tee Olt ee sees aes 58 Smilax herbacea..... 63 rotunditolia. 22... .- 63 SMOKE SEECE. yo es 184 Smooth Aster........352 Beardtongue...... 305 False Foxglove..... 311 (Pie. ose se 252 Rocki@ress, 5 5. 135 Raeiiae os. se 316 Sumac en..:s2 184 Sweet Cicely...... 218 White Lettuce..... 391 Yellow Violet. . . 203 Smooth-leaf Honeysuckle 321 Button. ee Pegs 215, 343 Sene .180 Short otvied Black.216 Wireinidoss. fess. 7 AUT ea ne ae 341 Sneezeweed, Common.375 Five-leaved....... 3 Purple-head....... 374 ~] rs INDEX Snow Trillium....... 61 SOAPBERRY FAMILY. .190 Soapwort.. 3. == 88 Soft Agrimony.. -155 Soft-hairy False Gromwell 266 SOLANACEAE...... 293 Solanum carolinense. .295 Duleamara...: .ve-= 293 elaeagnifolium..... 295 THPTUIN: Sess = te 294 TOSEFAGHM:. | o.ss . 295 Solidago altissima... .348 Canadgensis;,... + 4-1 349 graminifolia....... 348 JUNCEAL. co eee 347 latifoliag. soc 347 Nemorahs... a2. 348 FIPTAA | ese tee ce 349 Solomon’s Seal, False. 58 reat. Stare Smallte ee ekie 9 Three-leaved False Sonchus asper....... 388 oleraceuS. 205 2.22: 388 Sorrel, Creeping Yellow Wood..... 175 Great Yellow Wood.176 Rady sites ee. aes 176 Violet Wood....... 175 Yellow Wood...... 176 Sour Grass......2.-- 176 Southern Black Haw.. ae Crate. Slee 14 Loosestrife........ mt Tickseed Sunflower.372 Sow Thistle, Common.388 Spiny-leaved. . . .388 Spanish Bayonet..... 62 Weedlest. (7c... 372 Spatterdock......... 91 Spearmint. . he eles AN i f Spearwort, Oblong- leaved 180. -5- Specularia perfoliata .328 Speedwell, Corn...... 310 Pursiane. 2002 oes 310. Thyme-leaved...+4 309 Spice Bush.......<..418 SPIDERWORT......--- 44 PAMICY 2. nor. oe 44 Short-stemmed . 44 Spigelia marilandica. 234 Spiked Lobelia. . 2332 Loosestrife® © o-j2tae 206 Spikenard, False..... 57 Spiny-leaved Sow ere Spiraea prunifolia. . nr salicifolia.. .2% =-<-- 146 tomentosa... 5 =... 146 Spotted Touch-me-not cu Mieaee 191 Spreading Dogbane. .240 SPULEE 7 jcuak ee 182 Spring AVvensi-)..- 2 =: 153 Beauty. 24. 2500 t 89 Bead leaved.. 89 Gress. oe "134 P (Lopes eae 134 Harbinger of...... 219 403 SPURGE FamMILy......181 Flowering.......-. 182 Spreading......... 182 Squaw Weed......-. 381 Squirrel Corn.+3-22 = 122 Stachys cordata.. . 284 DAlustris..2-+ aes 284 STAFF FREE . ee 188 FPAMIEY ) P5124 187 Vines S.J. > a tere 188 Stag Bush! 47 meee 323 Stalked Ruellia...... 316 Water Horehound. .290 Staphylea trifolia. . . .189 STAPHYLEACEAE. .189 Star, Cylindric Blazing ME li AL 343 Grass. . .....62, 64 Large Blazing . ha fie 343 Marsh Blazing..... 344 Prairie Blazing... ..344 Shooting = 5-- > er 233 Starry Campion..... 87 Steeple Bush........ 146 Steironema ciliatum. .232 intermedium. . TA lanceolatum....... 231 quadriflorum...... 232 fadicans' >. a. - pes 231 Stellaria media...... 82 Stemless Lady’s baer Stickseed, Hairy Me 262 Sticktights 32. emcee 372 Stiff Goldenrod...... 349 Rosinweed......-. 360 Tickseed 3.f20: sia 2 371 Water Crowfoot... 96 Stonecrop:: 222. -4-- 138 Diteh =... 40-2 sos 138 Showy: . 6 --sge e 138 Stoneroot]... -. aan 292 Stoneseed: : |...) Shee 265 Strawberry Bush, Runnine. - oe 187 Ba ee ee 150 Waid = 2) Sener 150 Yellow. . 152 Striped White Violet . 202 Strophostyles helvola.174 umbellata. ©.) 2. - 174 en ae estes m Sumach, Poison...... ae Shining -: ste ie 84 Smootis .-.oss20se 184 Sundrops, Common. .211 Meadow *..).\- nat 211 Sunflower, Common. .368 Crownbeard....... 37 Falsexetre. 362. S15 Pale?.n 260. 369 Prairie. ee 368 Southern Tickseed..372 Swamper: see 375 Tickseed! ae... 372 Western Tickseed. .372 Susan, Black-eyed.. . .364 Brown-eyed....... 364 Swamp Betony...... 313 Buttercup......... 99 Cress, Yellow......130 Dagwood'. eek. « % 179 IOUS. cketws- eee 186 Loosestrife........ 205 Marigold 5572 Milkweed......... 245 ONG Se he kt. > iw 156 Mallow. sé. 2s... 196 Saxifrage....:.....139 SHITMOWES ST. . 2'sicls fe 375 Sweet Betty......... 88 Cicely, Hairy...-.- 218 SHIGOEN. «cde ne 218 Clover, White..... 163 PMCNOW 264 5.cans sae Coneflower........ 363 “2 ee Ge reas 43 Ce ea ete ok. oan 144 BRCBROOW 51:50 ..oi-bh ate 146 Pea, Wild......... 168 SGBMIOUS | |. 5s :a 53 355 Viburnum.........323 White Violet...... 202 William, Wild..... 253 Sweet-scented Water A a RRS Ra SR 92 RENT wary AAR orbi- SATS 3, ct 8 Y 5 32 Symplocarpus foetidus = Talinum, Prairie..... 90 rugospermum...... 90 Small-flowered..... 90 teretifolium....... 90 Tall Anemone....... 104 Bellflower......... 329 Blue Lettuce...... 390 Coneflower........ 365 Crowminotiet ...... 3... 98 Goldenrod........ 348 Green Orchis...... 69 Meadow Rue...... 100 Pomme: is 152 Rattlesnake Root. .391 Sal EN a 384 Thoroughwort..... 339 PC RBOEE. i... ocluie as 371 Wormwood........379 Tansy, False: .:..... 379 Taraxacum erythrosper- SE ss ce g's Od ofiemale. ino: 387 1S i) ee IR eS ae ee 129 PEN TAOS Rey pe oe 345 Tea, New Jersey..... 192 TEASEL FamiLy......325 Lol: Deere: eee 325 Tecoma radicans..... 314 Tephrosia virginiana. 168 Teucrium canadense. .273 occidentale........ 273 Thalictrum dioicum. .100 polygamum....... 100 FEVOMMUNI Ys... ee 100 Thimbleberry........ 154 Thimbleweed........ 104 9 aa as eS a 104 INDEX <4bi.5 < SOG 36 Thistle, Bull 383 Canada. is >cieehey 384 Common.y 3) 4.4398 383 Sow... fies 388 Milk. ssi es 389 Pasturé: 2...2 5... 383 Spiny-leaved Sow. .388 Te er eet eae ae 384 Thlaspi arvense...... 125 Thorn, Cockspur..... 149 Thoroughwort, Late- blooming...... 338 Tall Three-leaved False Solomon's Seal. 58 Three-seeded Mercury.181 Thyme-leaved Speed- Wellner ee. 309 Tick Trefoil, Few- flowered...... 170 Hoary-leaved....170 Tllinois. . .171 Naked-flowered. . 171 Pointed-leaved. . .170 HOW Yicbic laos 3'tee 171 Ticks, Beggar... :). .<. 372 Tickseed ics 2 cis: sesews 372 PPA. Pao 55% ce eae 371 Sees bo ah no, se Sunflower......... 372 Southern 372 Westerns) <.2ubu 372 Sa. cle hey ak ae 371 Tinker’s Weed....... 322 Toadflax, Bastard.... 75 Bees ot fe 302 MENIIW 3. ial > stars 301 Tobacco, Indian..... 332 Lagies ic. o's shea 356 Tofieldia glutinosa... 49 Toothache Tree...... 178 Toothwort2: 3). 4/500. 133 PE OG ste esta) Reels oa 336 Wieser nic eee. 355 TOUCH-ME-NOT FAMILY Paterna ree tein es 191 Spottedsn caress 191 Trachelospermum difforme...... 239 Tradescantia brevicaulis WIT SIMIAN AS sia ectsask 44 Tragopogon porrifolius Fe te ar ee Ne 385 Trailing Loosestrife. .231 Wald Beam. ies sie 174 Treacle Mustard..... 129 Tree, Empress....... 306 Hopi 65. soot eee 179 SIHOKE: 5 Sp cero 184 Stalk... toga ee 188 “Lootnache =. ... 4. = 178 Trefoil, Few-flowered.170 Hoary-leaved Tick. ae Illinois Tick. .... All Naked-flowered Tice ay | Pointed-leaved Tie 404 - Uvularia grandiflora. . grandiflorum...... Large-flowered..... ee ee ed perfoliatum........ True Water Cress.... Trumpet Creeper.... Plantain...... Turk’s-cap Lily...... Turnip, Indian...... 40 Te a eae ee Typha angustifolia... latifolia: 222%. eee UMBELLIFERAE Umbrellawort, leaved Narrow-leaved..... Upland Boneset...... Upright Bindweed.. URTICACEAE....... perfoliata +... .c.5% 50 V Vaccinium pennsyl- vacillans (7... Valerian, Greek...... Velvet Leaf... 6.2.55 e Venus’ Looking Glass.328 — Verbascum Blattaria.300 Thapsus {..- sae 300 Verbena angustifolia.268 bipinnatifida...... 270 Bracted.. 2.)2.)s«0 ee 270 bracteosa aces Gane 270 | canadensis........ 268 hastata.i.. aaa 269 Showy...