eeaaty we Stuinprnipatat st : mee: ei Nl a edt tat i iene + Walesa denne sphere Basing set : mimetic; ——_ wa se ~~ a YT Wy ee a. CI 4 . . ee Be Tis) s re) Von Garey | 7 “ genes -£’. « ’ t \ s *e - * P. - 8 » « v CY) RA & ae = , ) Mere — ‘hh CF ~ ‘ l« > < ty 4 . f) q hd < é a) ‘ - As: e . : “ See 4. Py ~b Si < i e “ e ‘ 1'y ‘ hal * ae -?_/. ‘ + 7 ‘ os aus > . : q A} « baz RY Tic. 3 Pn \ Ay RS) ‘ ' 4 f] A. $ QS Wi Fi 7 , AA 1 | ee ac™ ©. he iw (Nee ‘ ~F wr —_—_——— i“ ’ « : n=) : 4 6 74 3 5 fie Git visas Y Z au y, i> OTP * ee ae OS de Wh He. ¥ +d Fn 8 ee >. } i] ee <2 aes tie ee FIELD AND WOODLAND PLANTS THE OUTDOOR WORLD SERIES. THE OUTDOOR WORLD; or, the Young Collector’s Handbook. By W.S. FURNEAUX. With 18 Plates (16 of which are coloured), and 549 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo. gilt top, 3s. 6d. net. BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS (Bririsz). By W.S. FURNEAUX. With 12 coloured Plates and 241 Illus- trations in the Text. Crown 8vo., gilt top, 3s. 6d. net. LIFE IN PONDS AND STREAMS. By W. S&S. FURNEAUX. With 8 coloured Plates and 331 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo. gilt top, 3s. 6d. net. FIELD AND WOODLAND PLANTS. By W. 8. FURNEAUX. With 8 Coloured Plates and numerous Illus- trations from Drawings by PATTEN WILSON and from Photographs. Orown 8vo. gilt top, 3s. 6d. net, THE SEA SHORE. By W.S. Furneavx. With 8 Plates in colour and over 300 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo. gilt top, 3s. 6d. net. BRITISH BIRDS. By W. H. Hupson. With a Chapter on Structure and Classification by FRANK E. BEDDARD, F.R.S. With 16 Plates (8 of which are coloured), and over 100 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8vo. gilt top, 3s. 6d. net. LONGMANS, GREEN, & OO., 39 Paternoster Row, London, New York, Bombay, and Calcutta, Plate I. we NP SPRING FLOWERS OF THE Green Hellebore. Plantain-leaved Leopard’s-bane. Lady's Slipper. WOODS. 4. Sand Garlic. 5. Wild Hyacinth. 6. Wood Melic Grass. FIELD AND WOODLAND PLANTS BY \ W'S. FURNEAUX 0,406 AUTHOR OF *THE OUTDOOR WORLD’ ‘BRITISH BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS ” ‘LIFE IN PONDS AND STREAMS’ “THE SEA SHORE’ ETC. WITH EIGHT PLATES IN COLOUR, AND NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS BY PATTEN WILSON, AND PHOTOGRAPHS FROM NATURE BY THE AUTHOR REISSUE LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON ~ NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA 1911 All rights reserved BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE. First published in November, 1909. PREFACE ‘Tuts additional volume to the young naturalist’s ‘ Outdoor World Series’ is an attempt to provide a guide to the study of our wild plants, shrubs and trees—a guide which, though com- paratively free from technical terms and expressions, shall yet be strictly correct and scientific. The leading feature of the book is the arrangement of the plants and trees according to their seasons, habitats and habits ; an arrangement which will undoubtedly be of the greatest assist- ance to the lover of wild flowers during his work in the field, and also while examining and identifying his gathered specimens at home. A large portion of the space has necessarily been allotted to the descriptions of plants, several hundreds of which have been included, and a large proportion of these illustrated; but not a little has been devoted to an attempt to create an interest in some of those wonderful habits which lead us to look upon plants as living beings with attractions even more engrossing than their beautiful forms and colours. It has been thought advisable to give but little attention to aquatic plants and to the flowers which are to be found only on the coast, these having been previously included in former volumes of this series dealing, respectively, with pond life and the © sea shore. The thanks of the author are due to his friend, G. Du. Heaume, Esq., for his valuable assistance in collecting many of the flowers required for description and illustration. | : W. 8S. F. 1 , a5 as ee es 2 XIII. XIV. 4's XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXI. COONTE ENCES INTRODUCTION—GENERAL CHARACTERS OF PLANTS AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF FLOWERS THE POLLINATION AND FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS CLIMBING PLANTS EARLY SPRING Woops AND THICKETS IN SPRING . THE SpRING-FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS OF Woops, THICKETS, AND HEDGEROWS WAYSIDES AND WASTES IN SPRING Merapows, FIELDS, AND PASTURES—SPRING . Boas, MarsHES, AND WET PLACES IN SPRING . Woops AND THICKETS IN SUMMER WASTES AND WAYSIDES IN SUMMER . WASTES AND WAYSIDES IN SUMMER—COMPOSITE FLOWERS . WASTES AND WAYSIDES IN SUMMER—continued Merapows, Fretps, AND PasTURES—SUMMER Boas, MARSHES, AND WET PLACES—SUMMER On Heatu, Down, AND Moor In THE CoRN FIELD ON THE CHALK By THE RIVER SIDE On Watts, Rocks, anp Stony PLACES. FIELD AND WAYSIDE IN AUTUMN PAGE 108 - 128 130 151 175 190 211 236 257 281 296 312 318 328 Vili CHAP. gh ehy Se GREE XT. CONTENTS AUTUMN IN THE Woops . . PaRaSITIC PLANTS . Cagnrvonous Puants . . |, . 33 sue List oF FLOWERS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO ——- ; Hapirats AND HaBITs. . + + 302 = List oF FLOWERS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR ORDERS AND GENERA... . Re GuossaniaL INDEX. .- ‘s\_. 5°02 nn whe a ae wb Hm OO DD . Great Valerian . Foxglove . Succory-leaved Hawk’s-beard COLOURED PLATES TI. Spring FLOWERS oF THE Woops . .. . Frontispiece . Green Hellebore 4. Sand Garlic . Plantain-leaved 5. Wild Hyacinth Leopard’s-Bane | 6. Wood Melic Grass . Lady’s Slipper IJ. FLowrrs oF THE Woops . . . . fo face p. 130 4. Nettle-leaved Bell-flower 5. Broad-leaved Helleborine 6. Hairy Brome-grass III. FLOWERS OF THE WAYSIDE . . . To face p. 150 . Round-leaved Crane’s-bill 5. Red Bartsia - Black Horehound 6. Annual Meadow Grass . Evergreen Alkanet - 7. Hemlock Stork’s-bill . Bristly Ox-tongue TV. KFitowrrs or THE Fieup . . . . TYoface p. 210 . Rough Cock’s-foot Grass 4. Blue-Bottle . Lucerne 5. Common Vetch . Crimson Clover | 6. Meadow Clary V. FiLowers oF Bogs anp MarsHes . . To face p. 236 . Marsh Gentian 5. Marsh Vetchling - Marsh Marigold 6. Marsh St. John’s-wort . Marsh Orchis 7. Bog Pimp-rnel . Marsh Mallow Hm oo hoe who mob . Red Valerian . Narrow-leaved Flax . Tufted Horse-shoe Vetch . Spiked Speedwell COLOURED PLATES VI. Frowers or Down, Heatu, AND Moor To face p. 256 . Musk Thistle 5. Sheep’s-bit . Clustered Bell-flower | 6. Spotted Orchis . Spiny Rest Harrow 7. Heath Rush . Hairy Hawkbit | VII. FLOWERS OF THE CORN-FIELD . . . To face p. 280 . Long Smooth-headed Poppy | 4. Corn Marigold . Field Scabious ; 5. Flax . Corn Cockle 6. Corn Pheasant’s-eye VIII. Fiowers or Cuatky Sous. . . To face p. 296 5. Pasque Flower 6. Bee Orchis 7. Yellow Oat Grass Erratum.—On Plate VI, for ‘Spring Rest Harrow’ read ‘Spiny Rest Harrow.’ LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS GENERAL CHARACTERS OF PLANTS PAGE PAGE Forms of Roots . . 2 | Formsof Compound Leaves . 7 Running underground stem Forms of Inflorescence . . 8 of Soloman’s Seal . . . 4 Longitudinal Section Arrangement of Leaves . . 5 through the flower of the Leaf of Pansy with two Butteroup ? 10 large Stipules . . . =. - 5 | Inferior and Superior Ov ary 11 Margins of Leaves. . . . 6] Unisexual Flowers of the Various Forms of Simple fe} Berber “aes Seek ae oes" il iseayes: 55.45 08 ase ae os on Ff Debiseent Praite oa The Spurge Laurel . . . 70 WAYSIDES AND WASTES IN SPRING PAGE PAGE The Shepherd’s Purse . . 82] The Moschatel. . . . . 95 The Scurvy Grass. . 83 | The White Bryony . . . 96 The Common Whitlow Grass 83 | The Wild Beaked Parsley .- 97 The Yellow Rocket . . . 84 | The Garden Beaked Pome “88 The Procumbent Pearlwort . 86 | The Goutweed. . i 38 The Greater Stitchwort . . 87 | The Crosswort. . . 100 The Chickweed . 88 | The Colt’s-foot in Early The Broad-leaved Mouse-ear Spring . 101 Chickweed . . 89 | The Germander Speedwell . 101 The Dove’s-foot Crane’s-bill . 90 | The White Dead Nettle . . 102 The Jagged-leaved Crane’s- ‘The Yellow Pimpernel . . 103 Sees i sy : 91 | The Dog’s Mereury - =. . 104 The Herb Robert. . . . 92] The Black Bryony . . . 105 The Grass Vetchling . . . 93 | The Wild Arum .. . . 106 The Strawberry-leaved Ginguefoll. ... . a + Merapows, FIELDs, AND PastTuRES—SPRING PAGE PAGE The Field Pennycress. . . 109 | The Butterbur Se eee The Wild Pansy . . .* . 110 | The Yellow Rattle =) as The Ragged Robin . . . 111 | The Henbit Dead Nettle. . 119 The Purple Clover . =... 114 | The Cowslip {30 ee The Daisy . . . . ... 115 | The Fox-teiljGeme eee LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Bogs, MarsHES, AND WET PLACES IN SPRING PAGE The Marsh Potentil . . . 124 | The Marsh Trefoil The Golden Saxifrage . . 125 | The Marsh Lousewort The Marsh Valerian . . . 126 | The Yellow Flag . Woops AND THICKETS IN SUMMER PAGE The Large-flowered St. The Alexanders goun’s-wort: ©... . « 13] | The Elder .-.. The Common S&t. John's- The Guelder Rose WOE ECs . . 132 | The Saw-wort. . The Dyer’s aceavited . « 133 | The Ivy- leaved Bell-flower The Sweet Milk Vetch . . 134 | Twigs of Holly The Wild Raspberry. . . 135 | The Privet . The Rose Bay Willow Herb . 136 | The Millet Grass ; The Dogwood. . . 137 | The Bearded Wheat . The Wood Sanicle. . . . 138 | The Slender False Brome WASTES AND WAYSIDES IN SUMMER PAGE PAGE The Wild Clematis . . . 152 | Flower Head of the Mari- The Hedge Mustard . . . 152 SOM Gio ak at eke ee eer The. Felix Weed . . . . 153 | Florets of a igs The Dyer’s Weed. . . . 154 Flower . . ;- 176 The Deptford Pink . . . 155 | The Yellow Goat’s-beard 177 The Red Campion . .. . 156 | The Hawkweed Picris pe) heh The Common Mallow... 157 | The Prickly Lettuce .- 179 The Musk Mallow . . . 158 | The Sharp-fringed Sow- The Bloody Crane’s-bill. . 159 Thistle. 180 The Fruit of the Stork’s- The Smooth Hawk’s-beard . 181 bill. . 160 | The Nipplewort 2. SSS The Hemlock Stork’s-bill . 161 | The Burdock . 183 The Bird’s-foot Trefoil . . 162 | The Spear Thistle . ei Fe? oe The Herb Bennet or Geum . 163 | The Creeping Thistle . . 185 the: Dog Rose)... 2 164'| The Tansy. . 186 The Silver Weed. . . . 164 | The Wormwood . 187 The Agrimony. . yikes / The Ragwort ... . 188 The Orpine or Livelong «2 167 | Phe Seentless Mayweed . +489 The Fool’s Parsley . . . 168 | The Yarrow or Milfoil . 189 The Wild Parsnip. 169 | The Rampion Bell-flower . 191 The Cow ne or Hog. The Great Bindweed . . 2192 weed...” \-2 «_ 170. | The -Henbahe: .... 193 The Honeysuckle a oak: . 171 | The Woody Nightshade or The Great ri Bedstraw . 172 Bittersweet . . <) pd OE the Teasel.— . . 173 | The Deadly Nightshade ee Teasel Heads . . . . . 174 | The Yellow Toadflax . 196 Xi PAGE =, E37 . 127 . 128 PAGE . 139 . 140 . 141 143 . 145 . 146 . 147 . 148 . 148 . 149 xIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS WASTES AND WAYSIDES IN SUMMER—continued PAGE | PAGE The Vervein ART | The White Goosefoot. 203 The Balm. . . . 198 | The Spotted Persicaria 205 The Hedge W oundwort . . 199 | The Curled Dock . 207 The Gromwell. ‘ . 201 | The Great Nettle . 208 The Hound’s-tongue . . 202 | The Canary Grass 209 Merapows, FIELDS, AND PASTURES—SUMMER PAGE | PAGE The Gold of Pleasure. . 212 | The Great Knapweed. 226 The Bladder Campion . 213 The Common Fleabane 227 The White Campion . . 214 | The Ox-eye Daisy. 228 The Kidney Vetch. 215 | The Sneezewort §.. 2° 5/43) 2eo The Common Melilot. 216 | The Small Bindweed . 230 The Lady’s Mantle 217 | Section of the Flower of - The Meadow Sweet 219 Salvia. 231 The Burnet Saxifrage . . 220 | The Self-heal 231 The Wild Carrot . . . . 221 | The Ribwort Plantain 232 The Devil’s-bit Scabious . 222 | The Butterfly Orchis . 233 The Rough Hawkbit . . 223 | The Cat’s-tail Grass 233 The Autumnal Hawkbit. 224 | The Meadow Barley . . 233 The Meadow Thistle 225 | The Rye Grass or Darnel . 234 The Black Knapweed. 226 | The Sheep’s Fescue . 234 Bogs, MarsHES, AND WET PLACES—SUMMER PAGE PAGE The Lesser Spearwort. . 237 | The Round-leaved Mint . . 247 The Great Hairy Willow -The Forget-me-not . 248 Herb. : 238 | The Water Pepper or Biting The Purple Loosestrife . 239 Persicaria; |. .s.)\s fyetglelveat The Water Hemlock . . 241 | The Bog Asphodel . . 251] The Common Water Drop- The Common Rush . 252 wort. . . 242 | The Shining-fruited Jointed The Marsh Thistle . 243 Rush . : . 253 The Brooklime. . 244 | The Common Sedge . 254 The Water Figwort . 245 | The Marsh Sedge. . . . 255 The Gipsy wort . 246 HeatH, Down, AND Moor PAGE PAGE The Milkwort . . . . -. 258 | The Smooth Heath Bed- The -BrOoi (253. sates Ee straw. . yet ee ir The Furze or Gorse : 260 | The Dwarf Thistle . 265 The Tormentil. . . 261 | The Carline Thistle . . 267 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS KV HeatuH, Down, The Common Chamomile. . 268 The Harebell . . . 269 The Cross-leaved Heath