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Seer iavens tints Nye tse

THOMAS LINCOLN

CASEY

LIBRARY

1925

76/
/ i
Ent,

51st CONGRESS, } HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. van Doc.
1st Session. No. 269.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Meet REPORT

OF THE

UNITED STATES

ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION,

BEING A REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION OF
Buuuetin No. 7,

ON

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

BY

ALPHEUS S. PACKARD, M. D., Pu. D.
yi]

WITH WOOD-OUTS AND 38 PLATES,

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1890.

JOINT RESOLUTION AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING OF TWO THOUSAND
COPIES OF THE FIFTH REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES ENTOMO-
LOGICAL COMMISSION.

The following resolution, originating in the House of Representa-
tives, was concurred in by the Senate, July 6, 1882:

Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), That there be
printed, for the use of the Department of Agriculture, with necessary illustrations,
2,000 copies of the fifth report of the United States Entomological Commission, being
a special report on the insects affecting forest trees.—(See Congressional Record,
July 7, 1882.)

II

Tas nw- OF CONTENTS.

Literature of forest entomology, 5—Insects in general, 6—The beetles and
borers, 7—Moths and butterflies, 7—Gall-flies, 10—Saw-flies, 12—Plant-
lice, 13—Bark-lice, 14—Dipterous or two-winged gall-flies, 14—Insec-
tivorous or parasitic insects, 14—Artificial breeding of parasitic and
predaceous insects, 16—Coleopterous enemies of borers, 18—Influence
of temperature on insect life, 19—Generations or broods, 19—Hiberna-
tion stage, 23—Diseases of trees produced by the attacks of insects, 24—
The appearance of unusual new growths, 24—The origin of repaired
parts from representative indefinite growths is very general, 25—Pre-
vention and remedies against forest insects, 27—Borers in shade and
ornamental trees, 27—Prevention and remedies against timber-beetles
and bark-borers, 28—Insecticides and means of applying them to shade
and forest trees, 31—-Paris green and London purple, 31—Insecticides
which act by contact, 34—Wood ashes and lime, 34—Coal ashes and
coal dust, 35—Pyrethrum, hellebore, sulphur, 35—Alkaline washes,
potash lye and soda lye, 35—Alkaline washes, soaps, 35—Petroleum pro-
ducts, kerosene, naphtha, 36—Kerosene emulsions, 36—Resin washes,
37—Fumigants, gases, 37—Hydrocyanic acid gas, 38—Insecticide ap-
paratus, 38—Devices for applying powders, powder blowers, 383—The
Woodason bellows, 39—The Leggett Brothers orchard gun, 39—De-
vices for applying liquids, 39—The pump, 39—Hose and bamboo ex-
tension rod, 42—Nozzles; the Riley or Cyclone nozzle, 44—The Nixon
or Climax nozzle, 46.

CHAPTER I.

PERINAT IOUN HET OWN caries cc nD e vac s2s baloeidentieusdiss eccisintrsema anne ccumes

Affecting the roots, 49—Affecting the trunk, 53—Affecting the ibs and

twigs, 83—Feeding on the buds, 116—Injuring the leaves, 117—Injuring

the seeds (acorns), 215—Insects either habitually or occasionally oc-
curring on the oak, 217.

CHAPTER II.
SRCCEDS EMIMTIDUG LO\TRE CUB: 4 canis lcian & Ss 2mbhadiegomemen dA od sien alee upolcinefSur alecck

Affecting the trunk, 224—Affecting the leaves, 230—Insects occasionally
preying upon the elm, 282.

CHAPTER III:

aCSLe ANIUTIOUS.1O URE TACKOTY. 22 = 3 ==). Ke an gucpathibacceshs'sse os. +secSeces-deeacs
Injuring the trunk and branches, 285—Affecting the bark, 298—A ffecting
the leaves, 299—Affecting the fruit, 326 —Other species occurring on the

hickory, 328.
Insects injurious to the black walnut . ..2 224.2220. 22 cnc nns cece en cnn nee cece cece
Affecting the trunk, 329—Other species occurring on the black walnut, 336.

III

48

224

285

IV TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Insects injurious to the butternut... . 2 5. occe oo oon coon wo cc ee wcenes dace cece corn
Affecting the trunk and limbs, 337—Affecting the leaves, 338—Other species
living on the butternut, 342.
Tasects tnjurious to the chestnit.....05 2-20 cacecs cumeee dee aenicnsseemnenedascase
Affecting the trunk and limbs, 343—Affecting the leaves, 344—Affecting the
fruit, 350—Other species preying on the chestnut, 353.

CHAPTER IV.

Insects injurious to the locust treé.... 2200 cose cove canes cones cocces conccecorans
Affecting the trunk, 355—Affecting the leaves, 361—Other insects feeding
on the locust, 372.

CHAPTER V.

Insects injurious to the different species of maple .....- ceee eevee ceccee cere ennnes
Affecting the trunk, 374—Boring in the twigs, 391—Affecting the leaf-buds,
392—Affecting the leaves, 392—Other insects occurring on the maple,

424.

CHAPTER VI.

Insects injurious to the cottonwood .2 2 22. St 2csc\o scene ce ene eec sees eee tenes celecas
Affecting the roots, 426—Affecting the trunk and branches, 426—Affecting
the leaves, 428.
UMgects tjuUntoUus: CONE MOPLAN pe aoe cn (estes solece aye nse) «oo eia eee eee eee ee ate
Affecting the trunk, 435—Affecting the leaves, 445—Other insects feeding
on the poplar, 472.
Insects injurious to the bass-wood or linden tree. ..-. .--- --- 22 ---- eee ene ee eee
Affecting the trunk, 474—Affecting the leaves, 475—Other insects living on
the linden, 480.
CHAPTER VII.

dnsecte anjursous to the, Ci Oh .2-5 566-5 dacaaep acest) sabe nae as seer cape ee eeeeee
Injuring the trunk, 483—Affecting the leaves, 486—Other species occurring
on the birch, 514.

CHAPTER VIII.

Tnsects injurious tothe beeeh ss si. 103 2 3 aco ae eae woes tute cae eaeleeiem sea eae
Affecting the trunk, 515—Affecting the leaves, 515—Other insects occurring
on the beech, 519.

CHAPTER IX.

Insects injurious to the wild cherry, wild plum, the thorn, crab-apple and mountain ash.

Insects affecting the wild cherry: Affecting the trunk, 521—Affecting the
leaves, 522—Other insects, 529.

Insects affecting the wild plum: Feeding on the leaves, 530—Feeding on the
fruit, 530—Other insects, 531.

Insects affecting the service-berry or June berry, 531.

Insects affecting the wild thorn: Affecting the leaves, 532—Other insects,
535. i

Insects injurious to the crab-apple: Affecting the leaves, 537.

Insects injurious to the mountain ash: Affecting the leaves, 537—Other in-
sects, 539.

CHAPTER X.

Uasenta tnjurtous to the' USN... 5 soe ecen weno ne neon ase ees teases ayon chan cane aman
Affecting the trunk and branches, 540—Affecting the leaves, 544—Other in-
sects occurring on the ash, 555.

355:

374

426.

435.

474

483.

515.

52k

540

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XI.

MAIBEUIA EMP UINOUSLTONULE WEL LOW or ae cio ct as Soa Nae sooo doce, co cee weleeds Sadeceieeeod«
Affecting the trunk, 557—Injuring the leaves, 559—Other insects occurring
on the willow, 596.

CHAPTER XII.

RBUCES TRIUIWOUR CO URE RUCKUEITY some - <5 vec cme wnce ences scacec soness -onece cone
Injuring the leaves, 602—Boring in the trunk, 610—Cecidomyidous hack-
berry galls, 612—Hackberry Psyllide, 614.

CHAPTER XIII.

Insects preying upon the alder. ...-~. .---+. -- +--+ - 2-202 see 2 nee eee eee eee ee
Boring in the trunk, 623—Injuring the leaves, 625—Other insects of the
alder, 636.
Insects injurious to the hazel: Feeding on the leaves, 637—Affecting the
nuts, 641—Other insects, 641.

CHAPTER XIV.

PRIEECISIENIUTIOUS TONLE) SUCUMONE BELG - ae catseic cos oweieis Gamal ccmiocisweeeealaces seeaes

Boring in the trunk, 643—Eating the leaves, 644—Other insects also occur-
ring on the sycamore, 646.

Insects injurious to the hop-hornbeam, or iron-wood, 647.

Insects infesting the water-beech, hornbeam, 650.

Insects injurious to the sassafras, 650.

Insects injuring the honey-locust: Affecting the leaves, 652—Other insects
of the honey-locust, 653.

Insects injuring the horse chestnut, or buckeye: Boring in the terminal
twigs, 654—Aftecting the leaves, 656.

Insects of the sweet-gum, 657.

Insects injurious to the sour-gum tree, 657.

Insects injurious to the prickly ash: Affecting the trunk and limbs, 659—
Eating the leaves, 661.

Insects of the tulip tree, 663.

Insects injurious to the sumach, 664.

Insects injurious to the poison ivy, 665.

Insects affecting the catalpa: Affecting the leaves, 666—Affecting the pods,
666.

Insects injurious to the witch hazel, 668.

Insects i injurious to the magnolia, 669.

Insects injurious to the papaw, 669.

Insects injurious to the tree of heaven, 669.

Insects injurious to the box elder, 669.

Insects injurious to the mesquite, 670.

Insects injurious to the persimmon, 671.

Insects injurious to the California bay or laurel, 671.

Insects affecting the China tree, 671.

Insects injurious to the dogwood, 672.

Insects injurious to the box, 672.

Insects injurious to the black alder, 673.

Insects injurious to the Kentucky coffee tree, 673.

CHAPTER XV.

BME PrN MESORELIO CRE DIRE 2 hoe one a cae ccs tee ws oeda decide ace wee scotes oe en'<
Affecting the roots, 675—Affecting the trunk, 676—Affecting the twigs, 735—
Affecting the leaves, 756—Other insects occurring on the pine, 809.

601

623

643

VI TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XVI.

Page.
ARSE0S WNjUNOUS LO thE EPVUCE ac cern dowree! soe cere) <i winiciel se Malolos e'eieinet a tele ae eae ee 811
Affecting the trunk and branches, 311—Affecting the leaves, 830—Affecting
the cones, 854—Other insects of the spruce, 856—Insects injurious to the
Rocky Mountain spruce and Douglass spruce, 857.
CHAPTER XVII.
Insects injurious to the fir tree... 55 Sendtispieetn ose pase eases ae eee eee 861
Affecting the trunk, 861—Affecting the leaves, 862—Other insects of the
fir, 869.

CHAPTER XVIII.

Insects injurious to the hemlock and larch .-...---.. <----.'.2-2-- ---+ -- 0025 --- == 871
Injuring the trunk, 871—Affecting the leaves, 873.
Insects injurious to the larch or tamarack: Affecting the leaves, 879—Other
insects, 903.
CHAPTER XIX.
TaRectsnjurtous tO they UNDE? a5.5- 2a so emncins ee ise es) aoe neni cee pee eee 904
Affecting the trunk, 904—Affecting the leaves, 907.
Insects injurious to the common juniper, 910.

CHAPTER XX.

Insects injurious to the cedar and cypress .... .. 220. .- =~ 25 ©. secs cons ence wa5- wane - 917
Insects injurious to the cedar, 917.
Insects injurious to the cypress, 921.
Insects injurious to the Sequoia gigantea, 922.

EXPLANATIONS! LO UPDATES 2 2/oc2-s a2 cbc Sone te eee Oe eee oe ce tee ae eee ee mae
INDICES OF INSECTS, PLANTS, AND AUTHORS QUOTED ........-.--... --0. 929, 947, 953

LETTER OF SUBMITTAL.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY,
Washington, D. C., December 26, 1887.
Str: In accordance with the act of Congress approved March 3,
1881, which provided that the reports of the United States Entomolog-
ical Commission be made to the Commissioner of Agriculture, I have
the honor to submit for publication this the fifth and final report of
said Commission. This report is on the insects affecting forest trees,
by Dr. A. S. Packard, and has been in part written and completed
since the termination of the work of the Commission, and while he has
been connected with the Division as a special agent.
Respectfully,
C. V. RILEY,
Chief U.S. E. C.
Hon. NORMAN J. COLMAN,
Commissioner of Agriculture.
Vil

vill

MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION.

C. V. RILEY, Chief.
A. S. PACKARD, Secretary.
CYRUS THOMAS, Disbursing Agent.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

PREFACE.

The following report is an enlarged and revised edition of Bulletin 7
of the U.S. Entomological Commission on insects injurious to forest
and shade trees, which was published in 1881.

The design of this report is to give to the public, especially those
persons interested in forestry and the planting and cultivation of shade
trees, a brief summary of what is up to this time known of the habits
and appearance of such insects as are injurious to the more useful kinds
of trees. It is hoped that such a compendium will be found useful, and
lead the reader not only to refer to the works of Harris, Fitch, Walsh,
Riley, Le Conte, Horn, LeBaron, Saunders, Lintner, Forbes, and others
of our entomologists who have contributed to this neglected branch,
but induce him to make careful observations on the habits of destruc-
tive forest insects and to carry on experiments as to the best remedies
against their insidious attacks. The writer has added notes of obser-
vations made during the past twenty-five years in the forests of Maine,
New Hampshire, New York, and the woods of Massachusetts, as well
as in Colorado, Utah, Montana, Florida, and on the Pacific coast; also
a number of original engravings. The aim has been both to present
original matter and to bring together from numerous entomological
works, reports, and journals all that is of most importance to the prac-
tical man. It is hoped that the work in its present form may serve as
a convenient synopsis, a starting-point for future more detailed work,
as well as a handy book of reference for the use of future observers,
and that it will call the attention of the public to a neglected subject,
stimulating entomologists, practical foresters, and gardeners to do what
they can to add to our knowledge of this department of applied or
economic entomology.

A volume could be written on the insects living on any single kind
of tree, and hereafter it may be expected that the insect population of
the’ oak, elm, poplar, pine, and other trees will be treated of mono-
graphically. Certainly there could be no more interesting and profit-
able work for the young entomologist.

5 ENT——1 1

2 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The preservation of our forests and of old and valued shade trees in
our cities and towns is a subject of pressing importance, and it is to-be
hoped that the Government will foster private work and research in this
direction. Next to the wanton destruction of forests by unthinking
settlers and shiftless land owners, as well as by fires caused by the sparks
of locomotives, the attacks of injurious insects are most widespread and
far-reaching. Our forest and shade trees are yearly growing more
valuable and indispensable, and at the same time the ravages of in-
sects are becoming more widespread and noticeable. The diffusion of
a moderate amount of information upon the subject at the present time
will attract the notice of the public and lead owners of land to pay a
little attention to the subject and do something towards checking the
ravages of noxious insects.

In France and Germany private persons, entomologists such as Per-
ris in France, and especially Ratzeburg in Germany, have published
beautifully illustrated general works of very great interest and value
upon forest insects, and their books have done immense service in those
countries, where an enlightened government and an intelligent people
have felt the importance of building up schools cf forestry and of
making laws compelling due efforts towards repressing the more injuri-
ous forest insects.

Kaltenbach, in his work entitled ‘‘ Die Pflanzenfeinde aus der Klasse
der Insekten,” or the Insect-enemies of Plants, has enumerated, in a
closely-printed volume of 848 pages, the species of insects preying upon
the different trees and plants, of all sorts, of central Europe. The num-
ber of insects found upon some kinds of forest trees is astonishing,
though it is to be remembered that all kinds are not equally destructive,
the most injurious and deadly forms being comparatively few.

Kaltenbach enumerates 537 species of insects injurious to the oak,
and 107 obnoxious to the elm. The poplars afford a livelihood to 264
kinds of insects; the willows yield food to 396 species; the birches har-
bor 270 species; the alder, 119; the beech, 154; the hazelnut, 97, and

the hornbeam, 88. Coming to the coniferous trees, as the pine, spruce, —

larch, firs, etc., the junipers supply 33 species, while upon the pines,
larch, spruce, and firs, collectively, prey 299 species of insects. In
France Perris has observed over one hundred species either injurious
to, or living upon without being especially injurious to, the maritime
pine. These are described in an octavo volume of 532 pages, with
numerous plates.

The number as yet known to attack the different kinds of trees in the
United States may be seen by reference to the following pages. It is
sufficiently large to excite great fears for the future prosperity of our
diminished forests, unless the Government interposes, and through the
proper channels fosters entomological research in this direction. Our
forests, moreover, are much richer in species of trees than those of Eu-
rope. We have, without doubt, on the trees corresponding to those of

)
|
:
:

PREFACE. 3

Europe as many destructive species as in Europe. But we have many
more shade and forest trees of importance in the eastern United States
alone, and when we add to these the forest trees of the western Rocky
Mountain plateau and of the Pacific coast, and when we look forward
to the attention which must be given in the immediate future to the
planting of shade and forest trees on the great plains and in California,
the subject of forest entomology assumes still more importance.

The author has here arranged the forest trees in the order of their
importance, beginning with the hard-wood or deciduous trees, the oak
heading the list, and ending with the coniferous trees; and under each
tree he has first described the habits of the insect on the whole most
injurious, sometimes merely giving a list of those insects found to be
regular parasites of the tree but not specially injurious, though it
should be borne in mind that any species of insect may at certain sea-
sons so abound as to prove destructive.

In preparing the original bulletin, the author was, for valuable infor-
mation regarding the food-trees of a number of beetles hitherto unpub-
lished, indebted to Mr. George Hunt, of Providence, R. I, and for aid
in collecting specimens he acknowledged the assistance received from
Mr. Edwin C. Calder, formerly assistant instructor in chemistry, Brown
University, and from Prof. H.C. Bumpus, then a member of the sopho-
more class of Brown University.

While preparing the work in its present form the author has been for
the last four years connected with the Division of Entomology as a
special agent, and matter contained in his reports have been incorpo-
rated in this general work. And he takes pleasure in acknowledging
the constant aid and sympathy in the work shown by Professor Riley,
the United States Entomologist, not only in allowing free and unre-
stricted use of specimens, both in his private collection and that which
he has generously presented to the Agricultural Department at Wash-
ington and to the National Museum, but for the privilege of describing
the transformations of a number of species, represented by blown or
alcoholic larve, Professor Riley has also freely made over to the author
many hitherto unpublished notes of habits and transformations, which
have been accumulating for the past twenty years—notes and observa-
tions which most persons would naturally prefer to keep or publish in-
dependently under theirown names. These especially relate to oak and
elm insects, besides others, and are acknowledged in the places where
they appear. He alsocontributes an account of the insects of the Celtis.

Professor Riley has also allowed the use of some unpublished draw-
ings and a few cuts prepared as Entomologist of the Department of
Agriculture for future use.

Thanks are also due to the late S. Lowell Elliott, esq., of Brooklyn,
Henry Edwards, esq., of New York, and Professor Riley, as well as to
Dr. G. H. Horn, of Philadelphia; Dr. P. R. Uhler, of Baltimore; Dr.
J. A. Lintner, State entomologist of New York, Mr. L. O. Howard and

4 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Mr. E. A. Schwarz, assistant entomologists in the National Department
of Agriculture, and Mr. D. W. Coquillett, of California, one of Professor
Riley’s field agents, for numerous favors in identifying insects, and other
aid, and information.

For some of the colored drawings the author is indebted to Mr. Joseph
Bridgham, Mr. H. H. Wilder, Prof. H.C. Bumpus, Miss Julia E. Sand-
ers, Miss Emily A. Morton, and to the late Dr. J. L. Le Conte for a
few colored drawings bequeathed by his father. These are specifically
acknowledged in the explanations of the plates. Professor Riley has
also had a number of original drawings made by Dr. George Marx, Mr.
J. B. Smith, Miss Lillie Sullivan, all of Washington, and others have
been made by Mr. Joseph Bridgham, of Providence, R. 1. The artists’
names are mentioned under the cuts in the text.

For aid in collecting specimens in Maine he is indebted to Mr. H. H.
Wilder and Master Allen Howe, of Lewiston.

The author is well aware of the short-comings and imperfections in
this report. A good deal of time has been expended in unsuccessful at-
tempts at raising insects, which has not produced visible results. Up-
wards of two hundred descriptions of unidentified larve have been
made; those of the oak appear in the appendix, and others are scat-
tered through the report. It is hoped that future observations will en-
able us to complete these life-histories.. It would have been desirable
to have had more and, in some cases, better illustrations.

This report will be sent to all known to be specially interested in en-
tomology, and they are respectfully asked to send the author corrections
and additions, as undoubtedly a number of species have been omitted
from the list of those peculiar to different trees. Such changes could
be made in a second, revised edition, should it be called for by the
public.

Brown UNIVERSITY,

Providence, R. I., January 2, 1888.

INTRODUCTION.

The subject of Forest Insects is almost a distinct branch of economic
entomology, and little special attention has been given to it as yet in
this country, owing to the fact that our entomological students have
been obliged to concentrate their efforts upon the more destructive
garden and field insects.

The special works on this topic are, though few, notable for the
extensive research and care with which they have been prepared; hence
their permanent value. By far the most important are the voluminous
works of Dr. J. T. C. Ratzeburg and those of Perris, Hichhoff, and
Kaltenbach, while an excellent general work on forest insects 1s that
of Judeich and Nitsche. The following list of works bearing directly
on this topic, and indispensable, should be supplemented by the reports
and articles of C. V. Riley, J. A. Lintner, J. H. Comstock, S. A. Forbes,

and others:

T. W. Harris Treatise on some of the Insects injurious to Vegetation. Third edition;
illustrated. Boston, 1862.

Asa FitcH. Reports (1 to 14) on the noxious, beneficial, and other Insects of the State of
New York. Albany, 1856-’70.

V. Koutzar. 4 Treatise on Insects injurious to Gardeners, Foresters, and Farmers. Trans-
lated from the German by J. and M. Loudon. London, 1840.

J.T. C. RaTZEBURG. Die Forstinsekten, etc. (Forest Insects). Berlin, 1839, 1840, and
1844. 4 vols. 4to, with many plates.

Die Ichneumonen der Forstinsekten, etc. (Ichneumons of Forest Insects). 3 parts.
Berlin, 1844, 1848, and 1852. 4to. Plates.

Die Waldverderber und ihre Feinde (Forest Destroyers and their Enemies). Ber-
lin, 1841. 8vo. Sixth edition; 1869.

Die Waldverderbniss oder dauernder Schade, welcher durch Insektenfrass, Schdlen,
Schlagen, und Verbeissen an lebenden Waldbdumen entsteht (Forest injury or
losses inflicted by insect attacks, etc.). 4to. 2 parts. Berlin, 1866-68,
with many colored plates. (A magnificent and most useful work.)

A.S. PACKARD. Guide to the Study of Insects. Ninthedition; 1888. 8vo. New York,

H. Holt & Co.
JUDEICH und NitscHE. Lehrbuch der Mittel-Europdischen Foratinsektenkunde. Wien,
Part I, 1885. Part II, 1889. 8vo.
(Compare also the works of Perris, Taschenberg, Eichhoff, Kaltenbach, Altum,
Nordlinger, Henschel, and others.)

While the reader is referred to the ordinary text books for the ele-
ments of entomology, the following facts may prove serviceable in
connection with the subject of forest entomology:

6 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Insects in geneval.—The term insect is applied to that class of jointed
animals (Arthropoda) whose bodies are divided into three regions or
sections, called the head, thorax, and hind-body or abdomen. They
usually have three pairs of legs attached to the mid-body or thorax,
and two pairs of wings. Most insects pass through a series of changes.
In the butterfly, for example, after hatching from the egg as a cater-
pillar (larva), it transforms to a chrysalis (pupa), finally changing to the
imago or winged insect. The insects form a class comprising about
200,000 known species.

They are divided into sixteen orders (not including those which are
extinct), as may be seen by the following tabular view copied from the
author’s *“‘ Zoology,” which briefly represents the more apparent, super-
ficial differences between the groups. The list begins with the lowest,
ending with the highest.

Orders of insects now living.

1. Wingless, often with a spring....-......... Thysanura: Spring-tails, ete.
2. Fore wings minute, elytra-like.............. Dermaptera: Earwig.
3. Wings net-veined; fore wings narrow; hind
Wilts folded 2 bi 152.e ie see. aemece certs Orthoptera: Locusts, Grassnoppers.
4, Four net-veined wings; mouth-parts adapted
for) biting. -\neie es secs ee eeire sees meee Platyptera: White Ants, Bird-lice.
5. Wings net-veined, equal............--..--.-. Odonata: Dragon-flies.
6. Wings net-veined, unequal..................Plectoptera: May flies.
7. Mouth-parts beak-like, but with palpi.---.. Thysanoptera : Thrips.
8. Mouth-parts forming a beak for sucking; no
Bal Oh. 2-30 acon me ae 3 eee ee Hemiptera: Bugs.

9. Wings net-veined ; metamorphosis complete. Neuroptera: Lace-winged Fly, ete:
10. Wings long and narrow ; body with a forceps. Mecaptera: Panorpa.

i eWanges not neb-veined <2... 5..=—.c.- see Trichoptera : Caddis-fly.
12. Fore wings sheathing the hinder ones.-... ---- Coleoptera: Beetles.

TS VN LOSS; DATASIUIG = =. -/3 Wao eer Siphonaptera: Fleas.

i One pairot wins. 22a. scenes. eens Diptera: Flies.

15. Four wings and body scaled .............--- Lepidoptera: Butterflies.

16. Four clear wings; hinder pair small; a tongue. Hymenoptera: Bees, Wasps, eto.

Allied to the insects are the myriopods, or centipedes and galley-
worms, none of which are injurious to forest or shade-trees, although
the smaller kinds of centipedes (Lithobius, etc.), occur under the bark of
decayed trees. No spiders or allied forms, comprising the class Arach-
nida, are injurious to vegetation, except certain mites (Acarina) whose
forms and gall-making habits are peculiar. Many spiders take up
their abode in the leaves of shade and forest trees, but none are known
to be injurious. The false-scorpions (Chelifer, etc.) often occur under
the bark of decayed trees, but they are more useful than otherwise, as
they probably devour the smaller wood-boring larve.

The bulk of our destructive forest insects belong to the orders com-
prising the beetles, the caterpillars, gall-flies, saw-fly larve, and the
bugs. We will mention them in the order of their importance as
destructive to shade and forest trees.

INTRODUCTION. 7

The beetles and borers.—The order Coleoptera comprises about 100,000
species of beetles, divided into a large number of families. The beetles
are easily recognized by the hard, sheath-like fore wings which pro-
tect the hind wings; their jaws are stout and thick, more or less
toothed, and adapted for biting.

The iarve of beetles are called ‘“ grubs.” They have been thus
characterized in the author’s “ Guide to the Study of Insects: ”

The larve, when active and not permanently inclosed (like the Curculio) in the
substances which form their food, are elongated, flattened, worm-like, with a large
head, well developed mouth parts, and with three pairs of thoracic feet, either
horny or fleshy and retractile, while there is often a single terminal prop-leg on the
terminal segment and a lateral horny spine. The larvee of the Cerambycide are
white, soft, and more or less cylindrical, while those of the Curculionide are footless,
or nearly so, and resemble those of the gall-flies, both hymenopterous and dipterous,

The pupz have free limbs, and are either inclosed in cocoons of earth or, if
wood-borers, in rude cocoons of fine chips and dust, united by threads or a viscid
matter supplied by the insect. * * * Generally, however, the antenne are folded
on each side of the clypeus, and the mandibles, maxillw, and labial palpi appear as
elongated papille. The wing-pads being small, are shaped like those of the adult
Meloe, and are laid upon the posterior femora, thus exposing the meso- and meta-
thorax to view. The tarsal joints lie parallel on each side of the middle line of the ©
body, the hinder pair not reaching to the tips of the abdomen, which ends in a pair
of acute, prolonged, forked, incurved, horny hooks, which must aid the pupa in
working its way to the surface when about to transform into the beetle.

Most of the destructive kinds belong to the following families :
Body of beetle, broad, flat, hard; antenne short, serrated. Larva with head and

first succeeding segment very broad and flat............-....-...---- Buprestidae.
Body of beetle more or less cylindrical, with very Jong, slender antenne; larve
called “‘borers,” their bodies cylindrical, usually footless .......--. Cerambycide.
Small cylindrical beetles, with no snout, called bark-borers; larvz footless, thick,
cylindrical, pointed at each end .......... Be ee ee eee Be eas oe, Scolytide.
Hard-bodied beetles, called ‘‘weevils,” with a long beak or snout, with jaws at tne
end; larvz grub like, footless, thick and fleshy ................-..- Curculionide.,

Moths and butterflies —While a few caterpillars (mostly of the family
Aigeriade and the Cossidz) bore into the trunk and branches of trees.
the great bulk devour the leaves. Caterpillars are provided with
stout, toothed jaws (mandibles) for cutting leaves. They are voracious
feeders, as will be seen by the following extract from Mr. L. Trouvelot
in Packard’s “ Guide to the Study of Insects:”

Caterpillars giow very rapidly and consume a great quantity of food. Mr. Trouve-
lot gives us the following account of the gastronomical powers of the Polyphemus
caterpillar: ‘It is astonishing how rapidly the larva grows, and one who has no
experience in the matter could hardly believe what an amount of food is devoured
by these little creatures. One experiment which I made can give some idea of it.
When the young silk-worm hatches out it weighs one-twentieth of a grain; when
ten days old it weighs half a grain, or ten times its original weight; twenty days
old it weighs 3 grains, or sixty times its original weight; thirty days old it weighs
31 grains, or 620 times its original weight; forty days old it weighs 90 grains, or
1,800 times its original weight ; fifty-six days old it weighs 207 grains, or 4,140 times
its original weight.

When a worm is thirty days old it will have consumed about 90 grains of food; but
when fifty-six days old it is fully grown and has consumed not less than one hundred

8 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

and thirty oak leaves weighing three-fourths of a pound; besides this it has drunk
not less than one-half an ounce of water. So the food taken by a single silk-worm
in fifty-six days equals in weight eighty-six thousand times the primitive weight of
the worm. Of this, about one-fourth of a pound becomes excrementitious matter ;
207 grains are assimilated and over 5 ounces have evaporated. What a destruction
of leaves this single species of insect could make if only a one-hundredth part of
the eggs laid came to maturity. A few years would be sufficient for the propaga-
tion of a number large enough to devour all the leaves of our forests.” The
Lepidoptera are almost without exception injurious to vegetation, and are among the
chief enemies of the agriculturist.

In our descriptions of the larve of Lepidoptera the following points
are noticed: Behind the head are twelve segments; the first or pro-
thoracic is, in the small leaf-rolling and mining kinds, protected by a
‘‘cervical” or prothoracic shield; there are three thoracic segments,
called the prothoracic, mesothoracic or metathoracic, or sometimes the
first, second, and third thoracic segments; these correspond to the thorax
of the imago or adult butterfly or moth. Behind these are nine distinct
abdominal segments; on the eighth is often situated a dorsal hump.
Many caterpillars are striped with a dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral lines
or bands, moreover, the body in many is provided with warts or tuber-
cles bearing a hair or spine; the “lateral ridge” is a broken swelling
extending along the sides of the body. The abdominal feet are in cer-
tain leaf-miners wanting; or in the span or geometrid worms there are
but two pairs; and the last or ‘anal legs” are often broad and large,
the better adapted for seizing firm hold of a leaf or twig.

While a few butterflies Jive in the caterpillar state on trees, the fol-
lowing brief synopsis gives the most salient characteristics of the
families of moths which especially abound on the leaves of shade and
forest trees:

Moths of Jarge size; larve with a horn on the eighth abdominal segment... Sphingide.
Moths with stout hairy bodies and small heads and broad wings; larvz more or less
hairy or with spines; usually spinning silken cocoons..-...--...-.-. Bombycide.
Moths of moderate size: stout bodies; shining hind wings; larvz with five pairs of
abdominal legs; sometimes semi-loopers.....--.--.---.---..----.------ Noctuide.
Moths with slender bodies, broad wings, both pairs colored alike; larve with only
two pairs of abdominal legs; span-worms or geometrids ...... ..----. Phalenide.
Small moths with narrow, straight fore-wings, the hind wings plain; larve glossy
green or pale, the head spotted, and the body more or less striped.... Pyralide.
Still smaller moths, the fore-wings more or less oblong; the larve green, with dark
heads and cervical shields; not striped; rolling leaves or eating buds... Tortricide.
Minute moths with narrow, pointed wings; larvze small, pale greenish, etc., with a
darker head and cervical shield; often mining leaves, buds, etc.... .- “.. Tineide.

Forest trees, and especially evergreen trees, support each year hordes
of caterpillars, comprising species of different families. In beating the
branches of any spruce, fir, larch, poplar, or maple, and especially the
oak, a great number and variety of caterpillars are shaken down, and
the question arises whether the innumerable host constantly and ordi-
narily at work from spring-time to the fall of the leaf in our forest
trees are really injurious to the tree. It is not improbable that good

INTRODUCTION. 9

is done to the tree by these voracious beings. The process up to a
certain limit may be one of natural and healthy pruning, but there is
no certainty that the limit may not at any time be overstepped and
destruction ensue. The tree is attacked in a multitude of ways by cater-
pillars alone. The buds are eaten by various leaf-rollers (Tortrices),
the leaves are mined on the upper and under sides by various Tineids,
while the leaves are rolled over in various ways and in various degrees
to make shelter for the caterpillars, or they are folded on the edges, or
gathered and sewed together by Tineid, Tortricid, and Pyralid larve.
The entire leaves are devoured by multitudes of species of larger cater-
pillars, belonging especially to the Pyralid, Geometrid, Bombyeid, and
Sphingid moths; while certain species prey on the fruit, acorns, nuts,
and seeds.

It is a singular fact that of the great family of Owlet or Noctuid
moths, of which there are known to be 1,200 species in this country,
very few feed on trees, the bulk of them occurring on herbaceous plants
and grasses. i

While the smaller caterpillars (Microlepidoptera) feed concealed
between the leaves or in the rolls or folds in the leaf, or in the buds, the
caterpillars of the larger species feed exposed on or among the leaves.
Here they are subject to the attacks of birds and of Ichneumon and
Tachina flies, which are constantly on the watch for them. And it is
curious to see how nature has protected the caterpillars from observa-
tion. While the young of the smaller moths are usually green and of
the same hue as the leaves among which they hide, or reddish and
brownish if in spruce and fir buds, where they hide at the base of the
needles next to the reddish or brownish shoots, the larger kinds are
variously colored and assimilated to those of the leaves and twigs
among which they feed. Were it not for this they would be snapped
up by birds. Of course, the birds devour a good many, and the pry-
ing Ichneumons and Tachine lay their eggs in a large proportion, but
those which do survive owe their safety to their protective coloration.

Of some twenty or more different species of Geometrid caterpillars
which occur on the evergreen trees, some are green and so striped with
white that when at rest stretched along a pine needle, they could with
difficulty be detected; others resemble in various ways (being brown
and warted) the small twigs of these trees; and one is like a dead red leaf
of the fir or hemlock. There are several span-worms on the oak, which
in color and markings, as well as in the tubercles and warts on the body,
resemble the lighter or darker, larger or smaller knotty twigs; this
resemblance, of course, is in keeping with the characteristic habit of
these worms of holding themselves out stiff and motionless when not
feeding.

In an entirely different; way the various kinds of Notodontian cater-
pillars, which feed exposed on oak leaves, are protected from observa-
tion. They feed on the edges of the leaves, and their bodies are green,

10 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

with reddish brown patches, so that these irregular spots, when the
caterpillar is at rest, are closely similar to the dead and sere blotches
so frequent on oak ieaves. The same may be said of other kinds feed-
ing on the leaves of other forest trees.

While the bodies of those Noctuid caterpillars which feed on herba-
ceous plants are smooth, those of the tree-inhabiting Catocala, Homop-
tera, and Pheocyma are mottled with brown and ash like the bark of the
tree, and provided with dorsal humps and warts assimilated in form
and color to the knots and leaf scales on the twigs and smaller branches.

There is thus a close harmony in color, style of markings, shape, and
size of the humps and other excrescences of tree-inhabiting caterpil-
lars, and it is due to this cause that they are protected from the attacks
of their enemies. Mr. Poulton has recently called attention to the fact
that caterpillars are extremely liable to die from slight injuries, owing to
their soft bodies and thin skins. They can not defend themselves when
once discovered. The means of protection are of passive kinds, 7. e.,
such as render the delicately organized animal] practically invisible on
the part of its enemies, and these means vary with each kind of cater-
pillar. In this way different kinds of larve can live on different parts
of the leaf, the upper or under side, or the edge; on different colored
twigs, on those of different sizes, with different kinds of leaf scars,
scales, or projections; and thus the tree is divided, so to speak, into so
many provinces or sections, within whose limits a particular kind of
worm may live with impunity, but beyond which it goes at the peril of
its life.

To the Hymenoptera belong the gall-flies and saw-flies, besides bees
and ants, and ichneumons.

Gall-flies.—These little creatures produce tumors or galls both in the
trunk, branches, but more usually the smaller twigs and leaves of the
oak, and rarely other trees. They belong to the family Cynipida, and
are described as follows in the writer’s “Guide to the Study of Insects:”

The gall-flies are closely allied to the parasitic Chalcids, but in their habits are
plant-parasites, as they live in a gall or tumor formed by the abnormal growth of the
vegetable cells, due to the irritation first excited when the egg is laid in the bark or
substance of the leaf, as the case may be. The generation of the summer broods is
also anomalous, but the parthenogenesis that occurs in these forms, by which im-
mense numbers of females are produced, is necessary for the work they perform in
the economy of nature. When we see a single oak hung with countless galls, the
work of asingle species, and learn how numerous are its natural enemies, it becomes
evident that the demand for a great numerical increase must be met by extraordinary
means, like the generation of the summer broods of the plant-lice.

The gall-flies are readily recognized by their resemblance to certain Chalcids, but
the abdomen is much compressed and usually very short, while the second, or the
second and third segments, are greatly developed, the remaining ones being imbri-
cated, or covered one by the other, leaving the lined edges exposed. Concealed
within these is the long, partially coiled, very slender ovipositor, which arises near
the base of the abdomen. [See Plate xv, ovipositor of the gall-fly.] Among other

distinguishing characters, are the straight (not being elbowed) thirteen to sixteen
jointed antenne, the labial palpi being from two to four jointed and the maxillary

at

INTRODUCTION. 11

palpi from four to six jointed. The maxillary lobes are broad and membranous,
while the ligula is fleshy, and either rounded or square at the end. There is a com-
plete costai cell, while the subcostal cells are incomplete. The egg is of large size,
and increases in size as the embryo becomes more developed. The larva is a short,
thick, fleshy, footless grub, with the segments of the body rather convex. When
hatched they immediately attack the interior of the gall, which has already formed
around them. Many species transform within the gall, while others enter the earth
and there become pupe.

Like the Aphides and certain other insects, the females often repro-
duce parthenogenetically, viz, they lay eggs without having paired with
males, the latter not being at the time in existence. Thus the late B.
D. Walsh * discovered that the autumn brood of a gall-tly (Cynips quer-
cus-aciculata) consisted entirely of females which laid eggs, producing
the following spring both males and females which were originally re-
ferred to a supposed distinct species (Cynips quercus-spongifica). Hence,
after several experiments Mr. Walsh declared that ‘‘the agamous
autumnal female form of this Cynips (C. q.-aciculata) sooner or later
reproduces the bisexual vernal form,” and is thus ‘‘a mere dimorphous
female form” of C. q.-spongifica. It was reserved for two other Ameri-
can students of the gall-flies to establish the fact that an alternation
of generations takes place in these insects. The case is thus stated by
Mr. L. O. Howard, in Psyche (111, 329, June 24, 1882).

America may justly claim the credit for the discovery of this most interesting fact
of alternation of generations among Cynipids. Riley, in the interjected remarks in
his article on ‘‘Controlling Sex in Butterflies” (American Nat., Sept., 1873, v. 7, p.
519), was the first actually to establish the fact beyond all peradventure, asM. Lichten-
stein points out; yet Bassett, four months previously (Can. Entomologist, May, 1873,
vol. 5, p. 93) had stated, in the following words, the theory which Adler has so fully
verified: ‘‘From all the above facts I infer that all our species that are found only in
the female sex are represented in another generation by both sexes, and that the two
broods are, owing to seasonable differences, produced from galls that are entirely
distinct from each other.” In this article Bassett has just missed the actual proof in
twoinstances. With Cynips q.-operator he had observed the females of the vernal brood
Ovipositing in acorn cups and producing the gall q.-operatola of Riley’s MS.; but
he failed to rear the flies from these galls and so missed the complete proof. In the
case of C. q.-batatus Bass., he had bred the sexual forms from leaf galls, and the agamic
females from twig galls, but had not actually observed the females of the former in the
act of ovipositing in the twigs; thus again missing the proof. Riley, however, as he
tells us in his published note, succeeded in breeding the agamic females of q.-operator
from the acorn galls; thus, in connection with Bassett’s observation of the oviposi-
tion, completely establishing the fact of alternation. Sothe credit should bejoint. It
is, infact, much like the well-known case of Siredon and Amblystoma, in which the
credit should be divided between Baird and Dumeril. Dr. Adler very excusably
overlooked this note of Riley’s. Walsh, in his earlier articles, came no nearer the
actual state of the case than to prove that two females, formerly described as dis-
tinct species, may belong to the same male.

Independently of and subsequently to the work done in the United
States, Dr. Adler, of Germany, also discovered and_ satisfactorily

* American Entomologist, ii, 330, October, 1870.

12 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

proved in an extensive and beautifully illustrated memoir* the fact
of alternation of generations in a pumber of European species.

In a notice of Adler’s work in the American Naturalist for July,
1881, Professor Riley added that Mr. H. F. Bassett “has, following
Adler’s interesting experiments in Europe, suggested the probable di-
morphic connection of several of our vernal galls which produce bisexual
individuals, with autumnal forms which produce larger asexual flies.
Dr. Adler gives a list of nineteen species of Cynipidz in which the oc-
currence of dimorphic forms has been proved, giving the names of
the agamic forms and the corresponding bisexual forms the latter
of which, in all cases, were referred to distinct genera by previous ob-
servers.

In this connection should be mentioned the remarkable fact that in
certain closely allied species (Aphilotrix seminationis, marginalis, quad-
rilineatus and albopunctatus) no alternation of generations seems to
occur.

Saw-flies.—These often seriously injure evergreen trees, while they
occur on all other trees. There are a large number of species. Their
larve resemble caterpillars in appearance and in voracity.. The flies dif-
fer from wasps, etc., in the abdomen being broad at the base; the body
is somewhat flattened, and the head is wide, while the antenne are not
elbowed, and as in Lopbyrus are pectinated in the males, serrated in the
females. In the end of the hind body of the female is situated the
‘‘saw” or ovipositor. This consists of two blades, the lower edge of
the lower one of which is toothed like a saw, and fits in a groove in the
under side of the upper blade; both blades being protected by sheath-

a\9 gt

. 6S
Fic. 1.—Saw of a saw-fly (Hylotoma): a, lateral scale; 7, saw; f, gorget. After Lacaze-Duthiers.
like stylets. On pressing the end of the abdomen the saw is depressed ;
by this movement the saw, which both cuts and pierces, makes a gash

in the soft part of the leaf, where it deposits its eggs. (Fig. 1.)

The Lophyrus of the pine makes a series of punctures on each side of
a pine needle; the Nematus of the alder makes from twenty to forty pairs
of semicircular punctures in the under side of the midrib of the leaf,
while the larch saw-fly inserts her eggs in two alternating rows at the

“*Zeitschrift fiir Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, xxxv, Feb. 1, 1881, pp. 151-246, Pls.
x—xii. Dr. Adler’s researches were commenced in 1875, and his first paper appeared
in 1877. (Deutsche Entomolog. Zeitschrift, 1877, Heft 1.)

INTRODUCTION. 13

base of the fresh leaves of thenew shoots. The punctures made in the
willow by saw-flies of the genus Huura result in the formation of galls
or tumors within which the larve live.

The larve strongly resemble caterpillars, hence they are sometimes
called “false caterpillars ;” but they have from six to eight pairs of ab-
dominal legs, whereas caterpillars have only five pairs. Many kinds
(Nematus, etc.) curl the hind body spirally when feeding or at rest.
They are usually green, of the color of the leaves upon which they feed,
with lines and markings of various colors. They usually molt four
’ times, the last change being the most marked. Most of the larve se-
erete silk and spin a tough oval, cylindrical cocoon, in which they
hybernate in the larva and often in the pupa state.

Ants and bees.—Auts have not been noticed in the United States to
injure trees, but in the tropics species of Gicodoma, or leaf-bearing ants,
are very destructive to trees; it is possible that there are species in the
Gulf States which may in part defoliate trees.

Bees are of great use in setting the fruit of trees ; little has been ob-
served on this point in this country, but without doubt the visits of in-
numerable bees to linden trees are of service in “setting” the seed of
that tree.

Mr. Lugger* mentions the fact that the seeds of the rock maple, so
numerous in the grounds of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
-D. C., were in 1886 uniformly sterile. He attributed this phenomenon
to the inclement weather prevailing during the flowering season, which
prevented bees from visiting the flowers.

Plant lice—While many Hemiptera, such as the bugs, destroy many
caterpillars, particularly span-worms and leaf-rollers, some of the most
annoying and destructive of our forest insects belong to this order.
They all take their food by piercing the succulent leaves and stems, or
twigs of trees, shrubs, or herbs, often causing them, as in the elm aphis,
to crumple up. The species of Psyllidw are very common on the leaves
of hard-wood trees, either hopping over the surface or living in leat-
galls which are the results of their punctures.

The following account of Aphides or plant-lice is adapted from the
writer’s “Guide to the Study of Insects :”

The plant-lice have greenish, flask-shaped bodies, covered with a soft, powdery,
bloom ; their antennz are five to seven-jointed, with a three-jointed beak, and legs
with two-jointed tarsi. The males and females are winged, and also the last brood
of asexual individuals, while the early summer brood are wingless. The-abdomen is
thick and rounded, and in Aphis and Lachnus provided with two ‘‘honey tubes” for
the passage of a sweet fluid secreted from the stomach.

In theearly autumn the colonies of plant-lice are composed of both male and female
individuals; these pair, the males then die, and the females begin to deposit their
eggs, after which they also die. Early in the spring, as soon as the leaves begin to
unfold, the eggs are hatched, and the young lice begin to suck the sap, and soon be-
gin to bring forth young, which develop by a budding process within the body of the

*Entomologica Americana, ii, 89.

14 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

parent. A second generation of sexless individuals thus results, which is succeeded
by a third, fourth, fifth, and even a ninth generation, the process being only termi-
nated by the approach of cold weather, when a last brood of males and females ap-
pear. By this anomalous, asexual mode of reproduction, a single Aphis may become
the parent of millions of young.

Certain plant-lice occur on the roots of plants, others on the stems or twigs; others.

puncture leaves, causing them to roll or crumple, or to form galls. Ants are fond of

the sweet excretions from the ‘‘ honey tubes,” and often keep them captive in their
nests like herds of cattle. The maggots of Syrphus flies, lady-birds (Coccinella), and
the larve of the lace-winged fly, besides small ichneumons, destroy great numbers of
them and keep them within due limits.

To the plant-lice family belong the species of Adelges and Chermes which produce. ~

cone-like swellings on the new-grown twigs of spruce; alsc of Pemphigus, which pro-
duce gall-like swellings on poplars, etc.

Bark-lice.—In the species of Coccidaw, the males alone are winged,
having but a single pair, while the females are wingless, scale-like and
do great damage by puncturing the bark of trees.

Dipterous or two winged gall-flies.—Maples, wild plums, poplars, and
other trees have numerous leaf:-galls of varied form made by little gnat-
like flies belonging to the dipterous family Cecidomyide. These flies.
are minute, most of them smaller than a mosquito. The females lay
their eggs in the stems, leaves, and buds of various plants and trees,
thus producing galls, a common example being the willow dipterous
gall-fly (Cecidomyia strobiloides). There are thirteen other species found
by Mr. Walsh to raise galls on eight different kinds-of willow, the dif-
ferent kinds of galls being readily distinguished, while the flies them-
selves and their maggots are closely similar. The maggots of the
Cecidomyians are usually minute orange, pinkish, or yellowish worms
without feet, and with the body pointed at each end.

Insectivorous or parasitic insects.— While the undue increase of forest
insects is largely prevented by insectivorous birds, their numbers are
especially reduced by the attacks of parasitic or carnivorous insects.
Of these the most efficient are the ichneumon flies, which are wasp-
like insects forming a large group of the order Hymenoptera, belonging
to the families [chneumonide, Proctotrupide, and Chalcidide. Of the
ichneumons there are probably from 4,000 to 5,000 species. Many of

the species of Proctotrupide oviposit in the eggs of Lepidoptera and of -

dragon flies, ete. The largest species belong to the first-named family.
They are recognized by their long, slender body and long, external
ovipositor. The larva is like the maggot of a bee or wasp, being foot-
less, soft, and white, and with a smaller head.

“When about to enter the pupa state the larva spins a cocoon,
consisting in the larger species of an inner dense case and a looser,
thinner outer covering, and escapes as a fly through the skin of the
caterpillar. The cocoons of the smaller genera, such as Cryptus and
Microgaster, may be found packed closely in considerable numbers,
side by side, or sometimes placed upright within the body of cater-
pillars.’”*

* Packard’s ‘Guide to the Study of Insects,” p, 193.

7

PARASITIC INSECTS.

Fig. 2 represents the mode of oviposition
by an unknown ichneumon observed by us
in Providence. The egg (a) was laid on the
head, and the larva soon hatching, bored
under the skin, entering the body so as
finally to disappear out of sight.

The eggs are laid either within or on the
outside of the body of the host, usually
some caterpillar.

A special account of the mode of egg-lay-
ing of an European ichneumon (Paniscus
cephalotes) is given by Mr. E. B. Poulton in
the Transactions of the Entomological So-
ciety of London, 1886, page 162. It laid 14
eggs on the caterpillar it selected as its
host, firmly attaching them to its skin, most
of them in the sutures between the segments

15

Fic. 2.—Head of a Noctuid cater-

pillar on the hickory, containing a
freshly-hatched ichneumon larva.
A, d, egg-shell of the ichneumon
on the caterpillar’s head, the larva
(e) having bored into the protho-
racic segment of its host. B, as
the host appears ten minutes
later, the egg-shell having dropped
off. The prothoracic segment has
contracted and the head has be-
come swollen, while the posterior
part of the caterpillar’s head has
concealed the opening of the lar-
val parasite seen at A,e. Gissler,
del.

on the sides of the body.

“It is probable that an excess of ova is generally laid, for a small
proportion do not develop, and the way in which they are attached in
small groups insures that of those that do develop a large proportion
of the larve are so crowded by the others that they die at an early
stage, as has been also previously observed. If too large a number
were laid and all developed, it is obvious that none could arrive at ma-
turity; but this is obviated in the manner described above, and it is
partly brought about by the limited space on the circumference of the
larva attacked. This space, of course, varies with the size of the lat-
ter, and it is more quickly filled in the rapid development of the para-
sites upon small than upon large larve; so that, if they are too numer-
ous, crowding ensues earlier, and with more fatal results in the former
than in the latter case. Thus the smaller surface may compensate for
the less amount of food, and may itself insure that the parasites reach
maturity.” The ichneumon lays a smaller number of eggs on small
caterpillars than on large ones, and yet lays more than can develop in
all cases, ‘“‘the eggs being laid in such a way that crowding results if
ali or nearly all develop; so that the chance of the eggs being sterile
is obviated on the one hand and of the parasitic larve dying immature
on the other.”

The larva of the ichneumon does not attack the solid or vital parts
of its host, but absorbs the blood and other fluids of the body. Mr.
Poulton thinks that the motive force which drives the blood from the
body of the host into the digestive tract of the parasite is entirely
supplied by the contracted body-walls of the former.

Many ichneumons are polyphagous, 7. ¢., live in insects of widely differ-
ent species, and those of different orders.* Others confine their attacks

*This and tae following remarks on ichneumons are taken mainly from Judeich
and Nitsche’s Lehrbuch der Mittel-Europiiischen Forstinsektenkunde.

16 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

to a single species. Most ichneumons have but a single generation;
afew are double-brooded. In Germany, Ratzeburg observed a brood
of Microgaster globatus early in May, and another early in August.
Though there may be two broods of the hosts, there is, as a rule, but
a single brood of ichneumons. Ratzeburg, indeed, found that certain
ichneumons of saw-fly larve imitated the habit of the latter of living
more than a year, 7. é., they did not develop until the greater number
of saw-flies kad issued from the belated cocoons. On the other hand
Pteromalus puparum undergoes an extraordinarily rapid growth; it
stings early in June the chrysalids of Vanessa polychloros, and by the
middle of July the adults appear. Teleas ovulorum requires only four to
six weeks to develop; it however flies somewhat later, so as to find the
suitable objects on which to lay its eggs.

[chneumons rarely develop in adult insects, but certain Braconids
infest Coccinella beetles. The small Chalcids, i. e., Pteromali, mostly
inhabit the tender pup of bark-boring beetles and leaf-rollers.

Among the smaller ichneumons several females usually inhabit a
single host, while from 600 to 700 individuals of Pteromalus puparuwm
may inhabit a single chrysalid, and 1,200 Apanteles a Sphinx larva.

Most ichneumons develop within their hosts, but many species of
Chaleids live on the outside and suck the blood of their host. The
ichneumon larve living within their hosts often undergo the most
remarkable transformation of their mouth-parts. In Microgaster globatus
there are, at first, only the wart-like rudimentary sucking mouth-parts;
but after the last molt the larve acquire ordinary biting mandibles,
with which they can gnaw through the skin of their host. However,
the food of the ichneumon larve is wholly fluid, their mouth-parts not
allowing them to eat the fat-body of their host. .

Other parasitic insects are the larve of the Tachina flies, a group
closely allied to the common house-fly. The larve are true maggots,
footless, and take their food by suction through the mouth, the mouth-
parts being very rudimentary. The Tachina (Senometopia) militaris
has been observed by Riley to lay from one to six eggs on the skin of
the army-worm, ‘fastening them by an insoluble cement on the upper
surface of the two or three first rings of the body.” The young mag-
gots in hatching penetrate within the body of the caterpillar, and lying
among the internal organs absorb the blood of hs unwilling host,
causing it to weaken and die.

Other insectivorous insects are the Aphis-lions, the young of the lace-
winged flies Chrysopa and Hemerobius, which are frequently found in
trees among plant-lice; also Carabid beetles.

Artificial breeding of parasitic and predaceous insects.— Among the most
important preventive measure against the wholesale ravages of insects
is the artificial breeding of parasitic insects. We early advocated this
in dealing with the Hessian-fly and wheat midge, suggesting the im-
portation of the European parasites of the latter species in straw. Dr.
Le Baron has experimented with the parasites of the apple bark-louse.

ARTIFICIAL BREEDING OF PARASITES. tT

Professor Kiley in his third and subsequent Missouri reports has
shown how easily and practically certain parasites of the Plum Cur-
culio and of various scale-insects may be artificially disseminated, and
has successfully introduced the most common European parasite (Apan-
teles glomeratus) of the imported cahbage worm.*

*The most striking illustration of the good that may be accomplished by this means
has, however, been furnished by Professor Riley since these pages were prepared for
the printer, and as it refers to an insect very destructive to forest as well as fruit
trees, we reproduce here the paper read by him at the Toronto (1889) meeting of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science on “ the artificial importation

-and colonization of parasites and predac eous enemies of injurious insects” :

‘The encouragement of the natural checks to the increase of insects injurious to
vegetation may be of a two-fold nature. It frequently happens that an indigenous
species is found to have certain parasites in only a portion of the country which it
inhabits. In such cases, where it is practicable to transport the parasites, a great
deal of good may be accomplished. Cases in point are not uncommon. * * *

“ But this intentional distribution of the parasites or natural enemies of an injurious
insect from one part to another of its native couutry is by no means to be compared
in importance with the introduction of such parasites or enemies from one country to
another, in which the injurious species has obtained a foothold, without the corres-
ponding natural enemies which serve to keep it in check in its original home.

‘The object of the present note is to cite an illustration of artificial introduction on
a large scale, which has already been productive of great good. A successful attempt
of this kind had been made by me in the case of Microgaster glomeratus, which, after
several futile efforts, was introduced from Europe and established in the United States
in 1885, and which has now become so widely distributed as to raise the question of
its previous existence there. This Microgaster is one of the commonest parasites of
the European Cabbage Worm, Pieris rapw, which got a foothold in America, without
its European enemies, about the year 1859, and which rapidly spread over the States
and parts of Canada, with disastrous results to the cabbage crop.

**The case to which I would particularly allude is, however, far more important and
satisfactory. Orange culture has become a very important industry in southern Cali-
fornia. The orange groves there have suffered for some years from the attacks of
several insects, but particularly of a very pernicious scale insect (Icerya purchasi
Maskell). This is one of our largest coccids and, from its habits and characteristics,
very difficult to overcome. It does a great deal of damage—not only to the orange
and other citrous fruit-trees but to many other cultivated plants and to forest trees.
The damage has become so serious during the past few years that many orange-
growers have abandoned their groves, while the cost and trouble of protecting these
by the use of insecticides have always been great, even where successful. After
careful researches I ascertained that the insect was without much question a native of
Australia and had been artificially introduced not only into southern California, but
also into Cape Colony, in South Africa, and probably into New Zealand; also that in
its native home it rarely did serious damage, being kept in check there by-various
natural enemies and parasites. Some attempt was made, through correspondence
with Mr. Frazer 8. Crawford, of Adelaide, to introduce one of the parasites by mail
in 1887. Specimens were received alive and liberated at Los Angeles under confine-
ment, but no positive evidence was obtained of multiplication or colonization. Spe-
cial effort and introduction on a larger scale seemed necessary.

“Tast autumn and winter in connection with the commission appointed to visit the
Melbourne International Exposition and through the State Department I was able to
send one of my field agents, Mr. Albert Koebele, to Australia with instructions to study
these natural enemies and to send living specimens to California. The principal facts
have been recorded in my last annual report as entomologist of the United States
Department of Agriculture and in late numbers of ‘Insect Life,” a monthly bulletin

- published under the auspices of the entomologist and his assistants. Without going

into detail I may say that Mr. Koebele’s mission has been eminently successful and that
we have succeeded in introducing alive not only the most important of the parasites,
an interesting Dipteron (Lestophonus icerye Williston), but also several: predaceous
species, and particularly certain ladybirds (Coccinellidz.) These were brought over
last winter and spring, have become well acclimated, and are now spreading and
multiplying at arapid rate. The latest reports which I have received from California
are to the effect that one of the commoner ladybirds but recently described, namely,
the Vedalia cardinalis, and another lately described by Dr. D. Sharp as Scymnus res-
titutor are multiplying and spreading in a most satisfactory manner. The consign-

5 ENT 2

18 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Coleopterous enemies of borers.—Besides woodpeckers and other birds
which pick insects out of bark, and thus do great benefit to forestry,
and besides ichneumon and Chalcid parasites of borers, there are many
carnivorous grubs which prey upon the borers.

Among the external though less known enemies belonging to the
order of beetles, which Perris enumerates from his extended observa-
tions on their habits, are a large number which live under the bark of
trees. I quote his accounts of them, premising that we have similar
insects with like habits in this country; and though the list of scientifie
names seems formidable, yet there are no common names for them. I
use nearly his own words, with occasional interpolations of English
names.

When one of the Scolytids injurious to pines (the Bostrichus stenographus) lays its
eggs under the bark, the Platysoma oblongum introduces itself by the hole which has
given entrance to the first named insect; it lays its eggsin the gallery of the Bostri-
chus, and from those eggs are born the carnivorous larve which devour those of the
wood-eating beetles. Other beetles conduct themselves in the same manner in war-
ring against other Scolyti. The larve or grubs of Plegaderus discisus destroy the
young of Crypturgus pusillus ; another wood-eating beetle, the Aulonium sulcatum, is
the deadly enemy of Scolytus destructor, so formidable a foe to shade trees; Aulonium
bicolor attacks Bostrichus laricis ; Colydium bicolor preys upon the Bostrichus of the
larch; Colydium elongatum ou Platypus cylindrus; Rhizophagus depressus on Blastopha-
gus piniperda and B. minor; Laemophleus hypobori on Hypoborus ficus ; Hypophleus
pini on Bostrichus stenographus ; and finally Hypophleus linearis on Bostrichus bidens.
Who will not be struck by these antagonisms? Who will not admire this infallibility
of instinct which causes these insects to discover the tree attacked, and perceive
among the species wh ich the tree conceals the victim which has been assigned to
them ?

Other beetles exhibit the same sagacity. The larve of several Elaterids (wire-
worms) and those of Clerus mutillarius and C. formicarius make war on those of some
longicorn beetles of the oak, the elm, alder bush, and the pine. The Opilus mollis
and O. domesticus are the enemies of the borers which mine our floors and ceilings; the
Cylidrus albofasciatus and the Tillus wnifasciatus prey on Sinoxylon sexdentatum and on
Xylopertha sinuata, which seek the diseased branches of the vine and those of several
trees; the Tarsostenus univittatus attacks the Lyctus canaliculatus, injuring our timber
works; while the Trogosita mauritanica destroys the grain moth.

In an article in the American Naturalist (Xv1, 823) on inquiline wood-
borers, or those which usually take up their residence in mines or gal-
leries made by true wood-borers, Mr. E. A. Schwarz finds that the com-
mon Platypus compositus may itself bore in the thick bark of pine

ments from Australia were received at Los Angeles by Dr. D. W. Coquillet, another
of the agents of the division.”-* * *

The people of California are enthusiastic over the grand success of this effort, and
the Vedalia is spreading with remarkable rapidity and clearing the trees in its wake.
Prof. W. A. Henry, director of the Wisconsin Experiment Station, in a recent report
to the Department of Agriculture writes:

‘‘A word in relation to the grand work of the Vepartment in the introduction of
this one predaceous insect. Without doubt it is the best stroke ever made by the
Agricultural Department at Washington. Doubtless other oftorts have been pro-
ductive of greater good, but they were of such character that the people could uot
clearly see and appreciate the benefits, so that the Department did not receive the
credit it deserved. Here is the finest illustration possible of the value of the Depart-
ment to give people aid in time of distress. And the distress was very great indeed.”

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON INSECTS. 19

stumps, but in hard wood, as oak, ete., associates with Colydium lineola
and Sosylus costatus, living in their mines. Professor Riley has dis-
covered that the larva of Hemirhipus fascicularis 1s parasitic on Cyllene
picta, living in its mines. Strongyliwm tenuicolle is not a true borer, but
Mr. Schwarz has found it in the mines of longicorn borers, wherein it
perhaps lays its eggs.

Influence of temperature on insect life-—The following statements are
taken from Judeich and Nitsche’s Lehrbuch, and will apply to insects
in this country:

“The influence of temperature may either work injuriously on insect
life from extremes of heat or cold, or from sudden and, at given times
of the year, abnormal changes. High temperature does not directly in
our climate, in the natural course of nature, affect insects. On the other
hand, it is not unfrequently the case that insects, suddenly overcome
by the frost, freeze to death in great numbers, since with the lowering
of the temperature, benumbed by the cold, they can not reach crevices
or holes out of the reach of the frost. As an example, we may refer to
the winter of 1864~’65, in which, in the district of Mark and the prov-
ince of Saxony, the caterpillars of pine silk worms and measuring worms
1lemained unusually long on the trees, and the former froze in the mid-
dle of December,—12.5° C., and the latter during the considerably
greater cold in January. Hence the influence of even very great cold
on the normal hybernating stages of our insects is not very great. In
the summer of 1854 the ‘nun’ moth had very generally laid its eggs in
eastern Prussia uncovered on the bark, and these did not freeze in the
hard winter of 1854~’55, notwithstanding the expectation that they
would, based on a temperature of 30 to 35° C.

“ According to the observations of Regener, openly exposed caterpil-
lars of the pine silk worm endured —12.5° C. The other stages froze
earlier, the pupa at —6° C., the moth at —7.5° C., the eggs at —10° C.
According to Duclaux (Comptes Rendus, 83, p. 1079) the eggs of the silk
worm endure well remaining two months in a temperature of —8° C,

“Great fluctuations of temperature during the winter produce an
abnormal interruption of the winter’s rest or hibernation, and thus cause
the death of many insects.”

Generations or broods.—The length of time which any insect needs in
order to complete a single developmental cycle from the time the egg
is laid until the insect is mature and fit for reproduction is a genera-
tion; a generation then is the time from anegg to anegg. The length
of time of a generation varies, of course, in different insects. Gener-
ally an insect requires twelve months for its development. In such a
case we speak of an annual generation. On the other hand an insect
which requires for its developmental cycle twenty-four, thirty-six, or
forty-eight months has a biennial, triennial, or quadrennial generation.
The European May beetle has, in northern Germany, a quadrennial gen-
eration; the seventeen-year locust has a generation of seventeen years.

On the other hand, there are insects which repeat their developmental

20 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

cycle two, three, or more times in a year; such insects are said to be
double or treble-brooded. Lophyrus abietis and other species are double-
brooded, while many butterflies are double or treble brooded, and the
Aphides have from nine to fourteen generations in a season, 7. é., from
spring to autumn. In all cases of seasonal dimorphism or of partheno-
genesis there are several generations.

Judeich and Nitsche graphically represent as follows the generations
of the European Lophyrus pini, with its double generations, which will
also apply to our L. abietis: The egg is denoted by a point (. ), the
larva by a dash (—), the larva lying in a semi-pupa condition in the
cocoon, thus (@); the pupa by the following mark ( @ ), and the imago
by a cross (+); the time during which the larva is eating, by a heavy
dash (MMH); lastly, the period of injury by the larva is placed under,
the time of imaginal injury above, the mark for the stage under consid-
eration.

| Jan. | Feb. | Mar.| Apr. | May.| June.| July. | Aug. |Sept.| Oct. | Nov. | Dec.

++ |-——|———\ee+|+
1860. | | eae -|.——|--—| eeleasioss
| BEE SeE
1881. O29'S5e Ssce@|e++

ya ne

In the United States a butterfly or moth which is single-biooded in the
New England or northern Central States may be three-brooded in the
Southern or Gulf States. A generation or brood which appears and
ends in the summer is shorter than that which hibernates.

Thus the summer generation of the species of pine saw-flies (Lophyrus)
is about four months, the winter generation about eight months.
Hence the length of the generation depends on the temperature and
climate, as does also the number of broods or generations. ‘This influ-
ence of climate is, as is well known, so considerable that a species of
insect which has a double generation in a certain locality, in another
place with a colder climate is only single-brooded, while in a warmer
climate it is three-brooded. An example is Hylesinus piniperda. Thus
also a species of insect whose generations in a certain middle location
is, for example, four-yearly, in a more southern situation is three-yearly.
A proof of this is afforded by the May beetle, which north of the ‘ main
line’ is four, but south of it needs only three years to complete its
development. A certain species of insect may moreover in the same
locality in a warmer and more favorable year be double-brooded, while
in the next harsher unfavorable year it is single-brooded. But if the
checking influence of the harsh weather is less, then even iu an un-
favorable year a second generation may begin to develop, but does not
complete its cycle by the end of twelve months. Hence there are in
twenty-four months three generations, and then arises what Ratzeburg
calls a ‘one-and-a-halfgeneration.’ Of this Tomicus bidentatus not rarely
affords an example.

GENERATIONS OR BROODS

OF INSECTS. 21

‘«We have observed that certain species of insects and often individ-
ual insects may without any assignable reason remain a considerably
longer time than usual in the pupa state. Lyda stellata usually has a
single brood (one year generation) while it frequently happens that
from the pupa beginning the first of May, the image does not fly at the
end of May or in June, as is the rule, but that the pupa state lasts over
to the next May, when the adult flies. The pupal rest in this case lasts,
instead of three weeks, more than a year. A similar case is that of
Cnethocampa pinivora. This relation is connected with the fact that
insects are cold-blooded, or better, poikilothermie, 7. e., changeably warm
animals. We understand thereby such animals as those whose peculiar
body heat, although constantly a little higher than that of the surround-
ing medium, the air, water or earth, i. ¢., their habitat, yet varies with
the changing temperature of this medium. In contrast with these are
the warm-blooded, or, more exactly, the homeothermal, i. e., animals with
an even temperature which as long as they live steadily maintain their
own normal temperature up to a height ranging at most 19°C. The
blood-heat of a healthy man, although he may be exposed to a degree
of cold of — 30° C. or a warmth of + 30° C., remains steadily at 38° C.
(Judeich and Nitsche.)*

The duration of development of a warm-blooded animal is definite.
The development of an insect’s eggs, however, is analogous to that of
a ftish. We best see this when at the beginning of spring the leafing
out of the foliage is late and the caterpillars of Clisioeampa hatch cor-
respondingly late. Exact series of observations of indubitable cer-
tainty are scarcely at hand, but, add our authors,t we will cite the posi-
tive statements of Regener{ on the influence of temperature on the
duration of development and of life of the pine Bombyx at different
temperatures, though, indeed, they are somewhat inexact and incom-
plete.

Provisional tabular view of the life-history of the Pine spinner (Gastropacha pini) at dif-
ferent temperatures, after Regener.

Duration (in days) of—
Temperature, | Caterpillar,
(6; Egg-stage, | from hatch- aah : Prepara- |
| from laying | ing to spin- Sens ms ; tions for | Pupal rest. |
| to hatching. ning of 5 pupa.
| cocoon.
=] RSCG es | meee ns comet Per cok Gaeta all eee. Se ees, i scects d So ocd Getall pees ieee oe
SIO gain i ES are Sb ae BOOT Wie eeianen sets als Se Pay Seas ted es oad |
|} + 9° to 11° 36 LOG lates ce ose es| sean c aces coos Sec cte tess toas
+ 11° to 14° 26 DOS GP ese ias ok oe LET us leeiseeics cc kee
| + 15° to 19° 20 119 3 9 49
| + 18° to 21° 18 84 24 5d 36
| -+ 20° to 24° 17 67 2 24 26
+ 24° to 28° 16 56 4 2 21 |

*Each degree of the Centigrade thermometer is equal to 14° of Fahrenheit; and
0° is at the freezing point of water.
tJudeich and Nitsche, I, 116.

tE.

Regener.

weise, Lebensdauer und Vertilgung der grossen Kiefernraupe.
Baensch’s Verlag, 1865.

Leipzig:

Erfahrungen iiber den Nahrungsverbrauch und iiber die Lebens-

Emil

22 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

What combination of different climatic influences in reality causes
that one and the same insect eitherin different years in the same locality,
or in different localities in the same year, needs a time different in
length for the completion of a generation, could not be determined in
advance. Ratzeburg was inclined in this matter to follow the similar
relations established by Boussingault as regards the duration of vege-
tation of plants. According to the views of this French observer each
plant needs a definite amount of heat; @. ¢., the sum of the mean daily
temperature of its time of vegetation should be a constant one, while
the duration of the time of vegetation may itself vary. It is also theo-
retically assumed that a plant needs heat amounting to 2000° C., so that
it can develop in one hundred days, with an average mean tempera-
ture of 20° C.; also as well in one hundred and eleven with 18° C., and in
ninety-one days with an average mean temperature of 22° C.

Ratzeburg* applies this to the case of the May beetle. He says:

Interesting and important is, moreover, the behavior of the May beetle. In mid-
dle and northern Germany its generation is a quadrennial one, in southern Germany a
triennial one. The reason of this plainly lies in the climatic features of those
regions. In the south the season opens much earlier and closes later, which must
exert some influence on animals of a pliable nature, such as the May beetle, as well
as on plants. The grub there has, in three years, a start of at least three months,
in comparison with those in the north; also, even in the third summer, its develop-
ment may be ready, though we should consider that with us in the fourth summer, it is
usually in July; it eats no more, and in August pupates. Erichson found that the
‘pupation sometimes occurs even in May ; it fails only a little of a three-years’ genera-
tion. Finally, everything depends, as in plants, on the amount of heat in the soil
and air which a genus or species needs for its development. If the May beetle does
not find this in the third summer, it requires it in the fourth, and can shorten the
time in an especially favorable year, but with us can never complete it in three years.

Shouid we, for example, add together the mean temperature of Berlin for twelve
months it would amount to 106° C., and for four years 4x 106°=424°; on the other
hand Carlsruhe would in three years give 375°, and beyond the Alps there is fully
424°. Should we also take into account the temperature of the soil, the amount in
the south would be still better for the May beetle. In north Germany in humous
sandy soil (in the Waldschutten), the thermometer in the hybernation stage of the
May beetle in one month, from the end of March to the end of April and beginning
of May, rises from +6° to +-9° C. How is it now in the south? All other insects
which inhabit both the north and south must have a ‘‘ heat surplus;” but since this
lasts only one, but at the most two years, it follows that such results as in the case
of the May beetle, which requires so long a time to develop, can not occur there.

Accurate researches on this problem are still very rare. Herr Uhlig
in Tharand found by observations on the temperature made three times
daily during a generation of Tomicus typographus, from May 30 to July
21, a heat-amount of 145° C., or divided, a daily amount of 22.029; dur-
ing the second generation, from August 4 to October 3, an amount of
1228.59, or divided, a daily amount of 20.48° (Thar. Tagebuch, 25 Bd., s.
256).

Ratzeburg’s statement should also be noticed. A double brood of
Tomicus typographus appears if, as is usual in central Germany, the

*Die Waldverderber und ihre Feinde; 8°, p. 360.

ne ee EF

HIBERNATION STAGE. 23

mean temperature of the months reaches 13° C.in May, 17° C. in June,
19° C. in July, 17° C. in August, and 14° C. in September.

But it has now long been proved that plant physiology does not
accept the simple heat-amount of Boussingauit, and we have besides
to consider the period of sunlight (duration of light) during which alone
the chlorophylH-containing parts are assimilated, as well as the mean
temperature reached in the sun—at best measured by an actinometer.
However, in animals the transformation of tissue depends much less
on the amount of light than in plants, hence simply the total heat-
amount can searcely be sufficient to explain the differences in the ani-
mal developmental processes, especially if we only take into account
the temperature of the air. It would be much better to take into con-
sideration the temperature of the soil throughout their larval life of
insects living in the earth, and in insects living in wood the temperature
of the tree, 7. e., the portion of the tree concerned. Compare the exact
researches of Krutzsoh.* Such researches should determine what is the
minimum temperature at which generally an advance in development
would be possible. Also the optimum temperature, 7. e., the tempera-
ture which is most favorable to any process should be noted.

For example, these optima would require to be difierent for the dif-
ferent developmental stages in the insects, as would the temperature-
minima supportable to the same. We also know, through the re-
searches of Semper, t that as in the germination, growth, and flowering of
plants, so also in animals; 7. e., in our common fresh water snails, the
temperature-optima for the different function, 7. e., forthe ripening
of the sexual products and for growth, are different, a thesis which by
Semper has been applied to a striking attempt at an explanation of the
occurrence of wingless, larval-like, but still sexually developed Ortho-
ptera in southern lands, 7. ¢., the so-called ‘stick insect” (Judeich and
Nitsche).

Hibernation stage.—The developmental cycle of two species of insects
with similar generations may, under similar climatic relations, produce
a very different shape, namely, in the cases where they pass the winter
in different stages of development, since the hibernation-stage is always
the longest, and hibernation is possible in the egg, as in the larva, pupa,
or imago, stage. But under normal relations a given species of insect
always hibernates in the same stage, 7. e., many moths as pupze, some
butterflies as imagines.

It is not possible, then, to predicate in general for a single order of in-
sects as to what stage they may hibernate in, since species of the same
family differ in this respect. Thus, for example, according to an estimate

*Untersuchungen iiber die Temperatur der Baume im Vergleiche zur Luft und
Boden-Temperatur. Forstwirthschaftliches Jahrbuch der Akademie Tharand, x,

_ 1854, 214-270.

tAnimal life as affected by the natural conditions of existence. The International
Scientific Series. New York, 1881.

24 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION. .

of Werneburg’s* of the German Macrolepidoptera 3.4 per cent. hiber-
nated as egg, 66.9 per cent. as larve, 28.2 per cent. as pupa, and 1.5
per cent. as imagines, while in considering a single family the result stood
entirely different. Thus all the Zygenide hibernated as larve, most
Sphingidz as pupe, and of the butterflies 9 per cent. in the egg, 54 per
cent. in the larval, 28 per cent. in the pupal, and 9 per cent. in the
imaginal state. Thus it appears that insects which, not to take too
narrow a limitation of genera, belong to one and the same genus, may
hibernate in wholly different stages.

Of many species of insects only the females hibernate after impreg-
nation in autumn, ¢@. é., many gnats and our common paper wasp (Vespa),
while the honey bees tolerate no drones in their hives, so that only the
queen with the workers lives through the winter.

But abnormal meteorological phenomena may so effect such changes
that a species of insect may hibernate in a different stage of develop-
ment from what is customary. Indeed there are cases where an insect
may, though rarely, live through the winter in another of the four
stages of metamorphosis than the usual one, for it has been observed
that the pine Gastropacha lives through the second winter as pupa.
(Ratzeburg: Die Forstinsekten, ii., 147, Anm.) On the other hand, it is
very common for caterpillars, which seek winter quarters when half
erown. This they have to do as very young animals. Thus the pine
Gastropacha hibernates after the first molt, instead of, as usual, after
the second.

Insects which have generations requiring several years must natur-
ally hibernate several times. This may occur in the same or in different
stages of metamorphosis; thus, for example, the one, two to three years’
generation of the May fly remains as a larva in the water, while the
May beetle passes three winters as a larva, but the fourth as an imago.t

For the following interesting remarks we are indebted to Judeich and
Nitsche’s work on Forest Entomology :

Diseases of trees produced by the attacks of insects.—Various deformi-
ties and alterations of the wood, branches, and leaves result from the
attacks of borers and bud and leaf devourers. Before the tree com-
pletely heals there is a more or less long period during which the tree
assumes an abnormal, morbid appearance. Such appearances in which
the disease affects the growth of the wood are: 1. The appearance of
unusual new structures, such as leaves, ete., both in form and dimensions.
2. The origin of repaired parts from representative growths or sleeping
buds. 3. The diminution of growth.

The appearance of unusual new growths.—In general the changed
sickly new growths are smaller and more sparse than the normal. A
thinner foliage in the year after the damage is generally the result of

*A,. Werneburg. Der Schmetterling und sein Leben. 8°. Berlin: 1854.
+The foregoing remarks on insect-generations and hibernation have been trans-
lated from Judeich and Nitsche’s valuable work on Central European Entomology.

DISEASES OF TREES PRODUCED BY INSECTS. 25

stripping the trees bare. After injury by the nun caterpillar the trees
seem to suffer most in the second year following the damage.

The new growth of the fir generally sends out only very short needles,
which remain as brush shoots (Fig. 3.) In the pine there arises after
defoliation from lateral buds ‘‘ rosette shoots,” 7. e., very short, persist-
ing growths bearing dense, short, broad, and serrate (gesaigte) single
needles (Fig. 4). But on the other hand cases occur, when many buds
are destroyed, where the remaining remnant of the entire sap-stream is
used and the organs formed out of it, 7. e., needles or leaves become
unusually large, as for example in the ordinary pine, in which case the
leaves bear three needles.

Fig. 3. Lateral twig of a fir eaten by nun cater- Fig. 4. Rosette shoot on the pine. After
pillars in 1856, which in 1858 only produced Ratzeburg.
‘‘brush needles.” After Ratzeburg.

Similar relations are observed in the helve oak attacked by Orchestes.
Generally the first growth seems to grow straight on and resist the in-
jury arising from the laying of the eggs by the female of this leaping
weevil, and the injured leaves are crumpled, but such leaves on the
Johannis growth (Johannistriebe) become unusually large and abnor-
mally formed, while those situated on the summit entirely assume their
normal shape.

The origin of repaired parts from representative indefinite growths is
very general.—The clearest example is afforded by pines deprived by
Retinia buoliana of their terminal shoots. In this case there grows out
after a certain time a shoot of the uppermost branch (Quirles), which
now becomes the terminal shoot, though in growing up there is a crum-
bling of the stem in the place under consideration.

For the formation of mostly abnormally shaped organs which have
been replaced from sleeping buds, the pine affords the best example.
From the usually dormant sheathing-buds on the point of origin of the

_ short shoot occurring between every two pine needles, are developed

26 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

(in the course of the appearance of needles, and dwarfing the leading
shoot) sheathing shoots, which, however, usually reach no great age, but
are provisionally of much importance to the life of the tree.

The loss of increase in size resulting from disease is twofold. Some-
times the shoots suffer in decrease in length, at others in shrinking in
size. The diminution of length is shown after the year succeeding that in
which the injury took place; that in the terminal
shoot of the branch, and especially the topmost
shoot, the needles remain shorter. Not until
later do they again assume their normal length.
The fir also, whose topmost shoot is here repre-
sented (Fig. 5), after injury received in the year
1857 formed only short leading shoots, but in
1861 again formed a strong shoot.

The diminution of the growth in diameter is
especially noticeable in the loss of the foliage or
needles, which sometimes occurs in the year of
injury, but more decidedly the following year.

After a greater loss of leaves the annual rings

eet Saeaulseere
ea

eeisianwie
S32 (So Stic
Fig. 6. The last seven rings of pine stem almost wholly defoliated in
1858, but not killed outright. After Ratzeburg.

Fig. 5. Terminal shoot of a 4 b
fir defoliated by thenun-cat- are Smaller and feebler, and this may sometimes

Ses tea: Ge ee last over for many years. (Fig. 6.)
year's growth. After Ratze- Nordlinger has repeatedly found signs of de-
Bune, foliation by the May beetle for three years on
oaks, also on Carya alba, in southern Germany, indicated by very small
annual rings.

The counting of the annual rings to ascertain the age of the tree in
the practically so important matter of discovering its rate of growth is
rendered unsafe by the formation of double rings, which may result
from the sudden leaving-out in summer on young shoots, or by the co-
alescence of two annual rings in one, and sometimes even by the total
omission of aring. The sharply-defined difference between the spring
and autumn growth of wood as denoted by the color, ‘‘ white and brown
wood” of an annual ring, especially in the coniferous woods, enable
them to be very easily counted, provided there is no interruption in the
growth. In the deciduous trees the two layers of the annual rings are

———

REMEDIES AGAINST FOREST INSECTS. 27

less sharply distinguished ; and it is only in the oaks, ashes, and elms,
where the pores are arranged in rings (“ringporen”) that the richly
vascular spring wood sharply defines each new annual ring from the
denser and more compact autumnal layer of the preceding ring.

Injuries in the production of the resin also arise from molds, which
effect a transformation of the starch and of the cellulose into turpen-
tine, and thus cause a morbid increase as well as outflow of the resin or

‘pitch; e.g., Agaricus melleus, Aecidium pini, Peziza Willkommii. A]l in-
sects which externally gnaw the bark or the wood of coniferous trees, e. g.,
bark borers, wood wasps, Grapholitha pactolana and G. coniferana, Dioryc-
tria abietella ; different weevils (Hylobius and Pissodes), produce a more
or less strong flow of pitch or resin. But also in the interior of the wood
arise abnormal formations, as, for example, the so-called pitch-chains.
We understand by these a morbid increase of the pitch canals of coni-
fers into concentric chains which often coalesce; also the pitch canals
in the last year’s ring are completely omitted.

Prevention and remedies against forest insects—Besides the insecticides
for such insects as feed upon the leaves, and the means of applying
them to single trees, to groves, or to more or less extensive forest areas,
and which will be described farther on by Professor Riley, there are some
suggestions which may be made as to the remedies against borers.

In the first place it should be borne in mind that dead stumps and
decaying trees or logs left standing near groves or road-side trees, are
a continual menace to healthy trees, since they afford an asylum or
breeding-place to timber and bark borers. Such objects, large and
small, should be cut down or pulled up and burnt. Forests should be
kept free from standing dead trees and stumps, or if left standing
should have the bark removed. It is well known that lumberers remove
the bark of logs to prevent injury to the lumber of “ sawyers,” or the
grubs of timber-beetles.

While in the virgin spruce forest on the eastern shores of Lake Ken-
nebago, Maine, which had never been lumbered, my attention was
forcibly called to the necessity of cutting down the dead and dying
spruces soas tosave the healthy trees. It is of course out of the question
to burn such dead timber, but we question whether it would not in the
long run pay the owners of lumber lands to send parties in to cut down
the trees, remove the bark, and thus prevent the breeding of bark-
borers, and hasten the decay of trees infested by timber and bark-borers.

Plantations and forests of limited extent can with comparative ease
and slight expense be kept in neat, trim order by judicious thinning
and removal of injured or infected branches, the latter being burnt.

Borers in shade and ornamental trees.—Our experience in detecting the
gashes in the bark of the spruce and fir made by the female Monoham-
mus, the parent-beetle of the “sawyer” or borer, and those made in
Trock-maples by the female beetle of the maple-tree borer, so destructive
in parks and streets, has taught us that it is quite practicable during

28 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

August to find these gashes and to cut out the small grubs in the bark
underneath, at a time when they have not descended deep into the tree.
An observant and intelligent gardener could easily prevent further
damage from such a cause.

One of the most formidable and deadly borers of the oak, from Maine
to California and Texas, is the caterpillar of the Carpenter moth. In
Europe a similar borer is dealt with in the following ways, according to
different writers quoted by Miss Ormerod in her “ Manual of Injurious
Insects.” A wire thrust into the ‘‘mine” or hole may destroy them.
Paraffine injected by a sharp-nozzled syringe with as much force as pos-
sible into the holes where the caterpillars are working is a good remedy,
also any oily or soapy mixture (kerosene injections might injure the
tree more than the borer). The flames of sulphur blown into the hole
might be of use. ‘‘ Where a tree is much infested, it is the best plan
to cut it down, split it, and destroy the caterpillars within. As many as
sixty or more caterpillars may be taken from one tree, and when in this
state it will never thoroughly recover, and it becomes a center to attract.
further attack, as well as one to spread infection.”

As preventive measures, to prevent oviposition, the lower part of the
trunk should be washed with whale-oil soap of the consistency of thick
paint.. This should be done at or about the time the moth lays her eggs,
viz, as early as April and May in Texas, and in June and July in the
Northern States.

These suggestions will also apply to the Sesian borers of the maple,
ash, ete.

Prevention and remedies against Timber-beetles and Bark-borers.—The
family of bark-borers (Scolytide) include those which live in the bark
and those which descend into the wood, the latter often being called
timber-seetles. We have given in this work some of the known facts
regarding their habits, which are very curious. Hichhoft’s excellent.
work in German on European bark-beetles is replete with fresh obser-
vations on these beetles. We may here draw attention to what Hich-
hoff says concerning some causes of the undue increase of these insects,
and their sudden appearance in places not before frequented by them.

The chief factors in the growth of bark-beetles are good weather and
sufficient nourishment. An uninterrupted dry, and hence hot, summer.
checks the growth of the larva, and retards the speedy development
and more often prevents a repetition of another brood, than an unin-
terrupted wet and cold spring and summer. Hence, on account of great
heat and drought many trees survive which would otherwise be injured
by the later brood of bark-beetles. The most favorable conditions for
the increase of bark-beetles are doubtless a warm early spring and a
warm summer, with frequent rains and a long, mild autumn.

Other circumstances, says Eichhoff, favorable to the increase of bark-
beetles, are strong winds, snow, frosts, forest fires, the devastation
wrought by caterpillars, whereby the trees are more or less decorti-

REMEDIES AGAINST BARK-BEETHLES. 29

cated in places and otherwise wounded, so that the beetles can gnaw
into the wood or inner bark, lay their eggs, and thus finally form brood-
galleries.

Hichhoff asks the pertinent question: ‘‘ How do great numbers of
bark-beetles pass into regions where perhaps before they were scarcely
known by name? For example, at the end of a period of fifty years,
all at once Tomicus curvidens appeared in the Botanic Garden of the
_University of Vienna, and were very destructive to different exotic
cedars, larches, etc., afterwards attacking white firs, which contained
numbers of tbe beetles.

The bark-borers, especially Tomicus typographus, belong to those in-
sects which sometimes produce extensive devastations by immigration
from without. According to a German writer they doubtless migrate
for short distances, since not seldom there result local destruction of
groups of firs when previously no bark-borers were to be seen. It is
also certain that forests previously entirely free from bark-beetles be-
come infested by bark-beetles bred in wood and lumber yards. It is
difficult and questionable how far such an immigration may extend.
An example of an extensive emigration of Tomicus typographus is
afforded by H. Tiedemann in the province of Nishny- Novgorod.

In the midst of an imperial forest of about 2,500 ha lying in the district Arsamass,
and composed almost exclusively of hard-wood trees, occur two fir-growths of 56,
perhaps 60, ha in extent. In both there was no windfalls, no burnt areas, but a good
close growth in which no bark-borers had appeared. Suddenly in the year 1883 the
bark-borers were so numerous that 2,000 fir trunks at once fell, and had to have the
bark stripped off and burnt. The appearance of the bark-beetles is in this case only
to be explained by their flying into this area. The nearest fir-growths are from 15
to 20 kilometers distant, and those of sufficient size to afford time for the infection of
the fir-growths in question, about 50 kilometers distant.

Perhaps the best method 0 preventing or stopping the work of bark-
beetles is that of a Frenchman, M. Robert, given in the Gardener’s
Chronicle and quoted by Miss Ormerod:

The best remedy appears to be that adopted with great success in France by M.
Robert, after careful observation of the circumstances which stopped the operations
of the female beetle when gnawing her gallery for egg-laying, or which disagreed
with or destroyed the maggots, and is based in part on similar observations of the
effect of flow of sap to those noticed in England by Dr. Chapman.

It appeared on examination that the grubs died if they were not well protected
from the drying action of the air; on the other hand, if there was a very large
amount of sap in the vegetable tissues that they fed on, this also killed them; and
it was observed that when the female was boring through the bark, if a flow of sap
took place she abandoned the spot and went elsewhere. It was also noticed that the
attack (that is, the boring of the galleries which separates much of the bark from
the wood) is usually under thick old bark, such as that of old elm trunks rather
than under the thinner bark of the branches. Working on these observations, M.
Robert had strips of about two inches wide cut out of the bark from the large
boughs down the trunk to the ground, and it was found that where the young bark
pressed forward to heal the wound and a vigorous flow of sap took place that many
of the maggots near if were killed, the bark which had not been entirely undermined
was consolidated, and the health of the tree was improved.

30 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Working on from this, M. Robert tried the more extended treatment of paring off
the outer bark, a practice much used in Normandy and sometimes in England for re-
storing vigor of growth to bark-bound apple trees, and noted by Andrew Knight as
giving a great stimulus to vegetation. M. Robert had the whole of the rough outer
bark removed from the elm (this may be done conveniently by a scraping-knife
shaped like a spoke-shave). This operation caused a great flow of sap in the inner
lining of the bark (the liber), and the grubs of the Scolytus beetle were found in
almost all cases to perish shortly after. Whether this occurred from the altered sap
disagreeing with them, or from the greater amount of moisture around them, or from
the maggots being more exposed to atmospheric changes, or any other cause, Was
not ascertained, but the trees that were experimented on were cleared of the mag-
gots. The treatment was applied on a large scale, and the barked trees were found,
after examination by the Commissioners of the Institute at two different periods, to
be in more vigorous health than the neighboring ones of which the bark was un-
touched. More than two thousand elms were thus treated.

This account is abridged from the leading article in the ‘‘Gardener’s Chronicle and
Agricultural Gazette,” for April 29, 1848, and the method is well worth trying in our
public and private parks. It is not expensive; the principle on which it acts as re-
gards vegetable growth is a well-k nown one, and as regards insect health it is also
well known that a sudden flow of the sap that they feed on, or a sudden increase of
moisture around them, is very productive of unhealthiness or of fata] diarrhea to.
vegetable feeding grubs.

A somewhat similar process was tried by the Botanic Society, in 1842, on trees in-
fested by the Scolytus destructor in the belt of elms encircling their garden in the Re-
gents’ Park, London. ‘‘It consists in divesting the tree of its rough outer bark, be-
ing careful at the infested parts to go deep enough to destroy the young larve, and
dressing with the usual mixture of lime and cow-dung.” This operation was found
very successful, and details with illustrations were given in a paper read in 1843 be-
fore the Botanic Society.

Various applications have been recommended, such as brushing the bark of infested
trees with coal-tar or with whitewash, in order to keep off the beetle attack. Any-
thing of this kind that would make the surface unpleasant to the beetle would cer-
tainly be of use so long as it was not of a nature to hurt the tree, and if previously
the very rugged bark was partially smoothed it would make the application of what-
ever mixture might be chosen easier and more thorough.

Anything that would catch the beetles, either going into or out from the bark, like
coal-tar, would be particularly useful, and probably strong-smelling and greasy mixt-
ures, such as fish-oil soft soap, would do much good.

Washing down the trunks of attacked trees has not been suggested, but, looking
at the dislike of the female beetle to moisture in her burrow, it would be worth while,
in the case of single trees which it was an object to preserve, to drench the bark daily
from a garden-engine for a short time when the beetles were seen (or known by the
wood-dust thrown out) to be at work forming burrows for egg-laying.

The possibility of carrying out the important point of clearing away or treating

infested standing trees depends, of course, on local circumstances; but, whatever

care is exercised in other ways, it is very unlikely that much good will be done in
lessening attack so long as the inexcusable practice continues of leaving the felled

trunks of infested elms lying, with their bark still on, when containing myriads of

these maggots, which are all getting ready shortly to change to perfect beetles, and to
fly to the nearest growing elms.

Such neglected trunks may be seen in our parks and rural wood-yards all over the
country, where, without difficulty, the hand may be run under the bark so as to
detach feet and yards in length from the trunk all swarming with white Scolytus.
maggots in their narrow galleries.

This bark, with its contents, ought never to be permitted to remain. Where it is
loose it may be cleared of many of the maggots by stripping it off and letting the

es

REMEDIES AGAINST FOREST INSECTS. ol

poultry have access to it; or, if still partly adhering, it may be ripped from the wood
by barking tools and burnt; but it is a tangible and serious cause of injury, and if
our landed proprietors were fully aware of the mischief thus caused to their own trees
and those of the neighborhood they would quickly get rid of it.

INSECTICIDES AND MEANS OF APPLYING THEM TO SHADE AND FOREST
TREES.*

This subject may be divided into two parts, viz, (1) a discussion of
insecticides and (2) a discussion of insecticide apparatus.

(1) INSECTICIDES.—Remedial measures against forest-tree insects
are not different from those employed against the insect enemies of fruit-
trees or farm and garden crops. The same species are frequently the
culprits in both cases; and, in general, insects of the same orders and
families, having similar habits and requiring similar treatment, attack
wild-growing, woody plants and the cultivated sorts.

For convenience of treatment, the first part may be considered under
the following heads: Insecticides which act through the food; insecti-
cides which act by contact; fumigants and gases,

INSECTICIDES WHICH ACT THROUGH THE FOOD.—These insecticides
are available against all mandibulate insects that feed externally on the
leaves, such as the larve of Lepidoptera, larve and adults of leaf:
feeding beetles, and saw-fly larve. Gall-insects, leaf-miners, and in-
sects which burrow beneath the bark or in the wood cannot be con-
trolled by these means.

It would be possible to enumerate under this heading a large number
of substances depending for their effects on arsenic, strychnine, or other
poisons, but I prefer to limit the discussion to the consideration of two
substances which are now commonly used to the exclusion of nearly all
others.

Paris green and London purple.—The arsenites of copper and eal-
cium, Paris green and London purple, are so well known as not to
need particular description here. The safety and efficiency with which
they can be used and their slight cost fully satisfy all the demands
of practical work.

As containing records of a general nature, together with full in-
structions for the use of these poisons, [ can not do better than quote
-from Bulletin No. 10 of the division of entomology,t the conclusions
being based on experiments under my direction, especially by the late
Dr. W.S. Barnard.

The quotation refers particularly to work against the imported Elm
leaf-beetle (Galeruca xanthomelena) and deals with the treatment of
elm trees only, but the results obtained may apply to other insects
infesting various shade and forest trees. The recommendation given

*Prepared, at the author’s request, by Professor Riley.

tOur Shade Trees and Their Insect Defoliators, by C. V. Riley, Entcomologist,
Washington, 1887. Second revised edition, 1888.

32 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION

will need to be modified to correspond with the varying conditions in
habits and life-history of any particular species, as found detailed in the
following pages of Dr. Packard’s report:

Effects of Arsenical Poisons on Insect and Plant.—Species of elms are somewhat
differently affected by the poison. When treated alike there is always manifest some
differeuee in the susceptibility of different elms to the corrosive effects of the poison.
Even individuals of the same species or variety are differently impaired. Asa rule,
those which suit the insect best are injured most by the poison, and those which
resist the insect most withstand the poison best. The latter have coarser foliage
with a darker green color and more vigorous general growth; the former have more
delicate foliage, lighter in color and weight, apparently less succulent.

Certain elms of the species U. campestris and other species which were over-
poisoned, and shed most of their leaves in consequence in the last of June, 1883, sent
out a profuse new growth of leaves and twigs. The foliage fell gradually for three
weeks, and this was somewhat promoted by the succeeding rains.

The larve move from place to place so seldom that, if the leaves are imperfectly
poisoned from the mixture being weakly diluted or from its application only in large,
scattered drops, which are much avoided by the larve, they are not killed off thor-
oughly for several days, and in all cases it requires considerable time to attain the
full etfect of the poison. This result appears on the plant and on the insect. After
each rain the poison takes a new effect upon the plant and the pest, which indicates
that the poison is absorbed more or is more active when wet, and that it acts by de-
hydrating thereafter. Where the tree is too strongly poisoned, each rain causes a
new lot of leaves to become discolored by the poison or to fall. On some of the trees
the discoloration appears in brown, dead blotches on the foliage, chiefly about the
gnawed places and margins, while in other instances many of the leaves turn yellow,
and others fall without change of color. The latter may not all drop from the effects
of poison, but the coloration referred to is without doubt generally from the caustic
action. The poison not only produces the local effects from contact action on the
parts touched by it, but following this there appears a more general effect, manifest
in that all the foliage appears to lose, to some extent, its freshness and vitality.
This secondary influence is probably from poisoning of the sap in a moderate degree.
When this is once observable, no leaf-eater thrives upon the foliage. Slight over-
poisoning seems to have a tonic or invigorating effect on the tree.

Preventive Effects of the Poison.—In this grove the elms that were poisoned in 1882
were attacked in the spring of 1883 less severely than were those which were not
poisoned the previous year. This would seem to imply that the insects deposit mostly
on the trees nearest to where they develop, and are only partiaJly migratory before
ovipositing. The attack afterward became increased, probably by immigration and
the new generation, so that later in the season the trees were mostly infested to the
usual extent.

In the region of Washington a preventive application of poison should be made before the
last of May or first of June, when the eggs are being deposited and before they hatch.
This will prevent the worms from ever getting a start. By the preventive method
the tree escapes two kinds of injury: first, that directly from the eating by the in-
sect ; second, that which follows indirectly from the deleterious effects of the poison
on the plant, for its caustic effect is much greater where the leaves have been so
gnawed that the poison comes in contact with the sap.

Treatment with London Purple.—Already early in June the insect appears plentiful.
On June 7, 1882, it was at work on all the trees, and its clusters of eggs were numer-
ous beneath the leaves. Some of the trees had half ofthe leaves considerably gnawed
and perforated by larve of all sizes, and by the adults. At this date fifteen trees,
constituting the south part of the grove, were treated.

Preparation of the Poison.—London purple (one-half pound), flour (3 quarts), and
water (barrel, 40 gallons) were mixed as follows: A large galvanized iron funnel of

a i te ee

REMEDIES AGAINST FOREST INSECTS. 33

thirteen quarts capacity, and having a cross-septum of fine wire gauze, such as is used
for sieves, also having vertical sides, and a rim to keep it from rocking on the barrel,
was used. About three quarts of cheap flour were placed in the funnel and washed
through the wire gauze by water poured in. The flour in passing through is finely
divided, and will diffuse in the water without appearing inlumps. The flour is a suit-
able medium to make the poison adhesive. The London purple is then placed upon
the gauze and washed in by the remainder of the water until the barrel is filled. In
other tests the flour was mixed dry with the poison powder, and both were afterward
washed through together with good results. It is thought that by mixing in this
way less flour willsuffice. Three-eighths ofa pound of London purple to one barrel of
water maybe taken as asuitable percentage. Three-eighths of an ounce may be used
as an equivalent in one bucketful of water. The amount of this poison was reduced
to one-fourth of a pound to the barrel with good effect, but this seems to be the min-
imum quantity, and to be of value it must be applied in favorable weather and with
unusual thoroughness. With one-half or three-fourths of a pound to the barrel,
about the maximum strength allowable is attained, and this should be applied only
as an extremely fine mist, without drenching the foliage.

Effects of the Mixture.—The flour seems to keep the poison from taking effect on the
leaf, preventing to some extent the corrosive injury which otherwise obtains when
the poison is coarsely sprinkled or too strong. It also renders the poison more per-
manent. On the leaves, especially on the under surfaces, the London purple and
flour can be seen for several weeks after it has been applied, and the insect is not
only destroyed, but is prevented from reappearing, at least for a long period. By
poisoning again, a few weeks later, the insect is deterred with greater certainty for
the entire season. By being careful to administer the poison before the insect has
worked, and, above all, to diffuse the spray finely, but not in large drops, no harm
worth mentioning will accrue to the plant from the proportion of poison recom-
mended. The new growth, that developed after the first poisoning, was protected
by one-fourth of a pound to the barrel in 1882. From midsummer until autumn the
unpoisoned half of the grove remained denuded of foliage, while the poisoned half
retained its verdure. The little damage then appearing in the protected part was
mostly done before the first treatment. Eggs were laid abundantly throughout the
season. Many of these seemed unhealthy and failed to develop, probably because
they were poisoned. Many hatched, but the young larve soon died. The eggs were
seldom deposited on the young leaves that were appearing after the poison was ap-
plied, but were attached to the developed leaves, and here the larve generally got
the poison to prevent their attack upon the aftergrowth. Still the young leaves be-
came perforated to some extent. The adults, which fly from tree to tree, appeared
plentifully without much interruption throughout the season, and often several
could be seen feeding on each tree. Possibly many of these may have become poi-
soned before depositing the eggs.

The efficiency of London purple being established, it will generally be preferred to
other arsenicals, because of its cheapness, better diffusibility, visibility on the foli-
age, etc. As the effects of the poisons commonly do not appear decidedly for two or
three days after their administration, the importance of the preventive method of
poisoning in advance can not be too strongly urged. As the effect isslow in appear-
ing, impatient parties will be apt to repoison on the second or third day, and thus
put on enough to hurt the plant when the effect does come. Much depends on dry-
ness or wetness of the weather; but good effects may be expected by the third or
fourth day.

London purple seems to injure the plant less than Paris green.

Treatment with Paris green.—In 1883 the Paris green was first applied on the 29th of
May, at which date the eggs were extremely abundant and hatching rapidly on the
leaves. Paris green, flour, and water were mixed by the means previously employed
with London purple and already described. The mixture was applied to the north
part of the same grove of elms. Thus far experience shows that the Paris green is

5 ENT 4

34 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

effective against the insect, but that this poison injures the plant more than does the
London purple.

Three-fourths of a pound of Paris green to a barrel (36 or 40 gallons) of water, with
3 quarts of flour, may be regarded as a poison mixture of medium or average strength
for treating elms against these beetles, and the indications thus far are that the
amount of Paris green should not be increased above one pound or be diminished much
below one-half a pound in this mixture. To a bucketful of water three-fourths of an
ounce of Parisgreen may be used. The action of this poison is slow but severe, and
varies much with the weather. Thus far the results of tests have been varied so much
by the weather and different modes of preparation and application that they will be
repeated. When used strong enough to cauterize the leaves the poisonous action
upou the plant may be observed to continue for several weeks.

The species of Ulmus are quite susceptible to the effects of poison,
perhaps as much so as any common species of forest tree. But little
can be added to the above quotation, as there are few experiments re-
corded concerning work of this kind on other forest trees. With fruit
trees and vines there is a large experience, and the results indicate
that either of these arsenicals can be safely used on the most tender
plants in proportion of 1 pound to 100 gallons of water, if properly
atomized. Strong, hardy plants readily stand a strength of 1 pound
to 50 gallons of water, if applied with proper care. It is safe to con-
clude that between these two. limits a strength suitable for all plants
may be obtained.

A thoroughly atomized weak mixture will, under favorable con-
ditions, prove as efficient as the stronger ones; but in wet, showery
weather weak applications are more liable to be washed off. ¥

_ Properly atomizing the liquid is of the greatest importance, for only
by this means can all the foliage be reached. The even distribution
thus obtained enables the leaves to retain a greater amount of the
poison with less injury than when sprayed in coarse drops.

INSECTICIDES WHICH ACT BY CONTACT.—This class of remedies
apply principally to non-masticating insects, 7. e., those which take
their food through a sucking-tube or proboscis, such as the plant-
bugs, aphids, and scale-insects. They may, however, often be suc-
cessfully applied to soft-bodied mandibulate insects, in lieu of the
poisonous mixtures.

There are a great. variety of substances, such as alkaline washes
and powders, and preparations of oils, and particularly the products of
petroleum, which have been successfully used on insects affecting
roots, trunks, branches, and foliage of trees. The experimental data
concerning them have been mostly obtained from cultivated fruit trees
and vines, but they will prove equally available against the similar
enemies of forest trees.

Wood Ashes and Lime.—Of alkaline powders, wood ashes aud slaked
lime are commonly used either pure or in mixtures around the bases of
trees or interred in the earth among the roots of plants to destroy root
aphids or other insects affecting the roots. No definite instructions
concerning their use can be given, as both substances vary as to strength,

eS ee

and the conditions of application also vary greatly. Unleached wood
ashes should not be applied too freely in contact with the body of the
tree or the roots, since water leaching through them may contain pot-
ash enough to injure the plant. Lime in any reasonable quantity could
hardly cause injury. The application of either of these is generally
beneficial and tends to destroy and repel insects from the base and roots
of trees. The ashes act benficially as a fertilizer.

Coal Ashes and coal Dust.—Coal ashes and coal dust have been used
for this purpose, but their effects could only be mechanical, and, while
doubtless of value to the plant as a mulching, could have but little
effect on insects. The beneficial effects of either of these used dusted
on the plant are doubtful, except in cases of soft-bodied slugs (saw-fly
larve), where their action is generally good.

Pyrethrum, Hellebore, Sulphur.—These well known insecticides may
be used in powdered form or may be mixed with water and applied in
aspray- While they can not be recommended for general forest work,
cases will frequently arise warranting their use in a limited way against
aphids and other soft-bodied insects. Hellebore is of especial value
against saw-fly larve. Sulphur is a valuable agent against the red
spider (Tetranychus telarius) and may be used alone or in connection
with emulsion of kerosene.

Alkaline Washes: potash Lye and soda Lye.—Alkaline washes are
solutions of crude soda or potash, or soap preparations of these sub-
stances. Concentrated soda or potash lye can be purchased at the
stores, and are often used as washes for aphids and coccids with con-
siderable success. Of these the potash lye is to be preferred, as its
action on the tree is not so harmful as the soda lye. The best possible
source of a eaustic wash is the potash lye leached from wood ashes.
Crude lye washes should be used with caution, since when too strong
it injures both branches and foliage. Definite statements as to the
strength to be used can not be made. The different brands of concen-
trated lye vary much in composition, so that it will always be advisable
to make test applications before general work is attempted. In the
preparation of washes, one can (1 pound) of lye is dissolved in from 3
to 5 gallons of water; the stronger solution is very injurious to tender
plants, and even the weaker one is entirely too harsh for a safe wash ;
yet, if diluted much more, its effect on the insect will be impaired.
The same quantity of lye used in the preparation of a soap will give
better results, and its use will not then be attended with like danger
to the plant.

Alkaline Washes : Soaps.—Soap preparations are made from either of
the above lyes with grease or oils of any kind and in my experience are
much preferable to the crude lyes.

Any soft or jelly soap makes a good wash for Aphides, and for this
purpose need not be strong ; for Coccids the strength should be greater.
The preparation known as “ whale-oil” soap has a more or less stand-

REMEDIES AGAINST FOREST INSECTS. 30

36 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ard strength and has long been used as an insecticide wash. It is made
from various fish-oils and fish-oil residue with caustic soda. Better
success attends the use of jelly soaps made directly from fish-oil and
concentrated lye, with water, using about three gallons of water, three
pints of fish-oil, and one can of lve. Various preparations of this nature
can easily be made. Coarse grease does not make so good asoap as oils.

The whale-oil soap sold in the stores is used in solutions of one pound
in two to five gallons of water, experiment being necessary to deter-
mine what strength will be efficient. The jelly-soap made as mentioned
above has been successfully used on Aphides, when fresh, in strength of
1 pound to 8 gallons of water. For most work, however, it would need
to be stronger. .

Petroleum Products: Kerosene, Naphtha, etc—Among the washes of an
insecticide nature which kill by contact there is probably nothing equal
to the preparations from petroleum. Of these it is only necessary to
notice those made trom kerosene, as experience has fully demonstrated
the value of this product for insecticide work. In most instances either
the low or high grade can be used with equally good effect. Kerosene,
naphtha and some of the lighter products of petroleum have been used
pure.

Naphtha ané the lighter products of petroleum can be used in this man-
ner with safety to most plants, but the destructive effect on the insects
is by no means Satisfactory. The use of kerosene pure is, however, at-
tended with danger and should never be undertaken except in a small
way and with the utmost care. Finely atomized, I have employed it with
some success, especially on oranges and certain conifers in years gone
by, before the emulsions were discovered.

Kerosene Emulsions.—The ease and practicability of emulsifying and
diluting kerosene to any desired strength have been so fully demon-
strated in the course of the work of the division of entomology under
my direction that there is no longer need of attempting its use pure.

The methods of emulsification have been so fully set forth elsewhere
that it is unnecessary to undertake their discussion here more than
in the nature of general instructions.

An emulsion, if properly made, always contains a greater per cent.
of kerosene than of the other ingredients. This per cent. may vary
from 60 per cent. to 90 per cent., but experiment has shown that 66 per
cent kerosene will give the most satisfactory results.

The formula for the preparatioh of kerosene emulsion ordinarily
recommended by me is the one originated by my former agent, Mr. H.
G. Hubbard, in his work against orange insects. It is as follows:

IKOTOSONG) oes 2 St oe ee ee Se ee eee ee ee 2 gallons = 67 per cent.
Common soap, or whale-oil soap-.-.:.-...-..------------ $ pound Se 33 per cent.

Wiater tite 225 oe S lhl pt Oh Se Re ee Oa eee eee 1 gallon

Dissolve the soap in the water by heating and add the solution,
boiling hot, to the kerosene and churn the mixture by means of a

REMEDIES AGAINST FOREST INSECTS. at

force-pump and spray-nozzle for five minutes. The emulsion, if per-
fect, forms a cream which thickens on cooling and should adhere with-
out oiliness to the surface of glass. Dilute, before using, one part of
the emulsion with nine parts of cold water. The above formula makes
3 gallons of emulsion, and when diluted gives 30 gallons of wash.

Resin Washes.—Various compounds of resin and emulsions of resin
with kerosene are now being extensively used in California against scale-
insects and other enemies of the orange tree. Resin compounds were
first used as an insecticide by one of my agents, Mr. Albert Koebele,
and his experiments with this substance are given in full in my annual
reports as United States Entomologist for 1886 and 1887, and addi-
tional experiments by Mr. Coquillett are given in the report for 1888.

Mr. Koebele had good success with the resin compound prepared as
follows: Dissolve 3 pounds of sal-soda and 4 pounds of resin in 3 pints
of water above fire; when properly dissolved, add water slowly, while
boiling, to make 36 pints of compound. <A very strong solution of this
was used on pear tiees without injury to the foliage, the solution con-
sisting of 3 pints of the compound to 4 of water. Numerous successful
experiments were made with one part of the compound and 8 parts of
water, and this strength for most purposes will be sufficient.

Mr. Coquillett has found the following to be an excellent formula for
the preparation of this compound :*

CO AUISTICISOU Ape ne eet Ae ce mira mee sania bie Seite be Domehee ars Sameldaninds See sets pound.. 1
HROSIN ee Ce ee eee eeierera cee ce ae cacy os iocle emia) siemel see ee Gee aeememewes ene: pounds... 8
RVC T GON BOM ee seein. oo oe ofc eicreia ceice sl Sects, = sels So wre, cine eee eran aioe 6 gallons. .32

Dissolve by boiling the caustic soda in a gallon of water; add the resin to one half
the soda solution and dissolve it by boiling; add the remainder of the soda solution
and boil over a hot fire, stirring constantly. When sufficiently cooked it will assim-
ilate with water like milk, which it much resembles. Add water and strain through
a fine sieve.

An emulsion of kerosene with resin compound was satisfactorily ac-
complished by taking equal parts of both substances and working them
together for two minutes with a pump. This emulsion is not so stable
as the emulsion with soap, but is eminently effective against scale-
insects and Aphides. At my suggestion the addition of arsenic in the
proportion of 1 pound to from 75 to 300 gallons of the resin, or resin
and kerosene wash, was made, and this addition was found to greatly
increase the efficiency of these insecticides.

The value of these insecticides for the protection of shade and orna-
mental trees, which, where scale-insects abound, are as liable to attack
and injury as the various fruit trees, need not here be emphasized.

FUMIGANTS—GASES.—The destruction of hot-house pests by fumiga-
tion with sulphur, tobacco, or other noxious substances has long been
practiced. The application of such methods to trees on a large scale is,
however, of recent origin.

The experiments of the last few years conducted by my California
agent, Mr. D. W. Coquillett, relating to the use of poisonous fumes or
gases against the scale-insects of citrous trees have been attended with

*See Rep. of the U. S. Entomologist for 1888, p. 130.

38 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

such good results that the value of this comparatively new method of
combating out-of-door insects is now well established. It is not to be
supposed that work of this kind can be carried on in the case of forest
trees, except on avery limited scale, to protect cherished trees in lawns
or parks. This treatment is also effective against Aphides and leaf-
mites—and indeed is calculated to destroy any insects whatever.

Hydrocyanic acid Gas.—Of the several gases experimented with by
Mr. Coquillett, of which full accounts are given in my annual reports as
Entomologist for 1887 and 1°88, the one named has given much tbe
best results.

A number of methods of generating this gas have been devised, of
which the most satisfactory is now known as the “dry-gas process.”

The necessity of drying the gas was very evident from the first, for
it was found that the injury to foliage was very serious when the gases
were charged with any considerable amount of aqueous vapor. In the
dry-gas process the cyanide is dissolved by boiling in water for a few
minutes, using 1 gallon of water for each 5 pounds of cyanide. To
generate the gas, sulphuric acid is caused to flow upon the cyanide
solution in a tine stream, causing the gas to be rapidly given off in the
form of a whitish fog. The moisture is taken up by passing the gas
through sulphurie acid, which by reason of the water taken up becomes
diluted, but may still be employed to generate fresh quantities of gas.

The gas is confined to the trees under treatment by meansof a suit-
able canvas tent or fumigator, of which a number of styles have been
patented. They are constructed so as to be lowered over the tree from
above or to inclose it from the sides. Full details for the construction
of these tents, together with figures, are given in the reports cited
above, to which the reader is referred, also tor a detailed account of
the use of various gases. ;

INSECTICIDE APPARATUS.—The application of insecticides to fruit
or forest trees may be successfully accomplished by the use of the same
devices employed in the case of low-growing plants, except that more
force will be required as a rule, and hence larger and stronger machinery.
The treatment of young trees or application to the lower part of the
trunk or to the base or roots of larger ones may easily be effected by
hand, but in the case of the branches and foliage of large trees other
means must be employed.

As has been already indicated, the principal insecticides are now
used in the liquid form, and particularly in the case of work against
the insect enemies of forest trees will this method prove the only prac-
ticable one. The use of insecticides in the form of powders will occasion-
ally be desirable, however, and hence the treatment of the second part
of the subject may be discussed under (1) devices for applying pow-
ders and (2) devices for applying liquids.

DEVICES FOR APPLYING POWDERS.—Powder Blowers.—The appli-
cation of powders to trees may be successfully accomplished by the
use of long-discharge-tube power-bellows.

REMEDIES AGAINST FOREST INSECTS. 39

The Woodason Bellows.—With one of the double-cone bellows manu-
factured by Thomas Woodason, Philadelphia, Pa., or other bellows of
similar pattern, it is possible to reach branches eight or ten feet high
quite readily, and by mounting into the tree, or by means of a ladder,
quite effective work can be done on trees ot moderate size.

The Leggett Brothers’ orchard Gun.—Quite recently the Leggett
Brothers, of New York City, have invented what they call an “orchard
gun,” a machine for the application of powders to foliage beyond the
reach of the ordinary hand-bellows.

This device has been tested in the work of the Entomological Division
and promises for certain kinds of work to be a very useful implement.

It is constructed of tin tubing 14 inches in diameter made in sections
so as to be easily adjusted to any length desired up to 16 feet. On the
second section from the base of the device is arranged a small fan 43
inches in diameter propelled by a crank and cog-gearing of such rela-
tive diameters that one revolution of the crank gives thirty of the fan.
This delivers a strong blast into the distal portion of the tube or gur.
Just above the fan is arranged on the upper side of the tube a can 8
inches Jong and 4 inches in diameter, from which the powder fed is into
the tube when the crank is turned by the following contrivance:

Between the can and tube is a flat perforated surface its entire
leugth, and along this surface plays a set of sliding arms attached to a
piston-rod which is thrust forward and backward with each revolu-
tion of the crank. This sifts into the tube just the amount of powder
necessary to supply a constant but extremely diffuse blast. The short-
est working length of the gun is 5 feet, and in this length it serves
for all ordinary work of applying powder. The weight of the imple-
ment when full length is7 pounds. The length could be easily increased
without impairing the efficiency of the implement, except that it would
become too heavy and unwieldly.

DEVICES FOR APPLYING LIQUIDS.—For the application of liquids to
trees the requisites are a good force-pump and a suitable nozzle, and of
both of them there is no scarcity of styles manufactured in this country.
In fact, the abundance of pumps, nozzles, and spraying devices tends to
confuse the would-be purchaser and makes it the more necessary that
the characteristics of a good apparatus should be carefully pointed out.

The Pump.— While secondary in importance to the nozzle, a suitable
force-pump is very essential to successful work. As I have previously
stated, the nature of the work under discussion precludes the use of
any but the more powerful machines, except for comparatively limited
operations, where any of the smaller hand pumps, aquapults, hvdro-
nettes, or syringes may be used.

In the case of tall trees in parks, such as elms, which frequently attain a
height of 40 or 50 feet or more, I have recommended the use of fire en-
gines, with which the liquid might be thrown to a considerable distance
and, by the force of the discharge, caused to break up into an efficient
spray.

40 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The same end may be more easily attained, perhaps, by using, in con-

chee.

Fic. 7.—Double cylinder brass pump.

@.

nection with a good barrel or tank
force-pump, long hose with suitable
supports, so that the spray may be
brought to bear on the upper por-
tion of the tree. Devices for this
purpose will be described later on.

Several forms of pumps are be-
ing manufactured in this country
with which satisfactory work may
be done, and in the list of manu-
facturers of insecticide apparatus
appended to this article are given
a number of addresses of reliable
firms whose pumps I have used
and can recommend.

I will content myself here with
describing somewhat fully a force-
pump which, in the work of the
United States Entomological Com-
mission and of the Division of En-
tomology, has proved itself well
adapted to the purposes desired.

The double Cylinder brass Pump.—
The special recommendation of this
pump is the more freely given trom
the fact that at present no one holds
a patent on it and various modifi-
cations embracing the essential fea-
tures are largely manufactured in
different parts of the country. At-
tention was directed to the advan-
tages of this pump in the work of
the commission, and it is illustrated
in section and also in operation
at plate XLVI of the fourth re-
port. The pump, fitted in a barrel
with stirrer attachment, there illus-
trated,was specially constructed by
Dr. Barnard, and has been several
times mentioned and illustrated in
other official reports.

The appended illustration (Fig. 7) is a sectional view of a similar pump

now in use by the Division.

The essential features of this pump are an outer cylinder a and an
jnner cylinder a!, which may be called the piston cylinder. This inner
cylinder is provided with a valve, b, similar to the valve int he outer eyl-

REMEDIES AGAINST FOREST INSECTS. 41

inder b! and above the valve D the inner cylinder is closed as shown in
the cut. Thus it represents a displacement cylinder and its capacity
bears such a relation to the outer cylinder that on the downward stroke
it displaces a body of water equal to that taken up by the upward
stroke of the piston, thus producing a constant pressure in, a simple
single-barreled pump.

The packing d is held in place by a metal follower and fits snugly to
the inuer surface of the outer cylinder. The pipe, c,is of rubber hose and
made of any length desired to suit the depth of cask or tank and with
a fine wire strainer on the bottom. The head of the pump is of cast iron
and bulged to allow room for a considerable head of water; iron flanges
extend out from its lower part and furnish support by which itis bolted
to the tank. All of the working parts arebrass. The packing burr and
follower around the upper end of the piston cylinder are the same style
as ordinarily used with steam machinery so as to withstand any reason-
able pressure. The head to which is attached the compensating bar
screws into the top of the piston cylinder. The outlet is tapped through
the bulged cast-iron head, and the pressure is much better if a good-
sized air chamber is attached to the discharge pipe just outside of the
pump head.

The pump from which Fig. 7 was made has two discharge pipes, and
one man easily supplies pressure for two ordinary streams of spray.

Fig. 8.—Single-discharge pump.

Fig. 8 shows a similar pump entire, fitted with a single discharge pipe.

42 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

This style of pump is especially convenient from the fact that it can
readily be bolted on to a tank of almost any shape or dimensions.

The fulerum post is not cast with the flange-plate, but bolts to it.

The stirrer Pump.—A barrel-tank, with pump similar to the one just
described, attached, as used in the work of the commission in the cot-
ton-fields, has already been referred to and is figured in the fourth
report. :

Hose and Bamboo extension Rod.—The hose commonly used on spray
apparatus is half-inch in internal diameter, or even larger. This size is
entirely unnecessary and entails extra labor upon the
operator ; it is, moreover, quite difficult to get a small
extension-rod of any length sufficiently strong to carry
such a hose. In the work of the Division of Ento-
mology I have found that a good quality of quarter-
inch cloth insertion rubber tubing is sufficiently strong
for all ordinary work. No spray-nozzle used by hand
power will require a stronger stream than this will
carry. In some work it is convenient and necessary
to have as much as 30 feet of discharge-pipe, and
where this small tubing is used it can readily be
handled.

For elevating the nozzle among the branches, a bam-
boo rod with the septa burned out so that the rubber
tubing may be passed through, and made in sections to
be adjusted to the desired length, is the most useful
contrivance. If this is large enough to admit the tube
to pass up the center, and is provided with a clamp at
the top to hold the nozzle vertical or in any direction
desired, it is superior to any other device which I have
ever used. The smaller southern cane, so commonly
used for fishing tackle, makes a very good supporting
rod, but in such case the discharge-pipe must be fast-
ened to the outside by means of suitable spring
F1G.9.— Parts of hose clasps.

pole device for

spraying trees: Fic. 9 shows a section of an extension pole of the

bamboo pole, bb;

drip wash’r,j;hose Sort first mentioned above. A special feature of this

hidy clambernes, pole is the washer j, which prevents the drip from

le, nm;spray,2% trickling down the pole upon the operator. It is cut
out of a heavy piece of sole leather and fitted snugly over the rod a
few inches below the nozzle.

By means of this supporting pole, trees below 20 feet in height can
readily be sprayed. For higher trees, I know of nothing better than
a ladder mounted on wheels so as to be easily moved from tree to tree,
such as has been used in California in the work against the Fluted
scale. This ladder is supported so that it does not rest against the «
tree, and the operator can move up and down without being hindered

by projecting branches.

s

NSECT

AINST FOREST I

S AG

REMEDIE

Fig. 10.—Spraying outfit in operation as used in orange groves.

44 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Fig. 10 is taken from my annual report as United States Entomologist
for 1886. It represents a spraying outfit in operation against the Fluted
seale (Icerya purchasi), and indicates sufficiently well the use of the lad-
der just referred to, and also of the extension poles.

In Garden and Forest for June 19, 1889, Prof. J. B. Smith, entomol-
ogist of the New Jersey experimental station, reports the successful
spraying of elm trees in the Rutgers College campus, some of which
were over 50 feet high. A Seneca Falls force-pump, provided with
some 50 feet of hose, was used. By removing the spraying attachment
from the nozzle—a large-size Nixon—the liquid could be thrown in a
small stream to a distance of 20 feet. A light ladder gave access to
the center of the tree, from which point the extreme tips of the
branches could be reached.

Nozzles.—In any device for applying liquid insecticides the nozzle is
of prime importance, for on its efficiency will depend in large degree
the success or failure of the work. The desiderata in a spray nozzle,
as I have elsewhere stated, are ‘‘ready regulation of the volume to be
thrown; greatest atomizing power with least tendency to clog; facility
of cleansing, or ready separation of its component parts; cheapness ;
simplicity and adjustability to any angle.”

Without attempting a general discussion of the merits of different
classes of nozzles, I shall content myself with a brief reference to a few
styles, which, to a greater or less degree, answer the conditions just
enumerated and which have stood the test of practical work.

The Riley or cyclone Nozzle—This nozzle is now so widely known as
hardly to require description. As there have been someerroneous state-
ments as to its invention, I may take occasion here to reiterate what was
recorded in the fourth report of the commission, viz: that if was a devel-
opment and outgrowth of my work on the Cotton Worm, the first sug-
gestion of the principle being my own and its development resulting

—SS—S>S——————_ fF

NLT,
————
— ee ||

|
|

Fic. 11.—The Riley or cyclone Nozzle.

from two years’ experimentation under my direction and chiefly through
the assistance of the late Dr. W.S. Barnard. ‘Its principal feature con-
sists in the inlet through which the liquid is forced being bored tangen-
tially through its wall, so as to cause a rapid whirling or centrifugal

Eee ee et

REMEDIES AGAINST FOREST INSECTS. 45

motion of the liquid, which issues in a funnel-shaped spray through a
central outlet in the adjustable cap. The breadth or height, fineness or
coarseness of the spray depend on certain details in the proportion of
the parts, particularly of the central outlet.”

Fig. 11 shows two styles of this nozzle, which I have adopted from a
host of experimental forms as the best for all ordinary work. At A is
shown the typical small-stemmed nozzle, with the screw cap removed
to show the inlet orifice d. At B isshown a sectional view of the same

‘again with the cap removed, showing the tangential entrance to the

chamber a through the orifice e, which when the cap is inserted coincides
with the orifice d. At C is shown a face view of the cap ¢, which should
be countersunk about the orifice of exit on the exterior surface only ;
and also an outline drawing of a chamber placed at an angle of 45°
with the stem—a form of advantage especially in overhead spraying.

The stem may be inserted into the discharge-pipe and fastened by
wrapping tightly with copper wire, or a more convenient form is made
with a female screw of a size to fit a three-eighth inch nipple. The
nipple is inserted into the discharge-pipe and fastened in the ordinary
manner, and allows an easy interchange of nozzles of different sizes or
patterns. A discharge orifice of about one-sixty-fourth of an inch may
be used for a very fine spray ; for coarser and heavier work a one-six-
teenth-inch orifice will be preferable.

The value of rotating the liquid to break it up into a suitable spray
and to prevent clogging, which are the essential features of the Riley
nozzle, has been universally recognized.

In this country, owing to the fact that this nozzle has not been pat-
ented and is not pushed by interested parties as are patented contriv-
ances, it has not come into such general use as its merits warrant or
as has accompanied the introduction of patented modifications of it in
other countries. It is now, however, being quite extensively manufact-
ured and offered by the trade, and a number of modifications of this
nozzle have appeared in France, which, while adding certain new feat-
ures, have not departed from the valuable principle of the typical form,
viz: that of the centrifugal motion of the liquid. These nozzles are
employed in France, Germany, and other European countries almost
to the exclusion of all other forms, and in this country they are also
extensively used. More recently a valuable modification has appeared
in this country, the Universal Spray Tip, and in New Zealand a com-
pound form is manufactured, known as the New Zealand Triplet, and
fashioned after one which I used and described in California in 1887.

A full description of the important modifications of the Riley nozzle
that have appeared in this and in foreign countries is given by me in
Insect Life, Vol. I, Nos. 8 and 9, to which the reader is referred for fuller —
details.

In this country, these nozzles are manufactured under contract, for
dealers, by Thomas Somerville & Son, Washington, D. C., and by

46 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Woodin & Little, 509 and 511, Market street, San Francisco, Cal. The
universal spray tip, the only valuable modification of the Riley nozzle
that has appeared in this country, is the invention of and is manu-
factured by J. Crofton and L. D. Green, Walnut Grove, Cal.

The addresses of the manufacturers of the foreign modifications of
the Riley nozzle are as follows:

The Noél nozzle, by the firm of Noél, Paris.

The Vermorel nozzle, by V. Vermorel, Villefranche (Rhéne), France.

Two modifications of the Vermorel nozzle are:

The Japy nozzle, by Japy Fréres & Cie, Beaucourt, France, and

The Albrand nozzle, by M. C. Albrand, 87 rue dela République, Mar-
seilles, France.

The Marseilles nozzle, by L’Avenir Viticole, Marseilles, France.

In New Zealand the Riley nozzle is manufactured by Kutzner Bros.,
of Masterton, who call it the American cyclone nozzle and make it
single and in triplets.

I will call attention here to but one of the most successful of these
modifications, which is shown in figure 12. It is known as the Vermorel
nozzle, and was devised by a gentleman of that name in France. The

Fic. 12.—The Vermorel Nozzle—natural size (original).

important feature of this nozzle is the pin inserted through its base,
bearing on its upper end a point sufficiently small to enter the dis-
charge orifice when thrust upward from below. This enables the ope-
rator to clean the discharge, when it becomes clogged, and is a great
convenience, especially for spraying heavy suspension liquids.

The Nixon or Climax Nozzle.—This is the invention of Mr, A. H.
Nixon, of Dayton, Ohio. Its work is so satisfactory, especially where
considerable force is required, as will be generally the case in forest work,
that I notice it here. A nipple screws on the distal end of a discharge-
pipe, and on its outer end is screwed a brass tube varying in length and
diameter according to sizeof nozzle. The discharge orifice through the
nipple regulates the quantity of spray, and nipples with different sized
discharge orifices are interchangeable. The stream projected through
this nipple strikes a brass screen at the outer end of the tube and is cut
into a perfect spray.

=
i
7
a

tA | ll

REMEDIES AGAINST FOREST INSECTS. AT

Cost of a spraying Outfit.—In the foregoing I have presented briefly,
yet in sufficient detail, the essential requisites of a good spray apparatus.
An entire outfit, embracing the best materials mentioned above, can be
gotten together by an ingenious person for a sum not exceeding $20.
Outfits may be purchased from manufacturers at prices ranging from
$20 to $50, according to sizes or styles.

A list of responsible firms with whom the Division of Entomology
has had business relations is here appended :

W. & B. Douglass, Middletown, Conn.; Rumsey & Co., Seneca Falls,
N. Y.; Field Force-Pump Company, Lockport, N. Y.; Robert T. Deakin
& Co., Philadelphia, Pa.; Nixon Nozzle and Machine Company, Dayton,
Ohio; Woodin & Little, San Francisco, Cal.; The Gould’s Manufactur-
ing Company, Seneca Falls, N. Y.; Thomas Woodason, 451 East Cam-
bria street, Philadelphia, Pa.; Leggett & Brother, New York.

CHAPTER I.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OAK.

Various species of Quercus.

The oak perhaps affords our most valuable lumber, whether ship-
timber, carriage wood, or when used for carved work, floors, or furniture.
As a shade tree it will always be in demand, while groves oi oaks are
among the chief ornaments of parks. The oak can be easily planted,
and it is one of the trees most available in the renewal of our forests.

Unfortunately the oak is preyed upon by a larger number of kinds of in-
sects than perhaps all the other hard-wood forest trees mentioned in this
work put together. From the roots to the extremity of the smallest twigs,
including the buds and acorns, there are assemblages of insects which
divide the arboreal territory among themselves, not often encroaching
on each other’s domain. In this way the work of destruction often be-
comes thoroughly welldone. Yet, considering the number of species of
insects which prey upon this devoted tree, particularly when isolated from .
its fellows, it is a wonder how evenly preserved is the balance of nature.
Undoubtedly, as in all other trees and most vegetable growths, a cer-
tain amount of natural, healthy pruning is accomplished by insects.
But were there not a complicated system of checks, particularly those
due to parasitic insects and to unfavorable climatic changes, the tide of
insect life would sweep away every tree and shrub from the face of the
earth.

In his work on “ Plant-Enemies of the Class of Insects,” Kaltenbach
enumerates five hundred and thirty-seven species of insects of all orders
which in Germany prey upon the oaks of that empire.

It is probable that nearly if not quite as many will be found in a re-
gion of the same extent in this country, especially since the species of
oaks are more numerous in the eastern United States than in central
Europe, the number of species in the latter region being but two or
three to twenty in the United States, east of the Rocky Mountains.

The number of determined species of oak insects recorded in the fol-
lowing pages is over 400, while the number of undetermined species
would carry the number up to over 500, or about as many as Kaltenbach

48

wee ae cree

INSECTS AFFECTING OAK-ROOTS. 49

records forGermany. It is not improbable that ultimately the number
of species for the United States will be between 600 and 800 or even
1,000.

We will now briefly indicate those species of insects which are habit-
ually more or less destructive to the oak.

The roots of the live and probably the water oak are infested by the
great longicorn borer, Mallodon melanopus, the trees being permanently
dwarted and their growth arrested.

Of the borers in the trunk, the caterpillar of the Carpenter moth
(Prionoxystus robinic) probably does more damage than all other borers
combined. Next to this borer, come the flat-head borers, and the bark-
borers, with the oak-pruner (Hlaphidion villosum), while the seventeen-
year Cicada periodically prunes or destroys many of the twigs.

The leaves suffer most from the attacks of the forest tent-caterpillar
(Clisiocampa disstria) and the large black-and-red-striped spiny cater-
pillar of the senatorial moth (Anisota senatoria). These two caterpillars
in the Atlantic and Central States as a rule do more harm to oak for-
ests than perhaps all the other species combined.

Finally, many acorns are worm-eaten, the intruder being the grub of
the long-snouted weevil (Balaninus). We have, so far as practicable,
described the habits and appearance of the most destructive species
first.

AFFECTING THE ROOTS.

The roots of various species of oak are, without much doubt, more
or less injured by the attacks of the seventeen-year Cicada while in its
preparatory state, as it is known that this insect, so abundant in the
central and southern States of the Union, remains for over sixteen
years attached by its beak to the rootlets of the oak and probably other
forest trees, where it sucks the sap, thus in a greater or less degree in-
juring the health of the tree. Observations as to the subterranean
life of the seventeen-year locust are few and obscure, and it is quite
uncertain how much injury is really done to trees by this habit. They
have sometimes been found sucking the sap of forest trees, notably the
oak, and also of fruit trees, snch as the pear and apple. According to
Riley (First Report, p. 24), the larve are frequently found at great depth,
sometimes as much as 10 feet below the surface. It has been claimed
by Miss Margaretta H. Morris, in an account published in 1846, that
pear trees have been killed by the larve sucking the roots. This has
been denied by the late Dr. Smith, of Baltimore, who says:

The larva obtains its food from the small vegetable radicels that everywhere per-
vade the fertile earth. It takes its food from the surface of these roots, consisting of
the moist exudation (like animal perspiration), for which purpose its rostrum or snout
is provided with three exceedingly delicate capillaries or hairs, which project from
the tube of the snout and sweep over the surface, gathering up the minute drops of
moisture. Thisis its only food. The mode of taking it can be seen by a good glass.—
Prairie Farmer, December, 1851.

5 ENT 4

50 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Dr. Riley adds that Dr. Hall, of Alton, Ill, has often found them
firmly attached to different roots by the legs, but never found the beaks
inserted. He remarks as follows :

The fact that they will rise from land which has been cleaned of timber, cultivated,
and even built upon for over a dozen years, certainly contravenes Miss Morris’s state-
ment, while their long subterranean existence precludes the necessity of rapid suc-
tion. Itis also quite certain that if they thus killed trees we should oftener hear of
it, and I have captured a gigantic but unnamed species of Cicada on the plains of
Colorado, 50 miles from any tree other than a few scattering willows.

We would add that in June, in Idaho Territory, we have seen numer-
ous Cicadz which had just appeared above the surface of the earth in a
desert region with scattered sage bushes, upon whose roots, which it
is known descend to a great depth, the young may feed. While, then,
the Cicada may seldom do marked injury to the oak, the reader is re-
ferred to a subsequent page for a further notice of the injury done by
this insect to the twigs and smaller branches of the oak and other trees.

In Europe the roots of oaks are affected by a small wingless gall-fly,
which punctures the root and inserts an egg into the hole. The irrita-
tion set up by the presence of the larva causes the root to swell until a
tumor or gall is formed, in the center of which lies the white footless
larva or maggot of the fly.

Fitch has found similar wingless flies in this country, but they will
always remain objects rather of a scientific than economic interest. He
has described them under the names of Biorhizanigra, Philonix ful-
vicollis and nigricollis. They are wingless, and occur in forests in No-
vember and December, often walking on the snow in company with
other snow insects, such as Boreus and Chionea. There is also a root
gall, of which Professor Riley has detected aspecies. The known species
of root-galls are enumerated in Mr. Ashmead’s catalogue of Cynipide,
reprinted further on in this chapter, at the end of the section on insects
infesting oak twigs.

1. THE LIVE-OAK ROOT-BORER.
Mallodon melanopus Linn. (Larva. Pl. xxxv, Fig. 1.)

Boring under ground in the roots of the live-oak and dwarfing the young trees in
Florida and the Gulf States; a very large white grub, transforming to a large brown
longicorn beetle.

While in Florida, at Crescent City, | had an opportunity, owing to
the kindness of Mr. H. G. Hubbard, of collecting the grubs (described
below) and seeing the injury done by this borer to the live oaks.

The following account is taken from Professor Riley’s report for 1884:

This beetle is one of our largest insects, being about two inches long and very
broad and heavy. Its larvais a cylindrical grub, or ‘‘sawyer,” about an inch in
thickness and over three inches in length.

In Texas Mr. Schwarz found the larva of this Mallodon excavating its galleries in
the heart-wood of the Hackberry (Celtis), a tree of the largest size. In Florida and
elsewhere it feeds upon the live-oak, and it would seem that so large and powerful
a borer was well chosen to be the destroyer of this giant among trees.

OAK-ROOT BORERS. 51

In point of fact, however, in its connection with this tree the beetle shows a sur-
prising modification of its recorded habits. Its larva is found, not in the stem of the
mature tree so justly celebrated for its strength and toughness, but always in the
root of infant trees, and usually in degenerate highland varieties of Quercus virens,
or of its relatives, Q. aquatica and Q. catesbei.

The mother beetle selects small saplings as a place of deposit for her eggs, which
are laid in the foot, or collar, of the tree, just below the surfaée of the ground.
How long a larval existence the insect has is not known, but it must extend over
several years, since the roots occupied by these larve grow to a large size, while at
the same time they show an entirely abnormal development and become a tangle of
vegetable knots. In fact, the entire root inits growth accommodates itself to the
requirements of the borer within. Very few new roots are formed, but the old roots
excavated by the larva are constantly receiving additions of woody layers, which
are in turn eaten away and huge flattened galleries are formed, which are for the
most part tightly packed with sawdust.

The beetle thus becomes, not the destroyer, but the parasite of the tree, and lives
in a domicile, which may not improperly be termed a gigantic root-gall. The effect
on the tree is to kill the original sapling, which becomes replaced by a cluster of in-
significant and straggling suckers, forming perhaps a small clump of underbrush.
In many cases the branches and leaves are barely sufficient to supply the materials .
for sluggish growth, and the entire strength of the plant goes toward the formation
of a root plexus, out of all proportion to the growth above ground, and plainly de-
signed to repair the ravages of the borer.

The Mallodon borers are very abundant in South Georgia and Florida, and asa
result of their attacks, vast tracks which might otherwise have become forests, en-|
riching the ground with annual deposits of leaves, are reduced to comparatively bar-
ren scrub, in which the scattered oak bushes barely suffice to cover the surface of
the sand.

Many a new settler, seeing his sandy hill-side covered only by insignificant oak
bushes, and anticipating easy work in converting the wilderness into a blooming
garden of orange-trees, has been grievously disappointed to find before him no light
task in clearing from the soil these gnarled and tangled roots. In fact the great
strength and weight of the southern grubbing-hoe appears no longer a mystery when
one contemplates the astonishing pile of “grub roots” which in vigorous hands it
will extract from a few square rods of apparently unoccupied soil.

The results of the work of this beetle are very plainly visible around Savannah,
and especially on Tybee Island, where Mr. George Noble first drew our attention to
it; while Mr. Hubbard has carefully studied its work, as here recorded, in Florida.
(Riley’s report, 1884.)

The genus Mallodon contains species of large size with the sides of the prothorax |
armed with numerous small teeth. The head is comparatively large, the eyes
strongly granulated, distant, transverse, feebly emarginate. The antennz are slender,
not exceeding half the length of the body in the male and shorter in the female. The
sexual differences are worthy of note. ‘The prothorax in the male is nearly quadrate,
densely punctured, with smooth separate facets, while in the female it is narrowed
in front, more coarsely punctured towards the sides, and uneven on the disk.

The present species is distinguished by the decidedly serrate prothorax, while the
tibiz are densely ciliated on the lower edge. It is dark brown, almost black.
Length, 45 to 55™™, (1.75 to 2.25 inches). It inhabits Florida, Arkansas and Texas.—
(Horn. )

Larva.—Body as large and thick as one’s forefinger. It closely resembles the larva
of Orthosoma brunneum* in general appearance and proportions, but considerably
thicker. Shape of the prothoracic segment and size of the head and shape of the

* | have no larva of Prionus laticollis with which to compare it, and which it may
more closely resemble than Orthosoma.

52 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

mouth-parts much asin Orthosoma. Dorsal prothoracic plate and the segment be-
neath as in Orthosoma, but on each side in front of and above the prothoracic feet is
a large hairy tubercle of which Orthosoma has no traces. The remaining segments of
the body above and beneath are almost identical in form and markings with those of
Orthosoma, The callosities on the upper side of the abdominal segments differ
slightly in having the transverse areas not divided by a median impressed line, as
they are in Orthosoma (see Pl. xxxv, Fig.1). The thoracic feet as in Orthosoma, but
the spiracles are much larger in proportion.

Head as in Orthosoma, except that the front edge of the epicvranium next to the
clypeus is smooth and straight, not dentate, as in Orthosoma (Pl. xxxv, Fig. 1a).
Clypeus and labrum identical in form with those of Orthosoma, but the stiff bristles on
the front edge of the labrum are considerably longer. Antenne three-jointed and asin
Orthosoma, as is the shape of the labium with its two-jointed palpi; the latter, how-
ever, much stouter, though not reaching beyond the end of the labrum. Maxillx
as in Orthosoma, but the four-jointed palpi are a little stouter. Length of body,
87™™ (325 inches); breadth of prothoracic segment, 20™™,

2, THE BROAD-NECKED PRIONUS.

Prionus laticollis (Drury).

Fic. 13.—Broad-necked Prionus, its larvaand pupa. After Riley.

Though usually living in the roots and trunks of the poplar and balm-
of-Gilead, Mr. F. Clarkson states that at Oak Hill, Columbia County,
N. Y., this borer infests the black oak, the beetle emerging at twilight
during the first two weeks in July.

Their presence is quickly realized by the odor of the female, which is very power-
ful, and can readily be detected 20 feet distant. I placed a female immediately

after emergence in an uncovered jar, and wherever I positioned it, on the piazza or
elsewhere, the males were attracted from every direction. I captured twenty males

OAK-BORERS. 53

in a very few minutes. Oak Hill can not boast of a balm-of-Gilead or a Lombardy pop-
lar, but it is famous for its eaks, and while it is admitted that the former trees, as
mentioned by Harris, serve as food for the larv, my observations indisputably prove
that they feed also upon the roots of the oak. (Can. Ent., xvi, 95.)

AFFECTING THE TRUNK.
3. THE OAK CARPENTER WORM.
Prionoxystus robinie (Peck).
Order LEPIDOPTERA; Family Cossip#&.

Boring large holes and galleries in the trunk; a large, livid, reddish caterpillar,
nearly three inches long, greenish beneath, and the head shining black; the body
somewhat flattened, and with scattered long, fine hairs. The chrysalis also in the
burrow, and transforming to a large, thick-bodied moth in June and July.

In different parts of New England, from Maine to Rhode Island, and
southward to Texas, oak lumber and cord-wood is commonly seen to be
often honeycombed by the large black burrows of this common and
destructive borer. It is the most directly injurious of all the insects
preying on this noble tree, since it sinks its tunnels deep in towards the
heart of the tree in the living wood, and is a difficult insect to discover
until after the injury is done. It may be found in the autumn and
winter months, of different sizes, showing that at least there is an
interval of one year between the smaller and larger sizes, and that
consequently the moth is two, and probably three years in attaining
maturity.

Fic. 14.—Larva and pupa of female, and male imago of Oak Carpenter Worm—all natural size.
After Riley.

The female moth, without doubt, lays her eggs in the cracks and
interstices of the bark of the oak or locust, in the latitude of Boston,
about the middle of July.

I have taken the larva and chrysalis from the red oak in Maine, and
the insect occurs westward to the Mississippi Valley and southward to
Bosque County, central Texas. At Houston, Tex., I have found a dozen

54 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

or more of the cast chrysalid skins projecting from the stumps of the pin
oak; one pupa was alive early in April. It is said by Fitch to bemore
common in the Southern and Southwestern States than in the Northern.
It is also an inhabitant of California, and may be found to occur in
nearly all the United States wherever the black, red, and white oak or
locust trees grow. The habits and metamorphoses of the moth were
first discovered by Peck,* who bred it from caterpillars found in the
locust, but Harris afterward discovered that it ‘‘ perforates the trunks
of the red oak.” Bailey states that it also feeds on the willow. (Bull.
No. 3, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Ag., p. 54).

Riley states that the male caterpillar is only half as large as the
female. He adds that with her extensile ovipositor the moth deposits
her eggs in the deep notches and dark bottoms of crevices. ‘The
young worms which hatch from them are dark brown with large heads ;
they are active and commence spinning as soon as they are born”
(Amer. Ent., 11, 127). He finds it more partial in the West to the
locust than to the oak. ;

The following account of its habits and transformations is copied from
Fitch:

Of all the wood-boring insects in our land this is by far the most pernicious, wound-
ing the trees the most cruelly. The stateliest oaks in our forests areruined, probably
in every instance where one of these borers obtains a lodgment in their trunks. It
perforates a hole the size of a half-inch auger, or large enough to admit the little
finger, and requiring three or four years for the bark to close together over it. This
hole running inward to the heart of the tree, and admitting the water thereto from
every shower that passes, causes a decay in the wood to commence, and the tree never
regains its previous soundness.t

This is also a most prolific insect. The abdomen of the female is so filled and dis-
tended with eggs that it becomes unwieldy and inert, falling from side to side as its
position is shifted. A specimen which I once obtained extruded upwards of three
hundred eggs within a few hours after its capture, its abdomen becoming diminished
hereby to nearly half its previous bulk; and in the analogous European species more
than a thousand eggs have been found on dissection. It hence appears that a single
one of these insects is capable of ruining a whole forest of oak trees. This calamity,
however, is prevented, probably by most of the eggs being destroyed, either by birds
or by other insects, for these borers are by no means 60 common in our trees as the
fecundity of their parents would lead us to expect.

Our moth comes abroad, as already stated, in June and the forepart of July. It flies
only in the night time, remaining at rest during the day, clinging to the trunks of
trees, its gray color being so similar to that of the bark that it usually escapes notice.
In repose its wings are held together in the shape of a roof, covering the hind body.
From observing her motions in confinement, I think the female does not insert her
eggs into the bark, but merely drops them into the cracks and crevices upon its outer”
surface. They are coated with a glutinous matter which immediately dries and
hardens on exposure to the air, whereby they adhere to the spot where they touch ;
and if the short two-jointed ovipositor be not fully exserted as the egg is passed

* Mass. Agr. Report and Journal, Vol. v, p. 67, with a plate, 1818,

+ We have observed that the old burrows are lined by a dark layer, consisting of a
mealy débris about as thick as pasteboard; this detritus is probably composed of the
castings of the larva, which form a paste that in drying strongly adheres to the sides
of the gallery.—A. S. P.

:

OAK-BORERS. 55

through it, so as to carry the egg beyond the hair-like scales with which the body is
clothed, some of these touching adhere to it, their attachment to the body being so
slight.

The eggs are of a broad oval form, and about half the size of a grain of wheat, be-
ing the tenth of an inch in length and three-fourths as thick, of a dirty whitish color
with one of the ends black. When highly magnified their surface is seen to be retic-
ulated or occupied by numerous slightly impressed dots arranged in rows like the
meshes ina net. From the fact that several worms of the same size are sometimes
met with in a single tree, indicating them all to be the progeny of one parent, it ap-
pears that the female drops a number of eggs upon each tree that she visits, and prob-
ably disposes of her whole supply upon a very few trees. The size of the eggs doubt-
less renders them a favorite article of food to some of our smaller birds. And a bird
in discovering some of these eggs will be incited thereby to search for others in the
same vicinity, which search being successful, will be perseveringly continued so long
as an egg can be found upon that or any of the adjacent trees. Thus it may be that
of the whole stock of eggs which a female deposits, scarcely one escapes being picked
up and devoured. This appears the most probable cause of so. few of these worms
being met with, although the females are so prolific.

The worm on hatching from the egg sinks itself inward and feeds at first on the soft
inner bark, till its jaws acquiring more strength it penetrates to the harder sap-wood
and finally resorts to the solid heart-wood, residing mostly in and around the center
of the trunk, boring the wood here usually in a longitudinal direction, and moving
backwards and forth in its burrow, enlarging it by gnawing its walls as it increases
in size, whereby the excavation comes to present nearly the same diameter through
its whole length. In an oak in which I met with two worms fully grown and several
others but half grown, the whole of the central part of the trunk had been exten-
sively mined by preceding generations of this insect and was in a state of incipient
decay ; and I thus had an opportunity to notice the fact that none of the worms were
lying in the decaying wood, all being outside of this, where the wood was still sound,
Hence it is evident that it is living healthy trees which this insect prefers, and not
those which are sickly and devaying, which latter are preferred by the European
Cossus, some authors say, though perhaps their observations have not been exact upon
this point, for in the instance here alluded to it would have been said on a first glance
that these worms preferred decaying wood, since the diseased heart of the tree was
everywhere traversed with their burrows, and the sound wood showed few of them;
and thus no doubt in many other cases we mistake the cause for the effect, and on
seeing semi-putrid wood filled with worm-holes, we suppose the worms have-preferred
wood of this character, when in truth it is these holes which have caused the decay
of the wood.

These worms are probably three years in obtaining their growth. They cast off
their skin several times, and after the last of these moltings their color becomes
different from what it has previously been.

The larva previous to the last change of its skin is of a rose-red or a pale cherry-
Ted color, often with a faint yellowish stripe along the middle of its back, on all
except the three anterior rings. It is of a cylindrical form, slightly broadest ante-
riorly and a little flattened beneath. It is divided by transverse constrictions resem-
bling broad shallow grooves into twelve rings, which are twice as broad as long. On
each of these rings are a few pimples of a deep purple color, regularly placed, each
giving out a pale-brown bristle. Fourof these pimples are on the back, placed at the
angles of an imaginary square or a trapezoid having its hind side the longest, the two
hinder pimples being larger. Small white dots confluent into broken lines may also
be perceived, forming a transverse square in which the two anterior pimples are
inclosed, and other dots less regularly placed surrounding the two hind pimples
except upon their hind side. Above the breathing pores on each side is also a large
pimple, which, upon the four rings bearing the prolegs, has a white dot in its lower
edge, which dot does not appear in the corresponding pimples of the other rings. A

56 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION

minute pimple is also seen forward of the upper end of each breathing pore, below
which all the under side of the worm is greenish white. The breathing pores are oval
and light yellow, with a rusty brown oval spot in their center and a dark purple ring
around their outer edge. Below them the skin bulges out, forming a longitudinal
ridge, or rather two parallel ridges divided by adeep intervening furrow. Upon the
upper one of these ridges near the middle of each ring is a round cherry-red spot in
which are two small pimples, and on the lower ridge is a single one, placed farther
back, whilst four others equally minute may be seen farther down and around the
anterior base of the prolegs. The second and third rings are shorter, each with four-
teen pimples of different sizes, the larger ones forming a single transverse row. The
first ring or neck is polished and of a dark tawny brown color on its upper side, with
a white line in its middle disappearing anteriorly in a black two-lobed cloud. The
head is but half as broad as the body, andisof a shining black color, tinged more or
less with chestnut brown in its middle, with scattered punctures from which arise fine
hairs. The antenne are chestnut brown, conical and three-jointed, the last joint
minute, with a bristie beside it given out from the apex of the second joint. The
palpi are similar, with two small processes from the summit of their second joint,
the outer one of which ends in a minute fourth joint. Of the eight pairs of legs, the
three anterior are conical and end in a single chestnut-colored claw. The others are
short, thick, and retractile, with their soles surrounded by a blackish fringe-like ring
composed of a multitude of minute hooks, the last pair, however, having these hooks.
only around the anterior and outer half of their soles. Placed in a glass or tin vessel,
this worm is perfectly helpless, being unable to cling with these hooks to a hard
smooth surface.

With the last change of its skin it loses its bright-red color and is then white,
tinged with green at the sutures, and with a pale-green stripe along the middle of its
back, which disappears at the sutures. The pimplesare of a pale tawny yellow color
with black centers. The head is light tawny yellow varied in its middle with greep-
ish white, its anterior edge blackish and the jaws deep black.”

As the moth into which this worm changes possesses no jaws or other implements
by which it is possible for it to perforate the wood, it is necessary for the worm to pre-
pare a way for its future escape from the tree ; and the provisions which it makes for
this end are truly interesting, indicating that the worm has a clear perception of what
its future condition and requirements will be, both in its pupa and its perfect state.
This is the more surprising when we recur to the fact that since its infancy this crea-
ture has been lying deeply bedded in the interior of the tree, the only act of its life
having been to crawl lazily around in its cell and gnaw the wood there when impelled
by hunger. How does it now come to do anything different from what it has been
doing for months and years before? But, having got its growth and the time draw-
ing near to have it change into a pupa or chrysalis, we see it engaging in anew work.

It now bores a passage from the upper end of its cell outward through the wood and -

bark till only a thin scale of the brittle dead outer bark remains, It is usually at the
bottom of one of the large cracks or furrows in the bark that this passage ends,

* Received full grown larve from F. G. Mygatt, Richmond, Ill., February 26, 1868,
found boring in a large black-oak tree, forming their cocoons soon after the receipt.
The male larve have generally broken bands of reddish brown across the middle of
each segment. The female larve are perfectly fulvous or of the color of ordinary
yellow butter; subcylindrical; thoracic segments broadest, tapering thence to
anus. Segment 1 flatter than the rest; head polished brown and fulvous; pilifer-
ous spots variable in size, being more distinct when young, and often connected by
transverse bands of brown; stigmata brown, large, and distinct; feet and legs
same as venter, the former with brown extremities, the latter fringed with brown;
anal segment more glaucous than the rest. Others were received from J. M. Shaffer,
January, 1870, found boringin black locust, and were exactly like the oak-feeding
specimens. (Riley’s unpublished notes. )

OAK-BORERS. 57

whereby the hole inside is less liable to be discovered by birds. The worm then dili-
gently lines the walls of this hole with silken threads interspersed with its chips and
forming a rough surface resembling felt, as it withdraws itself backwards for a dis-
tance of about three inches, thus placing itself beyond the reach of any bird or other
enemy outside of the tree, should its retreat be discovered; and it here incloses itself
in a cocoon which it spins of silk, of a long oval form, having the end towards the
outer opening much thinner and its threads more loosely woven. In this cocoon it
throws off its larva skin and then appears in its nymph or pupa form.

The pupa is an inch and three-quarters long and half an inch thick, of a dull chest-
nut color, the rings of its abdomen paler, and on the back near the anterior edge of
each ring is a row of angular teeth, resembling those of a saw, of a dark brown color
and all of them inclining backward, these rows of teeth extending’ downwards upon
each side below the breathing pores or about two-thirds of the distance around the
body. On the middle of each ring is also a much shorter row of little tubercular points.
Finally, upon the under side of the last segment are about four stouter conical teeth,
the tips of which are drawn out into sharp points which are curved forward, so that
when this last segment, which is tapering and smaller than the others, is bent down-
wards these curved points will catch and hold the body from moving forward.

The pupa lies perfectly dormant in its cocoon probably a fortnight or longer. - It
then awakes from its slumbers and begins to writhe and bend itself from side to side.
By this motion the rows of little teeth upon the rings of its abdomen, which incline
backward as above described, catch in the threads of the cocoon, first upon one side
and then upon the other, and thus move the body forward, whereby its head presses
upon the loosely woven end of the cocoon, more and more firmly, until it forces its
way through it, and the pupa works itself forward out of its cocoon. And the same
writhing motion being continued, the teeth now catch in the threads with which the
sides of the hole are lined, and thus, though destitute of feet, the pupa moves itself
along till it reaches and breaks through the thin scale of bark which hitherto has
closed the mouth of its burrow, and pushes itself onward till about three-fourths of its
length protrude from the tree, when by curving the tip of its body downward the
four little hooks thereon catch in some of the threads and hold it from advancing
further and falling to the ground. By so much motion of the pupa the connections
of the inclosed insect with its shell become sundered and the sutures of the shell are
probably cracked open, so that the moth readily presses them apart and crawls out
therefrom, leaving the empty and now lifeless shell projecting out from the mouth of
the hole, with a small mass of worm-dust surrounding it.

The male moth is of a gray color from white scales intermixed with black ones. The
head is furnished upon the crown, or vertex, with longer or hair-like scales. The
antenn® are tapering and many-jointed, their basal joint thickest and covered with
black and gray scales, the remaining joints being naked, shining, coal-black, each
joint bearing two branches on its front side, forming two rows of coarse teeth like
those of a comb, the teeth being six or more times as long as thick, and all of the same
length except at the base and tip, where they become shorter, all of them ciliated with
fine hairs. The feelers are appressed to the face and reach as high as to the middle
of the eyes, and are cylindric, clothed with short appressed scales, the separation of
the terminal joint being slightly perceptible. The thorax has the shoulder-covers
black, forming a stripe of this color along each side, which anteriorly curves down-
wards and is continued backward upon the upper side of the breast. Its base is
clothed with larger scales, forming tufts upon each side. The abdomen is conic and
equals the tips of the wings in its length, and is but slightly covered with scales except
along each side, where they form a broad stripe, the under side being eutirely de-
nuded; it is black and shining, with the sutures dull yellowish. At its tip are three
appendages, longer than the last ringsof the abdomen. The two lower ones are broad,
thick, flattened processes of a dull brownish yellow color, with their tips rounded and
slightly bent inwards towards each other. The upper one is a slender, black, shining
hook or claw of the same length, its tip sharp-pointed and curved downward. Above

58 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

these appendages and hiding them from view is a brush of black hairs, forming a con-
ical tuft at the end of the abdomen, blunt at its apex. The legs are more or less
denuded of scales, black and shining, with the hind shanks thicker toward their tips
and with two pairs of spurs, the forward shanks having only a single spine, which is
placed on the middle of their inner sides, the same as in other moths ; and the feet are
compressed and five-jointed, with the basal joint longest and the following ones suc-
cessively shorter. The fore wings are black, with groups of whitish scales forming
gray spots or clouds which are netted with black lines, varying greatly in different
individuals. Often a transverse gray spot is situated towards the base and another
on the anal angle, the outer and hind margins being gray alternated with black. The
hind wings are black, with their posterior half of arich marigold yellow color bordered
with a black line upon the hind margin, the yellow color being irregularly notched
on its anterior side and narrowed to the inner angle, and not extended to the outer
angle, the two outer cells being black. The outer or anterior margin, except at its
base and tip, is usually gray alternated with transverse black streaks and blotches,
and inside of this isa large ash-gray spot occupying the outer anterior part of the
disk. The under sides of both wings are similar to their upper surface.

The female would not be supposed to pertain to the same species with the male, her
size is so much larger, her colors so much paler gray, and her hind wings being wholly
destitute of the bright yellow coloring which forms so conspicuous a mark in the
other sex. The branches of her antenne are also’shorter, being but about four times
as Jong as thick. The ground color of her fore wings is gray, variously netted with
black lines dividing the gray in places into small roundish spots and into rings hav-
ing black centers. The black color usually forms a broad irregular band across the
middle of the wings parallel with the hind margin, and another between thisand the
hind edge, chiefly on the outer half of the wing, the hind edge and fringe being whitish
alternated with black spots placed on the tips of the veins. The hind wings are dusky
gray and towards their bases blackish, their posterior half being freely transparent
and faintly netted with darker lines. The body is densely coated with gray scales,
its under side hoary white; and the legs are gray, with black bands on the shanks,
and black feet, with gray rings at their articulations.

Remedies.—We have but a single suggestion to make upon the subject of remedies
against this truly formidable though fortunately rareenemy. Itis probable that soft
soap applied the fore part of June to the bodies of trees will be equally efficacious
against this and other borers as it is against that of the apple tree. This remedy may
well be resorted to, to protect the locusts and oaks which we value as ornamental
trees; and scarce and valuable as timber is becoming in all the older settled sections
of our country, I doubt not it will be found to be good economy to bestow similar
attention upon the more valuable trees standing in our forests.

It should also be observed that whenever a hole made by a borer is discovered in
the trunk of a tree, it should be immediately closed by inserting a plug therein, to
exclude the wet which will otherwise be admitted hereby to the interior of the tree
and produce a decay of the surrounding wood.—(Fitch’s Fifth Report, pp. 4-10.)

4, THE LESSER OAK CARPENTER WORM.
Prionoxystus querciperda (Fitch).
Order LEPIDOPTERA; Family CossiD2.
(Pl. 11, Figs. 4, 5.)
Another and rather smaller Cossid, but belonging to a closely allied
species, was found by Mr. J. A. Lintner resting upon the trunk of an
oak tree in Schoharie, N. Y. It probably ranges all over the Eastern

States and Mississippi Valley, since a species, either this or closely allied,
is reported to us by Mr. G. W. Belfrage to inhabit central Texas. Dr.

‘
7
‘
f

eo

OAK-BORERS. 59

Fitch thinks it probable that it bores into the oak. He describes it as
a moth smaller in size than P. robinice, with thin and slight transparent
wings, which are crossed by numerous black lines, the outer margin only
of the forward pair being opaque and of a gray color; the hind wings
of the male are colorless, with the inner margin broadly blackish and
the hind edge coal-black.

Mr. Lintner has found the larva burrowing in the black oak. The moth
appeared April 29th. The male is about half as large as the female.

‘This species is smaller than robinic, the female expanding 46™™ or
47™™, the male about 10™™ less. The male hind wings seem translucent,
but on holding them obliquely in certain lights the yellow tint may be
seen plainly. This smaller and rarer species occurs also in Texas. It
is freer from reticulations and more transparent than any other form.”
(Bailey, Bull. No. 3, Div. Ent., Dept. Ag., 55.)

Larva.—Length an inch and a half. Pale green, with a darker green dorsal stripe,
bordered faintly with yellow. Head flat, subtriangular, dark brown clouded with
black. First segment with two brown spots extending across it, narrowed laterally,
and of nearly the length of the segment medially, where they unite to inclose on the
dorsal line an elongate-elliptical green spot. The anterior segments are flattened,
and broader than the following, which gradually diminish in breadth toward the
posterior end. The segments are marked dorsally with four rose-colored elevated
points, the trapezoidal spots of Guenée; on the 10th and 11th segments they form a
quare. A similar spot is present above each stigma, a smaller one below, and an-
other in front—each of these bearing a short brown hair. The stigmata are oval,
orange-colored, centered with dark brown. Thelegsare tipped with chestnut brown,
and the prolegs armed with brown plantz.—(Lintner, Ent. Contributions, iv, 135.)

5. Cossula magnifica Bailey.
(Pl. 11, figs. 1-3.)

An account of this fine moth and its transformations is published in
Papilio (ii, 93) by Dr. J. S. Bailey. The larve were found by Mr.
Koebele boring in species of oak and hickory near Tallahassee, Fla.
A single live-oak was observed standing in an open field containing
many larve, their debris, resembling saw-dust, being distributed over
the ground around the roots of the tree more than six inches in depth.
‘At the period of pupation the larvee, as is customary with the Cosside,
takes its position near the surface of the bark. The tunneling is usu-
ally conducted near the surface, from one-quarter to one inch beneath
the bark. After the imagines emerge their pupa cases are left protrud-
ing through the bark.”

Pupa.—The long testaceous pupa-case is provided with an irregular series of five
tuberculations on each side ef the anus. (Bailey.)

Moth.—Size small; male antennz bipectinate to the tips, the inner series one-third
the length of the outer pectinations; hind tibize pilose; wings broad, the front pair
rounded at the apices, costa with dark dots; fuscous gray, smooth, with indistinct
fragmentary reticulations. A light brown patch covers the outer edge; before the
patch is a light gray subterminal shade. Hind wings blackish brown; front yellow-
ish; thorax light gray; abdomen dark gray; expanse of wings, 36™™, (1.44 inches).
( Bailey.)

60 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

6. Cossus reticulatus Lintner.

This moth was described by Mr. J. A. Lintner, from a single female
in the collection of Mr. Neumogen, collected in Texas, on the Rio Grande.
Mrs. Slosson has observed it riddling live oaks in Florida.

Allied to C. robinie in shape of wings and markings, having the stronger scales and
reticulated ornamentation of that species, in which it differs from the minute and
sparse scales and transverse lines of C. querciperda and C. centerensis.

Primaries reticulated with black on a pale ash ground, the wings lighter than in C.
robinie, from the absence of the conspicuous intranervular black spots and streaks
which characterize that species, and are well represented in fig. 205, p. 413, of Harris’
Insects Injurious to Vegetation. In this species, only between the internal, submedian
and 1st median venule (veins la, 1b, and 2), at the outer third of the wings, do the
reticulations coalesce so as almost to form spots. In the terminal and subterminal por-
tions of the wing, the small ash spots (sometimes ocellated with a black dot or line)
for the greater part rest upon the veins; between 2 and 5, there are other spots in-
termediate to these venular ones; elsewhere, with a few exceptions, the spots are
venular, forming two intranervular rows. The costal region is pale ash, traversed by
black lines rather than reticulated. The median portion of the wing is imperfectly
reticulated. The terminal margin and the unicolorous fringe are conspicuously
marked with a black spot on each vein.

Secondaries thinly clothed with fuscous hairs, permitting the reticulations of the
lower surface to be seen in transparency, except between the margin and costal nerve,
where it is seated in pale ash, as the primaries. Terminal margin and the pale fringe,
black spotted as the primaries.—(Lintner, Ent. Contributions, iv, 130, 1878.)

7. THE TOOTHED-LEGGED BUPRESTIS.

Chrysobothris dentipes Germar.

Order COLEOPTERA; Family BUPRESTIDZ&.

Fic. 15.—Chrysobothris dentipes: a, head, front view; 0, last male ventral segment; c, last female
ventral segment; d, first leg of male. After Horn. B. The same, after Smith.

Eating a slender, winding, broad, shallow burrow between the bark and sap- wood
of newly felled oak trees; a white, footless grub, with the fore part of the body enor-
mously large, circular, and flattened, inclosing the small head in front.

This singularly shaped borer is often found under the bark of newly
felled oaks, or those which have been prostrate for a longer time. We
have found it in its mine under the bark of the red oak at Salem, Mass.,
early in May, in company with more numerous individuals of Magdalis
olyra.

OAK-BORERS. 61

It will be seen by the form of this singular borer that it is adapted for
a life under or next to the bark of diseased trees, as it is quite unfitted,
by reason of the enormously swollen front rings of the body, for boring
very far into the living fresh wood, as is the case with the oak-boring eat-
erpillar of Prionoxystus robinie, or the oak pruner (Hlaphidion villosum),
With its short, powerful jaws it can eat its way on either side in front
of it, after hatching from the egg, which is probably laid by the parent
beetle in some crack in the bark. Its head is rather small and partly
sunken within the segment next behind the head. This segment, des-
tined to be the prothorax of the beetle, is remarkably broad, nearly
three times as much so as the hinder segments, and fully as broad again
as it is long, while the surface above is flat and more or less rough or
pitted in the middle. With this unusual form it can eat its way in a
Serpentine course under the bark, deriving its nourishment from the
sap-wood next to the bark. Owing to the form of its body in front,
the burrow is shallow and broad, in transverse outline oval cylindrical.
The body of this as well as most other borers is provided with fine,
_ delicate, scattered hairs, projecting on each side of each segment.
Judging by analogy, these hairs are probably provided each with a fine
nerve (though this remains to be proved), and probably are endowed
with a delicate sense of touch, useful to the insect as it moves to and
fro in its gallery. The Buprestid larve are blind, without simple eyes,
since living as they do in total darkness and never coming to the light
they do not need even the simple eyes present in many other larve,
and which are probably chiefly of use in enabling the insect to distin-
tinguish light from darkness.

The larve of the Buprestide and the breeding habits of the beetles
have not as yet been carefully studied in America, and for any exact
knowledge we have to go to French and German authors.

According to Perris, the Buprestids couple in the usual manner, the
male mounting upon the back of the female, the act of copulation not
being of long duration.

The form of the eggs and their size in our species are unknown, or
have not been stated in print. It is most probable that the female lays
them in the bottom of cracks in the bark, or under the partly loosened
bark at least, where the larva upon hatching may find itself next to or im-
mediately in contact with the bast or the sap-wood, which probably forms
the greater part of its food, though Ratzeburg has found that the “frass”
or excrement is colored by the bark, which indicates that the larve feed
both on the bast and bark. As to the number of eggs laid by the female
we have no information. The eggs are deposited in fissures or cracks
by means of the extensile end of the body. As Westwood states, ‘‘The
abdomen appears to be composed of only five segments; the remainder
are, however, internal, and constitute in the female a retractile, corneous,
conical plate, employed for depositing theeggs in the chinks of the bark
of trees within which the larve feed.” Perris, however, says that “the

62 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

eggs are deposited in the interior of the bark, the outer layers of which
the ovipositor of the female penetrates.”

It has been claimed by Ratzeburg and also by Reifsig* that the
European larve of Buprestis and the numerous allied genera, such as.
Chrysobothris, Chalcophora, etc., attain their full size in two years ; but
according to Perris the time required for their transformations is but a.
single year, as may be seen by the extracts from his work further on.

As regards the habits of the larve we have no direct observations on
the young of this family in this country, though much needed in con-
nection with the use of remedial measures.

Mr. E. Perris, in his invaluable work, entitled “‘ Insectes du Pin mari-
time,” says of the larva of the European Ancylocheira flavomaculata :

The larva of the A. flavomaculata lives in the wood of old pines recently dead, and
especially in the larger branches and the large twigs (pieux). It is, indeed, under these
two last conditions that they oftenest occur. It does not stop in the bark, because it.
is in the interior of the bark that the female lays its eggs, by means of its oviduct,
and after its birth it plunges into the wood to the depth of about a centimeter [nearly
two-fifths of an inch]. It follows the longitudinal fibers of the sap-wood while mak-
ing a gallery elliptical in section, which it leaves behind it completely filled and packed
with excrement and detritus. When the time of its metamorphosis approaches it.
goes towards the surface of the sap-wood, perforatesit to the bark, sometimes makes.
a small incision into the latter, stops up the gallery with a plug made entirely of
small, compacted chips; then it retires backward a little into a cell scooped out in
the wood, and this is where it transforms into a pupa.

The following extract from Perris refers to the habits of Chrysobothris
solieri, which also lives in the maritime pine in France. The habits of
our C. dentipes of the oak, and C. femorata of the oak and different fruit
trees, and (@. harrisii of the white pine are probably quite similar.

According to my observations the Chrysobothris only lays its eggs on the trunks of
pines from five to fifteen centimeters in diameter at the base, and on the branches of
old trees. I have never found it on an old trunk, and when a large prostrate pine is
deprived of its branches it is on them that it lives, and not on the trunk. I have
already said that the larva lives at first under the bark; it there busies itself, some-
times attacking very plainly the sap-wood, sometimes boring a sinuous gallery, which
it leaves behind it filled with white chips and excrements of a brownish red; but at
the approach of winter it burrows into the wood, where it gouges out a gallery ellip-
tical in section, the dimensions of which increase as its body grows larger. When
the moment of transformation has arrived it returns into its gallery, and undergoes
its metamorphosis sometimes more than two centimeters from the surface, because I
have found some pup and perfect insects at this depth.

Perris calls attention to the fact that though the Buprestid beetles.
stand quite high in the Coleopterous series, yet their larve have an
organization inferior to that of all other Coleopterous larve known.
Thus, they have neither feet nor eyes, and there are no other Coleopte-
rous larve which, as in the Buprestids, have very rudimentary labial
palpi, and which consist of less than two joints.

*Ratzeburg’s Die Waldverderbniss, etc., ii, p. 360.

OAK-BORERS. 63

The burrows of the Buprestid larve may nearly always be distin-
guished, says Perris, by their tortuous course. and by the fact that the
excrement and detritus, instead of being accumulated in the gallery
without order, are there disposed in small layers forming concentric ares,
whose opening is turned away from the larve, and of a regularity not
less remarkable than characteristic.

This symmetrical arrangement has as its primary cause the dimensions of the gal-
lery, which are out of proportion with the abdomen ofthe larva. The latter, because
of the size of the anterior portion of its body, is obliged to give to its gallery a size
sufficient for the posterior part to execute freely movements of advance and retreat,
which have as their natural result the disposition en arc of the rejected material be-
hind. On the other hand, the larva, in consequence of the dimensions of its gallery,
in order to have points of support is obliged to bend the posterior part of the body
on itself. It is, indeed, ordinarily found in this attitude, which allows it to press
against the walls, so as to push itself ahead; but in thiscondition the abdomen forms
an are which, propping itself from the convex side on the detritus, causes the concay-
ity of the successive beds. * * * :

We have seen that some Buprestid larve undergo their metamorphoses in the inte-
rior of the bark, others in the thickness of the wood. It is, moreover, in this that the
wisdom of nature is revealed, for itis not capriciously and without motive that things
happen as I have described. We know, indeed, that if those larve which do not at-
tack the young trees, as those of Ancylocheira 8-guttata, of Chysobothris solieri, and of
Anthaxia morio, and of several species of Agrilus, should live under the bark they
would not be sufficiently protected, because the bark is not thick enough and would
easily separate from the wood. When, however, on the contrary, they live under the
hard and thick bark of old trees, as Melanophila tarda, Chrysobothris affinis, Agrilus
biguttatus, and 4-guttatus, and others, they do not hesitate to take refuge in the bark,
because they are there well sheltered, and because they save the beetle from making
a long and difficult journey in order to make its exit. * * *

What is the duration of the life of the larve of the Buprestide? Ratzeburg is
inclined to believe that it is two years. M. Levaillant, whose observations are repro-
duced by M. Lucas in his notice of Chalcophora, is also disposed to think that those
of this insect pass two years in the wood. The reason which he gives, and which is
drawn from the size of the larve found from December to August, does not seem to
me conclusive, because the female of Chalcophora is capable of laying eggs during
almost the entire year. Asto M. Ratzeburg, he has not, apparently, made careful
observations in this respect.

As to myself, numerous facts authorize me to say that, in general, these larve only
liveone year. For example, some pines, poplars, and willows which I have cut down
in the spring time, with the design of obtaining Buprestids, have afforded me often
very numerous perfect insects in May and June of the year following.

Some logs of oak, cut in January, 1847, and which lay during a whole year in the
open air, furnished me in June and July, 1848, more than three hundred Chrysobothris
afinis. The trunks of some large, very rigorous pines, cut down at the beginning of
one year, contained pup: of Ancylocheira in the following May. Finally, as regards
all the species that I have here described, and for a number of others, I have, from
my own experience, the certainty that the larve live only one year.

I admit that, without doubt, among theselarve there are some which, not placed in
conditions sufficiently favorable to complete during this period all the phases of their
existence, from one cause or another, may be retarded some months, for a year even.
Imoreover accept the more willingly this fact, because I have had good occasions for
observing this in larvee which I have raised in my cabinet; but this isthe exception,

and the rule is that a single year sutfices, in our country, for the development of the
larve of the Buprestidz,

64 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The Buprestids in the perfect state love the daylight and sunshine. Before storms,
when the air is calm and heavy and the sun is hot, they have an extraordinary activity;
and when the weather gradually becomes cloudy and the wind rises they disappear
from our sight. We know but little as to the nature of theirfood. Chalcophora ma-
riana devours the young shoots of pines, Anthaxia morio and chevrierii eat, the first
the petals of buttercups, the second those of Cissus alyssoides. Other Anthaxie
also, as well as Trachys, frequent different flowers. Aphanisticus emarginatus occurs
on rushes (joncs), and I have sometimes taken Acmeodera teniata on the flowers of
carrots. All these facts lead me to think that the» Buprestids are phytophagous;
but it appears that certain species are, accidentally at least, carnivorous. This ap-
pears from a communication made by M. Léon Fairmaire to the Société Entom-
ologique, in its session of January 10, 1849, relative to the subject of Chrysobothris
solieri.

Regarding our oak-borer (C. dentipes), Harris states that it completes
its transformations and comes out of the trees between the end of May
and the first of July. This applies to Maine and Massachusetts. In
New York, according to Dr. Fitch, the beetles are ‘‘often found bask-
ing in the sunshine on the bark of the trees in June and July.”

The beetle.—This insect is so named from the little tooth on the under side of the
thick forelegs. Itis oblong, oval, and flattened, of a bronzed brownish or purplish-
black color above, copper-colored beneath, and rough-like shagreen, with numerous
punctures; the thorax is not so wide as the hinder part of the body; its hinder mar-
gin is hollowed on both sides to receive the rounded base of each wing-cover, and
there are two smooth elevated lines on the middle; on each wing-cover there are
three irregular, smooth, elevated lines, which are divided and interrupted by large,

thickly punctured, impressed spots, two of which are oblique; the tips are rounded.
Length from }to ;,4 of aninch. (Harris.)

7. THE FLAT-HEADED BORER.

Chrysobothris femorata Fabricius.
Order COLEOPTERA; Family BUPRESTIDA.

Boring under the bark and in the sap-wood of the white oak, and in the Gulf States,
the pin oak; a pale-yellow flat-headed grub, closely resembling the preceding species.

This pernicious borer of the apple tree, as stated both by Harris and
Fitch, originally infested the white oak, but since the settlement of the
country has abounded in the apple and
sometimes in the peach, but may still be
found to injure the white oak. Riley has
also found it in the soft maple and weep-
ing willow. Riley has reared this beetle
from the oak, apple, mountain ash, box
elder, peach, and pear, and has found the
larva in the mountain ash, linden, beech,
cherry, and peach (7th Rt. Ins. Mo., 72).

Fig. 18 will fairly represent the ‘‘ mine”
or gallery made under the bark of a stump
Fic. 16.—Chrysobothris femorata: Of the white oak, as it occurred at Prov-

wed soot ventral ceuontor idence, R.I. The worm soon after hatch-

female; d, first leg of male.—

After Horn. ing made the mine as is seen on the right of

3
hk
3

_—_

OAK-BORERS. 65

the figure, where after a sinuous course it opens into a broad, shallow
cell, and then after pursuing an irregular direction dilates on the left
into a broad, shallow cell two-thirds of an inch wide; the oval, black
spot in the upper corner representing the hole made by the larva for
the exit of the beetle. In this hole the beetle was found. The large
cell is for the repose of the pupa.

At Houston, Tex., I found the larva and pupa in abundance, April
2, 1881, under the bark of large pin oak stumps and of dead trees.
The burrows were like those represented in Fig. 18, being irregular
winding, shallow burrows, not nearly so definite in outline as those
made by longicorn borers. The mine is about
2 inch wide, and terminates in a broad, irreg-
ular, oval cell 14 inches long and 4 to 3 inch
wide. In this cell the pupa spends the winter
and early spring. One end of this cell lies
toward the outer side of the bark so that even
if there is not a clearly defined oval opening,
as in Fig. 18, the beetle on emerging from the
pupa state can with little difficulty extricate
itself from its cell and makeits way out of doors
by pushing aside a thin barrier of bark. In
the case of one in the pin oak there was @ yo. 17—Transformation of
quite irregular, oval cell built up by the larva GiTssoba ins nem eion aide
between the wood and the bark, the partition OEE were, arom niles,
consisting of a composition of firm bark dust,
thus forming a rude cocoon. The insect occurred at Providence in
the larva, pupa, and beetle states May 20, though the larve were the
most abundant.

Harris says of it from his observations in eastern Massachusetts :

Its time of appearance is from the end of May to the middle of July, during which
it may often be seen, in the middle of the day, resting upon or flying round the trunks
of white-oak trees and recently-cut timber of the same kind of wood. I have re-
peatedly taken it upon and under the bark of peach trees also. The grubs or larve
bore into the trunks of these trees.

Mr. Ricksecker remarks that on the Pacific coast it ‘attacks young
fruit trees that have been scorched by the sun, but its natural food is
the oak, for I have seen dozens of them in the branches of a small live
oak that had been cut down less than an hour.” (Ent. Amer., i, 97.)

The following extracts trom Dr. Fitch’s first report will further serve
to characterize the habits and appearance of this formidable pest of our
most valuable forest, shade, and fruit trees. It will appear that Dr.
Fitch has been the first to discover an ichneumon parasite in the larva
of this beetle, no European Buprestid beetle being, so far as we know,
infested by internal parasites:

Another insect, which has not heretofore been noticed in our country as a borer in
the apple tree, pertains to the family Buprestidae, or the brilliant snapping beetles.
5 ENT 5

66 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Mr. P. Barry, of the Mount Hope nurseries, Rochester, has forwarded to us sections.
of the body of some young apple trees, which were sent to him from a correspondent
in Hillsborough, in southern Ohio, who states that in that vicinity the borer, which
is contained in the specimens sent, is doing great damage to the apple trees, and that
he has had peach trees also killed by this same worm. From an examination of these
specimens, it appears that this insect is quite similar to the common apple-tree borer
in its habits. The parent insect deposits its eggs on the bark, from which a worm
hatches, which passes through the bark and during the first periods of its life consumes
the soft sap-wood immediately under the bark. But*when the worm approaches ma-
turity and has become stronger and more robust, it gnaws into the more solid heart-
wood, forming a flattish, and not a cylindrical hole such as is formed by most other
borers, the burrow which it excavates being twice as broad as it is high, the height
measuring t .e tenth of an inch or slightly over. It is the latter part of summer when
these worms thus sink themselves into the solid heart-wood of the tree, their burrow
extending upwards from the spot under the bark where they had previously dwelt.
On laying open one of these burrows I find it is more than an inch in length, and all
its lower part is filled and blocked up with the fine sawdust-like castings of the worm.
Thus, when the worm is destined to lay torpid and inactive during the long months
of winter, it has the forethought, so to speak, to place itself in a safe and secure re-
treat, within the solid wood of the tree, with the hole leading to its cell plugged up
so as effectually to prevent any enemy from gaining admission to it-

Fic. 18.—Mine or burrow made by the apple flat-headed borer (C. femorata) in the white oak, nat.
size.— Packard del.

Still, this worm is not able to secnre itself entirely from those parasitic insects
which are the destroyers of so many other species of its race, and which, as is cur-
rently remarked, appear to have been created for the express purpose of preying
upon those species, in order to prevent their becoming excessively multiplied. We
should expect that this and other borers, lying as they do beneath the bark or
within the wood of trees, were so securely shielded that it would be impossible
fur any insect enemy to discover and gain access to them, to molest or destroy
them, But among the specimens sent me by Mr. Barry is one where the worm has
been entirely devoured, nothing but its shriveled skin remaining, within and upon

OAK-BORERS. 67

which are several minute maggots or footless little grubs, soft, dull white, shining, of
a long egg shaped form, pointed at the tip and blunt in front, their bodies divided into
segments by very fine transverse impressed linesor sutures. They areabout one-tenth
of an inch long and 0.035 broad at the widest part. These are evidently the larve
of some small Hymenopterous or bee-like insect, pertaining, there can be little doubt,
to the family Chalcididz, the female of which has the instinct to discover these
borers, probably in the earlier periods of their life when they are lying directly be-
neath the bark, and piercing through the bark with her ovipositor, and puncturing
the skin of the borer, drops her eggs therein, which subsequently hatch and subsist
upon the borer, eventually destroying it. These minute larve were forwarded to me
under the supposition that they were injurious to the apple tree, whereas, by destroy-
ing these pernicious borers, it is evident they must be regarded as our best friends.
This fact illustrates how important it is for us to be acquainted with our insects in
the different stages of their lives, that we may be able to discriminate friends from
foes, and know which to destroy and which to cherish. (Fitch.)

Larva.—Prothorax very broad, being broader and flatter and the abdominal seg-
ments s:valler in proportion than any other borer of this family known to us. Head
retracted within the prothorax. The disk finely shagreened with raised dots. A
narrow inverted V-shaped smooth impressed line in the middle of the disk, the apex
becoming prolonged towards but finally becoming obsolete at the front edge of the
disk ; the arms of the V behind not reaching very near the posterior edge of the disk.
Beneath, is a similar roughened disk, but more regularly rounded-oval than above,
aud with a single straight median swollen impressed line, which is a little over
one-half as long as the disk, but which reaches a little nearer the front than the hind
edge.

Second thoracic (mesothoracic) segment very short, considerably shorter and wider
than the third, with an oval, slightly rough, area on each side of the median line, the
similar area on the third thoracic segment being larger and united over the median
line.

The ten abdominal segments of uniform width, being a little shorter than broad,
except the small tenth segment, which is about two-thirds as wide as the ninth. A
pair of irregular, rather long patches on each abdominal segment above, and a pair
of curvilinear impressed lines beneath.

One pair of mesothoracic and eight pairs of abdominal spiracles.

Head a little narrower than the thoracic disk. Clypeus corneous, square in front-
very short and broad. Labrum square, a little longer than wide, front edge mode,
rately rounded, densely hirsute. Antennz 3-jointed; first joint short, membranous,
second considerably narrower, third minute, rounded at tip, considerably slenderer
than second. Mandiblesentirely black. Maxillary lobe short, projecting slightly be-
yond the edge of labium. Maxillary palpus 2-jointed, second joint not so long as the
first is wide, one-third as thick, and extending a little beyond the maxillary lobe.
Labium entire, the front edge not being excavated.

Length, 22™™; breadth of prothoracic segment, 7™™; length, 4™™; width of sixth
abdominal segment, 3™™.

Pupa. Body flattened, and of the general shape of the imago. The antenn# seen
from above extend to a little behind the outer hinder angle of the prothorax. The
elytra reach to the middle of the fourth abdominal segment. The wings extend as far
as the hinder edge of the same segment. The third pair of tarsi reach to near the
middle of the sixth abdominalsegment. Six pairs of abdominal spiracles. Length,
15™™ ; breadth, 7™™,

In transforming, the eyes, the front of the head, the prothorax, the femora, and
tibie and portions of the sternum and under side of the abdominal segments turn
dark first.

The foregoing descriptions have been drawn up from specimens ob-
tained by us in Texas and in Rhode Island.

68 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The beetle.—Like other species of its family, the thick-legged Buprestis is variable
in size, measuring from four to five tenths of an inch in length and about two-thirds
in width, It is of a black or greenish-black color, polished and shining, with the
surface rough and uneven. The head, and sometimes the thorax, and the depressed
portions of the elytra are of a dull coppery color. The head is sunk into the thorax
to the eyes, is densely punctured, and is clothed in front with fine white hairs, which
are directed downwards. Upon the middle of the top of the head is a smooth raised
black line with a narrow impressed line through its middle, a mark which serves to
distinguish this from some of the other species which are closely related to it. The
thorax is much more broad than long, and is widest forward of the middle. Its sur-
face is covered with dense, coarsish punctures, which run into each other in a some-
what transverse direction. It is also somewhat uneven, with slight elevations and
hollows, but has not two smooth raised lines on its middle and anterior part, which
are met with in another species very similar to this, the tooth-legged snapping-
beetle (Chrysobothris dentipes Germar). The elytra or wing-covers present a much
more rough and unequal surface than any other part of the insect. Three smooth and
polished raised lines extend lengthwise of each wing-cover, and the intervals between
them are in places occupied by smaller raised lines, which form a kind of net-work,
and two impressed transverse spots may also be discerned, more or less distinctly,
dividing each wing-cover into three nearly equal portions. These spots reach from
the inner one of the three raised lines nearly to the outer margin, crossing the two
other raised lines and interrupting them more or less. They are commonly of a
cupreous tinge, and densely punctured, but are smoother than the other portions of
thesurface. A smaller and more deeply impressed spot may commonly be found in
the space next to the suture and forward of the anterior spot, of which itis, as it were,
a continuation. The wing-covers are rounded at their tips, so as to present a slight
notch at the suture when they are closed, and the outer margin towards the tip has
several very minute projecting teeth. When the wing-covers are parted the back
is discovered to be of a brilliant bluish-green color and thickly punctured, with a
row of large impressed spots along the middle, one on each segment, and half way
between these and the outer margin is another row of smaller impressed dots, having
their centers black. The underside of the body and the legs are brilliant coppery,
the feet being deep shining green, their last joint and the hooks at its end black.
Here also the surface is everywhere thickly punctured, the punctures on the venter or
hind part of the body opening backwards. The last segment has an elevated line in
the middle at its base, and its apex is cut off by a straight line, in the middle of which
is commonly a small projecting tooth. The anterior thighs are remarkably large,
from which circumstance this species has received its name, and they have an angu-
lar projection on their inner sides, beyond the middle. The tibiz, or shanks, of these
legs are slightly curved. (Fitch.)

REMEDIES.—Under this head we extract the following suggestions
from Fitch: .

The remedies for destroying this borer must necessarily be much the same with
those already stated for the common borer or striped Saperda. They consist essen-
tially of three measures: First, coating or impregnating the bark with some sub-
stance repulsive to the insect ; second, destroying the beetle by hand-picking; and,
third, destroying the larva by cutting into and extracting it from its burrow.

As it is during the month of June and forepart of July that the beetle frequents
the trees for the purpose of depositing its eggs in the bark, it is probable that white-
washing the trunk and large limbs or rubbing them over with soft soap early in
June will secure them from molestation from this enemy. And indistricts where this
borer is known to infest the apple trees the trees should be repeatedly inspected dur-
ing this part of the year, and any of these beetles that are found upon them should
be captured and destroyed. It is at midday of warm, sunshiny days that the search

ee

OAK-BORERS. 69

for them will be most successful, as they are then most active and show themselves
abroad. The larve, when young, appear to have the same habit with most other
borers, of keeping their burrow clean by throwing their castings out of it through a
small orifice in the bark. They can, therefore, be discovered probably by the new
sawdust-like powder which will be found adhering to the outer surface of the bark.
In August or September, while the worms are yet young and before they have pen-
etrated the heart-wood, the trees should be carefully examined for these worms.
Wherever, from any particles of the sawdust-like powder appearing externally upon
the bark, one of these worms is suspected, it will be easy, at least in young trees,
where the bark is thin and smooth, to ascertain by puncturing it with a stiff pin
whether there is any hollow cavity beneath, and if one is discovered, the bark should
be cut away with a knife until the worm is found and destroyed. After it has pen-
etrated the solid wood it ceases to eject its castings, and, consequently, we are then
left without any clew by which to discover it. Hence the importance of searching
for it seasonably.

The following ichneumon parasites are said by Riley to keep the
numbers of the larve in check, besides a chalcid fly: Bracon charus
Riley and Cryptus or Labena grallator Say.

8. THE GREEN-HEADED CHRYSOBOTHRIS.

Chrysobothris chlorocephala (Gory).
Order COLEOPTERA; Family BUPRESTID&.

Probably boring under the bark of the white-oak, with habits similar to those of
other flat-headed borers of the oak; a Buprestid beetle.

9. THE NORTHERN BRENTHIAN.
Eupsalis minuta (Drury).
Order COLEOPTERA; Family BRENTHID.

Boring into the solid wood of the white oak, forming a cylin-
drical passage, a slender grub # inch long and not quite 0.05 inch
thick, changing to a weevil with a large, very thick snout.

The habits and transformations of this beetle were
first described by Dr. Riley, the original account given 16. 18.—Chryso-
by Dr. Harris proving erroneous, his larva being that of — gephala.—Smith,
a Tenebrionid beetle, as stated by Riley. This interest-
ing weevil may be found on the trunk and under the bark of the white
oak in June and July in New England, or in May and June in New
York and Missouri, having then assumed the imago or beetle con-
dition. Riley states that it is equally common on the black, red, and
post oaks ; that it bores in all directions through the heart-wood, and
is found most commonly in stumps or in felled trees the year after
they are cut.

The beetle differs from other weevils in that the snout projects straight
out in front, not being curved downwards as in weevilsin general. In
the male the snout is much broader and flatter than in the female, but

70 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

varies considerably, especially in the males, both in length and breadth.
It is of a mahogany brown, the thorax smooth and highly polished, and
the wing-covers strongly furrowed,
shaded with deeper brown, and
marked with narrow tawny-yellow
spots. Itis from one-fourth to a little
vver one-half an inch in length. The
males are, contrary to the general
rule in insects, almost invariably the
larger. The males of the Brenthians
are known to fight desperately for the
female, and, as has been remarked by
Mr. A. R. Wallace,* it is interesting,
Fic. 20.—Northern Brenthian; a, larva; b,pu- ‘* aS bearing on the question of sexual

bnicinal jot, f leg; gi parte of leat selection, that in this case, as in the

ee eee amd stag beetles, when the males fight to-
gether, they should be not only better armed, but also much larger
than the females.” (Riley.)

According to Riley, in Missouri the eggs are deposited during the
months of May and June. The female bores a cylindrical hole in the
bark with her slender snout and pushes an egg to the bottom of the
hole.

‘“‘Tt requires about a day to make a puncture and deposit the egg.
During the time the puncture is being made the male stands guard,
occasionally assisting the female in extracting her beak; this he does
by stationing himself at a right angle with her body, and by pressing
his heavy prosternum against the tip of her abdomen; her stout fore-
legs serving as a fulcrum and her long body as a lever. When the
beak is extracted, the female uses her antenne for freeing the pincers
or jaws of bits of wood or dust, the antenne being furnished with stiff
hairs and forming an excellent brush. Should a strange male ap-
proach, a heavy contest at once ensues, and continues until one or the
other is thrown from the tree. The successful party then takes his sta-
tion as guard.” (W. R. Howard, in Riley’s Sixth Report.)

Riley thinks that the larva lives but a single year, although larve of
different sizes occur in midwinter with the beetles.

The larva.—Length, 0.55-0.75 inch ; diameter in middle of body, 0.05 inch. Body
almost straight, cylindrical, 12-jointed, with a few faint hairs only on prothorax and
around anus; thoracic joints short, bent a little forward, swollen and broadly and
deeply wrinkled, with two especially prominent swellings on top of joints 2 and 3,
converging towards head, and having each a granulated rufous spot; the other joints

with about three dorsal transverse wrinkles; joints 5-9 subequal, as long as 1-3 to-
gether, twice as long as 4; 10-12 diminishing in length, slightly swollen, the anus

*The Malay Archipelago, p. 482. The line by the side of the insect in this and
other cuts indicates the length of the insect, most of the sketckes being enlarged
views.

OAK-BORERS. a

retracted; 6 very small 3-jointed thoracic legs, the terminal joint being a mere bristle;

stigmata quite distinct and brown, the first pair much the largest, between the fold

of joints 2 and 3; the others on anterior fifth of joints 4-11, the last pair more dorsal

than the rest. Head pale yellow, darker around mouth; rounded, more or less bent
over the breast, with sparse, stiff, pale hairs springing from elevated points; ocelli,

none; antennz not visible, unless a dusky prominence lying close between mandibles
and maxillz be called such; labium small, with two depressions and other inequali-
ties, the margins slightly angular, allowing the jaws to closely fit around it; jaws
stout, triangular, the inner margin produced at middle into a larger and smaller tooth,
and with a slight excavation near tip; maxille long, with butashort, horny cardinal
piece; the palpi apparently 2-jointed and with difficulty resolved, on account of three
or four other prominences around them; garnished on the inside with a close row of
stiff hairs and on the outside with two stouter hairs; labium large, oboval, the palpi
placed in front and 2-jointed.

Pupa.—Average length 0.40 inch, with the antennz curled back over the thorax,
the seven or eight terminal joints each with a more or less distinct, forwardly-directed,
brown thorn ; the snout lying on the breast and varying according to sex ; abdominal
joints with a more or less distinct row of small thorns on the posterior dorsal edge,
the last joint with a more prominent thorn directed backwards in a line with the
body. (Riley.)

10. THE GRAY-SIDED OAK WEEVIL.

Pandeletius hilaris (Herbst).
Order COLEOPTERA ; Family CURCULIONIDZ.

Making a smaller burrow than that of the Northern Brenthian, a worm like that of
the plum weevil and changing to a gray weevil, found on the leaves
from May to September.

Beyond the fact stated by Harris that the larva lives
in the trunks of white oaks, on which the beetles occur
from late in May to September, we know nothing of this l
insect.

pak

The beetle.—A little pale-brown beetle, variegated with gray upon \
the sides. Its snout is short, broad, and slightly furrowed in the i
middle; there are three blackish stripes on the thorax, between FIG. 21.—Pandele-

5 Ee a tius hilaris.
which are two of a light-gray color; the wing-covers have a broad Smith, del.
stripe of light gray on the outer side, edged within by a slender
blackish line, and sending two short oblique branches almost across each wing-cover ;
and the fore legs are larger than the others. Length from one-eighth to one-fifth of

aninch. (Harris.)
11. THE QUERCITRON BARK-BORER.
Graphisurus fasciatus (De Geer).
Order COLEOPTERA ; Family CERAMBYCID.

Feeding upon and destroying the quercitron bark of newly-felled trees, forming
large tracks filled with worm-dust, a white, footless grub about 0.60 inch long, and
with a transverse oval tawny-yellow spot on the middle of each wing above and be-
low; in June transforming toa long-horned beetle about one-half an inch long, of
an ash-gray color sprinkled with blackish spots and punctures, and back of the mid-
dle of its wing-covers an irregular oblique black band; the female with a straight
awl-like ovipositor nearly one-quarter of an inch in length. (Fitch.)

72 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Prof. Riley found this insect boring in the wood of a rotten oak-
stump in May, 1872, at St. Louis, Mo.
The bark called quercitron, of the Quercus
wo) tinetoria, is highly valued as a dye, and is much
worm-eaten by this insect.

The parent of the worm differs remarkably from all the
other beetles of this group in that the female is furnished
with a straight awl-like ovipositor nearly a quarter of an
inch in length, projecting horizontally backwards from
the end of her body. The importance of this implement
becomes manifest when we observe the thickness of the
bark of the black oak, with its outer layers so dry and
hard that they form, as it were, a coat of mail, protecting
the trunk of the tree against the attacks of its enemies.
Equipped as she is, however, the female of this beetle is
able to perforate this hard outer bark and sink her eggs
through it, placing them where her young will find them-
selves surrounded with their appropriate food. The
worms from these eggs mine their burrows mostly length-
wise of the grain or fibers of the bark, and the channels
which they excavate are so numerous and so filled with
worm-dust of the same color with the bark that it is diffi-
cult to trace them. The eggs are deposited the latter part of June, and the worms
grow to their full size by the close of the season, and will be found during the winter
and spring, lying in the inner layers of the bark, in a small oval flattened cavity
about an inch in length, which is usually at the larger end of the track they have
traveled.

The larva is divided by transverse constrictions into twelve rings, the last one
being double. The head is small and retracted more or less into the neck, its base
white and shining, andits anterior part deep tawny yellow, and along each side black.
The neck or first ring is much longer as well as thicker than any of the others, the
two rings next to it being shortest. From the neck the body of the worm is slightly
tapered backwards to the middle, from whence it has nearly the same diameter to the
tip, where it is bluntly rounded. Upon the upper side of the neck, occupying the
basal half of this ring, is a large transverse tawny-yellow spot, rounded upon its for-
ward side; but no corresponding spot appears on the under side of this ring. Onthe
middle of all the other rings, except the two last, both above and below, is an ele-
vated, rough, transverse, oval spot of a tawny-yellow color.

The beetle, like other species of the family to which it pertains, varies greatly in
its size, specimens before me being of all lengths, from 0.35 to 0.58. It is of an ash-
gray color from short incumbent hairs or svales, which have a faint tinge of tawny
yellow except along the suture of the wing-covers. It is also bearded with fine erect
blackish hairs which arise from coarsish black punctures which are sprinkled over
the thorax and, wing-covers, several of which punctures are in the centre of small
black dots, which in places are confluent into small irregular spots. The head is of
the same width as the anterior end of the thorax, and has a deep narrow furrow along
its middle its whole length, and on the crown isan oval blackish spot on each side of
this furrow. The faceis dark gray, and the antenne are black with an ash-gray band
occupying the basal half of each of the joints. The thorax is narrower than the
wing-covers, more broad than long, aud thickest across its middle. Upon each side
slightly back of the middle is an angular projection or short broad spine, blunt at its
tip. On the middle of the back, between the centre and the base, is a short im-
pressed line, and on each side of this, extending the whole length of the thorax, is a
wavy blackish stripe, which is suddenly widen*d towards its hind end, and is somes

Fic. 22.—Graphisurus fascia-
tus, female. Smith, del.

OAK-BORERS. to

times interrupted in its middle. Often, also, there is a blackish spot between the
anterior ends of these stripes, extending from the centre of the thorax to its forward
end. The scutel is ash-gray in its middle and black upon each side. The wing-cov-
ers almost alwaysshow a large oblique and irregular triangular spot of black on their
outer side forward of the middle, and always behind the middle is an irregular black
oblique band, which seldom reaches to the suture, and which has a notch in the mid-
dle of its anterior side, and opposite to this on its hind side a large angular projection
extending backward. Immediately back of this band is an irregular spot of a
paler black color, which is sometimes confluent with the band; and there is also a
small blackish spot on the outer side of the tips. The tips are cut off, sometimes
transversely in a straight line, but usually concavely, and sometimes presenting a
slight tooth-like projection on each side. The legs are ash-gray, the thighs with two
black spots on their upper side, and the shanks with a black band at their base and
another at their tip, these bands being more broad on the hind pair.

On elevating the loose bark of fallen trees the forepart of June, these insects will
be found therein, lying in the cavities already mentioned, some of them being still in
their pupa state, while others are changed to their perfect form, ready with the stout
jaws and sharp teeth with which they are furnished to gnaw their way through the
bark and come abroad.

This species occurs throughout the United States and Canada. Different specimens
of it, however, vary greatly in their aspect. Even when newly born, among the in-
dividuals in the bark of the same tree, considerable diversities in size and markings
may be noticed. And the beetles found in this situation have their colors so much
brighter and their spots and bands so much more distinct and clearly defined that I
supposed them to be a different species from fasciatus for several years and until spec-
imens came to hand showing a gradual transition from these to the older individuals
which we usually capture abroad, and meet with preserved in cabinets, in which the
colors have become faded and dim and the marks obscure and partially obliterated.
In the shape of some of its parts, also, different specimens are liable to vary. (Fitch.)

12. THE OAK LIOPUS.
Liopus querei Fitch.
Order COLEOPTERA; Family CERAMBYCID.

Probably boring in the red and white oak, the beetle occurring on the leaves early
in July.

A very small, long-horned beetle, which I am unable to refer to any
of the described species, I am assured lives at the expense of the red
and white oak, from meeting with it upon those trees standing apart
from others in fields. As the larve of kindred species burrow in the
bark of trees, this will probably be found in the same situation in oaks.
The beetle is met with upon the leaves of these trees early in July. It
is very closely related to the Facetious Liopus. (Fitch.)

The beetle.—It is0.20 inch long, and black, withash-gray wing-covers, which are punc-
tured and marked with a large black spot on the base of their suture in the form of a
cross, and a broad black band slightly back of their middle, which is angflated, some-
what resembling an inverted letter W, this band often having a smal] ash-gray spot
placed init near itsouterends. Forward of this band are two black dots or short lines
on each wing-cever, and sometimes a third dot back of it. There is also a dusky spot,
usually on the tips of the wing covers, and their deflected outer margin is black. The
wing-covers are rounded at their tips. The thorax sometimes shows three faint gray
stripés above. It is narrowed anteriorly, and on each side slightly forward of the

74 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

‘base is a short, broad, sharp-pointed spine, from the tip of which, forward, the sides
are straight. The long, thread-like antenn are dull yellow, with a slight duskiness
at the end of each joint. The legs are blackish, with the bases of the thighs, and
frequently of the shanks also, pale dull yellow, the hind thighs being less thickened
towards their tips than the four forward ones. (Fitch.)

13. THE THUNDERBOLT BEETLE.
Arhopalus fulminans (Fabr.).

Order COLEOPTERA; Family CERAMBYCIDZE.

Excavating a burrow in the soft sap-wood, about three inches long and 0.20 inch
in diameter, a worm like the apple-tree borer, which changes to a long-horned beetle.

This beetle is said by Fitch to infest the oak, excavating a burrow in
the soft sap-wood about three inches long and 0.20 inch in diameter,
this burrow having the shape of a much bent bow ora letter U. It
changes to a pupa in the same cell, the beetle appearing in July. We
have also found that it bores in the chestnut, and for a description and
figure of the beetle would refer the reader to the account of insects in-
festing the chestnut.

14. THE WHITE-OAK PHYMATODES.
Phymatodes variabilis (Linvn.).

Order COLEOPTERA; Family CERAMBYCIDE.

Boring the trunk and branches of the white oak, a narrow longicorn larva, chang-
ing to a reddish-yellow thick-bodied longicorn beetle, more or less marked with blue.

Several specimens of this beetle were taken by Mr. Alfred Poor from

a white-oak stick, June 20. I[t was collected on a pile of oak cord wood,
May 30, by Mr. Calder; and I. have a specimen of it from Salt Lake
City, Utah, identified by Dr. Horn. It is undoubtedly closely similar
in its habits and in the form of the larva to the grape Phymatodes fig-
ured in our first report on the injurious insects of Massachusetts, and is
one of our more common species of the genus.

Beetle.—It is closely allied to P. amenus, but is larger
and less coarsely punctured, while the antennez are
more reddish; the scutellum is concolorous with the
wing-covers. The body, legs(except the femora, which
are blackish in the middle), and antenne are reddish,
the tips of the joints of the latter dark, and on the
back of the prothorax are two black spots, often con-
fluent. The head is black. The wing-covers are Prus-
sian blue, smooth, finely punctured, with rather thick,
fine, black hairs, bentdownwards. Specimens recently
changed from the pupa state are brown, and the species
oy is exposed to considerable variation, as its name indi-
Fic. 23.—Phymatodes variabilis— cates. The male is just half an inch long, the female

Smith, del. .60 inch.

The foregoing description is taken from our second report on the in-
jurious insects of Massachusetts. The pupa of this beetle was also

=r | en)

OAK-BORERS. 75

found at Providence, May 30, 1862, by Mr. George Hunt, under the bark
of the oak (not the white oak); the beetle appeared June 8. We add
the following description of the larva of a closely allied species, P.
amenus, Fig. 24, which injures the trunk of the grape:

The larva of the Grape Phymatodes.—Several years ago I received from Dr. S‘imer, of
Illinois, specimens of the larva, pupa, and adult of this pretty insect (Callidium amenum
of Say), which is not uncommon in our own State. So much alike are all the borers
of this family of long-horned beetles that long and prolix descriptions and carefully
drawn figures of the mouth parts (wherein most of the differences lie) are absolutely
necessary for their identification.

The larva (Fig. 24, b, head seen from above; c, seen from beneath) has a small head,
which is a little more than half as wide as the prothoracic segment. This latter, be-

Fic. 24.—Grape Phymatodes: a, larva; b, upper side; c, under side, of
head of larva much enlarged.—From Packard.

ing the segment immediately succeeding the head, is half as long as broad, with a
distinct median suture and four chitinous patches; the two middle ones transverse
and irregularly oblong, being about twice as broad as long, the outer spots being lon-
gitudinal to the segment, and oblong in form, or about twice as long as broad. The
three segments succeeding are of nearly equal length and width, being about half as
long as the prothoracic segment, and not much narrower. The body decreases in
width towards the posterior half, which is of equal width throughout, the end sud-
denly rounding off; the terminal three segments are indicated by very slightly-
marked sutures, and together form a straight cylindrical portion nearly as long as the
three segments in advance of it taken collectively. The body is slightly hairy, with
a few fine, pale hairs on the top of the segment next behind the head. The basal
portion of the head (epicranium) is broad and smooth, with a few hairs on the edge.
The eyes are two smal) black dots, each situated a little behind the base of the an-
tenne, and ina line with them. The frontal piece (clypeus) is very small, about
three times as broad as long, while the minute upper lip (labrum) is two-thirds as
long as broad ; they together form a somewhat triangular portion resting on the
inner edge of the mandibles, which are broad and short, the ends broad and square,
and blackish in color. The antennz are not quite so large or as long as the maxil-
lary palpi; they are four-jointed, the first joint being thick, the second joint a third
shorter than .the third, while the fourth joint is filiform and about as long as the
second joint. The under side of the head is chitinous, with a mesial subtriangular
fleshy area. The chin (mentum) is square, not much longer than broad. The under
lip (labium) is one-half as long as broad. The labial palpi are three-jointed, the
basal joint being one-half as long as the second ; the third joint is minute, short, and
hairy. The maxillary palpi are four-jointed, the first joint being twice as thick as
the third, the second and third are of nearly equal length, while the fourth is slender
and nearly as long as the second or third. The maxillary lobe is large and broad,

76 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

reaching out to the labial palpi and as far as the end of third joint of the maxillary
palpi; there are a few hairs on the end of it.

On the upper side of the segments behind the prothoracic is a faint, transverse im-
pressed line, with two or three short creases radiating from eachend. On the eighth,
ninth, and tenth rings these creases become much longer and are parallel to the
median line of the body, while the transverse crease disappears.

There are nine pairs of stigmata, one pair on the mesothorax, the remainder on the
first eight abdominal segments. There are three pairs of rudimentary thoracic feet,
represented by very minute two-jointed tubercles, the basal joint consisting of a
simple chitinous ring. The under side of the body is more hairy than above. On
the under side of the prothoracic segment is a pair of round, smooth, very slightly
chitinous spots, which are succeeded on each of the other rings by a pair of short,
impressed oblique lines.

It is nearly half an inch (.45) in length.

It may be readily recognized by the four chitinous patches on the prothorax and
by the very minute clypeus and labrum. The upper side of the prothorax is inclined
downward towards the head, but not so much as in Clytus.

The pupa.—It is white, with the wing-covers reaching to the end of the second
abdominal segment. The antenne are not much curved, reaching to the end of the
third abdominal segment, and resting above the legs. The prothorax is swollen just
behind the middle and is just as long as broad. The maxillary palpi are long, reach-
ing nearly te theend of thecoxx. The labial palpi reach a little beyond the middle of
the maxillary palpi. The two anterior pairs of legs are folded at right angles to the
body, the third pair obliquely. The first pair of tarsi reach to the base of the second
tarsi; the second pair of tarsi reach to the coxe of the third pairof legs. Itisa
third of an inch (.33) in length.

The beetle.—Ph. amenu: has a reddish body, with Prussian-blue wing-covers. The
prothorax is just as long as broad, with the sides moderately convex, and broadest
just behind the middle. The antennez and tibiw are blackish brown, the tarsi being
dull red, the hind pair being darker than the others, and the femora are reddish. The
prothorax is distinctly punctured, while the elytra are very coarsely punctured. The
scutellum is pale reddish, It is a quarter of an inch in length. A single specimen
received from Illinois.

15. THE WHITE-BANDED PHYMATODES,.

Phymatodes varius (Fabricius).
Order COLEOPTERA; Family CERAMBYCID.

Several specimens of this beetle were met with a few years since, the
last of May, on the trunk of a black oak, in which, it is probable, their
younger state had been passed. It is closely re-
lated to the black varieties of P. varius Fab., but
is a third smaller, with the white bands much
more slender, and the surface of the wing-covers
is perceptibly more rough than in my specimens
of that insect, notwithstanding their smaller
size. Its thorax is densely punctured, with a
short smooth stripe between the center and the
base. One of the specimens varies in having
the posterior white band wholly wanting.
(Fitch.)

Fi0, 25.—Phymatodes varius. — I have found near Providence several of these
pretty little beetles, of both sexes, running in

OAK-BORERS. ad

and out of a pile of oak cord-wood in the forest, May 30, under such
circumstances as convinced me they prey upon the white oak. They
were identified by Dr. Horn.

Beetle.—Black, 0.25 in length or slightly less, and about a third as broad, somewhat
flattened, clothed with fine erect gray hairs; its wing-covers with two distinct
slender white bands which do not reach the suture, the anterior one more slender
than the hind one and curved; the antenne and slender portions of the legs usually
chestnut colored.

16. THE COMMON OAK CLYTUS.

Xylotrechus colonus (F abr. ).
Order COLEOPTERA; Family CERAMBYCID&.

LARVA, WITH DETAILS. PLATE XXII, FIGs. 2, 2a.

Mining between the bark and the wood of the oak, up and down the trunk, and
making a broad, shallow, irregular groove about 5™™ wide; the larva, pupa, and
beetle occurring late in May and early in June.

I have found, in company with Mr. Calder, the larve of this pretty
beetle in abundance mining under the bark of a fallen (probably white)

(a7

Fic. 26.—Xylotrechus colonus; a, pupa; c, end of body, enlarged; the other figures represent details
lab, of the larva, all enlarged; a’, antenna; /6, labrum; md, mandible; mx, maxilla with the palpus;
labium.—Gissler, del.

oak, near Providence, May 26; several pup were also found, one trans-

forming to a beetle May 27. The mine extends up and down the trunk,

and is of the usnal form of longicorn mines, being a broad, shallow, ir-
regularly sinuous burrow, and extending part of the way around the
trunk, the diameter near the end of. the burrow being 5™™.*

*Larve of this insect were found February 25, 1882, boring in dry wood of white
oak at Washington, D.C. The color of the larvx is pale yellowish or whitish. A
yellowish band crosses the posterior part of the cervical shield and is beset with
short, glistening, backward-directed hairs. The beetles commenced issuing July 3,
1882,, (Riley’s unpublished notes.)

78 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

_Mr. George Hunt has found the beetle under the bark of an old
sugar maple tree in northern New York, among the Adirondacks.

Larva.—Body of the usual shape, near that of Phymatodes. Prothorax less than
one-half as long as wide; disk exactly one-half as long as wide; the disk is smooth
on the posterior half, irregular on the front edge, with a broad, irregular median lobe
in front; the front edge of this smooth space is often tinged with dark. In front of
this smooth area is a clear, pale, hairy space, and still beyond (anteriorly) are two.
irregularly oval spaces which are hairy and irregularly spotted, and often tinted
dark. The under side of the prothoracic segment is quite hairy, with minute oval
patches among the hairs, and with two conspicuous small, dark, diverging patches
on the middle of the segment, but situated rather farapart. Mesothoracic segment a.
little narrower than the prothoracic and shorter than the metathoracic segment, the
latter a little shorter and but very slightly wider than the mesothoracic segment.

Body contracted on the sixth abdominal segment, which is considerably narrower
than the succeeding part of the abdomen, the seventh abdominal segment being wider
than the sixth and of the same width as the eighth; the ninth much shorter and two-
thirds as wide as the eighth. The tenth segment small, one-half as wide, but nearly
as long as the ninth. Abdominal segments two to seven with transversely oval,
raised, smooth callosities, those on the sixth and seventh being round instead of
oval; beneath are similar callosities.

Head a little over one-half as wide as the prothoracic segment; antennz three-
jointed; second joint one-half to two-thirds as long as the first and one-half as.
thick. Third minute, about one-third as long as the second joint isthick. Maxilla
with the lobe as wide as the basal joint of the palpus and reaching to the end of the
second palpal joint; the maxilary palpi four-jointed, the second joint one-half as
wide as the first; the third just two-thirds as wide as the second ; the fourth as long
but one-half as thick as the third.

Labium with the ligula small and rounded, pot more than one-third wider than
the basal joint of the labial palpus, the latter two-jointed, the second joint nearly as
long and about two-thirds as thick as the first. Mentum deeply cleft, one-half as
long as the submentum.

Labrum small, rounded, not so long as round; surface convex, with dense hairs.
Mandibles obtuse, rounded, not toothed.

Thoracic spiracles in the middle of the mesothoracic segment, with the usual eight
pairs of abdominal ones. Length of body, 17™™; width of prothoraciec segment,
4.5™m; length, 2™™; width of seventh abdominal segment, 3™™.

Pupa.—Prothorax well rounded, as in Clytus beetles; antennz slender, curving
backward and reaching to tne distal end of the middle femora. Femora much swol-
len, but the legs beyond slender, as in the beetle. (It will not be difficult to distin-
guish the genus, from the peculiar form of the thorax, the swollen femora, and the
slender legs and antennz.) Abdomen short, end of hind femora extending to the
third segment frum the end of the abdomen. Length, 12 to 134™™.

The end of the body terminates in a pair of incurved hooks on each side, the inner
pair a little smaller than the outer. Six large recurved spines on the penultimate

abdominal segment, the other abdominal segment with about two irregular rows of

minute stout spines adapted for progression.
Beetle.—Body rather long and narrow, not so broad and thick, nor the prothorax

so spherical as in X. undulatus; prothorax with the sides regularly arcuate, two ashen
spots on each side in front and behind, and a curvilinear spot just behind the middle,
Wing-covers with three broad, irregular, waved pale bands, the first a little in front
of the middle, the second much behind the middle, and the third situated on the
tips. Antenne and legs dark-brown; reddish-pitchy in immature specimens. A
large, round yellow spot on the side between the middle and hind legs, succeeded by
vertical linear spots on the hinder edge of the abdominal segments. Length, 8 to
ross

OAK-BORERS. _ 79:

“The markings are very variable, but the yellow, wavy line running from the
suture and forming the included mark seems to be constant and peculiar to the species.
(Leng.)

17. SMODICUM CUCUJIFORME (Say).
Order COLEOPTERA; Family CERAMBYCID.

This insect bores in the larval stage under the dry bark of the live-
oak (Florida), of the beech in Michigan, and of the hackberry in Texas.
(E. A. Schwarz.)

18. THE HORN-TAILED BORER, OR PIGEON TREMEX.
Tremex columba Linn.
Order HYMENOPTERA; Family UROCERID.
This insect is known to infest the oak, but oftener bores into the
maple, under which head the insect will be described.
19. MALLODON DASYSTOMUS (Say).
Order COLEOPTERA; Family CERAMBYCIDA.

This insect bores in the live-oak, hackberry, pecan; attacking trees
in healthy condition, and often greatly injuring them, but preferring
trees which have already suffered from some cause. The beetle issues
from April till August in Florida and Texas. (E. A. Schwarz.)

Fic. 27.—Malledon dasystomus. After Horn. Fic. 28.—Typocerus zebratus. Smith, del.

Beetle.—Mandibles nearly horizontal, prolonged in the male; sutural angle of elytra
spiniform in both sexes; the metathoracic episterna, with the inner outline straight;
the gene emarginate. Length, 30 to 50™™ (1.25 to 2 inches). (Horn.)

80 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

20. Typocerus zebratus Fabr.

This pretty beetle mines the white-oak. It may be easily recognized
by the accompanying figure. The body |
is black-brown, with reddish antennze ad i)
and legs, and four yellow cross-bars on if
each wing cover; that on the base much
curved, while the fourth is straight.—
Length, 12 to 14™™.

21. THE OAK-BARK WEEVIL.

Magdalis olyra (Herbst).

Order COLEUPTERA; Family CURCULIONIDA.

Boring under the bark of the oak, probably after a
it has been loosened by the flat-headed borers, a
curved, fat, footless grub, with the head freer from
the body than in the larval pine weevil; occurring
in all stages under the bark in May, and possibly {|
producing a radiating track, as in Fig. 30; trans-
forming into a black weevil. with the surface of
the body punctured, the thorax with a lateral
sharp tubercle on the front edge, while the tarsi
are reddish brown, with whitish hairs.

Fig. 30 represents the mines possibly
made by this weevil.* The original speci-
men of the bark was taken from the same

Fic. 29.—a, larva; b, pupa, ana adult of the oak- Fic. 30.—Track made by Magdalis olyra, or
bark weevil. After Emerton. alongicorn? After Emerton.

tree, as numerous individuals of the beetle occurred in different stages
of growth and no other weevils or Scolytid# were present. The beetle
which makes the burrow may have been a weevil from the shape of the
burrow, which is long, narrow, and deep, being about four inches long.
It will be seen by reference to the illustration that the parent beetle laid
atleast seven eggs in an opening in the bark; when the larve hatched

*Mr. F. H. Chittenden writes that it may be the mine of another beetle.

OAK-BORERS. 81

they mined the bark and scored the wood in directions radiating on one
side of the place of oviposition ; in one casea mine went directly across
the one next to it. The specimen figured was found at Salem, Mass.

Beetle.—Of the form indicated by the figure; prothorax square, angulated on each
side in front, with a short spine on each wing-cover, with eleven well-marked ridges.
Color, dark brown, with paler, stiff, short, hirsuties. Base and tips of femora and rest
of the legs, including the antenne, pitchy reddish. Length, 6 to 8™™,

22. THE SILKY TIMBER-BEETLE.
Lymexylon sericeum (Harris).

Order COLEOPTERA; Family LYMEXYLID&.

Boring small long cylindrical burrows in the wood of the oak, probably, and other
trees; a sleuder, odd-looking worm, with six legs placed on its breast, a prominent
hump upon its neck, and a leaf-like fleshy appendage at the end of its back; chang-
ing into a long, narrowchestnut-brown beetle, 0.50 long, bearded with short, shining,
yellowish hairs, giving it a silky luster; its eyes large and almost meeting together
above and below, and its wing-covers tapering and shorter than the body. See
Harris’s Treatise, p. 51. (Fitch.)

23. THE AMERICAN TIMBER-BEETLE.
Hylecoctus americanus (Harris).
Order COLEOPTERA; Family LYMEXYLIDZ.

A worm very similar to the preceding, but with a straight, sharp-pointed horn at
the end of its back in place of a leaf-like appendage ; changing intoa pale brownish
red beetle, 0.40 long ; its wing-covers, except at their base and its breast, black, its
eyes small, and a glassy dot on the middle of its forehead resembling a small eyelet.
(See Harris’s Treatise, p. 51.)

This and the preceding are very rare insects, and their larve have
never been detected, but are inferred by Dr. Harris to inhabit oaks and
to have the singular forms above indicated, from the analogy of the per-
fect insects to two European species. Foreign writers, I see, are misled
by Dr. Harris’s account into supposing that it is authentically ascer-
tained that our insects coincide in their larva state with the European
species. (F itch.)

Beetle.—Its head, thorax, abdomen, and legs are light brownish red; the wing-
covers, except at the base, where they are also red, and the breast, between the middle
and hindmost legs, are black. "Head not bowed down under the prothorax; eyes
small and black; on the middle of the forehead is one small reddish eyelet ; antennze
like those of Lymexylon sericeum, but shorter; thorax nearly square, but wider than
long; and in each wing-cover are three slightly elevated ribs. Length, 10™™ (4;
inch). (Harris.)

Microclytus gazellula (Haldeman).

This beetle has been found in the oak in early May at Buffalo, N.
Y., by Messrs. Reinecke and Zesch. (Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., v1, 36.)

5 ENT——6

82 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.
24. THE FEEBLE OAK-BORER.
Goes debilis (Leconte).
Order COLEOPTERA; Family CERAMBYCID.

A eylindrical long-horned beetle, which has recently been described
by Dr. Leconte under the above name, is so uniformly found upon
white-oak trees in July and August that I doubt not its larva is a borer
in the trunks of these trees, perforating the wood, probably, in a man-
ner similar to that of the marked pine borer, and the worm resembling
that in its appearance. This beetle is half an inch long and scarcely a
third as broad, of a black color, its wing-covers chestnut red, its surface
having a marbled appearance, produced by short prostrate hairs of a
dull ocher-yellow color, except on the anterior half of the wing-covers,
where they are gray, and are here followed by a tawny-brown spot des-
titute of these paler hairs. (Fitch.) Fora figure and further mention
the reader is referred to Hickory Insects.

25. Goes tigrinus (De Geer).

This species, according to Adams Tolman (Insect Life, i, 343), ‘‘is
commonly taken on the oak in Philadelphia.” Mr. Tolman, however,
does not specifically state that this borer lives in the oak; but we in-
sert it under oak-borers, as it may yet be found to infest the oak. It
is figured and noticed under Hickory Insects.

26. THE BROWN PRIONUS.
Orthosoma brunneum (Forster).
Order COLEOPTERA; Family CERAMBYCID.

The larve of this beetle have been found in rotten oak and walnut
stumps by Mr. George Hunt, near Providence, but as it is more com-
monly met with in pine logs the reader is referred to the account of it
given under pine insects.

.
27. UNKNOWN LONGICORN BORER FROM AN OAK LOG.
(Blo sexn, Bigs 33)

Larva.—Body of large size, gradually tapering to the penultimate segment, with
three pairs of thoracic legs of moderate size.

Head small and much rounded. Labrum small and unusually narrow, well rounded
on the front edge. Antenne conspicuous, unusually long; second joint very long
and slender, longer than the basal one is thick ; third joint minute and acute at tip.
Labium very small, squarish; submentum and mentum both rectangular, broader
than long; the ligula narrow, much rounded in front; labial palpi three-jointed ;
third jointobtuse, aslong as the second. Maxillary lobe very broad and rather short,
not reaching beyond the end of the second palpal joint. Maxillary palpi three-jointed ;
first joint very short and broad, second one-half as thick as the first, the third slender
and a little longer than the second. Mandibles much rounded and entire at tip.

THE OAK-PRUNER. 83

The callosities on the segments, as figured in the cut, are prominent, more or less
rounded tubercles with the surface divided irregularly by impressed lines.

Length, 35™™; width of prothoracic segment, 8™; length, 8™™; length of a leg
with terminal claw, 0.4™™; length from base of labrum to posterior edge of meta-
thoracic segment, 5™™; length of first and second abdominal segment, each, 2™™;
length from base of third abdominal segment to end of body, 28™™; width of each of
segments 2 to 6,6™™; the seventh and eighth segments are slightly wider.

Found inan oak log at Providence, R. I., May 20, 1831.

Compare also pl. xvii, Fig. 2; xix, Fig. 2; xx, Fig. 3.

AFFECTING THE LIMBS AND TWIGS.
28, THE OAK PRUNER. |
Elaphidion villosum (Fabr.).

Order COLEOPTERA; Family CERAMBYCID2.

Cutting off the branches of the white and black oak, which fall late in summer to
the ground, containing the larva, which becomes a beetle in the next midsummer
and lays its eggs near the axilla of a leaf stalk or smail stem.

In walking under oak trees in the autumn one’s attention is often di-
rected to the large number of oak limbs and twigs lying on the ground.
Upon examination they willbe found to have been partially gnawed off

Fic. 31.—Oak pruner: a, larva; b, side view of the same; c, pupa.—From Packard.

by worms, the wind having further broken them off. This is the work
‘of the grub of the oak pruner. The insect’s purpose in cutting off the
limb, whether conscious or not of any design in the matter, is probably, as
Peck first suggested, to attord the insect a sufficiently moist retreat to
live in during the winter. He supposed that the limb thus wounded
weuld become too dry for the maintenance of the soft-bodied larva,
hence it must be felled to the ground, where in the wet and under the

84 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

snows of winter it would remain sufficiently moist for the existence of
the insect, which completes its transformation within.

Mr. C. A. Walker has brought us the insect in its different stages cut
out of oak branches, which occurred in abundance at Chelsea, Mass.
Late in August, 1888, this borer was reported to be especially abundant
in Warwick, R. I, so that the ground was said to be strewn with the
smaller branches of oak and locust trees. We are indebted to Dr. Fitch
for the most detailed information regarding this curious longicorn :

The severed limbs are usually but eighteen inches or two feet in length, but Pro-
fessor Peck states that limbs an inch in thickness and five feet in length are sometimes
found. I have seen alimb cut off by this insect which was ten feet in length and an
inch and a tenth in thickness, and have repeatedly met with them seven and eight
feet long and usually an inch, but in one instance an inch and a quarter, in thickness.

The parent beetle seems aware that her progeny in their infancy will be too feeble
to masticate the hard woody fibers of the limb. She, therefore, selects one of the
small twigs which branch off from it, which is not thicker than a goose quill, with its
base composed of soft wood, the growth of the last year, all the remainder of the twig
being the green succulent growth of the present year. She places her egg near the
tip of this twig, in the angle where one of the leaf-stalks branches off from it. The
young worm which hatches therefrom sinks himself into the center of the twig and
feeds upon the soft pulpy tissue around him until it is all consumed, leaving only the
green outer bark, which is so thin and tender that it withers and dries up, and ere
long becomes broken. By the time this green tender end of the twig is consumed the
worm has acquired sufficient size and strength to attack the more solid woody portion
forming its lower end. He accordingly eats his way downward in the center of the
twig, consuming the pith, to its base, and onward into the main limb from which this
twig grows, extending his burrow obliquely downward to the center of the limb, toa
distance of half aninch or an inch below the point where the lateral twig is given off.

The worm, being about half grown, is now ready to cut the limb asunder. But this
is a most nice and critical operation, requiring much skill and calculation; for the
limb must not break and fall while he is in the act of gnawing it apart, or he will be
crushed by being at the point where it bends and tears asunder, or will fall from the
cavity there when it breaks open and separates. To avoid such casuaities, therefore,
he must after severing it have time to withdraw himself back into his hole in the
limb and plug the opening behind him before the limb breaks and falls. And this
little creature accordingly appears to be so much of a philosopher as to understand
the force of the winds and their action upon the limbs of the tree, so that he can bring
them into his service. He accordingly severs the limb so far that it will remain in
its position until a strong gust of wind strikes it, whereupon it will break off and fall.

But the most astonishing part of this feat remains to be noticed. The limb which
he cuts off is sometimes only a foot in length and is consequently quite light; some-
times ten feet long, loaded with leaves, and very heavy. A man by carefully inspect-
ing the length of the limb, the size of its branches, and the amount of foliage growing
upon them could judge how far it should be severed to insure its being afterwards
broken by the winds. But this worm is imprisoned in a dark cell only an inch or two
long in the interior of the limb. How is it possible for this creature, therefore, to
know the length and weight of the limb and how far it should be cut asunder? A man;
moreover, on cutting a number of limbs of different lengths so far that they will be
broken by the winds, will find that he has often miscalculated, and that several of the
limbs do not break off as he designed they should. This little worm, however, never
makes a mistake of this kind. If the limb be short it severs all the woody fibers,
leaving it hanging only by the outer bark. If it be longer a few of the woody fibers
on its upper side are left uncut in addition to the bark. If it be very long and heavy

THE OAK-PRUNER. 85

not more than thre2-fourths of the wood will besevered. The annexed figures* repre-
sent the several ends of limbs of different sizes, the coarsely dotted parts of the two
first indicating the ragged broken ends of the woody fibers, the remainder being the
smooth surface cut by the worms, and the large black dot representing the perfora-
tion leading up the limb to where the worm lies. The first of these figures was taken
from the limb already spoken of as ten feet in length, and here it will be noticed that
a portion of the stouter wood towards.the center of the limb was preserved, as though
the worm had been aware that the weaker sappy fibers outside next to the bark could
not be relied upon for sustaining a limb of this size, as they are where the limb is
smaller. With such consummate skill and seemingly superterrestrial intelligence does
this philosophical little carpenter.vary his proceedings to meet the circumstances of
his situation in each particular case! But by tracing the next stage of his life we
shall be able to see how it is that he probably performs these feats which appear so.
much beyond his sphere.

Having cut the limb asunder so far that he supposes it will break with the next
wind which arises, the worm withdraws himself into his burrow, and that he may
not be stunned and drop therefrom should the limb strike the earth with violence
when it falls, he closes the opening behind him by inserting therein a wad formed of
elastic fibers of woud. He now feeds at his leisure upon the pith of the main limb,
hereby extending his burrow up this limb six or twelve inches or more, until he at-
tains his full growth—quietly awaiting the fall of the limb and his descent therein
tothe ground. Itisquite probable that he does not always sever the limb sufficiently,
in the first instance, for it to break and fall. Having cut it so much as he deems
prudent, he withdraws and commences feeding upon the pith of the limb above the
place where it is partially severed, until a high wind occurs. If the limb is not
hereby broken, as soon as the weather becomes calm he very probably returns and
gnaws off an additional portion of the wood, repeating this act again and again, it
may be, until a wind comes which accomplishes the desired result. And this serves
to explain to us why it is that the worm severs the limbs at such an early period of
his life. For the formidable undertaking of cutting asunder such an extent of hard
woody substance, we should expect he would await till he was almost grown and had
attained his full strength and vigor. But by entering upon this task when he is but
half grown he has ample opportunity to watch the result, and to return and perfect
the work if he discovers his first essay fails to accomplish the end he has in view.

Thus the first part of the life of this worm is passed in a small twig branching off
from the main limb. This is so slender and delicate that on being mined as it is by
the worm and all its green outer end consumed, it dies and becomes so decayed and
brittle that it is usually broken off when the limb falls, whereby it has escaped the
notice of writers hitherto. The remainder of his larva life is passed in the main
limb, first cutting off this limb sufficiently for it to break with the force of the winds,
and then excavating a burrow upwards in the center of the limb, both before and
after it has fallen to the ground, feeding hereon until he has grown to his full size.

It is most frequently the limbs of the red and the black oak that I have met with
severed by the oak pruner, though it is not rare to find those of the scarlet oak (Q.
coccinea) and of the white oak lopped off in the same manner. Limbs of the beech
and chestnut not unfrequently and those of the birch, the apple, and probably of
other trees, are sometimes similarly severed. Mr. P. Weter, of Tirade, Walworth
County, Wis., informs me that the peach in his vicinity suffers in a similar man-
ner, and to such an extent some years that the severed limbs, varying from a few
inches to two feet in length, are seen lying under almost every tree. We have in our
country several species of beetles very closely related to the oak pruner, but no at-
tempts have yet been made to ascertain their mode of life. It is very probable that
they all have this same habit of cutting off the limbs of trees, one perhaps preferring
the wood of one kind of tree, another, another. This is the more probable, since

* The figures have not been reproduced.-—A. S. P.

36 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

there is considerable diversity in their operations, as shown by an examination of the
fallen limbs. Thus the scarlet oak, instead of having a hole bored in the severed end
of its limbs, commonly has half the wood eaten away on one side of the limb for the
length of an inch or more, with the cavity thus formed under the bark packed with
worm dust, and a cylindrical burrow from the upper end of this cavity ranning up-
wards in the center of the limb, the same as in other cases.

It further appears that the female, when ready to drop an egg, is not always able
to find a small twig with a green succulent end adapted to her wants. She then con-
signs her progeny to the bark of the main limb, and the young worm subsists on the
soft pulpy matter between the bark and the wood, excavating a shallow irregular
cavity which is packed with worm dust, till it has acquired sufficient strength to
gnaw the wood, when it cuts off the limb as in other cases. It may, however, be a
different species from the common oak pruner, which cradles its young thus beneath
the bark instead of iu a lateral twig. It is usually in the fallen limbs of the beech,
though sometimes in those of the oaks also, that I have met with these worm tracks
under the bark. .

The bark ofthe beech, it will be recollected, is quite thin and very brittle, so that
it will illy serve to hold the limb in its place if the wood underneath is cut off in the
usual manner. And accordingly a remarkable modification of this operation will be
noticed in the amputated limbs of this tree. The worm eats its way down the limb
beneath the bark until it has acquired sufficient strength to sever the woody fibers.
It then passes transversely around the limb beneath the bark, girdling it by eutting
off all the softer outer fibers and leaving the harder ones in the middle of the limg
uncut, whereby the limb is sustained until the wind strikes it. How surprising that
these little creatures have such intelligence given them as enables them to vary their
operations to such an extent, according to the circumstances of their situation in each
particular case! I should be inclined to think the beech pruner a different species
from that of the oak, as it dwells beneath the bark instead of in a lateral twig, and
cuts off the outer instead of the inner wood of the limb; but the worm is identical
with that of the oak in its external appearance, and one of these worms which I
placed in a cage, falling from its fractured burrow in the beech limb, forsook this
wood and commenced boring into an oak limb lying beside it.

Not only the limbs, but small young trees, at least of the white oak, are sometimes
felled by these insects; in which cases the worm, instead of cutting the wood off
transversely, severs it in a slanting or oblique direction, as though it were aware the
winds would prostrate a perpendicular shoot more readily by its being cut in this
manner.

The larva grows to a length of 0.60, and is then 0.15 thick across its neck, where it
is broadest. It tapers slightly from its neck backwards, the hind part of its body
being nearly cylindrical. It is a soft or fleshy grub, somewhat shining and of a white
color, often slightly tinged with yellow, its head, which is small and retracted into
the neck, being black in front. It is divided. into twelve rings by very deep, wide,
transverse grooves. The neck or first ring is much the largest, and shows two very
pale tawny yellow bands on its upper side, the anterior one slightly broken asunder in
its middle, and on each side beyond the ends of these bands is a spot of the same color.
The two or three rings next to the neck are shorter than the others, and less widely
separated from each other. A faint stripe of a darker color may be discerned along
the middle of the back, widely broken apart at each of the sutures. The last ring is
much narrower and more shining than the otbers, and is cut across by a fine trans-
verse line, dividing it into two parts, of which the hinder one or tip is bearded with
small blackish hairs, and a few fine hairs are perceptible upon the other rings. The
last two rings are retracted into the ring which precedes them, at the pleasure of the
animal, whereby this ring becomes humped and swollen ; and it appears to be chiefly
by thus enlarging the end of its body that the worm holds aud moves itself about in
its cell, its feet being so weak and minute that they are scarcely perceptible and can

7

THE OAK-PRUNER. 87

be of little service. It has three pairs of soft, conical-jointed feet, resembling its an-
tenn in their size and shape. The first pair is placed on an elevated wrinkle of the
skin in the suture between the first and second segments of the thorax, mure distant
from each other than are those of the second and third pairs, which are situated on
the middle of the elevation of the second and third segments.

Some of the worms enter their pupa state the last of autumn, and others not till
the following spring. Hence in examining the fallen limbs in the winter, a larva
may be found in one, a pupa in another. Preparatory to entering its pupa state, the
larva places a small wad of woody fibers, sometimes intermingled with worm-dust,
below it, in its burrow, and sometimes another wad above it if the burrow runs far
up the limb, thus partitioning off a room one or two inches in length in which to lie
during its pupa state. The shriveled cast skin of the larva will be found at the upper
end of this cell, after it has changed to a pupa. ;

Usually those insects which undergo a complete metamorphosis remain at rest,
lying dormant and motionless during their pupa state. The oak pruner, however, is
a remarkable exception to this. Whenever its cell is opened it will be seen moving
from one end of it to the other with quite as much agility as it shows in its larva
state. The sutures of its abdomen have the same deep transverse grooves as in the
larve, admitting the same amount of motion to this part of its body that it previously
had. And, lying onits back, it uses the tip of its abdomen as though it were furnished
with a proleg, the little sharp points with which it is covered being pressed against
the rough walls of the cell and the body pushed forward or drawn backward hereby,
step after step, at the will of the animal.

The pupa is of much the same size with the larva and of a yellowish-white color.
Its eyes are sometimes white, sometimes blackish-brown. The antenna-sheaths arise
in the notch upon the inner side of the eyes and, passing directly across the surface
of these organs, extend down aiong each side of the back above the sheath of the
fore and middle pairs of legs, then curving inward they pass back to the eye along
the inner side of the same legs, their ends being placed upon the eye slightly inside
of their origin. The knees of the hind legs protrude far out from under the upper
sides of the wing-sheaths forward of their tips, whilst the feet of these legs occupy
the space between the tips of the wing-sheaths. The back of the abdomen shows a
distinct, pale-brown stripe along the middle, on each side of which the surface of the
segments is furnished with numerous small, erect, sharp points of a dark brown color,
those.on the apical segment being double the length of the others.

The beetle.—They are usually from 0.50 to 0.55 in length and 0.12 broad, of a slender,
cylindrical form, of a dull black color, tinged more or less with brown on the wing-
covers, more evidently so towards their tips, whilst the antenn# are paler brown, and
the under side and legs chestnut colored, sometimes bright, sometimes dark and
blackish. The surface is everywhere clothed with shortish, prostrate gray hairs, and
on the wing-covers these are in places more dense, forming small gray spots, and on
each side of the thorax, in the middle, is a whitish dot, formed in the same manner.
Sometimes also on the base of the thorax, on each side of its middle, a short gray
stripe formed by these hairs is very obvious, whilst in other individuals no traces of
these stripes can be discerned.

The scutel also is densely covered and gray from these hairs. The surface, above,
is occupied by numerous coarse, round punctures, those on the thorax being of the
same size with those on the wing-covers, but more crowded, many of them running
into each other. Towards the tips of the wing-covers these punctures become per-
ceptibly smaller.

In at least three-fourths of the fallen limbs no worm is to be found; and an exam-
ination of them shows that the insect perished at the time the limb was severed, and
before it had excavated any burrow upward in its center, no perforation being present,
except that leading into the lateral twig. It is probable that in many of these in-
stances the limb broke when the worm was in the act of gnawing it asunder, either
from its own weight or from a wind arising whilst the work was in progress. And

88 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

even though the worm may have withdrawn into its hole and plugged the opening
behind it, it is frequently discovered here, probably, and devoured by birds. Aftera
violent wind in the summer season, some of our insect-eating birds may always be
noticed actively in search of limbs and trees that have thereby been broken, their
instinct teaching them that this breakage usually occurs from the wood being weak-
ened by the mining operations of worms therein, whose lurking places are now opened
to them. And they will be seen industriously occupied in picking around the fract-
ured ends of the wood, and feasting upon the grubs which they there find. Num-
bers of our wood-boring larve are thus destroyed, and the oak pruner, notwithstand-
ing the precautions it takes to secrete itself, doubtless frequently falls a prey to these
sagacious foragers.

Remedies.—These insects will undoubtedly at times occur in such numbers as to
render it important that they be destroyed, at least where they resort to the peach
or other valuable trees. And this may readily be effected by gathering and burning
the fallen limbs in the winter or the early part of spring. (Fitch’s Fifth Report, pp.
17-24.)

We have preferred to quote in full Dr. Fitch’s account of this insect,
although somewhat prolix, and though he ascribes too much intelligence
to the larva. The following criticisms and observations are also quoted
in full from an article by Dr. John Hamilton, published in the Cana-
dian Entomologist, August, 1887: *

Divested of all romance and imagination, and descending to facts, the observations
of Professors Peck, Fitch, and Harris may be reduced to this: In the month of July
the parent lays the eggs on the limbs or in the axil of a leaf near the end of the twigs
of that year’s growth of various species of oak, and perhaps other trees. After hatch-
ing, the young larva (in the latter case) penetrates to the pith and devours it down-
wards till the woody base is reached, and so onward to the center of the main limb;
here it eats away a considerable portion of the inside of the limb and then, plugging
the end of the burrow, which it excavates towards the distal end, eventually falls to
the ground with the limb, which, being weakened, is broken off by the high autumnal
winds. They exist here either as larvie or pupe till spring and emerge in June as
perfect beetles. Time, one year, though not so stated in words.

The account given in detail below is so different from the above that were the iden-
tity of the individualsn ot established by actual comparison and by recognized au-
thority, it might well be asserted I had given an account of some other Elaphidion.

April, 1883, I procured a barrel of hickory limbs from a tree girdled early in 1882.
The limbs were from one-half to 1 inch in diameter. Very few things developed from
them that season, but the next (1884) quite a number of species came forth—Clytan-
thus ruricola and albofasciatus, Neoclytus luscus, and erythrocephalus, Stenosphenus no-
tatus, etc. Many larve of some Cerambycide continued to work on under the bark.
Late in the fall I observed that most of these had penetrated the wood, but some re-
mained under the bark till April and May of the next year (1885). The most of the
beetles appeared during the first two weeks of June, though individuals occurred
occasionally till September. A few larve were still found at work, but by October
they likewise had bored into the wood and appeared as beetles the next June (1886).
The normal period of metamorphosis is therefore three years, but in individuals it
may be retarded to four or more years.

At the present writing (June 5) these beetles are issuing in great numbers from a
barrel of hickory limbs obtained in April, 1885, from a tree deadened in January,
1884, thus verifying the first observation.

How the larve get under the bark could not be ascertained. When first examined,

*Also reprinted in the Eighteenth Annual Report of the Entomological Society of
Ontario, 1887, pp. 38-40.

.

THE OAK-PRUNER. 89

in April, they were from 4 to5™™ long. They ate the wood under the bark, follow-
ing its grain, and packed their burrows solidly with their dust. The growth and
progress were both slow, for by the next April they had scarcely more than doubled
in length and had not traveled more than from 4 to 6 inches during the year; but
after July they developed an enormous appetite and consumed the wood for at least
an inch in length and often entirely around the limb, ejecting their castings througb
holes made in the bark. When full fed they bore obliquely an oval hole into the
wood, penetrating it from 4 to 10 inches. The larva then packs the opening with
fine castings and enlarges a coupte of inches of the interior of the burrow by gnaw-
ing off its sides a quantity of coarse fiber, in which it lies, after turning its head to
the entrance. When about to become pupa (I witnessed the process) the skin rup-
tures on the dorsum of three or four segments next the head; the head of the pupa
appears, and after about half an hour’s wriggling the whole body is divested of its
covering. To the observer the pupa appears to crawl out of the skin, but in fact the
skin with the large mandibles is forced backwards by the alternate extension and con-
traction of the segments, assisted materially by the fiber that surrounds it. After
its soft body hardens the same movements free it from the fiber, some being shoved
in advance of the head, and some posteriorly, the exuvie being often found at the
distal end of the hole. The time spent in the pupal state is indefinite and does not
seem to concern greatly the time of the appearance of the beetle. Sticks split open
at different periods from December till March contained larve and pups about equally,
but no developed beetles. A larva that I observed go into the wood in April appeared
as a beetle among the first of such as had presumably pupated in the fall.

The number of these beetles obtained that and the present season was great and
afforded a good opportunity to observe individual variations, and they do differ
greatly. In length from8 to 18™™; in pubescence, some being nearly naked and uni-
colored, others having it longer and condensed into spots or almost vittate; some
being quite slender and elongate, while others are short and broad. The surface of
the elytra is mostly uniform, but in some, especially such as are narrow and elon-
gated, one or two costx are more or less evident.

Now, although this account differs so widely from that given by Mr. Fitch, still
the beetles are the same. Unfortunately, I have never been able to find any pruned
oak limbs from which to obtain the insects myself, but I have a good set from Mr.
Blanchard, of Massachusetts, presumably from the oak, which are identical. Through
the kindness of Mr. F. Clarkson, I have a set of those described by him in the Can.
Ent., vol. 17, p. 188, from oak limbs, and which became imagoes in November, and
there is no perceptible difference. Dr. George H. Horn says, ‘‘ They are the same.”
To identify Elaphidion parallelum had always been a puzzle to me, and I once thought
I had a real set; I obtained it about a dozen times by exchange, but could never be
satisfied that the specimens received were not pauperized or peculiar individuals of
E. villosum. On comparing my hickory insects with all the descriptions of E. villosum
~ and parallelum and their several synonyms, as far as I possess them, it was easy to
pick out sets that would answer satisfactorily all their requirements, and I became
satisfied that H. parallelum could not be separated.

29. Elaphidion parallelum Newman.
(Larva, Pl. xvu, Fig. 1.)
This borer, according to Riley, infests the oak, and Mr. Tyler Town-
send, of Washington, D. C., has found it to be the common oak pruner
of the vicinity of Constantine, Mich.,while it also is common in hickory.*

*Dr. Horn has, in a letter to Dr. Hamilton (Can. Ent., Aug., 1887), stated that
Elaphidion villosum and parallelum “are inseparable.” It is, however, too late, since
this note is added in the galley proof, to combine the accounts of the latter so-called
speciés with that of EZ. villosum.

90 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

It becomes a pupa eitherin the autumn orspring. (Can. Ent., xviii, 13,
1886.) In the absence of the larva of any
other species of this or an allied genus, for
comparison, we have compared the larva
with that of Xylotrechus colonus.

Beetle.—Brown, punctured, covered with ap ashy
woolly pubescence; elongated linear; antennz
scarcely shorter than the body; second and third
joints with a terminal spine; elytra parallel, trun-
cated at the apex and armed with a spine at each
angle, the outer spine rather long and incurved.
Length .55 inch. (Le Conte.)

os Larva.—The body very closely resembles X. colonus,
Fic. Creer EAE but is larger and broader, especially on segments7 to
: 9, but in general appearance is closely similar. Pro-
thoracic segment scarcely wider than the mesothoracic, but not so much swollen as in
Xylotrechus. The disk is regularly transversely oblong, the sides not convex but
straight, the edges in front and on the sides brown. The disk is one-half as long as
broad; posterior half free from hairs, not so distinctly marked asin X. colonus, but the
longitudinal irregular pale streaks are present. The mesothoracic and metathoracic
segments are as wide as the prothoracic, but the mesothoracic is a little shorter than
the metathoracic. The mesothoracic segment is divided into two lateral portions by a
scutel-like, very short and broad callosity which is narrow, lanceolate-oval. The
metathoracic segment has a similar callosity, but a transverse fleshy ridge is present,
not found on the mesothoracic segment. Beneath is a callous brown spot incised in
the middle, longer and narrower than those on the six succeeding segments. That
on the prothoracic is much shorter and narrower than on the mesothoracic, the latter
not divided mesially, where those on the metathoracic and three succeeding segments
are partly divided by the median line of the body, forming two irregular oval patches
touching the median line of the body, and with the outer, hinder edge produced a
little posteriorly. On the first abdominal segment is a transverse, short but very
wide crescent-shaped callosity with swollen margins; on the succeeding segments
these become longer and narrower, until on the fourth segment they become one-half
as long as broad; on the hinder segments (5 to 7) they become still longer and trans-
versely oblong-oval, with irregular broad thickened patches. Beneath, on the seg-
ments behind the fourth, the callosities disappear, but there are raised smooth oval
areas. A pair of thoracic feet on each of the three segments; they are three-jointed,
basal joint membranous; second joint about three-fourths as long as wide; third
joint about two-thirds as wide as the second, and slightly longer. The ninth ab-
dominal segment but little narrower than the eighth; the tenth about one-third as
wide as the ninth. A pair of mesothoracic spiracles and eight abdominal pairs.
Head not quite so large in proportion as in X. colonus. Labrum small, not quite so
broad as in X. colonus, convex and well rounded in front, and very hairy. Mandibles
black.
Antenne four-jointed, first joint apparently divided into two subsegments; third
a little longer and narrower than the second; the fourth minute, obtuse, one-half as
long as the third is wide. Maxille with the lobe rather small, reaching to near the
end of the third joint of the palpus. Maxillary palpi four-jointed, second joint
slightly shorter and narrower than the first; fourth half as thick as the third and
pointed at the tip. Labium with the mentum nearly square, narrower than the sub-
mentum. The ligula, which is very small in X. colonus, is here entirely wanting.

——— Fe

OAK-BORERS. 91

30. Elaphidion atomarium (Drury).

According to Mr. Schwarz, this species and EL mucronatum bore in
dry twigs of Quercus virens in Florida. (Riley in American Entomol-
ogist, iii, 239.)

Beetle.—Head brownish black, covered with short yellowish-gray pile. Thorax
dirty black, covered with yellow-gray pile; cylindrical, and without any spines or
eminences. Antenne dusky brown; having a spine on each joint, except that next
the head, and about the length of the insect. Scutellum very small. Elytra black,
mottled with yellow-gray, being margined at the sides and suture and not reaching
or covering the anus, each having two spines at the extremity. Abdomen and breast
grayish brown, as are the legs, each of which is furnished with a spine at the tip of
the tibiz.

31. Elaphidion mucronatum (Say).
This species was found in company with the preceding by Mr. Schwarz.

Beetle.—Brown, with ashy hairs; antennz three or four spined; thighs mucronate;
elytra bidentate; body reddish brown, partially covered with short, prostrate cine-
reous hairs, unequally distributed. Antenne longer than the body ; joints 3 to 6,
ending in a spine; scutellum white, with dense hair divided into two lobes; elytra
punctured; the hairs so disposed as to give the surface an irregularly spotted appear-
ance; tip bispinose ; intermediate and posterior thighs bimucronate, the inner spine
longest. Length seven-twentieths of an inch. (Say.)

32. Acanthoderes 4-gibbus Say.

In this longicorn, which according to Mr. Schwarz bores in the twigs, the scape ot
the antennz becomes thicker towards the tip, and is shorter than the third joint;
the prothorax is armed with dorsal tubercles, with a large lateral spine. The eyes
are less coarsely granulated than in the other species. ‘Body dark brownish; an-
tennz hardly longer than the body, blackish; head before sparingly punctured ;
labrum dull honey-yellow ; thorax with distant punctures; four tubercles nearly in
a transverse line, and a longitudinal, elevated line; elytra quadrigibbous at base;
inner gibbosity extended with a longitudinal elevated line; numerous distant deep
punctures; a dilated, waved ashen spot before the middle; a sutural series of alter-
nate square small brown and cinereous spots nearly opposite; tip emarginate; thighs
clavate. Length less than three-fifths of an inch.” (Say.)

33. Leptura zebra Olivier.
The larva and pupa inhabit the black oak. (Dr. Horn.)
34. Tragidion fulvipenne Say.
According to Riley, this longicorn bores in the oak. (Am. Ent., iii, 239.)

Beetle.—Body deep black, covered with dense black hair; antenne rather longer
than the body, somewhat hairy ; palpi glabrous, deep reddish brown; thorax above,
with four obsolete tubercles and an intermediate, abbreviated, glabrous, longitudinal
line; a slightly prominent lateral spine; sentel hairy, black; elytra yellowish-ful-
vous, covered with dense, very short prostrate hair; four longitudinal slightly ele-
vated lines. Length three-fifths inch. (Say.)

92 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Fic. 33.—Tragidion fulvipenne.—Smith and Marx del.

35. Bostrichus bicornis Weber.

Order COLEOPTERA; Family PTINIDZ.

Mr. A. S. McBride records finding this beetle under the dead bark of
white oak posts in August, and he thinks the larva bores in the wood.
(Can. Ent., xii, 107, June, 1880.)

Beetle—Body blackish-brown varied with cine-

reous; withrobust, scale-like hairs; head equal;
eyes prominent, reddish brown ; antenne and palpi
ferruginous; labrum fulvous; thorax declivous
before and behind; anterior half and lateral mar- |
gin armed with numerous short spines; anterior
angles projected over the head in the form of par-
allel horns; posterior angles elongated backward
in the form of tubercles; two hardly elevated tuber-
cles on the middle of the base; scutel rounded, Fic. 34.—Bostrichus bicornis.—

- : ; Smith del.
cinereous ; elytra, each with two elevated lines, of
which the inner one is the more prominent and acute, with the blackish-brown and
cinereous colors somewhat alternate; tip near the sutural termination mucronate or
only angulated; beneath dark reddish-brown.

Length, two-fifths of an inch. (Say.)

36. Xyleborus celsus Eichhoff.

Order COLEOPTERA; Family SCOLYTID#.

This species belongs to that section of the genus, according to Le
Conte, in which the body is elongate, cylindrical; the declivity of the
elytra oblique, frequently retuse or excavated; the funicle of the antennz
with five distinct joints; tibiz rounded at tip and usually finely serrate.

Beetle.—Two lines long. Ferruginous, clothed with yellow hair; elytra obliquely
sloping behind, perfectly flat, smooth, with two larger acute, pointed, tubercles each
side near the suture, and near the edge of the declivity, with many smaller acute ele-
vations. It differs from X. pyri by its much more elongate form, the prothorax being
about one-half longer than wide, with the sides parallel behind the middle and the
elytra much more than one-half longer than the thorax. (Le Conte.)

OAK BARK-BEETLES. 93

37. Xyleborus fuscatus Eichhorn.

Beetle.—Length, 1 to 1} lines. Ferruginous brown, or yellow, thinly clothed with
gray hair, with the same form and sculpture as X. menographus, but somewhat smaller,
and distinguished by the oblique declivity of the elytra being marked by only a
single, large, acute tubercle, while the suture itself is also distinctly elevated. (Le
Conte.) ‘

33. Xyleborus retusicollis Ziinmermann.

Beetle.—Length, 1 line. Rust-yellow; front smooth, with a deep longitudinal
impression; prothorax longer than wide, a little broader than the elytra, punctured
in front; thinly pubescent and very deeply excavated ; the front margin rising into
an acute point; behind nearly glabrous and smooth. Elytra short, punctured with-
out order, thinly pubescent, obliquely declivous behind, and somewhat impressed
along the suture. Maryland, found under oak-bark. (Le Conte.)

39. Pityophthorus pubipennis Lec.
Order COLEOPTERA; Family SCOLYTIDZ.

Mr. Ricksecker remarks concerning the habits of this bark borer on
the Pacific coast:

I have seen great swarms of Pityophthorus pubipennis Lec. in the branches of
newly felled live oaks, and have taken the same or an allied species from sticks of
oak that had previously been peeled for tan-bark. (Ent. Amer., i, 97.)

Beetle.—Club of antennz distinctly annulated and pubescent on both sides, not
fringed with long hair. Fore tibize moderately serrate; fore tarsi with joints 1 to 3
stout, fifth longer than the others united.

Male head deeply concave; edge of the concavity fringed with long silky hairs.
Female head shining, sparsely hairy, punctured with an interocular tubercle; the
longer hairs of the elytra (which are finely punctulate) are arranged in rows. (Le Conte
and Horn.)

40. Pityophthorus querciperda Schwarz.

Mr. Schwarz has observed the habits of this Scolytid beetle, and also
described the beetle in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of
Washington (i, 56), stating that it occurs from New York to Florida.
On page 162 of the same Proceedings Mr. John D. Sherman records
finding some sixty or seventy specimens under the bark of a felled oak
tree at Peekskill, N. Y.

The galleries, which are partly in the bark and partly in the outermost layer of
the wood, are the primary galleries—i. e., those made by the parent beetle—and ex-
hibited a feature hitherto not observed in any other Scolytid. The female beetle
bores straight through the bark; then follows a very short gallery vertically down-
ward, and this is crossed immediately below the entrance hole by an extremely long
transverse gallery. The novelty consists in the short vertical gallery, which, evi-
dently, is constructed only for the purpose of enabling the beetle to turn around
without getting on the outside of the tree. The larval galleries, if there be any, are
not yet known. (Schwarz.)

Beetle.—This new species belongs to Le Conte’s group B, and may be called Pityoph-
thorus querciperda. It is closely allied to P. minutissimus, with which it agrees in
size, form, and coloration, but from which it differs in the sculpture and pubescence
of the elytra. In minutissimus the elytra are finely and rather indistinctly punctu-
late; the pubescence is fine, very sparse or nearly absent on the basal portion of the
elytra and denser on the declivity, but always hair-like. In querciperda the elytra
are quite distinctly rugosely punctulate, and, therefore, lessshining. The pubescence

94 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

is stout, moderately dense on the anterior part of the elytra and still denser and scale-
like on the declivity. Inthe twoCalifornian species of the same group the pubescence
consists of long and short hair intermixed. P. querciperda occurs from New York to.

Florida. (Schwarz.) a:
41. Monarthrum mali (Fitch).

Mr. Schwarz has observed this Scolytid while at work in pieces of
the red oak at Washington, D.C. It was first observed by Fitch at-
tacking the apple tree in New York. It ranges from Lake Superior to
Florida. (Le Conte.)

The parent beetle bores through the bark straight into the wood to a distance of
from 5to7™™, Then follows a transverse gallery and, in most cases, a second trans-
verse gallery immediately behind the first; in several instances there is still a third
gallery. The secondary burrows, in which the larve undergo their transformations,
and which, in all probability, are made by the larve, start rectangularly upward or
downward from the transverse galleries and are but little longer than the beetle.
Oviposition in this species has not yet been observed, and it remains, also, uncertain
whether only one or several beetles have been at work when there are two or three
transverse galleries present. (Schwarz, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., i, 44, 48.)

Beetle.—In this genus the body is long and cylindrical; the scape cf the antennae
long and slender; the funicle of but one short joint, the others being absorbed in the
club, which is rounded and very much compressed; elytra elongate, nearly perpen-
dicularly declivous behind, and pubescent on the declivity; feebly punctured in
rows. JM. mali is small brown, elytra not hairy at tip.

Male: Club of antennze with a long apical spine and a few hairs; declivity of
elytra oblique, not retuse at the sides, acutely margined only at the apex and for a
short distance behind; face of declivity with a slight reniform elevation rising into
two cusps near the suture, which is deeply impressed and excavated at that place;
head flat, opaque, not fringed with hair.

Female: Club of antenne without apical spine; declivity of elytra as in male, but
with the renifurm elevation and its two cusps much stronger; head slightly convex,
subopaque, feebly punctured.

Lake Superior to Florida; depredates on apple trees. Length, 2™™ (.08 inch).
(Le Conte.)

42. Ithycerus noveboracensis (Forster).

According to Riley this weevil in-
fests the oak, having been seen bor-
ing into the twigs of the burr-oak;
the larva is of the usual curculioni-
form appearance. The female first
makes a small longitudinal excava-
tion with her jaws, eating upward
toward the end of the branch, then
turns round and thrusts her egg into
it. She was observed in the act by
Mr. Charles Peabody. (Riley’s un-
published notes.)

Beetle.—This is our largest species of weevil,
and may be recognized by its great size, by
its broad, large snout, its ash color, and by
the eight pale lines on the wing-covers, inter-
rupted by four or five distinct black squarish spots. Length, 18™™.

Fic. 35. Ithycerus noveboracensis. Smith del.

THE SEVENTEEN-YEAR CICADA. 95

43. THE SEVENTEEN-YEAR CICADA.

Cicada septendecim Linn.
Order HEMIPTERA; Family CICADARI®.

Stinging the terminal twigs of the oak and other forest trees and of various fruit
trees, the seventeen-year locust, which deposits its long slender eggs in a broken line
along the twig.

Without attempting to recapitulate the history of this famous insect,
we would only say that the eggs are deposited from the end of May
through June (Fig. 36, d, e) in pairs in the terminal twigs of the oak, etc.
The larve (Fig. 36, f) hatch out in about six weeks after they are depos-
ited, and drop to the ground, in which they live, sucking the roots of
trees, etc. for nearly seventeen years, the pupa state (Fig. 36, a, b) last-
ing but a few days.

The tollowing remarks on the habits of this insect are taken from our
Third Report on the Injurious Insects of Massachusetts :

Asregards the kinds of trees stung by the Cicada, I may quote from a communication
from William Kite, in the American Naturalist, vol. ii, p. 442, as confirming and add-
ing somewhat to Dr. Harris’s statements: ‘‘ Seeing in the July number of the Naturalist
a request for twigs of oak which had been stung by the so-called seventeen-year
locust, I take the liberty of sending you twigs from eleven different varieties of trees
in which the females have deposited their eggs. I do this to show that the insect
seems indifferent to the kind of wood made use of as a depository for her eggs. These
were gathered July 1, in about an hour’s time, on the south hills of the ‘ Great Chester
Valley,’ Chester County, Pa. No doubt the number of trees and bushes might be
much increased. The female, in depositing her eggs, seems to prefer well-matured
wood, rejecting the growing branch of this year, and using the last year’s wood and
frequently that of the year before, as some of the twigs inclosed will show. An or-
chard which I visited was so badly ‘stung’ that the apple trees will be seriously in-
jured and the peach trees will hardly survive their treatment. Instinct did not seem
to caution the animal against using improper depositories, as I found many cherry
trees had been used by them, the gum exuding from the wounds, in that case sealing
the eggs in beyond escape.

“‘The males have begun to die, and are found in numbers under the trees; the
females are yet busy with their peculiar office. The length of wood perforated on
each branch varied from one to two and a half feet, averaging probably eighteen
inches; these seemed to be the work of one insect on each twig, showing a wonderful
fecundity.

“The recurrence of three ‘locust years’ is well remembered in this locality—1834;
1851, and 1868. There has been no variation from the usual time, establishing the
regularity of their periodical appearance.”

As regards the time and mode of hatching, Mr. S. S. Rathvon, of Lancaster, Pa., con-
tributes to the same journal some new and valuable facts, which we quote: ‘‘ With
reference to the eggs and young of the seventeen-year Cicada, your correspondent from
Haverford College, Philadelphia, is not the only one who has failed to produce the
young by keeping branches containing eggs in their studios. I so failed in 1834 and
1851, and indeed I have never heard that any cue has succeeded in that way who has
kept them for any great lengthof time. In the brood of 1868 the first Cicadas appeared
here in a body, on the evening of the second day of June. The first pair in coitu I ob-
served on the 2Ist, and the first female depositing on the 26th of the same month.
The first young were excluded on the 5th of August. All these dates are some ten
days later than corresponding observations made by myself and others in former years.

96 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

On the 15th of July, I cut off some apple, pear, and chestnut twigs containing eggs,
and stuck the ends into a bottle containing water, and set it in a broad, shallow dish
also filled with water, the whole remaining out of doors exposed to the weather, what-
ever it might be. The young continued to drop out on the water in the dish for a full
week, after the date above mentioned. I could breed no Cicadas from branches that
were dead and on which the leaves were withered, nor from those that from any cause
had fallen to the ground, and this was also the case with Mr. Vincent Bernard, of
Kennet Square, Chester County, Pa. After the precise time was known, fresh branches
were obtained, and then the young Cicadas were seen coming forth in great numbers
by half a dozen observers in this county. As the fruitful eggs were at least a third
larger than they were when first deposited, I infer that they require the moisture con-
tained in living wood to preserve their vitalitv. When the proper time arrives and
the proper conditions are preserved, they are easily bred, and indeed I have seen them
evolve on the palm of my hand. The eyes of the young Cicadas are seen through the
egg-skin before it is broken.”

Mr. Riley, in an interesting account of this Cicada in his First Annual Report on
Noxious, Beneficial, and Other Insects of Missouri for 1869, has shown that in the
Southern States thirteen-year broods of this insect are found. He remarks: ‘‘It was
my good fortune to observe that besides the seventeen-year broods, the appearance of
one of which was recorded as long ago as 1633, there are also thirteen-year broods,
and that, though both sometimes occur in the same States, yet, in general terms, the
seventeen-year broods may be said to belong to the Northern and the thirteen year
broods to the Southern States, the dividing line being about latitude 38°, though in
some places the seventeen-year brood extends below this line, while in Illinois the
thirteen-year brood runs up considerably beyond it. It was also exceedingly grati-
fying to find, four months after I had published this fact, that the same discovery
had been made years before by Dr. Smith, though it had never been given to the
world.”

Mr. Riley predicts that in southern New England a brood will appear in 1877 and
1885. Probably the Plymouth brood, which appeared in 1872, will not appear again
for seventeen years, namely, in 1389, the two broods noticed by Riley appearing west
of this town. As regards its appearance in Plymouth, Mass., Harris states that it
appeared there in 1633. The next date given is 1304, ‘“‘ but, if the exact period of
seventeen years had been observed, they should have returned in 1803.”

Mr. B. M. Watson informs me, from his personal observation, that it also appeared
in 1838, 1855, and 1872. In Sandwich it appeared in 1787, 1804, and 1821. In Fall
River it appeared in 1834, in Hadley in 1818, in Bristol County in 1784, so that, as re-
marked by Harris and others, it appears at different years in places not far from each
other. Thus, while in Plymouth and Sandwich we may look for its re-appearance
in 1889, in Fall River it will come in 1885, or four years earlier.

There are three species of Cicada in the Northern States, and, in order that they
may not be confounded in studying the times of appearance of the different broods of
the seventeen-year species, I add a short description of each form, so that they may
be readily recognized in the winged and immature states.

The two larger species are the seventeen-year locust (Cicada septendecim) and the
_ doy-day cicada (C. pruinosa). Fig. 36, copied from Riley’s report, gives a good idea
of the former species: a represents the pupa, b the same after the adult has escaped
through the rent in the back, c the winged fly, d the holes in which the eggs, e, are in-
serted. Fig. 36, f represents the larva as soon ashatched. The adult may be known
by its rather narrow head, the black body, and bright red veins of the wings. The
wings expand from two and a half to three and a quarter inches.

The pupa is long and narrow, and compared with that of C. pruinosa the head is
louger and narrower, the antenne considerably longer, the separate joints being
longer than those of the dog-day locust. The anterior thighs (femora) are very large
and swollen, smaller than in C. pruinosa, though not quite so thick, with the basal

THE SEVENTEEN-YEAR CICADA. 97

spine shorter than in that species, while the snag or supplementary tooth is larger and
nearer the end; the next spine, the basal one of the series of five, is three times as
large as the next one, while in C. pruinosa it is of the same size, or, if anything,
smaller. The toe joint (tarsus) projects over two-thirds of the leagth beyond the end
of the shank (tibia), while in the other species it only projects half its length. The
terminal segment of the body is rather larger than in C. pruinosa. The body is shin-
ing gum-color or honey-yellow, with the hinder edge of the abdominal segments
thickened, but no darker than the rest of the body. Length, one inch (.90 to 1.00);
width, about a third of an inch (.35), being rather smaller than that of C. pruinosa
and much larger than that of C. rimosa.

Fic. 36.—The seventeen-year Cicada (c) and pupa (a, b): d, position of eggs (e); f, larva. (After Riley.)

For a further account of this Cicada the reader is referred to Prof.
Riley’s report of the U. S. Entomologist for 1885, and to Bulletin No. 8,
ot the Division of Entomology, which contain full information regard-
ing the different broods which appear in different years. [rom his
observations it appears that the development of the larva is extremely
slow, and when six years old it hardly attains one-fourth its full size.
Moultivg also takes place more than once a year, so that there are prob-
ably twenty-five or thirty changes of skin in all. Riley, also, has rarely
found it more than two feet below the surface during the first six or
seven years of its life, and almost invariably in an oval cell, and more
often away from roots than near them. Yet it can descend to great
depths, one writer stating that he had found it 20 feet below the sur-
face. ‘As the time approaches for the issuing of the pupa it gradually
rises nearer and nearer to the surface, and, for a year or two before the
appearance of any given brood, this pupa may be dug up within one or
two feet of the surface.”

. ENt—7

98 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

44, THE WHITE-LINED TREE HOPPER.
Thelia univittata Harris.
Order HEMIPTERA; family MEMBRACIDZ.

Common upon oak limbs and twigs, puncturing them and sucking their juices.

This tree hopper is found on the oak in July. It is about four-tenths
of an inch in length; the thorax is brown, has a short, obtuse horn ex-
tending obliquely upwards from in front, and there is a white line on
the back extending from the top of the horn to the hinder extremity-
(Harris.)

45. THE OAK BLIGHT.
Eriosoma querci Fitch.
Order HemipTerRA; family APHIDIDZ.

A species of blight, or a woolly aphis upon oak limbs, puncturing them and exhaust-
ing them of their sap.

This blight is very like a similar insect upon the basswood. The
winged individuals are black throughout, and slightly dusted over with
an ash-gray powder resembling mold. The fore wings are clear and
glassy, with their stigma-spot dusky and feebly transparent, their rib-
vein black, and their third oblique vein abortive nearly or quite to the
fork. It is.16 long to the tips of its wings. (Fitch.)

46. THE WHITE OAK SCALE-INSECT.
Lecanium quercifex Fitch.

Order HEMIPTERA; family CoccID&.

Adhering to the smooth bark of the limbs of the white oak, in June, an oval, con-
vex, brownish-black scale, about .30 inch long and .18 wide, its margin paler and
dull yellowish. (Fitch.)

47, THE QUERCITRON SCALE-INSECT.
Lecanium quercitronis Fitch.
Order HEMIPTERA ; family COCCID.

On the small limbs of the black oak; a scale like the preceding but smaller, and of
a nearly hemispherical form; its color varying from brownish-black to dull reddish
and pale, dull yellow, with a more or less distinct stripe of paler yellow along the
middle of its back, and the paler individuals usually mottled with black spots or
stripes. Length, .20; width, .16inch. (Fitch.)

These scales are parasitized by Platygaster lecanii (Fitch)

48. THE BLACK SCALE OF CALIFORNIA.

Lecanium olew Bernard.

The black scale is stated by Signoret to be properly in France an
olive scale, sometimes, however, becoming so common as to occur on all
neighboring plants also. In California we find it infesting the greatest
variety of plants and becoming a very serious enemy to orange and
other citrus trees. I have found it at Los Angeles on orange and all

OAK SCALE-INSECTS. ; 99

other citrus plants, on olive, pear, apricot, plum, pomegranate, Oregon
ash, bitter-sweet, apple, eucalyptus, sabal palm, California coffee, rose,
cape jessamine, Habrothmus elegans ; and elsewhere upon an Australian
plant known as Bracheton, and also upona heath. It preferably attacks
the smaller twigs of these plants, and the young usually settle upon the
leaves.

The development of this species is very slow, and it seems probable
that there is only one brood in a year. Specimens observed by Mr.
Alexander Craw at Los Angeles, which hatched in June or July, began
to show the characteristic ridges only in November. Mr. Craw has
seen the lice, even when quite well grown, move from twigs which had
become dry and take up their quarters on fresh ones.

Although carefully looked for, the males, like those of so many other
Lecanides, have never been found.

A dark-brown bark-louse has been sent me from Florida, on live oak,
holly, oleander, orange, and one or two unknown plants, by Dr. BR. S.
Turner, of Fort George, which appears to be identical with Lecaniwm
olee. It is, however, by no means as abundant or injurious in that
State as in California.

Enormous quantities of the eggs of the black scales are destroyed by
the chalcid parasite Tomocera californica,* described on p. 368 of this
report. Particulars as to the work of this parasite are given at the
same place. Upon one occasion (August 25, 1880), I found within the
body of a full-grown female a lepidopterous larva, which was very similar
in appearance to the larve of the species of Dakruma described in my
last report as destroying bark-lice. The specimen, however, was lost,
and no more have been found since.

A number of beetles of the genus Latridius were found under scales
which had been punctured by the Tomocera, but probably would not
destroy the live insect. Many mites were found feeding upon the eggs
and young. The infested trees were also swarming with the different
species of lady-bugs (Coccinellidew). (Comstock.)

Adult female.—Dark brown, nearly black in color; nearly hemispherical in form,
often, however, quite a little longer than broad; average length from 4™™ to 5mm-
average height, 3™™. Dorsum with a median longitudinal carina and two transverse
carine, the latter dividing the body into three subequal portions; frequently the
longitudinal ridge is more prominent between the transverse ridges than elsewhere,
thus forming with them a raised surface of the form of a capital H, The body is
slightly margined; outer part of the disk with many (18 to 30) small ridges which
extend from the margin half-way up to center of dorsum. Viewed with the micro-
scope, the skin is seen to be filled with oval or round cells, each with a clear nucleus,
the average size of the cells being from .05™™ to .06™™ in length, while the nuclei
average .02™™ in diameter. The antenne are long and 8-jointed, the two basal joints
short ; joint 3 longest, joints 4 and 5 equal and shorter, joints 6 and 7 equal and still
shorter, joint 8 with a notched margin and almost as long as joint 3. Legs rather

* This parasite isnow known as Dilophogaster californica Howard, Mr. Howard hav-
ing changed the name Tomocera on account of its similarity to Tomocerus in Thysanura.

100 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

long and stout, the tibiw being about one-fifth longer than the tarsi. The anal ring
seems to bear six long hairs.

The egg-—Long oval in shape, .4™™ in length, yellowish in color.

Newly hatched Joven oe Phere is nothing very characteristic about the young larvx;
they are flat and their antennae are only 6-jointed. (Comstock’s Report for 1880,
p. 336.)

49. THE OAK CHERMES.
Chermes sp.
(Plate xxviu, Fig. 1.)
The following characterization of this genus is taken from Signoret :

Body perfectly globular or with a slight incision for insertion on the twig or branch.
On an external examination no trace of antennw, legs, or even mouth parts is to be
observed, and the insect presents precisely the appearance of a gall.

In the larve, however, the true characters of the Coccinw are seen—multiarticu-
late lower lip and the absence of the anal plates. The larval characters are the ones
which have been principally used in the description of species, as they are easy to
find. They (the larve) are long, oval, the abdomen plainly segmented and deeply
cleft at the extremity, except in C. vermilio and C. ballote. Upon each segment
there are several spines at the lateral edge and several hairs upon each disk. The
lateral lobes have each a bendle of spines and a very long hair. Antenne 6-jointed,
joint 3 longest. With all the legs the tibiw are shorter than the tarsi. With the
adult the antennsx and legs appear natural; but in very old individuals, which have
secreted the horny covering, the antenn are still present, but deformed; so also
with the legs, but the latter are sometimes entirely wanting.

The males resemble those of other Coccine, and are inclosed in a little white felt-
like sac. Head globular, with four eyes and six ocelli in C. bawhinti (the only species
observed by Signoret). The antennex are very long, joint 3 longest, joint 10 shortest,
and carrying several hairs with buttoned tips. Wings long. Abdomen long, with a
short genital armature and two long bristles each side. Legs long, the tibiew longer
than the tarsi, the latter with a long claw and the four ordinary digitules.

There are in the collection of the Department several species belong-
ing to this genus, which we have collected in Florida, Alabama, Lou-
isiana, California, New York, and District of Columbia. For want of
time I am unable to characterize these now. The species represented
on Plate xxvull, fig. 1, occurs on Quercus in California. The only
North American species which has been described is Kermes galliformis
Riley, described in the American Naturalist, vol. xv, p. 482 (June,
1881). (Comstock, U. S. Agricultural Report, 1880, 337.)

50. Chermes galliformis Riley.

“Received from H. H. Rusby, Silver City, N. Mex., the almost glob-
ular scales of a coceid from the same oak as the preceding (Quercus
emoryi). They are shining, very indirectly sculptured, white, beauti-
fully variegated with yellowish-gray and black. The white ground-color
is especially noticeable in longitudinal stripes. These scales occur either
singly or in clusters—the largest containing about eight—around the
twig. They contained nothing but eggshells when received.

These scales were infested with the larva of a Lepidopteron appar-
ently belonging to Dakruma, which issued in April, 1881.” (Riley’s
unpublished notes.)

OAK SCALE-INSECTS. 101
51. THE OBSCURE SCALE INSECT.
Aspidiotus obscurus Comstock.

This scale insect was found by Professor Comstock on the leaves of
the willow oak. The following account is copied from his report in the
U.S. Agricultural Report for 1880:

Scale of female.—The scale of the female is very dark gray, agreeing in color with
the bark to which it is attached; and as it is only slightly convex, its presence is
difficult to detect. It is somewhat irregular in outline, but nearly circular. The
exuviz are between the center and one side; their position is indicated by a nipple-
like prominence, which is marked, as in many other species, with a white dot and
concentric ring of the same color. The ventral scale consists of a delicate film of
white excretion, and the lower half of the exuvie attached to the bark. Diameter
of scale, 3™™ (.12 inch).

Female.—The body of the full-grown female is reniform, being only four-fifths as
long as wide and having the lobes of the penultimate segment extending back
nearly as far as theend of the body. The segmentation of the body is very indistinct ;
' the color is a yellowish brown. The last segment presents the following characters
(Plate x11, Fig. 4):

There are five groups of spinnerets ; the median consists of about six, the superior
lateral of about twelve, and the inferior lateral of about eight. The oval pores
opening on the dorsal side of the body are to be seen very distinctly from below.

There are three pairs of well developed lobes. The first lobe of each side is conical,
tapering anteriorly, and with the distal margin rounded; there is often a small
notch on the lateral side. The distal margins of the second and third lobes are ser-
rate.

The thickened part of the lateral margin of the segment becomes narrower ante-
riorly until near the penultimate segment it is a mere line. It is irregularly notched
and is terminated posteriorly by a prominent lobe.

There are seven short club-shaped thickenings of the body wall upon each side of
the meson. Each thickening is rounded anteriorly and tapers posteriorly. They are
situated as follows: one terminating near the lateral margin of the first lobe, one at
each side of second lobe, one midway between second and third lobes, one at each
side of third lobe, and one near the posterior end of the thickened lateral margin.
This one is often obsolete. Those terminating at the median sides of the second and
third lobes are narrower and shorter, and have their anterior ends directed laterad
more than the others. The remaining thickenings areof aboutthe same length as the
median lobes.

The plates are inconspicuous, and in no case extend as far as the lobes. There is
one between the median lobes, one between the first and second lobe of each side, two
between the second and third lobes, and two between the third lobe and the poste-
rior end of the thickened lateral margin. The last two are unequally bifid, the other
four are simple and truncate.

On the ventral side the first pair of spines is obsolete, the second and third pores
are situated at the base of the lateral margins of their respective lobes, the fourth pair
is just laterad of the lobe of the lateral margin, and a fifth pair is situated about one-
third the distance from this lobe to the penultimate segment. On the dorsal side the
first pair is also obsolete; each member of the other four pairs is situated in little
mesad of the corresponding spine on the ventral surface.

Egg.—The eggs have not been observed, and several specimens of females in the
collection indicate that the species is viviparous.

Scale of male.—The scale of the male is oval in outline with the protuberance cov-

102 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ering the larval skin near the anterior end. This scale is of the same color as that of
the female.

Length, a little more than 1™™ (.04 inch) ; breadth nearly 4™™ (.02 inch).

Habitat.—On the bark of the limbs of willow oak (Quercus phellos) at Washington,
D. C.

Described from forty females and very many scales of each sex.

The scale of this species resembles very much that of Aspidiotus tenebricosus which
occurs on red maple. That scale, however, is much more convex than this one, and
its diameter is only one-half as great.

52. Asterodiaspis quercicola (Bouché).

(Plate xxvu1l, Fig. 4.)

The females of this genus resemble those of Asterolecanium Targ.-
Tozz. Around the lateral edge and upon the dorsum are spinnerets,
which secrete a fringe which persists upon the sides but which upon the
back melts down and forms a continuous whole, which constitutes in
the old individuals a hard and consistent shield. slightly iridescent,
which covers the whole insect. When the females have deposited their
eggs the body shrinks up into the cephalic end of the covering so that
there appears to be only a sac inclosing the eggs, which one would nat-
urally take to be the body of the female. The male scale is of a long
- oval, with a weak median carina, and showing under the microscope
an elegant fringe around the edge similar to that of the female scale.
(Comstock, 1880.)

Adult female.—Of a dark brown or a clear yellow color, nearly round in outline, fur-
nished at the anal extremity with a rounded lobule and above with transverse
strie, which represent the abdominal segmentation. Diameter from 1™™ to 2™™,

The skin is covered with quite a large number of tubular spinnerets. The circum-
ference of the body is ciliated withja fine radiating fringe secreted by openings upon
the edge of the body. This fringe is double, formed of a row of large tubes joined
together two by two, secreted by double openings, and another row, smaller, secreted
by smaller openings placed below the others.

These insects are very closely applied to the bark, forming for themselves, in fact
slight depressions, so that it is very difficult to lift them. Occasionally, however,
one of the yellow scales (in which the body of the insect has shrunken up to the end)
is slightly elevated at one side, perhaps to allow for the exit of the young. On lift-
ing one of the scales there remain upon the bark floury marks corresponding to the
stigmata.

Male.—The male scale is of a long oval, 1™ in length by .6™™ in width; of a clear
brilliant yellow with a weak median carina, and with a fringe similar to that of the
female.

The male is brownish yellow upon the head and thorax, and of a clearer yellow
upon the abdomen, the base of which is a little darker; the antenne and legs almost
black, the prothorax and mesothorax darker than the rest, the transverse band of the
metathorax perfectly black, as well as the eyes. The wingsare large and of a trans-
parent whitish gray. The abdomen is large and rounded; the stylet is dark yellow
and .35™™ long.

Habitat.—Upon the imported oaks on the Department of Agriculture grounds at
Washington. Only the females were found and the male description is taken from
Signoret. The species is not a common one in Europe, but is occasionally quite de-
structive to an individual tree. (Comstock, 1880.)

—

* i

OAK SCALE-INSECTS. 103

53. Rhizococcus quercus Comst.

(Plate xxIx, Fig. 2.)

The following account of this scale insect is by Professor Comstock
(Agricultural Report, 1880) :

Female.—The tubular spinnerets are more numerous than in R. araucarie, and are
not coufined to the margin of the body, but are distributed irregularly over the dor- .
sum. They vary much in size and are curved and acuminate (Fig. 2a). Tarsi less
than one-half as long as tibie. Hair on trochanter nearly as long as femur.

Male.—I have only one specimen, which is much shriveled; this resembles R.
araucarie, except that the ocelli are placed farther caudad of the eyes than in that
species.

Described from 17 females, 1 male, and very many larve, all mounted in balsam.

Habitat.—On scrub oak at Rock Ledge, Fla.; upon gall-berry, oak, and grass at
Fort George, Fla. (Dr. R.S. Turner). The sacs (Fig. 2) of this species, of which I
have very many specimens, very closely resemble those of R. araucarie. The sacs of
the female are all large, indicating that the species is naked till full grown.

The following observations are from Prof. Riley’s MS. notes:

Specimens of this coccid were received March 29, 1882, from A. Koebele, Archer,
Fla., infesting both the trunk and twigs of live oak. Males were just issuing in con-
siderable numbers when received. Their color is reddish, eyes black, antennsz and
legs paler red, thoracic band black. Wings faintly yellowish, somewhat iridescent,
with the veins slightly darker. The whole insect is covered with a delicate whitish
layer of a mealy excretion. The white anal filaments are longer than the whole
insect, including the antennsz. The young females are dull greenish yellow. The
old females are purplish, and the eggs pale purplish. Some of the scales were in-
fested by Dakruma coccidivora, and others by the larve of a Scymnus which were
feeding on the eggs.

The following observations, which relate to this or an allied species,
are also copied from Prof. Riley’s MS. notes:

March 1, 1820, received from Dr. J. H. Mellichamp, of Bluffton, S. C., some twigs
of Quercus myrtifolia infested by a coccid. The scales are white and have a silky ap-
pearance; they are mostly oblong-oval in form, but sometimes shorter. The eggs
under these scales are regularly oval, whitish pink in color, opaque, semi-transparent,
without visible sculpture, and held together by short, interwoven threads that some-
what resemble cotton batting. The scales are found in clusters at the base of the
more slender twigs, others single, while a few stray to the leaves. One cluster of
these scales was infested by a lepidopterous larva about two-thirds of an inch in
length and of a dirty greenish-gray color. This larva kept concealed under the
scales and wherever it pierced them it closed up the holes with a delicate web. It
spun for itself a silken cocoon, March 3, at the bottom of the jar and issued on April
19. The eggs of the coccid hatched from the 6th to 20th of March. All died.

54. Chionaspis quercus Comstock.
(Plate xxvil, Fig. 3.)

This scale insect, according to Professor Comstock (Ag. Rep. 1880),
lives on white oak (Quercus lobata) in San Fernando Valley, California.

104 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The females occur on the bark of the small limbs; the males upon the
leaves.

Scale of female.—The scale of the female is long, narrow at the anterior end, much
widened posteriorly, and quite convex. The exuviz are brownish yellow; the secre-
tion, of which the remainder of the scale is composed, is white; but all of my speci-
mens appear dark gray, being more orless covered with the hairs of the stem to which
she scale was attached, and with dust. Length of scale 2™™ (.08 inch).

Female.—The last segment of the female presents the following characters :

The anterior groupof spinnerets consists of about ten; the anterior laterals of sev-
enteen to twenty, and the posterior laterals of ten to eighieen.

This species differs from all Diaspinez known to me in having a single undivided
lobe on the meson; this lobe is large and rounded distally. The second and third
lobes of each side are very small and are laterad of small incisions in the margin of
the segment. In each case there is a reniform thickening of the body wall bound-
ing each incision anteriorly. There is also asimilarincision with a rudimentary lobe
and reniform thickening of the body wall about midway between third lobe and
penultimate segment.

The plates are inconspicuous and spine-like; there are usually one or two laterad
of second ventral spine, two or three between third and fourth lobe, and usually five
between fourth lobe and penultimate segment. The penultimate and antepenultimate
segments bear six each; those on the latter are much expanded at the base.

The spines are long and conspicuous; those on the dorsal surface are situated as
follows: One on each side at the base of the lateral margin of median lobe, one
laterad of each of the second and third lobes, and a fourth one near the center of the
anterior group of plates. Those on the ventral surface are as follows: A short one
nearly ventrad of the first dorsal spine, a large one laterad of each of the second and
third dorsal spines, and a fourth one a little cephalad of the tourth dorsal spine.

Scale of the male.—The scaie of the male is snowy white, with the larval skin very
light vellow. The texture of the scale is quite loose and the carine prominent;
length, 1.25"™ (.05 inch).

Male.—The adult male isas yet unknown; many pupe were collected August 17,
1880. Specimens of these mounted in basalm are bright yellow in color, with eyes
purplish black. Fully grown male larve in basalm are yellowish brown.

Described from four scales of the female, four females, hundreds of scales of the
male, and many male pupe2 and larve.

Mr. W. H. Ashmead has kindly allowed me to reprint, with his addi-
tions and corrections, the following:

OATALOGUE OF NORTH AMERICAN CYNIPIDZ LIVING ON THE OAK.
CYNIPIDZ.

Division I.—PSENID&, or True Gall-makers.

BELONOCNEMA, Mayr.
55. treatee, Mayr. Die Gen. d. Gallenbw. Cynip. p. 16.

AMPHIBOLIPS, Reinhard.

56. spongifica, O.S. (Cynips) Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. ii p. 244.
57. coccinie, O.S. 1. c. p. 242. Z
58. nubilipennis, Harris (Cynips) Ins. Inj. Veg. p. 434; Fitch Rep. 2nd, No, 318.

OAK GALL-FLIES. 105

AMPHIBOLIPS, Beinhard—Continued.

59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.

inanis, O.S. (Cynips) 1. c. ante i, p. 61.

ceelebs, O.S. (Cynips) 1. c. p. 61.

ilicifolize, Bass. (Cynips) 1. c. iii, p. 682.

formosa, Bass. (Cynips) 1. ¢. p. 679.

sculpta, Bass. (Cynips) 1. ¢. ii, p. 324.

phellos, O.S. (Cynips) 1. c.i, p. 70.

cinerea, Ashm. (Cynips) Proc. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. xix.
racemaria, Ashm. (Cynips) |. ¢. p. xxvi.
citriformis, Ashm. (Cynips) 1. ¢. p. xxviii.
fuliginosa, Ashm. (Cynips) 1. c. 1885, p. vii.
melanocera, Ashm. Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. xii, p. 299.
prunus, Walsh (Cynips) Am. Ent. i, p. 104.

ANDRICUS, Hartig.

a
72.
Scio.
74.
75.
76.

77.
78.
79,
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.

86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.

S. G. CALLIRHYTIS Forster.

agrifolice, Bass. (Cynips) Can. Ent. vol. xiii, p.53.

suttoni, Bass. (Cynips) 1. c. p. 54.

californicus, Bass. (Cynips) |. ¢. p. 51.

capsula, Bass. (Cynips) 1. ¢. p. 101.

conigerus, O.S.(Cynips) Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. ii, p. 251, vol. v, p. 358.

seminator, Harris (Vynips) Ins. Inj. Veg. p.548; Fitch, Rep. 2d N. Y. State.
Agr. Soc. p. 315.

similis, Bass. (Cynips) Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. iii, p. 685.

futilis, O.S. (Cynips) 1. c. pp. 63-64.

tumifica, O. 8. (Cynips) 1. ¢. v, p. 683.

scitula, Bass. (Cynips) 1. ¢. iii, p. 683.

clavula, Bass. (Cynips) 1. c. p. 685.

operator, O.S. (Cynips) 1. ¢. ii, pp. 256-257.

palustris, O.S. (Cynips) |. ¢.1, p. 63.

nigre, O.S. (Cynips) 1. ¢. i, p. 66.

tuber, Fitch (Cynips) Rep. 2d N. Y. State Agr. Soc. p. 309; Bassett. Proc. Ent
Soe. Phil. iii, p. 685. ;

modesta, O. S. (Cynips) 1. c. i, p. 66.

notha, O. S. ( Cynips) 1. c. p. 58.

podagree, Walsh (Cynips) Proc. Ent. Soe. iii, p. 492.

futilis, O. S. (Cynips) 1. c. i, pp. 63-64.

papillatus, O. S. (Cynips) 1. c. p. 64.

quercifoliz, Ashm. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xii, p. 299.

8. G. ANDRICUS, Hartig.

. tubicola, O. 8. (Cynips) Proc. Ent. Soe. i, p. 60.

. singularis, Bass. (Cynips) 1. c. ii, p. 326; Walsh, vol. ii, p. 485.

. osten sackenii, Bass. (Cynips) 1. ¢. p. 327.

©). ventricosus, Bass. (Cynips) 1. ¢. iii, p. 681.

. lana, Fitch (Cynips) Fifth Report, No. 316.

. confluens, Harris (Cynips) Ins. Inj. Veg. p. 433; 0. S. Proc. Ent. Soe. i, p. 57.
. petiolicola, Bass. (Cynips) Proce. ii, p. 325.

. fusiformis, O. S. (Cynips) 1. e. i, p. 61.

100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.

flocci, Walsh (Cynips) 1. ¢. vol. iv, p. 482.
ignotus, Bass. (Cynips) Can. Ent. vol. xiii, p. 106.
cinerosus, Bass. (Cynips) 1. c. p. 110.

utriculus, Bass. (Cynips) 1. ¢. p. 78.

californicus, Bass. (Cynips) 1. ¢. p. 51.
pomiformis, Bass (Cynips) 1. ¢. p. 74.

106 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ANDRICUS, Hartig—Continued.
8. G. ANDRICUS, Hartig—Continued.

106. Pattoni, Bass. (Cynips) 1. c. p. 98.

107. coxii, Bass. (Cynips) 1. ¢. p. 112.

108. papula, Bass. (Cynips) 1. c. p. 107.

109. batatoides, Ashm. (Cynips) Proc. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. xi.
110. foliatus, Ashm. (Cynips) 1. ¢. p. xili.

111. lanigera, Ashm. ( Cynips) 1. ©. p. xiii.

112. catesbeei, Ashm. (Cynips) 1. c. p. xv.

113. turnerii, Ashm. (Cynips) |. ¢. p. xvi.

114. rugosus, Ashm. (Cynips) 1. ¢. p. xviii.

115. medulle, Ashm. (Cynips) 1. c. 1885, p. viii.
116. gemmarius, Ashm. (Cynips) 1. c. 1885, p. ix.
117. capsualus, Ashm. (Cynips) 1. e. 1885, p. ix.
118. virens, Ashm. (Cynips) 1. c. 1881, p. x.

119. succinipes, Ashm. (Cynips)1. c. p. xi.

120. clavigerus, Ashin. (Cynips) |. ¢. p. xxvii.
121. omnivorus, Ashi. (Cynips) 1. ¢. 1885, p. vi.
122. gibbosus, Prov. Le Nat. Can. vol. xii, p. 232.
123. quinqueseptum, n. sp.

CYNIPS, Linn.

124. strobilana, O. 8. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. ii, p. 254; Bassett, 1. c. vi, p. 690.
125. echinus, O. S. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 56.

ACRASPIS, Mayr.

126. pezomachoides, O. S. ( Teras) 1. ¢. ii, p. 250.
127. erinacei, Walsh (Teras) 1. c. ii, p. 483.

BIORHIZA, Westw.

128. forticornis, Walsh (Cynips) 1. ¢. ili, p. 490; (Teras) O. S. 1. c. iv, p. 379.
129, hirta, Bass. ( Cynips) 1. ¢. iii, p. 688; (Zeras) O. 8. 1. c. iv, p. 379.

130. fulvicollis, Fitch ( Philonix) Rep. No. 291; (Teras) O. 8.1. ¢. p. 379.
131. nigricollis, Fitch (Philonix) 1. c. No. 292; (Teras) O. S. 1. ¢. iv, p. 379.
132. nigra, Fitch, Fifth Rep. No. 290.

133. loxaulis, Mayr, mammula, Bass. (Cynips) Can. Ent. xiii, p. 76.

-

HOLCASPIS, Mayr.

134. globulus, Fitch (Callaspidia) Fifth Rep. No. 313; (Cynips) O.S.1. c. ante
vol. i, p. 67; Bassett, 1. c. vol. ii, p. 328.

135. centricola, O. S. (Cynips) |. c. vol. i, p. 58.

136. tenuicornis, Bass. (Cynips) Can. Ent. vol. xiii, p. 92.

137. ficula, Bass. (Cynips) 1. c¢. xii, p. 75.

138. ficigera, Ashm. (Cynips) Proc. Ent. Soc. 1885, p. vi.

DRYOPHANTA, Forster.

139. gemmula, Bass. (Cynips) Can. Ent. vol, xiii, p. 104.
140. nubila, Bass. (Cynips) 1. ¢. p. 56.

141. bella, Bass. (Cynips) 1. ¢. p. 56.

142. polita, Bass. (Cynips) l. c. p. 56.

143. aquaticze, Ashm. (Cynips) Proc. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. xvi.
144. laurifoliz, Ashm. (Cynips) 1. c. p. xvii.

‘OAK GALL-FLIES. 107

NEUROTERUS, Hartig.

145. batata, Bass. (Cynips) Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. iii, p. 684; Fitch, Fifth Rep. No.
311.

146. noxiosus, Bass. (Cynips) Can. Ent. xiii, p. 108.

147. vesiculus, Bass. (Cynips) Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 11i, p. 683.

148, irregularis, O. 8S. (Cynips) 1. c. i, p. 65.

149. verrucarum, O.S. (Cynips) l. c. p. 62.

150. minutus, Bass. (Cynips) Can. Ent. vol. xiii, p. 96.

151. floccosus, Bass. (Cynips) 1. c. p. 111.

152. affinis, Bass. (Cynips) 1. c. p. 103.

153. piger, Bass. (Cynips) 1. c. p. 105.

154. corrugis, Bass. (Cynips) 1. c. p. 109.

155. majalis, Bass. (Cynips) Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila. iii, p. 683.

156. rileyi, Bass. (Cynips) Am. Nat. 1881, p. 149; Am. Ent. vol. iii, p. 153 (figure
of gall).

157. crassitelus, Prov. Le Nat. Can. vol. xii, p. 232.

158. minutissimus, Ashm. (Cynips) Proc. Ent. Soc. 1885, p. vii.

159. confusus, Ashm. (Cynips) 1. ¢. 1881, p. xviii.

160. coniferus, Ashm. (Cynips) 1. c. p. xxvii.

The following species were characterized from the galls alone and their ge-
neric position is uncertain :

161. Cynips pilulz, Walsh Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila. vol. iii, p. 481.
162. Cynips juglans, Osten Sacken 1. c. vol. ii, p. 256.
163. Cynips cicatricula, Bassett, Can. Ent. vol. xii, p. 105,

Division IJ.—INQUILIN&, or Guest Gall-flies.*

PERICLISTIS, Forster.

sylvestris, O. 8S. (Aulax) Proc, Ent. Soc. Phila. vol. iii, p. 37.
pirata, O. S (Aulax)1. ¢, vol. i, p. 64.

futilis, O. S. (Aulax) 1. c. vol. i, p. 64.

semipiceus, Harris (Cynips) Ins. Inj. Veg. p. 549.

CEROPTRES, Hartig.

ficus, Fitch (Cynips) Fifth Rep. No. 314.

petiolicola, O. S. (Amblynotus) 1. c. vol. i, p. 67; vol. v, p. 380.
Amblynotus ensiger Walsh, 1. c. vol. ii, p. 496.

inermis, Walsh (Amblynotus) 1. ¢. vol. ii, p. 598; (Ceroptres) 1. ce. vol. v, p. 380.

arbos, Fitch (Cynips) Fifth Rep. No. 310.

tuber, Fitch (Cynips) |. ce. No. 309.

obtusilobz, Ashm. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xii, p. 301.

citriformis, Ashm. 1. ¢. p. 300.

pomiformis, Ashm. l. c. p. 300.

virentis, Ashm. l. c. p. 300.

succinipedis, Ashm. l. c. p. 300.

lanigere, Ashm. I. c. p. 301.

minutissimi, Ashm. 1. ¢. p. 301.

catesbei, Ashm. |. c. 301.

SYNERGUS, Hartig.

lignicola, O. S. Proc. Ent. Soe. vol. ii, p. 252; rhoditiformis Walsh 1. c, p. 499.
oneratus, Harris (Cynips) Ins. Inj. Veg. 3d ed. p. 548; Fitch Second Rep. No.
313; (Synergus) Osten Sacken |. c. ante vol. v, p. 380.

*As these are parasites on the other gall-flies, they are not numbered as injurious
to the oak. c

108 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

SYNERGUS, Hartig—Continued.
leviventris, O.S8. (Synophrus) 1. c. vol. i, p. 54; Walsh vol. ii, p. 494; (Synergus)
ONSalnc. vol; vanpe acu:
campanula, O. S. 1. ¢. vol. v, p. 376.
dimorphus, O. 8. 1. ¢. vol. v, p. 376.
albipes, Walsh (Synophrus) 1. c. vol. ii, p. 496.
medax, Walsh 1. ¢. vol. iv, p. 498.
ficigerze, Ashm. Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. xii, p. 301.
coniferze, Ashm. 1. c. p. 301.
batatoides, Ashm. l. ¢c. p. 3C1.
bicolor, Ashm. 1. ¢. p. 302.
medulle, Ashm. 1. c. p. 302.

SAPHOLYTUS, Forster.

gemmarie, Ashm. l. c. p. 302.

Division III.—FIGITIN#, or the Parasites.

ANACHARIS, Dalman.
subcompressa, Prov. (Eucoila) |. c. (ante) vol. xii, p. 237.
ONY CHIA, Dalman.
quinquelineata, Say (Diplolepsis) Le Conte’s Ed. Say’s Works vol. ii, p. 716;
(Figites) Prov. Le Nat. Can. xii. p. 237.
armata, Say (Diplolepsis) 1. c. ii, p. 716; (Figites) Prov. 1. ¢. xii, 238.
EUCOILA, Westwood.
stigmata, Say (Figites) 1. c. ii, p. 718.
Kleidotoma maculipennis, Prov. 1. ¢. xii, 237.
impatiens, Say (Diplolepsis) 1. ¢. ii, p. 716.
Kleidotoma cupulifera, Prov. 1. c. xii, 238.
pedata, Say (Diplolepsis) 1. ¢. ii, p. 717.
mellipes, Say (/igites) 1. c. ii, p. 718.
Kleidotoma minima, Prov. 1. ¢. xii, p. 238.
KLEIDOTOMA, Westwood.
vagabunda, Ashm. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xii, p. 302.

FIGITES, Latreille.
impatiens, Say l. ¢. ii, p. 718.
? chinquapin, Fitch Fifth Rep. No. 320,
4iGILIPS, Halliday.
? aciculatus, Prov. 1. c. (ante) vol. xii, p. 239.
? obtusilobe, O.S. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila. vol. i, p. 68.
IBALIA, Latreille.
ensiger, Norton 1. c. vol. i, p. 200.
anceps, Say, Le Conte’s Ed. Say’s Works, vol. i, p. 218.
maculipennis, Hald. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. vol. iii, p. 127.
rufipes, Cress. Proc. Ent. Sec. A. N.S. 1879, p. xvii.
montana, Cress. |. c. 1879, p. xvii.

Mr. W. H. Ashmead has published in the Transactions of the Ameri-
can Entomological Society for 1886, pp. 303-304, the following list of
the species of oak on which the North American CYNIPID are found,
with a list of the described species (129 in number) inhabiting each kind
of oak. Mr. Ashmead has kindly revised and added to the list, bring-
ing it down to 1888.

OAK GALL-FLIES.

THE Oaks (Cupulifere).

ENCENO OAK.
(Quercus agrifolia.)
Andricus pomiformis, Bassett.
Callirhytis agrifolia, B.
Cynips echinus, O. 8.

WHITE OAK.

(Quercus alba.)

Acraspis pezomachoides, O. S.
forticornis, Walsh.
Andricus fusiformis, O. 8.
lana, Fitch.
utriculus, B.
floccit, W.
Callirhytis clavula, B.
tuber, F.
futilis, O.S.
seminator, Harris.
Cynips juglans, O. S.
cicatricula, B.
pisum, F.
Dryophanta carolina.
Holcaspis globulus, ¥.
Loxaulis mammula, B.
Neuroterus batatus, B.
majalis, B.
minutus, B.
vesiculus, B.

WATER OAK.

(Quercus aquatica.)
Dryophanta aquatice, Ashm.
Andricus turnerii, A.
Amphibolips melanocera, A.
Callirhytis aquatica, A.
SWAMP WHITE OAK.
(Quercus bicolor.)
Andricus ignotus, B.
Acraspis lane-globuli, A.
echini, A.
Callirhytis capsulus, B.
Cynips strobilana, O. S.
Yeuroterus noxiosus, B.
fluccosus, B.

BLACK JACK, OR SCRUB OAK,
(Quercus Catesbai.)
Andricus catesbwi, A.
omnivorus, A.
capsualus, A.
infuscatus, A.
cryptus, A.

109

UPLAND WILLOW, OR BLUE JACK OAK,

(Quercus cinerea. )
Amphibolips cinerea, A.
Andricus omnivorus, A.
medulla, A.
gemmarius, A.
capsualus, A.
saltatus, A.
difficilis, A.
blastophagus, A.
Dryophanta cineree, A.
SCARLET OAK.
(Quercus coccinea. )
Amphibolips coccinew, O. S.
nanus, O. S.
Andricus osten-sackenii, B.

SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK.
(Quercus prinus.)
Andricus papillatus, B.
Callirhytis seminator, H.
Holcaspis rugosa, B.
Neuroterus majalis, B.

LAUREL OAK.
(Quercus laurifolia.)
Amphibolips racemaria, A.
citriformis, A.
spinosa, A.
Andricus rugosus, A.
clavigerus, A.
calycicola, A.
femoratus, A.
Callirhytis calla, A.
Eumayria floridana, A.
Holcaspis fuliginosa, A.
Neuroterus confusus, A.
coniferus, A.
longipennis, A.
laurifolic, A.

BURR OAK, OVERCUP OAK.
(Quercus ficula
Holcaspis ficula, B.
LIVE OAK.
(Quercus virens
Andricus foliatus, A.
lanigerus, A.
virens, A.
Belonocnema treate Mayr.
Holcaspis omnivora, A.
ficigera, A.
Neuroterus minutissimus, A.

110 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

BLACK-JACK OAK, BARREN OAK,
(Quercus nigra. )
Callirhytis nigre, O. S.
operator, O. 8.
podagre, W.

PIN OAK, SWAMP SPANISH OAK.
(Quercus palustris. )
Callirhytis cornigera, O. S.
palustris, O. S.
notha, O. S.

WILLOW OAK.
(Quercus phellos.)

Amphibolips phellos, O. S.

CHESTNUT OAK.
(Quercus castaned.)

Neuroterus rileyi, B.

HINDS’S OAK.
(Quercus hindsii.)

Andricus californicus, B.

MOUNTAIN CHESTNUT OAK.
(Quercus montana. )

Andricus petiolicola, B.
Biorhiza fulvicollis, F.
hirta, B.

OAK.
(Quercus prinoides ?)
Dryophanta gemmula, B.
Holeaspis rugosa, B.
Neuroterus affinis, B.
corrugis, B.

RED OAK,
(Quercus rubra.)
Amphibolips nubilipennis, H.
celebs, O.S.
formosa, B.
sculpta, B.
Andricus singularis, B.
confluens, B.
papulus, B.
Callirhytis modesta, O.S.
punctata, B.
Cynips pilule, W.

POST OAK.
(Quercus obtusiloba.)

Andricus tubicola, O. 8.
pattoni, B.
omnivorous, A.
floridanus Ashm.
topiarius, A.
stropus, A.
cinnamomeus, A.

Acraspis vaccinii, A.

Biorhiza mellea, A.

Callimytis parvifolie, A.

Dryophanta polita, B.

Holcaspis centricola, O. S.
jicula, B.

Loxaulis mammula, B.

Neuroterus verrucarum, O.S.

irregularis, O.S.
pattoni, B.

BLACK OAK, YELLOW-BARKED OAK,

(Quercus tinctoria.)
Amphibolips spongifica, O. S.
Andricus papulus, B.
Callirhytis tumifica, O. 8.

podagre, W.

scitula, B.

Neuroterus ‘piger, B.

OAK.
(Quercus ilicifolia.)
Amphibolips ilicifolia, B.
Andricus osten-sackenii, B.
ventricosus, B.
conigerus, O. S.
Callirhytis similis, B.
palustris, O. S.

ON UNKNOWN OAKS.

Andricus cinerosus, B.
coxii, B.
Callirhytis suttonii, B.
Dryophanta nubila, B.
bella, B.
texana, A.

| Holcaspis tenuicornis, B.

==

OAK GALL-FLIES. 11

The following species of Cynipidz are not arranged systematically
or by their modern genera, but so far as practicable by the species of
oak on which they live.

THE OAK-FIG GALL-FLY.
Cynips quercus-ficus Fitch.
Order HYMENOPTERA; family CYNIPID&.

Surrounding the twigs of white oaks in a dense cluster, resembling preserved figs
packed in boxes, each molded to the shape of those pressing against its sides, hollow
bladder-like galls of the pale dull yellow color of a faded oak leaf, each gall produc-
ing a small black fly with the lower half of its head, its antennx, and legs pale dull
yellow, its hind shanks dusky, and its abdomen beneath reddish-brown, its antenne
with fifteen and in the female thirteen joints. Length .06, females .10, and to the
end of their wings .14. (Fitch.)

Galls which apparently belong to the above species were received
June 10, 1882, from Miss Kath. Parsons, South Lancashire, Mass., who
‘found them on the oak at Breakheart Hill, Saugus, Mass., and several
of the gall-flies were bred from them between July 1 and July 13.

Apparently the same kind of galls were found July 20, 1883, in Vir-
ginia on Q. alba. From these issued, from August 16, 1883, to April
21, 1884, numerous parasites, belonging to the genera Torymus, Ormy-
rus, Decatoma, and a Cecidomyid.

The Cynips, which are wingless, differ from those from Miss Parsons
in that they were winged. They commenced to issue January 30, 1834,
and kept on issuing through the whole of February.

From a few galls, received March 19, 1883, two specimens, also wing-
less, issued February 9, 1884, and large numbers of wingless insects
issued from a lot of galls collected by Mr. Koebele at Meredith Village,
N. H., in September, 1883, in the same month. Among these last was
also one winged specimen of probably a different species. (Riley’s un-
published notes.)

THE OAK-POTATO GALL-FLY.

Cynips quercus-batatus Fitch.

Order HYMENOPTERA; family CYNIPID&.

A large, hard, uneven swelling, three-fourths of an inch thick and twice or thrice
as long, reseinbling a potato in its shape, growing on white-oak twigs more distant
from their ends than the oak-tumor; producing a small black gall-fly with the basal
joints of its antenne and its legs dull pale yellow, its thighs and hind shanks black,
and its middle shanks often dusky, the antennz in the female with thirteen joints,
and the length of this sex .09. (Fitch.)

THE OAK-BULLET GALL-FLY.
Callaspidia quercus-globulus Fitch and Cynips oneratus Harris.
Order HYMENOPTERA; family CYNIPID®.

Smooth, globular galls the size of a bullet, growing singly, or two, three, or more in
a cluster, upon white-oak twigs, internally of a corky texture, each containing in its
center a single worm, lying in an oval whitish shell resembling a little egg .15 in

112. FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

length; producing sometimes a black gall-fly with tawny-red legs and the second
veinlet of its wings elbowed or angularly bent backwards, its length .15; sometimes
a smaller fly (C. oneratus) of a clear pale yellow color, almost white, with a broad
black stripe the whole length of its back, which color in the males is more extended,
reaching down upon the sides, its length .12. (Fitch.)

These species are parasitized by two chalcid flies, Macroglenes querci-
globuli Fitch and Pteromalus onerati Fitch.

THE WOOL-SOWER GALL-FLY.
Cynips seminator Harris.
Order HYMENOPTERA; family CYNIPID.

A round mass resembling wool, from the size of a walnut to that of a goose egg,
growing on the side of or surrounding white-oak twigs in June, of a pure white color,
or tinged or speckled with rose-red, and in autumn the color of sponge; producing
small shining black gall-flies with bright tawny yellow legs and antenna, and in the
female the head and thorax cinnamon-red; their antennez of fifteen and fourteen
joints; length .08, and females .1l inch. (Fitch.)

THE OAK-TUMOR GALL-FLY.

Cynips quercus-tuber Fitch.
Order HYMENOPTERA; Family CYNIPIDZ.

On or near the ends of the small limbs and twigs of the white oak, bard irregular
swellings thrice as thick as the twig below them, the bark upon them of a brighter
cherry-red color than elsewhere, and their substance internally corky and woody;
produced by the stings of a small black gall-fly, with dull pale yellow antennez, mouth,
and legs, its hind shanks and its antenne towards their tips being dusky, its length
.08 and to the tips of its wings .13. (Fitch.)

THE OAK-TREE GALL-FLY.
Cynips quercus-arbos Fitch.
Order HYMENOPTERA; family CYNIPID.

Swellings similar to those above described, growing on the tips of the limbs of aged
and large white-oak trees ; producing a small black gall-fly having all its legs and
antenne of a bright pale yellow color, and one more joint in the latter organs than
in the preceding species in the males, which sex is .06 in length, and to the tips of
its wings .10. (Fitch.)

The following observations are from Professor Riley’s unpublished
notes:

Cynips quercus-seminator Harris.

Galls of this species were found on twigs of Q. alba in May and June in Virginia,
and the flies and several species of Chalcidians issued from them.

The Cynipids are the true sexes, and were issuing June 13, and the parasites, among
which was also a Cecidomyid, issuing from June till November 12.

Many of the galls were placed with a small tree of Q. alba and covered with gauze
for observation, but notwithstanding the great number of flies, not a single gall was
produced on leaves or twigs.

OAK GALL-FLIES. 113

C. q.-batatus Bassett.

Found in Virginia June 13, 1883, numerous galls on a small shrub of Q. alba, which
apparently belong to the above species. Onsome of the large branches all the young
twigs were deformed. Most of the Cynipids seem to have issued, as only asingle
specimen was bred June 14.

Between June 14 and July 3 four different species of Chalcidians were bred.

Cynips q.-strobilana Osten Sacken.

Dr. Engelmann found this gall on Q. bicolor February 10, 1872, containing at this
date fully formed larve.

The same gall on Q. alba wasalso received from G. W. Lettermann, Allenton, Mo.,
November 10, 1673. Nothing was bred from any of them, but when opened in 1881
they were found to contain the perfect fly and pupe.

C. g.-pezomachoides Osten Sacken.

On Q. alba. Received November 10, 1873, from G. W. Lettermann, Allenton, Mo.

Cynips quercus-clavula Bassett.

Collected in the middle of April, 1870, at St. Louis, Mo., a lot of these galls on Q. alba.
Received also some of the same galls from E. Michener, New Garden, Pa. At this date
the galls are almost all empty; some of them contain, however, different parasites,
among which are Antigaster and a trogositidous beetle and also the dead Cynips.

Galls collected in July contain the larva of parasites. The gall-flies are issuing by

the 20th of July.
Cynips q.-glandulus Riley.

Gall formed on cups of acorns on Q. bicolor, in Chester County, Pa., producing a
very curious swelling of the cupule terminating in a bunch of curly woolly fibers,
the swelling being hard and woody like the acorn and containing in a cavity a ker-
nel.

It is a gall something after the fashion of C. q.-frondosa, and the kernel has the
same crinkled appearance, but is more elongate. It is greenish with a distinct bright
yellowish-brown crown with a point sunken in the middle. In the more perfect
galls the acorn is entirely absorbed.

Cynips q.-duricaria Bass.

Forming small woolly galls on the laurel-leaved oak in Missouri. Galls on both
upper and under surface on the midrib.

Cynips q.-duricaria ?
Received from G. W. Lettermann, Allenton, Mo., November 10, 1873, galls on Q.
alba which probably belong to the above species. Flies are just issuing at this date.
C. q.-globulus Fitch.

Found at St. Louis, Mo., on burr oak and swamp oak. Pup are found in Septem-
ber, the flies issuing in November.

Cynips quercus-palustris O. S.

May 19, 1869. A globular gall, .45 of an inch in diameter, on the leaves of the pin
oak. Usually situated on the midrib and penetrating the leat both above and be-
low; sometimes on a side vein; tolerably smooth; partly translucent; containing a

‘5 ENT——8

114 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

small kernel, usually of an oval form and .08 of an inch long; this kernel perfectly
free and containing the larva. Color of outer gall pale-green, with usually a pale
rosy cheek, and having pale yellowish blotches. Color of inner gall fulvous. The
galls had completed their growth, though the leaves had not been out more than a
week. Flavor subacid. Flies issued during middle of May.

Cynips (Neuroterus) rileyii Bassett.

Received April 25, 1880, from John A. Warder, North Bend, Ohio, some twigs of
Quercus castanea thickly covered with the galls of this insect. Others were received
March 5, 1883, from J. G. Barlow, Cadet, Mo. Cynipids issue during April and early
May. They are preyed upon by a species of Chalcid.

C. q.-sculpta Bass.

A translucent gallon Q. imbricaria. This is Bassett’s C. q. sculpta, which he gets
from Q. rubra. The fly has cloudy wings and is probably nubilipennis Harr. Harris
probably described the gall, but not correctly.

Cynips g.-cornigera O. S.

Found on Q. imbricaria, St. Louis, Mo. Galls of the same species were also obtained
at Ridgewood, N. J., on Q. palustris, and the flies were issuing for two weeks after
September 8, 1871. They are the true sexes and were very active.

Cynips q.-pedunculata.

Received May 22, 1883, from J. G Barlow, Cadet, Mo., one of these galls, found
growing on the margin of Q. obtusiloba. Several were also found May 23 at Wash-
ington, D. C., on leaves of Q. prinos; a large number of them were, however, de-
stroyed by birds which had eaten them, leaving only the petiole.

The flies were issuing from May 26to June 5. Some were confined to some leaves
and twigs on the same oak, covered with gauze, but no galls were formed.

On the 6th of May, 1884, the galls were found to be already fully formed.

C. q.-ventricosa Bass. ?

In May, 1870, it was observed that a week before the 8th of that month there was
no trace yet of any galls, while on the 8th they were almost fully grown. Large
clusters of these galls up to fourteen and more aggregate around a twig, each ap-
pressed to one another and terminating in a prominent nipple. Color, green with a
roseate tint and thickly covered with bluish-white hairy pubescence. Inside dense
and spongy, becoming harder towards the cell. Flavor pleasantly subacid or rather
insipid. Larval cell at base close to twig. Larva quite small at this date.

By July 31 a very different growth has formed around the twigs of the same trees,
caused by several spherical growths around the axis, which, as they enlarge, become
closely confluent.

Their outside is green and roughened with a number of fulvous blotches, very
much like the green bark. Flesh tough, yellowish, insipid and leathery, becoming
whiter and more leathery towards the twig. It does not look like a fungus, and yet
has no trace of insects, though in the more woody center there are pellucid spots
which would indicate it to be a gall.

Similar galls were found by Mr. Bassett in October, 1871, on red oak and on Q. ilici-
folia. : .

It was found also on Q. imbricaria, May 20, 1873, at St. Louis, Mo.

Some old galls which were opened contained the dead gall-flies and three different
parasites.

OAK GALL-FLIES. 115
Cynips suttonti Bass.

Received September 2‘, 1882, from William Sutton, San Francisco, three very large
galls belonging to above species, found on twigs of @. lobata. Several of the gall-
flies issued November 8, 1882, and another one January 2, 1883. Chalcidians issued
from January 2 to 13, 1883.

Cynips q.-floccicola Riley.
Producing a fuzzy gall on underside of leaves of swamp oak.
C. 4.-decidua Bass.

Received November 10, 1873, from G. W. Lettermann, Allenton, Mo., apparently
the same or a very similar gall to C. q. flocci, on twig of white oak. The insects were,
however, in the larva state July 8, 1874. Nothing was bred.

A lot of galls, which also resemble those of flocci, were received February 14, 1879,
from E. A. Schwarz, Jackson, Miss., but a fly which had issued on the way appears
to be identical with C. q. decidua. Some of the galls contained Chalcidian larvz.

C. q.-flocci W.

Found galls on white oak September 27, 1870, at St. Louis, Mo. Found apparently
the same galls also on black oak, burr oak and red oak.

C. lane Fitch is perhaps synonymous.

Bassett has another gall with totally different kernel.

I have insects and the gall of his flocci.

Flies from galls on post oak issued January 20, 172.

Cynips q.-prunus Walsh.

One gall of the above species was received June 11, 1882, from D. S. Sheldon,
Griswold College, Davenport, Iowa, and some dry galls from J. G. Barlow, Cadet,
Mo., March 18, 1883.

Cynips q.-tubicola O. S.

Galls of this insect were received December 31, 1878, from W. B. Flippier, of Tell-
ville, Ark. They were found on the leaves of post oak. Others galls were also
received from Dr. J. W. Sparkman, Plantersville, S.C. The flies issued during the
months of January and February, 1879. There also issued quite a number of a
greenish-black chalcid fly. Prof. W. S. Barnard also collected the gall at Atlanta,
Ga., in November, 1880, from which the cynipids and a chalcid which is very likely
identical with those referred to above, issued during January and February, 1881.

Cynips caducus W. (?)

Round galls in clusters on the midrib on underside of leaf of Quercus undulata, of
the size of a very small pea. Collected October 10, 1874, and examined December 16,
1876, when one cynipid was found. This gall looks much like 159%. October 1, 1880,
received the same gall from J. Schenck, of Mt. Carmel, Ills., found on Q. muhlembergii.
The larve were only just hatching; gall tasteless, a pale circle around the larva.

It is evidently caducus W.

Cynips q.-spongifica O. S.

May 19, 1870. Galls are found to contain pupe at this date. Flies issued May 31.

116 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

FERDING ON THE BUDS.

160. Mamestra detracta Walk.

The following observations have been recorded by Professor Riley : *

Larve of this species were noticed, April 30, 1884, near Rock Creek, Washington,
D. C., feeding at night on the buds of oak, and others were seen resting on the twigs
of different kinds of trees and shrubs.

They transformed to pupx by the 2d of May, and the moths commenced issuing by
the 23d of the same month. The pupa is quite active, and if placed on a table is
able to crawl readily, on account of the spines along its sides.

Moth.—Dark gray. Hind wings black. Expanse of wings, 1.20 inches.

161. Agrotis alternata Grt.

The larve of the above species were observed, during April, 1884, to climb all
kinds of trees and shrubs and to feed on the buds, especially those of the oak and
hickory. They seemed to prefer, however, the hickory, as on some of the smaller
bushes almost every bud had a hole, sometimes even two or three, and the worms
may often be observed when feeding to have penetrated so far that only about one-
half of their body projects from the bud. On one small oak shrub six of these larvae
were found at work. Numbers of these larve were also noticed at night to feed on
the liquid which was placed on the trunk of oak trees for the purpose of capturing
moths. They would feed in confinement on almost any kind of leaves from trees and
shrubs and also on grass. By the 1st of May numbers of them were noticed every
evening, as soon as it became dark, to ascend the trunks of the trees and shrubs.

Some begin at this date to enter the ground for transformation, and the moths issue
from the 6th to about the end of June. (Riley.)

Moth.—Color reddish brown, sprinkled with dark brown atoms. Lines obliterated.
No white along the costa. Subterminal space darker than the rest. The wings
tinged with grayish; no ante-apicalspot. Expanse of wings, 1.50inches. (French.)

162. Scopelosoma sidus Guen.

This (writes Prof. Riley) is one of the earliest noctuids of the season.
Specimens which were captured March 24, 1884, at sugar, commenced
to deposit their eggs the following day, the larvae hatching therefrom
in about fifteen days. Not finding any leaves they commenced at once
to attack the leaf-buds of oak, wild cherry, apple, peach, and perhaps
other trees and shrubs, into which they bore.

The larve commence entering the ground by about the 10th of May,
and the moths emerge from the last of September to the early part of
November, many, however, remaining as pup till the next spring.

Larve of the species were found in May at St. Louis, Mo., feeding
on blackberry, the moth issuing in October.

Eggs.—Globular, with numerous fine ridges, of a yellowish-white, which gradually
changes into a light brownish color.

The newly hatched larve are whitish with black head and dusky thoracic plate and
legs. The first molt takes place about seven days after hatching, and with it
there is quite a change in coloration. The thoracic segments, a broad lateral stripe,

and the anal segment are reddish. The warts are prominent, black, bearing a short,
fine hair.

*For this habit of low-plant feeders eating the buds of trees in early spring, see
Weismann’s Studies in the Theory of Descent, i, 271.

INSECTS INJURING OAK LEAVES. je a

After four to six days the second skin is cast and the color has become atill darker.
Head honey yellow. Cervical shield polished black. Thoracic and first abdomina!
segment brownish. Dorsal space light green or whitish, with the medial line and
subdorsal stripe white, a brown line above stigmata and broad white lateral line.
Venter light green. Piliferous warts white, furnished with a fine, short, pale hair.

Four or five days later the fourth and fifth molts take place. (Riley’s unpublished
notes. )

INJURING THE LEAVES.

163. THE FOREST TENT-CATERPILLAR.

Clisiocampa disstria Hiibner; (Clisiocampa sylvatica Harris).

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCID.

A caterpillar like the apple-tree tent-caterpillar, but differing from it in having ‘a
row of oval white spots instead of a white stripe along its back; the colony spinning
a cobweb-like nest against the side of the tree; spinning a whitish cocoon, the moth
appearing early in July.

The nests of this caterpillar, unlike the prominent tents of C. americana,
so abundant in wild-cherry trees and neglected orchards, are seldom
seen, as they are of soslight a texture and are so much less conspicuous
objects than the tent-like whitish nests of C. americana ; but the cater-
pillars are not infrequently met with. After spinning, about the middle
of June in the Northern States, a dense, oblong cocoon, the caterpillar
lies in it about twenty days, the moth appearing the early part of July.
It occurs in the Atlantic and Southern States. Fitch states thatit also
occurs on the apple and cherry, the walnut, and other trees. Dr. Riley
informs me that this is as destructive as any caterpillar to the foliage of
the oak in the Southern States, being far more injurious than stated by
Fitch, who quotes with disapproval Abbot’s statement (Insects of Geor.
gia, p. 117) that they are “sometimes so plentiful in Virginia as to strip
the oak trees bare.”

Boisduval states that this species occurs rarely in California, but Mr.
Stretch states that ‘the occurrence of this species in California, or even
on the Pacific coast of North America, isunknown” tohim. (Papilio,1,
68.)

Mr. James Fletcher* reports that this tent-caterpillar was very
injurious in 1884 in parts of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, “entirely
defoliating large tracts of hard-wood bush.”

‘“‘ It feeds on leaves of different kinds of trees, such as the different
kinds of oak, but seems to do best on the black oak (Quercus tinctoria)
and laurel oak (Q. imbricaria), though it will feed also on post oak (Q.
obtusiloba) and other species. Found also feeding on hickory, locust,
plum, cherry, apple, and peach.” (Riley’s unpublished notes.)

The caterpillar.—Pale blue, sprinkled over with black points and dots. Along the

middle of the back is a row of ten or eleven oval or diamond-shaped white spots; be-
hind each of these spots is a much smaller white spot, occupying the middle of each

* Report of the Entomologist, 1885. Ottawa.

118 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

segment. On the hinder part of each wing are three crinkled and more or less pale,
orange-yellow lines, which are edged with black. On each side also is a continuous
andsome what broader stripe of
the same yellow color, similarly
edged on each side with black.
Lower down on each side of the
body isa paler yellow or cream-
colored stripe, the edges of which
— are more jagged and irregular
: than those of the one above it.
Length 1.50 inches. (Fitch.)

The male moth usually measures
1.20 across its spread wings. Its
thorax is densely coated with soft
hairs of a nankin-yellow color.
Its abdomen is covered with
shorter hairs, which are light um-
ber or cinnamon brown on the
back and tip and paler or nankin-
yellow on the sides. The antennz
are gray, treckled with brown
scales, and their branches are very
dark brown. The face is brown with the tips of the feelers pale gray. The fore
wings are gray, varied more or less with nankin yellow, and they are divided into
three nearly equal portions by two straight, dark-brown lines, which cross them
obliquely, parallel with each other and with the hind margin. The space between
these lines is usually brownish and darker than the rest of the wing, being quite often
of the same dark-brown color as the lines, whereby they become wholly lost. Some-
times the hind stripe is perceptibly margined on its hind side by a pale-yellowish line.
The fringe is of the same dark-brown color with the oblique lines, with two whitish
alternations toward its outer end. But sometimes it is of the same color with the
wings and edged along its tips with whitish. The hind wings are of a uniform pale
umber or cinnamon brown, sometimes broadly grayish on the outer margin, and across
their middle a faint darker brown band is usually perceptible, its edges on each side
indefinite. The fringe is of the same color with the wings or slightly darker and is
tipped with whitish. The underside is paler umber brown, the hind wings often gray,
and both pairs are sometimes crossed by a narrow dark-brown band, which on the
hind wings are curved outside of the middle. All back of this band on both wings
is often paler, and more so near the band.

The female is 1.75 in width, and, in addition to the shortness of the branches of her
antenn, differs from the male in her fore wings, which are proportionally narrower
and longer, with their hind margin cut off more obliquely and slightly wavy along its
edge. Hence, also, the dark-brown lines cross the wings more obliquely, the hind one
in particular forming a much more acute angle with the outer margin. And all the
wing back of this line is sometimes paler or of a brownish-ashy color. And the fringe
of these wings has not the two whitish alternations which are often so coaspicuous
in the male. The head and forepart of the thorax is cinnamon brown. The abdomen
is black, clothed with brown hairs, though very thinly so on the anterior part of each
segment, where these hairs are intermingled with silvery gray scales. (Fitch.)*

a ee PS ee eerie ese ttt eed, Lik Bee eer yt) Se ae

* The following references are copied from Mrs. A. K. Dimmock’s Insects of Betula,
in Psyche, iv, 275:

Clisiocampa sylvatica Harris (Rept. Ins. Injur. Veg., 1841, pp. 271-272) [= C. disstria
Hiibn.]. Harris (op. cit., p. 272) describes the larva of this species, giving as food-
plants Quercus, Juglans, and apple; later (Treatise on Ins. Injur. Veg., 1862, pp.
375-376, pl. 7, figs. 18, 19) he repeats the description and adds a colored figure of the
larva and imago, adding wild cherry to the food-plants; again he describes (Entom.

Fic. 37.—Forest tent-caterpillar; 6, female moth ; c, d, eggs
of the forest tent-caterpillar. (After Riley.)

TENT-CATERPILLARS. 119

164. THE CALIFORNIAN TENT-CATERPILLAR.
Clisiocampa californica Packard.

Feeding on the scrubby oak, in abundance near San Francisco, a tent-caterpillar
with a black head and a double rusty reddish dorsal line, often inclosing a long pale
blue median dash, one to each segment; and with two lateral pale blue irregular
spots ; appearing from the middle of March till the middle of April.

I extract the following notice of its habits by Mr. Henry Edwards:

The moth lays its eggs in June, and they must remain unhatched until the follow-
ing spring. Just when the young shoots of the oaks (Quercus agrifolia Nee) begin to
appear, the larve make their appearance also, spinning thin and irregular webs over
the branches of the trees. In these webs they house mostly during the heat of the-
day, but sally forth in the evening and at night for food. In this way they will soon
strip a tree of its leaves, though it is well to say that the oaks do not seem to be per-
manently affected, as they soon send forth fresh shoots, and toward the time that the
caterpillars undergo their change to the chrysalis they are green and gay again. The
larve retain the shelter of their web until after the third molt, when they wander
away singly, are found everywhere, becoming sometimes a complete nuisance in gar-
dens and fields. They feed in their more mature stages upon many plants besides
the oak, eating with avidity willows, ash, sculus californica, Phatinia arbutifolia,
Arbutus menziesii, as well as apple and pear trees. Toward the end of May they spin
their cocoons, seeming to have no choice of locality, but fixing themselves wherever
they may chance to be, eitheron walls, palings, trunks or branches of trees, stems
of grapes, or among the leaves of herbaceous plants. The timein the chrysalis state
is about eighteen to twenty-one days, so that the moths emerge and are in the great-
est abundance about the middle of June.

‘‘ This species,” says Mr. Stretch (in Papilio, vol. i, No. 5), ‘is exceed-
ingly abundant in the neighborhood of San Francisco, and is probably
widely distributed.” Near San Francisco its favorite food-plant is a
species of scrubby oak, Q. agrifolia, but it is sometimes found on the
blackberry (Rubus) and other shrubby plants. Its depredations have
lately, Professor Rivers writes me, extended to the orchards. The
nests, according to Mr. Stretch, may be seen in warm localities as early
as the middle of March, while in those more exposed they are not seen
till the middle of April; but both these dates are sufficiently early to
protect the orchards. The larve pupate in about six weeks from the
egg, and the imago appears in about a fortnight.

The following notes have been received from Professor Riley :

Received April 20, 1877, from Mr. E. W. Hilgard, Berkeley County, Cal., several
larve and pupae of above insect.

Corresp., 1869, p. 292) the larva. Morris (Synop. Lepid. N. A., 1862, p. 326) quotes
Harris’s descriptions (1841) of the larva andimago. Riley (Amer. Entom., July-Aug.,
1870, v. 2, pp. 261-255, and 3d Rept. State Entom. Mo., 1871, pp. 121-127) describes
eggs and egg-mass, larva and imago, giving, in addition to the food-plants men-
tioned above, Fraxinus, Tilia, Rosa, Carya, plum, and peach. Saunders (Can. Entom.,
July, 1872, v. 4, p. 134) repeats Riley’s figures and (op. cit., Aug., 1877, v. 9, p. 159),
gives another figure of the larva, adding Acer, Crataegus, and Fagus to the food-
plants; later Saunders (op. cit., Feb., 1878, v. 10, pp. 21-23) gives notes on the eggs
of this species and of C. americana, and on the destruction of these eggs by mites.
Thé larva of this species eats leaves of Betula alba.

120 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The larve are about 2 inches long, of a velvety, blackish-brown color, and are coy-
ered with quite long yellowish-brown hairs. They are feeding on oak.

The larve changed to pupae April 21, and the moths issued May 16.

Larve, pupx and eggs were also received in July, 1884, from H. Bliss, Salt Lake
City, Utah, who reports them to be extremely injurious to all kinds of fruit-trees and
other vegetation. (Riley’s unpublished notes.)

Larva.—Head black, legs black; abdominal feet pale testaceous. Body black,
faintly dusted with rusty, which forms an exceedingly broken and indistinct lateral
line and a more complete double dorsal line. Each segment carries a lateral, trans-
verse, very faint linear dot above the lateral line, a dorsal pale blue median stripe,
and on the side two irregular pale blue patches separated by a deep black space.
The dorsal and lateral hairs are all tawny. ‘he general appearance of the larva is
tawny brown. Length about 1.40 inches.

Cocoon.—Constructed in the crevices of bark or in the angles of masonry, where
accessible, and consisting of a loose, white web, in which is suspended the long ovate
cocoon of dense papery consistency, thickened with a yellowish powdery gum.
(Stretch. )

Moth.—Cinnamon brown, with two transverse pale lines curved outward just be-
fore ending on the costa. Base of the fore wings within the inner line lighter than
without. Hind wings darker than the fore pair. Fringe of both pairs of wings
broadly interrupted with pale brown. The female is lighter colored than the male,
with two dark-brown lines, the other one continuing straight on to the costa. Be-
neath, in both sexes, uniformly darker than above. Expanse of wings, male, 1
inch; female, 1.20 inch.

The caterpillar of a species of Clisiocampa, which I have now little doubt is that
of C. californica, which I have bred from eggs received from Miss Emily L. Morton, to
whom they were sent from Colorado by Mr. Nash, was abundant at Virginia City and
Helena, Mont., on the leaves of the wild rose so common near those towns, its con-
spicuous tents readily attracting the eye. A half-grown larva, found June 16 at
Virginia City, measuring .75 inch in length, had a blue-black head. The body was
blue on the sides, with dark spots; a black subdorsal spot rudely resembling a St.
George’s cross occurred on each side of each ring. The median dorsal line was pale
blue, interrupted by the sutures between the segments. On each side of the line was
a brown ocherous patch. The hairs are ocherous brown; the long ones paler. When
fully grown it is about the size of the eastern tent-caterpillar (C. americana), i. e., aD
inch anda half. The mature larva found at Helena, June 21, was described from
life in my notes as follows:

“Head grayish brown; body pale, grayish-blue on the sides, speckled with black,
with a large black squarish patch extending above into the subdorsal broad longi-
tudinal band, which is mottled with bright ocherous brown, short wavy lines. A
pale bluish distinct longitudinal broad median dorsal stripe interrupted by the sutures
between the segments. Hairs long, pale brown. Body blackish beneath.”

At this date the caterpiliars had begun to be full-fed, and one caterpillar had spun
a cocoon under a stone.

This caterpillar differs from that of C. americana in having a broad blue dorsal
stripe instead of a white one, and there is no broad longitudinal black stripe, as in
the eastern caterpillar. It also differs decidedly from the caterpillar of C. constricta
Stretch, the dorsal stripe being blue instead of forming a series of black and ocher-
ous red spots. The blue dorsal interrupted stripe varies in distinctness and may be
nearly or quite absent. In fact, this caterpillar is exposed to much variation, and
it would be easy to make several species out of this widely diffused one, which in
Colorado feeds on the aspen. A blown specimen received from Prof. J. J. Rivers
‘from the mountains of Nevada that may be C. fragilis,” is unquestionably a very
distinctly marked larva of C. californica. My Montana specimens closely resemble
it. In Mr, Rivers’ Nevada examples the row of long dorsal pale-blue, almost whitish

=

TENT-CATERPILLARS. 121

blue, spots are very distinct. This dorsal row is flanked on each side by two large
distinct irregular spots of the same pale blue color, the space between them being
conspicuously deep black. In this specimen also the numerous close, broken, fine
dorsal alternating black and ocherous lines so characteristic of C. californica are
present.

Whether the larva received from Professor Rivers, and referred by him with doubt
to C. fragilis Stretch, is that species is quite another question. I have not seen either
the larva or imago of Stretch’s fragilis.

165. THE PACIFIC OAK TENT-CATERPILLAR.

Clisiocampa constricta Stretch.

Feeding on the leaves of the Sonoma oak of California, a tent-caterpillar, with a
broken dorsal row of large rust-red spots, and transforming at the end of May, the
moth appearing late in June.

Prof. J. J. Rivers writes me regarding this species: ‘I have never
found C. constricta but upon oak. This species can not be confused
with any of the others that [am acquainted with, because the male is
always pale and the female always dark, the male being a cream color
and the female a little iike red cedar color with a warm tone.”

From an excellent blown larva kindly loaned me by Professor Rivers
1 find that it differs from all the other Californian species in the large,
conspicuous ocherous-red dorsal patches which give rise to peculiar
wedge-shaped ockerous tufts of short hairs; also by the lateral row of
short white tufts, while the body in general is much more hairy than in
the other species. No eastern species has such a characteristic and
peculiar arrangement of spots and hairs.

The following descriptions of larva, chrysalis, and cocoon of this moth
are copied from Mr. Henry Edwards’s account in the Proceedings of the
California Academy of Sciences, vol. v, 1874, p. 368:

Larva.—Head slate-gray, with black spots; mouth parts black, tipped with dull
yellow. Body slate-gray, covered laterally with fine black speckles. Along the middle
of the dorsal region is an irregular black stripe, marked on its sides with waved orange
lines, and surmounted at the union of the segments by a double tuft of chestnut-
brown hairs. On the second and third segments, in the middle of the notched black
line, is a stripe of dull white. From the base of the orange-brown tufts spring a few
scattered black hairs, longest anteriorly, and from the forepart of each segment arise
lateral tufts of white hairs. The stigmata are orange, with black central points,
Above the base of the feet is a black interrupted line, out of which spring other white
hairs, irregularly disposed. Under side dull velvety black, with the anterior portion
of each segment whitish. Feet and prolegs black, yellow at their tips. Length 1.85
inches. Food-plant, Quercus sonomensis Benth.

The larva is frequently attacked by a species of ichneumon, the eggs of which are
visible on the head and anterior segments.

Chrysalis.—Chestnut brown, with few hairs along the base of each segment.

Cocoon.—Ovo-lanceolate, very silky, yellowish white, with some portions glued in
compact mass and whiter than the remainder. Chrysalis only imperfectly seen
through the web. Larva May 22, changed to chrysalis May 29. Imago, June 16.

Moth.—Of the size and general appearance of C. americana, but the outer line, in-
stead of being directed outward on the costa, is more sinuous than in the eastern
species, and decidedly curved inwards upon the costa.

122 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

166. THE AMERICAN LAPPET-MOTH.
Gastropacha americana Harris.
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family BOMBYCID&.
The interesting larva of this moth rarely occurs on the oak.

Larva.—Body broad, somewhat flattened; the lateral ridge produced on each seg-
ment into a pair of hairy lappets, white, edged with gray, and fringed with long radi-
ating hairs. On the eighth abdominal segment is a round black hump ringed with
white. The body is white and gray, mottled so as to resemble the pale bark of the
ash or poplar. When creeping two transverse bright scarlet bands are disclosed in
the sutures just behind the second and third thoracic segments. On each segment
are two dorsal, curved spindle-shaped dark gray spots; the sides are clouded with
dark gray. Length 55-60™™,

167. THE CALIFORNIAN PHRYGANIDIA.
Phryganidia californica Pack.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family ZYGHNIDZ.

Very destructive to young oaks, a naked, yellowish-white caterpillar, striped with
black and white, with a large head, wandering incessantly over the bushes and feed-
ing very rapidly ; spinning no cocoon, but the chrysalis, yellowish and black, attached
by the tail to fences, &c.

This is, by its numbers and familiar habits, one of the best known
and most destructive insects of California. The following account has
been furnished me for Hayden’s Report by Mr. Henry Edwards :*

‘This insect is also very destructive to our young oaks, the caterpillars, which are
naked perfectly and with the head almost monstrous in size, making their appearance
about the same time as those of Clisiocampa. They are
restless little creatures, wandering incessantly over the
trees and feeding very rapidly. They spin no cocoon,
but hang by the tail, like the larva of Vanessa, ete. The
change to the chrysalis is undergone in April and May,
and the moths appear in about fifteen or sixteen days.
There is a second brood of these insects, the imagos of
the latter appearing in September and October. Indeed,
fresh specimens are now upon the wing, though the sec-
ond brood is by no means so abundant as the first. [have
observed that Phryganidia and Clisiocampa never associate upon the same tree, and
I think that the former has always the mastery. This is perhaps owing to some ex-
cretion from its body which is unpleasant to the Clisiocampa, but of course I do not
speak with certainty asto this fact. It is, however, sure that they are never found
in large quantities on the same tree. Iam inclined to think that Phryganidia is more
destructive to the oaks than the other species, as it feeds solely upon Quercus, while
the other, as I have said, is not so particular in the choice of its food. I inclose my
published description of the eggs of Phryganidia.” I quote Mr. Edwards’s description
of the egg and larva:

“ The egg is spherical, a little flattened above, shining, yellowish-white at exclusion,
attached in clusters of about ten or twelve to the upper sides of the leaves. The
third day the apex of the egg assumes a dull orange hue, afterwards changing to a
bright reddish-purple and gradually to a duller shade as the young larve emerge.
The eggs were laid by a female in my possession on July 5. In the young larva the
head is very large, almost monstrous, pale olive-brown, with a narrow black line at
base ; body pale canary-yellow, with four rows of black spots arranged longitudi-
nally in lines.

Fic. 38.—Californian Phrygani-
dia.— From Packard, after
Emerton.

* AL S. Packard, jr., Report on the Rocky Mountain Locust, &c. Hayden’s Report
U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories for 1875.

THE CALIFORNIAN PHRYGANIDIA. 123

“The larva is slender, with the head prominent, globose; last segment but one
humped ; head pale brown; body black above, dirty green below, with a broad dor-
sal line of dirty greenish, divided by three narrow black lines, and the sutures
faintly marked with same color. There is also a narrow, broken, stigmatal line of
dirty greenish, and a similar line above each of the abdominal legs. Tip of the last
segment horny, the segment not being used to assist in progression, but usually
slightly elevated ; body smooth, transversely wrinkled. Younger specimens chiefly
differ in the disproportionate size of the head. Length.99tolinch.” (H. Edwards.)

Pupa, naked, suspended by the tail, greenish white, with black markings; all the
sutures of the head, thorax, legs, and antenne lined with black. The mesothorax has
a central black line; the abdomen has a dorsal row of black points on the front edge
of each segment, and a lateral row blending into each other towards the anal seg-
ment, which is black; below with two sublateral series of black transverse spots
nearly blending into two longitudinal bands. Length 0.75 inch. (Stretch.)

Moth.—Sable brown, partially transparent; antennz and veins darker; fore wings
with the costa straight and apex obtuse, subrectangular. The hind wings of the
female scarcely reach to the end of the abdomen. Expanse of wings, 1.22 to 1.47
inches.

Mr. Behrens, of San Francisco,
writes me that three generations of
the Phryganidia appear in a year.
*¢In 1875 it, with the larva of the
Clisiocampa californica, ate our ever-
green oaks to broomsticks. You
could hear the caterpillars eat and
their manure drop, the latter cover-
ing everything; it could be swept
together by the bushelful. In the
wake of both followed ichneumon
parasites.”

This singular insect wasoriginally,
from a studPof the moth alone, re-
ferred by me to the Psychine, but
Mr. R. H. Stretch, with a knowl-
edge of its transformations, has
shown that I was in error, and has
placed it very properly in the Zy-
gaenide, in his valuable work enti-
tled lustrations of the Zygaenidze
and Bombycidz of North America re. 39.—a, larva of Phryganidia californica,
(1873). Having recently received after Stretch ; b, pupa; c, d, endof pupa. Bridg-
specimens of the larve and pupze RR
from Mr. James Behrens, it was at once evident on a cursory examina-
tion that the early stages show all the characteristic features of the
Zygaenide. The venation of the moth is, however, unusual, and this,
together with the dull-brown coloration and semi-hyaline wings, misled
me into placing it near Psyche. Mr. A. G. Butler, of the British
Museun, regards it as closely allied to Dioptis.

124 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

168. THE ORANGE-STRIPED OAK-WORM.*

Anisota senatoria Hiibner.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BoMBYCID&.

In August, sometimes stripping the trees, a spiny black caterpillar, with four orange-
yellow stripes on the back and two along each side, with two black prickles above
and two on each side, changing the following June to a large ocher-yellow moth,
with a large white dot on the fore wings.

These prickly caterpillars, during certain years, as I have noticed at
Amherst, Mass., and at Providence, as well as in Maine, so abound as
to nearly strip large oak branches of their leaves, and is perhaps the
most destructive of all our caterpillars to the foliage of the oak. The
spines, if they happen to penetrate the skin, as Fitch and others have
observed, sting like nettles. This species, Mr. Riley informs me, is the
more injurious in the Northern States, while A. stigma is most destruct-
ive in the Southern. According to Riley, Mr. Bassett has bred a small
ichneumon fly (Limneria [Banchus| fugitiva Say) from this caterpillar.
Riley has also bred it from the larva of Anisota stigma, Clisiocampa
sylvatica, as well as other caterpillars.

Mr. Lintner states that “the larve occur so abundantly at Center as
wholly to defoliate numbers of the smaller oaks. On the 7th of July
the female moths were seen to have commenced the deposition of their
eggs on the under side of oak leaves in patches often nearly covering
the entire surface. On the 11th of July some newly hatched larve
were observed.” (Ent. Contr., 1, 58, foot-note 1.)

In 1882 this caterpillar was very destructive to oak forests in Penn-
sylvania. Professor Claypole writes to the Canadian Entomologist
(xv, 38): >

I have seen hillsides that looked as if fire had passed over them in consequence of
the destruction of the foliage by millions of this species. In the woods they could be
found crawling over almost every square foot of ground and lying dead by dozens
in every pool of water. The sound of their falling “ frass,” too, was like a slight

shower of rain. Farmers tell me they have never known them to beso abundant before
within their recollection. Harris says this species lives on the white and red oaks in

*Anisota senatoria Abb. & Smith (Nat. Hist. Lepid. Ins. Ga., 1797, v. 2, p. 113, pl.
57). Harris (Rept. Ins. Injur. Veg., 1841, p. 291-292) describes the larva, pupa, and
imago of this species; the larva, he states, feeds upon white and red oaks [Quercus
sp.]. Morris (Synop. Lepid. N. A., 1862, p. 231) describes the larva and imago. Har-
ris (Treatise on Ins. Injur. Veg., 1862, p. 405-406) figures and describes larva, pupa, and
imago, and (Entom. Corresp., 1869, p. 298, pl. 2, fig. 9, and pl. 4, fig. 12) gives a col-
ored figure of the larva and a black one of the pupa. Riley [?] (Amer. Entom., Sept.-
Oct., 1869, v. 2, p. 26) states that the larva eats raspberry [Rubus sp.]. Lintner
(Entom. Contrib., No. 2, 1872, p. 51-52) describes the early stages of the larva, which,
he writes, has four molts (five stages), and feeds on Quercus prinoides. Packard
(Bull. 7, U. S. Entom. Comm., 1881, p. 45) briefly describes the larva, and gives a few
notes upon its habits. The larva feeds on Betula alba. (Mrs. Dimmock, Psyche,
iv, 275.)

wale

THE SPINY OAK-WORM. 125

Massachusetts. Here the white oaks were untouched and the red oak is not abun-
dant. The food of the caterpillars was almost exclusively the foliage of the black oak
(Q. tinctoria), the scarlet oak (Q. coccinea), and the bear or scrub oak (Q. ilicifolia).
(See also American Naturalist, xvi, 914.)

It was also abundant in September of the same year in Sagadahock
and Cumberland Counties, Maine, and in Rhode Island.

The following notes on the egg and freshly-hatched larva are con-
tributed by Professor Riley:

August 1, 1869, received of F. A. Gates, Massillon, Cedar County, Iowa, a ribbed
female of Dryocampa senatoria with a batch of over 300 eggs on the underside of a
raspberry leaf. These eggs are almost round in outline, depressed, being about half
as high as wide, the width across being .04 of an inch. The shell is so very trans-
parent that it makes a very good object for watching the development of the em-
bryo. The egg is when first laid yellow, with a darker brownish ring above.

The larva when first hatched is pale yellow, with a large black head, black thoracic
legs and two stiff black horns springing with an anterior slant from the top of seg-
ment 2, each of which horns terminate in two finer bristles. The rest of the body is
covered with pale bristles. (Riley’s unpublished notes. )

Larva.—Head large, fully as wide as the body; jet black. Body uniformly thick,
cylindrical. On mesothoracic segment a pair of long and slender, stiff, black spines,
blunt at the end, nearly as long as the body is thick. They stand erect, diverging a
little, and arise from swollen bases, connected by a slight transverse ridge. On each
succeeding segment there is a transverse series of four small, sharp, simple spines,
one or two sometimes ending in two spines; and low down on each side, below the
spiracles, are three large and a fourth minute short acute spine.

There are on the hinder part of the back of most of the segments two small black
spines. The spines become larger on the last three, especially the penultimate seg-
ment. Supra anal plate large and flat, rather rough, ending in two acute spines, with
four smaller spines on each side. Abdominal legs larger and broad, with stiff short
hairs on the hinder and lower edge.

Prothorax unarmed, but with a thickened conical plate. Body jet-black, with a
double dorsal ocher-yellow-brown line, a narrow subdorsal line, and two wavy lateral
lines of the same color. A median ventral ochre-brown band. Length, 42™™,

Moth.—Male antenne broadly pectinated on basal two-thirds; yellowish-brown;
base, costa, and outer edges bathed in faint purplish; the hind wings of the male well
rounded ; fore wings slightly spotted with dark brown; a clear large round white
discal spot; an outer oblique distinct brownish line extending from a little beyond
the middle of the inner edge to the costa just before the apex. Expanse of wings
of male, 42™™; female, 57™™,

169. THE SPINY OAK-WORM.
Anisota stigma Hiibner.

Eating the leaves in September, in the Southern States especially, a worm like the
preceding, but of a bright tawny or orange color, with a dusky stripe along the back
and dusky bands along the sides, and with its prickles lengthened into thorn-like
points.

This worm is said by Dr. Riley to be nearly as destructive in the
Southern States as A. senatoria is in the Northern.

According to Abbot and Smith, in Georgia the caterpillar goes into the
ground to pupate September 20 and comes forth by the middle of June

126 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

following. The young at first keep together and as they grow larger
disperse.

The following quotations are from Riley’s unpublished notes :

“Found feeding on oak and hazel at St. Louis, Mo., by Professor Riley,
on hazel in Illinois, by Mr. Muhlemann, and on both oak and hazel by
Mr. Saunders, London, Ont. Moths issue from middle of May to mid-
dle of June. Eggs were noticed to hatch July 10. Went through the
first two molts till July 20, and through third molt July 27. The first
larva entered the ground August 4, and the last one August 22, 1870.
These are specimens from Canada, but around Kirkwood, Mo., there
are some found which are not yet full grown at this date.

“Mr. Saunders says, November 21, 1870, that he has noticed a see-
ond brood.

* According to Abbot and Smith this is the more spotted moth, and
their larva agrees with mine, but is colored too yellow. Their larva
of pellucida seems to differ principally in having two pink longitudinal
vitte, each side. The male and female of A. stigma are almost alike,
whilst in A. pellucida they are unlike. Both are sometimes “ound on the
same tree.

“Dr. Asa Fitch states that his little daughter was sturis: badly by a
larva which he had feeding under a glass; but, notwithstanding that
a slight stinging sensation is discernible, it can not be L.kened to that
of the true stinging larve and is not more irritating thau tue prickly
spines of Vanessa interrogationis.

“Young larva.—August 24, 1876, found a lot of caterpillars feeding on Quercus
bicolor? They are .63 of an inch in length, and of a dark greenish-gray color, with a
broad dorsal line a shade darker; on each segment there are six black thorns tipped
with white; two on the dorsal line, one on each side, and one on the margin of each
side; those on the sides are very small and more like tubercles; thorns on the back
and sides nearly equal in lengch, getting a little longer on the last segments; on the
second segment are two very long horns, resembling very much antenne, the point
of which is divided into two; they are directed forwards and curved a little back-
wards. Head, brick-red, not very glossy; feet black. Destroyed by parasites.

© Full grown larva.—Average length, 50™™, General color pale tawny-red, inclining
to orange. The whole surface covered with bright yellow, almost white papille of
different sizes, giving a speckled appearance; the usual medio-dorsal narrow line; a
broad subdorsal longitudinal stripe of a paler color and having a dingy carneous hue;
anarrower substigmatal stripe of the same hue. Horns andspines black and marked
with white papillw, and with a tendency to branch, especially towards the tips; the
longer horns on joint 2 being blunt-pointed, and also with white papille at the
base. Head uniformly gamboge-yellow; cervical shield, anal plate, and plates on

. anal prolegs of the same yellowish color as head. A pale medio-ventral line; the
thoracic legs pale, the prolegs with pale papillze outside on a dark ground.

‘‘The species is at once distinguished from the other species of the genus by the
longer spines, their tendency to furcation and being speckled with white papilla,
and by the less distinct striping.” (Riley’s unpublished notes. )

Moth.—This is closely allied to A. senatoria, but in both sexes the wings are rather
darker and more spotted with blackish; the cross-line on the hind wings is heavier
and more distinct, and the white discal spot is apt to be less perfectly round than in
senatoria. Expanse of wings, male, 45™™; female, 53 to 55™™,

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 12D

170. THE ROSY-STRIPED OAK-WORM.
Anisota pellucida Hiibner.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCID.

Eating the leaves in July, in New York, a two-horned prickly worm of an obscure
gray or greenish color, with dull brownish-yellow or rosy stripes, and its skin rough
from white granules.

This species has been said by Fitch to have been common for many
years in Salem, N. Y., where A. stigma has seldom been seen. The worms
mostly enter the ground to transform into the pupa early in August,
though some remain on the trees as late as the middle of September.

The following description is copied from Prof. G. H. French’s Report
of the Curator of the Museum of the Southern Illinois Normal Uni-
versity, 1880. They occurred on different species of oak during the
middle and last of September, most of them pupating by October 2 in
the soil.

Larva.—Length abont 1.25 inches. General color pale dull green, striped with fine
red substigmatal, subdorsal, and dorsal stripes, the last very pale, so as to be almost.
obsolete. Head with a slightly yellowish tinge. On each segment there are six

short black thorns or sharp points, the two on the back of the second segment behind
the head being about one-fourth inch long, but the rest much shorter.

We add also the following description furnished by Dr. Riley, who
has compared it with the caterpillar of Anisota stigma:

A, pellucida comes nearest to 4. stigma in general appearance, but the spines are
shorter, more pointed, uniformly black; the color is darker, being almost black, so
that the papille, which are rather denser, give the dark portion a bluish cast; the
subdorsal and stigmatal lines are of a more intense red, inclining to pink, and the
stigmatal line is rather broader than the subdorsal. The average length is somewhat
less and the larva more slender than in stigma; the shorter, blacker spines, deeper
colors, and stronger contrast between the lines at once separating it from stigma.*

Specimens, without much doubt belonging to this species, though we
have not found the moth in Maine, occurred on the red oak at Bruns-
wick, Me., August 28. The body was greenish, with dark dorsal and
lateral, not ‘‘reddish,” bands.

Moth.—Besides being smaller, the male differs from those of A. stigma and senatoria
in the hind wings being distinctly triangular, the outer edge being straight and the
hind angle somewhat produced; the fore wings are also decidedly narrower, while

the white discal spot is considerably larger, and the wings are throughout consider-
ably darker and free from dark spots. Expanse of wings of male, 40™™,

*Found on different kinds of oak, October 2, 1873, many larve looking like A.
stigma. The form is the same, but they differ considerably from them in color and
markings. It is to be distinguished from 4. stigma in its smaller size, in the ground
color of the dark parts being blacker, the papillw being yellow instead of white, and in
the paler vitt being of a deep pink or lake-red. The head and anal shield are more
olivaceous and the spines are shorter and stouter. The whole larva is more brightly
and distinctly marked. Moths issued April 22, 1874.

Some of the dried larva skins were brought from Loudoun County, Va., in July,
1881. (Riley’s unpublished notes).

128 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The caterpillars of the following species of Lepidoptera are not known
to be especially injurious, but occur more or less frequently on the
leaves :

171. Basilarchia astyanax (Fabr. Limenitis ursula Fabr. ).

In New England a caterpillar occurred on leaves of the scrub oak as
early as June 1; by June 7 it pupated, the chrysalis suspended verti-
cally by the tail, while the butterfly emerged June 18. Harris also
observed a pupa July 8, the butterfly appearing July 20. It also feeds
on the willow, wild cherry, Carpinus americana, and various shrubs.
It ranges from the Atlantic coast to Kansas.

Larva.—Larva found feeding on leaves of scrub oak, June 1; head tinged with pale
purple, two white stripes down the center of the face, lip brownish; vertex bifid,
tuberculated, tubercles pale green. Body elongated, cylindrical, a pair of tubercles
on each segment, those on the second being much elongated, linear, with short, blunt
spines; first and second segments pale reddish-yellow, tubercles dirty green; third
segment whitish or reddish white, veined with pale green above, tubercles pale;
fourth segment green above, tinged with ocherous, especially at sides; fifth segment
pale olive green above, darker at sides; tubercles whitish, transverse elevated line
at sides whitish, as it is in all the following segments; sixth segment olive green,
with two longitudinal white lines above; seventh segment olive green at sides, red-
dish white or clay colored behind, and on the top two white lines with a clay-colored
patch between, a small blackish spot near the stigma; eighth segment clay colored,
slightly green at sides behind; ninth segment greenish at sides, with a small black
spot, clay colored above, before with two white lines; tenth and eleventh segments
dark olive green, tubercles paler; twelfth segment dark green above, tubercles four,
ocherous. Feet ocherous; prolegs greenish bordered with ocherous. Body beneath
whitish varied with green. Length, 1.3 inches. (Lintner.)

Pupa.—Like that of B. archippus in form and color.

Butterfly.—Expanse of wings, 3 inches. Uppersurtace black, tinged with bluish or
greenish, and a little with fulvous at the apex of the fore wings. Along the outer
margin are two rows of blue or green spots, the outer in the form of crescents, the inner,
lunules. Under side brownish-black, the outer border repeated, preceded by a row of
black and a row of fulvous spots, some of the latter obsolete near the posterior angle.
There are two fulvous spots in the cell of the fore wings, threé near the base of the
hind wings, and some on the costz of both wings near the base. (French.)

172. Basilarchia archippus (Cram. Limenitis disippus Godt. ).

According to Scudder, French, and others, this butterfly occasionally
feeds on the oak, and the accompanying figure was drawn from a cater-
pillar found on the oak. (See Poplar Insects.)

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 129

Fic. 40.—Larva of Basilarchia archippus (Limenitis disippus). Emerton del.

173. THE LIVE-OAK THECLA.
Thecla favonius Abbot and Smith.

The green, slug-like caterpillars of this beautiful butterfly were ob-
served on the live oak at Enterprise, Fla., April 7 and 8, also a few
days afterwards at Crescent City, and again on the scrub live oaks on
Anastasia Island, St. Augustine. They pupated April 138, 14; the
chrysalis in general appearance closely resembling that of Thecla cala-
nus, found about Providence. They breed easily in confinement, my
specimens having been placed in a small pocket tin box. After my re-
turn to Providence the butterflies emerged from April 30 to May 2. It
is the most common species in the Southern States, and is said by Abbot
and Smitli to feed on Quercus rubra and other oaks.

Larva.—Closely resembling in general appearance that of Thecla calanus. Body
straw-yellowish green, with fine yellowish papille and dense, short hairs. Head pale
horn color, small and narrow. Length, 17™™,

Pupa.—Of the same size and shape as that of Thecla calanus, the hirsuties the same,
though not quite so coarse. In color rather pale horn, not so much mottled with
black. It differs from 7. calanus in the distinct lateral row of black dots. Length,
10™™,

Imago.—Wings of the usual form and color in the genus. Fore wings of male with
a blackish sex-mark below the costa; a tawny patch in the first and a larger, more
distinct one in the second median cell. Hind wings with a large deep orange patch
near the inner angle, with a minute one on each side; orange spots on the inner
angle. ‘‘The points of the W formed by the inner line on the under side of the hind
wings touching the outer line.” (French.) Expause of wings, 23"™™,

5 ENT——9

130 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

174. Thecla autolycus Edwards,

This butterfly ranges from Missouri to Texas. The following ac-
count is given us by Professor Riley:

Found May 8, 1872, under an oak tree, beneath stone and bricks, a rather curious
conchiliform larva.

Larva.—Head and first joint retractile. Color dull straw-yellow, variegated with
pale fulvous and olive green. Minutely granulated with black spots, each giving
rise toa short stiff hair. Dorsum narrow, flattened ; sides sloping roof-fashion. Ven-
ter glaucous, with full complement of legs well developed. Stigmata large, but so
concolorous with body that they are seen with difficulty. Before transforming to
pupa the distinctive characters are lost and it becomes pinkish, more rounded, and
the black dots are all pale.

Pupa.—Of the normal rounded form; of a dull dirty yellowish-brown, speckled with
black, and pubescent with short pale blunt bristles, The head is produced into a
hood with flattened frontal edge, and the characteristic feature is a white narrow
transverse egg-like elevated spot in place of the first spiracle on suture between head
and thorax—looking as though they might be eyes. Head parts not distinguishable.
Imago issued May 25. (Unpublished notes. )

Butterfly.—Difters from Thecla favonius in the points of the W not touching the
outer line. Expanse of wings, 1.05 tol.l inches. (French.)

175. Thecla edwardsii Saunders.

The following note on this butterfly, which ranges from Maine to
Nebraska and Colorado, has been contributed by Professor Riley:

July 2, 1875, found two larve of a Thecla on oak. They are dark velvety green;
changed to pupa July 4, and the imago issued on the 13th. (Unpublished notes.)

Butterfly.—Upper surface pale wood-brown; the male with the usual subcostal sex-
mark, hind wings with one short tail and an angle in place of the second tail; two
faint blackish spots on the hind wings, one between the tail and the angle and the
other towards the anal angle, with faint orange crescents before each.

Under side paler than the upper, two rows of spots across each wing, as in the lines
of Thecla acadica Edwards; they are shorter, with spaces between. The spots of the
inner row, except the last two on the hind wings, are oblong and oval, each sur-
rounded with white, the last two longer than the others. The outer row is a series
of blackish crescents, edged on the inner side with white, on the outside with orange,
fading out towards the apex of the fore wings, more prominent at the anal portion
of the hind wings; the usual blue patch between the next to the last and the mar-
gin, and the two black spots of the other species. At the end of the discal cell a
spot similar to the spots of theinner row. Maine to Nebraska, Colorado. Expanse
of wings, l.linches. (French.)

176. Thecla calanus (Huebner).

According to Scudder (Butterflies of the Eastern United States) this
butterfly feeds on Quercus rubra and Q. falcata, but prefers the walnut
and hickory. (See Walnut Iusects.)

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. . 131

177. JUVENAL’S SKIPPER.

Thanaos juvenalis Westwood.

The larva of this butterfly is not uncommon
on the white oak from early in September until
towards the middle of October in Providence.
We observed one caterpillar which (October 8) Fic. 41.—Larva (a) and pupa
curled a leaf over its body and spun a thin floss ed
of silk in which to transform.

Thanaos ennius was originally regarded as the northern representa-
tive of Thanaos juvenalis Westwood, but Mr. Scudder now writes me
that he regards ennius as a synonym of 7. juvenalis. In New England
this skipper is seen in meadows in May and again in August.

Larva.—Body somewhat flattened, tapering towards both ends; dull pea-green, the
skin granulated with distinct white pimples. A lateral white line. Head wider than
the prothoracic segment, bilobed, somewhat flattened in front, dark dull reddish-
brown, with each lobe of the vertex touched slightly with red-brown, and an orange-
red spot on the inside of each set of eyes. A dark median dorsal stripe and a lateral
yellow line; the lateral ridge whitish. Length, 26™™,

Butterfly.x—Smoky brown on both sides; fore wings variegated above with gray,
with transverse rows of dusky spots, and six or seven small semi-transparent white
spots near the tips; six of these spots are disposed in a transverse row, but the two
hindmost are separated from the others by a considerable interval, and the seventh
spot, which is sometimes wanting, is placed nearer the middle of the wing. Hind
wings with a row of blackish spots near the hind margin. Expanse of wings, 1.6
inches. (Harris.)

178. Thanaos brizo Bois. and Le C.

Besides feeding on a leguminous plant (Galactia glabella) the larva of
this skipper occurs on Quercus ilicifolia. (Scudder.)

179. Smerinthus excecatus (Abbot and Smith).

The larva of this sphingid moth has been found on Quercus imbricarius
and Q. obtusiloba by Professor Riley, who has communicated the foilow-
ing description :

Larva.—Normal form. Uniform pea-green. The papilla cream-colored and regu-
larly arranged in about eight annulets. A bluish vesicular medio-dorsal mark.
Yellowish-green oblique lines extending length of two joints, the last brighter yel-
low and extending up the caudal horn, which is also papillated. The thoracic joints
have a longitudinal yellow subdorsal line. The head is triangular, but bluntly so;
the front flattened. more polished, and deeper green, with less distinct papile and
separated from the hinder part, which is like the body, by a pale A relieved behind
by darker shade. Abdominal and thoracic legs rosy outside. Stigmata white with
heavy black annulations.—( Unpublished notes).

180. Daremma undulosa Walker.

This sphingid feeds occasionally on the white and red oak. (W. J.
Holland, Can. Ent., June, 1886. See Ash Insects.)

132 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLCGICAL COMMISSION.

181. Nola ovilla Grote,
(Larva. Plate\xxxv, Fig. 2.)

One of the most interesting forms whose life-history we have made
out is that of a species of Nola. The position of the genus Nola has
long been an uncertain one. By some of the older authors, notably
Hiibner, the species were placed among the Pyralidz, and Stainton in
his Manual of British Butterflies and Moths regards the genus as form-
ing ‘ Family 1x, Nolide ” under the Pyralites, though he says: ‘One
little group, the Nolidz, is by many recent authors, and perhaps with
reason, referred to the Bombycina, being placed with family Lithosidee.”

The genus is now generally placed among the Lithosians. In our
Synopsis of Bombycidze we omitted to mention it, partly on account of
want of specimens and partly perhaps from supposing it not to be a
true Bombycid. Mr. Grote was the first American author to enumerate
it in his New Check List of North American Moths, 1884, and to in-
clude it among the Lithosiz.

Having reared Nola ovilla, my attention has again been drawn to its
systematic position, which seems without much doubt to be properly
among the Lithosiz and near Clemensia.

I have found the larva frequently on the oak in September both in
Maine and Rhode Island. Its habit is unmistakably Lithosian; it dif-
fers, however, from Arctian and Lithosian larve in having one less pair
of abdominal legs, having but four pairs, whereas the caterpillars of
the Lithosiz and Arctians have, like most caterpillars, an additional
pair, 7. e., ten abdominal legs in all.

When I first discovered the larva of Nola ovilla | supposed it to be
near Crocota. It was found to be common on the leaves of the oak in
Maine, September 6.

September 14 to 16 the caterpillars made singular boat-shaped, flat-
tened, oval-cylindrical cocoons closely attached to the surface of the
leaves; they were spun with silk, but covered closely on the inside
with bits of oak leaves. The pupa appeared as soon as the cocoon was
completed, September 15. The moths appeared May 31 and June 1 of
the following year.

Larva.—The body is broad and much flattened, rather short, with four pairs of well
developed abdominal feet, the first pair being situated on the fourth abdominal seg--
ment. The head is not very large, three-fourths as wide as the body; black, with a
few paler irregular lines. The body is dirty-whitish, with a dark linear dorsal line,
a dark dorsal discoloration behind the head, another in the middle of the body, and
a third near the end.

The body is hairy, though not densely so; on each segment are four dorsal tubercles
from which radiate short dusky hairs; on the side is a larger and longer tubercle
from which arise lateral very long hairs, being as long as the body is broad; some
black hairs are mixed with the dirty-whitish ones. The larger and most of the
shorter hairs are simple, not barbed, but theshortest, smallest hairs are finely though

INSECTS INJURING OAK LEAVES. 133

slightly barbed, the barbules short. The tubercles are dirty-white, concolorous with
the rest of the body. Length, 13™™.

Moth.—A small frail form, with ciliate antenne, no ocelli, and long dependent palpi,
their second joint thickly scaled. Fore wings grayish-white, with the inner line black,
fine, angulated. Outer line denticulate, followed by a pure white shade. A pure
white shade in the place of the subterminal. Hind wings dusty white. Beneath,
the fore wings are pale fuscous, immaculate ; hind wings whitish, with a discal dot.
Expanse of wings, 16™™, (Grote, Can. Ent., vu, 221.)

182. Seirarctia echo (Abbot and Smith).

This is a southern moth, whose eaterpillar lives on the ground oak,
persimmon, and several other kinds of trees. ‘It formed its web May
31; one came out the 23d of August, but the rest remained in chrysalis
till the 14th of April. It is a rare species.” (Abbot.)

The moth is white, the veins edged with black, while the abdomen is
spotted with yellowish and black.

183. THE OAK TUSSOCK CATERPILLAR.
Halesidota maculata Harris.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCID2.

It may be found feeding in September, being a black, very hairy
caterpillar, with yellow and black tufts and yellow on the sides of the
body. The worm spins late in September a yellowish-gray oval cocoon,
constructed of silk, with the hairs of the caterpillar interwoven. The
moth appears the first week in June.

Found feeding on oak, London, Ont., July, 1870. Body black, thickly covered with
bright yellow and black hairs. There is a dorsal row of black tufts from the fifth to
the twelfth segment. Those on the fifth, eleventh, and twelfth are largest. Seg-
ments 5 and 12 have an extra substigmatal one each side.

The same insect was found August 19, 1875, feeding on willow, at Detroit, Mich.
(Riley’s unpublished notes.)

The larva.—Cylindrical; 1.30inch long. Head large, slightly bilobed; black, with
a faint white streak down the front as far as the middle, where it becomes forked.
Body above black, thickly covered with tufts of bright yellow and black hairs. On
the second, third, and fourth segments the hairs are mixed, yellow and black, those
of the second and third segments overhanging the head. From the fourth to the
eleventh segments, inclusive, is a dorsal row of black tufts, the largest of which are
on the tenth and eleventh segments; the fourth and eleventh segments have also a
black tuft on each side near the base. The hairs on the sides of the body, from the
fifth to the tenth segments, inclusive, are all bright yellow, while those on the sides
of the twelfth and thirteenth are mixed with black. On the third, fourth, eleventh,
and twelfth segments are a few long, spreading yellow hairs, much longer than those
elsewhere. (Saunders.)

The moth.—Light ocher-yellow, with large irregular light-brown spots on the fore
wings, arranged almost in transverse bands. It expands nearly an inch and three-
quarters. (Harris.)

184. Halisidota edwardsii Packard.

A Californian species; the caterpillar is abundant on various species
of oaks, in the neighborhood of San Francisco. The larva, says Mr.

134 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Stretch, is nocturnal in its habits, and in the day-time may be found
crowded into holes and cavities (generally in families), and often in
places where it seems scarcely possible for them to penetrate. It is
full-fed about the end of June, and the imago is disclosed during the
latter part of July. The cocoon is composed chiefly of the hairs of the
larva, and, although of considerable density, is but slightly bound to-
gether with silk.

Larva.—Head dark brown, very large; thoracic legs reddish brown, abdominal legs
tawny. Body stout, depressed, densely clothed with moderately long rich-brown
hairs of uniform length, giving the larva a brush-like appearance. The sides of the
body, as well as the head and anal segment, have long silky scattered hairs of a tawny
yellow. Length, 1.50 inches. (Stretch. )

Moth.—Bicolorous, baff-yellow and vermilion. Fore wings with five subhyaline
smoky, transverse bands, margined with black, less oblique than usual. The basal
band consists of a small costal spot and an outer median large round spot. Second band
regularly curved, third hardly oblique, waved. The outer ones nearly parallel with
the outer margin. Hind wings transparent except on the pilose inner margin, which
is tinged with vermilion. Abdomen above, including the base of the anal tuft, ver-
milion. Beneath, pale buff, the costal spot re-appearing. On the costa of the hind
wings near the apex are two dusky square spots, which do not appear on the upper
side. Legs ringed on the femora and tibiw. One ring on the end of the tibiw, and
each tarsus annulated on the basal half with smoky pale brown. Femora vermilion
beneath. Expanse of wings, 2.20 inches.

185. Halesidota tessellata (Abbot and Smith).

Found August 29, 1872, on laurel oak, a yellow, white tufted Hal-
esidota larva. Others that were found on hickory are probably of the
same species. Both, when full grown, are mouse gray, with a darker dor-
sal ridge. Two long black pencils near posterior end and four near the
head, on joints one and two, and six shorter and thinner white ones.
(Riley’s unpublished notes.)

186. Orgyia gulosa Hy. Edwards.

The moth closely resembles the Californian O. vetusta. O. gulosa is
always much smaller than O. vetusta; the white spot near the inner
angle is less distinct and the lines on the fore wings are invariably
more clouded and confused. Expanse of wings, .75inch. The cater-
pillar feeds on the oak in California, while O. vetusta feeds on the lupine.
(H. Edwards.)

The larva.—Ground color, as in O. vetusta, velvety black; head jet black, without
the yellow frontal line, and with the mouth-parts dull yellow; second segment with
the usual complex series of black hairs. Between them are two dark, brick-red
tubercles; third has two orange central tubercles and two brick-red ones on the
sides; fourth has a black central tuft, with two brick-red ones on the sides of it ; the
fifth, sixth, and seventh have each a white central tuft, with two brick-red tubercles
on each side; the eighth, ninth, and tenth each with six brick-red tubercles; the
eleventh has a central tuft of black hairs, directed posteriorly, with two brick-red
tubercles. Anal segment black. From the base of all the red tubercles arise bundles
of black and white hairs, almost wholly white on thesides. Between the seventh and
eighth segments are some bright orange dashes, which marks are also indistinctly seen
on the anterior segments. Food plant, Quercus, of various species. (H. Edwards.)

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 135
187. Orgyia definita Packard.

Mr. R. Thaxter informs me that this species feeds on the oak. Mr.
Otto Seifert has also bred the insect in all its stages, but as far as I am
aware has not published his description.

Moth.—Female. Umber-brown. Head, thorax, base, and inner margin of prima-
ries more testaceous. A faint, basal, dark, straight, transverse line. Beyond and
near the linear lunate discal spot, which is surrounded by the testaceous brown, is an
indistinct nearly straight line. An outer very distinct curved line, being straight
from the costa to where it is angulated on the fifth subcostal nervule, and again half
way between the discal spot and internal margin. Beyond this line on the costa is
an oblong, dark, well-defined spot, succeeded by a submarginal row of dots, ending
in a white spot near the internal margin. Beneath, lighter. Lines faintly seen be-
neath, the outer one extending faintly onto the secondaries, which have a discal dot.

The markings are much more distinct in this species than in O. lewcostigma, while
the outer line is angulated nearer the middle. Length of body, 2, 0.60; exp. wings,
1.20 inches.

188. Parorgyia achatina (Abbot and Smith).

In their great work on the Lepidoptera of Georgia, Abbot and Smith
state that this caterpillar feeds on various species of oak as well as on
the hickory. ‘It spun on the 3d of May and the moth came out on the
20th.” The moths of both this and the next species are very rare in our
collections, though the caterpillars may be more commonly met with.

189. Parorgyia parallela Grote and Rob.
(Larva in hibernation stage. Plate xxxv, Fig. 3.)

Although I am strongly inclined to consider this species as a syno-
nym of P. achatina Abbot and Smith, yet until we have more specimens
in all stages from the Southern States, the present specific name may
be retained. I have a single small female from Florida, which differs
somewhat from Abbot’s figure of P. achatina, and yet seems to belong
to that species and to agree in many respects with a series of females
of P. parallela in my collection.

Our northern specimens have been bred by Mr. Otto Seifert,* of New
York, and I have received some from Rev. G. D. Hulst, the latter of
which have been pronounced to be P. parallela by him, by Mr. Graef,
and also by Mr. Roland Thaxter. I have also raised the larva from
eggs received both from Miss Morton, of Newburgh, N. Y., and from
a lot of eggs received from Mr. Thaxter and kindly sent by him from
Aiken, S. C.

The males of what I take to be P. parallela (?=P. achatina) and P.
clintonti (=P. leucophea), are difficult to separate, while the females
are readily separable.

In the male of P. parallela the outer or extradiscal line curves out-
ward before reaching the costa, and then bends inward on the costa;

—_———»

*See Entomologica Americana, iii, 93.

136 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

also the dark blotch between this line and the apex is narrower and
much less distinct than in the male of P. clintonit (leucopheea).

The females are readily separated from those of P. leucophea, as they
lack the large brown patch near the apex of the fore wings.

1 have received the eggs of this moth
from Miss Emily L. Morton, of Newburgh,
N. Y., which hatched July 28th. After-
ward, the same season, I received a batch
of eggs from Mr. Roland Thaxter, then in
Aiken, 8. C., where they were laid August

LAN

Fic. 42.--Parorgyia parallela, male Fic. 43.—Parorgyia parallela, female
(from photographs). (from a photograph).

2d. They hatched in Maine, August 9th to 11th and molted for the
second time August 26th.

It appears that the larve before the last molt contract in length and
hibernate; spin a cocoon the following July, the moths appearing in
the end of July in New York, and sometimes not until late in August.

Larva—l\st stage. July 28th. Length2.5™™. Head rounded, not very large, black,
retracted within the very wide prothoracic segment, which has on each side a large
black tubercle, larger than those on the abdominal segments; between the two
tubercles is a median dark patch. On the two succeeding thoracic segments the
tubercles are small. On each abdominal segment are two dorsal and two lateral black
tubercles on each side. From the tubercles arise loose tufts of tawny brown and pale
hairs, of unequal length, some twice as long as the body, so that the larva looks
somewhat like an aretian or a young Clisiocampa or Gastropacha, and quite different
from a young Orgyia. On the5th abdominal segment is a clear pale dorsal space, the
tubercles being absent. The thoracic legs are dark, while the abdominal legs are
long, pale, like the body. August 3d and 4th, shortly before the first molt, the body
became rather wider and flatter, and the hairs not so dense. Length, 3-4™™,

2d stage.—Aug. 6th first molt. Length 4-5™™, The generic characters, i. e., those
peculiar to the final stage of the caterpillar, now begin to reveal themselves. The
hairs arising from the prothoracic segment extend out horizontally over the head and
are very long and finely parted, so as to be feathery, some of them being nearly as
long as the body; those arising from the end of the body are as long as those in front.
The lateral outstretched hairs have fine long barbs so as to be beautifully feathery,
as on the upright dorsal ones. There is a large, dark, irregular dorsal tuft on the
second and third abdominal segments, and a smaller, but still large and dense, one on
the eighth segment.

On the 6th and 7th abdominal segments is a single median white tubercle, situ-
ated on a dark ground, These two tubercles are highly retractile, and appear to be
homologous with the coral-red retractile tubercles of Orgyia. They are each situated
slightly in advance of the two dorsal tubercles of thesame segments. The prothoracic

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 137

segment is still wide in front, as before. Each of the two black conspicuous tubercles
gives rise to a small, black, slender pencil of hairs.

3d stage.—After 2d molt, Aug. 10-12. Length7™™. The distinctive characters of
the fully grown larva are now apparent. The head is entirely concealed by the
overarching hairs arising from the prothoracic segment. All the hairs are now ash-
gray in hue, except those on a large dark area forming the thoracic tuft and a naked
area on the posterior third of the body, which bears the two whitish retractile papil-
le. There is a large, black, low, dense tuft on the 8th abdominal segment. It is
now a wonderfully beautiful larva, the hairs are so long, soft, and feathery.

4th stage.—After the 3d molt, Aug. 25. Length 12-14™™, not including the protho-
racic pencils, which are now one-half as long as the body. It differs in this stage
chiefly in the longer and larger, more distinct black pencils arising from just behind
the head.

In this stage, represented by Fig. 3 of Plate xxxv, the body contracted in length
and the larva ceased feeding in Maine (the eggs having been mostly laid in Aiken,
S. C.), and most of them died. It evidently hibernates in this stage, not probably
completing its transformations until the following midsummer in the Northern States.
In the Southern States it is probably double-brooded.*

5th and last stage.—Length of body, without the pencils, 35™™, From a colored
sketch by Mr. Bridgham of a larva found wandering at Providence July 29, a pair of
long, blackish pencils, but little shorter than those in front, arises from the 9th ab-
dominal segment.

Professor Riley, in some notes on the eversible glands in larve of
Orgyia and Parorgyia, and on the synonymy of the species (Proc. Ent.
Soc., Washington, vol. I, p. 88). remarks:

“‘T also exhibit blown larve of a Parorgyia, which, from the bred specimens, I be-
lieve to be P. leucophea Smith & Abbott. I have bred one male of this from the larva
feeding on Persimmon. In an endeavor to determine my bred material in this genus,
I have concluded that there are fewer species than have been made by Lepidopterists.
The imagos vary considerably in details of coloration and markings, and it is quite
probable that obliquata will prove to be synonymous with leucopheu. The larva, as
figured by Smith and Abbott, is probably misleading, in having the dorsal tufts too
conspicuously shown on joints 8, 9, and 10, for in my specimens they have been, as in
other species of this genus, large and conspicuous on joints 4, 5, 6, and 7, inclusive,
but far less so on the other joints.

“T also exhibit various blown larve of Parorgyia clintoniti Gr. These vary in the
color of the tufts according to state of growth, and there is also individual variation.
My original specimens were found feeding on honey locust, but I have also found it
on various other plants, as wild plum, elm, etc. Both these Parorgyia larve show
the same eversible glands, though they are less conspicuous than in Orgyia, on ac-
count of the greater density of the hairs surrounding them. As to the synonymy of
this species, my experience with the adolescent states leaves little doubt that clintonii
isa synonym of achatina Sm. & Abb., and I question whether, with more complete

knowledge, parallela and basiflava and even cinnamomea will not prove synonymous
with the same species.”

190. Parorgyia leucophea (Abbot and Smith).

According to Abbot and Smith, the caterpillar feeds on the live oak
and other species of oaks. “It spun a thin pale-brown web April 20,
in Georgia, and came forth on the wing the 9th of May.”

In the male of this species, of which I now regard P. clintoniit G. and

*Compare Dr. Lintner’s statements in Entomological Contributions, 1, 129.

138 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Rob. as undoubtedly a synonym, the extradiscal line is nearly straight
near and on the costa; and there can be seen the same dark brown
streaks in the brown subapical patch, which are so marked and dis-
tinctive in the female. I can recognize this patch, with the points sent
outward from it, in Grote and Robinson’s excellent colored figure, as
well as in one of my specimens. The females of P. lewcophea (and
clintoniti), of which I have a small one from Florida, are at once dis-
tinguished from those of P. achatina by the outer line ending more
obliquely on the costa. Just beyond this line and extending towards
the apex are three dark brown longitudinal patches, with the spaces
between filled up with brown, the whole forming a large, conspicuous
dark brown patch, with ragged edges or points extending towards the
outer margin of the wing. I have a male of P. clintonit which has
been compared with one in Mr. Thaxter’s collection, named for him by
Mr. Grote; also one so labeled given me by Mrs. C. H. Fernald; also
oue so named raised by Mrs. A. T. Slosson from a larva found at Fran-
conia, N. H., feeding on Hamamelis the second week in June. It re-
mained, she kindly informs me, nineteen days in the cocoon, the moth
appearing from June 27 to 30. It seems probable to me that P. basi-
flava Pack., P. obliquata G. and R., and P. cinnamomea G. and R. are
synonyms of P. clintonti, and that the latter is the same as P. leucophea
of Abbot and Smith. Unfortunately we do not know the appearance
of the larva of this species except from Abbot’s drawings, as it has not
since his time been described and figured.

191. THE EUROPEAN GIPSY MOTH.
Ocneria dispar (Linn.).
Plate XXxXVII.

This insect, originally introduced from Europe through an accident
by Mr. L. Trouvelot while living in Medford, Mass., about the year 1868
or 1869, has become acclimated, and during the summer of 1889 caused
“very great alarm,” being “ very destructive” to fruit and shade trees,
including the “ linden, elm, birch, beech, oak, poplar, willow, hornbeam,
ash, hazel-nut, larch, fir,” ete. It is a destructive insect in Europe.
The information here given is taken from an illustrated pamphlet pub.
lished in 1889 by Prof. C. H. Fernald, entomologist of the Hatch Ex-
periment Station at Amherst, Mass., who recommends showering the
trees with Paris green in water (1 lb. to 150 gallons) soon after the
hatching of the eggs in spring.

Eggs.--Globular, about 7;-inch in diameter, salmon colored, smooth, and laid often
to the number of 400 or 500, early in July, on the under side of the branches or on
the trunks, or on fences and on the sides of buildings. They do not hatch until the
foilowing spring.

Larva.—Length, 1.75 inches. Body very dark brown, or black, finely reticulated
with pale yellow. There is a pale yellow line along the middle of the back, and a
similar one along each side. On the first six segments behind the head there is a
bluish tubercle armed with several black spines on each side of the dorsal line, and
on the remaining segments these tubercles are dark crimson red. On the middle of

ny
4

the 10th and 11th segments there is a smaller red tubercle notched at the top. The
whole surface of the body is somewhat hairy, but along each side the hairs are long
and form quite dense clusters.

Pupa.—From $ to 1 inch long, varying in color from chocolate to reddish brown.

Moths.—The male is very much smaller than the female and with broadly pectinated
antenne. It is of a yellowish-brown color, with two dark brown lines crossing the
fore-wings, one at the basal third, the other on the outer third, somewhat curved,
and with teeth pointing outwards on the veins. The outer end of all the wings is
dark brewn. A curved dark brown spot (reniform) rests a little above the middle of
the wing, and a small round spot of the same color (orbicular) is situated between
this and the base of the wing, just outside of the inner crossline. A similar spot
rests near the middle of the base of the wing. The fringes on the fore-wings are
dull yellow'sh, and broken by eight brown spots. The antennx are strongly bipec-
tinated, or feather-like. The fore-wings expand about an inch and a half.

The female is pale yellowish white, with dark brown cross-lines and spots similar
to those of the males. The cross-lines in both sexes are much darker and more prom-
inent on the forward edge of the wings (costa) than elsewhere. In sume specimens
there is a faint stripe of brown across the middle of the wing (median shade), and a
toothed line across the wing near the outer edge (subterminal line). The fringes of
the fore-wings have eight dark spots between the enis of the veins, as in the males,
and similar but fainter spots often occur in the fringes of the hind wings. The body
is much stouter than in the males, and the antennz are not so heavily feathered.
The expause of the wings is from 1 to 2% inches.

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 139

192. Lagoa crispata Pack.

Although this caterpillar has been raised from the raspberry by the
late Mr. C. A. Shurtleff, near Boston, we have found it common on the
scrub oak in Providence as late as October 1, some specimens before the
last molt occurring September 20 to 27. This curious woolly caterpillar
will attract attention from its peculiar appearance.

As we have elsewhere stated, the cocoon is rather long, cylindrical ;
its texture is dense, being formed of the hairs of the larva, closely
woven with silk. When the pupa, which is very thin, is about to
transform it escapes from the cocoon, as the cast skin is found with the
tip of the abdomen remaining in the cocoon. In this respect the moth
is a connecting link between the groups represented by Orgyia and
Limacodes.

Full-grown larva.—Body short, broad, and flat, head deep honey-yellow; jaws
darker; the head very retractile within the large prothoracic segment, which is large
and fleshy, produced down around the face like a hood, so as to entirely envelop the
head, so that it is not seen while eating, with a large V-shaped incisionin front. The
body densely covered with hairs, so that the caterpillar appears about one-balf as
broad as long, rounded at each end, the hairs very long and curly; those on the
thoracic segments mouse-gray; all the rest behind a uniform pale fawn-brown, some-
times above a dark, rich orange-ocherous; a slight dorsal broad crest, a subdorsal
broad ridge, and the hairs spread out on the side, but everywhere so long and dense
as to entirely conceal the head and body. The sides are mouse-gray as above, but
the lateral hairs are not to be seen from above. The body is pale whitis': yellow, the
thoracic and abdominal legs also pale dull yellowish white. The first pair of thoracic
legs are smaller and nearer together than the others, while there is a pair of rudi-
mentary abdominal legs on the second and seventh abdominal segments. Length,
20-32™™; breadth, 10-15™™ ; height, 7™™,

140 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Larva before last molt.—Body as in the adult. but smaller, and the hairs are thinner
and looser and about twice as long and very much finer. The body can be seen
through them and the fine cottony hairs can be seen to arise in dense verticils from
small mammillze, which are soft and white like the rest of the body, or pale tawny
ocherous, while all the thoracic segments bear slate-colored hairs above. Behind each
spiracle is an erect long conical acute fleshy projection, concealed by the hairs; the
eighth segment has no such projection; the prothoracic spiracles are on the suture
very near the mesothoracic segment, which have a similar but rounded and slightly
chitinous projection in front of them. Length, 20™™; breadth, 16™™; height, 10™™,
(Compare also the full account of the transformations of this moth by Dr. Lintner,
Ent. Centr., ii, 138.)

193. Lagoa opercularis (Abbot and Smith.)

Ve et
BE Se,
Yl / if t

Ying VA } iV v i A SS
Ceicnjen gay ys He ‘Yuga
Fic. 45.—Lagoa opercularis, cocoon.—A fter Fic. 46.—Lagoa opercularis, moth, natural
Hubbard. size.—After Hubbard.

The following account of this interesting insect is taken from Mr.
Hubbard’s, Report on Orange Insects:

The caterpillars of this moth are covered with long, silky hairs, underneath which
are concealed shorter, stiff hairs, exceedingly sharp at the points and powerfully
nettling when they penetrate the flesh. Upon some persons the invisible wounds
made by these hairs produce swellings and an amount of irritation equivalent to a
sting; the larve are, in consequence, popularly supposed to be very poisonous. When
young the caterpillars are white and resemble a flock of cotton wool. They undergo
six molts, at one of the last of which they become darker, the color varying in indi-
viduals from red-brown to light-clay color.

The cocoon is placed in a crotch of the tree or upon a branch of considerable size;
it is 20™™ (eight-tenths inch) long, oval, convex, flattened on the side next the tree,
and fastened very firmly to the bark. The upper end is abruptly truncate, and fitted
with a hinged trap-door, which is readily pushed open from within by the escaping
moth, but does not yield to pressure from without, and is so accurately fitted that no
tell-tale crack can be discerned. Upon the back of the cocoon is an elevation formed
by the meeting of several folds and ridges, forming a marvelously exact imitation of
a winter bud. The ends of a lock of hair from the body of the caterpillar counterfeit
the down which in nature protects the dormant bud. The substance of which the
cocoon is made is a tough parchment, composed of agglutinated silk, in which is
felted the long, hairy covering of the larva. Its color is a neutral brown, closely ap-
proximating to that of the bark upon which it is placed. The entire arrangement is
a most successful representation of the stump of a small branch broken off near its.
junction with the main stem, and upon which is plainly shown the swelling of a bud.

Life-history.—The larva is a very general feeder, and although the oak appears to
be its principal food plant, it is occasionally injurious to the orange. It never injures
the bark or tender shoots, but subsists only on the mature leaves.

There are two broods, one in early summer and the other in the fall. The larve of
the second brood form their cocoons in November or December, and in them pass the

a

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 141

winter, not changing to pupa until the following March or April, or about two weeks
before the moths appear.

The same parasites have been bred from Lagoa as from the Orange Dog. Tachina
flies have issued in June from a cocoon found on the orangein March. The hymenop-
terous parasite Chalcis robusta issued September 15 from a cocoon collected August 27.

Larva.—The larva presents the singular appearance of a lock of hair possessing
sluggish life and a gliding, snail-like motion. It is 14 inches long, bluntly rounded
in front and diminishing rapidly to a point behind. The hair rises in a sharp ridge
upon the back, and forms several tufts of rust-red color.

Moth.—Body very woolly, pale yellow, tinged with brown. The fore-wings are um-
ber-brown at the base, fading to pale yellow outwardly; the surface is marked with
fine wavy lines of silver gray, and the fore margins are nearly black. The legs are
yellow, with dusky feet. The wings of the male moth spread about one inch; those
of the female an inch and a half.

194. Lacosoma chirodota Grote.

The following account of this insect is copied from Professor Riley’s
notes. It is very rare and of curious habits, and like the succeeding
species never likely to abound sufficiently to be injurious.

Larve of this insect were found in Virginia in September, feeding on the oak. It
jS a true case-bearer, resembling very much Perophora melsheimerii, differing, however,
principally in the absence of the long antennz-like horns. Its general color is yellow-
ish-green; the head is brown, with yellow markings, and is coarsely rugose and
punctured. Each side of the thoracic segments are two more or less confluent, brown,
subdorsal lines, and on the last segment are some rather indistinct pale-brownish
markings. Thoracic legsreddish-yellow. Stigmata black, with pale center. The case
is constructed of a single leaf, which is bent longitudinally, the edges turned upward
and held in place by a strong white web. This case is suspended by some threads and
fastened to the surrounding leaves, and the larva issues partly when feeding, but
retreats suddenly when disturbed. The case is open at both ends, so that the larva
can turn and feed from which end it pleases.

Since the last of November they have ceased feeding, but did not transform to the
pupa till the 28th of the following January, when they were noticed to change the
position of their case and to suspend it in another place. The moth issued the 10th
of February. The same insect was also received from Miss M. Murtfeldt, Kirkwood,
Mo.

It is interesting to compare this larva with that of Perophora, and the
following description, in addition to that given above, I have drawn up
from Professor Riley’s alcoholic specimen :

Larva.—Head large, about as wide as the prothoracic segment, but not so wide as
the body, which is thickest in the middle. Head brown, slightly marbled with a paler
hue. Prothoracic segment with a lateral reddish-brown stripe, which is continued
upon the succeeding segment, but becomes more diffuse ; below are two short unequal
reddish lines; there are no markings on the rest of the body. Body moderately long
and obtuse at the end; the supra-anal plate unusually large, broad and rounded,
with six long marginal hairs. All the abdominal legs short and thick. Spiracles
very distinct and visible from above. Antennz minute, of the usual size, not elon-
gated as in Perophora; otherwise the larv of the two insects are very similar.
Length, 23™™,

Moth.—This moth seems to connect the true Psychidx with Perophora. It resembles
this last named genus in its broad head, the broadly pectinated antenne, the general
form of the subfaleate wings, and in its coloration. As in Perophora, it has but a

142 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

single outer line common to both wings, and a discal dot upon each wing. Wingsand
body dark yellowish-brown; fore wings with two undulating blackish median bands,
the outer the broader and more distinct, both extending across the hind wings; a
round black discal dot, Expanse of wings, 25 to 30™™,

195. MELSHEIMER’S SACK-BEARER.

Perophora melsheimerii Harris.

This rather singular insect ranges from Massachusetts to Missouri
and sonthward to Georgia, as I possess a colored drawing of it made
in that State by the elder Le Conte. I have observed it in Providence
early in October. It has been figured in its larval and adult state by
Harris, who has given an extended and interesting account of it. The
following additional notes are copied from Riley :

August 28, a larva of this moth was found feeding on oak in Missouri; others were.
taken in southern Illinois. The larva is very active and savage when disturbed,
turning with great ease in its case and attacking the intruder. Moth from larva
received in fall of 1874 issued February 25, 1875, and laid eggs. The eggs are bright
yellow, quite large for the insect, and very slightly glued to the sides and cover
of the cage in which the moth was confined. At first the eggs are very soft, but
in a few days become very tough. They were unfertilized. (Riley’s unpublished
notes. )

Larva.—Head with long, slender clavate appendages, bulbous at the end; the
head is large, full, rounded, as wide as the prothoracic segment. Body thicker than
usual, somewhat sack-like, thickest a little behind the middle, and truncated at.
the end; the unusually large supra-anal plate is rounded and convex on the dorsal
surface. Spiracles so situated as to be visible from above, large and distinct; five
pairs of short, almost rudimentary, abdominal feet ; much shorter than in Lacosoma.
Head dark brown, as is the prothoracic segment, the two hinder segments paler; a.
diffuse lateral stripe along the thoracic segments; rest of the body pale brown.

Pupa.—Very stout and thick, of the usual shape, but with no cremaster, this being
represented by two short, flattened projections; across the abdominal segment a
double dorsal row of spines. Length, 21™™.

Moth.—Rather large, in shape and size like the Chinese silk-worm; male with
broadly feathered antennz ; reddish-gray, finely sprinkled with black dots; hinder
edge of hind wings and the under side of the fore wings tinged with tawny red. A
small black dot near the middle of the fore wings, and both the fore and hind wings
crossed by a narrow blackish band, beginning with an angle on the front edge of the
former and passing obliquely backward, ending a little beyond the middle of the
inner edge of the hind wings. It expands about 2 inches.

196. THE CYLINDRICAL BASKET WORM.

Psyche confederata Grote and Robinson ?

The following notes on this insect have been given us by Professor
Riley. We append the original description of the moth.

A rather curious bag worm, carrying its case almost perpendicular, was found on
the oak, June 14. Fastened to cover of breeding-case preparatory to transforming
June 24, and emerged as moth July 16.

The case differs from that of Platoeceticus gleverit Pack. of Florida, in
being cylindrical, not oval. (See Glover’s figures, in Packard’s Guide

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 143

to the Study of Insects, on which our description was based.) From
specimens of P. glorerii it seems to differ in the hind wings being less
rounded, more produced towards the apex. They ap-
pear to be of nearly the same size.

Moth.—Male entirely deep smoky black. Antennezw plumose.
Wings ample, closely scaled, rounded and full. Neuration of pri-
maries: costal nervure simple; slight, joining the costa before the
apex: S. c. nervure throwing off first and second s. c. nervules from
its upper side on to the costal margin; third s. c. nervule at the up-
per extremity of the discal cell furcate, throwing off the fourth s.
c. nervule from its lower side on to the apex; fifth simple, thrown Fie. 47.—Case of
off from a short transverse stem on to the external margin; discal Psyche confederata
cell equilateral, longitudinally cordate, not closed by a true vein, (atten Grote):
but by a vein-like fold depressedly medially angulated; a slight crease in the
membrane divides the cell into two equal parts, running from the point of angu-
lation of the fold, closing the cell to the base of the wing; median nervure four
branched, first median thrown off upon external margin from ‘a point opposite the
fifth s. c. nervule; internal nervyure sending off an angulated nervule from its upper
side, at about its center, to internal angle ; the nervure itself joins the margin before
the angle, and is straight. The male cocoonet with agglutinated fragments of con-
iferous plants, and with the extruded skin of the chrysalis after the escape of the
male moth, accompanied a number of specimens of this species received from the
South. Expanse of wings, male 19™™, Length of body, 7™™, (Grote and Rob.)

197. THE EIGHT-FLAPPED SLUG-WORM.
Phobetrum pithecium (Abbot and Smith).
Order LEPIDOPTERA; Family BoMBycID»#.

A singular dark-brown short, broad, ovate, flattened caterpillar, with eight long
tongue-like, slender, fleshy lateral appendages, sometimes feeding on the oak.

This singular caterpillar, usually found on the plum, cherry, and
apple, changes to a brown moth with very narrow wings. In the male
the antenne are very broadly pectin-
ated, and the remarkably long nar-
row fore wings are partly transparent.
Mr. Lintner has bred it from the oak,
and Mr.S. Lowell Elliott tells me tbat
it is almost exclusively au oak-feeder,
though occurring on the wild cherry
and chestnut. The following ac- Fic. 48—P. pithecium (after Riley); A, co-

5 . coon—natural size (after Hubbard).
count is copied from Mr. Hubbard’s
*“ Orange Inse ts.”

This insect receives its name from the curious hairy appendages which cover the
back and project from the sides of the larva, and have a backward twist, like locks
of disheveled hair. ‘These are, in fact, fleshy hooks, covered with feathery, brown
hairs, among which are longer, black, stinging hairs. The cocoon is almost spherical,
like that of the Saddle-back caterpillar, and is defended by the hairy appendages
which the larva in some way contrives to leave upon the outside. These tufts give
to the bullet-shaped cocoon a very nondescript appearance, and the stinging hairs
afford a very perfect protection against birds and other insectivorous animals.

144 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Unlike the preceding species, the Hag-moth larve do not seek to hide away their
cocoons, but attach them to leaves and twigs fully exposed to view, with, however,
such artful management as to surroundings and harmonizing colors that they are of
allthe group the most difficult to discover. A device to which this insect frequently
resorts exhibits the extreme of instinctive sagacity. If the caterpillar can not find
at hand asuitable place in whic h to weave its cocoon it frequently makes for itself
more satisfactory surroundings by killing the leaves, upon which, after they have
become dry and brown in color, it places its cocoon.

Several of these caterpillars nnite together, and selecting a long and vigorous im-
mature shoot or leader of the orange tree they kill it by cutting into its base until it
wilts and bends over.

The leaves of a young shoot, in drying, turn a light tan-color, which harmonizes
most perfectly with the hairy locks of the caterpillar covering the cocoon. The lat-
ter is, consequently, not easily detected, even when placed upon the exposed and
upturned surface of the leaf.

Larva.— The larva is 15™™ (six-tenths inch) long and has an oval body, over which,
however, the flattened and closely applied appendages form a nearly square shield.

Moth.—The moth has body and legs of purple-brown, with ocherous patches on the
back and a light yellow tuft on the middle pair of legs. The abdomen is sable, end-
ing in a tuft of ocherous scales. The fore wings have the colors of the thorax finely
mingled, asin graining. The hind wings are sable, bordered with ochreous in the
female. The fore wings of the male are long and narrow, the hind wings short and
very triangular. Both pairs are, in this sex, partly transparent.

The spread of wings varies in this moth from 20 to 24™™ (eight-tenths inch to
ninety-six hundredths inch. Hubbard). :

198. Huclea querceti (Herrich-Schaeffer). (Limacodes cippus Harris).

This is said by Abbot to feed on the oak, the dog- wood, and other trees.
It makes its cocoon in September, the moth appearing the next July.

Larva.—Body oblong-oval, with a broad dorsal flat ridge, bearing on the edge in
front four large, and near the end of the body the same number of large, spinulated,
fleshy, loug conical green tubercles, and between them four pairs of short ones. Be-
tween them are four black square spots, giving a checkered appearance to the ridge.
The sides of the ridge, the surface of which is not hollowed, fall away rapidly to the
lateral row of eleven fleshy tubercles. At the end of the body are four stout black
subconical dense tufts of dark brown spinulated hairs. Body of a peculiar pale
glaucous green; between the two rows of tubercles is a row of nine roundish polygo-
nal contiguous spots of the same hue as the rest of the body, but edged with blackish.
Length, 15™™.

Moth.—Cinnamon brown; upon and beneath the median vein are two confluent
green spots margined with a row of white and brown scales; between them is a large
notch filled in with rust-red. These two spots are contiguous to three subapical
spots, the middle one of which is triangnlar and largest, and beyond it is a rather
narrow rust-red blotch. Discal dot very distinct, ovate, brown.

199. Parasa chloris (Herrich-Schaeffer).

The larva of this fine moth was first found by Reakirt on the chest-
nut in September. According to Andrews (Psyche, ii, 271), it feeds on
the oak (Quercus), on the pear tree, on wild cherry (Prunus), and on the
wax myrtle (Myrica cerifera) in September. Mr. Elliott has reared it
from the elm, and Mr. Wetherby mentions the following as its food
plants: Oak, pear, cherry, and tartarean honeysuckle. The moth ap-
pears in May and June, according to latitude.

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 145

Larva.—Onisciform, 19™™ long. Head purplish-brown. Four purple and three
white lines drawn very close together form a dorsal band running the length of the
body. Subdorsal line bright red, from which arise six red spines (longest on central
segments) studded with yellowish-red spinelets; between the spines and on the fifth,
sixth, eighth, and ninth segments are reddish spiny warts. The spines and warts
are on elevated ridges. Beneath the subdorsal line are two pairs of purple longi-
tudinal lines on a yellowish ground; the pairs divided by
ared line. The breathers [spiracies] are on a similar red
line, and are guarded or ornamented by spiuy warts, like
those mentioned above. Legs of a sort of yellowish-olive
color, prolegs, or rather tubercles, and under side of body
of areddish tinge. Varies considerably; one very beau- ey
tiful variety has all the red of the typical larvareplaced by Fic. 49.—Parasa chloris.
brimstone yellow. (W. V. Andrews.)

Cocoon.—About half an inch long, spun on the midrib of a leaf, oval, shining brown-
ish-black.

Moth.—In general shape like Euclea, but yet quite distinct from it. The species
may be known by its grass-green thorax and the broad grass-green band which
separates the brown margin of the wing fromits base. Ground color pale cinnamon-
brown. A broad, short, vertical tuft between the bases of the antennze. Thorax
above, grass-green. Middle green band on the fore wings straight on the outer edge;
within it is slightly excavated and follows the inner edge to the base of the wing.
The hind wings are concolorous with the body, and above are alittle paler within the
outer edge. Expanse of wings, .94 inch.

200. Parasa fraterna Grote.

This interesting species, according to MS. notes by the elder Le
Conte, feeds in Georgia on the oak, chestnut, and wild cherry.

Larva.—Length, 16™™; September 3 and4. The body is oblong-square, and seen in
section subtrapezoidal, the dorsal surface being in general flattened, though still
somewhat convex; the dorsal area being from one-half to two-thirds as wide as the
creeping disk or underside of the body. The body ends in a long, slender, fleshy
projection or tail, which is somewhat spinose and slightly forked at the end. Along
each side of the dorsal surface is a row of short, thick, retractile tubercles, bearing
peculiar stout spines, which are whitish tipped with brown at the end. The third pair
from the head is situated apparently on the second abdominal segment, and is twice
as large as the others; those on the eighth abdominal segment are much larger than
the other abdominal tubercles, which are minute; the short spines on this pair are
whiter than those on the other tubercles. A brown line externally washed with a
paler hue bounds the sides of the back. There is a lateral row of small spine-bear-
ing tubercles around the edge, the middle of each tubercle being raised or convex.
The spiracles are minute, white, somewhat elevated, and situated on a darker round
area. Low down between the two rows of tubercles is a row of smooth kidney-
shaped depressed spots. The head is of a chestnut color, the labrum paler. The
under side, or disk, is pale flesh color, edged above with a reddish stripe, which
becomes reddish-brown above. The body still higher up is of a rich velvety, dark
flesh-red brown, some individuals being much darker than others. The under side
of the ‘‘tail” is carneous, becoming reddish above, and dorsally of a rich brown,
with the spinules blackish, or pale at the base and brown-black at the tips.

Moth.—P. fraterna differs from P. chloris in being smaller, while the prolongation
of the broad green band in the fore wings along the inner margin to the base of the
wing is very much, at least two-thirds, narrower. The larva, judging by several

5 ENT 10

146 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

specimens belonging to the two last stages, differs remarkably from that of chloris,
having almost nothing in common; as regards the larve alone, the two species would
seem to be generically separated.
The preceding description was drawn up from specimens kindly sent
by Miss Morton.
THE SADDLE-BACK CATERPILLAR.
201. Empretia stimulea Clemens.

While the singular caterpillar of this moth feeds on a variety of
trees, it has been found by Mr.8S. L. Elliott to occur on the oak, though
it is nowhere a particularly common insect.

According to Clemens, it feeds on a great variety of plants; 7. ¢.,
fruit-trees, the rose, Indian corn, ete.

The caterpillar is of strange form, being short and thick, with two
large spiny tubercles in front and two behind. On the back is a large
square green patch like a saddle-cloth, while the saddle is represented
by an oval purplish-brown spot. The hairs fringing the sides of the
body sting severely. Clemens, who describes this insect (Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila.), says that the caterpillars “ produce an exceedingly
painful sensation when they come in contact with the back of the hand,
or any portion of the body on which the skin is thin.” The larve do
not seem to seek cover, and are probably distasteful to birds on account
of their nettling hairs.

Fic. 50.—Bmpretia stimulea: a, moth (after Hubbard); 6, larva (after Riley) (all uatural size).

‘The cocoons are short, oval, almost globular, flattened against the
branch to which they are attached, and are of the same tough, parch-
ment-like material and brown color as in Lagoa. They are usually
placed in concealment, often against the main truuk of the tree, at or
near the surface of the ground. The larva before pupating cuts a cir-
cular flap at the end, making an opening nearly equal to the entire
diameter of the cocoon, through which the moth makes its escape by
pushing open the door from within.” (Hubbard’s Orange Insects.)

Larva.—Very short and broad, about an inch long and one-third as broad; with
a pair of short tubercles on two of the thoracic segments, and four short ones at the
end of the body; a pair of very large, fleshy tubercles like horns on the first and
eighth abdominal segments, which are longer before the last molt than after-
wards. Body brown, but green above between the two pairs of large tubercles, in-
closing a central purplish or reddish-brown spot, bordered with white, the latter
edged with a black line.

\

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 147

Moth.—The shape of body and wings are well represented by Fig. 50. The general
color is a rich, dark, velvety reddish-brown. The orly markings on the fore wings
are two twin golden dots, nearly united to form a short line near the apex of the
female, while in the male there are two more near the base of the wing beneath the
median vein. Hind wings pale reddish-brown; expanse of wings, 36™™,

202. THE SKIFF CATERPILLAR.
Limacodes scapha Harris.

This is a singular boat-shaped triangular caterpillar, green, spotted
above with brown, pale beneath, the sides raised and the dorsal surface
flattened ; forming in the autumn a tough rounded oval cocoon, covered
by an outer thin envelope; the moth appearsin June. It also occurs on
the hickory and wild cherry.

Larva.—Ground-color pale apple green. The segments extended laterally in the
middle of the body, and raised into an elevated ridge, sharp and angular at the
edges. The flattened portion, which includes the dorsal region, is chestnut brown,
darker on the margins. There is also a darker dorsal stripe. The segments are
arranged like the plates of a tortoise. The latter region is
of a pale yellowish-green, with an oval white spot on seg-
ments 9 and 10. Spiracles pale brown, mouth-parts also
brown. Insome specimens the brown color of the back
iy reduced to small patches, and occasionally a yellow dor-
sal line is present, the ground color (pale green) then pre_
vailing. Length, 0.85; width, 0.25 inch. Food-plant, wild
cherry. (H. Edwards and Elliott.)

Moth.—It is light cinnamon brown ; on the fore wings the
costo-median region is filled in with a large tan-brown triangular spot, ending on the
tip of the wing, and is lined externally with silver. Expanse of wings, 26 to 28™™,

Fic. 51.—Limacodes scapha.
Nat. size.

203. Limacodes biguttata Packard.

We have bred this species from a larva found upon the oak, October
7, at Providence, R. I. The caterpillar agreed with Harris’ description
and figure of L. scapha in his Correspondence, and I referred it to that
species, but the moth, which appeared June 1, proved to be the present
species. There also occurred on the oak at Brunswick, Me., a larva
like that of L. scapha, but the elevated ridges were white; the body was
green, with no other color. It spun a cocoon August 27, but afterwards
died.

Moth.—A little smaller than L. scapha; of a soft velvety buff-brown; a whitish
line reaches from the middle of the internal margin across and ontward to the mid-
dle lire. A short corresponding one from near the costa goes to the middle of the
outer margin, thus making an inverted broad A, inclosing at the internal angle a
roundish red spot; apex red. Hind wings and under side of the hind body uniform

obscure buff brown. It is a soft, woolly species with thick scales concealing the
veins. Expanse of wings, 25™™,

204. Sisyrosea inornata Grote.

This singular and beautiful slug-worm was first described and figured
in Harris’ Correspondence (PI. LI, fig. 7; III, fig. 6). It also occurred at
Providence on Quercus alba, October 7-9; October 10 it spun a round,

148 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

dense cocoon, but afterwards died. Another was bred, the moth ap-
pearing June 18. It was a female, and when at rest sat with its tail in
the air, as if standing on its head.

Mr.S. Lowell Elliott assures me that he has bred the moth, which he
has kindly shown me, from this larva.* He tells me that it feeds not
only on the oak, but also on the wild plum and cherry, and that it is a
low feeder.

The following notes on this species have been given By Professor
Riley, who has bred it:

October 24, 1882: Found to-day in Maryland three conchiiopod larve feeding on
oak and agreeing with figure in Harris’ Correspondence (ii, 7). November 2, 1882:
Found several of these larve, while sugaring at night, feeding on various plants,
June 30, 1883: One of the moths issued to-day. July 16, 1583: One more issued.
October 4, 1483: Found two larve in Virginia feeding on Q. alba. October 5, 1883:
Several more were found on Q. alba, Q. rubra, and Alnus incana. October 10, 1883:
Two of the larve have spun up. Found a few more on oak. There is but little
variation in the color of this larva, only in the red spots on the dorsal! space; some of
them are very pale and sometimes the posterior one is absent. From one of the
larve a Gordius issued. September 29, 1885: Found one of the larve on oak; it was
parasitized by a tachinid, which pupated October 11, 1885, the fly issuing October 16,
1886. (Unpublished notes. )

Larva.—Body broad and flat, the prothoracic overhung by the mesothoracic seg-
ment; the V-shaped incision so broad as to be almost obsolete, the body being very
broad; head pale green, a rather narrow median dorsal ridge, contracting in the
middle and widening a little towards each end; it is hollow in the middle, and
along the sides are ten small, narrow, flattened acute conical flaps, edged with green
sharp spinules. The first pair are short, blunt and red; of the other nine pairs the
anterior ones are the larger. The front edge of the body is thickened, somewhat
revolute, and tinged with red. Along the side of the body, on the thin projecting
edge, is a row of ten flat, fleshy, triangular flaps, the edges with white, uneven hairs.
From in front of the base of each flap an oblique sinuous transverse ridge passes to
the submedian dorsal ridge. There are two rows of scar-like round spots in the
depressions between the lateral ridges, two scars in each depression. The spiracles
are not visible seen sideways; the larva has to be turned over to discover them ;
they are slightly marked and situated under the projecting ridges of the side of the
body. Behind the middle of the dorsal ridge are two red conica’ tubercles, whose
sharp points nearly touch each other in the median line of the body. Another but
smaller pair.of red warts is situated half way between the first pair and the end of
the body. The body is pea-green—a little brighter green than the glaucous under
side of the oak leaf on which it feeds—and a little paler beneath than above.
Length, 15™™; width, 7™™, not including the projections; height, 3.5™™. Described
from a larva found in Providence, R. I.

Moth.—Body rather stout; fore wings with transverse waves or creases due to the
arrangement of the scales, but with no markings; dull, pale, cinnamon-brown, the
hind wings slightly darker; the fore wings are not so wide as in Limacodes, and they
are very slightly subfaleate. Expanse, .90 to 1.20 inches.

*This and other Limacodes larve, most of them colored conspicuously, suffer little
from the attacks of birds, since they are protected by their nettling hairs, rendering
them distasteful. Others, like Lithacodes fasciola, which feed on the under side of
leaves and are entirely green, escape the observation of their enemies. Phobetron
pithecium, on the other hand, mimics a brown, irregular dead patch of a leaf. Another
aid to or means of safety in the smooth-bodies species is their slow gliding motion,
which renders them less liable to be observed by passing birds.

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 149
205. Adoneta spinuloides (Herrich-Schaeffer).
(Larva, Plate 111, Fig. 7.)

This insect in its larva] state is a general feeder, as Mr. Elliott in-
forms me, occurring on the oak, wild plum, cherry, and birch, while
Dr. Clemens reared it from a larva found in September on the apricot.
Miss Morton has found it feeding on the oak, chestnut, English, and
probably, wild cherry.

I am indebted to Miss Emily L. Morton, of Newburgh, N. Y., for the
use of the colored figure of the larva.

Larva.—Body semi-cylindrical, tapering posteriorly, and rounded obtusely in front.
Nearly smooth, but with a subvascular row of small, fleshy, minutely spined papule
on each side of the vascular lines, three of which placed anteriorly are separated and
distinct, and three approximated on the last rings; the intermediate ones are minute.
The outline of the body above the ventral surface is furnished with a row of minutely
spined papule.

Bright green, with a broad dorsal yellow band, containing a reddish purple one,
which is constricted opposite the second and third pairs of anterior papule and di-
lated into an elliptical patch in the middle of the body. “Thisis almost separated from
a smaller elliptical patch which is constricted opposite the third pair of posterior
papulz and ends in a small round patch. The anterior and posterior papule are
crimson and the intermediate ones green. Thesuperventral row of spined papulz are
green. (Clemens.)

Moth.—Reddish-brown, somewhat paler in the female than in the male. Fore wings
with a dingy yellow streak along the base of the inner margin, extending toward the
disk above the middle of the wing, and on this portion are two or three blackish
dots. On the hind portion of the disk is a short black streak. In the male there is
another short black streak along the median vervure and its last branch, with a curved
row of three black, submarginal spots. The lower streak and the spots are as distinct
in the female as in the male. In both sexes there is a subapical dingy yellow patch,
lightly bordered behind with whitish. Hind margin spotted with black. Hind wing
pale reddish brown. (Clemens. )

206. Packardia nigripunctata Goodell,

The caterpillar of this moth was found on the oak by Mr. L. W. Goodell,
of Amherst, Mass. According to his recollection it was oval or boat-
shaped in form, green, with several longitudinal rows of minute white
papille or spots. The cocoon was round and hard, and the moth
emerged June 20. (Can. Ent. XIII, 30.)

The moth.—Female: Fore wings light bronzy brown; a narrow, oblique, nearly
straight, dark brown band runs from near the inner margin outward to a little be-
yond the middle of the costa, where it is joined at a right angle by another band,
which is short and curved, terminating at about one-third of the distance from the
costa to the inner angle. Between the end of the short band, and a little outward
and above the internal angle, is a curved row of three roundish black dots, of which
the marginal one is three times larger than the inner, and twice as large as the inter-
mediate one. The bands and spots form a distinct inverted V. Within the area thus
formed and parallel with the inner is a brown line, which extends from the inner mar-
gin to the discal end of the short curved band. This line is a shade lighter in color
than the bands, and is edged outwardly with very pale or whitish brown. There is
a band of the same pale brown or whitish color, which included the black dots and

150 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

extends outside of the short curved band to the costa. It is constricted near the inner
dot, widening rapidly towards the costa, along which it extends towards the base
to a little beyond the middle. Hind wings paler, the apex and outer margin concol-
orous with the fore wings, fringe of all the wings pale silky brown, interlined near
the base with darker brown, and with a black spot on the apex of the fore wings.
Fore wings beneath uniformly a little darker than above. Hind wings beneath much
as above, but the darker shade of the exterior margin and apex is not so distinct,
The wings above and beneath have the peculiar silken luster common to the genus.
Head, thorax, and abdomen ocherous brown. Legs grayish brown, the tarsi a little
paler. Length of body, 7™™; expanse of wings, 20™™. The wings are not so broad
as in P. geminata and albipunctata. (Goodell. )

207. Kronea minuta Reakirt.

According to Reakirt the caterpillar feeds on the oak and chestnut
in August and September, the moth appearing in June at Philadel-
phia. The caterpillar is closely related to the European slug-worm
Limacodes asellus.

Eqg.—Length, } line, pale green, a black ring near one end, oblong.

Larva.—Length, 2 to 2} lines; basal outline elliptical; a flattened ridge, widened in
the center, extends from head to tail, curving over vertical elevations at the sides,
which gradually diminish before and behind, and terminate at both ends in a rounded
margin. Around the base a row of small, densely spined papulze, two of which, on
the head, are the most prominent, and colored yellow. The body is smooth, but the
ridge is thrown into thick, fleshy folds; it is thickest in the middle, whence it dimin-
ishes anteriorly and posteriorly. Green; two bright red lines, of equal length, cross
each other at right angles on the central portion of the upper ridge.

Moth.—Male and female are alike in color, the last being the largest. Fore wings
lustrous, brownish-yellow ; hind wings blackish-brown. Below, testaceous, with a
black shade, and roseate along the costa of primaries. Antennx, thorax, abdomen,
and legs ocherous-yellow. Expanse: Male, 5 lines; female, 5} lines. (Reakirt.)

208. Datana integerrima Grote and Robinson,

This insect, says Riley in his unpublished notes, like several other
species of Datana, is not confined in its attacks to any one food-plant,
but is injurious to a variety of trees, 7. ¢., the willow, honey-locust,
thorn, and apple.

The larva.—Length 1.8 to 2 inches and very similar in appearance to D. angusii.
The general color is dull black, of the appearance of India rubber. Sparsely covered
with soft dirty white hair. Four thin sulphur-yellow lines along each side, the lower
one, which is just under the stigmata, being somewhat indistinct on the latter half of
the body, and all being more or less so on the last segment. Venter same color as
above, with three yellow lines, the middle one uninterrupted, except by the prolegs;
the outer ones interrupted in the middle of each segment by a rust-yellow spot,
largest on the feet-bearing segments. Head rather larger than first segment, polished
coal-black, with a suture down the middle and a V-shaped indentation in the center of
the front. The first segment (which is the most striking feature) is of a gamboge or
wax-yellow color, the cervical shield being darker and more shiny. The black be-
tween the second and third yellow lines extends about half way on this segment ; that
between third and fourth more than half, and under the fourth is a black line.
Caudal plate almost round and shiny black like the head. Thoracic legs black, with
gamboge or wax-yellow base ; abdominal prolegs same color, with a shiny black spot

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 151

on the outside; anal inferior and of little use to the worm, small, thin, and shiny
black.

When young the larve are brown or tawny yellow, with white stripes and more
hair.

The larve go into the ground the latter part of August, and in less than thirty
hou.'s change to a chrysalis.

Pupa.—Eight-tenths of an inch and upwards in length, of the same form and
appearance as that of D. angusii, but neither so dark nor so thickly punctured, and
the four spines at the end are smaller in proportion. (Riley’s unpublished notes. )

Moth.—Dark reddish-brown. Anterior wings entire along external margin, thickly
and evenly covered with fine scattered irrorations, with a bright shade extending
along costa centrally and above apical streak. Five transverse dark-brown lines.
The first moderately arcuate, margined within by a paler shade. A central discal
dot. The space between the first and second transverse lines darker. The second
line covers the outer discal dot and is margined outwardly by paler scales, as are the
third, fourth, and fifth lines. The position of all these lines is subject to variation.
The fourth is, as usual, fainter than the rest and very contiguous to the fifth. Pos-
terior wings very pale, crossed by a rather broad, pale, median shade. Under sur-
face paler than upper, deepening in color towards external margin; fringes dark.
The scales which clothe the head and form the thoracic patch are dark tawny-
brown, deepening in color towards the edges of the thorax. The metathoracic and
lateral hairs are very pale. Abdomen pale, testaceous; and segment concolorous with
the rest. Expanse, male and female, 1.80 to 2.30 inches. Length of body, 0.78 to 1.10
inches. (Grote and Robinson.)

209. Datana contracta Walker.

Mr. James Angus has bred this species, which is confined to various
species of oak, not feeding on other kinds of trees.

Larva.—Head black, shining. Body black, with four lateral broad yellowish-white
stripes; a fifth is interrupted centrally by the legs, as in D. ministra, but in this latter
species the stripes are darker and slightly narrow, while the larva is larger than
that of D. contracta. The body is clothed with longer hair and is of a deeper black
than in D. ministra. The dorsal swelled portion of the prothoracie ring is similarly
colored, but less prominent and exserted than inits congener. (Angus.*)

Moth.—Luteous tawny. Anterior wings entire, with a brighter shade extending
along the costa centrally and above the apical streak. Profusely and distinctly
irrorate with dark brown scales. Five transverse brown lines. The first oblique,
very slightly arcuate, and margined inwardly with lighter scales. A central discal
dot. The second line curved outwardly at costa, thence running inversely obliquely
to internal margin. This line, which is margined outwardly with paler scales, joins
the first at internal margin in a single specimen before us. A second discal spot.
The third line slightly arcuate at costa, thence running parallel with fourth and fifth
lines to internal margin. The third and fifth distinctly margined outwardly with
paler scales. The fourth, which is quite contiguous to the fifth, is indistinct, and,
in some instances, almost obsolete. Apical streak obsolete superiorly, indistinct.
Fringes bright reddish-brown, the same with the thoracic patch. Posterior wings
very pale, with a paler median shade. Under surface paler than upper, shading to
reddish-brown towards external margin on anterior wings. The scales which clothe

*The exact references to the place of publication of descriptions (published before
1889) of this and nearly all the other caterpillars noticed in this report may be found
by the reader in Mr. Henry Edwards’ useful Bibliographical Catalogue of the described
Transformations of North American Lepidoptera, forming Bulletin No. 35 of the U.S.
National Museum, Washington, 18-9.

Tia Be =

152 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

the head and form the thoracic patch are bright tawny-brown, becoming darker
towards the edges on the thorax. Metathoracic and lateral hairs concolorous with
posterior wings. Abdomen pale tawny, anal segment darker. Expanse, male and
female, 1.85 inches. (Grote and Robinson.)

210. Edema albifrons (Abbot and Smith).

This is perhaps the most common notodontian caterpillar to be found
on the oak. At first the caterpillars are gregarious, but after the first
or second molt they begin to scatter over the tree. In Georgia, ac-
cording to Smith and Abbot, the caterpillar ‘‘spun itself up in a thin
white web between the leaves October 28, and came out on the wing
the 18th of February. Others spun on the 29th of March, and came
out on the 2d of May. The whole brood feeds together, especially when
small.”

Mr. James Fletcher reports that in 1884 the caterpillars appeared in
great numbers and were most injurious to both oaks and maples at
Ottawa, Canada. (Rep., 32.)

It is common on white oaks in Rhode Island and Maine late in August
and through September ; those observed at Providence spinning a thin
cocoon between the leaves early in October and until October 20-28.
October 5 I found some small larve (probably next to the last molt)
with the stripes straw-yellow instead of orange. The moth appears in
June in the Northern States.

Larva.—Head large, orange-red, swollen, raised towards the apex; wider than the
thoracic segments, the body increasing in width towards the end, which has a large
swollen orange-red hump on the eighth segment. The body smooth and shining,
with no hairs; a pair of broad subdorsal yellow lines
inclosing five median black lines on a pale lilac ground.
Below the yellow line,are three black lines, with a
second yellowish spiracular line. Anal legs pale or-
ange-red ; all the legs pale orange.

Pupa.—Of the usual form; the cremaster is very
characteristic ; it is flattened from above, deeply cleft,
with tubercles from which arise three or four curved

Fic. 52.—Edema albifrons (from sete on each side. Length, 0.78 inch.

Packard). Moth.—It is easily recognized by its whitish ash
color, the square apex of the fore wings aud the broad
white costal margin on the outer two-thirds of the wings; this white band
sends a tooth backwards, bounding the upper and outer side of the discal brown
ring, and there is an obtuse tooth between that and the apex; the inner
brown line is curved and sinuous; there is a faint deeply-toothed outer line and a
distinct narrow deeply-scalloped, rich, deep-brown marginal line, the scallop filled
in with whitish ash scales. Base of the wing inside of the middle line whitish ash ;
hind wing and abdomen uniform ash-slate color; wings beneath of the same color;
costal edge slightly bathed with whitish, with traces of a curved submarginal band,
broadest on the costa and broken up behind. Expanse of the wings, 47™™.

While in Florida in April I collected at Crescent City on the live or water oak a
fully grown caterpillar which I supposed to be Edema albifrons. Bringing it to Provi-
dence in a tin box, it spun aslight cocoon between the leaves late in April, but the
moth did not emerge until September 30. Although the summer was a warm one, and-
the room in which it was kept had a warm exposure, the moth was evidently re-

ies
>)

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 153.

tarded in its appearance by a change to a cooler climate. Unfortunately I did not
make a description of the larva.

The moth seems to represent a southern or local variety of this species. It differs
from several specimens of £. albifrons slightly but distinctly; it is smaller and the
white costal band is a little shorter and broader; inside of the discal spot it is not
oblique, but straight, and the tooth bounding the outer, costal side of the discal
spot is larger, rounder, and fuller, less conical than in #. albifrons. The submarginal
scallops are less curved, and the space in front of the discal spot is filled in more
densely with reddish brown. Expanse of wings. 35™™,

The pupa differs in the cremaster being consolidated, not forked, and the setz are
well developed. Length, 18™™. In a Providence pupa, however, the cremaster is
partly consolidated, only forked at the end, and the six set are well developed.

The following notes on the early stages of the caterpillar are from
Professor Riley’s notes:

When young the larvez feed in a phalanx, as it were, lying parallel on the leaf
and as close together as they can.

Found at Woodstock, September 19, 1867, on the burr oak (Q. macrocarpa) some
full grown and others just undergoing the third molt. When full grown, 1.45 inch
in length, the body being larger on the abdominal than thoracic segments. Ground
color white with a very slight corneous tint, which with the highly polished surface
gives it the appearance of delicate porcelain. A subdorsal and stigmatal chrome-
yellow band oneach about .03 diameter. The subdorsal lines are not only thicker but
wider apart on the abdominal than the thoracic segments, and between them, i. e.,
along dorsum, are five polished black longitudinal lines, interrupted, however, at the
sutures and merging into but three on the anterior five segments. Between the two
yellow bands laterally are three other finer polished black lines and below the stig-
matal yellow band several other longitudinal black marks, and one each side of venter.
Stigmata in the yellow band, but being concolorous with it are scarcely noticed.
Venter of the same dull shiny white as the ground color, but a little more glaucous.
Legs and prolegs immaculate and also of the same color, the abdominals being large
and swollen above, while the anal legs are small. Head larger than segment one,
free, perpendicular, immaculate, glassy, and of a mixture of coral and yellow.

Distinguishing feature.—Segment eleven with a transverse ridge above, of the
ground color with a band of the same color as the head, with a slight corneous mixt-
ure running transversely along its middle.

Before the last moult it has lost the polished appearance; the abdominal segments
are not noticeably larger than the thoracic ; the ground color is pure white, while
dorsal and stigmatal bands are sulphur-yellow, and the ridge on segment eleven is
more elevated dorsally and'entirely corneous.

Entered the ground during the latter part of September and transformed to chrys-
alids, appearing as moths the following April.

211. Nadata gibbosa Walker.
(Larva, Plate x1, Fig. 6.)

The caterpillar is not uncommonly found on the oak. By the mid-
dle or last of September, in New England (Maine and Rhode Island),
it begins to pupate, not spinning a cocoon, and probably entering the
ground before assuming the chrysalis state. In Providence it occurred
on the white, in Maine on the red oak. In Georgia, according to Smith
and Abbot, it ‘‘ feeds on the chestnut oak, and other oaks. It wentinto
the ground October 10 and came out March 15. Another went in June

-

4

154 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

1 and came out the 19th of the same month.” It is therefore double
brooded in the Gulf States and single brooded in the North. The fol-
lowing notes on its habits have been given by Professor Riley:

A pair of this moth were taken May 2, 1882, from the eggs of which larve hatched
on the 9th. They went through their first moult May 15; second, May 22; third,
May 26, and fourth, May 31. Pupated June 12 to14. The moths issued from June
26 to July 10. Several larve of this moth were found by beating on oak June 26,
July 10, 1882. This larva is now very plentiful and of all sizes, on several oaks. (Ri-
ley’s unpublished notes. )

Dr. Lintner has bred the moth from a larva found feeding on the
maple in New York. The figure on Plate XI was kindly loaned by
him, and is probably the original of the wood-cut in his Ent. Contr.,
iii, 150.

Larva.—Body green, large, head very large, full, rounded, high towards the ver-
tex, as wide as the body, deep pea-green; the labrum whitish green; mandibles
bright yellow, tipped with black, making them very conspicuous. Body glaucous
pea-green, thick, full, soft, tapering towards the end, and the surface with minute
raised, flattened, more or less confluent granulations. A lateral yellow line formed

. of coarse yellow, raised, flattened areas. Spiracles deep red. Supra-anal plate con-
ical, flattened, apex much rounded, the edge colored bright yellow. Thoracic and
abdominal feet pale pea-greev; all concolorous. Length, 33™™, thickness, 6™™.

Moth.—Fore wings broad, apex pointed; male antenne pectinated to the end.
Body and wings reddish, reddish yellow-brown; thorax with a high, large, loose
crest. Fore wings with two white twin discal dots, rather widely separated. An
inner and outer narrow, oblique reddish-brown line; the outer parallel with the outer

‘margin of the wing, which is slightly scalloped. Fringe dark, the scallops filled in
with white. Hind wings whitish, with a faint outer line. Beneath, uniformly
whitish; a faint outer line common to both wings; the costal edge dusted with red-
dish-brown. Abdomen yellowish-brown. Expanse of wings, 48™™,

212. Lophodonta angulosa (Abbot and Smith.)

It occurred on Quercus alba October 7, at Providence, when it began to
pupate, the moth appearing the following June. Abbot and Smith re-
mark that in Georgia it ‘‘feeds on the over cup oak and other kinds of
the same genus. Some went into the ground May 30, and came out the
15th of June. Others that went in the 16th of October remained till
the 20th of April.” From this it appears that in the Southern States
this species is double brooded.

Larve.—Somewhat like Nadata gibbosa, but the head is smaller, and it has no such
supra-anal plate, while the body is smooth, not granulated. Head nearly as wide as
the prothoracic segment, but not so wide as the body; full and rounded; though a
little flattened above, deep pea-green, but concolorous with the body. On the side a
pink line edged above with white extending to base of the antenne. Mandibles green
at base with an orange-red line along upper edge; tips black. A short black line
above at base of antennz. Body noctuiform, tapering towards the anal legs, which
are short and small, no larger than the other abdominal legs, supra-anal plate small,
rounded at the end, not large and conspicuous asin Nadata gibbosa. Segments not
convex, but the sutures distinct. A faint double median, whitish, somewhat broken
line, the two lines converging and forming one on the middle of the supra-anal
plate and tinged slightly with pink. A distinct lateral pink line begins on the side of
the head and extends to the end of the body along the edge of the supra-anal plate.
The line is somewhat finely bordered with brown, and is edged below with white.

ae
e
te

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 155

The whole body and legs pea-green, slightly darker below than along the back.
Thoracic teet greenish-amber, spotted externally with black. Length, .40™™,

Pupa.—Body full and plump; of the usual form and color; the end of the abdomen
very much rounded and obtuse, with no rudiment of a cremaster (as it goes into the
ground, not spinning a web), only a rounded knob. Length, 18™™,

Moth.—Thorax and body dark grayish-brown; thorax with a round black spot on
the hirder edge, encircled by a yellowish-brown line; abdomen yellowish brown.
Fore wings rounded at the apex, of a quite uniform umber brown; basal line with «
sharp distinct angle in the median space, the line reddish-brown, broadly shaded ex-
ternally with much paler tawny brown; on the costa the line is straight, with a
broad external whitish gray shade. Middle line sharply scalloped, becoming
straight on the costa, with a sharp tooth on the discal fold and a sharp tooth occu-
pying the entire submedian space; the last scallop short, indistinct, ending in a
dark-brown tuft on the middle of the hinder edge of the wing. Outer line wavy but
indistinct. A marginal wavy line. A broad whitish patch exterior to the middlo
line extending from the costa to the median vein. Hind wings sable brown, with a
marginal shade and a dark broken band at the base of the fringe. Expanse of wings
40mm,

213. Schizura ipomee Doubleday (Coelodasys biguttatus Pack.).

The following notes and descriptions are based on an examination of
the material in Professor Riley’s collection. The larva occurred on the
oak September 24. In Virginia one was found by Mr. Koebele, on the
birch, September 14, and it has also been bred from the blackberry.
The larva makes an earthen cocoon, regularly oval in shape, covering
it with sand on the outside, so that it closely resembles that of Janassa
lignicola. C. unicornis spins a silken cocoon, with débris collected and
adhering to the exterior. It is evident that C. cinereofrons Pack. is
only a variety of biguttata, there being a series of connecting forins in
Riley’s collection. The moth occurred at Cambridge, Mass., June 16,
and in July and August. (Harris.)

Larve of this species are found from May to October at St. Louis, Mo., feeding
on the different kinds of oak and on maple. The moths issued in April and August.
The coloration of the larve is quite variable, though the most uniform marking is
as follows: Color, green speckled with purple. A faint substigmatal sulphur yel-
low line, most distinct on thoracic joints. A broad pale subdorsal line, betyeen
which the dorsum is pale lilaceous, but thickly mottled with rich purple brown and
ferruginous, leaving a narrow dorsal line distinctly marked. Two elevated ferrugi-
nous warts on top of joints4 and 11. Head large, pale green, with a distinct lateral
black and white stripe. (Unpublished notes.)

Larva.—Differs from C. unicornis in the head being purple and having four dark
narrow lines extending from the base of the jaws to the vertex; the dorsal spine on
the first abdominal] segment is nearly three times as large and high as in C. wnicornis,
and ends in a deep fork, each tine of which bears a stiff truncated spine. A pair of dor-
sal, rounded, small tubercles on each abdominal segment 1-8, those on the 5th and 8th
segments being much larger than the others and coral redin color. Coloration much
asin C. unicornis, but the branches of the Y in front of the tubercle on the 8th seg-
ment are wider aud inclose a broken red line. Meso- and meta-thoracic segments
green; body brick-reddish, slashed with pale lines, with a broad dorsal band forked
on the prothoracic segment and extending upon the horn on the Ist abdominal seg-
ment; behind the horn are four dorsal oval light patches, each inclosing three red
lines. Length 33™™,

156 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Pupa.—Moderately stout; end of abdomen obtuse. The cremaster deeply cleft,
each spine well developed, rather long, not much flattened, ending in a point and
throwing off near the end a short branch which nearly meets its fellow with opposite
spine. Length 21™™.

Moth.—Head gray, vertical tuft above black. Thorax reddish-brown, patagia
blackish above. No distinct line on the prothorax. Primaries reddish-brown, ner-
vules black. Base of the costa dark, beyond cinereous with brown scales along the
edge, which become indistinct waved lines continued across the wing and are more
oblique beyond the discal dot. The linear reddish discal dot is surrounded by gray,
and below and beyond is a dark rather broad discoloration curved around it. Beyond
this the black nervules are interrupted by gray scales. There are two obscure series
of reddish dots near the margin in the interspaces. Opposite the outer series of these
spots the fringe, otherwise ferruginous, is cf a dirty-white. Secondaries white, dis-
colored with smoky at inner angle. The large tuft beneath the head is lilac-ashen.
Beneath, the fore-wings are white, smoky in the middle. Costo-apical dots distinct.
Fringe white, black at the ends of the nervules, at the base are white dots in the
interspace. Secondaries entirely white, except the dusky spot on the inner angle.
Legs ashen, ends of the scales dark, tarsi broadly annulated with dark. Abdomen
slender, whitish, a narrow mesial line beneath. In the female the markings are
more distinct. The two series of ferruginous waved lines on each side of the median
region are more distinct. The submarginal ferruginous region is more broken up by
ashen scales. The secondaries and abdomen above smoky. There are faint traces of
a slight mesial fascia across the wing. Beneath, both wings are dark smoky. A light
ferruginous line on the abdomen, which is itself larger than in the other species.
Length of body, male, 90; female, 95; expanse of wings, male, 1.60; female, 1.80 inch.

Coelodasys cinereofrons Pack., as stated by Grote, is undoubtedly
a variety of this species now to be referred to the genus Schizura. The
following notes on the larva of this variety have been received from
Professor Riley:

June 20, found on oak two very small larve which entered the ground July 8 and
emerged as moths July 30. Color of larva as follows: Second and third segments grass.
green ; the horn of the fourth segment is two-forked and the tips blood red, also the
tips of the two smaller horns on joints 8 and 11. The rest of the body and head, red-
dish brown. (Unpublished notes. )

214. Hyparpax aurora (Abbot and Smith).
Larva, Plate III, fig. 6, 6a.

“The caterpillar was taken on the timber white oak, but feeds also
on other species of oak. It went into the ground and inclosed itself in
a thin case of dirt July 15, appearing on the wing August 7. Some-
times this species also buries itself in autumn, and remains till the
spring, at which season the moth may now and then be observed sit-
ting on the oak branches.” (Abbot and Smith.)

In New England it is single-brooded. The caterpillar, according to.
Abbot and Smith’s figure, has a double red hump on tke first abdominal
segment, with a very broad dorsal green band between this and the
tubercle on the eighth segment; the anal legs are elevated much as.
in Schizura unicornis. The moth has broad yellow fore-wings, in the
female pink at base and on the outer margin.

I am indebted to Miss E. L. Morton for the colored sketches of this
rather rare larva.

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 157

215. Janassa lignicolor Walk.
(Larva, PI. III, fig. 5.)

The caterpillar of this moth occurred on the oak at Providence from
the middle to the last of September. It has been bred by Professor
Riley. This species is Xylinodes virgata of Packard. The larva is very
characteristic and allied to those of Schizura. In Professor Riley’s
collection are the regularly oval thick earthen cocoons lined with silk,
and about three fourths of an inch in length, the caterpillar transform-
ing on the surface or within the earth.

Larva.—Head not very large, not so wide as the prothoracic segment; pale, almost
whitish ash-gray; an irregular dark ash band on each side in front passing up from
the mandibles and meeting on the vertex, where a branch is sent out at right angles,
uniting with its fellow in the median line of the head; no median line above the
apex of the vertex, but two spurs are sent out above the vertex from each side, which
nearly reach the median line of the head, and inclose a clear round space. Prothoracic
segment pea-green on each side above the spiracle. Meso- and meta-thoracic segments
bright deep pea-green, bordered with reddish below; a long narrow triangular dorsal
light-brown band, slightly forked on the prothoracic segment, extends from the head
to near the base of the large dorsal tubercle on first abdominal segment; this tubercle
is sensitive and retractile as in the other species of this genus; it is large but not
forked, the end being very slightly cleft, blackish in the middle and each small ter-
minal wart has a dark hair which is bent downward and forward. First to third ab-
dominal segments pale gray and reddish-brown, the first less marbled and watered
with gray than the second and third; the back of the fourth to ninth segments clear
deep pea-green, with a round sinus in front on the fourth segment, and on the sixth
and front edge of seventh inclosing a watered gray elongated irregular patch. On
the eighth segment a small dorsal tubercle tinted with brown; the eighth spiracle
much larger and more conspicuous than the others; around the seventh pair of spira-
cles are clear white patches. The abdominal legs 1 to 4 are thick and fleshy, with a
reddish-brown circular line incomplete above; anal legs small and slender, about
one-third as large as the others. Length 35™™,

Pupa.—Body short and thick; tip of abdomen unusually blunt; cremaster partly
rudimentary, not projecting beyond the tip,-and consisting of two widely separate
flattened squarish spines, terminating in two small spines. Length 18™™,

Moth.—Pale cinereous. Pronotal pieces discolored with ligneous brown. A broad,
median thoracic dusky line, succeeded on the abdomen by a dark spot. Primaries
light ashen with brown scales arranged in streaks, which on the costa proceed ob-
liquely towards the outer margin, ending upon the subcostal nervure. Towards the
apex are two distinct brown streaks, which are parallel to the costa; between and
below the second streak are two whitish streaks. A dark-brown discal dot is placed
upon the lower discal nervule, and beyond it is a brown streak. In the middle of the
discal space is a light line which passes over the discal dot and continues along the
lowest subcostal interspace to near the outer margin. Below the median vein the wing
is slightly tinged with ocherous. Just below the basal portion of the median nervure
is a brown streak, and the internal border is mottled and streaked with dark cine-
reous. The tuft is dark-brown, and the outer edge of the wings is also darker than
the discal portion. There are no transverse streaks. Secondaries white, the costa dis-
closed slightly with cinereous. Abdomen nearly concolorous, being a shade darker
than the hind wings. Beneath cinereous, with a distinct median black line. Tarsi
broadly annulated with dark. Length of body, .85; expanse of wings, 1.75 inch.
Cambridge, female, Lansing, Mich. ; Seekonk, R. I.

158 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.
216. Lochmeus manteo Doubleday (Heterocampa subalbicans Grote).

This species ranges from Maineto Texas. During 1880a great amount.
of damage was done to the foliage of oak forests in at least two counties.
of Arkansas by this worm, which appeared in immense numbers in Jan-
uary. The following account is taken from Professor Comstock’s re-
port (Agricultural Report, 1880) :

There are probably two broods of the variable caterpillar in the course of the sea-
son, although but one, the fall brood, seems to have been noticed. The moths appear
in the latter part of April or in early May, and between that time and late Septem-
ber, when the principal damage is done by the worms, there is abundant time for two-
broods of caterpillars.

In the District of Columbia for the last two years these larve have been noticed very
abundantly upon oak, hawthorn, and basswood, and doubtless feed upon other plants.
In late September they had reached their full size and entered the ground, where,
as we gatherfrom Mrs, Thomas’s letter, they lie most of the winter before transforming.

The most obvious remedy for the injuries of this insect is the destruction of the
larve by burning the leaves upon the ground in the latter part of September, just as
the larvx are dropping from the trees. This could probably be done in most places
without danger to the forest and without injury to the mast.

Should the damage done by the worms be sufficiently great to warrant the expense
of trap lanterns to be used in May to destroy the moths, undoubtedly their numbers
could be greatly lessened. For description of trap lanterns, with remarks upon their
use, see page 330 of the report for 1879 (Comstock).

Professor Riley sends us the following notes on its habits and food
plants :

Two larve of a Notodonta were found feeding on oak and persimmon in Virginia,.
June 18, 1882. Another one was found June 20, also in Virginia, feeding on walnut ;
and two more July 19, feeding on oak. (It also feeds on the white, post, and laurel
eak, and linden). One of the first found larvz spun up between leaves July 19, and
another one pupated on the surface of the ground July 21. The first moth issued
August 5 and the other one August 12.

Larve of a second brood were again found August 30 feeding on apple and black
birch, and another full grown one September 3, feeding on persimmon.

October 14, 1870: S. S. Rathvon describes it as injurious to the linden trees,
stripping them and going from one tree to another in the village of Lititz, near Lan-
caster, Pa. They went into the ground about the 1st of September. The specimen
he sent had fifteen large Tachina-fly eggs attached transversely across the end and
third joints. The white margin to the black stripe was missing, and the dark pur-
ple dorsal band extends to stigmata on joints 6 and 9 and to subdorsum on 4 and
11 (box 3, No. 29), also a variety in box 3, No. 53.

October 17, 1870: Bolter found 2 under oak leaves, both of them like that I found
on oak October 2, 1870.

April 30, 1871, one has issued from an exotic oak in Shaw’s gardens. The markings
are much more diffused, with a large whitish discal spot on primaries. That marked
45* from burr oak—Muhleman, issued May 25, 1871. It is a variety and perfectly de-
ceptive like N. unicornis, taking the same tubular position.

Very abundant in 1873. October 12, leaves falling, obtained many from post oak.
Three most persistent forms blown a (4 in cage 12) b (11 in cage 11) ¢ (1 in cage 10).

July 6, 1874: The imagines have been issuing very irregularly. To-day I sieved
the cages and especially 17, in which there were a number of all three forms. They
now are all alike, and the head is the only characteristic part. All the color is
gone from the body, which is now of a uniform Paris green more or less mottled

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 159.

with a pale and dark shade, the vascular line dark and broken. Many of these are
now crawling about quite actively, while others are in the pupa state and others.
issuing. They were all in a very slight elastic silken cocoon.

September 20, 1874: A number of allsizes on oak, separated into three lots—a in cage
12; bincage 10; cincage5. They are very variable and there are specimens inter-
mediate between these three forms. Some have the colors very bright and distinct,
and otherslessso. Alot found on linden, but afterwards feeding well on oak, are all of
the light form a in cage 13.

November 21, 1874: In sieving the cages containing forms a, b, and c, they were
found still in the larval state, some having made a tough silken cocoon, others one
made only of a few threads, while some had no cocoons at all but had made asmooth
cavity in the earth. In cage 5 were found two large Tachina larve, certainly from
form c, one of which is preserved in box 7-40. April 10, 1875, one Tachina fly is-.
sued marked 359°. One moth issued April 16, 1875, the larva of which was found on
linden, but fed also on oak in cage 13, where there are many more in the ground.
Braconid parasite bred October, 1874. October 26, 1875: Nine from oak all near
form b. (Unpublished notes.)

Full-grown larva— Variety a.—Length, 40™™ (1.50 inches), rather slender, subcylindri-
eal, Head pale green with a deep purplish lateral line bordered below with a pure
white line; dorsum of abdomen bluish-green with a narrow white dorsal line; the
green dorsum is bordered each side by a narrow, scarcely noticeable yellow line run-
ning from the head to the fourth segment, from which point it is purple to the end of
the body; this line is bordered below by a very distinct pure white subdorsal band ;
the sides are bluish with dark purplish spots; stigmata orange; below the stigmata
a faint interrupted yellow band; the dorsal and lateral piliferous warts are yellowish ;
subdorsal whitish. The first thoracic segment has two yellow dorsal tubercular spots;
segments 2 and 3 have each a yellow dorsal double wart, and the first abdominal
segment has two quite conspicuous red piliferous tubercles; the penultimate segment.
is somewhat gibbous above and bears two small reddish piliferous tubercles.

Variety b.—Head dark yellow; dorsum of body purplish with paler mottlings;
dorsal line white; the subdorsal white line interrupted on abdominal segments 3 and
6; the sides rather browner than the dorsum; lateral line yellow and more distinct
thanin variety a. Stigmata orange; the first thoracic segment has the yellow tuber-
cle, but segments 2 and 3 have only the lower one of the double tubercles yellow. In
other points it resembles variety a.

Variety c.— Head very pale yellow; dorsum pale grayish; dorsal white line bor-
dered each side by a narrow purplish line. The subdorsal band consists of.a narrow
purple line, an indistinct yellow line, and a broad white band; the subdorsal lines
approximate on the thoracic segments as in other varieties; the lateral line is yellow,
distinct, and uninterrupted; sidesslightly darker than the dorsum and specked with
purplish spots. (Comstock, U. S. Ag. Report for 1880.)

217. Heterocampa pulverea Grote and Robinson.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCID2.

Professor French has reared this caterpillar, which occurred in Union
County, Ill., June 30; July 6 it went into the dirt of the breeding-cage
to pupate, the moth appearing August 6.

The caterpillar.— Length, 1.25 inches [in shape tapering slightly from the middle
forward, but more rapidly from that point backward, the body deeper than broad. ]
General color bright green, head gray, first segment behind the head with two dark
purplish-black dorsal warts; from these a purplish-brown line extends backward.
This purplish-brown color extends over the back part of the sixthsegment, the whole
of the seventh, and most of the eighth. On the third segment begins a dorsal orange-
patch, which reaches back to the sixth segment, filling the space between the purple
lines. On the ninth segment is another orange-patch. The tenth segment has ue

160 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

purple and only a little orange below the stigmata. There is also a faint yellowish
‘dorsal line. The eleventh segment has purple-brown subdorsal lines with orange on
the back. These lines unite on the twelfth segment and form a broad dorsal line.
Feet and legs purple. (French.)

Mo'‘h.—Fore wings olive-ash, a distinct, dark olive subdorsal space ; median space
paler, olivaceous; transverse anterior line black, geminate, dentate; the space in-
cluded is stained in the middle with brown. A narrow, distinct, discal lunate streak,
preceded by a blackish zigzag median shade line most distinct in the costa. Be-
yond the discal streak the wing is clear and whitish, forming an oblique pyriform
space, limited outwardly by the subterminal line and below by a dark shade below the
third inedian vein, somewhat as ir H. obliqua. It is closely related to H. cinerea Pack.

The following notes by Professor Riley throw more light on the habits
of this insect:

Found July 9, 1882, at Hyattsville, Md., quite a number of larvae of a Notodonta
feeding on oak, hickory, walnut, birch, and Carpinus americana.

Larve entered the ground July 19 and 20, and the moths issued from July 27 to
August 7. (Unpublished notes. )

218. THE OAK FORKED TAIL,
Heterocampa marthesia (Cram. ) (Lochmeus tessella Pack.).

The caterpillar of this moth is one of the most interesting among the
Notodontians since it connects Cerura with the other genera, by reason
of its two long caudal filaments, so much like those of Cerura. ‘These
appendages are simply modified anal legs, aud seem to be tactile and
repellant organs. This caterpillar is also interesting from its power
when touched of forcing out a dense cloud of fine spray from a gland
in the under side of the prothoracic segment, near the head. It is very
common on the oak, both red and white, from Maine southward, in
August and through September, and occurs as far south as Georgia.

The young before the last molt have much higher prothoracic dorsal
tubercles and much longer anal filaments than in the adult, and they
are tinged with reddish. The cocoon is of silk, not very thick, spun
between the leaves, and in confinement the moths issued in November,
though ordinarily not due until June.

Professor Riley has observed it on the oak at St. Louis, Mo., June 29,
and in July. He sends the following notes:

The larva, if disturbed, thrusts from the anal appendages a fine red thread. The
moths issued March 11 and 18.

Many of the larve are infected by parasites, among which were a Tachinid and a
Cryptus. (Unpublished notes. )

Larva.—It is a large-bodied, pale green caterpillar, thickest in the middle, being
somewhat spindle-shaped. The head is moderately large, flat in front, subconical,
with the vertex high and conical, pale green, edged very irregularly with roseate on
the sides. A small double reddish tubercle on the top of the prothoracic segment,
from which a median white or yellow dorsal stripe, here and there marked with ro-
seate spots, rans to the supra-anal plate. The anal legs are represented by two
slender filaments held outstretched, which are nearly as long as the body is thick.
There are seven pairs of oblique lateral faint yellowish slender stripes, the last pair
extending to the sides of the anal filaments. All the legs are pale green and concol-
orous with the body. Length 40™™, including the filaments.

Moth.—This species is rather above the medium size, and may be known by being
nearer in form of antennz, body, and wings to Cerura than any other species of Loch-

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES 161

meus or Heterocampa; by the pale ashen bleached fore wings, the basal third of which
is very dark cinereous; also by the linear obscure discal line, succeeded on the costa
by a white zigzag spot, and more especially by the square black spot near the in-
ternal angle, which is isolated from the submargino-apical dusky line, of which it
forms a part. Length of body, female, .90; expanse of wings, 2.15 inches.

219. THE AMERICAN SILK-WORM.
Telea polyphemus Hiibner.

Feeding on the leaves in August and September, a large, fat, pale-green worm, as
large as one’s finger, with pearly red warts, with an oblique white line between the
two lowermost warts; the head and feet brown, and a brown Y-shaped line on the tail.

The American silk-worm, not uncommonly met with on the oak, may
be artificially reared in great abundance on the leaves of this tree, and
the silk, reeled from the cocoons, can make a durable and useful cloth.
The large, thick, oval cocoons are attached to the leaves and fall with
them to the ground in autumn. The eggs are laid in June, when the
moths may be seen flying at night. It is one of our largest moths, ex-
panding from five to six inches, and is dull ocherous-yellow, with a large

Fic. 53.—American silk worm, natural size.—From Packard, after Trouvelot.

transparent eye-like spot in the middle of each wing. It is not common
enough to be destructive.

Fic. 55.—Pupa.— After Trouvelot.

According to Abbot and Smith, in Georgia the caterpillar feeds on
the black-jack and other oaks. ‘It buried itself July 12, and the moth
appeared the 26th. Another went into the ground August 9, and
came out the 24th. It likewise comes forth early in the spring, for [

5 ENT——11

162 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

have taken this species of moth on the 16th of May.” It thus appears
to be double-brooded in the Gulf States.

Larva.—Body very thick and fleshy, skin thin, segments short and convex, some-
what swollen and angulated. The head large, rounded, full above and retractile in
the prothoracic segment, which is considerably wider than the head, but much nar-
rower than the one succeeding. The head is pale rust-red, and rather hairy in front.
The body is of a soft rich pea-green, much paler than the upper side of an oak leaf
and even than the under side. The front edge of the prothoracic segment is straw-
yellow and on its anterior edge are four widely separated yellow warts, each bearing
a black hair. Two dorsal rows on second (meso) to tenth segment behind the head
of prominent spherical mammill#, bearing two to three pale yellowish hairs; those
on the first four segments rich yellow, those behind tinged with orange-red and glis-
tening with silver. Two lateral rowsof similar tubercles in color and form, reddish
behind the fourth segment. The two rows are very wide apart, the lower row next
to bases of abdominal and thoracic feet. The spiracles are slightly nearer the lower
than upper lateral row of mammill#. They are bright brick-red. A faint straight
oblique pale yellow band connects the upper and lower tubercles on each segment,
there being six such bands.

Supra-anal plate forming almost an equilateral triangle, subacute, the edge thick-
ened and broadly marked with a bright varnish brown, forming a distinct brown VY,
the hind edge of the broad anal legs also of the same hue of brown. Thoracic feet
rust-red. Abdominal feet concolorous with the body. Along the lateral ridge are
numerous short hairs. Length 65 mm; thickness 13 mm.

220. ‘THE BUCK MOTH OR MAIA MOTH.
Hemileuca maia (Drury).

This fine insect feeds on the oak, as Harris says, in company when
small, but dispersing when becoming larger; the caterpillar eats the
leaves of various kinds of oaks and stings very sharply when handled.
In the New England States the moth flies in July and early in August,
but is usually rarely seen so far to the northeast. In Illinois and Mis-
souri, according to Riley (fifth Missouri report), it is more abundant, and
in Illinois is called the buck moth or deer moth, because seen flying
late in autumn when the deer run. Thespecies under its ordinary form
ranges from Maine to Georgia and westward to Kansas; it has also been
rarely found west of the Rocky Mountains at Dayton, Nev., flying
about willows in August (var. nevadensis Stretch). I possess a male
from Colorado which has still wider white bands on both wings than
figured by Stretch. It also inhabits California (californica Stretch).
The Californian moth apparently agrees, as Riley states, with Dr. Lint-
ner’s variety bred in New York; the fore wings having no pale mark-
ings. It thus appears to range from
Maine to California ; southward through-
out the Gulf State and to Nevada.

Riley states that the leaves of our dif-

Fic. 56.—H. maia, eggs natural size.—
After Riley. erent oaks afford the usual food, and that

“the black masses of the prickly larve
are sometimes quite abundant on the young post, black, and red oaks
along the Iron Mountain region.” He has also found them abundantly

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 163

on the scrub willow (Salix humilis) in northern Illinois, and on a rose
bush, and states that they also occur on the common hazel, while Glover
records them as living on the wild black cherry.

Fig. 57.—H. maia; a, larva fully grown; 6, pupa—natural size; c, abdominal, d, thoracic spine, of
newly-hatched larva; e, spine of larva after first molt; f,g, spine of larva after third and fourth
molts—enlarged.—A fter Riley.

In the Central and Eastern States the moths begin to issue from the
ground late in September and early in October, ‘‘ the males almost al-
ways appearing first” (Riley). Both Lintner and Riley record cases
where the moths were retarded a whole year. ‘From a batch of larve,
which had all entered the ground before July 1, 1871, one moth did not
issue till October 8, 1872.” (Riley.)

Fic. 58.— Hemileuca maia, male buck moth.—After Riley.

The eggs are deposited to the number of from one hundred to two
hundred in naked belts, the smallest number of eggs in a mass being
seventy. Riley thus describes the-process of egg-laying:

Holding firmly by all her feet, the female stations herself upon a twig, with her
head usually toward its end. She then stretches her abdomen to its fullest extent

and fastens the first egg; another is then attached by its side, and so on, the body
reaching round the twig without letting go the feet. In this manner, governed by

164 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

the thickness of the twig, an irregular, somewhat spiral ring is formed and others
added, until toward the last the abdomen is raised and the ovipositor brought up
between the legs. The lower or first deposited ones incline so as to almost lie on their
sides. (5th Mo. Rt., p. 128.)

Mr. Joseph A. Stuart has communicated to me the following notes
on this moth observed by him at Dracut, Mass:

September 25, 1876: Marked cluster of eggs laid by maia around the stems of Spi-
rea salicifolia in a cranberry swamp. May 25, 1877: Waded into my meadow to the
marked cluster of eggs, and found the larve hatched and one-quarter of an inch long,
feeding upon the plant on which the empty egg-shells still remained. June 3: Plenty
of broods to be found in themeadow. June10: Thosein the meadow began to scat-
ter; at this time commencing to show the two rows of dull-yellow warts upon the
back, otherwise black in color with red head and legs. June 17: Jn the meadow
they were from three-quarters of an inch to one and one-quarter inches long, and the
branching spines showed plainly. Rarely more than one to be found onaplant. June
24: Show the yellow dots between the warts and spines and the yellow ‘‘ crescents ”
above the prop-legs. They aie getting more scarce. Have found two specimens on
the rough-leaved hardhack, but not a single specimen on the dog rose, though in one
case found a dog rose growing intertwined with an infested hardhack, neither have
I found them near a cranberry vine. In former years while picking cranberries from
September 15 to 25 have found freshly-emerged moths on a spear of grass and an
empty naked chrysalis in the peat moss three to four inches deep. Have never seen
them on upland in either State.

The spines are poisonous, as in most spinose silk-worms, especially
those on the back. Notwithstanding its armature, it is preyed upon by
two parasites Limneria fugitiva (Say) and a species of Microgaster.

Dr. J. A. Lintner states that the freshly-hatched caterpillars are at-
tacked by a bug, Arma modesta, which destroys whole broods at a
time. Dr. Lintner has given the most detailed account of the trans-
formations of this fine moth, but for convenience we copy the more con-
densed account of the larval changes as given by Riley:

Egg.—Length, .05 to .06 inch ; obovate ; compressed on the sides and at the apex ;
reddish-brown above, below yellowish-white.

Larva before first molt.—Length, .15 inch. It isblack and granulated above, red-
dish-brown and smooth below, with a row of spots along the middle joints. The
prolegs are brown ; head with a few scattering hairs; spines placed in the normal
position, namely, 6 (in longitudinal rows) on all joints except 11, where two dorsal
ones are replaced by a single medio-dorsal one, an additional subventral one each
side on joints 1, 2, 3, 4,5, and 10, and an additional medio-dorsal one on joint 12.
They consist of a thickened, sub-cylindrical, polished black stem, nearly as long as
the diameter of the body, truncated at tip, which is coronated with three or four
short points, and emits a long black bristle, which, under high magnifying power,
appears barbed. On the thoracic joints the stem of the six superior rows is forked
near its tip.

After first molt.—The body remains the same, but the spines, which are now longest
on thoracic joints, are more branched, with more hairs from the main stem, and the
bristles from blunt ends comparatively short.

After second molt.—The dorsal spines are still more branched, and often less trun-
cated, so that the bristle is less distinctly separated and forms more nearly part of
the tapering spine. The bristles also, especially on the lateral spines, are longer and
paler. During the latter part of this stage the characteristics of the mature larva
are indicated.

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 165

After third molt.—The two dorsal rows of spines on joints 3 to 10, and the mesial one
on joint 11, are reduced to subconical tubercles or warts, fascicled with short, stout,
simple spines of a pale fulvous color, tipped with black; those on joints 1 and 2 re-
main much as before, but there is generally a fascicle of similarly fulvous spines at
the base of the latter. The other spines are somewhat stouter, with the blunt tips
from which the bristles spring more or less white. Characters of mature larva more
patent.

After fourth molt.—The granulations assume the form of whitish transverse-oval
papillz, each emitting from the center a minute dark bristle. These papille are
mostly confluent around the stigmata, and, together with some irregular, pale yel-
low markings, produce a broad and pale stigmatal stripe. They are most sparse
along the subdorsal region, just above stigmata, where, in consequence, the body
appears darkest.

Mature larva.— Average length, nearly 2 inches; color, brown-black ; head, cervical
shield, anal plate, and legs polished chestnut-brown, the prolegs lighter, and inclin-
ing to Venetian-red, with hooks more dusky and the true legs darker, inclining to
black at tips. The dorsal fascicled spines, with the exception of a few short black
ones in the center of each bunch, are pale rust-yellow, translucent, the tips mucronate
and black; the other compound spines are black, with the blunt ends more or less
distinctly white and translucent (but frequently crowned with minute black points,
as in the first stage), and the sharp-pointed spinules arising from them dusky. They
are generally enlarged and reddish at base, and an approach to the dorsal fascicles
is made in the increased number and yellow color of the basal branches, especially
in the subdorsal rows. Stigmata sunken, pale, elongate-oval; venter yellowish
along the middle, the legs connected with red, and a reddish spot on the legless joints.

Pupa.—The larva, to transform, almost always enters the ground, and there, in a
simple, ovoid cell, the prickly skin.is shed, and the pupa state assumed. It is now
of a deep brown-black color, heavy and rounded anteriorly, minutely shagreened or
roughened, except at the sutures of legs and wing-sheaths, where it is smooth and
polished. The margins of the three abdominal sutures next the thorax, and of that
between the last two stigmata-bearing joints, are more or less crimped or plaited,
while the three which intervene, and which are the only ones movable, are deep and
transversely aciculate (as if scratched with the point of a needle) on the hind, and
longitudinally and minutely striated on the front side. The body ends in a trian-
gular, flattened, ventrally concave tubercle, tipped with a few curled, blunt, rufous
bristles.

Moth.—The wings are so lightly covered with scales that they are semi-transparent
and look like delicate black crape. The bands across them are cream-white, and
broadest on the hind wings. The female antennz below, the hair on the thighs, and
two small tufts behind the thorax, are brick-red, and the male differs from the female
in having broader, black antennz and a smaller abdomen, tipped with a large tuft
of brick-red hair. The color is cream-white, and the black hairs of the body more or
less sprinkled with hairs of the same pale color.

221. Tolype velleda (Stal).

The caterpillar of this remarkable moth was found by Abbot in
Georgia to feed on the willow oak (Quercus phellos) and the persimmon,
Spinning its cocoon August 10, the moth appearing September 22.
In the northern States, where it has only been observed on the apple
and would be mistaken for a swelling of the bark, it spins its cocoon
also early in August, appearing as a moth forty days later.

Larva.—Body 2} inches long ; much like that of G. americana, the color, however,
pale sea-green, marked with ash, blended into white, and beneath of a brilliant

166 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

orange, spotted with vivid black. When in motion a rich, velvet-black stripe appears
two-thirds of an inch from the head. (Harris.)

Cocoon.—Like soft, brown-gray paper in texture; one and one-half inches long
and half an inch wide; bordered on all sides by a loose web; oval; convex above and
perfectly flat and very thin beneath.

Moth.—A large stout-bodied moth, white with a large, high tuft of long, metallic,
brown scales along the thorax; wings short and broad, rounded at the apex with two
basal bands and a broad, slightly curved submarginal dusky band, interrupted by
the white veins; hind wings gray with a white border on which are two interrupted
gray lines. Males with broadly feathered antennw, and expanding 14 to 1% inches,
while the females are much larger, the wings expanding 2} to 24 inches.

The following species of Noctuidz are found on oaks of different
species:
222. Charadra deridens (Guen.).

This white hairy caterpillar occurred on the oak August 28. It was
first reared by Dr. Lintner (Contr. iii, 157), in New York, and Septem-
ber 16 made a thin cocoon between the leaves.

The caterpillar also inhabits the elm and birch and spins a cocoon
late in August in a case between two leaves; the eggs were, as ob-
served by Mr. Thaxter, laid July 4, singly or in rows on the under
side of a-leaf, the caterpillar. hatching July 11, molting six times, the
last time August 6.

E£gg.—F lattened, ribbed, whitish.

Larva.—When hatched, light green, on segm ents 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, respectively, a large,
roundish, red sub-dorsal spot. Head large, tinged with brown; body tapering con-
siderably posteriorly, and sparingly clothed with long colorless hairs. Length 2.5™™,
(Thaxter, Papilio iii, 11.)

Larva before last molt.—Head white, rounded, a broad jet-black transverse patch
on the front above the apex of the clypeus; the latter edged with black, forming a
black triangle connecting below with a black stripe on each side of base of labrum;
the latter black-brown, body cylindrical, rather short and thick; sutures deep; head
not so wide as the prothorax, the latter rather full and large, longer but not so wide
as the meso-segment, and with a yellowish-white tinge like the head. Rest of the
body white, with a very slight greenish tinge, with small tubercles concolorous with
the body, from which radiate fascicles of long white fine hairs of unequal length half
as long as the body. Length 21™™; thickness 5 to 6™™,

Full-fed larva.—After the last molt the head is jet black in front, except along
back of vertex, which is white, and sends a median line between the two large black
patches. In front are three triangular whitish patches, one on the clypeus, and a
longer one on each side. In front black, face black, labrum white. Body dull white,
tinged with pale glaucous-green, with very long white hairs arising from small white
warts. Length 38™™,

Moth.—Fore wings broad, subtriangular, a little prolonged at the apex, of an ashy
white washed with yellow, with several waved blackish lines; those of the middle of
the wing more marked, one from the costa passing backward, forming a great YJ and
containing in its middle a round dot pupilled with brown; the other contiguous and
opposed to that of the internal border, containing in the middle the base of the me-
dian shade, and having the external side formed at the expense of the angulated
line. This last lunulated, followed by a similar line near the submarginal. At the
end of the discoidal cell is a blackish spot, and under the costa, before the upper U
a mark of the same color. Hind wings rounded, white on the edges, with marginal
lunules; antenne short, well feathered. Palpi short, externally brown, with the
last joint white. Expanse of wings 40™™, (Guenée.)

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 167

223. Charadra propinquilinea Grote.

The larva is said by Mr. Thaxter to feed in Maine on the birch, wal-
nut, and maple, as well as the oak.

Larva.—Black, with a dorsal white band, and a lateral white band edged below
with black beneath white. The long tufts in segment 2 were clear black instead of
red as normally. Specimens on walnut were mottled and black. (Thaxter.)

Moth.—Differs from C. deridens by the median lines being much nearer together and
not joined at the center of the wings. Orbicular spot round, distinct, whitish, with a
central dark dot. Reniform spot contiguous to the outer line; median line apparent
in front and behind the orbicular spot. Submarginal line distinct on the costal point
behind, scalloped. An interrupted marginal line. Hind wings smoky, dark along
the external margin. Head and thorax whitish. Tegule with black marks. Ex-
panse of wings 40™™, (Grote.)

224. Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides (Guenée),

Mr. R. Thaxter has collected on the red oak the caterpillar, which
lives in cases between leaves, such as are made by Charadra. When
at rest the body is bent, the head approaching the posterior segments.
One spun a slight cocoon in moss September 20 to 25, the moth emerg-
ing on June 9 following.

Larva.—Rich yellow-brown, varying in shade, mottled by fine dark lines. A con-
trasting white spot just above the stigmata of segment 4, roundish and varying in
size, sometimes altogether wanting. A fine, continuous, black dorsal line. Head
protruded and darker brown than the body. Stigmata black-brown, slender. Length
42™m (1.68 inches). (Thaxter.)

Moth.—Fore wings straight and at the internal angle with a tooth, the fringe of
which is reddish, and next to a large black spot. At the base of the wing is a gray-
ish-black spot, then succeeds a wavy band composed of two or three black lines, the
first of which is the extrabasilar, and which goes from the costa to the inner edge
of the wing. The other linés are indistinct ; the submarginal is very much toothed,
oblique, not bent. The whole wing is ofa silky gray, tinted with rose, with the
median space dusted with black scales. Hind wings ashy with a small central line
and yellowish fringe; beneath clear yellow. On each side of the abdomen is a tuft
of dark-gray scales. The female differs much from the male in having no black spots
at the base of the fore wings nor at the internal angle, and the broad band of the
male is reduced to the extrabasilar alone, which is fine and edged with white. Ab-
domen not tufted on thesides. (Guenée.)

225. THE WESTERN DAGGER-MOTH.

Apatela occidentalis Grote and Robinson.

The caterpillar of this moth has been reared from the oak in Massa-
chusetts by Mr. Roland Thaxter (Psyche ii, 35). The moth is of com-
mon occurrence from June to July in the New England and Middle
States. The caterpillar also feeds on the elm and apple and is seen in
September. It began to spin a cocoon September 23, the moth appear-
ing early in the following summer. It was identified for us by Mr.
Grote.

Larva.—Body cylindrical, hairy, with a black hump on the eighth segment, and a

broad black longitudinal band. The general color of the body is a livid leaden hue.
Pupa:—Of the usual shape; tip of the abdomen obtuse, with eight long, even, stiff

168 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

chitinous sete which are incurved at the end. The basal abdominal suture is well
marked, being very deep. Length 20™™,

Moth.—This species is the American analogue of the European 4. psi. It constantly
ditfers from its ally by the paler color of the fore wings, which are more sparsely
covered with scales, and by their somewhat squarer shape. The reniform spot on
the disc shows a bright testaceous tinge, and the ordinary spots are less approximate
than in A. psi. The secondaries are dark gray, nearly unicolorous, a little paler in
the male, and darker in either sex than its European analogue. Expanse of wings
1.40 inches. (G. and R.)

226. Apatela lobelie (Guenée. )

This caterpillar was found by Mr. Coquillett on the burr oak in [li-
nois, June 6; it spun a cocoon June 22, the moth appearing July 14.

Larva.—Body bluish-gray, the dorsal space tinged with yellow; a dorsal and subdor-
sal pale yellowish line extending only to segment 11, which is humped, the top bluish,
and on it are four quite large piliferous spots; the top of segment 4 bluish, inter-
rupting the dorsal line; piliferous spots whitish, prominent, each bearing a black
hair; sides of the body quite thickly covered with whitish hairs; spiracles white,
encircled with black; body beneath greenish white. Head gray, dotted with black,
and marked on the top with two blood-red spots. Length 1.50 inches. (Coquillett,
Papilio, i, 6.)

Moth.—Fore wings oblong, somewhat square, of a clear ash, finely speckled, with a
thick basal line, the transverse inferior line thick, and the superior one more feeble
and black, ordinary lines quite well marked. The spots not distinct, joined together
by a thick black spot; the orbicular spot relatively small. Fringe plainly spotted
with black. Hind wings dirty white, a little irised, with the veins and the edge
broadly washed with blackish ; beneath white, with a basal dash, a large triangular
spot, an interrupted transverse line and distinct terminal black dashes. Female with
the fore wings relatively rather large, the hind wings more obscure, with the line on
the under side more entire. Expanse of wings 55 ™™ (2.20 inches). (Guenée. )

227. Apatela afflicta Grote.

Several caterpillars were observed feeding on the red oak by Mr.
Thaxter. They spun stout, elongated cocoons September 17 to 25, and
the moths appeared in June and July of the following year.

Larva.—Light yellow-brown, tinged with green, darker above. A few lateral whit-
ish hairs. Stigmata white, ringed with black. A whitish stigmatal line; a distinct,
continuous black dorsal line. A subdorsal row of stiff club-shaped hairs, such as are
found in the larva of 4. funeralis, but much smaller and not noticeable. These are
easily broken and in the specimens before me are present only on segments 4, 5, 6, and
11, though in more perfect specimens they may occur on all the segments. One
specimen found was rich yellow-green, and all vary considerably in shade. Head
stout, flattened behind, yellow-brown, lighter externally, sparsely clothed with whit-
ish hairs. It rests with the head touching the posterior segments, selecting a withered
or discolored leaf on which it is well concealed. (R. Thaxter in Papilio, iii, 17.)

Moth.—Fore wings dark gray, shaded with black. The basal and transverse anterior
lines are black, geminate, undulate. The median space dark gray, lighter on the
costa and along internal margin, and traversed by the median shade-line, which is
black, dentate, crosses the reniform spot, and is composed of three distinct black
bands, which are obscured in the center of the wing, and only apparent on the costa and
internal margin. Discal space occupied by a deep, blackish shade, showing a some-
what greenish reflection, and which occupies all the subterminal space. The ordinary
spots are of the normal shape ; the orbicular spot distinct, whitish with black center;

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 169

the reniform spot broad, but slightly excavated externally, obscured by the greenish
discal shade, ringed with black and with a central streak. Transverse posterior
line intensely black, geminate, minutely dentate. Subterminal and terminal lines
white, interrupted, dentate between the veins; fringes whitish, broadly interrupted
with black at the extremities of the veins; costa with some whitish marks. Hind
wings gray; darker along the veins. Disc of thorax whitish gray, with two central
blackish spots. Tegulz and collar blackish, the latter with a black line and grayish
above. Expanse of wings, 1.60 inches. (Grote.)

228. Apatela brumosa (Guenée).

According to Coquillett, the caterpillar of this moth feeds on the plum
and hazel; it spins a thin tough cocoon. In Illinois two caterpillars
assumed the chrysalis state in September, the moths appearing in the
last week in April and first week in May of the following year.

Larva.— Body black, marked with a broad yellowish-brown stigmatal stripe; hairs
in spreading-clusters from warts, those upon each end of the body being yellow, the
rest white; sixteen legs; head black; length 38 ™™.

Guenée says it lives on the oak and is entirely clear yellow, with a fine continuous
blackish dorsal line, and the head of a pale red. The piliferous points in a trapezoid,
somewhat warty, very small, pale red, and emitting but a single hair. The stigmata
is circled with blackish.

Moth.—A little larger than the European 4. rumicis, which it somewhat resembles.
Wings of a little less fuliginous gray, with all the lines and the visible spots black ;
the orbicular spot quite large, clear, and marked witha central point; the reniform
spot very large, and stained in the middle with black. A broad blackish shade, more
marked even than in 4. rumicis, starts from the base of the wing and ends almost on
the terminal border, being interrupted behind the reniform spot. The fringe is dis-
tinctly checkered. The small white lunule which we see on the inner margin in
rumicis, does not here exist. Hind wings of a very clear yellowish-gray, somewhat
transparent, with the veins more distinct. A feeble cellular lunule, and the fringe
checkered, outer edge brownish, in the female. (Guenée.)

229. Apatela ovata Grote.

This is a very common caterpillar, feeding on the red and white oak,
and ranges from Maine to Georgia. It is a peculiar caterpillar, eating
patches while clinging to the under side of the leaf. It varies much
in color, some being reddish orange, and pinkish in tint; others dirty
whitish yellow. In the pinkish specimens the dorsal line of dark dia-
mond-shaped spots is obsolete. One was yellowish with dorsal brown
spots; another caterpillar was brown, with ten pairs of bright straw-
yellow dorsal spots. This singular larva, which differs from most of its
congeners in being nearly naked, is probably protected from its ene-
mies, as it lies curled up on the leaf, by its resemblance to a withered
patch or blotch on an oak-leaf. It pupated September 19 to 25, not
spinning a cocoon, and undoubtedly entering the ground.

We have also found it on Betula populifolia ; and two specimens oc-
curred on the chestnut; one of a straw-yellow, the other of a reddish
tint. The moth was identified for us by Mr. John B. Smith.

The flattened body, very large head, the dorsal row of short diamond-

170 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

shaped spots on a straw-yellow ground, and the reddish-orange mam-
millw# giving rise to pale hairs will distinguish this singular larva.

Larva.—Head very large, full, bilobed, the lobe full and rounded, much wider
than the body, pale, marbled with lilac. Five pairs of abdominal feet. Body short
and thick, somewhat flattened, tapering somewhat toward the tail; straw-yellowish,
with a row of dark broad, diamond-shaped, brown spots along the back, the spots
connected and centered with yellowish. Four setiferous dorsal reddish rounded warts
arranged in a trapezoid, with another wart on the side above each stigma. Body
beneath paler. Length, 20™™.

Moth.—Of the general shape of A. hamamelis, but very different in color and with
distinct sagittate marks. Gray with a bright tinge, shaded with testaceous. A
black basal dash extends to the twice strongly angulated t. a. line, which is gemi-
nate, the inner more distinct line composed of raised scales. Above the basal dash
the humeral space is pale beyond the geminate basal half-line. Median space wide
superiorly, owing to the superior wide projection of the distinct and regularly den-
ticulated t. p. line Orbicular rather large, pale, and vague, with clouded center.
Costal black marks evident. Median shade apparent by raised darker scales. Reni-
form vague, bisannulate, stained with deep testaceous. A very narrow black dis-
tinct dash at internal angle, broken at the pale continued s. t. line. A third black
dash, indicated within s. t. line, opposite the disk. Secondaries fuscous, with the
distinct black discal spot and dentate line of the paler under surface reflected. Ex-
panse of wings, 1.45 inch. (Grote.)

230. Scopelosoma morrisoni Grote.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family NocruIpz

The larve® of five species of this genus have, according to Mr. R.
Thaxter, the same form and habit; are omnivorous, and live in a case
between two leaves, or within the folds of a single leaf; when young
making a silk-covered burrow between two ribs or eating out a cavity
in a bud somewhat after the manner ofa Torticid. When fully matured
and somewhat soiled, it is hardly possible to separate the species. S.
morrisoni and walkeri are the most difficult to separate, but the more
even and richer color of the subdorsal and dorsal regions, together with
the obliteration of the dorsal and subdorsal lines, and the clear white
lateral line, render the latter species sufficiently recognizable when
fresh. The lateral lines are substigmatal, the stigmata black, the body
sparsely covered with minute tubercles bearing short colorless hairs in
all the species. Form cylindrical, tapering very slightly, head moder-
ate. Theeggsof the present species were laid on oak twigs April 22. It
molts five times.

Egg.—Stone color changing to reddish; flattened inferiorly, a central superior de-
pression from which radiate beaded ridges. Transverse diameter about 6™™,

First larval stage.—When just hatched, color livid yellowish green with blackish
superior and anterior blotches. Head large, jet black. Thoracic and abdominal legs
black. A frontal semi-circular black plate on segment 1. After feeding and when
nearly grown. indications of a dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral streak. Color light
green. Length 2 to 3™™,

Second stage.—A dorsal, two subdorsal, and a substigmatal whitish line, the two

subdorsal ones less clearly marked, especially the inferior. Setiferous tubercles,
which bear short colorless minute hairs, blackish, indistinctly ringed. ¢

* INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. BE (et

In third stage.—Much as before, but the markings more distinct.

In fourth stage.—Color above and below on segments, one-third dull purple, tinged
with green dorsally. Below light greenish; a patch of purplish in the substigmatal
region of each segment. Dorsal line with a bluish tinge. Head light brown. Length
aGms

Fifth stage.—Marked as before but less distinctly. Colors duller and darker. Length
ppt:

Sixth stage, mature larva.—Dull blackish with a slight bluish-green tinge and late-
ral dull purplish shades, obscurely mottled. Dorsal streak indistinct, bluish white,
somewhat irregular. Subdorsal lines broken, but tolerably distinct, the superior
edged with blackish. Lateral streak white with a bluish tinge. Stigmata black.
Setiferous tubercles minute, black, ringed with bluish white; those below the lateral
line more distinct. The superior subdorsal line cuts the frontal plate of segment 1
very clearly, and is there tinged with yellowish. Rather stout, slightly tapering.
Length 35™™, (Thaxter.)

Moth.—This species is of the color of S. walkeri, but differs at once by the even, pale
shaded distinct median lines on the fore wings, which latter are of a rusty olivaceous
ocherous. The reniform appears merely as a pale luniform mark, looking of a piece
with the t. p. line. This latter in S. walkeri is dark, single, narrow, irregular or
wavy, or a little interspaceally notched over the median nervules. Hind wings
blackish, with fringes like the fore wings and thorax in color. Beneath like the fore
wings above, irrorate with black scales, with distinct blackish discal spot and median
band, the latter centrally more deeply indented than usual. Costal edge of primaries
straight. Expanse of wings, 38™™. (Grote.)

231. Amphipyra pyramidoides Guen.

Professor Riley found, May 28, 1873, the larva of this common moth
almost full-grown on the oak. It entered the ground June 5, and
issued as an imago June 25. He states that it feeds on oak, poplar,
grape, Cercis canadensis, persimmon, and hazel.

Saunders states that it also occurs on the thorn, and that when full-
grown the caterpillar descends to the ground, and, drawing together
some loose fallen leaves or other rubbish, spins a slight cocoon within
which it changes to a dark-brown chrysalis, from which the perfect
insect escapes in the latter part of July.

Larva,—Nearly an inch and a half long, the
body tapering towards the front, and thick-
ened behind. The head is rather small, of
a whitish-green color, with the mandibles
tipped with black; the body whitish-green, a
little darker on the sides, with a white stripe
down the back, a little broken between the
segments or rings, and widening behind.
There is a bright-yellow stripe on each side
close to the under surface, which is most dis- Fic. 59.—Imago of Amphipyra pyramidoi-
tinct on the hinder segments, and a second des.—After Riley.
one of the same color, but fainter, half-way
between this and the dorsal line; this latter is more distinct on the posterior portion
of the body, and follows the peculiar prominence on the twelfth segment. The under
side of the body is pale green. (Saunders.)

Moth.—The fore wings are dark brown shaded with paler brown and with dots
and wavy lines of dull white; the hind wings are reddish with a coppery luster,

172 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

becoming brown on the outer angle of the front edge of the wing and paler toward
the hinder and inner angle. The under surface of the wings is much paler than the
upper. The body is dark brown; its hinder portion banded with lines of a paler
hue. Expanse of wings, lf inches. (Saunders.)

232. Teniocampa incerta Hufn. (Orihosia instabilis Fitch).

Professor Riley has found, feeding on the oak, small whitish larve,
with a yellow-brown head and a row of red spots on each side of the
body. One folded a leaf within which it spun a loose, white silken
web, open at both ends. It transformed within this, but deserted it
and entered the ground August 14. It also feeds on the hickory and
sassafras. (Unpublished notes.)

233. Jodia rufago Hiibn.

Professor Riley states that this is one of the early Noctuids, speci-
mens of which were collected on sugar at Washington April 15, 1884,
and commenced to deposit their eggs the following day. The eggs are
yellowish-white, globular, and finely ribbed. They hatch in about seven
days, and the young larve commence to feed at once on the leaves of
cherry and oak. They are yellowish-white, with a pale yellow head and
black piliferous warts. They molt at intervals of three to four days,
the last stage lasting about ten days, when, by the end of May, all
enter the ground for transformation, apparently not appearing as moths
before the following spring. (Unpublished notes.)

234. Panopoda carneicosta Guen.

Larve of this species were found August 25, 1884, in Virginia, feed-
ing on the oak, and a moth issued September 23. The same species
was also found at Atlanta, Ga.

Larva.—The full-grown larva is about 42™™ in length, rather slender, of a dark
green color, with orange-yellow subdorsal line, and an oblique, fine, yellow line each
side of each segment. (Riley’s unpublished notes.)

Moth.—Wings rounded, entire; of a violet-ash color, with the outer margin washed
with brown, and an indistinct submarginal series of white points, shaded with black-
ish orreddish. Fore wings with three distinct brown lines; the extrabasilar straight;
the extradiscal sinuous, curved, and the median diffuse line straight, passing beyond
the reniform dot, which is black, very distinct, L-shaped, the lower branch of which
is prolonged to a point under the orbicular, which is reduced to a black dot. Hind
wings with a scarcely visible extradiscal line. Wings beneath gray, powdered with
reddish, not spotted or banded. Prothorax reddish brown. Expanse of wings 46™™,
(Guenée. )

235. Panopoda rufimargo Hiibn.

This moth has been bred from the oak by Mr. R. Thaxter (Psyche ii, 35).

Moth.—Wings gray powdered with dark brown; the fore wings with two median
lines very rambling (écartées), almost parallel, very wavy, but not toothed, fine and
continuous, rust-red, lined with a yellow thread. The hind wings with a single sim-
ilar line, starting from the anal angle, but disappearing two-thirds across the wings.
Fore wings with the costa rust-red and the orbicular spot reduced to a dot, the ren-
iform being larger and tear-like. Expanse of wings 45™™,

i

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 17a

Var. roseicosta Guen., with the wings of a clear yellow ocher, with the red lines
more widely ‘edged with yellow. The reniform is divided into two dots, and the
orbicular is divided into two spots. Both pairs of wings bear a subterminal line of
yellow spots. The female differs in having the costa tinted with clear rose, and there
are no subterminal dots. (Guenée.)

236. Cosmia orina Guen.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family NOCTUID&.

Mr. W. Saunders, of London, Canada, has bred this moth from the
oak. One specimen, which entered the chrysalis state on the 24th of
June, produced the imago on the 18th of July. (Saunders.)

Larva.—A smooth yellowish green larva nine-tenths of an inch long, body cylin-
drical, above pale yellowish-green, with a dorsal line of yellow, less distinct on the
anterior segments, and covered with fine dots and short streaks of yellow, less nu-
merous on the second and terminal segments. Head rather smooth, flattened in front,
slightly bilobed, pale whitish-green.

Moth.—Fore wings somewhat oblong, and rather rectangular than triangular ; of a
fleshy gray mixed with blackish scales, and powdered on the veins with black scales ;
with two fine median white lines disposed in a trapezium more open at the base
than in trapezina ; median spots encircled with white ; the orbicular spot punctured
with blackish ; the reniform spot straight, constricted in the middle ; punctured with
black at each end. Hind wings whitish, grayish on their outer half, with a discal
dot, plainer beneath. Male abdomen very slender and ended by a very large tuft of
hairs. (Guenée.)

237. CLIMBING CUT-WORMS.
Agrotis saucia, etc.
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family NOCTUID.

Climbing cut-worms were a prominent feature of the entomological
developments of the spring of 1886. These attacked the oaks, elms, and
other shade trees, as well as apple, pear, and cherry trees and a variety
of vines and shrubs. Among the species detected in their work of de-
struction were Agrotis saucia, A. scandens, A. alternata, and Homohadena
badistriga. The grass under shade and fruit trees would often in the
morning be thickly strewn with leaves and buds that had been severed
during the night. This was especially noticeable under the various
oaks and sweet cherries. On a large, isolated specimen of the latter,
up which a trumpet vine had climbed, I took early in May a great num-
ber of the larve of Agrotis alternata. Tiese mottled gray worms
were found during the day extended longitudinally on the trunk, closely
appressed to the stems of the trumpet vine, where, protected by their
imitative coloring, it would be impossible for an unpracticed eye to de-
tect them and where even birds failed to find them. When ready to
transform they descended to the earth and inclosed themselves in an
ample, tough, dingy-white cocoon, under any slight protection that
might be convenient. I also took this species from crevices of oak-
bark and occasionally found one feeding in arose. (Miss Murtfeldt,
Bull. Div. Ent., xiii, p. 60.)

.

174 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.
238. Catocala amica (Hiibner).

Mr. Coquillett found two caterpillars of this moth (C. androphila
Guen.) in Illinois on a burr oak tree June 5. They spun cocoons about
disclosing the moths July 24. Abbot also figured in manuscript the
July 3, caterpillar, which be found on the oak.

Larva.—Body slender, dull greenish yellow, a light dorsal stripe, on each side of
which is a darker stripe on which is arow of black piliferous spots; a stigmatal
row of black piliferous spots; on top of segment 8 is aslight prominence; under side
of body greenish white, with a row of black spots in the middle, one spot to each
segment; the two anterior pairs of abdominal legs smaller than the two posterior
pairs. Head gray, with two white spots on the upper part of the face. Length, 14
inches. (Coquillett).

Moth.—Fore wings pale gray, the lines fine, not very evident, the transverse ante-
rior line the heavier marked. A distinct black median shade on costa above the
reniform and continued beneath it, running upward to external margin below apex.
A brown shade fills the space left by the exserted portion of the transverse posterior
line beyond the reniform. This black median shade is marked on costa, but else sub-
obsolete in all the males I have before me, and the brown shading very faint. The
transverse posterior line minutely dentate without prominent teeth. Subreniform
small, pale, and both spots inconspicuous and often incompletely ringed. The ser-
rated subterminal white shade is tolerably distinct; fringesdark. Hind wings bright
yellow; a broad thick terminal band is squarely discontinued and appears as a black
dot at anal angle. Fringes dark except at apex, where is asmall yellow patch.
Beneath the marginal band is brokenly and narrowly continued to anal angle, and
the median band is indicated by tolerably large spots or fragments. A specimen
from Texas differs by its dirty, ocherous gray primaries much shaded with deep
black, and may be a distinct species. Expanse 40 to 45™™, (Grote).

239. Catocala micronympha Guenée ( C. fratercula G. & R.)
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family NocTruIp#&.

The caterpillar lives on the live oak in early spring in Florida, the
insect retaining in the pupa state two weeks (A. Koebele, Bull. Brook-
lyn Ent. Soe. i, p. 44. It also feeds on the burr oak in Illinois.

According to Coquillett it spun its cocoon June 1, disclosing the moth
June 28 (Papilio, i, 7).

Larva.—Body ashen gray, the dorsal space dark gray, and on its outer edge is a row
of black piliferous spots; on top of segment 8 is a conical dark-gray projection,
tipped with whitish; posterior part of segment 8 blackish; body beneath pale green-
ish white, with a row of black spotsin the middle, one spot to each segment; the two
anterior pairs of abdominal legs are much smaller than the two posterior pairs; head
light gray, bordered on the top and sides with black. Length, 1% inches.

Moth.—Of moderate size, varying in the distinctness of the median black shade,
which ascends as usual to the external margin. The median space is sometimes
shaded with whitish before the reniform spot. There is no sinus to the transverse
posterior line. The shape of the median band varies in being more or less acutely
produced opposite the anal constriction of the hind border. The fore wings vary in
depth of color. Expanse of wings, 42 to 46™™, Rhode Island to West Virginia.
(Grote.)

This moth is very variable; var. atarah is slightly lighter than the type form; var.

Jaquenetta has olivaceous fore wings with indistinct lines, and a dark shading toward

INSECTS JNJURING OAK-LEAVES. 175

the apex; var. timandra has sordid white fore wings, with distinct lines, hind wings
with the median band narrow; var. hero has the fore wings with a large white spot
at base; and in var. gisela the fore wings are black to the transverse posterior line.
(Hulst.)

240. Catocala similis Edwards.

The transformations of this moth were first described by Abbot and
Smith, who named it C. amasia. Its food-plant is the oak.

Larva.—Probably nearly the same as in C. amasia, thus deceiving Abbot in the
identity of the two species. His figure makes it greenish gray, with protuberances
on each segment, and with dorsal, subdorsal, and stigmatal dark lines; also an oblique
dark line on each segment. (Hulst.)

Moth.—Fore wings gray, clouded with brown and black; lines distinct ; transverse
anterior line edged inwardly ; transverse posterior line edged outwardly with brown,
dnd angulated with an angle beyond the reniform spot in place of the M-shaped part
of the line, then nearly straight to the sinus, which is very small; reniform spot
pyriform, light; subreniform annulate ; triangular light patch at apex, along costa;
hind wings bright yellow; median band curved, nearly even, short, border broken.
Expands 45 to 55™™, From East and South.

Var. aholah has the fore wings clear silver gray, with a large black patch beyond
the reniform extending to the apex.

Var. isabella has dirty white fore wings, lines distinct; transverse posterior line
edged with cinnamon brown. (Hulst.)

241. Catocala chelidonia Grote.

According to Mr. Doll the food-tree of this Arizona species is the
scrub oak.

Moth.—Fore wings even dark gray, somewhat hoary; reniform spot shaded with
gray ; subreniform spot stained with brown ; lines indistinct, having the same course
as C. similis. Hind wings like those of C. similis, but with the median band gen-
erally narrower. Probably representing C. similis in Arizona. Expands 40 to 50™™.,

242. Catocala amasia (Abbot and Smith).

The caterpillar is said by Hulst to be probably similar to that of C.
similis and to feed on the oak or pride of India.

Moth.—Fore wings sordid white; basal half line very distinct; transverse an-
terior and posterior lines nearly obsolete, the latter, when evident, scalloped, not
angulated ; median space sordid white; reniform spot blackish ; transverse posterior
line edged outwardly with cinnamon brown; subterminal line evenly dentate.
Hind wings yellow; median band often hooked ; the border generally interrupted.
Expands 50 to 55™™, Eastern and Soutkeastern United States. (Hulst.)

243. Catocala delilah Strecker.

According to Mr. Hulst, the caterpillar of this moth teeds upon the
oak, but no description of it has yet been published. The larva of var.
desdemona, which inhabits Arizona, was reared by Mr. Doll from the
scrub oak.

Moth.—Fore wings rich velvety yellow-brown; basal dash present; transverse an-
terior line very heavy and dark; transverse posterior line dark and distinct; teeth
prominent and broad; subterminal space somewhat lighter; subterminal line fine,

176 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

strongly dentate. Hind wings bright yellow, median band rather narrow, gener-
ally rectangular at bend towards inner margin; marginal band broad, broken or
unbroken. Expands 70 to 30™™. Habitat, Nebraska to Illinois, and southward,
west to Arizona. Var. desdemona Hy. Edw. Wood brown with lighter shades; reni-
form spot brown; subreniform lighter. Hind wings rich orange. Var. calphurnia
Hy. Edw. Fore wings with a greenish tint, lines faint. Hind wings wholly black,
with the exception of a central cloud, a broad marginal band, and a central narrow
band, which are orange. Hulst adds that the species is a very variable one, the
median band showing a tendency common to all the Catocale, as it narrows, to become
rectangular at the bend near the anal margin.

244. Catocala verrilliana Grote.

This species extends from California to Texas, its food-plant being
the scrub oak. (Hulst.)

Moth.—Fore wings gray, shaded with blackish; a diffuse black basal dash; trans-
verse anterior line densely shaded with black; reniform dot small, yellowish, more
or less distinctly double-ringed; transverse posterior line much as in C. blandula.
Hind wings bright red, median black band narrow, quite even, not reaching the
anal margin; marginal band narrow. Expands 50 to 60™™. C. ophelia Hy. Edw.
differs only in having somewhat heavier lines on the fore wings. C. verrilliana is
always described with bright red hind wings. C. violeata Hy. Edw. is somewhat
larger and has more black. Var. votria Hulst has clear yellow hind wings, and in-
habits Arizona.

245. Catocala ultronia (Hiibner).

The caterpillar, first described in Packard’s “Guide to the study of
Insects” (p. 317, pl. 8, fig: 4), is said to feed on the wild cherry, plum,
dogwood, and live oak. Mr. Saunders has bred it in Canada from the
plum, finding it usually less than half grown in June. One caterpillar
pupated June 21; it remained in this state for twenty-four days, the
moth appearing July 15. The larva we reared in Maine pupated July
15 in an earthen cocoon, the moth appearing August 2. As Mr. Saun-
ders’s description of the caterpillar is more detailed than ours, we quote
it below:

Larva.—Head medium sized, flattened in front, slightly bilobed, dull bluish gray,
with the front flattened portion margined with a purplish-black stripe. Under a
lens the surface appears thickly dotted with pale and dark-colored dots and streaks,
with a few short, pale, scattered hairs. Body above dark, dull, grayish brown, ap-
pearing under a magnifying power thickly studded with brownish dots on a paler
ground. Second segment a little paier than the others. A subdorsal row of dull
reddish tubercles, one on each segment from second to fourth inclusive, but behind
this there are two on each ring to the twelfth segment inclusive, the anterior one
being the smallest, while the posterior and largest tubercle is more decidedly red, all
encircled with a slight ring of black at their base. On the ninth segment above
there is a prominent, nearly upright, stout, fleshy horn, about one-twelfth inch long,
pointed, and similar in color to the body, but with an irregular grayish patch at
each side. On the twelfth segment the two hinder tubercles are somewhat increased
in size and united by a low ridge, tinted behind with deep reddish brown; there is
also an oblique stripe of the same color extending forward from the base of the
tubercles to near the spiracle on this segment. The terminal segment is flattened
and has a number of small, pale reddish and blackish tubercles scattered over its
surface. In front of each of the smaller subdorsal tubercles, from fifth to twelfth

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 177

segments inclusive, there is a dull white dot, and one also of a similar character in
front of each of the spiracles along the middle segments of the body; from each of
the tubercles throughout there arises a single dark short hair. Spiracles large, oval,
dull grayish, faintly encircled with black. Along the sides of the body, close to the
under surface, is a thick fringe of short, fleshy-looking hairs, of a delicate pink
color. _Under surface of a delicate pink, of a deeper shade along the middle, becom-
ing bluish towards the margins, with a central row of nearly round, velvety black
spots, which are largest from the seventh to eleventh segments inclusive. Anterior
segments greenish white, tinted with rosy pink along the middle, with adull reddish
spot at the base and behind each pair of feet. Thoracic feet pale greenish. spotted
outside and tipped with black; abdominal legs dull grayish brown, margined with
black. Length 1.60 inches. -(Saunders, Can. Ent., vi, 148.)

Moth.—Fore wings light-gray fawn, dark, almost black, along the inner margin;
a basal dash and one at sinus present; a subapical dark shading; onter line fine,
strongly dentated to sinus. Hind wings bright red, median band broad, rather even,
reaching the anal margin. Expands 60 to 70™™, Habitat, east of the great plains
and Texas. .

Var. celia Hy. Edw. median band of hind wings linear. Florida.

Var. mopsa Hy. Edw. Fore wings nearly uniform brown.

Var. adriana Hy. Edw. Fore wings nearly uniform fawn drab.

Var. herodias Streck. Fore wings uniform dark smoky gray; denticulations of
outer line very strong, and thus continued to inner margin. (Hulst.)

246. Catocala ilia (Cramer).

The caterpillar of this moth has been reared by Messrs. Koebele,
Caulfield, French, and by Thaxter, in Massachusetts, from various spe-
cies of oak. The moth is said by Grote to be an exceedingly common
and very variable species. It is found trom Canada, Maryland, and
Virginia southward to the West Indies. Mr. Caulfield states that the
caterpillar was fully grown by June 15 at Montreal; it spun up ina
leaf June 18 and the moth emerged the latter end of July. Prof. G.
H. French gives a detailed account of its early stages in the Canadian
Entomologist for January, 1884.

Larva.—Head heart-shaped, strongly bilobed, pale green, with white blotches,
twelve short, black hairs in front, and near the top of the head there are four small
tubercles of a white color, each of which is tipped with a black hair; head sur-
rounded with a broken border of dark streaks. Body with the upper surface greenish
gray, with an interrupted dorsal band of delicate blue-gray spots, the whole minutely
spotted with black. On the second segment are twelve small, white hairs, four on
tourth, fifth and sixth segments, six on the seventh, four on the eighth to twelfth,
six on the thirteenth. The sides delicate blue-gray, marbled with spots of green and
black, with a broken lateral band of a green color; spiracles yellowish white, with
a black ring; behind each is a large wart, tipped with a black hair. A fringe of
short, white, fleshy filaments close to the under surface. Body beneath pink, with a
row of transverse black spots, larger and darker on the middle segments. Feet and
prolegs grayish white, spotted with green and black. Length 24 to 33™™ (Caulfield
in part). Koebele states that there is a subdorsal line of slight protuberances, one
on each segment from the third segment back. There is also a dark lunule with the
horns formed on the eleventh segment.

Moth.—F¥ore wings dark cinereous, powdered with glaucous scales and shaded with
black. A basal ray. Transverse anterior line geminate. Reniform spot whitish,
with a small, black internal ring. Subreniform pale, subquadrate, connected usually

5 BAT — 19

178 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

with the transverse posterior line. Beyond the spots the median space is shaded
with black. Sometimes the whole wing is shaded with blackish to the transverse
posterior line, leaving the reniform as a large white blotch without the annulus.
Again, the wing wants the glaucous scales and the reniform is concolorous or merely
shows a few white scales. Hind wings orange-red, with an irregular black median
band tapering to the margin. Basal hairs fuscous. Average expanse of wings 75™™,
Maryland and Virginia. (Grote.)

Mr. Hulst remarks that in var. wwor Guenée the fore wings are brown-
gray, the reniform spot white; in the Californian var. zoe Behr, the
hind wings are lighter orange; in the var. osculata Hulst, from Arizona,
the hind wings are clear yellow. C. ilia, he adds, is the most variable
of all our species. In some cases the fore wings are strongly mixed

with blue.
247. Catocala epione (Drury).

The caterpillar is said by Guenée, on the authority of Abbot’s manu-
script drawings, to feed on the oak.

Larva.—Body reddish gray, marbled with bluish gray; a subdorsal black line
interrupted at the middle of each segment: a paler lateral band ; no protuberances ;
head gray, with two red points.

Moth.—Fore wings very dark gray; lines heavy ; transverse posterior line not
strongly angulated, and almost without a sinus; the reniform spot reddish; a red-
dish band beyond the transverse posterior line, then lighter, often almost white,
serrated outwardly. Hind wings black; fringes pure white.

248. Catocala vidua (Abbot and Smith).

According to Abbot this species feeds on the willow, locust, and
other species of oaks; Mr. Angus has bred it from the hickory and Mr.
Koebele from the walnut.

Larva.—Greenish gray, with many black lines; whiter laterally ; slight protuber-
ances ou each segment; head gray, edged behind with black.

Moth.—Fore wings with the color of C. retecta and markings of luctuosa, though
these are in the present species heavier and more decided; transverse anterior line
heavily geminate, connecting half way with the heavy black basal dash; apical and
sinus shading heavy ; transverse posterior line with M very much produced. Hind
wings black, slightly gray at base; deep white fringe; in some specimens there is
near the anterior margin a faint indication of a white median band. Expands 80 to
g0™m, Middle, Western, and Southern States. (Hulst.)

249. Catocala lachrymosa Guenée.

Said by Mr. Hulst to probably feed on the oak and walnut.

Moth.—Fore wings light cinereous, heavily and quite uniformly powdered with
black atoms; slight basal dash present; lines fairly strong, but often lost in the
black powdering; transverse anterior line often confused and broken; transverse
anterior line with teeth medium; reniform spot brownish; a brownish band beyond
the transverse posterior line. Hind wings black, fringe white, black at end of veins.
Expands 75 to85™™, Lower Middle and Western States and southward. Var. Ululume
differs in being less strongly powdered with black, and in having [both | the lines more
distinet. Var. zelica French has a transverse anterior line inwardly and transverse
anterior line outwardly, having a black band across the wing. Var. paulina Hy.
Edw., fore wings black to the transverse posterior line.

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 179
250. Catocala polygama Guenée.

This species has been bred from the oak by Professor Riley, and the
following description has been drawn from the blown specimen in his
collection. The caterpillar pupates in a loose cocoon among leaves.

‘*May 7, 1872. About fall-grown; found under shelter at foot of
black jack oak. Color preserves well. Some paler than others. They
lie very flat on the twigs.

“It prepared for pupation May 10, and changed to pupa May 16,
the moth issuing June 6.” (Riley’s unpublished notes.)

Larva.—Body of the usual shape, with no spines or large tubercles. Head as
usual, black on the sides of the front and vertex. Body ash brown, lineated, with
two broad dark dorsal stripes, succeeded below by a narrower but similar stripe.
Sides of the body above the base of the legs dark ash. On each abdominal segment
are four light, distinct, small tubercles, and four on each side arranged in a rhom-
boid. A row of large black ventral patches edged with orange on each segment,
becoming largest between the first and second pairof abdominal legs. Length 65™™,

Pupa.—Of the usual form, the body frosted over with a whitish powder. Length
Boom,

Moth.—The four wings slightly greenish gray, powdered with dark ferruginous
scales, especially beyond the outer line, where this shade forms a dentate submar-
ginal line. The outer or extradiscal line is more finely waved, and above the sub-
median vein it passes into a black spot bordered with rust-red. The edge of the
hind wings are indented with yellow at the outer angle.

251. Catocala coccinata Grote.

The caterpillar of this moth has been bred from the oak by Mr. D.
W. Coquillett, of Illinois. His specimen spun its cocoon June 6, pro-
ducing the imago the 30th of the same month.

Larva.—Body dark gray, a curved fleshy projection on top of segment 8; segment
11 slightly raised, with two tubercles on the top; a row of small prickles on the
dorsal space, sixteen legs, a black spot beneath each of the segments which bear the
four pairs of abdominal legs; head gray, bordered with black. Length 62™™,
(Coquillett: )

Moth.—A little smaller than C. parta ; clear cinereous; before the reniform, which
is smaller and paler than in C. parta, the wing is whitish and occasionally allows
the crimson underface to be reflected. Subreniform spot whitish and large. Hind
wings bright crimson. (Grote. )

The following species are geometrids, or species of the lepidopterous
family Phalende :

252, Hutrapala clemataria Hiibner.

The caterpillar of this moth occurred on the live oak at Crescent
City, Fla.,in April. My specimens were left to be bred in the office of
the U. S. Entomologist, at Washington, but died. The foliowing notes
were copied for me by Mr. Pergande.

The larva had not eaten anything for some days when received, and drank
greedily some water when placed near some drops, and soon after commenced feed-
ing on leaves of white and other oaks. It cast a skin two or three days after and
became quite dark brownish. It died April 27 of diarrhea.

180 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

June 27 one larva of the same species was found on oak near the fair ground, Dis-
trict of Columbia. It measures 2} inches in length and is of a dark grayish-brown
color, the dorsum being more brown whilst its sides and venter are dark gray.
Warts and stigmata are of the same color as in the smaller larva from Florida. The
minute oval spots are replaced by a rather indistinct marmoration, which on the
dorsum is somewhat orange and on the sides and venter more olive. The moth
issued July 23, 1886.

One larva of the same species was found by Koebele in Virginia,
June 12, 1882, feeding on hickory.

The larva is long and slender, of nearly even width throughout; the
head flattened in front; mesothoracic segments with lateral and dorsal
tubercles which are very rough; on the fourth abdominal segment are
two conical dark dorsal tubercles; there are two minute dark tubercles
on the fifth, and two slightly larger ones nearer together on the eighth.

Abbot states that it feeds on Clematis rosea, and in his manuscript
drawings that it feeds on Pyrrhopappus carolinianus.

Larva.—Its length is 1? inches. Color gray with a slight yellowish tinge, and the
whole surface closely marked with minute, transversely oval, blackish or pale
dusky spots. Head small, quite flat, and closely spotted with darker gray. Protho-
rax small, scarcely broader than the head, with a broad, somewhat paler median and
narrow subdorsal line. Its posterior margin is provided with a transverse row of
four small black tubercles. The mesothorax is much larger and very abrupt in
front; the small anterior wrinkles are somewhat yellowish, whilst the large poste-
rior swelling is of the color of the body, being ornamented anteriorly by four trans-
versely oval, conspicuous black spots, annulated with a brownish-yellow ring. The
four black warts on the metathorax are only externally bordered with brownish
yellow. ‘lhe two dorsal rows of warts on abdominal segments | to 7, are arranged
as usual, are swall, black, and also with brownish-yellow border externally. The
posterior pair of dorsal spots on the fourth abdominal segment is replaced by two
prominent, somewhat transversely oval, black tubercles with rounded tip, and
orange-yellow external margin at base. The eighth segment is also somewhat
swollen above, is marked with two large black median spots, an orange annular with
black center each side, and a transverse orange spot with black center behind the
swelling. Stigmata orange with black annulus. The three warts which surround the
first abdominal stigma differ somewhat from those of the other segments. The lower
anterior wart is placed farther in front of the stigma than that of the other segments,
whilst the upper wart is placed just above the stigma and largest. The two ante-
rior warts of the other stigmata, however, are both placed in front, the upper one
farthest apart. The anterior wart of the first stigma is black, with orange tips, and
all other warts orange with black tip. There is a somewhat lunate, deep black
superior margin at base of the wart above the first stigma and a short blackish dash
above all other warts. The venter is of a paler gray with three large blackish spots
on the fourth and fifth segments. (Riley.)

Pupa.—Body unusually thick, rather short; surface rough and corrugated, spotted
with black; spiracles large and black. Pale dull reddish ash, dark towards and at
the tip of the abdomen; legs somewhat streaked with black. The tip very peculiar,
being short and blunt; the last segment corrugated with longitudinal ridges which
are swollen at the anterior edge at the suture. Cremaster broad and conical, some-
what flattened, the surface rough, coarsely pitted; a large smooth terminal curved
spine, with three pairs of lateral rather large seta, all arising near together at the
base of the single terminal one. Length, 20™™.

Moth.—Wings very falcate, especially in the female, where they are produced into
along point. Body and wings fawn color, with scattered black dots; front of head

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 181

reddish brown; vertex white. Fore wings, with two inner reddish-brown diffuse
lines, the inner situated half-way between the base of the wing and discal dot,
curved and more or less scalloped, the outer curved, situated just beyond the discal
dot, and joining the third outer line on the second median venule; it is broader and
still more diffuse than the basal line. Outer line straight, bent back at a very acute
angle on to the costa, the line above the bend being more or less angularly curved
and dilated on the costa; an oblique white line extends from the bend to the costa
just below the apex, which is white above and blackish below, with a large reddish-
brown patch extending trom below the apex to the second median venule. Discal
dots in both wings black; scales flattened asusual. Hind wings witha single slightly
curved line just beyond the middle of the wing: Expanse of wings, 2.20 inches.

203. Hutrapela transversata (Drury).

This rather common caterpillar was first found by Abbot feeding on
Clethra alnifolia. In the Northern States it feeds on the maple (Good-
ell) and currant (Emerton), and we have found the moth just emerged
resting on the leaves of the red maple. In Florida, however, we have
found it at Crescent City in April feeding on the live oak. It was
reared by the U.S. Entomologist at Washington, where on May 6 it
spun arather dense cocoon between the leaves, the moth emerging
May 31. The larva occurred in Virginia June 26, where it feeds on the
oak (Koebele); in Massachusetts the caterpillar occurs in June; thus
it is apparently double-brooded in Florida and the cotton States, but
single-brooded in the Northern States.

Larva.—It is about 1 inch in length and quite uniformly dark gray, with a paler
gray, elongated spot each side of the first abdominal segment. The lateral margin
forms a flattened carina, on which the stigmata are situated. Both edges of this
carina are purplish, and the small stigmata white with black annulus. Piliferous
warts small and black. There is a large, prominent, transverse, bilobed projection
of a blackish color on the fourth abdominal segment, which is bordered in front by a
whitish triangle. Behind this projection, and parallel with its lateral angles, run
two whitish dorsal lines to the anal plate. There are also two small black conical
tubercles on the last segment. Head concolorous with the body, the face marked
with a dull black semicircular spot, the angles of which end near the base of the
mandibles. ’

The smaller larva, which measured about three-fourths of an inch in length, is
dark purple, with the head entirely dull black. The projection on the fourth abdom-
inal segment is in this specimen still divided into two oval and rather prominent
tubercles which are orange externally. (Riley.)

Puvya.—Large and long, not very stout and short compared with that of H. clem-
ataria; acutely pointed at the end of the abdomen. In color slightly pale ash-mahog-
any. The last segment much corrugated longitudinally at the base of the cremaster,
but the ridges are not swollen anteriorly as in E. clemataria. Cremaster flattened,
conical, not discolored with black, with two terminal excurved thick set#, and only
one pair of minute subdorsal-lateral set#. Length, 21™™,

The moth.—It may be recognized by its large size, the very falcate wings, the
obtusely bent outer line on the fore wings, and by the submarginal shade or row of
spots on both wings; the hind wings extend farther than usual behind the tip of
the abdomen. Fawn color, varying to ocherous; head chocolate brown in front, the
vertex white. Fore wings with the inner line usually present, curved, consisting of
two large scallops meeting on the median vein and pointing inward. Outer line
straight, more or less distinctly bent near the apex, turning at right angles into the

182 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

costa. From the angle extends a more or less distinct slightly curved series of irreg-
ular diffuse dark spots to the inner angle; this is usually represented by a faint shade.
Discal dots alike in each wing, being small and black. Hind wings with the single
line in the middle of the wing straight, with the outer series of diffuse spots as on the
fore wings. Expanse of wings, 2 to 2.10 inches.

254. Metanema quercivoraria Guenée.
(Larva, Pl. III, fig. 8.)

Feeding on the oak, a pale green span worm, marked with red, changing to a
brownish-gray chrysalis, from which a beautiful sickle-winged moth comes.

In Georgia it was observed by Abbot on the oak and poplar in April;
it pupates at the beginning of May, and the moth appears at the end
of the same month. We have raised this from the oak, the moth issuing
on May 3.

Larva.—Pale green, with the sutures and sides reddish, a double angle bordered
with reddish on the second segment behind the head; another more salient on the
sixth, and finally another on the tenth; the fifth segment has on each side a small
pointed tubercle. Head and feet concolorous.

Pupa.—Reddish horn-brown, with the abdominal sutures reddish; caudal spine
acute, large and flat. Length 13™™,

Moth. —Body and wings pale whitish ash. Wings thickly covered with fine speckles.
Fore wings with three lines, the usual inner and outer lines, and a third wavy sub-
marginal hair-line. The two inner lines distinct, of even width, a little oblique, not
waved ; the innermost line situated exactly on the inner third, the outer line on the
outer third of the wing. Costal edge stained with reddish on the end of the outer
line. Submarginal hair-line wavy, sinuate, reddish, situated half-way between the
outer line and the edge of the wing, and disappearing below the second median
venule, scalloped between each venule, much more distinct below than above. On the
hind wings asingle brown line, and traces of asubmarginal wavy line. Beneath paler
than above, with the lines reproduced beneath and dull colored; the third submar-
ginal line on both wings partially obsolete, but clearer than above; fringe reddish.
Expanse of wings 1.50 inches. It ranges from Maine southward.

255. Nematocampa filamentaria (Guenée).
*

The singular caterpillar of this species is found on the oak, maple,
as well as the currant and strawberry, in June, becoming a chrysalis
in New England by the 20th of the month, the moth appearing early
in July and flying about through the summer. Its habits in Missouri
have been thus described by Professor Riley :

June 1, 1870.—Larve were found at St. Louis, Mo., on thorn and laurel oak. One
changed to pupa June 4, hanging between afew threads on a twig. The moth issued
June 12. One larva was also received June 26, 1883, from J. H. Clark, of New York,
which he found feeding on a rose-bush. It changed to pupa in a slight web of
thread June 27, and the moth issued July 5, 1883.

Some larve of this insect are infested by Tachinids, the eggs of which were de-
posited at the ‘side between the fourth and fifth segments. (Unpublished notes.)

Larva.—Body cylindrical; head large, with two unequal pairs of long, slender,
fleshy filaments situated on the third and fifth abdominal segments, the posterior
pair shorter than the others, curled at the end and finely tuberculated. Head pale
rust-red, full, slightly bilobed, flattened in front; marbled with a still paler hue.

\ INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 183

Half-way between the metathoracic legs and the first pair of filaments are two sub-
acute tubercles, which are rust-red; when the four filaments are uncurled they are
as long as from the head to thé tubercles. The anterior pair of filaments are pale
rust-red beneath at base, brown above, but tipped with white. A distinct dorsal
line from the prothorax to the second pair of filaments; a pair of small tubercles
next to the last segment, tipped with pale rust-red. Body wood-colored above and
beneath; thoracic segments greenish above, succeeded by pale rust-red between the

Fic. 60.—Nematocampa filamentaria ; a larva, b pupa. Nat. size.—
Emerton, del.

tubercles and first pair of filaments; behind these variously marked with light and
dark brown. An oval dark spot behind the last pair of tubercles and extending into
the anal plate. Anal legs rusty, lined above with a whitish line. Length 18™™,

Pupa.—Body rather thick, conical, pale horn-brown, slashed and speckled with
dark-brown.

Moth.—Fore wings unusually short and broad; apex rectangular, outer edge bent
in the middle, deeply excavated in the female on each side of the angles; hind wings
rounded at the apex, with a distinct angle in the middle, reaching as far as the end
of the abdomen. Pale ocherous, with brown veins and transverse dots; a brown
inner line, much curved. An outer sinuate line, with a supplementary line just
inside, touching the outer line on the submedian vein and in the extradiscal space,
and forming a large circle, one side of which touches the outer line. Beyond the
line the border of the wing is dull brown, with the apicalregionclear. Hind wings
streaked transversely, as on the fore wing, with the outer third brown, the apex
included. Expanse of wings 25™™ (1 inch).

256. Endropia bilinearia Packard.

The geometric caterpillar of this species was found by Mr. W. Saun-
ders, of London, Canada, feeding on the oak; unfortunately it was
not described ; it became a chrysalis early in July, emerging as a moth
two weeks later.

The moth.—Clear fawn-brown; wings much darker and less spotted than in the
other species of Endropia. Body and wings concolorous; front edge of the fore
wings paler than the rest of the wing and spotted finely, especially on the edge, with
brown specks. Two brown hair-lines, the inner situated on the basal, and the outer
on the outer third of the wing; the inner line bent on the front edge of the wing.
Outer line a little curved outward in the middle of the wing. Half-way between
this line and the outer edge of the wing is a diffuse, interrupted, faint grayish band
with a few dark scales, often wanting, and connecting with an oblique apical patch,
also concolorous with the front edge of the wing. Outer edge of the wing deeply
notched, the eight acute points (including the apex, which is very acute) tipped with
a few black scales, the fringe being whitish between. Beneath, body and wings
ocher-yellow, especially in the middle of the wings. Both wings marked alike with

184 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION

a basal, diffuse, broad brown line, and an outer much curved brown hair-line. An
outer row of dark patches forming a faint broken line. An apical, oblique, whitish
_ patch. Hind edge of fore wings with darker spots aiid patches than elsewhere. Ex-
panse of wings, 1.30 to 1.65 inches, This fine moth occurs all over the United States
and on the Pacific coast from California to Oregon.

257. Endropia pectinaria Guenée.

Living on the oak and other trees, a large gray measuring worm, transforming to a
large Endropia, with three sharp teeth in the hind wings.

The transformations of this moth have been observed by Abbot in
Georgia, who found it living on the oak and poplar in April. It changes
to a chrysalis at the beginning of May, and the moth appears at the
end of the same month.

Larva.—Pale green, with the sutures and sides reddish, a double angle bordered
with reddish on the second segment, another more salient on the sixth, and finally
another on the tenth; the fifth has on each side a small pointed tubercle. Head and
feet concolorous.

Moth.—The hind wings with a large tail and toothed; the fore wings angular,
sickle-shaped. Body and wings pale whitish-ash. Wings thickly covered with fine
speckles. Fore wings with three lines, the usual inner and outer line, and a third
wavy submarginal hair-line. The two inner lines distinct, of even width, a little
oblique, not waved; the innermost line situated exactly on the inner third, the outer
line on the outer third of the wing. Front edge of the fore wings stained with red-
dish on the end of the outer line. Submarginal hair-line wavy, sinuate, reddish,
situated half-way between the outer line and the edge of the wing and disappearing
below the second median venule, scalloped between each venule, much more distinet
below than above. On the hind wings a single brown line, and traces of a submar-
ginal wavy line. Beneath, paler than above, with the lines reproduced beneath, and
dull colored; the third submarginal line on both wings partly obsolete, but clearer
than above; fringe reddish. Expanse of wings, 1.50inches. Ranges from Maine to
Missouri and Kansas,

The parent of this caterpillar, which is found in the United States,
north and south, and west as far as Kansas, may be known by the
three well-marked teeth on the apical half of the hind wings, by the
clear border of the wings, and by the dark clear lines on the under side.

The caterpillar lives in Georgia on the oak ard other trees, according
to notes left after his death by Abbot, and is of a pale yellowish gray,
with a dorsal iozenge-like mark. The fourth segment is darker, and on
the back of the eighth, ninth, and tenth are also two obscure marks
bifid anteriorly on the first, and carrying a blackish angle on each ex-
tremity of the second. The head and feet are concolorous. It is found
in Georgia in May and June, and the moth is disclosed towards the end
of this last month. A second generation enters the chrysalis state
towards the middle of July to appear as moths in the beginning of
August. In the Northern States the species is undoubtedly only
single-brooded.

Besides these geometric caterpillars, that of Metrocampa perlaria
Guenée should be looked for on the oak, as its closely allied European
congener (M. margaritata) feeds on the elm, hornbeam, birch, and oak.

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 185
258. Endropia textrinaria Grote and Rob.

The caterpillar was found on the white oak at Providence, October 7.
October 10 it began to spin a thin slight web at the bottom of the breed-
ing box, and the pupa appeared October 12. The moth appeared in
the breeding box in May. I have captured the moths in the Adiron-
dacks at the end of June, where no oak trees were perceived.

Larva.—The body is rather slender, the head wider than the segment behind,
rounded, rather deeply bilobed, swollen on each side of the apex of the clypeus; the
latter edged with dark brown, forming a Y-shaped line on the front of the head.
The prothoracic segment is normal, while the mesothoracic segment is much swollen
on each side, the rounded swellings connected by a dorsal curved ridge. On the
metathoracic segment is a small transverse ridge, next to that on the meso-segment.
On the hinder part of the third abdominal segment is a large double dorsal dark knob-
like hump. On the sixth is a conspicuous dark transverse rounded ridge, enlarged
and higherateachend. The eighth segment has large warts, and there are also large
warts on the sides of segments 7 to 10. The supra-anal plate is triangular but short,
with four hair-bearing warts above and four at the end. Anal legs large and broad.
The short penultimate segment has a transverse row of eight large warts; these
warts are obsolete on the front half of the body.

The body is of exactly the color of an oak twig, being dark gray shaded with
light, and of the same color beneath as above; while the knotted appearance of the
segments behind the head and in the middle of the body assist in the deception, the
caterpillar being remarkably like a bit of oak twig. The anal conical dorsal tuber-
cles are large and distinct.

Moth.—-In this species the hind wings are distinctly ‘‘tailed,” not merely sinuated,
as in E. madusaria, while the fore wings are distinctly excavated, but not dentate
below the apex, and they are shorter and broader than usual. Fore wings densely
mottled and strigated with ocherous-brown; an inner, curved, pale-brown line, bent
outward on the submedian vein, and meeting the outer line, which either runs very
near, or if remote, throws out a connecting streak, in the former case forming an oval,
with the end resting on the inner margin of the wing. Outer line dusky fawn-brown,
oblique, curved outward above and below inward to meet the inner. Beyond, the
wing is shaded with ocherous-brown; this shade sometimes extends to the border of
the wing, interrupted by asubmarginal row of irregular pale patches proceeding from
the broad, apical, diffuse, pale patch. Discal dots black, distinct in both wings.
Hind wings like the front pair, the outer line situated in the middle of the wing and
nearer the discal dot than usual. Expanse of wings, 1.50 inches.

259. Paraphia unipunctaria (Haworth).
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALEZENIDA.

Eating the leaves early in June, a gray span worm 1.40 inch long, sprinkled with
blackish dots and short lines, its head and neck a little thicker than the body, each
ring with a small squarish white spot above on its hind edge and with two blackish
parallel lines on each side of this spot.

This moth ranges from New England to Texas; it is said by Fitch i
feed on the oak, and by Abbot (in Guenée) to live on the “elm, oak,
cournouiller,” etc. The Amilapis triplipunctata of Fitch is undoubtedly
synonymous with Haworth’s species, originally described as an English
species.

186 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The moth.—Of a uniform clear fawn-color, without the usual spots and speckles
present in other species of the genus; a basal, brown hair-line bent outward acutely
on the median vein; a broad, diffuse, dark median band common to both wings. The
extradiscal line is dark, finely scalloped, curved outward below the costa, and sweep-
ing inward below the first median venule; beyond this line both wings are deeper
fawn-color. Ata little distanee below the costa, and nearer the extradiscal line than
the outer edge of the wing, is a conspicuous angular, clear, white spot. Fringe dark,
the scallops filled with whitish scales. Hind wings like the anterior pair, though the
extradiscal line is not sinuous, but curved regularly outward. Beneath, paler than
above; the median band is distinct, and the extradiscal line more or lessso; the tints
are much as above. The wings expand 1.40 inches.

260. Therina fervidaria Hiibner.

This moth was bred by Abbot in Georgia from the silver-bell tree
(Halesia diptera), but Dr. Riley has reared it from the live oak in
Florida. This is our most common species of the genus in the Eastern
United States. It is at once known by the much-speckled wings and
the ocherous-bordered, blackish lines. It varies greatly in the distance
apart of the two lines, which in the fore wing are in some twice as wide
apart as in others. The species is exceedingly variable.

At Esquimalt, Vancouver Is., “all the oaks were stripped by the
larve of Therina fervidaria, and their trunks and branches were
paved with the handsome Geometrid moths in September.” (James
J. Walker, Ent. Month. Mag., Aug., 1888, p. 65.)

Larva.—Head scarcely as wide as the prothoracic segment, the latter not so wide
as the body behind. Body of un‘form thickness, with no tubercles. Head smooth,
slightly divided above, rounded and smooth; pale, with seven black dots on each
side. Body and head pale yellowish ash; with two dorso-lateral blackish longitudi-
nal stripes, and another stripe below on each side; the body elsewhere with fine, more
or less interrupted, black lines, and some deep ocherous ones. Between the two
dorso-lateral lines are four more or less interrupted fine lines. Length 38 to 40™™,

Pupa.—Rather slender, whitish, slashed and spotted with brown. (Described
from Abbot’s manuscript drawing.)

Moth.—Pale ocherous; head and front of the thorax with the antennz deep ocher-
ous. Wings densely speckled with smoky spots; well angulated, the angle on the
tore wings often acute, on the hind wings forming a slight tail. Outer line dark
brown, bordered externally with ocherous. Inner line a little curved, and situated
either on or a little within the inner thira of the wing. Discal dot dark, distinct,
sometimes wanting on the hind wings. Outer line sinuate or zigzag, varying greatly,
the angle on the first median venule being slight or very marked on both wings.
On the hind wings a single line only. Beneath, much paler; the lines re-appear, but
are diffuse and smoky. Expanse of wings 1.50 inches.

261. Therina endropiaria (Grote and Rob.).

This moth has been raised from caterpillars found feeding on the oak
at Amherst, Mass., by Mr. L. W. Goodell. It pupated September 4,
just beneath the surface, and the moth emerged May 19 following
(Can. Ent., xi, 194). It has also been bred by the U. S. Entomologist
- from specimens which I collected in April at Crescent City, Fla., from
the live oak. The larva spun a slight cocoon between leaves at Wash-
ington April 27, and the moth emerged May 19.

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 187

Larva.—its length is 12 inches. Ground color whitish. Head white, marked with
large, round spots, similar to those of Aletia, and numerous minute spots and faintly
brown mottlings. Cervical plate white with four small black spots along the anterior
margin and two behind them. Median line slightly reddish, bordered by a. fine
black zigzag line. Abdomen with three pale brown, somewhat interrupted, rather
broad dorsal stripes, each of which is also bordered with a very fine black zigzag
line. There is also a subdorsal row of uarrow, elongated, orange spots, one to each
segment. Suprastigmatal band broad and purplish, divided along its whole length
by an interrupted white line. Substigmatal band orange, bordeced below by a
broader, pale purplish stripe. Venter whitish or yeilowish, divided longitudinally
by four very narrow black lines. Stigmata black. Thoracic legs white, their claws
blackish. (Riley’s unpublished notes. )

Pupa.—Body moderately stout, whitish, very pale, spotted distinctly with black:
about sixteen black dots on the prothoracic segment. A curved black line on each

side of the head. Cremaster flattened, conical, ending in two long, twin, decurved

bristles, the outer bristles either minute or wanting. Length 15™™,
Moth.—Male and female. Head and thorax, including the antennz and legs, pale

ocherous, extending to the cost of the fore wings, especially the under side. Wings

pale whitish, with a slight ocherous tint, with indistinct cinereous speckles, espe-
cially marked toward the outer edge; two parallel lines, the inner a perfectly straight,
pale-brown hair-line, situated just before the forking of the median vein, and the
outer narrow, cinereous, slightly oblique, but not curved; on the hind wings, which
are concolorous with the fore wings, is a single line, very slightly curved in the mid-
dle; no discal dot on éither wing; outer edge distinctly bent; the tail on the hind
wings well developed, but a little less so than in E. flagitiana, and the wings are broader
and shorter, while the anterior pair are not produced so much at the apex. . Beneath,
the costal edge is ocherous, but the rest of the wing is whitish-ocherous. The wings
are very transparent, so that the lines distinctly appear through. The ocherous head
and thorax, including the antennx, in distinction from the pale transparent wings,
the pale brown, parallel lines, the inner perfectly straight and the outer one slightly
¢curved, will separate this species from its allies. Expanse of wings, 1.50 inches,

262. THE LARGE SCALLOPED-WINGED GEOMETER MOTH.

Stenotrachelys approximaria Guenée.

In the Southern States feeding on the oak a large geometer whose body is ash gray,
washed with brown, with a dorsal series of white lozenges, lined with black and trav-
ersed in their middle by a twin, interrupted black vascular line. Found in March
and April, the moth remaining in the chrysalis.

This caterpillar, according to Abbot (in Guenée), lives in Georgia on
Smilax rotundifolia and laurifolia, and, according to Abbot (MS.), on
Quercus. This species is known to inhabit North Carolina as well as
Georgia. In April I found the larve on the live oak at Crescent City,
Fla., leaving it at the office of the U.S. Entomologist to be reared. The
larve then in confinement entered the ground to pupate, and of two
bred moths one emerged November 2 and the other November 11. One
proved to be a fine male, the first one I have met with, the female alone
having been described in my monograph of this family. It has plumose
antenne and is smaller than the female, but has the same shape of
the wings and similar markings.

Larva.—April 22, 1886.— Three larv of this species were brought to-day by Dr. A.
S. Packard, from Florida; found feeding on above oak. The smallest one of the
three is about 1 inch in length, uniformly dark purplish-brown, with the exception

188 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

of a broad, lighter brown shading along each side of the median line of the meso- and
meta-thorax and first abdominal segment. Piliferous warts small, black and project-
ing. Stigmata yellow, with narrow black annulus. Behind the two first abdominal
stigmata there is a dull black patch, that behind the second being largest. The ver-
tex of the head is bilobed and the lobes rounded at tip. Color of the head dark
cherry-brown, the tip of the lobes lighter. The lower margin of the head and of the
clypeus somewhat whitish. Its surface is quite smooth, though there are some very
delicate transverse wrinkles.

The second larva measures 1+ inches in length, and is quite pale gray, with more
or less distinct, irregular blackish lines and spots. A very fine black line borders
each side of the two posterior thoracic and first abdominal segments, whilst on the
other segments this line borders a more or less elongated, lozenge-shaped, paler gray,
medio-dorsal space. The piliferous warts are of the color of the body, with black
tips. Stigmata whitish, with black annulus. The dull black patch is only present
behind the second stigma. Head concolorous with body; the two lobes are marked
in front with a transverse, dark cherry-brown band.

The third larva is about 18 inches in length, and very similar to the second one in
coloration, though the color of the middle of the body is somewhat more purplish.
On each of the two posterior thoracic and first abdominal segments is a paler gray
triangular spot, asomewhat squarish, gray spot on the fifth and sixth abdominal
segments, and on each side of the median line on the eighth segments is an oblique
blackish line, both of which meet posteriorly on the median line. The purplish
stripes of the lobes of the head are present. (Riley’s unpublished notes. )

Pupa.—Pale mahogany-brown; cremaster very long ard sharp, straight, with no
lateral setze. (Described from a broken specimen).

Moth.—It may be recognized by the deeply scalloped wings, and the large head,
which is rather swolien in front. It is whitish gray, the wings clear, not bordered
with brown. The fore wings with two distinct, heavy, black lines, the inner very
near the base of the wing, regularly curved, a little pointed on the costa. Outer line
bent at right angles on the basal third of the first median vein, the line thence going
straight to the costa, though zigzag in its course; from the rectangular bend, the line
follows a course subparallel to the median line, where it again turns rectangularly,
ending on the middle of the inner edge of the wing. An inner reddish-brown line is
parallel and near it below the median vein, and above passes just within the faint
discal dot. Beyond this line the wing is speckled with transverse short, linear spots.
A scalloped marginal, distinct black line. Expanse of wings, 1.80 to 1.90 inches.

263. EHubyja quernaria (Abbot and Smith).

Guenée states on the authority of Abbot’s drawing that the cater-
pillar of this moth lives in April and May, in Georgia, on a species of
Quercus. In the manuscript drawing of Abbot’s in the library of the
Boston Society of Natural History the food-plant drawn is Crataegus
australis T. and G.

- Larva.—Body stouter and shorter than in the larva of Amphidasis cognataria.
Head angular; prothoracic segments swollen; a tubercle on the back of the third,
the lower part of the side of the first, and on the back of the penultimate segment.
The body is, in the painting, colored slate-gray, with irregular dark spots and longi-
tudinai slashes. “

Moth.—Female. Body stout, abdomen thick, with a dorsal row of four large tufts,
the fourth white, the others dark. Antenne black. Head in front and palpi black-
brown; vertex white, rounded behind by a black thread-line; thorax white, with
two black spots in the center, and spotted with black posteriorly. Abdomen white
on the outer third, with a white interrupted line on each segment, spotted thickly

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 189

on the under side with white. Fore wings long, outer edge very oblique, snow-
white as a ground color; basal third white, mottled with deep brown, especially on
the costa. The middle third of the wing brown, bordered with the black basal and
extradiscal lines. The basal line is deeply and regularly curved outward; the extra-
discal line is irregularly and deeply scalloped ; it runs straight from the costa to the
great angle on the median line through two deep scallops; the angle is jagged and
sharp, and below the line forms a great curve, sending a point outward on the in-
ternal vein. Beyond this line the wing is white, with scattered dark specks, and
with aferruginous patch just below the sixth submedian, and a larger one extending
from the second median venule to the inner edge of the wing near the angle. Hind
wings white, more or less densely mottled with brown on the inner two-thirds; the
extradiscal line is zigzag, with a large angle in the middle of the wing. Beyond
this the markings repeat those of the fore wings. Expanse of wings 5.5™™,

264. Aplodes mimosaria Guenée.

This has been bred from the oak by Mr. Walsh in Illinois, while Riley
has found it feeding on the oak at St. Louis, Mo., July 31. It is com-
mon in the New England and Central States.

Larva.— Larva ten-footed, cylindrical, its dorsum with curved lateral appendages
covered with short velvety hairs, and similar to those of Limacodes ? hyalinus Walsh,
except that they are much shorter and none of them abruptly longer than the others.
Of a dingy-brown color, and, including the appendages, about one-fourth of an inch
in diameter. (Walsh.)

Pupa.—The pupa is of a pale ocherous-brown color, varied with reddish-brown,
with many fuscous dets, especially along the nervures of the wing-cases, and with
the caudal spine simple. It measures 0.43 inch, including the spine. (Walsh.)

Moth.— Four males and females. A rather large species, with the antenne# moder-
ately well pectinated. Apex of fore wings square, outer edge not very convex.
Hind wings well rounded, less angulated than usual; anal angle square. Body and
wings of the usual pale-green color; head and antennz white, frort bright rose-
colored except on front border. Palpi white; end of second joint and under side of
third joint roseate. Both pairs of wings crossed by linear, slightly waved, white
lines. Inner line on fore wing, very near the base of wing, regularly curved; outer
line straight, waved, parallel with outer edge. Costa narrowly edged with white.
Fringe white on both wings. Hind wings with the inner line nearer the base of
wing than on fore wings, curved regularly. Outer line bent outward in the middle,
the line not so wavy as on fore wing. Beneath both lines faintly reproduced (not
* avec une seule ligne blanche,” asGuenée says). Hind wings and posterior two-thirds
of fore wings whitish-green. Outer side of.fore femora green, of tibiz dull red ;
two posterior pairs white. Abdomen white, green at base above, with a conspicuous
white spot at base. Expanse of wings 1} inches. Length of body, male 0.45,
female 0.40.

265. Petrophora diversilineata Hiibner.

Professor Riley found, May 10, at St. Louis, Mo., larve of this spe-
cies feeding on laurel-oak and elm. Others were found on pear, apple,
cherry, and rose. They are of a deep, rich brown above, sulphur-yel-
low at sides, and pale beneath. All had entered the ground by Ju une 5.
The moths issued November 9. (Unpublished notes.)

Egg.—Cylindrical, much rounded, and fuller at the posterior than at the anterior

end, which is truncated and contracted, with a swollen vein; white, with the sur-
face granulated.

190 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Larva.—The body above is dark brown, with a slightly reddish tint, and patches
of a darker shade along the dorsal region, being the color of the twigs of its food-
plant. It remains in the pupa state about a week.

Pupa.—Body rather stout, wing-covers reaching to the seventh abdominal ring,
counting from the end; the tip is acutely conical; anal spine large, acute, much
flattened from above downward: bearing two large, curved spines, with two much
smaller, curved basal spines; abdomen with scattered, acute spinules arising from
minute black tubercles; pale ash, minutely speckled with darker fine points, with a
dark dorsal line extending from the head to the end of the anal spine. Length 0.55
inch.

Moth.—Thirty males and ten females. Palpi long. Fore wings foliate; outer edge
almost angular. Hind wings slightly scalloped. Body and wings of a uniform
ocherous-yellow ; palpi dark in front of the head, tipped with dark brown. Fore
wings uniformly ocherous; a curved, basal, rust-brown line, denticulated on the
veins; beyond, two parallel, more distinct, concolorous lines, the inner a little wavy,
directed obliquely to the inner edge ; the outer makes a right angle in the submedian
space, crosses the inner line, forming a broad triangular inclosure on the inner edge
of the wing; beyond is a broad space just beyond the middle of the wing, usually
filled in with a purplish-brown tint, disappearing before reaching the costal space ;
sometimes there are two central lines in this space, converging a little below the
median vein and forming large ringlets; this mesial space is bounded externally by
a dark rust-brown line, which ends at the same distance from the base of the wing,
both on the costa and inner edge; in the first median space it forms a large, sharp
' projection ; beyond is another concolorous line, which curves inward to where it is
usually (not always) interrupted by the projection of the other line, and thence goes
straight, though zigzag in its course, to the inner edge of the wing; a similarly
colored, more or less zigzag, oblique, apical line extends to the middle of the wing,
opposite the projection ; the edge beyond the lines either clear yellow or filled in
with lilac-brown; a small discal dot. Hind wings clear, a little paler than the fore
wings, with a faint discal dot, sometimes absent; in the outer third of the wing
an angulated, faint, violet-brown line, edged externally with silver, a heavier, dif-
fuse, shorter, submarginal, dark brown, zigzag line, with a slight violet tinge; the
space between this and the wing suffused with violet-brown, extending only toward
the middle of the wing, or sometimes passing beyond the apex. Beneath the wings
are yellow ocherous, speckled, especially on the hind pair, with coarse, violet-brown
specks. Fore wings clear when covering the hind ones, with three costal spots, the
third in the middle of the costa; beyond the angulated outer line is reproduced ;
apical oblique line distinct, with a violet-brown cloud below. Hind wings with
three regularly scalloped lines; the margin of the wing broadly clouded with violet-
brown. Legs yellow; joints tipped with violet-brown. Abdomen yellow, tinged
above with rust-brown. Expanse of wings, male 1.30 to 2.10, female 1.35 inches.

266. Eupithecia miserulata Grote. 7

June 3, 1876.—Found two larve feeding on oak. Length about 0.63 of an inch,
of a yellowish color, with brown markings on the back much like arrow-heads with
the points directed towards the head; a brown line over the whole length of the
back and a short brown line each side just behind the head, ending where the last pair
of thoracic legscommence. Thelarva changed to pupa June 12, without constructing
a cocoon, suspending itself by the point of the abdomen; it is also of a yellowish
color. The moth issued June 23. (Riley’s unpublished notes. )

The caterpillars of this widespread geometrid were common on the
live oak at Crescent City, Fla., April9 to 14. The larve spun a slight
cocoon and pupated April 15, the moth emerging at Washington April
20. Another moth emerged in Providence April 30. In shape, the

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 191

body resembles H. luteata, being somewhat flattened. These caterpil-
lars differed from those bred from the bush juniper at Salem, Mass.,
in wanting the lateral white line. The specimen bred was compared
with those from different States in the National Museum by Mr. John
B. Smith and myself. It seems to feed on evergreens northward and
in Florida on oak, and may be a general feeder.

Larva.—Pale green ; body covered with fine papilla. Prothoracic segment much
swollen transversely; no marking except a brownish linear dorsal line. This was
the young of the moth which issued April 20.

Another larva, whose moth emerged April 30, was more typical. Body somewhat
flattened, with a dorsal series of sharply pointed dark-brown patches, the points ex-
tending into the narrow linear brown dorsal line. On the thoracic segments a lateral
broken heavy dark line, each becoming a pale narrow thread on the abdominal seg-
ments. Length, 18™™.

Pupa.—(?).

Moth.—This is our most common pug-moth, and may be distinguished by the
pointed fore wings, with the numerous transverse lines bent sharply outward, the
extradiscal line forming a sharp angle opposite the discal dot, and notched inward
on the subcostal vein; by the distinct submarginal wavy white line, ending in a large
white twin spot at the inner augle; by the fine dark lines on the hind wings, and by
the heavy black costal spots and marginal lines on the under side. The fore wings
expand 20™™,

267. THE OAK-LEAF ROLLER.
Tortrix quercifoliana Fitch.

In the early part of June, says Fitch, the sides of particular leaves
may be found to be curved upward and drawn slightly together by
silken threads, beneath which lies a slender, grass-green leaf-roller,
which finally pupates in the end of the leaf, the moth appearing in
New York about the 1st of July.

While at St. Augustine, Fla., early in April, I noticed a pale green
leaf-roller on the live oaks on Anastasia Island. April 14 it spun a
slight cocoon, within which the worm changed to a pupa April 16 or
17; the moth appeared April 30, after my return to Providence.

Larva.—Grass-green throughout, body tapering slightly posteriorly, but less so
towards the head. Head round, slightly flattened, and ‘‘as thick as the neck into
which it issunken.” Length 19™™ (0.75 inch).

Pupa.—Body pale and slender, the cast skin thin and unusually so for a Tortrix.
Cremaster or terminal abdominal spine peculiar in being long and narrow, as wide at
the tip as at the base; the surface above and beneath with fine longitudinal ridges ;
a pair of short dorsal sete near the end; edge of the extreme tip curvilinear, with
four curved set of nearly equal length. Each abdominal segment with two rows
of fine teeth. Length, 10™™.

Moth.—Pale tawny yellow, with yellowish brown darker scales and dots and darker
brown lines. Head pale, tawny brown on the vertex, with a small spot in the middle
of the front. Palpi dark, externally pale above and at tip of second joint. Fore
wings pale whitish tawny yellow, densely speckled with darker scales; on the inner
third of the wing an oblique, dark brown, narrow line beginning on the inner third
of the costa and ending in the middle of the hind margin. An outer parallel line,
which is forked on the costa and ends on the internal angle; from near the widdle

192 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSI1ON.

the line sends off a spur to the apex, but before reaching the apex a spur is sent to
the costa, also a 3-forked line to the outer edge of the wing. Hind wings, abdomen
and legs almost white. Expanse of wings, 20™™. (Identified by Prof. Fernald.)

268. Tortrix fluccidana Robinson.

The habits of another leaf-roller have been observed and related by
Miss Emma A. Smith in Thomas’ second report on the injurious insects
of Illinois (p. 114). It injures the black, red, burr, white, and pin oaks.
The species has been found in Texas as well as Illinois.

Moth. —Palpi, head and thorax pale ocherous. Anterior wings shining pale yellow,
almost entirely covered with pale olivaceous scales, so that the yellow ground color
is only evident just below costa at base, in two small costal spots at and beyond the
middle, and in a similar elongate spot on the disk below the two last mentioned.
There are three brown dots on the costa near the apex, which is also tinged with
brown. Posterior wings fuscous above, tinged apically with ferruginous; beneath
tinged with fuscous internally, pale testaceous beyond. Fringes whitish. Under
surface of anterior wings fuscous except the costa, which is pale testaceous. Ex-
panse, male, 20™™, (Robinson. )

269. THE V-MARKED CACGCIA.
Cacecia argyrospila Walker.

The moth of this species is not uncommon, entering our houses at
night during July in Maine and Massachusetts. My specimens have
been kindly determined by Prof. C. H. Fernald.

This widespread species was first described in this country by Mr. C.
T. Robinson, in 1869, under the name of Tortrix furvana ; at nearly
the same time or soon after I described it in the Massachusetts A gricult-
ural Report for 1870 under the name of the Y-marked Tortrix (7. v-sig-
natana), and remarked that Mr. F. W. Putnam had raised it in abun-
dance from the cherry. In his account of this species Lord Walsingham*
remarks that in California it occurred near San Francisco, May 19,
1871. ‘The species also occurred about Mendocino in the middle of
June, and as far north as Mount Shasta in August. One specimen
emerged on the 21st of June from a pupa found a few days previously
between united leaves of Asculus californica (Nutt.), the Californian
horse-chestnut.

In his Synonymical Catalogue of the Described Tortricidae, Prof. C.
H. Fernald states:

Professor Riley wrote me that he bred it on rose, apple, hickory, oak, soft maple,
elm, and wild cherry.

It thus appears to be a general feeder on our shade trees, living be-
tween the united leaves. It ranges from Maine, where it is common,
to Georgia, Texas, and Missouri, while it is not uncommon on the
Pacific coast.

* Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in the Collection of
the British Museum, part iv, London, 1879, p. 9.

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 193

It feeds on the oak early in June, as one caterpillar occurred June
11, when it became a chrysalis, the moth appearing June 23. Hence
without much doubt there are two broods, the caterpillar occurring
late in summer turning to chrysalides, and hibernating as such, the
moth flying about in the spring and laying its eggs on the shoots, so
that the larva may hatch when the leaves are unfolding and find its
food ready and at hand. The first brood of caterpillars is found early
in June, and the second in August and earlyin September. The moth
is of the size and general shape of the common apple-leaf roller
(Cacecia rosana) and the cherry-leaf roller (C. cerasivorana), differing
in the particulars stated below; but the caterpillar is more like that of
C. rosana than C. cerasivorvana.

According to Professor Riley’s unpublished notes this was found
May 15, 1869, on the I. M. R. R. rolling in perfect tubes the leaves of
the common oak. May 26 it pupated, and June 3 three moths issued.

Larva.—Color delicate giass green, with a darker dorsal vesicular line. Not pol-
ished. Piliferous spots polished. Head brown. Cervical shield polished, glass-like,
and scarcely darker than body ; anterior edge lighter. Thoracic legs pale.

Pupa.—May 26 one changed to chrysalis with the abdomen yellowish, the dorsum
roseate and wing-sheaths green; with two transverse rows of minute teeth on dor-
sum of largest abdominal segments, and also a few long hairs pointing posteriorly.
Six, sometimes seven, tolerably long, curved hooks at extremity, four springing from
the extreme point and two from the sides. Length scarcely 0.50 of an inch. Legs
do not reach as far as the wing sheaths. (Riley’s unpublished notes. )

Of the usual form and color, but rather stout; the end of the abdomen has an
unusually large, sharp spine, with two lateral and two terminal large, stout, curved
sete or stiff hairs. Length, 12™™.

Moth.—Head, palpi, and thorax rust-red; fore wings bright rust-red; a broad,
median, rust-red, oblique band bent downward in the middle of the wing; on each
side are two yellowish-white costal blotches, the outer one usually triangular and
oblique, sending a narrow line to the inner edge of the wing; a similar line on the
inside of the band. Outer margin of the wing yellowish white, with two fine, rust-
red lines, the outer one at the base of the fringe, which is whitish yellow. Hind
wings pale yellowish slate color, as is the abdomen.

269. Cacecia fervidana (Clemens).

The caterpillar was found by Professor Riley September 1, 1867,
feeding on the oak, covering and inclosing numbers of the leaves by a
white glistening web; also fastening the brown grains of excrement
together with the silk so that it sometimes forms quite a large mass.
They were quite numerous in various portions of Illinois, lowa, and
Missouri.

The worm also generally resides in a sort of silken case. It devours
all the pulpy portions of the leaf. They are found on the burr oak,
though they will eat the leaves of half a dozen varieties that I have
given them. (Riley.)

There are probably three broods annually of this insect, as in Illinois
it first appears in the middle of May, according to Miss Emma A. Smith,

‘5 ENT——13

194 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

of Peoria.* Professor Riley adds that the eggs, hatched about the
1st of July and last of June, had become moths by the 1st of August;
and then again those found September 1 must have been of a third
brood, which winters over in the chrysalis. The eggs, according to
Riley, are placed in clusters on the leaf.

Miss Smith’s paper gives quite a full account of the habits and rav-
ages of this insect in her vicinity. This is the Tortrix paludana of Rob-

inson. It is attacked by Calosoma scrutator Fabr., Podisus spinosus .

Dall., also by Diplodus luridus Stal, and by Pimpla conquisitor Say.

Larva.—When full grown, .80 to .85 of an inch. Color dull brownish buff. Form
subeylindrical, being flat below; tapers slightly posteriorly but not anteriorly. Dor-
sum light. A subdorsal darker band, edged above and below with a black line, the
upper one being thickest. Wrinkled transver:ely, one indenture especially in the
middle of each segment. Thoracic segments somewhat largest. Head as wide as
No. 1 and carried nearly horizontally. It is dark brown, mottled with white.
Venter, feet, and legs of same color as subdorsal band. Covered with fine sparse
hairs. This worm is not very active, but when touched wriggles and lets itself down
by a thread. It is quite variable in the depth of shading, some being very light,
while others are quite dark, and some even have a greenish tinge. (Riley’s unpub-
lished notes. )

Moth.—Palpi reddish brown, short, the third joint extending beyond the head.
Head and thorax reddish brown above. Anterior wings reddish brown, much
clouded with fuscous beyond the middle. A dark brown patch on the middle of
costa and a smaller one on the disk below it indicate the central fascia. <A large
dark brown subapical patch is continued as a broad fuscous shade to internal angle.
Fringes pale. Posterior wings very dark, fuscous above; pale testaceous beneath,
tinged with fuscous internally. Fringes pale testaceous. Abdomen fuscous above,
pale testaceous beneath. Under surface of anterior wings entirely clouded with fus-
cous, giving in some lights a purple reflection. Expanse, male, 20™™; female, 23™™,
(Robinson).

270. Cenopis quercana (Fernald. )

The caterpillar has been found by Professor Comstock feeding on the
oak, and by Miss Murtfeldt on the cultivated cherry.

Moth.—Thorax and fore wings dull rust-red. Basal patch, median and subapical
bands lighter in the males and inclining to yellowish on the costa, with strong green-
ish reflections when seen in an oblique light, showing most strongly in the females.
Expanse of wings, 14 to 16™™, (Fernald).

271. Cenopis reticulatana (Clemens).

Besides the oak the caterpillar is said by Miss Murtfeldt to feed on
the osage orange, maple, persimmon, and pear.

Moth.—Fore wings yellow, finely reticulated with orange; costa at base tinged
with purple. Central fascia purple, commencing in a spot on the costa before the
middle and ending in the apex of a large triangular spot of the same hue on the
inner edge. The large purple costal spot throws out a line, which is forked just
below it, one branch running obliquely inward to the triangular spot on the inner
margin, the other outwardly to before the inner angle. Hind wings and fringes
very pale yellow. Expanse of wings, 17 to22™™, (Robinson).

*Paper read before the Northern Horticultural Society at Franklin Grove, and
published in the Prairie Farmer January 9, 1878.

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 195

272. Cenopis pettitana (Robinson).

The caterpillar of this variable species is said by Miss Murtfeldt to
feed on the oak, hickory, and rose.

Professor Riley found at the same time (May 15, 1869) as Cacecia
argyrospila, a large grass-green oak roller with a black head and a pale
brown cervical shield and bluish dorsal line, with the thoracic legs
black. June 3, 1869, five moths issued.

Zeller (November 20, 1871) says it is near the European Xanthosetia
hamana, but differs.

Several of them entered the chrysalis state May 26, 1869.

October 9, 1872, received from Manhattan, Kans., a larva feeding on
oak, which possesses several of the characteristics of Perophora mel-
Sheimerit. (Riley’s unpublished notes.)

Larva.—Length, .625 of an inch; diameter about .10 across the head, which is the
broadest part. Pale yellowish green, somewhat flattened, tine, medio-dorsal line,
piliferous spots on dorsum very minute, sides somewhat tuberculated, with con-
spicuous longitudinal row of long, stiff brown hairs arising from brown plates.
Head large, dark brown, not polished, horizontal. First segment horny, pale brown,
constricted behind, roughened like the head with dense minute punctures. Anal
plate orbicular, large, horny, with a glistening whitish punctured surface, with two
conspicuous purple-brown spots and a dark longitudinal dorsal line. Larva forms a
case of web-work on the leaf or between two leaves. Moths issued in early May.

Pupa.—Differs materially from that of Cacecia argyrospila. It is .55 of an inch in
length. The antenne and legs reach exactly as far as wing sheaths. The color is
very dark brown, and after the moth has left the posterior third behind last row of
teeth is of a lighter reddish brown in contrast. Two rows of teeth on principal
abdominal segments, as in Cacecia argyrospila. The extremity is blunt with scarcely
any hooks visible, though occasionally a very fine one may be seen. (Riley’s unpub-
lished notes. )

Moth. —Fore wings very pale yellow. Costa in the male with two patches of
brownish ocherous scales at the basal and apical third. Expanse of wings, 22 to
28™m, (Robinson).

273. THE RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER.
Lophoderus triferanus (Walk.).
Order LEPIpopTERA ; family TorRTRICID.

Probably originally feeding on the oak, elm,and maple, as well as the
cranberry. The caterpillar occasionally damages clover, corn, straw-
berry, bean, etc. The following notes are copied from Forbes’ 3d Rep.
Ins. Illinois:

This species occurs somewhat rarely in Illinois, and has not been reported through-
out its wide range to do any injury except to the cranberry in Massachusetts, where
its larva is locally known as one of the cranberry worms. We bred it, however,
daring this past season from pale-green leaf-rollers in young corn, and consequently
may regard it as worthy of brief mention, especially as its local abundance in cran-
berry plantations in Massachusetts would indicate a capacity for excessive multipli-
cation which makes it a possible source of danger in the great corn-fields of the
Mississippi Valley.

The presence of this larva and of that of the sulphur leaf-roller, just treated, is
indicated in corn-fields by the folding lengthwise or rolling of the leaves in May and

196 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

June. If these leaves be opened, a green wriggling larva will be found inclosed in
a web within.

The moth hatching from these folded leaves in June, if Lophoderus triferanus, may
be recognized as an insignificant brown species, about a half inch across the spread
wings. The fore wings are reddish brown except on the terminal fourth, which is
gray speckled with black, as is also the basal half of the posterior edge of the same
wings.

The species was first described by Walker in 1863 as Cacecia triferana, and again
by Clemens in 1865, in the proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia,
under the name of Tortrix incertana. A better description of the moth, with figures
of male and female, is given by Robinson in Volume II of the Transactions of the
American Entomological Society, under the same specific name.

As an injurious insect it is mentioned by Dr. Packard in the Massachusetts Agri-
cultural Report for 1870, and in the Tenth Report of the Geological and Geographical
Survey of Colorado and Adjacent Territory, 1876. By Miss Murtfeldt it is reported
as injurious to the rose, in the third volume of the American Entomologist (1880),
and by Professor Lintner as a clover insect in the Annual Report of the New York
Agricultural Society for the same year.

This species has been collected from Maine and New York to Illinois and Texas,
and has been found feeding on the cranberry, elm, soft maple, oak, apple, rose, beans,
Gnaphalium polycephalum, clover, strawberry, and corn. Our specimens, collected
ou May 29, emerged June 30.

In all the foregoing articles except the first this species is treated under Clemens’s
specific name, but in Fernald’s Catalogue of the Tortricide of North America (1882)
this is reduced to a synonym of Walker’s triferanus. The larva was not distinguished
in our breeding cages from that of the preceding species (Dichelia sulphwreana), con-
sequently I am unable to give a detailed description of it. Clemens’s description of
the imago is as follows:

Moth.—Palpi ocherous or brownish ocherous except the minute third joint, which
is blackish. Head and thorax ocherous or brownish ocherous. Anterior wings pure
pale reddish brown within the central fascia, except on internal margin, which is
broadly covered at base with blackish brown scales, forming a rather prominent
irregular spot followed by an aggregation of intermediate pale ocherous and black-
ish scales to the fascia. Central fascia broad, distinctly dark brown, sometimes
reddish brown. The subapical costal spot is dark brown and separated from the
central fascia by a reddish brown shade. The remaining outer portion of the wing
pale ocherous except a testaceous brown spot above the anal angle. Fringes dark
ocherous. © Posterior wings fuscous above, testaceous beneath. Fringes pale testa-
ceous, much clouded centrally with dark fuscous. Expanse, male 15, female 19™™,

274. Lophoderus velutinana Walk.

This species is said by Miss Murtfeldt to feed on the laurel-oak, bal-
sam-fir, and maple.

Moth.—Fore wings pale ocherous, darker on costa at base; a large dark-brown
basal patch, not quite reaching the costa. Middle band dark brown to the middle
of the wing, reddish brown beyond, throwing out a hooklet inwardly below the cell,
which curving upwardly nearly incloses a pale ocherous spot. Subapical costal spot
dark brown, semilunate, connected by a paler streak with internal angle. Expanse
of wings, 17™™,

275. Phoxopteris murtfeldtiana Riley.

Three specimens were bred from oak, May 19, by Miss Murtfeldt, in
Missouri.

From Ph. spirecefoliana, which Dr. Clemens bred from larvz found
feeding on the leaves of Spirca opulifolia, this oak-feeding species dif-

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 197

fers in the oblique central fascia extending to form a sharp angle
towards the apex of wing, in the angulated portion containing two
black streaks, and in this fascia extending, as a faint band, to the
inner margin and beneath the ocellated patch.

Ph. burgessiana Zell., which may not be distinct from pulchellana
Clem., and Ph. laciniana Zell., which, also, may not be distinct from
dubiana Clem., are closely allied to murtfeldtiana, but the basal patch
is darker than in those species, thus resembling spirecfoliana. (Riley.)

Moth.—Male: Expanse, 10™. White, the primaries with a dark-brown patch on
basal half of inner margin and with an oblique fascia extending from the middle of
costa. Head reddish brown; palpi white, tinged with brown at base. Thorax
white, becoming embrowned on the disk; primaries white, the apical half shaded
with ferruginous, with a broad blackish-brown patch on the basal half of the inner
margin, the patch ronnded on its costal border and having a very indistinct coppery
reflection from some of the scales in particular lights; from the middle of the costa
an oblique reddish-brown fascia extending to form a sharp angle just before the apex
of wing (these inclosing two black streaks), and retreating suddenly to curve around
the ocellated patch, into which it sometimes sends a slight angle, and to attain the
inner margin of the wing; this fascia much paler on its inner half than on its costal
half, bounded exteriorly from costa to inner margin by a white line, and shading off
on the inner half of its basal border into the white ground color; costa beyond the
fascia to the apex streaked with white and ferruginous, the apex ferruginous; just
below the apex two white streaks; ocellated patch white, generally containing a
black streak ; posterior margin ferruginous ; fringes tinged with ferruginous, pale at
base, darker at apical angle; secondaries gray; under surfaces gray; primaries
shaded with fuscous; legs white, with the usual fuscous shadings on tarsi. Abdo-
men gray, silvery beneath. (Riley.)

276. THE OAK-LEAF CRYPTOLECHIA.
Cryptolechia schlagenella Zeller.

Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family TINEID#.

This is a remarkable insect, both as a caterpillarand moth. It is not
uncommon in the larval state on the oak, where we have seen it in Maine
and Rhode Island in September. Professor Riley found, October 22,
1882, in Virginia, several larve of this Tineid feeding on oak. One
moth issued June 2, 1883. It feeds between the leaves, drawing them
together with silk threads. When about to pupate,it turns over a por-
tion of the leaf nearly an inch long, lines the interior of the cell thus
made with silk, and the moth appears the following spring. We have
compared the moth with a type specimen sent to us several years ago
by the late Prof. P. C. Zeller, and now in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., and it is undoubtedly that species, though
the row of blackish dots so distinct in the fresh specimen reared by us
are not to be seen in the type specimen; otherwise it agrees exactly
with the latter. It is a not uncommon insect, but, so far as known,
more curious than destructive, though it may at times disfigure the
leaves of valuable shade trees. It is the largest Tineid larva we have
met with.

198 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Larva.—Head large, broad, and flat; as broad as the prothoracic segment; pale
horn or whitish color, surface rough ; in front crossed by two dark reddish-brown
broad lines which form two large shallow scallops; the front line extends along the
sides, including the eyes and the front edge of the clypeus; the other is broader,
forming two scallops and crossing the apex of the clypeus. On each side of the head
below the front line isa short, nearly straight brown-black line not reaching as far
as the eyes. The median suture of the head is rather deeply impressed ; the vertex
on each side is a little swollen and marked with eight or nine dark reddish-brown
more or less confluent spots. The posterior edge of the head is edged with black
brown. The body is somewhat flattened, pale pea green, a little paler than the
under side of the leaf. Prothoracic segment without a shield, but broad, flat, and
green like the rest of the body. On the sides of the three thoracic segments is a
dark tubercle tinged with reddish between, forming a lateral thoracic line. No dor-
sal tubercle, but pale hairs as long as the body arise from minute points, which are
obscurely indicated. Length, 23™™,

Pupa.—Body very thick and stout; the head broad, and the ablJomen short and
thick, the end of the body very blunt, the tip broad and obtuse, somewhat tubercu-
lated, not spined. The wings reach to the end of the fifth abdominal segment; and
on the under side of the sixth and seventh segments are two dark ventral small cal-
losities; the tip is broad, truncated, rough and dark. Length, 10™™; thickness,
Syn

Moth.—A very large species for the family to whick it belongs. Head with the
scales between the antennze and on the vertex loose and thick, not smooth as in
Gelechia. Palpi long and slender, smooth, the third joint very long and slender, over
one-half ‘as long as the second. It is solarge and the fore wings so broad and oblong,
that at first it might be mistaken for a Tortrix. Body and wings snow white. Fore
wings snow white, with two smoky trim dots at the base of the wing near the costa;
two smoky spots inside of the middle of the wing on the internal edge. Beyond the
middle of the wing are five or six indistinct, pearly, smoky spots, the central one
apparently forming the discal dot. Two faint, curved, smoky lines parallel with
each other and to the outer edge, neither of them reaching the costal edge of the
wing, and the inner less than one-half as wide as the outer. On the outer edge of
the wing, on the white fringe, is a row of about five conspicuous dark-brown spots ;
the base of the fringe is smoky, forming a faint line. Body, hind wings, abdomen,
and legs snow-white ; antennz light brown. On hinder part of the thorax very dis-
tinct when the wings are closed, is a large prominent tuft of broad brown scales,
which send off different metallic colors, especially steel-blue. Length of body, 9 to
10™™; of fore wing, 11™™; expanse of wings, 24™™.

77, THE BROWN CRYPTOLECHIA.
Cryptolechia quercicella Clemens.

The leaves of the oak and, as we have found the past season, the
aspen, are often bound together by a rather large flattened Tineid cat-
erpillar, larger in size than most larve of the family to which it belongs.
It is of about the size of the caterpillar of C. schlagenella.

The larva of the present species (originally described by Clemens as
Psilocorsis quercicella) was said by that author* to bind the leaves of
oaks together in August and September (in Pennsylvania) and to pick
out the parenchyma between the network of veins; to weave a slight
cocoon between two leaves, appearing as a moth in March and April.

*Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phil., June, 1860. See also Clemens’s Tineina of North
America, edited by H. T. Stainton, p. 149.

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 199

Our observations confirm the accuracy of Clemens’s statements. In
1884 we reared it from the oak in Providence, the moths in confinement
appearing May 3 to 13 of the following spring.

During the season of 1886 we found the larve both on the oak and
on the aspen at Brunswick, Me., during the last week in August (the
25th to 31st). It disfigures these trees by binding the leaves together,
where it occupies a gallery in the mass of excrement filling the space.
It weaves a slight, but quite consistent, oval, flat cocoon between the

-somewhat crumpled leaves; the moths appeared in the breeding cages
from May 15 to 20; at first sight the moth resembles a Tortrix, the
wings being wide and broad at the end, and the markings plain; it is
very different in appearance from the moth of the other species we have
mentioned, which is white, with longer, narrower wings. The abdomi-
nal spine of the chrysalis is also very peculiar in shape.

Larva.—Body flattened. Head wide, slightly narrower than the prothoracic seg-
ment; dark brown; prothoracic shield dark brown, slightly paler than the head.
Body behind pale livid greenish flesh-colored; no dorsal setiferous warts, but on each
side of each segment are two dark warts of unequal size giving rise to long hairs;
below them are two smaller, paler, less conspicuous warts. Supra-anal plate large,
broad, rounded, blackish, with five setiferous warts around the edges of the plate.
All the legs concolorous with the body. Length, 12™™.

Pupa.—Of the shape of the Tortricide, being unusually stout and of a mahogany
brown color. Abdominal segments peculiar in having a single, finely crenulated
ridge passing dorsally and laterally around the front edge of the segment; there are
no teeth or spines, but a rough surface on the ridge with confluent granulations.
The tip is peculiar, the last segment being conical, with a stout spine (cremaster),
which is rounded, a little flattened, and ending in two forks, from the sides and ends
of which arise in all 6 to 8 long bristles, which stick into the silken lining of the
rather slight cocoon in which it transforms. Length, 7™™.

Moth.—Recognized by its large size, broad square wings, and long slender palpi,
eurving backwards high over the head. Head, thorax, and fore wings tawny gray,
with a line of fine dark scales on the base of the antenne and on the upper and under
side of the last joint of the palpi. Fore wings uniform tawny gray, mottled with
fine blackish scales; no distinct markings except a dark diffuse discal dot. Fringe
gray. Hind wings and abdomen as well as the legs shining pale tawny gray, much
lighter than the fore wings; beneath of the same color, except that the fore wings
are somewhat dusky except on the outer edge and outer half of the costal margin.
Expanse of wings, 20™™,

278. THE WHITE BLOTCH OAK-LEAF MINER.
Lithocolletis hamadryadella Clemens.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family TINEID.

This miner makes a whitish blotch-like mine upon the upper surface
of the leaves of different oaks. It is a minute, flat, horny, footless,
active, brownish-yellow larva, which transforms within the mine in a
delicate disk-like cocoon.

Several species of oak are injured by this leaf-miner, which ranges
from New York to Washington. Sometimes each leaf will contain on
an average four or five miners, and young shade trees are thus weak-

200 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ened by their attacks in June. There are in Washington five or six
broods of moths. The best remedy is to collect and burn the fallen
leaves in the spring, since they contain the worms in their final stage
before transforming. (Comstock.)

Fic. 61.—Oak leaf, with blotch-mine of Lithocolletis hamadryadella.

I have noticed the larva and its mines in abundance at Providence
in September and October.
The following notes have been furnished by Professor Riley:

Received July 5, 1884, from N. H. Bishop (Griswold collection), Davenport, Jowa, a |

lot of leaves of different kinds of oak, badly infested with larve of the above insect.
On some of the large leaves the entire upper surface was undermined. The same in-
sect is also very common on all kinds of oak on the Agricultural grounds at Wash-
ington, D.C. The moths commenced to issue July 12 to July 18, and at the same
time quite a number of four different species of parasites issued. (Unpublished notes. )

The moth has white front wings, with three broad irregular bronze bands across
each one, each band being bordered with black on its inner side. The hind wings
are silvery. The wings expand .28 inch. (Comstock.)

219. Lithocolletis tubiferella Clemens.

The mine of this insect is represented at A in Fig. 62, which has been
identified by Mr. W. Beutenmiiller, who thinks that the other mine (at
C) is the work of a Nepticula. ;

a

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 201

Fic, 62.—A, mine of Lithocolletis tubiferella.—Bridgham, del.

280. FITCH’S OAK-LEAF MINER.
Lithocolletis fitchella Clemens.

Order LEPmpopTeRa ; family TINEID&.

This species forms a tent-like mine on the under surface of the leaves
of different species of oaks. It is a minute, nearly cylindrical, white
larva. The mine is visible on both sides of the leaf, while that of
L. hamadryadella is to be seen only on the upper side. The insect
hybernates in the pupa state within the leaves, so that the same general
remedy of gathering and burning the leaves will apply to this as to
the preceding leaf-miner. (Comstock.) >

This is a very common species on all kinds of oak at Washington,

902 ¥IFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

D. C. Specimens were also received from Miss M. Murtfeldt, Kirk-
wood, Mo. (Riley’s unpublished notes.)

The moth has pale reddish saffron fore wings, with a slight brassy hue. Along the
front edge (costa) are five silvery- white costal streaks ; on the inner margin are two
conspicuous silvery dorsal streaks, while the hind wings are grayish fuscous. (Com-

stock.)
281. Ypsolophus quercipomonella Chambers.

The following account of this Tineid has been furnished us by Pro-
fessor Riley:

At Glenwood, Mo., folding up the leaves of the black oak in little tubes. June 2,
1868, one changed to chrysalis. The chrysalis is formed within the leaf, the cater-
pillar first lining it with a little white silk. The first moth issued June 15, and
others up to the 22nd. Zeller says it is the same as a variable, often lighter brown
spotted species, which he has often received from Ohio. (Unpublished notes. )

Larva.—Length, .60 inch. A striped white and black worm with a red-brown
head and cervical shield. Considering the ground color as white, there is a black
dorsal line somewhat restricted at the joints, and on each side of the dorsum another
somewhat wavy line, separated from a lateral broader one only by a fine white line.
Outer edge along stigmata white, and all underneath it black glaucus. Piliferous
spots above quite large and black with a white annulation, two of them situated
in a black wavy line and one on lateral black line just above stigmata. Stigmata
small, with a smaller piliferous spot just below it, and others on venter. Segment 1
dark below cervical shield. Segment 2darker than the others, with a white anterior
edge. Last two segments almost entirely black above, being sharply separated from
anus and anal prolegs, which are of a very light yellow. Feet black. Abdominal
prolegs same as venter. Single white bristle from each spot. (Riley.)

Pupa.—The chrysalis averages .38 inch in length, with the abdomen comparatively
narrow and small compared with the width of the anterior half, the extremity taper-
ing toa single point; of the normal color, but characterized especially by having
about six pairs of little elevations on the dorsum, immediately behind the thorax,
and three others each side of them along the upper edge of wing-sheaths. It is quite
active, and whirls its body around at a great rate when disturbed. - (Unpublished

notes. )
282. THE OAK SACK-BEARER.

Coleophora, species not determined.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family TINEIDZ.

We have found this interesting sack bearer on
oak leaves at Providence, R. I., June 16. It ap-
parently belongs to the genus Coleophora, which
inhabits tubular cases, either straight or more
& or less coiled at the end, which the caterpillar
Fic. 63.—Ooleophora, or oak rags about with it, suddenly withdrawing in

sack-bearer, natural size: it when disturbed. The little circular masses on

a, side view; b, dorsal view,

enlarged.—Gissler, del. each side of the coil are the pellets of excrement.

283. Odontota rubra Web.
Order CoLEoPTERA; family CHRYSOMELIDZ.
Professor Riley found, November 4, 1876, three larve of this beetle

mining in the leaves of the white oak, near River des Peres. (Unpub-
lished notes.)

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 203

284, THE LEAF-ROLLING WEEVIL.
Attelabus bipustulatus Fabr.

Order COLEOPTERA; family CURCULIONIDS.

Rolling up the leaves of the red, post, and laurei oak (Q. imbricaria), late in April,
forming compact, cylindrical cases containing asingle egg; the case dropping to the
ground, the larva after hatching feeding on the food around it, and finally transform-
ing into a long-snouted weevil. A second brood of larve in July. (Murtfeldt. )

This beetle has the curious habit of rolling up a leaf, trimming and
tucking in the lower ends with her beak. The egg is firstdeposited near
the tip of the leaf, and a little to one side; the blade of the leaf is then
cut through on both sides of the midrib, about an inch and a half be-
low; a row of punctures is made on each side of the midrib of the sev-
ered portion, which facilitates folding the leat together, upper surface
inside, after which the folded leaf is tightly rolled up from the apex to
the transverse cut, bringing the egg in the center; the concluding oper-
ation is the tucking in and trimming off the irregularities of the ends.
A few days after completion the cases, first observed the latter part of
April, drop to the ground; by May 15 several larve hatched and fed on
the dry substance of their nest, and by the end of May they pupated
within the nest; this state lasted from five to seven days, the first
beetles issuing by June 2, while a second brood of larve may be found
early in July. (Murtfeldt.)

‘¢‘On the leaves of the Jaurel oak, in the neighbor-
hood of St. Louis, Mo., are often found in May little
thimble-shaped cases, which are the work of the above
insect. The tips of the leaves are folded and rolled up
into that peculiar shape after the egg has been de-
posited.

“The egg is almost globular, slightly ovoid, tender,
pale yellowish, and translucent. It is deposited near
the tip on the under side of the leaf. The leaf is then F!S. 64 —Attelabus
cut transversely near its middle, punctured a short eee
distance each side of midrib, which causes it to fold
with its lower side out, then curled round, and the outer edges tucked
in.” (Riley’s unpublished notes.)

The larva.—Average dorsal length, 0.22 inch; diameter on abdominal segments, 0.06
inch, tapering anteriorly from fourth segment. Yellowish white; thoracic segments
slightly depressed on the back and smaller beneath; abdominal segments convex
above and flat beneath, each one divided into three irregular shallow transverse folds,
lateral surfaces with a double row of smooth polished oval tubercles, most symmetrical
in form and position from segments 4 to 11 inclusive; above the tubercles on each
segment is a deep depression. Head horizontal, rounded, small, about half the diam-
eter of sesment next behind, into which it retreats; white, the mandibles and other
mouth parts reddish brown, surrounded by long hairs.

204 ¥IFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The pupa is cream whi‘e, 0.12 inch long; abdominal segments sharply ridged ; pos-
terior extremity terminates in a pair of bristly points, white, tipped with brown.

The beetle is a small, highly polished black weevil, with two large orange-red spots
at bases of the wing-cover. (Miss Murtfeldt.)

I have also found, May 30, on the leaves of the oak near Providence,
the rolls made by the same species of Attelabus, apparently, but they
were slenderer than those of the Attelabus found upon the alder.

Fic. 65.—Rolls on oak leaf made by Attelabus bipustulatus.—Gissler del.

I have also found on the leaves of the oak at the end of May, near
Providence, Oryptorhynchus bisignatus Say. It may prove to live at the
expense of this tree.

INSECTS INJURING OAK-LEAVES. 205
284. Brachys wrosa Melsheimer.

Order COLEOPTERA; family BUPRESTIDZ.

I have found this small Buprestid upon the leaves of the
oak early in summer in Maine, and late in May near Provi-
dence, R. I. It most probably mines the leaves of the
oak, but its habits are not yet known. The late Mr. V. T.
Chambers once wrote me that he had often found in Ken-
tucky “a Brachys larva (scarcely, if at all distinguish-
able from that of B. wruginosa) mining the leaves of oaks,
but have never bred the beetle.”

We introduce a cut of B. eruginosa, much enlarged, to Fic. 66. Larva
illustrate a larva of this genus. of Brachys

eruginosa.—
Packard.

285. Brachys ovata Web.

On laurel oak; the imago issues the latter part of April and early
May. (Riley’s unpublished notes.) Mr. C. P. Gillette reports rearing
the beetle from a larva mining a leaf of either the red or black oak.
(Can. Ent. XTX, 139, 1887.)

286. Chlamys plicata Fabr.

We have given some account of this pretty beetle in our “‘ Guide to
the Study of Insects,” p. 510. It was reared by Mr. S. H. Scudder from
the sweet fern.

“August 24, 1876, found on Quercus bicolor curious little coleopterous
case-bearers. The abdomen of the larve, as
far as it can be seen, is yellow with a trans-
verse black patch on first segment just be-
hind the head. Head black; legs long; yel-
low, with last joint black; the case is dark-
RIESE Curia Maes a he brown, nearly black, of the shape of the

et mac hmciondel shell of some kind of snail or like a little
horn.” (Riley’s unpublished notes.)

287. Selandria quercus-alba Norton.

A species of slug-worm like that of the pear (8S. cerasi) has been
observed by Mr. Edward Norton living abundantly on the white oak,
and also in abundance on the English oak (Q. robur), at Farmington,
Conn.

“They feed in companies when young, sometimes twelve on a leaf,
head outward, devouring the epidermis of the under side of the leaf,
and not eating holes through. The eggs are not laid in the ribs of the
leaf, but in the smooth surface between the upper and lower skin near
the tip of the leaf, where whitish, irregular blotches are soon formed,
visible only beneath, from the center of which the Jarva comes forth. I

206 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

have bred many specimens, coming forth in twelve or fourteen days.”
(Norton.)

Larva.—They are naked, slimy slugs, like those of S. cerasi, 22-footed; color pale
green, at times almost white, enlarged near head. Head white, the six anterior legs
amethystine brown, tail segment constricted, rather sharp. (Norton.)

Saw-fly.—Male and female: Shining black, short and compressed; antenne slightly
enlarged in middle, third joint nearly as long as fourth and fifth ; head polished ;
lower ocellus in an oval basin, with three pits beneath; body wholly black; legs
black, the two anterior pairs clear white below the middle of femora; tips of their
tibiz waxen; the basal two-thirds of posterior tibiz and of first tarsal joint white ;
tarsi fuscous, apical joint of all the tarsi waxen-white; inner tooth of claws minute,
beneath the middle. Wings hyaline, iridescent, nervures blackish, first submarginal
cell rounded, at base. (Norton.)

287. Selandria diluta Cress.

Order HYMENOPTERA ; family TENTHREDINID®.

The following account of this saw-fly has been furnished by Prof.
Riley : J

Spring larve feeding on the under side of the leaves of the post-oak, often several
together during the latter part of May. Just previous to entering the ground the ~
larva sheds its spring skin; enters ground the last of May or early in June. Flies
emerge about the first of May following. (Unpublished notes.)

Larva.—Length of full-grown larva, $ inch. Color, pale translucent green, pur-
plish on dorsum ; head, green, with two large black spots near the top, and four mi-
nute black dots below them, just above the jaws. Dorsum and sides quite thickly
covered with spiny tubercles, those on dorsum bifid, while the lateral ones are single.
Thoracic legs yellowish, prolegs of the same color as the general surface. (Riley.)

288. Cecidomyia q.-pilule Walsh.

Order DipTERA; family CECIDOMYIIDZE.

Fic. 68. Galls of Cecidomyia q.-pilule. After Riley.

The following notes on this Dipterous gall-fly have been copied from
Professor Riley’s notes. I have found it common on the oak in Octo-
ber, at Providence:

Found in abundance on the laurel-leaved oak, the gall always on the upper surface
with the nipple on the under surface of the leaf (October 25, 1869). I find in every

DIPTEROUS LEAF-GALLS ON OAK. 207

well-developed gall two larve, the two cells sometimes separated, but more gener-
ally running into one. The larva is of the usual orange color, but ‘appears to be
somewhat shorter and thicker than those I have before noticed. Length, when not
crawling, .14 of an inch. Head quite pointed, and the first few segments doubly
wrinkled. Two appendages at head, and two brown spots near it superiorly. Breast-
bone brown and clove-shaped. Terminal segment with two acute prominences.

October 29, 1869. Upon opening several galls to-day, I found one which contained
four larve, two in each cell.

January 1, 1870. Many of the larve are on top of the ground, though most of them
are yet in the galis. Some of the galls have become softer, and have peeled open ;
and it is from these, I think, that the larve have escaped.

April 3. I examined them to-day and find that, though some of them are empty, the
great majority of them contain either pup or larve. The larva works and loosens
a passage, pushing the débris to the surface. It then lines its cell with a delicate
silken lining, and transforms to a pupa of the exact color of the larva; the head being
furnished behind the antennz with two thorns; the wing-sheaths reaching to the
third abdominal joint, and the hind legs, which are free from the body, to the fifth.

Many of the galls contain a white parasitic maggot with a conspicuous black pointed
head, divided longitudinally with a lighter line and with two brown spots behind it.

May 2, 1870. Many of the flies have issued, but allso far seem to be females. The
antenne are 14-jointed (double jointed + 12) and are scarcely at all verticillate, and
only the slightest restriction on basal one; no pedicels; length of joints very grad-
ually decreasing from 3 to 14. Nervules of wings as in true Cecidomyia. On opening
many galls to-day I find most of the larve within cells. A great number of parasites.
have issued within the past few days, and on opening the galls I find the perfect para-
site within a cell between two others occupied by Cecidomyia larve. So many of
the galls are empty, that I greatly incline to believe some of the larve left them
and entered the ground, the more so that the pupal integuments were all on the
ground.

July 22, 1870. Larva just hatched and barely visible. Gall itself fully formed and
golden yellow. (MSS. notes. Also see Amer. Ent., Vol. II, p. 29.)

289. Cecidomyia quercus-majalis Osten Sacken.

Blister-like gall of Cecidomyia on young leaves of the pin-oak
{ Quercus palustris). Generally these galls occur on the principal! ribs
of the leaf; sometimes between the ribs. They are oblong, blister-like,
the hollow surface somewhat uneven, wrinkled, walls thin; color pale
green or reddish. They bulge out on one side of the leaf and have a
longitudinal slit on the other. Galls projecting on the under side of
the leaf and having the slit on the upper side seem to be somewhat
more common than those of the opposite description. The slit can be
opened without injuring the gall by gently pulling at the sides. Such
galls which grow upon a rib show a trace of it on their longitudinal
diameter. The Jarva, which can be taken out of the slit without lacer-
ating the gall, is rather larger than the majority of the larve of Ceci-
domyia (about 0.2 of an inch long), and not reddish, as usual, but white,
smooth; the breast-bone is hardly visible, as its front part only is horny,
having the appearance of a transverse, reddish-brown wavy line. The
last abdominal segment has several minute, fleshy, pointed projections.
The larva drops to the ground through the slit at a certain period of its
development; hence, empty galls are often found. Found in consid-

208 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

erable numbers in the Central Park, New York, in May, 1869. (Osten
Sacken, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe. iii, 53.)

290. Corythuca arcuata (Say). (Tingis arcuata Say.)
Order HEMIPTERA; family TINGITID.

The following notice of this bug is copied from Professor Riley’s Ms.
‘notes:

June 26, 1876, found in Ofallon Park, on the under side of leaves of white oak, the
eggs, newly hatched larve, and others in various stages of development, as well asa
few mature insects. Eggs laid in patches, but not close together, being set irreg-
ularly; they are pointed at both ends and attached by one end, and are of a dull
black color. (See also Lintner, 4th Rep. p. 108, Figs. 42, 43.)

291. THE OAK-LEAF PHYLLOXERA.
Phylloxera rileyi Lichtenstein.

This insect forms a yellow circular spot on the under side of the leaf,
but showing plainly above, of the white and post oak; the species is of
small size and unusually slender, and with long tubercles in the pupa.
A full account has been published by Riley in Seventh Mo. Rept., pp.
118-121.

292. Lachnus quercicolens Ashmead.

This plant louse was found by Ashmead early in February in Florida,
feeding on the under surface of the Jeaves of the live oak (Quercus
virens); winged specimens, however, were not taken until April.

Wingless female.—Length, .05 inch, ovate; reddish, becoming brown with age.
Vertex of head brown; beak reaching to the middle coxex, reddish at the base, yel-
lowish in the middle and brown at tip; antennz 7-jointed, reaching to the honey
tubes, whitish, basal joint reddish ; joints annulated at tip with black; apical joint
short, black; honey tubes almost obsolete,as wide as long, whitish; style hardly
visible, whitish, pubescent, legs pubescent, posterior pair dark brown or black, mid-
dle and anterior pair reddish-yellow, feet infuscated.

Winged individual.—Length, .05 inch. Same as apterous female, excepting that
the abdomen is lighter in color; the middle femora and cox dark brown, and wings
hyaline, with the stigma and veins green. (Ashmead, Can. Ent, XIII, 155.)

293. Phyllaphis niger Ashmead.

This in some respects anomalous Aphis was detected feeding on
a tender shoot of the willow oak (Quercus phellos, variety laurifolic).
No winged specimens were found. The broad head, slightly pubescent
abdomen, and other characters exclude it from the genus Lachnus.

Wingless female.—Length .05 inch, ovate and of a shining black color; head broad,
nearly as long as wide, slightly arcuate in front and with two longitudinal depres-
sions on the vertex; beak long, reaching beyond hind coxa, black at base, but be-
coming reddish towards tip and slightly pubescent, antenn 7-jointed, situated very
widely apart and not on tubercles, brownish in color, with the terminal joint very
minute; metathorax a broad, smooth, shining, convex plate; abdomen wider than
long, and sides flattened to honey tubes, slightly pubescent; honey tubes black, almost
obsolete, as wide as long; style not visible, anus pubescent; legs dark brown, ap-
proaching black, pubescent, posterior pair long. (Ashmead.)

PLANT-LICE OF THE OAK. 209

294. Drepanosiphum? quercifolit (Walsh).

Larva.—Pale greenish. Incisures of the antennze dusky. Upper surface of the
body, except the scutel, dusky; honey tubes long, robust, dusky at tip; legs long,
with the terminal three-fourths of the femora, the extreme tips of the tibizw, and the
tarsi obfuscated.

Imago—Blackish; prothorax and anterior part of the thorax sometimes varied with
greenish; scutellum pale greenish; honey tubes two-thirds as long as the femora.
Legs very long ; basal halfof femora pale greenish. Wings hyaline; veins brown; third
discoidal vein hyaline at its origin; stigma and subcostal veins pale yellowish
brown; extreme tip of the front wings slightly fumose; length of the wings scarcely
.2inch. ‘The antenaex attain the extreme tips of the wings when the wings are ex-
panded, and the stigma is four times as long as wide and very acute at each end.
On oak leaves.” (Thomas.)

Although it is impossible to state positively from this description the
genus to which this species belongs, yet I think itis almost certain that
it should be placed in the genus to which I have assigned it. It is
certainly not an Aphis, in the restricted sense, and the plant it infests
would indicate that it is not a Siphonophora. (Thomas, Third Report.)

295. Myzocallis bella (Walsh).

“¢ Aphis bella.—Oak leaves? Bright yellow, eyes black; antennz with the tips of
joints 3 to 6 black. Prothorax as long as the head, with a lateral black vitta; thorax
with a black vitta extending from its anterior angle to the base of the front wing.
Honey tubes scarcely as long as the tarsi, generally immaculate, sometimes tinged
with fuscous, Legs long, black except the base of the femora and the cox. Wings
hyaline; front wings with the entire costa as well as its nervures black to the tip of
the stigmas, whence there extends a marginal dusky vitta, as wide as the costa at
base and middle but tapering at tip, nearly as far as the middle branch of the third
discoidal vein; this vitta covers the entire length of the fourth or stigmatal vein,
which terminates half way between the tip of the stigma and the apex of the wing,
is slightly and gradually curved, and incloses a marginal cell not wider than the
costa; hind wings with a custal dusky vitta extending to the tip of the wing, the
subcostal vein sometimes black; remaining veins of both wings slender and pale
dusky, narrowly bordered with subhyaline where they traverse the terminal dusky
vitta of the front wing. Length to tip of wings .15 inch.

“The antennse attain the middle of the stigma when the wings are expanded,
and the stigma is rather more than three times as long as wide, not very acute at
each end.” (Walsh.)

“ The 22d of May, 1878, I discovered, at Carbondale, Ills., on the
leaves of the burr oak (Quercus macrocarpa), plant lice, which I am
inclined to believe belong to the species just described. In order that
' the reader may be in possession of all the facts concerning the species,
I add here a description of these specimens :

‘* Winged individuals (the only kind seen).—Rather slender, of medium size; the
body and all the parts except the wings a pretty creamy yellow color; the wings thin
but clouded with fuscous, which is very distinct in the living insect, while the wings
stand erect above the abdomen; these fuscous or cloudy spots appear to fall chiefly
into two irregular oblique bands, one rather in advance of, and the other behind the
stigma, but when a singie wing is examined this arrangement will scarcely be
observed. Costal and subcostal veins of the front wings close together, and parallel
throughout; second discoidal vein decidedly sinuate and much nearer to the third

- § ENT——14

210 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

than to the first; third obsolete at the immediate base, curving somewhat strongly
outward as it approaches the origin of the first fork; second fork rather nearer to the
apex of the wing than to the third vein, but difference slight; fourth vein very
sharply curved throughout, so that its middle portion approaches much nearer the
first fork than itsends. Antennz longer than the body, slender; third joint longest ;
fourth a little shorter than the third; fifth a little shorter than the fourth; sixth
about half the length of the fifth or less; seventh, in the only complete antennz
obtained, about as long as the fifth.

‘‘On most of the specimens I was unable to observe any honey-tubes ;
but in one specimen found on the same leaves, and which appears to
belong to this species, these were apparent but very short, their length
scarcely exceeding their diameter. This specimen was of the same
delicate yellowish color, but the wings were perfectly pellucid. It is
impossible to decide in reference to the honey-tubes from the mounted
Specimens, which are imperfect. On one of these specimens I found a
species of mite fastened to the metathorax or base of the abdomen, so
as not to interfere with the flight of the Aphis. It is probably a species
of Trombidium, but as it is evidently in its larval state it is difficult to
assign it to its proper position. It is probably the young of Dr.
Packard’s T. bulbipes, but it differs from that species in not having the ©
tarsi enlarged. It also has the tarsi furnished with two strongly
curved claws. It is possible that this is Dr. Fitch’s Lachnus quercifolic,
but it is impossible to identify the two from bis very brief description.
It approaches very nearly to Aphis quercus Kalt., which Koch has
placed in Callipterus, and I would have identified it with that species
but for the clouded wings. It will fall in Myzocallis as I have given
the characters of that genus, and is probably a variety of the species
under which I place it.” (Thomas.)

296. Callipterus discolor Monell.

Prof. Riley found, November 12, 1884, at Washington, D. C., on the
lower side of leaves of Q. prinus, numerous specimens of the apterous
oviparous females, larve, and the winged males of the above species.

The male is of a more or less dark rose color, though the fourth, fifth and last
abdominal segments are yellowish, with a roseate tinge atsides. Head biack. Ocelli
clear, colorless. Eyes red. Antennal joints 3 and 4 whitish with blackish tips, the
others black. Thorax black. There are two roseate stripes on prothorax and the
sides of the mesothorax at insertion of the wings are dusky. There are two dorsal
rows of black spots on the abdomen, of which the pair in front of the nectaries is con- «
fluent. A row of large, black, roundish, lateral spots and some smaller ones of differ-
ent sizes between these and the dorsal rows. There is also a narrow, transverse band
on the eighth segment. Nectaries short, black. Claspers blackish. Legs colorless,
the tarsi paledusky. Sternum black. On the venter are some large, transverse, and
some smaller black spots. (Unpublished notes.)

297. Callipterus punctatus Monell.

Professor Riley found, May 19, 1883, at Washington, D. C., numerous
specimens on the lower side of leaves of Q. prinus of an Aphid which

PLANT-LICE OF THE OAK. ala t

agrees with the above species. There were many winged specimens
which already had deposited numbers of larve. (Unpublished notes.)

298. Callipterus quercifolii Thomas.

Winged specimen.—Antenne nearly as Jong as the body, seven jointed; first joint
quite large and very prominent, nearly twice the length and twice the diameter of
the second joint, which is rather small, and of the usual suborbicular form; the
third joint longest, but it exceeds the fourth very little, fifth very little shorter than
the fourth ; sixth not more than one-third the length of the fifth; seventh a little
shorter than the sixth.

The wings as usual ; third discoidal vein of the front pair twice-forked; the hind
pair with two discoidal or branch veins; all the veins and branches are bordered
with dark brown, giving them the appearance, wheu seen through a pocket magni-
fier, of broad black veins; the bordering does not expand at the tops of the veins,
but retains its uniform width throughout. Stigma opaque, brown, with a posterior
bordering of brown, fusiform in shape, being very acutely pointed at the apex, with
no internal angle at the point where the fourth vein arises.

Costal vein very distinct, and rather prominent, it and the subcostal vein are
remarkably parallel, the distance apart scarcely varying in the smallest degree from
the base to the stigma. Distance between the insertion of the first and second, and
second and third veins about equal; the second fork about equally distant from the
apex and first fork. Fourth vein nearly straight at its base, curving regularly but
not sharply towards its apex, runs very nearly with the first fork of the third vein.

The front of the mesothorax distinctly broader than the prothorax, the offset form-
ing a distinct shoulder, the abdomen terminating suddenly and bluntly ; no tail ap-
parent. Honey-tubes very short and thick, slightly enlarged at the base, the length
greater than but not twice the diameter.

When seen through a pocket lens, these (alcoholic) specimens appear dark brown ;
the antenne annulated alternately with dark brown, or fuscous and white; the legs
brownish or dusky with the base of the femora and tips of the tibize pale; the wings
transparent with the broad dark brown or fuscous veins previously described. The
body dark brown except the tip of the abdomen, which is pale and shows traces of
transverse dark bands. (Thomas.)

Wingless specimen.—Somewhat regularly ovate, but subtruncate at the posterior
extremity, or, at least, rounded very suddenly and bluntly to the tip. Antenne not
quite as long as the body, showing the light and dark annulations very distinctly.
Eyes of this as well as the winged specimens reddish-brown. The ground color of
the body of the alcoholic specimens is a pale, dirty yellow, but the dorsal surface is
chiefly occupied by broad transverse brown or fuscous bands which extend to the
somewhat broad, depressed portion of the lateral margins; there is one band on each
segment; a pale line runs along the middle of the back from the head to the tail.
Legs as in the winged specimens. Scattered over the body are stiff, spine like black
hairs; itis also more or less covered with small tubercles. Honey-tubes as in the
winged specimens—pale yellow.

Length of winged specimen to the tip of the abdomen (which issomewhat shrunken),
.06 inch; to the tip of the wings, .15 inch.

Professor Bundy, of Sauk City, Wis., from whom the specimens were
received, makes the following statement in reference to them:

Abdomen of the female light green below; black above, with four greenish spots;
honey-tubes and tip of the abdomen white; head and thorax black, shining above.
Eyes black; antenne light, banded with black; wings with widened veins and tinged

with purple (reflection).
On red oak (Quercus rubra) leaves in June, Sauk City, Wis. On both sides of the
leaves, along the veins. Leaves becoming viscid from their secretions.

212 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

This is evidently distinct from the Callipterus quercus of Kaltenbach,
which is of a pale ocher color throughout and nearly smooth, and has
the veins of the wings unmargined. It approaches somewhat closely
to 0. juglandis Fisch., which is found on walnut. In that species the
markings of the abdomen are almost exactly as in this, but the abdomen
is much more drawn out and tapering; it is more than probable, how-
ever, that the shrinkage caused by the alcohol has caused this to pre-
sent the blunt appearance. (Thomas.)

299. THE ‘OAK BLIGHT,” OR WOOLY APHIS OF THE OAK.
Schizoneura querci Fitch.

This species is found in the northern part of Illinois upon oak limbs.
Fitch says it is very similar to another-species found on the basswood.

The winged individuals are black throughout, slightly dusted over with an ash-
gray powder.

The tore wings are clear and transparent; the stigma is dusky, the rib-veins black,
and the third discoidal vein with the basal portion abortive nearly or quite to the
fork. The length to the tip of the wings is (0.16) a little over one-eighth of an inch.
(Thomas. )

300. Callipterus(?) quercicola Thomas.

Winged form.—Antenne about half as long as the body; not mounted on frontal
tubercles; remote at base: third, fourth, and fifth joints equal in length; transition
from the sixth to the seventh joint exceedingly gradual; seventh joint about half as
long as the preceding. Rostrum short, not reaching the second cox; apical joint very
acute. Nectaries reduced to mere openings. Stylenone. Wings with the veins bor-
dered with brown. Stigma rather short, and blunt at apex, the cubital vein arising
from its base. Stigmatal vein not so much curved as usual in this genus; not hyaline;
distance between the base of the cubitus and that of the stigmatal vein equa! to the
distance between the furcals, and less than the distance between the base of the
cubitus and that of the second discoidal. Second discoidal not sinuous. Body rather
elongate. Length, 1.77™™; to tip of wings, 2.79™™,

It is with considerable doubt that I place this species in the genus
Callipterus. It is very probable that it should be placed under Asiphum;
but the only description of this genus which has been published is that
given by Koch, and, like the other generic descriptions which were
made from memory, after the loss of his eye-sight, is somewhat unsat-
isfactory. The following is a translation of the salient points in his
description:

Asiphum Koch.—Beak short. Antenne rather short; the third, fourth, and fifth
joints subequal; the apical joint very small, scarcely perceptible.

Of this interesting species I have only seen two winged specimens,
mounted on a slide, which were communicated by a correspondent with
the information that they occurred at St. Louis, on oak. (Thomas.)

301. Chaitophorus quercicola Thomas.

Apterous individuals.x—Dorsum greenish, with four rows of short tubercles, all of
which, except a few in the side rows, are black; their apical circumference with
from three to five bristles; the two middle rows of tubercles stop at the head,

THE OAK GALL-MITE. 213

but the two lateral rows are continued by smaller tubercles until near the base of
the labrum. Rostrum reaching the second cox. Nectaries yellow, about as long
as the tarsi, slightly enlarged at base, the mouth conspicuously flaring. Style not
perceptible.

Winged individuals.—Antenne very slightly pilose; fourth joint subequal to the
fifth and two-thirds as long as the third joint; sixth about half as long as the pre-
ceding, and very little longer than the seventh wings, with the stigma and veins
much as in Ch. populicola, the veins lying in narrow dusky bands. Length of apter-
ous individuals 1.52-2.02 ™™.; length of wing 2.54™™.

On the under side of the leaf near the midrib. Quercus prinus May to June,
Peoria, Ill.

Of this interesting species I have seen a number of apterous indi-
viduals, but only a single winged specimen, which was mounted on a
slide, kindly communicated by Miss E. A. Smith, of Peoria, Ill. The
dorsum of the winged individual is probably not tubercular, but this
can not be decided with certainty on account of the manner in which
the specimen is mounted.

Though the antenne of this species are not sufficiently pilose to jus-
tify its being placed in Chaitophorus, its general appearance seems to
point to this as its rightful position. (Thomas).

302. Chaitophorus spinosus Oestlund.

Mr. Oestlund has found this aphid on the under side of the leaves of
the oak, confining itself to the higher parts of the tree.

Wingless oviparous female.—Head subquadrate in outline, straight in front, pale red
or orange colored, with blackish spines in front and above like those on the abdo-
men. Antenne very remote at base, about one half the length of the body ; joints
1 and 2 as usual, 3 longest, 4 a little shorter, 5 a little shorter than 4, 6 hardly one-
half of 5, 7 not longer than 6 or shorter, basal joints pale, apical black, with long
white hairs as usual in this genus. Eyes large and round, with a distinct tubercle;
the facets are reddish-brown, the space between them whitish, giving the eye the
appearance of a ripe raspberry just picked with the bloom still on; no ocelli in this
form. Beak not more than reaching second coxe, stout and hairy, pale except at tip;
second joint widest. Abdomen widest in the middle, tapering into a very long ovi_
positor behind, strongly convex above. Color pale yellow; last segments sometimes
reddish as the head; above with grass-green markings, generally in the shape of a
ring, leaving a large irregular white-like patch in the middle of the same color as
the abdomen. Honey-tubes short and thick. Styleshortand thick. Length2to3™™,
(Oestlund’s Synopsis of the Aphididae of Minnesota).

303. BURR-OAK GALL MITE.
Phytoptus querci Garman.

Class ARACHNIDA ; order ACARINA.

Produces galls on the leaves of the burr-oak, Quercus macrocarpa
Michx.

The mite is long and slender, and in a specimen seen among washings from a ceci-
dium, there appeared to be an abrupt descent in the outline of the back from the
abdomen to the cephalothorax. Length .005 inch.

214 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The gall is large, greenish-yellow, entirely open below and slightly convex above.
The hollow is densely filled with brown pubescence. The form is variable but the out-
line usually regular. The surface is smooth, or slightly roughened by the veinlets.
Some of these galls grow downward instead of upward and form brown velvety buttons
on the under side of the leaves. Specimens measured were from .1 inch to .4inch in
diameter. Thirty galls have been counted on one leaf. This is a common gall in
northern Illinois and Indiana, and has been found occasionally in central part of
Illinois. (H. Garman in Forbes 1st Rep. Ins. Illinois.)

The following notes have been supplied by Professor Riley :

Found August 8, 1878, on the upper side of the leaves of chestnut oak large irregu-
lar swellings which on the under side are entirely open and closely covered with
fine brownish hairs. Upon examination quite a number of white mites were observed
actively running about in these hairy depressions.

Some oak leaves were received from H. G. Hubbard, Crescent City, Fla., upon
which were the blister like gall of some mite. Some of these galls are round, while
others are irregularly oval, swelling on upper side of leaf—deeply depressed or con-
cave beneath the concavity filled with long pink-colored hairs. (Unpublished notes.)

304. THE POST OAK LOCUST.
Dendrotettix quercus. Riley MS.

The following account of this locust is taken bodily from Lawrence
Bruner’s report on locusts in Texas during the spring of 1886, Bull.
No. 13, Div. of Entomology, Dept. of Agr., 1887, p. 17-19:

In addition to the several species of locust that have been mentioned in the pre-
ceding pages, last summer for the first time another species of locust was noticed in
vast numbers among the post-oak timber lying between the towns of Washington
and Brenham, in Washington County. These were so numerous in one locality that
they completely defoliated the trees of the forest, even to the very topmost twigs. The
region occupied by this insect, although not over a mile and a half in width by 7 or
8 miles in length, is sufficiently large for the propagation of swarms capable of devas-
tating a much larger area during the present spring and summer, and by another
year to spread over several of the adjoining counties.

Although there is at present no apparent injury to the trees thus defoliated last
year, and now in progress again this year, there can be no question as to the final
result if these attacks are continued for several years longer. The trees will event-
ually die. While upto the present time this locust has shown a decided arboreal
habit, it may, and undoubtedly will be, obliged to seek food in the adjoining fields
when compelled to doso through lack of its present diet, which is rapidly disappear-
ing before the hungry myriads of young locusts.

Notwithstanding the great numbers of the foregoing described species which
together have combined in injuring the cotton and corn crops throughout this and
adjoining counties, it is my opinion that the present species is more to be feared in
the future than they, on account of its arboreal nature and the difficulty of getting
at it inorder to destroy it. To kill these locusts either while feeding among the foliage
or ‘‘roosting” upon the topmost boughs of the tall trees would be next to impossible.
On the other hand, the other species are easily to be gotton at and destroyed, as just
shown.

The habits of this locust, as nearly as I was able to learn through inquiry from
others, and by personal observation, are briefly as follows:

The egg-pods are deposited in the ground about the bases of trees or indifferently
scattered about the surface among the decaying leaves, etc., like those of all other

ACORN-BORERS. 215

ground-laying species. The young commence hatching about the middle of March,
and continue to appear until into April. After molting the first time and becoming
a little hardened they immediately climb up the trunks of the trees and bushes of all
kinds and commence feeding upon the new and tender foliage. They molt at least
five or six times, if we may take the variation in size and difference in the develop-
ment of the rudiments of wings asa criterion. The imago or mature stage is reached
by the last of May or during the first part of June.

The species is very active and shy in all its stages of growth after leaving the egg.
The larva and pupa run up the trunks and along the limbs of trees with considerable
speed, and in this respect differ considerably from all other species of locusts with
which Iam acquainted. Iam informed that the mature insects are also equally wild
and fly like birds. They feed both by day and night; and I am told by those who
have passed through the woods after night when all else was quiet, that the noise
produced by the grinding of their jaws was not unlike the greedy feeding of swine.

Aside from its arboreal nature there is but a single instance mentioned of its prefer-
ence for growing crops. This was a small field of either cotton or corn, or perhaps
both. If the nature of the crop was told me at the time I have forgotten. At any
rate the crop of one or the othe: of these two staples grew in asmall clearing in the
very midst of the most thickly visited area. The mature insects alone were the
offenders in this instance. During the day-time they would leave the trees in swarms
and alight upon the growing crop and feed until evening, when they would return to
the trees. If during the day they were disturbed, they immediately took wing and
left for the tops of the surrounding trees, to return shortly afterwards.

The exact classification of this locust has not yet been fully ascertained, since no
mature specimens were to be obtained, or, to my knowledge, are contained in any of
our American collections. The larvze and pupz collected, however, would indicate a
relationship to both the genera Melanoplus and Acridium. It appears to be congeneric
with an undescribed short-winged form, thus far only taken in Missouri, which lives
among and feeds upon the oaks only of that region. The present species is also
evidently undescribed, unless the mature insect should differ widely from the prepar-
atory stages herewith presented. It is popularly known in that region asthe “ Red-
legged hopper” of the post oaks.

The larve and pupe are of rather bright color, giving them a gaudy appearance.
The ground color of the body is dark wood brown deepening into black along the
sides of the pronotum and the apex of the posterior femora. The head for the most
part is of a bright lemon yellow, while the pronotum is of the same, varied by streaks
and blotches of the brown. The antennz and posterior femora are red internally,
dimly banded with yellow and brown on the external face, through which the red
color of the inner side can be plainly seen. The feet and tarsi are also dark. The
pup average almost an inch in length and are rather robust in form, with short»
broad heads and powerful jaws.

INJURING THE SEED (ACORNS).
305. THE ACORN WORM.
Balaninus rectus Say.

Order COLEOPTERA; family CURCULIONID2.

The grub is like the chestnut borer, boring into the acorns and trans-
forming into a similar beetle, which is “ easily distinguished from B.
nasicus by the finer, more rectilinear rostrum, and it always differs
from B. nasicus in having no bands or vitte, the elytra being uniformly

216 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

spotted, as in sparsus Schoen. This is the species I breed from acorns,
and I believe it also infests hazel-nuts.” (Riley.)

Mr. F. Blanchard states that Dr. G. M. Le-
vette has bred this weevil from acorns gathered
in summer, and brought from Arizona. (Bull.
Brooklyn Ent. Soe., vii, 107.)

Beetle.—First joint of antennze longer than second ;
metasternum of male with a small, rounded, condensed
patch of yellow scales each side of the median line.
Femoral tooth small, the entering angle rounded.

206. Balaninus nasicus Say.

Fic. 69.— Acorn weevil, Balani- Professor Riley received from H. K. Morri-

2 al son, Fort Grant, Ariz., July 26, 1882, a lot of
acorns of. Q. grisea infested by larve of the above insect, each contain-
ing apparently only one larva. The larve left the acorns as soon as re-
ceived and entered the ground. They are yellow, head reddish brown,
mandibles dark brown. The beetles issued from April 28 to May 21,
1883. (Unpublished notes.)

307. THE ACORN MOTH.
Holcocera glandulella Riley.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family TINEIDA.

The larva occupies the deserted holes of the acorn weevil. The
imago is a narrow-winged moth which drops an egg in the hole, from
which hatches a slender grayish white or yellowish worm with 16 legs
and blue-black dorsal marks, with a light brown conical shield and
dusky anal plate.

Moth.—With silvery-gray fore wings, marked with dull reddish; two distinct dark
discal spots; a pale transverse stripe across the basal third of wing, slightly bent
inwards at the middle; this stripe is well relieved behind by a dark shade, which

a

Fic. 70.—Acorn moth (f.); @, b, acorns containing the
worm; c, front end of the worm; d and e, side and top
view of a segment.—After Riley.

generally extends from the bend to the costa above the discal spots, forming a more
or less distinct triangular shade in the anterior middle portion of the wing. Hind
wings brownish gray. Expanse of wings, 0.50-0.80 inch. (Riley.)

LEPIDOPTERA OCCURRING ON THE OAK. vk

The following species of insects either habitually or occasionally oc-
cur on the oak.

308.
309.
310.
311.
312.
313.
314.
315.
316.

317.

318.

319.

320.

321,

LEPIDOPTERA.
Papilionide.

Basilarchia astyanax (Fabr.).
Basilarchia archippus (Cramer).
Papilio turnus Linn. Larva found on the oak in Maine, August 18.

See, also, Scudder, Can. Ent., i, 74.
Papilio glaucus Linn. (Scudder).
Thecla calanus (Hiibner). See hickory insects.
Thecla liparops. (Scudder).
Thecla strigosa Harris. (Coquillet in litt.), (Scudder).
Thanaos brizo Boisd. and Lec.

Sphingide.
Smerinthus exceecatus (Abb. and Sm.). Feeds on the oak (Riley’s
unpublished notes). See elm and willow insects.

Daremma undulosa Walker. Occasionally feeds on the white and
red oak (Holland, Can. Ent., xviii, 102).

Sestide.
Sesia querct (H. Edwards). From galls of live oak, Arizona (H.
Edwards, Papilio, ii, 98).
Sesia hospes Walsh. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vi, 1866, 270. Red by
Walsh from a rough, black, woody polythalamous twig-gall oc-
curring sparingly on black and red oaks.

Hepialide.
Hepialus argenteomaculatus Harris (Smith, Can. Ent. xx, 12, 233).

Bombycide.

Callimorpha clymene Esper. (Riley, 3d Rt. Ins. Mo., 134. ‘‘ Larva
found full-grown on oak, though whether it fed on oak I did not
ascertain” ).

. Spilosoma virginica (Fabr.), (Riley’s notes). See butternut insects.
. Hyphantria textor Harris. Abundant on the red oak. See elm

insects.

. Halesidota tessellaris (Hiibner.) (Riley’s notes.)
5. Halesidota carye Harris. (Beutenmiiller, Ent. Amer., vi, 16, 1890.)
. Orgyia leucostigma. On oak runners and other oaks (Abbot and

Smith).

. Orgyia inornata Beutenmiiller. See cypress insects.
. Lithacodia fasciola (Clem.). Found on the oak by Mr. Elliott.

See maple insects.

. Thyridopteryx ephemereformis (Haworth). On oaks, willows, etc.,

Florida (Ashmead, Can. Ent., xviii, 97). See cedar insects.

218
330.

331.

332.

333.

334.

335.

336.

337.

338.
339.
340.
341.
342,
343.
344,

345.

346.

347.
348.

349,

350.

351,

FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Datana angusti G. and R. Occasionally feeds on the oak (Elliott).
See hickory insects.

Datana ministra (Drury). Feeds on the oak (Riley, notes; also,
Beutenmiiller, Can. Ent., xx, 17). See hickory insects.

Schizura unicornis (Abbot and Smith), (Riley). See elm insects.

(@demasia concinna (Abbot and Smith), (Riley). See hickory in-
sects.

Heterocampa (Cecrita) guttivitta Walk. On white oak, Providence,
October 9. (Plate v1, fig. 1, la, 1b.)

Platysamia cecropia (Linn.). Feeds on the white oak (W. Brodie).
See maple insects.

Eacles imperialis Hiibner. Feeds on white, red, scarlet, burr, and
pin oak (Beutenmiiller). See pine insects.

Hyperchiria io (Fabr.). (L. W. Goodell, Can. Ent. ix, 180.)

Noctuide.

Apatela americana Harris (Coquillett, Papilio, i, 6). See maple in-
sects. Also, Thaxter, Papilio, iii, 17.

Apatela luteicoma (Thaxter, Papilio, iii, 16).

Apatela hamamelis (Thaxter, Papilio, iii, 17; no descr.).

Apatela lobelie Guen. (Coquillett, in letter.)

Scolecocampa liburna Geyer. (Coquillett, in letter.)

Catocala grynea Cramer. (Coquillett, in letter.)

Ingura sp. indet. Most nearly resembling I. delineata (Riley in
letter). Found in April on the live oak at St. Augustine, Fla.

Pyralide.

Zanclognatha minivalis Grt. Found July 23, 1882, in Virginia,
several larve of a noctuid feeding on dead leaves of oak and
maple. They commenced changing to pupe July 26, and the
moths issued from August 4-16, 1882. (Riley’s unpublished
notes.)

Palthis asopialis Guen. Found in Virginia, July 23, 1882, three
larve of this Deltoid, feeding on dead leaves of oak. One larva
spun up July 26 and the moth issued August 7, 1882. (Riley’s
unpublished notes.)

Dakruma pallida Comstock.

Homoptera lunata (Drury). (Lintner, Rep. iv, 58.)

Phalenide.
Hibernia tiliaria Harris. (Coquillett in letter.)
Tortricide.

Tortrix rosaceana Harr. Feeds on the leaves of apple, pear, and
oak; also on black locust. (Riley’s unpublished notes.)
Cacecia grisea (Robinson). White oak (Miss Murtfeldt).

352.
353.
354,
355.
356.
DOT.

358.
309.
360.

LEAF-MINERS OF THE OAK. 219

Pandemis limitata (Rob.). Oak, sassafras (Miss Murtfeldt).

Tortrix albicomana (Clem.). Oak (Miss Murtfeldt).

Eccopsis inornatana(Clem.). Leaves of white oak (Fernald).

Lophoderus mariana (Fern.). Oak ? (Fernald).

Tmetocera ocellana (Seniff.). Laurel oak (Miss Murtfeldt).

Melliopus latiferreana (Walsingham). Bred from acorns; either
a genuine acorn-borer or inquilinous. (Riley, Trans. St. Louis
Acad. iv, 322.)

Tineide.
Psilocorsis quercicella Clemen’s Tineidz. Binds together the leaves.
Blastobasis coccivorella Chambers.

Lithocolletis crategella. Oak-leaf roller; issued iu April. (Riley’s
note-book vii, 358.)

The following species are said by Clemens and by Chambers to live
on the leaves of various species of oak.

361.
362.
363.

364.

365.
366.
367,

368.
369.

370.

371.

372.
373.
374.
375.
376.
377.
378.
379.
380.
381.
382.
383.

Leaf-miners of the wpper surface.

Lithocolletis cincinnatiella Chamb. Yellowish blotch mine.

Lithocolletis tubiferella Clem. Mines so as to form somewhat like

Lithocolletis bifasciella Chamb. the track made by adrop of water.

Lithocolletis bicolorella Chamb. Yellowish blotch mine like that
of L. ulmella in elm.

Tithocolletis unifasciella Chamb.
Tithocolletis bethuneella Chamb.
Lithocolletis castanecella Chamb-

Irregular, yellowish blotch
mines, smaller than that of
cincinnatiella, and usually
in red or black oaks.

Tischeria zelleriella Clem.

Tischeria pruinoseella Chamb.

Tischeria castanecella Chamb.

Tischeria badiiella Chamb. Bred from the oak. (Riley’s unpub-
lished notes.)

Tischeria quercivorella Chamb.

Tischeria quercitella Clem.

Tischeria citrinipennella Clem.

Tischeria complanoides Frey & Boll. (Doubtful species.)

Tischeria concolor Zeller. (Food plant uncertain.)

Tischeria tinctoriella Chamb.

Nepticula platea Clem. } Imago unknown. Larve of both in

Nepticula anguinella. crooked, linear mines.

Nepticula quercipulchella Chamb.

Nepticula quercicastanella Chamb. Larve in crooked, linear mines.

Nepticula saginella Clem.

Coriscium sp. Imago unknown.

220 FIFLH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

384. Coleophora querciella Clem. Imago unknown. Larva lives in a
case, which it attaches to the leaves.

385. Coleophora discostriata Walsingham, California.

386. Catastega timidella Clem. Imago unknown.

387. Gelechia rubensella Chambers. Feeds externally on the leaves.
(Chambers in letter.)

Leaf-miners of the under surface.

388. Lithucolletis quercitorum Frey & Boll. }
389. Lithocolletis fitchella Clem.
390. Lithocolletis basistrigella Clem. |
391. Lithocolletis eriferella Clem.
392. Lithocolletis quercipulchella Chamb. |
393. Lithocolletis quercialbella Chamb. —? Tentiform mines.
394. Lithocolletis fuscocostella Chamb. |
395. Lithocolletis albanotella Chamb. |
396. Lithocolletis obstrictella Clem.
397. Lithocolletis hageni Frey & Boll. |
398. Lithocolletis argentifimbriella Clem. s
399. Lithocolletis intermedia Frey & Boll. Doubtful species.
400. Lithocolletis mirifica Frey & Boll. Doubtful species.
401. Ornix quercifoliellaChamb. Under edge of leaf turned down.
402. Coriscium albanotella Chamb. Large tentiform mine.
The following species either roll, fold, or sew the leaves together :
403. Ypsolophus querciella Chamb.
404, Gelechia querciella Chamb.
405. Gelechia quercinigreella Chamb.
406. Gelechia quercivorella Chamb.
407. Gelechia quercifoliella Chamb.
408. Oryptolechia quercicella Clem.
409. Machimia tentoriferella Clem. Larva in a web.
The following species feed in galls:
410. Gelechia gallegenitella Clem.
411. Ypsolophus quercipomonella Chamb.
412. Hamadryas bassettella Clem.

COLEOPTERA.

413, Artipus floridanus Horn. Found commonly at Haulover Canal,
Florida, feeding on leaves of oak and juniper. (Schwarz, Proc.
Ent. Soc., Wash., i, 169.)

414. Balaninus quercus Horn. For an account, by J. Hamilton, of the
habits, with description of the species, see Canadian Entomolo-
gist, Jan., 1890, 1-8.

415. Balaninus nasicus Say. (Ibid.)

416. Balaninus uniformis Lec. (Ibid.)

423.

BEETLES FEEDING ON THE OAK. 221

. Hypothenemus dissimilis Zimm. Boring, with the succeeding spe-

cies, which may be the other sex, in oak twigs. (J. B. Smith,
Ent., Amer., March, 1890, 54.)

. Hypothenemus erectus Lec.
. Dicerca asperata Lap.and Gory. (Chittenden, Ent. Amer., v, 218.)
. Prionus \2) sp. Received January 20, 1881, from H. H. Rusby,

a coleopterous larva found boring in a stick of oak at Silver
City, N. Mex. The larva is evidently that of a species of Prionus.
(Riley’s unpublished notes.)

Prionus californicus (2). Received January 14, 1881, from Mrs. A-
E. Bush, San José, Cal., the larva of some Longicorn found in
‘““white oak,” which in all probability is that of the above in-
sect. Two others were received from the same person and locality
in April. Not bred. (Riley’s unpublished notes.)

. Pityophthorus minutissimus Zimm. February 7, 1882. This insect

was found at this date in large numbers, both in the imago and
larva state, under the bark of a dry piece of oak wood. Their
mines, as a rule, run parallel with the wood; rarely transversely.
(Riley’s unpublished notes.)

Lachnosterna quercina Knoch. Beetle devours the leaves of vari-
ous trees at night. This beetle entirely denuded the pin and post
oaks on W.C. Flagg’s place at Alton, this year. (Riley’s unpub-
lished notes.)

Fidia sp. June 25, found many Fidia beetles on oak and hickory
eating large holes in their leaves. (Riley’s unpublished notes.)

. Oryptocephalus notata, Fabr. Feeding on oak, sassafras and elm.

(Riley’s unpublished notes.)

. Coscinoptera dominicana Fabr. June 11, 1873, Riley records the

beetles as found in copulation on young oak. The larva feeds,
however, on dry leaves, and he has published a full account of
the species. (6th Rep. Ins., Mo., pp. 127-132.)

. Centronopus calcaratus Fabr. “ Inhabits black oak stumps. It

remains in pupa two weeks.” (Horn.)

. Centronopus anthracinus Knoch. May be taken in company with

the preceding species. (Horn.)

. Acanthoderes 4-gibbus Say. Bores in dead twigs of oak. (Schwarz.)
. Tragidion fulvipenne Say. Bores in oak. (Riley.) The mode of

egg-laying is described by Popenoe in Insect Life, ii, 192.

. Arhopalus fulminans Fabr. Red oak. (Fitch & Hadge, also

Riley.*) See chestnut insects.

. Ataxia crypta Say. Found by myself under the bark of the oak

at Chattanooga, Tenn. (Identified by Dr. Horn.)

*Numerous larvex of this insect were found January 10, 1882, Washington, D. C.,
boring in dry red-oak wood. All the younger larve were working under the bark,
the fully grown specimens, however, gnawed a channel into the solid wood for the
purpose of pupation. By the 7th of February pup were found; the beetles com-
menced issuing the 13th of March. (Unpublished notes.)

222 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLCGICAL COMMISSION.

433. Agrilus bilineatus Say. At Providence, May 30, [found the pupz
under the bark of an oak trunk; the beetles were common on
the leaves. Professor Riley found three pup in the bark of an
oak stump. One of them transformed to the beetle May 18, and
the second one May 31.

434. Oncideres cingulatus Say. Bores in the oak. (Hubbard.) See
hickory insects.

435. Neoptochus adspersus Boh. This weevil feeds on oak. (Riley,
Amer. Nat., November, 1882, 916.)

436. Pachneus distans Horn. Feeds on oak and pine. (Riley, Amer.
Nat., November, 1882, 916.)

437. Systena blanda Melsh. Lintner’s Fourth Report, 155.

ORTHOPTERA.

438. Phaneroptera curvicauda. Very common on the oak. (Riley’s un-
published notes.)

_ 439. Diapheromera femorata Say. See hickory insects. (Riley, Ann.
Rept. Entom. Dept. Agric., 1879, pp. 241-245.)

440. Gicanthus sp. Larva on oak at St. Louis, July 1; pupated July
29. (Riley’s unpublished notes.)

HEMIPTERA.

441. Lachnus quercifolie Fitch.
442. Callipterus hyalinus Monell. On Quercus imbricaria.

Note.—Of undetermined species of insects living at the expense of
the oaks, I have notes on 40 species of lepidopterous larvze, whose trans-
formations have not yet been worked out, and on 3 species of saw-fly
larvee, in addition to those mentioned in the previous pages.

Professor Riley also has reference to or notes on 40 species, viz: 10
species of Bombycide, 10 of Noctuidae, 6 of Geometridae, 2 Pyralide, L
Tortricide, 7 Tineidz, and 4 species of undetermined families; also 4
species of saw-fly larvee, 10 species of Hemiptera, with notes of 140
undetermined species of Cynipide (some of which may already have
been enumerated), carrying the number of species of oak insects
known up to the end of 1889 to between 500 and 600 species.

BEETLES LIVING IN ROTTEN WOOD, STUMPS, GALLS, ETC., NOT KNOWN
TO BE INJURIOUS.

Synchroa punctata Newman. ‘They live in rotten oak stumps, thriv-
ing best in the white. The pupa requires about one week to
perfect itself” (Horn.) The beetle is brown, sparsely covered
with gray hairs; regularly punctured over the body, the punctures
of medium size, distinct, not confluent, length, .5 inch; breadth,
-l inch. (Newman.)

zognathus cornutus Lec. Lives in oak galls. (Riley, notes.)

INSECTS LIVING IN ROTTEN OAK WOOD. rea

Dendroides canadensis Latr. Under bark of stumps and felled trees.
(Riley, also Chittenden.)

Cucujus clavipes Fabr. Under bark of stumps and felled trees.

Strongylium terminatum Say. Larve of this insect were found Jan-

uary 12, 1882, at Washington, D. C., feeding in rotten oak
wood. The full grown larva measures about 1 inch in length.
They are polished, yellowish white, and cylindrical, the two last
segments brownish yellow. Tip of last segment truncate, with
two black, upward-curved horns. There is also on the dorsum
of this segment a blackish transverse ridge divided at the middle,
and each half beset with five or six short, sharp teeth. The
beetle issued the 12th of June. (Riley’s unpublished notes; see
also, Schwarz, Amer. Nat., October, 1882, 823.)

Mordella 8-punctata Fabr. Larva found in old oak stumps. Color:
Head yellowish white with three distinct yellowish lines above.
Legs short. Tail pointed, horny and blackish brown. (Riley’s
unpublished notes.)

Hymenorus communis Lee. Found in Maryland, February 22, 1884,
numbers of larve of above beetle boring in a rotten oak stump,
the largest of which measured about 11™™ in length. They are
highly polished and pale yellow, the head and posterior margin
of tbe thoracic and first three abdominal segments somewhat
darker. <A large squarish spot on the eighth and the greater ante-
rior part of the last segment quite dark yellow; labrum brown ;
tip of body rounded. The first beetle issued May 1. (Riley’s
unpublished notes.)

Pelidnota punctata Linn. lLamellicorn larva in rotten oak stump.
Riley has published a full account (3rd Rep. Ins., Mo., p. 319).

Dinoderus punctatus (Say). Boring in an oak stump; abundant; ap-
pears to be parasitized. (F. L. Chittenden in letter).

Parandra brunnea Fabr. Under bark. (Chittenden.)

Ceruchus piceus (Weber). In decaying oak wood. (Chittenden.)

Nyctobates pensylvanicus (De Geer). Under bark. (Chittenden.)

Hypulus simulator (Newman). In decaying wood. (Chittenden.)

Osmoderma scabra Beauv. In decaying oak wood. (Beutenmiiller,
Psyche v, 281, 1889.)

Osmoderma eremicola Knoch. (Coquillett in letter.)

Athous cucullatus Say. (Coquillett in letter.)

Androchirus fuscipes Mels. (Coquillett in letter.)

Elater nigricollis Herbst. (Coquillett in letter.)

Lyctus striatus Melsh.

Trogoxylon paralleopipedum (Melsh.) The two latter species probably
bore in dry oak wood, injuring furniture, ete. (Riley, Scientific
American, Dec. 21, 1889.)

Carter II.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ELM.

No shade tree is held in higher estimation than the elm. It is the
pride of New England and New York towns and villages, as well as
those of the northern, central, and middle Atlantic States. Kaltenbach
enumerates 107 species of insects which in Germany live at the expense
of the eli, while in this country we have about 80 species, the elm not
occurring in the Rocky Mountains or on the Pacific coast.

The species which are the most abundant and persistent in their at-
tacks are the common elm-tree borer, the canker-worm, and a plant-
louse which disfigures the leaves by crumpling and discoloring them.

AFFECTING THE TRUNK.
1. THE COMMON ELM-TREE BORER.
Saperda tridentata Olivier.

Order COLEOPTERA; Family CERAMBYCIDZ.

Perforating and loosening the bark and furrowing the surface of the wood with
their irregular tracks, flat white longicorn borers, changing to beetles in June and
July; the beetles flat, dark brown, with a longitudinal three-toothed red stripe on
. the outer edge of each wing-cover.

This is the most destructive borer of the elm in the Northern and
Eastern States, often killing the trees by the wholesale. Great num-
bers of the larve of different sizes have been found boring in the inner
bark and also furrowing with their irregular tracks the surface of the
wood, the latter being, as it were, tattoed with sinuous grooves, and
the tree completely girdled by them in some places. The elms on
Boston Common have in former years been killed by this borer, and
valuable trees, we have been informed, have been killed by them in
Morristown, N.J. It has been found in all stages in the elm at Detroit,
Mich., by Mr. H. G. Hubbard.

Fitch remarks that it consumes the inner bark of the awake elm
(Ulmus fulva), especially in dead and decaying trees. According to
him, ‘‘the beetle deposits its eggs upon the bark in June, and the young
larve therefrom nearly complete their growth before winter, and soon
after warm weather arrives the following spring they pass into their
pupa state.” We have found the larve in abundance in the early

spring in Providence in old dead elms.
224

THE COMMON ELM-BORER. 225

More recently the ravages of this borer have been observed by Pro-
fessor Forbes, whose notes we copy from his third report on the injuri-
ous insects of Illinois.

For several years past my attention has been attracted by the gradual decay and
death of the rows of white elms (Ulmus americana) in the towns of Normal, Bloom-
ington, and Champaign. The difficulty with the trees commonly commences to de-
clare itself from the middle of summer to autumn, when the leaves, first upon the
terminal twigs and then upon the larger branches, are seen to stop their growth,
change their color, and ultimately to fall. This loss is naturally followed speedily
by the death of the branches themselves, as is clearly evident the following spring,
when these remain black and lifeless while the rest of the tree is putting on its fol-
iage. Usually the higher branches of the tree are those first affected, but the whole
top soon seems to blight, and in a year or two the tree perishes utterly. This diffi-
culty, commencing here and there, extends slowly from tree to tree along the rows,
finally inevitably destroying every tree of this species in the immediate vicinity.

In autumn of 1883, I directed an assistant, Mr. Webster, to dig up a tree which had
nearly died in this manner during the summer, and to carefully examine the larger
roots, the trunk, and all the branches, with a view to ascertaining, if practicable,
the cause of the difficulty. The roots were found unaffected, but on peeling the bark
from the trunk, about half-grown larve of Saperda tridentata appeared in consider-
able numbers in the still living parts of the wood, and those of Magdalis armicollis
were abundant where the bark and wood were already dead. The manner in which
the bark had been mined and burrowed by the Saperdas gave sufficient evidence of
the cause of the death of the tree, the borers having again and again completely
girdled the trunk.

Both the trunk and branches of this tree were cut up in lengths and boxed for the
purpose of determining the details of the life history of the species. The specimens
were boxed August 8, the cracks of the boxes being closed by pasting over them strips
of paper, and each having left a glass-covered opening in the top, to which it was
assumed that the insects emerging would be attracted. Later, this cover was re-
moved, and a glass jar was inverted over the opening.

Nothing emerged until the following spring, except a single parasite taken Septem-
ber 14. On the 9th of April, living larve of Saperda were found still within the
wood, but no imagos had appeared in the boxes, neither were any pupz discovered.
On the 17th of that month, both larve and pupz were detected, and on the 2d of
May the first imagos appeared, three in number. On the 3d another imago emerged,
on the 5th five more, and on the 7th eighteen, on the 8th eleven, and on the 12th
twenty-three, this being the largest number taken from the boxes at once. Beetles
continued, however, to emerge at frequent intervals until the 22d of June, at which
time the last appeared, one hundred and eighteen in all having been taken alive.
On the 15th of September the boxes were opened finally, thoroughly searched, and
fifty-three more dead Saperdas were found. The boxes in which these specimens
transformed had been kept under cover, but at the natural temperature of the air.

Although the elm borer has evidently been for several years both numerous and in-
creasing in the neighborhood where this tree was destroyed, the amount of parasitism
developed by the experiments was quite insignificant, only eight parasitic insects,
belonging to three species, appearing in the boxes as against the one hundred and
seventy-one examples of the adult borer; and indeed, as the same pieces of wood con-
tained a great host of the larvee of Magdalis armicollis, from which multitudes of
imagos of this species emerged during this spring, it is impossible to say that some or
most of this small number of parasites may not have escaped from the latter species.

From the present appearance of the elms througbout the towns of Central Illinois
where I have had an opportunity to examine their condition, and from the rapid
progress which this pest has made among them during the last two or three years, it
seems extremely likely that it will totally exterminate the trees unless it be promptly

5 ENT 15

226 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION

arrested by general action. The only remedy available is unquestionably the de-
struction of affected trees in autumn and winter before the beetles have a chance to
emerge from the trunks. In towns this measure should usually be taken by the au-.
thorities, since individual action could not be depended on to more than palliate the
difficulty. If every elm which is in the unhealthy condition above described, and
which, upon examination, is found to harbor these borers beneath the bark, were cut
down in autumn and burned before spring, the multiplication of the borer might be
effectually checked; but if the destruction of the trees be postponed until as late as
May, a part of all of the beetles maturing each year would escape to carry the mis-
chief elsewhere. (Forbes).

The larva.—White, subcylindrical, a little flattened, with the lateral fold of the
body rather prominent; end of the body flattened, obtuse, and nearly as wide at the
end as at the first abdominal ring. The head is one-
half as wide as the prothoracic ring, being rather
large. The prothoracic segment, or that next to the
head, is transversely oblong, being about twice as
broad as long; there is a pale dorsal corneous trans-
versely oblong shield, being about two-thirds as long
as wide, and nearly as long as the four succeeding
seginents; this plate is smooth, except on the pos-
terior half, which is rough, with the front edge irregu-
lar, and not extending far down the sides. Fine
q hairs arise from the front edge and side of the plate,
Fic. 71. Larva (fromlife)andadult nd similar hairs are scattered over the body and

of the elm-tree borer.-From especially around the end. On the upperside of each

Packard. segment is a transversely oblong ovate roughened
area, with the front edge slightly convex, and behind slightly arcuate. On the
under side of each segment are similar rough horny plates, but arcuate in front, with
the hinder edge straight.

It differs from the larva of Saperda vestita Say in the shorter body, which is broader,
more hairy, with the tip of the abdomen flatter and more hairy. The prothoracic
segment is broader and flatter, and the rough portion of the dorsal plates is larger
and less transversely ovate. The structure of the head shows that its generic dis-
tinctness from Saperda, originally insisted on by Mulsant, may be well founded, as
the head is smaller and flatter, the clypeus being twice as large, and the labrum broad
and short, while in Saperda vestita it is longer than broad. The mandibles are much
longer and slenderer, and the antenn are much smaller than in Saperda vestita.

Beetle.—A rather flat-bodied, dark-brown beetle, with a rusty-red curved line be-
hind the eyes, two stripes on the thorax, and with a long red stripe on the outer
edge of each wing-cover, with three long points projecting inwards; 0.50 inch in
jength.

2. THE RED-EDGED SAPERDA.
Saperda lateralis Fabricius.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCIDA.

Mining the inner bark of dead trees and logs of the common elm, a grub very sim-
ilar to the foregoing, and about the 1st of June producing a similar beetle, but differ-
ing in wanting the transverse teeth or points arising from the marginal stripe on the
wing-covers. (Fitch. )

3. Saperda vestita.

Found on the elm. This borer is destroyed by the larva of Bracon
charus Riley, a specimen of which was taken from a larva found on the
above-named tree. (Riley’s unpublished notes.) See linden insects.

ELM BORERS. Bon
4. THE SIX-RANDED DRYOBIUS.
Dryobius sex-fasciatus Say.

Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCIDZ.

A similar but larger grub than that of Saperda tridentata, but found with it, pro-
ducing a black beetle of nearly similar form, with the edge of the thorax yellow, and
also its scutel, with four yellow equidistant oblique bands on its wing-covers, the
last one situated at the tip. Length 0.70 inch. (Fitch.) It also occurs on the
beech, according to C. G. Siewers. :

5. THE DARK ELM BARK-BORER.
Hylesinus opaculus Leconte.

Order COLEOPTERA; family SCOLYTID&.

Making small perforations like pinholes, appearing in the bark, especially of dis-
eased elms, from which, in August and September, issues a minute cylindrical bark-
beetle of a dark-brown color; its wing-covers with deeply impressed punctured fur-
rows and short hairs; its thorax also punctured. Length 0.10 or less. (Harris.)

We have not observed this bark-borer, but Mr. Wm. L. Devereaux,
of Clyde, N. Y., writes as follows regarding the true name of the beetle:

I think Harris mistaken about the occurrence of P. liminaris on elm. It must have
been H. opaculus ; at least I never have found liminaris under or on the bark.*

This is a stout pitchy-black timber-beetle, living under the dry bark
of the elm and ash trees. (Riley.)

(1G. 72 a-d.—The dark elm bark-borer.—After Riley.

The beetle.—Stout, opaque, when mature of a uniform piceous-black color. Head
punctulate, not narrow in front, without transverse impressions in front of the eyes.
Epistoma (Fig. 72b) truncate or very slightly and broadly emarginate. Labrum
visible. Antennal club very large, oblong-oval, the first two joints shining and
pubescent only at apex. Thorax wider than long, very densely punctate; pubes-
cence moderately thick and short. Elytral striw (Fig 72d) evidently impressed and
regularly, coarsely punctate; interstices very distinct, each with a regular row of
small tubercles, which become more acute toward the apex and the sides. Pubescence
very coarse and short. Tibie (Fig. 72e) hardly dentate. (Riley’s Rep. Ent. Dep.
Ag. 1879, p. 45. The other figures illustrate H. trifolii.)

* See also Mr. Schwarz’s note in Proce. Ent. Soc. Wash., i, 149.

228 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.
6. THE SHORT-LINED DULARIUS,
Dularius brevilineus Say.

Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCIDZ.

Fic. 73.—Dularius brevilineus.—From Packard.

Boring in partly dead or dry elms, the larva of a pretty longicorn, with deep pur-
plish-blue wing-covers bearing three short white lines in the middle.

This beetle was first bred from the dry wood of the elm by Riley, the
larve occurring in Ohio; the beetle appearing in May and June. It
was also known, by the late Mr. G. D. Smith, to inhabit this tree,
probably in the vicinity of Boston; it was noticed in our second Massa-
chusetts Report, page 18. Mr. George Hunt has observed this beetle
on the bark of an elm at Plymouth, N.H., in the middle of July, insert-
ing its eggs in the crevices of the bark. .

The beetle.—It is a singular-locking beetle, with a round, flattened prothorax, and
wing-covers contracted in the middle, and not covering the tip of the abdomen, while
the thighs are unusually swollen. The antenne are about two-thirds the length of
the body, flattened towards the end, and somewhat serrate. The body above is
velvety black, and brown-black beneath. The head is black and coarsely punctured,
and the prothorax is covered with short, dense, black hairs, like velvet. The wing-
covers are Prussian blue in color, bent, corrugated, with an interrupted ridge just
outside of the middle of each cover. They are covered with fine black hairs, bent
over. There is a pair of parallel, short honey-yellow lines in the middle of each
wing-cover, with a third one a little in front, making in all six streaks. The legs
and feet are black. It is a little over eight-tenths of an inch in length.

7. Neoclytus erythrocephalus Fabricius.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID.

This insect was found in company with Magdalis armicollis under the
bark of a dead elm at Detroit, Mich., by H. G. Hubbard; and also has
been raised from hickory-wood by Dr. Horn.

ELM-BORERS. 229

; 8. Neoclytus capree Say.

This insect was found in all stages in the fall of 1875 in felled
trunks of elm and hickory by George Waite, of Emporia, Kans. (Riley’s

MS. notes.)
9. Magdalis armicollis Say.

Order COLEOPTERA; family CURCULIONIDZ.

According to LeBaron (Fourth Rep. Ins. Illinois, 139) this weevil,
which is allied to the Magdalinus of the oak (Fig. 29), inhabits the elm,
living under the bark. Mr. H. G. Hubbard has also found it boring in
the elm, and has bred from the larve four species of parasites. (Psyche
ii, 40.)

The burrows were about an inch and a half long, running generally
with the grain, and in the cambium layer throughout their entire
length. From the cell at the end an exit pierced the bark as far as the
thin outer layer. The beetles usually attacked the upper branches, but
several small elms were found with the bark of the trunk undermined
nearly to the ground. Occasional specimens were found associated
with Saperda tridentata and Synchroa punctata in the thick bark of full-
grown trunks. Of the three parasites the more common one was a
Chalcid, probably belonging to the genus Storthygacerus of Ratzburg,
which preys upon the larve of Magdalinus, completing its transforma-
tions in advance of the beetle.

The beetle.—Body reddish, punctured; head punctured, an obsolete impression be-
tween the eyes; a dilated, impressed, abbreviated line over the insertion of the
antenns#, sometimes obsolete or wanting; thorax with much dilated confluent
punctures ; a polished longitudinal line near the middle; anterior angles with small,
erect spines, of which the anterior one is largest ; posterior angles slightly excurved,
anterior and lateral margins dull rufous; elytra light rufous, profoundly striated ;
stricze with approximate punctures; thighs, with a robust spine beneath, near the
tips. Length from the eyes to tip of the wing-covers one-fifth of an inch. Var.
a. Thorax and beneath, excepting the feet, black. (Say.)

10. Buprestis (Anthaxia) viridicornis Say.
Order COLEOPTERA; family BUPRESTIDZ.

This buprestid is reported by Mr. H. G. Hub
bard as infesting the elm. (Psyche, ii, 40.)

The beetle—Head and thorax coppery red; antennze
green; eyes rather large; thorax transversely indented
each side behind the middle; reddish coppery, surface |
reticulated; posterior edge rectilinear; scutel triangu-
lar; wing-covers obscure or slightly brassy, slightly ru-
gose, destitute of striw, rounded at tip, entire or obso-
letely serrated; beneath dark, brassy, brilliant; tail

rounded, entire. Length rather more than one-fifth of Fic.74.—Anthaxia viridicornis
aninch. (Say.) Smith and Marx del.

11. Synchroa punctata Newman.
Order COLEOPTERA; family MELANDRYIDZ.

This insect has been found *‘ exceedingly abundant” by Mr. H. G.
Hubbard in the bark of the elm. (Psyche, ii, 40.)

230 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The beetle.—The form is elongate, like an Elaterid of the genus Melanotus, coarsely
punctured and pubescent; the head is prominent and horizontal; the maxillary
palpi are moderate in length and but slightly dilated ; the antenne are long, slender,
and feebly serrate, and the third joint is not longer than the fourth; the anterior
cox:e are oval and separated by the prosternum, which is also slightly prolonged ;
the middle cox are equally separated; the hind coxe are less distant; the tarsi are
filiform and the claws simple; the tibial spurs are long. (Leconte.) - It is brown, and
five-tenths of an inch in length.

12. THE TREE-CRICKFT.
Cécanthus niveus Serville.
Order ORTHOPTERA ; family GRYLLID.

Boring into the corky bark of the elm in the Southern States, inserting its eggs
irregularly, not in regular series as when it oviposits in the stems of the blackberry,
raspberry, grape, etc.; a slender pale-gre:n cricket, with white wings and a large
ovipositor; the males shrilling loudly.

The eggs of the tree-cricket begin to develop as soon as they are laid
in the early autumn, and the embryo partially develops, so that the
rudimentary limbs may
be seen, as well as the
mouthparts; the insect
completes its develop- Fic. 76. Female tree-cricket, natural

: size.—After Harris.
ment in the early part of
the following summer, appearing early in August.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.

; E IN NKER W F
Tale Male lvoe 13. THE SPRING CANKER WORM

ericket.—After Har

Paleacrita vernata (Peck).
Tis.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALZNIDZ.

Very injurious to the elm in the Eastern States, stripping the trees; a dark-striped
measuring worm varying in color to pale green, transforming from the middle to the
last of June in the earth to a pupa, some appearing in the autumn, but most abun-
dantly in March; the female grub-like, the male winged.

Originally confined, as an injurious insect, to New England, it is now
destructive in the Western States (Illinois and Missouri) and must
originally have occurred all over the United States east of the Missis-
sippi, as I have received it from Texas.

Fic. 77. Spring Canker worm; }, Fic. 78. a, female Spring canker-worm moth; },
eggs; c, side; d, back of a seg- male; ¢c, antenne joints of female; d, one of female
ment.—After Riley. abdominal segments; e, ovipositor.—A fter Riley.

About the lst of May, at the time when the leaves of the apple are
unfolding, the young canker worms break through the eggs, which have

-

THE SPRING CANKER-WORM. 231

been laid earlier in the season, iu March and April, in patches on the
bark of the trunk and limbs. They may be soon found clustering on
the terminal buds and partly unfolded leaves, and are then about a line
in length, and not much thicker than abit of thick thread. Fortunately,
ywing to the want of wings, the female is exceedingly sedentary, and
year after year the apple and elm trees of particular orchards and towns
are defoliated and turned brown, while adjoining orchards and towns
scarcely suffer. By the 20th of June, in Essex County, Mass., the
orchards or shade elms infested by them look as if a fire had run
through them. At that date the worms are fully fed, and they then
descend to the ground, letting themselves down by asilken thread. At
this time I have destroyed thousands by jarring the tree and collecting
those which fall down. I have watched old and young robins busily
engaged in eating them, and from the number of toads in my garden,
gathered under the trees, I feel confident that they eat multitudes of
them.

The worms at once enter the ground, change to chrysalids several
inches below the surface, near the trunk of the tree, and there remain
until the early days of March and April, when the wingless females as-
cend the trees, and the winged males may be seen fluttering about.

I took pains one spring, in the middle of April, to count the number
of these moths on my apple trees, fourteen in number, averaging from
six to seven inches in thickness, besides three elms. They were more
abundant on the apple trees than on the elms. But on those seventeen
trees there were counted, adhering mostly to the tarred paper, one thou-
sand males and two hundred females. The spring of 1875 was cold and
backward and few moths were seen before this date. From these data
we can ascertain approximately the relative numerical proportions be-
tween the sexes, which seems to approximate five males to one female.

The species I have referred to is the spring moth, the Paleacrita ver-
nata of Peck, but not of Harris. A. pometaria is much less abundant

. In the adult condition, and only appears in the autumn. The wings are

thicker than those of vernata, and the caterpillar has an additional pair
of prop-legs, though so short as to be useless. I find that most of the
damage is done by the caterpillars of vernata. On June 15, 1875, L
collected five hundred and fifty-seven caterpillars from the apple trees
jn my garden. Of these, five hundred and twenty were vernata, and
twenty-seven were the young of the autumn species. Peck, in his ac-
count published in 1795, states that vernata does the principal damage.*

Kemedies.—The use of printer’s ink laid on tarred paper is the cheap-
est, though the ink should be applied every day or two. The use of tin
troughs of oil surrounding the tree is almost sure to stop the ascent of
the females, while wooden troughs of oil built around the bottom of the

*It is probably this species which I have found feeding on the leaves May 30 and
June 1, at Providence. Itis a reddish-green obscurely striped larva, much like the
canker-worm in form and size, but a little stouter.

232 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

trunk are almost equally efficacious. Care and attention, and, above all,
co-operation among those suffering from these worms, will enable us to
check their ravages.

14. THE ELM SPAN-WORM.
Eugonia subsignaria (Hiibner),.

Order LepmporprerRA; Family PuaLeNID®.

Hatching from the eggs as soon as the leaves unfold and living unobserved for a
week or two on young shoots in the tree tops, measuring or span worms, resembling
the twigs of the elm in color, with a large red head, and the terminal ring of the body
bright red; pupating towards the end of June, and during July and August trans-
forming into a snow-white moth.

This insect is widely spread. I have
observed it in the forests of northern
Maine in August, and it is common in
the Middle States. It is very destruc-
tive to the elms in New York City,
Brooklyn, and Philadelphia, though not
known to be destructive in the country.
The moth may at once be recognized by
the snow-white body and wings, the :n-
Seni 8 able AN a ep terior pair being angular and the hinder

size.—After Emerton, from Packard. pair slightly notched. It is, according
to Fitch, still more destructive to the
linden than to the elm.
= From a pamphlet by H. A. Graet and
Fic. 80.—Elm span-worm, natural size.— Edw. Wiebe, entitled “The measure-
After Emerton, from Packard. worm, a description of the insect, in all

its metamorphoses, ete.” (Brooklyn, 1862), we quote the following facts:

The eggs are deposited by the female moth toward the beginning of July, not only
on trunks and branches of early-leaving trees, but also on numerous other objects, to
the number of from 20 to 250, in irregular clusters. During this period they are about
the size of a small pin’s head, conical in form, and somewhat compressed at their
points; first of a yellowish, then of a light olive green, and later of a dark brown.
They are covered with a thick, sticky glutinous matter and adhere strongly to the
object on which they are deposited. They are usually found on the under side of
branches, and almost always below the connecting points of the same, apparently for
their better protection and with the design of opening several avenues for the young
brood to find subsistence. The number of eggs generally decreases from the base of
the branches towards their extremities.

In this state the eggs remain unaffected by rain or frost, seemingly unchanged,
until the time when our shade trees unfold their first leaflets, which (subject to the
weather) is usually between the 15th of April and the 15th of May.

Little caterpillars then creep from these eggs, eagerly enjoying the rays of the
sun on warm days, and carefully hiding themselves under the young foliage for pro-
tection on cold and stormy days. Here we find them crowding together in countless
numbers ; until after a very brief period they engage in their work of destruction.
The young caterpillars always creep towards the extremities of the branches, led by

THE NOVEMBER MOTH. 233

their instinct to find there, first of all, the means for their subsistence, and make a
retrograde movement only if they meet with any obstacle. They then devour the
young foliage as quickly as it develops, so much so that often a fortnight s ffices to
render a tree entirely leafless.

For their perfect development the caterpillars need from five to six weeks, during
which period they sometimes eat daily more than ten times their own weight. It is
then that they are most troublesome to us, partly, aud chiefly, by their destruction
among our shade trees; partly by the considerable amount of an unpleasant matter
which they drop; and last, but not least, by the terror which, in their state of sus-
pension, or dropping from the trees, they are apt to create among our ladies.

After the caterpillar is fully developed, and has, in the mean time, accomplished
its work of destruction, it enters its chrysalis state. When ready to be metamor-
phosed it selects a safe place of refuge, either in the leaf remnants or on the trunks
and branches of the trees, on fences, railings, lamp-posts, or almost anything it hap-
pens to reach. ;

Larva.—The caterpillar closely resembles the twigs of the elm trees, on the leaves
of which it lives, the body being brown, while the large head and terminal segment
of the body are bright red.

Remedies.—Messrs. Graef and Wiebe removed from a single small maple tree in
Brooklyn 60,000 fertilized eggs, and it is obvious that their suggestion to carefully
scrape shade and ornamental elms in the winter months, if thoroughly carried out,
would materially diminish the number of this great pest. Besides this, tarring, i.e.,
rings of tarred paper, smeared over with printer’s ink, should be placed around the
trunks and larger branches as early as the middle of April. When the leaves are
much infested they should be sprayed in the manner indicated in the introduction
to this report.

15. THE NOVEMBER MOTH.
Epirrita dilutata (Hiibner).
Order LEPIDOPTERA; Family PHALZNIDZ.

Feeding on the leaves in spring; adirty-green measure-worm, beneath paler bluish
white, its breathing pores forming a row of orange-red dots along each side, where
is sometimes also a yellow line; entering the ground in summer, the moth appearing
in November. (Fitch.)

In our monograph of the Phalenide we had overlooked the fact that
Fitch had observed this moth in New York, flying slowly in forests in
November. It appears to be more abundant in sub-arctie regions than
in New England, as we have received numerous specimens of it from
Newfoundland, and it has also been obtained in Labrador. It is prob-
able that it will rarely occur in injurious numbers on elm trees in New
England. In Europe, according to Newman, ‘it feeds on white-thorn,
black-thorn, horn-beam, sloe, oak, and almost every forest tree, and is
full-fed in June.” Our speciesin British America, probably like E. cam-
-bricaria, will be found feeding on the mountain ash, a common tree in
Labrador and Newfoundland.

Moth.—A much larger species than E. cambricaria, which is more common, and
which also occurs in Northern Europe. It may always be distinguished from the
other species of the genus by the simple not pectinated male antenne. The body and
wings are pale ash-gray; fore wings with eight well-defined sinuous or scalloped
blackish lines, most distinct on the costa and veins; the basal line is heavy, and bent
rectangularly between the subcostal and median veins; the next line, rather remote

934 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

from the basal, curves inward on the subcostal vein, and outward on the median
space; the two lines beyond are approximate, but less sinuous; the fourth line from
the base of the wings is broad, diffuse, twice as broad on the costa as the three others;
beyond this line is a clear median space, in the middle of which is the distinct discal
dot; beyond are four more or less distinct lines, of which the outer (or submarginal)
is most distinct and regularly scalloped; a marginal row of twin black dots; fringe
whitish. Hind wings with traces of four scalloped lines, the marginal one the heav-
iest. Expanse of wings, 1.60 inches.

16. THE IMPORTED ELM-LEAF BEETLE.

Galeruca xanthomelena Schrank.

Order COLKOPTERA; Family CHRYSOMELIDZ.

J
Se)

a
Sa nate

ES

A)3)

ee

noonoRog

VIN Ne
a ag om a on

- O00)

6 Wi

Se. fas q
y y i
0. HEIDEMANS¢

Fic. 81.—Galeruca xanthomelena: a, ezgs; b, larve; c, adults; é, eggs (enlarged); f, sculpture of
eggs; g, larva (enlarged); h, side view of greatly enlarged segment of larva; i, dorsal view of
same; j, pupa (enlarged); 1, portion of elytron of beetle (greatly enlarged).—After Riley.

The following account of this pest is taken from Professor Riley’s
pamphlet forming Bulletin 6 of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.
It contains a full account of the imported elm-leaf beetle, and of the .
best means of attacking it, which will be welcome, as for several years
past the elms of many towns and cities in the Middle Atlantic States
have been ravaged by this pest.

According to Glover this beetle was imported from Europe as early
as 1837. It somewhat resembles the striped cucumber beetle (Diabrotica
vittata) in size and markings. The grub or Jarva is long, almost cylindri-

THE IMPORTED ELM-LEAF BEETLE. 235

eal, yellowish black, with black spots, and a wide yellow line along the
back and sides.

The worm is destructive to the foliage from May until August, skele-
tonizing the leaves. When fully grown it descends to the ground, and
changes to a chrysalis, under leaves, ete., near the base of the tree.
While the beetle, of which there are three to four broods, also injures
the leaves, it is by no means so destructive as its young:

Remedies.—Glover suggested the use of oil and tar gutters, and other barriers, sur-
rounding the base or the body of the tree, devices similar to those used against the
canker worm and codling moth. He recommended that there be placed around each
tree small, tight, square boxes or frames a foot or eighteen inches in height, sunk in
the ground, the earth within the inclosure to be covered with cement, and the top
edge of each frame to be covered with broad, projecting pieces of tin, like the eaves
of a house or the letter T, or painted with some adhesive or repellent substance, as
tar, etc. The worms, descending the tree, being unable to climb over the inclosure,
would change into helpless chrysalids within the box, where they could daily be de-
stroyed by thousands. Those hiding within the crevices of the bark of the trunk
could easily be syringed from their hiding places.

‘“‘T found that the quickest and most satisfactory way of destroying the insect, which
has nearly the same habits as the Colorado potato beetle, except that it does not
propagate in the ground, is to syringe the trees with Paris green and water, though
London purple may prove just as effectual and cheaper.

‘‘ The syringing can not be done from the ground except on very young trees, though
a good fountain pump will throw a spray nearly 30 feet high. Larger trees will have
to be ascended by means of a ladder, and the liquid sprinkled or atomized through
one of the portable atomizers, like Pevk’s, which is fastened to the body, and contains
three gallons of the liquid.

‘‘The mode of pupation of the insect under the tree, on the surface of the ground,
beneath whatever shelter it can find, or in the crevices between the earth and the
trunk, enables us to kill vast numbers of the pupz and transforming Jarve by pour-
ing hot water over them. We found that even Paris green water poured over them
also killed. If the trees stand on the sidewalks of the streets the larve will go for
pupation in the cracks between the bricks or at the base of the tree, where they can
also be killed in the same way. This mode of destruction is, take it all in all, the
next most satisfactory one we know of, thougb it must be frequently repeated.

‘We have largely experimented with a view of intercepting and destroying the
larvz in their descent. from the tree. Troughs, such as are used for canker-worms,
tarred paper, felt bands saturated with oil, are all good, and the means of destroying
large numbers. Care must be taken, however, that the oil does not come in contact
with the trees, as it will soon kill them, and when felt bandages are used there should
be a strip of tin or zinc beneath them. The trouble with all these intercepting
devices, however, is that many larve let themselves drop down direct from the tree,
and thus escape destruction.”

The London purple (one-half pound), flour (three quarts), and water (a barrel, forty
gallons), were mixed as follows: A large galvanized iron funnel, of thirteen quarts
capacity, and haviug across septum of fine wire gauze, such as is used for sieves,
also having vertical sides and a rim to keep it from rocking on the barrel, was used.
About three quarts of cheap flour were placed in the funnel and washed through the
wire gauze by water poured in. The flour, in passing through, is finely divided, and
will diffuse in the water without appearing in lumps. The flour is a suitable medium
to make the poison adhesive. The London purple is then placed upon the gauze and
washed in by the remainder of the water, until the barrel is filled. Three-eighths of a
pound of London purple to one barrel of water may be taken as a suitable percentage.
Three-eighths of an ounce may be used as an equivalent in one bucketful of water.

236 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Paris green injures the tree more than the London purple. Three-fourths of a pound
of Paris green to a barrel (thirty-six or forty gallons) of water, with three quarts of
flour or three-quarters of an ounce of Paris green to a bucket of water, may be regarded
as a poison mixture of medium or average strength for treating elms affected by these
beetles.

When many trees are to be sprayed a cart or wagon may be used to haul the poison
in a large barrel provided with a stirrer, force pump, skid, etc. The force pump was
described and figured in the annual report of the entomologist for 1882. It is double-
acting and very powerful, giving strong pressure to disperse the liquid far and finely,
and about a pailful of poisoned water was sprayed upon each tree. When only two
or three were to be treated an aquapult or other bucket pump was used to force the
poison froma bucket carried by hand. Connected with either pump isa long flexible
pipe, with its distal part stiff, and serving as a long handle whereby to hold its
terminal nozzle beneath the branches or very high up at a comfortable distance from
the person managing it. To the hose is attached a bamboo pole, the partitions of
which may be burned out with a hot iron rod. With this apparatus a tree can be
quickly sprayed, and a large grove or row of trees along a street treated in a short
time. It is equally adapted for forestry use in general, and for orchards, when the
trees are not in fruit.

The egg.—In each group (Fig. 81 e, magnified), and so firmly fastened to the leaf that
they can only be detached with great care without breaking the thin and brittle
shell. The number of eggs in each group varies from four or five to twenty or more.
Very rarely only three eggs are seen in one group, but we never found less than that
number. The egg itself is oblong oval, obtusely, but not abruptly, pointed at tip, of
straw yellow color, its surface being opaque and beantifully and evenly reticulated,
each mesh forming a regular hexagon, as shown, highly magnified, in Fig. 81 f. The
form of the eggs is not quite constant, some of them, especially those in the middle
of a large group, being much narrower than others. The duration of the egg state is
about one week. e

Larva.—The general shape of the larva is very elongate, almost cylindrical, and
distinctly tapering posteriorly in the early stages, but less convex and of nearly equal
width when mature. The general color of the young larva is yellowish-black, with
the black markings comparatively larger and more conspicuous, and with the hairs
arising from these markings much longer and stiffer than in the full-grown larva.
With each consecutive molt the yellow color becomes more marked, the black mark-
ings of less extent and of less intense color, and the hairs much shorter, sparser, and
lighter in color. <A nearly full-grown larva is represented in Fig. 80 g, and in this the
yellow color occupies a wide dorsal stripe and a lateral stripe each side. The head
(excepting the mouth-parts and anterior margin of the front), the legs (excepting a
ring around the trochanters), and the posterior portion of the anal segment are always
black. The first thoracic segment has two large black spots on the disk, of varying
extent, and often confluent. The following segments (excepting the anal segment)
are dorsally divided by a shallow tranverse impression into two halves, and the black
markings on these halves are arranged as follows: two transverse dorsal markings,
usually confluent, as shown in our figure; two round and sublateral spots; the tips of
the lateral tubercles are also black. The abdominal joints of the ventral surface have
each a transverse medial mark, and two round sublateral spotsof black color. Stig-
mata visible as small umbilicate spots between outer sublateral series of dorsal mark-
ings and lateral tubercles. The yellow parts of the upper side are opaque, but those
of the under side shining. The black markings are polished, piliferous, and raised
above the remaining portions of the body.

Pupa.—Of brighter color than the larva, oval in shape, and strongly convex dor-
sally. It is sparsely covered with moderately long but very conspicuous black bris-
tles, irfegularly arranged on head and thorax, but in a transverse row on each fol-
lowing segment. The pupa state lasts from about six to ten days.

ELM-LEAF BEETLES. 237

The beetle.—(Fig. 81 c, natural size ; k, magnified). Resembles somewhat in appear-
ance the well-known striped cucumber-beetle (Diabrotica vittata), but is at once dis-
tinguished by the elytra not being striate punctate, but simply rugose, the sculpture
undera high magnifying power being represented in Fig. 817. The color of the upper
side is pale yellow or yellowish-brown, with the following parts black: on the head a
frontal (often wanting) and a vertical spot ; three spots on the thorax ; on the elytra a
narrow stripe along the suture, a short, often indistinct scutellar striaeach side, and a
wider humeral stripe not reaching the tip. Under side black, pro- and meso-sternum
and legs yellow; femora witha black apical spot. Upperand under side covered with
very fine, short, silky hairs. In newly-hatched individuals the black markings have
a greenish tint; the humeral stripe varies in extent. (Riley).

18. THE ELM GALERUCA.

Galeruca calmariensis (Linnzus).

Order COLEOPTERA ; Family CHRYSOMELIDZ.

Thick, cylindrical, blackish, six-footed grubs, often
wholly defoliating the trees, and changing into an ob-
long oval beetle a quarter of an inch long, of a grayish
yellow color, with three small black spots on the pro-
thorax, a broad black stripe on the outer edge of its wing-
covers, and a small oblong spot near their base. (Fitch.)

This insect has been observed by Riley to be
extremely abundant on the elm at Washington,
D.C. I have observed it commonly at Bruns-

wick, Me. Fic. 82.—Galeruca calmariensis.
; Smith del.

19. Haltica (Graptodera) chalybea (lliger).

Order COLEOPTERA; Family CHRYSOMELID.

Occasionally eating holes in the leaves; a steel-blue flea beetle, varying much in
color; the body oblong, oval, and the hinder part of the thorax marked with a trans-
verse furrow ; a little over .15 inch (4™™) in length.

20. THE LADDER CHRYSOMELA.

Chrysomela scalaris (Le Conte).

Order COLEOPTERA ; Family CHRYSOMELIDZ.

Feeding on the leaves throughout the season, a shining, hemispherical, bottle-green
beetle, with silvery-white wing-covers, on which are several bottle-green spots, and
a broad jagged stripe on their suture; its wings rose-red and its antenne and Jegs
rusty yellow. Length, 0.30 to 0.40. More common on willows, and especially the
alder. The larva is thick and fleshy, with a row of black spiracles along the side of
the body and a dark prothoracic shield.

21. THE AMERICAN CIMBEX SAW-FLY.

Cimbex americana (Leach).

Order HYMENOPTERA; Family TENTHREDINID2.

A cylindrical, glaucous, yellowish-white worm, coiled and marked like a snail’s
shell, having a broad black line along the back; when disturbed ejecting a watery
fluid from pores situated above the spiracles ; transforming into the largest species of
saw-fly we have, with stoutly-knobbed antennz ; appearing early in summer; also
feeds on the birch, linden, and willow. (See willow insects. )

238 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

22. THE ANTIOPA BUTTERFLY.

Vanessa antiopa (Linnzus).
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; Family PAPILIONIDZ.

Sometimes occurring on the elm, but more common on the willow ; a stoutly-spined
caterpillar, with a black body spotted minutely with white, with a row of eight dark
brick-red spots on the back; changing to a dark brown chrvsalis, with large tawny
spots around the tubercles on the back. The butterfly purplish brown above, with a
broad buff-yellow border in which is a row of pale blue spots. Flying from March
till June, and again from the middle of Angust until late autumn.

Its food plants are: elm, white birch, poplar, silver poplar, willow.
It is two-brooded, and many of the late emerging specimens hibernate
and may often be seen on warm days in January or February flitting
about. The larve are often attacked by Tachinids and many pupe& are
destroyed by Pteromalus vanesse, which watches her chance during
pupation. They are also destroyed by Podisus spinosus. (Riley’s MS.
notes. )

23. THE GREAT ELM-LEAF BEETLE.

Monocesta coryli (Say).
Order COLEOPTERA ; Family CHRYSOMELIDZ.

Occasionally destructive to the red or slippery elm in the Middle States ; a pale yel-
lowish beetle more than half an inch long, with the wing-covers twice spotted with
blue ; laying its yellow eggs in a cluster on the under side of the leaf in June, the
grub appearing a week later, being brown or yellowish-brown, and eating the leaves
into rags; towards the end of July or early in August entering the ground, forming an
oval cavity a few inches below the surface; assuming the pupa state a week before
they appear as beetles in June. (Riley.)

In his report as U. S. Entomologist for 1878, Professor Riley calls at-
tention to a much larger beetle than the imported elm-leaf beetle, but
having very similar habits, and which has proved extremely destructive
to the red or slippery elm in Missouri during the past few years:

The sudden appearance of this insect in such excessive numbers as to absolutely
strip all the elms of this species through the woods for many miles must be looked
upon 4s phenomenal; for while J. F. Melsheimer reported the beetle many years ago as
sufficiently numerous in some parts of Virginia to completely defoliate in a short time
the hazel (Corylus americanus),* the species is generally considered a rarity in ento-
mological cabinets. Nor can I find that anything has been recorded of its adoles-
cent stages. The beetle was first described by Say (loc. cit.) as Galeruca coryli, and
is the only North American species of the genus Monocesta to which it is now referred,
the genus being more fully represented in Central and South America. The color is
pale clay-yellow, with two dark, bluish spots on each wing-cover. These spots are
variable in size, and sometimes entirely wanting.

My attention was first called to the injuries of this larva some three years ago by
Mr. George W. Letterman, of Allentown, Mo, and I have since been able to trace
the full natural history of the species as it is given below.

The parent beetles (Fig. 83, jj) make their first appearance during the month
of June, when they may usually be found pairing on the tree first mentioned. The

*duclore Say, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc., Phil., III, 1824.

deer oie

THE GREAT ELM-LEAF BEETLE. 239

eggs (Fig. 83, a) are laid on the under side of the leaf in a compact, more or
less globose, gamboge-yellow cluster, each egg surrounded and the whole mass
firmly held together by a glutinous substance. There are, on an average, about
125 eggs in each mass, the eggs being laid in layers. In general appearance the

Fic, 83.—The great elm-leaf beetle, a, b, eggs; d, larva; g, h, head and mouth parts of the same; i,
pupa; j, beetle.—After Riley.

mass bears a resemblance to a yellow raspberry. Each egg (Fig. 83, b), when ex-
amined separately, is seen to be subspherical in form and highly polished.

The young larve (Fig. 83, ¢) hatch in about a week after the eggs are laid,
and at first congregate around the empty egg-shells, which they nibble and feec

240 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

upon. For abort two days they remain close to their birthplace, eating only the
parenchyma of the leaf, and showing so little inclination to travel that, should the
leaf by accident be detached, they perish rather than search for another. They have
at this stage of growth the curious habit, when disturbed, of raising the abdomen to
a nearly perpendicular position, holding on to the leaf very firmly with their jaws.
Lhey are at this time of a glossy yellow color, and generally shed the first skiu two
days after birth, the empty skin adhering tightly to the leaf.

In the second stage, the color of the worms becomes more brownish, and they are
more active, but still remain clustered together upon a single leaf or branch, scatter-
ing but slightly in proportion as they skeletonize one leat after another. They yet,
for the most part, feed upon the under side of the leaf, not touching the upper skin,
and giving to the leaves a brownish, speckled, and seared app earance, as if covered
by patches of some brown fungus. The excrement is voided in long, bead-like
strings, which cover the ground or hang down from the branches and leaves of the
infested trees. In another week, or when the larve are about half grown, a second
molt takes place, they preparing for it in the usual manner by firmly attaching the
anal joints to the leat. (Fig. 83, e.) In the beginning of the third stage they
feed indiscriminately on either side of the leaf, but still refuse to touch the epidermis
of the opposite side. The gnawings on the upper side at this stage of growth are
peculiar, being in the form of crescent lines with narrow strips of epidermis between
them; whereas on the under side there is no such regularity, and all is eaten but the
stronger cross veins. I have been unable to trace any further molts. This third
stage lasts from two to three weeks, the larve scattering more thoroughly and the
general color becoming quite brown or yellowish-brown. As the worms reach full
growth (Fig. 83, ddd) the fleshy part of the leaves is entirely eaten so that little
remains but the principal ribs, and the leaves thus present a very ragged appearance.

Toward the end of July and early in August the worms cease feeding and descend
into the ground, burrowing therein and forming a simple oval- cavity a few inches
below the surface. They lie dormant therein through the fall, winter, and early
spring months, assuming the pupa state (Fig. 83, 7) but about a week before the
beetles issue.

Remedies.—Experiments made upon the larva of the imported elm-leaf beetle shows
that Paris-green water is very effective in destroying it, in both the larva and beetle
states; and, while I have had no opportunity of making such experiments with the
species in question, I have no doubt that it would here prove equally destructive.
The larve are, throughout their existence, quite sluggish and drop to the ground on
slight disturbance. A good shaking of an infested tree, therefore, will bring most of
them to the ground, and experience shows that they have little or no capacity for
mounting the tree again. This remedy will be applicable to cultivated trees, espe-
cially before they get too large.

24. THE INTERROGATION—MARK BUTTERFLY.
Grapta intlerrogationis (Fabricius).

Injuring the foliage of the elm as well aslinden tree and hop-vine, a caterpillar, with
reddish black, bilobed head, and black body covered thickly with streaks and dots
of yellowish white, transforming into our largest species of Grapta, and marked on
the under side of the dull hind wings with a golden semicolon.

I am informed by H. L. Clark, esq., that in 1887 the elms in Provi-
dence were much eaten and disfigured by these caterpillars, and that
the chrysalids were everywhere to be seen attached to fences, walls, etc.

Larva.—An inch and a quarter long. The head is reddish black, flat in front and

somewhat bilobed, each lobe tipped with a tubercle emitting five single black pointed
spines. It is covered with many small white and several blackish tubercles. The

THE COMMA BUTTERFLY. 241

body is cylindrical, black, thickly covered with streaks and dots of yellowish white;
the second segment is without spines, but with a row of yellowish tubercles in their
place; the third segment has four branching spines, all black, with a spot of dark
yellow at their base; and on the fourth segment are four spines, as there are on all
the others, excepting the terminal, which has two pairs, one posterior to the other.
The spines are yellow, with blackish branches, excepting the terminal pair, which is
black; and there is a row of reddish ones on each side. The undersurface is yellow-
ish gray, darker on the anterior segments, with a central line of blackish, and many
small, black dots. (Saunders.)

The chrysalis is ash brown, with the head deeply notched ; and there are eight sil-
very spots on the back. The chrysalis state lasts from twelve to fourteen days.

25. THE PROGNE GRAPTA.
Grapta progne (Cramer).

Late in June, eating the leaves, a more common spiny caterpillar than the preced-
ing, being white mottled with gray, the butterfly smaller than the foregoing and
marked with a reversed silver C or comma
in the middle of the hinder wings; but
one brood of butterflies appearing in
July.

Regarding the number of broods, Mr.
D. S. Harris writes us from Cuba, IIl.:

On page 66 of Bulletin on Forest In-
sects, you state that Grapta progne (Cra-
mer) is single brooded. I have quite a
number of the caterpillars about ready
to change into chrysalids, I also have
butterflies of this species which emerged
from the chrysalis during the month of September, showing that they are double
brooded in this State. They are quite destructive this year.

The larva is gray, mottled with whitish; head white, with two black prickles. The
two upper long-branched prickles upon the second ring black; no spines on the pro-
thoracic segments; those on the succeeding rings white, tipped with black; their
branches white, toward the forward end of the body becoming more and more tipped
with black. . (Fitch.)

Fic. 84.—Grapta progne,—From Packard.

26. THE COMMA BUTTERFLY.
Grapta comma (Harris).

Another caterpillar closely resembling that of G. progne, but different in being of a
brownish-red color in front and white or pale yellow behind.

The half-grown larva is black, with a yellowish stripe along the side from the third
segmeut to the tail, and with yellow stripes across the back, and spots of the same
color at the base of the dorsal spines, which are yellow, tipped with black. The
mature caterpillar is white, mottled or striped with gray or ashen, and with red spir-
acles (W. H. Edwards). It differsfrom the larva of G. progne in its brownish-red face,
and in being more yellowish on the abdominal segments.

The chrysalis is brownish-gray or white, variegated with pale brown and ornamented
with gold on the tubercles.

The butterfly differs from the Progne in the hind wings having a black spot on their
center, as well as two others toward their base, and on their under side a central sil-
very curved mark like the letterC. Expanse of wings about two inches. It appears
in May, and a second brood in July, August, andSeptember. This caterpillar is more
common on the currant and hop.

5 ENT 16

242 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

27. Limenitis arthemis (Drury).

Gosse, in his ‘Canadian Nataralist” (220), gives a figure of the larva,
pupa, and under side of the butterfly of this species.* The butterfly ap-
pears about the 1st of July. In the first week in July we have seen
this butterfly in great numbers in the White Mountains.

28. THE FOUR-HORNED SPHINX.

Ceratomia amyntor (Hiibner. )
: (Larva, Pl. x1, fig. 1.)

The caterpillar, as observed by Harris (under the name of Ceratomia
quadricornis), in one case hatched July 31. A record of its occurrence
on the white birch is mentioned in ‘** Psyche,” 368, 1882. Professor
Riley states that Boll found the caterpillar on the osage orange. Mr.
Pilate has also observed the caterpillar on the linden in Ohio. A young
larva found August 20, and 35™™ in length, was green with 7 paler
green lateral oblique stripes, the four thoracic horns being very promi-
nent.

This worm not unusually occurs from Maine southward on the elm,
becoming fully fed early in September, when it descends into the ground
and pupates, the moth appearing the following May and June. I have
taken it in Maine as early as May 24. The mothis a large broad- winged
sphinx, with gray or ashen body and wings, the anterior pair with a
large white dot near the front edge.

Egg.—Nearly of a compressed spheroidal shape, green, and with very fine reticula-
tions. (Harris’ Corr., p. 82.)

Larva before first molt.—Yellowish green, with a darker dorsal line, a long red
caudal horn, and a very large, green head, with the dorsal denticulations and tu-
bercles obsolete. A newly hatched larva is about one-fifth of an inch long, pale green,
with a straight caudal horn about half the length of the body, dotted and tipped
with brown. There is a pair of minute thoracic horns on the top of the third segment.
and another pair on the top of the fourth, and there is a row of minute fleshy teeth
along the middle of the back, which are scarcely visible. Before the first molt the
larva has nearly doubled its size and has a white vascular line, a faint line on each
side of the middle of the back and seven oblique stripes on each side of the body, all
of the same color. The head is smooth and the thoracic horns are barely visible.
They molt their skins in about five days after they hatch, after which the head and
caudal horn are granulated, the thoracic horns prominent, the fleshy teeth along the
middle of the back with the stripe on each side of it; the oblique stripes on the sides.
and the thoracic lines are plainly visible.

The second molt is made in from five to eight days after the first, when the row of
teeth along the middle of the back is prominent, the lateral oblique stripes are gran-
ulated, aud the caudal horn is pale yellow with granulations in front and behind.

The third molt is made in from six to eight days after the second, when the larva
is light green with the teeth along the back and the granulations no the side of a.
whitish color. The caudal horn is now curved, of a yellowish-green color, and cov-

*See also Scudder’s “ Butterflies of the Eastern United States,” 1809.

—*

THE ELM SPHINX. 245°

ered with brown granulations on the forward side. The thoracic horns are tipped
with yellowish.

The fourth and last molt is made in from six to eight days, and in six days more
they reach maturity, leave their food plant, descend to the ground which they
enter for the purpose of spending the winter and reaching their final transformation.

The mature larva is from two and three-fourths to three and one-fourth inches long,
pale green or reddish brown, head and body strongly granulated, a dorsal row of
fleshy teeth, one on each wrinkle, tipped with whitish or pink, extends from the fourth
segment to the caudal horn. Thereis a pair of short, straight, tuberculated horns
on the top of the third segment and a similar pair on the fourth. A line of granula-
tions connects the thoracic horns. Seven oblique stripes of whitish granulations
occur on each side, each of which crosses one segment and a part of the one before
and the one following. The last stripe extends to the caudal horn. (Fernald.)

Pupa.—Thick, not elongated before; tail ending with a conical projection, tipped
with two little divarcating spines; tongue-case buried and soldered to the breast.
(Harris’ Corr.)

Moth.—The fore wings are broader than in most sphinges, with a large distinct
Tound discal spot. The wings are light brown, variegated with dark brown and
white, while along the hind body extend five longitudinal dark-brown lines. It ex-
pands 5 inches.

—~
29. Smerinthus excecatus Abbot and Smith.

(Larva, Pi. x1, fig 3, 3a.)

The caterpillar of this moth, which usually feeds on the apple and
plum, has been found on the elm by Mr. W. H. Edwards. Mr. Beuten-
miiller records it as feeding on American elm, the slippery or red elm,
the whahoo or winged elm, and Ulmus suberosa. (Ent. Amer., i, 196.)

Larva.—Head apple-green, granulated, flattened, triangular, the apex rising
somewhat above the first segment, with bright yellow, straight, lateral lines, in
which are rounded granulations, increasing in size as they approach the apex. Body
with thoracic segments tapering, light-green, studded with pointed white granula-
tions. Lateral bands yellow, each occupying three-eighths, the whole, and six-
eighths of three segments, respectively—on the central segment straight, on the fol-
lowing one curved posteriorly, not angulated at the incisure—having within them a
granulation on each annulation (eight to the segment) larger than those elsewhere
on the body. Subdorsal thoracic line yellow, granulated as in the bands, com-
mencing on the anterior of the first segment, diverging from the dorsum as it pro-
ceeds and uniting at the sixth annulation of the fourth segment with the first lateral
band. Caudal horn nearly straight, .25 inch long, acutely granulated, rose-colored,
yellow laterally, and often yellow-tipped. Legs at tips reddish-brown. Stigmata
brown bordered.

Pupa.—One-twentieth of an inch long; .40 inch broad. Dark brown. Head-case,
darker brown, rounded, corrugated, with an impressed transverse line bordering it
posteriorly, and a medial line impressed inferiorly and carinated superiorly. Tongue-
case buried, short, not separating the leg and wing cases. Antennal cases in male
terminating very near to tips of the middle leg-cases—in female, opposite tips of the
anterior leg-cases. First stigma quite open. The three anterior segments shagreened
with a moderately elevated medial line. Third segment without plates, but with
a medial carination. The other segments, each with a subdursal linear impression
and also lateral ones, and with confluent punctulations, except posteriorly, where
they are smooth, not shining, and under a lens delicately shagreened. Terminal
segment subrectangular, with a short triangular rugose spine, more prominent in the
male. One male, two females. (Fernald.)

244 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

30. THE FALL WEB-WORM.
Hyphantria cunea Drury. (H. textor Harris.)
(Ravages, Plate xxxvVI.)

Passing the winter in the pupa state. The cocoons found during the winter prin-
cipally at the surface of the ground, mixed with dirt and rubbish, or in cracks and
crevices of tree-boxes, in fences, and under door-steps and basement walls. The first
moths issue from these cocoons in May, and laying their eggs in flat batches on the
under side of the leaves. The young worms feeding preferably incompany, webbing
first one and then several leaves together, and gradually extending their sphere of
action until a large part of the tree becomes involved. The worms becoming full-
grown in July, and spinning cocoons from which a second generation of moths issues
early in August and lays eggs, from which the worms hatch, so they are once more in
force by the latter part of August. The parent moth white, with a varying number
of spots; winged in both sexes; the female preferring to oviposit on box-elder (Ne-
gundo aceroides), the poplars, cottonwoods, ashes, and willows.

The following account is copied from Professor Riley’s ‘‘ Our Shade
Trees and their Insect Defoliators,” as it contains the results of the
latest investigations : i

This insect has from time to time attracted general attention by its great injury to
both fruit and shade trees. Many authors have written about it, and consequently
it has received quite a number of different names. The popular name “ Fall Web-
worm,” first given to it by Harris, in his ‘‘ Insects injurious to Vegetation,” is suffi-
ciently appropriate as indicating the season when the webs are most numerous.
The term is, however, most expressive for the New England and other northern
States, where the insect is single-brooded, appearing there during August and Sep-
tember, while in more southern regions it is double-brooded. In our Third Missouri
Report we have first called attention to its double-broodedness at St. Louis, and
we find that it is invariably two-brooded at Baltimore and Washington. Except in
seasons of extreme increase, however, the first brood does no widespread damage,
while the fall brood nearly always attracts attention.

Limitation of broods.—At Washington we may say in general that the first brood
appears soon after the leaves have fully developed, and numerous webs can be found
about the first of June, while the second brood appears from the middle of July on
through August and September. In Massachusetts and other northern States the first
moths issue in June and July ; the caterpillars hatch from the last of June until the
middle of August, reach full growth and wander about seeking places for transforma-
tion from the end of August to the end of September.

The species invariably hibernates in the chrysalis state within its cocoon, and tke
issuing of the first brood of moths is, as a consequence, tolerably regular as to time,
i. e., they will be found issuing and flying slowly about during the evening, and
more particularly at night, during the whole month of May, the bulk of them early
or late in the month, according as the season may be early or late. They couple and
oviposit very soon after issuing, and in ordinary seasons we may safely count on the
bulk of the eggs being laid by the end of May. During the month of June the moths
become scarcer and the bulk of them have perished by the middle of that month,
while the webs of the caterpillars become more and more conspicuous. The second
brood of moths begins to appear in July, and its occurrence extends over a longer
period than is the case with the first or spring brood. The second brood of cater-
pillars may be found from the end of July to the end of September, hatching most
extensively, however, about the first of August.

In Massachusetts and other northern States the first moths issue in June and July ;
the caterpillars hatch from the last of June until the middle of August, reach full

THE FALL WEB-WORM. 245

growth and wander about seeking places for transformation from the end of August
to the end of September.

The following general remarks upon the different stages refer to Washington and
localities where the same conditions hold:

The eggs (Fig. 85, b).—The female moth de-
posits her eggs in a cluster on a leaf, some-
times upon the upper and sometimes on the
lower side, usually near the end of a branch.
Each cluster consists of a great many eggs,
which are deposited close together and in reg-
ular rows, if the surface of the leaf permits it.
In three instances those deposited by a single
female were counted. The result was 394, j
427, and 502, or on an average 441 eggs. But F'6. 85.—Hyphantria cunea: a, moth in posi-
in addition to such large clusters, each female ae ei loving expe, side view ; 0) eBze
will deposit eggs in smaller and less regular
patches, so that at least 500 eggs may be considered as the real number produced
by a single individual. The egg, measuring 0.4™™, is of a bright golden-yellow
color, quite globular, and ornamented by numerous regular pits, which give it under
a magnifying lens the appearance of a beautiful golden thimble. As the eggs ap-
proach the time of hatching this color disappears and gives place to a dull leaden hue.

The interval between the time of depositing and hatching of the eggs for the first
brood varies considerably, and the latter may be greatly retarded by inclement
weather. Usually, however, not more than ten days are consumed in maturing the
embryo within. The eggs of the summer brood seldom require more than one week
to hatch.

Without check the offspring of the one female moth might in a single season (as-
suming one-half of her progeny to be female and barring all checks) number 125,000
caterpillars in early fall—enough to ruin the shade trees of many a fine street.

Fic. 86.—Hyphantria cunea: a, dark larva, seen from side; 0, light larva from above; ¢, dark
larva from above; d, pupa from below; e, pupa from side; f, moth.

The larva (Fig. 86, a, b, and c).—The caterpillars just born are pale yellow with
two rows of black marks along the body, a black head, and with quite sparse hairs,
When full-grown they generally appear pale yellowish or greenish, with a broad
dusky stripe along the back and a yellow stripe along the sides; they are covered
with whitish hairs, which spring from black and orange-yellow warts. The cater-
pillar is, however, very variable both as to depth of coloring and as to markings.
Close observations have failed to show that different food produces changes in the

246 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

coloration ; in fact nearly allthe various color varieties may be found upon the same
tree. The fall generation is, however, on the whole, darker, with browner hairs
than the spring generation.

As soon as the young caterpillars hatch they immediately go to work to spin a
small silken web for themselves, which by their united efforts soon grows large
enough to be noticed upon the trees. Under this protecting shelter they feed in
company, at first devouring only the green upper portions of the leaf and leaving
the veins and lower skin unmolested. As they increase in size they enlarge their
web by connecting it with the adjoining leaves and twigs; thus as they grad-
ualiy work downwards their web becomes quite bulky, and, as it is filled with brown
and skeletonized leaves and other discolored matter, as well as with their old skins,
it becomes quite an unpleasant feature in our public thoroughfares and parks. The
caterpillars always feed underneath these webs; but as soon as they approach ma-
turity, which requires about one month, they commence to scatter about, searching
for suitable places in which to spin their cocoons. If very numerous upon the same
tree the food supply gives out, and they are forced by hunger to leave their shelter-
ing homes before the usual time.

When the young caterpillars are forced to leave their webs they do not drop sud-
denly to the ground, but suspend themselves by a fine silken thread, by means of
which they easily recover the tree. Grown caterpillars, which measure 1.11 inches
in length, do not spin such a thread. Both old and young ones drop themselves to
the ground without spinning when disturbed or sorely pressed by hunger.

Pupaand cocoon.—Favorite recesses selected for pupation are the crevices in bark
and similar shelters above ground ; in some cases even the empty cocoons of other
moths.* The angles of tree-boxes, the rubbish collected around the base of trees
and other like shelters are employed for this purpose, while the second brood prefer
to bury themselves just under the surface of the ground, provided that the earth be
softenough for that purpose. The cocoon itself is thin and almost transparent, and
is composed of a slight web of silk intermixed with a few hairs, or mixed with sand
if made in the soil.

The pupa (Fig. 86, d and e) is of a very dark-brown color, smooth and polished,
and faintly punctate ; it is characterized by a swelling or bulging about the middle.
It is 0.60 inch long and 0,23 inch broad in the middle of its body, or where it bulges
a little all round.

The moth (Fig. 86, f).—The moths vary greatly, both in size and coloration. They

Fic. 87.—Hyphantria cunea : a-j, wings of a series of moths, showing the variations from the pure
white form to one profusely dotted with black and brown.

have, in consequence of such variation received many names, such as cunea Drury,
textor Harr., punctata Fitch, punctatissima Smith (Fig. 87). But there is no doubt, as
proven from frequent breeding of specimens, that all of these names apply to the

*We have known the substantial cocoon of Cerwra tobe used for this purpose.

THE FALL WEB-WORM 247

very same insect, or at most to slight varieties, and that Drury’s name gunea, having
priority, must be used for the species.

The most frequent form observed in the vicinity of Washington is white, witha
very slight fulvous shade; it has immacnlate wings, tawny-yellow front thighs, and
blackish feet; in some specimens the tawny thighs have a -large black spot, while
the shanks on the upper surface are rufous. In many all the thighs are tawny yel-
low, while in others they have scarcely any color. Some specimens (often reared
from the same lot of larvze) have two tolerably distinct spots on each front wing—
one at base of fork on the costal nerve and one just within the second furcation of
the median nerve. Other specimens, again, have their wings spotted all over and
approach the form punctatissima, described as the ‘‘ Many-spotted Ermine-moth” of
the Southern States. The wings of the moths expand from 1} inches to 13 inches.
The male moth, which is usually alittle smaller, has its antennz doubly feathered
beneath, and those of the female possess instead two rows of minute teeth.

The pupa state lasts from six to eight days for the summer brood, while the hiber-
nating brood, however, requires as many months, according to the latitude in which
they occur.

Injury done in 1836.—During the past year the city of Washington, as well as its
vicinity, was entirely overrun by the caterpillars. With the exception of trees and
plants the foliage of which was not agreeable to the taste of this insect, all vegeta-
tion suffered greatly. The appended list of trees, shrubs, and other plants, shows
that comparatively few kinds escaped entirely. The fine rows of shade trees which
grace all the streets and avenues appeared leafless, and covered with throngs of the
hairy worms. Excepting on the very tall trees, in which the highest branches
showed a few leaves too high for the caterpillars to reach, not a vestige of foliage
could be seen. The trees were not alone bare, but were still more disfigured by old
and new webs made by the caterpillars, in which bits of leaves and leaf-stems, as well
as the dried frass, had collected, producing a very unpleasant sight. The pavements
were also constantly covered with this unsightly frass, and the empty skins of the
various molts the caterpillars had to undergo were drifted about with every wind,
and collected in masses in corners and tree-boxes. The parks fared a little better.
Because of the great variety of trees planted there some escaped entirely, while
others showed the effect of the united efforts of so many hungry caterpillars, only in
a@ more or less severe degree. The grassy spots surrounding the different groups of
trees had also a protective influence, since the caterpillars do not like to travel over
grass, except when prompted by a tou ravenous hunger. The rapid increase of this
insect is materially assisted by the peculiar method of selecting shade trees for the
city. Each street has, in many cases, but one kind of shade tree; rows of them ex-
tend for miles, and the trees are planted so close together that their branches almost
interlace. Thus there is no obstacle at all for the rapid increase and distribution of
the caterpillars. If different kinds of trees had been planted, so as to alternate, less
trouble might be experienced. Plate xxxvi shows a view of Fourteenth street, taken
in late September, which illustrates this point ; the poplarson the west side being com-
pletely defoliated as far as the eye can reach, while the maples on the east are al-
most untouched.

As long as the caterpillars were young, and still small, the different communities
remained under cover of their webs, and only offended the eye. But as soon as they
reached maturity, and commenced to scatter—prompted by the desire to find suita-
ble places to spin their cocoons and transform to pupw—matters became more un-
pleasant, and complaints were heard from all those who had to pass such infested
trees. In many localities no one could walk without stepping upon caterpillars; they
dropped upon every one and every thing; they entered flower and vegetable gardens,
porches and verandas, and the house itself, and became, in fact, a general nuisance.

The chief damage done to vegetation was confined to the city itself, although the
caterpillars extended some distance into the surrounding country. There, however,

248 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

they were mere local, and almost entirely confined to certain trees, and mainly so to
the white poplar and the cottonwood. Along the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad
tracks these trees were defoliated as far as 5 miles from the Capitol. In George-
town the caterpillars were equally noxious, but in the adjoining forests but very few
webs could be seen. =

The proportionate injury to any given species of tree is to some extent a matter of
chance, and in some respects a year of great injury, as 1886, is not a good year to
study the preferences of a species, because when hard pressed for food the cater-
pillars will feed upon almost any plant, though it is questionable whether they can
mature and transform on those which they take to only under the influence of such
absolute necessity. Again, the preference shown for particular trees is more the re-
sult of the preference of the parent moth than of its progeny in a case of so general a
feeder as the Fall Web-worm. We had a very good illustration of this in Atlantic
City last autumn. The caterpillars were exceedingly abundant during autumn along
this portion of the Atlantic coast, especially on the trees above named. We studied
particularly their ways upon one tree that was totally defoliated by September 11.
The bulk of the caterpillars were then just through their last molt, though others
were of all ages illustrating different hatchings. There was an instinctive migration
of these larve of all sizes, and the strength of their food habits once acquired from
birth upon a particular tree was well illustrated. At first the worms passed over
various adjacent plants, like honeysuckles, roses, etc., the leaves of which they
freely devour if hatched upon them, but as the migrating swarm became pressed
with hunger they finally fell upon these, and even upon plants like the peach, and
ailanthus, which ordinarily are passed over. They would pounce upon any food,
and a rotten apple placed in their way was soon literally swarming with them and
sucked dry.

In a general way it may be stated that conifers, grapes, and most herbaceous plants
are free from their attacks, and it is very doubtful whether the species can mature
upon them.

The list of plants which follows is arranged according to the relative damage to
the foliage in the city of Washington. The three first named are most subject to at-
tack, and, in fact, are almost always defoliated.

Proportionate injury to different plants and shade trees.—The damage done in the
city of Washington was exceptional, but so was also the general damage throughout
the New England States, if not throughout the country. In New England the
greater prediiection which the species showed for poplar, cotton wood, and the ranker
growing willows was everywhere manifest, and so much was this the case that the
destruction of the first brood on these trees would have substantially lessened the
damage to other trees.

Plants marked 1 have lost from 75 to 100 per cent. of their foliage.

Plants marked 2 have lost from 50 to 45 per cent. of their foliage.

Plants marked 3 have lost from 25 to 50 per cent. of their foliage.

Plants marked 4 have lost from 0 to 25 per cent. of their foliage.

Plants marked with two figures have shown the relative immunity or injury indi-
cated by both, the variation being in individual trees.

1. Negundo aceroides Mench. (Box El- | 1-2. FraxinusamericanaL, (White Ash.)
der.) 1-2. Fraxinus excelsior L. (European
1. Populus alba L. (European White Ash.)
Poplar. ) . 1-2. Sambucus canadensis L. (Elder.)
1. Populus monilifera Aiton. (Cotton- | 1-2. Pyrus species. (Cultivated Pear and
wood. ) Apple.)
1-2. Populus balsamifera L. (Balsam | 1-2. Prunus avium and cerasus L. (Cher-
Poplar.) ries. )
1-2. Populus tremuloides Mich’x. (Amer- | 1-4. Syringa vulgaris L. (Lilac.)
can Aspen.) 1-4. Ilex spec. (Holly.)

THE FALL WEB-WORM. 249

2. Platanus occidentalis LL. (Sycamore.)
2. Salix species. (Willow.)
2. Tilia americana L. (American Lin-

, den.)
2. Tilia europea L. (European Lin- |
den. )
2. Populus dilatata Aiton. (Lombardy
Poplar.)

2. Ulmus americana L. (American | :

White Elm.)
2-3. Ulmus fulva Mich’x. (Slippery Elm.)
2-3. Prunus armeniaca L. (Apricot.)
2-3. Alnus maritima Muhl. (Alder.)
2-3. Betula alba L. (White Birch.)
2-3. Viburnum species. (Haw or Sloe.)
2-3. Lonicera species. (Honeysuckles.)
2-3. Prunusamericana Marsh. (Wild Red
Plum.)
2-3. Celtis occidentalis L. (Hackberry.)
2-3. Rosa species. (Rose.)
2-3. Gossypium album Ham. (Cotton.)
2-3. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. (Button
Bush.)
2-4. Convolvulus spec. (Morning Glory.)
2-4. Acer saccharinum Wang. (Sugar
Maple.)
2-4. Geranium species. (Geranium.)
3. Betula nigra L. (Red Birch.)
3. Tec ma radicans Juss. (Trumpet
Creeper.)
3. Symphoricarpus racemosus. Mich’x.
(Snow berry.)
3. Larix europea, Del. (European
Larch.)
2. Corylus americana Walt. (Hazel-
nut.)
3. Quercus alba L. (White Oak.)
3. Diospyros virginiana L. (Persim-
moun.)
3. Carya species. (Hickory.)
3. Juglans species. (Walnut.)
3. Wistaria sinensis Del. (Chinese Wis-
taria.)
3. Wistaria frutescens DC. (Native
Wistaria.
3. Amelanchier canadensis T. & G.
(Shad-bush. )
3. Crategus species. (Haw.)
3. Rubus species. (Blackberry.)
3. Spirea species. (Spirza.)
3. Ribes species. (Currant and Goose-
berry.)
3. Staphylea trifolia L. (Bladder Nut.)
3-4. Cydonia vulgaris Pers. (Quince.)
3-4. Asimina triloba Dun. (Papaw.)

| 3-4.

ih
—

3-4,

3-4.

3-4.
3-4,
3-4,
| 3-4.

Berberis canadensis Pursh. (Bar-
berry.)

Catalpa bignonioides Walt. (Indian
bean. )

. Catalpa speciosa Ward. (Bignonia.)
. Euonymus atropurpureus Jaeg. (Burn-

ing Bush.)

. Cupressus thyoides L. (White Cedar.)
. Juniperus virginiana L. (Red Cedar.)
. Cornus florida L. (Flowering Dog-

wood.)

. Cornus alternifoia L. (Alternate-

leaved Dogwood.)

. Carpinus americana Mich’x. (Horn-

beam. )

. Castanea americana Mich’x. (Amer-

ican Chestnut. )

. Castanea pumila Mich’x. (Chinqua-

pin.)

. Ostrya virginica Willd. (Hop Horn-

beam.)

. Quercus coccinea Wang. (Scarlet

Oak.)

. Quercus phellos L. (Willow Oak.)

. Quercus prinus L. (Chestnut Oak).
. Quercus rubra L. (Red Oak.)

. Diospyros kaki L. (Japan Persim-

mon.)

. Buxus sempervirens L. (Common

Box.)

. Hamamelis virginica L. (Witch Ha-

zel. )

. Sassafras officinale Ness. (Sassafras. )
. Cercis canadensis L. (Red Bud.)
. Hibiscus syriacus L. (Tree Hibis-

cus.)

. Rhamnus alnifolius L’Her. (Alder-

leaved Buckthorn. )

. Prunus virginiana L. (Choke-

Cherry.)

. Persica vulgaris Mill. (Peach.)
3-4,

Aisculus hippocastanum L. (Horse
Chestnut.)

. Paulownia imperialis Seeb. (Cigar

Tree.)

. Ailanthus glandulosus Daf. (Tree of

Heaven.)

. Maclura aurantiaca Nutt. (Osage

Orange.)
Ampelopsis quinquefolia. (Virginia
Creeper. )
Clematis species. (Clematis.)
Trifolium spec. (Clover.)
Helianthus spec. (Sunflower. )
Jasminum spec. (Jessamine. )

250 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

3-4. Ficuscarica L. (Fig.) 4. Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Tulip
4. Rhus cotinus L. (Smoke Tree.) Tree.)
4. Pinus spec. (Pine.) 4. Magnolia spec. (Magnolia. )
4. Taxus spec. (Yew.) 4. Chionanthus virginicus L. (Fringe
4. Nyssa multiflora Wang. (Sour Gum.) Tree.)
4, Fagus ferruginea Ait. (Beech.) 4. Ligustrum vulgare L. (Privet.)
4. Kalmiaspec. (Laurel.) 4. Aisculus flava, Ait. (Sweet Buck-
4. Khododendron spec. (Rhododendron. ) eye. )
4. Ricinus communis L. (Castor-oil 4. Aisculus glabra Willd. (Ohio Buck-
Plant.) eye.)
4. Liquidambar styraciflua L. (Sweet 4. Morusrubra L. (Red Mulberry.)
Gum.) 4. Zanthoxylum americanum M. (Prickly
4. Gleditschia triacanthos L. (Honey Ash. )
Locust. ) 4. Acer dasycarpum Ehrh. (White or
4. Gymnocladus canadensis, Lamb.(Ken- Silver Maple. )
tucky Coffee Tree. ) 4, Acer rubrum Wang. (Red Maple.)

4. Robina pseudacacia L. (Locust. )

Trees in the vicinity of the white poplar and cottonwood suffered most. Even
trees usually not injured, as, for instance, the sugar maple, are often badly defoliated
when in such contiguity.

This list contains a number of plants not usually injured by these caterpillars. In
some cases the injury was due to the fact that twigs containing the web, with its
occupants, had been pruned from the tree and thrown near plants, instead of being
at once burned or otherwise destroyed.

In other cases the injury is due to the peculiar position of the plant injured, i. e.,
under a tree infested by the caterpillars. These when fully grown commence to scat-
ter, and dropping upon the plants underneath the tree so defoliate it without act-
ually making their home upon it. The great unmber thus dropping from a large tree
will soon defoliate any smaller plant, even if each caterpillar takes but a mouthful
by way of trial. Thus holly, a plant not usually eaten by these insects, soon be-
comes denuded. Other plants unpalatable or even obnoxious to the caterpillars are
sometimes destroyed by the multitudes in their search for more suitable food.

Hungry caterpillars leaving a denuded tree in search or food wander in a straight
line to the next tree, sometimes a distance of 25 feet, showing that they possess some
keen sense to guide them. If such a tree offers unsuitable food, they still explore it
for a long time before deserting it. In this manner two columns of wandering cater-
pillars are formed, which frequently move in opposite directions.

Peculiar effect of defoliation upon some plants.—During the early part of October
many trees, mainly apple and pear, which had been entirely denuded of their foli-
age by the caterpillars, showed renewed activity of growth. Some had a few
scattered flowers upon them, others had one or two branches clothed with flowers,
while in some few cases the whole tree appeared white. It looked as if the trees were
covered with snow, since they lacked the green foliage usually seen with the blossoms
in spring. Some few flowers were also observed upon badly defoliated cherry-trees.
Even as late as the middle of November, owing perhaps also to the pleasantly warm
weather, some few flowers could be observed upon some imported plants belonging
to the genus Spirw@a and upon the Chinese red-apple. All these plants usually blossom
early inspring. The caterpillars having entirely defoliated the trees produced thus
an artificial period of rest, or winter, which was followed by unseasonable budding
and flowering. Such a result often follows summer denudation by any insect, and
we have referred to some remarkable cases in our previous writings.*

Enemies of the Web-Worm other than insects.—The caterpillars have compara-
tively few enemies belonging to the vertebrate animals. This is not owing to any
offensive odor or to any other means of defense, but is entirely due to their hairiness.

* See Eighth Report on the Insects of Missouri, p. 121.

THE FALL WEB-WORM. 251

Chickens, and even the omniverous ducks, do not eat them; if offered to the former
they pick at these morsels, but do not swallow them.

The English sparrow has, in this case at least, not proven of any assistance what-
ever. Indeed, as before stated, its introduction and multiplication has greatly
favored the increase of the worms.

The ‘‘ pellets” of a Screech-owl (Scops asio) found in the vicinity of Baltimore,
Md., and examined by Mr. Luggar, consisted apparently almost entirely of the hairs
of these caterpillars, proving that this useful bird has done good service.

Perhaps the statement may be of interest, that this little owl is getting much more
common in the vicinity of such cities in which the English sparrow has become
numerous, and that the imported birds will find in this owl as bold an enemy as the
Sparrow-hawk is to them in Europe, and even more dangerous, since its attacks are
made towards dusk, at a time when the sparrow has retired for the night and is not
as wide awake for ways and means to escape.

If our two cuckoos, the black-billed as well as the yellow-billed species, could be
induced to build their nests within the city limits or in our parks, we should gain in
them two very useful friends, since they feed upon hairy caterpillars.

The common toad (Bufo americana) has eaten great numbers of these caterpillars,
as shown by dissections made by Mr. Lugger, and it should be carefully protected
instead of being tormented or killed by boys or even grown people. The toad is
always a useful animal and ought to be introduced in all gardens and parks.

The following species of spiders were observed to eat the caterpillars, viz, Marpessa
undata Koch and Attus (Phydippus) tripunctatus. Neither species builds a web, but
obtains its prey by boldly leaping upon it; they are, in consequence of such habits,
frequently called tiger-spiders. The former was exceedingly common last year,
more so than for many previous years, thus plainly indicating that the species did
not suffer for lack of food. This species is usually found upon the trunks of trees,
and is there well protected by its color, which is like that of the bark. It hides in
depressions and cracks of the bark, and, jumping upon the passing game, or, cat-like,
approaching it from behind, it thrusts its poisonous fangs into the victim, which
soon dies and is sucked dry. The dttus has similar habits, but is still more cautious;
it usually hides under loose bark. Both spiders are wonderfully active, and kill large
numbers of caterpillars. Their large flat egg-masses can be found during the winter
under dead bark and in cracks. Both species hibernate in silken nests in similar
localities.

Predaceous insect enemies.—The caterpillars of this moth have quite a number of
external enemies, which slay large numbers of them. The well-known Rear-horse
(Mantis carolina, see Fig. 89) seems to be very fond of the caterpillars. The Wheel-
bug, Prionidus cristatus (Fig. 104), has proved to be one of our best friends in re-
ducing the numbers of the caterpillars. This insect was formerly by no means
very common in cities, but of late years it has greatly increased in numbers, and is
now a well-known feature in all our public parks and such streets as possess shade-
trees. Outside of the city it israrely met with; nor does it extend much farther
north than Washington. It is, like the Mantis, in all its stages a voracious feeder
upon insects, slaying alike beneficial and noxious ones. The bright red larve and
pupx, also carnivorous, are seen in numbers during the summer; they usually
remain together until hunger forces them to scatter. They assist each other in kill-
ing larger game, and are to this extent social. The Wheel-bug could be observed
almost anywhere last summer, usually motionless, stationed upon the trunk of trees,
waiting for the approach of an insect. If one comes near, it quite leisurely inserts
its very poisonous beak, and sucks the life-blood of its victim. When this becomes
empty it is hoisted up in the air, as if to facilitate the flow of blood, until eventually
it is thrown away as a mere shriveled skin. The appetite of the Wheel-bug is re-
markable, whenever chances offer to appease it to the fullest extent. Frequently,
however, times go hard with it, and notwithstanding it is very loath to change a posi-

252 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION,

tion once taken, it is sometimes forced to seek better hunting grounds, and takes to
its wings. The Wheel-bug has been observed to remain for days in the same ill-
chosen position, for instance upon the walls of a building, waiting patiently for
something to turnup. It is slow in all its motions, but withal very observant of

Fic. 89.— Mantis carolina: a, female; b, male.

everything occurring in its neighborhood, proving without doubt great acuteness of
senses. It does not seem to possess any enemies itself, and a glance at its armor
will indicate the reason for this unusual exemption.* During warm weather this.
bug possesses a good deal of very searching curiosity, and a thrust with its beak,
filled with poison, is very painful indeed. Boys call it the Blood-sucker, a misnomer,
since it does not suck human blood. The eggs are laid during the autumn in various
places, but chiefly upon smooth surfaces of the bark of tree-trunks, and frequently
in such a position as to be somewhat protected against rain by a projecting branch.
The female bug always selects places the color of which is like that of the eggs, so
they are not easy tosee, notwithstanding their large size.

Euschistus servus Say is another hemipterous insect that preys upon the caterpillar
of H. cunea, and in a similar manner to the Wheel-bug. It is a much smaller, but
is also a very useful insect.

Podisus spinosus Dall. (Fig. 90), in all its stages, was quite numerous during
the caterpillar plague. Its brightly-colored larve and pup (Fig. 91) were usually
found in small numbers together; but
as they grew older they become more
solitary in their habits. All stages of
this insect frequent the trunk and
branches of trees, and are here act-
ively engaged in feeding upon various
insects. As soon as one of the more

Fic. 90.—Podisus spi- mature larve or a pupa has impaled
nosus: a, enlarged its prey, the smaller ones crowd about
ates i aeinge Tight + obtain their share. But the lucky captor is by no means will-

and Airit ing to divide with the others, and he will frequently project his
beak forward, thus elevating the caterpillar into the air away from the others. The
habit of carrying their food in such a difficult position has perhaps been acquired

Fic. 91.—Podisus spino-
sus: a, pupa; b, larva, ec,
egg. After Riley.

>The eggs of the Wheel-bug are pierced, however, by a little egg-parasite—Zu-
pelmus reduviti Howard.

: THE FALL WEB-WORM. 253
simply to prevent others from sharing it. A wonderful strength is necessary to perform
such a feat, since the caterpillar is sometimes many times as heavy as the bug itself.
The greediness of this bug was well illustrated in the following observations: A pupa
of P. spinosus had impaled a caterpillar, and was actively engaged in sucking it dry;
meanwhile a Wheel-bug utilized a favorable opportunity and impaled the pupa, with-
out forcing the same to let go the caterpillar. The elasticity of the beak (Fig. 90a) of
these bugs must be very great; they can bend it in any direction, and yet keep it in
sucking operation. The poison contained in the beak must act very rapidly, since
caterpillars impaled by it squirm but for a very short time, and then become quiet.

True parasites of the Web-worm.—Telenomus bifidus Riley: Asingle egg of the moth
of H. textor is a very small affair, yet it is large enough to be a world for a little para-
site (Fig. 92), which undergoes all its transformations within it, and finds there all.

Fic. 92.—An egg-parasite: a, female; b, tip of fe-
male abdomen; c, female antenna; d, male antenna (all
greatly enlarged). After Riley.

the food and lodgment required for the short period of its life. In several instances
batches of eggs of this moth were parasitized, and instead of producing young catet-
pillars they brought forth the tiny insects of this species. The batches of parasitized
eggs were found July 27 upon the leaves of sunflower, and August 18 upon leaves of
willow; judging from these dates it was the second brood of moths that had deposited
them. Therecan be no doubt, however, that eggs produced by moths emerging from
their cocoons in early spring had been parasitized as well. The female Telenomus
was also observed, August 2, busily engaged in forcing its ovipositor into the eggs,
and depositing therein. The female insect is so very intent upon its work that it is
not easily disturbed, and one can pluck a leaf and apply a lens without scaring it
away. The eggs soon hatch inside the large egg of the moth, and the larve pro-
duced soon consume the contents. This egg-parasite is a very useful friend, nipping
the evil in the bud, so to speak.

Meteorus hyphantrie Riley.—This parasite (Fig. 93) has performed very good serv-
ices during the caterpillar plague, and has done much to check any further increase
of the Web-worm. During the earlier part of the summer this insect was not very
numerous, but sufficient proofs, in the form of empty cocoons, were observed to in-
dicate at least one earlier brood. Towards the end of September, and as late as the
“15th of October, very numerous cocoons of a second brood were formed; they could
be found in all situations to which the caterpillar itself had access. But the great
majority of them were suspended from the trunks and branches of trees, and chiefly
from near the base of the trunk. Each cocoon represents the death ef one nearly
full-grown caterpillar, since the latter harbors but one larva of the parasite.” A

= In only one instance the cocoon of his aractte was i rannd jase of its host.

254 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

careful watch was kept to see how such a suspended cocoon was formed, but in vain.
Once a larva had just started to make a cocoon, but it was prevented from finishing it
by a secondary parasite, and it died. Another larvahad already spun the rough out-
side cocoon, but became detached and dropped out of the lower orifice, and commenced
anewone. The larva, suspended by the mandibles, evidently spins at first loose, ir-
regular, horizontal loops around its body, until a loose cradle is formed. The silk
secreted for this purpose hardens very rapidly when exposed to the air. When
secure inside this cradle it lets go its hold with the mandibles, and finishes the soft.

Fie. 93.—Meteorus hyphantric : a, female; b, cocoon (enlarged). After Riley.

inside cocoon in the usual manner. If the larva has dropped to the ground it stil
makes an outer loose cocoon, but the silken threads are thicker and much more ir-
regular. In cocoons made during a high wiad the threads that suspend them are
much longer, reaching sometimes the length of 4 inches; the more normal length
varies from 1} to 2 inches.

To find out the length of time which this insect occupies in maturing inside the
cocoon, forty-four freshly-made cocoons were put in a glass jar. With a remarkable
regularity but ten days were consumed by the insect in changing from the larval to -
the winged form. The winged Meteorus issnes through a perfectly round hole at the
lower end of the cocoon by gnawing off and detaching a snugly-fitting cap. There
are several secondary parasites of the Meteorus which we may mention later, and they
always leave the cocoon of their host by smaller holes cut through the sides. Most
of the adults had issued by the 1st of November, but it is possible that some may re-
main in their cocoons until spring.

In order to obtain the proportion between the Meteorus raised from cocoons and its
parasites, i. e. secondary parasites of Hyphantria, 450 cocoons were confined in a
glass jar the latter part of September. Up to the first week in November only 70
specimens of Meteorus were bred from these cocoons, the rest giving out secondary
parasites, which continued to issue up to date of writing (December 20, 1886). Thus
only 16 per cent. of the cocoons produced the primary, while 84 per cent. produced
secondary parasites.

Apanteles hyphantrie Riley (Fig. 94).—This insect was about as numerous as the
Perilitus communis, and did equally good service in preventing a further increase of
the caterpillars. It appeared somewhat earlier in the season, and killed only half-
grown caterpillars. From the numerous old and empty cocoons in early summer it
was plainly seen that a first brood had been quite numerous, and that from these co-
coonus mainly Apanteles had been bred, and not, as during the autumn, mostly

THE FALL WEB-WORM. 255
secondary parasites. The white silky cocoon is formed almost under the middle of a
half.grown caterpillar, and is fastened securely to the object its host happened to rest
upon, and but slightly to the host itself, which is readily carried to the ground by
wind and rain, and can therefore only be found in position in the more sheltered
places, such as cracks and fissures of the bark of trees. But one Apanteles is found
in a caterpillar, so that each white cocoon indicates, like a tombstone, the death of a
victim. In some places, and notably upon the trunks of poplars, these cocoons were
so numerous as to attract attention; it seemed as if the trunk had been sprinkled
with whitewash. But notwithstanding such vast numbers, but two specimens of
the architects of these neat cocoons were raised; all the rest had been parasitized
by secondary parasites. It is barely possible, however, that some specimens may
hibernate in their cocooas, since numbers of them have as yet (December 20, 1886)

Fic. 94.—An Apanteles : a, female fly; b, outline of head of larva in posi-
tion to show the chitinized parts of the mouth, the mandibles not visible,
being withdrawn; c, one of its mandibles are seen within the head of a
mounted specimen; d, cocoon; e, joint of antenna—all enlarged: natural
size of a and din hair-line. After Riley.

not revealed any insects. The winged Apanteles leaves the cocoon by a perfectly
round oritice in the front by cutting off a little lid, which falls to the ground. Its
parasites, however, leave by small holes eut through the sides. These secondary
parasites were very common late in September and early in October, and busily en-
gaged in inserting their ovipositors through the tough cocoon into their victim
within. Itseems asif the cocoons formed early in the season were on an average a
little smaller than those formed later.

The cocoons of this Apanteles are of a uniform white color, but exceptionally a dis-
tinctly yellowish cocoon is found, From these yellow cocoons nothing has so far
been bred, but since, as we have elsewhere shown,* the color of the cocoon may vary
in the same species, it is probable that the variation here referred to is not specific.

Not quite one-half of 1 per cent. produced parasites of various kinds.

Limneria pallipes Provancher.—In addition to the two Hymenopterous parasites
treated of, a third one has been very numerous, and has done much good in reducing
the numbers of caterpillars. This, an Ichnenmonid and a much larger insect, does
not form an exposed cocoon like that of the otber parasites described. Yet a little

* Notes on North American Microgasters, p. 7 (author’s edition).

256 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION

attention will soon reveal large numbers of them. Upon the trunks of various
trees, but chiefly upon those of the poplars and sugar maples, small colonies of cater-
pillars, varying in numbers from four to twelve, couid be observed, which did not
show any sign of life. When removed from the tree they appeared contracted, all
of the same size, and pale or almost white. A closer inspection would reveal the
fact that the posterior portion of the caterpillar had shrunken away to almost noth-
ing, whilst the rest was somewhat inflated and covered with an unchanged but
bleached skin, retaining all the hairs in their normal position. Opening one of
these inflated skins, a long cylindrical, brown cocoon would be exposed; this is the
cocoon of the Zimneria under consideration. As numbers of such inflated skins
would always occur together, it was clearly seen that the same parent Limneria had
oviposited in all of them. Most of the cocoons were found in depressions of the rough
bark or other protected places. Single ones were but rarely met with. The
Hyphantria larva in dying had very securely fastened all its legs into the crevices of
the bark, so that neither wind nor rain could easily dislodgethem. Only half-grown
caterpillars had thus been killed. Many of these inflated skins showed in the early
part of October a large hole of exit in their posterior and dorsal ends, from which the
ichneumons had escaped. Trying to obtain winged specimens of this parasite one
hundred and forty of these cocoons—and only such as were vot perforated in any
way—were collected and put in a glass jar. Only a single female was produced
from all up to the time of writing, whilst very large numbers of secondary parasites,
issued from October 11 till the 20th of November, and doubtless others will appear
during the spring of 1887, because some of these inflated skins show as yet no holes
of exit.

Tachina sp. (Fig. 95.)—The parasites of H. cunea described so far all belong to the
order Hymenoptera, which furnishes the greatest number of them. But the fly now
to be described is fully as useful as any of the others.

Tachina-flies are very easily overlooked, because they resemble large house-flies
both in appearance and in flight, and their presence out of doors is not usually
noticed on that account. Yet they play a very im-
portant role, living as they do in their larval state
entirely in insects. During the caterpillar plague
such flies were often seen to dart repeatedly at an
intended victim, buzz about it, and quickly disappear.
If the caterpillar thus attacked was investigated,
from one to four yellowish-white, ovoid, polished,
and tough eggs would be found, usually fastened upon
its neck, or some spot where they could not readily be
reached. These eggs are glued so tightly to the skin
of the caterpillar that they can not easily be removed.

Fic. 95.—A Tachina-fly. Sometimes as many as seven eggs could be counted
upon a single caterpillar, showing a faulty instinct
of the fly or flies, because the victim is not large enough to furnish food for so
many voracious maggots. If the victim happens to be near a molt, it casts its
skin with the eggs and escapes a slow but sure death. But usually the eggs
hatch so soon that the small maggots have time to enter the body of the cater-
pillar where they soon reach their full growth, after which they force their way
through the skin and drop to the ground, into which they enter to shrink into a
brown, tun-like object (known technically as the coarctate pupa), which contains
the true pupa. The caterpillar, tormented by enemies feeding within it, stops feed-
ing and wanders about for a long time until it dies. As a rule, not more than two
maggots of this fly mature in their host, and generally but one. The caterpillar
attacked by a Tachina-fly is always éither fully grown or nearly so.

Tachina-flies abounded during the whole term of the prevalence of the caterpillars.

But it is impossible to state positively whether they were all bred from them or not,

ELM INSECTS. 257

since the many species of this genus of flies resemble each other so closely that a very
scrutinizing investigation would have been necessary to settle such a question. But
there is no doubt that they were very numerous during the summer. Some maggots
obtained from caterpillars kept for this purpose in breeding jars changed to the fly
in six days; others appeared in twenty three days, and still others, obtained at
about the same time, are still under ground, where they will hibernate. The mag-
gots of these flies do not, however, always enter the ground, as some were found
inside cocoons made by caterpillars among rubbish above ground.

31. Deiopeia bella (Linn).

This caterpillar is said by Messrs. H. Edwards and Elliott to feed on
‘the elm, as well as Prunus, Lespedeza, Myrica, and pods of Crocalaria.

Larva.—Head chestnut brown, smooth, shining. Ground color of the body deep
buff, without orange tint. Each segment hasa black transverse mark, deeply notched
before and behind, and edged broadly with white, having rather long hairs, those of
the dorsal region black, ofthe lateral white, mouth parts white, abdominal legs orange,
banded with black and white. The thoracic legs wholly black. Length 30™™ (.120
inch).

32. Smerinthus geminatus Say.

Besides occurring on the elm, this insect also feeds on the leaves of
the ash and willow, as well as the apple and plum.

Eqggs.—Globose, somewhat flattened, of a pale green color, about one-fifteenth of
an inch in diameter; they hatch in seven days.

Larva.—When first hatched it is about one-fifth of an inch long, of a pale green
color, and the caudal horn is fuscous. The mature larva is about two inches and
one-fourth long, of an apple-green color, somewhat lighter above, with pale green or
whitish granulations over the surface. The head hasa yellow stripe on each side, and
there are seven oblique stripes on each side of the body, of a pale yellow color, ex-
cept the last, which is bright yellow. There is also a stripe on the side of the for-
ward segments. The anal shield and plates are granulated, and of a darker green
than the rest of the upper surface, but of the same color as the under surface. The
caudal horn is slightly curved, of a violet color and granulated. (Fernald.)

Moth.—Expanse of wings, two and a half inches. The head and thorax are pale
gray, the latter with a rich dark brown triangular spot on the middle, which is
rounded in front and widened out behind. The abdomen and under side of the body
are brownish gray. The fore wings are gray with a faint rosy tint in some specimens.
The discal spot is whitish and bordered with dark brown, and a dark brown line
edged on the inside with whitish starts from the basal third of the costa at mght
angles with it, and runs about half way across the wing where it forms nearly a right
angle, and then runs across to the hinder margin. The lower part of this line is
wider and shades off on the outer side. A broad, dark brown, oblique stripe, start-
ing from this line, occupies the space between veins 2 and 3, and ends at a narrow,
somewhat wavy, pale band, which crosses the outer part of the wing, within which
is a darker shade band with a straight but still darker inner edge. Outside of the
pale band there are several indistinct, sinuous lines crossing the wing, a dark brown
spot just inside of the anal angle, a lunulate spot of the same color edged on the in-
side with white at the apex, and the outer border has a wide, dark brown shade from
the lunulate spot down to near the anal angle.

The hind wings are rosy red with gray costal and outer borders. There is a large
. black spot with two blue spots on it near the anal angle, and connected with it by
a narrow black stripe. Occasionally a third blue spot appears, on the black, and
sometimes there is but a single one, giving the variety jamaicensis, Drury, which
Rev. G. D. Hulst has bred from eggs laid by geminatus. The under side of the fore

5 ENT i

258 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

wings has the basal half rosy red, the entire costa and outer half gray, with the
markings of the upper side faintly reproduced. The under side of the hind wings 1s
gray and crossed by alternate bands of brown and whitish. The males have the
antenne strongly bipectinate. (Fernald.)

33. THE BAG-WORM.
Thyridopteryx ephemeraformis (Haw. ).

The following account is taken from Professor Riley’s bulletin on
shade-tree pests (No. 10, Div. of Ent., U. S. Dept., Agr.) :

Although this species was not particularly destructive to our shade-trees in 1886,
and in numbers greatly inferior to the Fall Web-worm and the Tussock-moth, yet in
1879 it was much more formidable, and at irregular intervals becomes a great pest
where not properly dealt with, especially in more southern States. For the past two
or three years it has been on the increase in special localities in Washington, and
should be carefully looked after. :

The eggs.—During winter-time the dependent sacs or bags of this species may
be seen hanging on the twigs of almost every kind of tree. If they happen to be on
coniferous trees, and they are usually more abundant on these than on deciduous
trees, they are not infrequently mistaken for the cones. In reality they are the
coverings spun by our worm, and they serve not only as a protection to it, but also
to the eggs. Upon cutting open the larger of these bags in winter-time they will be
found to contain the shell of a chrysalis (technically called the pupa), which is
filled with numerous small, yellow eggs (Fig. 96 e). Each of these is a little over 1
millimeter in length, obovate in form, and surrounded by a delicate, fawn-colored,
silky down. In this condition the eggs remain from fall throughout the winter and

_early spring.

Fic. 96.—Thyridopteryx ephemerceformis: a, larva; b, male chrysalis; c, female moth; d, male moth;
e, follicle and pupa cut open to show eggs; f, full grown larva with bag; g, young larve with
their conical upright coverings; all natural size. After Riley.

The larva and its bag.—About the middle of May in this latitude the eggs hatch
into small but active larve, which at once commence to construct a portable case
or bag in which to live. The way in which this bag is prepared is curious (Fig. 97).
The young larva crawls on a leaf and, gnawing little bits from the surface, fastens
these together with fine silk spun from its mouth. Continually adding to the mass,
the larva finally produces a narrow, elongate band, which is then fastened at both
ends onto the surface of the leaf by silky threads. Having secured itself from fall-
ing down by some threads, it now straddles this band and, bending its head down-

THE BAG-WORM. 259

ward (Fig. 97 6), makes a dive under it, turns a complete somersault and lies on its
back, held down by the band (Fig. 97 c). By a quick turning movement the larva
regains its feet, the band now extending across its neck (Fig. 97 d). It then adds to
the band at each end until the two ends meet, and they are then fastened together
so as to form a kind of narrow collar which encircles the neck of the worm. Far
from resting, it now busies itself by adding row after row to the anterior or lower
end of the collar, which thus rapidly grows in girth and is pushed further and further
over the maker (Fig. 97 e). The inside of this bag is now carefully lined with an
additional layer of silk, and the larva now marches off, carrying the bag in an up-
right position (Fig. 96 g and Fig. 97 f). When in motion or when feeding, the head
and thoracic segments protrude from the lower end of the bag, the rest of the body
being bent upward and held in this position by the bag. As the worms grow they
continue to increase the bags from the lower end and they gradually begin to use

oh
HL iy)
7A

SSS

Fic. 97.—Thyridopteryx ephemereformis. How the young larva prepares its bag. After Riley

larger pieces of leaves, or bits of twigs, or any other small objects for ornamenting
the outside, Thus the bags will differ according to the different kind of tree or shrub
upon which the larva happens to feed ; those found on coniferous trees being orna-
mented with the filiform pine leaves, usually arranged lengthwise on the bag, while
those on the various decidnous trees are more or less densely and irregularly covered
with bits of leaves interspersed with pieces of twigs. When kept in captivity the
worms are very fond of using bits of cork, straw, or paper, if such are offered to
them. When the bags, with the growth of the larva, get large and heavy, they are
no longer carried, but allowed to hang down (Fig. 96 f). The worms undergo four
molts, and at each of these periods they close up the mouth of their bags to remain
within until they have cast their skin and recovered from this effort. The old skin,
as well as the excrement, is pushed out through a passage which is kept open by the
worms at the extremity of the bag.

The young larva is of a nearly uniform brown color, but when more full-grown
that portion of the body which is covered by the bag is soft, of light-brown color
and reddish on the sides, while the head and the thoracic joints are horny and
mottled with dark-brown and white (Fig. 96 a). The numerous hooks with which
the small, fleshy prolegs on the middle and posterior part of the body are furnished
enable the worm to firmly cling to the silken lining of the bag, so that it can with
difficulty be pulled out.

The bag of the full-grown worm (Fig. 96 f) is elongate-oval in shape, its outlines
being more or less irregular on account of the irregularities in the ornamentation

260 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

above described. The silk itself is extremely tough and with difficulty pulled
asunder.

The larve are poor travelers during growth, and though, when in great numbers,
they must often wander from one branch to another, they rarely leave the tree upon
which they were born unless compelled to do so by hunger through the defohation of
the tree. When full-grown, however, they develop a greater activity, especially
when very numerous, and, letting themselves down by a fine silken thread, travel
fast enough across sidewalks or streets and often for a considerable distance until
they reach another tree, which they ascend. This migratory desire is instinctive ; for
should the worms remain on the same tree they would become so numerous as to
necessarily perish for want of food.

Pupation.—The bags of the worms which are to produce male moths attain rather
more than an inch in length, while those which produce females attain nearly double
this size. When ready to transform, the larve firmly secures the anterior end of the
bags to a twig or branch, and instinct leads it to reject for this purpose any deciduous
leaf or leaf-stem with which it would be blown down by the winds. The inside of
the bag is then strengthened with an additional lining of silk, and the change to
chrysalis is made with their heads always downward. The chrysalis is of a dark-
brown color, that of the male (Fig. 96, b) being only half the size of that of the female
(Fig. 96, e and Fig. 99, a).

The imago or perfect insect.—After a lapse of about three weeks from pupation a still
greater difference between the two sexes becomes apparant. The male chrysalis works
its way to the lower end of the bag and half way out of the opening at the extremity.

Fia. 98.—Thyridopteryx ephemerceformia: Fic. 99.—Thuridopteryx ephemereformis : b, The

a, Follicle cut open to show the manner in end of male abdomen from the side, showing gen-
which the female works from her puparium italia extended; c, genitalia in repose. ventral
aud reaches the end of the bag, natural view ; d, do., dorsal view enlarged. (After Riley)

size; b, female extracted from her case,
enlarged. (After Riley).

Then its skin bursts and the imago appears as a winged moth with a black, hairy body
and glassy wings (Fig. 96,d). It is swift of flight, and owing to itssmall size and
transparent wings, is rarely observed in nature. The life-duration of this sex is also
very short. The female imago is naked (save a ring of pubescence near the end of
the body of yellowish-white color), and entirely destitute of legs and wings (Fig. 96,
o, and Fig. 98, b), She pushes her way partly out of the chrysalis, her head reaching
to the lower end of the bag, where, without leaving the same, she awaits the approach
of the male. The manner in which the chrysalis shell is elongated and reaches to the
end of the bag is shown in Fig. 98, a, and an enlarged side view of the female showing

THE: BAG WORM. 261

the details of structure is shown at b, in the same figure. The extensility of the male
genitalia, which permits him to reach the feraale within her bag, is set forth in the
foregoing Fig. 99, where the parts aro shown at rest, c and d, and in action 6. Fer-
tilization being accomplished, the female works her way back within the chrysalis
skin and fills it with eggs, receding as she does so toward the lower end of the bag,
where, having completed the work of oviposition, she forces, with a last effort, her
shrunken body out of the opening, drops exhausted to the ground, and perishes,
When the female has withdrawn, the slit at the head of the puparium and the elastic
opening of the bag close again, and the eggs thus remain securely protected till they
are ready to hatch the ensuing spring.

Geographical distribution.—The Bag- worm occurs most frequently in the more south-
ern portion of the Middle States and in the Southern States, but seems to be absent
from the Peninsula of Florida. Within these limits it extends from the Atlantic to
Texas, and reaches the less timbered region west of the Mississippi. Northward, it is
Occasionally found in New York and even Massachusetts, but so rarely and locally
restricted that neither Dr. Harris nor Dr. Fitch mention it in their publications on
economic entomology. Wherever it occurs it prefers the gardens and parks within
or near the cities, being much less abundant in the woods remote from cities.

Food plants.—The Bag-worm is known to feed on a large number of trees and
shrubs, but has a predilection for certain kinds of coniferous trees, notably the red
cedar and arbor vitz, and as these evergreens are much less able to stand the loss
of their foliage than the deciduous trees, the worms are much more dangerous to the
former than to the latter. The hard maples are, as a rule, avoided by the worms,
and it is also quite noticeable that they are not particularly fond of oak leaves and
those of the Paulonias. The ailanthus trees are also generally exempt from their at-
tacks, either on account of the unpleasant taste of the leaves, or perhaps on account
of the compound nature of the leaves, the worms fastening their bags to the leaf
stems which fall to the ground in fall. With these exceptions,* the worms, when
sufficiently numerous, do great damage to most other kinds of trees used in our
cities as shade and park trees.

Remedies.—In the case of the Thyridopteryx, effective preventative work can be
done during the winter-time or when the trees are bare. _ The bags which contain the
hibernating eggs, and which are very easily detected, may then be gathered or pruned
and burned. This work may be so easily done that there is no excuse for the increase
of thisspecies. Where intelligent action is possible the bags were better collected and
heaped together in some open inclosure away from trees, rather than burned. By
this means most of the parasites will in time escape, while the young Bag-worms,
which will in time hatch and which have feeble traveling power, must needs perish
from inability to reach proper food.

Enemies.—The Bag-worm is so well protected in all its stages that no insectiv-
orous bird nor predaceous insect is known to attack it. In spite of the absence of
predaceous enemies, the Bag-worm suffers from the attacks of at least six true para-
sites, while two others, which may be primary but are probably secondary, are reared
from the bags. Three of these are Ichneumonids, viz: (1) Pimpla conquisitor Say
(Fig. 100); (2) Pimpla inquisitor Say, and (3) Hemiteles thyridopterigis Riley (Fig. 101).
Of these, the last-named is most abundantly bred, and we have always considered it
as the most important parasite of the Bag-worm. The past season, however, we have
ascertained that three species of the genus Hemiteles, viz: H. utilis, and two unde-
scribed species, are unquestionably secondary parasites, and this renders it quite
likely that H. thyridopterigis may also be secondary, or, in other words, a parasite of
one of the true parasites of the Bag-worm. It is a question, however, which only
the most careful study, with abundant material, can decide, as the law of unity of
habit in the same genus finds many exceptions in insect life. The other parasites
are as follows: (4) Chalcis ovata Say. This parasite is a very general feeder on Lepi-

*The China trees of our Southern cities are entirely exempt from the worms.

262 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

dopterous larvx, and we have bred it from seven widely different species. (5) Spilo-
chalcis marie (Riley). This species, while parasitic on Thyridopteryx, is more partial
to the large silk-spinning caterpillars, as we have reared it from the cocoons of
all of our large native Silk-worms. (6) Pteromalus sp. This undescribed Chalcid is

5
Fic. 100.—Pimpla conquisitor: a, larva; b, head of do. from front; c,
pupa; d, adult female (hair line indicating natural size); e, end of male
abdomen from above; f, same from the side—all enlarged. (After Riley.)

found very abundantly in the Bags, but may be a secondary parasite. (7) Dinocarsis
thyridopterygis Ashmead.* This parasite was bred from the bags in Florida by Mr.
William H. Ashmead, who believes it to be parasitic on the eggs. (8) Tachina sp.

b ae

Fic. 101.—Hemiteles thyridopterigis: a, male; b, female;
c, sack of bag-worm cut open, showing cocoons of parasite,
natural size. (After Riley.)

We have bred a large bluish Tachinid from the bags. Its eggs are commonly at
tached to the bags externally, near the neck, and the young larve, on hatching,
work their way into the case. They frequently fail, however, to reach the Bag-
worm.

34. THE WHITE-SPOTTED TUSSOCK-MOTH.
Orgyia leucostigma (Abbot and Smith).

The caterpillar of this moth is now and has been for some time a
most grievous pest in our cities. We have observed it on Boston
Common, where for years, as stated by the late Dr. Brewer, it has been
jnjurious to the elms, as well as the maples. Though the species ex-
tends from Maine and Canada to the Southern States, itis most abun-
dant in the New England and Middle States, and more common in

*Mr. Ashmead’s description (Canadian Entomologist, XVIII, No. 5, p. 97, May
(1886), shows that this species can not belong to Dinocarsis, as limited by Mayr.

THE WHITE-SPOTTED TUSSOCK MOTH. 263

towns, parks, gardens, and orchards than in forests. As this insect has
recently been studied by Professor Riley and his assistants, I repro-
duce their results:

The eggs.—During the month of June, and more especially late in fall and through-
out the winter, glistening white objects may be seen on the trunks and the larger
branches of trees, or in the corners of the fences near by, or on bunches of dead leaves
hanging on the tree (see Fig. 102 a). Upon examination these masses will be found
to be glued on to a cocoon of dirty gray color, and to consist of numerous perfectly
round, cream-white eggs, which are partly covered by a glistening white froth or

Fic. 102.—Orgyia leucostigma: a, female on cocoon; B, larva; c, female pupa; d, male pupa; e, male.
Riley del.

spittle-like matter. In one of these egg-masses which we received from Kansas we
have counted as many as 786 eggs, while from another mass we obtained upward
of 400 young caterpillars.

The young caterpillars scatter all over the tree soon after hatching. When dis-
turbed they make free use of a fine silken thread, which they spin, and by which
they let themselves down. The full-grown larvz are often seen to change quarters
and travel from one branch to another or from one tree to another. Their rather
quiet way of moving contrasts strongly with the nervous movements of the Fail
Web-worm.

In the latitude of St. Louis, Mo., and Washington, the eggs begin to hatch about
the middle of May, and the newly-born caterpillar, not quite 3 millimeters in length,
is of dull whitish-gray color, with the under side paler, the upper side being covered
with rather long hairs and tufts of a dark-brown color. In two days from hatching
small orange spots begin to appear along the back, and on the seventh day the first

Fic. 103.—Orgyia leucostigma: female caterpillar. Riley del.

molt takes place, to be followed at intervals of six days each by the second and third
molts. The changes that take place during this time in the appearance of the cater-
pillar are remarkable, and after the third molt it is a beautiful object and of striking
appearance (Fig. 103).

Larva.—The head and two little elevated spots situated on joints 9 and 10 are
bright vermilion red; the back is velvety black with two bright yellow subdorsal
lines, and another yellow line each side along the lower sides. The whole body is
thinly clothed with long pale-yellow hairs, originating from small wart-like eleva-
tions. Four cream-colored or white dense brushes of hair are in a row on the middle

264 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

of the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh dorsal joints, while from each side of the head
arises a long plume-like tuft of black hair projecting forward and outward. A simi-
lar plume projects upwards from the last dorsal joint. The hairs composing these
plumes are coarse, barbed, knobbed, and arranged in sets of unequal length, thus
giving the plumes a turbinate appearance.

Pupation.—Six days after the third molt a portion of the larv spin up; all these
produce male moths. The female caterpillars, which up to this time have been undis-
tinguishable from the male caterpillars, undergo a fourth (and, as it appears from
more recent experience, in some instances even a fifth) molt and acquire twice the
size of the male caterpillar. This last, when full grown, measures about twenty
millimeters in Jength. The cocoon spun by the male caterpillar is of whitish or yel-
lowish color and sufficiently thin to show the insect within. It consists of two layers,
the hairs of the tufts and brushes of the caterpillar being interwoven with the outer
layer. The female cocoon is correspondingly larger, of gray color, and much more
solid and denser than the male cocoon. The male chrysalis (Fig. 13 d), which is soon
formed within the cocoon, is of brownish color, sometimes whitish on the ventral
side, and covered on the back and sides with fine white hairs. The female chrysalis.
(Fig. 102 c) is much larger than the male, and otherwise differs, especially in lacking
the wing-sheaths and in having on the three first segments after the head transverse
flattened protuberances composed of scales, which are much less visible in the male.
The duration of the pupa state is less than a fortnight.

The imago.—The male (Fig 102 e) is a winged moth with feathery antenne and very
hairy forelegs. The general color is asay-gray, the front wings being crossed by un-
dulated bands of darker shade, with two black markings on the outer edge near the
tip and a white spot on the inner edge also near the tip. He may frequently be seen
sitting on the trunks of trees or on the shady side of houses, etc., as he rests during
the day and flies only after dusk, often being attracted by light. The female (Fig.
102 a) is totally different from the male in appearance and resembles a hairy worm
rather than a moth, since she possesses the merest rudiments of wings. She is ofa
pale gray color, the antenne being short and not feathered, the legs rather slender
and not covered with long hairs. She has consequently no power of flight, and is
barely able to walk. After working her way out of the chrysalis and cocoon she
takes her place on the outside of the latter, and patiently awaits the approach of the
male. Here she also deposits and protects her eggs in the manner already mentioned,
after which she drops exhausted to the ground and perishes. The white mass cover-
ing the eggs is at first viscous, but soon dries, becoming brittle, and is impervious
to water.

Hibernation.—The species hibernates normally in the egg state, but occasionally a
living chrysalis may be found in winter-time. On January 30, 1874, we received
from Mr. Hunter Nicholson, from Knoxville, Tenn., a newly-hatched female, and this
had, no doubt, prematurely issued from a hibernating chrysalis. This is, however,
quite exceptional, and the different climatic conditions to which the species is sub-
jected in its wide distribution do not seem to alter the normal mode of hibernation.

Number of annual generations,—In the latitude of Washington the species is two-
brooded, the imagos of the first generation appearing in the first part of June, those
of the second generation in September and October. On several occasions we have
found, however, that a portion of the caterpillars from one and the same batch of
eggs would be feeding while the rest had already transformed to imagos. The result
of this retardation and irregularity in development is that caterpillars may be found
continuously throughout the season from June till October, and that there is, conse-
quently, no distinct dividing line between the two generations. In the more northern
States the species is single-brooded, the caterpillars appearing in the months of July
and August.

Natural enemies and parasites.—The fact that the caterpillar makes no effort to
conceal itself shows that it enjoys immunity from enemies, and notably from birds.

ELM CATERPILLARS. 265

In fact, the American Yellow-billed Cuckoo, the Baltimore Oriole, and the Robin are
the only birds which have been observed to feed upon the larve. Predaceous insects
are also not particularly fond of this hairy caterpillar, the well-known Wheel-bug
(Prionidus cristatus, Fig. 104) and a few other Soldier-bugs being the only species
which occasionally suck its juices. Nocturnal birds, and especially bats, will, no
doubt, devour many of the male moths flying about after dusk, but the destruction

Fic. 104.—Prionidus cristatus: eggs, larve, and full-grown specimens. (After Glover).

of a portion of the males has no appreciable influence on the decrease of the worms
of the next generation. The egg-masses appear to be effectually protected by the
froth-like covering, as neither bird nor predaceons insect has been observed to destroy
them.

While the list of enemies that devour the species is thus small, that of the parasites
is fortunately quite large, and it is due to their influence that the caterpillars are
not permanently injurious. There are several true parasites of this insect. Fitch
described one species which he bred in considerable numbers from the larva, as
Trichogramma? orgyie, but a perusal of his account indicates plainly that this par-
asite is an Zulophus. He also described a closely-related insect as Trichogramma?
fraterna and gave it as a very probable parasite of Orgyia. There is, however, not
the slightest evidence of such parasitism and this insect must in future be excluded
from the list of parasites of the Orgyia larvez. We have reared from this insect
Pimpla inquisitor, and an undetermined Tachinid fly, and have had from the larva
the cocoons of a Microgaster which has not been reared to the imago. We have also
bred a true egg-parasite of the genus Telenomus, two distinct species of the genus
Pteromalus from the larve, and Mr. Lintner has sent us a specimen of a species of
Tetrastichus, which is probably parasitic upon one of the Pteromali.

35. Halesidota tessellaris Hb.

This beautiful insect, whether we consider the caterpillar or the moth,
is said by Harris to be very common throughout the United States on

266 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

the buttonwood or sycamore, but as it also occurs on the elm, oak, and
other forest trees, it may as well be described here.

I have found it on the sycamore at Providence, R. I., September 20
to 30. It spun a cocoon the 26th, but died in confinement. The cocoon
is oblong-oval, composed of the hairs interwoven with a very little
silk, and usually spun in crevices in fences, and under stones, ete.
The moth appears in New England after the middle of June. The
moth has an enormous geographical range, extending from Maine and
Canada to Brazil and Paraguay, Mr. Neumogen having specimens from
the latter country in his collection.

‘‘Larve of this species were found at St. Louis, Mo., September 14,
1870, feeding on oak and elm; also on elm at Springfield, Ll.; on
swamp oak at Selma, Ala., early in October. It is also found, accord-
ing to Smith and Abbot, feeding on leaves of beech, hornbeam, and
plane.

‘-The general color of some larve is quite yellow, but they become
dark after molting. By the 6th of October they generally commence
forming their cocoons, which as a rule are formed on the surface, though
occasionally they go into the ground tuo the depth of an inch.

‘‘The moth issues from about the last of April to the latter part of
June.

“Some of the larve are infested by Tachinids and numerous speci-
mens of a Microgaster.

“Two larve of this moth were found by E. A. Schwarz on swamp
oak at Selma, Ala. From one of these larve a Tachina emerged early
in October.”—(Riley’s unpublished notes.)

Larva.—Body of the shape usual in this genus; the hairsdelicate buff-yellow ; four
dorsal pencils in front, of light sienna brown, with two pairs of shorter lateral white
tufts; a pair of whitish tufts near the end of the body; head yellowish brown; a
row of lateral black spots above the base of the abdominal legs; length 30™™,

Moth.—Pale buft-yellow ; the fore wings more pointed than in most of the other
species, translucent and crossed by five broad irregular, slightly darker bands, edged
with fine dark lines; the third band is dislocated and only reaches from the costal
edge of the wing to the median vein, and includes a long sinuous discal line. The
large shoulder tippets are edged with bluish green, and the abdomen is ocherous-yel-
low. Expanse of wings 14 to 2 inches.

36. Datana contracta Walker.

The following notes are contributed by Professor Riley:

This insect has been found from the middie of August to October at St. Louis, Mo.,
feeding on the elm and oak. Those found on the oak appear to have generally
paler stripes than the elm-feeding form. The larv# enter the ground by the first of
October and commence issuing towards the end of June of the following year.—
(Unpublished notes. See also p. 151.)

Larva.—The general color is shiny black, with four yellow, longitudinal lines run-
ning on each side the whole length of the body. The ventral region is also black,
with three yellow longitudinal lines running its length, interrupted only by the pro-
legs; head as large as body and shiny black; cervical shield, feet, and abdominal
prolegs light brown, the latter having black extremities. The anal prolegs are very

=: “ELM CATERPILLARS. 267

small and blavk. It is sparsely covered with fine white hairs, which are longest near
the head and spiracles. When disturbed it throws up the head and tail, resting on
the prolegs. They are gregarious when young. Length, 2} inches.

37. Nerice bidentata Walker.

Fic. 105. Nerice bidentata, from Fic. 106. Nerice bidentata: a, moth; b, larva; ¢, pupa; d,
Packard. folded leaf inclosing the cocoon, all natural size; e, the egg,
enlarged, with outline of the surface pattern, much magni-

fied. C. L. Marlatt del.

I once found the larva on the elm at Providence fully grown Septem-
ber 3, but failed to describe it; it pupated September 6, and the moth
appeared in May of the following year. The pupa is rather thick, the
cremaster very blunt, with a long, slender, acute point bearing very
short curled sete, and divided at the end into two minute forks.
Length, 18™™,

We are indebted for the following notes and description of the larva
to Professor Riley :

Found September 16, 1869, at Bellville, on the common elm, a most singular cater-
pillar.

September 26, 1869, they all descended to the ground and formed their cocoons in
the same corner of the breeding cage. The cocoon is formed on the surface of the
earth, and consists of loose, yielding silk and earth.

It issued the following May 4, 1870. From a larva found feeding on the elm Au-
gust 26 the moth issued September 21. (Unpublished notes.)

Larva.—Length, 1.25 inches. General color, polished bluish green. Head nar-
rower above than below, and larger than segment 1; head of the same polished green
hue as the body, with four perpendicular silvery-green lines, the two outer ones run-
ning parallel to the triangular piece and then taking its Y-shaped form. A row—four
to six—of minute black eye-spots at base of palpi. Three thoracic segments pale sil-
very green above, interrupted, however, by a straight dorsal and wavy subdorsal
line of the dark bluish-green general color. Segments 4 to 11, inclusive, each with a
large anteriorly directed prominence ending in a bifid ridge, the incision being trans-
verse, the anterior portion being curved backwards and larger than the posterior
part, the two looking very much like the bill of an eagle and susceptible of being
opened and closed. Segments from 1 to 6 gradually increasing; 6 to9 about of a size,
or showing but a very slight decrease; 10 and 11 somewhat smaller and of a size,
though the prominence on 11 is more pointed and higher than that on 10. Steep de-
cline from 11 to anus, with but a very slight prominence on 12. The upper half of
the body, including prominences, is silvery-green, with the dark lines already men-
tioned on thoracic segments, and an oblique dark line running on the other segments
from anterior base of prominence to the posterior portion of the following segment.

268 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Summits of prominences yellowish, with extreme edgrs brown. Spiracles yellowish
with a lilaceous annulation. Thoracic segments with a lilaceous line, bordered above
with yellow immediately above the legs; segments 4 and 5 with a distinct, and the
rest of the segments each with an indistinct patch of the same two colors in a line
with it, frequently becoming confluent and forming another line from 10 to anal legs.

Since this report was sent to the printer Mr. C. L. Marlatt has pub-
lished in the Transactions of the twentieth and twenty-first annual
meetings of the Kansas Academy of Science (1887~88) an account of
the habits and transformations, with the above figures,* of this singu-
lar Notodontian. It appears to be double brooded, as the moths ap-
peared in Kansas from May to June, and the females deposited their
eggs at that time; a second brood of moths probably appearing about
the first of August, as the caterpillars become fully grown September
14-21. They spin cocoons of stout, brownish silk within folded leaves
(Fig. 106 d) or under some slight protection at the surface of the soil,
concealed by particles of earth.

Egg.—.9X.55™™. Shape hemispherical, with a broad flattened base, irregularly
encircled by a whitish cement, fastening it to the leaf. Surface shining, apparently
smooth, but when highly magnified is found to be covered with raised lines inclosing
minute polygonal, usually six-sided areas. .Color, honey-yellow; after hatching,
nearly white. (Marlatt.)

38. Seirodonta bilineata (Packard).

This insect was known by Dr. Harris to inhabit the elm as early as
1837, and as his descriptions were from life I reproduce them below.
The caterpillar is found from August until October. Professor French
has also described the larva found on the elm. (Can. Ent., xviii, 49.)
The larva which Harris (Ent. Corr., 302) found under a sycamore and
reared on sycamore leaves is evidently the young of Heterocampa uni-
color; September 16 it secured itself in a leaf, doubled and fastened
with bands of silk. :

Larva.—Body green like the following,t with a lateral white line approximating on
the fourth, third, second, and first segments and distant on the others; dorsal line
and tubercles as in the following. On the sides of the sixth and ninth segments a
triangular, claret-red spot. This caterpillar varies in having also a semi-circular red
spot on the top of the fourth segment, and sometimes the entire back between the
white lateral lines is claret red and angulated downwards on the sixth and ninth seg-
ments.

A young specimen found September 10, 1841, had the whole back deep claret red,
bounded on each side by an irregular, whitish line. The claret color was angularly
dilated on the sixth and ninth segments, and the tubercles on the fourth and eleventh
segments were also deep claret red. Length, three-fourths of an inch.

Moth.—Cinereous. Upper side of the palpi and end of the patagia dark. Fore
wings crossed by basal and outer waved and angulated lines, margined on each side
with blackish. The basal line is angular inwards on the internal nervure, is rounded
outwards across to the subcostal and acutely angulated on that nervure. Outer line
angulated outward on the internal, and waved and angulated to the costa. Between

*T am indebted to Prof. E, A. Popenoe for the use of this cut.
+The ‘‘ following” species is Notodonta (Gluphisia?) ulmi Harris MSS. PI. II, figs.
2and 3. These, however, appear to represent Lochmeus manteo (Het. subalbicans ).

THE UNICORN WORM. yAsys)

this line and the outer margin is a faint band. Between the two principal lines are
some black scales; a few black scales mark the obsolete discal spot. Towards the
apex on tLe costa are four dark spots. Hind wings smoky, a little discolored at the
internal angle, beneath concolorous. The female wants the few black scales bet ween
the two principal lines. Length of body, male, .70; female, .75; expanse of wings,
male, 1.50; female, 1.50 inch.

THE UNICORN WORM.
39. Schizura unicornis (Abbot and Smith).

The caterpillar of this moth, more commonly met with on the apple
tree, we have found September 6 on the elm at Brunswick, Me. At
about this date, Harris says, it makes its cocoon, which is thin and al-
most transparent, resembling parchment in texture, and covered gen-
erally with bits of leaves on the outside. The caterpillars remain in
their cocoons a long time previous to changing to chrysalids, and the
moth appears the following May and June.

This and the other species of the genus are doubtless protected from
the attacks of birds by their close resemblance to a dead, dry portion
or blotch on the edge of the leaf, as they usually feed on the edge.

The following observations have been made by Professor Riley :

The larva of the above species is found feeding on quite a number of different
plants, such as oak, elm, plum, apple, dogwood, alder, winterberry, rose, and black-
berry, also on hickory.

It is a very singularly shaped caterpillar. General color in sound specimens, rich
reddish-brown, in others grayish-brown, shaded with very minute spots of a darker
color, which give it a shagreened appearance. A faint line of a darker color runs
along each side from the third segment. It is variegated on the back with a lighter
color, somewhat in the shape of a letter -Z as one looks from the head, and two lines
forming a ¥Y start.

Larve found on blackberry were mostly very pale, with the white Y mark on
joints 9 and 10 very plain, with much glaucous color about the back, and with the
other shades of purple-brown, flesh-brown, olive and pale green, which are found on
the withering blackberry bushes, all present. The glaucous and brown colors are
especially noticed on the canes of this plant.

The insect is evidently two-brooded, those of the first brood spinning up at the
commencement of July, while larve of a second brood, often only about one-fourth
grown, are found as late as October 10. 3

The cocoon is very thin and looks much like parchment. It frequently draws a
few leaves together for this purpose, and changes to a chrysalis in about four days,
which is at first of the same color as was the caterpillar, the green segments being
distinctly visible, but soon changes to a shiny brown, with two points at the tail, and
one blunter one at the head. There are also slight elevations on the under part of
the abdomen where the prolegs of the caterpillar were.

The mimicry of the larva when on the blackberry, either stem or leaf, is perfect,
and the imitative resemblance of the moth, when at rest, to the bark of a tree is still
more striking. The moth always rests head downwards witb the legs all drawn to-
gether and its wings folded round the body, which is stretched out at an angle of
about 45 degrees, the dull gray coloring of the wings with the lichen-green and flesh
color giving the whole such a perfect appearance to a piece of rough bark that the
deception is perfect.

Some of the larve are, however, infested with Tachinids and with Ophion »urgator
Say. (Riley’s unpublished notes. )

270 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Larva.—Body much compressed; head not so wide as the body, compressed, flat-
tened in front, elevated towards the vertex, cleft, ending in two rounded conical tu-
bercles; pale rust-red, densely marbled with a fine net-work of darker lines. Body
pale rust-red, with a pale pea-green patch on the side of the second and third tho-
racic segments, not reaching to the anterior spiracle. First abdominal segment with
a large high acute conical tubercle, bearing at tip two very slender spreading brown
cylindrical tubercles. On fifth a slight hump, bearing two small warts; eighth seg-
ment bearing a rather large dorsal hump, supporting two dark warts; in front is a
broken \-shaped silver mark, the apex directed forward. Anal legs brown, held out,
with end of body, horizontally. Three lateral obscure oblique lines connecting with
a dark obscure lateral straight line placed some distance above the spiracles. Feet.
all rust-reddish, thoracic feet paler. Length 20™™, ,

Moth.—Fore wings light brown, with patches of greenish white and with wavy
dark brown lines, two of which inclose a small whitish space near the shoulders; a
short blackish mark near the middle; the tip and outer hind margin whitish, tinged
with red in the males; and near the outer hind angle there are one small white and
two black dashes; the hind wings of the male are dirty white, with a dusky spot on
the inner hind angle; those of the female are sometimes entirely dusky; the body is.
brownish, and there are two narrow black bands across the fore part of the thorax.
The wings expand from one inch and a quarter to one inch and a half, or nearly.
(Harris.) It differs from the other species of the genusin having on the thorax dark
transverse lines before and behind, with the internal angle of the hind wings dark.
In this genus the antenn are pectinated to the tip, the palpi are short; fore wings
rather broad, square at the apex, the outer margin hardly oblique, and the anal tuft
is bifid.

40. Lochmeus sp.

A notodontian described below occurred on the elm August 22. I
tried in vain to rear it; it began to make its cocoon September 20, but
died.

Larva.—Young. Body rather slender, somewhat compressed. Head rather large,
produced toward the apex, but not conical, green; on each side a white straight line.
edged in front with black. On first abdominal segment a pair of bright red
dorsal tubercles, third segment from the end of the body humped, the hump ending
in two rounded bead-like, reddish tubercles. Anal legs rather large, oblique, but not
strikingly so, and not held out straight as in N. unicornis. Body pale green, color of
the under side of the elm leaf. Three yellow dorsal lines, the median the narrowest,
on the abdomen. On thoracic segments a broad single white line, containing two.
parallel dark distinct purple thread-like lines; 2 to 4 small yellow warts on each
segment. Anal legs with a dark external line. Length 12™™.

41. Gluphisia trilineata Pack.

We have but a single eastern species of this genus to which possibly
the Gluphisia? ulmi of Harris’ ‘Correspondence (p. 302) belongs. It
is represented on his Pl. Il, Figs. 2-3. He states that the caterpillar
inhabits the American elm, occurring in August, September, and Octo-
ber. We add his description of the caterpillar, which, however, may
possibly be that of Zochmeus manteo, as Harris’ figure very closely
represents that caterpillar, though he undoubtedly bred this Gluphisia.
from the elm.

Larva.—Green, back paler. Head with a white lateral stripe edged before with ver-.
milion and black ; a reversed black Y on the front; side of the body with minute black
points and very short longitudinal lines. A white lateral line converging on the fourth

ELM CATERPILLARS. A |

segment before and diverging behind, and extending on each side to the tips of the
twelfth segment; on the fourth segment, between two orange-colored tubercles,
begins a white dorsal line, edged with green, which also extends to the tip of the
twelfth segment. The lateral lines on the first three segments are edged within or
above with pink or purple, and sometimes a narrow purple edge borders the lateral
line above to the end. On the eleventh segment are two very minute orange tuber-
cles, and a few very small yellow ones on the sides of the body. A yellow lateral
line just above the feet on the first three or four segments. Spiracles orange. The
minute tubercles on the fourth and eleventh segments emit each a black hair, and
the other tubercles small whitish hairs. Twelfth segment with the prolegs elevated
when the insect is at rest. (Harris.)

Moth.—Light cinereous, fore wings lighter than the thorax. Two transverse
darker lines, inclosing an obscure yellowish band. The first line straight, the second
oblique, with two large teeth pointing in ward, on the submedian interspace, and on
the fourth subcostal veinlet. A snbmarginal line twice bent, obtusely angulated in
the second median interspace, and on the subapical space. Wings dark at the base
and at the ends of the venules. Hind wings nearly white, not discolored. Beneath
uniformly pale ash. Expanse of wings 1.10 to 1.25 inches. This moth can be dis-
tinguished from other Notodontians by the uniform cinereous tinge, the three trans-
verse lines on the fore wings, the yellowish baud limited within by the straight line,
without by the oblique waved line; also by the plain outer half of the wing, inter-
rupted near the margin by the rather obscure twice waved darker line, and by the
plain hind wings.

42. DEILEPHILA LINEATA (Fabr.).

Plate III, fig. 3, larva.

The larva of this species occurred on the elm, according to Mr. Joseph
Bridgham, of Providence, who kindly presented me with the excellent
colored sketch on plate III. It also feeds on the leaves of the apple,
grape, plum, currant, gooseberry, buckwheat, turnip, watermelon,
chickweed (Stellaria), bitter dock (Rumex obtusifolius), evening prim-
rose ((Hnothera biennis), common purslane (Portulaca oleracea). From
this it will be seen that the larva, which is to be found in July, isa
general feeder. The moth appears in September. It ranges from
Maine and Canada to Mexico and the West Indies. The caterpillar is
infested by a tachina fly.

Larva.—About 3 inches long and quite variable. The most common form is of a
yellowish green color, with a row of prominent spots along each side, each spot con-
sisting of two curved black lines inclosing a crimson patch above and a pale yellow
line below, the whole being connected by a pale yellow stripe edged with biack. In
some instances these spots are disconnected, and the space bet ween the black crescents
is of a uniform cream color. The other form of the larva is black, with a yellow line
along the middle of the back and a double series of yellow spots and dots along the
side. Candal horn, yellowish orange towards.the extremity, and rough.

Pupa.—The pupa is light brown, the head-case compressed laterally and prominent;
tongue-case not apparent. (Clemens.)

Moth.—Body and fore wings olive brown, with three parallel white stripes along
each side of the thorax; fore wings with a buff stripe reaching from the base of the
hinder edge to the apex; the hinder edge of the wing narrowly edged with white,
and the veins marked with white; hind wings black, with a central reddish band in-
closing a whitish spot near the hinder margin; the outer margin is narrowly edged
with brownish, tinged with reddish ; wings white ; expanse of wings nearly 34 inches.

272 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.
43. Apatela grisea (Walker).

The caterpillar has been reared by Mr. Elliot from the elm.

Larva after third molt.—Pale apple green, the dorsal region elevated into a ridge
and marked with a broken brown dorsal line, broadest on segments 2, 3, 8, 9, and 10;
the brown patch on 2 with cream-colored edges; head pale green in center, brownish
on the sides, with paler marblings. Segments 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 12 have small raised
tubercles bearing spines, and on second segment bunches of long hairs. Lateral
region wholly pale green with whitish irrorations. Spiracles cream color, edged
with black. Thoracic and abdominal legs concolorous. Length 15™™ (,.60 inch).

Full-grown larva.—Head dull chestnut brown, with some darker markings; body
wholly yellowish green with a slight brownish tint. On segments 7 and 8 is a broad
brown triangular patch, the mark being continued, slightly reduced in size, to the
anal segment. Each of the segments bears brownish tubercles, with short, spinous
hairs; those of No. 5 have six tubercles, those of 8 and 9 three each, and the rest
only two; there is a faint subdorsal brownish line broken up into patches; the spira-
cles are brown, with redder brown patches above and below them.. When at rest seg-
ments 3,4, 5, and 6 are very much elevated into a hump. Ail the tubercles bear
short, sharp hairs, and there is also a series along the lower lateral region. Length,
when at rest, 25™™; when feeding, 32™™ (1.28 inches). (Hy. Edwards & Elliott.)

Moth.—Cinereous; abdomen and hind wings white. Fore wings rather short and
broad, hardly oblique along the exterior border, with two irregular black discal
ringlets, with a widely interrupted black stripe, and with two black bands, each of
which forms a distinct KX, where it traverses the stripe; interior band undulating,

interrupted; exterior band zigzag; expanse of wings 14 to 16 lines. (Walker.)

44. Apatela morula Grote & Robinson.

Mr. R. Thaxter has found the eggs of this moth on theelm. They
hatched July 12. The larva molts six times, the sixth time August 2.
With the last molt there is a change of color and with this a change
of habits, for the caterpillar instead of resting on the upper surface of
the leaves, on which it spins a slight web, as in the preceding stages,
betakes itself to the crevices of the bark, where it becomes almost invis-
ible.

The cocoon is spun under loose bark or in the crevices, and can often
be found on the trunks of old elms, though the moth is somewhat rare.
The present brood began to spin August 9, producing a single imago
in confinement September 7; the moth usually appears in June and
July. A larva also occurred on the linden September 15. ‘In their
early stages the larve of A. morula, furcifera, radcliffii, and clarescens
can hardly be distinguished at a glance, and all except the last species
produce striking changes of color after the last molt.” (Papilio, iii, 13.)

Eggs.—Very small, much flattened, whitish.

Young larva.—Dirty greenish white, without marks; a few white hairs, a subdor-
sal row black, head tinged with brown.

After first molt.—July 15. Light green; legs and setiferous tubercles white; a
subdorsal white band; a few anterior and posterior hairs very long. Head light green
with a few longitudinal dark streaks. Length, 2.5™™,

After second molt.—July 19. Brighter green. Subdorsal band more distinct, inter-
rupted on segments 1 and 10. A transverse median dorsal red band on segments 4,

7,11. Form more tapering abruptly anteriorly and gradually posteriorly from seg-
ments3and 4. Length, 6™™,

ELM CATERPILLARS. 2%3

After third molt.—July 22. Clear light pea-green. A subdorsal yellow band
growing faint on segments9 and10. A conspicuous mottled, dark red brown dorsal
patch on segments 4, 7,11, edged posteriorly and externally with yellow. A fine lat-
eral white line. Two small dorsal reddish patches on segment 1. Setiferous tuber-
cles yellowish, bearing a few long whitish hairs, Head green anteriorly, mottled
reddish posteriorly. Legs and prolegs green. Length, 10™™.

After fourth molt.—July 26. Dark yellow green above, blue green below; colors
brighter than in the preceding stage. Lateral line broken and inconspicuous; other-
wise as in the preceding stage. Length, 18™™.

After fifth molt.—Colors more intense, the yellow and red of the dorsal spots con-
trastingstrongly. In a few specimens segment 8 has in all the above stages a dorsal
spot less conspicuous than the rest; otherwise as in fifth stage. Larva, 30™™,

After sixth molt, larva full fed.—General color mottled-brown and greenish Nike the
bark. A dorsal black band contracted between each segment, containing a central
dorsal white line. On segments 4, 7, 8 this band forms a transverse dorsal hump,
edged with deep black and set witha few short white hairs. Above and below the
stigmata are white setiferous tubercles bearing whitish hairs. Segments, 1, 2, and
3 are set with tubercles bearing longer hairs than the others, which are directed
anteriorly. A diagonal black mark suffused on segments 1, 2, 3 runs superiorly and
posteriorly just above the stigmata. The latter black ringed with white. Head black
anteriorly, dull carmine or orange posteriorly, with a central, arrow-shaped light-
brownish mark, and with several lateral whitish streaks. Legs greenish ; prolegs
black. Beneath dirty greenish. Length, 50™™ (2.00 inches). (Thaxter).

Moth.—Fore wings pale gray, the marks and lines with olivaceous shadings.
An elongate narrow black streak along the median nervure, extending to the
outer line of the transverse anterior and heavily shaded beneath with olivaceous.
Transverse anterior line geminate, the lines wide apart on the costa, olivaceous, the
inner marked with black scales along its middle. Orbicular spot small olivaceous.
Reniform spot greenish ocherous. Hind wings smoky gray. Expanse of wings 44™™
{1.76 inch). A little smailer than A. lobelie and paler colored. Easily distinguished
by its ocherous olivaceous shadings, and by the absence of the black dash on the
disk which connects the ordinary spots in A. lobeliw. (Grote.)

45. Apatela vinnula Grote.
According to Mr. Thaxter this species feeds on the elm.
46. Apatela ulmi Harris.

This species was reared by Dr. Harris. It becomes fully fed by the
middle of September in northern New England, and spins a tough
cocoon, the moth appearing the second week in June (Harris’s Corr.).
We have found it on the elm September 15, in Maine.

Larve.—Head large, as wide as the body; black, with a deep red patch on each side of
the vertex above; clypeus with a Y-shaped white spot; between the forks of the Y a
white line leading to the white labrum; basal joint of antennz white, rest jet black.
Body thick, with three fleshy, black, conspicuous transverse dorsal humps, one on
first, sixth, and eighth segments. From the eighth segment a black median dorsal
line extends to end of body; in front a white-gray median line extends to head, and
is edged broadly with black; four unequal whitish warts on each side of each seg-
ment; from them stand out on each side long white hairs, nearly as long as the body
is thick. From each uppermost tubercle only short hairs radiate. The top and
sides of the body also rough with short white thick hairs. Thoracic feet black;
abdominal ones, pale flesh-colored. Anal legs striped slightly and irregularly on the
outside. Behind the head on thoracic segments and on the tail a few erect long
white hairs. Length, 32™™.

5 ENT 18

974 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.
47. Geometrid caterpillar.

This span worm, which exactly resembles a small twig of the elm,
occurred at Brenswick, Me., August 20. It did not complete its
transformations, as a small Ichneumon came out of the end of the
body.

Larva.—Body cylindrical, smooth, slightly wrinkled. Head cleft, but the lateral
tubercles are not very high, subacute, quite regularly conical. Prothoracic segment
slightly wider than the head; square in front, edge touched with light dull white.
Fifth abdominal segment with two conspicuous rounded conical tubercles concolor-
ous with the body, which is reddish brown—just the tint of a small elm twig. Penult-
imate segment a little humped and rough and dark. Supra-anal plate triangular,
rather acute; surface rather rough, a little granulated. Anal legs very broad and
rather short and with the dorsal spines rather broad; hind edge of legs and spines
edged with fine set like a fringe. Front part of each abdominal segment lighter,
being marbled or speckled with dark on a somewhat lilac ground, but these patches
are scarcely well enough marked to give the body a checkered appearance. Full-
fed, August 20 to 25. Length, 25™™.

48. THE GOLDSMITH BEETLE.
Cotalpa lanigera Linn.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family SCARABZIDA.

This beetle is nearly an inch in length, bright yellow above, with a
golden metallic luster on the head and thorax, while the under side of
the body is copper-colored, and densely covered with white hairs.

Dr. Harris says that it is very common, remarking that it begins to
appear in Massachusetts about the middle of May, and continues
generally till the 20th of June. “In the morning and evening twilight
they come forth from their retreats, and fly about with a humming

and rustling sound among the
branches of trees, the tender
; leaves of which they devour.
Pear trees are particularly sub-
ject to their attacks, but the
elm, hickory, poplar, oak, and
probably also other kinds of
trees, are frequented and in-
jured by them.” Dr. Lockwood
has found it on the white pop-
Fig. 107.—The Goldsmith beetle and larva. lar of Europe, the Sweet-gum,
and has seen it eating the Law-
ton blackberry. He adds that the larve of these insects are not
known; probably they live in the ground upon the roots of plants.

It has remained for the Rev. Dr. S. Lockwood to discover that the
grub or larva of this pretty beetle in New Jersey devastates straw-
berry beds, the larva feeding upon the roots, in the same manner as
the May beetle. His account was first published in the American

THE GOLDSMITH BEETLE. 275

Naturalist (vol. ii, pp. 186, 441). He says that in the month of May in
the ordinary culture of his garden the spade has turned up this beetle
generally in company with the May beetle. He found that some of
the larve, as in the case of the May beetle, assume the adult beetle
state in October and remain under ground for seven months before
appearing in the spring.

Larva.—The larve (fig. 107) he describes as ‘‘ whitish grubs, about one inch and
three-quarters long and over half an inch thick, with a yellowish-brown scale on the
part corresponding to the thorax.” I may add that it so nearly resembles the young
of the May beetle that it requires a close examination to tell them apart. The pro-
portions of the two are much the same; if anything the Cotalpa is slightly shorter
and thicker, and its body is covered with short, stiff hair, especially at the end, while
in the May beetle the hairs are much finer, sparse, and the skin is consequently
shiny. They also differ in the head being fuller, more rounded in Cotalpa, the cly-
peus shorter and very convex, while in the May beetle it is flattened. The upper lip
(labrum) is in Cotalpa longer, more rounded in front and narrower at the base, and
full convex on the surface, while in the young May beetle it is flat. The antennz
are longer and larger in the goldsmith beetle, the second joint a little over half as
long as the third, while in the May beetle grub it is nearly three-quarters as long ;
the third joint is much longer than in the latter grub, while the fourth and fifth are
of the same relative length as in the May beetle, but much thicker. The jaws (man-
dibles) are much alike in both, but not quite so acute in the Cotalpa as in the other,
nor are the inner teeth so prominent. The maxilla is much longér and with stouter
Spines, and the palpi are longer and slenderer in the grub of Cotalpa than in the
other, though the joints have the same relative proportion in each; the basal joint
is nearly twice as long as in the May beetle. The under lip (labium) is throughout
much longer, and the palpi, though two-jointed in each, are much longer and slen-
derer in the grub of Cotalpa than in that of the May beetle. The feet are much
jarger and more hairy in the Cotalpa. Both larve are about an inch and a half long,
and a third (.35) of an inch thick at the widest part.

As regards the number of years in the life of this insect, Dr. Lock-
wood remarks:

When collecting the larve in May I often observed in the same places grubs of the
Cotalpa of at least four distinct ages, each representing a year in the life of the
insect, judging from Renny’s figures of the larve of the English cockchafer, or dor-
beetle (Melolontha vulgaris). But the cockchafer becomes an imago in January or
February, and comes forth into active life in May, just four years from the deposit of
the egg. Supposing our Cotalpa to take on the imago form in autumn, and to spend
its life from that time to the next May in the ground, it would be five years old when
it makes its début as an arboreal insect.

It is possible that Dr. Lockwood may be in error regarding the age
of this beetle, as M. T. Reiset says in France this insect is three years
in arriving at its perfect beetle state. The following remarks on the
habits of the European chafer may aid observers in this country in
studying the habits of our native species. M. Reiset says (see ‘ Cos-
mos ” as translated in the American Naturalist, vol. ii, p. 209) :

This beetle in the spring of 1865 defoliated the oaks and other trees, while immense
nunibers of their larvez in the succeeding year, 1866, devoured to a fearful extent the
roots of garden vegetables, etc., at a loss to the department of the lower Seine of

over five millions of dollars. This insect is three years in arriving at its perfect
beetle state. The larve, hatched from eggs laid by the beetles which appeared in

276 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

such numbers in 1865, passed a second winter, that of 1867, at a mean depth in the
soil of forty-one bundredths of a meter, or nearly a foot and a half. The thermome-
ter placed in the ground (which was covered with snow), at this mean depth, never
rose to 32° F. as minimum. Thus the larve survived after being perfectly frozen
(probably most subterranean lary are thus frozen, and thaw out in the spring at
the approach of warm weather). In June, 1867, the grubs having become full fed,
made their way upwards to a mean distance of about thirteen inches below the sur-
face, where, in less than two months, they all changed to the pupa state, and in
October and November the perfect beetle appeared. The beetles, however, hibernate,
remaining below the surface for a period of five or six months and appearing in April
and May. The immature larve, warned by the approaching cold, began to migrate
deep down in the soil in October, when the temperature of the earth was ten degrees
above zero. As soon as the snow melted they gradually rose towards the surface.

As regards the time and mode of laying the eggs, we quote from
Dr. Lockwood as follows :

On the evening of the 13th June last we caught in the drug store, Keyport,
whither they were attracted by the profusion of light, four Cotalpas, representing
both sexes. These were taken home and well cared for. On the 16th a pair coupled.
A jar of earth was at once provided and the beetles placed on top of the dirt. In
the evening the female burrowed and disappeared. Near midnight she had not
returned to the surface; next morning she had re-appeared. The earth was then
very carefully taken from the jar, and, as removed, was inspected with a glass of
wide field but low power. Fourteen eggs were found, not laid (as we expected) in
one spot or group, but singly and at different depths. I wassurprised at their great
size. Laid lengthwise, end touching end, two eggs measured very nearly three-six-
teenths of an inch. They were like white wax, semi-translucent; in form, long-
ovoid and perfectly symmetrical. On the 13th of July one had hatched; the grub
was well formed and very lively. Its dimensions were abont five-sixteenths of an
inch in length and about three-thirtieths of an inch in thickness. It was a dull
white, the head plate precisely that dull yellow seen in the adult grub, the legs the
same color, and the extremity of the abdomen lead color, the skin being transparent.
For food a sod of white clover (Trifolium repens) was given them, roots downward,
knowing that the young larve# would come upward to eat. They were then left
undisturbed until August 19, when the sod was removed, and it was found that
the grubs had eaten into it, thus making little oval chambers, which were enlarged
as the eating went on. They were carefully picked out and a fresh sod of grass and
clover supplied. They had now grown five-eighths of an inch in length, preserving
the same colors.

It is quite possible that a few of the eggs escaped me in the search. I am of
opinion, however, that from fifteen to twenty is the average number laid by one
beetle. In short, the insect lays her eggs in the night, probably not more than
twenty. The hatching of these required in the present instance twenty-seven
days. It must be remembered that a large portion of this time was remarkably
cold and wet. It is almost certain that with favorable thermal conditions this might
be iessened fully seven days.

49. Graptodera carinata (Germ.).

Regarding the habits of this beetle, Mr. W. L. Devereaux writes us
as follows :

I do not remember taking any of Graptodera chalybea on the elm except when the
tree was a supporter of a grapevine or else in close proximity to one. There is a

Graptodera occurring quite plentifully on elm foliage, however. It is of a greenish
hue. I deem it G. carinata.

ELM-TREE APHIDES. 204

50. THE COCK’s-COMB ELM GALL-LOUSE.
Colopha ulmicola (Fitch).
Order HEMIPTERA ; family APHID.

The following account is taken from Professor Riley’s Notes on the
Aphidide of the United States, published in Vol. V of the Bull. U.S.
Geol. and Geog. Survey:

Forming cock’s-comb-like galls on the upper surface of the leaves of Ulmus ameri-
cana, the galls appearing with the opening of the leaves, and turning brown and
black in late summer. <A very common gall, which may be called the Cock’s-comb
Elm Gall, being found on the White Elm, and particularly on young trees. It was
well described by Fitch as an ‘‘ excresence or follicle like a cock’s comb, arising ab-
ruptly on the upper side of the leaves, usually 1 inch long and one-fourth of an inch
high, compressed, its sides wrinkled perpendicularly and its summit irregularly
gashed and toothed ; of a paler green color than the leaf and more or less red on the
side exposed to the sun ; opening on the under side of the leaf by a long slit-like ori-
fice; inside wrinkled perpendicularly into deep plates.” There are several genera-
tions and the sexual individuals are mouthless. I have not been able to prove abso-
lutely that there are two broods of the gall-making female, and my observations all
tend to the conclusion that no galls are formed except by the stem-mother that hatches
from the impregnated egg. There is a link wanting between the third generation
and the mouthless sexual individuals, but I am inclined to think that the third gen-
eration will be found to have a different habit, possibly feeding upon some other part
of the tree, without forming galls, and producing in time the true sexual individuals.

51. THE WOOLY ELM-TREE LOUSE.
Schizoneura rileyi Thomas; Eriosoma ulmi (Riley).
Order HEMIPTERA; family APHID®.

Clustering on the limbs and trunks of the white elm, causing a knotty unnatural
growth of the wood; small aphides covered with an intense white wool-like sub-
stance, the limbs at a distance appearing like snow. (Riley).

In Illinois and Missouri, late in May and in June, the white elms in
the larger cities are apt to become infested with these conspicuous and
curious insects. Riley finds that by washing with a weak solution of
cresylic acid soap they will be instantly killed.

The adult is dark blue, the wings clear, three times as long as wide, and more
pointed at the ends than in Z. pyri. Costal and subcostal veins, and that bounding
the stigma behind, robust and black. Discoidal veins, together with the third forked
and stigmal veins, all slender and black, the forked vein being as distinct at its base
as are the others, with the fork but one-third as long as the vein itself and curved in
an opposite direction to the stigmal vein. Antenne 6-jointed and of the same color
as the body; joints 1,2,4,5,and 6 of about equal length; joint 3 thrice as long as
either. Legs of the same color as the body. Length to tip of closed wings, exclu-
sive of antenne, .12 inch.

The young lice are narrower and usually lighter colored than the adults, varying
from flesh to various shades of blue and purple.

52. Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathvon.

Mr. B. P. Mann reports (Pysche iv, 224) that he received from Au-
burn, N. Y., twigs of the elm bearing several mature specimens, with

278 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

fully developed nests, from which the larve have since hatched 1n great
numbers. It had previously been found on the elm by Professor Riley.

‘‘ Finding an elm at Normal seriously infested by tkis louse, and ap-
parently upon the point of death from the effects upon its foliage, I
tried the experiment of applying pyrethrum for the destruction of the
insect. A large branch was dusted with a mixture of one part of
pyrethrum to ten of flour, at 9.30 a. m., July 4, and soon after the lice
began falling from the twigs. At 6 p. m. only a few remained, and by
8 a.m. of the second day thereafter all had fallen off and were lying
dead upon the table. Spraying the foliage of these trees with water in
which pyrethrum was suspended in the proportion of about a table-
spoonful to a gallon of water would, consequently, in all probability,
destroy the lice, or at least so effectually check their multiplication as
to prevent injury to the trees.” (Forbes).

53. CALLIPTERUS ULMIFOLII Thos,

Occurring on the under side of the leaves of the American elm in May and June in
Illinois. Closely allied to the European C. quercus, which has also four dorsal tuber-
cles.

Apterous individuals.—Tubercular, with capitate hairs, which disappear when the
insect becomes winged.

Winged individuals.—Antenne as long as the body; third, fourth, and sometimes
the fifth joint slightly dusky at apex ; apical joint a very little longer or shorter than
the sixth. Wings hyaline, all of the veins, and especially the stigmal vein, subhya-
line. Dorsum with four long spine-like tubercles on its basal portion, and with vari-
ous shorter tubercles on the apical portion. Length, 1.77™™ ; to tip of wings, 3.04™2,
(Thomas, 3d Rep. Ins. Illinois.)

54. THE ELM CALLIPTERUS.
Callipterus ulmicola Thos.

Winged specitmen.—Wings exceedingly delicate and transparent, appearing as &
mere film, even the veins scarcely visible with a common pocket magnifier. When
seen through a strong microscrope the latter are pale transparent yellowish; the
subcostal much the largest and nearly parallel with the costa, bending slightly in-
ward at the insertion of the first branch vein, which is farther from the base of the
wing and nearer the stigma than usual; it also makes a sharp curve forward toward
the costa at the base of the stigma; the second vein rises about the base of the
stigma; it and the first vein Loth curve somewhat strongly outward (toward the
apex of the wing) at base; third vein, which is twice forked, arises apparently from
the stigma, but is obsolete or nearly so at the immediate base. The fourth vein is
nearly obsolete. When seen under a strong microscope it is represented by a series
of points; it curves regularly but not sharply. Stigma rather broad, somewhat
hatchet-shaped, widening towards the apex, with a distinct angle at the point where
the fourth vein arises. The second fork of the third vein about equally distant from
the apex and third vein. Posterior wings with two branch veins. Antenne not on
a tubercle; about as long as the body; third joint long; fourth about three-fourths
the length of the third; fifth fully as long as the fourth, and about twice the length
of the sixth, which is a little longer than the seventh. The whole antenna is quite
slender. Honey tubes imperfect in all the winged specimens, but they appear to be
very short, length not exceeding the diameter.

THE ELM APHIS. 279

Wingless specimen.—Front of the head rather obtusely advanced in the middle,
Honey tubes very short; length less than the diameter; tip of the abdomen extend-
ing or drawn out to a point, but no true tail was observed. Along the lateral mar-
gins of the abdomen, in front of and behind, the honey tubes are minute tubercles,
each giving rise to a hair; these tubercles are quite distinct and about one to each
segment. (Thomas.) On the elm in June in Wisconsin. (Bundy).

55. Schizoneura americana Riley.

Curling and gnarling the leaves of the White Elm (Ulmus americana), forming
thereby a sort of pseudo-gall. The curl made by a single stem-mother in the spring
takes the pretty constant form of a rather wrinkled roll of one side of the young
leaf; but, according as there is more than one stem-mother, or as several contiguous
jeaves are affected, the deformation assumes various distorted shapes, sometimes in-
volving quite large masses of the leaves.

Professor Riley has given the full life history of this species in his
Notes on the Aphidide of the United States, published in Bull. U.
S. Geol. and Geog. Survey, from which the following is extracted:

This species is very closely allied to the European S. ulmi (Linn.), and until I was
able to compare it with actual specimens, I was in doubt whether to look upon it as a
mere variety or a distinct species. Judging from Kessler’s figure and description of
the European leaf-curl, and by a figure sent me by Mr. Buckton, it differs from ours,
1st, in bending upward, i. e., the stem-mother settles on the upper instead of the
under side of the leaf; 2d, in having a number of small, rounded or verrucose swell-
ings. These differences in their dwellings are strongly presumptive of structural
differences in the insects themselves; and the fact that S. americana does not attack
the European Elms, either in Shaw’s Botanical Gardens at Saint Louis, or in the
grounds of the Department of Agriculture, points in the same direction. Differences
are indeed easily enough made out if we take the more or less imperfect descriptions
and figures of ulmi,* but are less apparent when the actual specimens are compared.

The following are the more important differences, least subject to variation, be-
tween the winged females of ulmi as compared with those of americana: ulmi is a
longer-winged species, averaging 7.3™™ in expanse; the abdomen, wing-veins, and
stigma are darker; the terminal distance between Ist and 2d discoidals slightly
greater; the 3d joint of antenne is relatively longer; the annulations are less deep
and more numerous (those on 3d joint averaging 30) ; joints 5 and 6 are smoother,
i. e., without annulations, but they are more setous ; joint 5 is shorter than 4; the
apical, narrowed part of 6th joint is relatively longer and more pointed; the sub-
costal vein of hind wings is less straight ; the cubital vein is often continuous to very
near the subcostal, while I have not found any tendency of the kind in americana,
the tendency being in the opposite direction, or to become shorter; the 2d discoidal
of hind wings shows a tendency to fork; the hooklets on costa of hind wings are
3 in number, while in americana there are normally 4;* the legs are more setous.

Among the more prominent of the natural enemies of this species, I have noticed,
of Coleoptera, Coccinella 9-notata, Coccinella sanguinea (munda) Say, Hippodamia
convergens, and several species of Scymnus. I also found feeding upon them the per-
fect beetle of Podabrus modestus, and the Hemipterous Cyllocoris scutellatus, Uhler,
and Capsus linearis, Beauv. A Lepidopterous inquiline, namely, the larva of Semasia
_prunivora, Walsh, is also quite common within the curled leaves, feeding both on the
lice and on the substance of the leaf. A large green Syrphus larva and severa]
Chrysopa larve also prey upon them.

* Koch’s figure (evidently copied by Kessler) is faulty in several respects, and fails
‘to indicate the hook-angle of hind wings, or the corresponding thickening of front
‘wings, a fault that is, however, common to most of Koch’s figures.

4

280 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION,

56. Mytilaspis pomorum Bouché ?

The following account is from Professor Riley’s notes :

February 3, 1879, on the Department grounds, a small purple-leaved elm badly
infested by a scale insect, resembling very closely the oyster-shell bark louse of the
apple tree, and which may be that insect. Upon examination it was ascertained
that the scales contained nothing but eggs and dead females. The eggs are very
coarsely facetted and perfectly white. This scale insect was also found on the elm in
Professor Riley’s yard, June 11, 1883. Some twigs that he brought were badly
infested with it. All the old scales were dead and the young ones were casting their
last skin. The male scales contained either larve in their last stage or pupae. The
pup are considerably elongated, pale purple, with the anterior median line of abdo-
men whitish ; eyes dark purple, members colorless. Males issued on the 14th and
15th. Color of prothorax and abdomen pale purple; the lateral lobes of mesothorax,
the anterior margin and the posterior band of metathorax yellowish; the middle
field of mesothorax and metathorax purplish; band between wings brownish; eyes
black; antenne and legs purplish with yellowish tinge; style yellowish. Wings
slightly brownish.

57. ELM BARK LOUSE.

(Lecanium sp.)
Order HEMIPTERA ; family CoccIDs.

The following account is taken from Mr. Forbes’ third report:

On the twigs of the white elm, at Normal, we found, this last season, a large brown
bark louse, very similar in size, shape, and general appearance to the maple Pulvi-
naria previous to the appearance of the cottony egg-mass beneath the body of the
female, but differing especially in the fact that the eggs were not inclosed in the
waxy filamentous masses or nests characteristic of Pulvinaria.

As we obtained only the adult female, we had not the material for determining or
describing the species The matured scales are nearly circular, 5™™ in diameter,
vaulted, emarginate before and behind, the upper surface more or less. shining, dark
brown, irregularly pitted on the central area (where, however, itis nearly smooth),
and deeply and irregularly punctured on the sides; below the punctures irregularly
rugose. The eggs are oval .099™™ in length by .048™™ in transverse diameter.
Beneath females obtained July 2 were eggs in various stages of development, young
which had just hatched, and those which had just passed the first molt.

58. Hapithus agitator Uhbler.
Order ORTHOPTERA; family GRYLLIDZ.

Concerning this insect Professor Riley remarks:

The eggs from which this insect was bred were found by Miss Murtfeldt, of Kirk-
wood, Mo. They were thrust between the bark from the sides of the cracks, and on
some occasions were found in great numbers. The female appears to prefer the corky
bark of the elm and hackberry in preference to that of other trees in which to
deposit her eggs, though they are also frequently found running about on the trunks
and branches of other trees, in the bark of which they also may deposit. The young
become fully fledged by the latter part of August, and egg-laying commences about
the middle of September and continues until cold weather sets in. The larva, as
well as the mature insects, are chiefly arboreal as well as nocturnal in their habits
and like their allies, @icanthus and Orocharis, are lovers of dense foliage. (Un-
published notes. )

—S so). ee

ELM LEAF-HOPPERS. 281

59. Peciloptera pruinosa Say.
Order HEMIPTERA; suborder HOMOPTERA; family FULGORIDZ&.

The following notes are from Professor Riley :

Numerous larve of this insect were noticed to infest the twigs and leaves of elm
and Celtis, June 20, 18383, on the Agricultural grounds at Washington, D.C. They
are also stationed on the lower side of both leaves and twigs, generally in larger or
smaller colonies. They are white or pale greenish, with pale-brown eyes and black
or brown claws. They are covered with a white, thread-like excretion, which at the
end of the body forms a compact tuft. This excretion adheres only slightly to the
insect, and is readily displaced if the insect is touched or is moving about. By the
3d of July they become fully grown, and vary considerably in color, some remaining
white, whilst others acquire a pale grayish-blue color. The same insect was also
noticed to feed on maple, red clover, Erigeron canadense, and quite a number of
other low plants and shrubs. Itis attacked by a species of Gonatopus, which feeds
on them externally, and is generally attached in the region of the wing pads. Before
preparing for pupation they cast their skin, which remains in position on their hosi,
and form underneath it, on the leaf or branch, a circular, very low, convex, semi-
transparent cocoon, which is covered with the white excretion of their host, render-
ing thereby their detection rather difficult. The perfect insect issues in July. A
second external parasite is a small red mite which appears to be the young form of
a Trombidium. One of these mites was noticed to have settled on the eye of one of
the larve. It has only six legs, a free, small head, with stout three-jointed palpi,
and a very curious sucking mouth; it is circular, apparently concave on its lower
side, and its margin closely beset with lancet-shaped spines. (Unpublished notes.)

60. THE THREE-BANDED LEAF HOPPER.
Typhlocyba tricincta (Fitch).
Order HEMIPTERA; family CERCOPID.

About the middle of June, this pale-yellow leaf hopper, distinguished
by two transverse dusky bands (one across the middle and one at the
tips of the wing-covers) and a dusky cloud upon the scutellum, was
abundant enough upon the leaves of the white elm at Normal to do
considerable damage. This species, described by Fitch in his third
report as State entomologist of New York (p. 74), was originally
found by him in abundance on raspberry and currant bushes, and on
grape-vines. (Forbes’ Third Report.)

61. THE ELM GALL-MITE.

Phytoptus ulmi Garman.

Mr. H. Garman describes this species (Forbes’ First Report Insects
of Illinois) as follows:

Produces galls on the leaves of the white elm, Ulmus americana Linn.

A slender species, with from 67-to 70 striw. Prongs of the feather-like tarsal
appendage, three. Length of specimens preserved in alcohol .17™™,

In general form this gall resembles that found on the leaves of the soft maple, but
it issmaller, more slender, and contracts less abruptly to the neck. It is from .077 to

282 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

.09 inch high, and .055 to .06 inch in diameter. It differs from the gall on Acer dasy-
carpum further in having scattered unicellular hairs growing from the outer surface.
There is a tuft of pubescence over the opening beneath. The walls are rather thick,
with numerous folds projecting into the cavity. The color is at times of the same
dark hue as the leaves or it may be light yellowish-green. The gall occurs sparingly
on shade trees at Normal, Ill., and young forest trees in the neighborhood of
Bloomington are sometimes badly galled. The egg, young, and adult of the mite
have been found in the galls in June and July.

The following insects also occasionally prey upon the elm:
| E LEPIDOPTERA.

62. Parorgyia clintonii G. and R. ‘Found by dozens on the elm.” (Fer-
nald.)

63. Parasa chloris H.S. (Elliot and Edwards. Papilio, iii, p. 128.)

64. Halesidota carye (Harris.) (Beutenmiiller. Ent. Amer., vi, p. 16.)

65. Ichthyura americana (Harris.) Ohio. (Pilate, Papilio, ii, p. 67.)

66. Datana ministra Riley. Ohio. (Pilate, Papilio ii, 67.) See Hickory
insects.

67. Edema albifrons (Abb. Sm.) Onelms in Canada. (Reed, Can. Ent.,
xv, p. 204,) See p. 152.

68. Schizura ipomee Doubl. (Elliot.)

69. Platysamia cecropia (Linn.) Riley.

70. Telea polyphemus Hiibner. See p. 161.

71. Tolype velleda (Stoll). See p. 165.

72. Apatela occidentalis G. and R. (Faxon, Psyche, ii, p. oe )

73. Hacles imperialis (Drury.)

74. Hyperchiria io (Fabr.)

75. Zeuzera aesculi (Linn.) Boring in the trunk. (J. B. Smith in Gar-
den and Forest, Jan. 15, 1890.)

76. Charada deridens Guen. See. p. 166.

77. Paraphia unipunctaria (Haworth.) See p. 185.

78. Hibernia tiliaria Harris. Female moth issuedin December (Riley MS.
notes). See Linden insects.

79. Metanema quercivoraria Guenée. See p. 182.

80. Petrophora diversilineata Hiibner. (Riley MS. Notes). See Oak in-
sects, p. 189.

81. Nephopteryx undulatella Clemens.

82. Nephopteryx? ulmi-arrosorrella Clemens.

83. Lophoderus triferanus (Walk.) See p. 195.

84. Bactra? argutana Clem. (also on sumach, witch-hazel, and black-
thorn.)

85. Lithocolletis argentinotella Clem. Larva makes a tentiform mine in
the under side of the leaves; rarely in the upper side. (Cham-
bers.)

86. Lithocolletis ulmella Chamb. Larva makes a flat mine in the upper
side of the leaf. (Chambers).

THE WHITE ANT. 283

87. Argyresthia austerella Zeller. This moth, ‘I am convinced, feeds in
some way on it; and in latter May and in June the imago
may be found about the trees.” (Chambers.)

88. Coleophora sp. ‘‘ A Coleophora larva in its case feeds on the leaves
in autumn and early spring. I have not bred it.” (Chambers in
letter.)

HYMENOPTERA.
89. The horn-tail borer,»Tremex columba \Linn.).
PLATYPTERA.

90. Termes flavipes Kollar. We have observed white ants injuring a
wounded elm tree near the common at Salem, Mass.

HEMIPTERA-HOMOPTERA.

91. Tetraneuva ulmi (Linn.) (Oestlund.)
92. Pemphigus ulmifusus (Walsh.) (Oestlund.)

Besides the determined species of insects found on the elm, Professor
Riley has kindly furnished me with notes upon forty-two species addi-
tional, but not yet determined. This carries the number of elm insects
up to the neighborhood of one hundred and twenty-five species. The
undetermined species belong to the following groups: Lepidoptera, 11;
Tenthredinide, 1; Cecidomyiide, 16; Coccide, 5; Aphis, 2; Pemphi-
gine, 4; Acarina (Phytoptus), 3; total, 42 species.

FEEDING ON THE DEAD WOOD.
Osmoderma eremicola Knoch.

Larve and beetles of this insect were found July 18, 1874, at St.
Louis, Mo., at the base of the hollow trunk of a large elm, and several
more of the larvz were found at the same place. All were about full
grown and were feeding on the decaying wood, reducing it to a tan-
bark red, excrementitious powder, of which there were bushels filling
the base of the cavity. Their pellets of excrement which were noticed
are tlattened-oval and compact. Eggs were also found in abundance
They are perfectly spherical, about 3™™ in diameter, opaque-white,
and with tolerably tough skin. The young Jarve differ in no respect
from the mature, except in being more hirsute, or the hairs being
longer. The mature larva, before changing, forms a large egg-shaped
ball of excrement and loose earth. (See Schau pp, description of larva *
of Osmoderma scabra, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., vol. ii, p. 98.) (Riley’s
unpublished notes.

Mr. W. L. Devereaux writes me that Osmoderma scabra and eremicola
in the larva state channel up the heart of large trees and often enter into
close proximity with the live wood. ‘“ None of our large trees, as a rule,

284 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

are exempt from their burrows, having them either at the lower part or
else at the large fork or top. I have seen enormous trees in full leaf
and blossom, in a still day, suddenly break off midway of trunk, fall to
the earth with a crash, startling and mysterious enough to any hearer
in such a day of reigning quiet. Where the fracture most often occurs
no decay of the heart is present, but it is completely filled with the
burrows of the Osmoderma.”

Alaus oculatus (Linn.)
Stenoscelis brevis (Boh.) (Chittenden in letter.)
Phleophagus minor (Horn.) (Chittenden in letter.)

Cuapter III.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE HICKORY.
Carya alba, porcina, and tomentosa.

Of the 170 species of insects which live at the expense of the
hickory, the most annoying and common borer is the Cyllene picta, or
common hickory borer, and the twig-girdler (Oncideres cingulatus). The
most destructive bark-borer appears to be Scolytus 4-spinosus. No
caterpillar is specially injurious, though the tree harbors a large num-
ber of species of different families. The buds, before unfolding, are
preyed upon by a little Phycid miner (Phycis rubrifasciella), while the
nuts are often despoiled and worm-eaten by the hickory-nut weevil
(Balaninus nasicus). The different kinds of hickory are usually infested
by the same species of insect.

Of walnut insects, of which thus far 44 species are recorded, there
are also none specially injurious to the tree, which is therefore
much favored. The same can be said of the butternut, on which 29
species subsist, and of the chestnut, which affords a livelihood to
about 65 species of different orders, none of which overstep the nor-
mal limits or take unfair advantage of the provision afforded them
vy the generous and beautiful foliage of this noble tree, unless we
except the chestnut borer (Arhopalus fulminans) and the chestnut
weevil.

INJURING THE TRUNK AND BRANCHES.

1. THE COMMON HICKORY BORER.
Goes tigrinus (De Geer).
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID.

Boring large holes lengthwise in the solid wood, a cream-colored grub, with the first
segment behind the head flattened, pale tawny-yellowish, changing to a pupa in its
burrow, and in summer appearing as a long-horned brown beetle an inch long, cov-
ered with a coarse gray pubescence, the wing covers with a broad dark brown band
beyond their middle and another on their base, the thorax with an erect blunt spine
on eachside; the antennz pale yellowish, with their first joint dark brown. (Fitch).

285

286 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

This is perhaps the most common borer in the hickory and walnut
in the Northern States. According to Fitch
the young worm lives at first upon the soft.
outer layers of the sap-wood, mining a shal-
low cavity all around the orifice in the bark,
and the bark dies and turns black as far as
this burrow extends. Its jaws having at
length become sufficiently strong, it gnaws
its way into the solid wood from the upper
part of its burrow under the bark, boring
obliquely inward and upward, all the lower
part of its burrow being commonly packed
with its sawdust-like chips. Finally, hav-
ing completed its growth, it extends the up-
per end of its burrow outward again to the
Fic. 108.—Goes tigrinus (Smith del). bark.

2. THE BEAUTIFUL HICKORY BORER.
Goes pulchra (Haldeman).

Similar to the preceding. ‘‘Scarce, but afew are found every season
2) in the shagbark and pignut hickory, June
ecm aN and July.” (Dr. T. Hadge, Buffalo, N. Y.,

es . Amer. Ent. II, p. 270.)
\
a "N 3. Goes oculatus Lec.

fi Another but much smaller species is Goes
4 oculatus Lec. “The beetle is rare, and I
) have only taken two specimens. There were
a pair captured on hickory
in the end of June, and
which were copulating when
taken. They are hardly
half an inch long, and are
black, densely covered be-
neath with short white hairs. The pubescence above
is more sparse and scattered, and the coarse punctur-
ing of the elytra gives them a mottled appearance.
There is a black spot on each elytron just behind the
middle, and the presence of these spots gives to the
beetle its distinctive name of “oculatus or eyed.” ES

: Fic. 110.—Goes debilis

(W. H. Harrington, Rep. Ent. Soc. Ontario for 1883, (Smith del.).
p. 48.)

Fig. 109. —Goes pulchra (Smith del).

4. Goes debilis Lec.

Like the foregoing species of Goes, this is known to inhabit hickory
trees, but its larva has not been yet identified with certainty, and its
habits need to be studied.

HICKORY BORERS. 287

5. THE BELTED CHION.
Chion cinctus (Drury).
Order COLEOPTERA; Family CERAMBYCIDZ.

This worm, like the preceding and with probably similar LA PUSL forms:
long galleries in the trunk in the direction of the fibers %{—

of the wood, producing a more flattened long-horned
beetle from two-thirds to a little over an inch long, of
a hazel-brown color, with a short dull straw-yellow
band placed obliquely forward of the middle of each
wing cover, and with a small sharp spine on each side
of the prothorax, and two slender ones on the tips of
each wing-cover; the antenne of the males are more

than twice the length of the body. (Harris.) Reha abe

6. THE DISCOIDAL SAPERDA.
Saperda discoidea (Fabricius).
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID®.

Not only did Dr. Fitch report this beetle as boring in hickory, but
Drs. Le Conte and Riley have also bred it from this tree.

This grub is a similar but much smaller worm than the foregoing,
changing to a cylindrical long-horned beetle of a black or blackish-
brown color, clothed with ash-gray pubescence which is less dense
above and commonly forms three gray stripes upon the thorax, anda
band or crescent upon the middle of the wing-covers, its legs yellow or
reddish. Length .40 to.60 inch. (Fitch.)

7. THE HICKORY BORER.
Cyllene picta (Drury).

Boring in the trunk of the hickory, a whitish worm, one-half an inch long, the
beetle appearing in June. (See Locust tree borer.)

We have received this insect in all its stages from Mr. H. Gillman, of
Detroit, who several years ago found a few of them in a hickory log
March 10. From these living specimens
the following description was drawn up:

Larva.—Body thick ; mouth-parts black; head
redd.sh behind the antenne. Prothoracic seg-
ment (first behind the head) large and broad,
being one-half as long as broad; flat and broad =
above, the upper surface being lower than that
of the succeeding segment; the anterior edge Fic.112.—Common hickory borer; male,
thickened, being slightly corneous; a mesial nat. size; 4, larva; 6, pupa.—From
deeply impressed line, especially on the hinder ——
two-thirds, where it becomes a broad, deep, angular furrow, dividing the tergum into
two quadrant-shaped halves; the outer edge of the segment rises above the flattened

288 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION

tergal portion, which is sparsely covered with hairs, the latter thicker along the
sides of the body. The body contracts in width behind the fourth abdominal seg-
ment; the upper side of each of the first six abdominal segments (corresponding to
those segments in the beetle) is raised into blister-like swelling, especially on the
fifth and sixth segments, which are much narrower than the four preceding segments.
These dorsal swellings are smooth and free from fine hairs. Abdominal segments
seven to nine convex above, not swollen, and the abdomen is narrowest between the
fifth and sixth segments. A pair of large spiracles on the mesothoracic segment, and
a pair on each of the first eight abdominal segments.

Antenne three-jointed ; the two basal joints being of the same length; the basal
one being one-third stouter than the second ; the third joint filiform, and one-half as
long as the second joint, and ending in two or three hairs. The thin membranous
labrum is divided into two parts, the basal solid, the terminal portion forming a
movable flap, overlapping and reaching nearly to the end of the mandibles when
closed; the basal portion is shorter than broad, being broadly trapezoidal and
smooth ; the outer division is broader than long, the edges being rounded so that it
is almost broadly ovate (transversely) and smooth, covered with long hairs. It is
pale membranous witb a testaceous hue. Mandibles black, very thick and stout, with
obtuse, rounded edges; they are almost as long as the base is broad. Maxilla mem-
branous, flattened, maxillary palpi two-jointed. Labium membranous, with a trans-
verse chitinous band near the insertion of the two-jointed palpi; both joints short;
second one-half as thick as the first; edge hairy, the hairs reaching to the ends of
the palpi. Length of body .50 inch; breadth of prothoracic segment, 4.2™™;
breadth of head, 3.2™™.

8. Stenosphenus notatus (Olivier).

This beetle is allied to Cyllene, but the punctures are sparse and
coarse, the pubescence scanty, and the body is slenderer. It is said
by Riley (Amer. Ent., iii, 239) to have been cut from hickory wood in
March.

The beetle.—Head small, narrow, with the front short and nearly vertical. It dif-
fers from Cyllene picta in the elytra being truncated at the tip and ending in two
spines. The thorax is rounded without spines or tubercles. The female antenn® are
about aslong as the body; those of the male longer; the legs are rather short.

9. THE HICKORY-TWIG GIRDLER.
Oncideres cingulatus (Say).
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCIDZ.

Girdling and occasionally cutting off the twigs and branches, a thick-bodied long-
icorn, dark gray beetle 0.60 inch long, with its wing-covers sprinkled over witk
faint tawny yellow dots.

This singular beetle, which inhabits the eastern United States,
appears in Pennsylvania from the middle of August until the middle
of September. Fig. 113 represents the beetle and the incision it
makes, and Fig. 114, from a drawing sent us by the late Professor
Haldeman, shows how the beetle may injure several adjoining twigs.
The editors of the American Entomologist (I, p. 76) state that they
have counted ina persimmon branch, not more than two feet long, as
many as eight eggs, placed one under each successive side-shoot,
while they have found seven eggs all crowded together in a

THE HICKORY TWIG-GRIDLER. 289

small hickory branch only three inches long. Professor Haldeman
states that “both sexes are rather rare, particularly the male,
which is rather smaller than the female, but with longer
antenne. The female makes perforations (Fig. 113, b)
in the branches of the tree upon which she lives, which
are from half an inch to a quarter of an inch thick, in
which she deposits her eggs (one of which is represented
of the natural size at'Fig. 113, e). She then proceeds
to gnawa groove, of about a tenth of an inch wide and
deep, around the branch and below the place where the
eggs are deposited, so that the exterior portion dies and
the larva feeds upon the dead wood.” In the case
noticed by Professor Haldeman, the tree attacked was
the shag-bark hickory (Carya alba) and the incisions
were so shallow as not to break off until after the larva 41°13. Hickory
g girdler.— After
had matured withinit, or nearly a year after the girdling. Riley.
But in most of the cases observed by Messrs. Walsh and Riley upon
pear and persimmon trees, the “‘ twig was girdled so deeply that it

~~

Fic. 114.—Tree cut by the twig girdler.—Haldeman del.

broke off and fell to the ground with the first wind, and while the eggs

that had been laid in it by the mother-beetle were still unhatched.

Even in a girdled hickory twig 0.35 inch in diameter, which we have

now lying before us, but a third part of its diameter is left in the mid-
-~D ‘ENT——19

290 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

dle ungnawed away, so that in spite of the superior toughness of this
timber the twig could scarcely have stood « high wind without break-
ing off and falling to the ground.”

10. THE COMMON ORANGE SAWYER.
Elaphidion inerme Newman.

In his report on Orange Insects, Mr. H. G. Hubbard says that “the
larvee of this beetle are more properly scavengers or pruners, feeding
by preference upon dead branches, not only of orange, but also of hickory
and other hard-wood trees, and confining themselves to the dry and
lifeless wood, unless compelled by hunger to enter the living portions
of the plant.” The female deposits one or two eggs in the dead stubs
of orange trees, and presumably of hickory trees.

. Fic. 115.—Elaphidion inerme.—Atter Hubbard.

Larva.—Body cylindrical, whitish, with rudimentary legs, length 1 inch.

The beetle.—Body long, cylindrical, with a rather roughly pitted surface; dark
brown, dusted densely beneath, but irregularly above, with fine ash-gray hairs; the
antenne are not longer than the body. Length 11-15™™. (Hubbard).)

11. THE LURID DICERCA.
Dicerca lurida (Fabricius).
Order CoLEOPTERA; family BUPRESTID&.

Boring in the trunks and limbs of the pig-nut hickory, a flat-
headed grub of a yellowish-white color, changing to a flat-
tened, hard-shelled beetle with short slender antenna, of a
Inrid dull brassy color above, and bright copper beneath,
with the wing-covers lengthened into diverging obtuse points.

Larva.—Of a yellowish-white color, very long, narrow, and
depressed in form but abruptly widened near the anterior ex-
tremity. The head is brownish, small, and sunk in the fore-
part of the first segment; the upper jaws are provided with
three teeth, and are of a black color; and the antennz are very
short. Thesegment which receives the head is short and traus-
verse; next to it is a large oval segment, broader than long,
and depressed or flattened above and beneath. Behind this,
the segments are very much narrowed and become gradually
Fic 116 —Dicerea lunida. longer; but are still flattened, to the last, which is termin-

Smith del. ated by a rounded tubercle or wart. There are no legs, nor

HICKORY BORERS. 291

any apparatus which can serve as such, except two small warts on the under side of
the second segment from the thorax. (Harris.)

The beetle.—Of a lurid or dull brassy color above, bright copper beneath, and thickly
punctured all over; there are numerous irregular impressed lines, and several nar-
row elevated black spots on the wing-covers, the tips of each of which end with two
little points. Length 0.60-0.80 inch.

12. THE SLENDER-FOOTED DYSPHAGA.

Dysphaga tenuipes (Haldeman).

A small grub, in the dead limbs and twigs, producing in May a small black longi-
corn beetle with rough wing-covers but half as long as the abdomen and tinged with
paler yellowish at their bases, its head having a furrow in the middle and its thorax
cylindrical. Length 0.25 inch. (Fitch).

13. Chrysobothris femorata Lec.

This Buprestid has been found by Mr. W. H. Harrington “very
abundantly on dead hickories from June to September, and the fact
that the larve live upon this tree was established by finding a beetle
in its burrow under the bark. (Rep. Ent. Soc. Ontario for 1883, 44.)

14, Agrilus egenus Gory.

Stated by Dr. Le Conte to live in the trunks and branches of Carya
tomentosa.
15. Agrilus sp-

This species, said by Le Conte to be ‘probably new,” he has bred from
the branches of Carya tomentosa.

16. Acanthoderes quadrigibbus (Say).

While Dr. Le Conte bred this longicorn beetle
from branches and twigs of hickory, Mr. Schwarz
has found it boring in the dead twigs of the oak,
beech, and hackberry.

The beetle.—It is broader and flatter than the species of
Goes; the prothorax in addition to two lateral spines has
two more above, whence the name quadrigibbus or 4-horned.
The legs are nearly of a uniform length, and the thighs are
much enlarged. The general color is a mottled gray, due
to pubescence, and there is a moderately broad transverse Fig. 117.—Acanthoderes
band of white in front of the middle. (Harrington. ) 4-gibbus.—Smith del.

17. Liopus cinereus LeCoute.

This longicorn has been bred from hickory twigs by Dr. LeConte.
It is allied to the LZ. alpha Say, which bores in dead apple twigs, the
beetle occurring in July. JL. cinereus is closely similar to Z. alpha, but
differs in the coarser punctures of the wing-covers. The latter species
is also thought by Mr. Harrington to live at the expense of the hickory.

292 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Lepturges querci (Fitch) has not been proved as yet to live either in
the oak or hickory, but Mr. Harrington has captured specimens on the
hickory “either on the bark of felled trees, or among the foliage of
living ones.” Another doubtful hickory species is Hyperplatys aspersus
(Say) which bores in the poplar, but is not uncommon at Ottawa upon
the bitter hickory.

18. Heyrus dasycerus (Say).

This beetle has been bred from hickory twigs by Dr. LeConte.

The beetle is nearly of the same size and shape as the Leptostylus macula. The pro-
thorax has slightly rounded sides, without any spines or tubercles. The pubescence
is close and coarse, the body of brown or grayish brown, somewhat mottled. The
antenne are as long, or a little longer, than the body.

19. Eupogonius vestitus (Say.)

Professor Riley has bred this longicorn beetle from the hickory.

The beetle.—Chestnut-red, mottled with short yellowish pubescence, and clothed
above with longer dark hairs arising from punctures in the surface. Head and thorax
darker and more closely punctured than the elytra. The legs and antenne are also
hairy, the latter being as long as the body. Length 8-9™™.

20. Clytanthus albofasciatus Lap.

According to Dr. John Hamilton of Allegheny, Pa., this beetle has
been raised both from grape-vines and from hickory limbs. ‘‘There are
two color-forms, produced indiscriminately, that are so different in ap-
pearance that judged by color alone they would form two species. The
one is entirely black, with the usual anterior and posterior white bands
on the elytra; the other is black with the antennz brown; the part of the
elytra anterior to the posterior white band, the femora, the coxal part of
the prosternum, the mesosternum and metasternum, rufous. This is ex-
actly the color of the more plentiful form of Cyrtophorus verrucosus, and it
is not difficult to confuse them. They may be readily distinguished by
the compressed thorax and the spines of the antennal joints of the lat-
ter, as pointed out to me by Dr. Horn. The same color variation oc-
curs in Psenocerus supernotatus, a few specimens of which, taken on
the wild gooseberry, were entirely black, except the usual white mark-
ings on the elytra, and so different is the appearance that it required
close attention to other characters to be convinced that they were the
Same species.” (Hamilton.)

21. Anthaxia viridifrons Gory.

This handsome little beetle,says Mr. Harrington, was bred from
hickory twigs by Dr. Le Conte, ‘“‘and has very frequently been found
by me upon the trees in summer.” (Rep. Ent. Soc. Ontario for
1883, p. 45.) Mr. F. H. Chittenden has also bred it from a pupa taken
from a dead branch of shag-bark hickory. (Ent. Amer., v, 219.)

The beetle.—Brown, with a bronze luster. The front of the head in the males is of
a vivid green. Length, .2 inch.

HICKORY BORERS. 293
22. Anthaxia viridicornis (Say).

This beetle has also been found by Mr. Harrington in abundance on
this tree. It is a slightly larger species, he says, than the preceding,
but closely resembles it, except that the wing-covers are of a bluish-
black color. It is also found very commonly, he adds, on the elm.
(See p. 229, fig. 74.)

23. Eburia quadrigemina Say.

This longicorn beetle has been observed by Mr. McBride commonly
issuing from hickory trees in July.

The beetle.—Body pale yellowish brown; on the thorax are two black tubercles
above, placed transversely, with a short spine on each side. On each wing-cover
are two double short lines of a yellow color and slightly elevated; the tip is two-
spined, the outer spine being the longer. Length .9 inch.

24. Heterachthes quadrimaculatus Newman.
This longicorn was bred from hickory branches by Dr. Le Conte.
25. Molorchus bimaculatus Say.

This longicorn is very frequently, says Mr. Harrington, found on
flowering shrubs during June and July, and differs from nearly all our
Cerambycide in having the wing-covers only half as long as the abdo- |
men. It was bred by Dr. Le Conte from hickory twigs and branches.

The beetle.—Body slender; black, with the head and thorax coarsely punctured ;
the short elytra have each a yellowish dash almost parallel with the inner margin;
the antenne and legs are brownish. Length, one-third of an inch.

26. Neoclytus erythrocephalus (Fabricius).
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CERAMBYCIDZ.

This beetle has been raised from hickory wood by Dr. G. H. Horn
(Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, vol. 1, p.29)
and also by Dr. Le Conte. (Amer. Ent., iii, 236.) It has also been
found boring in a dead elm by Mr. H. G. Hubbard, of Detroit, Mich.,
and a gravid female was found near the root of a rosebush in Washing-
ton, D.C. (Riley.)

27. Dorcaschema nigrum (Say).
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID2.

This longicorn bores in the hickory, according to Dr. F. Hodge,
Buffalo, N. Y. :
28. Thysanoes fimbricornis Le Conte.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family SCOLYTIDZ&.

Mr. Harrington, of Ottawa, has “found the beetles issuing from dead
trees in June, and they are abundant during that and the following
month, both on dead and felled wood and on the trunks and foliage of
living trees.” .

The beetle.—Velvety black; thorax cylindrical, not constricted at the head and
but slightly behind. The wing-covers widen slightly toward the tips, which are

294 KIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

rounded, and they are coarsely punctured. The under side of the body and legs are
covered with short white hairs. The antenne are long and slender. Length,
12-13™m,

29. Phyton pallidum (Say).

Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID.,
This longicorn has been bred by Dr. LeConte from branches of the
hickory (C. tomentosa).
30. Tillomorpha geminata (Haldeman).
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CERAMBYCID2.
This beetle has atso been reared by Dr. Le Conte from the hickory in
company with the preceding species.
31. -THE HICKORY BARK-BORER.
Scolytus 4-spinosus (Say).
Order COLEOPTERA; family SCOLYTIDZ.

Undermining the bark and making long slender tracks radiating from a primary
larger vertical chamber; a white footless grub becoming a small cylindrical weevil-
like beetle.

_ This very destructive bark-borer affects the bitter-nut, shell-bark,
pig-nut hickory, and probably the pecan (Carya oliveformis). Accord-

Fic. 118. Hickory bark-borer; 1, 2, its ‘‘mine;” 3, the
beetle; 4, larva; 5, papa.—After Riley.

ing to Riley the beetle issues the latter part of June and early part of
July. ‘‘ Both sexes bore into the tree—the male for food, and the

THE HICKORY BARK-BORER. 295

female mostly for the purpose of laying her eggs. In thus entering
the tree they bore slantingly and upward, and do not confine them-
selves to the trunk, but penetrate the small branches and even the
twigs. The entrance to the twig is usually made at the axil of a bud
or leaf, and the channel often causes the leaf to wither and drop, or
the twigs die or break off.

‘¢The female in depositing, confines herself to the trunk or larger
limbs, placing her eggs each side of a vertical chamber, as described
by Mr. Bryant.* Here she frequently dies, and her remains may be
found long after her progeny have commenced working. The larve
bore their cylindrical channels, at first, transversely and diverging
(Fig. 118'), but afterwards lengthwise along the bark (Fig. 118"),
always crowding the widening burrows with their powdery excrement,
which is of thesame color as the bark. The full-grown larva (Fig. 118%),
natural size and enlarged) is soft, yellowish and without traces of
legs. The head is slightly darker, with brown jaws, and the stigmata
so pale that they are with difficulty discerned. It remains torpid in
the winter, and transforms to the pupa state about the end of the fol-
lowing May. The pupa (Fig. 118°) is smooth and unarmed, and shows
no sexual differences. The perfect beetle issues through a hole made
direct from the sap-wood, and a badly infested tree looks as though it
had been peppered with No.8 shot. The sexes differ widely from each
other, the male having spines on the truncated portion of the abdomen,
not possessed by the female. The eggs are deposited during the
months of August and September, and the transformations are effected
within one year, as no larve will be found remaining in the tree the
latter part of July.

Two ichneumon parasites, according to Riley, prey upon this insect,
and after killing the grub spin little pale cocoons. They are Spathius
trifasciatus Riley, and Bracon scolytivorus Cresson.

The beetle.—Male entirely black, or black with brown wing-covers; the head above
flat, concave towards tip; thorax very little longer than wide, and narrowing in
front but slightly. Elytra with about 10 striz confusea at the sides, but regular
above, and composed of small, deep, approximate punctures; interstitial spaces with
a single row of minute and nearly obsolete punctures; The female differs in having

the head rather shorter, more rounded, less hairy, and the venter unarmed. Length
0.15--0.20 inch. (Riley.)

*The mode of operation appears to be as follows: Boring through the bark, the int
sect forms a vertical chamber next to the wood, from half an inch to an inch in
length, on each side of which it deposits its eggs, varying in number from twenty to
forty or fifty in all. The larve, when hatched, feed on the inner bark, each one fol-
lowing a separate track, which is marked distinctly on the wood. Some trees con-
tain them in such numbers that the bark is almost entirely separated from the wood.
In many cases the upper part of the tree is killed a year or two before the lower part
is attacked. (Riley’s Fifth Annuai Report Inj. Ins. Missouri, p. 104.)

296 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.
32. Scolytus sp. (probably undescribed).

Dr. Hamilton states (Can. Ent. xvii, 1885, p. 48) that Scolytus rugula-
tus breeds in hickory twigs, but Mr. Schwarz (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash-
ington, i, No. 1, 30,) maintains that this species differs from S. rugulosus,
and is apparently undescribed. (J. B. Smith, Ent. Amer. ii, 127, 1886.)

33. Sinoxylon basilare (Say).
Order COLEOPTERA; family PTINIDZ.

This beetle in its larval state inhabits hickory wood, in which it
bores to a considerable depth, preferring the hard central wood. Its
borings are very fine, and firmly compressed. After full development
is attained it makes its way out almost at aright angle and emerges
through a circular opening in the bark of the hickory. (Horn.)

34. RED-SHOULDERED APATE.
Apate basillaris (Say).
Order COLEOPTERA; family SCOLYTIDZ.

Boring deep, small straight holes to the heart of the tree, which
is entirely killed by this insect, and transforming at the bottom of
the hole.

The beetle.—Deep black, and punctured all over; thorax very
convex and rough in front; the wing-covers not excavated at the
tip, but sloping downward very suddenly behind, as if obliquely
cut off, the outer edge of the cut portion armed with three little
teeth on each wing-cover, and on the base or shoulders a large red
spot 0.20 inch in length. (Harris.)

Fic. 119.—A pate ba-
sillaris, Smith
aud Marx del.

35. THE HICKORY BARK-BORER.
Chramesus icorie Leconte.

This bark-borer has been bred from the branches and twigs of the
hickory by Dr. LeConte. The genus belongs to a group of Scolytide
well defined by the club of the antennz being large, strongly compressed,
pubescent, and sensitive, the antenne themselves being inserted as
usual at the sides of the front. The tibiz are broad, obliquely rounded
at the end, and finely serrate. Chramesus, says Le Conte, differs from
Polygraphus in the eyes not being completely divided; they are slightly
emarginate, the funicle being attached at the side of the club, the
outer joints being slender. Two species (one not mentioned in Le
Conte and Horn’s work on “Coleoptera of North America”) live on
the species of Carya.

Prof. John B. Smith (Ent. Amer. vi, 53) gives an account of the
habits of this Scolytid beetle, with a figure of the mine and of the mouth-
parts of the larva, which is also described in full.

HICKORY BARK BEETLES. 297

It is probable that the young of this and other borers in the hickory
are devoured by two species of Cleride bred by Dr. Le Conte, viz:
Chariessa pilota and Phyllobenus dislocatus. The former has been ob-
served by Mr. Harrington in the act of devouring Agrilus egenus and
Magdalis olyra.

Several other species of Clerid beetles are said by Mr. Harrington to
commonly occur on the hickory and are beneficial to the tree.

36. Xyleborus celsus Eichhoff.
Order COLEOPTERA; family SCOLYTIDA.

This bark-borer has been bred by Dr. Le Conte from the twigs of the
hickory.
37. Magdalis olyra (Herbst).

Mr. F.C. Bowditch, in the Quarterly Journal of the Boston Zoolog-
ical Society (1884), remarks that this weevil, which has heretofore only
been known to burrow in the red oak (see p. 80) has been found to infest
various species of hickory. The larve “tunnel the bark in every direc-
tion, leaving only just enough tissue to prevent the bark warping away
from the tree.” He adds:

As far as my observations extend the species appears to prefer small trees, from
four to six inches in diameter. * * * Ifthe tree is small and very badly infested

it dies very quickly, and shortly after the beetles have escaped the bark is apt to
flake off or curl up in quite large pieces.

38. Magdalis barbita Say.

“The beetles,” states Mr. Harrington, “are found during the sum-
mer months, puncturing the bark of dead and felled hickories, and the
larve live in great numbers in the bark or between it and the wood. I
have found the beetles most abundant from tbe 15th to the 30th of
June.” (Report, ete., 50.)

The beetle.—Black; prothorax closely punctured; the rounded sides projecting in
front in.a short acute tubercle. The head prolonged into a slightly curved beak,
not deflexed, and as long as the prothorax. The elytra have deep punctured striz,

and are as long as the head and prothorax together. Scutellum covered with white
hairs. Length, 6-7™™,- (Harrington.)

39. Acoptus suturalis Le Conte.

As this weevil is said by Mr. Harrington to bore abundantly in dead
hickories, in company with Magdalis olyra, it presumably infests living
trees.

The beetle.—A small black weevil, densely clothed beneath and more sparsely above
with short yellowish hairs. The elytra are striated and in unrubbed specimens have
a wide band of yellowish pubescence across the base, and a narrow one near the tips,
which are black, as is also the space betweer the bands; a white line along the
suture interrupts the basal band. (Harrington. )

298 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

40. Tremex columba (Linn.).

From the following letter, which we have received from Mr. James
Angus, of West Farms, N. Y., it seems probable that Tremex columba
injures the hickory by boring into the trunks. So good and exper-
ienced an observer as Mr. Angus would not think of referring the
writer to the attacks of this borer if there were not some foundation for
his suspicions.

The hickory trees are all dying around here. I should say that one-half of the
trees have died within two or three years. In woods that are not crowded and of
mixed woods it is quite common to find as many as from three to six dead trees
within a stone’s throw. Great numbers of Rhyssa atrata and lunator are now to be
seen on the trunks of partially decayed trees. Earlier in the season the Tremex were
also abundant. Can it be the latter insects that are doing all this mischief ?

Mr. Tyler Townsend confirms Mr. Angus’ statement in a note re-
ceived while this report was passing through the press.

In regard to Tremex columba I have found large numbers of the dead adults in
February in a standing, dead trunk of hickory in Michigan. They were found as
they had died in their burrows, being unable to penetrate the hard bark or else having
perished from parasites, for numerous remains of Rhyssa were present. In every case
the heads of the unfortunate Tremex pointed towards the bark, which they had
been unable to pierce.

41. Osmoderma eremicola (Knoch).
This beetle has been observed by Mr. W. H. Harrington to feed
‘‘ upon the sappy, partly decayed wood, enlarging the wound and caus-
ing further decay, and thus injuriously affecting the tree. He found
the insect in the pupa state, inclosed in oval cocoons made from parti-
cles of the weod, in a small hollow where decay had commenced from
the breaking off of a limb. The cocoon is made in autumn, the beetle
appearing the following July. Its larva is said to closely resemble the
common white grub, or young of the May beetle.

AFFECTING THE BARK.

42. THE HICKORY-BARK LOUSE.
Lecanium carye (Fitch).
Order HEMIPTERA; family CoccIDaA.

Fixed to the bark of the small limbs, a large, very convex oval scale of a black
color fading to chestnut brown, in May dusted over with a white powder. Length
often 0.40 by 0.25 inch in width. (Fitch.)

43. THE HICKORY BLIGHT.
Eriosoma carye (Fitch).
Order HEMIPTERA ; family APHID.

Forming a flocculent down coating the under side of the limbs, especially of bushes
and young trees in shaded situations, multitudes of wooly plang lice.

Winged individuals.—Black, with the head, scutel, and abdomen covered with a
white cotton-like substance, the fore wings with an oval salt-white spot near the tip
of their outer margin, the veins being obsolete. Length to the tip of the wings 0.12
inch. On walnut bushes in [llinois. (Fitch.)

INJURING HICKORY LEAVES. 299

44, THE HICKORY APHIS.

Lachnus carye (Harris).
Order HEMIPTERA; family APHID.

Living in clusters on the under side of limbs of the pig-nut hickory early in July,
very large plant-lice one-quarter of an inch long, with no terminal stylet and very
short horny tubes; body covered with a bluish-white bloom or down, with four rows
of iittle transverse black spots on the back; top of thorax and veins of wings black,
as are also the shanks, feet, and antennx, while the thighs are reddish-brown.
(Harris. )

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
45. THE HICKORY SLUG CATERPILLAR.

Thecla calanus (Hiibner. )
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PAPILIONID &.

The onisciform caterpillar of this butterfly feeds on the leaves of the
pig-hickory at Providence May 30 and later; the larva is a pale green,
flattened, long, oval, cylindrical caterpillar, flat beneath; the body is
rounded above and covered with short hairs. It changes to a delicate
small butterfly with tails on its hind wings.

46. THE HICKORY TUSSOCK MOTH.

Halesidota carye (Harris).
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family BOMBYCID.

In July and August and early September eating the tender leaves at the ends of
the branches, snow-white caterpillars, over an inch long, with rows of round black
spots, and along the back eight black tufts of converging hairs and two black pen-
cils of longer hairs near each end of the body; spinning in sheltered corners and
crevices ash-gray oval cocoons; the moth appearing the following June. (Fitch.)

In certain years this caterpillar may be rather numerous ; it is quite
social, feeding in companies and is a general feeder, and, while prefer-
ring the walnut, butternut, and sumach, is common on the elm, ash, and
linden, and Fitch says he has seen clusters of the caterpillars upon
the tamarack or larch ; he adds, what has been observed by ourselves,
that as they approach maturity they separate and stray off to other
trees, and may then be seen on rose bushes, on the apple, oak, locust,
etc., the same individual often remaining several days in one place.
It ranges from Maine to the Southern States.

The eggs were observed by Harris to be laid on the under side of a
linden leaf, forming a broad patch an inch in diameter. The moth
appears June 1. The cocoon is oblong oval, and formed simply of
hairs.

Larva before first molt.—Length, 25™™, The little black dorsal tufts very visible,
though small; the other hairs thin, and permitting the skin and tubercles to be easily
seen. They were mistaken for those of Hyphantria textor. (Harris.)

300 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Full-fed larve.—White, covered with white hairs in short spreading tufts, a row of
eight black tufts on the fourth segment ; two long, black, pencil-like tufts on the
fourth and tenth segments; four white pencils on the second and third, and two on
the eleventh and twelfth segments. Head and prolegs black, the surface of the
body with minute black tubercles, and a transverse black line between each segment.
(Harris. )

The moth.—Very light ocher yellow; the long narrow-pointed fore wings are thickly
sprinkled with little brown dots, and have two oblique brownish streaks passing
backwards from the front edge, with three rows of white semi-transparent spots
parallel to the outer hind margin; hind wings very thin, semi-transparent, and with-
out spots. The wings expand about 2 inches. (Harris.)

47. THE LUNA MOTH.
Actias luna (Linnzus).
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCID&.

Devouring the leaves in August, a large thick-bodied caterpillar, about 3 inches
long, apple green, each segment with six small bright rose-red elevated dots, and low
down along each side a pale yellow line running lengthwise immediately above the
lower row of dots, from which line at each of the sutures a pale yellow line extends
upward upon the sides. Spinning a large oval cocoon, which is found among the
fallen leaves; the moth, one of our largest insects, appearing late in May and during
June; pale green, with eye-like spots in the center of each wing, the hinder pair pro-
longed into two long, broad ‘‘ tails.”

48. THE AMERICAN SILK WORM.
Telea polyphemus (Linn.).

Mr. D. L. Harris, of Cuba, Ill., writes me that he has found this cater-
pillar more abundantly upon the hickory than upon the oak. Mrs.
Dimmock has contributed the following bibliographical account to
Psyche, iv, 278:

Atiacus luna Linn. (Syst. Nat., 1758, ed. 10, p. 210). Harris (Rept. Ins., Injur. Veg.
1841, p. 277-278) describes larva, cocoon, and imago, and gives Juglans and Carya as
food-plants; he repeats (Treatise on Ins. Injur. Veg., 1862, p. 382-384) these descrip-
tions, adding a figure of the cocoon and imago; later (Entom. Corresp., 1869, p. 293-
234, pl. 4, fig. 14) he describes and figures the larva, specifying the food-plants as
Carya porcina and Juglans cinerea. Morris (Synop. Lepid. N. A., 1862, p. 225-226) de-
scribes the larva and imago. Trouvelot (Amer. Nat., Mar. 1867, v. 1, p. 31) gives a
note on the cocoon, and adds Quercus and Platanus to the food-plants. Minot (Can.
Entom., Noy. 1869, v. 2, p. 27) describes the egg. Riley (4th Aun. Rept. State Entom.
Mo., 1872, p. 123-125) describes the egg and larva, which he states to have five stages,
and figures larva, cocoon, and imago; among food-plants he mentions Liquidambar,
Fagus, Betula, Salix, and plum. Lintner(Entom. Contrib., No. 3, 1874, p. 126-128)
describes the larva, which molts four times. Gentry (Can. Entom., May 1874, v. ti, p.
86) describes the normal form of the larva, and a variety of it. Bunker (Can. Entom.,
April 1875, v. 7, p. 63) mentions how to distinguish the cocoon of this species from
that of A. polyphemus. Rogers (Can. Entom. 1875, v. 7; Aug. p. 141-143; Oct., p.
199-200) describes egg, larva, cocoon, and imago. Thaxter (Psyche, Sept. [10 Nov.]
1876, v. 1, p. 194) adds Ostrya virginica and Castanea to the food-plants of the larva.

INJURING HICKORY LEAVES. 301

Saunders (Can. Entom., Feb. 1877, v. 9, p. 32-33) figures and describes the imago.
Grote (Can. Entom., Sept. 1378, v. 10, p. 176) states that this species is double-brooded
in the Southern United States.

49. THE REGAL WALNUT CATERPILLAR.
Citheronia regalis Hiibner.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCID.

A spiny caterpillar 5 inches long, our largest species, green, with a red head and
tail, and stout, sharp, black and red spines, and black and red feet; not spinning a
cocoon, but the larva enters the ground in September to transform to a chrysalis,
which in July changes to a very large bright orange-red moth, with the fore wings
pale olive spotted with yellow, the veins stained reddish, and the hind wings orange-
red.

This is our largest caterpillar; it is harmless, though so formidable
in appearance, and easily recognized by its size and by the four long
horns on the segments just behind the head. It feeds on the black
walnut, butternut, hickory, persimmon, and sumach, and is very rare
north of New York, and is scarce in the Middle and Southern States.
In Georgia it is double-brooded.

50. Gdemasia concinna (Abbot and Smith.)

According to Abbot and Smith the caterpillar feeds on the honey-
locust (Gleditschia triacanthos), apple, persimmon, and hickory, the whole
brood most commonly together. Its web was formed on the 28th of
May, and the fly came out June 12th. It likewise spins in the autumn
and comes out in the spring. It thus appears to be double-brooded in
the Southern States, but in the Northern States it is single-brooded, and
usually occurs on the apple, cherry, and plum trees in August and
September, stripping certain branches of their leaves.

51. Datana angusii Grote and Robinson.

I have found the caterpillars of this Datana on the pig-nut hickory
late in the summer at Providence. The body is very dark, and Abbot
and Smith in the lastcentury noticed a black Datana larva on the hickory,
as did Harris (see Harris’ Correspondence.) When at rest the head and
thoracic segment are thrown over the back, and the eighth segment
and those behind it are also held up at right angles to the middle of
the body, as usual in other species of the genus.

Larva.—Head black, body very dark, with four linear greenish-yellow distinct
lines on each side of the body, with numerous long white hairs, some longer than
the body is thick, arising from minute biack papillz. Thoracic legs black, but the
third pair Scotch-snuff brown at the base, as are the abdominal legs, except the anal
pair. Length, 40™™,

302 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

52. Datana ministra (Drury. )

(Larva, Plate Iv, figs. 1, 2.)

According to William Beutenmiiller,* this insect feeds on different.
species of hickory. (Carya alba, C. microcarpa, C.sulcata, C. amara, and

C. porcina.)*

See also Poplar insects.

53. Apatela funeralis Grote and Rob. .

The caterpillar is said by Mr. Thaxter to feed on the hickory, but no
description of the larva has been yet published.

54. Acronycta lithospila Grote.
The caterpillar has been bred from the hickory by the late Mr. S. L.

Elliot.

Larva.—Very dark bluish green, darkest dorsally ; head slightly truncate in
front, with two slightly raised protuberances on the crown ; pitchy, with brown

*Food-plants of Datana ministra (Drury.)

By WM. BEUTENMULLER, Ent. Amer.

TILIACEA.

Tilia americana, L.
heterophylla, Vent.
wood. )
europaea, L.
alba, Waldst & Kit.
den.)

(Basswood. )
(White Bass-

(European Linden.)
(White Lin-

ROSACEA.

Prunus cerasus, Juss. (Common Garden
Cherry.)

Pyrus malus, Tourn.

Cydonia vulgaris,
Quince. )

(Common Apple.)
Pers. (Common

JUGLANDACEX.

(Butternut. )
(Black Walnut.)
(Shell Bark Hickory.)
(Small Fruited

Juglans cinerea, L.
nigra, L.
Carya alba, Nutt.
microcarpa, Nutt.
Hickory.)
sulcata, Nutt. (Western Shell
Bark Hickory.)
amara, Nutt. (Bitter Nut Hick-
ory.)

porecina, Nutt. (Pig-nut Hickory. )

CUPULIFERZ.

Quercus alba, L. (White Oak.)
obtusiloba, Michx. (Obtuse-
leaved Oak.)
macrocarpa, Michx. (Mossy-cup
Oak.)

Quercus coccinea, Wang. (Scarlet Oak.)
rubra, L. (Red Oak.)
palustris, Du Roi. (Pin Oak.)
pedunculata, Willd. (English

Oak. )
sessiliflora, Sal.

flowered Oak.)
cerris, Linn. (Turkey Oak.)

Castanea vesca, Gaert. (European Chest-

nut.)

Castanea vesca, v. Americana, De Cand.

(American Chestnut.)
Castanea pumila, Mil. (Chinquapin.)
Fagus ferruginea, Ait. (Red Beech.)
sylvatica, L. (European Wood
Beech. )
sylvatica, var. purpurea, Ait.
(Purple Beech.)
sylvatica, var. cuprea, Lodd.
(Copper Beech.)
sylvatica var. laciniata, Lod d.
(Cut-leaved Beech. )
Corylus americana, Walt. (American
Hazel. )

| avellana, L.

_Carpinus americana, Michx.

beam.)

(The Sessil-

(European Hazel.)
(Horn-

BETULACE.
Betula alba, L. (White Birch.)
var. populifolia, Spach.
can White Birch.)
papyracea, Ait. (Paper Birch.)

(Ameri-

tFood-plants of Lepidoptera, No. 4.

-

INJURING HICKORY LEAVES. 303

marks. The body is covered with rather long hairs; along the back is a dull pink
stripe, triangularly formed on the six anterior segments, then widening very much
until the entire back is covered on segments 7, 8, and 9, then narrowing again to the
anal extremity. The middle and broad portion of this mark is darker than the
anterior and posterior portions; the hairs spring from small pinkish tubercles, the
spiracles also being of a pinkish cast; under side all dull green. Length, 35™™
(1.40 inches). (Hy. Edwards & Elliott.)

Moth.—Resembling closely in its markings a gray Leucania or Xylina, and in
shape of wings and streaky shadings 4. xylinoides. Ornamentation obscure, the trans-
verse iines marked by even oblique darker shades on the costa. The color is dark steel
gray with dull, inconspicuous brownish shadings on the cell. Transverse posterior line
dentate. Whitish streaky shadings on the cell accompanying a black discal streak,
above the internal angle below a very fine black streak, and again on the submedian
interspace before the transverse posterior line, and on a line with the black basal
streak. Reniform spot obscure. Fore wings paler gray near the outer margin, the
veins marked with dark gray and with dark shade streaks between the ends of the
venules, ending in marginal dots. Hind wings whitish, with smoky venules and a
faint undetined terminal shade band. Beneath whitish, dusted with smoky scales,
and with an obscure discal mark and line on the hind wings. Palpi whitish, with
the second joint black on the sides. Expanse of wings 35™™ (1.40 inches). (Grote.)

55. Catocala serena Edwards.

This species is said by Mr. Angus to feed as a caterpillar on the
hickory; there is nodescription of it. It has also been observed on
the hickory in Ohio by Mr. Pilate. (Papilio, ii, 69.)

Moth.—Fore wings close, even, uniform, smoky gray; lines fine but distinct;
transverse posterior line with but one prominent tooth; reniform spot brownish ;
subreniform spot round, a little lighter. Hind wings light yellow; median band
narrow, angulated; yellow interspace, often very narrow. Expands 60 to 65™™,

It inhabits the Northern and eastern United States. It also occurs in
eastern Siberia. (Hulst.)

56. Catocala judith Strecker.

The food-plant of this species is said by Mr. Hulst, on the authority
of Mr. Angus, to be probably the hickory.

Moth.—Fore wings close, even, light gray, with a dusky shade; lines fine, faint,
sometimes partly obsolete, no basal or apical dashes; reniform spot brownish, annu-
late with whitish; M of transverse posterior line with the upper tooth broad, much
the larger; a subterminal lighter band toothed strongly at M of transverse posterior
line. Hind wings black, fringes dark. Expands 40 to 50™™,

It inhabits the Eastern and Middle States. (Haulst.)
Var. miranda Hy. Edw., differs in being smaller and with the fringe
of the hind wings whitish on outer margin to apex.

57. Catocala robinsonii Grote.

According to Mr. Angus the caterpillar of this moth feeds on the
hickory.
Moth.—Fore wings even, smooth, pale greenish cinereous, generally without shades;

lines fine, distinct ; M of transverse posterior line moderately strong ; a black shad-
ing on the costa at the reniform spot; the latter lighter; a subterminal white space

304 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

beyond the transverse posterior line. Hind wings black; fringe white. Expands
75 to 80™, Middle and Western States. Curvata is the name given to the form with
basal and apical dashes. (Haulst.)

58. Catocala retecta Grote.

The caterpillar feeds on the hickcry, according to Angus, and Dr.
Kellicott has reared it from a caterpillar found on the hickory June 28,
which changed to a pupa in July, the moth appearing July 27.

This moth has been raised by Dr. Kellicott, who originally by mistake
referred it to C. flebilis. (See Ent. Amer., June, 1886, p. 46.)

Larva.—Gray, with a greenish tinge; dorsal line rather faint, made up of closely
placed lines of black dots; subdorsal line wider and more conspicuous; on each abdom-
inal ring is an illy-defined >— or < sifuated in this line; the stigmatal line or stripe
is still more distinct and continous; the large, black-ringed, elliptical spiracles are
situated, except the first, wholly in this line. The papille are white, each bearing a
fine brown hair; those on the first thoracic ring, however, are dark or black; on the
abdominal riugs the posterior pair are situated in the angle of the >— referred to
above. Head flattened, bluish gray, with lines of confluent whitish spots so arranged
that the surface has the appearance of watered silk; on the top of the head are four
brown dots placed at the angles of asquare. There is a black line extending from
the articulation of the jaws half way up the cranial lobes in front of the cells. Feet
ornamented with black slashes. Lateral fringes hoary. Under side of the body
bluish white, with black and flesh-colored spots. Length 58™™ (2.32 inches).
(Kellicott.)

Moth.—Fore wings pearly cinereous, a dash at the base and at the sinus of the
transverse posterior line; lines distinct; M of transverse posterior line strongly
produced; teeth nearly equal. Hind wings black; fringe white. Expands 70 to
75m™m, Middle and Western States. Flebilis has a diffuse black shading, reaching
from the base longitudinally across the wing to the apex. (Hulst.)

59. Catocala luctuosa Hulst.

The food-plant of this species is probably the hickory, according to
Mr Hulst.

Moth.—Fore wings like C. retecta in markings, but with apical shadings; wings
broader and outwardly more rounded, and more or less generally covered with a
brownish shading, often with a violet tinge. Hind wings black, with fringes broader
and dull white, and marked with black at ends of the veins. Expands 75 to 80™™,
Middle and Western States. (Hulst.)

60. Catocala insolabilis Guenée.

This moth has been bred by Mr. Angus from caterpillars found on
the hickory, but they have not been described.

Moth.—Fore wings light blue gray, heavily powdered with black; clouded with
black along the inner margin; generally on the median space, just anterior to this
black margin, a triangular pale or white space ; basal dash always turned downward
outwardly. Hind wings black, fringesdark. Expands 75 to 85™™, Middle, Western,
and Southern States. (Hulst).

HICKORY CATERPILLARS. 305
61. Catocala angusii Grote.

With the same habits as C. insolabilis.

Moth.—Fore wings dark greenish gray; no band on the inner margin, though
often a cloud at the sinus of the transverse posterior line and below the apex; no
triangular white spot on the median space ; basal dash turning upward outwardly ;
in these respects differing from C. insolabilis. Hind wings black, fringe dark, rarely
light. Expands 70 to 80™™,

HABITAT.—With the same distribution as in C. insolabilis. Lucetta
differs in having a longitudinal shading from the base to beneath the
apex.

62. Catocala obscura Strecker.

Also feeds upon the hickory, according to Mr. Angus.

Moth.—¥ore wings uniform dull smoky gray; lines fine but distinct; margin of
transverse posterior line with the upper tooth much the larger; submarginal space
whitish, serrated. Hind wings black, fringes white. Expands 70 to 80™™,

Dr. D.S. Kellicott says that “ the larva of this species feeds on the
leaves of the shagbark hickory, @. alba, and in habit agrees very elosely
with other described species of the genus; it is, apparently, a night
feeder, concealing itself by day at rest under the loosened bark of the
tree, upon the leaves of which it feeds at night. July 5, 1883, at Pulaski,
N. Y., larve were taken from beneath the bark of the hickory, and
from these, two imagos were obtained. Two sizes were thus obtained
on that day; one, evidently soon after its last larval molt, measured
1.6 inches, width of head .17 inch, of eighth and ninth rings .2 inch; the
smaller ones were 1.1 inches long; they molted July 19, when they
were 1.5 inches long and precisely similar to the larger size when taken
July 5.”

Larva.—The head is somewhat flattened, reticulated with coarse, uneven lines,
and a heavy black stripe extends along the lateral borders from the articulation of
the mandibles half way to the apex of head lobes. In this character it closely resem-
bles the larva of C. retecta, which likewise feeds on the hickory. The antenne are
long, slender, and white.

The color of the skin is dark gray, much darker than in C. retecta. The piliferous
spots which are arranged nearly at the corners of a rectangle are large and light col-
ored; these are larger than usual on rings 5 and 12, otherwise there are no humps;
there are no lateral fringes as in Ultronia and Unijuga. The dorsal line is very
obscure; there are on rings 5, 9, and 10, irregular black crosses; the stigmatal
line distinct and black. The stigmata are of the usual shape; the long axis, how-
ever, leans slightly forward, rings black, white within. The ventral surface is
pinkish with black spots in the abdominal rings except 8 and 9. The color
of smaller specimens yellowish gray. One larva, then 2 inches in length, spun the
usual, light, very loose cocoon among the leaves July 20; the imago appeared about
August 15. The pupa was of the usual form and color, covered with bloom; it
measured 1.1 inches. The anal hooklets unusually long. (Kellicott.)

It inhabits the Middle, Western, and probably Southern States.
Var. residua Grote. Fore wings of a brighter, bluer color. Hind wings with the
fringes often dark.

5 ENT 20

306 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.
63. Catocala habilis Grote.

“The larve of this species were in company with those of obscura.
mentioned above. Different sizes were taken; but slight changes in
color or ornamentation were noted at the molts. This larva is quite
different from any of the genus heretofore identified by me. It pupated
in the usual cocoon; the first to change July 18 gave a moth August 18,”
(Kellicott.)

Larva.—An average mature caterpillar measured 2 inches in length ; slender, color
dark, in some almost black ; skin shining. Along the dorsum there is a broad stripe,
lighter than the general hue; on either side a darker one of equal width; the stig-
matal stripes almost black; beneath pale whitish, with black spots on the middle
segments. Head reddish black, with faint reticulations in white.

64. Catocala sp.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family NOCTUIDZ.

This caterpillar occurs in June on the pig-nut hickory at Providence.

Larva.—Young 13™™ long. Body very slender, head very small, considerably nar-
rower than the prothoracic segment. Body tapering towards each end, first abdomi-
nal segment about as long as all the thoracic ones, the abdominal segments being
very long compared with the thoracic ones; third and fourth abdominal segments.
with minute legs, those on the fourth a little larger than those on the third segment;
those on fifth and sixth segments large and rather slender, blackish in front. Anal
legs very long, slender and spreading. Supra-anal plate very short and wide, rounded
behind. At base of anal legs next to the hind edge of the supra-anal plate are two
large shining dark piliferous tubercles; four conspicuous black dorsal piliferous warts.
Body dull pear] colored, with two dorsal parallel wrinkled white lines; three similar
lateral lines. Upper side of thoracic legs dark. Head and thoracic segments a little
more dusky than the abdominal ones; head streaked longitudinally with white and
black. Clypeus with a median black line, and sides lined with black. Thoracic feet
a little dusky. Four lateral piliferous conspicuous dots on each abdominal segment,
arranged in an oblique rhomb. Length 13™™, Found on Carya porcina May 24,
molted about the 26th, becoming 22™™ long, with the four anterior abdominal feet.
well developed.

Full-grown larva.—June 11. Head duil pearl, marbled with longitudinal irregular
black lines, somewhat flattened in front. Body dull pearl, mottled with brown and
blackish lines and spots. On top of each segment are four white dots arranged in a.
square. A pair of rather broad interrupted dark brown dorsal lines, and a similar
lateral supra-stigmatal band. Five pairs of abdominal feet, all well developed. Be-
neath pale, with a median series of about twelve dark red-brown patches connected
together posteriorly. Length, June 4, 40™™, Although the young larva was supposed
to be a Pyralid, after the last molt the Catocala-like characters revealed them-
selves.

65. Eugonia subsignaria (Hiibner.)

Order LEPIDOPLIA; family PHALZINDZ.

During the past summer specimens of this common northern geo-
metrid were received from Mr. Adam Davenport, of Morganton, Fan-
nin County, Ga. In the accompanying letter Mr. Davenport stated
that the insects had first been noticed in the county two years before, -
and that they had rapidly spread uutil they were now destroying

Ye

HICKORY CATERPILLARS. 307

forests of hickory and chestnut and were doing much damage to the
fruit trees. The principal damage done by these insects at the North
has been to the shade trees in the large cities, notably New York and
Philadelphia. In these localities there is but one brood in a year, the
worms hatching in early spring and feeding upon the leaves until
towards the end of June, when they spin up between the leaves. The
moths issue in a week, pair, and lay their eggs upon the trunk and
twigs of the tree, where they remain until the following spring. The
worm is an inch and a half long and nearly black in color. The moth
is pure white in color and has a wing expanse of an inch and a half.

As was evinced by reports received by Mr. Davenport, and by the
fact that many of the eggs received were deposited upon leaves, there
is evidently more than one brood each year in Georgia. The eggs were
1™™ long, half as wide, of a yellowish-brown color, and were placed upon
end in small patches. As to remedies, it will prove a very difficult in-
sect to fight in forests; but upon ornamental trees and shrubs and upon
fruit trees it will not be difficult to destroy it. The former can easily
be syringed with Paris green and water, from a garden syringe or
fountain pump. With the latter it will be necessary to jar the trees in
mid-day, or in warm sunshine, when the worms are most active. The
shock will cause nearly all to drop, suspended by a silken thread; then
by using a pole they can be brought to the ground and destroyed by
crushing. In forests, however, | can see no means of getting rid of
them, unless it should prove that the moths are readily attracted by
light, in which case much good could be accomplished by building fires
at intervals during the time of flight. (Comstock’s Report for 1880, p.
271).

For descriptions of the moth and its preparatory stages see p. 232.

66. Eugonia alniaria Hiibner.

The larva of this species occurred at Providence in June, in its sec-
ond stage of growth on Carya porcina and Juglans nigra. I sent it to
Miss Sanders, who states that it molted July 9, again on the 16th, and
for the last time July 24, spinning August 9 a beautiful loose web of
silk like open lace, witiin the web hanging the inner oval hammock-
like cocoon of close texture, thin and fine. The female emerged Au-
gust 31.

Mr. L. W. Goodell has raised it from the chestnut at Amherst, Mass.,
August 20. He describes the caterpillar as “ bluish-green, with a thick
wrinkle on each ring, those on the fifth and eighth thickest and light
brown; on the back of the eleventh ring are two little warts tipped
with brown.” Length, 2.3 inches, the body largest near the tail and
tapering to the head. August 21 it drew a few leaves together and
spun a thin pear-shaped cocoon, pupated the 24th, the moth issuing Sep-
tember 13.

308 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Mr. S. H. Scudder has found it on the black birch. “It forms a
cocoon by spinning in the midst of a bunch of leaves a close and firm
cocoon of a bluntly fusiform shape, having a long neck extending above
and below (it hangs perpendicularly) to the end of the many threads ;
open at both ends by an aperture about one-tenth of an inch in
diameter.” |

Larva.—Of the color of the twig (of black birch), dall brownish-red, speckled con-
siderably, and especially above, with dirty-white specks, arranged very frequently
in lines, either longitudinal on the sides or curved forward above and becoming
transverse. Head a little paler than the body; labrum and feet at base whitish.
On the posterior portion of the fifth and eighth segments above there is a transverse
paler ridge bordered with black. Length, 2 inches.

Moth.—Delicate ocher-yellow, with a reddish tinge toward the edge of the wings
and on the head and front of the thorax. Fore-wings with two lines, often inter-
rupted, or only developed on the costa; inner line on the inner third of the wing ;
the curved outer line, beginning near the inner, diverges and follows a sinuate
course, ending much nearer the apex than the inner line, the distance varying;
both wings speckled, sometimes thickly, with unusually large spots; outer edge of
both wings deeply excavated, especially opposite the second median venule. On the
hind wings no lines; an obscure discal clot centered, with a short translucent line.
Beneath, much as above, but no lines, except in one case a diffuse dark line crosses
the hind-wings. (The female differs in the usual characters of the dentated forms. )
Fringe dark, whitish in the notches on both wings. Expanse of wings, 2 to 2.20
inches.

67. Geometrid larva.

This measuring worm was observed to be common on the hickory in
the Arnold Arboretum at Jamaica Plains, June 4.

Larva.—Body thick, of uniform diameter throughout its length. Head brick-red,
granulated with fine yellow tubercles, about as wide as the body. Prothoracic seg-
ment reddish above, spotted with black. Body bright straw-yellow low down on
the sides and beneath, including the spiracles. Above, with alternating yellow and
brown lines, the black lines inclosing about eight yellow ones. Length, 22 to 25™™.

68. Geometrid larva.

This larva is a general feeder on the pig-nut hickory and Ostrya vir-
ginica, and resembles a canker worm (A. pometaria). It was common,
May 30, at Providence.

Larva.—Pale green, color of the leaf it feeds on. Head small, round, two-thirds
as wide as the body, which is rather thick. A rudimentary pair of feet on the fifth
abdominal segment. Two subdorsal white threads, and a much narrower lateral
thread line; in one specimen a dark dot behind each spiracle; sutures yellowish white.
Length, 22 to 23™™,

69. Geometrid larva.

This measuring worm occurred May 30, at Providence, on the pig-nut
hickory.

Larva.—With large clasping prothoracic legs. Head somewhat square in front, as
wide as the body, with reddish-resinous short curved lines. Segments much tuber-
culated on the sides, some of the tubercles bearing the spiracles. A broad, irregular
spiracular line ending on the first pair of legs. Body black above, with a broken

HICKORY CATERPILLARS. 309

broad greenish-yellow median band, ending before reaching mesothoracic or posteri-
orly the eighth abdominal segment. The ninth and tenth segments greenish yellow,
including the anal legs. Prothoracic segment yellowish above, interrupted by a
median short, broad, black band. Prothoracic and mesothoracic segments with ob-
lique yellowish-brown bands extending to the feet. Length, 25™™.

70. Noctuid? caterpillar.
(Pl. xxv, Fig. 2.)

For several-years I have noticed a greenish.semi-looping caterpillar
on the hickory eating large holes in the leaves. In one year they
were very abundant. They appear as soon as the leaves begin to
unfold, and get their. growth by June 15 to 20, when they fall to the
ground and pupate. The year in which so many were observed, large
numvers were ichneumoned, many caterpillars having an egg affixed to
the head. (Fig.2.) Whether from generally being ichneumoned, or
sickly in confinement, after repeated attempts we have failed to rear
this common caterpillar.

Larva.—Body of moderate thickness; head smooth, not lobed, not quite so wide as
the prothoracic segment. Pea-green, of the hue of the under side of a leaf. Spiracles
dark. Two subdorsal white lines and below two narrower ones on each side, six in
all, one above and one below the spiracles. Length 19™™,

71. Phycis rubrifasciella (Packard).
Family PYRALID ; order LEPIDOPTERA.

This insect mines the recently expanded leaves and partially
expanded large buds of Carya glabra and another species with seven
leaflets, probably amara, making a mass of “ frass” under the revolute
outer bracts, also boring into and hiding in the base of the leaf stalks.
It occurs in abundance on Carya amara? in Providence May 25, or
before the trees are wholly leaved out. It pupated June 1,2. In one
ease the caterpillar pupated June 8 and the moth appeared early in
July. June 14 other larve were found mining in the stems of the |
leaves, building out the mouths of the mines with tubes formed of ex-
crement, and making a tent of the leaflets.

Larva.—A reddish-brown caterpillar, with the body thick and fleshy, tapering sud-
denly toward the head and tail; head and prothoracic shield chestnut-brown. Head
narrow, much narrower than the prothoracic shield. Thoracic feet dark brown. In
the abdominal segments the posterior half of the back is separated from the rest by
a deep distinct suture. Piliferous dots minute, with sparse, rather long hairs.
Supra-anal plate small, rounded. Length 12™™.

Pupa.—Of the usual brown color, the end of the abdomen much rounded, pro-
jecting from a transverse supra-anal projecting ridge, with the usual stiff curved set
unusually small and short, from six to ten placed irregularly ; in one pupa only six
large and well marked, in another eight large ones and two small ones, and scattered
in position; in size and situation very different from the pupa of P. contatella and
that of another species, on Gleditschia.

Moth.—Antennz of male with the usual tuft on basal joint; the palpi slender,
pointed, ascending vertically. Body and fore-wings slate-ash, glistening; thorax

310 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

tinged with reddish-brown, and with the head giving off faint metallic colors; palpi
blackish on the outside, Fore-wings rather broad; just within the basal third a
straight line of raised scales, extending from the inner edge and stopping short of
the subcostal vein, conspicuously black externally with bright vermilion (some-
times wanting), which usually reaches the costal edge. Base of wing slightly paler
than middle of the wing. A light, triangular, paler shade in the costal region of the
middle of the wing, inclosing two small, conspicuous twin black dots. A submar-
ginal faint, pale, narrow line curving outward in the middle, and with four or five
acute scaliops. Fringe concolorous with the rest of the wing. Hind wings pale,
glistening, cinereous. Beneath, fore-wings quite dusky, with no markings; hind
wings much paler, growing darker toward the costa. Legs dark ash, paler at the
ends of the joints, especially the hind tibe, which have a whitish band around them ;
hind legs whitish within. Length of body, male, .40; female, .40 inch; of fure-
wings, male, .38 to .40; female, .40 inch. Orono, Me., and Providence, R. I.

This species is at once recognized by the broad bright-red transverse
stripe just within the middle of the wing. This stripe varies much,
being sometimes not present, at others not reaching the costal edge.
In one additional specimen from Maine the fore-wing has scattered
reddish scales at base and beyond the middle, while the dark trans-
verse stripe is wanting, and the red portion forms a broad transverse
bright-red band. The larva lives in June and early in July between
the leaves of the alder, where it makes a horn-shaped case of black
cylindrical pellets of excrement, arranged regularly in circles, the
additions being made around the mouth of the case. The case is about
an inch and a half long, its mouth a quarter of an inch in diameter.
Within it is densely lined with white silk. The pupa is of the usual
color, mahogany brown; the end of the abdomen rounded, with six
hairs projecting from a transverse supra-anal projecting ridge. On
each abdominal segment is a dorsal dusky transverse stripe, widest on
the basal segment. The pupa state lasts about two weeks, the moth
which I reared in Maine appearing July 24, the larva having been found
July 6.

The Museum of the Peabody Academy of Science also contains ten
specimens of this moth, reared by Mr. J. H. Emerton. The larvee were
found feeding on the sweet fern (Comptonia aspenifolia Ait.), July 7,
1866, at Hamilton, Mass., the moth appearing July 20. The case is
quite different in form from that previously described, being regularly
oval cylindrical, .55 inch long and .35 inch in diameter. It is con-
structed in the same manner as those found on thealder. This striking
difference in the form of the case may possibly be due to the difference
in the form of the leaves of the food plant, the large, broad leaves of
the alder inducing the larva to build a horn-like, much elongated éase,
while the narrow, smaller leaves of the sweet fern may have led to the
formation of a short oval case. These differences are such as we would
ordinarily regard as specific, but neither do the pup nor adults reared
from the two plants differ appreciably.

From the foregoing descriptions and remarks it will be seen that this
is a variable moth both in its coloration as well as in the habits of the

HICKORY CATERPILLARS. on

caterpillar; hence I am inclined to regard the following species de-
scribed by Mr. Grote as synonyms of the species described by myself
in the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History, New York, in 1873.
It should also be said that the moths raised from the Carya were shown
to Prof. C. H. Fernald, who identified them as Phycis rubrifasciella
Pack. Grote’s description of A. demotella applies to my specimen; so
also does that of A. angusella.

After preparing the foregoing account I found among my notes the
following extract from an Illinois paper by an excellent observer, which
I reproduce, as it shows that this insect is wide-spread in its distribu-
tion, and works in the same manner East and West.

In the latter part of May, while visiting a relative who lives in the western part
of this county, I saw that many small webs had been spun by some insect around
the footstalks of the leaves which grew near the terminal end of the branches of
many hickory trees. These webs were always spun on the lower branches, seldom
being more than 8 or 10 feet from the ground, and were confined to the second-
growth trees. Upon examining these webs more closely there was found a short
silken tube, closed at the outer end and opening at the other into a burrow, which in
many instances extended through the wood of the present year’s growth, but never
passing into the old wood. Many of these burrows contained an ashen green sixteen-
footed larva, measuring about half an inch in length; the spiracles were ringed
with dark brown, and there was a raised brown dot above each, and a pale brown
dot on either side of the second segment; the head was pale brown. These larve
changed to chrysalides in the forepart of June, and produced moths in the latter
part of the same month. Although these larve live in closed burrows, they are fre-
‘quently infested with internal parasites; from a small number which I collected I
obtained three moths and two parasites known to science as Phanerotoma tibialis
Haldeman. Asmall flattened green spider also preys upon them, as one was observed
near the mouth of a burrow with one of the larve in its jaws.

As these borers always spin a web around the leafstalks which grow around the
mouth of their burrows, their presence can easily be detected, and then by means of
a step-ladder the infested twigs may be cut off close to the old wood, collected in a
basket, and afterwards be burned.

McHEnrRY Country, ILL., July, 1882. D. W. CoquiLieTT.

72. THE WALNUT CASE-BEARER.
Acrobasis juglandis Le Baron.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PyRa-
LID.

Drawing two leaflets together and
constructing a black case, asmall dark
greenish worm, changing to a gray
narrow-winged small moth. (Riley,
IV, p. 42.)

We have observed at Provi-
dence, June 1, between the

Fic. 120.—Walnut case-bearer ; a, larva between two ee é 4
leaves; b, case; ¢, d, e, variations in the wings. leaves of Carya porcmna, a Sim-

ae Riley.) ilar case, but in the form of a
long, slender black cone, rather than spindle shaped.

312 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.
73. THE WALNUT Lael sthinee.
Tortrix rileyana Grote.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family TORTRICIDS.

Drawing together the leaves of the black walnut and hickory in May, a colony of
small yellow caterpillars; late in the month changing to honey-yellow chrysalids,
the moths escaping by the middle or last of June. The latter expands an inch, and
is deep ocherous, the fore-wings broad, evenly washed with purplish, with dark vel-
vety-brown small spots, of which there are three at the base, two in the middle of
the wing, and one on the edge, while near the apex is a curved row of four or five
spots. The hind wings clear bright deep ocherous yellow. (Riley.)

74. Tortrix (Lophoderus) juglandana Fernald.

HABITAT.—This species inhabits Massachusetts, New- York, Ontario,
Canada, Ohio, Wisconsin. Raised by James Angus on hickory leaves.
(C. H. Fernald in Can. Ent., xi, p. 155.)

The moth.—Head, thorax and fore-wings reddish brown to dark brown. Fore-wings
each with two oblique narrow bands of darker brown than the ground color of the
wing; the first, beginning at about the basal third of the costa, extends obliquely
across to the middle of the inner border; the second begins near the middle of the
costa and extends obliquely across the wing parallel to the first band, and ends at
the anal angle; these bands expand somewhat on the costal and inner borders. On
the fore-wings of most of the males are scattered scales of a straw-yellow color,
especially bordering the oblique bands; fringes of the fore-wings lighter in the mid-
dle, but at the apex and anal angle concolorous with the oblique bands. Hind
wings above, with their fringes, as well as the abdomen above and the under side of
fore-wings, fuscous. Under side of hind wings and legs lighter. Expanse Jf wings,
male, 15 to 20™™; female, 20 to 26™™,

75. THE HICKORY ECCOPSIS.
Eccopsis permundana (Clemens).

The larva of this pretty moth has been found in Providence, R. I., to
live on the leaves of the white-heart hickory (Carya tomentosa), which it
folds, and when about to change to a chrysalis lines the fold with a
thin layer of whitish silk. I have observed the caterpillars May 24, or
as soon as the leaves are unfolded. From the 2d to the 9th of June,
the insects changed to chrysalides and the moths appeared on the 23d
of the same month. The life-history is then nearly as follows: From
eggs laid the previous autumn on the twigs, the insect being probably
double-brooded, the caterpillars hatch out simultaneously with the
opening of the leaves, living about a week or ten days in this state be-
tween the folded leaves or rolling them up sideways or from the apex
to the base; in the fold or roll thus made, which it lines with silk, it
changes to a chrysalis, remaining about a fortnight in this state until
during the third week in June, in southern New England, it appears
as a beautifully marked moth flying about and resting on the leaves.

In Illinois, according to Mr. Coquillett (Papilio, iii, 102), the cater-
pillar feeds on the Siberian crab-apple, the cultivated raspberry, wild

HICKORY CATERPILLARS. 313.

blackberry (Rubus villosus), and hazel, while in Maine Professor Fern-
ald has bred it on the Spirzea (see Comstock, Agricultural Report for
1880). Coquillett gives the following account of its habits: ‘ Lives in
a leaf rolled from the apex to the base, or between two or three leaves.
fastened together with silken threads. Foynd a great many May 30.”
His specimens of the moth were named by Prof. C. H. Fernald. Those
which I bred were fresh, well-preserved specimens, and on submitting
them to Professor Fernald for identification he wrote me that they were.
probably Eecopsis permundana (Clemens).

Unfortunately I did not make a description of my caterpillars, and.
therefore copy that of Mr. Coquillett:

Larva.—Body green, usually clouded dorsally with dull leaden; first segment
brownish; head and cervical shield black or pale brownish; piliferous spots and
spiracles concolorous; anal plate unmarked. Length, 15™™ (Coquillett).

Pupa.—Of the usual shape and color, abdominal segments having two rows of dor-
sal spines, while the tip of the abdomen is three-toothed, there being two small lat-
eral and a small median projection. There are also eight small, rather short, bristles.
curved outwards at the ends, of which four are situated below the median tooth, and
two are situated near together on the side near but within the base of the lateral
tooth. There are two or three other sete on the side, but farther from the tip..
Length, 10™™,

Moth.—A rather large species, with the general color brown-ash and umber-brown.
Head a little paler than the thorax, the latter with three transverse darker lines
above. Fore-wings with three large umber-brown patches, the basal one oblique,
extending from the inner edge of the wing and only reaching the median vein. A
median, irregular, broad band sending two blunt teeth inwards on the inner side;
the outer side with three acute teeth, one in front and a larger one behind the median
vein. A large, oval, umber-brown spot on the internal margin of the wing, and an-
other large, oblique one extending from a little below the middle of the outer edge
obliquely to the outer fourth of the costal edge, in its course contracting in width
and becoming very narrow before reaching tl:e costa, on which it slightly expands,
forming one of the small costal brown spots beyond the middle of the wing. The
fringe pale, but dusky in the middle. Hind wings dark slate color, as is the under
side of both pairs of wings, as well as the abdomen, which, however, is paler at the
end. Expanse of wings, 18™™.

76. THE VARIEGATED ECCOPSIS.
Eccopsis versicolorana (Clemens).

This species also feeds upon the leaves of the white-heart hickory
(Carya tomentosa) in company with the foregoing species. The larva
begins to eat the leaves when they are unfolding, and the moth appears.
by the middle of June. Unfortunately no notes were made on the cater-
pillar, as they were confounded with the other species until the emer-
gence of the moths showed that there were two species.

Pupa.—Slenderer than that of E. permundana, the end of the abdomen tridentate,
with the eight bristles arranged as in the foregoing species, but much larger and lon-
ger. Length, 8™™ to 9™™,

Moth.—Pale, greenish, umber-brown, with whitish patches. Palpi whitish to the
tips. Head dark between the antenna, pale behind and in front. Fore-wings olive
green; a dark patch at base, becoming paler towards the inner edge of the wing,

314 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION

with black specks, then becoming a pale, whitish, somewhat silvery band, crosses
the wing. A broad median, dark, olive-green patch; the outer scales raised and
dotted with black. Beyond this patch are three light, squarish, costal spots. An
oblique, olive-green line passes from the outer margin just above the internal margin
to the costa, becoming nearly obsolete before reaching the costa, but ending on the
fourth costal spot. An apical dusky spot. Hind wings dark slate, and fore-wings
beneath dark slate, with lighter costal spots. Expanse of wings, 15™™.

77. Cacecia semiferana (Walker).

This leaf-roller is said by Miss Murtfeldt to occur on “ various species
of oak, and a strongly marked variety on hickory.” (Fernald’s Cata-
logue of Tortricidz, p. 12.)

i ; XN

+N Se
a \' y\ SS -

Fic. 122.—Cacecia semiferana. (After Riley.) Fic. 121.—Oacecia semiferana. Larva
and pupa. (After Riley.)

78. THE WHITE-HEART HICKORY GELECHIA.
Gelechia caryevorella Pack.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family TINEIDZ.

Although we have numerous species of this extensive genus of Tineid
moths feeding upon our forest trees, none, we believe, have been re-
corded as living at the expense of the hickory.

The larve of the present species were found at Providence, R.1., feed-
ing upon the young, freshly unfolded leaves of the white-heart hickory
(Carya tomentosa), rolling them up. Within the roll the chrysalis was
discovered from June 2 to 4. The insect remains about two weeks in
this stage, the moths appearing in my breeding box June 17 and 23.

The moth belongs to that section of the genus with moderately wide
fore-wings, which are oblong, and moderately pointed at the tip. Pro-
fessor Fernald informs me that it is allied to Gelechia bicostomaculella of
Chambers.

Moth.—Palpi very long, the third joint slender, one-half as long as the second;
second joint with black specks; third black, but white at the tip. The fore-wings
broad, oblong. Head, thorax, and wings blackish, with whitish buff-yellow specks
and dots. The fore-wings are dark pepper and salt, with a row of five deep black
spots along the middle of the wing, increasing in size towards the end of the wing;
the basal spot minute; the third large, and sending a branch obliquely inwards to
the costa; the fourth patch large, irregularly squarish; above it is a black square
costal spot, next to a buff-white, distinct costal spot. opposite another on the inner

HICKORY CATERPILLARS. 315

edge of the wing; the two spots are sometimes almost connected by a light line.
The edge of the wing buff-white with black scales. Hind wings and abdomen slate-
colored. Length of fore-wing, 7™™; width, 1.5™™; expanse of wings, about 15™™
(0.60 inch).

79. Lithocolletis caryefoliella Clem.

This larva mines the upper side of the leaves of the hickory tree in
June, July, and September, making a white blotch, or an irregular
rather broad tract when there is but one in the leaf, and not throwing
the leaf into a fold. Frequently there are several larve in a leaf—in
one instance I counted twelve. The “frass” is deposited along the
middle of the mine. The perfect insects of the spring brood appear in
August; from the fall brood I did not succeed in rearing the imago.
(Clemens.)

Larva.—The larva is flattened, and its physical characteristics are similar to those
of the second larval group. The head is light brown; the body dark lead color,
becoming yellowish posteriorly, with the mammille of the thoracic rings yellowish,
and a central spot of the same hue on the first; each ring on the dorsum with a dark
brown, shining macula, those on thoracic rings trapezoidal, the remainder oval ; on
the ventral surface the macule are also dark brown, those on the fourth and fifth
rings being oval. (Clemens.)

Moth.—Antenne silvery, annulated with blackish. Frontsilvery. Tuftand thorax
reddishorange. Fore-wings reddish orange, with three silvery bands, black-margined
exteriorly, the second about the middle of the wing, angulated, with the black mar-
gin broad and produced posteriorly on a whitish ground, nearly to the third, which
is somewhat interrupted in the middle; the first midway between the second and the
base of the wing and also angulated near the costa. The apical portion of the wing
white, covered with dispersed black scales, with a few black scales on a whitish
ground, on the costa, between the last silvery band and the dusted apical portion ;
with two hinder-marginal lines, one the margin of the apical scales, the other a dark
brownish line in the cilia. Hind wings pale brownish-gray ; cilia gray, with a ful-
vous hue. (Clemens.)

80. Lithocolletis caryealbella Chambers.
81. Nepticula caryefoliella Clem.

This larva is found in the leaves of hickory late in July and early
in August. The mine is very like the preceding, but rather wider and
longer and not so tortuous, but nearly always recurved and with the
central “frass” line. I have taken a specimen as late as the 30th of
August, but at this date almost every mine found is untenanted.
(Clemens.)

Larva.—The larva is pale green, with a dark green central line and brownish head.
It is nearly or quite cylindrical, diameter uniform, the anal segments pointed.

(Clemens. )
82. THE HICKORY SACK-BEARER.

Coleophora sp.

This interesting sack-bearer was found feeding on the unfolding
leaves of Carya porcina at Providence, May 24. Its sack is flattened
elongate ovate, 3.5™" in length; the anterior end is square, a little
wider than the posterior end, which is more rounded. It is of a pale
light horn color.

316 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.
83. Coleophora caryefoliella Chambers.
The larva feeds in a cylindrical case attached to the under surface of

the leaves.
84. Ypsolophus caryefoliella Clemens.

85. THE BLACK-EDGED FLEA-BEETLE.
Systena marginalis Illiger.

Order COLEOPTERA; family CHRYSOMELID®.

This flea-beetle is said by Mr. Harrington to abound upon the elm,
oak, etc., in the summer and autumn, while early in September he found
it in great numbers feeding on the foliage of the sweet hickory. (Rep.
Ent. Soc. Ontario for 1883, p. 49.)

The beetle.—A small, long beetle of a lemon-yellow color, and having the prothorax
and wing-covers edged with black. The hind femora or thighs are much swollen, .
adapting it for leaping like a flea.

86. THE HICKORY LEAF-WEEVIL.
Conotrachelus elegans Say.

Order COLEOPTERA ; family CURCULIONID2.

We have observed this weevil at Providence, busily engaged the last
of May, and in 1882 from June 8 to 13, laying its eggs in the partly
rolled-up leaves of the pig-hickory (Carya glabra), and during the
process cutting off the leaves, which hang down, wither, and turn
black.

87. THE PLUM WEEVIL.
Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst),

This common weevil was noticed on the leaves of the pig Dieieays
May 25, at Providence.

Fic. 123.—Conotrachelus nenuphar, Smith del.

THE WALKING STICK. OLE

88. THE PIG-HICKORY SLUG WORM.

Selandria sp.

This is a pale green slug worm, representing in form the naked larva
of Selandria cary, with several rows of short, forked white hairs;
quite abundant at Providence May 30, eating roundish holes in the

leaves of the pig-nut hickory.
89. THE THICK-THIGHED WALKING-STICK.
Diapheromera femorata Say.

Order ORTHOPTERA ; family PHASMID&.

The following account of this singular insect is taken verbatim from
Professor Riley’s U. S. Report for 1878 :

Certain elongate insects belonging to the Orthoptera, and popularly known as the
“‘Walking-stick” or ‘‘ Walking-leaves,” according as they lack or possess wings,
have long been recognized as among the most bizarre of entomological creatures.
Mimicking to a remarkable degree, as their popular names imply, the twigs and
leaves upon which they dwell, these insects find their most congenial home in the
tropics, where some of the species attain to over a foot in length, exclusive of the legs.

The most common and wide-spread species in North America is the subject of the
present sketch.

Owing to its curious, slender, long-legged, slow-moving characteristics, it has been
properly dubbed the ‘ Walking-stick,” ‘‘ Stick-bug,” ‘‘Specter;” while in some
localities it is known as ‘Prairie Alligator,” ‘‘ Devil’s Horse,” and other odd cogno-
mens, generally indicative of its appearance and of a superstition which is quite
prevalent, but most unfounded, that it is poisonous and can sting or bite.

The popular name above employed will serve to distinguish it from another toler-
ably common species the Two-striped Walking-stick (Anisomorpha buprestoides Stall).

This insect has always been considered harmless, or as Harris puts it, has “not
proved so injurious as particularly to attract attention.* In 1872, however, while
lecturing at Cornell University, I noticed that it was unusually abundant around
Ithaca, and it was there reported as doing considerable injury to the rose bushes and
other shrubs. The following letters from correspondents will also show that Harris’s
verdict, which is that of all other standard authors, can no longer be considered
correct :

‘‘TInclosed find specimens, male and female, of an insect which is proving to be a
scourge. About the middle of June I discovered, mostly on standing grass, this same
insect, only very much smaller, of a light pea-green color, but not in sufficient num-
bers to be thought of asa pest. I noticed about August 15, in the reservation of
young timber, mostly white oak and hickory, a few trees having the appearance of
being burned just enough to kill the leaves, On closer investigation 1 found many
of these insects devouring the leaves. Later, I judge at least 25 acres were com-
pletely stripped of foliage; as much so as if fire had run through the wood and killed
every tree. They seemed to have no choice as to what variety of timber they attacked.
There were many in my peach orchard and lawn. On single trees, far removed from
my timber lot, they were as thick as could well be, in many places in heaps. Fences
adjoining the timber were fairly covered with them. They have been known for
years in this vicinity, but were heretofore always considered harmless. From pres-
ent appearances they are greatly to be feared as a scourge, consequently anything

*Ins. Inj. to Veg., p. 147.

318 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

relating to them will be read with great interest. I hear from them in Florida, but
not in such numbers as here.”—[G. C. Snow, Yates County, New York, in New York
Weekly Tribune, November 11, 1874. ]

“About forty years ago my father set out a grove of locust trees for fencing pur-
poses, at the foot of a rocky, wooded hill. The trees throve, and for years have
furnished the farm with posts and stakes. When they were young we began to
notice on them, now and then, the insects known as ‘“‘ Walking-sticks,” and some
fifteen years ago they began to increase rapidly, appearing in summer on the locusts,
to which at first they seemed to confine themselves, entirely stripping them of their
leaves, and have done so every second year since.

‘‘The locusts have nearly all succumbed to the repeated attacks of these repulsive-
looking pests, which have for some time extended their operations to the adjoining
native trees, most kinds of which they feed upon ravenously.

“‘T have never by observation been able to discover when or where the eggs are
deposited, nor can I find more than a description of the insect in any book within my
reach. Will you throw a little light on the subject, and can you suggest any method
of destroying these pestiferous walking-sticks?”—[R. E. R., Ferrisburgh, Vt., in
Rural New Yorker, November 7, 1874. ]

“In June last we gave an account of a remarkable visitation of myriads of the
insect known as the walking-stick (Spectrum femoratum) in Yates County, New York,
and asked for information as to the appearance elsewhere. The following from
Mr. E. H. Conklin, Cumberland County, Pa., is the first response, which we hope
may call out others. Mr. C. says: ‘This insect, though not at all common, and
seldom numerous, has made its annual appearance in our peach orchards for forty
years, and only once in this time have they been so numerous as to be injurious. In
this instance, which was about ten years ago, these insects denuded a row of locust.
trees that formed a shelter on the northwest side of a peach orchard. For half a
dozen rods from this locust row the peach trees were also stripped of their leaves.
Previous to this time we never saw them on any other trees except the peach. As to.
color some are light green, and others brown, amongst male and female. The female
has a much heavier body than the male.’”—[American Agriculturist, August, 1877. ]

A further account of great injury to oak timber by this insect on Mr. Snow’s farm
was given in the American Agriculturist for June, 1877, and when applications were
made through the editor of the said journal for more definite information and for
some practical recommendations, so little was any one able to comply with such a
request, I deemed the matter of sufficient interest and importance to warrant further
investigation. A couple of visits to Esperange farm enabled me to clear up the
insect’s natural history, and suggested, as the sequel will show, a simple and feasible
means of preventing its injuries.

Mr. Snow has about 50 acres of woodland, consisting of fine young trees, mostly
the second growth of hickory, and of different species of oak. In 1874 the trees on
about 25 acres were totally defoliated. In 1875 the insects appeared in fewer num-
bers. In 1876 they were even more numerous than in 1874, and covered a larger
area. In 1877 again they attracted less attention, while last summer I found that.
Mr. Snow’s accounts were by no means exaggerated. By the middle of August the
bulk of the pests were going through their last molt, and by the end of autumn they
had stripped most of the trees, showing, however, a decided preference for the black,
red, and rock-chestnut oaks over the white oaks and hickories, which they affect but
little till after the first-mentioned trees are stripped. The underbrush was also very
effectually eleaned of its foliage, and the insects hung from and clung to the bare
twigs and branches in great clusters. They settle to roost on the witch hazel, but.
do not defoliate it until the other trees mentioned are pretty bare. Stumach and
thorn are also little affected, while peach and apple in an adjoining orchard were
untouched. Whenever they have entirely stripped the trees and shrubs they move
in bodies to fresh pastures, crowding upon one another and covering the ground, the

THE WALKING STICK. 319

fence-rails, and everything about them so that it is impossible for a person to enter
the woods without being covered by them. The timber affected can be recognized
by its seared and leafless appearance from a great distance, and upon entering the
woods the ear is greeted by a peculiar seething noise, resulting from the motion of
the innumerable jaws at work on the leaves. Their depredations first begin to
attract attention soon after wheat harvest, and are most noticeable in September.
The injury to the trees done in 1874 and 1876 was manifest in the death of most of
the black oaks, and according to Mr. Snow’s observations, trees die in three years
after the first attack.

The unexampled multiplication and destructiveness of this insect at Esperange
farm is but one of the many illustrations of the fact long since patent to all close
students of economic entomology, that species normally harmless may suddenly
become very injurious.

Owing doubtless to its having so generally been considered harmless, the habits of
the thick-thighed walking-stick have not hitherto been carefully studied ; and it
was not known how it passed the winter or where the eggs were laid. These eggs,
which were first briefly described by me in 1874,* are 2.8™™ long, oval in shape,
slightly compressed at the sides, and of a polished black color, with a ventral whitish
stripe. They look not unlike some plump, diminutive leguminose seed. They are
simply dropped loosely upon the ground from whatever height the females may
happen to be, and, during the latter part of autumn, where the insects are common,
one hears a constant pattering, not unlike drops of rain, that results from the abun-
dant dropping of these eggs, which in places lay so thick among and under the dead
leaves that they may be scraped up in great quantities.

From general observations of specimens kept in confinement it would appear that
each female is capable of laying upwards of a hundred. The eggs remain upon the
ground all through the winter, and hatch for the most part during the month of May.
Some of them, however, continue hatching much later, so that all through the sum-
mer and even into the fall young individuals may be found, The embryo just about
to hatch lies within the egg with the head pressed against the oval lid, and the body
curled around so that the end of the abdomen, which is thickened and contracted,
reaches near the mouth. The long antenne project in front of the head and follow
the curve of the body, and the long legs are folded up in the central space. At an
earlier embryonic stage the abdomen is enormously enlarged and the members are
correspondingly small. The young walking-sticks measure at birth 4.5™™, and, with
their feelers and legs outstretched, nearly double that length. They are invariably,
during early life, of a uniform pale yellowish-green color, and as they have a habit
in their earlier days of keeping near the ground, this, coupled with a great readiness
to drop whenever disturbed, serves to protect them from observation. ‘They may for
these reasons occur in great numbers in the early part of the season without being
suspected. The insect changes very litile in appearance from birth to maturity
except so far as color is concerned, and molts but twice. Growth is rapid, averaging
under favorable circumstances about six weeks from birth to maturity. With age
the green color gives way to various shades of gray and b.own. In this way we find
great correspondence with its surroundings. While the vegetation is green the
specters are green also; when the foliage turns in autumn they change color corre-
spondingly, and when the foliage is stripped they so closely resemble, in both appear-
ance and color, the twigs upon which they rest—the habit of stretching out the
front legs and feelers greatly enhancing the resemblance—that when they are few in
numbers it is difficult to recognize them. A few green specimens, more particularly
of the males, may always be found, even among the mature individuals.

In contemplating these singular creatures and their wonderful resemblance to the
oak vegetation upon which they occur, one can not help noticing still further resem-
blances. They are born with the bursting of the buds in the spring ; they drop their

* New York Weekly Tribune, November 11, 1874.

320 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

-eggs as the trees drop their seeds, and they commence to fall and perish with the
leaves, the later ones persisting, like the last leaves, till frost cuts them off.

As will have been already noticed, Mr. Snow has found from his own observations
that the insects were injuriously abundant every other year, and I have been inter-
ested in endeavoring to find an explanation of this fact. The increase of the insect’s
natural enemies whenever they became excessively abundant, and the consequent
decrease of the plant feeder the following year, undoubtedly have something to do
with it; but there is also good evidence that a great many of the eggs remain on the
ground for two consecutive winters before hatching. Messrs. T. W. Bringham and
L. Tronvelot have both found from experience that the eggs of this insect for the
most part hatch only after the interval of two years,* and an examination made of
a large number, which I have myself kept the present winter, shows that while some
have proceeded far in embryonic development, others show no development what-
ever, thus corroborating the experience of these gentlemen.

We may very justly conclude, therefore, that the species will only be injurious
-every alternate year.

Among the natural euemies of this Walking-stick, Mr. Snow has observed that
the crows were very abundant about them, as well as some other smaller birds.
Turkeys, as well as chickens, also feed upon them, and may be made good use of
while the insects are young and remain near the surface of the ground.

Of the insects that prey upon them, I noticed, both in the immature and perfect
states, three species of half-wing bugs (Heteroptera), namely, Arma spinosa, Podisus
cynicus Say, both in the typical form, and in the variety obscuripes as determined by
Professor Uhler ; also Acholla multispinosa (De Geer.)

Egg.—Bean-shaped, hard, and highly polished ; obliquely truncate at the anterior
end, which consists of a dark oval raised rim, inclosing a slightly elevated, convex,
densely and deeply punctate brown lid, which is replaced after the young has
hatched by the white sunken amnion, which is shed within the egg. Color black,
with frequently a faint olivaceous hue, the ventral side in strong contrast, whitish
inclining to pale fulvous, and with anelliptical scar recalling the hilum of a seed,
the interior slightly depressed, the borders slightly raised. This scar reaches to
near the lid anteriorly, and endsin acord posteriorly, to which cord the black color

‘of the posterior extends in a broad point. There is usually more or less black
within the posterior portion of the scar. Average length 2.5™™; thickness from side
to side, 1.2™™.

Larva.—When newly hatched 11.5™™ long, exclusive of antennz. Color, uniform
pale yellowish-green, the front pair of legs speckled with brown. Antenne with
rather prominent bristles. Sex undistinguishable. Femora subequal in size. No
femoral spines.

The adult.—The colors of the adult are quite variable, and are generally obliterated
in cabinet specimens. Shades of gray, brown, and greenish-brown predominate, the
head of the male being paler and having three longitudinal fuscous stripes, and the
middle thighs having annulate shades of the same color. The front legs of the male
and the shanks of the others are almost always green. The colors of the female are
more uniform, generally grayish, with paler specks and mottlings on the head and
along the back; but occasionally pale green predominates. Structurally the male is
at once distinguished by his shorter, more slender body; his longer legs and feelers;
his narrower and less dilated front thighs; his swollen middle thighs, and by the
greater stoutness of the spines near the ends of the middle and hind thighs, these and
the other distinguishing sexual characters being less obvious in the earlier stages of
growth.

Remedies.—While the insects are young, they may be destroyed by sprinkling the
underbrush in the timber with Paris green water, wherever the timber is inclosed so
that domestic animals can be kept away from the poisoned vegetation.

* Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XI, pp. 88 and 89.

THE GOLDSMITH BEETLE. 321

The most satisfactory means of averting the insects’ injuries, however, will be found
in the destruction of the eggs during winter. This may be done either by digging and
turning them under, or by burning over the dead leaves among which they lay.

ar

\ NV 0)
| Se
AY iy Wg

Mh

Mi

Fic. 124 —The walking stick. a, b, eggs; ¢, young just hatching ;
d, male; e, female. (After Riley).

90. THE GOLDSMITH BEETLE.
Cotalpa lanigera (Linn.).

We have observed this beetle pairing June 1 on the leaves of Carya
poreina, and it evidently may be counted as occasionally feasting on the
foliage of the hickory.

5 ENT——21

322 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

A large number of Hemiptera, such as gall-lice, tree-hoppers, etc.,
puncture the leaves, causing them to wither or raising galls upon them.
The following species have been noticed by Fitch and others:

91, THE HICKORY-STEM GALL-LOUSE.
Phylloxera caryecaulis (Fitch).

Forming bullet-like galls, hollow, green, and of a leathery texture, upon the leaf-
stalks and succulent young shoots, with the walls of the cavity inside covered with
minute white and yellow lice.

92. HICKORY-VEIN GALL-LOUSE.
Phylloxera caryevene (Fitch).

Forming plaits in the veins of the leaves, which project up from the surface in an
abruptly elevated keel-like ridge upon the upper side of the leaf and with a mouth
opening on the under side, the lips of which are woolly and closed. The wingless
females minute, pale yellow, broad in front, and tapering behind to an acute point;
antennz and legs short and tinged with a dusky hue.

93. THE HICKORY LEAF-WITHERER.
Phylloxera caryefolic (Fitch).

Forming small conical elevations on the upper surface of the leaf of Carya alba,
each having an orifice in its summit; a very small black plant-louse with a pale
abdomen and legs and smoky wings laid flat on its back, and having only three veins
in addition to the rib. Length, 0.06 inch. (Fitch.)

94. THE SEED-GALL HICKORY PHYLLOXERA.

Phylloxera carye-semen (Walsh).

Forming fuscous, minute, subglobular, seed-like galls on the leaves of Carya glabra,
the galls opening in a small nipple on the under side. (Walsh.)

95. THE HICKORY ROUND-GALL.
Phylloxera carye-globuli Walsh.

Forming hemispherical galls about 0.25 inch diameter on the upper surface of the
leaves of Carya glabra and alba, the galls rather flat below, where they open in a slit.
( Walsh.)

96. THE HICKORY SPINY GALL,

Phylloxera spinosa (Shimer).
Forming large, irregular galls, covered with spines, on the petiole of the leaf of
Carya amara, the galls opening beneath in an irregular, sinuate slit. (Shimer.)
97. Phylloxera carye-septa (Shimer).

Forming flattened galls with a septum, on the leaves of Carya alba, the galls open-
ing both above and below. (Shimer.) Probably, according to Riley, only an abnor-
mal form of P. carye-globulis.

98. Phylloxera forcata (Shimer).

Forming galls much like those of P. cary@-semen.

HICKORY APHIDS. . 323

99. Phylloxera depressa (Shimer).

Forming depressed galls on leaves of Carya alba, the galls opening below with a
constricted mouth fringed with filaments. Daktylosphera coniferum Shimer is, in all
probability, Riley claims, the same. (7th Rep. Ins. Mo., p. 118.)

100. Phylloxera conica (Shimer).

Forming galls similar to those of P. depressa, but without the fringe. (Probably
the same, Riley claims. )

101. Phylloxera carye-gummosa Riley.

Forming pedunculated ovoid or globular galls on the under side of Carya alba ; the
gall white, pubescent, and gummy or sticky, opening below in a fibrous point.

The eggs are almost spherical, pale, and translucent. Larva, mother-louse, and
pupa quite pale, the red eyes and eyelets strongly contrasting. (Riley, 7th Rep. Ins.
Mo., p. 118.)

102. Phylloxera carye-ren Riley.

Forming numerous more or less confluent mostly reniform galls on the petiole and
leaf-stems of Carya glabra; the galls varying from 0.2 to 0.7 inch in diameter, pale
green and densely pubescent, and opening in a slit the whole of their length, trans-
versely with the axis of the petiole. (Riley.)

103. Phylloxera carye@-fallaz Riley.

Forming conical galls thickly crowded on the upper surface of the leaves of the
Carya alba. Strongly resembling P. carye-foliw, but the height one-third greater
than the basal diameter, and opening below, instead of above, in a circular fuzzy
mouth. (Riley.)

104. Lachnus carye (Harr. )

Stylo nullo, corniculis brevissimis, corpore cinereo, dorso nigro-maculato ; femoribus
brunneis, libiis, tarsis antennisque nigris.

Larva.—Body with a cinereous pruina, which is somewhat evanescent on the thorax,
so as to exhibit the black color, more or less, on this part. Dorsum of the abdomen
with four longitudinal rows of transverse black spots (or four on each segment).
Style obsolete; cornicula very short, tuberculiform, rostrum extending only to the
middle of the third segment; wings fuliginous, bases ferruginous brown, dilated,
costa and nervures black; legs black, hairy, the posterior tibia remarkably so;
femora, except at tips, ferruginous brown. Length of body .25, of upper wings, .35,
of body and wings when at rest .43, expansion of wings .72 of an inch.

Larvez, pups, and winged insects found on the limbs of the Carya porcina, July 1,
1831. (Harris’ Corr.)

105. THE HICKORY GAY-LOUSE.

Monella caryella (Fitch).

Scattered upon the under side of the leaves, a small pale-yellow plant-louse with
white antenne alternated with black rings and pellucid wings laid flat upon its back,
its abdomen egg-shaped, somewhat flattened, and with only minute rudimentary
honey-tubes. (Fitch.)

106. THE DOTTED-WINGED GAY-LOUSE.
Callipterus? punctatellus Fitch.

A plant-louse like the preceding, but with black feet and a black dot on the base
and another on the apex of each of the veins of its fore-wings. The stigma is salt-
white, with a brown streak at each end; the second vein is wavy, and at its tip is

324 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION

curved towards the tip of the first vein ; the third vein arises from the basal extremity
of the stigma, and forward of its furcation curves perceptibly towards the apex of the
wing; the fourth vein is longer than the second fork. (Fitch.)

107. THE SPOTTED-WINGED GAY LOUSE.
Callipterus maculellus Fitch.

Differs from C.? caryellus in having only a slender black ring at each articulation of
the antenne, the feet and a band near the tips of the hind thighs blackish; the
stigma salt-white, its base black, its apex dusky ; fourth vein with a black dot on its
base and a dusky one on its apex; the first vein, apical third of the second vein, and
tbe first and second forks broadly margined with smoky brown; second vein wavy
and parallel with the third vein till near its tip, where it curves towards the first
vein, its base a third nearer the third than it is to the first vein; third vein arising
from the anterior extremity of the stigma, with a dusky spot on its apex. (Fitch.)

108 THE SMOKY-WINGED GAY-LOUSE.
Callipterus fumipennellus Fitch.

Similar to the preceding, of a dull yellow color, with blackish feet and the wings
smoky with robust brown veins, the rib-vein much more distant from the margin of
the first half of its length than in the other species, and from its middle to the stigma
approaching the margin ; the fourth vein equalling the stigma in length, (Fitch.)

109. THE BLACK-MARGINED GAY-LOUSE.
Callipterus marginellus Fitch.

Pale yellow; antennz white, their bases and the four bands black; a coal-black
band in front between the eyes and continued along each side of the thorax to its
base; fore wings pellucid, stigma withthe outer margin and rib-vein coral black,
first vein with a black dot on its base; fourth vein slender, black, the other veins
colorless; outer margin of hind wings black. (Fitch.)

110. THE FRECKLED LEAF-HOPPER.
Jassus inornatus Say.

A cylindrical oblong white leaf-hopper closely inscribed and reticulated with slender
black lines and small dots which form irregular spots along the margins of the wing-
covers ; its legs white, dotted with black. Length, .25 inch.

111. FOUR-STRIPED LEAF-HOPPER.
Diedrocephala quadrivittata (Say).

A flattened oblong leaf-hopper of a light-yellow color, varied on the thorax with
orange, red or dusky; its fore-wings olive green, each wing with two bright red or
orange stripes, the tips margined with black. Length, .35 inch. (Fitch.)

112. THE WALNUT SWORD-TAIL.
Uroxiphus cary Fitch.

A dull brown tree-hopper with the terminal portion of its fore-wings obscure ash-

gray ; its abdomen and a ring on its shanks pale-yellowish, and its breast mealy white.
Length of male, .30; female, .37. (Fitch.)

EOE

HICKORY BUGS. 325

113. THE YELLOW TREE-HOPPER.

Telamona unicolor Fitch.

A tree-hopper of a uniform dull ocher-yellow, somewhat like a beech-nut in shape
and size, with a prominent hump jutting up on the middle of its back, highest ante-
riorly and descending with a slight curve to its hind angle, which is very obtusely
rounded and but little prominent; its interior angle also rounded and with only a
slight concavity below it at the forward end of the hump, while at its posterior base
is a strong one, the whole surface with close coarse punctures and showing a few
elevated longitudinal lines low down on each side and towards the tip; the upper
edge of the hump black and also the tip of the abdomen on its under side; fore-wings
glassy, with a black spot on their base and tip, and their veins margined with slender
black lines. Length, .45 inch; height, .25 inch.

114. THE BANDED TREE-HOPPER.
Telamona fasciata Fitch.

Like the preceding species, but smaller and of a tawny-yellow color, its head and
the anterior edge of the thorax and the under side paler cream-yellow or straw-col-
ored, with a single small black dot above each eye; its thorax in front and at tip
blackish, and also an oblique band across the hind end of the dorsal lump longer
than high, longer at its base than above, highest anteriorly, with a stronger con-
cavity at its anterior end than at its posterior, and at its anterior base compressed
and forming hereby a shallow indentation upon each side. Length, .38; height, .20
inch. (Fitch.)

115. THE SHORT-HORNED TREE-HOPPER.
Ceresa brevicornis Fitch.

Very like Ceresa bubalus on the apple and wild thorn, but differing in having the
horns much shorter, while the sides of the thorax, when viewed in front, are not
gradually curved outwards, but are straight or rectilinear, with the horns abruptly
projecting from the corner at the upper end of this line. The acute spine at the tip
of the thorax is also longer and slenderer. The thorax between the horns is slightly
convex. The dried specimen is of a pale dull yellow color speckled with faint pale
green dots and with a paler straw-colored stripe, quite distinct, upon the angular
sides of the thorax from each eye upward to the horn and from thence to the summit
of the thorax. Length, .36inch. (Fitch.)

116. THE FACE-BANDED CIXIUS.
Cixius cinctifrons Fitch.

A small four-winged hemipter of a white color, varied with blackish brown, and
with three elevated lines upon the face and thorax; its face snow-white, crossed by
“two black bands, the outer raised lines dotted with white in these bands; the thorax
black, tawny yellow on each side beyond the raised lines; neck white with a row of
blackish dots upon each side; fore-wings smoky brown, their véins dotted with black
in places, their basal edge, an oblique band and a spot in the middle of the outer
margin white, their membranous tips white and somewhat hyaline, with a brown
band across the transverse veinlets, and the hind margin blackish, interrupted by
the snow-white tips of the veins; hind wings black and transparent; under side
yellowish-white, with two blackish bands on each of the four forward shanks.
Length, .18 inch. ’

326 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

117. THE CLOUDY-TIPPED CIXIUS.

Cixius colepeum Fitch.

Rarely found on the leaves, a small four-winged homopter of a coal-black color,
with clear, transparent wings having a large smoky-brown cloud on their tips; fore-
wings transparent, their veins dotted with black, the dots on the outer margin
larger; an irregular and somewhat broken band of a smoky-brown color extending
across forward of the middle and a broader one beyond the middle, having a black
spot or stigma on the anterior corner of its outer end; between these bands a smoky-
brown spot on the inner and a smaller one nearly opposite it on the outer margin;
thorax with three raised lines; face black with the raised lines brown; legs dull
whitish. Length, .22 inch. (Fitch.)

118. AM1OT’S OTIOCERUS
Otiocerus amyotii Fitch.

A light yellow homopter; the wing-covers pale sulphur-yellow, with a brown
stripe from the base to the middle of the inner margin and thence to the outer tip;
arow of blackish dots on the hind edge alternating with the ends of the apical veins,
and about six dots forward of the innermost of these, placed on the tips of the sub-
apical and on the bases of the apical veins; three brown stripes on the thorax; an
orange-red stripe on each side of the head from the eye to the forward edge below
the apex. Length, .25; expanse of wings, .70 inch. (Fitch.)

119. THE LARGE GREEN TREE BUG.
Raphigaster pensylvanicus (De Geer.)

A large flattened grass-green bug (hemipter) edged all around with a light yellow
line, interrupted at each joint of the abdomen by a small black spot, its antennz
black beyond the middle of their third joint, with a pale yellow band on the first
half of the last two joints. Length, .60 and .70 inch. (Fitch.)

AFFECTING THE FRUIT.
120. THE HICKORY-SHUCK WORM.
Grapholitha caryana ( Fitch.)
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family TORTRICIDA.

Mining the shucks which envelope the nuts, causing them to be abortive and many
to fall from the tree prematurely, a slender white sixteen-footed caterpillar about
three-eighths of an inch in length.

Dr. H. Shimer states that the larve were found by him in Illinois in
August and September, living in the nut of Carya amara (bitternut™
hickory) ; ‘‘ they destroy the interior of the nut, causing it to fall to the
ground. The imago appeared in the latter part of November; it there-
fore hybernates in this state, and continues to live in the spring until
some time in June, when the nut is sufficiently developed to receive the
egg.” (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., ii, 394.) We have collected this moth
(identified by Prof. Fernald) May 20 in a growth of young hickories at
Providence ; the moth was fresh and unrubbed.

THE HICKORY-NUT WEEVIL. ap al |

Moth.—Sooty biack, the fore-wings with reflections of tawny yellow, blue and
purple; their outer edge black, with oblique triangular whitish streaks placed at
equal distances apart. A very oblique faint silvery blue streak extends inwards
from the points of two of these white streaks, namely, the fourth and sixth ones
from the tip of the wing; while the usual white spot on the inner margin of the
wings is wanting. Expanse of wings, .60 inch. (Fitch.)

121. THE HICKORY-NUT WEEVIL.
Balaninus nasicus Say.
Order CoLEopTERA ; family CURCULIONID&.

This worm, like the chestnut borer, transforms into a long-snouted
beetle closely like B. rectus, but with a darker, thicker, more curved
rostrum, and with the antenne springing from its middle in the male
and from its basal third in the female. Two thoracic paler bands are
seen on the thorax, and there is always a pale transverse band behind
the middle of the elytra, and a sutural band. In the male the beak is
equal to three-fourths the length of the body, in the female to five- °
fourths. It breeds entirely on hickory nuts (Riley.)

Mr. Harrington states that in the neighborhood of Ottawa, Canada,
this species is never found on the hickory, and frequents the hazel almost
entirely. Some years it is very numerous on these bushes, and the nuts
correspondingly worm-eaten.

The beetle.—It is nearly one-third of an inch long (exclusive of the beak), and of
an oval shape, being widest across the base of the wing-covers. It is densely clad
with very short yellowish hairs, and has a somewhat variegated or mottled appear-
ance, especially on the elytra, due to patches of darker hairs. The beak is very long,
slender, curved, and almost black. (Harrington.)

Mr. Harrington states that B. rectus is much rarer in the neighborhood
of Ottawa, and usurps the claim of B. nasicus to be considered the
hickory-nut weevil, while a few specimens occurred on the oak. He
remarks that B. rectus is of the same size as the preceding species, but
much lighter in color, and distinguished by its more slender and less
curved beak, which in the female is longer than the whole body. (Rep.
Ent. Soc. Ottawa for 1883, p. 51.)

122. Tortrix sp. ?
Family TORTRICID#?; order LEPIDOPTERA.

Found October 4 to 9, eating a dark mine in the skin of the shell of
the walnut itself, making a tunnel, I think a longitudinal one, along
one of the quarters of the skin; of about the size of the body, but of
irregular thickness.

Larva.—Body short and thick, tapering a little towards the end, and somewhat
hairy. Head and prothoracic shield honey-yellow ; the shield paler than the head,

which is dark towards the mouth-parts. Body dull white; each segment with two
transverse dorsal ridges, on which are setiferous warts. Length, 7™™.

328

FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The following species also occur on the hickory.

Order COLEOPTERA.

; Leptostylus macula (Say). See Butternut insects, p. 337.
. Phymatodes variabilis (Fabr.) (Tyler Townsend, Can. Ent., xviii,

p. 13).

. Monarthrum fasciatum (Say), breeding in living Caryaalba. (Chit-

tenden in letter.)

. Xylotrechus colonus (Fabr.). Lintner, iv, 93.

. Lepturges querci Fitch, bred from twigs (Chittenden).

. Magdalis olyra Herbst., bred from branches (Chittenden).

. Aanthonia villosula (Melsh.), on leaves (Chittenden).

. Aanthonia stevensii Baly, on leaves (Chittenden).

. Klaphidion villosum (Fabr.), bred from twigs (Chittenden).

. Cyrtinus pygmeus (Hald.), beaten from Carya, doubtless breeds

in the wood (Chittenden).

. Attelabus bipunctulatus Fabr. See Oak insects, p. 204.

7. Dicerca asperata Lec. (Chittenden).

. Dicerca divaricata (Say). (Harrington, 1. ¢.)

. Dichelonycha elongata (Fabr.) In June feeding on the bitter hick-

ory. (Harrington, Rep. Ent. Soc. Ontario for 1883, p. 43).

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

. Papilio glaucus Linn.

. Halesidota tessellata A. and 8. (Beutenmiiller).

. Parorgyia achatina (Abbot and Smith).

. Hyphantria cunea (Drury), textor Harris.

. Parasa fraterna Grote. (Beutenmiiller).

. Pyrophila pyramidoides Guen. (Coquillett).

. Nematocampa jilamentaria Packard.

. Hibernia tiliaria Harris.

. Acrobasis caryce Grote.

. Sisyrosea inornata G. & R. (Dyar, Can. Ent., xxi, p.77.) See p. 147.
. Limacodes scapha Harris. See Oak insects, p. 147.

. Clisiocampa sylvatica Harris. (Riley).

. Heterocampa pulverea G. & R. See Oak insects, p. 159.

. Sesia hospes Walsh. (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vi, 1866, 270.) Bred

from an excrescence or fungus on pig-hickory (Walsh).

. Cossula magnifica Bailey. See Oak insects, p. 59.
. Platysamia cecropia (Linn). I found the cocoon on the pig-hickory

at Providence, the moth appearing June 12. See Maple insects.

. Monoleuca sp. on Carya glabra in Georgia. Abbot’s MS. paintings

(Library Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist).

. Teniocampa incerta Hiibn. See Oak insects, p. 172.
. Apatela brumosa Guen. See Oak insects, p. 169.

——— |

——

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BLACK WALNUT. 329

149. Scopelosoma sidus Guen. See Oak insects, p. 116.

150. Agrotis alternata Grote. See Oak insects, p. 116.

151. Catocala desperata Guen. (French, Can. Ent., xx, 28.)

152. Catocala palaeogama Guen. (French, Can. Ent., xx, 108.)

153. Prodenia cammeline Abbot and Smith.

154, Catocala vidua (Abbot and Smith). See Oak insects, p. 178.

155. Nematocampa filamentaria Guen. (Forbes, 2d Ill. Rep., 79).

156. Paraphia deplanaria Guen. Ohio. (Pilate, Papilio ii.)

157. EHugonia subsignaria Hiibner.

158. Cacaecia argyrospila Walk. See Oak insects, p. 192.

159. Gracilaria sp. (probably G. blandella Clem.) Imago unknown.
The larva when young makes a linear whitish mine in the upper
surface of the leaves.

HEMIPTERA-—HOMOPTERA.

160. Phylloxera caryaeglobosa Shimer.
161. Schizoneura carye (Fitch).
162. Callipterus carye Monell.

DIPTERA.

163. Cecidomyia cosse Shimer, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe. ii, 395.
164. Cecidomyia carye O. Sacken, Monographs, ete. i, 191.
165. Cecidomyia caryecolor O. Sacken, Monographs, ete. i, 192.
166. Cecidomyia cynipsea O. Sacken, Monographs, ete. i, 193.
177. Cecidomyia glutinosa O. Sacken, Monographs, ete. i, 153.
168. Cecidomyia nototricha O. Sacken, Monographs, ete. i, 193.
169. Cecidomyia persicoides O. Sacken, Monographs, ete. i, 193.

170. Cecidomyia sanguinolenta O. Sacken, Monographs, ete. i, 192.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BLACK WALNUT.
(Juglans nigra.)
AFFECTING THE TRUNK.
1. Cyllene pictus (Drury.)

The chief enemy of this tree is the hickory and locust tree borer

_(Cyllene pictus). Fitch states that the beetles which are reared in this

tree appear to constitute a distinct variety of a larger size than usual
and with their yellow marks changed more or less to a white color.
2. Allorhina nitida (Linn.)
Order CoLEopTERA; family SCARABXIDZ.

This beetle has been found by Mr. Charles W. Leng to be common in
the Carolinas and Georgia attacking the shade trees. ‘Near Raleigh
an avenue of walnuts was specially infested. They appeared to bite

330 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

through the bark making a hole one-eighth inch wide and one-half to
three-quarters inch long. The bark seemed to be softened with some
exudation from the mouth. Most of the cuts I examined reached only
to the wood, but a few were much deeper. In the deeper holes [ found
Cryptarcha ampla curled up.” (Bulletin Brooklyn Ent. Soe. iv. 76.)

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
3. THE BLACK WALNUT SPHINX.
Smerinthus juglandis Abbot and Smith.
(Larva, Plate x1, fig. 2.) |
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family SPHINGID®.

_ Larva.—A large pale blue-green caterpillar with a long caudal horn; head small,
and the body attenuated before and behind, and with seven oblique white bands.
When disturbed it makes a creaking noise by rubbing together the joints of the fore-
part of the body. It enters the earth to finish its transformations. (Harris.)

Moth.—Very gray, dark or dusky brown; wings indented on the outer edges;
fore-wings with a dusky outer margin, a short brownish dash near the middle, and
four transverse brown lines converging behind and inclosing a square dark brown
spot adjacent to the middle of the inner margin; hind wings with two narrow trans-
verse brown lines between two brownish bands; thorax with a central brown line ;
abdominal segments plaited and prominent at the sides. The wings expand from
2} to 3inches. The females are much larger and of a lighter brownish gray color
than the males, with the square spot on the fore-wings less distinct. Ranges from
Massachusetts to Florida and Georgia. (Harris).

4. Datana integerrima G. and R.

This species has been found by Mr. Pilate to occur commonly on the
walnut in Ohio. See p. 150; also Insect Life, 1, 177.

5. Datana ministra (Drury).

From Mr. D. 8. Harris, of Cuba, Ill., we learn that in 1882 the cater-
pillar of this species ‘ has been so abandant on the black walnut that
many persons have cut down their walnut trees when they were near
their houses.” See p. 302; also Insect Life, i, 125, 161, 177, 200; ii, 256.

6. Schizura leptinoides (Grote).

This has also been found by Mr. Pilate to feed on the walnut.
7. Actias luna (Linn).

Mr. J. P. R. Carney, of Camden, N. J., writes me as follows regard-
ing the habits of this moth, which he has bred from the walnut:

In all books of natural history, as far as I have seen, the Luna is accredited with
spinning a cocoon in the fall and emerging the following May or June. On July 24
I found on a large walnut, facing the residence of Hon. Thomas Dudley, a fine Luna
larva. Carefully placing it in my larva box I conveyed it home, and in two days
after it spun its cocoon and on August 12 merged as a moth, a fine malespecimen. Not
having any female specimen my investigation was brought to a stop, but on looking
over my notes I find that on several occasions I have taken the moth during May and

=

during August as follows: August 18, 1874, three specimens at Cheyney, Pa.; July 29,
1877, one specimen at Plymouth, Ind.; August 27, one specimen at Moorestown, N. J.,
and on August 28, 1682, one specimen at Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. Of larv,
the above mentioned July 24, and from September 19 until my last capture (October
10) from five to ten specimens a day, all spinning from two to three days after cap-
ture. Now, from my finding the mothin May and August and the larva in July, Sep-
tember, and October, proves to my mind that in this city and county and elsewhere
Luna has two:broods instead of one.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BLACK WALNUT. 3oL

8. Citheronia regalis (Fabr.).

As early as July 20, 1832, Dr. Harris found on the black walnut a
freshly hatched larva of this regal moth, and a few years later, on the
4th or 5th of August, he discovered two large flattened eggs from
which similar larve were at that time hatched.

Larva before the first molt.—Each of the segments has six branching spines, except
the eleventh, which has seven, and the twelfth, which has eleven. Body, first seg-
ment with four tubercles of a pyramidal shape, the two dorsal ones armed with a
barbed spine, terminated by a ball with two lateral obtuse points, the two lateral
tubercles with simple barbed spines not half the length of the dorsal spines; second
and third segments each with four barbed ball-terminated spines; lateral simple ones
wanting ; remaining segments, except the last, with four barbed or branched spines ;
the penultimate segment has, besides, in front of the four, a long dorsal one barbed,
and ending in a lunated knob; last segment with nine in two series, five before and
four behind, all branched ; the dorsal one of the anterior series bifurcated at tip, or
nearly lunated. Color of body black above and beneath; an obsolete series of ferru-
ginous lateral lines directed obliquely downward towards the tail, most conspicuous.
on the posterior half of the body; sixth and seventh segments ferruginous above;
spines pale ferruginous, black at tip. July 21, a. m., it cast off its skin. July 25,
cast its skin again.

Pupa.—Male: Smooth, oblong, robust, thick and rounded before, nearly obtuse
behind, and terminating in a very small bifid tubercle. A few elevated points atthe
base of the antenne cases, and over the shoulder covers; likewise one on each half of
the prothorax ; metathorax with two large transverse elevations. A deep furrow be-
tween the penultimate (eleventh) and antepenultimate segments, and ai elevated
ridge beset with minute teeth on the anterior part of the eleventh dorsal segment.
Near the anterior edges of the other abdominal segments there is a row of very minute
and nearly obsolete teeth pointing backwards.’ Color, dark chestnut brown. Length,
2inches. Breadth, nearly inch. (Harris’ Corr., 297.)

The Moth.—One of our largest Bombyces, the fore wings expanding from 13 to 14
centimeters (abuut 6 inches.) Ground color, a leaden reddish brown, marked with
bright brick-red and ocherous yellow. Fore wings with a basal yellow spot, a discal
blotch, and an outer submarginal row of oval spots, there being two large ones near
the costa, and one usually about half as large in the first median interspace. The
veins shaded with brick-red. Hind wings yellowish along the costa, elsewhere red-
dish, with leaden oval spots in the interspaces. Thorax with two broad yellow lon-
gitudinal stripes, and between them a linear median stripe. On the first abdominal
segment a transverse oblong yellow spot. The sutures of the abdominal segments
ocher-yellow.

9. Catocala elonympha (Hiibner).

The caterpillar of this moth is said by some to feed on the walnut, by
others on a species of Glycine. The larvaas described by Guenée from
Abbot’s drawing is gray white, with a roseate tint; without fringes;

332 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

variously marked with brown, aud with a substigmatal brown line; the
back of the caterpillar remains hunched in repose.

Moth.—Thorax light gray, with a yellowish tinge; abdomen with the yellowish
more marked; fore-wings with the lines distinct, basal space dark, beyond the trans-
verse anterior line light gray often almost white to the reniform spot, beyond dark
gray; reuiform spot distinct, the subreniform obsolete M of transverse posterior
line hardly suggested; subterminal white line distinct. Hind wings rather dull yel-
low, median band wanting, marginal band broad, indistinct, but even°on the inner
margin, extending to the anal margin. Beneath, wings dull, indistinct, yellowish,
fore-wings with the reniform spot black; beyond, an even, narrow, curved black
line, also a broad marginal line; hind wings with discal spot, and three even curved
bands, two inner and narrow, one marginal and broad. Expands 40 to 45™™, Habi-
tat Eastern and Southern States. (Hulst.)

10. Catocala innubens Guenée.

The caterpillar is said by Mr. Hulst to feed on the walnut.

Moth.—Fore-wings rich brown, powdered, with glaucous scales; lines distinct,
black; M of transverse posterior line strong; teeth broad, even; reniform spot
brown, annulate with pale white; subreniform spot pale, often nearly white, smail ;
at the apex resting in the costa is a large triangular whitish spot. Hind wings red-
dish orange; median band rather broad, quiteeven. Expands 65 to 70™™, Habitat
Eastern, Middle and Western States. (Hulst.)

C. hinda has broad, darker brown shading from base to apex.

Var. flavidalis Grote has yellow hind wings.

Var. scintillans G. & R. has very dark nearly black fore-wings, uniform to the
transverse posterior line.

11. Catocala paleogama Guenée.
The caterpillar closely resembles that of C. neogama, according to Mr.
Hulst.

Moth.—Fore-wings gray, powdered with greenish gray and black scales, and shaded
with blackish, and with bright brown in the subterminal space; lines rather broad,
distinct; reniform spot rounded, brown or black, indistinct; subreniform spot pale,
small; sinus of transverse posterior line broadly marked, acute, not deep; teeth of M
strong. Hind wings dark yellow; median band narrow, much constricted, reaching
the internal margin. Expands 70 to 75™™, Habitat, Eastern, Middle, and Western
States.

Var. phalanga Grote. Fore-wings with the basal space black, a black band beyond
the transverse posterior line, the rest light gray. (Hulst.)

12. Catocala neogama (Abbot and Smith).
The caterpillar is said by Guenée to feed on the walnut; it is of a
brownish gray color, formed by many longitudinal strive on a light
ground; the piliferous points separate as is usual.

Moth.—Fore-wings light gray, marked within the transverse anterior line, at the
reniform spot, and beyond the transverse posterior line with light brown; all the lines
evident, but not always distinct; M of transverse posterior line produced, sinus large ;
basal and subapical dashes generally present. Hind wings yellow, the median band
constricted and angulated. Expands 75 to 90™™, Habitat, east of Rocky Mountains
and Arizona. C. communis has the hind wings a little darker yellow than the type
form. A

Var. snoviana Grote was described from an aberrant and somewhat aborted speci-
men from Kansas, with fore-wings much more heavily marked with black. It is with
great hesitancy that I regard this as a variety. (Hulst.)

~

ss

ae
os

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BLACK WALNUT. 333
13. Catocala subnata Grote.

This is said by Mr. Angus to feed on the walnut. The moth is very
much like C. neogama, but generally larger, with the lines and mark-
ings more diffuse, and the teeth of the M of the transverse posterior
line very strongly produced. It expands from 95 to 105"™, though in
one case only 70™". Mr. Hulst doubts whether this be distinct from
C. neogama.

14, Catocala piatrix Grote.

Mr. Koebele finds that the caterpillar feeds on the walnut, hickory,
and persimmon.

Moth.—¥ore-wings dark wood-brown, or blackish brown, slightly silky, darker
shaded in the sub-basal space on the costa, above the discal cell, and subapically ,
the transverse anterior line geminate, the outer line sometimes less distinct; the
reniform spot shaded with black; the subreniform pale; transverse posterior line
with the M prominent, and sinus heavy; subterminal line geminate with grayish be-
tween. Hind wings deep yellow, internal margin and base dusky ; median band not.
much constricted. Expands 85 to 95™™, Eastern United States. (Hulst.)

15. Catocala mestuosa Hulst.

This is said by Mr. Hulst to feed on the walnut, but there is no de-
scription of the caterpillar.

Moth.—Fore-wings very nearly the color of C. vidua (p. 173); lines diffuse, not
strongly distinct; transverse posterior line with the M strongly marked; sinus com-
paratively small; no basal dash; reniform spot reddish; a reddish band beyond the
transverse-posterior line; transverse-anterior line clouded with black at the costa,
and a heavy diffuse black shade from the costa above the reniform through the M of
the transverse-posterior line to below the apex. Hind wings black, dull gray at base;
fringe white, ends of the veins black. Expands 95 to 105™™, Southern States.
(Hulst.)

16. Geometrid caterpillar.

This caterpillar was observed on a walnut at Brunswick, Me., August
20. It died in confinement. In this larva on the abdominal segments
(except the eighth where they are transverse) there are four dark glassy
bottle-green piliferous dorsal spots, arranged in a short square. On
the first abdominal segment they are of equal size, but the two hinder
ones are on a Slight transverse ridge, the ridge being enlarged under
the tubercles. On the second abdominal segment the two hinder pilif-
erous warts are no iarger than the anterior, but are situated on a large
conspicuous saddle-shaped transverse hump, which is swollen at the
origin of each tubercle. The caterpillar is further adapted for protec-
tion from its resemblance to a walnut twig by being deeply notched,
each notch like a leaf-scar on the twig.

In Caripeta angustiorata of the pine, the transverse posterior, saddle-
shaped ridges bear two posterior piliferous warts. They have a decided
resemblance to the leaf-scars on the redder parts of the twig, which in
its ground color the caterpillar mimics. I have observed that this and

334 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

the other twig-mimickers do not live among the denser leaves, but at
the end of the twig. ;

Larva.—Head as wide as the body, deeply cleft and flattened in front. On each
side of the mesothoracic segment is a large prominent tubercle ; on second abdominal
segment is a double dorsal tubercle; a transverse series of four sharp piliferous
tubercles. Supra-anal plate large, broad, flat, triangular, but rather short and blunt
at the tip; six piliferous warts on the edge; surface of the body closely granulated.
Color of a uniform mottled gray, like the bark of the twig it inhabits, with a con-
spicuous dorsal black line extending from the mesothoracic segment to the base of
the supra-anal plate. On the sides low down between the first and anal legs is a
fringe of woolly, somewhat fleshy filaments. A pair of dorsal black dots on the back
part of each abdominal segment. Length, 40™™.

17. Acrobasis (Phycita) juglandis Le Baron.

Dr. Le Baron in his account of this Phycid states that it lives both
upon the hickory and black walnut. (See Hickory inshcets, p. 311.)

18. Lithocolletis juglandiella Clem.

The larva makes an elongated, rather wide tract on the upper surface of the leaves
of black walnut, without folding the leaf, and may be found from the beginning to
the middle of the month.

It belongs to the second larval group described in the Proceedings
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, November, 1859,
and may not be specifically distinct from L. caryefoliella, described on
page 315. (Clemens.)

Larva.—It is blackish or blackish brown, with a few pale-brownish dots on each
side of the thoracic segments, and with the tip of the abdomen and head pale brown.

(Clemens. )
19. Nepticula juglandifoliella Clem.

The larva mines the leaves of black walnut from the latter part of July to the
middle of August. The mine is a very narrow, whitish tract, very often recurved —
and slightly tortuous, somewhat, although slightly, enlarged at its end, with a very
narrow central line of ‘‘ frass.”

“JT found asingle specimen on the 27th of last August, when the mines
appear to be usually untenanted, and, very oddly, it escaped from its
mine as I held the leaf, whilst looking unsuccessfully for another speci-
men.” (Clemens.)

Larva.—The larva is pale green, almost whitish, rather thick and resembling a
Dipteron. (Clemens. )

20. Gracilaria blandella Clemens.

The caterpillar when small lives in a linear whitish mine in the
upper surface of the leaves, afterwards feeding and pupating under
the turned-down edge.

21. Gracilaria juglandinigrwella Chambers.

The larva at first mines the leaves beneath, afterwards feeding and
pupating under the turned-up edge.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BLACK WALNUT. 335
22. Aspidisca juglandiella Chambers.

The larva lives in a very small blotch-mine, from which it cuts out a
“ase in which it pupates.

23. THE RED-TAILED ATTELABUS.
Attelabus analis Weber.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CURCULIONID.

Rolling up the leaves of the oak and black walnut, a weevil a quarter of an inch
long, with a long, slender, cylindrical head and short, broad, thick body. The
autenne, legs, and middle of the breast deep blue-black; the thorax, wing-covers,

and abdomen dull red ; the wing covers, taken together, nearly square and pitted in
TOWS.

According to Harris, this pretty weevil is found on the leaves of oak
trees in June and July. Mr. George Hunt has observed it on the wal-
nut in May before the buds open, at Providence. It is possible that
Fig. 65, p. 204, represents the work of this species.

24. Conotrachelus juglandis Le Conte.

The larva of this weevil, which is closely allied to that of the plum
weevil, was taken from walnuts
at Mount Carmel, Lll., by Mr.
Shimer. According to Harris,
Mr. Say, in a note on the plum
weevil, stated that his ‘kins-
man, the late excellent William
Bartram, informed him it also
destroys the English walnut in
this country.” Itis possible that
the insect here referred to was Fic. 125.—Oonotrachelus juglandis; a, larva; b, head
confounded with the plum weevil seen in front. Gissler, del.
and belongs to the present species.

THE ENGLISH WALNUT SCALE.
25. Aspidiotus juglans regie Comstock.

The following account of this insect is taken from Prof. Comstock’s
report as Entomologist in the U. S. Agricultural Report for 1880:

Scale of the female.—The scale of the female is circular, flat, with the exuviz
laterad of the center; it is of a pale grayish brown color; the exuvie are covered
with secretion ; the position of the first skin is indicated by a prominence which is
pink or reddish brown. The ventral scale is a mere film which adheres to the bark.
Diameter of scale, 3™™ (.13 inch).

Female.—The color of the female when fully grown is pale yellow with irregular
orange-colored spots; oval setz and last segment dark yellow. This segment pre-
sents the following characters: There are either four or five groups of spinnerets ;
the anterior group is wanting or consists of from one to four spinnerets, the anterior

336 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

laterals consist of from seven to sixteen, and the posterior laterals of from four to
eight.

There are two or three pairs of lobes. The median lobes are well developed, but
vary in outline; the second lobe of each side is less than one-half as large as the
median lobes, elongated, and with one or two notches on the lateral margin; the
third lobe is still smaller and pointed, or is obsolete.

There are two pairs of incisions of the margin, one between the first and second
lobes of each side, and one between the second and third lobes; they are small, but
are rendered conspicuous by the thickenings of the body wall bounding them.

The plates are simple, inconspicuous, and resemble the spines in form. The larger
ones are situated one caudad of each incision.

The spines are prominent, especially those laterad of the second and third lobes ;
the fourth spines are a little nearer the first lobes than the penultimate segment, and
the fifth are near the penultimate segment; there is also a spine at or near the union
of the last two segments.

Scale of male.—The scale of the male resembles that of the female in color; it is
elongated, with the larval skin near the anterior end ; this skin is covered by excre-
tion, but its position is marked by a rose-colored prominence, as iu the scale of the
female; the anterior part of the scale is much more convex than the posterior pro-
longation, which is flattened. There is a rudimentary ventral scale in the form of
two narrow longitudinal plates, one on each side of the lower surface of the scale.
Length, 1.25™™ (.05 inch).

Habitat.—On the bark of the larger limbs of English walnut (Juglans regia), at
Los Angeles, Cal. Described from sixty-three females; and many scales of each sex.

There are in the collection of the department specimens of Aspidiotus from locust,
pear and cherry, from New York and District of Columbia, which apparently belong
to this species. (Comstock.)

The following insects also occur on the black walnut:

26. Thecla calanus Hiibn. On Juglans cinerea.

27. Halesidota maculata Harris. (Harris’s Ins.)

28. Halesidota tessellata A. and 8. (Beutenmiiller.)

29. Orgyia leucostigma A. and 8S. (Beutenmiiller.)

30. Parorgyia cinnamomea G. & KR. (Beutenmiiller.)

31. Limacodes scapha Harris. (Beutenmiiller.)

32. Halesidota carye Harr. (Beutenmiiller.)

33. Datana angusii Grote & Rob. (Grote & Rob.)

34. Telea polyphemus Linn. (D.S. Harris in letter; Riley’s notes.)
35. Heterocampa pulverea G. & R. See Oak insects, p. 159.
36. Apatela americana (Thaxter, Papilio, iii, 17.)

37. Apatela luteicoma (Thaxter, Papilio, iii, 17.)

38. Charadra propinquilinea Grote. See p. 167.

39. Catocala vidua Abbott and Smith.

40. Catocala lacrymosa Guen. probably. See p. 178.

41. Eugonia alniaria Hiibner.

42. Tortrix rileyana Grote.

HEMIPTERA.

43. Schizoneura carye (Fitch.)
44. Callipterus carye Monell.

“3

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BUTTERNUT. 337

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BUTTERNUT.
(Juglans cinerea.)

AFFECTING THE TRUNK AND LIMBS.
1. THE SPOTTED LEPTOSTYLUS

Leptostylus macula (Say.)

Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID.

Under the bark of old decaying trees, a longicorn larva, changing to a pupa in its
cell and early in July giving out a small thick long-horned beetle of a brown or chest-
nut color with the sides of its thorax and a band on its wing-covers ash-gray, the
latter sprinkled over with coarse punctures and large blackish dots, the thorax on
each side of its disk with a black stripe interrupted in its middle. Length, 0.25inch.

Dr. Fitch, in his third report, states that the bark of old trees will
sometimes be found everywhere filled with these grubs, which in the
month of June may be seen changed to short thick pale-yellow pups,
with a few perfect insects that are newly hatched and have not yet left
the tree. Mr. Harrington has taken specimens on the butternut, but not
so frequently as on the bitter hickory.

2. Gaurotes cyanipennis Say.

This beetle was observed by Mr. F. B.
Caulfield pairing and ovipositing on the
butternut. (Can. Nat., xiii, p. 60.)

The beetle.—Black; antenne and feet testaceous;
elytra blue. Body black, tinged with cupreous,
punctured ; head densely punctured; a longitudi-
nal, obsolete, impressed line; antenne rather
shorter than the body, testaceous; trophi piceous-
yellow; thorax impunctured; an obtuse tubercle
each side; scutel black; elytra violaceous blue;
punctures numerous, small, profound; tip trun-
cate; humerus rather prominent; feet testaceous.
Length two-fifths of an inch nearly. In form of
body, it very much resembles Leptura collaris and L,
virginea, to which genus I would have referred it,
but for the small thoracic tubercles. (Say). Fic. 126. Gaurotes cyanipennis-

Smith and Marx, del.

3. Cryptorhynchus parochus Say.

Several larve and pup of this weevil have been found by Mr. F. G.
Schaupp under the bark of a butternut in Brooklyn, L.I. The dura-
tion of the pupa state was from fourteen to sixteen days.

Beetle.—Brown variegated; tibie not angulated at base; thighs feebly bidentate;

the teeth small and distant. Length 6to6.5™™, Claws simple,divergent. (LeConte.)
d ENT 22

338 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

4, THE MUSCLE-SHAPED BUTTERNUT BARK-LOUSE,
Aspidiotus (Mytilaspis) juglandis Fitch.
Order HEMIPTERA; family Coccip®.

Fixed to the bark of the twigs, minute pale brownish scales, like those of the apple
bark-louse, but smallerand not curved; preyed upon by a minute chalecid fly. (Fitch. )

5. THE HEMISPHERICAL BUTTERNUT SCALE-INSECT,
Lecanium juglandifes Fitch.

Adhering to the bark on the under side of the limbs, a hemispherical dull yellow-
ish or black scale about 0.22 inch long and 0.18 broad, notched at its hind end, fre-
quently showing a paler stripe along its middle and a paler margin and transverse
blackish bands. (Fitch.)

The males, according to Fitch, are long and narrow, delicate two-
winged flies, measuring 0.05 inch to the tip of the abdomen and a third
more to the ends of the wings. They are of a rusty reddish color, the
thorax darker and the scutel and head blackish, this last being sepa-
rated from the body by a narrow pale-red neck. The antennze are
slender and thread-like, half as long as the body and eight-jointed.
Two slender white bristles as long as the body are appended to the tip
of the abdomen. Thisdescription will apply to most of the males of
other species of Lecanium.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
6. THE BUTTERNUT WOOLLY WORM.
Selandria caryw Norton.
Order HYMENOPTERA; family TENTHREDINIDZ.

On the under side of the leaves companies of saw-fly larve covered with long dense
snow-white wool standing up in flattened masses entirely concealing the green worm,
eating the leaflets from the outer edge inward, often leaving nothing but the midribs.

These remarkable objects occasionally, though rarely, appear on the
butternut in July. The worm presents the appearance (as described in
our *“*Guide to the Study of In-
sects,” from which the following
description and figures are taken)
of an animated white woolly or cot-
tony mass nearly an inch long and
two-thirds as high. The head of
the larva is rounded, pale whitish,
and covered with asnow-white pow-
dery secretion, with prominent
black eyes. The body is cylindrical,
with eight pairs of soft fleshy ab-
dominal legs; the segments are
transversely wrinkled, pale pea-green, with a powdery secretion low
down on the sides, but above and on the back arise long flattened masses

Vic. 127. The butternut woolly worm and the
same deprived of its coat.—From Packard.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BUTTERNUT. 339

of flocculent matter (exactly resembling that produced by the woolly plant-
lice and other homopterous insects), forming an irregular dense cottony
mass, reaching to a height equal to two-thirds the length of the worm,
and concealing the head and tail. On the 27th and 28th of July the
larvee molted, leaving the cast skins on the leaf. They were then naked,
a little thicker than before, of a pale-green color, and their bodies were
curled upon the leaf. The worms eat out the edge of the leaf. Some
time during August two cocoons were spun between the leaves, but
I did not succeed in raising the saw-flies. On describing the larve
in a letter to Mr. E. Norton, our best authority on this hymenopterous
family, he kindly sent me alcoholic specimens of the larvee (without the
woolly substance, which dissolves and disappears in alcohol) found
feeding on the hickory, which are, apparently, from the comparison of
alcoholic specimens, identical with the butternut Selandria. The adult
fly he named Selandria carye, and his descriptions are given below.

Previously to this, and without my knowledge, Dr. Fitch, under the
name of Selandria? juglandis, had apparently briefly described in his
third report the same insect, but he was unacquainted with the perfect
insect, and was in doubt as to whether the larva was a Selandria or
not. Under these circumstances we retain Mr. Norton’s name. From
his account it would appear that the insect also feeds on the hickory
(Carya squamosa).

Female.—Color shining black. The pro- and meso-thorax and scutellum rufous, the
apex of the latter black; the nasus and legs white, with their tarsi blackish; the
base of cox and a line down the upper side of the legs black. Antenne short; the
second joint as long as the first; the four final joints together not longer than the
two preceding. Nasus slightly incurved. Claws of tarsi apparently bifid. Wings
subviolaceous; lanceolate cell petiolate, the first submedian cell above it with a dis-
tinct cross-vein. Under wings with one submarginal middle cell (all other species
have this, cell discoidal), the marginal cell with a cross-nervure, and all the outer
cells closed by an outer nervure, which does not touch the margin. The submedian
cell extended nearly to the margin. Length, 0.25 of an inch. Expanse of wings,
0.40 of an inch.

Male.—Resembles the female, but the under wings are without middle cells.

Larva.—Feeds apon the leaves of the hickory (Carya squamosa). They are found
upon the lower side of the leaf, sometimes fifteen or twenty upon one leaf,
which they eat from the outer extremity inward, often leaving nothing but the
strong midribs. They cover themselves wholly with white floceulent tufts, which
are rubbed off on being touched, leaving a green twenty-two-legged worm, about
0.75 inch in length when fully grown; darkest above, and with indistinct blackish
spots upon the sides. The head is white, with a small black dot upon each side. -
Specimens were taken upon the leaves July 4. Went into the ground about the 20th
of July. The cocoon is formed near the surface of the ground of a little earth or
sand drawn together. Four specimens came forth abont August 22, all seemingly
very small for so large larve. (Norton in Packard’s Guide to the Study of Insects. )

7. Smerinthus juglandis (Abbot and Smith.)
(Larva, Plate x1, fig. 4.)

This caterpillar perhaps more commonly occurs on the walnut, but it
also feeds on the hickory (Carya alba) and theiron-wood ( Ostrya virginica).

340 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

As early as 1827 Harris found a larva on the black walnut. He says:
“Tt is remarkable for the squeaking sound which it emits, appareutly
by rubbing the rings of the anterior part of the body together.” This
specimen entered the earth to pupate as early as August 7.

Larva.—Two inches long, .22 inch broad at the eighth segment, .14 inch at the
first. Head large; longest diameter, twice that of the first segment; apex quite
pointed; color light green, with white lateral granulations. Body elongated, slender,
tapering gradually from the seventh segment to the extremities; light apple green,
granulated regularly on the annulations with white. Lateral bands, seven, lighter
green, approaching white, and made the more conspicuous from the increased size of
the granula tions toward the broadest part of the band, each annulation adding to it
a single granulation; extending over two segments and nearly reaching to the vas-
cular line. Caudal horn slender; .20 inch long, quite rough, with numerous acute
granulations, which are more prominent than those of the body.

Pupa.—Male: 1.20 inches long, .4U inch broad. Dark,brown, almost black, nearly
plane ventrally, abruptly rounded anteriorly, and gradually posteriorly. Head-case
with two conical, granulated, divergent projections between the bases of the antennzx-
cases, and two pairs of smaller ones between the eye-cases, and a pair on the anterior
leg-cases. Eye-cases with a tuberculated ridge. Antenne-cases quite prominent,
with a granulation on each joint. Tongue-case buried and not visible, the leg and
wing cases meeting at their tips. Stigmata, except the first, which is nearly closed,
quite oval. The seventh, eighth, and ninth segments with deep incisures, angulated
posteriorly, acutely granulated, and encircled on their posterior margin with a row
of spines, sub-obsulete inferiorly and superiorly. The tenth, eleventh, and twelfth
segments contracted laterally and flattened inferiorly, the eleventh segment spined
on the carination. The terminal segment ending in a broad, flat, rugose, truncate
projection. (Lintner.)

The moth.—Differs from the other species in having no eye-like spots on the hind
wings.

8. THE VIRGINIA TIGER MOTH.

Spilosoma virginica (Fabricius).
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCID&.

Occasionally devouring the leaves of the butternut, a very hairy, deep yellow
caterpillar, with a black head and body, the latter mottled with black; changing to
a thick chrysalis within a cocoon, where it remains until the following June, when
it appears as a white moth.

This omnivorous caterpillar, commonly called ‘‘the yellow bear,” is
known to feed on the butternut, grape vine, currant, gooseberry, grasses,
and various garden vegetables, and we have found it from the first to
the middle of September in Maine feeding on the buckthorn and also
the pitch-pine. According to Harris there seems to be two broods of
caterpillars and two of the moths. The caterpillars, he states, “are to
be found of different ages and sizes from the first of June till October.
When fully grown they are about 2 inches long, and then creep into
some convenient place of shelter, make their cocoons, in which they
remain in the chrysalis state during the winter, and are changed to
moths in the months of May or June following. Some of the first
broods of these caterpillars appear to come to their growth early in
summer, and are transformed to moths by the end of July or the begin-

— = «J

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BUTTERNUT. 341

ning of August, at which time I have repeatedly taken them in the
winged state; but the greater part pass through their last change in
June.” Ihave observed the full-grown caterpillar at Brunswick, Me.,

Fic. 128.—c, Virginia tiger-moth ; a, its caterpillar; b, chrysalis, all nat. size.—After Riley.

the first and second weeks in August; they spin from the middle of
August till September. The following description of the caterpillar is
taken from my notes:

The caterpillar.cHead of moderate size ; body cylindrical, rather short and not
very convex; each segment with four tubercles above, two smaller median ones
being situated in front of and between two latero-dorsal larger ones; three tubercles
on each side of each segment, all giving rise to dense verticils of long, uneven fox-
yellow hairs; most of the hairs as long as the body is thick, while others on the back
are twice as long, so that in outline the larva is an elongated ellipse, the head and
tail being alike concealed by the spreading hairs. The body and head is black or
yellowish mottled with black. The hairs are tawny yellow, while the short hairs on
the sides of the thoracic rings are black.

The moth.—Snow white, with a black dot in the middle of the fore-wings and two
on the hind wings; a row of black spots along the back of the abdomen and a row
along the sides; between the latter dots a longitudinal deep yellow stripe; the basal
joints of the fore-legs are yellow. The wings expand about 2 inches. The eggs are
said by Harris to be golden yellow, and to be laid in patches on the leaves of plants.

9. Paria aterrima. (Olivier.)

This insect in the imago state, Mr. W. L. Devereaux, of Clyde, N. Y.,
writes us, “‘ preys upon the foliage and flower-buds of the butternut.”
Mr. Chittenden also writes to the same effect.

10. THE TWO-MARKED TREE-HOPPER.
Enchenopa binotata Say.
Order HEMIPTERA ; family MEMBRACIDZ.

Puncturing the leaves and extracting their juices from July till the end of the
season, a small rusty brown or black tree-hopper, with two bright pale yellow spots
upon its back, which part is prolonged forward and upward into a compressed horn
rounded at its tip and giving the insect a resemblance to a little bird with an out-
stretched neck, and the four forward shanks broad, thin, and leaf-like. Length, .25
to .30 inch. (Fitch.)

3842 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

11. THE BUTTERNUT TREE-HOPPER.
Ophiderma mera Say.

Belonging to the same family as the preceding, a greenish-gray tree-hopper, shaped
like a half cone, with its apex bright chestnut red, and behind its middle a black
band whichis sometimes interrupted on the summit of the back, and with a blackish
spot on the tips of the hyaline fore-wings. Length, .36 inch. (Fitch.)

12. THE OBTUSE CLASTOPTERA.
Clastoptera obtusa Say.

A short thick almost circular leaf-hopper of a gray color, with fine transverse
wrinkles and three brown bands anteriorly, its fore-wings clouded with tawny brown,
with streaks of white and a coal-black spot near their tips. Length, .22 inch.
(Fitch.)

13. THE BUTTERNUT TINGIS.
Corythaca arcuata (Say). (Tingis juglandis Fitch.)

Puncturing the leaves and sucking their juices, a small singular bug, resembling a
flake of white froth, its whole upper surface composed of a net-work of small cells,
an inflated egg-shaped protuberance like a little bladder on the top of the thorax
and head, the sides of the thorax and of the fore-wings, except at their tips, minutely
spinulose ; the fore-wings flat and square, with their corners rounded, a large brown
or blackish spot on the shoulder, and a broad band of the same color on their tips,
with an irregular whitish hyaline spot on the inner hind corner; the body beneath
small and black, the antennz and legs honey-yellow. Length, .14inch. (Fitch.)

Fitch remarks that this insect becomes common on the leaves of the
butternut in May, and continues through the summer and autumn. It
may sometimes be met with also on birch, on willows, and other trees.

The following insects also occasionally live on the butternut :

LEPIDOPTERA.

14. Halesidota carye Harr., Brunswick, Me.; New York. (Beutenmiiller.)
15. Orgyia leucostigma Abbot and Smith.

16. Hyphantria cunea Abbot and Smith. (See p. 244.)

17. Actias luna (Linn). (See p. 330.)

18. Platysamia cecropia (Linn).

.19. Telea polyphemus (Linn). (See pp. 161, 300.) (Riley’s notes.)

20. Datana ministra (Drury). (See p. 302.)

21. Grapholitha carye (Shimer).

22. Lithocolletis caryefoliella Clem.

COLEOPTERA.

23. Cyllene pictus (Drury). (See p. 287.)

24, Stenoscelis brevis (Boh.). Breedingin wood. (Chittenden in letter).

25. Hugnamptus augustatus (Hbst.) Beaten from trees. (Chittenden).

26. Hugnamptus collaris (Lec.). Beaten from trees. (Chittenden).

27. Magdalis salicis. Bred from wood. (Chittenden).

28. Paria canella and vars. Feeding on leaves. (Chittenden).

29. Cryptorhynchus parochus (Herbst). Several example staken on the
trunk of a butternut. (Chittenden).

ee

a

INSECTS INJURING CHESTNUT LEAVES. 343

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHESTNUT.
(Castanea vesca.)
AFFECTING THE TRUNK AND LIMBS.
1. THE CHESTNUT TREE BORER.

Making a zigzag burrow under the bark, and sometimes descending nearly 2 inches
towards the heart of the tree where it may spend the winter, a longicorn larva nearly
three-fourths of an inch long, dirty white, of much the appearance of the hickory or
locust tree borer, and transforming in its chamber into the beetle state.

Although the chestnut has been supposed to be remarkably free
from borers, we have found that in Rhode Island the trunks are quite
liable to the attacks of a borer, which we have not yet traced to the
beetle, but which will probably prove to be the species next mentioned
(Arhopalus fulminans), since this beetle, which is known to inhabit the
chestnut, is closely allied to the locust borer in its form, while the larva
is also closely like that of Cyllene picta and the different species of
‘Clytus and its allies. The burrows in outline are flattened, cylindrical,
being adapted to the broad flattened front part of the body of the larva.
The burrows begin as small zigzag galleries about a line in width and
4 inches long, making about three turns at nearly right angies in this
space ; they are filled with the castings of the worm ; as the larva grows
larger it sinks deep in towards the heart of the tree, when the burrow
in the deepest part becomes packed with large, long, curved chips,
apparently bitten off by the grub for the purpose of forming a cham-
ber, the partition of chips possibly serving to keep out the cold during
its winter’s sleep.

2. THE BROWN CHESTNUT BEETLE.
Arhopalus fulminans (Fabricius).
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CERAMBYCIDZ.

Boring into the trunk, a grub like the foregoing, if not the same insect, which
transforms into a dark-brown beetle with dark-blue reflections, and the wing-covers
crossed by four zigzag fine gray lines.

The following notice of this beetle
is taken from my Second Report on
the Injurious insects of Massachu-
setts (1872):

My attention has been called by Mr. R. B.
‘Grover, a student in the State Agricultural
College, to the fact that the Arhopalus fulmi-
nans Fabr. (Fig. 129, enlarged twice), one of
the family of longicorn beetles, bores in the
trunk. I know nothing further concerning
its habits nor of the appearance of its grub.
The beetleitself is blackish brown, with slight
dark-blue reflections ; the legs and antennz
are of the same color, the latter being scarcely
longer than its body. The top of the head
and the sides of the prothorax and under side of the body are covered with a pale-

Fic. 129.—Chestuut Borer.— From Packard.

gray pile, while certain silver markings on the wing-covers are composed of similar

344 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

close-set fine hairs. The hairs on the sides of the prothorax inclose a conspicuous
black spot, while the top is black, and more coarsely punctate than the wing-covers.
The latter are each crossed by four acutely zigzag lines, composed of microscopic hairs,
forming W-like bands on the elytra, the basal lines being less distinctly marked
than the others. The ends of the wing-covers are also tipped with gray, especially
on the inner side of the end. The legs are pitchy brown with light hairs, and with
a reddish tinge on the terminal joints (tarsi). It is a little over half an inch long.

3. THE NOBLE CLYTUS BORER.
Calloides nobilis (Say).

A longicorn borer, probably depredating upon the chestnut, and transforming to a
large, handsome, black-brown beetle, nearly an inch long, marked with three broken
yellow lines and a pair of large round yellow dots on the wing-covers.

Mr. George Hunt informs us that he has found this noble Clytus
under the bark of the chestnut at Providence; hence it occurs as a
borer of this tree. Its food-tree has not heretofore been known.

4. THE TWO-TOOTHED SILVANUS.
Silvanus bidentatus (Fabricius).
Order CoLEoPTERA ; family ATOMARIIDA.

Under the bark of logs and decayitig trees, probably loosening the bark from the
wood, a minute, narrow, flattened beetle, of a light chestnut brown or rust-color, its
thorax longer than wide, slightly narrowed towards its base and with a small tooth
projecting outwards at each of its anterior angles. Length, .10 to .12 inch, (Fitch. )

Fitch observes that this is an European insect, which, like a kin-
dred species, the Surinam Silvanus, has now become perfectly nat-
uralized and as common throughout the United States as it is in its
native haunts. On stripping the bark from recently cut logs of
chestnut and of oak, this minute beetle, which is so flattened and thin
that it can creep into the slightest crevices, will be found frequently
in considerable numbers.

The beetle.—The head and thorax often of a darker shade than the wing-covers; the
fatter with rows of close punctures with a slightly elevated line between each alter-
nate row. Its thorax also isdensely and confluently punctured, and commonly shows.
a very faint elevated longitudinal line in its center. The angles at its base on each
side are obtuse, and from these angles forward to the projecting tooth the lateral
edges are crenate-dentate, having sixteen little elevated tubercles or minute teeth
jutting out at equal distances along the margin. The point of the large anterior tooth
forms a right angle. Upon each side of the head behind the eye is also a minute
tooth of the same size with those along the sides of the thorax. The surface is
slightly clothed with minute inclined bristles. (Fitch.)

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
5. THE NOTCHED-WINGED GEOMETER MOTH.

Eugonia alniaria Hiibner.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALHNID.

Feeding on the chestnut, a bluish-green caterpillar, with wrinkles, and on the
eleventh segment two little warts tipped with brown; transforming to a light ocher-
yellow moth with wings deeply notched.

a

INSECTS INJURING CHESTNUT LEAVES. 345

This caterpillar was found by Mr. L. W. Goodell on the chestnut at
Amherst, Mass., August 20; on the 21st it drew a few leaves together,
and spun a thin, silky, pear-shaped cocoon; became a chrysalis the
24th, and was transformed to a moth September 13.

Larva.—Body 2.3 inches long, the body largest near the tail, and tapering to the
head; bluish green, with a thick wrinkle on each ring, those on the fifth and eighth
thickest and light brown; on the back of the eleventh ring two little warts tipped
with brown. (L. W. Goodell.)

Pupa.—One and two-tenths inches in length, bluish white, ending in a flattened
tail, tipped with black, and on each edge three small black spines, each ending with
a minute hook. (Goodell.)

Moth.—Short bodied, quite hairy; male antenne heavily pectinated, wings deeply
scalloped; delicate ocher-yellow, with a reddish tinge towards the edge of the wings,
and on the head and front of the thorax. Fore-wings with two lines, often inter-
rupted, or only developed on the costa ; inner line on the inner third of the wing;
the curved outer line, beginning near the inner, diverges and follows a sinuate
course, ending much nearer the apex than the inner line, the distance varying; both
wings speckled, sometimes thickly, with unusually large spots; outer edge of both
wings deeply excavated, especially opposite the second median venule. Hind wings
with no lines, only an obscure discal dot. Expanse of wings, 2.2 inches.

This moth ranges from Maine to Missouri. The larvais also described
by Mr. S. H. Scudder as living on the black birch. Mrs. Dimmock has
published the following account of this insect in Psyche, iv, p. 272.

Eugonia alniaria Linn. (Syst. Nat., 1758, ed. 10, p. 19) [—H. magnaria Guenée].
The eggs of this species are flattened, oblong, 1.1™™ long, .6™™ wide, and .5™™
high. They are of a greenish-brown, somewhat polished bronze color, and when
laid upon a smooth surface are arranged side by side in a curve having the length of
the abdomen of the female moth for its radius. When laid upon bark and rough
surfaces the eggs are in broken, short rows. A single female deposits 500 to 600 eggs.
Oviposition takes place in September and October, and the eggs hatch in May and
June, hibernation taking place in the egg state, as is the case with some other species
of Geometride. Hellins (Entom. Mo. Mag., March, 1870, vol. vi, p. 222) gives similar
dates for oviposition and hatching in England. The larva and pupa are described
by Herr (Anleitung d. Raupen d. deutschen Schmett., 1833, p. 258) who enumerates
the following food-plants: Betula, Alnus, Corylus avellana, Carpinus, Betulus, Ulmus,
apple, pear, stone fruit, and Tilia. Herold (Deutscher Raupenkalender, 1845, p. 135):
gives Fagus in addition to the above-mentioned trees. Harris (Entom. Corresp.,
1869, p. 320) gives notes on different stages of this species. Kaltenbach (Pflanzen-
feinde, 1872, pp. 89, 218, and 552) adds Acer, Resa, and Populusas food-plants. Lintner
(Entom. Contrib., No. 3, 1874, p. 165), in a note on Hugonia magnaria gives Syringa
vulgaris as food-plant. Packard (Mon. Geom. Moths, 1876, p. 530) quotes descriptions
of larva and pupa by Goodell and by Scudder; the former entomologist gives Casta-

' nea vesca, and the latter Betula lenta as food-plant. Roiiast (Annales Soc. Linn. de

Lyon, ann., 1882, [1883], vol. xxix, p. 340) adds Quercus robur to the food-plants.
Packard (Bull. No. 7, U. S. Entom. Comm., 1881, p. 92) repeats Goodell’s description
of the larva and pupa, adds one of the moth, and further remarks that Scudder’s
description ‘‘is so different from Mr. Goodell’s that I fear it refers to a different in-
sect.” This is not, however, the case, but the larva is very variable in coloration.
Worthington (Can. Entom., January, 1876, vol. x, p, 16) writes: ‘‘This larva evi-
dently changes its color somewhat with different food, as these [larve] closely
resemble the bark of this tree [maple].” The general coloration may vary to match
that of the bark of the tree on which the larve feed, but the head, which is the part
of the larva that varies most, is slate gray, green, or dull red,in specimens taken

346 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

from maple. These larve, having molted at least four (probably five) times, pupate
from the latter part of July to the end of September; the pupal state lasts from
eighteen to twenty days, the imagos flying from the middle of September until the
last of October in New England. The larve are not rare upon Betula alba and B.
lutea.

6. THE SILVER SPOTTED HEPIALUS.

Hepialus argenteomaculatus Harris.

Mr. S. Lowell Elliott has made the interesting discovery that this
fine insect during its larval state probably bores into the trunks of the
chestnut, as he took the chrysalis from a chestnut stump, in June, on
Long Island.

We have in the United States twenty-five described species of Hepi-
alus, some of which are undoubtedly synonyms, as pointed out to us by
Mr. Henry Edwards. But of the larval habits of these, say twenty
species, nothing is known. In HKurope the Hepialus hamali bores in the
roots of the hop vine. Judging by the frequency with which our Hepi-
alus mustelinus occurs as a moth resting on the trunk and branches of
the spruce, growing amid ferns, I am inclined to think that we may
possibly find the larva boring in the roots of ferns growing in spruce
woods.

So far as I have been able to ascertain the larve of the European
species of Hepialus feed on the roots of herbaceous plants; thus, ac-
cording to Stainton, the larva of Hepialus hectus “feeds on the leaves
of the dandelion;” that of H. lupulinus “on the roots of herbaceous
plants;” that of H. humuli is found “at the roots of hop, burdock, net-
tle, etc.;” H.velleda feeds on the roots of the common fern (Péeris
aquilina), while the larva of H. sylvinus is unknown.

Harris states that the empty pupa skins of this or of an allied species
are sometimes found on our sea-beaches.

Fic. 130. Hepialus aryenteomaculatus — Marx del.

Moth.—The body is light brown; the fore-wings are of a very pale ashen brown
color, variegated with darker clouds and oblique wavy bands, and are ornamented
with two silvery white spots near the base, at the inner angles of the discoidal cells ;

—————EeeEeEEeE————————EE

INSECTS INJURING CHESTNUT LEAVES. 347

the anterior spot being round and the posterior and larger one triangular, The hind
wings are light ashen brown at base, passing into dusky ocher-yellow. The large
specimen is a female, and was taken by Professor Agassiz on the northern shore of
Lake Superior. The body is of a dusky ocher-yellow color, tinged on the sides and
-on the legs with red. The fore-wings are light rosy buff, with brownish ocher clouds
and bands, two silvery spots near the base and a whitish dot near the tip. The hind
wings above and all the wings beneath, are of a deep ocher-yellow color tinged with
red. (Harris.)
7. Tetracis crocallata Guenée.

This moth has been raised from a caterpillar found feeding on the
chestnut by Mr. L. W. Goodell, at Amherst, Mass. It became a pupa
July 15, within leaves: drawn together with a few threads. (Canadian
Entomologist, xi, 193, 1879.)

Larva.—Mature larva, one specimen. Head brown, much narrower than the body ;
two large dark brown spots in front. Body stout and very slightly attenuated ante-
riorly, the first and second rings much narrower than the rest and retractile into the
third. About a dozen minute black tubercles on each ring. Reddish brown covered
with numerous wavy hair lines; paler beneath with a large dirty brown patch in-
closing two light brown spots on the sixth and seventh rings. Length when at rest,
23mm: when crawling, 28™™.

Pupa.—Length 17™™; ashen gray, tinged with reddish and speckled with brown;
a brown dorsal stripe, obsolete on the abdominal segments. Thorax paler with a
small dorsal brown spot. Head brown, with a vertical red streak. Abdomen dark
brown beneath speckled with reddish, the anal segments with a transverse dark
brown dash above. Wings pearly ash with a submarginal row of seven brown spots.
‘Caudal spine round, with two long hooked forks; four slender bristles at the base,
two above and two beneath, very much hooked at the tips. (Goodell.)

Moth.—In this species the male antennz are simple, and the wings slightly bent on
the outer margin. It may be readily recognized by its uniformly bright ocher-yellow
body and wings. A broad oblique coffee-brown band on the fore-wings, extending
* from just beyond the middle of the outer edge to the apex; discal dot not large, but
distinct on each wing. On the hind wings, a single straight line, not reaching the
costa; sometimes this line is wanting. Expanse of wings 1.75 inches.

8. Endropia obtusaria Guén.

The caterpillar of this fine moth was found June 10 at Providence,
and June 19 spun a loose, slight, thin cocoon in a partially rolled-up
leaf, transforming June 20 to a pupa. The moth was observed after it
had emerged, but flew away, though not till after I had assured myself
that it was most probably if not certainly EZ. obtusaria of the chocolate
variety. Abbot’sslarva of H. obtusaria lived on the touch-me-not
(Impatiens noli-me tangere).

Larva.—Head small, flattened, much narrower than the body; squarish, the sides
being parallel. Dark slate brown, clypeus and adjoining region pale ash, forming a
light triangular spot on the front of the head. Body increasing in width from the
eighth abdominal segment to the head ; raarb/ed with dark livid slate-colored, wavy,
broken, fine close-set lines. Supra-anal plate large, triangular; surface somewhat
tough ; four piliferous tubercles on the hinder edge or apex, and two behind the mid-
dle. A row of four to five small dark tubercles on the three thoracic segments, and
four dorsal tubercles on each abdominal segment, those near the hinder edge of the
first and fifth abdominal segment larger than the others, and connected by a ridge

348 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

which is interrupted in the middle of the body. Anal legs large and broad, with
unusually large supra-anal piliferous tubercles. All the legs concolorous with the
body ; a flesh-colored patch beneath on the first abdominal segment. Length, 42™™,

Imago.—Quite uniformly chocolate brown or coffee-with-milk color. It is of the
Same size, and very nearly allied to E. serrataria, but is never so yellow, and the
wings are less serrate. Certain females are uniformly pale ash-brown, others are
yellowish-brown. Usually, however, in both sexes the wings are broadly margined
with brown, with two or three black apical spots, and the discal dots are large and
distinct. Expanse of wings, 1.60 to 1.80 inches.

9. Limacodes viridus Reakirt.
10. Limacodes sp.

This larva was observed at Providence September 18.

Larva.—Body broadly oval, the edge with a broad, thin margin, from which arises.
a raised central broad ridge, the surface of which is hollow, with the sides forming
the ridges. The entire body is irregularly and coarsely wrinkled, with coarse granu-
lations. The body is pale green, touched with yellow along the two dorsal ridges
and along the edge. Along the middle of the back is a row of ten or eleven round
yellow spots centered with a dark dot. A row of similar but larger, more diffuse,
yellow dark-centered spots between the dorsal ridge and the edge of the body.
Head, as usual, retracted within the prothoracic segment; three pairs of thoracic,
but no abdominal feet. Length, 8.5™™; breadth, 5™™,

11. Notodonta? sp.

This spec.es, while occurring on the chestnut at Providence; in Maine,
where this tree does not grow, lives at the expense of the oak.

Larva.—Head very large, very much wider than the body; broad and somewhat
flat in front, swollen on the vertex; pale green; on the side is a bright, brick-red
line edged on each side with straw yellow, which connects with a lateral line which

incloses most of the spiracles and ends on the side of the supra-anal plate. A red-—

dish line above, in the middle of the supra-anal plate. Body yellowish green; a
double whitish-yellow dorsal line, and below on each side two narrow broken sub-
dorsal yellowish lines. The body gradually tapers to the hind legs, which are no
longer and not quite so thick as the other abdominal Tees All the legs, including
the thoracic, pale green. Length, 22™™,

12. Geometrid larva.

This measuring worm occurred on the chestnut at Providence, June
10.

Larva.—Body slender, head large, swollen, a little wider than the body, and dull
reddish amber or pale brick-red. Segments somewhat wrinkled, with four fine dorsal
tubercles. Very dark slate color, with paler subdorsal lines. Supra-anal plates pale
flesh color; anal legs broad, dark on the front edge, pale flesh behind, with large par
anal tubercles. Dark beneath. Length, 10™™.,

13. Geometrid larva.

This larva appears to feed indifferently on the hornbeam (Ostrya)
or chestnut in the vicinity of Providence, where it occurs as early as
June 10.

———- errr

INSECTS INJURING CHESTNUT LEAVES. 349

Larva.—Body very thick, of the same diameter throughout. Head somewhat
notched, not so wide as the body, pearl colored, spotted with dark irregular oblong-
oval spots. Body striped with livid and bright flesh-colored bands, edged with
black. Supra-anal plate large, triangular, with four black tubercles; legs rather
large and broad. Across the prothoracic segment is a row of from four to six black
piliferous shining black tubercles, with long, large, black hairs, and on each of the
two succeeding segments is a row of ten such tubercles. On each abdominal seg-
ment are two rows of such tubercles, those of the hinder row the largest, and four of
them arranged dorsally in a trapezoid. On each side of each segment is a clear car-
neous patch, bearing four black piliferous tubercles. Length, 36 to 38™™,

14. Tortrix? sp.

This leaf roller was beaten from the chestnut at Providence, and on
September 18 spun a slight cocoon in a web.

Larva.—Body light chestnut-brown. Head broad, marked with black dots; no
thoracic shield. The body tapers a little from the thoracic segments to the tail. On
each side of the back is a distinct black dorsal stripe. On the side above and be-
Jow the spiracles is a faint very narrow dark line. The segments much wrinkled;
a large median wrinkle divides the dorsal part of the segment into two areas, on each
of which is a small black tubercle, giving rise to a brown hair. Length, 20™™,

15. Bucculatrix trifasciella Clem.

The cocoonet of this species was found on the leaf of a chestnut tree
early in July. The cocoon is elongated, ribbed externally, and dark
gray. The imago appeared in the latter part of July. (Clemens.)

Moth.—Fore-wings ocherous, with three silvery equidistant costal streaks, the
first near the base, the last at the beginning of the apical cilia, with the spaces be-
tween them somewhat darker than the general hue. On the middle of the dorsal
margin is a spot of blackish brown, with a patch of dispersed scales of the same hue
exterior to it, limited externally by a silvery dorsal streak. At the extreme tip is a
small blackish-brown spot, with an intercilial line of the same hue exterior to it.
Cilia ocherous. Hind wings fuscous, cilia the same. Antenne fuscous. Head
ocherous; eye-caps somewhat silvery white. (Clemens.)

16. Nepticula latifasciella Clemens.

Moth.—Face pale rusty-yellowish; vertex dark brown; palpi and basal joint of
antenne (eye-cap), thorax, a broad fascia about the middle of the fore-wings, and
the cilia silvery white, tinged with pale yellowish (except the cilia). The tuft is
rather small; the antenne are pale, grayish fuscous, tinged with silvery; the fascia
is very hard, nearly straight on its anterior and convex on its posterior margin; the
costal cilia are fuscous; upper surface of abdomen fuscous, lower pale grayish fus-
cous, and the legs darker fuscous. Alar expansion, 2 lines.

As will be evident on comparison of this description with that of N.
nigriserticella Chamb. in Cin. Quar. Jour. Sci., ii, 118, there are many
points of close resemblance between them, although they are very dis-
tinct species. It was taken resting on the trunks of chestnut trees
(Castanea americana), the leaves of which were full of empty Nepticula
mines about the middle of August. Kentucky. (Chambers, Bull.
U.S. Geol. Surv., iv, i, p. 106.)

350 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

17. Lithocolletis castanewella Chambers.

Fig. 131 represents three blotch mines on the upper side of a chest-
nut leaf, which commonly occurs at Providence, which we suppose to
_ be the work of this Tineid.

18. THE CHESTNUT TREE-HOPPER.
Smilia castanee Fitch.
Order HEMIPTERA ; family MEMBRACID2.

Puncturing the leaves and extracting their juices in July, a triangular tree-hopper,.
shaped much like a beechnut, of a blackish color, tinged with green more or less when
alive, its head and the anterior edges of its thorax and all beneath bright yellow, its-
fore-wings clear and glassy, with a blackish spot on their tips and another on the base,
which is often prolonged along the middle of the wing and united with the hind spot.
Length of male, 0.25; female, 0.30 inch. (Fitch.)

19. THE UNADORNED TREE-HOPPER.
Smilia inornata Say.

A tree-hopper of the same size and shape as the preceding, but of a light green color
fading to light yellow, with a slender black line along the upper edge of its back, and
a very slight duskiness on the tips of its glassy wings. Common on chestnuts and
oaks from July to the last of September. (Fitch.)

26. THE CHESTNUT GAY-LOUSE.
Callipterus castanee Fitch.
Order HEMIPTERA; family APHIDIDA.

On the under sides of the leaves, puncturing them and sucking their juices in August
and September, a small sulphur-yellow plant-louse, with black shanks and feet, its.
antenne also black except at their bases and as long as the body, its wings pellucid,
their first and second oblique veins and the tip of the rib- vein edged with coal-black,
and its thighs straw yellow. Length, 0.09; expanse of wings, 0.15 inch. (Fitch.)

21. THE CHESTNUT PHYLLOXERA.
Phylloxera castanew (Haldeman).

in August and September, on both sides of the leaves, puncturing them and extract-
ing their juices and causing them to curl, a very small louse-like fly of a brightsulphur-
yellow color, with a black thorax, breast and eyes, its feet and antennex tinged with
blackish and its wings translucent. The wingless individuals associated with it are
entirely yellow, with red eyes. (Haldeman. )

AFFECTING THE FRUIT.
22. THE CHESTNUT WEEVIL.
Balaninus caryatrypes (Boheman).

Eating large cavities in the meat of the chestnut, a soft, white, footless grub, attain-
ing its full size when chestnuts are ripe, and remaining in the nuts through the winter ;
transforming into a weevil with an exceedingly long and slender beak.

The chestnut is often infested by a large white maggot (Fig. 132, larva
of Balaninus and chestnut infested), with a yellowish head, which
attains its full size at the time the nuts drop. It is found in nuts sent
to market, and it is probable that while some of the maggots gnaw their

Fic.. 131—Blotch mines of Lithocolletis cast

aneceella.

Bridgham, det.

351

352 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

way out, and enter the ground in the autumn to transform, others delay
until the spring. The worm devours nearly a third or one-half of the
interior of the nut, part of the cavity being filled with the castings of

Fic. 132.—Chestnut Maggot. a, a second, better drawn, view ; b, head.—From Packard.

the worm. As the grub is white it is liable to be overlooked and
eaten with the chestnut; it makes its exit through a round hole in the
shell.

The larva is about a third of an inch long, cylindrical, and of nearly
the same thickness from the head to the tail. It is completely footless,
as are nearly all nut-inhabiting larve. It is very difficult to rear tiis
insect, as I have found after successive trials, and I am indebted to
Mr. G. Mooney, of Providence, R. I., for a fresh male and female
beetle reared by him from chestnuts collected in Providence. On send-
ing one of the specimens to Dr. G. H. Horn, he kindly identified it as
Balaninus caryatripes.

To those who raise chestnuts or gather them for the market, the rav-
ages of this grub are of nosmall importance. The following letter will
give the reader an idea of the interest attached to this subject.

MooreEstTowN, N. J., October 26, 1882.

I would be very much obliged to you if you will give me some information con-
cerning the insect that destroys the fruit of the chestnut tree; its name, so that I
can find it in the ‘‘Guide to the Study of Insects,” etc., which I have in vain tried
to do; and how to destroy it. My Spanish chestnuts areruined byit. Not one-third
are sound. Notwithstanding the crop last year was a total failure—no fruit at all—
this autumn an unprecedented amount of the worms infest a good crop of the fruit.
Where the beetle last year deposited its eggs to raise such a crop for this year is beyond
my comprehension.

Respectfully, etc.,
S. C. THORNTON.

Dr. Le Conte, in his work on “The Rhynchophora of America,”
remarks that the beak of these weevils “attains in length and attenua-
tion the greatest development; in the male it is rarely shorter than the
body ; in the female it is frequently twice the length, and is used to
make the perforation into which the egg is subsequently introduced.
The great thickness of the husks of the fruits (chestnuts, walnuts,
hickory nuts, etc.) depredated on by these insects necessitates a very
long perforating instrument to reach the kernel, upon which the larva
feeds.”

a

CHESTNUT CATERPILLARS. 353

22. THE CHESTNUT CATERPILLAR.

Devouring the inside of chestnuts, the larva of a moth which grows to more than
half an inch in length, and is cylindrical and thick, of a dirty white color, with a
tawny yellow head and sixteen feet. It eats the meat of the nut mostly at its tip
and on its convex side, the cavity which it makes being filled with little brown and
whitish grains; and a small hole is perforated upon one side of the nut at its tip, out
of which a portion of these grains is protruded. (Fitch).

The following insects also prey upon the chestnut:
LEPIDOPTERA.

23. Janassa lignicolor Walker. Miss Emily L. Morton writes me that
she has found the eggs of this Notodontian on a chestnut leaf, a
group of nine, and that the larva feeds indifferently on oak or
chestnut. See p. 157, and PI. ITI, fig. 5.

24, Thecla liparops. (Scudder.)

25. Thecla calanus Hiibn. (Buetenmiiller).

26. Halesidota carye Harr. (Beutenmiiller, Ent. Amer., vi, 16.)

RE i
bay

——

Fic. 133. Probably Halesidota maculata. Emerton del.

27. Halesidota maculata Harris. Probably the species on the chestnut
at Providence.

28. Datana ministra (Drury). (Beutenmiiller, Can. Ent., xx, 17.)

29. Datana contracta Walk. (Beutenmiiller), See p. 151.

30. Kronea minuta Reakirt.

31. Parasa fraterna Grote. Miss Emily L. Morton has bred this Coch-
lidian from the chestnut.

32. Parasa chloris (H. Sch.) See p. 144. On the chestnut (Reakirt).

33. Phobetron pithecitum (A. and 8.) (Beutenmiiller).

34. Orgyia sp.

35. Telea polyphemus Cramer. Half a dozen larve, of different ages,
occurred on the leaves, Providence, Sept. 18.

36. Pyrophila pyramidoides Grote. (Beutenmiiller).

37. Prionoxystus robinie (Peck). (Beutenmiiller).

38. A Notodontian larva.

39. Anisota stigma (Fabr.) (Beutenmiiller).

40. Anisota senatoria Abbot and Smith. Lives on the chinquapin, ac-
cording to Abbot and Smith.

41. Pysche confederata Grote. (Beutenmiiller.)

42. Apatela ovata Grote. See p. 169. I have found the larva at Provi-
dence.

43. Apatela americana Harris. (Beutenmiiller).

44, Apatela hammamelis Guen. (Beutenmiiller).

- 5 ENT——23

354 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

45,
46.

47.
48,

49,

50.

Apatela americana Harris.

Catocala paleogama Guen. Entire life-history described by G. H.
French in Can. Ent., xx, p. 108.

A Noctuid larva.

Hugonia subsignaria Hiibner. See Comstock’s Rep. Ag. Dept. for
1880, 271.

Lithocolletis castanewella Chamb. Larvain a blotch upper-surface
mine in the leaves.

Lithocolletis sp. Imago unknown. Larva in tentiform mine in the
under surface of leaves.

. Coleophora sp. Lives in a pistol-shaped black case. Imago un-

known. (Chambers in letter.)

. Tischeria castanecella Chamb. Larva mines the upper surface of the

leaves.

. Nepticula castanecfoliella Chamb. Larva in crooked, linear mines

in the upper surface.

. Tortrix sp.

COLEOPTERA.

. Anthaxia cyanella Gory. Bred by Mr. Chittenden from chestnut

twigs. Mayllth. <A. quercata Fabr. Was also observed on the
leaves of the chestnut and chestnut oak during June and July.
(Ent. Amer., v. 218.)

The following notes have been kindly communicated by Mr. F. L.
Chittenden:

56.

57.
58.
59.
60.

66.

Callidium creum Newman. Bred from logs on two occasions (in
New York and in New Jersey).

Urographis fasciatus. Beaten from limbs.

Euderces picipes (Fabr.). Bred from twigs.

Leptostylus macula (Say). In all stages, under bark.

Hyperplatys aspersus (Say). Many specimens beaten from a single
tree.

. Liopus variegatus Hald. Five or six examples beaten from a dead

branch.

. Eupogonius vestitus Say. Beaten from trees.
. Cryptorhynchus bisignatus Say. Taken on two occasions in many

specimens on logs; probably lives under bark.

. Balaninus rectus Say. Bred from nuts.

HEMIPTERA.

. Corythuca polygrapha Uhler. (Lintner’s Rep., iv. p. 108.)

PLATYPTERA.

The American white ant (Termes frontalis Haldeman) sometimes
mines and wholly consumes the interior of chestnut fence posts
and stakes, while the outer surface remains entire. It also mines
old elms, pines, and other decaying trees as well as the sills of
houses.

te

Cuapter IV.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE LOCUST TREE.
(Robinia pseudacacia.)

Of insects feeding upon the locust forty-one species are here re-
corded. By far the most pernicious borer in the trunk and the most
deadly enemy of the tree is the locust borer, the first mentioned below.
The twigs are often swollen and disfigured by the locust twig-borer.
We have observed the leaves to be most damaged by the Depressaria
caterpillar. The other insects mentioned below are more or less pecul-
iar to the tree, and at certain times may be locally destructive.

AFFECTING THE TRUNK.
1. THE LOCUST BORER.
Cyllene robinie (Forster).
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCIDZ.

Boring a hole one-quarter of an inch in diameter under the bark and upwards,
deep into the wood, and ejecting the dust through the orifice in the bark, a longi-
corn larva, which transforms to a pupa in its burrow, and late in summer appears as
a brown beetle, striped and banded with golden yellow, and with a W on its wing-
covers; often abundant on the flowers of the golden rod early in September, when
they Jay their eggs in crevices in the bark of the locust.

This is by far the most destructive pest of the locust, one of the
most beautiful and valuable of our shade trees. In New England there
is scarcely a tree which does not show the marks of its attacks, and in
many localities it has practically been exterminated. In the Western
States it is also very destructive; but from observations we made in
Kentucky in 1874 the noble locust trees in that State had grown so lux-
uriously as to apparently escape or overcome the insidious attacks of
this borer. It occurs throughout the United States east of the Plains.

The operations of the grub or larva may be detected by a mass of
sawdust-like castings at the mouth of its gallery.

The beetles are abundant, feeding on the flowers of the golden rod

(Solidago), early in September, when we have taken them in Cambridge,

Mass., and at Providence, R.I. So wide are the deep yellow spots and
355

356 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

bands that the beetle is nearly all of the shade of deep golden yellow |

peculiar to the flowers of the golden rod, and thus the insect is an
interesting case of * protective mimicry,” being protected from the
attacks of birds, ete., by their liability to be confounded with the yel-
low heads of the golden rod.

The best account of these insects has been given, as follows, by
Harris :

In the month of September these beetles gather on the locust trees, where they may
beseen glittering inthe sunbeams with their gorgeous livery of black velvet and gold,
coursing up and down the trunks in pursuit of their mates, or to drive away their
rivals, and stopping every now and then to salute those they meet with a rapid bow-
ing of the shoulders, accompanied by a creaking sound, indicative of recognition or
defiance. Having paired, the female, attended by her partner, creeps over the bark,
searching the crevices with her antenne, and dropping therein her snow-white eggs,
in clusters of seven or eight together, and at intervals of five or six minutes, till her
whole stock is safely stored. The eggs are soon hatched, and the grubs immediately
burrow into the bark, devouring the soft inner su)stance that suffices for their nourish-
ment till the approach of winter, during which they remain at rest in a torpid state.
In the spring they bore through the sap-wood more or less deeply into the trunk, the
general course of their winding and irregular passages being in an upward direction
from the place of their entrance. For a time they cast their chips out of their holes
as fast as they are made, but after a while the passage becomes clogged and the bur-
row more or less filled with the coarse and fibrous fragments of wood, to get rid of
which the grubs are often obliged to open new holes through the bark. The seat of
their operations is known by the oozing of the sap and the dropping of the sawdust
from the holes. The bark around the part attacked begins to swell, and in a few
years the trunk and limbs will become disfigured and weakened by large porous
tumors, caused by the efforts of the trees to repair the injuries they have suffered.
According to the observations of General H. A. S. Dearborn, who has given an ex-
cellent account of this insect, the grubs attain their full size by the 20th of July,
soon become pup, and are changed to beetles and leave the trees early in Septem-
ber. Thus the existence of this species is limited to one year.

Dr. Horn, who has observed C. pictus in the hickory, states (Proc. Ent. Soc.
Phil., i, 30) that its excavations are immediately subcortical. ‘Unlike the Clytus
erythrocephalus, which also bores in the hickory, its course is not in a line, but it
bores in every direction, making extensive excavations. Its borings are coarse and
sawdust-like, and are packed with considerable firmness. When about to become
pupa the larva bores for a slight depth into the wood, and for a distance of about 3
inches. The aperture is closed with some very coarse splinter-like borings, and after
having turned its head in the direction of its previous subcortical dwelling, it under-
goes its transformation, and requires about two and sometimes three weeks for
becoming a perfect insect.” :

As is well known, Cyllene pictus attacks the walnut and hickory,
and oceasionally the honey locust, but those individuals living in these
trees, unlike the locust brood, evolve the beetle in June, according to
Walsh, who has claimed that the males of the hickory brood differ
from those of the locust brood in having ‘‘much longer and stouter
legs and much longer and stouter antenne, and in having [their bodies]
tapering behind to a blunt point”; on the other hand the females are
not distinguishable, nor the larve. On this account Mr. Walsh re-

garded the locust and hickory broods as representing two distinct

EEO

THE LOCUST TREE BORER. 357

species. He gives, however, some interesting facts in the Practical
Entomologist, vol. i, p. 29, regarding the appearance of this insect in
the Western States, as follows:

The history of this species is very curious, and as it has only recently been eluci-
dated by myself, and some additional details can now be added, may be briefly summed
up as follows: About a hundred years ago this insect was well known to Forster to
inhabit the locust in the State of New York. Twenty years ago, although the best
Illinois botanists agree that the locust grows wild in the southern part of Illinois, it
was still unknown in that State. Shortly afterwards it commenced attacking the
locusts in the neighborhood of Chicago, and thence spread gradually in a south-south-
west and west direction through the State, sweeping the locusts before it wherever
it came. In 1860it had pretty well destroyed all these trees in central Illinois.
Rock Island lies on the Mississippi River 180 miles south of west from Chicago. In
1862 it had reached a point 20 miles east of Rock Island. In 1863 it burst forth sud-
denly in great swarms from all the locusts in Rock Island, and the two following
years about completed their destruction. It has now (1865) crossed the river into’
Iowa, and no doubt will continue its travels westward as long as it finds any locust
trees to prey on.*

Lest it should be supposed that, agreeably to the belief of all the older writers, the
species that inhabit the hickory is identical with that which inhabits the locust, it is
proper to add here, that I myself split the hickory insect out of a stick of hickory
wood as much as eight years ago in Rock Island; that abundance of hickory grows
in the woods within half a mile of that city, and yet that our locust trees were never
attacked by borers until 1863, when they were suddenly attacked in the manner men-
tioned above. Professor Sheldon, of Davenport, Iowa, has also repeatedly, for many
years before 1863, split the hickory insect out of hickory wood in Davenport, although,
so far as he is aware, the locusts in Davenport had not been attacked by borers up
to 1863. Now, if the hickory borer is identical with the locust borer, why did it not
attack the locusts in Rock Island and Davenport before 1863 and 1864? And why,
when it did attack them, did it appear suddenly in great swarms?

The larva is six or seven-tenths of an inch long, somewhat flattened, club-shaped,
the thoracic segments being considerably broader than the abdominal ones, but at
the same time distinctly flattened above and below. The head when extracted from
the thorax appears almost circular and narrower than the prothorax. The latter is
twice broader than long, rounded anteriorly, flattened above and below, brownish
yellow, covered, especially on the sides and below, with a short golden pubescence.
A deep, longitudinal sinuated furrow is visible on each side, a short transverse fur-
Tow crosses its posterior end. The upper disk is inclosed between two furrows
beginning at the posterior margin, and not reaching the anterior one; a transverse
furrow, parallel to the posterior margin, separates a narrow fleshy fold. The ante-
rior portion of this upper disk is irregularly punctured and wrinkled, although shin-
ing; in some specimens it has an indistinct, elongated, somewhat oblique brownish
spot on each side, about the middle; the posterior portion of the disk is opaque,
covered with dense longitudinal wrinkles, among which a straight impressed line is
apparent in the middle. The ventral side is irregularly punctured on the sides, and
has a depression in the middle which is less apparent in some specimens.

The other two thoracic as well as the two first abdominal segments have, above
and below, a transverse flattened opaque disk, limited on each side by a furrow, and

*Mr. R. V. Rogers, jr., in the Canadian Entomologist for August, 1880, p. 151, re-
ports that this beetle was first observed in Montreal in 1855. ‘‘In 1862 it was very
destructive to the locust trees around Toronto; in 1873 Mr. E. B. Reed saw it in
enormous numbers in London, Ontario. Now it seems to be quite at home in all
parts of Ontario.”

358 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

showing some indistinct furrows on its surface; the other abdominal segments have
the usual protuberances, on the dorsal as well as the ventral side, marked with
wrinkles. The last segment isshort and divided in two halves by a transverse fold ;
the latter half has the anal opening at the tip. All these segments are beset with
short golden hairs on the sides. There are no feet, asin the Lamii. (Osten Sacken.)

The pupa has numerous pointed granulations on the prothorax; similar granula-
tions ending in sharp points are placed in a row on the dorsal segments of the abdo-
men, near the posterior margin; the same segments have, more anteriorly, a few
similar sharp, horny projections. On the penultimate segments these projections
are larger and recurved anteriorly at the tip; there are six in a row near the poste-
rior margin, and two others more anteriorly. The last segment has four similar pro-
jections in arow. (Osten Sacken.)

The beetle.—Body velvet-black, and ornamented with transverse yellow bands, of
which there are three on the head, four on the thorax, and six on the wing-covers,
the tips of which are also edged with yellow. The first and second bands on each
wing cover are nearly straight; the third band forms a V or, united with the
opposite one, a W; the fourth is also angled, and rung upwards on the inner mar-
gin of the wing-cover towards the scutel; the fifth is broken or interrupted by a
longitudinal elevated line; and the sixth is arched, and consists of three little spots.
The antennze are dark brown, and the legs are rust-red. These insects vary from
six-tenths to three-fourths of an inch in length. (Harris.)

Dr. Horn has defined the characters by which this species may be
separated from C. pictus as follows:

If we examine the under side of the two species, noting the form of the prosternal
process, it will be observed that this in robiniw is nearly square, so that the front
cox are moderately widely separated. The second joint of the hind tarsi is densely
pubescent over its entire surface. The male antennz are rarely longer than three-
fourths the length of the body, and but little if any stouter than those of the female.
Generally the W-band nearly always joins the transverse band at the suture.

C. pictus, however, has a narrow prosternum, nearly twice as long as wide. The
male antenn are much stouter and at least a fourth longer than the body. The W-
band rarely joins the transverse band. On the hind tarsi the second joint is nearly
glabrous along its middle.

'The two species differ also in habitat and time of appearance, pictus living in the
hickory and appearing in early spring, while robinie@ bores the locust and appears in
the autumn. (Can. Ent., xiv, p. 240.)

Remedies.—An excellent way to save a valuable shade tree from the
attacks of this borer is to thoroughly soap the trunk late in August, so
as to prevent the beetle from laying its eggs early in September. All
insects breathe through little holes (eighteen or twenty in all, nine or
ten on each side); now, if a film of soap or grease or oil of any kind
closes the openings of these breathing pores, the air can not enter the
respiratory tubes which ramify throughout the interior of the body and
the insect dies by asphyxiation—i. e.,drowns. Harris states that white-
washing and covering the trunks of the trees with grafting composition
may prevent the female from depositing her eggs upon isolated trees.
Also, young trees might be headed down to the ground, so as to destroy
the grubs boring in them, and also to promote a more vigorous growth.
An excellent preventive remedy is to collect these beetles early in Sep-
tember when engaged in eating the pollen of the golden rod; children
could perform this labor.

—

THE LOCUST TWIG BORER. 359
2. THE LOCUST-TWIG BORER.
Ecdytolopha insiticiana Zell.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family TORTRICIDE.

Boring in the twigs of locust, sometimes causing a thickened growth of the stem
for the distance of from 1 to 3 inches, a pale whitish larva with brownish head,
which cuts its way out when full grown, descending to the ground and transforming
into a yellowish-brown pupa in curled leaves upon the surface, and finally emerging
a dark-brown moth with dirty pinkish-white on the outer portion of the fore- wings.

We have observed this larva at work at Brunswick, Me., August 20
to 22, the galls being numerous, but copy Professor Comstock’s account
of the insect, premising that the swelling or galls we observed are about
20™™ long and 7 to 38™™ thick. They are quite sticky on the surtace,
with a hole at the lower end for the exit of the castings. It is interest-
ing to observe how the bedy of a boring Tortricid is modified to adapt
itself to a lignivorous existence. This is seen in the development of
rugose semi-chitinous or fleshy patches on the exposed dorsal area of
the segments. Professor Comstock’s account is as follows:

During the latter part of September the terminal shoots and twigs of several
varieties of locust (Robinia pseudacacia vars. crispa, tortuosa, and inermis) growing on
the department grounds were observed to have an abnormal thickened growth from
1 to 3 inches in length, and enlarging the stem at this place to nearly twice the
normal size, the enlargement being quite uneven and irregular. An examination of
some of these diseased stems disclosed the fact that a lepidopterous larva was boring
along the central part of the stem and feeding upon the tissues. This larva when
full grown is about half an inch in length, of a yellowish color, somewhat darker on
the dorsal line. Head dark brown; thoracic plate light honey yellow. On the Ist
of October these larve left the stem through holes which they had cut out to the
surface, and descended to the ground, where they transformed to pupw among the
dry and curled leaves which had fallen, and in which they spun thin but tough
silken cocoons. Sometimes they crawled between a fallen leaf and the ground, when
the cocoon adhered to the leaf on one side and was thickly covered with grains of
sand on the other.

The first moth emerged October 17, and others from the 20th to the 27th. An
examination of a large number of shoots proves that this insect deserts its burrow
to transform on the ground.

Some of the shoots were badly infested; ten places where larve were at work
were counted in one of them, and the whitish excrements hung in clusters from the
holes, which were almost always between two of the thorns, where*the egg had
probably been deposited. ‘These shoots, however, were not enlarged.

This species was described under the above name by Prof. P. C. Zeller, of Stettin,
Germany, from specimens received of Mr. Burgess, who took them in Massachusetts
in June and July. Professor Fernald informs us that he has received them from Mr.
Morrison taken in Colorado.

Remedies.—The only remedies we can suggest are to cut off the
infected twigs before the escape of the larve and burn them. If for
any reason this has not been done, it would be well to collect carefully
all the leaves beneath the infested trees and burn them to destroy the
insects while in the pupal state. This should be done, however, after

360 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

the escape of the larve from the trees and before the moths emerge, or
not far from the 8th of October at this place (Washington, D. C.).

Larva.—Length, 13™™, Géneral color, reddish straw yellow. Head, light-brown-
ish; tips of mandibles and a small spot about the eyes, blackish ; thoracic and anal
plates, light honey yellow. The piliferous tubercles on the dorsum are greatly
expanded laterally, so as to give them an elliptical form; the anterior pair on both
the third and fourth segments are so expanded that the distance between them is
only equal to their length, the posterior pair on these segments nearly or quite oblit-
erated. Anterior warts of the fifth to the eleventh, inclusive, more rounded and
brought close together at the dorsal line; those of the posterior side of these seg-
ments fusiform, the length quite equal to four times the thickness, and separated
from each other by a small space on the first of these segments, but approaching more
and more, they touch each other on the dorsum of the more posterior ones. The dorsal
tubercles of the tweifth segment are so fused together as to appear like two transverse
elevated bars. The remaining warts of the body are as usual, but considerably
enlarged, and each surmounted by a fine yellowish bristle.

Pupa.—Length, 10™™. Color, yellowish-brown. Abdominal segments on the dorsal
side armed on eachedge withthe usual row of spines. Anterior end rounded and
smooth, posterior end bluntly rounded, with a row of spines like the larger ones on
the segments before, extending two-thirds the way around.

Moth.—Of a dark ashy brown color on the fore-wings, with a large patch of a dull
pinkish-white color on the outer part, with several small black spots near the middle
of this patch. Hind wings a little lighter than the basal portion of the fore- wings.
Expanse, 18 to 20™™ (about .75 inch). (Comstock.)

3. Sciapteron robinie Hy. Edwards.

This A gerian is extremely destructive in California and Nevada to
the white poplar (Populus alba) and to the downy poplar (Populus can-
escens), both of these species having been introduced into the Pacific
States as ornamental trees. A small avenue of the latter at San Lean-
dro, near San Francisco, was utterly destroyed by the Sciapteron, the
pupa cases being found sticking out of the holes by hundreds. The
perfect insect was rather scarce, as it emerges very early in the morn-
ing, and takes flight with the first gleam of sunshine. Sciap. robinice
also destroys the locust trees (Robinia pseudacacia), a grove of this
species in Napa County being observed by me in a state bordering
upon destruction from the attacks of this insect. (H. Edwards.)

Moth.—Upper side: Fore-wings opaque as in all of the genus, rich golden brown.
They are slightly darker along the costa, and have a faint purple reflection toward
the apex. Hind wings diaphanous, brightly opalescent, with a faint golden brown
longitudinal streak at posterior extremity of the cell. Costal edge pale yellow.
Fringe golden brown, pale yellow at the base. Head golden yellow, as are the palpi
except at the base, where they are brownish. Thorax brown on the disk, golden
yellow in front and behind. Abdomen next the three basal segments blackish
brown, the second and third edged with yellow. The posterior segments are all
bright golden yellow, with the anal tuft a little darker. Under side: Fore-wings
golden orange, with a faint lemon yellow discal spot. Hind wings same as the upper.
Tarsi and tibizw golden yellow, blackish at their base. Antenne red brown above,
golden yellow beneath. Expanse of wings 1.35 inches. (Edwards.)

INSECTS INJURING LOCUST LEAVES. 361

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
4, THE LOCUST LEAF-ROLLER.
Pempelia (Salebria) contatella Grote.
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family PYRALIDZ.

We have observed these worms in Maine at work on the locust during
the middle and last of August. They began to pupate August 28, and
the moths appeared June 1 of the following year. They generally draw
two leaves together, and in this way their presence is indicated.

On the 29th of August Prof. Comstock found them on the locust
(Robinia pseudacacia), in the department grounds, drawing the leayes
together, the side of one to that of another. .

The smallest larve observed by Comstock, August 28, at Washington,
at this time, were about one-eighth of an inch long, yellowish-green,
with jet-black head and thoracic plate. The larve transformed to pupx
between the 5th and 8th of September and emerged in the following May.

As none of the pup of this insect could be found among the leaves
on the tree a careful search was made on the ground beneath, where a
pupa was found spun up in a tough silken cocoon to which earth, frag-
ments of leaves, and dry grass were adhering in such a manner as to
completely conceal it.

Mr. A. R. Grote, who originally described this species, also described
a variety of it under the name of quinquepunctella, and stated that it
might be adistinct species from contatella. Most of the examples men-
tioned above agree with the typical contatella, while one of them is
undoubtedly the var. quinquepunctella.

This species has also been reported from New England, New York,
and London, Ontario.

Remedy.—Gather all the leaves beneath the trees after September
_and burn them.

Larva.—Body large, broad, gradually tapering towards the end of the body.
Head black, smooth, not so wide as the prothoracic shield, which is large and jet
black. (Inthe young the head and shield are reddish black.) Body pale pea-green ;
sutures yellowish. Body obscurely mottled with yellowish green. The piliferous
warts are minute and obscure, the four dorsal ones arranged in a square. Body
obscurely lineated with yellowish-green lines, of which there are about five on each
side of the dark-green median line. The hairs reddish or horn-colored. Length,
20mm,

Pupa.—Length, 10™™, rather stout. Color, chestnut brown. Anterior end rounded ;
posterior with a minute beak, curving downward slightly, and armed at the end on
each side with a sharp, stout spine extending obliquely out and downwards. In a
row between these, at equal distances, are four slim filaments much longer than the
spines and hooked at the end. The abdominal segments are covered above and below
with coarse punctures, except on the posterior edge, while the wing-covers, head,
and thorax above are impressed with irregular striw. (Comstock, 1880.)

The moth.—The fore wings expand 20™™ to 26™™ (nearly 1 inch), and are blackisb
and gray, with a shading of red at the base and near the middle of the wing below

the fold. These reddish shades are sometimes wanting. Base of the wing usually
whitish gray.

362 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

5. THE SULPHUR-LEAF ROLLER-MOTH.
Tortrix sulfureana Clem.*
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family TORTRICIDZ.

Drawing together the leaflets of red and white clover and feeding on the tissues, a
small yellowish-green larva, which transforms into a brownish colored pupa, from
which emerges a small sulphur yellow moth with purplish red markings.

We copy verbatim Prof. Comstock’s account of this insect, which he
reports as feeding on the locust. (See Ag. Rep. for 1880.)

During the summer of 1879 small yellowish green larv were found in considerable
numbers in the District of Columbia, feeding on red clover (Trifolium pratense), and
also on white clover (Trifolium repens). The larve were first found May 13, folding
the leaflets of red clover into a kind of tube by drawing the edges together with
silken threads, which was spun for this purpose. Sometimes they spin two leaflets
loosely together, or to the flower head when they are nearly full grown. They issue
from either end of this tube, and feed upon the surrounding foliage, of which, when
the larvee are young, they eat only the under surface, leaving the veins and the
epidermis of the upper side intact, but when nearly full grown they eat irregular
holes through the surrounding leaflets and flower heads.

' These larve are very active when disturbed, and wriggle from their tubes, sus-
pending themselves by a silken thread, by which they can let themselves down to
the ground, and if further disturbed, they wriggle about with great energy.

Some of the larve changed to pup on the 19th of May in folded leaves, which
they lined closely with silk. The perfect insects began to emerge on the 19th, and
continued until June 3, when the last of this lot came out. On the 20th of June
several larvee were found feeding in a similar manner to the above on the leaves of
white clover on the department grounds. At this time they were less than half
grown, but transformed to pup by the first of July, the perfect insects emerging
from July 5 to 14. About the middle of August more of these larve were found on
red clover, some nearly grown, others quite small. These became full-grown in a
short time, passed their transformation, and emerged as perfect insects from Septem-
ber 1 to 16. Those which changed to pupe September 1 emerged on the 10th.

From the data now before us it is more than probable that there are three genera-
tions in a year in the latitude of the District of Columbia, the first appearing in the
perfect state about the last of May, the second in the early part of July, and the
third in the early part of September. One full-grown larva was found on clover
October 21, and it may be that this species hibernates in the larva state, the same
as the codling moth. Professor Fernald informs us that he does not think there is
more than one generation in Middle and Northern Maine.

Distribution.—These insects are very widely distributed through the United States,
having been reported from Maine to Florida, and as far west as Texas and Missouri.

Food-plants.—Besides the plants mentioned above—red and white clover—the larve
of this species were found and fed on locust, strawberry, and grape. Some of the
larvz were also fed upon the cotton plant by way of experiment. Specimens were
received from Dr. R. S. Turner, Fort George, Fla., which fed on orange. Mr. B. D.
Walsh bred this species from the willow gall Salicis-brassicoides, in Illinois.

Natural enemies.—One of the larvze on clover was found to be infested with a
Hymenopterous parasite, which, however, failed to emerge.

* SYNONYMS.—Croesia? sulfureana Clem.; Conchylis gratana Walk. ; Croesia? fulvo-
roseana Clem.; Croesia? virginiana Clem.; Croesia? gallivorana Clem.; Tortrix sul-
Sureana Robs.; Tortrix (Dichelia) sulfureana Zell. and variety belfrageana Zell.;
Cenopis gracilana W1sm.

LOCUST LEAF-MINERS. 363

Larva.—Length when full grown, 14™, cylindrical, slightly fusiform. Head and
’ thoracic plate very pale honey yellow, the rest of the body yellowish green with the
alimentary canal showing dark green through the dorsum. Eyes, third joint of
antenne, and tarsi, blackish. Piliferous tubercles slightly paler than the rest of the
body, each one being surmounted by a brownish hair. Spiracles green with a brown
ring. :

Pupa.—Length, 5™™. Color, dark shining brown, lighter at the end of the wing-
covers and the parts covering the palpi and base of the antennz. Front rounded
and smooth. Abdominal segments on the dorsal side armed with two transverse
rows of small spines inclined backward, those on the posterior edge of each segment:
finer and closer than those of the other row. Abdomen terminated by a protuber-
ance, flattened above, rounded at the end, hollowed out underneath near the base,
and armed with two fine hooks on each side, and four from the end. (Comstock.)

Moth.—Of a bright sulphur or golden yellow color, with a Y-shaped purplish red
mark across each fore-wing, and more or less of the same color‘along the front or cos-
tal and outer border. Hind wings varying from light yellowish to brown. Expanse
of fore-wings, half an inch or a little more.

6. THE GREATER LOCUST-LEAF GELECHIA.
Gelechia pseudacaciella Chambers.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family TINEID#.

From eggs laid on the under surface of the leaf hatches a green larva with a reddish
head and thoracic plate, and six longitudinal dusky stripes; spinning a slight web
between two leaves; changing to a moth in late spring, whose wings expand 0.63
inch. Itissomber in color, the fore-wings dark slate, flecked with brown and white;.
the hind wings pale slate, whitish towards the base.

7. THE LESSER LOCUST-LEAF GELECHIA.
Gelechia robiniefoliella Chambers.

Spinning two locust leaves together and feeding between them, leaving the outer
surface and the larger ribs untouched, a minute, greenish white slender larva, which
transforms to a chrysalis in the same situation, the moth differing from its closely
allied species in the palpi being slender and rather long, while the hind wings are
emarginate beneath the apex. (Comstock and Chambers.)

8. THE AUTUMNAL LOCUST LEAF-MINER.
Tithocolletis robiniella Clemens.

Mining the under side of the locust leaf late in September and early in October (in
the Middle States) a cylindrical larva, with a pale brown head and the body greenish
white, sometimes spotted with yellow; the chrysalis contained in a white silken
cocoon within the mine, and transforming late in October and early in November
into a minute moth with narrow pointed fore-wings, which are golden yellow along
the costal edge and with a spot at the tip.

The species of Lithocolletis are known by their small size, the nar-
row, pointed fore-wings, the tuft on the top of the head, and the simple,
not ciliated, antennz. The larve mine the upper and under side of
leaves and usually transform within a silken cocoon in their burrows.
The present species is oue of the best known of the genus.

364 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Larva.—Body cylindrical, the head pale brown; the body pale greenish white,
with a red median dorsal line from the fifth to the ninth segment; on the ninth seg-
ment are two irregular chrome-yellow patches, which are sometimes wanting.
(Clemens. )

Moth.—Antennx dark brown; front of head silvery white, the tuft dark brown
mixed with grayish; thorax dark brown; fore-wings golden yellow above the fold,
and dark cinereous, somewhat dusted with blackish beneath it. About the middle
of the wing is an oblique silvery costal streak, black-margined on both sides, extend-
ing to the fold; another beyond the middle, meeting nearly in the center of the wing
at an angle, a dorsal streak from the inner margin, the former black-margined on
both sides, the latter internally; another costal streak near the tip, with an in-
ternal circular black margin opposite to a dorsal streak of the same hue, and joined
or nearly joined to it. Just behind the apical spot is a straight silvery streak, black-
margined internally. A black round spot at the tip of the fore-wings. Hind wings
shining dark gray. (Clemens.)

9. THE LOCUST DEPRESSARIA.

Depressaria robiniella Packard.

Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family TINEIDZA.

Occasionally late in June defoliating the branches, a small green larva with a thick
body, black head, and transforming late in July to a light brick-red moth, spotted
irregularly with yellow.

The following account of this destructive moth is taken from our
‘Guide to the Study of Insects.’ The moths of the Tineid genus De-
pressaria comprise rather large species, in which the fore-wings are
unusually broad and oblong. The abdomen is flattened above, with pro-
jecting scales at the sides. The larve are extremely active and feed on
a variety of substances; some in rolled-up leaves of composite plants,
some in the leaves and othersin the umbels of the umbelliferous plants.
Many of the worms descend from the plant on the slightest agitation,
so that considerable caution is necessary in attempts to collect them.
The full-fed larve descend to the ground and change to pupe among
the fallen leaves. The perfect insects have the peculiarity of sliding
about when laid on their backs.

During the summer of 1868 a large locust tree overhanging our gar-
den in Salem, Mass., was attacked by the present species to such an
extent that some of the branches were nearly stripped of their leaves.
This moth we described under the name of Depressaria robiniella (Guide
to Study of Insects, Pl. 8, fig. 14). The larva is thick-bodied, with a
black head, and is green, the cervical shield being green. It devours
the leaves, drawing them together by threads, and it also eats the
flower buds. It was most abundant in the last week of June. It turned
to a chrysalis July 8, and in about two weeks the moth appeared.

The moth.—The head, palpi, and fore-wings are light brick-red, spotted irregularly
with yellow, and the antennx are slate-brown. The fore-wings are a little darker
in the middle, especially towards the inner edge. There is a submarginal darker

brown band near the outer edge, which does not reach the costa, and on the outer
edge is a row of minute black dots. The hind wingsand abdomen are of a pale slate-

——————— sr rs—s—<“‘“SOSS:~—S~—

LOCUST LEAF-MINERS 365

gray, and of the same color beneath, while the legs are of a very pale straw-yellow.
It differs from most of the species of the genus in having the apex of the fore-wings.
jess rounded than usual, and in this and other respects it is allied to the European
D. laterella.

10. THE LOCUST LEAF-MINER.

Gracillaria robiniella (Fitch).
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family TINEID&.

Mining the leaf in July, making a blotch on the upper surface of the leaf, with @
number of lateral galleries running out from it, on each side, a flattened pale green
worm which passes the chrysalis state in theleaf, the latter falling to the ground, and
the following June giving out a minute moth.

This is a common leaf-miner of the locust in the New England as
well as the Middle States. Out of the seventeen leaflets which form
the locust leaf, usually two or three and often more make the blotches.
The mines are not tenanted, Clemens states, at the time the leaf is
mined by Lithocolletis robiniella (Clem., Proc. Phil. Acad., 1860).

The larva makes a pale yellowish mine, usually on the midrib, with
lateral branches running out from it. It pupates in a small nidus on
some object on the ground.

The late Mr. Chambers wrote me that it is common in New Orleans
in February.

The moth.—Fore-wings fine brown, somewhat golden, shaded with dark brown.
Along the costa are three oblique silvery streaks; on the inner margin are three sil-
very dorsal spots, placed opposite the spaces between the costal streaks. Near the
tip of the wing is a transverse narrow curved silvery line, passing from the costa te
the inner angle. (Clemens.)

11. THE LOCUST SKIPPER.
Eudamus tityrus Fabricius.

Drawing the leaves together in July, a large pale-green caterpillar about 2 inches
long, with a red neck and large red head, with a large yellow spot on each side of
the mouth, feeding by night, sometimes pupating between the leaves, and transform-
ing into a stout-bodied, brown butterfly with a skipping, rapid, strong, low flight,
and antenne flattened and bent over at the end. (Harris.)

These voracious worms sometimes strip the leaves of the common
locust and especially the viscid locust (Robinia viscosa), which is culti-
vated in New England as an ornamental tree. According to Harris,
the females lay their eggs singly during June or early in July on the
leaves, the caterpillars hatch in July, and when quite small conceal
themselves under a fold of the edge of a leaf, which is bent over their
bodies and secured by means of silken threads. When they become
larger they attach two or more leaves together, so as to form a kind of
cocoon or leafy case to shelter them from the weather, and to screen
them from the prying eyes of birds. One end of the leafy case is left
open, and from this the insect comes forth to feed. They transform to

366 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

chrysalids either among the leaves or desert the tree and seek some
retired place, where they spin a slight loose cocoon, within which they
remain through the winter, appearing in the imago state by the mid-
dle of the following June. |

The butterfly is brown, the fore-wings are brown with a transverse semi-transparent
band across the middle, and a few spots towards the tip of a honey-yellow color;
hind wings with a short rounded tail on the hind angles, and a broad silvery
band across the middle of the under.side. The wings expand from 2 to 24 inches.
(Harris. )

Remedies.—Nearly all the insects which prey upon the foliage of the
locust can be gotten rid of by hand-picking and by collecting the leaves
in autumn and burning them; in this way cherished shade trees can be

protected.
12. Dasylophia anguina Abbot and Smith.

The eggs of this moth were sent me by Miss Emily L. Morton, of
Newburgh, N. Y., having been laid about the 20th of July. She has
never found the larve on any other tree than the locust, and then only
rarely. The larve hatched July 25, at Brunswick, Me.; the first molt
. occurred July 238, the second August 6, and the third August 10 to 11,
the fourth August 20 to 22.

Egg.—Spherical, whitish, surface seen under a good lens to be very finely granu-
lated. Diameter, .6™™.

Larva directly after hatching.—Head very large, nearly twice as wide as the body is
behind the middle, rounded, yellowish amber with a lateral black stripe. First ab-
dominal segment shining red, with two high slender subdorsal tubercles ; two similar
but much smaller tubercles on the eighth segment, which is also reddish. Body deep
pea-green, shining, with six very narrow dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral black lines.
Anal legs long and slender, dark red, and with the two last abdominal segments (9
and 10) uplifted much as in the full-fed larva, at an angle often of 45 degrees. All
the legs, both thoracic and abdominal, dull greenish. Hairs stiff and black, mostly
thickened at the end; about as long as the body is thick. Length, 3 to 4™™,

Larva afler first molt, July 23.—Head amber-colored, no wider than the body.
Body pale green, the dark brown stripes, especially the dorsal one, more distinct ;
the dorsal line is continuous; the two lateral ones somewhat broken ; the hairs are
still black, but not so much thickened as before. Markings nearly as before, but the
first and eighth abdominal segments not so deep red as instage I. Length, 6 to 7™™,

Larva after second molt, August 6.—More like the mature larve. Head of moderate
size, but little wider than the body, rounded, dull pale reddish orange. Body smooth
and shining, straw-yellow ; a dorsal black line ending on the polished black knob
on the eighth abdominal segment. Three lateral, more or less interrupted black
lines in a whitish band, the middle of the three the faintest. This band incloses on
the first abdominal segment a polished jet-black tubercle. Low down on the sides
of the body are twelve black spots, one at the base of each foot, when they are pres-
ent; four black spots on the front part of the supra-anal plate. Anal legs uplifted,
extensile, black on the tips. Length, 15™™.

Larva after third molt, August 10 to 11.—Only differs from the preceding stage in its
more distinct, deeper hues, especially the pale lilac tint on ninth and adjoining seg-
ments, and the larger, thicker body. The four black spots on the base of the short
supra-anal plate are united to form a continuous band. Length, 22™™,

Full-fed larva.—Head rounded, greenish amber; body smooth, of nearly uniform
thickness, with a low rounded jet-black knob on tip of the eighth abdominal seg-

a

LOCUST BEETLES. 367

ment, in front of which is a narrow black dorsal line. Anal legs uplifted. Three
lateral black lines close to each other and forming a broad dark wavy band. Base
of all the legs black, but the legs themselves pale; ground color of body deep pink
flesh color. Length, 30 to 35™™,

13. THE LOCUST HISPA.
Odontota scutellaris (Olivier). Hispa suturalis Harris.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CHRYSOMELID&.

In July, blister-like spots appearing upon the leaves, within which is a small flat-
tened, whitish worm, with three pairs of feet; a quarter of an inch long, tapering
trom before backwards, with projections along each side like the teeth of a saw; re-
maining 1 week in the pupa state within the leaf, about the middle of August it
issues as a small flattened black beetle with the prothorax and wing-covers, except
along their suture, tawny yellow. (Fitch & Harris.)

Harris states that in Massachusetts these beetles may
be observed the middle of June pairing and laying eggs
on the leaves of the locust tree.

While this species of leaf-mining beetle is met with in
the New England States and New York, by information
received from Kentucky it is at times quite injurious to

Fic. 134.—Lo-

locust trees in that State, but can always be kept under cust Hispa—
by hand-picking. i Pack-
ard,

14. Agrilus otiosus Say.
Order COLEOPTERA; family BUPRESTID&.

Mr. W. L. Devereaux, of Clyde, N. Y., writes us that this beetle ‘is
found in plenty in the beetle stage, feeding on freshly forming foliage,
at the tips of new growths of the locust.”

15. SAY’S WEEVIL.
Apion rostrum Say.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CURCULIONID.

From June until September, eating numerous small round holes in
the leaves, a little black weevil with a slender projecting beak, its
thorax with close coarse punctures and an oval or longitudinal inden-
tation back of its center, and the furrows of its wing-covers with
coarse punctures; its length. 0.09, and to the end of the beak, 0.12
inch, (Fitch.)

Dr. Harris states that the grubs of this little weevil live — F1e.135.-say’s
in the pods of the common wild indigo bush (Baptisia weevil. —

: c : From Pack-
tinctoria), devouring the seeds. He adds: Roe

A smaller kind, somewhat like it, inhabits gee pods and eats the seeds of the locust
tree, or Robinia pseudacacia.

Fitch regards the insect as very variable, and as most probably de-
structive to the seeds of both the plants here mentioned.

368 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

16. THE BLACK LOCUST MIDGE.

Cecidomyia pseudacacie Fitch.
Order DivTeRA; family CECIDOMYIIDE.

In July and August, the tender young leaflets near the tip of the stem folded
together like a little pod, the cavity inside containing from one to three small milk-
white maggots, which descend below the surface of the ground, remaining there in the
pupa state about ten days, and then appearing as a small blackish midge. (Fitch.)

According to Fitch, before the small young leaflets, which put forth
along the opposite sides of the main leaf-stalks at their tips, become
expanded, they are closed together like two leaves of a book; and it is
probably at this time that the female midge inserts her egg in the cleft
between them, the irritation from which and from the small maggots
which hatch from them, keeps the leaflet permanently closed; a slight
cavity forming within, in which the worms reside, the leaflet hereby
comes to resemble in its shape a small bivalve shell with a more or less
wavy edge. The surface remains unchanged outside, but within it
assumes a pale greenish yellow color. The attachments of the leaflets
to the stalk becomes so weakened when infested by these worms that
probably they are generally broken off by the wind, and the worms are
thus carried to the ground, instead of crawling down the stalks by
night, as is the habit of the wheat midge.

The female.—A small blackish midge, the base of its thorax tawny yellow, its
abdomen pale yellowish, with the tip dusky and clothed with fine hairs, as is also
the neck; its legs black, with the thighs pale except at their tips; its wings dusky,

feebly hyaline, with the fringe short; its antennz with thirteen short cylindrical
joints separated by short pedicels; its length, 0.065 inch to the tip of the body.

17. THE YELLOW LOCUST MIDGE.
Cecidomyia robinie Haldeman.
Order DipTERA; family CECIDOMYIID.

In July and August a portion of the edges of the leaves rolled inwards on their
under sides and thickened, inclosing one or two very small white maggots, which
are varied more or less with orange-yellow; producing a pale orange midge with the
sides of its thorax and often three oval stripes on the back and the wings dusky;
its antenn blackish and of fourteen joints in the females, twenty-four in the males;
its length, 0.12 inch. (Fitch and Haldeman.)

Professor Haldeman, who described this two-winged gall-fly in Em-
mon’s Journal of Agriculture and Science, October, 1847, says that it
in conjunction with the Hispa, already mentioned, had been so numer-
ous in southeastern Pennsylvania the two preceding summers as to kill
the leaves upon the locusts, the trees in August appearing as though
they had been destroyed by dry weather.

This insect may be detected by the margin of the leaflets being rolled
inwards upon their under sides for a length varying from over a quar-
ter to a half inch, the upper side showing a concavity or rounded hollow
at this point. ‘This rolled portion,” says Fitch, “is changed in its

= oS

THE LOCUST SAW-FLY. 369

©
color to a paler yellowish green, and its texture is thickened and suc-
culent.” The same leaf sometimes has two or more of these folds along
different parts of its margin.

The larva is colorless or watery when young, becoming, as it approaches maturity,
opaque and milk white, varied more or less with bright yellow. It is long oval,
broadest in the middle and tapering thence to a sharp point anteriorly, the opposite

end being bluntly rounded, and is divided into thirteen segments by transverse im-
pressed lines. (Haldeman.)

18. THE LOCUST SAW-FLY.
Nematus similaris Norton.

Order HYMENOPTERA; family TENTHREDINIDZ

Fic. 136.—Locust saw-fly. a, eggs; 0,c, worms; d, tail
of the same; é, cocoon; /, fly.—After Comstock.

Eating the leaves of the black locust, a small, soft, green worm two-fifths of an
inch long, with twenty legs, and a brownish head; appearing in Washington, D.C.,
late in August until October; transforming in a dark-brown oval cocoon, and two or
three weeks later issuing as a saw-fly nearly one-quarter of an inch long, of a dirty
yellow color, with a squarish black patch on top of the head, the sides and front of
the thorax black, and a transverse band on top of each abdominal segment. (Com-
stock. )

This saw-fly inserts its irregularly semi-ellipsoid eggs in a crescent-
shaped cut made in the under surface of the leaf by the “saw.” Ina
few days the larva hatches. Professor Comstock thinks there are two
and possibly three broods in a season, and that the insect may hiber-
nate both in the adult and pupa stages. I have found this insect com-
mon in the larva state on the leaves of the locust at Brunswick, Me.
The head of the worm is amber-colored, rather than ‘“ brownish.”

5 ENT 24

370 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

19. BLACK LOCUST SAW-FLY.

Nematus robinie Forbes.

From a number of saw-fly larve tound infesting the black locust
(Robinia pseudacacia) at Normal, we bred during the latter part of
July a small saw-fly related to Nematus bivittatus and auwreopectus,
but apparently undescribed. The larva from which this specimen
was bred entered the ground July 8, emerging on the 26th. (Forbes’
Third Rep. Ins. Illinois.)

Adult.—Body stout, pale brownish yellow ; mesothorax with a black vitta upon
each side; metathorax with a transverse black band ccntinuous with the posterior
extremities of the mesothoracic stripes; tergum blackish, with the sides and pos-
terior margins of the segments of the general coior; prothorax between the ends of
the mesothoracic stripes a little darker brown; head slightly darker than the body,
with a quadrate black spot upon the occiput, extending forward to include the
ocelli. This area is slightly shining, but the adjacent surfaces of the head are dull,
punctured, and rather densely pubescent. Antenne longer than the head and*body,
third and fourth joints equal; clypeus emarginate in front. The under parts and
legs are uniform pale yellow brown, except the tibiz and tarsi of the posterior pair,
which are dusky, and the genital valves of the female, which are black. Wings
hyaline, veins fuscous, costa avd stigmata yellowish, second submarginal cell slightly
angled at the recurrent nervules, of which there are two about equally removed
from the two extremities of the cell. First submarginal quadrate, distinct; pos-
terior margin of wing behind the lanceolate cell slightly tinged with yellowish.
Length of body, 4™™; expanse, 10™™, Described from a single female. (Forbes.)

20. Parthenos nubilis Hiibner.

Dr. Harris has raised the moth from the caterpillar which in Sep-
tember is found hiding itself in holes of the trunk of the locust, going
out at night to eat the leaves; the pupa was found in a loose web on
the surface of the ground ; the moth appeared June 18.

Larva.—First pair of abdominal legs rather smaller than the others, and rarely
used in creeping or resting. Color, brown above, finely dotted and variegated with
dark brown; body beneath pale brown, with a black spot between the prolegs, and
a blackish streak beneath the last three segments. Two zigzag brown lines (almost
black posteriorly) form a series of lozenges along the back, one lozenge being on
each segment, and becoming gradually narrow behind. Each lozenge, especially
those of the hinder segments, has a black spot near the hind angle. A pale line on
each side below, and contiguous to the spiracles, and in young specimens a dark-
brown line above the spiracles. The latter are black. Head round, dark brown, but
spotted with pale points in clusters. Topof first segment marked with a semi-circular,
darker, but not horny spot. Legs pale brown as the belly. (Harris Corr., 320.)

Moth.—Head rather small, thorax dark ashen, a black line in front, strongly tufted
behind; abdomen dark gray above, lighter below, strongly keeled dorsally ; fore-
wings pointed, deeply scalloped outwardly, much rounded; color dark ashen ; basal
and transverse anterior lines distinct, geminate; transverse posterior line obsolete;
beyond, a submarginal line, slender, much angulated; a blackish, somewhat trian-
gular apical dash present ; reniform spot large, bounded on each side by a light band,
starting from the costa, the outer reaching to the outer third, the inner parallel,
reaching to the inner margin; these are often nearly white, and coalesce behind the
reniform spot; subreniform obsolete; hind wings bright yelloyy, with two median
black bands, irregularly waved, parallel; discal lunule within strongly marked;
marginal band toothed on both sides; fringe yellowish. Expands 50 to 70™™.
Occurs throughout the Eastern States and in Colorado. (Hulst.)

LOCUST SCALE-INSECT. 371

21. Cymatophora crepuscularia Tr.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALENIDZ.

Larve from which the above was bred were taken on white clover
at Normal, June 21, the imagos emerging July 10.

Larva.—One inch long, slender, with only four prolegs. The head is widely bilobed
and reddish brown above, yellowish varied with reddish brown in front, with two
small approximate black spot. on the middle of the front. The body is green, thickly
covered with white granulations, with some black ones intermixed, and has an ob-
scure reddish dorsal stripe. The posterior margins of the middle segments are nar-
rowly bordered with yellow. On the penultimate segment is a large transverse
blackish spot, with two small kidney-shaped yellow spots near its middle, approach-
ing each other posteriorly. The legs are pale brown, blackish at base; prolegs black
without, pale within; spiracles brown.

The same larva occurred in our collections on the rose and the com-
mon locust; taken from the former June 20, and from the latter July
4, We also collected it July 25, from the box elder (Negundo aceroides),
the specimen pupating August 4 and emerging August 13. It has
been found preying on the clover by Professor Forbes (Third Rept.
Ins. Dlinois).

22. A Deltoid larva.

A pale green caterpillar was observed at Brunswick, August 21, feed-
ing on the under side of the leaf, and easily escaping detection since it
was of the same hue as the under side of the leaf. September 14 it had
made an oval-cylindrical cocoon in the soil at the bottom of the breed-
ing box, the pupa being of the usual mahogany brown color.

Larva.—Pale green; body slender cylindrical, of the usual Hypena-like shape. Head
as wide as the body, smooth, pale green; a dark green dorsal median line; a narrow
thread-like subdorsal white slender line, and a much broader one lower down. All
the legs green, thoracic ones a little chitinous at the end. The dorsal tubercles

arranged in a trapezoid, but they are minute and give rise to very slender inconspicu-
ous hairs. Length 17™™.

23. Macrobasis unicolor (Kirby).

Dr. John Hamilton states that a nursery of young locusts was almost
defoliated in July by swarms of this beetle. (Can. Ent., xxi, 103.)

24, THE RAPACIOUS SCALE INSECT.
dspidiotus rapax Comstock.

Like the pernicious scale insect (Aspidiotus perniciosus) this species
infests many different plants; and sometimes it occurs in such great
numbers as to be very destructive. This is especially the case on ever-
greens in hot-houses in the North or in the open air in the South; and
in California on olive and mountain laurel (Umbellularia californica).
1 have also found it on the following-named plants in California: Al-
mond, quince, fig, willow, eucalyptus, acacia, and locust. (Comstock).

372 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

’ Scale of female.—The scale of the female is very convex, with the exuvix between
the center and one side, and covered with secretion. The scale is gray, somewhat
transparent, so that it appears yellowish when it covers a living female; the promi-
nence which covers the exuvize is dark brown or black, usually with a central dot
and concentric ring which are white. Ventral scale snowy white, usually entire.
Diameter 14™™ (.06 inch).

Female.—The body of the female is nearly circular in outline, bright yellow in color
with more or less translucent blotches. The last segment presents the following
characters: The groups of spinnerets are wanting.

Only one pair of well-developed lobes, the median, present. These are prominent.
Each one is furnished with a notch on each side; the notch on the mesal margin is
distad of that on the lateral margin. The second and third pairs of lobes are repre-
sented by the minute pointed projections of the margin of the body.

The margin of the ventral surface of the segment is deeply incised twice on each
side of the meson; once laterad of the first lobe, and again between the rudimentary
second and third lobes. The parts of the body wall forming the margin of these in-
cisions are conspicuously thickened. y

There are two simple tapering plates between the median lobes, two deeply and
irregularly toothed or branched platesextending caudad of each incision, one usually
simple and tapering plate between the incisions of each side, and two or three of the
same character laterad of the second incision.

The first, second, and third pairs of spines of each surface are situated near the
lateral bases of the first, second, and third lobes, respectively; the fourth pair is
situated at a little more than one-half the distance from the median lobes to the
penultimate segment. In each case the spine on the ventral surface is but little lat-
erad of the one on the dorsal surface.

Eqg.—The eggs and newly hatched larve are yellow.

Male.—Only dead and shriveled males have been observed.

Habitat.—On the bark of the trunk and limbs as well as the leaves and fruit of
various trees and shrubs in California and Florida.

Described from seventy-five females and very many scales.

I have named this the greedy scale insect on account of the great
number of plants upon which the species subsists. It also occurs in
some localities in great numbers, being very destructive. This is
especially the case on Huonymus japonicus at Fort George, Fla.; and in
California on olive near San Buenaventura, and on mountain laurel
(Umbellularia californica) at San José.

Mr. Elwood Cooper, of Santa Barbara, Cal., who has had some ex-
perience with this pest upon his olive trees, says that it is easily kept
in check. According to his observations it flourished only upon those
trees which are in an unhealthy condition, and as it is chiefly confined
to the trunk and limbs it can be removed with a stiff brush and whale-
oil soap solution. (Comstock Agr. Rep., 1880).

The following insects also feed on the locust:

COLEOPTERA.

25. Spermophagus robinie (Fabricius). Family Bruchide (see Horn,
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe., iv, 311).

26. Agrilus egenus Gory. Mining under the bark of the twigs and
smaller branches, the beetles eating the leaves. (Chittenden,
Ent. Amer., v, 219).

4

LOCUST CATERPILLARS. ote

. Neoclytus erythrocephalus (Fabr.) Bred from the twigs (Chittenden

in letter).

. Liopus cinereus Lec. Bred from the twigs (Chittenden in letter).
. Anomea laticlavia (Forster.) Devouring the leaves (Chittenden).

LEPIDOPTERA.

. Fhe Io moth, Hyperchiria io (Fabricius). (See p. 111.)
. The tussock moth, Orgyia leucostigma A. and S.
. The carpenter moth, Xyleutes robinic, which more commonly affects

the oak. (See p. 6.)

. Clisiocampa disstria Hubn. (See p. 117.)

. Oedemasia concinna (Abb. and Smith.) (Riley’s Notes.)

. Clisiocampa erosa Stretch. Oregon. (Papilio, i, 67.)

. Catocala vidua Abbot and Smith. (See p. 178.)

. Gelechia pseudacaciella Chamb. Larva feeds externally on the

leaves and also in the mines of Lithocolletis robiniella (Chambers.)

. Aylesthia clemensella Chamb. Larva bores in dead locust-timber

posts, etc. (Chambers.)

. Lithocolletis ornatella Chambers.
. Aceea purpuriella Chambers. The larva makes a small mine and

pupates in a small cocoon on the outside of the mine.

. Tineid sp? unknown. “There is also a lepidopterous (probably

Tineid) larva which bores in twigs, eating out the pith. It is
striped with the head and next segment piceous.” (Chambers in
letter.)

CuHapTer V.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF MAPLE.

(Acer saccharinum and Acer rubrum.)

The number of species here recorded as infesting the different spe-
cies of maple, especially the rock or sugar and the red orswamp maple,
is upwards of one hundred. Of these only a few are really injurious.
Of European insects preying on species of Acer, Kaltenbach enumerates
sixty-eight species. The maple-borer, Glycobius speciosus, is the most
deadly foe of these beautiful shade trees, and when once established on
a street lined with maples, or in a grove, is difficult to eradicate. No
caterpillar strips the leaves as a regular recurrent pest, but they are in
the Central States often ruined by the cottony maple scale; otherwise
these trees are remarkably free from insect pests, and from their clean-
ness and rapidity of growth, as well as dense foliage and beautiful out-
lines, will always prove a favorite shade and ornamental tree.

1. THE SUGAR-MAPLE BORER.
Glycobius speciosus (Say).

Boring into the solid trunks of healthy sugar-maple trees, often killing them, a
rather large, footless, cylindrical, whitish grub, changing in July to a large, beauti-
ful, yellow-striped beetle, marked with a golden W on the wing-covers.

Although the question as to whether longicorn larve will bore into
healthy solid wood is by some regarded as undecided, there is no doubt
but that the present larva bores for several inches into the trunks of
healthy trees, both young maples as well as trees ten or twenty inches
in diameter. The following case fell under our own observation. On
the grounds of Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., for two successive
years (1873-74) a number of fine sugar or rock maples, nearly a foot in
diameter, and which had been set out for thirty or forty years, suddenly
died, and on being cut up into fire-wood were found to be deeply per-
forated in all directions by larve referable to this species by its large
size and resemblance to the locust-borer. More than one larva and one
borer were found in the same tree. There seemed little reason to doubt
but that the grubs were the cause of the sudden death of the tree.

In the summer of 1881 I noticed that one tree in the college campus
was partly killed by these borers, and that other trees in different
374

THE MAPLE BORER. 375

parts of the town had been bored by them. One tree, over one foot
in thickness, had about twelve holes in the trunk, from which the
beetles had issued a year or two previous. The leaves during the
past summer were small and curled up, and the tree was evidently
in a sickly condition. The few Aphides and Psoci, observable on the
leaves in July and August, were not sufficiently numerous to occasion
the trouble, and we attribute it to the effects of the borer. Another
somewhat larger sugar maple in the same yard, the age of which
was about forty-five years, had but two holes in it, made by the
same borer, probably in 1878 or 1879; the tree was nearly healthy,
with fully developed leaves.. A red maple close at hand had not
been affected by the borer, and we could not learn that this species
(A. rubrum) had ever been attacked by this borer. It seems to us
that these are clearly demonstrated cases where healthy trees have
been killed by borers.

The first observer to notice this borer, and the fact
that it destroys living maples, was Rev. L. W. Leon-
ard, who gave an account of its habits to Harris. His
attention was called, in 1828, tosome young maples
in Keene, N. H., which were in a dying condition.
He discovered the insect in its beetle state under
the loosened bark of one of the trees, and traced the
recent track of the larva three inches into the solid
wood. Inthecourse of a few years these trees, upon 16. 187.—Glycobius spe-

E 5 ciosus. Natural size.
the cultivation of which much care had been be- = _y,yom Saunders.
stowed, were nearly destroyed by the borers.

This beetle was said by Mr. E. B. Reed, in 1872, to be gradually
destroying the sugar*maples at London, Canada, and in the Report
of the Entomological Society of Ontario for 1878 Mr. Saunders states
that the destruction was spreading rapidly in the streets of the same
city. To this society we are indebted for the use of the figure of the
beetle.

Regarding its ravages in Vermont, Mr. J. A. Lintner thus writes to
the Country Gentleman (1884):

This borer is destroying a large number of our sugar maples, as its burrows usually
are carried around the trunk beneath the bark, and when several occur in the same
tree they girdle it by their interlacings and thus kill the tree. Even when they are
not fatal to the tree, they occasion unsightly cracking of the bark and serious deform-
ities of growth. In the pleasant village of Bennington, Vt., where I am sojourning,
I notice that very many of the beautiful sngar maples that ornament its streets and
shade its homes are threatened with speedy destruction through the attack of this
pernicious borer. :

The beetle, according to Harris, lays her eggs on the trunk of the
maple in July and August. The grubs burrow into the bark as soon as
they are hatched, and are thus protected during the winter. In the
spring they penetrate deeper, and form, in the course of the summer,
long and winding galleries in the wood, up and down the trunk.

376 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CCMMISSION.

This destructive borer was, in 1884, still at work in Maine, where we
have made such observations on its egg-laying habits and the mode of

Fic. 138.—Mine of Glycobius speciosus, one-third natural size.

life of the freshly-hatched larva, that it now seems possible to prevent its
entry into the heart-wood by cutting it out of the bark in the autumn.

THE MAPLE BORER. By Y

The burrows, or mines, either extend under the bark or descend into
the wood towards the heart of the tree. Different trees are variously
attacked. Where the worms remain under the bark large pieces are
loosened and gradually fall off, leaving sometimes nearly one side of
the trunk bare. At the same time the general health of the tree is
impaired, as shown by the sparseness of the leaves.

The beetles were unusually frequent in Brunswick during late July
and especially in August, 1884, at this time ‘laying their eggs. Al-

Fic. 139.—Mine of Glycobius speciosus in bark alone. Natural size.

though none were found engaged in the operation, there is little doubt,
as will be seen below, that the process is nearly identical with that of
the pine-borer, or Monohammus. I found two mines of this borer
which crossed each other (Fig. 138), though usually each follows an in-
dependent course, unless much crowded. On a single tree from one
side of which the bark had fallen off in consequence of the attacks of

378 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

this insect, there were about twelve ‘‘mines” or burrows, of which
ten ran up the trunk. ‘he mines were from 15 to 24 inches long, one
measuring 2 feet and 8 inches in length. At the upper end the mines
are about three-quarters of an inch wide. The mine either finally sinks
deep in the wood or extends all the way under the bark until at the
extreme end, where it sinks in a little way to form a cell, or chamber,
for the chrysalis. f

The tree dies slowly, and where the trunk has been mined on one
side only the tree lives on, though the foliage be much thinner. Trees
may, aS we have observed, live for at least five or six years with a
number of borers in their trunks.

Fresh from the observations made on the mode of egg-laying in the
common pine-borer, I looked, September 12, for the eggs or freshly-
hatched larvee of Glycobius speciosus, and found the latter at once. The
Rev. Mr. Leonard, of Dublin, N. H., many years ago, in a letter to Dr.
Harris, stated that the maple-tree borer, on hatching, remained in the
bark through the winter. Upon examining a sugar maple about two
feet in diameter, I found that twenty eggs had been laid in different
parts of the bark from near the ground to where the branches origi-
nated, a distance of about 10 feet. The site of oviposition was recog-

nized by a rusty, irregular discoloration of the bark about the size of a .

cent, and especially by the ‘“‘frass,” or castings, which to the length of
an inch or more were attached like a broken corkscrew to the bark.
On cutting into the bark, the recently-hatched larve (5 to 7™™ in
length) were found lying in their mines, or burrows, at the depth of a
tenth to a sixth of an inch.

The burrows already made (Fig. 140)
were about an inch long, some a little
longer; the larva usually mines upward.

f No eggs were found, but they are laid
in obscurely marked gashes, about a
fifth of an inch long, usually near a
crevice in the bark.

b These gashes and castings are readily
discoverable, and it would be easy to
save these valuableshade trees by look-
ing for them in the autumn and winter
or early spring, and cutting out the
worms. The beetles were not uncom-
mon at Brunswick in July and August

Cc in 1884, Of six grubs which I cut out
over half seemed unhealthy, perhaps
diseased by the water which had pene-
trated their mines.

I have recommended protecting val-
uable shade trees by wrapping the
trunks with narrow bands of cloth well saturated with kerosene oil in

\ a

Fic. 140.—Mines of recently hatched larve
of Glycobius speciosus.

MAPLE BORERS. 379

August and September, so as to drive off the beetles and to destroy the

_ freshly-hatched grubs, but since discovering how easily the grubs and

castings of the freshly-hatched worms can be detected afew days or
weeks after the eggs have been laid, it seems obvious that the easiest
and surest preventive is to cut out the grubs when lying in their
autumn and winter quarters just-under the surface of the bark. It is
almost impossible to destroy the fully- grown worms in their “mines”
or burrows, since the latter extend up the tree either directly under the
bark or are sunken in the wood. On one tree nearly destroyed by this
borer, out of about fourteen mines twelve extended upward. Hence it
is useless to try to find the hole and inject oil into it. There now seems
no reason why valuable shade maple trees should not be saved by a
few hours’ close observation and removal of the young grubs, say in
September or October.

The beetle is black, with a yellow head, with the antenne and the eyes reddish-
black; the thorax is black, with two transverse yellow spots on each side; the wing-
covers for about two-thirds of their length are black, the remaining third is yellow,
and they are ornamented with bands and spots arranged in the following manner: a
yellow spot on each shoulder, a broad, yellow, curved band or arch, of which the yel-
low scutel forms the keystone on the base of the wing-covers; behind this a zigzag
yellow band forming the letter WZ, across the middle another yellow band arching
backwards, and on the yellow tip a black curved band and spot; legs yellow, while
the under side of the body is reddish-yellow, variegated with brown. Nearly an inch
in length. (Harris.)

2. THE HORN-TAIL BORER.
Tremex columba (Linnzus).
Order HYMENOPTERA; family UROCERIDS.

Boring in the trunk and making large round holes, a large white grub with a promi-
nent spine on the end of the body, and transforming in the late summer into a large
clear-winged saw-fly, with a long large ‘‘saw” on the tail of the female.

This interesting insect bores indifferently in various forest and shade
trees, attacking the elm, oak, sycamore, and perhaps more commonly the
maple. The holes of this borer may be recognized by their large num-
bers within a given space, and by their regular, evenly-cut shape, being
about the diameter of a lead-pencil. We remember seeing some years
ago a tree at Saratoga Springs, in the trunk of which, where the bark
had been removed, were a dozen or more of the round even holes made
by these insects, which seem to work somewhat in concert. Isolated
shade-trees along roads and in streets are favorite habitats. Harris
says that an old elm tree in his vicinity used to be a favorite place of
resort for this saw-fly, numbers of them collecting about it during the
months of July, August, and the early part of September. ‘Six or
more females might frequently be seen at once upon it, employed in
boring into the trunk and laying their eggs, while swarms of the males

380 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

hovered around them. For fifteen years or more some large button-

wood trees in Cambridge have been visited by them in the same way.” |

Prof. J. A. Lintner, State Entomologist of New York, has communi-
cated the following facts to the Country Gentleman:

Something has attacked a large maple tree in front of my house. The trunk looks
as if a large dose of buckshot had been shot into it, having fifty or more clean holes
about one-eighth of an inch across. Can you tell me what to do to save the tree?
I have seen a large insect like a wasp, with several boring arrangements at least
3 inches long each, inserting these into the tree. Do these cause the mischief?

Wi Seco

Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

[Answer by Prof. J. A. Lintner, State Entomologist. ]

The several holes in the maples have been bored by the larve of Tremex columba,
one of our saw-flies and the largest of our species. The female is armed with a stout
borer, the end of which is furnished with teeth, by means of which it is thrust
through the bark into the wood, to the depth sometimes of half an inch and the egg
inserted. Occasionally the female is unable to withdraw her borer, when she may
be captured, during the months of Juiy and August, struggling to escape from the
tree. The larva hatching from the egg burrows into the trunk, and when it has
nearly matured, by the aid ofits strong jaws, it enlarges its round burrow outwardly
to the size often of a small lead pencil, to permit the escape of the perfect insect.

While maples are more frequently attacked by this insect than other trees, it is
also found in oaks, elms, and sycamores, and more commonly in those planted as
shade trees in streets or about dwellings. Unless it is very abundant it does not
destroy the tree that it attacks, but the holes soon heal over without serious injury
following. Its injuries are far less serious than are those of another borer of the maple,
the Glycobius speciosus (Say), a beautiful long- horned beetle, the black wing-covers
of which are prettily ornamented by a yellow W, and by other yellow bands and
spots.

“The female, when about to lay her eggs, draws her borer out of its
sheath, till it stands perpendicularly under the middle of her body,
when she plunges it, by repeated wriggling motions, through the bark
into the wood. When the hole is made deep enough, she then drops
an egg therein, conducting it to the place by means of the two furrowed
pieces of the sheath. The borer often pierces the bark and wood to
the depth of half an inch or more, and is sometimes driven in so tightly
that the insect cannot draw it out again, but remains fastened to the
tree till she dies. The eggs are oblong-oval, pointed at each end, and
rather less than one-twentieth of an inch in length.” Harris adds, what
has been observed frequently by others since his time, that these larve
are often destroyed by the maggots or larve of two singular ichneu-
mon flies (Rhyssa atrata and lunator). These are the largest known
ichneumon flies; they are provided with long, slender borers or ovi-
positors from 3 to 4 inches in length, which they thrust into the
deep holes made by the Tremex borers, in the bodies of which they
insert an egg.

(We have, however, observed one of these Rhysse engaged in
Ovipositing in an elm tree infested with the larve of Compsidea
tridentata.)

MAPLE BORERS. 381

The following description of the larva is copied from our report ‘+ On
the Insects affecting the Cranberry, with remarks on other injurious

Insects.”* 4

The larva.—A long, white, cylindrical worm, with the segment behind the head of
the same width as the twelfth segment from the head; the thirteenth much nar-
rower, regularly rounded behind, with a deep crease above, leading back-
ward and a little downward to a small, sharp, terminal, dark-reddish
horn. The horn is acute, with three teeth above, near the base, and two
smaller ones on the under side. Each of the three last rings bulges out
on the under side. The head is white, and about half as wide as the
segment behind, into which it partially sinks. It is rounded, smooth,
with the antennz represented by small rounded tubercles, ending in a mi-
nute horny spine; should the spine be regarded. as indicating a joint,
then the appendage is three-jointed. The clypeus is broader than the
labrum by a distance equal to its own length. The labrum is a little
more than twice as broad as long, with the front edge slightly sinuous.
The large, powerful mandibles are four-toothed on one side and three-
toothed on the other. The maxill# are three-lobed, the lobes unequal,
ending in spines, the middle lobe with two spines, the outer lobe much
smaller than the others. The labium or under lipisrather large, rounded, = pyg. 441, —

witha spine projecting on each side. The prothorax orsegment next be- Larva of
hind the head is twice as long as the one behind it, divided into two por- Tremesx
tions by a suture behind it. There are three pairs of small, soft, un- columba

nat. size.

| jointed feet, of which the first pair are considerably the largest; they sme ged
do not project straight out, but are pressed to the body and directed Packacd:
backward. There are ten pairs of spiracles, one pair on the hinder edge

of the prothorax, twice as large as the others; the second pair between the second
and third rings, and the eight others on the eight basal abdominal segments.
Length, 2.25 inches; greatest thickness, .28 inch.

The larve from which the above description was taken were found at
Amherst, Mass., early in October, in a tree containing several of the
adult insects, which had not left their»holes and seemed likely to be ‘
destined to pass the winter in the tree. Clementi has,in Ontario, Can-
ada, taken several of the imago with the larve from the oak in March,
so that it undoubtedly hibernates as an imago.

Mr. W. H. Harrington states (Can. Ent., xiv, 225) that on the 9th
of October, 1880, he found one ovipositing in an old beech, which had
for some time been much infested by these borers. He also, October
10, visited some old maples which are a favorite resort of these insects,
and captured upon one of them a female in the act of ovipositing, while
upon the same tree were the bodies of three or four which had evidently
very recently perished in the performance of such act.

3. THE WHITE-HORNED XIPHIDRiA.
Xiphidria albicornis Harris.
Order HYMENOPTERA; family UROCERID&.

This fine saw-fly has been found by Mr. W. H. Harrington not only
upon dead trees, but he has usually observed it upon living ones; not

*In the Tenth Annual Report of the U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of
the Territories for 1876, p. 531. By F. V. Hayden, U.S. Geologist. Washington, 1878.

382 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

only on those that are old and hastening to decay, but preferably upon
those that are young and presumably vigorous. He observed them
almost daily from the middle of June to the end of July on shade treees
in Ottawa, or on trees in the neighboring woods. ‘On a tree not.
more than 2 or 3 inches in diameter I have_seen as many as eight
Ovipositing at the same time, and have frequently observed two or
three at once upon small shade trees. Tremex in its endeavors to
oviposit through the tough, thick bark of the old trees frequently fails
in withdrawing its ovipositor, and scores of such self-immolated mar-
tyrs to the propagation of their race may be seen in the autumn dead
anddry. This is a fate that rarely befalls Xiphidria; indeed, I have
only met with one instance of a dead specimen thus anchored. Hence
this insect will in many instances deposit successfully a much larger
proportion of its eggs than can its larger relative, and thus stands a
better chance of rapidly increasing the species. * * * In July last
I found in a neighboring wood a dead tree on which the bark had
become shriveled and loosened. On removing a large patch of the
bark, the surface of the wood was found to be thoroughly riddled with
the holes of X. albicornis, either empty or still containing dead insects.
These had evidently been prevented from leaving their burrows by the
death of the tree and consequent drying and hardening of the bark.
Many others had partly penetrated the bark and then perished from
the same cause. The holes were slightly larger than would be made
by an ordinary knitting-needle, and penetrated the solid wood perpen-
dicularly to some depth.” (Rep. Ent. Soc. Ontario for 1883, p. 40.)

The saw-fly.—With a general resemblance to Tremex columba, it is much smaller,
and is black, with white markings and yellow legs. Females one-half to two-
thirds inch long; antenne white; thorax with a triangular white patch inclosing a
black dot on the shoulder and two small spots on the back between the hinder pair
of wings. Abdomen jet-black, except four to six light spots or semi-bands on each
side. The male is generally smaller, the abdomen flattened and rounded at the tip.

Remedy.—Mr. Harrington proposes the use of a preparation made
by diluting soft-soap with a saturated solution of washing soda, which
must not be made too thin. This should be liberally applied with a
brush, so as to fill all crevices in the bark and give it a good coating.
As the female of Xiphidria, like those of the apple-borers, seems
always to deposit her eggs in the trunk below the branches, it would
be quite possible to protect in this manner shade trees in towns and
districts where the insect was observed, especially recently trans-
planted trees, which the insect seems to single out as offering special
advantages for her future offspring; perhaps because she can perceive
in them a weaker vitality, even when they are apparently flourishing.
The coating would have to be applied in the early part of June and
again a month later, as the insects occur during the greater part of
June and July.

MAPLE BORERS. 383

4. Oryssus sayi Westwood.

This interesting saw-fly has been proved by Mr. W. H. Harrington
to breed in the wood of old dead sugar maples, while he thinks that
it may also infest the willow, and possibly a variety of trees, but
whether it feeds on the wood or is parasitic has yet to be determined.
The perfect insect in Canada appears in June. It is very lively in its
movements and might be mistaken for a moth. (Can. Ent., xix, p. 81,
1887.)

The saw-fly.—Body stout, black, cylindrical. Length about one-half an inch.
Face very coarsely punctured, sometimes with a short white line on each side; the
vertex prominent, and the lower ocellus surrounded with conspicuous tubercles ;
eyes moderately large. The antenne are peculiar: In the male they have eleven
joints, the third slightly longer and four to eleven subequal: in the female they have,
however, only ten joints, of which 4, 5, and 10 are very short; in both sexes they are
touched with white near the middle. The wings are hyaline, with a broad, smoky
band commencing near the stigma, and extending almost to the tips. The legs have
a spot on the tip of the femora, and a line on the tibia without white. In the
female the anterior pair is swollen, the tibix crooked, and the tarsi with only three
joints. The abdomen has the basai segment very coarsely punctured, or scabrous;
the remaining ones polished, shining, varying in color as previously mentioned.

The ovipositor is of special interest, as it differs remarkably from those of the
other Uroceride. Usually it is not visible, as when retracted the tip is concealed in ,
a deep cleft in the terminal segments. It has the appearance, as stated by Norton, of
springing from the last segment, but it is evidently attached much nearer the base
of the abdomen, and is protruded from beneath a small ventral scale, which is
apparently a portion of the fifth segment. It is very slender, hair-like, and nearly
twice as long as the insect, and must consequently be coiled within the abdomen in
a manner somewhat similar to that of Ibalia. Norton says it is ordinarily concealed
in a channel beneath the abdomen; Brullé, and other authors, as rolled spirally
within it. (Can. Ent. xix, May, 1887, p. 85.)*

5. Oryssus terminalis Newman.

Mr. Harrington records having taken specimens, “ both in the act of
emerging from the trunk of a dead maple, and in the act of ovipositing
therein.” It appears in June.

*Ibalia maculipennis Hald. ‘‘ This curious species belongs to the family Cynipide,
or gall-forming hymenoptera, and is much Jarger than any of our other species. It is
nearly three-quarters of an inch in length and the wingsexpand aboutaninch. The
head and thorax are stout, but the abdomen is compressed laterally until it is very
thin, and has the shape almost of a knife-blade. The ovipositor is very long and
slender, and when not in use is retracted and coiled up in the abdomen. The insects
are rare, and have only recently been recorded (by Provancher) as occurring in Can-
ada. I find both sexes upon old trees in June, and have found the female oviposit-
ing in the bark. The general color is yellow, with brown spots upon the head and
thorax, and with black bands upon the abdomen and the legs. It is possible that
the larve may be parasitic upon those of one or more of the insects meutioned in
this paper.” (Harrington, Rep. Ent. Soc. Ontario, 1887, p. 24.)

384 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

6. THE SIXTEEN-LEGGED MAPLE-BORER.
Algeria acerni (Clemens),
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family AXGERIADA.

Following the work of the flat-headed borer, burrowing under tae bark of the soft
maple, sometimes girdling and killing the tree, a caterpillar with sixteen legs, spin-
ning a cocoon of silk covered with its castings; the moths issuing from the tree late
in May and thence through the summer, the worms occurring under the bark through
the summer and winter. (Riley.)

This borer is sometimes very destructive to soft and sometimes to
sugar maples, especially young trees, in Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri,
the moths sometimes emerging in great numbers from the trunks of the
trees in May and June. Mr.G. R. Pilate states that the red maple trees
in Dayton, Ohio, were greatly infested by this borer, in consequence of
which a large number of those shade trees are dead or dying. (Bull.
Brooklyn Ent. Club, vol. i, 20.)

Mr. Kellicott remarked in the Canadian Entomologist for January,
1881, that the “larvee of this moth are annually doing much damage

to the hard maples (Acer saccharinum), -

planted so generally in this city [Buffalo]
for shade; they are less destructive to the
soft maple.(A. rubrum). It appears that
they seldom attack uninjured trees, but
depend upon accidents to afford them op-
portunity to enter the inner bark and su-
perficial wood ; when once established they
keep at the scar or wound year after year,
thus preventing recovery and causing the
trunks to become rough and unsightly; in
many cases the trees are thus almost
ruined. The moths appear most numer-
ously from May 20 to June 15. I have
: not been able to find, after patient search,
Ne Hes this borer in our forest maples.”
SRS Professor Riley says he has always found
Fic. 142.—c, Egeria acerni; a, cater. the worms in such trees as have been in-

pillar; b, cocoon; d, pupa cases— jyred either by the work of the flat-headed

sua borer, by the rubbing of the trees against
a post or board or in some other way. “ Where the bark is kept
smooth they never seem to trouble it, the parent evidently preferring
to consign her eggs to cracked or roughened parts. For this reason the
worm is not found in the smoother branches, but solely in the main
trunk.”

Remedies.—“‘ Whether the soap applications will prevent the moth
from depositing her eggs is not known; judging from analogy, probably
not. Yet it will tend to keep the bark smoother, and in being used to

nia

MAPLE BORERS. 385

shield the tree from the other borer, it will indirectly shield it from this
one. Mr. Gennadius recommends whitewashing the trunks, and filling
up all holes and fissures with mortar, so as to render the bark as smooth
as possible.”

Mr. W. Saunders remarks that the female deposits her eggs on the
bark of the soft and sugar maple trees, chiefly on the former, and when
hatched the young larve burrow through the bark and feed upon the
inner portion and sap wood, never penetrating into the solid heart- wood.
The excavations made by the larva are filled with its brown castings.
When it is fully grown it eats its way nearly through the bark, leaving
but a very thin layer unbroken; it then retires within its burrow, and
having inclosed itself within a loose, silky cocoon, changes to a brown
chrysalis. A short time before the moth escapes the chrysalis wriggles
itself forward and pushing itself against the thin papery-like layer of
bark, ruptures it and protrudes as shown in Fig. 142,d. Soon afterward
the imprisoned moth in its struggles ruptures the chrysalis and escapes.

“ This insect appears to be increasing in numbers every year, and is
very destructive, especially to young maple trees. Many of the shade
trees in London are much injured by it, and when very numerous it is
liable to completely girdle the tree and kill it. It is also found through-
out the Middle States. To prevent the moths from laying their eggs
the trunks of the trees should be painted about the first of June with a
mixture of soft-soap and lye about the thickness of paint, or with a mixt-
ure of lime and soap. When once the larve obtain an entrance it is
very difficult to discover them, and they will then carry on their de-
structive work all through the summer.” (Can. Ent., xiii, p. 69.) (See
also Insect Life, ii, 1890, 251.)

The moth.—Head and palpi deep reddish orange, thorax ocherous yellow; abdomen
bluish black varied with yellow, with a deep reddish terminal tuft. Fore-wings with
‘the edges and median vein bluish black dusted with yellowish; a large discal bluish
black patch; end of the wing ocherous yellow with a blackish subterminal band
and the veins blackish. Hind wings with a blackish discal patch. Body
beneath ocherous yellow, with a bluish black patch on each side of the second ab-
dominal segment. Middle and posterior tibie ringed with bluish black; the fore-
legs blackish, with the cox (or hip joints) touched with reddish orange; expanse
of wings about 0.80 inch.

The larva is a little over half an inch long, livid white, the head small and yellow,
cervical shield paler; with sixteen legs, all of which are reddish. (Clemens.)

7. THE FLAT-HEADED APPLE-TREE BORER.
Chrysobothris femorata Fabricius.

In the Mississippi Valley, sometimes riddling soft maples through and through,
sometimes confining itself mostly to the inner bark, causing peculiar black scars and
holes in the trunk; a flat-headed grub, transforming to a flat, hard-shelled beetle.
(Riley. )

While this beetle more commonly intests the oak (p. 64) and the
apple, it threatens in the Western States, according to Riley, to impair
the value of the soft maple for shade and ornamental purposes.

' 5 ENT 25

386 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

€. THE PEACH AND CHERRY FLAT-HEADED BORER.
Dicerea divaricata Say.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family BUPRESTIDZ.
(Larva, Pl. xvi, tig. 2.)

Boring in red maple stumps, a flat-headed borer whose prothoracic segment is not
so wide in proportion to the two following segments as in Chrysobothris larvae.

Although Fitch says that the beech is undoubtedly the original resi-
dence of this borer, now destructive to cherry and peach trees, and
that ‘‘ wherever a dead tree of this kind occurs some of these beetles
will almost always be found upon it on sunny days in midsummer,” we
have found several of the fully and half grown larve, with the dead
beetle, in a partly rotten stump of the swamp maple at Providence,
June 1. The hole for the exit of the beetle is oval cylindrical, 8™™ in
its longer diameter and 4™™ in its shorter. The following description
of the larva was drawn up from the larger specimens; that of the
beetle is quoted from Harris:

Larva.—Prothoracic segment moderately broad, not so long as wide, but not so wide
in proportion to the two succeeding segments as in Chrysobothris; the second thoracic
segment trapezoidal, narrower than the first by two-thirds of its
length ; third thoracic segment a little narrower anda little longer
than the second. All the abdominal segments about two-thirds
as wide as the third thoracic, and round and thick. The termi-
nal segment a little over one-half as wide as the one before it.
Prothoracic segment with a large broad rough chitinous surface,
with an inverted narrow Y with long slender arms to the Y.
On the underside of the segment the rough surface is divided
into two by two nearly parallel longitudinal smooth lines.

HY Length of body, 35™™; length of prothoracic segment, 5™™;
Fic. 143.—Dicerca ~ )readth, 7™™; width of metathoracic segment, 5™™; width
Gavarnontd MEArE MeL © of aii average abdominal segment, 4™™,

The beetle.—Wing-covers much elongated and spreading widely apart at the end ;
the insect copper-colored, thickly covered with little punctures; the prothorax slightly
furrowed in the middle; the wing-covers marked with numerous fine irregular im-
pressed lines and small oblong square elevated black spots; middle of the breast fur-
rowed; the male with a little tooth on the under side of the shanks of the middle pair
of legs. Length, 18 to 23™™,

In addition to the above description of the larva, the following
characters may be given. The mouth-parts are as described in Chryso-
bothris femorata, and a drawing could not well show the generic or
specific differences between Chrysobothris femorata and D. divaricata as
regards these parts. They are as described in C. femorata ; the labium
is the same, but with the front edge perhaps a little less full and rounded.
The maxille are perhaps a little fuller. Antenne the same, the third
joint minute and rounded. On the whole,the antenne and maxille are
a little stouter, and slightly more developed than in C. femorata. The
labrum is, however, less full and rounded on the front edge. On the
mesothoracic segment is a transverse narrow chitinous area, while that

MAPLE BORERS. ' 387

on the metathoracic segment is of a double lunoid shape. The first
abdominal segment has a short, narrow dorsal area, shorter than the
one on the preceding segment. The lateral linear crescent-shaped im-
pressed lines are well marked.

This larva differs from that of Chrysobothris femorata in being con-
siderably larger, the abdominal segments being thicker in proportion
to the prothorax, and also in the style of sculpturing on the prothorax.
The apex of the Y/ is surrounded by a square, deeper-colored area; the
disk on the under side is divided by a double line, which widens sud-
denly in front into halves.

9. THE QUERCITRON BARK-BORER.
Graphisurus fasciatus (De Geer).
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CERAMBYCID&,

This beetle, more commonly found on the oak, has been found in the
pupa as well as adult stage under the bark of the sugar maple in North-
ern New York by Mr. George Hunt; and we have reared the beetle
from a pupa found under the bark of the red or swamp maple, at
Providence, June 1. The cell made by the larva for the repose of the
pupa is about an inch long, one-third of an inch wide, and one-tenth
deep. (See also p. 71.)

10. Xyloterus politus Say.

Order COLEOPTERA; family SCOLYTID#.

In this species, according to Leconte, the elytra have ill-defined dis-
tant rows of punctures, with interspaces equally strongly punctured,
pubescence erect and abundant. He has received specimens from Dr.
J. A. Lintner, said by him to depredate on maple trees. ‘It is easily
known,” adds Leconte, “‘ by being more hairy than the other species,
with the interspaces of the elytra sparsely punctured, so that the rows
of punctures appear confused.”

1l. Bellamira scalaris Say.

This longicorn has been taken by Mr. Harrington in the act of ovi-
positing in a maple stump in July. It also attacks the birch.

The beetle.—Head contracted behind the eyes to form a neck; thorax narrow ;
wing-covers pubescent, glistening, rather wide at the base, but tapering rapidly
behind, and shorter than the abdomen. Reddish, with yellowish antennz and feet.
Length, 25™™ to 30™™,

12. THE WHITE ANT.

Termes flavipes Kollar.

The following copy of an article by Dr. H. A. Hagen (Can. Ent., xvii,
p. 134) shows that this insect, usually only destructive to rotten wood,
may rarely attack living trees.

388 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The common white ant (Termes flavipes) destroys dead wood, stumps of trees, and
timber, just as does its nearest relative, T. lucifugus, in Europe. Of the latter spe-
cies some cases are reported where living pines and oaks have been destroyed in the
south of France. For 7. flavipes only one case is known, in which living grape-vines
in a hot-house in Salem were injured (S. H. Scudder, Proc. Boston N. H.S., vol.
vii, p. 287). Now the earth in the hot-houses there in Cambridge is largely infested
by white ants, but, as far as I know, no destruction of plants has been observed. I
was very much interested by the information from Mr. F. W. Putnam that in a garden
in Irving street living maples were largely infested by white ants. The evidence of
the truth of this information was apparent by the first glance at the trees. They were
three in number, some few yards separated, more than 60 feet high, 2 feet diameter
at base, and apparently in good condition, except that the bark was in certain places
affected or split. Those places had somewhat the appearance of the well-known
winter splits of the bark of trees. In removing parts of the bark, directly living
white ants, workers and a few soldiers, were found, collected, and proved to belong
to T. flavipes. Closer observation showed that small open gangs, covered outside by
the loose bark, ran along the tree to a height of 30 feet or more. There were on this
estate no old rotten stumps, but some of the adjacent uninhabited estates contained
them, where probably the nest may be found; nevertheless, the whole estate was
so overrun by white ants that they had made along the fence a long track covered
with the hard clay-like mud with which they usually fill the eaten parts. As the
boards of the fence were thin, it was perhaps judged safer to build the canal outside
instead of on the interior of the boards. The house, a frame house, about teu years old,
the stables, and the wooden sheds were entirely intact. The estate near to it seemed
to be entirely free of the pest. The foliage of the infested trees looked very remark-
able. Mr. Sereno Watson, the curator of the Cambridge Herbarium, was at first at
loss to determine the leaves; the size, the shape, and the venation would not agree
with any known species. But when he saw the tree, he was directly sure that it was
only the common Acer rubrum. Some fresh shoots near the base of the tree had un-
mistakably the leaves of the common red maple. All the other leaves were very
small, mostly not more than 2 inches broad, the median lobe often short, sometimes
blunt, and not longer than the side lobes; the ribs below were about yellowish, and
decidedly less dark than on the red maple. The owner of the estate had for ten
years not observed any change in the foliage of the trees. During the last winter the
upper part of one tree, some 20 feet, broke down in a gale, and proved to be not in-
fested by white ants. Now it was considered safe to fell the whole tree. The bark
was, in the place where the gangs went up along the trees, extensively bored and
hollowed by the white ants. The wood itself was only 2 feet above the ground filled
with the common white ant holes and gangs, but no more than 1 inch deep around
the stump. The inner part of the tree showed the wood perfectly sound for 31 feet,
except a perpendicular hole of 2 inches diameter in the middle of the tree, going
down to the root. This hole, perhaps made by squirrels, had black ants as inhabit-
ants. Thetwo other trees are still standing. In consequence of those facts, I looked
around in Cambridge, and have now the suspicion that perhaps the injury done to
living trees may be less rare than I had supposed. If similar observations are made
by entomologists, I would be thankful to have them communicated to me.

13. Ptilinus ruficornis Say.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family PTINID&.

Mr. Harrington states that he has seen in Canada “ great numbers
issuing from maple trees, leaving the wood riddled with small holes.”
The beetles, he says, are very common and attack various trees, both
living and dead. ‘‘ When a tree, say oak, hickory, or maple, has been

MAPLE BORERS. 389

injured by blazing or peeling of bark, this little beetle may frequently
be seen boring into the exposed wood, or if the injury is an old one,
perhaps numbers may be found emerging.”

This beetle, Mr. Devereaux writes me, is found in New York in great
abundance in the larval state in timber, logs, and cord-wood. It
deposits its eggs in the summer of the year in which the tree is cut;
many generations following each other for a number of years in the
same log.

The beetle.—Brownish, with the head almost hidden by the prothorax. The male
much smaller, with reddish pectinate antennz. Length, 5™™,

14. Eupsalis minuta (Drury).

Mr. Harrington records collecting about twenty of these beetles from
under the bark of a large fallen sugar maple. ‘The larve had appa-
rently lived chiefly on the inner layers of the bark and on the sap wood.
On another occasion I found specimens emerging from a maple stump.”
(See Oak Insects, p. 69.)

15. THE SUGAR-MAPLE TIMBER BEETLE.
Corthylus punctatissimus (Zimm. )
Order COLEOPTERA; family SCOLYTIDA.

The devastations of this beetle have been described by Dr. C. H.
Merriam in the American Naturalist for January, 1883:

I noticed that a large percentage of the undergrowth of the sugar maple in Lewis
County, northern New York, seemed to be dying. The leaves drooped and withered,

Fig. 144. Mines of Oorthylus punctatissimus.—Merriam del.

and finally shriveled and dried, but still clung to the branches. The majority of the
plants affected were bushes a centimeter or two in thickness, and averaging from one to
two meters in height, though a few exceeded these dimensions. On attempting to
pull them up they uniformly, and almost without exception, broke off at the level of

390 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

the ground, leaving the root undisturbed. A glance at the broken end sufficed to
reveal the mystery, for it was perforated, both vertically and horizontally, by the
tubular excavations of a little Scolytid beetle which,in most instances, was found
still engaged in his work of destruction.

At this time the wood immediately above the part actually invaded by the insect
was still sound, but a couple of months later it was generally found to be rotten.
During September and October I dug up and examined
a large number of apparently healthy young maples
of about the size of those already mentioned, and
was somewhat surprised to discover that fully 10 per
cent. of them were infested with the same beetles,
though the excavations had not as yet been sufti-
ciently extensive to affect the outward appearance of
the bush. They must all die during the coming win-
ter, and next spring will show that, in Lewis County
alone, hundreds of thousands of young sugar maples
perished from the ravages of this Scolytid during the

ae ay aS summer of 1882.
ae ee 2 a The hole which constitutes the entrance to the

excavation is, without exception, at or very near
the surface of the ground, and is invariably beneath the layer of dead and de-
caying leaves that everywhere covers the soil in our northern deciduous for.
ests. Each burrow consists of a primary, more or less horizontal, circular canal,
that passes completely around the bush but does not perforate into the entrance hole,
for it generally takes a slightly spiral course, so that when back to the starting point
it falls either a little above or a little below it—commonly the latter (see figs. 144, a and
b). It follows the periphery so closely that the outer layer of growing wood, sep-
arating it from the bark, does not average .25™™ in thickness, and yet I have never
known it to cut entirely through this so as to lie in contact with the bark.

From this primary circular excavation issue, at right angles, and generally in both
directions, (up and down), a varying number of straight tubes, parallel to the axis
of the plant (see figs. 144,a,b,c). They average five or six millimeters in length and
commonly terminate blindly, a mature beetle being usually found to extend farther
and, bending at aright angle, to take a turn around the circumference of the bush,
thus constituting a second horizontal circular canal, from, which, as from the primary
one, a varying number of short vertical tubes branch off, and in very exceptional
cases these excavations extend still deeper, and there may be three, or even four, more
or less complete circular canals. Such an unusual state of things exists from the
specimen from which figure 144, d, is taken.

It will be seen that, with few exceptions, the most important of which is shown in
figure 144, d, all the excavations (including both the horizonta lcanals and their verti-
cal offshoots) are made in the sap-wood, immediately under the bark, and not in the
hard and comparatively dry central portion. This is doubtless because the outer
layers of the wood are softer and more juicy, and therefore more easily cut, besides con-
taining more nutriment and being, doubtless, better relished than the dryer interior.

This beetle does not bore, like some insects, but devours bodily all the wood that
is removed in making its burrows. The depth of each vertical tube may be taken as
an index tothe length of time the animal has been at work ; and the number of these
tubes generally tells how many inhabit each bush, for as a general rule each indi-
vidual makes but one hole, and is commonly found at the bottom of it. All of the
excavations are black inside.

The beetle is subcylindric in outline and very small, measuring but 3.5™™ in
length. Its color is a dark chestnut-brown, some specimens being almost black. Its
head is bent down under the thorax and can not be seen from above. (See fig. 145.)

MAPLE BORERS. 391
16. Xyloterus politus Say.

According to Prof. J. A. Lintner this bark-borer lives at the expense
of the maple.

17. Stenoscelis brevis Boheman.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CALANDRID.

This beetle occurred in a partly rotten stump of the red maple in a
swamp at Providence, June 1, in company with Dicerca divaricata and
Xestobium affine. All these beetles were submitted to Dr. Leconte for
identification. The mines are irregular, sinuous, 1.5 to 2™™ in diameter,
and were quite numerous.

18. Xestobium affine Le Conte.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family PTINID#.

Several specimens of this beetle occurred June 1 in a rotten stump,
with the larve, which closely resembles those of Ernobius. It makes
a sinuous mine 4"™ in diameter, opening externally by around hole 3™™
in diameter ; the burrows being filled with fine excrement.

Larva.—Body cylindrical, white, soft, very full and rounded at the end, a little
the thickest at the thoracic portion; three pairs of thoracic, three-jointed, rather
slender feet. Head rather large, more than half as thick as the body. End of abdo-
men covered with rather dense yellowish hairs. Length, 10™™; thickness of body,
3.1to4™™, Fig. 441 of Hrnobius mollis in my Guide to the Study of Insects well repre-
sents tne general appearance of this larva.

BORING IN THE TWIGS.
19, THE ASTER STALK-BORER.
Gortyna nitela Guen.

This common borer of the stalks of the dahlia and aster has been
observed by Professor Osborn boring in young twigs of the ash,
many dead twigs being the proofs of their work. Miss Murtfeldt

Fig. 146.—The aster stalk-borer and moth.—After Riley.

has also observed it in twigs of the maple (Acer dasycarpwm), and
Professor Riley states that it occurs in peach twigs as well as the
branches of Ambrosia artemisiefolia. He also states that the young
worm in Illinois hatches about the 1st of July, and immediately begins
its work of destruction. The plant in which it feeds does not usually

392 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

show any signs of decay until the worm is about fully grown, when
it wilts and is past recovery. About a month after the worm is
hatched it crawls just under the surface of the ground, fastens a little
earth together around itself by a slight web, and changes to a chrysalis
of a very light mahogany-brown color three-fourths of an inch long,
the moth appearing early in September.

Larva.—Dull-colored, with wart-like spots; livid or purplish brown; darker
before than behind, though varying much as to depth of shading.

The moth.—Fore-wings lilac- -gray, speckled with minute yellow dots, with a dis-
tinct white band running across them. Expanse of wings, 35™™.

AFFECTING THE LEAF-BUDS.
20. THE MAPLE-BUD BEETLE.
Platycerus quercus Weber.

Order COLEOPTERA ; family LUCANID&.

This beetle was noticed May 6 by Mr. Harrington gnawing holes
in the center of the leaf buds, where, hidden within, it feasts on the
growing leaves. ‘In one instance a pair of beetles (male and female)
were found in the same cavity. I have since found the beetles upon
the leaves of various trees, and the larve in old logs and stumps of
elm, ete.” (Rep. Ent. Soc. Ontario, 1¢87, 31.)

The beetle.—In Platycerus the eyes aré almost entire, while the sixth ventral seg-
ment is visible (it is not so in Dorcus, whose eyes are hollowed out). Body flat,
black (reddish beneath in the female), with sometimes a greenish hue; antennz with

the terminal joints lamellate; while the jaws of the male are long and like pincers,
those of the female being shorter. Length, 10”™™. (Horn.)

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
21. THE SPINY MAPLE WORM.
Dryocampa rubicunda (Fabricius).
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family BOMBYCID”.

Sometimes nearly stripping soft maples of their leaves, large smooth worms longi-
tudinally striped with pale and darker green lines, and recognizable by two anteriorly
projecting black horns on the second segment behind the head, and transforming to
a pale, ocher-yellowish, thick-bodied moth, tinged, especially on the fore wings, with
a rosy hue, and expanding a little over 2 inches.

Although in the Eastern States this insect, especially the moth, is
not common, yet we have observed it as far east as Brunswick, Me., where
it feeds on the maple, the moth there appearing the middle of June; in
the Western States, llinois, Missouri, and Kansas, it proves during
certain years very destructive, entirely or nearly stripping the soft or
swamp and sometimes the silver maple of its leaves, and discouraging
people from planting this tree along roadsides. It is known to feed on
the oak.

=

MAPLE CATERPILLARS. 393

According to Riley, the. eggs are deposited in patches of thirty and
upward, on the under side of a leaf. Each is about 0.05 inch long, sub-
oval, slightly flattened, translucent, and pale greenish.

In Missouri and Kansas the worm is double-brooded, the first brood
of larve appearing mostly during June and giving forth the moths late

Fic. 147.—The green-striped spiny maple-worm; 0, pupa; c, female.—After Riley.

in July, while the second brood of worms appears in August and Sep-
tember, wintering in the chrysalis state, and not appearing as moths.
until the following May. The caterpillar molts four times, becoming
fully fed within a month, and then entering the ground to pupate.*

Larva.—In the first stage, yellow, with a large black head, the spines forming little
black tubercles of nearly uniform size. In the second stage the head is browner, and
the spines and stripes of the full-fed larva more apparent. In the third stage like the
caterpillar in its fourth or last stage, but smaller. The fully fed caterpillaris an inch
and a half long; pale yellowish- -green longitudinally, striped above alternately with
eight very light yellowish-green lines and seven of a darker green, inclining to black,
with two slender black spines on the second segment behind the head, and two lateral
rows of sharper, shorter spines. Head copal yellow; segments 10 and 11 a little di-
lated and rose-colored at the sides.

Chrysalis.—Rough and pitted, nearly black, with curved horns ab out the head
and thorax, and the movable joints provided with a ring of sharp conical teeth around
the anterior edge. (Riley.)

Moth.—Fore-wings rose-colored, crossed by a broad pale-yellow band; the hind
wings pale yellow, with a short rosy band behind the middle; the body is yellow,
the under side and legs rose-colored (Harris). In Western specimens, the yellow pre-
dominates, the rose-color being but faintly visible, according to Riley, who has also
had specimens which were almost white or colorless. The wings expand about two
inches. The male antennez are broadly pectinated like feathers.

Remedies.—A Tachina parasite, Tachina (Belvosia) bifasciata Fabr.,
and an ichneumon fly prey upon the caterpillars, and thus reduce their
numbers. Riley recommends searching for and destroying the moths
and eggs late in May, while the worms, when about to leave the trees,

* See also Insect Life, ii, 1890, 276.

394 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

‘may be entrapped by digging a trench either around the individual
tree or around a grove or belt. The trench should be at least a foot
deep, with the outer wall slanting under. Great numbers of worms
will collect in it, or bury themselves in its bottom, and may easily be
killed.”

22. Hepialus argenteomaculatus Harris.

Mr. Harrington is authority for the statement that a moth referred
to this species has been bred by Mr. Fletcher from a larva found boring
in the base of a spiked maple(Acer spicatum). (See p. 346.)

23. THE 10 CATERPILLAR.
Hyperchiria io (Fabricius).
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family BOMBYCID.

Sometimes feeding late in summer on the maple, a large, greenish, thick caterpillar,
with fascicles of irritant, radiating, sharp spines over the body, spinning a thin
silken cocoon among the leaves, and transforming the following May or June into a
large, stout-bodied moth; the males yellow with a very large eye-like spot on the
hind wings, and the females purple-brown, the wings of the latter expanding nearly
3 inches.

Although this large caterpillar is a general feeder, devouring in the
Southern States the leaves of the Indian corn, as well as the sassafras,
black locust, the false indigo, wild
black cherry (Prunus serotina), and
the willow, currant, cotton, clover,
elm, hop-vine, balsam-poplar, balm
of Gilead, dogwood, and choke
cherry, we have found it in Maine,
where it is a rare moth, feeding on
the rock or sugar maple, and hence
refer to it under this head. The
eggs are top-Shaped, attached by
the smaller end, in patches of
about thirty, on the under side of
leaves. The caterpillars in the
Western States begin to hatch
about the end of June, getting
their growth in two months, after

Deer molting five times. The spines are
Fic. 148.—Green stinging io caterpillar.—A fter poisonous to the fingers, and the
age caterpillar can not be handled

without causing some pain and irritation.

Mrs. Dimmock has summarized in Psyche (iv, 275) what is known of
the habits of this caterpillar as follows:

Hyperchiria io Fabr. (Syst. Entom., 1775, p. 560). Harris (Rept. Ins. Injur. Veg.,
1841, p. 283-285) describes the larva and male and female imagos; later (Treatise on
Ins. Injur. Veg., 1862, p. 393-396) he adds to the descriptions figures of the larva,

"7

MAPLE CATERPILLARS. 395

pupa, cocoon, and male and female imagos; and still later (Entom. Corresp., 1869,
p. 295-297) he gives a more extended description of the larva. Morris (Synop. Lepid.
N. A., 1862, p. 220) briefly describes the larva. Packard (Guide Study Ins., 1869, p.
299) gives brief notes on this species under the name of Hyperchiria varia Walker.
Bethune (Can. Entom., Oct., 1869, v, 2, p. 19, 20) briefly describes the larva, and
Minot (op. cit., Nov., 1869, v, 2, p. 28, 29) describes egg and larva without recognizing
the species. Lintner (Entom. Contrib., No. 2, 1872, p. 146-149) describes the egg,
the six larval stages, the pupa, and the cocoon. Riley (Fifth Rept. State Entom.
Mo., 1873, p. 133) describes egg, larva in its six stages, cocoon, and imago of this
species, figuring larva and male and female imagos; and (Can. Entom., June, 1873,
v, 5, p. 109) describes the egg in detail. Reed (Can. Entom., Dec., 1874, v, 6, p.

Fic. 149.—Male of io moth.—After Riley.

227-229, and Ann. Rept. Entom. Soc. Ontario, 1874, p. 11-13) repeats Riley’s figures,
and describes the different stages very briefly. Grote (Can. Entom., Sept., 1878, v,
10, p. 176) states that this species is double-brooded in the South. The food-plants,
as compiled in chronological order from the above and from other notices of this
species, are as follows: Populus balsamifera, Ulmus, Trifolium, Zea mays, and accord-
ing to Abbot, Cornus and Sassafras [ Harris, 1841]; Quercus and Robinia viscosa [ Har-
ris, 1869]; Cornus florida and Liriodendron [Morris]; Humulus [Freeman (Amer.
Entom., Oct., 1868, v. 1, p. 39)]; Gossypium and Acer [Packard]; Salix [ Bethune];
Populus tremuloides, Robinia pseudacacia, and Cerasus virginiana [Lintner]; ,Amorpha
fruticosa, Baptisia, Prunus serotina, and currant [Riley]; Corynus avellana [Reed];
Betula, Comptonia asplenifolia, apple, Lespedeza, Symphoricarpus, and Fraxinus [Goodell
(Can. Entom., Sept., 1877, v, 9, p. 180)];_| Prinos verticillatus, Rubus villosus, and R.
canadensis [Goodell (op. cit., Apr., 1879, v, ii, p. 78)], and Trifolium pratense [Pilate
(Papilio, May, 1882, v, 2, p. 67)]. The larva also eats Betula alba.

The larva.—About 2 inches long, of a pea-green color; the spreading, slender
spines deeper yellow and often tipped with black. A lateral white line, edged above
with lilac.

The moth.—Males deep-ocher yeilow marked with purple brown, with a large,
round blue spot, bordered with black, with a central white dash. The fore-wings
of the female are purple brown, the hind wings as in the male. In Massachusetts
the moths appear during June or early in July.

396 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

24, THE IMPERIAL EACLES.

Eacles imperialis (Drury).

(Larva, Pl. vi, figs. 1, la, 1b.)

Although this pine larva occurs on the elm as well as the maple and

other forest trees, it may be mentioned here.
to under the head of pine insects.*

It is more fully referred

*The following list of the food-plants of Hacles imperialis Dru., by William Beu-
tenmiiller, appeared in Entomologica Americana, ii, p. 53.

Anacardiacee.
Rhus glabra, L. (Smooth Sumac. )

Sapindacee.
ZEsculus hippocastanum, L. (Common
Horse Chestnut. )
Acer saccharinum, Wang. (Sugar Maple.)
dasycarpum, Chr. (White or Silver
Maple. )
rubrum, L. (Red or Swamp Mapie. )
pseudoplatanus, L.
Negundo aceroides, Moench.
der.)

(Box EI-

Kolreuteria paniculata, Laxm. (The
panicle-flowered Kélreuteria. )
Leguminose.
Gleditschia triacanthos, L. (Honey Lo-
cust. )
Rosacee.

(Choke Cherry.)
(Wild Black

Prunus virginiana, L.
serotina, Ebr.
Cherry.)

Hamamelacee.
Liquidambar styraciflua,L. (Sweet Gum. )

Lauracee.

(Sassafras. )
(Spice-bush. )

Sassafras officinale, Nees.
Lindera benzoin, Meisn.

Urticacee.
Ulmus fulva, Michx. (Slippery or Red
Elm.)
americana, L. (American or White
Elm.)
alata, Michx. (Whahoo or Winged
Elm.)
campestris, L. (English Field
Elm.)
suberosa, Moench. (Cork-barked
Elm. )

| Betula alba, L.

Platanacee.
Platanus occidentalis, L. (American
Plane or Sycamore. )
orientalis, L. (Oriental Plane.)

Cupulifere.

Quercus alba, L. (White Oak.)
macrocarpa, Michx. (Burr Oak.)
coccinea, Wang. (Scarlet Oak.)

rubra, L. (Red Oak.)
palustris, Du Roi. (Swamp or
Pin Oak.)

cerris vulgaris. (Turkey Oak.)
Castanea vesca, L. (Chestnut.)
pumila, Michx. (Chinquapin.)
Fagus ferruginea, Ait. (American Beech. )
sylvatica, L. (Wood or Common
Beech.)
Ostrya virginica, Willd. (Hop Hornbeam
or Leverwood.)
Carpinus americana, Michx. (Hornbeam,
Blue or Water Beech.) °*

Betulacee.

(White Birch.)
var. populifolia, Spach.
Alnus incana, Willd. (Speckled or Hoary
Alder.)

serrulata, Ait. (Smooth Alder.)

Conifere.
Pinus strobus, L. (White Pine.)
excelsa, Wallich. (Bhotan Pine.)
Abies excelsa, Dec. (Norway Spruce Fir.)
var. pendula.
Larix americana, Michx.
Black Larch.)
Cupressus thujoides, L.
Taxodium distichum, Rich.
Bald Cypress. )
Juniper communis, L.
per. )
Virginiana, L.

(American or

(White Cedar. )
(American

(Common Juni-

(Red Cedar. )

MAPLE CATERPILLARS. 397

25. THE MAPLE DAGGER-MOTH.

“

Apatela americana Harris.
Order LEPIDOPTERA: family Nocruip2&,

In September, a rather large greenish-yellow caterpillar, with long hairs, orna-
mented with four pencils of long hairs, and a single pencil on the eleventh ring,
spinning a dense cocoon under the bark or elsewhere, and transforming into a whitish
moth the next summer.

This is not uncommon on maple trees late in the autumn, and its
habits are described by Harris, who says that it also feeds on the elm,
linden, and chestnut. We have often noticed it in Maine at the end of
August and in September.

Mr. Coquillett has bred the caterpillar in Illinois from the oak, on
which it was found August 13. On the 19th of the same month it spun
a large cocoon, interwoven with the hairs with which its body was
covered, the moth emerging on the 24th of May of the following year.

Larva.—Body greenish white; a subdorsal and stigmatal black line; on top of the
last two segments is a black stripe which widens posteriorly ; body thickly covered
with short pale yellow hairs; on top of segments 4 and 6 are two pencils and on top
of segment 11 is a single pencil of very long black hairs; body beneath black.
Head shining black. Length 2.50 inches. (Coquillett.)

26. Lochmeus olivatus Packard.

The caterpillar of this species has been reared by Professor Riley.

Moth.—Female: Pale olive greenish ash, with white scales and patches; head
above greenish ash, in front ashen, and the palpi ash-colored, with no black exter-
nally. Thorax darker behind, the tegule with white scales. Fore-wings with the
basal line indistinct in my specimens (loaned by Mr. H. L. Clark, of Providence) ;
middle line doubly scalloped; the spaces between the dark scallops filled with
whitish scales; discal dot distinct, brown contained in a large squarish white patch;
on the inner scale of this patch and extending below it is a dark brown patch, form-
ing a broad dusky band, extending from the subcostal vein to the third median
venule, ending in two scallops. The outer line is sinuous, the scallops shallow, the
line curves outward deeply opposite the origin of the median venules; the line loses
itself toward the costa in a diffuse greenish costal patch. There is a distinct sub-
marginal series of about eight subtriangular dusky spots, the largest one situated on
the first median interspace ; this line is scarcely dislocated as in L. cinereus. Wings
dusky, with whitish scales and dark line at the base.’ Hind wings ash, whitish in
spots; traces of an outer dusky band, distinct in the center when it is externally
shaded with whitish; the band crosses the wing, but is quite faint. Beneath, the
lines and spots do not reappear, and both wings are uniformly ash-brown, the line
at base of fringe dusky, the fringe whitish ash, spotted with dusky. Length of
body, female, 20™™ (,% inch); expanse of wings, female, 52™™ (2 inches.)

398 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.
27. Lochmeus cinereus Packard.

The caterpillar of this species has been found by Professor Riley
feeding on the maple, and closely resembling the caterpillar of L. olivata.
Packard. The type of my original description was captured by
myself in Brunswick, Me.; Professor Riley’s was bred in Washington,
D. C., the moth appearing May 28. Mr. Howard L. Clark has found it
not uncommonly in Rhode Island. My original type was from Maine.

Moth.—Male and female: Antenn well pectinated on the basal two-thirds, filiform
at the end ; the body and wings greenish ash, the wings green, olive sea-green in
tint. Head greenish on top, ashen in front; palpi ashen, black onthe sides. Thorax
ashen, greenish on the sides at the insertion of the wings; on front edge of the thorax
a dark brown transverse stripe; a more distinct transverse stripe behind, and the
hinder edges of the tegule dusky-; between the two oblique tegular stripes the
hinder part of the thorax is dark brown, including a small tuft on the hinder
edge of the thorax and a large two-lobed flattened tuft which covers the base of
the abdomen, the posterior edges of the double tuft becoming blackish. Fore-
wings rather short and broad, the apex less produced than in L. olivatus; the wing
unusually free from scalloped bands; two unequal scallops at the insertion of the
wing (obsolete in the male before me); middle double-scalloped line well marked
in the female (obsolete in the male in front of the median vein); the scallops
uneven, two in median space, the largest one rectangular; a short acute scallop
in front of the median vein and extended outward along it; two nearly even-
sized scallops on the costal edge; a clean space between the middle and outer
scalloped lines; outer scalloped line very irregular, scallops deep and heavy black-
brown, and the line curving deeply inward from the median vein to near the apex on
the costa. The costal edge on outer third, with three distinct narrow linear black
spots; the venules marked with black and whitish-gray scales (in the male this
outer line is almost obsolete). A submarginal row of eight blackish spots, three of
which are situated behind the last median venule; this series is plainly dislocated,
the subapical three being set farther inward than those below, and this is a ready
means of separating the species from L. olivatus. In these females the fore-wings and
thorax are yellowish green, while in the male of a clear sea-green. Hind wings
dusky ashen, yellowish on the costa, on the outer third of which is the beginning of
an outer whitish line, forming two scallops; the wing is pale, almost whitish at base,
but dusky toward and at the margin. Beneath, the fore-wings are clear ash, the
costa a little dusky, with fine blackish linear marks toward the apex; the sub-
marginal row of blackish spots appear through, but the series is not dislocated ;
hind-wings not marked, except by three submarginal dusky spots behind the second
median venule; abdomen ash, with a faint yellow-green tint; length of body, male,
20 to 21™™ ; female, 23™™, Expanse of wings, male, 45™™; female, 55™™ (2.10 inches),

This species may be known by the less pointed fore-wings, quite
Square in the male, by the clear space between the middle and outer
scalloped lines, and by ‘the dislocated: series of submarginal dusky
spots; the wings in the male are uniformly sea-green, while in the
female the tint is yellowish green. My original description in third
vol. Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, is defective, as the type specimen
was rubbed, and without the greenish tint of fresh specimens. From
LL oliwatus it is distinguished by being more uniformly and darker
green and by the lack of whitish patches. The discal spot is almost
obsolete, and with only a slightly marked dusky patch beneath, this
blackish patch being large and conspicuous in L. olivatus.

MAPLE CATERPILLARS. 399

28. THE MAPLE SLUG WORM.
Lithacodes fasciola H. Sch.

Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family BOMBYCIDE.

We have found the larva of this rather common slug-
caterpillar on the maple at Jackson, N. H., September
10. It agrees with Clemens’ description of the larva “ae
of L. laticlavia. (See Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc.,1860, p. 157). <A
In walking the larva, like others of its group, moves ee ie
on a broad soft disk like a slug, the disk moving in peta, ape
wave-like undulations from back forwards.

The following description has been taken from Professor Riley’s MS.
notes:

Like Glover’s ¥ apparently. Young found September 5, 1869, on the wild cherry.

Length, 0.42. Color pale green, variegated, i. e., spotted and lined with still paler
yellowish green. Six pale longitudinal lines, two dorsal, two lateral, and two ven-
tral, all more or less undulating, and all approaching at extremities and diverging
in middle of body. Between the dorsal lines each segment is marked with a slightly
elevated somewhat triangular pale spot, with a dark center, while on each side of it
anteriorly and contiguous to the longitudinal line is a darker green spot. Between
dorsal and lateral line there is also a pale spot with darker center and other
smaller pale spots each side of it. Anus terminating in an obtuse point as in figure.
September 8, 1869. It has formed its cocoons somewhat differently from the others
now breeding. It first cut off a piece of leaf large enough to cover its back, and
then, after anchoring it with silken cables to a whole leaf, proceeded to form its
cocoon between the two. February 11, 1870. The lid, which opens when the imago
of these Limacodes escapes, is evidently severed before the larva changes to pupa,
for upon touching a cocoon of one to-day the lid sprang open, though the larva was
dead and had dried up within. July 20, 1870. The moth issued. It is Lithacodes
fasciola Clem. (Lintner) and = Limacodes betuie Fitch MS. According to Fitch, the
larva from his verbal description agrees very well, but he bred his from the beech.
September 6, 1570. Found another on cherry to-day. September 20, 1881. Miss Mary
Murtfeldt is feeding one oncherry. Found one to-day on hickory. The pale spot in
center of joints has no dark center, and near the darker spots, i. e., from each joint,
arises along the dorsal pale lines only one such bristle, and from the lateral line
only ove such bristle. It does not sting. The thoracic legs are distinct. Mr. Lint-
ner has bred it from the horse chestnut. It also breeds on the hard maple and elm
(found September 15, 1875).

Larva.—Body oval, with a wide dorsal square ridge, hollowed slightly along the
middle, where situated on each suture is a yellowish round spot centered with a dark-
green dot. The edge of the ridge stained with yellow; on the outer and lower side
of the ridge is a lateral row of spots like those in the middle of the back. Body
pale-green, with yellow touches and spots besides those described. Head green,
but the jaws and labrum dark amber. Along the lower edge of the body is a whitish
line. Length, 12™™,

29. Sisyrosea inornata Grote and Rob.

The specimen from which Fig. 148 was drawn was found under a
a maple at Amherst, Mass., October 9.

400 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Fic. 151.—Maple slug worm.—BridgLam del.

30. THE AMERICAN SILK-WORM.

Telea polyphemus Hiibner.

According to Mr. E. B. Reed, this insect *“‘ frequently attacks maples,
and from the enormous size of the caterpillar and its voracious appe-
tite a great deal of damage is often done.” (Report Ontario Ent. Soe.
for 1872, p. 39.) Mrs. Dimmock has contributed the following historical
accouht of this insect to Psyche, iv, p. 277:

Attacus polyphemus Fabr. (Species insector., 1781, v. 2, p. 168). Among the very
numerous articles which have been published concerning this species the following
are worthy of citation. Harris (Rept. Ins. Injur. Veg., 1841, p. 278-279) describes
larva, cocoon, and imago; later (Treatise on Ins. Injur. Veg., 1862, p. 384-386) he adds
a figure of the imago, and (Entom. Corresp., 1869, p. 294, pl. 4, fig. 17) a figure of the
larva. Morris (Synop. Lepid. N. A., 1862, p. 226-227) describes larva and imago, and
(op. cit., p. 209) describes the egg, which he mistook for that of Smerinthus excaecatus.
Trouvelot (Amer, Nat., 1867, v. i, p. 30-38, 85-94, 145-149, pl. 5-6) gives an extended

account of this species which he tried to rear, on a considerable scale, for its silk; he
- describes the egg, larva, pupa, and cocoon, and figures the larva, pupa, cocoon, and
male and female imagos, as well as Ophion macrurum, a parasite of the larva; he says
there are at least six varieties of the imagos. Packard (Guide Study Ins., 1869, p.
297, pl. 6-7) repeats Trouvelot’s figures. Riley [?] (Amer. Entom., March 1869, v. i,
p. 121-122) figures the imago and describes the larva and imago. Riley (4th Ann.
Rept.State Entom. Mo.,1872, p. 125-129) describes egg, larva,cocoon, pupa, and imago,
and figures larva, pupa, cocoon, and male and female imagos; contrary to Trouvelot,
who stated that there are six larval stages, Riley gives the number of molts as four,
making five larval stages. Lintner (Entom. Contrib. [No. 1], 1872, p. 6) gives a note
on the coloration of the eggs, and (op. cit., No. 3, 1874, p. 152) describes the egg.
Gentry (Can. Entom., May 1874, v. 6, p. 86) describes the normal form and a variety
of the larva. Grote (Can. Entom., Sept. 1878, v. 10, p. 176) states that this species is
‘double-brooded in the South; Trouvelot (J. c.) was unable to raise two broods to ma-
turity in Massachusetts, and Brodie (Papilio, April 1882, v. 2, p. 60) writes that ‘in
long and warm seasons about 50 per cent. are double-brooded, but this is against
the increase of the species, as cold weather usually sets in before the larve are fully
matured.” Packard (Bull. 7, U. S. Entom. Comm., 1881, p. 48) figures the larva.
Saunders (Can. Entom, March 1882, v. 14, p. 41-45) figures and describes the larva,
pupa, cocoon, and male and female imagos; he further figures Ophion macrurum, a
parasite of the larva. Brodie (Papilio, May 1882, v. 2, p. 83) states that normally
this insect comes from its cocoon at about 11 a.m. Wailly (Bull. Soc. Acclim. France,
May 1882, s. 3, v. 9, p. 265) gives some notes upon the larva and imago. A compila-

- MAPLE CATERPILLARS. A401

tion of the food-plants results as follows: Quercus, Ulmus, Tilia (Harris, 1841 and
1862]; Tilia americana and Rosa (Harris, 1869]; Acer, Salix, Populus, Corylus, Betula,
Vaccinium [Trouvelot]; Carya, Juglans nigra, J. cinerea, Crategus (Amer. Entom..,
1869, v. 1, p. 121) ; Quercus virens, [Chambers (Amer. Entom., March 1570, v. 2, p. 156) J;
apple, quince, plum, Prunus virginiana, Platanus, Gleditschia [Riley]; Betula lenta
[Young (Can. Entom., Oct. 1880, v. 12, p. 212)]; Hamamelis virginica [Kyle (op. cit., p.
213)]; Castanea vesca, Fagus [Wailly (Journ. Soc. Arts, 31 March 1882, v. 30, p. 5238) ];5
Tilia europea, Crategus coccinea, C. tomentosa, C. crux-galli, Amelanchier canadensis,
Ribes cynosbati, Quercus alba, Q. macrocarpa, Q. rubra, Corylus americana, C. rostrata,
Fagus ferruginea, Carpinus americana, Ostrya virginica, Carya tomentosa, C. amara,
C. alba, Betula lenta, B. excelsa, B. alba, B. papyracea, Alnus incana, A. serrulata,
Salix alba, S. humulis, Populus grandidentata, P. tremuloides [Brodie (Papilio, April
1882, v. 2, p. 58-59)]. Chestnut, as a food-plant, is only mentioned by Wailly, who
reared the larve in England, but they are often found in eastern Massachusetts,
on Castanea vesca.

31. THE CECROPIA CATERPILLAR.
Platysamia cecropia (Linn).

This caterpillar, larger than the foregoing, also sometimes occurs on

Fic. 152.—Caterpillar of the Cecropia silk moth, nat. size.—After Riley.

the maple. It is about four inches long, and pale green, ornamented
with large tubercles colored green, blue, yellow, and red.

Mrs. Dimmock has contributed to Psyche (iv, p. 276) the following his-
torical sketch of this insect.

Attacus cecropia Linn (Syst. Nat., 1758, ed. 10, p. 809). Harris (Rept. Ins. Injur.
Veg., 1841, p. 279-280) describes the larva, imago and cocoon of this species; later
(Treatise on Ins. Injur. Veg., 1862, p. 385, 387-389) he adds figures of the larva, pupa,
cocoon, and male imago; and still later (Entom. Corresp., 1869, p. 294-295) he again
describes the larva. Morris (Synop. Lepid. N. A., 1862, p. 223-224) describes larva,
cocoon, and imago. Trouvelot (Amer. Nat., March 1867, v. 1, p. 31) gives a note on
the cocoon. Riley (Amer. Entom., Feb. 1870, v. 2, p. 97-102, and 4th Ann. Rept. State
Entom. Mo., 187, p. 103-107) describes the eggs, and figures and describes the larva,
pupa, cocoon, and male imago. Sprague (Can. Entom., April 1870, v. 2, p. 82) de-
scribes the eggs. Saunders (Can. Entom., Oct. 1871, v. 3, p. 149-155) figures and de-
scribes the larva, cocoon, and male imago. Lintner (Entom. Contrib., No. 3, 1874, p.
125) describes the young larva. Worthington (Can. Entom., Sept. 1876, v..8, p. 165-
166) notices some color varieties of the imago. Gentry (Can. Entom., March 1877, v.
9, p. 41-49) describes the egg, different stages of the larva, and cocoon. Grote (Can-

‘5 ENT——26 ;

402 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Entom., Sept. 1878, v. 10, p. 176) says this species is double-brooded in the Southern
United States. Packard (Bull. 7, U. S. Entom. Comm., 1881, p. 113) figures the larva.
Neumoegen (Papilio, Jan. 1832, v. 2, p. 18) states that this species usually emerges
from the pupal state at about 5 p.m.; Brodie (op. cit., May 1882, v. 2, p. 83), on the
contrary, states that the emergence normally takes place about 10 a.m. Riley and
others state that the larva has five stages, but Wailly (Bull. Soc. Acclim. France, May
1882, s. 3, v. 9, p. 266-267) writes that it has six stages. Brodie (Papilio, Feb. 1882,
v. 2, p. 32-33) gives a list of 49 species of plants belonging to 20 genera on which the
larva will feed: The genera are Tilia, Acer, Negundo, Prunus, Spirea, Crategus, Py-
rus, Amelanchier, Ribes, Sambucus, Ulmus, Quercus, Fagus, Corylus, Carpinus, Betula,
Alnus, Salix, and Populus. From other authors the following genera are compiled :
Berberis. Liriodendron, Syringa, Carya, Gleditschia, Rubus, Ceanothus, Ampelopsis, Ceph-
alanthus, Fraxinus, Vaccinum, and Rosa.

Larva.—Body very thick, cylindrical, enlarged at the two last thoracic and first
abdominal segments, the segments moderately and evenly convex, not angular,
sutures distinct. The head is almost wholly retractile within the prothoracic ring,
the latter also partially retractile in the succeeding ring.

Head of moderate size in proportion to the body, rounded, not so wide as the pro.
thoracic segment; green with no markings. It is smaller and less rounded above
than in 7. polyphemus. Head and body green, the color of the upper side of the
plum, birch, or oak leaf. Prothoracic segment with a slight transverse ridge in
front, on which are four dorsal small light-blue warts and one larger tubercle on the
side, in front of and alittle lower than the prothoracic spiracle. On each of the
three following segments is a pair of short, club-shaped reddish tubercles with black
spines; these are succeeded along the abdomen by two rows of six subdorsal, much
slenderer but fully as long, bright yellow tubercles, which have two or three black
spines on the end. These two rows are terminated by a single bright yellow tubercle
on the last spiracle-bearing segment (eighth abdominal), which is nearly twice as
thick as the others. Two lateral widely-separated rows of slender, bright-blue,
elongated tubercles, ending in two to four black spinules; these are slenderer than
the dorsal yellow tubercles, and the two rows are far apart, the row of spiracles
being between them ; thespiracles are pale glaucous green, surrounded by a very nar-
row black rim. On the ninth segment is a transverse row of six pale bright cerulean
blue tubercles. Thoracic and abdominal feet a little paler green than the body.
Supra-anal plate triangular, large, but obtuse at the end. Length, 70™™; thickness,
14mm, Providence, October 2. Described from a specimen found feeding on the
cherry.

32. Edema albifrons (Abbot and Smith).

This common oak caterpillar has been found by Mr. Reed to fre-
quently occur on the maple. (Can. Ent., xv, p. 204.)

33. FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR.
Clisiocampa sylvatica Harris.

A colony of the worms not fully fed were found June 6, collected in
a mass near the ground on the trunk of the maple at Brunswick, Me. ;
at this time they were molting for the last time. (See Oak insects, p.

117.)
34. Homoptera lunata Drury.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family NOCTAID#.
In the Canadian Entomologist (xiv, p. 180), Prof. G. H. French de-

scribes the seven stages in the life of the caterpillar of this fine large
moth, which feeds, he states, on the maple and willow. The duration

s MAPLE CATERPILLARS. 403

of life from the time the egg is laid until the moth appears was found to
be fifty-two days. “The eggs were deposited April 30, and the first
moth hatched June 21, the last July 10. During former years I have
found the larve of this species on the willow and other bushes, and
had them spin up to the last of September and come out as moths the
forepart of November. In other instances they passed the winter as
chrysalids.” There are from two to three broods during a season. Mr.
Hill has claimed that H. edusa and lunata are possibly sexes of one
species, and Mr. Bean, as well as Mr. Leubner, have concluded that
these two species, with Saundersii, were all the same species. From
one brood of eggs deposited by lunata the three forms, lunata, saun-
dersii, and edusa, were obtained, thus reducing two of the forms to sex-
ual varieties, lunata being the female.

Mature larva.—Head flat, sloping ; six ocelli, in shape and number resembling larve
of Catocale. Body marked with three dorsal stripes and three on each side, alter-
nating light and dark; but these are less distinct, approaching a uniform brownish
drab; the white spots also less distinct. First and second abdominal legs about half
the length of the others. A little paler beneath than above, with an elliptical red-
dish brown spot in the center of each segment. Length, 1.45 inches.

Pupa.—Wing-cases covering five segments in front. Tip of abdomen coarsely fur-
rowed and punctured, ending in two long hooks, with several shorter ones arising
from the corrugated surface a little way from these. Length, .80 inch. (French.)

Moth.—Male: Thorax, abdomen, and wings of a fine red sandy brown color; the
first ring of the abdomen with an ash-colored spot. Anterior wings with two whitish
oblong spots on the external edges of each; one near the tips, the other at the lower
corners. A small whitish bar crosses the fore-wings about a quarter of an inch from
the body, and next the shoulders is a spot of the same whitish color. Posterior
wings brown, with an oblong whitish spot placed along the external edges, reaching
from the abdominal almost to the upper corners. Under side, wings pale sandy-col-
ored, except a few small round dark spots dispersed over them, but scarcely dis-
cernable. Margins of all the wings dentated. (Drury.)

Female (lunata).—The head, thorax, abdomen, and wings iazel-colored. Anterior
wings with a waved line, of a dark brown color, placed near the anterior angle, be-
ginning at the posterior and ending at the external edge. At the shoulders and
along the anterior margin are several small dark brown clouds and marks that pro-
duce a darker shade. Posterior wings with a series of narrow transverse waved
lines, extending from the middle to the external edges. All the wings are dentated.
Under side, the breast, abdomen, and wings are all of a paler hazel color. Anterior
wings dappled with dark brown on the middle of the anterior edges and spotted with
minute,short brown streaks, as well as the posterior. (Drury.) Expanse of wings,
55mm,

35. THE MAPLE SEMI-LOOPER.

Ophiusa bistriaris (Hiibner).
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family NocTUIDs.

Late in July feeding on the silver maple, a brownish gray caterpillar 1.40 inch long,
with the first pair of prolegs small, the worm having a semi-looping gait.

When about to go into chrysalis it cuts through a portion of a leaf
of the tree on which it has fed, and turning it over constructs a snug
little case, fastening it up closely and carefully with silken threads, and

404 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

in this completes its transformations. After remaining in the pupa
state about two weeks, the moth appears. (Saunders.)

We have bred this moth in Maine from the caterpillar. The chrys-
alis lay in a slight cocoon in a folded leaf of the red maple, the moth
issuing in the second week in May.

The larva is 1.40 inch long, somewhat onisciform. Head medium sized, flattened,
bilobed; color, pale ashen gray, with streaks of pale brown appearing under a mag-
nifying lens as a fine network ; a dark brown, nearly black, stripe on each side, and
a few short gray hairs scattered over its surface. Body above brownish-gray, with
numerous streaks and dots of pale brown. A double irregular dorsal line; other
broken lines composed chiefly of dots, none of them continuous, A subdorsal row of
whitish dots. On the hinder part of the twelfth segment is a raised crescent-shaped
line edged behind with black, and on the terminal one two whitish dots, with a small
black patch at their base. Spiracles pale oval, edged with black. Under surface
paler and greenish, feet greenish, prolegs bluish-green dotted with brown. The
moth is rather large, with broad triangular fore-wings, and is uniformly brown, with
two oblique darker bands.

36. THE LESSER MAPLE SPAN-WORM.
Stegania pustularia Gueuée.

Feeding on the leaves early in June, a bluish-green looper striped with whitish
and yellowish, producing the moth in July. (Saunders. )

This is a common insect and has been raised by Mr. W. Saunders,
who says that the caterpillar is full grown about the middle of June,
enters the chrysalis state within a few days after, and produces the
moth early in July. We have found it in the woods of northern Maine
in August, and it is common in August in the Northern and Western
States.

The larva.—Body cylindrical, about five-eighths of an inch long, head medium
sized, rather flat in front, slightly bilobed, pale green. Body above bluish-green,
with thickly set longitudinal stripes of whitish and yellowish. A double whitish
dorsal line, with bordering lines of yellowish white, neither of which are unbroken,
but are formed of a succession of short lines and dots. Below these, on each side,
are two or three imperfect white lines, made up of short streaks, and much fainter
than those bordering the dorsal line; spaces between the segments yellowish. The
skin all over the body is much wrinkled and folded. (Saunders.)

The moth is exceedingly pretty and may be recognized by its white body and wings
and four deep golden-ocherous costal spots, with two lines running across the wings,
these lines sometimes wanting. It expands an inch.

37. THE LARGE MAPLE SPAN-WORM.
Eutrapela transversata Packard.

Feeding on the red maple in July, a large slender-bodied span-worm, the body
thickened behind, carinated on the sides; of a dark purple-brown mixed with red-
dish ; a dorsal reddish-gray crescent-shaped spot on the middle of the seventh seg-
ment, behind which isa pair of low kidney-shaped tubercles, and a pair of dorsal
pointed black ones on the eleventh; second ring swollen on the sides. Length,
when crawling, 46™™. Changes to a pupa the end of July in a rolled leaf, the moth
appearing August 10. (Goodell. ) :

a

_.

MAPLE CATERPILLARS. 405

Pupa.—Pale flesh color, minutely speckled with brown, greenish between the seg-
ments; a stigmatal row of large roundish brown spots, one on each abdominal seg-
ment, and a dorsal row of obscure triangular spots on the abdomen, which are obso-

!
t

* Fie. 153.—Eutrapela transversata and, a, var.

lete on the last three rings; a dorsal brown dot on the thorax, with two smaller ones
behind it. Wing-cases darker than the abdomen. Caudal spine compressed later-
ally, dark brown. Length, 13™™; width in the widest part, 5™™.

38. Selenia kentaria Grote.

The caterpillar of this moth is said by Mr. Bruce to be not uncom-
mon on the maple and birch in the vicinity of Brockport, N. Y. He
also writes to Rev. G. D. Hulst (Entom. Amer., ii, p. 162, 1886) :

It is not generally known that this insect is double-brooded. All the European
species are also. The spring brood is so much larger and richer colored than the
late summer brood that the latter may be thought to be ancther species, as was the
case with the European.

Moth.—Bright ocherous, with the costal half of the wing subviolaceous between
the brown lines; a much-curved line, terminating at the same distance from the
base on both the costa and the hind edge; a mesial line, obtusely angulated below

_ the costa, straight from the hind edge to the median nervure; a third outer line,
straight to the obscure angle just before the costa, and on the edge turned obliquely
outward; this line is margined for nearly the whole of its length externally with a
subviolaceous hue, throwing off an oblique line toward the hind angle. An apical
line, once angulated inward, goes to the indented outer border ; beyond deep ochra-
ceous; fringe darker at base, narrowly lined with silvery. Hind wings concolorous
with the fore-wings; a mesial, diffuse, brown line, and the outer one subviolaceous.
Beneath, base of fore-wings violaceous; costa at base ocherous; inner line nearly
obsolete, middle line dark, outer violaceous line very distinct, the apical line con-
nected with it and inclosing an ocherous spot ; hind wings ocherous ; a mesial, dark,
blackish, narrow line on the discal space; an outer, narrow, violaceous line, with
spots on the base and hind edge; body ocherous; legs broadly banded with vivla-
ceous. Expanse of wings, 1.50 to 1.60 inches.

40, THE CLEFT-HEADED SPAN-WORM.
Amphydasys cognataria Guen.
Larva, before the last stage, Pl. v; fig. 5.
This common inch or measuring worm is the largest species we have
met with feeding on the maple, poplar, or willow, and may be readily
recognized by its deeply cleft head and reddish-brown or green body

like a reddish or green willow twig, which it closely mimics. We have
noticed it as frequently in Jackson, N. H., as in Maine. It is first

406 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

noticed early in August, but becomes fully fed by the first week in
September, my specimens transforming September 8, the chrysalis
entering the earth. I have also found it fully fed on the white birch
at Brunswick as early as August 10. It also feeds on the maple.
The moth appears in June in Maine late in May in southern New
England and New York. I have raised this moth in Maine from the
larch (pupating September 15), also from the Missouri currant, an orna-
mental shrub; also from the apple, elm, cherry,and the aspen in Rhode
Island, though the willow is probably its native food-plant, as it occurs
in greatest abundance on that tree. Mr. Lintuer states that the larva
feeds on the maple; that the caterpillar entered the ground for pupa-
tion August 11, the moth emerging the latter part of May. (Ent. Contr.
iii, 166.) My specimens emerged in Providence May 13. The larva
found on the aspen is greenish and like a fresh aspen twig, with whitish
granulations, which are black on the tubercles.

It is subject to the attacks of a species of Microgaster, seven larvae of
the latter making their exit from a caterpillar two thirds grown. The
following historical sketch of our knowledge of this insect is taken
from Mrs. Dimmock’s article in Psyche, iv, p. 271.

Amphidasys cognataria Guenée (Hist. Nat. d. Ins., 1857, v. 9, Uran. et Phal., v, 1,
p. 208). Cramer (Bull. Brooklyn Entom. Soc., Aug. 1883, Vv, 6, p. 48) briefly describes
the eggs of this species, of which about five hundred were deposited June 3. Bowles
(Can. Entom., April, 1871, v, 3, p. 11-12) (Ann. Rept. Entom. Soc. Ontario, 1871, p.
38-39) describes a variety of the larva which fed on ‘‘ black currant” [ Ribes ?nigrum]),
and Goodell (op. cit., April, 1878, v, 10, p. 67) describes another variety which fed on
apple and pear. nantes (Entom. Contrib., No. 3, 1874, p. 166) briefly describes the

larva, giving Acer as food-plant, and Bagkeard (Guide Study Ins., 1869, p. 322) gives
a few notes on the larva, which he states feeds upon [ibes aureum, R. ?grossularia,

and Spiraea ?tomentosa. Pilate (Papilio, May, 1882, v, 2, p. 71) gives “ honey-locust” :

(Gleditschia triacanthos) as food-plant. Lintner (Entom. Contrib. [No. 1], 1869, p.
64) gives plum as food-plant. To the above food-plants-may be added Betula alba,
B. lenta, Castanea vesca, Salix, and Spirwa sorbifolia. The larva varies from pea-green
to brownish gray or even brownish black in general color ; as far as noticed the green
form is from Ribes, Salix, and Spirwa, while those from apple exhibit all the color
variations ; on Betula and Castanea the larve are gray. Similar variations have been
noticed in the larve of Amphidasys betularia, a European species. The larve often

rest in a partially twisted position, with their rigid bodies at a considerable angle ~

from the stem to which they cling, thus imitating very closely twigs and petioles.
The larve are common in New England in July and August ; they pupate from the
latter part of July toSeptember, the pupa hibernating under leaves and rubbish.

Young larva.—Body cylindrical; segments much wrinkled above, but not tuber-
culated. Head large and square in front; vertex very deeply notched, each tubercle
acute above, conical and rough, granulated; clypeal sutures deeply impressed.
Prothoracic segment above broad and flat, transversely oblong, with a slight low
tubercle on each side in front, making the cervical shield angular in front. A
pair of remote but conspicuous though small round white patches on mesothoracic
and the seven following segments. Fifth abdominal segment with a small thick
tubercle low down on the side. Anal legs large, broad, and flaring. General color
rust-red. Length, 15™™,

Larva before the last molt.—With the characters of the adult larva; salmon red
Length, 35™™,

MAPLE CATERPILLARS. 407

Mature larva.—Twig-like, head very deeply notched, each side above conical; the
face flat in front, the surface granulated. Prothoracic segment raised in front into a
large granulated piliferous tubercle. On the fifth abdominal segment a pair of large
lateral rough tubercles, a little paler than the body; on the eighth segment a pair
of converging pale granulated tubercles. Anal legs very large and broad, with a
pair of long dorsal sharp fleshy tubercles; supra-anal plate very large, conical and
acute, with four sets near the apex. Body of eveu width throughout, reddish-
brown, like a reddish willow twig, or sometimes greenish. The surface finely granu-
lated with light and black, and with flat rough warts, paler in color than the rest
of the body; four on the front edge of each segment, and two dorsal ones behind.
It varies in color from reddish-brown to green, thus mimicking willow trees of differ-
ent colors. Length, 55™™,

Pupa.—Large, full, stout; dark brown. Cremaster large, stout, a projection on
each side in the middle, beyond rounded, sharp, the point ending in a slender fork.
Length, 24™™, ;

Moth.—A large stout-bodied moth, with heavily pectinated antennz and rather
small wings. Fore-wings narrow, with the outer edge longer than usual; pepper
and salt or ash sprinkled with black brown; an indistinct, diffuse, inner, curved
line, with a second one nearer and diverging a little on the costa, being nearer
together at the base. A third diffuse line incloses the discal spot. An outer distinct
‘ black hair-line always present. Hind wings with three dark lines. Abdomen with
two rows of obscure black spots. Expanse of wings, 60™™,

41. Geometrid larva.

This delicate caterpillar was observed both early and fatein August,
beginning to pupate August 30.
Larva. -A very slender, long, smooth larva, with no humps or warts; the head
nearly as wide as the body, smooth, slightly bilobed, rounded. Body smooth, cylin-
drical, glaucous green, the hue of the under side of the red-maple leaf; with only ob-
scure whitish subdorsa 1 lines. Lateral ridge thin, distinct, irregular. Lengt1, 15™™

42. Hypena baltimoralis Guen.

Ordet LEPIDOPTERA; family PYRALID®.

The larva of this species was common on the red maple at Bruns-
wick, Me., early in August. The body is very slender, and at first
sight it would be regarded as a geometrid. It is cylindrical, slender,
tapering considerably toward the long anal legs, which are out:
stretched. The segments are moderately convex, the sutures being
very distinct. The head is rather small, smooth, somewhat bilobed.
All the legs, both thoracic and abdominal, are of the same color as the
body, which is pale pea-green, of the color of the upper side of the leaf
of the red maple, but slightly paler. The sutures between the seg-
ments are often straw-yellowish. The body sometimes has a slight
purplish tint, the head remaining green. Length, 22™™,

August 5 one began to spin a cocoon, the pupa appearing the 7th.
It is dark chestnut-brown in color. The moth issued August 17.

408 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

43. Hypena sp.

This caterpillar occurred on the rock maple September 10, at Jack-
son, N. H.

Larva.—Body long and slender, cylindrical; five pairs of abdominal legs, the first
pair half as large as the third and fourth pairs; the anal legs long and slender.
Head pale-greenish, with a livid tinge and lineated with numerous meandering,
brownish, broken, sinuous lines. Body tapering somewhat from the seventh ab-
which a lateral dominal seg ment. Two slight tubercles on the eighth abdominal
segment, from ridge passes down in front of the spiracles. Length, 30™™,

44. Pandemis lamprosana Robs.

Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family TORTRICIDE.

Among the leaf rollers upon the maple, collected May 10, was one of
which we kept no description, which resulted in an imago of Pandemis
lamprosana. (Forbes’ Third Rt. Ins. Illinois.)

45. THE OBLIQUE-BANDED LEAF-ROLLER.

Cacecia rosaceana Harris.

This nearly omnivorous species (not hitherto reported, however, from
the maple) was found by Forbes (Third Rt. Ins. Illinois) rolling the
leaves of Acer dasycarpum in May. The pupe and larve collected on
the 20th of that month, emerged from July 9 to 13.

46. THE MAPLE LEAF-CUTTER.
Incurvaria acerifoliella (Fitch).
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family TINEID&.

Cutting round holes in the leaves and consuming their pulp in rings and semi-cir-
cular spots, and using the round pieces to hide the small white worms between them
and the leaf, forming a broad round case adhering to the surface of the leaves.

This larva with its singular case has been described by Fitch, and
we have received specimens of maple leaves and cases from Vermont.
Early in August the leaves of forest trees begin to wither, and holes
appear in them, the orbicular pieces being taken by the little worm to
form a broad scale concealing it. The worms fall with the leaves tothe
ground in the autumn, and there remain transforming in their cases,
and late in the spring appear as moths.

The larva.—Nearly a quarter of an inch long; slender, cylindrical, soft, and con-
tractile; dull white; head flattened, and like the three succeeding segments, pale
rusty brown.

The moth with long narrow-pointed wings; the fore pair brilliant steel-blue, the
hind wings smoky brown, with purplish reflections. Between the antenne a dense
tuft of erect bright orange-yellow hairs. (Fitch.)

MAPLE LEAF-MINERS. 409

The following additional facts are quoted from Mr. James Fletcher’s
report as entomologist to the Dominion Government for 1885:

The hard maples (4. saccharinum and A. saccharinum v.-nigrum) in many localities.
about Ottawa have been found to be attacked, toa moderate extent, by the curious
case-bearing larve of this pretty littlemoth; but on the 2th September last enormous
numbers were found to be destroying the foliage adjoining the Government House
grounds. The maple trees, fora space of perhaps 4 acres, had the foliage almost ail
consumed, aud the flat disk-like cases which had fallen from the leaves were carpet-
ing the ground, and were also seen in great numbers on the sides of the trees; these
larvee probably had been blown down before mature, and were returning to the
foliage to feed. Growing amongst the maples were some beech trees, and these were
also eaten after the leaves of the maple had all been devoured. The attack was
very severe. The leaves were so perforated and skeletonized, that instead of the
woods being green they were cream-colored in hue. The larve, when full-grown,
are about a quarter of an inch in length, with a brown flattened head, and are of
a dirty white color. They cut from the leaves small oblong wads, from which they
form cases, which they carry about with them as they feed. The case seems to be
fastened at one side to the leaf, and the larva then eats the green part of the upper
surface, in circles or parts of circles, leaving the fibers and lower surface untouched.
When it has consumed all within reach it moves on to another spot. The cases of
the mature larve are formed of four wads, two of which are about one-eighth of an
inch in diameter, and the larger pair about three-eighths. When full-fed, which
at Ottawa is in September, the larve fall to the ground inside their cases, where
they change to pup in a few days, and do not emerge as moths until late in the fol-
lowing spring.

The Rev. T. W. Fyles, of South Quebec, sends me the following account of a visit-
ation, similar to the one experienced at Ottawa last year: ‘‘ This insect was exceed-
ingly abundant in Missisquoi County in the year 1¢81. I noticed it particularly in
the maple groves belonging to Hon. G. B. Baker, M. P., and Mr. G. F. Shufelt, near
the village of Sweetsburgh, Qnebec. The leaves throughout extensive maple woods
were so skeletonized that they presented a brown and scorched appearance that was
very remarkable. It seemed as if a hot blast had passed over large tracts of the
woodland. Myriads of the larve in their disk-like coatings were to be seen on the
leaves and stems of the trees and on the undergrowth. Next season clouds of the
perfect insects would rise from the foliage shaken by the passers-by.”

47. Catastega aceriella Clemens.

The larva forms a moderately long, slender, cylindrical tube at the
base of the leaf of maple, A. rubrum, early in July, and is covered with
a thin transparent web closed in advance. The tube increases in diame-
ter from the beginning to the end, and is placed between two principal
veins of the leaf, and the web is extended from one vein to the other.

48. Lithocolletis aceriella Clemens.

The larva mines the leaf of maple in September. It mines the upper
surface of the leaf, making a flat, rather broad track, casting its “‘ frass”
along the middle of the course ofit. Physical characteristics like those
of the second larval group. The cocoon is cireular. The larva is like-
wise found in the leaf of Hamamelis virginica. (Clemens.)

410 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Larva.—Head pale brown; body yellowish-green, with oval, dorsal, brown maculz
darkest on their margins; thoracic rings on their sides pale yellowish. (Clemens).

Moth.—Front silvery, tuft reddish-orange and silvery mixed. Thorax reddish-
orange. Fore-wings reddish-orange, somewhat metallic, with a white streak black-
margined exteriorly, from the inner basal angle to the fold; with two oblique silvery
bands black-margined behind, one about the middle of the wing, and the other mid-
way between it and the base of the wing. Nearthe tip is a costal silvery spot, black-
margined behind, with an opposite, oblique, dorsal streak of the same hue, likewise
black-margined behind, and an oblique, costal, silvery streak continued on the line
of the last dorsal, running into the cilia just before the tip, black-margined above, at
the tip before, and below at the tip behind; scarcely with a hinder-marginal line,
cilia of the general hue. Hind wings plumbeous, cilia with a fulvous hue. (Clemens. )

49. Lithocolletis lucidicostella Clemens.

The larva mines the under side of the maple leaf, Acer saccharinum,
in July, September, and October. The head is pale brown; body pale
green, colored darker by the ingesta. ‘‘Frass” collected into a ball
within the mine. The pupa is suspended in a web of silk within the
mine. (Clemens.)

Larva.—Head pale brown; body pale green and colored darker by the ingesta. -
(Clemens. )

Moth.—Antenne white. Head and tuft silvery-white. Fore-wings, basal portion
silvery-white to the middle, with a discal pale golden streak from the base, retreating
from the costa before reaching the middle of the wing and somewhat suffused with
golden beneath the fold. From the middle to the tip pale golden, with four costal
silvery streaks, dark-margined internally, and two dorsal silvery streaks, the first
opposite the second costal streak and both dark-margined internally; the first costal
streak not decidedly dark-margined.* Apical spot black. Hinder marginal line in the
cilia dark brown; cilia pale gray. Hind wings shining bluish-gray; cilia gray.
(Clemens. ) ‘

50. Brachys sp.

Mr. V. T. Chambers once wrote me that a Brachys larva also mines
the leaves of the sugar maple. He added that “tbe mines and larve
in the beech, oak, and maple are scarcely distinguishable.”

51, Megachile optiva Cresson.
Order HYMENOPTERA; family APID&.

This (or a very closely allied leaf-cutting bee) sometimes greatly
disfigures maples by cutting pieces out of the leaves for the purpose of
making its cells. ‘+I have seen a small tree nearly defoliated’by these
bees, of which the habits are most interesting.” (Harrington, Rep. Ent.
Soc. Ontario, 1887.)

* There is some mistake in this sentence. The first costal streak is decidedly dark-
_ Mmargined; the first dorsal streak, it is true, has scarcely a perceptible margin—it
should probably be the first costal streak decidedly dark-margined or else the first dorsal
streak not decidedly dark-margined.—H. T. Stainton.

MAPLE LEAF-MINERS. All

52. THE OCELLATE LEAF GALL OF THE RED MAPLE.
Sciara ocellaris Osten Sacken.
Order DipTERA; family MYCETOPHILID.

(Plate xxxvili.)
On the leaves of the red maple (Acer rubrum) circular ocellate spots about three-
eighths inch in diameter, with disk yellow, and margin and central dot, during one
stage of their growth, cherry-red.

The following account of this fly is taken entire from Professor Com-
stock’s report as U. S. Entomologist for 1881 :

The foliage of the red maple (Acer rubrum) is often seriously injured by certain very
small larve, which make large and conspicuous spots or galls upon it. This insect
is apparently widely distributed. I have observed it both at Washington and at
Ithaca,N.Y. In the last-named place it occurs so abundantly that I have repeatedly
seen trees every leaf of which was infested.

This insect is so small that of itself it would not readily attract attention, but the
result of its work is so conspicuous that it may be seen from a long distance. This
appears in the form of a circular spot, three-tenths to three-eighths inch in diameter,
which at a certain period of its growth is light yellow in color, with a cherry-red
margin and central dot. (See pl. xxxviii, fig. 1.) At other periods the spot is simply
light green or yellow. Frequently these spots occur so thickly as to intersect each
other and to completely cover the leaf, fifty or more being on a single leaf. At the
center of each spot may be seen, on the other side of the leaf, an elevated portion.
Corresponding to this, on the lower surface of the leaf, there is a pit, within which
the larva lives. Larve that were partially grown were found to be held in place in
the pit in the leaf by what appeared to be a larval skin. This pellicle covers the
body entirely, and is with difficulty removed from it; the edges of the pellicle adhere
quite tightly to thé leaf. Where the larva is full grown it forces itself from under
this skin, which then falls back into the cavity, or is pushed to one side, where fre-
quently it may be seen adhering to the leaf. The larva at this time drops to the
ground, into which it enters to undergo its transformation.

The larve are translucent, viscid, nearly colorless. Those in the galls are broad
oval (see pl. xxxviii, fig.3); but those which have left them are more elongated, taper-
ing almost equally towards each end. On the lateral margin of each abdominal seg-
ment there are one or more short spines, which are directed towards the caudal end
of the body; and on the dorsal surface of each abdominal segment, near each lateral
margin, there isa small tubular spiracle. There is a distinct head (see pl. xxxviii,
fig. 3a), which bears short but conspicuous antenne. The caudal end of the body
(see pl. xxxviii, fig. 3b) bears a pair of fleshy appendages, each of which is furnished
with a pair of spines similar to those on the margin of the segment, and-a large
number of triangular teeth.

The larva spins something like a cocoon a short distance below the surface of the
ground. To this cocoon the particles of sand firmly adhere so that it can be distin-
guished from the soil only with difficulty. The pupa is yellowish white, with large
black eyes. When the pupa is about to transform to an adult it emerges for about
two-thirds of its length from the cocoon. The pupa skin remains firmly attached in
this position. (See pl. xxxviii, fig. 4.)

From larve collected at Washington May 15, the adult emerged from June 14 to
June 16. I have not yet sufficient data to determine the number of generations each
year; but I believe there are several. Larvx were observed at Ithaca during the
latter part of September; they went into the ground September 26.

412 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The galls made by this insect have long been known. Osten Sacken, * froma study
of the galls and the larve whicb he saw in them, proposed the name Cecidomyia
ocellaris for the species, believing the insect to be a member of the Cecidomyide. But
the fly which I have bred proves to belong to the genus Sciara of the family Myceto-
philide.t This result is quite interesting, for the species of Sciara are usually found
‘‘among decaying leaves, in vegetable mold, in cow-dung, under the bark of dead
trees,” ete.{ One other species (Sciara tilicola) is known to produce a gall. This
species infests the leaves of young linden trees in shady, sheltered situations. The
lemon-yellow larva, capable of leaping like the cheese-maggot, lives in numbers in
the stem, generally near the origin of the last or of the two last leaves. Each of them
has a hollow of its own, and produces a swelling of the size of a pea, which it abandons
before the transformation. §

Description of adult male.—Plate xxxviii, fig. 2,2b. Head dark, eyes black, kidney-
shaped, and meeting in a point on the dorsal surface of the head. Antenne sixteen-
jointed, inserted close together; color dark brown, with the basal segment light yel-
lowish brown. Epicranium quite large and convex; dark brown; bearing three
ocelli, which are whitish and glistening. Pronotum light yellowish-brown. Meso-
scutum arched, yellowish-brown in the center and darker at the edges. Scutellum
dusky-brown. Metathorax dark brown, almost black. Abdomen, with caudal por-
tions of segments, blackish, the cephalic portions yellowish-brown. The claspers.
lighter brown. Poisers, with knob, blackish and base light brown. ‘Tibiz and tarsi
dusky brown; femora lighter; coxe still lighter. The distal end of each tibia fur-
nished with two long brownish hairy brushes. (Plate xxxviii, fig. 2a.)

53. THE COTTONY MAPLE SCALE.
Pulvinaria innumerabilis (Rathvon).
Order HEMIPTERA; family CoccID.
(Plate xxx1; figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.)

The following account of this pest is copied from Riley’s report as
U.S. Entomologist for 1884:

This seale-insect stands prominent among the species which have been especially
abundant during the past summer. Circumstances appear to have been particularly
favorable to its development, and, although it does not spread rapidly, its general
appearance this season has caused considerable alarm in many States. It was sent
to us during the spring and summer by correspondents in New York, Pennsylvania,
Maryland, Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, and Missouri. For the past.
thirty years it has attracted considerable attention as damaging shade trees, partic-
ularly the maples, in different parts of the country, occurring in extraordinary
abundance from time to time, and then almost lost sight of for several years. It is
more particularly a northern insect, and although it is often numerous in Virginia
and Missouri, we have never received it from, nor heard of its occurrence in the
extreme Southern States.

Life-history.—The round of life of this species is not strikingly different from that
of other Coccids, and is briefly as follows:

The young lice (Fig. 1, c) hatch in spring or early summer, walk about actively as
soon as born, and settle along the ribs of the leaves (very rarely on the young twigs).
They then insert their beaks and begin to pump up sap and to increase in size, a thin

* Monograph of the Diptera of North Am., Part 1, 199.

tI am indebted to Baron Osten Sacken for the generic determination of this insect.
t Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., 1, 159.

§ Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., 1, 164.

op ee

THE MAPLE SCALE. 413

layer of a waxy secretion immediately beginning to cover the dorsum. In a little
more than three weeks they have increased to double their size at birth, and undergo
their first molt, shedding the skin, it is supposed, in small fragments. After this
first molt the waxy secretion increases in abundance and a differentiation between
the sexes is observable. The males grow more slender and soon cease to increase in
size, covering themselves with a thick coating of whitish wax. The pupa then
begins to form within the larval skin, the appendages gradually taking shape, the
head separating from the thorax, the mouth-parts being replaced by a pair of ven-
tral eyes. A pair of long wax filaments is excreted from near the anus and these
continue to grow during the life of the insect. Itis the protrusion of these filaments
from beneath the waxy scale which indicates the approaching exclusion of the male.
The posterior end of the scale is in this manner raised up, and the perfect insect
backs out with its wings held close to the sides of its body.

Meanwhile the female larve have been undergoing but slight changes of form.
They grow larger and also broader across the posterior portion, but remain flat and
with but a slight indication of a dorsal carina. Just before the appearance of the
adult males, they undergo another molt and change in color from a uniform pale
yellow to a somewhat deeper yellow with deep red markings. (Fig. 3, a, b, c.)

The males (Fig. 2, ¢) make their appearance from August 1 to September 15,
issuing most abundantly about the middle of the former month, and their life is
short, seldom exceeding two or three days. They copulate with the females and
then die. The latter, soon after the disappearance of the males, gradually lose their
bright-red markings and change to a deep-brown color. They grow more convex, and
the dorsal layer of wax becomes thicker and more cracked. Before the falling of
the leaves they migrate to the twigs and there fix themselves, generally on the under
side. After feeding as long as the sap flows, they become torpid and remain in this
condition until spring.

At the opening of spring the eggs develop with great rapidity and distend the
body greatly, causing it to become convex instead of flat. The color is now yellow-
ish, marked with dark brown, and the insect now absorbs sap with great rapidity
and ejects drops of honey-dew. From the middle of May to the first of June the egg-
laying commences. The eggs are deposited at the end of the body, in anest of waxen
fibers secreted from pores situated around the anus. This nest is attached to the pos-
terior ventral portion of the body, and adheres somewhat to the twig. As the eggs
are protruded into the waxy mass the posterior portion of the body is gradually
raised up until it often reaches an angle of forty-five degrees with the bark. The
egg-laying continues until on into July, and, after one or two thousand eggs have
been deposited, the female dies. It is almost always within this period of egg-lay-
ing that the insect is noticed, on account of its large size, but more particularly from
the conspicuous white cushion at the end of its body. After the death of the female,
her beak breaks off and her bady shrivels up, but remains attached to the twig by
the cottony mass for a long time, often a year or more.

Food-plants.—The ordinary food-plantof this species of bark-louse is the soft or silver
maple (Acer dasycarpum), but previous to 1879 we had not only found it upon the
other species of maple, but also upon grape-vine, osage orange, oak, linden, elm,
hackberry, sycamore, rose, currant, and spindle tree (Zuonymus). In addition to
these plants Mr. Putnam mentions locust, sumac, wild-grape, box-elder, beech, and
willow. With regard to the specific identity of the individuals from all these differ-
ent plants there is still room for doubt, though in 1875 we successfully transferred
the species from Maclura and Vitis to Quercus. We wrote Mr. Putnam under date of
March 25, 1879: ‘‘In all essential external characters they are identical, and, until
they are shown to be different by the character and arrangement of the secretory
pores in the anal plate of the female, they must be assumed to be identical. It is
this critical comparative study which would greatly increase the value of your
work.” This study Mr. Putnam failed to make, and summed up his account simply

414 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

with the words: ‘‘I do not feel fully prepared to agree with Mr. Riley and Miss

Smith in regarding all the Pulvinarie found on these plants as identical, but there is -

enough evidence to show that this insect is capable of thriving on quite a variety of
food-plants, and in the cases where it has been directly introduced from the maple
there is no question of its identity.” We have also found what is evidently the same
species doing considerable damage to the woodbine (Ampelopsis veitchii) on our resi-
dence at Washington.

Mode of spreading.—Owing to the wingless, degraded, and inactive character of the
female and the limited capabilities of the young for extended locomotion, the problem
as to how the insect spreads from one locality to another seems at first glance rather
a difficult one. When we consider the great activity of the young lice, however,
and their propensity for fearlessly crawling upon anything which happens to be in
their immediate vicinity, the difficulty is lost sight of. We may recognize as aids in
transportation (1) the transplanting of trees from infested localities to places free
from this insect, (2) birds, (3) other insects, (4) winds, and (5) water. The first of
these methods needs no comment. The second is undoubtedly one of considerable
importance, though scarcely deserving the prominence given it by some writers. Mr.
Walsh, in his first report as State Entomologist of Illinois (p. 41), in speaking of the
oyster-shell bark-louse of the apple ( Mytilaspis pomorum), made the following state-
ment:

“In my opinion the only way in which, as a general rule, bark-lice can spread
from tree to tree, when the boughs of those trees do not interlock, is by a few of
the very young larve, when they are first hatched and are scattered over the limbs of
a tree in such prodigious numbers, crawling accidentally onto the legs of some bird
that chances to light upon that tree and afterwards flies off to another. I have long
observed that when a tree first begins to be attacked by bark-lice, it is only particu-
lar limbs and branches that are at first infected, and that these will be swarming
while the rest of the tree will be free from lice. And I have further observed that
it is the lower horizontal limbs, or branches, or such as birds, with the exception
of woodpeckers and nut-hatches, would most naturally perch on, that are first
attacked. * * * If all the birds in the world were killed off, I believe that these
bark-lice in a very few years would cease to exist.”

This is an extreme view, and we have already shown (First Missouri Ent. Report,
p- 15) how little the agency of birds is to be compared with that of insects. In the
case of the species under consideration, the copious secretion of honey-dew attracts
many honey-loving insects, such as bees, wasps, and flies, and these without doubt carry
many of the restless young larve from tree to tree. Even the natural enemies of the
bark-lice assist in this transportation, and Mr. Hubbard states (American Naturalist,
May, 1882, vol. xvi, p. 412) that the Coccinellid beetles Hyperaspidius coccidivorus,
Chilocorus bivulnerus, and others, while feeding upon the young larve of orange scale-
insects, carry many of them from one tree to another attached to their backs and
legs.

Mr. Hubbard has more recently come to the conclusion that spiders are very im-
portant agents in the distribution of scale-insects, in fact, the most important of all
agents, and as his remarks apply quite well to the insect and the topie under consid-
eration, we quote from a letter published in Bulletin No. 2 of this Division, pp.
30-31:

“‘T have reached the conclusion that spiders play a much more important role in
assisting the spread of scale-insects than any other insects. From the beginning of
my observatious I have noticed that leaves which spiders had folded or webbed
together for their nests or lairs almost always proved infested with scale, if infested
trees were found in the neighborhood. ThisI was at first inclined to attribute solely
to the protection from enemies and parasites afforded by the web and presence of the
spider. No doubt, where the source of infection is near at hand, this may give a
sufficient explanation of the observed facts. Lately, however, I have been examin-

ae em i

nee

THE MAPLE SCALE. 415

- ing with great care alot of one and two year old trees which I set out myself last

March. The stock from which these trees were taken was to my certain knowledge
almost absolutely free from scale-insects. At the time of setting, the weather was
excessively dry and unfavorable; in consequence of which the trees, 600 in number,
were badly checked, and to a great extent lost their tops and nearly all their leaves,
so that the present growth is all new, produced during the past summer. Notwith-
standing, I find, to my surprise, scale-insects beginning to appear on a large propor

tion of the plants. Upon some of them the insects have begun to spread over the
branches, and the exact spot where the trouble began is no longer ascertainable. In
a strikingly large number of instances I find two or more leaves bound together with
silk and occupied by a spidsr, and the inner surfaces of these leaves completely coated
with scale-insects, when not a trace of the insect can be found elsewhere upon the
tree. Furthermore, this lot of trees occupies a position west and north of the re-
mainder of the grove, in the path of the prevailing [S. E.] winds. The adjoining
rows of older trees, on the southeast, are many of them quite badly infested with,
for the most part, chaff-scale (Parlatoria pergandii), there being usually a relatively
small number of long-scale (Mytilaspis gloverii) mixed with the other species. As is
often the case, the proportions of this mixture of species remain quite constant
throughout the infested part of the grove. Now, I find in the newly-infested young
grove these two scales mixed in about the same proportions, so that no doubt exists
in my mind as to the source of their infection. As to the manner in which it has
been accomplished, I submit that if, as many persons think, the young lice are trans-
ported bodily by the winds, we would have had a very ditferent distribution from that
which exists upon the older trees. The larger and heavier young of the chaff-scale
would have been carried to a less distance and in smaller numbers than the long
scale. (There have been no unusual storms or very high winds during the past sum-
mer.) Again, in a chance distribution by the wind I can see no reason for any evi-
dent connection with spider-web shelters such as I have mentioned. Individual
scale-larve do not, so far as I have observed, wander far in search of such protec-
tion, and do not need it until the colony becomes sufficiently numerous to attract
enemies and parasites. The part played by winds is evidently a secondary one, inas-
much as neatly all the web-inhabiting spiders make use of the wind to carry them-
selves and their bridges of web from tree to tree, and the spiders transport as passen-
gers upon their bodies the migrating larvx of the scale insect.”

The agency of winds is, as just stated, a secondary one of great importance in
transporting spiders, and is of primary value in the carrying of infested leaves and
twigs to greater or less distances. That the young lice are blown bodily from one
tree to another by heavy winds, as formerly supposed, has been disproven by the
experiments of Mr. Hubbard, who has shown that they will cling tenaciously to a
twig or leaf under a heavy blast from a bellows or from the mouth.

Natural enemies.—The cottony maple scale is subject to the attacks of very much
the same natural enemies as other scale-insects. A number of predaceous beetles
feed upon the eggs and young larve. We have observed the common. lady-bird,
Chilocorus bivulnerus, engaged in this work, and also the Coccinellids Hyperaspis sig-
nata and H. bigeminata. In addition to these Putnam mentions Anatis 15-punctata,
“the larva of a species of Ch ysopa,” and ‘‘ the larve of two species of Reduviide.”

The interesting lepidopterous insect Dakruma coccidivora Comstock, was originally
bred from this bark-louse. Its larvw construct tubular passages ot silk and wax
from one Pulvinaria to another on a thickly infested branch, and eat both the eggs
and the waxy filaments which surround them. This insect and its curious habits
were described at length by Professor Comstock in the annual report of this Depart-
ment for 1879, pp. 241-243. It has been found preying upon Pulvinaria only in the
vicinity of Washington, but in Florida destroys both a large Lecanium on magnolia,

416 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION. -

a Coccid allied to Dactylopius and the common ‘ Turtle-back scale” (Lecanium hes-
peridum).

During the past season, Miss Murtfeldt has noticed a harvest mite in great numbers
feeding upon the eggs of this species at Kirkwood, Mo. From specimens sent to the
Department, this mite seems to belong to the genus Hupodes, and is allied to the
European £. hiemalis. It is very minute and pale reddish-yellow in color. The body
is divided into four distinct segments, two of which belong properly to the abdomen,
the last one being the largest, the first the smallest, and the other two about equal
in length. The division between the last two segments is a distinct, whitish, trans-
verse line, while the others are indicated by slight lateral indentations and subdorsal
- impressions reaching to the lateral margin, of the same pale color. This is probably
the same mite noticed by Miss Smith, and mentioned in her report previously cited.

Two true parasites are known to infest this scale. The first of these, Coccophagus
lecanii (Fitch), is very common, and ordinarily infests the scales in great numbers.
The adult insect is a minute, black, four winged fly, marked with a crescent-shaped
yellow patch in the middle of the body above. According to Putnam there are two
broods of this parasite each season, the adults appearing in May and August. The
infested lice become more or less inflated, finally turning black and becoming rigid.
The females are most commonly infested, though Putnam states that he has bred the
parasite from the male scale.

The second parasite was bred by Mr. Putnam after the publication of his article,
ana was described by Mr. Howard in his paper on the parasites of Coccids (Ann.
Rept. Dept. of Agr., 1880, p. 365) as Aphycus pulvinariw. This species seems to be rare
and has not been bred since. It is minute, dull-yellow in color, with a dusky abds-
men and with antenne variegated with brown and white.

Remedies.—The principal remedies which have been proposed in the past are,
briefly, heading in the tree, 7. e., cutting off the branches, and drenching with a solu-
tion of whale-oil soap or a1 per cent. solution of carbolic acid. During the past
season, however, we have recommended nothing but the kerosene emulsions treated
of in a previous article, and these will undoubtedly give better satisfaction than
anything else that can be used. The best time for spraying the trees will be while
the young are hatching, late in May or early in June, and the apparatus described
in the article on the cottonwood beetle can be used to the same advantage here.

In Professor Forbes’s third report much space is devoted to this pest,
which began in 1884 to appear again in noticeable numbers. In
destroying the insect the use of whale-oil soap was less satisfactory
than that of the kerosene emulsion, ‘‘an application of the suds,
strong enough to effect the purpose, being very likely to injure the
leaves at least as much as the bark-lice would have done.” The most
useful remedy was found to bea kerosene emulsion diluted with soap-
suds to.a strength of from 24 to 5 per cent. and not injuring the
leaves.

Miss Murtfeldt reports (Bull. 13, Div. Ent., 1887) as follows concern-
ing the ravages of this insect in Illinois:

This insect has not been troublesome in this part of Missouri since 1884; but in
‘and around Rockford, Ill., I learned that it had been so abundant on the soft maples
for three successive seasons as to kill many young trees outright and greatly injure
the older ones. I was told that the side-walks shaded by these trees became so
defiled and slippery from the exudations of the scale insect that it was difficult and
unpleasant to walk on them. The citizens had consequently conceived a prejudice

against the soft maple, and many were being cut down or dug up and replaced by
other trees.

1

——- «=

MAPLE APHIDES. 417

54. Psylla annulata Fitch.
55. Siphonophora acerifolie Thomas.

This plant-louse occurs on the soft maple (Acer dasycarpum) in Iowa,
Dlinois, and Missouri.

56. Pemphigus acerifolii Riley.

Living in abundant and long cottony excretion, on the under side of the leaves of
Acer dasycarpum, causing them to curl, and exuding an abundance of thick and very
glutinous ‘‘honey-dew.”

Winged female: Alar expanse 10™™, Head and thorax bluish-black. Abdomen
black, covered with long cottony threads. Antenne reaching the wing-insertions;
annulations not conspicuous; joints 3, 4, 5, and 6 somewhat contracted at base and
apex; apical unguis not perceptible; joints 5 and 6 subequal; 4 distinctly clavate;
3 as long as the two preceding together. Wings subhyaline, of a whitish tinge; sub-
costal vein and the inner margin of the stigma black; oblique veins whitish ; stigma
short and broad, not angled at the base of the stigmal vein, which starts from a little
behind its middle, and is comparatively straight, thereby making the apical cell
rather narrow. Terminal distances between the veins subequal, that between second.
discoidal and cubital somewhat greatest; basal one-third of the cubitus hyaline, but
not abortive, as it can usually be traced to its base, which is very close to that of the
second discoidal ; bases of the two discoidals either approximate or quite contiguous;
discoidals of the hind wings proceeding connectedly from the subcostal vein. Larva
with five-jointed antenne, and the promuscis extending beyond tip of abdomen.
(Riley.) :

57. Pemphigus aceris Monell.

Occurred on the under side of limbs of the sugar maple, enveloped in
woolly matter, Peoria, Ill., June. A comparison of about fifty speci-
mens each of P. aceris and P. acerifoliit shows that the antennal differ-
ences between the two are quite constant.

Winged female.—Head and thorax dusky, abdomen dusky, but appearing white
from the abundant pulverulent matter. Antenne long, slender, the apex of the
fourth joint reaching the insertion of the wings; the joints subcylindrical, scarcely
contracted at base, apical claw not perceptible; fourth and fifth joints subequal,
fourth joint not clavate, third joint less than the two preceding taken together.
Wings subhyaline, subcostal and oblique veins brownish black. Stigmal vein arising
behind the middle of the stigma. Venation closely resembling that of P. acerifolii,
except that the base of the first discoidal is usually more remote from that of the
second discoidal. Length 0.12 to 0.15; expanse of wings 0.20 to 0.22 inch. (Monell.)

.

58. THE GLOOMY SCALE.
Aspidiotus tenebricosus Comstock.

This species has been observed by Professor Comstock on the bark
of the trunk and limbs of red or swamp maple (Acer rubrum) at Wash-
ington, D. C.

Scale of female.—The scale of the female is very dark gray, agreeing in color with
the bark to which it is attached; the protuberance indicating the position of the
exuvie is marked with a white dot and concentric ring; in rubbed specimens this
protuberance is smooth and black, in all cases the remainder of the surface of the
scale is rough. The scale is very convex; the exuviz are usually between the center

’ 5D ENT 27

418 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

and one side. The ventral scale is well developed, especially at the margin, where
it is much thickened and is dark colored; the central part’ is white and adheres
to the bark, while the thickened margin is easily removed as a ring. Diameter of
scale, 1.5™™ (,06 inch),

Female.—The female is nearly circular, being but slightly longer than broad, and
is of a yellowish-brown color. The segmentation of the body is not very ainpinee:
The last segments present the following characters:

Although forty-three specimens were carefully examined, no groups of spinnerets
were found.

There are three pairs of well-developed lobes. The median lobes are rounded pos-
teriorly, or often with a slight notch on the lateral margin, and taper to a point
anteriorly ; the second lobe of each side is somewhat triangular in outline, with the
lateral edge serrate; the third lobe is larger than either the first or second rie!
triangular in eating and serrate on lateral margin.

The posterior third of the lateral margin of the segment appears to Es of the same
structure as the lobes, and has five triangular serrate lobes; the posterior one of
these is the largest, and is larger than either of the true lobes.

There are seven club-shaped thickenings of the body wall upon each side of the
meson, which are arranged as follows: One terminating near the lateral margin of
the first lobe; this extends anteriorly but a short distance beyond the lobe. One
appearing to be a prolongation of the mesal margin of the second lobe; this extends
anteriorly to a point laterad with the anus. One terminating between the second
and third lobes; this is linear, inconspicuous, and sometimes obsolete. One termi-
nating at the base of the plates between the second and third lobes, and also one
terminating at the base of the plates between the third lobe and the thickened
lateral margin; these two are the largest, and extend anteriorly the farthest of all
the thickenings, one terminating at the mesal margin of the third lobe, and one at
the mesal end of the thickened lateral margin of the segment.

The plates between the median lobes and between the first and second lobes of
each side are verysmall and often obsolete; there are two small irregularly branched
plates between the second spine and the third lobe, and also two similar plates
between the third spine and the mesal end of the thickened lateral margin.

There are five pairs of spines on the ventral surface of the segment, and six on the

dorsal. Those at the base of the median lobes are very small, the others are con--

spicuous. Thesecond and third spines of each surface are situated just laterad of the
second and third lobes respectively; in each case the dorsal spine is slightly mesad
of that on the ventral surface. The fourth spine of the ventral surface is on the
penultimate lobe of the thickened lateral margin. The fifth spine of this surface is
near the anterior end of the thickened part of that margin. The fourth and fifth
spines of the dorsal surface are in each case mesad of the corresponding spines of the
ventral surface. There is also a spine on the dorsal side, very near the penultimate
segment.

Scale of male.--The scale of the male is oval in outline, and of the same color as
that of the female; the protuberance covering the larval skin is near the anteriorend.
The ventral scale is similar to that of the female, except that the margin is not so
much thickened.

Male.—Only dead and shriveled males have been observed. Described from forty-
three females and many scales of each sex. (Comstock Agr. Rpt., 1880.)

59. Pseudococcus aceris (Geoffrey).

This species, stated by Signoret, according to Comstock, to be one of
the most common in France, would seem to be comparatively rare in the
United States. “It has been collected by Miss Emily Smith on maple
(Acer saccharinum) at Peoria, Ill., and forms the subject of quite an ex-

MAPLE BUGS. 419

tensive article by her in the North American Entomologist, vol. 1, p.
73 (April, 1880). She also notes its occurrence at Lancaster, Pa.,
where it has been collected by Dr. Rathvon. The following description
of the species is compiled from Signoret and Miss Smith :”

Adult female.—Color, bright yellow (Smith), reddish yellow (Signoret). Length
from 4™™ to 5™™, Shape, rounded oval, as large behind as in front. The dorsal in- ©
tegument is smooth, with the divisions into segments obscure; it is filled with spin-
nerets in the fori of pores, and is also furnished with many deli¢ate hairs, especially
numerous upon the median part of each segment and at the extremity of the abdomen.
The antenne are long and delicate, 9-jointed, second and third longest, the others
diminishing in size and length except joint 9, which is longer than the preceding
joint and acuminate at tip. The under lip is long, acuminate at tip, which is fur-
nished with many hairs. The tibiw are nearly three times as long as the tarsi. The
tarsal claws are rather short and toothed on their inner side, sometimes truncate at
tip; there are only two digitules, those of the claw, the others being only simple
hairs. The anal genital ring is large, punctated, and supports six quite long hairs.

The egg is light yellow in color when first deposited, later becoming yellow brown.
Dimensions given by Miss Smith, 5™™ to 6™™ long, and 3™™ to 4™™ wide; probably
0.5™™ to 0.6™™ by 0.3™™ to 0.4mm,

The young larva.—Color, reddish yellow; shape, elongated oval, narrow behind.
Antenne 6-jointed, joint 6 as long as the three preceding joints together. The lower
lip is 2-jointed. The body is surrounded by a series of spines and upon the disk of
each segment is a series of eight tubercular spinnerets, with which alternate short
hairs; in front of the head between the eyes are several longer hairs; the anal ring
with six hairs; the lateral lobes large, each with one very long hair and several
shorter ones. The tarsi a third longer than the tibiz.

The male larva is red and has 7-jointed antennez.

The male.—Color, red; antennx, 10-jointed; joint 1 short and stout; joint 2 twice
as long as 1; joint 3 three times as long as 1; joints 4 to 10 similar in size and form,
decreasing slightly in length. Legs hairy; tarsi one-half as long as tibiw. Anal
filaments longer than all the rest of the insect. (Comstock Agr. Rept., 1880.)

60. Lugus invitus Say.

Order HEMIPTERA; family CaPsID&.

The following account of this bug is copied from Professor Forbes’s
Third Report on the Injurious Insects of Illinois :

Brief mention may properly here be made of a species whose injuries to vegetation
have not hitherto been serious, as far as known, but which deserves attention as the
near relative of one of the most injurious horticultural species (the tarnished plant
bug), and also because, from its own abundance and habits, it may well become the
author of serious mischief.

Although not agreeing precisely with any descriptions of Capsida accessible to me,
T have little doubt, after careful study of about forty specimens collected in June,
that the species is that described by Say as Capsus invitus. It differs materially from
Say’s original descriptions, but corresponds closely in most particulars with the de-
scription of a type specimen of Say’s, published by Uhler in his notes on the Heter-
optera in the collection of Dr. Harris,* varying from that only in some color charac-
ters of little moment in so variable a genus.

The following description is condensed from that of Uhler, modified with respect
to color to conform to our own specimens.

General color pale obscure yellow, varying to yellowish green. Antenne and

_ * Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. xix, p. 407.

420 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

transverse carina at base of head very slender, the former nearly as long as the heme-
lytra. Surface of head polished, impunctured, clothed with short hairs. Tylus slen-
der, short. Eyes large, prominent. Pronotum smooth, very convex, sparingly hairy,
finely, densely, and mostly confluently punctured, the punctures forming obscure
transverse rugosities. The head and forepart of the thorax are slightly darker yel-
low, the antenn are sometimes pale throughout, sometimes embrowned at tip and
also at tip of second joint. A broad band on the pronotum, a little within the mar-
gin, extends backwards along the inner edge of the calvus, is continued as a dusky
shade through the middle of the membrane, deepest along the inner edge of the inner
cell, and extends distally into an indefinite dusky shade. This line is intersected at
the tip of the corium by a transverse band of the same color, extending to the edge
of the hemelytra. When the wings are closed, these marks give the appearance of a
median black stripe crossed at the tip of the corium by a black band, and forking at
the scutellum. In the darker colored specimens the pronotal bands are frequently
connected by a basal shade. The posterior half of the larger cell of the membrane
is usually white. In many yellowish specimens the cuneus alone is green. The pos-
terior thighs are commonly infuscate on the distal half, and the anterior tibia are
often brown at tip. Length to tip of hemelytra6™™. Humeral breadth 1.66™™.

On the 12th May the younger leaves of many of the common soft maples (Acer dasy-
carpum) near Normal were observed to be curled and specked with numerous Semi-
transparent spots, evidently the work of the larve of this Capsid, found abundantly
upon the affected leaves. On the 30th May specimens collected were all of the sec-
ond and third stages. On the first of Jane, the first imagos were seen in the breed-
ing cages and on the trees. By the 5th of that month nearly all the specimens col-
lected had transformed to the imago, and the experiment was not carried further.

61. Poecilocapsus goniphorus (Say).
A brilliant scarlet red bug found on different trees, including the maple.
62. Lygus monachus Ubler.

The following account by Miss Murtfeldt of this bug appeared in her
report as special agent of the Division of Entomology (Bulletin
Nass):

This bug came under my notice for the first time late in the spring of 1882, infest-
ing the growing points of young soft maples (Acer dasycarpum). Most of the insects
were at that time mature, but two or three pup were found, enough to indicate that
the leaves of the maple had been their breeding place. A few specimens were taken,
but as the insect was not present in sufficient numbers to give it importance as an
injurious species, not much attention was paid to it. During several succeeding
springs I occasionally came across a mature specimen—which, from its exceeding
agility, both in running and flying, generally evaded capture—but it was not until
the present season that the maples were infested to such an extent as to injure and
disfigure them.

Just as the leaves were beginning to put forth, close observation revealed the fact
that they were all more or less stippled with transparent spots, some mere dots,
others a tenth of an inch or more in diameter. As the leaves expanded the delicate
cuticle of the upper surface would give way and they presented the appearance of
being perforated with holes and much torn and tattered along the margin, marring
their beauty for the entire season. If, about the Ist of May, the leaves were care-
fully examined, there would be found on the under surface of each from two or three
toa dozen or more very delicate bugs of a very pale translucent-green color, the
embryo wing-pads being almost white. They were further characterized by very long
and slender legs, beak, and antenne, body flat and broad oval in outline ; head small,

ee SU

MAPLE BUGS. 421

eyes relatively large, oblong, and bright red-brown in color. The larve varied in
size from one-twentieth to one-eighth inch in length, and so far as I could discover
there were but two larval molts. Scattered about over the leaves were small, round,
translucent green eggs rather larger than a Portulaca seed. The pupal form was
precisely like the larval, except in point of size and relative development of the
wing-pads. When the under side of the leaf was turned up for examination the
bugs, large and small, would dart on their hair-like legs to the reversed surface,
moving with the greatest rapidity and sometimes dropping to the ground in their
evident desire to escape observation. The final transformation occurred about the
middle of May, after which the companies dispersed. The species is a pretty one,
although, from the glassy texture of the entire hemelytra and the general delicacy of
coloring, it always has a somewhat immature appearance.

This bug happily lacks the disagreeable odor so common to the species of this
suborder and which pertains even to most of its closest allies.

Absence from Kirkwood after the middle of May somewhat interrupted my obser-
vations on this insect. On my return, early in June, only a few of the mature bugs
remained among the curled and torn leaves on which they had developed. Occa-
sionaily throughout the summer a specimen would, be met with, as often on the foliage
of any other tree as on maple, but there was no second brood. This species, unlike
Capsus oblineatus, is never to my knowledge found on flowers. It probably secretes
itself early in the season, and becomes dormant until the following spring.

The only remedial applications experimented with were Pyrethrum powder and air-
slacked lime, both of which were measurably effective, judging by the small scale
on which they were tried.

Mr. P. R. Uhler gives the following description of this insect:

Lygus monachus n. sp.—Long-oval, pale green or testaceous, coarsely punctate
above, sericeous pubescent. Face convex, highly polished, bald; base of vertex with
a longitudinal impressed line, towards which a similar line runs obliquely each side
from the inner corner of the eyes; antennz sparsely and minutely pubescent, basal
joint thickest, a little longer than the head, tapering at base, second joint thrice as
long as the basal, infuscated and a little enlarged towards the tip, third and fourth
setaceous, together not as long as the second. Pronotum highly polished, convex,
coarsely punctate in transverse wavy lines, each side with a dark brown vitta or
long spot; lateral margin smooth, callous at base, the humeral angles subacute, cal-
losities prominent, convex, almost confluent on the middle; lateral flap of pronotum
irregularly punctate. Pectoral pieces pale, impunctate. Legs pale green, feebly
pubescent ; apex of posterior femur usually with one or two fuscous bands, tip of
tarsi and the nails black. Scutellum moderately convex, excavated at base, trans-
versely obsolete-punctate, more or less infuscated. Corium coarsely, transversely
rostrate-punctate, the clavers more or less infuscated, sometimes with all but the
margins covered with dark brown; corium usually with a transverse, dark-brown
arc next the posterior border ; cuneus long and wide, the incised base fuscous, and the
inner margin brown; membrane pale testaceous, with two or more dark clouded spots,
the inner submargin of the principal areole, a spot at its tip, and the base next the
cuneus all more or less fuscous. Venter pale greenish. Length of body, female,
5™™; to tip of wing-covers, 7™™; width of pronotum 2™™,

Male.—Length of body,4™™; to tip of wing-covers, 54™™; width of pronotum,
1gmm,

This has proved to be a very common insect in various localities.

Mr. Cassino collected numerous specimens around Peabody, Mass. Mr. Bolter
sent to me a pair from Illinois and Missouri, and I have taken it from alders, maples,
and many other kinds of small trees and shrubs on Cape Ann, Massachusetts, also
near the base of the White Mountains, and in New Hampshire, and near Quebee,
Canada.

Mr. Forbes has also furwarded to me specimens from near Normal, III.

422 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

It resembles Lygus invitus Say, and presents several of the color varieties common
to that species, but it is a much larger insect, of a longer figure, and has a more flat-
tened upper surface,

63. Aleurodes aceris Forbes.
Order HEMIPTERA; family ALEURODIDA.

The following account of this interesting insect is copied from Pro-
fessor Forbes (Third Report Insects of Illinois) :

Pupa.—I have noticed, for several years, a peculiar bark louse upon the leaves of
the maple, but have not bred it until the present year. The fully developed pupal
seale is oval in general outline, somewhat lyrate, broadest posteriorly, contracted in
front of the middle. Margins entire, surface densely granulated. The color is choc-
olate, mottled with white, the white varying in amount and tending to form three
transverse bands. The central segmented area is usually irregularly mottled with
white, and a quadrate patch, including the vent, is almost always brown; but other-
wise the color may vary from nearly uniform brown to almost white. Outline some-
times slightly emarginate posteriorly. Length, .095 of an inch; greatest width,
.045; width at anterior fourth, .036.

Imago.—Pale yellow throughout; legs and abdomen paler; wings milky white;
rostrum black at the extreme tip; veins yellowish; first joint of the antenne
scarcely longer than wide, the remaining joints filiform, the second nearly as long as
the four following and about four times as long as the first, the fourth longer than
the third, the third and fifth about equal, the sixth fusiform.

At Tamaroa, in southern Illinois, soft maple trees were found badly infested by
this bark louse, but elsewhere it has occurred in only trivial numbers. There are
apparently two broods of this species in a year, scales collected in August, 1883,
emerging April 10 to 24, 1884, and others, collected during the present summer,
emerging August 4. From these larve several hymenopterous parasites belonging
to the genus EHlaptus escaped September 6, the species of which is apparently new.*

64. Phytoptus quadripes Shimer.

Class ARACHNIDA; order ACARINA.

Mr. H. Garman gives the following account of this mite, which is
teken from his article in For bes’ First Report on the Injurious Insects
of Llinois:

This mite produces galls on the leaves of the soft maple, deer dasycarpum Ehrh.

This is the Phytoptus upon which Dr. Henry Shimer founded his genus Vasates.
It is a coarsely striate species, the striae numbering from 37 to 42. The length is
about .008inch. The tarsal claw is slightly curved and ends in an evident knob,
The feather-like appendage has four pairs of prongs. The color varies from pale yel-
lowish to light orange. Sexually mature females, the young, and eggs occur in the
galls in June.

» * Elaptus iileur ods ‘Pores! Female: Lengel .03 iholis that of the head, .005 inch ;
front wings, .032 inch long and .001 inch wide; posterior wings, .0032 inch wide at
the widest point; antenne as long as the head and whole body; scape stout, arcuate,
rising to the top of the head, about as long as the three following joints, nearly
smooth, as is also the second joint; remaining joints densely pilose; the club not
jointed, as long as the three joints preceding; first joint obconic, second about the
same length, but narrower. Color black, surface shining, abdomen alutaceous, head
and thorax punctured, antenne yellow, legs entirely yellow, femora and tibix of the
middle and posterior legs black, their tarsi yellow. Described from three specimens
bred from Aleurodes aceris. (Forbes.)

_—— oo

THE MAPLE GALL-MITE. 423

The galls appear with the unfolding of the leaves in spring as slight swellings of
the parenchyma, and as the leaf reaches its perfect size they expand usually into
top-shaped galls, arising from the upper side of the leaf. The form varies to some
extent, some of the galls being discoid or more or less spherical, while occasionally
two galls have a common neck and opening. At first the color of the galls is like
that of the unfolding leaf, dull purple or green; later it assumes the light green
color of the veins and veinlets; and still later changes, in many cases, to purplish.
Towards the end of summer it dries up and becomes
black. The outer surface is smooth, but the walls
are broadly and irregularly impressed, making a very
uneven outline. On the under side of the leaf the
position of the galls is usually indicated. by an im-
pression with a tuft of white hairs in the center,
which tuft covers the opening into the gall. Occa-
sionally the opening and tuft are borne upon a slight
elevation. The height of one of the largest galls,
measured from the upper side of the leaf, was .19 inch;
the diameter was .13inch. The galls are attached at
the sides of the veins, and are so numerous on some

2 Brow
SoS
is

3
fe

Fie. 155.—Phytoptus quadripes Shimer.

Fic. 154.—Leaf of the soft maple (Acer dasycarpum), show- Side view showing the eggs within
ing the galls produced by Phytoptus quadripes.—H. Gar- the body. From a paaet lucida
man del. sketch.—H. Garman del.

leaves as to cover the entire upper surface. I have seen trees on which there were
very few ungalled leaves, and most of them had curled up and were of a greenish-
yellow hue. Three hundred and ten galls were counted on one leaf. Dr. Shimer
says thousands occur on some leaves.

Scores of specimens of the Phytoptus which produces galls on the leaves of our soft
maple may be secured in June, in which the eggs with nuclei and nucleoli may be
seen with perfect distinctness.

424 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.
65. Phytoptus acericola Garman.

This mite produces galls on the leaves of the sugar maple, Acer sac-
charinum Wang.

In five examples of this mite the striz# were counted, and in three of
them numbered 30, and in the other two 28 and 29, respectively. The
prongs of the feather-like appendage seem to be three. The length is
about .0075 inch. This form was found in June both among knobbed
hairs and in galls on the sugar maple, but there appeared to be only
one species represented.

The gall is very slender, tapers to both extremities, and bears a
strong resemblance in general form to the nail galls described by Prof.
C. V. Riley from the leaves of Ampelopsis. The walls are uniformly
thin, and present no internal roughness. The height is about .19 inch,
and the diameter .045 inch. Phytopti were abundant in these galls
collected at Bloomington, Ill., June 22, 1881. (Forbes’ Third Report.)

The following insects also occur more or less constantly on the maple:

: Order COLEOPTERA.*

66. Dicerca divaricata Say. Observed by Mr. F. B. Caulfield apparently
ovipositing on a dead maple, June 12. (Can. Ent., xviii, p. 196.)

67. Chrysobothris femorata Lec.

68. Molorchus binaculatus Say. Bred from a small twig of a young
wild maple. (Chittenden in letter.)

69. Xylotrechus colonus Fabr. (See Oak Insects, p. 77.) Found by Mr.
G. Hunt under the bark of an old sugar maple in northern New
York.

70. Saperda tridentata Oliv. Pups found in a maple trunk. (W. H.
Harrington, Rep. Ent. Soc. Ontario for 1883, p. 35.)

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

71. Edema. albifrons (Abbot and Smith) Larva common on the maple
at London, Canada.

72. Heterocampa unicolor Pack.

73. Heterocampa guttivitta Walk. Brunswick, Me.

74. Callosomia promethea (Drury).

75. Schizura ipomece Doubld.

76. Nadata gibbosa (Abbot and Smith) Lintner. (Contr., iii, p. 150.)
Reed. (Rep. Ent. Soc. Ontario, 1883, 16.)

77. Limacodes scapha Harris. (S. Lowell Elliot, MS. notes.)

78. Empretia stimulea Clemens. Soft maple, St. Louis. Miss Murtfeldt.
(Bull. 13, Div. Ent., p. 62.)

*The following occur in decayed maple wood and stumps: Alaus oculatus Linn.,
(Devereaux, MS. notes); Osmoderma scabra Beauvois (Devereaux, MS. notes);
Pyrochroa flabellata Fabr., Pyrochroa femoralis Lec.

92.

100.

101.

MAPLE INSECTS. 425

. Eacles imperiatis (Drury). Thomas. (Ill. Rep.)

. Hyphantria textor Harris.

. Thyridopteryx ephemereformis (Haw.) Riley’s MS. notes.

. Gastropacha americana Harris. _Lintner (Ent. Contr., iii, p. 154).
. Apatela luteicorna G. & R. :
. Charadra propinguilinea Grote. Sup., p. 167.

Agrotis C-nigrum (Linn). Thomas. (Ill. Rep.)

. Ennomos alniaria (Linn). Larva abundant on the maple. C. E.

Worthington. (Can. Ent., x, p. 16.) See Birch Insects.

. Endropia armataria H. Sch. Dimmock. (See Birch Insects.)
. Boarmia crepuscularia Fr. (See under Locust and Birch Insects, p.

371.)

. Nematocampa filamentariaGuen. Lintner. (Ent. Contr., iii, p. 165 ;

Forbes’ Second Rep.)

. Lophoderus velutinana Walk. Miss Murtfeldt in Fernald’s Catalogue

of Tortricide, p. 76.

. Lophoderus triferanus (Walk.). (See p. 195.)

Cenopis reticulatana (Clem.). Miss Murtfeldt in Fernald’s Catalogue
of Tortricide, p. 20.

. Platynota flavidana Clem. Miss Murtfeldt in Fernald’s Catalogue

of Tortricidae, p. 22.

. Cacecia argyrospila Walk. (See p. 192.)
. Gracilaria acerifoliella Chambers. The larva curls the edge of the

leaf of Acer glabrum, mountain bush maple, downward.
Colorado.

. Gracilaria packardella Chamb. Larva rolls the leaf downward into

a conical figure.

. Lithocolletis clemensella Chamb. Under surface of leaves.

Order HEMIPTERA.

. Peciloptera pruinosa Say. (See p. 281.)
. Aphis aceris Linn. Occurs on Acer pennsylvanica (Fitch).

Lecanium acericola Walsh and Bley .(Amer. Ent., i, p. 14.) Also
on box elder (Thomas).

Lecanium acericorticis Fitch. On silver maple, Washington, D. C.
(Glover, Agr. Rep., p. 1876. See Thomas, vii, p. 120; American
Naturalist, xii, pp. 655, 808.)

Order DIPTERA.

. Cecidomyia aceris Shimer. On Acer dasycarpum. (Trans. Amer.

Ent. Soc., i, p. 281.)

CuapTer VI.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE COTTONWOOD.
Populus monilifera.
AFFECTING THE ROOTS.
1, THE COTTONWOOD ROOT BORER.
Plectrodera sealator Fabr.

The following correspondence regarding this borer appeared in a
newspaper :

Herewith is an entomological specimen found at the foot of the cottonwoods about
my house, and the larve are boring the trees. What can I do to prevent their kill-
ing my trees?—J. R., Manhattan, Kans.

The large and beautiful black and white long-horned beetle which you send is the
Plectrodera scalator Fabr. Its larva has long been known to bore in the roots of
willows, and as most insects that attack the willow also attack the cottonwood, it is
natural that this species should form no exception. I can give no remedy from
experience, and can only recommend the same preventive and remedial measures
that are used against the round-headed grub. (C. V. Riley.)

AFFECTING THE TRUNK AND BRANCHES.
2. THE POPLAR BORER.

Saperda calcarata Say.

Order COLEOPTERA ; family CERAMBYCIDZ.

In the Western States, including Colorado, it causes wide-spread
injury and destruction to the cottonwood trees. (Riley. See the pop-
lar borer, p. 435.)

3. Hyperplatys aspersus Say.

Boring in the dry twigs at Columbus, Tex.; the perfect insect is to
be found throughout spring and summer, according to Schwarz.
(Riley.)

4. Oberea schaumii Leconte.

The larva burrowing in the twigs makes a very smooth cylindrical
burrow, the perfect insect appearing in the middle of June at St. Louis,
Mo. (Riley.) :
5. Oberea mandarina Fabr.

The larva bores in the thin twigs at St. Louis, Mo., the imago issuing
in the middle of April. (Riley.)

126

— oe

% "a

a

THE COTTONWOOD LEAF-BEETLE. 4279

6. Dorytomus mucidus Say.

This insect is found running on and flying about cottonwood trees
early in April and again in August. In October it is found under
dead bark of trees in winter quarters. Common. Illinois. (A. 8S.
McBride. Can. Ent., xii, p. 106.)

7. Eros coccinatus Say.

Found in April in Illinois in the cottonwood, under logs in the woods.
(McBride, loc. cit.)

8. Wallastonia quercicola (Boheman).

This was taken by Mr. W. Knaus from “ cottonwood logs in a some-
what advanced state of decay.”

The beetle appears in Kansas in June and July. ‘The present
season I took about a dozen specimens from logs that had been used in
a stable for the past seventeen years; a number were taken from the
larval burrows, and numbers of small white fleshy larve were also
observed in the same pieces of timber; these larve, I feel confident,
were those of W. quercicola, but as I found no pup and did not con-
tinue my observations on their transformation, I can not speak with
absolute certainty.” He was strengthened in the conviction that the
arve of this weevil are wood-eating by the fact that it has a close
structural relation to the Scolytide. (Bulletin Brooklyn Ent. Soc., vii,
p. 150.)

9. Mecas inornata (Say).

Mr. Walsh has described the excresence made by this borer in the
saplings of the cottonwood and willow in Illinois.

A rather sudden swelling on such of the main stems as are .50 to 1.25 inch in diame-
ter, cracking open in two or three deep, irregular scabrous, brown, more or less trans-
verse, gaping, thick-lipped fissures. This is the appearance presented as early as
August and until the following spring; but July 19 nothing is seen but a smooth,
elongate swelling of the stem, pithy inside, and without
any cracks or roughness outside, and undistinguishable
externally from the tenthredinidous gall, S. nodus n. sp.,
in the form in which it occurs on the same willow later in
the season. Very probably, however, as with many if not
all Saperdea, the larva is at least two seasons in arriving at
maturity, and the normal appearance of the pseudo-gall is
not assumed until the following season. The insect does
not make its way out in spring through the deep cracks of
this pseudo-gall, but each bores a hole for himself in the
manner usual in this family. The gall on the cottonwood
is absolutely identical with the willow-gall, and was recog- |

ne 4

nized by myself as such at the first glance. It was found
exclusively on young saplings. In both cases it was per-
fectly healthy plants that were attacked. Although this Ny
pseudo-gall weakens mechanically the stem upon which it Fie = fe are Pee
grows, and to such an extent that it occasionally causes : * smith rat ;
the stem to break in two with the wind, yet otherwise the

stem never perishes, but on the contrary the wound is gradually healed and over-
grown by fresh woody matter (Walsh).

428 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Larva.—July 19, the larva is .10 inch long, or less, and of a pale color. In the
spring when it assumes the imago state it is much larger, and differs but little from
other larve belonging to this genus.

The beetle.—In Mecas the claws differ from those of Saperda (in which they are
usually simple) in being feebly toothed or cleft. Body black, unspotted, cylindrical,
covered with short prostrate hair, which conceals the punctures. Palpi black;
antenne rather shorter than the body, and, excepting the basal joints, annulate with
cinereous and black. Thorax cylindric, diameters subequal. Elytra entire and
subacute at the tip, which is equally antennated from the suture and exterior mar-
gins. Length a little less than half an inch. (Say.)

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
10. THE STREAKED COTTONWOOD LEAF-BEETLE.
Lina seripta (Fabricius).
Order COLEOPTERA; family CHRYSOMELID.

An abundant beetle, infesting the leaves of the cottonwood and other species of
Populus and of willows throughout the West to Colorado, and south to Louisiana,

Fic. 157.—Streaked peehiaeS beetle; a, Baca
normal form; b, c, d, e, showing variations.—Af.-
ter Riley.

destroying vast groves; three annual broods; the larva peculiar from emitting from
the tips of its tuberculous spines a pungent milky fluid; transforming on the leaf,
the pupa remaining in the partially cast-off larva skin; the beetle usually black on
the prothorax, with the sides yellow and the wing-covers yellowish, with three inter-
rupted lines of black or bluish spots. It may be destroyed by syringing the trees with
a wet preparation of London purple or Paris green. (Riley, Amer. Ent., iii, p. 159.)

In 1884 fresh attention was called to the ravages of this beetle in
portions of Nebraska and Dakota, which led to the publication by Pro-
fessor Riley of an extended account of the insect in his report as U. S.
Entomologist for 1884, which we copy, as follows:

During the past season the streaked cottonwood leaf-beetle has done great damage
in portions of Nebraska and Dakota. Appearing in enormous numbers, it has entirely
defoliated many thousands of trees, and has destroyed many plantations of young
saplings. The strip of country over which it has been particularly injurious has
been along the banks of the Missouri River in Dakota, as far west as its junction
with the Niobrara, and thence down through Nebraska to the Platte, as far west as
Dawson County. As a sample of the many communications which have been re-
ceived during the summer from the infested region, we introduce the following letter,
noticing the habits of this beetle, which was forwarded from the General Land
Office:

—_-)"

—

THE COTTONWOOD LEAF-BEETLE. 429

‘““YANKTON, Dak., June 2, 1884.

**Sir: We forward to you by to-day’s mail a small box containing a number of
bugs gathered yesterday on the cottonwood groves in this and adjoining counties.
These bugs were first noticed during the season of 1883, when they were confined to
only a few timber claims in the towns 97 and 98, range 57, Hutchinson County,
Dak. In the fall of 1883 they had covered quite an expanse of country, and from all
sides reports came of the destruction of planted groves by these bugs. This spring
nearly everybody who owns a timber-culture claim and who has ealled at our office
reported destruction of trees, and we therefore yesterday examined into it, going
throvgh towns 95, 96, 97, ranges 55, 56, and 57, and found a condition which is really
sickening. Claimants who for years and years have planted their trees, and had now
succeeded in getting a good growth of trees growing, have to stand by and look on while
their labor of years is destroyed in a few days. Wherever they are they are by the
millions; they eat the leaves, and it only takes a few hours to finish a tree, and those
trees that were attacked last year have failed to grow again this spring. So far they
have attacked principally cottonwood and some box-elder. We would respectfully
suggest that these bugs be handed to some expert for report and recommendation as
to the best methods of destroying them. There ought also to be something done to
protect claimants whose trees are now being destroyed. Most of the timber claims
in the counties named have been taken from six to ten years ago, and nearly every
claimant has apparently complied with laws, at least we counted from the bugg
while on a hill yesterday thirty-six different groves, presumably all timber-culture
claims, where the law has been complied with, and where parties would now be
entitled to make proof only for these bugs. There ought to ke a special act of relief,
allowing those parties to make proof, as to replant and to commence alJl this work
over again will be necessarily not only a hardship, but will, in a good many cases,
be an impossibility, the time within which proof is required to be made being too
short,

‘*Very respectfully,
‘““ELLERMAN & PEEMILLER.
‘Hon. COMMISSIONER GENERAL LAND OFFICE,
“* Washington, D. C.”

In 18—, Mr. Lawrence Bruner reported as follows:

“The striped cottonwood beetle (Plagiodera scripta) has also been quite numerous
in several portions of the West during the year, and did much injury to both cotton-
woods and willows upon high land. Especially was this true with respect to the
young trees upon tree claims in newly settled areas. There has been considerable
vexation at the United States land offices on account of the injuries of this insect
and of a species of saw-fly, the larve of which attack the foliage of our various
species of ash trees, causing them to die. When the time comes for ‘proving up’
there are too few trees growing upon the tract of land, and the result is its probable
loss to the enterer.”’

Similar letters to this were received from many points in the region indicated.

This species has long been known to feed upon the leaves of the different species
of willow, but upon those trees it was never remarkably abundant or injurious.
Upon several of the species of Populus it was also found, but its great liking for
cottonwood seems to be of comparatively recent acquirement. In speaking of this
change of habit we remarked as follows, in the New York Weekly Tribune for Octo-
ber 9, 1878:

‘The interesting feature about this insect to the forester, however, is that it has
of late years acquired an especial liking for the cottonwood. It has, indeed, become
a most grievous pest in the prairie States, where the cottonwood is largely grown as
a shade and ornamental tree, as well as for fuel. We have been surprised, in passing
through Kansas and Nebraska more particularly, at the utter devastation which this
beetle has produced. Vast groves have been destroyed through its incessant defolia-

430 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

tion. Now, the cottonwood is placed by botanists in a genus different from that of
the willows, and the strangest thing abont it is that the willows are not injured to
the same degree, even where growing in the neighborhood of the injured cotton-
wood. Thisis partly due, perhaps, to the fact that the willow does not suffer so much
from defoliation as does the cottonwood, though it is possible that a special cottonwood
feeding race of the species has been of late years developed in those sections where
the tree is so largely planted. This would be parallel to the well-known case of the
apple-maggot (Trypeta pomonella), which, though infesting wild haws and crabs in

SS
SS
=>

SS

ih 1

Sty:
i WS
aps
Ns

ar"

rane
5

Fig. 158.—Grub of streaked cottonwood beetle a, eggs, b, one enlarged; c, newly
hatched Jarve; ddd, larve of different ages; e, pupa, nat. size; f, one of the
middle segments of the body of larva seen from above, showing tubercles, en-
larged. After Riley.

all parts of the country, has only taken to feeding on and injuring cultivated apples
in some of the New England States.”

This last conclusion is rendered all the more plausible from the fact that, so far as
known, the species in the Eastern States is confined to willow and does not attack
the cottonwood.

The perfect beetles wintered in sheltered localities. In the spring, as soon as the
cottonwoods begin to leaf out, the beetles pair, and the females begin laying their
eggs (fig. 158, a, b). These are placed upon the young leaves in dense masses of
from ten to a hundred eggs. Each egg is elongate-oval, pale yellowish-white in
color, rather soft, and about 0.5™™ long. The larve (fig. 158, c, d) soon hatch and
develop very rapidly. At first they are black in color and gregarious in habit, skel-
€tonizing the leaf in the immediate vicinity of the egg-shells. With the succeeding
molts the color becomes lighter and they separate, feeding upon leaves at some dis-
tance from their place of birth. These larve, like those of other species of the genus,
are peculiar for emitting from the tips of the tuberculous spines, with which they
are furnished, a milky liquid, of a pungent, but not altogether disagreeable, odor.

On attaining full growth they transform to pup upon the leaf, fastening their hind —

legs to the leaf, and partially throwing off the last larval skin. The perfect beetles
issue soon after. There are at least three annual generations, and probably more, as
the development of the insect is very rapid. Professor Snow states* that in the
month of August only fifteen days are occupied from the hatching point to the issu-
ing of the adult.

* Observer of Nature, Lawrence, Kans., November 23, 1875.

4

—_—_-- ©

F THE COTTONWOOD LEAF-BEETLE. 431

Remedies.—According to all reports, but little is to be expected from the natural
enemies of this species, for birds do not seem to touch it, and, with the single excep-
tion of the larvx of lady-birds, we have neither found nor heard of any other insect
enemies.

Inasmuch as it undergoes all of its transformations upon the leaves it is not sus-
ceptible to any of the trapping remedies which are used against the quite closely
allied-elm-leaf beetle (Galeruca xanthomelena), which was treated of in our last
annual report (pp. 159-170), and the larva of which descends to the ground to enter
the pupa state. In that article, however, we gave in detail the results of experi-
ments: made with tke arsenical poisons, London purple and Paris green, and these
results may be applied with certainty to the case of the cottonwood leaf-beetle under
consideration. Premising with the fact that while equally efficacious in destroying
the beetle, London purple seems to injure the tree less than Paris green, we repeat,
for the benefit of the Western reader who may not have access to the report of 1883,
the two paragraphs relating to the preparation of the poison and the effects of the
mixture:

*¢ Preparation of the poison.—London purple (one-half pound), flour (3 quarts), and
water (barrel, 40 gallons) were mixed, as follows: A large galvanized iron funnel of
thirteen quarts capacity, and having a cross-septum of fine wire gauze such as is used
for sieves, also having vertical sides, and a rim to keep it from rocking on the barrel,
was used. About three quarts of cheap flour were placcd in the funnel and washed
through the wire gauze by water pouredin. The flour in passing through is finely di-
vided, and will diffuse in the water without appearing inlumps. The flouris asuitable
medium to make the poison adhesive. The London purple is then placed upon the
gauze and washed in by the remainder of the water, until the barrel is filled. In other
tests, the flour was mixed dry with the poison powder, and both were afterward washed
through together with good results. It is thought that by mixing in this way less flour
willsuffice. Three-eighths of a pound of London purple to one barrel of water may be
taken as a suitable percentage. Three-eighths of an ounce may be used as an equiva-
lent in one bucketfulof water. The amount of this poison was reduced to one-fourth
of a pound to the barrel with good eftect, but this seems to be the minimum quantity,
and to be of value it must be applied in favorable weather and with unusual thor-
oughness. With one-half or three-fourths of a pound to the barrel, about the max-
imum strength allowable is attained, and this should be applied only as an extremely
tine mist, without drenching the foliage.

“ Effects of the mixture.—The flour seems to keep the poison “from taking effect on
the leaf, preventing to some extent the corrosive injury which otherwise obtains
when the poison is coarsely sprinkled or too strong. It also renders the poison more
permanent. On the leaves, especially on the under surfaces, the London purple and
flour can be seen for several weeks after it has been applied, and the insect is not
only destroyed, but is prevented from re-appearing, at least for a long period. By
poisoning again, a few weeks later, the insect is deterred with greater certainty for
the entire season. By being careful to administer the poison before the insect has
worked, and, above all, to diffuse the spray finely but not in large drops, no harm
worth mentioning will accrue to the plant from the proportion of poison recommended.
The new growth, that developed after the first poisoning, was protected by one-fourth
of a pound to the barrel in 1882. From midsummer until autumn the unpoisoned
half of the grove remained denuded of foliage, while the poisoned half retained its
verdure. The little damage then appearing in the protected part was mostly done
before the first treatment. Eggs were laid abundantly throughout the season. Many
of these seemed unhealthy and tailed to develop, probably because they were poi-
soned. Many hatched, but the young larve soon died. The eggs were seldom
deposited on the young leaves that were appearing after the poison was applied,
but were attached to the developed leaves, and here the larve generally got the poi-
son to prevent their attack upon the aftergrowth. Still the young leaves became

432 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

perforated to some extent. The adults, which fly from tree to tree, appeared plenti-

ful without much interruption throughout the season, and often several could be seen

feeding on each tree. Possibly many of these may have become poisoned before de-
positing the eggs.

“The efficiency of London purple being established, it will generally be promired
to other arsenicals, because of its cheapness, better diffusibility, visibility on the foli-
age, etc. As the effects of the poisons commonly do not appear decidedly for two or
three days after their administration, the importance of the preventive method of
poisoning in advance can not be too strongly urged. As the effect is slow in appear-
ing, impatient parties will be apt to repoison on the second or third day, and thus
put on enough to hurt the plant when the effect does come. Much depends on dry-
ness or wetness of the weather; but good effects may be expected by the third or
fourth day.”

In the same report is figured (Plate VI) a simple apparatus which was used to good
effect in spraying the trees and which was explained in detail in the text (pp. 168,
169). It is in brief a barrel pump containing a stirrer-bar, attached by a loop to the
swinging end of the pump, and which by its oscillations constantly stirs the mixture.
The barrel rests upon a skid in the bottom of a light cart in which it is drawn from
tree to tree. To the nose of the pump is attached a long, slender rubber hose. To
enable the operator to thrust the hose up among the branches of the tree, it is run
through a long bamboo pole the septa of which have been burned out by a hot iron
rod. At the end of the hose is a short metallic rod to which one of the cyclonic or
eddy-chambered nozzles has been attached.

By the use of such an apparatus, which is comparatively inexpensive, a great many
trees can be thoroughly sprayed in the course of aday. Such a course requires labor
and some expense, but the result can be accomplished in no easier way.

We have already given the general appearance of the egg, and the larva will be
readily recognized from the figure (158). It is practically indistinguishable from the
larva of the closely allied Lina lapponica which feeds upon willow at the North, but
the larva of the latter species emits the milky fluid more freely and has perhaps a
more pungent odor. We published in the American Entomologist, Vol. III, p. 160
(July 1880), a detailed description of the larva, which it will be unnecessary to repeat
here.

The beetle is extremely variable in its coloration, and it may not be amiss in this
place to repeat in connection with fig. 157, for purposes of identification, the descrip-
tions which we have given (ibid.) of certain of the more marked varieties. Com-
binations, however, in many degrees, of these varieties occur.

a. Typical. Black, with a tinge of blue; basal jointsof antenne beneath, thickened
thoracic margin with exception of a small round spot at the middle, elytra with
exception of suture and three lines of interrupted black markings, base of fe-
mora and part of tibia, and sides and apex of abdomen, testaceous yellow.
(Common at the West.)

b. Variations in general coloration :

1. Base of antennz, head, underside, and legs of the same yellowish color as upper

side. (From Texas.)

a. Thorax testaceous-yellow, or more reddish, with the two lateral markings
and a Y shaped mark on the disk blackish.

fi. Thorax entirely testaceous-yellow.

2. Principal color above and beneath blue ; legs blue.

y. Sides of thorax as in typical form. Elytra with faint yellow marking. (From
California.)

6. Sides of thorax asin typical form. Elytra unicolorous blue. (From California.)

é. Entirely blue, except a narrow lateral yellowish marking each side on the last
abdominal joint.

COTTONWOOD CATERPILLARS, 433

c. Variations in the markings of the elytra:

1. Marked with black as follows: The suture; two, more or less, oval spots near
the base, the inner of which is nearer to the suture than to the lateral margin,
and the outer on the humerus; three longitudinal striz on the middle, the in-
termediate of which is the longest; submarginal curved stria and an oval spot
between the latter and the suture. (Common at the West.)

2. Additional marks: A small triangular basal spot in front and between the two
subbasal markings. (lllinois.)

a. This triangular spot is sometimes connected with the humeral spot. (Caii-
fornia. )

ZB. Black markings become wider or longer and then often confluent.

y. Markings in general becoming smaller, either all of them, or one or several of
them. (C. V. Riley, Ag. Rep. for 1384.)

11. THE COTTONWOOD DAGGER MOTH.
Acronycta populi Riley.

Devouring the foliage and not unfrequently stripping the tree, a caterpillar which
rests curled around on the leaf, and is easily recognized by its body being covered

with long, soft, bright-yellow hairs, and a long pencil of black hairs on top of seg-
ments 4, 6, 7, 8, and 11. ( Riley.)

This caterpillar is sometimes destructive to the foliage of the cotton-
wood in Missouri. There are two broods of these worms each year; the
first brood appearing in June and producing moths by the last of July,
the second brood appearing the last of August and throughout Sep-
tember, and passing the winter in the chrysalis state. It is attacked
by several parasites, 7. e., a Microgaster, an Ophion, and a Tachina fly.
When fully grown the caterpillar spins a pale yellow cocoon of silk in-
terwoven with its own hairs, then turning to a chrysalis. It more com-
monly occurs on the balm of Gilead and Populus grandidentata.

Pupa.—Is dark shiny brown, and ends in an obtuse point furnished with several
forked bristles. It lies within a pale-yellow cocoon of silk interwoven with the hairs
of the caterpillar and which is generally spun in some sheltered place, as in a chink
in the bark of a tree, etc.

5 ENT——28

434 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The moth.—Fore-wings white-gray near the anal angle between veins 1 and 2, a
large and conspicuous spot like a Greek letter psi, placed sidewise, and from this spot
a somewhat zigzag line runs parallel with the posterior border, forming a large dart-
like spot between veins 5 and 6. (Riley.)

12. Smerinthus modestus Harris.

Larva on cottonwood in Illinois. (C. E. Worthiugton, Can. Ent., x, p. 16.)
13. Cerura borealis Boisd.

Whether this is the C. borealis or not, it is the one mentioned by
Abbot and Smith as occurring on this tree as well as the wild cherry
and willow. According to them, on the 10th of August, in Georgia,
‘it inclosed itself in a case made of chips of the wood, and affixed to a
branch. The moth came out April 24. It likewise feeds on the wild
cherry and willow. and is found also in Virginia, but it is a very rare
species.” ;

14. Ichthyura inclusa Hiibn.

According to Abbot and Smith this species occurs on this tree as well
as the willow, in Georgia. ‘ The caterpillars all live in a web, among
the leaves spun together. One inclosed itself entirely May 25 and
came out June 8. Another, which spun itself up October 25, did not
appear till the 8th of March following. The moth is rare in its perfect
state, though found in Virginia as well as in Georgia.”

15. Pemphigus populi-transversus Riley.

Forming a gall upon the petiole near the base of the leaf of Populus monilifera and
P. balsamifera. Missouri,southern Texas, and Colorado. (Riley.)

16. Pemphigus populi-monilis Riley.

On the narrow-leaved cottonwood in Colorado forming a series of more or less con-
fluent moniliform swellings on the upper side of the leaf.

17. Pemphigus populi-ramulorum Riley.

Forming an irregular globular gall, often somewhat flattened, on the twigs of
Populus balsamifera in Colorado. (Riley.)

18. Pemphigus pseudobyrsa Walsh.

Occurs on Populus angulata. (Thomas, viii, p. 151.)

19. Pemphigus vagabundus Walsh.

Produces a large irregular gall on the tips of the twigs of certain cottonwoods.
(Thomas, viii, p. 151.)

20. Pemphigus populicaulis Fitch. (Le Baron.)
Also occurs on the aspen (Populus tremuloides) in Wisconsin. (Thomas, viii, p. 149.)

21. Chaitophorus populicola Thomas.

Found in July at Carbondale, Il., and early in September on the under side of
young sprouts of Populus angulata (cottonwood),

.

POPLAR BORERS. 435
s

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE POPLAR.
AFFECTING THE TRUNK.
1. THE POPLAR BORER.
Saperda calearata Say.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CERAMBYCID.

Often destroying the Lombardy poplar, a yellowish-white grub, nearly 2 inches
long, and changing to a gray longicorn beetle, irregularly striped with yellow ocher,
the wing-covers ending in a sharp point, flying in August and September.

Harris states that this borer, with the grubs of the broad-necked
Prionus, almost destroyed the Lombardy poplars in his vicinity (Cam-
bridge, Mass.), and that it also lives in the trunksof the native poplar.
The beetles rest on the trunks and branches of various kinds of poplars
in August and September, and also fly by night, sometimes entering
the open windows in the evening. According to Riley this borer is
universally destructive to the cottonwood in the Western States.

This borer has been destructive to poplar trees on the shores of Casco
Bay, especially at the head of the bay west of Harpswell Neck, where
my attention was first called to its work by ex-Governor J. L. Chamber-
lain, on whose estate at New Wharf a number of trees had died. The
trees in August, 1884, were seen to show unmistakable signs of disease
by the leaves curling and withering. The presence of the larva within
is easily detected by the masses of castings resembling sawdust, which
are thrown out of the hoies and fall down the trunk to the ground.

Upon cutting down the trees and splitting them open, not only the
full grown larva, or grub, but also one or two pupe and several beetles
were found, the latter ready to issue from their holes. As many as
eight or ten larve were found mining in a portion of a poplar trunk 10
inches long and 5 inches in diameter.

The wood was perforated in all directions, running under the bark
part of the way and sinking in various directions into the wood, some
of them extending side by side along the heart of the tree. The longer
mines are about a foot in length, and about a centimeter or four-tenths
of, andat times haif, an inch in diameter. Part of the mine is more or
less stuffed with long, slender chips gnawed off by the larva. Mr.
Reed, of Scottsville, N. Y., writes to the American Entomologist
(iii, p. 181) that this borer (identified by Professor Riley) ‘‘ destroyed two
fine trees upon my lawn of the native poplar, or, as it is sometimes
called, the trembling aspen. They perforate the trunk midway up
amongst the branches, when the top dies or is broken off by the wind.”

The larva.—About 2 inches long; the body very thick, rather larger before than
behind ; the segments full and rounded. The first segment broad, sloping obliquely
downward to the head. On the upper side of the broad segment (prothoracic) con-

436 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

taining the head, is a large square yellowish horny area, succeeded by rough oval
areas on the tops of the succeeding segments. These rasps serve as legs, which are
wanting in the grub.

The beetle is called the spurred Saperda (calcarata) from the spine-like ends of the
wing-covers. The body iscovered all over with a short and close nap, which gives it

PAPE ENT ny UA EWAN DENCE

qatar marten eee

ij Fic. 161.—Popla brorer, Saperda

Ya calcarata: a, natural size; b

(ae upper and ¢ under side of head

Fic. 160. — Saperda calearata.— and first thoracic segment en-
Smith del. larged.—From Packard.

a fine blue-gray color; it is finely punctured with brown, with four ocher-yellow
lines on the head and three on the top of the thorax; the scutel is also ocher-yellow,
and there are severai irregular lines and spots of the same color on the wing-covers;
it is 1} inch in length. (Harris.)

2. THE LESSER POPLAR BORER.
Saperda mesta Leconte.

Boring in the poplar and balm of Gilead, selecting the smaller branches, in many
places not more than an inch or two apart, and situated chiefly at the base of the
buds, the whole length of the excavation not much exceeding an inch; pupating
early in May and becoming beetles by the end of May. (See a full account of the
larva and its habits in Canadian Entomologist, vi, 1874, p. 61.)

The larva.—Nearly cylindrical, tapering a little posteriorly, and about half an
inch in length. Head very small, dark reddish brown in front, pale behind. Body
deep yellow. Second segment deeper in color and more horny than the other seg-
ments; terminal segment a little more hairy than the others. (Saunders. )

3. THE POPLAR GIRDLER.
Saperda concolor Leconte.

Girdling the trunks of sapling poplars, by carrying a mine around the trunk, which
causes a swelling often nearly twice the diameter of the tree.

Our attention was first directed to this borer and the marked effects
of its work by Mr. George Hunt. In his company we have found
numerous saplings of the common poplar in the woods about Provi-

POPLAR BORERS. 437

dence, with the unsightly swellings around the trunk. The upper
branches of large trees are also occasionally girdled. From a gall
collected at Providence a beetle issued May 31. There may be sev-
eral mines in the same knot or gall.

The beetle.—Uniformly gray, approaching the color of the downy under side of the

poplar, with no spots, while the antennz are black, stained with gray at the joints.
Length, 10™™,

4, THE BROAD-NECKED PRIONUS.
Prionus laticollis Drury.
Qrder COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCIDZ.

Boring in the wood of the trunks and roots of different poplars, a white soft grub as
thick as one’s thumb, producing an oval moderately convex black long-horned beetle
0.90 to 1.50 long and less than half as broad, its wing-covers rough from confluent
irregular punctures and with two or three raised lines, its thorax with three irregular
teeth along each side, and its antennz of twelve joints resembling little conical cups
placed one within the other and projecting upon their lower side like the teeth of a
saw; appearing abroad in July. (Fitch.) /

Though of late years injurious to the apple, grape-vine, and pine, this
beetle may originally have been confined to the poplars, especially as
Harris does not enumerate the above-mentioned trees, but says that it

Fic. 162.—Broad-necked Prionus and pupa.—After Riley.

lives in the trunks and roots of the balm of Gilead, Lombardy poplar,
‘‘and probably in those of other kinds of poplaralso. The beetles may
frequently be seen upon, or flying around, the trunks of these trees in
the month of July, even in the daytime, though the other kinds of
Prionus generally fly only by night.” Prof. S. J. Smith, in his report
as Entomologist to the State Board of Agriculture of Connecticut,
for 1872, remarks:

i have noticed it in logs of poplar, bass-wood, and oak, and in the trunks of old,
decaying apple trees, and Professor Verrill has collected it in great numbers, at New
Haven, in chestnut railroad ties (p. 346).

438 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

It seems to us most probable that this borer also infests the pitch-
pine, since we have seen these beetles flying at noon in abundance ir
the middle of July on the sandy plains of Brunswick, Me., among
pitch-pines, 2 or 3 miles away from any poplars; and have captured
them among pines at intervals for twenty-five years past.

Larva.—Average length when full grown, 3 inches. Color pale yellowish-white,
partly translucent, with glaucous and bluish shadings, and a distinct dorsal line of
the last color; 13 distinct segments. Segment 1 rather horny, somewhat longer than
2, 3, and 4 together, broadening posteriorly, slightly shagreened and whiter than the
rest of the body, with a rust-colored mark anteriorly, and a slight groove along the
middle. Segments 2 and 3 shortest and broadest, the body tapering thence gradu-
ally to extremity, though there is usually a lateral ridge on segment 12 which dilates
it rather more than the segments immediately preceding it. This segment 12 is also
the longest, the terminal one being quite small and divided into three nearly equal
lobes. A swelled hump crossed with two impressed transverse lines on segments 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. Stigmata rust-colored, 9 in number, the first and largest being

placed on a fold in the suture between segments 1 and 2. Head brown, verging to
black on anterior edge. Mandibles large, strong, black, with one blunt rounded
tooth, giving them a somewhat triangular appearance ; antenn& 3-jointed and brown,
especially at tip; labrum fulvous, fuzzy and with a brown base; maxillary palpi
4-jointed, the basal joint much swollen, the terminal joint brown, and aring of the
same color at sutures of the other joints; labial palpi 3-jointed, the basal joint also
swollen, and the terminal joints and sutures of the others brown. Six rudimentary
2-jointed fuscous feet as shown at Fig. 163 tubercled as on the back, these tubercles
being especially prominent on segments 6, 7, 8, and 9, where they recall prolegs. The
young larva differs only in lacking the rust-colored mark on segmentl. (Riley,
Amer. Ent., ii, p. 232.)

5. Buprestis fasciata Fabr.

Mr. Fletcher reports (Canadian Entomologist, xv, p. 203) finding this
beautiful beetle common on poplars, and had found a larva in poplar
wood which he thought, from its appearance, might belong to that
species.

6. THE XYLEUTES BORER.

Xyleutes populi Walker.

Nothing is known to us concerning this moth, except that the specific
name indicates that it occurs on the poplar. The habitat mentioned by
Walker, is St. Martin’s Falls, Albany River, Hudson’s Bay, the original
specimen described by Walker being in the British Museum.

POPLAR BORERS. 439

7. THE POPLAR GOAT-MOTH.
Cossus centerensis Lintuer.*
Plate 1, figs. 1-12.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family CossID&.

Perforating the trunks of Populus tremuloides, a worm similar to, but smaller than,
the oak caterpillar (X. robinie), the moth issuing from the trees during June. (Bailey.)

In connection with the following account by Dr. Bailey we may say
that Mr. Fletcher reports that he has found about Ottawa this moth
common on the balm of Gilead (Populus balsamifera). The pupa is
usually extruded from the bark about 4 o’clock in the afternoon, when
he has frequently seen them. (Can. Ent., xv, p. 203.)

Cossus centerensis (Plate I) was discovered by Dr. Theodore P. Bailey in 1877. For
many years previous I had observed that many trees of Populus tremuloides had per-
ished from some cause then unknown. The central shoots of other trees of the
same species were dead, and it would only require a few years to finish their destruc-
tion. Perforations were found in the trunks of these trees, some of recent date and
some overgrown with bark, leaving the cicatrices plainly visible.

In July, 1876, a brittle pupa-case of the Cossus was found projecting from one of
the openings, which gave the first clue to the nature of the borer and destroyer of
the timber.

On the 10th of June, 1877, a fresh pupa-case was discovered, and on the 14th of the
same month the first Cossus was captured, resting upon the same tree trunk. Every
season since this capture the Cossus has been taken, but in some years in greater
numbers than others.

The Cossus usually comes forth between the setting and rising of the sun, and when
the trees are visited daily the protruding pupa-cases left behind by the escaped im-
agines informs the collector how many of the insects he may expect to find.

Their color simulates so closely the color of the bark of the trees that it requires
good eyes and very close observation to find the moths. One unaccustomed to collect
them might view an infested tree for a long time and not find a Cossus, when several
would be discovered by an expert. An uneven protuberance on the bark, or the
short stump left of a decayed broken limb are favorite resting places for the insect.

The moth at first is rather sluggish, and can be easily captured. After it has been
abroad for some days it is wild and more or less mutilated. This Cossus is not
attracted by sugar, as might be expected from its aborted tongue. The moth seems
to belong to the genus Cossus Fabr., and not to be congeneric with Xystus robiniw. The
head is short, eyes naked, labial palpi small, appressed, scaled. The thorax is thickly
scaled, the scales gathered into a ridge behind, and is squarer in front than in Xystus,
not so elongate or so elevated dorsally. The male antennz are bipectinate; the
lamelle rather short and ciliate. The female antenne are serrated. It is allied to
the European Cossus terebra F., but is a larger insect. It differs from C. querciperda
Fitch by the absence of any yellow on the male hind wing, and by its darker color
and closer reticulations.

In color this species is black and gray. The edges of the thorax and collar are
shaded with gray, more noticeable on some specimens than others. The primaries
are covered with black reticulations, which are not always identical in their minor
details in different specimens, nor sometimes on both wings in the same specimen.

*The following account of this fine moth was published by the late Dr. James S.
Bailey, of Albany, N. Y., in Bulletin No. 3 of the Entomological Division of the U.
S. Department of Agriculture.

440) FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.
‘

Beyond the cell there is a transverse continuous line, broader than the rest, and out-
wardly bent over median nervules. The brown color is blackish over nearly two-
thirds of the primaries from the base, and outwardly gray; hind wings rounded in
both sexes, with blackish hairs at base, pale and subpellucid, with short gray fringe,
before which there is a narrow blackish edging. The abdomen is blackish. The males
are smaller than the females. The smallest male expands about 40™, the largest
female over 60™™, (See Plate I, Figs. 10, 11, and 12.) While thus far the Centre
(N. Y.) locality has proved to be the ehief home of this Cossus, it will undoubtedly
be found elsewhere wherever the Populus tremuloides is found. Several pupa-cases of
this species have been found in the corporate limits of Albany. Usually trees of less
than 1 foot in diameter are attacked, although in one instance a pupa-case was found
in a tree measuriug 16 inches in diameter. .

It is a very different matter to observe the changes of insect life from the eggs to
the imago when feeding upon the foliage of vegetation than where the larve have
bored deep into a tree trunk and feed upon the ligneous fiber and its circulating
fluids. To obtain this information it has been necessary several times each year to
cut down trees bearing indications of its ravages, and to dissect them into fragments
the size of kindling-wood. The months of October, April, and June were selected as
suitable times for such investigations. October 14 we visited a tree for the purpose
of obtaining caterpillars, and from a limb 4 feet in length six caterpillars were taken,
two of which were occupying cells as seen in the engraving.

April 2 we cut from a tree a limb 3 feet in length, and in it we found seventeen
caterpillars of three distinct sizes, indicating a growth for each year. The larger
ones were not fully grown. All of them were actively passing through their tunnels
in the wet wood, through which the sap was freely flowing. Not any of the cater-
pillars were occupying pupa-cells at this time. June 12, 1881, we again visited a tree
when the insects were emerging. The tree selected was far advanced in decay, from
the effects of the tunneling of the larve; only about 4 feet of the trunk was alive,
with a few lateral branches in foliage, scarcely enough to support its respiration.
In the trunk were found tresh pupa-cases, pup, and caterpillars. Again three crops
of larve were found; the larger ones were inactive and lying in the sap-wood, with
their heads close to the bark, which was gnawed nearly through to the outer surface.
These caterpillars had evidently taken their last position preparatory to their final
transformation into pupw. Pup were also found occupying the same position, and
when the bark was removed were visible.

The larva taken October 14 from its burrows is 45™™ in length, of a pale flesh
color. It is a little broader anteriorly. The prothoracic segment is blackish brown
above, the dark color edged with dirty orange shading. The head is mahogany
brown, shining, slightly roughened. The mandibles are black, with strong teeth.
The surface of the head gives rise here and there to single scattered hairs. The
antennsz are three-jointed ; the second joint gives rise to a single tong hair. The
seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth abdominal segments are provided with false feet.
The segments are marked with a lateral row of brown dots above the reddish stig-
mata, and there is a row of similar dots, two toa segment, on each side of the dorsal
line. These dots give rise to single pale hairs. The larva moves with freedom
either backward or forward. The burrows which it excavates are about 15™™ in
width and terminate in the pupating cell, which is about 10™™ in length, smooth ;
the extremity towards the opening is closed by a wad of finer and then coarser filings
of the wood. The coarser splinters are not detached entirely from the wood, but
are split up by the larve all around the top of the cell, and project like bristles,
appearing somewhat as those wooden toy trees which are made for children, and
which are formed by shaving down the wood and leaving the shavings adhering by
oneend. These splinters make a firm wad. Against them are piled a quantity of
finer chips or thin filings, which are loose but pressed together.

The cell (Plate 1, Fig. 7) is about 40™™ from the outer bark of the tree, asd the
chrysalis (Figs. 8 and 9) makes its way to the air though the burrow, by means of

POPLAR BORERS. 441

its teeth on the segments and the spinose process on the front, by which it forces
itself, by stretching and contracting the abdomen, through the wood scrapings which
close the cell, until it comes to the end. We have noticed a fine thread of silk pro-
ceeding from the spinneret of the larva, although in the cocoon we have found no
silk whatever. The cocoon or pupa-cell seems to have been formed by wedging first
coarser and then finer strips of the wood together, and seems to be merely a more
carefully and smoothly finished enlargement of the original burrow.

The pupa.—A specimen of the pupa which I have examined is about 30™™ in length,
narrow, brownish black, shining rugose. The clypeus presents a strong, broad,
spinous process, supported at base by lateral projections. On the under sideit descends
into a wide sulcation terminating in a broad projection. The capital appendages
are visible, aud here and there arise isolated hairs as in the previous stage. The
abdominal segments are provided with teeth over the dorsum, decreasing in size to
the stigmatal line. The anal segment is provided with two unequal-sized terminal
teeth on each side of the vent. (Plate I, Figs. 8 and 9.)

The chrysalides vary much in size, and some of them are infested with an ichneu-
mon fly, which preys on the caterpillar. A pupa was observed endeavoring to make
its way to the surface of the bark, but seemingly unable to extricate itself, when
assistance was rendered by enlarging the orifice. It was laid in a paper box for
hatching. A few days afterwards many minute ichneumons were observed resting
upon the wall near the box. On examination they were found to be escaping through
minute holes in the pupa, which would barely admit a No. 3, entomological pin. Fif-
teen of these perforations were counted in this pupa. I presume that the larva ofthe
Cossus is pursued in its burrows by the parent parasite. If so it is curious that
the Cossus pupa is not killed by the parasites until it has worked itself up to the
mouth of the tunnel, thus allowing the ichneumon flies to escape outside.

When ready to emerge, the pupa, by means of stout cusps on its abdominal
segments, works itself to the end of the opening, and with its pointed head-case the
thin portion of the bark which has been left by the caterpillar’s instinct is severed
and removed. It pushes itself through the opening as far as the base of the abdo-
men, by a sort of rotary motion, which acts in its mode of cutting like a carpenter’s
center-bit. The thoracic end of the pupa, after exposure a short time to the air,
becomes dry and splits, and the moth escapes, climbing up the bark of the tree,
shaking out its wings until developed. After the moth has escaped the empty pupa-
case may still be seen protruding from the entrance of the tunnel. It is not true
that Cossus centerensis prefers dead wood to burrow in. It is a fact that it is most
frequently found in partially decayed trees, for after the larva obtains a lodgment,
by its perforations in diverse directions through the heart and alburnum, admitting
air and water, it causes irreparable decay. There are three species of poplar found
in the vicinity of Centre,* viz, grandidentata, dilatola, and tremuloides, but as yet
C, centerensis has only been found in Populus tremuloides.

It is stated by Harris that C. ligniperda deposits her eggs on the bark near the
root of the tree, which I believe is the habit of most of the borers. It would seem
from the following that itis not theinvariable mode: In splitting open a tree trunk
on June 12 a Cossus was observed to fly from the cleft, which, on being captured,
proved to be a female. It was supposed she had taken possession of a tunnel for the
purpose of deposting her eggs. The loose débris from the excavations was gathered
together, an examination of which revealed Cossuseggs. (Plate I, Figs. 1 and 2.)
The female was confined in a box; the next morning she had deposited fifty-two
eggs; some of them were attached to the sides and others on the bottom of the box.
Some of the eggs were deposited singly and some in confused heaps, and were
attached to each other and to the box with a viscid substance.

Another female was captured June 20, and in forty-eight hours after being pinned
she had deposited sixty eggs, which varied somewhat in color from the former.

*Now called Karner.

442 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The Cossus after being pinned is very restive, especially while depositing her ova
and by the constant motion of the ovipositor in endeavoring to extrude the ova. The
_ loose abdominal scales are removed and attached to the eggs by the moist viscid
fluid with which they are covered, and which often gives them the appearance of
being clothed with scales. A few of the ova collected this season have this appear-
ance, but a strong lens exposes the true condition. C. centerensis is not so prolific as
some of the other species of Cosside. C. robiniw Peck and C. querciperda Fitch have
been known to extrude upwards of three hundred ova. In European species over
one thousand ova have been found on dissection. The ruia of whole forests of tim-
ber in which these insects revel is doubtless prevented by the destruction of the eggs
by ants and birds, the size of the eggs being sufficient to form a tempting morsel.
In a state of nature the female Cossus deposits a small number of her ova upon each
tree which she visits until her supply is exhausted.

This season the enlarged perforations through the bark show unmistakable evi-
dence that the trees had been recently visited by woodpeckers, which could find
little difficulty in procuring an abundance of full-grown larve.

C. centerensis is found throughout the region known as the pine barrens, which
cover an area of perhaps 12 square miles between Albany and Schenectady. The
soil of this region seems especially well adapted to the growth of the timber which
it supports.

At the present time no correct observations have been made in reference to the
molts of the caterpillars, but information on this subject will soon be obtained from
Mr. A. H. Mundt, of [linois, who has had opportunities of observing, up to the
fourth molt, the caterpillars of C. robinie, which are found in the willows and pop-
lars in his vicinity.

Cossus centerensis appears every year, and from observations and from numerous
examinations of the trees by actual sections during the three months of the year
enumerated, Iam convinced that the caterpillars are not fully matured until the
end of the third year, when they arrive at their perfect or winged state. The pupa
state is comparatively short, lasting less than a month before the moth appears.
From figures 3, 4, and 5 of Plate I we see representations of caterpillars found Octo-
ber 14, which establish the fact beyond dispute, through observations extending
Over many years, that it requires three full years for the caterpillar to arrive at ma-
turity.

8. COSSUS ANGREZI Bailey.

(Plate I, Fig. 6.)

As this species will probably be found boring in the poplar, we re-
produce Dr. Bailey’s account of it.

We repeat the original description of this species, given in Papilio for June, 1882
(Vol. II, No. 6, p. 93):

‘¢ Cossus angrezi nu. s. female. Head somewhat narrow on the vertex. Collar and
head yellowish gray, thorax black; the edges of the tegule shaded with yellowish
gray. Fore-wings with a nearly white ground, shaded with black, and with black
reticulations. Hind wings yellowish gray, mottled with blackish outwardly. The
fore-wings have the costal edge pale, marked with black; the black shading obtains
on costa at apical third, and over the whole wing at terminal third, extending
obliquely downwards and inwards; there are a series of interspacial iongitudinal
black streaks before the margin, more or less defined. Fringes whitish, dotted with
black opposite the ends of the veins, which latter conversely are whitish. Thorax
shaded with yellowish gray behind. Abdomen dark gray. Beneath the wings re-
peat the markings very distinctly, owing to the strong contrast of the pale ground
color with the black markings. Expanse, 82™™, 1 female. Wells, Elko County,
Nev. From the late Mrs. Caroline Chase. Type, coll. James S. Bailey.”

POPLAR BORERS. 443

This I believe is a true Cossus, although the male is not known to me. The shape
of the wing is as in centerensis. The structure is that of Cossus, and not of Prionoxystus.
The thorax is subquadrate, the vestiture short and thick. The interspacial black
dashes along the primaries subterminally distinguish 1t specifically. The pre-apical
transverss black streak or line resembles that of C. centerensis. The hind wings are
faintly reticulated. The ground color is a yellowish white. The black blotches on
fore-wings of robiniew are here wanting, while there is a diffuse discal shade blotch,
another above and beyond it on costa, and the wing shows a wide, soft, blackish
shading, obliquely edged inwardly and covering the outer portions of the wing.
Except. the antennz my type is perfect. Beneath it is strongly marked, and reminds
one of C. robinie Peck, but the shape of the wing is not like that species. The
thorax is black above, not gray with black stripe or tegulw, and the collar is dis-
colorous, pale yellowish gray. This species ought to be recognizable. The shape of
the thorax is like Cossus, as is the vestiture, so that I am not prepared to find that
the male has the peculiarities of C. robinie and querciperda Fitch. I hope Western
collectors will solve the question. But I can not regard angrezi as having anything
to do with the question of a Western representative of robinie. From Herrich
Schaeffer’s figure, and what has been published, I believe that robinie@ is found across
the continent. (Dr. Bailey, J, c.)

9. THE LOMBARDY POPLAR BORER.
Agrilus granulatus Say.
Order COLEOPTERA; family BUPRESTID®.

The following account of this borer is by Prof. T. J. Burrill, and is
taken from Forbes’ First Annual Report on the Injurious Insects of
Hlinois.

It is known by every one that the Lombardy poplar lives but a short time in the
Tich soils of the Mississippi Valley, where its growth is exceedingly rapid. Many
suppose that this is due to some degeneration, through the processes of propagation
or otherwise, of the constitutional vitality of the tree—that it is inherently short-
lived.

After some studies upon this subject, Iam quite sure that the early death of the
tree comes from other causes, and is due to agencies outside the tree itself and not
specially connected with the soil or climate. For the present note, one of these,
and only one, may be mentioned.

About the middle of June a small beetle (Agrilus granulatus Say) lays its eggs in
the crevices of the rough bark, depositing them singly here and there, but some-
times only an inch or two apart, on the trunk and limbs old enough to become roagh-
ened by the fissures and cracks of the outer bark. The larve penetrate the living
bark and gnaw tortuous galleries in it and the young layer of wood just beneath.
These galleries are at first as fine as the puncture of a cambric needle, and never
become larger than one-tenth of an inchin diameter. For the most part they run
in irregularly horizontal directions, or crosswise of the grain of the wood. When
numerous, as they often are, they sometimes cross each other, but this is uncommon.
They are closely packed with the excrement of the larve.

The latter are exceedingly slender, slightly flattened, much elongated, footless and
white; the first segment of the thorax is somewhat enlarged, and the minute but
sharp jaws apparently project from its front. In October they bore obliquely into
the deeper layers of the wood, often one to two inches from the surface, and then
usually follow the grain up or down some inches, and turn obliquely outward until
within about an eighth of an inch of the surface wood, though this distance varies
much. The last inch or thereabouts of the burrow is greatly widened and ends with
an obliquely rounded termination. The long, slender larva, towards the last of this

444 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

month and throughout the autumn and winter following, may be found in the en-
larged portions of its burrow with its head and the first third of its body closely bent
backward on the remaining two-thirds of the length, and in this folded form filling
the cavity gnawed for itself in the wood. The bend of the body is always sideways,
and usually to the left. ,

About the middle of May the larve transform, and the pup are found with their
heads occupying the position of the fold just mentioned and next to the rounded end
of the burrow. The ventral side is always outward, that is, toward the surface of
the tree. Two weeks or thereabouts later the pupw become perfect beetles, and
about the first to the middle of June escape by gnawing outward, making, in so
doing, a very different cut from that previously made by the larve. Seen from with-
out the hole is doubly convex, the curvatures being quite unequal, and meeting at a
sharp or slightly rounded angle on either side. As the insect emerges, its back is
pressed against the strongly convex side of the excavation.

The beetle.—About half an inch long, slender, and sluggish. It makes little or no
effort to avoid capture, which is easily enough done. It appears to pass the night at
rest in crevices, etc., and moves about only during sunny weather. Eggs are depos-
ited within a few days after the mature beetle gains its freedom. It is thus described
by Say: ‘‘ Body cylindrical, olive-green, granulated ; head punctured, with a profound
sinus each side for the reception of the antenne, tip rounded; eyes whitish, with a
blackyobleng, movable pupil; thorax with an oblique indented line each side, and
a longitudinal dorsal one; basal edge sinuated ; scutel transversely elongated, with
an impressed transverse line behind ; elytra scabrous or granulated, without striz or
punctures; an elevated longitudinal line, and an indented large spot at base; tip
serro-dentate. Length two-fifths of an inch nearly. This species has three hardly
visible fulvous spots on the elytra; one on the depressed base, one near the suture
before the middle, and one behind the middle, also near the suture. I have a speci-
men in which these spots are not at all visible. The elevated line at the posterior
angles of the thorax is short, but very obvious.”

10. THE POPLAR GERIA.
Ageria tricincta Harris.

The caterpillars bore in Populus candicans in winter and spring, the
moths perhaps placing their eggs in the deserted burrows of Saperda
mesta. They inhabit the branches, suckers, and small trunks in New
York, on the smaller stalks raising galls. The larva is dull white, head
light brown, otherwise much asin other Augerian caterpillars. The
habits of this borer have been described by Dr. D.S. Kellicott in the
Canadian Entomologist (vol. xiii, p. 3) as follows :

During June and July last I obtained several examples of this moth from larvze
secured in April. These larvze were taken from branches, suckers, and small trunks
of Populus candicans growing on low landsalong the Niagara below the city [ Buffalo].
The smaller ones were sometimes found in the sapwood, or just beneath the bark,
but the larger ones were generally in the center or pith of the stems; on the smaller
stalks they cause considerable galls, quite as prominent as those upon the willow
branches made by the larva of the Tortrix, very abundant in the same locality.
These poplars are badly infested by the larvze of Saperda mesta, and I am of the opinion
that the moth places her eggs in the deserted burrows of the beetle, the young cater-
pillars thus easily gaining access to the wood, their home for at least a year. The
swellings on the branches caused by the beetle become more enlarged by a second
occupation. I have taken them from the stem just above ground, and from limbs
of trees many feet high. The larva before transforming prepares a way for final

POPLAR CATERPILLARS. 445

escape which it carefully guards by means of asilken membrane re-enforced by frag-
ments of wood; it then lines its burrow with silk and spins a firm cocoon about
itself.

Kellicott calls attention to the very close mimicry of this moth after
certain wasps, seen in the form and color of the moth, its markings,
as well as its motions and attitudes.

Larva.—The larve, when taken, April 15, were of two distinct sizes, the larger
measuring from .9 to 1.1 inch in length, the smaller .5 inch and less. The former
appeared to increase but slightly before pupation. Dull white with a darker line
along the back; head quite strongly bilobed, light brown, jaws and clypeus black ;
the first ring smooth, slightly clouded with brown, two irregular oblique marks from
the posterior border outwards to the front edge. Body somewhat attenuated toward
either end; transverse wrinkles, especially on the thoracic rings, well marked; in
the small ones there is a slight medio-dorsal indenture; there are also lateral sub-
stigmatal wrinkles. Stigmata elliptical, brown, last pair large, placed subdorsally
and posteriorly. Above the anal feet, directed backwards, there are two black
chitinous teeth; in the younger specimens they are more prominent and upturned.
The scanty brown hairs arise from slight papille.

Pupa.—Light brown. The clypeus is armed with a sharp wedge shaped process,
strengthened by ridges at its four angles and also by a median dorsal ridge. The
abdominal rings are furnished, as usual, with two transverse rows of teeth, except
the anal and pre-anal segments, which have but one row each. The terminal ring
is obliquely truncated, having several teeth. Length, .6inch. (Kellicott.)

Moth.—Blue-black ; fore-wings opaque; hind wings transparent, with the border,
fringe, and transverse line near the middle black; palpi at tip, collar, a spot on each
shoulder, and three bands on the abdomen yellow; antenne short, black; the four
posterior tibia banded with orange; tarsi yellow, tipped with black ; tail flat, with
two longitudinal yellow lines. Expands from | to 14 inches. (Harris.) Kellicott
adds that the male is considerably smaller than the female, the antenne strongly
pectinated to the apical portion, which is enlarged and hairy. The abdomen has
four yellow bands and there are no “longitudinal yellow lines in the tail.” Both
sexes have a conspicuous white spot bordering the eye in front; four small yellow
spots on the upper part of the thorax; two below the base of fore-wings, also a
yellow line at the outer edges of the collar; the outer edge of the cox of the first
pair of legs, also those of the second and third pairs,are of the same color. The fore-
wings are more or less washed with red on the basal third. The second abdominal
band alone appears on the ventral side; in front of it below is a yellow line.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
11. THE STOUT POPLAR SPAN WORM.
Biston ursaria Walker.
Order LEPIDO! TERA; family PHALZNIDZE.

In some seasons, during July, partially defoliating the Lombardy poplars in Mon-
treal, Canada, large drab or dingy purple span worms, at the end of July burying
themselves in the earth, the moths appearing during the last week in April and the
early part of May.

According to Mr. G. J. Bowles (Can. Ent., viii, p. 7) this span worm
abounds year after year on the Lombardy poplars in the city of Mon-
treal. ‘‘ Insome seasons the trees are partially defoliated by the larve,

446 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

and during the last week of April and the first of May the moths are
to be found in great numbers.” On the 6th of May the moths laid glob-
ular eggs .04 inch in diameter, depositing them some days before the
leaves expand. May 29 the larve began to hatch out just as the pop

lars were throwing out theirleaves. The larve change but little during
growth. At the end of July they descend and bury themselves in the
earth, changing in a few days to pup, without forming any cocoon. —

The larva is from 2 to 24 inches long, of a drab or dingy purple ; head of a lighter
shade and spotted with black, First segment behind the head bordered in front with
a yellow line, indented behind ; fourth to eighth inclusive, each with six very small
yellow tubercles, two on the back, one behind, and one below each spiracle. Body
striped from head to tail with twelve reddish lines, each bordered on both sides by an
irregular narrow black line; six of the reddish lines are on the back and sides, one
(interrupted) through the spiracles, and four on theabdomen. Anal segments spotted’
with black, as also first, second, and third segments. Mouth pinkish, legs pink,
spotted with black; spiracles dark. (Bowles.)

The moth.—This genus may be kuown by the large heavy body and rather small
wings; the fore-wings have the costa straight, the tip subrectangular; the male
autenne with long pectinations. This species is dark granite-gray, the fore-wings
with three transverse, obscure, dusky lines, represented in rubbed specimens by
black spots on the costa and veins. First line well curved; second and third lines
near together. Half-way between the third line and the outer edge of the wing is a
fainter band than the others, represented by a costal square spot, and ablack spot on
the innerangle. Hind wings with three transverse diffuse bands. The fore-wings
expand 1.55 to 2 inches.

12. THE TUSSOCK CATERPILLAR.
Orgyia leucostigma (Abbot and Smith).

The injury done to the silver-leaf poplar in New York City by this
caterpillar has been marked; it was especially noticeable in 1883. Mr.
F. Clarkson states that many of the trees in that city were entirely
denuded of their foliage, particularly the silver-leaf poplar, the ailan-
thus alone escaping attack. He suggested to the authorities the pre-
vious spring that hand-picking of such cocoons as bore the eggs was
the only sure way of exterminating these insects. There is good reason
to believe, however, that what the authorities have failed to do a
young army of parasites (Pimpla), which have put in an appearance
during the last fortnight, are now actively attempting, and we shall
probably be rid of this moth another year. The ova commenced to
hatch out about the 25th of May, and the larve began to assume the
pupa form about the 21st of June; ten days thereafter the imago was
discovered depositing ova.” Out of twelve cocoons four yielded the
ichneumons. Mr. Clarkson noticed that this parasite forced its eggs
through the cocoon on the pupa and that in every case he observed
the pupa selected was a female, doubtless from the fact that ‘its plump
condition provides the necessary food for the development of the para-
site, which the male pupa of the moth could not furnish.” (Can. Ent.,
Xv, p. 168.)

POPLAR CATERPILLARS. 447

Professor Riley thus sums up the leading points in the history of this
pest (Bull. 10, Div. Ent.):

The White-marked Tussock moth has a very beautiful hairy larva or caterpillar
marked with black and yellow and red. The female cocoons are to be found during
the winter on the trees and upon neighboring fences and tree-boxes, and each
cocoon is plastered with a number of eggs, protected by a white, frothy, glutinous
covering. The eggs hatch in spring and the young worms feed upon the fresh leaves.
The males spin their cocoons after three molts and the females after four. The moths
issue in July, pair and Jay eggs for a second brood of worms, which in turn transform
and bring forth moths in October, the eggs from which hibernate. The male moth
is active, with ample wings, which are brown, with a conspicuous white spot, while
the temale is pale and wingless, and only crawls out of her cocoon to lay her eggs
thereon and die. This species is never found on evergreens, and is chiefly injurioas
to elms and maples, and prefers large and old trees to young ones because of the
greater shelter which they offer for its cocoons. In Washington it is yet chiefly con-
fined to our parks, and it has not begun to be as injurious as in cities like Philadel-
phia and Baltimore, where the trees are older and larger. Two probable egg-para-
sites and seven parasites of larva and pupa are known to me.

Mrs. Dimmock gives a summary of what is known of its history
(Psyche, iv, p. 280) as follows:

Orgyia leucostigma Abb. and Smith (Nat. Hist. Lepid. Ins. Ga., 1797, v. 2, p.157, pl.
79). Harris (Rept. Ins. Injur. Veg., 1841, pp. 261-263) describes the eggs, larva, and
imago of this species; apple and Rosa are given as food-plants, The same author
(Treatise on Ins. Injur. Veg., 1862, pp. 366-368) fignres and describes the eggs, larva,
cocoon, and male and female imagos, and adds Aesculus hippocastaneum to the food-
plants; later (Entom. Corresp., 1869, p. 291) he adds further Salix, Celtis, and Carya
to the food-plants. Fitch (First and Second Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1856, pp. 202-220) de-
scrives the different stages of this species, noting in addition to food-plants mentioned
above, Ulmus, Acer, Quercus, and plum. Riley (First Ann. Rept. State Entom. Mo., 1869,
pp. 144-147) figures and describes briefly the eggs, larva, pupa, cocoon, and male and
female imagos; the figure of the larva is repeated in Amer. Entom., Sept. 1870, v. 2,
p. 306. Saunders (Can. Entom., Apr. 1871, v. 3, pp. 14-15) repeats Riley’s figure of
the larva, and describes the egg and egg-mas. Packard (Bull. 7, U.S. Entom. Comm.,
1881, p. 239) repeats Riley’s figures of the different stages of this species. Coleman
(Papilio, November and December 1882, v. 2, pp. 164-166) describes some variations
in the coloration of the larve. Clarkson (Can. Entom., Sept. 1883, v. 15, p. 168)
mentions that this larva particularly attacks the silver-leaf Populus, and calls atten-
tion te the fact that ichneumons oviposit in cocoons of this species. The larva feeds
upon Betula alba and B. lenta.

pele: Orgyia antiqua Linn.

The larva of this common European species, which I have found on
the aspen and poplar-leaved birch, as well as the thorn tree, differs
from that of O. leucostigma in having three pairs of lateral tufts, one in
front arising from the segment next to the head, and two others, a small
white one, arising from the first abdominal segment, and a larger
longer black pencil arising from the second segment; while the body is
black. I observed the moth many years ago flying about the house early
in September, if I remember correctly. The caterpillar becomes full-
fed about the middle of August and remains in the pupa state a few
days, inclosed in a loose cocoon, on the outside of which the eggs are
laid by the wingless female.

448 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Larva.—Four dorsal cream-white or pale brownish tufts. Anterior black tufts pro-
jecting forwards from the prothoracie ring. Head round and smooth, nearly black,
pale reddish on the sides. Body often black, a row of lateral bright red warts giving
rise to yellow hairs. Only two dorsal coral-red warts, the one next to the last cream-
colored; short tuft wanting, but there is on each side (what Orqyia leucostigma wants) a
row of three subdorsal reddish warts. The black, broad dorsal stripe so distinet in
O. leucostigma is broken up by these warts and by brown patches. The terminal tuft
isas in O, leucostigma but blacker. The main distinction is in the large black lateral
pencil on the second abdominal segment with aslighter and shorter pencil in front and
(sometimes) behind, yellow, with a few black hairs. The other hairs are quite dense
and buff-yellow. A broken black stigmatal line. Under side of body pale greenish
yellow. Length 25™™,

14. THE ANTIOPA BUTTERFLY.

Vanessa antiopa (Linn. )

Although I have more usually observed the gregarious caterpillar of
this common butterfly feeding on the willow in clusters in mid-summer,
it also occurs on the poplar, balm of Gilead, birch, and linden. The
butterfly hybernates, appearing in New England (including Maine)
sometimes as early as March. It is seen until June, then disappears,
to be succeeded by a new brood about the middle of August, the insect
having been in the chrysalis state eleven or twelve days. The second
brood of caterpillars appear in August and transforms before cold
weather into butterflies. The caterpillars are sometimes very destruc-
tive. Says Harris:

I have sometimes seen them in such profusion on the willow and elm that the limbs

bent under their weight, and the long leafless branches, which they had stripped
and deserted, gave sufficient proof of the voracity of these caterpillars.

Mrs. Anna K. Dimmock gives a summary of its history (Psyche, iv,

p. 282) as follows:

Vanessa antiopa Linn. (Syst. Nat., 1758 ed., 10, p. 476). Besides numerous refer-
ences in European literature, in which Salix, Populus, Betula, and Tilia are noticed
as food-plants, the following citations of American authors may be mentioned. Har-
ris (Rept. Ins. Injur. Veg., 1841, p. 219, and Entom. Corresp., 1869, p. 280) describes
the larva of this species, adding Ulmus as food-plant; later (Treatise on Ins. Injur.
Veg., 1862, p. 296-298) he figures and describes larva, pupa, and imago. Packard
(Guide Study Ins., 1869, p. 258) and Saunders (Can. Entom., April 1869, v. 1, p. 75)
describe the larva. (See also Scudder’s Butterflies of the Eastern United States. )

Larva.—Head black, rough, and tuberculated; six or seven large, long black
branched spines on each segment behind the prothoracic; body black, minutely
speckled with white; with a row of eight dark brick-red dorsal spots. Length, 1%
inches (40™™),

Pupa.—Dark brown, with large tawny spots around the two rims of sharp tuber-
cles on the back. Length 25-90™™,

Butterfly.—Borders of the wings much notched; purplish brown above, with a
broad buff-yellow border, in which is a row of pale blue spots. Expanse of wings,
3-34 inches (75™™),

15. Limenitis arthemis (Drury). (Basilarchia arthemis Scudder).

This butterfly is a northern species, occurring in the Adirondacks and
White Mountains, where early in July it is sometimes very abundant,
gathering by the hundreds in the bright sun around puddles in the

POPLAR CATERPILLARS, 449

mountain roads. It is less common on the Maine coast. It is double-
brooded, appearing, says Harris, late in June, and again late in August.
It feeds on the balsam poplar, as well as thorn and birch.

Mrs. Anna K. Dimmock gives a summary of its history (Psyche,
iv, p. 282) as follows:

Limenitis arthemis Drury (Illust. Nat. Hist. — 1773, v. 2, pl. 10, fig.3-4). Lintner
(Proc. Entom. Soc. Phil., May 1864, v. 3, p. 62-63) describes the larva and pupa of
this species, giving as the food-plant Populus balsamifera. Scudder (Amer. Nat.,
Aug. 1869, v. 3, p. 330) gives Crategus as the food-plant, and again (Psyche, Aug.
1874, v. 1, p. 13) adds Betula lenta and Populus to the food-plants. (See also Scud-
der’s Butterflies of the Eastern United States.)

16. Limenitis disippus Godart. (Basilarchia archippus Scudder.)

The singular caterpillars of this common butterfly frequently occur
at Brunswick, Me., becoming full-fed during the last week in July
and the first of August. They afford an admirable instance of protect-
ive mimicry, as they resemble a mass of bird’s droppings attached to a
leaf, owing to their shape, attitude, and especially the dark and pe-
culiar pearly limy white patches on the back. The butterflies lay their
eggs in midsummer or later and I have found the young larve at Provi-
dence September 20, in its hibernaculum, consisting of a poplar leaf
slit and folded, and sewed together to form a tube in which the cater-
pillar resides. It left its hibernaculum at Providence as early as May
10, 1890. It remains in the chrysalis state about ten days, my larvee
in Maine pupating July 31 to August 1 and the imagos emerging Au-
gust 10 to 11.

Full-fed larva.—Head resinous brown, rough, coarsely granulated and with sharp
tubercles, ending vertically in two acutely knobby tubercles. Mesothoracic segment
with two brown dorsal spines, acutely spinulated. Metathoracic second, seventh,

and eighth abdominal segments with large, long tubercles, those on the second ab-
dominal segment much the largest, smooth and bearing a rough spinulated spine, the

Fic. 164.—Limenitis disippus.—After Riley.

~ pair on the eighth segment the largest. Body olive-green shading into brown, a lat-
eral white irregular line and an irregular dorsal patch on segments 4 to 6: the fifth
segment nearly all pearly white. Length 30™™. (See Fig. 40, p. 129.)
Pupa.—Suspended by the tail alone. Head deeply conical; a dorsal low thoracic
ridge; a very high, thin, compressed rounded smooth ridge on the second abdominal

‘5 ENT——29

450 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

segment; on each side at base is a silvery band obscurely marked. Body pearly
white, spotted irregularly with brown. Head, wings, and limbs olive-brown. Ab-
domen pearl white, brown towards the end. Length 24™™,

The butterfly.—Deep orange red, body black, wings bordered and striped with
black; in the black borders a row of white spots besides a row of marginal white
spots in the scallops, also a row of three white spots in the triangular black spot ex-
tending inward from the outer third of the costa of the fore-wing. Eight white spots
on the head to be seen from above. Expanse of wings 2} inches.

17. Nisoniades icelus Lintner.

This butterfly has been raised by Mr. 8S. Lowell Elliot from cater-
pillars found on different species of poplar and willow at or near New
York City. According to Mr. Lintner, the first discoverer of the
species, the butterfly is to be seen from May 25 till near the middle of
July.

The egg.—The egg is of a pale-gréen color. In shape it is a semi-ellipsoid; its base
is flat, and its apex depressed between the tips of the ribs, which terminate exterior
to the depression. It is distinctly fluted even to the naked eye, and with a 1-inch
lens the ribs may be seen of the number usually of eleven, but not uniformly, for of
nine specimens examined one was observed with ten ribs and one with twelve. Con-
necting the ribs are trom thirty to thirty-five transverse strie. The diameter of the
egg is .031 of an inch, and its height .028 of an inch. The larva has not been
observed by me. (Lintner.)

The butterfly. —Head and palpi dark brown, the latter lighter beneath, and inter-
spersed with gray or gray-tipped hairs. Antenne brown, annulated with white
obscurely above, with the club orange-tipped. Thorax dark brown, with scattered
scales of lighter brown. Abdomen dark brown, with some gray scales, especially at.
the posterior margin of the segments. Anterior wings above dark brown, basally
mottled with umber, and sprinkled with yellow-brown and bluish-gray scales. It
differs from N. brizo, to which it is closely related, by its uniformly smaller size, its
wings expanding from 1.20 to 1.40 inches, while the smallest brizo expands 1.50
inches. A marked characteristic is the costal patch of bluish scales between the
bands. (Lintner.)

18. Smerinthus excecatus A. and S.

The caterpillar of this moth, which heretofore has been supposed to
be confined to the wild cherry as well as the apple and plum, has been
found by Mr. Fletcher to feed readily on the balm of Gilead and also
Populus alba, the latter known as the silver abele tree; the larvae
varied much in coloration. (Can. Ent., xv, 203.) Mr. P. Fischer (Can.
Ent., xvi, 17) has bred this species from the poplar and linden.

19. Smerinthus modestus Harris.

The caterpillar of this rare moth has been found by Dr. Kellicott to
feed on the aspen, and by Mr. W. V. Andrews on the poplar (species
not mentioned). Mr. R. Bunker, who describes the eggs and early
stages (in Can. Ent., ix, 210), does not mention its food-plant. We copy
his descriptions.

Egg.—One-eighteenth inch in diameter; light green, translucent, smooth, circu-
lar, oblate or depressed. Hatched in nine days after being laid.

POPLAR CATERPILLARS. 451

Larva.—One-fourth inch long; light green, slender. Head large, round, slightly
depressed medially; face pink, with a purplish tinge; extremity of the body dark
sea-green, with a large wart or tubercle, pyramidal in form, upon which rests the
horn. é

First molt.—One-half inch long; apple green, with a light yellow longitudinal
stripe below the dorsal ridge; diagonal lines yellowish white; horn purple, straight,
very short.

Second molt.—Seven-eighths inch in length; rich dark green, finely granulated, giv-
ing it a beautiful velvety appearance; thorax adorned with two transverse crests or
collars, studded with fine points tipped with white.

Third molt.—One and a quarter inches in length; thickest medially, light green,
otherwise unchanged.

Fourth molt.—One and seven-eighths inches long; light green, coarsely granulated,
granules studded with fine white points, giving the skin a frosted appearance; crests
on the thorax much reduced in size.

Fifth molt.—Three inches long; # inch in diameter; hind crest lost, anterior one
much reduced; spiracles small, rust-red; true legs brown; prolegs brownish yellow;
horn lost, except a mere rudiment; yellow longitudinal stripes very obscure.

Pupa.—Two inches long; 3 in diameter; dark chestnut brown; cylindrical, hold-
ing its size well to the sixth segment, thence tapering abruptly and ending in a point
or thorn; head obtuse, thoracic portion round, not angular.

Moth.—The largest species of the genus. Olive drab; head very small, and with-
out a prominent crest; antenne of the males transversely biciliated beneath. Fore-
wings scalloped, with a transverse sinuous pale line near the base ; a whitish comma-
shaped stigma on a broad undulated dark olive-colored central band, and two trans-
verse undulated lines towards the tip; under side purple in the middle of the disk.
Hind wings purple in the middle and at base, with a transverse black spot, and an
abbreviated dusky blue band near the anal angle. Body very robust, and with the
legs immaculate. Expanse of wings, 5 inches.

20. THE 10 MOTH.
Hyperchiria io Fabr.

The gregarious caterpillars of this moth were observed on the aspen
at Brunswick, Me., July 27; the young larve, apparently just hatched,
occurred July 16, forming a group on an aspen leaf.

Young larva after hatching.—Stout, thick bodied; the body is uniformly pale red-
dish brown, while the large branching spines are brown and black. Length, 5 to
6mm,

Young larva 15™™ in length.—Body moderately thick, of the usual shape of the
genus. Body pale reddish horn-colored, with six longitudinal paler lines; four rows
of dorsal and subdorsal black spinulated spines; and also a similar lateral row (or
six rowsin all). Head blackish-brown.

After molting, July 28.—Length, 17 to 18™™, The spinules on the spines are mostly
whitish (those at the ends black), giving a grayish appearance to the larva. Head
reddish amber; body, reddish-yellow.

Larva after another molt, August 6.—Length, 30 to 35™™, As soon as the oid skin is
cast, and while the parts are limp and soft, the spines present a curious appearance;
the spinules being short, and placed close together, so that the whole spine forms an
elongated ‘conical mass. Soon the spinules stand out and the larva presents the
normal appearance. It is now much lighter than before, all the spines being dense
and pale, but afterwards they become wholly black or black at the ends, including
the hairs, though the general effect of the mass of spines is to give a pale horn-
colored yellowish-green hue to the body. Color of the body as before, but there is a

452 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

distinct broad deep orange spiracular line, edged slightly above, and broadly below,
with whitish. The head is blackish in front, with a whitish V-shaped mark anda
whitish dash in the middle of the V or clypeus; labrum whitish.

Full-fed larva, molted August 16 to 20.—Same characters as before the last molt,
only differing in being much Jarger. Body cylindrical, with stout spinulated spines
arising in whorls from small conical tubercles, arranged in seven rows on the thoracic
and five rows on the abdominal segments; the spinules at tip very sharp and
poisonous, often ending ina stiff hair; about twelve spinules on each tubercle; some
of the lateral abdominal and thoracic spinules tipped with black. Head of the usual
size, rather large, pea-green; the eyes, except the posterior one, situated on a black
spot; labrum paleamber. Body and spines pea-green. On the abdominal segments
isa lateral broad bright reddish spiracular band, broadly edged with white below ;
this line extends to the end of the outer side of the anal legs. Spiracles whitish,
narrowly edged with black; ends of the abdominal legs and entire thoracic legs red-
dish. Length, 60™™,

21. Gluphisia trilineata Pack.

Mr. Howard L. Clark has reared this moth from caterpillars found on
the balm of Gilead at Warwick, R. I. The moth appeared July 22,
having been in the chrysalis state about ten days.

22. Icthyura inclusa Hiibn. (Clostera americana Harr.)

The caterpillar of this moth occurred on the poplar (P. grandidentata ?)
at Providence, September 11 to 15. They were living within a tent
made by drawing two or three leaves together, several smaller branches
of the tree having been defoliated by them. It pupated a few days
after, the moth appearing in the breeding cage June 1 of the next year.

The following account is copied from Harris, who observed them on
the balm of Gilead:

August and September, 1835: Gregarious caterpillars on the balm of Gilead tree;
folding up the leaf and lining it with silk as a common web, the petiole being also
fastened to the trunk by silk.

Larva.—Color of the larva yellow ; head, geminate tubercles on the fourth and
eleventh segments, tip of last segment, and true feet, black ; three narrow dorsal and
three broader lateral vittz, and spiracles, black. The larva is much like that of
Clostera anachoreta (Ernst, 165, fig. 214) and C. reclusa (Ernst, 165, fig, 216) and
closely resembled C. anastomosis. Thin cocoon formed in a box October 4, 1835.
Another cocoon formed in October, 1837, disclosed the imago June 15, 1838.

August 10, 1838: Found the larve in great abundance on the balm of Gilead tree.
These caterpillars are gregarious, and form a common shelter consisting of a leaf
folded longitudinally and lined with a thick web of silk, beneath which the insects
are sheltered when not feeding. They eat the whole of the leaves except the veins,
which remain untouched. The petioles of the small leaves used as habitations are
fastened with silk. The larger leaves subsequently used for shelter are not thus
secured. They do not eat the leaves which serve for habitations, but sometimes fold
one-half of the leaf and eat the corresponding side. When fully grown the cater-
pillar measures one inch and a half or more in length. They do not vary in color or
markings at different ages. Body slightly hairy, light yellow, the head, true feet, a
double wart on the fourth, another on the eleventh anal valve, three slender dorsal
stripes and three broader lateral ones on a dusky ground, and the spiracles, black.
In the oldest caterpillars there is an orange-colored line, at the sides of the body
below the spiracles. The upper lateral black stripe is the broadest and becomes

2 POPLAR CATERPILLARS. 453

indistinct towards the second, which gives to the sides the appearance of a broad,
dusky stripe marked with three black lines.* The thinly scattered hairs on the body
are whitish, and proceed indiscriminately from the surface, and not from regular
tubercles.

The cocoon spun at Providence about the middle of September, is a
loose web with abundant brown strands made in a folded leaf.

Larva.—Body as wide on the third thoracic segment as on the eighth abdominal.
Head as wide as first and second thoracic segments; flattened in front, uniformly
deep black. First thoracic segment short and small, with two sublunate black shin-
ing spots. On the first abdominal segment are two black rounded fleshy conical
tubercles, surrounded at the base with short black hairs, and bearing at the end a
white hair. A similar double tubercle on the eighth segment, the latter pair (in life)
nodding over backwards at regular intervals independently of the surrounding skin
(a very singular phenomenon; the anterior pair does not move), Along the back are
four yellow stripes inclosing three black somewhat interrupted lines. On the sides
are three broader black bands and a supra-spiracular yellow line. A broad yellow
ocherous lateral band inclosing the black spiracles. Thoracic feet black; abdominal
feet mostly reddish brown, black near the ends. Body with numerous white hairs
arising from small warts. Length, 30™™.

Pupa.—Large and thick; wings not reaching to the hinder edge of the third
abdominal segment; abdomen full and rounded at the end ; the terminal spine (cre-
master) forming a slender rounded spine scarcely thicker at the end than at the base,
and terminating in two forks which are suddenly twisted back or recurved, and
ending each in three minute acute spines. Length, 17 to 18™™.

23. Ichthyura strigosa Grote.

The caterpillar of this interesting species was found July 30, at Bruns-
wick, Me., feeding on the aspen (Populus tremuloides). It molted
August 10, and about the 20th began to spin a siitken cocoon between
two leaves. The moth (a male) appeared in the breeding cage at Prov-
idence, May 20. Like J. inclusa, it sits with the wings folded sharply
over the back, with the fore-legs held straight out in front, with the
tufted tail upeurved.

Larva before the last molt.—Head broader than the body, flattened in front, dull
black, with long white hairs. Body flattened, with yellow and reddish longitudinal
stripes; three dorsal faint red stripes on a yellowish ground, and three deep lake-red
lateral stripes, the lowermost the broadest and deepest in hue. Two bright yellow
lateral stripes. Five pairs of flesh-colored abdominal legs, the legs pale amber,
colored like the under side of the body. Length, 9™™.

Larva after the last molt.—Markings much as in the previous stage. Length, 17 to
eee es

The rude cocoon is formed by tying a few leaves together, gathering them by a web
at the edges, thus forming a roomy chamber, partly lined with silk, within which the
chrysalis rests.

Pupa.—Smaller and not so full and rounded at the end as in J. inclusa ; cremaster
as in that species, ending in two stout, very short, recurved spines. Length, 12™™.

Moth.—One male. Smaller and duller brown than J. indentata Pack. Palpi whit-
ish below, dark brown above. as in I. indentata (which closely resembles Fitch’s J.

*The middle lateral line is very slender, the lower one broader, more distinct than
the upper one; and below it, between and below the spiracles, are irregular,
blackish spots which sometimes run together so as to resemble a fourth line. The
tubercles have hairs as wellas the body. (Harris Corr.)

454 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

vau); front of head slightly broader and squarer; median thoracic brown band asin
I. indentata. Forewings with the costal edge straighter and the apex less turned up
than in J. indentata, the apex being slightly more rounded than in that species or in
I. inclusa. Basal line distinct, making a sharp angle on the median vein, aud more
incurved in the submedian space than in J. indentata; second line much more sud-
denly incurved than Jf. indentata, the same line being straight in J. inclusa ; the short
third line as in I, indentata, but more sinuous. Fourth and outer line much as in J.
indentata, but the species differs from all the others known by the large conspicuous
irregular whitish ocherous patch which fills in the costal curve of this line and ex-
tends half way from the costal end of the line to the apex of the wing; no deep brick-
red discoloration on each side of costal half of fourth line, so distinct in J. indentata,
but a long discal blackish stripe extends along the first median venule to the sub-
marginal row of brown dots which are not so distinct as in J. indentata or I. inclusa ;
though the marginal row of dark brown lunules is as distinct asin J. inclusa. Fringe
as in I. inclusa, but that on the hind wings much darker. Hind wings darker than
in I. indentata. Wings beneath much as in J. indentata, but there is no reddish tint
towards the apex, and the white oblique costal streak is much less distinct. There
are traces of a common brown diffuse line. Abdomen a little shorter, the fan or
tuft of scales perhaps shorter and expanding wider. Expanse of wings, 25™™;
Jength of body, 12™™,

24. THE WHITE-S ICHTHYURA.
Ichthyura albosigma Fitch.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCIDA.

Early in July, eating the leaves and reposing in a
cavity formed of leaves drawn together like a ball, a
large black caterpillar with white and yellow dots and
stripes and a hump on the back of its fourth and eleventh
rings; its pupa lying in a cocoon attached among the
leaves, and in ten days giving out the moth the latter
part of July; the moth grayish-brown, its forewings
crossed by three faint paler streaks, the two first par-
allel, the hind one with its outer half silvery white
and strongly waved in shape of the letter S; width, 1.50. (Fitch.)

Fic. 165.—Ichthyura albosigma.

25. V-MARKED ICHTHYURA.

Ichthyura vau Fitch.

This moth, which is very similar to I. inclusa, but darker colored and
smaller, with the bands more slender and distinct, may be readily dis-
tinguished from that species by its having the first band not dislocated
but in its middle strongly curved backward, the apex of the curve
usually forming an acute point. The last band also is much more
strongly undulated near its outer end, curving backwards almost in a
semicircle, and is of a much more vivid white color, and broadly bor.
dered on its hind side with bright rust-red. Its hind legs also are des-
titute of the paler band across their middle. Its width is about 1.20,

I am unacquainted with its larva, but, like the other species of this

POPLAR CATERPILLARS. 455

genus, it doubtless feeds on the poplars and willows. Though quite
rare in my vicinity, it is oftener met with than the two other species.
(Fiteh.)*

26. Pheosia rimosa Pack.

I first found the singular sphinx-like caterpillar of this moth over
twenty-five years ago at Brunswick on the balm of Gilead, September
28. The general color was a purplish lead; head and first segment
greenish; the horn on the eighth segment is black, the dark shade
prolonged into a lateral line ; a kidney-shaped spot on the last segment;
spiracles black, encircled with white ; below is a yellow line. Beneath
greenish and yellowish straw. October 6 it pupated.

This moth, originally described by us as Pheosia rimosa, differs from
the European dictcea in its larva, those of the two European species hav-
ing no horn, the eighth abdominal segment being simply humped. In
1877 Mr. Meske wrote me as follows:

The imago of Notodonta rimosa Packard stands very near to the European Notodonta
dictea Linné, but the larve of those two species are entirely different. The larva of
the former is very slender, light green, and has a caudal horn like a sphinx larva; it
feeds on Populus tremulans. This is the second case in the North American fauna

where the imago stands very near to its allied European form, while the larva is en-
tirely different. The first case is Acronycta occidentalis as compared with Acronycta

psi Linné.
The larva has been described by Mr. C. F. Goodhue, who has found it on the poplar
and willow in New Hampshire late in September. ‘‘The transformation takes place

in a slight cocoon of dead leaves fastened together with a few silken threads, on
the surface of the ground, much in the manner of Darapsa myron.” The moth ap-
pears in spring as well as in August; it occurs throughout the Eastern and Middle
States.

Mr. F. Tepper has raised the caterpillar which occurred on the wil-

- low in New York, June 22; it went under ground a few days after, and

the moth emerged August 22.

Larva.—The body increases in size from the head to the anal segment; it is deeply
incised between the segments, much like those of the Sphingide in appearance and
exceedingly smooth and shiny. Head small and nearly round; first four segments
capable of being retracted nearly one-half their length. Head and entire upper
parts of body pale slate color, slightly shaded with brown on the dorsal portion.
Yellow beneath between the legs; also a slight stigmatal line of the same color.
‘Caudal horn short and black; the black extends from the base of the horn to below

* Walker (Cat. Lep. Het. British Museum, v, 1058) thus refers to a moth which he
describes as Ichthyura apicalis :

Mas. Cinerea; caput nigro-fuscum; frons et palpi subtus albida; antennz cane
Tamis cinereis; thorax vitta dorsali nigro-fusca; ale antice fuseo-cinerex, linea
undulosa albida maculaque costali rufo-fusca; postice cinerew ; subtus albide fascia
gracili discali undulosa fuscescente.

‘Larva brown, thick, with sixteen feet, and with a band on part of the back;
feeds on the poplar leaf, which it draws together with silk. Cocoon slight and
white. The moth appears in June.”—Barnston MSS.

a, b.—St. Martin’s Falls, Albany River, Hudson’s Bay. Presented by Dr. Barnston

456 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

the stigmata. Anal shield rusty and rough; stigmata black, encircled with yellow;
abdominal feet black, the rest pale yellowish. Another specimen differs in color,
being pale lavender, with a slightly darker dorsal line. Under parts between the

Fic. 166.—Pheosia rimosa.

legs and a faint substigmatal greenish yellow line. Another slightly smaller was of
a bright pea-green color, with a bright yellow stigmatal stripe, in other respects like
the former. Length, 1.50 to 1.75 inch.

Pupa.—Dark brown. Head-case smooth, deeply incised between the abdominal
segments. Anal segment large and smooth, ending in two short points.

Moth.—Wings rounded and somewhat produced towards the apex; of a deli-
cate frosty white and brown. Along the ends of the subcostal venules of the fore-
wings are long streaks of brown; in the apical and subapical spaces are two long,
longitudinal, broad streaks, oblique and parallel to the costa, which terminate just
before the apex; middie of the wing white. A long, broad line extends from the
base to just above the inner angle on the outer margin, lined below with white, and
- deflected upwards along the outer edge. Tuft cinereous. Beneath cinereous, costa
darker. The female darker than the male. Hind wings white, the region of the
internal angle and tuft dark brown. Legs and abdomen ecinereous. Thorax and
head cinereous; the tuft on the patagia or shoulder tippets tipped with dark brown.
Fringe interlined at base with white. Expanse of wings, 2 inches.

27. Notodonta stragula Grote.
(Larva, Pl. V; fig. 1.)

The caterpillar of this moth has been reared by Mr. Tepper in New
York. It was found onthe poplar July 4; the moth appearing July 27.
(Bull. Ent. Soc. Brooklyn, i, 10). Messrs. Edwards and Elliott have
found the food-plant to be the willow. (See under Willow Insects )

Larva.—Head slate color, mottled with black, and with a pale stripe on each side.
Mouth parts with a greenish tinge. Body pale lilac, with the exception of the elev-
enth and twelfth segments, which are dull golden. The seventh and eighth seg-
ments have raised prominences, which are also golden, that of the seventh being the
largest. Laterally there are some pale oblique streaks somewhat similar to those of
many Sphingide ; these do not meet on the back, where there is a faint slate-colored
line. Between the second and sixth segments, and common to all of these, is a
darker dorsal shade which re-appears on the eleventh and twelfth segments. The
spiracles are white, with a black ring, and the lower lateral line is paler than the
rest of the body. The twelfth segment bears a hump, and the sides of the eleventh,
twelfth and thirteenth segments are pale brown, mottled with orange. Abdominal
legs dull slate-color, mottled with black; thoracic legs black. Length 55™™, (H. Ed-
wards and Elliott, Papilio, iii, 129.)

Moth.—Anterior wings slaty-gray, shaded with pale buff along internal margin,
with a chestnut-brown basal patch and some brown streaks and spots in the terminal
space; internal margincrested. Extreme base of the wing brownish; basal line dis-
tinct; subbasal space large, grayish at costa, rich chestnut brown below the median
vein, pale buff along the internal margin, which latter shade extends from base to in-
ternal angle. A very dark brown streak extends from the basal line to the trans-

——————— lr

F - POPLAR CATERPILLARS. 457

verse anterior line below the median vein, and a similar streak at internal margin.
Transverse anterior line dark brown, grayish at costa, undulate, bordered anteriorly
by a pale buff shade from below subcostal vein to internal margin. Median space
widest at costa, narrow at internal margin, grayish, with an elongate pale discal
spot with dark brown center. Transverse posterior line cinereous, indistinct, sub-
dentate, continued. Terminal space with a series of rich chestnut-brown streaks
between the veins, two more, linear, near the apex. Posterior wings pale cinereous
with two indistinct median bands; anal angle touched with brownish. Thorax
and collar brownish; tegule grayish; abdomen cinereous, slightly brownish above.
Under surface of thorax and inside of legs brownish, outside of legs and sides of tho-
rax clothed with cinereous hairs. Expanse of wings 1.60 inches. (Grote.)

28. demasia concinna Abbot and Smith.

The moth has been bred by Mr. Elliott from the willow, and I have
found it in different stages of growth on the willow at Brunswick, Me.,
in August and September. It also feeds on the aspen and blackberry
in Maine. I have also found the caterpillar feeding on the huckleberry
( Vaccinium).

“This curious and well-known caterpillar was received in August
from Oregon. Mr. F. 8S. Matteson, of Aumsville, states that he found
it in large numbers on a young apple tree, entirely denuding the
branches of leaves. This mention is made as bearing upon the geo-
graphical distribution of the species. The gregarious habits of these
larves when first hatched admit of an easy remedy in hand-picking.”
(Riley, Rep., 1884.)

Mrs. Anna K. Dimmock gives a summary of its history (Psyche, iv,.
p. 282) as follows:

Notodonta concinna Abb. and Smith (Nat. Hist. Lepid. Ins. Ga., 1797, v. 2, p. 169,.
pl. 85). Harris (Rept. Ins. Injur. Veg., 1841, pp. 307-309) describes larva and imago
of this species, and gives as food-plants apple, cherry, plum, Rosa and Crategus; this
description is quoted by Morris (Synop. Lepid.-N. A., 1862, p. 242), and is repeated
with figures of larva and imago (Treatise on Ins. Injur. Veg., 1862, pp. 425, 426, pl. 6,
fig. 11) and with a colored figure of the larva by Harris (Entom. Corresp., 1869, p.
303, pl. 1, fig. 3). Riley (Amer. Entom., September and October, 1869, v. 2, p. 27)
figures larva, pupa, and imago, and adds pear to the food-plants; Riley’s figures are
repeated by Saunders (Can. Entom., July 1881, v. 13, pp. 138-140). The larva also-
eats Betula alba.

“Larva after first molt.—Length 7™™, body rather slender; head reddish black,
with two long vertical tubercles; body reddish amber, with indistinct broken yellow
lines; two long dorsal tubercles on first and fourth segments, much longer than

those on the outer segments, the tubercles not so conspicuous as in the next stage.
August 14,

Larva after second molt.—Body bright yellow; head jet black with two tubercles.
on the vertex; second segment with a jet-black transverse mark. Each of the other
segments has a transverse row of eight or ten small black short tubercles, those of
the dorsal region being the longest. Between these are a few whitish hairs. Anal
segment, thoracic and abdominal feet pitchy dark. Length 12™™,

After the second molt some of the larve are ichneumoned. September 2 an ichnen-
mon larva had issued from the ventral side of the caterpillar and spun a white thin
cocoon ; the nearly dead caterpillar was fastened by its back to the cocoon. After

458 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

a day or two the caterpillar died and turned whitish, the rows of black warts becoming
conspicuous.

Full-grown larva.—Head coral-red, smooth above, deeply notched, but not tubercu-
lated, as is also the fourth (first abdominal) segment, whicb is humped, but the head
is smooth and shining, the hump dull red. The dorsal and anal regions dull yellow,
with black waved lines; four white subdorsal lines alternating with waved black
lines. Lower lateral yellow, with waved black lines. All the segments bear six or
eight setiferous black tubercles, looking like black sealing-wax. Anal segment jet-
black. Hairs all sordid white. Underside dull yellow, streaked with black waved
lines. Abdominal legs yellowish flesh color; thoracic feet black. Length 30™™
(1.25™™), August 29-30.

29. Cerura borealis Boisd.

The caterpillar here described occurred in August and September at
Brunswick, Me., on the aspen. It apparently differs from those of
C. occidentalis and cinerea in the longer spines on the prothoracic seg-
ment in the young larva, and in the smooth slight rounded projections
which replace them in the full-grown caterpillar.

Larva before last molt.—Length to base of caudal appendages 11™™, Head large,
full, rounded, dark lilac-brown speckled with yellow, slightly wider than the body
except the front part of the prothoracic segment; the latter very broad, over twice
as broad as long, the front edge laterally produced, and at each angle bearing a large
long spiny tubercle three-fourths as long as the segment itself; the tubercle bearing
about twelve setiferous spines; across the posterior edge of the segment is a row of
four setiferous spines. On the back of the other segments are four short tubercles ar-
ranged in a short trapezium, and on each side of the segments are two smaller sharp
tubercles. The dorsal tubercles on the mesothoracic segment are larger than those
behind; those on the metathoracic segment smaller than those on any other segment.
The body tapers gradually to the end; the supra-anal plate longer than broad,
rounded, bearing two long large setiferous fleshy tubercles, which lie between the
bases of the spiny anal legs or filaments, which are about one-half or two thirds as
long as the body, and yellow, with two broad brown rings, and brown at the tip.
Body greenish yellow, marked as usual with lilac brown, this tint mimicking the
dead withered brown of the edge of poplar leaves of late summer; it is a dark lilac
brown with reddish brown and lilac brown patches, and in this way the caterpillar
mimics the dead stained portion of the leaf on which it feeds and thus escapes ob-
servation. From head to end of mesothoracic segment a brown patch, succeeded by
a pointed brown band which extends to the base of caudal appendages but contracted
on the eighth abdominal segment, the dorsal tubercles of which are yellow.

Larva after last molt.—Length, except caudal appendages, 17™™, Differs from
foregoing stage in the prothoracic spiny horns being replaced by smooth, shining
tubercles with faint traces of the spines of the former stage; the sides of the thoracic
segments more distinctly spotted; with faint traces of broken yellow lines in the
middle of the body.

The caudal appendages are soft and extensible on their outer third,
forming the “flagellum ;” and are quickly jerked up when the creature
is disturbed ; they are evidently delicate repellant organs.

The close resemblance in the lilac-brown patches of this caterpillar
and others of the genus to the sere and brown edges of certain of the
leaves is remarkable, and plainly enough serves to protect the cater.
pillar from observation. I have observed the same in other Notodon-
tians, especially Schizura unicornis and allied forms.

°

————

POPLAR CATERPILLARS. 459

30. Notodontian? larva.

This larva was observed on the aspen, at Brunswick, Me., August
10; it molted August 12, and on the 20th began to spin a slight silk
cocoon between the leaves on the bottom of the breeding box. Within
this web it remained for three or four weeks before pupating, the pupa
appearing about September 15. /

Larva.—Head large and broad, flattened in front, vertically; somewhat retractile
in the prothoracie segment. Body thick, soft, with numerous yellow conspicuous
warts, six on each side of the prothoracic segment. On the second segment behind

_the head are two twin high coral-red tubercles which are yellow at the base.
Body with three transverse yellow stripes, the two hinder ones nearer together than
the first and second. Thoracic legs pea-green. Supra-anal plate broad and short,
much rounded; anal legs with a transverse yellow and blackish stripe. Length,
20mm,

31. Clisiocampa californica Pack.

We have received the following account of a Clisiocampa larva
found by Mr. H. W. Nash feeding on the aspen in Colorado. The
larva did not wholly agree with the description of that of C. californica
nor C. constricta, nor that of a species we have found feeding on the
wild rose in Montana, with specimens of which we have compared it,
though the latter is undoubtedly C. californica. The following year
Mr. Nash reared the moth and kindly sent me a specimen, which does
not appear to belong to C. erosa, C. constricta, or C. fragilis, with speci-
mens of which I have compared it. But in comparing the moths with
specimens of C. californica both in Mr. H. Edwards’ collection and my
own, we both agree that it does not differ from C. californica from Cal-
ifornia. The following letter dated Pueblo, Colo., February 28, 1883,
describes its habits and appearance:

Isend by mail to-day a Clisiocampa with cocoon, as you request in Bulletin No. 7
of the Entomological Commission, specimens and notes of insects injurious to forest
and shade trees.

At Rosita, Custer County, on the western slope of the Wet mountains, at an alti-
tude of from 8,000 to 9,000 feet, during the month of June, 1881, the larve almost
entirely defoliated large tracts of poplars (P. tremuloides), and there was scarcely a
tree to be found that was not attacked. I saw a few feeding on willows where the
leaves were all eaten from the poplars. The moths began appearing about the first
of July and were soon fairly swarming about the poplars.

The mature larv were 2 inches long ; color, light blue spotted with dark brown;
two brown stripes along tbe back; under side bluish black; legs black; tips of
prolegs light brown; body sparsely covered with long brown hairs.

H. W. Nasu.

° 32. Thanaos sp.

The caterpillar of this butterfly was beaten from the aspen at Bruns-
wick, Me., August 20. A smaller one in a preceding stage occurred at
the same date on the willow. It molted August 24.

Larva.—Of the usual shape of the genus; head broader than the short, small pro-
thoracic segment; angulated above, rather deeply bilobed; surtace rough, granulated ;
brown in front; black near the mouth and on the sides and behind, with a triangular

460 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

black point extending in front from the middle of the vertex. Body pale green,
exactly of the color of the under side of the poplar leaf, with a subdorsal pair of
white lines; the sutures finely marked with pale straw yellow; the surface slightly
wrinkled, and finely, evenly granulated with white. Length, 22™™. A smaller larva
on the willow in a stage before the last molt has the head wood-brown in front, the
head of the aspen larva being entirely black.

33. <Apatela noctivaga Grote.

The eggs were observed by Mr. Thaxter to be laid on the poplar
July 14 [4th]; they hatched July 9. The caterpillar molted 5 times,
made a cocoon between the leaves August 9, and the moth appeared in
May and June (Papilio, iii, p. 15).

Young larva.—Greenish-white; dorsal portions of segments 1, 4, 7, 8, and 11 red;
the rest more or less tinged withred. Sparsely clothed with long blackish hairs. Be-
neath greenish-white. Head brown, rather stout, not tapering. Length 3™™.

Larva after first molt.—July 12. Color dirty greenish. Segmentation very dis-
tinctly marked. Dorsal patches dull reddish on upper portion, the other segments
(except 9 and 10) suffused with red. Head dirty red, greenish in front. Somewhat
thickly covered with tufts of stout black hairs. Length 5.5™™,

Larva after second molt.—July 12. Much darker than before, the red colors having
become dark wine-color, somewhat mottled, and being suffused over the dorsal por-
tion of all the segments except 9and 10. Sublateral and ventral portions light green,
except on segments 1, 2, and 3, which are tinged with red. A whitish lateral line.
Body covered with black setiferous warts, on which are set thick tufts of short stout
black hairs, those on segment 10 much shorter than the rest. Legs green, edged with
red. Abdominal legs banded, green and red. Head dark bluish, mottled, tapering
gradually posteriorly and suddenly anteriorly from segment 11. Length 6™,

Larva after third molt.—July 20. Dull black above, yellowish beneath. A yel-
lowish lateral line, two yellowish dorsal patches on segment 10, on which the hairs are
short. Head blackish, with an anterior yellowish V-shaped mark. Legs greenish
yellow; abdominal legs blackish. Segment 11 much humped. Body stout, much
hunched in the region of segments 2 to 4. Length 10™™,

After fourth molt.—July 24. Black above, deeper anteriorly. A distinct yel-
low lateral band beginning on segment 4 and running just below the stigmata, which
are white, contrasting. Thoracic feet yellow; abdominal black. Dorsal patches on
segment 10 brighter, otherwise as in preceding stage. Length 13™™.

After fifth molt.—July 28. Lateral band orange-colored. A broken yellowish
stripe at base of legs ; two dorsal orange spots on segment 10, and in some specimens.
two smaller spots on segment 9.

After fifth and last molt.—August 1. Much as before, the setiferous tubercles
large and rough, jet black, bearing thick tufts of short, stiff black hairs. Lateral
band and dorsal spots dark red. Head and abdominal legs shining black (form of
body asin 4. brumosa). Length 30™™ (1.20 inches). (Thaxter.)

Moth.—Forewings dark gray varied with black; ordinary lines white. Basal
space black, grayish on the costa; basal half line white, bordered externally by a
black line. Transverse anterior line white, widely lunulated, distinct, ®ordered ex-
ternally by a black line which commences from a broader black costal mark. Median
space large dark gray; median shade band blackish, traversing the reniform spot.
Ordinary spots of the normal shape, distinct; reniform spot attenuated, black, with
a hardly perceptibly lighter center; orbicular spot round, black, with an ill-defined
grayish inner ring. Between the ordinary spots in the lower middle of the ring is a
squarish black spot bordered externally by the median shade. Transverse posterior
line white, acutely dentated, arcuated in front, preceded near the costa by a whitish

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POPLAR CATERPILLARS. 461

mark and bordered on either side by a black line. Submarginal line broad, white,
irregular, interrupted just before the internal angle. Terminal space black, narrow,
reduced by the submarginal line which, at about the middle, nearly attains the ex-
ternal margin. Fringes white interrupted with black between the veins; costa with
Some black and white marks. Hind wings uniformly dark brownish, immaculate ;
fringes lighter. Under surface of both pair light brownish, with faint discal dots
and bands. Thorax gray, varied with blackish on each tegula and the collar. Ex-
pause 1.30 inches. (Grote.)

34. Apatela sp.

The caterpillar of this moth was found on the poplar and willow
August 10, at Brunswick, Me. September 8 it spun a silk cocoon be-
tween a rolled-up leaf, sewing bits of leaves on the outside of the ex-
posed part of the cocoon. The moth appeared May 24 following. The
larva would be mistaken for a Notodontian.

Larva.—Body compressed. Head compressed, high, deeply incised, bilobed, each
lobe ending in a rounded tubercle. Head reddish-brown mottled with yellowish-
green. Each segment deeply incised, the setiferous tubercles large, bearing long
stiff hairs. The eighth abdominal segment is humped. Last pair of abdominal feet
not much larger than the others. Body pea-green, with a deep reddish brown dorsal
band twice interrupted aud forked on the prothoracic segment; the band is edged
with yellow. Thoracic and abdominal feet greenish. Length 12™™,

35. Apatela vulpina Grote.

‘The long, curved hairs,” says Mr. R. Thaxter, “ give thir larva a
very curious appearance when at rest on the under side of a leaf, with
its body curved about so as to form what appears to be an oval mass
of down that is readily mistaken for a nest of spider’s eggs. The
curved hairs seem to come to a sort of focus in the region of segment
9, which is very characteristic. Before entering the ground the body
becomes dirty brownish green, the hairs become dirty yellow, the head
entirely black, without marks.” It feeds on the poplar and willow.
(Papilio, iii, p. 15.)

Larva before last molt.—Body greenish white, darker below, thickly clothed with
long white hairs, slightly tinged with yellow. A jet-black, rather short, thick,
black tuft on the median dorsal portion of segments 4, 6, 7, 8, and 11. Head light
greenish, with a black dot on the frontal portion, each side of the median line, also
two inferior black spots. Legs light green; prolegs banded with black. Length,
30™™ (1.20 inch).

Full-fed larva.—Body light bluish green, whitish above, immaculate and without
any black dorsal tufts. Thickly covered with tufts of long, curved yellowish white
hairs.. A few short black hairs on segments 11 and 12. Head large, dirty-whitish,
with a few darker mottlings, and two inferior black spots on either side. Stigmata
yellow. Length 45™™(1.80 inch). (Thaxter.)

Moth.—Allied to A. leporina and lepusculina (populi Riley). Wings creamy ysellow-
ish white. Hind wings pure immaculate white. The markings are as in A. leporina:
a black basal dash; the transverse anterior line consisting of three black spots; a
small ringed orbicular spot sometimes wanting; a small lunate black reniform spot.
Transverse posterior line fragmentary, but without the dash at the internal angle
“en T” of A. lepusculina, or at most the smallest remnant of it. (Grote.) (Can.
Ent., xv, p. 8.) :

462 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.
36. Raphia frater Grote.

The caterpillar rests on the midrib on the under side of poplar leaves.
It varies considerably in size, the males being much smaller and more
slender than the females. It spun a stout, blackish cocoon on bark
September 10, the moth appearing June 10 following. “It is this larva
or its ally, &. abrupta, that is figured in Harris’ Correspondence, PI. 1,
Fig. 6, as Notodonta sp. found under maple.” (R. Thaxter, Papilio, iii,
p. 13.) Mr. Graef had previously reared the moth from a larva found
feeding on the silver-leaf poplar. (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., ii, p. 435.)

Larva.—Color generally dark, somewhat bluish-green, though subject to consider-
able variation of tint. Body covered with scattered bright yellow points, about
twenty on each segment. A dorsal hump on segment 2 surmounted by two short,
blunt, red prominences. On the dorsal surface of segments 4, 8, 11 is a transverse
mottled red-purple transverse band, interrupted centrally and somewhat crescent-
shaped, which is bordered posteriorly and externally with more or less clear yelle w.
A lateral red point on segments 1 and 2. Legs and prolegs light green, with a minute
lateral black point. Length, 40™™ (1.60 inch.) (Thaxter.)

Moth.—Anterior wings bright steel gray, median lines black, distinct. Transverse
anterior line black, slightly bent, running in an oblique direction from costa toward
the base of the wing till near the internal margin, where it forms a deep sinuate
abrupt rounded outward reflection. Median space gray, showing a black zigzag
median shade-line and black costal mark. Reniform and orbicular spots distinct,
ringed with black, grayish, the former with a dark central streak, the latter con-
tiguous to the transverse anterior line, with a clear, grayish center, and beneath it
the clariform spot marginved with black. Transverse posterior line black, narrow,
angulated, much projected, and arcuated superiorly, followed by a grayish coincident
shade. Subterminal space with a slightly brownish tinge; subterminal hair dark gray
bordered outwardly by alighter shade; veins marked with blackish; terminal line
black; fringes blackish, narrowly interrupted with gray at the extremities of the
veins. Posterior wings whitish, clouded with grayish at anal angles, with a distinct
black terminal line, and a very faint median grayish line; fringes gray, darker shaded
between the veins. Under surface of anterior wings gray, showing a black, discal
lunule and a macular subterminal band. Costa with some small blackish spots.
Under surface of hind wings lighter than in the forewings, showiug a blackish discal
lunule and a similar macular undulating band. Thorax grayish; tegule narrowly
bordered with black ; abdomen crested on all the segments, grayish, exceeding the
hind wings. Expanse of wings, 1.20 to 1.50 inches. (Grote.)

27. Catocala meskei Grote.

This and the succeeding species of Catocala (No. 33) have been bred
by Mr. R. Bunker from the poplar. The caterpillar is more uniform in
color than usual.

Larva.—Color light drab or cream. Head bilobed, ringed in front by a narrow,
dark brown line; extremity of body forked. Between the fifth and sixth segments
is a light brown band. An elevated band of obscure brown occurs on the seventh
segment. Underside blackish brown. Length24 inches. (Bunker, Can. Ent., xv, p.
100. )

Moth.—Forewings dentate, pulverulent, of a rather lighter gray than C. unijuga.
Median lines black, single, not very distinct. A whitish space before the large bian-
nulate concolorous reniform spot; subreniform spot likewise whitish, closed, joined
to the transverse posterior line, the latter jagged but without very proaiinent discal

=

POPLAR CATERPILLARS. 463

teeth, making a deeper and narrower sinus above the vein than in C. unijuga. Sub-
terminal line upright, dentate, the shade preceding the blackish line distinct. Ter-
minal line appearing as black lunulated interspacial marks. Hind wings bright red,
somewhat pinkish. The black median band is straight, not regularly curved asin
C. parta, and straighter than in C. wnijuga, rather narrow, nowhere greatly exca-
vated, rounding and narrower on the interspace between veins 1 and 2 opposite the
excavation of the marginal band, arrested at vein 1, but a few blackish scales mark
its continuance towards the internal margin. Marginal band narrower than in
C. unijuga. Ciliz white, with a few red scales at base, especially at the apices. -
Beneath, the median band of the hind wings is narrower than above, with the same
peculiarities, constricted at veins 2 and 5, and continued by scattered scales beyond
veinl. Expanse ef wing 78™™ (Grote). :

38. Catocala relicta Walker.

The caterpillar of this moth is said by Mr. Hulst to feed on the silver
poplar and white birch. The moth has white forewings which are
more or less powdered and shaded with black; it is easily recognized
by the even white median band on the otherwise black hind wings.
It expands 80 to 85™™. (Hulst.)

Moth.—Male. Black, speckled with white, white beneath. Thorax in front white,
with black bands. Abdomen above blackish, whitish between the segments, and
with a white apical tuft. Forewings with two white bands, which include a black
white-speckled band, and the latter is interrupted in the middle by a black ringlet ;
the exterior band contains a zigzag transverse black line; exterior border and ad-
joining part almost white, with deep black marginal lunules. Hind wings blackish
brown, with a regular curved white band and with white cili#. Length of body
14 lines; of the wings 32 lines. (Walker).

39. Catocala unijuga Walker.

Two catezpillars of this moth were obtained by Dr. D. S. Kellicott at
Buffalo, N. Y., from the trunk of a Populus candicans. ‘They had
passed their last molt when taken; although they continued to feed
in confinement for five or six days they increased in size but little dur-
ing that time; their habits were strictly nocturnal. When first
observed they were clinging to the bark beneath a limb, lying obliquely,
and so flattened and leach-like that together with their gray color and
lateral fringes blending with the bark, they were difficult objects to
discover. June 22 the larve ceased to feed. On the following day
they had fastened together some leaves by means of a silken gauze,
brownish in color; by the 26th both had transformed.” The moths ap-
peared July 15. (Can. Ent., xiii, p. 38.)

Larva.—Body attenuated towards each end, especially towards the head. The gen-
eral color is gray above, below pink with a subelliptical black spot to each segment,
those on the thoracic rings not conspicuous. The head flattened, slightly bilobed,
lighter in hue than the body and bordered by a well defined black line. The lighter
head-lobes under a hand lens appear mottled and reticulated with black lines and
blotches. Tbe dorsal line is white, made up of patches, illy defined circles and spots
alternating ; on each ring on either side of the line are two white papilla from each
of which arises a white hair; above the stigmata there is a white interrupted line,
below them a black line also interrupted. The stigmata are rather large, elliptical,

464 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION

whitish, surrounded with a black border. There is a row of stout, heavy filaments
just above the line of the legs. No protuberances appear on the dorsal aspect of any
of the rings. Length, 2.2 inches.

Pupa,—Pruinose, abdominal tip black, bearing eight hooked hairs, the four upper
smaller ones turn toward the median line, the four under are larger and turn away
from it. (Kellicott.)

Moth.—Forewings very light gray, heavily powdered and shaded with black
atoms; the base, reniform spot, and terminal space, especially heavily shaded; trans-
verse anterior line geminate, diffuse; transverse posterior line rather heavy; M not
very strong, the line below dentate; subreniform white ; a diffuse white spot beyond
the reniform spot; subterminal line white, dentate. Hind wings red, somewhat
shaded at base, with black median band strong, reaching the anal margin; marginal
band broad. Expands 80 to 85™™, C, fucilla Worthington does not differ from this.

Var. meskei Grote. Forewings somewhat lighter than wnijuga; hind wings with
median and marginal bands narrower, the former not reaching the anal margin.

Var. beaniana Grote. Forewings darker than in unijuga; hind wings with the
median band more even, not reaching the anal margin. (Hulst.)

40. Catocala cara Guenée.

The caterpillar of this fine moth feeds on the willow, according to Mr.
Koebele. In Papilio (ii, p. 167) Professor French has given a full life-
history of the insect. It molts four times.- The eggs were deposited
October 6, the larve feeding on the willow; the young hatched April
6, and became full-fed, spinning their cocoon May 11 to 20, the moths
emerging June 23 to 26, but when not in confinement the moth is not
seen until the 1st of August.

Egg.—Diameter .04 inch, nearly globular; top a little depressed, containing a little
button. (French.)

Larva.—Head gray brown; protuberance on the summit of the eyes prominent. Body
with ground color gray ; very heavily marked and striated with rust-brown, which
towards the head almost completely covers the body. There is a brown lunule on
the eleventh segment with horns forwards. Underneath clear red-brown between the
third and sixth segments. The sixth and seventh segments between and in front of
the legs have each a large nearly round spot. The larva is considerably smaller than
that of C. ilia when full-grown, though the moth is one of the largest, if not the
largest, of all Catocale. (Koebele, Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., iv., p. 22.)

Pupa.—Of the usual shape. Dark brown, covered as usual with a white bloom.
Abdomen finely punctured, the tip of the last joint very coarsely so. This ends in
four hooks, two longer than the others, while there are two more hooks arising
from the punctured portion at a little distance from the four. Length 1.45 inches.
(French.) :

Moth.—Forewings deep blackish brown; lines narrow, distinct anteriorly ; lines
and veins shaded with olivaceous. Hind wings intense rose-red, with a broad even
black median band reaching the oval margin. Expands 85 to 95™™, Middle and
Eastern States and northward.

Var. carissima Hulst. Forewings rich velvety brown, spotted and flecked with
olivaceous scales, which form a large spot at the apex. Expands 90to100™™, Habi-
tat, south and east from C. cara. C. sylvia is slightly more spotted with olivaceous,
(Hulst. )

41. Catocala parta Menée.

This species has been bred from Populus dilatata by Mr. Thaxter
(Psyche, ii, p. 35), but he has given no description of the caterpillar.

ei

POPLAR CATERPILLARS. 465
42. Catocala amatrix Hiibner.

The caterpillar of this moth was found by Dr. Kellicott under a large-
toothed aspen (Populus grandidentata), on which it had probably been
feeding, as Mr. Fischer, of Buffalo, the following summer bred this
moth from eaterpillars found on the Lombardy poplar. Prof. G. H.
French has also bred it on leaves of the cottonwood and Lombardy pop-
lar. In pupating they spun the leaves together, lining them with a
very thin cocoon of silk. He thus remarks on the egg-laying habits
of this species: ,

October 14, 1882, a female C. amatrix was brought to me, from which I obtained the
next day 261 eggs. These began hatching May 3, 1883, and continued hatching to
June 21, making the egg-period from 200 to 249 days. Only the few that hatched
first were fed, and the greater part of these failed to reach maturity, owing mainly
to a form of bacterial disease that has prevailed in most of the species of caterpillars
which I have attempted to raise this year, and it has not been confined to the breed-
ing cages, but has been as destructive in the fields. Two imagines were raised, one
pupating June 21 and producing the imago July 25, the other pupating July 8 and
hatching August 3. This gives us a minimum period of 277 days from the egg to the
imago. I am of the opinion that all our species [of Catocala] are single-brooded.

Hulst gives the willow as also its food-plant, but bis authority is not
given.

The following account of the transformations are copied from Pro-
fessor French (Papilio, iv, p. 8):

Egg.—Somewhat spheroidal in shape, in longitudinal diameter being .02 inch and
the transverse .035 inch. They are ridged longitudinally, 14 of these reaching the
punctured area of the apex, these alternating with shorter ones that do not reach so
far. The base is scarcely more flattened than the apex. Color very pale dull olive.
Duration of this period from 200 to 249 days.

Young larva.—Length .12 inch. Color brown, one dorsal and three lateral stripes
a little darker than the rest of the body, hairs and head concolorous, the number of
feet 12. Toward the close of this period the sides are more of a brownish yellow
with four reddish brown stripes, the lower or substigmatal not clearly discernible at
first, and on the venter dark brown spots in the center of joints 4 and 8. Duration
of this period six days.

After first molt.—Length, .35 inch. Color of the dorsum brownish buff, the sides
dark purplish brown; by transmitted light it may be seen divided into four more or
less distinct lines, the pale alternate lines narrow and faint. Head brown, not very
dark, with faint traces of lines. Scarcely a trace of the center of the dorsum being
lighter than the rest of the dorsum. Venter pale, joints four to eight, with each a
central black spot. First and second abdominal legs about one-fourth the size of the
others. Duration of this period four days.

After second molt.—Length, .65 inch. More striped than before, a dorsal stripe
somewhat moniliform, the center purplish brown on a yellow field or the outer part
of the stripe yellow. Subdorsal line yellow; between this and the dorsal stripe a
stripe the color of the center of the dorsal stripe. Joint 8 a little raised, and all but
the center blackish. Subdorsal region with two stripes, the upper like the second
dorsal, the lower almost black; the substigmatal line and the one separating the
two stripes gray. The head striped with a number of blackish longitudinal lines.
Thoracic feet yellow, the others yellow with a black base. The black is a purplish
black and not clear. Venter pale yellow, with the usual black spots. Duration of
this period three days.

5 ENT 30

466 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

After third molt.—Length, .75 inch. As before, the dorsal space is composed of
three stripes and each side to the lower part of stigmata 2. The central of the three
dorsal stripes somewhat elliptical on each joint, the central part pale dull reddish-
yellow, outside of this clear pale yellow. The division between this and the next
stripe a more or less distinct black line composed of-a series of dots, a similar
series of dots marking the division between the reddish yellow and the yellow por-
tions of the dorsal stripe.

The second stripe dull pale yellowish red. Subdorsal line another series of black
dots, but more nearly a continuous line. Below this line of dots a pale yellow line,
bordered below with another line of dots, a similar pale yellow line, and bordering
lines of dots separating the two lateral stripes, the series of dots next the lower
stripe more prominent. The center or body of the lateral stripes the same as the
dorsalincolor. Substigmatal line pale yellow, bordered with black. These black lines
are so fine that they make but little of the color of the surface except the lower lat-
eral one. Joiut 8 elevated in the region of the posterior dorsal piliferous spots, back
part of the elevation on back and sides mostly black, except the pale yellow lines;
more black also on posterior part of joint 11. Piliferous spots rather prominent,
orange, the hairs black. Head paler than the body, a black stripe on each side,
and two on each side of the front. Quite a prominent fleshy fringe along the side.
Toward the last of this period the general color changes to a grayish red with a yel-
low tinge between the joints. Duration of this period three days.

After fourth molt.—Length, 1.05 inches. Pale reddish gray, the stripes as before
but faint, indicated principally by the rows of dots. Sides of posterior and anterior
parts tinged with black. Duration of this period eight days.

After fifth molt.—Length, 1.40 inches. Ground color very pale lilac white, the body
still having some of the appearance of stripes between the joints, but the general
appearance is of a uniform color with rows of black dots. Joint 8 still elevated, and
the posterior pair of piliferous spots on joint 11 more prominent than the others,
pointing back with an oblique black mark from behind them forward. Middle of
joint 8 yellowish, with black mottlings on the sides running back to abdominal legs
on joint 9. Head nearly a clear color, a black line down the sides of the cheeks and
another fine one back, a little brown in front.. Stigmata pale brown, finely ringed
with black. A little faint yellowish along the back, head,and legs with faint brown-
ish tinge.

Mature larva.—-Length, 3 inches; width of head, .17 inch; of joint 8, .35; height
of joint 1, .15 inch; of joint 8, .35, tapering gradually each way from joint 8, the
place where the measurements taken being a little elevated. More distinctly striped
than at the beginning of the period, there being three dorsal and three lateral on
each side; the central dorsal pale, the parts on each joint somewhat elliptical, the
broad part between the joints, the narrow in the center. The whole body dotted
with fine black dots that seem to be as during other periods. The second stripe on
dorsum darker, more intensified on joint 8. The darker stripes are made darker by
the slightly darker ground color. First lateral stripe pale, the dots gathered in its
center in slightly elliptical masses, much as in the dorsal, wider than the next.
Stigmatal stripe dark, including the dark-brown stigmata. Below this a pale
stripe that reaches to the fringe. Color of all the stripes, gray, slightly flesh-colored
in the paler ones. Elevation of joint 8 more distinctly black in the dark stripes, the
central fulvous on the elevation without the black dots. Piliferous spots orange,
rather inconspicuous except the posterior dorsal pair of joint 11, which are prominent
and project backward. Head mottled with pale brownish, otherwise as at beginning
of period. Three of the ocelli black. Legs pale. Venter pale, without the black
dots, the centers of joints 4 and 8 with purplish-black spots, traces of same on other
joints. Duration of this period twenty-five days.

Chrysalis.—Length, 1.25 inches; length of wing and tongue cases, .65 inch, these
reaching to the posterior part of joint 5. Shape to joint 5 cylindrical, the rest of

Z f
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‘

POPLAR INCH-WORMS. 467

the way conical, Depth of thorax, .40 inch; of joints 2 to 4, .33. Head, thorax,
and wing cases shagreened, rather coarsely, the head end rounded, eye-cases not
very prominent. Abdominal joints punctured, tip ending in six hooks in three sets ©
of two each as to length, the two longer turnirg outward, the two short at the base
turning inward. Color, dark chestnut brown, covered with a glaucous powder.
Duration of this period from twenty-eight to thirty-four days.

October 14, 1882, a female Amatrix was brought to me, from which I obtained the
next day 261 eggs. These began hatching May 3, 1853, and continued hatching to
June 21, making the egg period from 200 to 249 days. Only the few that hatched
first were fed, and the greater part of those failed to reach maturity, owing mainly
to a form of bacterian disease that has prevailed in most of the species of caterpil-
lars I have attempted to raise this year, and it has not been contined to the breeding
cages, but has been as destructive in the fields) Two imagines were raised, one
pupating July 8 and hatching August 3. This gives us a minimum period of 277
days from the egg to the imago. Supposing that the difference in hatching of the
eggs noticed here is their usual way, this accounts for fresh specimens being found
in the woods from August to October, and | think very likely with a sufficient number
of eggs other species would show a similar trait. I am of the opinion that all our
species are single brooded, this being based on observations of different species in
the woods and rearing three different species.

This species was fed most of the time on cottonwood, though they were fed for a
few days on Lombardy poplar. In pupating they spun the leaves together, lining the
leaves with a very thin cocoon of silk. Both specimens obtained were males, one
with the forewings uniform gray, the other with the dark longitudinal shade through
the middle of the wings. (French.)

43. Geometrid sp.

The caterpillar here described occurred on the aspen August 10, au
Brunswick, Me.

Larva.—Head narrower than the body, somewhat bilobed, smooth, anal legs large,
spread out, forming two lateral rounded flaps, when the larva is at rest, with two
very large, long, fleshy, conical supra-anal tubercles, General color pale green, like
that of the under side of the leaf. Two parallel subdorsal pale yellow, narrow, but
distinct lines; the sutures white, spiracles yellowish; thoracic feet green; lower edge
of anal legs and tubercles tinged with yellowish. Length, 18™™.

44, Geometrid sp.

This larva has a flattened body, like that of Hibernia; it was found
feeding on the aspen at Brunswick, August 25 to September 1.

Larva.—Body broad and flat, rather short ; head as broad as the body and some-
what flattened. Body dark, the segments transversely wrinkled ; dark brown, color
of a dark twig; a dark, blackish, broad, dorsal band, with a pale horn-colored band
on each side, composed of dark ones alternat ng with the paler ones; spiracles black ;
thoracic and abdominal legs pale, spotted with black dots; body beneath and legs
livid; head and prothoracic shield mahogany-brown, spotted with black. — Length,
[keys

45. Botts oscitalis Grote.
The caterpillar has been found by Mr. Coquillet in Illinois living in

a folded leaf or between two leaves folded together with silken threads
on the willow and poplar. Several were found late in July and again

468 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

about the middle of August; one pupated July 27 and the imago issued
. about August 8.

Larva.—Body green; piliferous spots concolorous; spiracles ringed with pale
brown ; cervical shield green, edged at the sides and behind with black ; that on the
sides sometimes wanting; head mottled black and white, anal plate unmarked.
Length, 16™™ (.64-inch). Coquillett (Papilio, iii, p. 101).

46. Pyralid ? larva.
(Larva, Plate Iv, figs. 10, 10a.)

This caterpillar lives within a large roomy case, made by loosely
folding over and sewing together a part of an aspen leaf.

Larva.—Body stout; head peculiar, large, and broad; a black line extending
around the side to the labrum; on the vertex a double-curved or looped black line,
forming a rude double curve on each side, with spots forming a median double black
line; a large greenish cervical shield, edged posteriorly with black; ten abdominal
legs; body broad and square at end; body and legs pale green; the piliferous warts
minute and indistinct. Length, 15™™,

47; Gelechia rhoifructella Clemens.

The larva lives on the poplar in a leaf rolled lengthwise and closed
at each end. One pupated June 12 and disclosed the moth June 30
(Coquillet). According to Chambers it also lives on the fruit racemes
of the sumac.

Larva.—Body green; piliferous spots polished black; cervical shield blackish ;
anal plate unmarked; head yellowish-brown, shaded with blackish. Length, 16™™
(.64-inch). (Papilio, iii, 99.)

48. Lithocolletis populiella Chambers.

I have bred a few species from small tentiform mines on the under
side of leaves of the silver-leaf poplar, which, though very distinct from
argentinotella Clem. and ZL. fitchella Clem., I place in the same group
with them. It is perhaps nearer to ZL. carpinicolella than to any of the
other species figured in the Nat. Hist. Ins. (Chambers).

Moth.—Palpi, head, tuft, antennz, under surface of thorax, legs, and abdomen pure
snowy white; upper surface of abdomen and forewings pale golden; there are three
white longitudinal streaks on the thorax (one median, and continuous with a dorso-
basal white streak on the wings, the other two passing over the tegule and continu-
ous with a median basal white streak on the wings); there is also a costo-basal white
streak on the forewings, and these three basal ring streaks are of about equal length.
and less than one-fourth of the length of the wings. Immediately behind the dorso-
basal streak, and scarcely distinct from it (probably sometimes confluent with it),
is the first dorsal streak, which approaches a square form, and is dark-margined be-
fore and above. Almost opposite to this dorsal streak, but a little behind it, is the
first costal streak; it is oblique, not pointed, and is dark-margined before. The
second costal and second dorsal are opposite each other, the costal one being the
larger of the two, triangular and dark-margined before. The third costal and third
dorsal are nearly opposite, the costal being, perhaps, a little farther back, and being
larger than the dorsal, and larger also than the second costal; both are dark-
margined before. There are only the three dorsal streaks. The fourth costal is just

POPLAR LEAF-MINERS, 469

before the apex, points a little obliquely forward, and is margined behind by a small
apical patch of brown dusting. Cilia white, with a brownish hinder marginal line
at their base. Alar expansion one-fourth of an inch. Ohio and Kentucky. (Cham-
bers, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. tv, I, 101.)

49. Gracillaria sp.

A caterpillar, presumably a Gracillaria, was observed July 31 at
Brunswick, Me., turning over the end of an aspen leaf on one side.
The moth was not reared. Fig. 167 represents another aspen leaf with
the tip folded over, either by this or an allied species. Observed at
Brunswick, Me.

Fic. 167.—Aspen leaf folded by a Gracillaria.—Bridg- Fic. 168.—Aspen leaf folded by Gracitl-
ham del. laria.—Wilder del.

50. POPLAR LEAF-MINER.

Poplar leaves are frequently mined by a worm which we have been
as yet unable to identify. The mine has a dark line in the middie, and
is otherwise very characteristic; its form is represented by Fig. 169.

51. Brachys wrosa Melsheimer.

Having frequently found this beetle on the leaves of the oak, we
supposed that it might be a leaf-miner of that tree, but Mr. C. P.
Gillette, of the Michigan Agricultural College, states in the Canadian
Entomologist for July, 1887, that he has reared two fully developed
specimens of the larve from the leaves of the poplar. They finish
their mines in October, and early in the following May the beetles
appear. The mine is made next to the upper surface of the leaf.

Larva.—Whitish; broadest at the head and gradually tapering to the tail; jaws
brown and first segment behind the head with brown rectangular plates above and

470 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

below; the anal end with a small black spine extending back, which is used by ‘the
larva in pushing itself forward. Body quite flat and the segments deeply notched.
Length 9™™. (Gillette.)

52. Chrysomela pallida Say.

Mr. Coquillet has found the larvee living in communities on the
leaves. Several were observed in Illinois to enter the earth to pupate
June 1, the beetles issuing about June 19.

Larva.—Body black, elongated, much wrinkled and roughened ; the sutures of the
segments and the under side of the body sometimes tinged with brown; head and
cervical shield polished black. Length 8™™, (French.)

Beetle.—Pale rufous; elytra pale testaceous, immaculate. Body very pale rufous,
head obsoletely punctured ; an indented, abbreviated line or spot on the vertex;
thorax with small punctures which are sometimes obsolete; elytra pale testaceous,
with strie of punctures which become obsolete before the tip; beneath pale. Length
15™™, (Say).

Fic. 169.—Mine in a poplar leaf.—Bridgham del.

53. Crepidodera helxines (Linn.).

This beetle is very plentiful in New York, according to Mr. Dev-
ereaux, feeding on the foliage of the poplar.

POPLAR-LEAF APHIDS. 471

54, THE POPLAR-LEAF APHIS.

Aphis populifolie Fitch.

Inhabits the underside of the leaves of Populus grandidentata. Of a chestnut-brown
color, mealy ; legs hairy, black, pale brown above the knees; veins of the forewings
brown, stigma smoky yellow, margined with black ; back with two rows of impressed,
squarish fuscous spots; on each side, two rows of impressed dots; honey-tubes equal-

ing a third of the distance to the tip. Length to tips of wings .22 inches. (Thomas,
3 Rt. Ins. Ill.)

Fig. 170.— The Poplar-stem Gall-Louse. Marx del.

55. THE POPLAR-STEM GALL-LOUSE.
Pemphigus populicaulis Fitch.

Forming imperfectly globular galls the size of a bullet at the junction of the leaf
with its stalk, these galls having a mouth-like orifice on their underside, and a large
cavity within, crowded with small dull white lice and their white cast skins, and with
winged lice of a blue-black color, their antenne reaching beyond the base of their
wings, the rib-vein of their fore wings black, thick, much thicker at its apex along
the inner margin of the stigma, and the short veinlet bounding the anterior end of
this spot more slender than the rib-vein ; its length 0.10, and to the tips of its wings
0.15,. (Fitch.) Observer at Maine and in Rhode Island.

472 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

-

56. THE POPLAR GALL-LOUSE.

Pemphigus popularius Fitch.

Late in autumn, wandering up and down the trunk of the balsam poplar, a gall-
louse closely like the preceding, but its abdomen green, its antenne short, reaching
but two-thirds the distance to the wing sockets, and the rib-vein of its wings not
thicker along the inner margin of the stigma; its length 0.13 to the tip of its wings.

The female black, slightly dusted over with a glaucous gray powder; the abdomen
dull green with a small coating of white flocculent wool, its opposite sides parallel

-and its tip abruptly rounded ; the antennez short, thick, and thread-like; the wings
dull hyaline, their rib-vein black and the oblique veins slender and blackish with the
basal third of the third vein abortive and the fourth vein perceptibly thicker towards
its base; and the small branch of the rib-vein bounding the anterior end of the
stigma having nearly the same thickness with the rib-vein. (Fitch.)

57. THE POPLAR-BULLET GALL-LOUSE.
Pemphigus populi-globuli Fitch.

In July, on the leaves of the balsam poplar slightly above their base, an irregular
globular apple green gall the size of a bullet, projecting from the upper surface of
the leaf, with a curved mouth-like orifice on the under side, the cavity within con-
taining numerous small pale green and smaller dusky lice with the ends of their bodies
covered with short white cotton-like threads, and larger winged ones which are of a
black color, with the abdomen dusted over with white meal and with thin white
woolly fiber on the back, and their antenne reaching the base of the wings, which
are clear hyaline, their veins slender and white or colorless, except the outer mar-
ginal vein, which is black to the end of the stigma, and also the rib-vein, which is much
thicker at its apex ; their length 0.07 and to the tip of their wings 0.11. (Fitch.)

58. THE POPLAR-VEIN GALL-LOUSE.
Pemphigus populi-vene Fitch.

In July an oblong compressed excrescence like a cock’s comb, of a light red color
varied with pale yellow, growing from the midvein of balsam poplar leaves on their
upper side with an orifice on the opposite under side; a cavity within containing a
multitude of lice and their white cast skins, interspersed with a whitish meal-like
powder; those with wings being black, with coarse thread-like antenn# reaching to
the base of the wings, which, with their oblique veins, are pellucid and colorless, the
coarse rib-vein being blackish and more thick at its tip along the inner margin of the
stigma, and the vein of the onter margin being blackish and somewhat coarse from
its base to the stigma; its length 0.05 and to the tip of the wings 0.08. (Fitch.)

Other insects occurring on the poplar are the following:

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

59. Papilio turnus Linn. (Miss C. G. Soule, Can. Ent., xviii, p. 129.|
60. Papilio glaucus Linn.

61. Papilio cresphontes Cramer. On P. dilatata (Scudder).

62. Hugonia j-album B. and L.

63. Limenitis archippus (Cramer) (Lintner, Ent. Contr., ii, p. 166.)
64. Thanaos persius Seudd.

65.

66.

POPLAR CATERPILLARS. A7T3

Prionoxystus robinie Harris. On Populus candicans. (Kellicott, Bull.
Buffalo Soc. Nat. Se., iv, p. 30.)

Cossus undosus Lintner (oan iv, p. 130.) At Green River, Wyom-
ing, probably on P. balsamifera.

. Hepialus argenteomaculatus Harris. (J. B. Smith in Can. Ent., xx,

p. 233.) See Chestnut Insects, p. 346.
Higeria tibiale Harris. Found in New Hampshire in P. candicans
Harris. (Amer. Journ. Se., xxxvi, 1839, p. 305.)

. Hdemasia concinna Abb. Sm. (Riley’s unpublished notes.)

. Telea polyphemus (Linn.) (W. Brodie, and also Lugger.)

. Platysamia cecropia (Linn.) (W. Brodie, and also Lugger.)

. Datana angusii G.and R., Providence, R. I.

. Hyphantria cunea (Drury.) (H. textor Harris.)

. Anisota senatoria A. and S., Providence, October 6, one seen feed-

ing on a poplar leaf.

. Amphipyra pyramidoides Guen. See Oak Insects, p. 171.
. Metanema quercivoraria Guen. See p. 182.
. Tephrosia cribrataria Guenée. Larva on Populus tremuloides and P.

Sastigiata (Guenée.)

. Apatela oblinita (Sm. Abb.) Lombardy poplar. (W. Saunders, 3d

Rt. Ontario Ent. Soc.) See Willow Insects.

The following Tineide occur, according to Chambers, on the poplars,

79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
36.

87.

88.

89.
90.

aspens, ete. :

Cemiostoma albella Chamb.

Batrachedra salicipomonella Clems.

Batrachedra preangusta Haworth.

Batrachedra striolata Zeller.

Aspidisca sp? makes a minute mine in aspen leaves in Oregon. Pos-
sibly it is A. splendoriferella Clems.

Gracilaria populiellaChamb. Larva rolls aspen leaves i in the Rocky
Mountains.

Gracilaria purpuriella Chamb. Larva mines leaves of silver-leafed
poplar. (Can. Ent.)

Tithocolletis populiella Chamb. Larva in a tentiform mine in under
side of leaves of silver poplar.

Phyllocnistis populiellaChamb. Small serpentine minesin the leaves
of Lombardy poplar and aspens from sea-level up to 10,000 feet
altitude in the mountains of Colorado. (Chambers in letter.)

Cryptolechia quercicella Clemens. See p. 182.

COLEOPTERA.
Hyperplatys aspersus (Say). See p. 292.

Saperda vestita Say. On poplar in July, Providence (G. Hunt, p.
474.)

474. FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

91. Dicerca prolongata Lee. Bores in the aspen (Cockerell, Ent. Mouth.
Mag., London, March, 1888, p.232; also for the specific characters
see Can. Ent., xx, p. 65).

92. Xanthonia villosula (Mels.). Common on leaves. (Chittenden in
letter).

HEMIPTERA.

93. Chaitophorus candicans Koch. Balm of Gilead.

94. Chaitophorus populicola Thos.

95. Pemphigus populiramulorum Riley.

96. Pemphigus populitransversus Riley.

97. Pemphigus populimonilis Riley.

98. Pemphigus pseudobyrsa (Walsh).

99. Pemphigus vagabundus (Walsh).

HYMENOPTERA.

100. Cimbex americana Leach. (Lugger, Bull. No. 9, Ag. Exp. Stat.,
Nov. 1889, p. 48).

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BASS-WOOD OR LINDEN TREE,
Tilia americana Linn.
AFFECTING THE TRUNK.
1. THE LINDEN BORER.
Saperda vestita Say.
Order CoLEOoPTERA ; family CERAMBYCID&.

Boring in the trunk, undermining the bark for 6 or 8 inches in sinuous galleries,
or penetrating the solid wood an equal distance, rather slender grubs, with three
pairs of thoracic feet, transforming into a greenish snuff-yellow longicorn beetle, with
six black spots near the middle of the back.

WV IF]
SS AE,
a

Fic. 171.—The Linden borer, beetle of nat. size. a, upper, b, under, side of head and three thoracic
segments; c, side view of head of grub; d, top view of two segments, showing theoval spots; e, the
grub, slightly enlarged.—F rom Packard.

The beetles, according to Dr. Paul Swift, as quoted by Dr. Harris,
were found in Philadelphia upon the small branches and leaves May

28, and it is said that they come out as early as the first of the month,

THE LIME INCH-WORM. A415

and continue to make their way through the bark of the trunk and
large branches during the whole of thesummer. They immediately fly
into the top of the tree, and there feed upon the epidermis of the tender
twigs and the petioles of the leaves, often wholly denuding the latter,
and causing the leaves to fall.

They deposit their eggs, two or three in a place, upon the trunk or
branches, especially about the forks, making slight incisions or punct-
ures for their reception with their strong jaws. As many as ninety
eggs have been taken from a single beetle.

2. Pogonocherus nubilus Lee.

According to Le Conte this longicorn lives in the bass-wood.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
3. THE LIME INCH-WORM.
Hibernia tiliaria Harris.
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family PHALZNID.

In May and June, defoliating the branches, a bright yellow looper or measuring
worm with a rust-colored head, and ten crinkled black lines along the back, descend-

Fic. 172.-The lime inch-worm, the wingless female, and the male-—From Comstock.

ing at the end of June to the ground and pupating three or four inches under the

surface of the soil; appearing as moths with their buff-brown wings in October and
November.

476 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

While this worm is often found on apple and elm trees, the lime or
linden is its proper food-tree. The females are wingless and grub-like,
much larger than the female canker-worm moth, white, marked with
two dorsal rows of black patches; they lay their eggs in little clusters
in crevices in the trunk or in the branches, and in the spring when the
leaves begin to unfold they hatch. Their habits are similar to those of
the canker-worm, and the best means of protection against them are
those employed against the canker-worm, 7. e., the use of tarred paper
daubed over with printer’s ink or troughs of oil around the trunk of
trees to prevent the females from ascending the trees to lay their eggs.

The male.—Pale ocherous, with light brown specks and bands. Head, body, front
or costal edge of the forewings and transverse band on the wings concolorous, being
pale brown. Forewings with a faint, curved, sinuate, diffuse inner line; outer line
dark brown, slightly sinuate, with a large obtuse angle in the middle of the wing; it
is shaded externally with a broad pale-brown band, which breaks up into flecks on

the outer edge; a well-marked discal dot. Hind wings without any markings, some-
what paler than the fore pair. Expanse of wings 2 inches.

4, Eugonia alniaria (Linn.).

The caterpillar is called the stick worm from its habit of holding itself
out erect like a piece of a twig, to which it bears a close resemblance.
It was observed on the linden by Dr. Harris in August and September.
When about to pupate it spins an oblong oval, tough but thin, paper-
like cocoon, open or loose at each end. The chrysalis is large, covered
with bloom. The moth appeared in confinement September 25 to 27.
(See Chestnut Insects, p. 344)

5. Datana ministra (Drury).

August 26 I found fourteen full-grown larve on the bass-wood or
native linden, not differing from a colony of seventy-seven larve found
on the apple August 22 at Salem, Mass., and described below. The
young as well as full-grown cluster thickly together, often raising the
head and tail in a ludicrous manner.

Mrs. Anna K. Dimmock gives a summary of its history (Psyche iv,
279) as follows:

Datana ministra Drury (Illust. Nat. Hist. 1773, v. 2, p. 25, pl. 14, fig. 3). Harris
Rept. Ins. Injur. Veg., 1841, p. 311-312) describes the larva and imago, and this de-
scription is repeated, with the addition of a wood-cut of the larva and a colored figure
of the imago, in his Treatise on Ins. Injur. Veg., in 1862; he gives (Entom. Corresp.,
1869, p. 308-310, pl. 2. fig. 4) a description with colored figure of the larva. Grote
and Robinson (Proc. Entom. Soc. Phil., 1866, v. 6, p. 11-12) describes the imago and
the larva with especial reference to distinguishing it from the larve of other species
of Datana. Harris (l.c.) gave as food-plants of the larve apple and cherry; Riley
(Amer. Entom., July-August, 1870, v. 2, p. 263) adds Juglans nigra; and Southwick
and Beutenmiiller (Science Record, 15 April, 1884, v. 2, p. 133) in a list of the food-
plants of larve of species of Datana, add, for D. ministra, Quercus, Corylus, Carya,
Crategus, Robinia, Betula, Tilia, Castanea, and Fagus. The eggsof this species, which
are often found in groups beneath the leaves. of Betula alba, are, at least in eastern
Massachusetts, very often nearly all destroyed by a minute hymenopterous parasite.

a
=

THE LINDEN LEAF-ROLLER. ATT

Larva .70 inch in length, on bass-wood.—Body much less hairy than the full-grown
1arva; head black, of the usual size; prothoracic segment swollen, reddish amber,
with a transverse black thickened spot giving rise to a few long unequal whitish
hairs. End of body with two large black spines directed straight out. Body yellow-
ish, with pale Japan varnish-brown stripes, the dorso-median one twice as wide as
the others. Described from forty specimens.

The same larve after molting, .75 inch long.—Body black, as in the full-fed larva.
Anal spines much stouter, less acute than before; the body is more hairy, and in gen-
eral much as in the full-fed larva. By August 28 all had molted and begun to feed.

Full-fed larva on apple.— Body thick, of very uniform width, smooth, cylindrical, with
long white hairs, those on the prothoracic segment and eighth and ninth abdominal
segments the longest, being twice as long as the body is thick. The segments are
thickened a little behind. Head large, considerably broader than the body, and
shining black. Prothoracic shield yellow, with a short black stripe on the lower
edge ofeach side. Body smooth, black, with four greenish-yellow stripes on each
side, the stripes being about one-third as wide as the black interspace. Beneath, is
a lateral greenish-yellow somewhat interrupted, stripe, and a median fine uninter-
rupted greenish filiform line. Abdominal legs and base of thoracic legs livid yellow;
thoracic legs black. A black blotch on the sides of the abdominal legs. Length 1.40
inches. Described from seventy-seven specimens.”

6. Pantographa limata Grote.

In September the caterpillar of this Pyralid rolls the leaves of the
bass-wood in a peculiar manner, as observed by Professor Fernald in
Maine and by Miss Murtfeldt in Minnesota. As stated by Professor
Fernald, they pupate about the middle of October, the moth in confine-
ment emerging during the first week in November, but probably in
nature hibernating as a pupa under the leaves, and appearing as a moth
the succeeding spring.

The larva cuts the leaf across from near the middle of the side, past
the midrib nearly an inch, in the larger leaves. This cut, which is
about an eighth of an inch wide, first starts directly across the leaf, then
curves gradually towards the apex, then back to the former direction,
so that the entire cut is nearly in the form of the letter §, somewhat
straightened out. The part beyond the cut is rolled over so as to form
a cone with the apex toward the base of the leaf, and when inclosing a
larva both ends are turned in, so as to close theopenings. In drawing
the parts of the leaf together the larva spins the thread from side to
side—from the side of the cone to the surface of the leaf beyond, about
forty times in a place before moving to another. The second set of
threads, which is from a fourth to a half an inch from the last, frequently
draws the parts of the leaf together so much that the thread of other
bundles hang ina loop. The larva depusits its excrement within the

* Datana sp.—This species occurred on the linden at Brunswick, Me., August 26.
Its larva is yellowish, the prothoracic segment being entirely yellowish, and the base
of all the thoracic and abdominal feet with a large conspicuous yellow area; four
large yellow patches between the four anterior pairs of abdominal and the anal legs.
The eight yellow stripes are rather wider than in D. angusii.

478 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

cone, toward the larger end. When about to pupate, the caterpillar
draws a portion of a leaf around it, lining it with silk, thus forming a
delicate cocoon.

Larva.—Body spindle-shaped, and somewhat stout in proportion to the length. Pea
green, about the color of the under side of the leaves of the bass-wood, The usual
warts are present, of a dull brownish color and emitting pale hairs. The head, tho-
racic shield, and legs are pitchy black, while the mouth-parts are a little lightez, and
there is a small black spot on each side of the first segment back of the head, just in
front of the spiracle. The anal plate is dull brownish. Length, 25™™ when at rest,
and 30™™ when in motion. (Fernald, Can. Ent., xvi, p. 25.)

7. Lithocolletis lucetiella* Clem.

The larva mines the under side of the leaf of Tilia americana (bass-
wood) in July, September, and October. The mine is most frequently
nearly square in form, and when completed both cuticles of the leaf are
left nearly transparent, and the leaf is not folded. The “frass” is cast
on the edges of the mine. It weaves an oval cocoon, thin enough, how-
ever, to permit the pupa to be seen through the cuticle. The imago
appears in August and May.

Larva.—The larva is cylindrical. The head pale brown; the body pale greenish
white with a series of dorsal brown spots from the third ring posteriorly.

Moth.—Antenne silvery. Head, tuft, and thorax silvery. Anterior wings silvery
from the base to the middle, and thence to the tip golden, witha golden costal streak
from the base not extended to the middle, About the middle of the wing is asilvery
band, broadly margined internally with golden, and with a minute black point on the
costa internally ; a costal silvery spot, margined internally by a black spot, nearly op-
posite to which is a large dorsal silvery streak margined internally by an oblique black
lines near the tip is a costal, silvery, unmargined streak curving to the tip; cilia
golden at the tip, and on inner margin silvery. No apical spot nor hinder marginal
line. Hind wingssilver-gray, cilia thesame. Abdomen blackish, tipped with silvery
gray. (Clemens.)

8. Coleophora tiliefoliella Clem.

The larva feeds on the leaves of the linden from the beginning to the
latter part of May, and enters on pupation in the latter days of May or
early in June.

The case is black, somewhat pistol-formed ; straight along the upper
edge, turned abruptly down so as to form a handle-like appendage be-
hind, with a toothed, flattened projection about the middle of the under
edge, whence to the mouth of the case it is cylindrical.

At this date the larva does not mine the leaf, but eats holes in it, de.
vouring its substance. The case is fixed to the under surface of the leaf,
and is easily seen, even on the leaves of the higher branches.

~ Larva.—The body of the larva is dull, dark-brown and the dorsal plates and head
black. (Clemens).

*TI received five specimens of this from Dr. Clemens; it is very distinct from any
European species, The exp. al. (omitted by Dr. Clemens) is 34 lin.—H. T. Stainton.

4

Bi

THE LINDEN LEAF-BEETLE. 479

9. THE LINDEN LEAF-BEETLE.
Chrysomela scalaris Leconte.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CHRYSOMELIDZ.

Injuring the leaves, a stout-bodied beetle with silvery wing-covers spotted with
green, laying its eggs on the leaves in the spring, from which fat, thick-bodied white
grubs develop, with a lateral row of large black dots, and which also prey on the
leaves.

While this beautiful and abundant beetle is more
common on the alder, it also occurs on the lime-tree
andelm. They may be found on these trees in April,
May, and June, and a second brood in September
and October. We have taken them in coitu on the |
alder in Maine the middle of May. The grubs are
hatched from eggs laid by the beetles on the leaves
in spring and come to their growth towards the end
of June in Massachusetts, according to Harris, who rye. 173. —onrysomela
believes that they go into the ground to turn to pupe. scalaris.—Smith del.

Since the foregoing account was prepared, we have observed this
beetle in all its stages. At Brunswick, Me., during July and August,
1881, it was very abundant on the numerous linden trees in the campus
of Bowdoin College, eating rounded holes in the leaves and causing
them to turn yellow and unsightly, as if to prematurely fall. Nearly
every tree and, in some cases, nearly every leaf on a tree was infested
by the disgusting pale grubs, while scattered patches of eggs occurred
on the under side of the leaves; and during the first to last of August
the beetles were found not uncommonly upon the leaves. The trees
could be protected by showering the leaves with London purple in
water when the grubs first appear latein June. From these specimens
the following descriptions were drawn up:

E£gg.—Rather large, oval cylindrical, yellow, several together attached by one end;
about 1.5™™ in length.

Larva.—Body very thick, curved up like that of the grub of the Colorado potato-
beetle, being much swollen behind tke thoracic segments, while the tip of the abdo-
men is curved down. Head honey-yellow, darker over the jaws; antennz bluish,
except at base; eyes black. Prothoracic shield blackish in the young before the last
molt; in full-grown individuals not all black, but pale, with four irregularly square
black spots. Body behind dirty white with a row of dorsal and lateral dusky spots.
Legs pale, spotted with black at the joints. A pair of meso-thoracic spiracles, and
eight pairs of smaller abdominal ones. Low down, on the sides of the second and
third thoracic segments a curvilinear black spot. Length, 8 to9™™,

Pupa.—Body pure white; prothoracic shield with long scattered hairs around the
edge and in two groups on the back; antennz curving around between the eyes and
jaws, and with the ends resting on the tips of the elytra. The insect undoubtedly
descends into the earth to pupate.

The beetle.—Head, prothorax, and under side of body dark coppery green, with seat-
tered pits. Antenne, palpi, and legs pale pitchy yellow; elytra coppery green and
whitish, the green forming a broad median stripe, sending prolongations outwards
toward the middle of the elytra, the first pair of branches nearly parallel to the band,

480 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

the second becoming more and more at right angles to the band, the last short and broad
near the tip of the body. Eleven rounded dark-green spots in the whitish field ; the
pair near the shoulders gourd-shaped ; two of the spots behind the middle of the elytra
touching each other. The pits or punctures near the sutures of the elytra arranged
in three lines parallel to the median line of union of the body; elsewhere they are
arranged irregularly.

10, THE LEAF-MINING HISPA.

Odontota rubra Weber.

Mr. W. L. Devereaux writes us from Clyde, N. Y., that this beetle
‘¢is a very conspicuous pest here, destroying the entire foliage of every
bass-wood in many forests, excepting trees of great height.”

11. THE LINDEN GALL MITE.
Phytopius abnormis Garman.

Produces galls on the leaves of the American linden or bass-wood, Tilia americana
Linn. :

The transverse striz of the abdomen number about 56.. This mite
differs from all the other Phytopti I have seen in that the abdomen,
just before the terminal sucker, is noticeably enlarged. But few speci-
mens have been examined, as they have been very rare. In many
of the galls, comparatively large, elongate eggs oceur, which probably
belong to some larger mite which preys on the gall-mites.

The gall is top-shaped, expanding above and contracting towards
the upper surface of the leaves into a neck. It measures .155 inch in
height, and .100 inch in diameter. The walls are deeply infolded,
sometimes giving rise to unequal lobes. The outer surface is smooth,
green and devoid of hairs. The cavity of the gall is made unsym-
metrical by the deeper impressions of the wall. The inside of the
latter is slightly roughened by small folds, and is clothed with long
aciculate, unicellular hairs. These galls occur sparingly on the leaves
of large trees in open woods at Bloomington, Ill. (H. Garman in’
Forbes’s Ist Illinois Rt.)

The following insects also occur on the linden:

Order HYMENOPTERA.
12. Selandria tilie Norton (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., i, 250).
Order LEPIDOPTERA.

13. Limenitis arthemis (Drury). (Scudder).

14. Grapta interrogationis (Fabricius).

15. Grapta comma Harris. “On Linden, October 17.” (Riley’s MS.
notes.)

16. Papilio glaucus Linn. (Seudder).

17. Papilio turnus Linn. (Ent. Soc. Ontario).

18. Ceratomia amyntor thiibn. (Lintner i, 188).

-

LINDEN INSECTS. A481

. Sciapteron robinie H. Edwards. Destructive to Populus alba in

Nevada (Edwards, Bull. Buffalo Ent. Soc., ili, p. 72).

. Smerinthus excecatus A. and S. (Fischer, Can. Ent., xvi, p. 17).
. Halesidota carye Harris. (Beutemiiller).

. Halesidota tessellaris A. and S. (Walsh).

. Lochmeus manteo Doubld.

. Phobetrum hyalinum Walsh.

25.
. Datana ministra (Drury). (Beutenmiiller).

. Clisiocampa disstria Hiibn. See p. 119.

. Hacles imperialis (Beutenmuller). On the bass-wood, European

Parasa fraterna Grote. (August 27, Miss E. A. Morton, in letter.)

linden, and white linden.

. Platysamia cecropia L. (W. Brodie).

. Telea polyphemus Linn. (Riley’s MS. notes.)

. Apatela hastulifera (Sm. Abb.), Lintner (Contr., iii, p. 158).

. Apatela americana Harris.

. Hugonia subsignaria (Hiibner).

. Lithocolletis lucetiella Clems. Larve in tentiform mine on under

surface of leaves. (Chambers.)

. Lithocolletis tilieella (Chamb.). Larve in tentiform mine on upper

surface of leaves. (Chambers.)

. Coleophora tiliwfoliella Clems. Larva only known. It lives in a

case and feeds on the under side of leaves. (Chambers.)

Order COLEOPTERA.

. Hispa quadrata Fabr. Mines the leaves. (Chambers.)
. Prionus brevicornis Fabr. In logs of bass-wood (Smith, Rep. Ent.

Conn., 1872, p. 346).

. Parandra brunnea Fabricius (in stumps, Schaupp, in letter).
. Chrysobothris femorata Fabr, (Riley’s 7th Rep., p. 72.)
. Cystophorus verrucosus (Olivier). Taken from bass-wood, October 29,

South Woodstock, Conn. (Chittenden in letter).

. Stenoscelis brevis (Boh.). Taken with the preceding species. (Chit-

tenden.) In decaying wood (Townsend, Can. Ent., xviii, p. 68).

. Cucujus clavipes (Fab.). Under bark (Townsend, 1. ¢., p. 66).

. Brontes dubius (Fab.). Under bark (Townsend, 1. c., p. 66).

. Alaus oculatus (Linn.). In dead wood (Townsend, 1. ¢., p. 66).

. Elater manipularis (Cand.). Under bark (Townsend, |. ¢., p. 66).

. Scotobates calcaratus (Fab.). In dead wood (Townsend l. ¢., p.67).
. Hoplocephala bicornis (Oliv.). Under bark and in dead wood (Town-

send, 1. ¢., 67).

. Tetratoma truncorum (Lec.). Same as preceding (Townsend, l. ¢.,

p. 67).

. Orchesia castanea (Melsh.). Under bark (Townsend, 1. ¢., p. 67).

5 ENT——31

482 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

51.

52.

Eupsalis minuta (Drury). In dead wood (Townsend, |. ¢, p. 68).
Cratoparis lunatus (Fab.). In decaying wood (Townsend, 1. ¢., p. 68).

Order DIPTERA.

. The Linden dipterous gall-fly, Cecidomyia (tilie) verrucicola Osten

Sacken. Massachusetts and New York (Osten Sacken).

. Cecidomyia citrina O. Sacken.
. Sciara tilicola Osten Sacken. See p. 411.

Order HEMIPTERA.

. Lachnus longistigma Monell. St. Louis, Mo. Washington, D. C.

(Townsend, Insect Life, ii, p. 90).

. Drepanosiphum tilie Koch ? (Monell-Thomas).

. Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathvon. See p. 412.

. Aspidiotus ancylus Putnam.

. Tingis tilie Walsh (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., 1864, 408).

Cuapter VII.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BIRCH.
Betula nigra, B. populifolia and B. alba.

A considerable degree of interest attaches to the birch insects, not
only because the birch is a beautiful shade tree, but because many of
the species injurious to the different species of Betula also occur on
other shade trees, as the oak, while many of them have established
themselves in orchards and gardens. In our Bulletin on Forest Insects
we enumerated only 19 species of birch insects ; these we increased to
50; afterwards Mrs. Dimmock, in her invaluable article on the insects
of Betula in North America, published in Psyche, enumerated 107
determined species, besides several undetermined.* Mrs. Dimmock has
kindly allowed me to reproduce the article, which I have done, under
the head of the different species. I have also added a number, mostly
undetermined larve, so that now thechapter contains references to or
descriptions of 105 species. Kaltenbach enumerates 270 European
birch-feeding insects, and judging from the number occurring on other
kinds of trees the number in this country will probably ultimately be
found not to be less than that of the birch insects of the Old World.

INJURING THE TRUNK.

1. THE SLENDER XIPHIDRIA.
Xiphidria attenuatus Norton.

Order HYMENOPTERA; family UROCERIDA.

This ‘‘ horn-tail” borer is rarely met with. The generic name was
given to it from the appearance of the sword-like ovipositor, which,
however, is much shorter than in Tremex, a member of the same fam-
ily. The body of the imago or fly is a little flattened, somewhat turned
up behind, and the tip of the abdomen ends in an obtuse point, while
the antenne are short, curved, and tapering at the end.

The present species was taken by Mr. W. H. Patton, on June 6, at
Waterbury, Conn., from a dead stick of the black birch. ‘My atten-

*As some of the species enumerated in her list feed only on decaying wood and
under the bark I have not numbered them as true birch-feeding insects, but referred

to them in foot-notes.
483

484 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

tion,” he says, ‘‘ was drawn to the spot by finding a Rhyssa humida (Say)
with its ovipositor firmly driven into the wood. Upon cutting into the
stick, this specimen, together with a pupa of the male and several horn-
taile larvee, were found. The antenne of the pupa are bent down upon
the sides of the face and up along the back of the head. One of the
larvee changed to pupa (female, length 0.32 inch) on the 21st of July.
The male agrees well with Norton’s description as given in Trans. Am.
Ent. Soe. (ii, p. 354), and is very unlike the female.” (Can. Ent., xi, p.
14, 1879.)

Male.—“ Pale honey yellow, antenn# 16 jointed, blackish, two or three basal arti-
cles yellowish; a spot inclosing ocelli, tip of mandibles, sides of neck, of meso, and
metathorax blackish; tergum irregularly dark; pectus brown piceous; body beneath
and legs whitish ; wings hyaline, nervures and stigma pale; under wings with two
middle cells. Pennsylvania.” (Norton.)

Female.—‘‘ Head and thorax black ; tibizw and tarsi pale; wings hyaline ; abdomen
red, with six yellow spots. Length 0.40 inch, expanse of wings 0.64 inch,

‘“‘Antennez 16-jointed, black, piceous beneath, especially toward tip. Face below
and between antenne, palpi, and base of mandibles, fulvous. Eyes, except for a
short space above, bordered with yellow, the border covering nearly the whole cheek
and the anterior and posterior borders, extending backward to meet on the edge of
the occiput, thereby inclosing a spot above the eyes, which is black in the center
but shading through piceous into the yellow borders. Space about the ocelli finely
rugose, with delicate ridges radiating from each ocellus; vertex behind the ocelli
polished. A pit or deep puncture midway between the lower ocellus and the inser-
tion of the antennew. Thorax closely and finely rugulose; scutellum and inclosure
on the basal plates polished. Tegule, minute spots before the tegulz, one each side
above the anterior wing, and the cenchri, yellow. Trochanters, tips of coxw and of
femora dull yellow ; femora jiceous, posterior pair black; basal half of tibiz and
basal joints of tarsi, except at tip, yellow; the remainder of tibiz and tarsi fulvous,
becoming brownish on the posterior tibiw. Wings hyaline, iridescent, nervures and
stigma pale piceous. Basal half of the first segment of the abdomen black and
roughened with fine confluent punctures; the remainder of this segment and portions
of the terminal segment are darker than the other segments of the red polished abdo-
men. A yellow spot on each side of segments 3, 4, and 7, those on the seventh seg-
ment being the largest. Sheath of the ovipositor black; abdomen beneath, except
at base of ovipositor, red.” (Patton.)

2. Tremex columba Linn.

Order HYMENOPTERA; family UROCERID.

Mrs. Dimmock gives the following summary of its history (Psyche, iv,
p. 285): .

Tremex columba Linn. (Syst. Nat., 1758, ed. 10, p. 929). Harris (Rept. Ins. Injur,
Veg., 1841, p. 389-391) describes the egg, larva, and imago of this insect, giving wood
of pear, Ulmus, and Platanus as food of the larva; and (Entom. Corresp., 1869, p. 360)
again describes the egg and imago. In Amer. Entom., Nov., 1868, v.i, p. 59, this
species is mentioned as injuring oak and pear trees. Packard (Guide Study Ins., 1869,
p. 228) quotes Harris’s accounts of the habits of this species. Huggins (Amer. Entom.,
Feb. 1870, v. 2, p. 128) found this insect ovipositing in an apple tree. Packard (Bull. 7.
U.S. Entom. Comm., 1881, p. 105, 106) figures the larva, which he states to attack
Ulmus, Quercus, Acer, and Platanus ; and (op. cit., p. 129) says, ‘‘ In yellow birch at
Providence,” R. I. Harrington (Can. Entom., Dec., 1882, v. 14, p. 225) gives some
notes upon this species and adds Fagus to the food-plants.

—

BIRCH BORERS.. 485

3. Cresus latitarsus Norton.
Order HYMENOPTERA ; family TENTHREDINID.

The following note is from Mrs. Dimmock’s article on birch insects
Psyche, p. 286):

Cresus latitarsus Norton (Proc. Entom. Soc. Phil., 1862, i, p. 199). Norton (lI. ¢.)
describes the male of this species, and later (Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc., 1867, v.i, p.

84) describes the female, and adds, ‘‘ Bred by Mr. Walsh from larve feeding on

birch.”
4. Clytus? larva.

Xylotrechus colonus (Fabr.)?.

Plate XII, Fig. 3, represents the mouth-parts of a Clytus nearly allied
to if not identical with Xylotrechus colonus.

5. Cossus sp.

The following note is from Mrs. Anna K. Dimmock (Psyche, iv. p.
274):
Lintner (Entom. Contrib., iv, 1878, p. 244-245) states that the larve of a Cossus,

the pupal cases of which prove to be those of some as yet undescribed species, bore
in the wood of Betula populifolia.

6. Chrysobothris 6-signata Say.

The beetle and pupa of this Buprestid borer were
found in the yellow birch June 1, at Providence.

The notes on the three following species are copied
from Mrs. Dimmock’s Insects of the Birch : *

7. Tylonotus bimaculatus Hald.

Tylonotus bimaculatus Hald. (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1847,
v. 10, p. 38) is said by Packard (Bull. 7, U.S. Entom. Comm., yg. 174.—Ohrysoboth-
1881, p. 129) on authority of G. Hunt, to be found ‘‘under bark ris 6-signata. Smith
of white or paper birch, northern New York.” Te

* The following species do no injury to the tree, only living in or under the bark,
or in the wood of dead and decaying trees:

Nyctobates pensylvanica De Geer (Mém., 1775, v. 5, p. 52; pl. 13, fig. 10). Schaupp
(Bull. Brooklyn Entom. Soc., July 1881, v. 4, p. 23) writes of this species, ‘* Pupz in
beech July 15; in hemlock July 18; in birch July 21.”

Campylus denticornis Kirby (Fauna Boramer., 1837, pt. 4, p. 145). G. Dimmock
has reared this species from larve found in partly decayed bark of Betula papyracea»
on Mount Washington, New Hampshire. The imagos emerge from the pupe about
July 1, and are abundant during July in the White Mountains.

Trogosita corticalis Melsh. (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., Oct. 1884, v. 2, p. 109),
Schaupp (Bull Brooklyn Entom. Soc., July 1881, v. 4, p. 23) writes of this species,
“Larve in birch July 8, in beech August 14, in sugar maple July 19.”

Ceruchus piceus Weber (Observ. Entom., 1801, p. 84). The pupx are mentioned by
Fuchs (Bull, Brooklyn Entom. Soc., Dec. 1882, v. 5, p. 59) as being very common in ~
an old beech stump, and are briefly described. The larve are mentioned by G.
Dimmock (Direct. Collect. Coleopt., 1872, p. 20) as living ‘‘in decayed chestnut and
willow.” The larve are very abundant in decayed and fallen wood of Betula alba
during autumn. Quite a large number of larvz taken in Milton, Massachusetts, No-
vember 10, 1883, fed through the winter and produced a single beetle. From these

486 FIFTH REPORT OF. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Ne ie? 8. Gracilia minuta Fabr.
7
i Gracilia minuta Fabr. (Spec. Ins., 1781, v. 1, p. 235).

5 Lugger (Psyche, Aug.-Sept. 1884, v. 4, p. 204) mentions
: . breeding this species from a band of wood (Betula lenta)
’ around a gin-barrel.

9. Bellamira scalaris (Say).

Bellamira scalaris Say (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1827, v.
5, p. 278-279). Packard (Bull. 7, U. S. Entom. Comm.,
1881, p. 129) writes on authority of G. Hunt, ‘‘ Beetle
and pupa found under the bark of the yellow birch in
July, northern New York.”

wee

lon ancora
petactannewnbe!

os

10. Leptura vagans Olivier.

This longicorn beetle has been bred by Mr. Chitten-
den, as he writes me, from larvwx found in the yellow
birch.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
11. THE TURNUS SWALLOW-TAIL.
Papilio turnus Linn.

I have frequently noticed this caterpillar on
Fic. 175.—Bellamira scalaris, the leaves of the white and poplar-leaved birch
Sa late in September and early in October in
Providence. The butterfly appears early in June in New England as
soon as the lilac blossoms. The eggs are laid soon after the butterfly
appears; the larva passing through five stages of growth.
Mrs. Anna K. Dimmock gives a summary of its history (Psyche, iv,
p. 283) as follows:

Papilio turnus Linn. (Mantissa, 1767, v. 1, p. 536). Harris (Treatise on Ins. Injur,
Veg., 1862, p. 268, 269) describes and figures the larva and imago of this species, which

larve were reared seven tachinid flies (allied to Morinia), which emerged from June 4
to July 6, 1834. The digestive tract of the larvx of C. piceus is often inhabited by a
microscopic undescribed nematode worm.

Dendroides concolor Newm. (Entom. Mag., 1838, v. 5, p. 375). G. Dimmock has a
specimen in his collection, which he reared from the bark of Betula papyracea at the
White Mountains, New Hampshire, the beetle emerging July 8, 1874.

Dendroides canadensis Latreille (Consid. Genér., 1810, p. 212). Schaupp (Bull.
Brooklyn Entom. Soc., July 1881, y. 4, p. 23) writes of this species, ‘‘ Pup in birch
July 19, in beech July 23.” G. Dimmock found a pupa of this species, June 30, 1874,
under decayed bark of Betula papyracea, on Mount Washington, New Hampshire;
the beetle emerged from this pupa July 8, 1874.

Meracantha contracta Beauv. (Ins. Afr. et Amer., 1805, p. 121, pl. 30, fig. 2). Halde-
man (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Advance. Sci., 1850, v. 2, p. 347) briefly notices the larva of
this species. Specimens in the collection of G. Dimmock were taken at Suffield,
Conn., by Leroy H. Sykes, in decaying bark of Betula lutea.

Centronopus calcaratus Fabr. (Entom. Syst., Suppl., 1794, p. 52). Coquillett (Can.
Entom., June, 1883, v. 15, p. 102) describes this larva very briefly. This larva is
often very abundant in decaying birch wood.—(Mrs. Anua K. Dimmock, Psyche, iv,
pp. 283-284).

Mallota posticata Fabr. The larva has been found by Mr. Lintner in decaying
birch wood, (1st Ann. Rep, State Ent. N. Y. 1882, 211-216.)

Stenoscelis brevis Boh. occurs in wood (Chittenden).

BIRCH CATERPILLARS. 487

is stated to feed on wild cherry. Morris (Synop. Lepid. N. A., 1862, p. 2) describes
larva and imago, giving for food-plant ‘‘ various species of Prunus.” Saunders (Can.
Entom., Feb., 1869, v. 1, p. 53,54) describes egg and young larva, and later (op. cit.,
Apr., 1869, v. i, p. 74) describes adult larva. Scudder (Amer. Nat., Aug., 1869, v. 3,
p. 330) gives as food-plants: apple, Crategus, Prunus virginiana, cultivated cherry,
Alnus, Liriodendron tulipifera, Fraxinus sambucifolia, Betula, Tilia, and Quercus, and
later (Can. Entom., May, 1872, v. 4, p. 84), on authority of Abbot, gives Fraxinus
trifoliata and F.?platycarpa. Saunders (Can. Entom., Jan., 1874, v. 6, p. 2-5) describes
and figures larva and imago, and (op. cit., Nov., 1883, v. 15, p. 204) adds Magnolia
acuminata to the recorded food-plants. Gruber (Papilio, May, 1884, v. 4, p. 86, 87)
gives notes on the five stages of the larva.

Larva.—Body very thick, soft, smooth, cylindrical, thickest on the first abdominal
segment, thence tapering rapidly towards the end. On the metathoracic segment
two large subdorsal eye-like spots in the middle of the segment, formed of a yellow
ring edged externally with black, with a black center containing a blue streak. Pos-
terior edge of the fourth segment yellow, with a narrow black streak behind. Pro-
thoracic segment scarcely wider than the head, with the front edge straw-yellow.
Head lilac rust-red. All the feet pale green. Body rich velvety pea-green, whitish
green on the under side. Length, 38™™.

The butter fly.x—Yellow, with a broad black edge containing a row of yellow spots;
forewings with four short black bands reaching in from the costal edge; the hind
wings with long tails and with an orange-red spot near their hind angle. Expanse
of wings, 44 to 5 inches.

12. Ceratomia amyntor Hiibner.

Already described under the head of elm insects, the only tree upon
which we have found this insect in the caterpillar stage. I append the
following notes by Mrs. Dimmock, who has found it oftener on the white
birch than the elm:

Ceratomia amyntor Hiibn. (Samml. Exot. Schmett., 1806-1824, v. 2, Lepid. 2, Sph.
3, leg. 4, mand. B, pond. 4) [= C. quadricornis Harr. (Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, July,
1839, [s. 1], v. 36, p. 293)]. Harris (l. c.) describes the larva and imago; the same
author (Rept. Ins. Injur. Veg., 1841, p. 227, 228) briefly describes the larva and imago,
and later (Treatise on ins. injur. veg., 1862, p. 323, 324) adds a figure of the larva and
imago; still later (Entom. Corresp., 1869, p. 282) he briefly describes the egg, young
larva, and pupa. Morris (Synop. Lepid. N. A. 1862, p. 205, 206) describes larva, pupa,
and imago. Lintner (Proc. Entom. Soc. Phil., Dec., 1862, v. 1, p. 286-293) gives an
excellent description of the egg, the five stages of the larva, and the pupa. Minot
(Can. Entom., Nov., 1869, v. 2, p. 28) describes the egg and the young larva; he states
that the larva molts six times. Andrews (Can. Entom., Feb., 1876, v. 8, p. 40) and
Bunker (op. cit., June, 1876, v. 8, p. 120) discuss the brown form of the larva. The
before-mentioned authors give only Ulmus as food-plant; Goodell (Psyche, July
[Dec.], 1882, v. 3, p. 368) gives Ulmus and Betula alba as food-plants. Taken in Cam-
bridge, Mass., oftener on Betula alba than on Ulmus. (Psyche, iv, 281, 252.)

13. Smerinthus excecatus Abb. and Smith.*

Although I have more commonly found this caterpillar on the willow,
and sometimes on the poplar and birch, Mrs. Dimmock says it is not

*T subjoin the description of a Smerinthus larva, perhaps of this species, feeding
on the leaves late in September and during the first week in October, which began to
pupate October 3, at Providence.

Larva.—Head rather large, triangular in front, the vertex ending in two minute
rounded tubercles, and with a paler green Jine on the side of the head. Labrum

488 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

rare on low white birch shrubs. I have found the egg and young larva
on the willow at Brunswick in July, but have not reared an individual
through all the stages from the first.*

The following notes are by Mrs. Anna K. Dimmock in Psyche, iv, p.
282:

Smerinthus excecatus Abb. and Smith (Nat. Hist. Lepid. Ins. Ga., 1797, v. 1, p. 49,
pl. 25). Harris (Amer, Journ. Sci. and Arts, July 1539, [s. 1], v. 36, p. 290) gives a
brief description of larva and imago of this species, which he states to feed upon
apple and Rosa carolina; Morris (Syn. Lepid. N. A., 1862, p. 209) gives Harris’s de-
scription of the larva, with slight addition, and adds a description of the young larva
and of what he supposed to be the egg—really, however, the egg of Attacus polyphe-
mus. Harris (Treatise on Ins. Injur. Veg., 1862, p. 327-328) describes and figures the
Imago. Lintner (Proc. Entom. Soc. Phil., 1864, v. 3, p. 666) describes the larva
without knowing the species, and later (Entom, Contrib., No. 2, 1873, p. 23) he gives
its name, and states that the larva described by him (Proc. Entom. Soc. Phil., 1864,
y. 3, p. 665) as S. excewcatus was in reality S. geminatus. Sanborn (Can. Entom., Jan.

slightly reddish; mandibles black. Body of a uniform pale pea-green color, a little
more vivid than the under side of the birch leaves. The surface of the skin rough with
small conical papillae. Seven lateral stripes pale yellow, moderately broad, begin-
ning in front of each abdominal spiracle on front edge of the segment and extending
upon the back of the succeeding segment. The last yellowish stripe extends to
the base of the horn or eighth segment, which is moderately stout and long. Neither
the caudal horn nor yellowish lateral stripes are stained with lilac. The spiracles
are black, with a central white line. The forefeet are rose-red. The abdominal
legs concolorous with the body, which is of the same pale yellowish green above and
below; the hooks are dark. Length 50™™.

*Mr. William Beutenmiiller has published in Entomologica Americana, i, p. 196, the
following list of food-plants of S. excecatus :
Corylus americana, Walt (Wild Hazel-

Leguminose. Nut.)

Wistariasinensis, Dec. (Chinese Wistaria. )

Rosacea.

Prunus virginiana, L. (Choke-Cherry.)
serotina, Ehr. (Wild Black
Cherry.)

Spirza opulifolia, L. (Nine Bark.)

Rubus odoratus, L. (Purple-Flowering
Raspberry.)

Pyrus malus, Tourn. (Apple.)

Urticacee.
Ulmus fulva, Michx. (Slippery or Red
Elm.)
americana, L. (American or Wild
E]m.)
alata, Michx.(Whahoo or Winged
Elm.)
suberosa, Mouch.

Cupulifera.
Quercus palustris, Du Roi. (Swamp or Pin
Oak.)
coccinea, Wang. (Scarlet Oak.)

Ostrya virginica, Wild. (American Hop
Hornbeam. )
Carpinus americana, Michx. (Hornbeam. )

Betulacee.

Betula alba, L. (White Birch.)
Betula var. populifolia, Spach.

Salicacee.

Salix cordata, Muhl. (Heart-leaved Wil-
low.)
lucida, Muhl. (Shining Willow.)
fragilis, L. (Brittle Willow. )
alba, L. (White Willow.)

babylonica, Tourn. (Weeping
Willow.)

Populus tremuloides, Michx. (American
Aspen.)

grandidentata, Michx. (Large-

toothed Aspen. )

angulata, Ait. (Angled Cotton-
wood.)

monilifera, Ait. (Cottonwood,
Necklace Poplar. ]

‘BIRCH CATERPILLARS. 489

1869, v. 1, p. 48) calls attention to the squeaking noise produced by the larva of this
and of other species of Smerinthus. Lintner (Entom. Contrib. [No. 1], 1869, p. 56)
gives Prunus pennsylvanica and Crategus as food plants of the larva. Mann (Psyche,
September and October 1877 [8 Mar. 1878], v. 2, pp. 69-72) compares descriptions of
the larva of this and of other species of Smerinthus, giving Acer as food-plant of the
larva of S. excecatus. Goodell (Psyche, July [Dec. ] 1882, v. 3, p. 368) describes egg
and first larval stage of this species. Fletcher (Can. Entom., Nov. 1883, v. 15, pp.
203-204) gives as food-plants apple, plum, wild cherry, Populus balsamifera and P. alba,
and further states that the larve varied muchin coloration. Saunders (Can. Entom.,
Jan. 1884, v. 16, pp. 9-11) describés and figures the last stage of the larva and the
imago. Fischer (op. cit., p. 17) adds Tilia and Salix to the food-plants. In Cam-
bridge, Mass., the larva of this species is not rare on low shrubs of Betula alba, where
it occurs throughout August and September. The larve, as observed on Betula alba,
exhibit no variation. They are somewhat difficult torear; of thirty-eight larve, of
which rearing was begun, eight were put in alcohol for preservation; three produced
imagos (2 males and 1 female) ; sixteen died without apparent parasitism, while eleven
were killed by Thyreodon morio, of which ichneumon only two reached the imago state.
One of the pupz of Thyreodon produced a large number of minute hymenoptera—sec-
ondary parasites. The egg of S. excewcatus often harbors very minute hymenopterous
parasites; more than thirty of these hymenoptera sometimes emerge from a single egg
of Smerinthus, a fact that will give an idea of their microscopical minuteness.

14, THE Hickory TUssocK-woRM.
Halesidota carye (Harris).

1 found August 28, at Brunswick, Me., a whole brood of these cater-
pillars on a birch tree, almost covering both the upper and lower sides
of a leaf.

15. THE WOOLY BEAR.

Spilosoma virginica (Fabr.).

The “ wooly bear” caterpillar of this species is a general feeder, and
is said, among other trees which Mrs. Dimmock enumerates below, to
feed on the white birch.

She also adds to the list of birch-feeding insects Pyrrharctia isabella*
(under the name “ Spilosoma isabella”), though as it apparently has
only fed on this tree while in confinement, we should as yet scarcely
regard it as affecting this tree.

Spilosoma virginica Fabr. (Syst. Entom., Suppl., 1775, p. 437). Harris (Rept. Ins.
injur. Veg., 1841, p. 247, 248) describes the larva and imago, stating that the larva
feeds on leaves of Plantago, Pisum, Phaseolus, Zea mays, Graminew, Vitis, Ribes rubrum
and R. grossularia ; later (Treatise on Ins. injur. Veg., 1862, p. 349-351) he adds a

* Spilosoma isabella Abb.-Smith (Nat. Hist. Lepid. Ins. Ga., 1797, v. 2, p. 131, pl. 66).
Harris (Rept. Ins. injur. Veg., 1841, p. 252, 253) describes larva and imago giving
Trifolium, Taraxacum dens-leonis, and narrow-leaved Plantago as food-plants; to this
he adds (Treatise on Ins. Injur. Veg., 1862, p. 355, 356) a figure of the larva. Walsh [?]
(Pract. Entom., June, 1867, v. 2, p. 103) gives apple as a food-plant of the larva,
Riley (Amer. Entom., April, 1870, v. 2, p. 182) figures and briefly describes the larva,
pupa, and imago, mentioning only grass as a food-plant of the larva; later (4th Ann.
Rept. State Entom. Mo., 1872, p. 143, 144) he reprints these figures. Riley’s figures,
with a brief description, are again repeated by Saunders (Can. Entom., April, 1873,
v. 5, p. 75-77, and Ann. Rept. Entom. Soc. Ontario, 1873, p. 22, 23), and Westcott

490 ¥IFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION,

figure of the larva and imago, and (Entom. Corresp., 1869, p. 287,288) he describes
the larva and pupa. Morris (Synop. Lepid. N. A., 1862, p. 342, 343) describes larva
andimago. Riley (Amer. Entom., July-Aug., 1870, v. 2, p. 272, 273 and 3rd Ann. Rept.
State Entom. Mo., 1871, p. 68, 69) describes and figures the larva, pupa, and imago,
adding to the above-mentioned food-plants, Juglans cinerea, Syringa, Convolvulus,
Gossypium, Helianthus, Polygonum, Verbena, and Geranium; he also states that the
larva has been known ‘‘to subsist entirely, from the time it cast its last skin till it
spun up, on dead bodies of the camel cricket (Mantis carolina)”; later (op. cit , Oct.,
1870, v. 2, p. 336) he adds Petunia and Salix to the food-plants. Lintner (Entom.
Contrib., No. 3, 1874, p. 143) describes two varieties of the larva. Bates (Can. Entom.,
Jan., 1880, v. 12, p. 20) adds ?Rumex to the food-plants. Saunders (op. cit., March,
1880, v. 12, p. 56, 57) reprints Riley’s figures of the larva, pupa, and imago, and de-
scribes them. Packard (Bull. 7, U. S. Entom. Comm., 1881, p. 88-89) describes larva
and imago (reprinting Riley’s figures of these and the pupa) and adds Rhamnus and
Pinus to the food-plants. The larva also eats Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Ulmus ameri-
cana, Betula alba, Fuchsia fulgens, Tropwolum, Prunus serotina, Syringa vulgaris, Vitis
labrusca, Ipomoea purpurea, Pelargonium, Martynia proboscidea, Acer saccharinum,
Ricinus communis, Lappa officinalis, and Nicotiana tobacum, but specimens fed on Datura
meteloides died soon after. (Anna K. Dimmock, Psyche, iv, p. 281.)

16. Phobetron pithectum Abbot and Smith.

As will be seen by the following statement by Mrs. Dimmock this
singular caterpillar is sometimes found on the birch as well as the oak
(see p. 143):

Phobetron pithecium Abb. and Smith (Nat. Hist. Lepid. Ins. Ga., 1797, v. 2, p. 147, pl.
74). Harris (Rept. Ins. Injur. Veg., 1841, p. 304,305) describes the larva and imago
of this species, stating that the larva feeds ou oak, and, according to Melsheimer, on
wild cherry; later (Treatise on Ins. Injur. Veg., 1862, p. 421,422) he adds to this de-
scription a poor figure of the larva and of the cocoon; he gives a brief note (Entom.
Corresp., 1869, p. 244-245) on the larva. Riley (Amer. Entom. v. 2; September, Oc-
tober, 1869, p. 25; October, 1870, p. 340) gives a good figure of the larva, which he
states to feed on apple and Siberian crab-apple; he later (5th Ann, Rept. State Entom.
Mo., 1873, p. 126) gives this species in a list of larve which have urticating power.
Lintner (Entom. Contrib., No. 3, 1874, p. 149) describes the cocoon, and adds plum,
pear, and Corylus americana to the food-plants. This larva.is rarely found in eastern
Massachusetts but is « little more abundant in the western part of the State; a
favorite food-plant is Betula alba. (Anna K. Dimmock, Psyche, iv, p. 208.)

17. Limacodes scapha Harris.

The following notes are copied from Mrs. Dimmock’s paper:

Limacodes scapha Harr. (Rept. Ins. Injur. Veg., 1841, p. 303). Harris (1. c. and
Treatise on Ins. Injur. Veg., 1862, p. 420) describes the species as larva, which he

(Can. Entom., July, 1873, p. 137) adds a few notes on the larva. Siewers (Can.
Entom., July, 1877, v. 9, p. 127, 128) notes a few habits of the larva. Mann (Psyche,
Sept.-Dec., 1879 [9 Apr., 1880], v. 2, p. 270) gives some notes on the larva. Riley
(Amer. Entom., June, 1880, v. 3, p. 133, 134) reprints his figures of larva, pupa, and
imago, and adds some notes on the larva and its parasites. Coleman (Papilio, Jan.,
1882, v. 2, p. 18) gives some notes on the variations of color of the larva. Experi-
ments show that the larva feeds readily on leaves of the following plants: Ricinus
communis, Acer saccharinum, Viburnum dentatum, Lappa officinalis, Polygonum persicaria,
' Tropwolum majus, Vitis labrusca, Syringa vulgaris, S. persica, Ampelopsis quinquefolia,
Prunus serotina, Ulmus americana, Clethra ulnifolia, Martynia proboscidea, Helianthus
annuus, Plantago major, Spirwa sorbifolia, Ribes aureum, and Betula alba; the larva
refused Solanum nigrum and Apios tuberosa. (Anna K. Dimmock, Psyche, iv, p. 281.)

BIRCH CATERPILLARS. 491

states to live on Juglans ; later (Entom. Corresp., 1869, p. 300, pl. 3, fig. 8) he figures
the larva, and adds apple to the food-plants. Walsh (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
February, 1864, v. 9, p. 298, 299) first describes the imago and says, ‘‘ The larva fed
on hickory leaves, but I have met with two specimens on the button-wood or syca-
more.” Packard (Guide, Study Ins., 1869, p. 290, and Bull.7, U. 8S. Entom. Comm.,
1881, p. 77) briefly describes the larva, cocoon, and imago, figuring the last. A single
larva of this species, taken on Betula alba at Belmont, Mass., 12th August, 1882, pu-
pated 17th September, and emerged Ist July, 1683. The excrement of the larva has
a peculiar form, being cup-shaped, with a deep concavity and comparatively thin
walls, which are somewhat-shriveled about the margin in drying. The larva, when
disturbed, exhales an odor difficult to describe. A short time before pupation it turns
whitish. (Psyche, iv, p. 297.)

18. THE AMERICAN SILK-WORM.
Telea polyphemus (Linn).

I have found this caterpillar in different stages of growth at Bruns-
wick, Me., through August, on Betula populifolia.

19. THE UNICORN CATERPILLAR.
Schizura unicornis (Abbot and Smith).

This caterpillar, which is common in orchards, has been detected on
the birch by Mrs. Dimmock, whose notes on it are subjoined :

Celodasys unicornis Abb. and Smith (Nat. Hist. Lepid. Ins. Ga., 1797, v. 2, p. 165, pl.
86). Harris (Rept. Ins. Injur. Veg., 1841, p. 306,307) describes the larva of this spe-
cies and gives as food-plants plum and apple, and adds to them, on authority of Ab-
bot, Prinos verticillatus. Harris (Entom. Corresp., 1869, pl. 2, fig. 8) gives a colored
figure of the larva. Payne (Amer. Entom., October, 1870, v. 2, p. 341) notes that the
larva mimics partly dead and partly living margins of leaves. Lintner (Entom.
Contrib., No. 3, 1874, p. 131) describes and figures the larva, adding Corylus americana
and Prunus virginiana to the previously known food-plants; his figure is copied in
Amer. Nat., November, 1874, v. 8, p. 691,692. Packard (Bull. 7, U.S. Entom. Comm.,
1881, p. 136) adds Crategus to the food-plants. The larva also feeds on Betula alba.

20. Schizura ipomee Doubleday.

According to Mr. Koebele the caterpillar occasionally feeds on the
birch.

21. Schizura sp.

Another unicorn-like larva occurred on Betula populifera, Brunswick,
August 29.

Larva.—Head very large, much larger (about twice) than in S. wnicornis on elm;
full, much enlarged towards the vertex, which is bilobed; a double row of light,
almost white, spots down the front, clypeus white; side of head whitish brown, and
the head elsewhere is marbled with whitish in a net-work of light brown lines.
Hump (dorsal) on the first abdominal segment bilobed and much iarger than in uni-
- cornis; the two forks of the hump deep reddish. The median brown dorsal line is
much broader than in unicornis. Side of thoracic segments not so light green as in

492 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

unicornis. A double row of dorsal warts not so wide apart and much larger than in
unicornis. The dorsal hump on the seventh segment is not so high and is larger and
thicker than in uwnicornis, the two terminal warts larger; in front of this hump the
dorsal part of the body is dark green as far as the middle of the body, and it incloses
a round brown patch in the middle of the dorsal green area. The warts on the back
behind the hump are larger than in wnicornis. The general color is reddish brown,
and it wants the two \Y-shaped silver dorsal patches which characterize wnicornis.
Length, 10™™,

22. Heterocampa pulverea G. and R.

The caterpillar of this moth, according to Dr. Riley, was observed in
Maryland feeding on the birch. See p. 160.

23. Lochmeus sp.

A caterpillar allied to, but very distinct from, L. manteo occurred on
the birch in ‘‘ Virginia, September 14, 1882.” (Riley’s MS. notes.) I
have seen the two specimens, which are in the Department collection,
one of which has two dark red spots on the first abdominal and two
much larger distinct oval dark blood-red dorsal spots on the third ab-
dominal segment, while the body is of the color of the underside of a
birch leaf.

24. Dryopteris irrorata Pack.

Mr. Elliot tells me that he has likewise reared this species from the
birch in the vicinity of New York City.

Moth.—This species is of a bright ferruginous or brick red, dusted above with
brown abbreviated lines and dots, but beneath clear reddish.

Palpi and front of head of a bright rusty red, thorax and forewings slightly
shaded with brown. Both pairs of wings are marked nearly alike, being crossed by
transverse irrorations which are united into lines near the base of the wing. Within
the middle of the wing is a slightly curved irregularly zigzag dark line, which is
deeply sinuate in the median space. On the outer fourth of the wing is a line of the
same color, which makes an acute angle before reaching the apex of the wing and
then suddenly bends back upon the costa. Just beyond this line is a dark transverse
streak which only touches the outer edge at the lower part of the apex, which is
nearly black. On the secondaries are two parallel black somewhat zigzag lines, the
inner being half as long as the outer one. Beneath the outer line only is reproduced,
being straight on the forewings, but a little sinuate on the hind wings. Expanse of
wings, 1.40 inch.

25. Dryopteris rosea Walker.

Mr. 8. Lowell Elliott informs me that he has raised this moth from
larvee feeding on the birch in New York. He preserved no description
of the caterpillar.

Moth.—Forewings very falcate, the body and basal two-thirds of both pairs of
wings roseate brown, sometimes yellow; outer margin of the forewings and apex of
hind wings rosy brown, or color of a dead leaf. Expanse of wings 27™™. When the
body and wings at base are yellow (as in Walker’s marginata) three rosy brown lines.

cross both pairs of wings, the two basal lines being near together, the outer remote,
with a deep rounded sinus near the costa, marked beneath nearly as above.

BIRCH CATERPILLARS. 493

26. Prionia bilineata (Pack).
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PLATYPTERICID.

Dr. Dimmock has worked out the history of this interesting moth, as
will be seen by the following account by Mrs. Dimmock in Psyche, iv,
p28:

Platypteryx bilineata Packard (Proc. Entom. Soc. Phil., Novy., 1864, v. 3, p. 359).
Packard (I. c.) writes: ‘‘Dr. Harris has reared this from the larva, which pupated
July 25; imago August 15.” Harris (Entom. Corresp., 1869, p. 142) gives a crude
figure of the larva of some American species of Platypteryx?, and Packard (Guide
Study Ins., 1869, p. 293) repeats this figure as that of aspecies of Dryopteris; no food-
plant is mentioned by eitherauthor. The European species, Platypteryx lacertula, feeds
onbirch. The larva of P. bilineatais found upon Betula alba, in eastern Massachusetts,
about the first of July and again early in September; hibernation takes place as
pupa in the September brood. Dr. G. Dimmock will later describe the egg, larva,

“and pupa of this insect in detail, but the following notes will suffice for the recogni-
tion of the larva and pupa. The full-grown larva is about 12™™ long, tapering
from the anterior to the posterior end, which latter terminates in a single point,
turned upward, in place of the anal legs. The dorsal surface of each segment
bears four tubercles, each supporting a single short hair. The arrangements of these
tubercles is peculiar: segment 1 has small tubercles arranged thus .. ..; segments 2
and 3 each have large tubercles arranged *. . * (the head in each case supposed to be
upward) ; segments 4-10 each have small tubercles arranged .**.; segments 11 and 12
each have two large and two small tubercles arranged*..* . The slight cocoon is
made between leaves of the birch which the larva has drawn together for the pur-
pose, and the pupa within it is densely covered with a white bloom.

Moth.—Female: A delicate thinly-scaled species of an ocherous-silvery color; the
ocherous scales appearing along the outer border, and lining the transverse lines.
These two lines are in the middle of the wing, the outer being a little flexuous; both
are dark, the inner one lined within and the outer one lined externally with ocherous.
A distinct black discal spot. The forewing is thickly covered with long transverse
brown strigz or short lines, which become near the outer edge oblique and sinuate,
forming an obscure submarginal line. Secondaries paler and dusky perlaceous. Discal
dot distinct, and beyond is a transverse dark line, once angulated opposite this spot.
Beyond this line the wing is obscurely strigated. Beneath, the forewings are more
yellowish towards the outer edge, and on the secondaries, especially so beyond the
outer line, which, with the discal dot, is much plainer than on the upper surface.
Head and body thoughout concolorous with the forewings. Expanse of wings, 1.30
inch.

27. Drepana arcuata Grote.

Mr. S. L. Elliot has bred this moth from the birch in Central Park,
New York. It isclosely like the European larva, being green, the head
broad, the body tapering behind, ending in a sharp point with red
spots on the thoracic segments. Mr. Elliot tells me that it rolls up a
leaf, and eats a little off, then goes to another leaf, cuts it, and bends it
over, and in this way becomes quite destructive.*

*For a detailed account of the metamorphosis of this moth see my article, The
Life-history of Drepana arcuata, etc., in Proc. Brit. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, 1890.

~

494 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

28. Drepana sp.

A pupa taken July 5, 1853, at Cambridge, Mass., upon Betula alba,
upon which the larva had evidently fed, gave as imago, July 16, 1883,
a species of Drepana.—(Mrs. Dimmock, Psyche, iv, p. 279.)

29. Gastropacha americana Harris.

Though I have found the larva of this moth on the walnut, it appears
by the following summary of its habits to live at times on the birch.

Gastropacha americana Harris (Rep. Ins. Injur. Veg., 1841, p. 273-274). This author
(l. c. and Treatise on Ins. Injur. Veg., 1862, pp. 377-378) briefly describes the larva,
which he states feeds upon apple, and on authority of Abbot, upon Quercus and
Fraxinus. Lintner (Entom. Contrib., No. 1, 1869, p. 193), in a note upon the larva,
gives Betula as food-plant and later (Entom. Contrib., No. 3, 1874, p. 154, 155)
describes the larva, which he states to feed on Betula lenta and Acer. Lyman (Can.
Entom., Aug., 1874, v. 6, p. 158) describes the eggs of this species. (Mrs. Anna K.
Dimmock, Psyche, iv, p. 274.)

The biological notes on the following eight species of Noctuide or
owlet moths are extracted from Mrs. Dimmock’s Insects of the Birch,

in Psyche, iv, pp. 273-274:
30. Orthosia instabilis Fabr.

Orthosia instabilis Fabr. (Entom. Syst., 1793, v. 3, p. 119) [= Teniocampa incerta
Hiibn.]. Kaltenbach (Pflanzenfeinde, 1872, pp. 429-430, 550, 640) gives the follow-
ng food-plants for the larva of this species in Europe: Apple, Ulmus, Tilia, Salix,
Quercus, Fraxinus, Betula alba, Populus, and Carpinus; to this list Rotiast (Annales
Soc. Linn. Lyon, Ann. 1882, [1883], N. S., v. 29, pp. 315-316) adds Amygdalus com-
munis, Crategus oxyacantha, and Centaurea jacea.

31. Apatela xyliniformis Guen.

Apatela xyliniformis Guen. (Hist. Nat. d. Ins., 1852, v. 5, Noct., v. 1, p. 56). Thax-
ter (Papilio, Jan. 1883, v. 3, p. 17) states that the larva of this species feeds on Betula
and blackberry (Rubus).

32. Apatela brumosa Guen.

Apatela brumosa Guen. (Hist. Nat. d. Ins., 1852, v. 5, Noct, v. 1, p. 52). Thaxter
(Papilio, Jan. 1883, v. 3, p. 17) states that the larva of this species feeds on Betula.
Salix, and Populus.

33. Apatela dactylina Grote.

Apatela dactylina Grote (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., April 1874, v. 16, p. 239),
Thaxter (Psyche, May-June [9 July], 1877, v. 2, p. 35) gives Betula and Salix as
food-plants of the larva of this species.

34. Apatela americana Harris.

Apatela americana Harr. (Rep. Ins. Injur. Veg., 1841, p. 317). Harris (op. cit., p-
317-318) describes the larva and cocoon of this species; he writes: ‘‘ The caterpillar
eats the leaves of the various kinds of maple and sometimes also those of the elm and
chestnut.” The same author (Treatise on Ins. Jnjur. Veg, 1862, p. 436-437) figures
larva, pupa, and imago of this species, and adds Tilia to the food-plants; and
(Entom. Corresp, 1869, p. 311) again describes the larva. In Amer. Entom., April,

BIRCH CATERPILLARS. 495

1869, v. 1, p. 166, this species is stated to feed on Populus dilatata and P. monilifera,
and Riley (Second Rept. State Entom. Mo., 1870, p. 121) gives Betula and Alnus as
food-plants. Coquillett (Papilio, Jan. 1881, v. 1, p. 6) describes the larva and gives
red oak (Quercus) as food-plant. Thaxter (Papilio, Jan., 1883, v. 3, p. 17) adds
Juglans, Fraxinus, and Platanus to the recorded food-plants.

35. Apatela vulpina Grote.

Apatela vulpina Grote (Can. Entom., Jan., 1883, v. 15, p. 8-9). Thaxter (Papilio,
Jan., 1883, v. 3, p. 14-15). describes the larva of this species, and gives Populus and
Betula as food-plants.

36. Apatela spinigera Guen.

Apatela spinigera Guen. (Hist. Nat. d. Ins., 1852, v. 5, Noct. v.1,p. 45). Thaxter
(Psyche, March-April [24 Sept.], 1878, v.2, p. 121-122) describes the larva of this
species and gives as food-plants Rubus and Betula.

37. Apatelu occidentalis Grote and Rob.

Apatela occidentalis Grote and Rob. (Proc. Entom. Soc. Phil., May, 1866, v. 6, p. 16).
The larva of this species is described by Harris (Entom. Corresp, 1869, p. 311-312),
who found it feeding on plum, cherry, and Pyrus americana. Lintner (Entom.
Contrib., [No. 1], 1869, p. 62) adds apple to the food-plants. Saunders (Can. Entom.,
March, 1872, v. 4, p. 50) describes the larva. Packard (Papilio, Nov.—Dec., 1882, v.
2, p. 181) briefly describes the larva and pupa. Thaxter (Psyche, May-June [9 July]
1877, v. 2, p. 35) gives Ulmus as food-plant. A specimen taken on Betula lutea, at
Wachusett, Mass., 26 August, 1882, pupated 30 August, and the imago appeared 12
June, 1883. This larva, which also ate Betula alba, did not entirely agree in colora-
tion with Saunders’s description.

38. Apatela betule Riley.

An interesting and easily recognized species of the genus Apatela
has been reared from the black birch by Prof. C. V. Riley, who pub
lished the following account of its habits and peculiarities in the Bul-
letin Brooklyn Entomological Society, vol. vii, May, 1884:

It is a strongly marked species. In some of the paler specimens there is a sugges-
tion of olivaceous; while the darker specimens have more uniformly gray primaries
with the strongly relieved transverse anterior pale line, and brown reniform spot
and subterminal space as the most prominent features.

Fic. 176.—Apatela betulee : a, larva, dorsal view; f, imago, nat. size; 6, a middle segment of larva,
dorsal view ; ¢, do., side view; d, portion of larval skin showing spinose covering; e, cremaster of
pupa with spines, dorsal view.

The larva while young is found on the leaves and corresponds thereto in genera]
color. After the last molt it rests stretched on the thickest branches of the tree and
is fond of hiding in dark recesses, For pupation it forms a slight cocoon either among
leaves or in old wood on the ground, or on the trunk of the tree. There are two

496 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

annual generations at Washington, the first larve occurring in July and the second
brood in October, while the first moths from hibernated pup appear in April and
the second brood in August.

The species, both in the characters of its larva and of the male genitalia, shows
affinities with that group of the genus which includes morula, occidentalis, furcifera,
hasta, lobeliw, and radcliffii, while the genitalia, alone considered, would separate it
from innotata, with which, especially the form grefii, it otherwise shows the closest
relationship. My studies of the genitalia of the genus have, however, so far led to
no definite conclusions as to their real value in classification.

Moth.—Average expanse of four wings 37™™. General color clay-yellow or pale
buff, with silver-gray hues. Maculation subobsolete, except the transverse pos-
terior line. Form of body and wings most nearly approaching tritona, i. e., pri-
maries short, broad, and with apex rectangular. None of the ordinary longitudinal
marks at base or between veins 1 and 2 or 6 and 7; the ordinary maculation much as
in innotata, but in faint fuliginous and sienna; orbicular usually quite obsolete ;
where indicated it is by relief basally of the transverse anterior paler line and pos-
teriorly by the paler space between it and the reniform, which is more plainly indi-
_ cated, especially on the basal side, by a sienna border. Transverse posterior line as
in grefii, the inner angle between veins 6 and 7 more pronounced, but without the
tooth of tritona, the outer angle on vein 1 more pronounced and acute; well relieved
basally by silver-gray and posteriorly by a sienna-brown line and coincident subter-
minal shade. Posterior borderusually shows a distinct pale line, the fringes being
either of the general hue or darker, with paler interruptions on the veins. Second-
aries well rounded, clay yellow, with very faint discal and transverse fuliginous
shade. Head and thorax concolorous with primaries except a slender brown streak
on outside border of tegula. Under surface uniformly pale clay yellow, with discal
and transverse shade on secondaries intensified, and similar shades on primaries, the
transverse line strongly elbowed; borders of wings, especially of secondaries, may
also be dotted with brown, though usually concolorous; antenne beneath, front
tarsi, and a patch on outside of palpi dark brown.

Male usually more strongly marked than female. Claspers of male consisting of a
long curved hook with a broad excavate main shank and an inferior broad tooth or
projection having parallel sides.

Described from nine males and four females reared from larve feeding on Betula
nigra.

Larva.—Average length when full grown, 38™™, Color greenish gray before last
molt, with a whitish medio-dorsal, and an undulating sulphur-yellow subdorsal line,
more or less distinct. After last molt vinous brown without the dorsal lines.
Sparsely covered (head and legs included) with short white or gray hairs arising
from pale papille, and thickest at sides and subventrally, so as to give a somewhat
gastropachiform aspect. The general surface of the body, which appears smooth to
the naked eye, is thickly and evenly beset with minute black points. Ordinary
piliferous spots papillose and pale except on dorsum, where they are black with pale
papille, usually three papille to each spot, except on thoracic joints, where there
are more. Head rather small, the tops of lobes reddish brown, the face pale yellow-
ish, with distinct black mottlings on the cheeks and bordering the red top. Stigmata
with black annulus.

Pupa.—Highly polished. Abdominal joints above sparsely and shallowly punctate.
Cremaster consisting of a small series of converging ridges dorsally, and ending in
some six or more short, almost straight spines in a horizontal row.

39. Charadra propinquilinea Grote.

The caterpillar of this moth has been reared by Mr. Goodell. It feeds
on the white birch, living in a sort of case made by folding a leaf or
drawing two leaves together and attaching them by their edges with

BIRCH CATERPILLARS. 497

silken threads. It changed to a pupa within its case September 20,
and the imago emerged June 6. (Papilio, i, p. 15.) (See p. 167.)

Larva.—Head round, slightly flattened in front, brown, smooth, and glassy. Body
thickest near the feeaaie, tapering to each end, of a fon white, with a large black
spiracular spot on all the segments except the jast two. It is covered with spreading
tufts of short, stiff white hairs, several of the hairs on the last two segments long
and slender, extending over the end of the body. On each of the fourth and eleventh
segments situated close together, one behind the other, are two short pencils of light
yellowish red hairs, and on the same segments, just below the hinder pencils, is
another longer pencil of the same color. All the segments are thickest through the
middle. (Goodell. )

Charadra propinquilinea Grote (Trans. Amer. Entom, Soc., Jan., 1873.vol.4, p- 293-.94).
Goodell (Papilio, Feb. 1881, v. 1, p. 15) describes the larva of this species and gives
‘white birch” asfood-plant. Thaxter (Papilio, Jan., 1883, vol. 3, p. 11-12) gives notes
on the larva, which feeds on Betula, Juglans, Acer and Quercus. (Mrs. Anna K. Dim-
mock, Psyche, iv, p. 274.)

Moth.—Female. Size of C. deridens, from which it differs at first sight by the pro-
pinquity and subparallelism of the median lines, which are not joined at the center
of the wing as in our usual species. Whitish or bluish gray. Median lines distinct,
propinquitous, subparellel, excavate. Transverse anterior line twice outwardly
produced opposite the cell, and once inwardly on internal nervure. Orbicular spot
round, evident, filled with whitish, with a central dark dot. Reniform spot con-
tiguous to the transverse posterior line, incompletely ringed with a central dot.
Median shade apparent above and below the orbicular spot, where it runs approx-
imate to the transverse anterior line. Subterminal space very wide; subterminal
line apparent at the costa, afterwards faint, scalloped. The whitish frosting of the
wing becomes lost externally. An interrupted terminal line formed by interspaced
white and following blackish dots. Hind wings smoky, dark along the external
margin. Head and thorax whitish. Tegule with black marks. Beneath, the legs
and thorax are clothed with whitish hair. The wings show double faint shaded
darker transverse bands, Expanse of wings 40™™; 'ength of body 15™™, (Grote).

40. Charadra deridens G. en.

The following notes on this caterpillar by Mrs. Dimmock (Psyche, iv,
p. 274) show that it is not uncommon on the birch. (See also p. 166.)

Charadra deridens Guen. (Hist. nat. d. ins., 1852, vol. 5, Noct.,vol. 1, p. 35-36.) Saun-
ders (Can. entom., Sept.-Oct., 1870, vol. 2, p. 145-146) describes the larva, and Lintner
(Entom. contrib., no. 3, 1874, p. 157) figures and describes it. Thaxter (Papilio, Jan.,
1883, vol. 3, p. 11-12) describes the egg, the seven larval stages, and the cocoon; the
larva feeds upon red oak (Quercus), Betula, and Ulmus.

41. Huplexia lucipara (Linn.).

The moth has been reared from the birch and Viburnum by Mr.
S. Lowell Elliot.

Larva.—Emerald green. Head greenish testaceous; mouth parts pale pitchy.
There is a very faint broken dorsal line, and a shading with a darker green over the
entire back, Sutures between the segments yellowish. Spiracles very small, whitish,
with a broad black ring. The lower lateral space is pale bluish green. On the top
of the twelfth segment, which is somewhat smaller, are two small spots of clear
white. The underside is wholly pale bluish-green. Length 35™™ (1.40 inches. Hy.
Edwards and Elliot).

5 ENT 82:

498 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Moth.—¥ore wings violet-brown, with lilac reflections, and shaded with reddish
yellow, principally on the submarginal space, which is clearer in front, and trav-
versed by a fine line parallel to the angulated line; the median space deeper in color;
the reniform spot distinct, oblong, of a clear yellow, traversed by a clear brown
shade; orbicular spot concolorous, quite large, open at the two ends. Base of the
wing varied with spots and streaks, Submarginal line fine, wavy, forming a vague
M in its middle, and shaded with black in front. Hind wings yellowish, with the
veins or cellular lunule and the border broadly black, and containing a yellowish
sinuous line. (Guen.).

The four following species of Apatela occurred on the white birch
at Providence during the last week of September and beginning of

October.
42. Apatela sp.

Larva.—Head large and black, rounded as usual. Body cylindrical, of even thick-
ness throughout, densely covered above with short, evenly cropped, Scotch snuff-
yellow-brown hairs, concealing the segments, and rising into a very slight median
ridge. The hairs on the prothorax are in front white, especially the long ones, while
four long white hairs arise from the second (meso) segment, and there are six to eight
long erect white hairs arising from the back at the end of the body. On the third
and sixth segments behind the head is a median short erect black spike of hairs, one-
third as long as the body is thick; and at theend of the body isa double spike. On
the sides of the body the hairs are seen to radiate from mammillx, and the row of
white spiraclesis conspicuous. Theskin islivid blue-black. Length, 50™™,

43. Apatela sp.

Larva.—Head much smaller than in some Apatelx, but of the usual shape, not
so wide at the prothorax, which is considerable narrower than the mesothoracic seg-
ment. The body is cylindrical, thickest a little in front of the middle, and the seg-
ments are somewhat convex and easily seen, as the segments are not concealed by the
hairs. The hairs are short, stiff, and quite thick, and arise from white, rather large,
mammille which are arranged five on a side on each segment (except the first and
two last). Along the middle of the back is a clear space between the mammille.
The hairs are whitish-yellow. The head and body are black. The mammillz on the
end of the body (8-10 segments) are reddish. There is a broad, lateral, dull, brick-
red band below the spiracles, which are white. The under side of the body between
the prolegs is dull reddish, but the thoracic feet and under side of thoracic segments
are dark, and the prolegs are dark livid purple black. The upper surface of the pro-
thoracic segment has three granulated swollen areas, two oral ones in front and a
median one behind. Length, 35™™,

The hairs are irritating to the skin, so that these bright-colored cat-
erpillars are not eaten by birds, though often easily found and stung
by Ichneumons and Tachine.

44, Apatela sp.

Feeding on the upper branches in full sight a peculiar and rather conspicuous
caterpillar. Providence, October 4.

Larva.—Head large and full, nearly as wide as the body, jet black. Body long and
thick, cylindrical; the three segments behind the head transversely folded dorsally.
The lateral line well marked. Body and legs (all) dull black. The posterior half of
each segment and the entire prothoracic with their fine white hairs giving a hoary
appearance to the upper side of the body. Below the spiracles the hairs are thicker

BIRCH CATERPILLARS. 499

than above, but otherwise the same. The body beneath is free from hairs and is livid
black. The body tapers slightly towards the end; the anal legs are very short and
the end of the body in walking is held off the surface. Length, 41™™.

45. Apatela sp.

The larva here described occurred on Betula populifolia at Bruns-
wick, Maine, September 4.

Larva.—Head large, rounded, pale yellowish-brown. Body rather thick, arctian-
like, white, with radiating tufts of white hairs, a few at each end longer than the
others and spreading, some of which are black. A pair of mesothoracic lateral light
orange-brown tufts, as long as head is wide; a double median, thicker, shorter .
tnft of the same color on first abdominal segment, and another just like it on the
penultimate (8th or 9th) segment. Length, 24™™.

The three following species of the family Noctuide occurred at Bruns-

wick, Me.
46. Noctuid larva.

Larva.—Body thick, a little humped dorsally near theend. Head small, not so wide
as prothoracic segment. Prothoracic not so wide as mesothoracic, and metathoracic
wider than mesothoracic segment.

Body of a general chestnut brown color, the surface finely granulated. Head
slightly darker than the body, and with short hairs, the markings on the body obscure.
Two transverse rows of black warts on the prothoracic segment, and one on meso-
thoracic and metathoracic ; four dorsal dots arranged in a trapezoid on the abdominal
segments.

Each abdominal segment with a pair of lateral, short, diffuse streaks, those on the
seventh and eighth segments converging towards the little hump on eighth segment.
Body and feet (thoracic and abdominal) livid green.

Length 11™™, September 14 to 20.

47. Noctuid larva.

Larva.—A singular larva, the body green, marked with red and yellow, with a short
warted supra-anal horn.

Body thick, broad, slightly flattened. Head nearly as broad as the prothorax,
rather deeply bilobed ; green, with two broad dark velvety red transverse lines across
the front; the hemispheres somewhat produced upward. Six rather large double
warts (one large conical rough one), with" one on the side at base ; the two protho-
racic ones much smaller than the four others. On the abdominal segments a low trans-
verse dorsal ridge ending on each side in rounded conical tubercles. In front are
the two small hair-bearing warts, and the large warts also bear long hairs. The body
is green, color of the leaf. The abdominal segments above mottled with reddish,
with a lateral line on posterior two-thirds of abdomen, inclosing the dorsal mottled
and tubercled area. The supra-anal plate ends in a large stout acute granulated
reddish horn held obliquely outward.

On each segment are three or four small yellowish tubercles. Body beneath pea-
green. Length, 15™™, August 11, 1882.

In larger ones, 17™™ long, and some smaller, the body is entirely pale reddish brown
color, with no green about it; no red bands on front of head. Head mottled with
yellowish brown, and body Hadeath3 in some individuals greenish yellow.

48. Noctuid larva.

Larva.—A large green-headed Noctuid ; larva with ten abdominal legs. Head very
large, broad, and full, much wider than the body. Four long white strips in front, and
an oval lanceolate brick-red patch behind and surrounding the eyes. Thoracic feet,

500 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

green at base, marked with black and reddish. Spiracles very conspicuous; pro-
thoracic one large and black, first abdominal black, the rest orange.

The body tapers towards the tail; pale green, wrinkled above. A broad dorsal.
longitudinal band, with a median fine green line which ends in a red streak on supra-
anal plate. Lateral line folded and large, interrupted and marked irregularly with
purple on the thoracic segments. ;

Length, 22™™, August 15 to 18, 1882; observed at Brunswick, Me.

49, Brephos infans Moschler.

In this case I depart from my usual rule not to mention any insect
unless positively known to feed on the tree stated, since there is so
strong presumptive evidence that the larva of this beautiful moth feeds
on the birch in this country as well as in Europe. I observed it flying
among birches at Cambridge, Mass., early in the spring of 1862 or 1863.
I quote the foliowing summary of its habits, published by Mrs. Dim-
mock in Psyche (iv, p. 273):

Brephos infans Moschler (Wien. entom. monatsschr., Mar. 1862, vol. 6, p. 134-136,
pl. 1, fig. 6). Harris (Entom. corresp., 1869, pl. 1, fig. 4) figures the imago of this
species. Lintner (Entom. contrib., No. 4, 1878, p. 227-229) gives notes upon the
habits of the imago which render it almost certain that the larva feeds upon Betula.
The larve of the European species of this genus feed upon Betula alba, the larva of
Brephos parthenias living between leaves that it spins together upon high twigs.
The imagos of B. infans are not rare about Betula alba, extremely early in the spring,
both in eastern and western Massachusetts.

50. Catocala relicta Walk.

The subjoined summary of what is known of the habits of this moth
is copied directly from Mrs. Dimmock’s article on birch insects, in
Psyche (Iv, p. 273).

Catocala relicta Walk. (List. Lep. ins. Brit. mus., 1857, pt. 13, p. 1192, 1193). Bunker
(Can. entom., May, 1883, vol. 15, p. 100) states that Populus is the favorite food-plant
of the larva of this species. Hulst (Bull. Brooklyn entom. soc., July, 1884, vol. 7, p.
48) says ‘‘Food-plant, white birch and silver poplar; and probably all species of
Betula and Populus.” The same author (1. ¢., June, 1884, vol. 7, p. 15-16) gives struc-
tural characters and habits of the larve of Catocala. The European C. fraxina, re-
garded by some authors to be a synonym of C. relicta, feeds, as larva, on Populus,
Betula, Acer, Ulmus, Quercus, and Fraxinus. C. relicta has been reared by C. Dim-
mock, in Springtield, Mass., from a full-grown larva taken under circumstances which
made it almost certain that its food-plant was Acer.

51. Noctwid? or Notodontid? larva.

This caterpillar occurred on the white or paper birch, near the sum-
mit of Thorn Mountain, Jackson, N. H. It was mistaken for a folded
leaf, and was feeding conspicuously on the tree.

Larva.—Body very thick and soft, tapering rapidly towards the small anal legs,
which are about half the size of the others, the end of the body being often held
straight out. Head large, but not so broad as the prothoracic segment; pale green
like the rest of the body, with four longitudinal white bands, the outer ones extend-
ing nearly to the base of the antennz ; from and including the eyes a broad reddish
white patch, and a similar patch on the side of the prothoracic segment, and a much
larger one on the side of the mesothoracic segment. Body pale pea-green, nearly the

BIRCH CATERPILLARS. 501

color of the under side of the birch leaf, with two parallel white dorsal stripes; four
whitish yellow dots on the side of each abdominal segment. Spiracles deep orange
ved. Thoracic legs yellowish, each joint stained black. Length, .37.

52. Endropia armataria H.-Sch.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALZNIDZ.

The following account of this insect is copied from Mrs. Dimmock’s
Birch Insects, in Psyche, iv, p. 272:

Endropia armataria Herrich-Schaefter (Samm]. nener. od. wenig bekannter ausse-
reur. Schmett., 185058, pl. 65, fig. 373-374). Saunders (Can. Entom., October, 1871,
vol. 3, p. 130-131; (Ann. Rept. Entom. Soc. Ontario, 1871, p. 38) describes the
larva of this species which he found on species of Ribes. A female of this species
taken June 15, 1883, in Cambridge, Mass., was coufined over fresh twigs of Acer,
Ribes rubrum, and R. aureum. On June 18 she laid two rows of elongated, flattened
eggs upon a leaf of Acer; their color was light green, but by June 20 they had be-
come shining carmine-red, which later became dull red. The eggs were 0.7™™ long,
0.5™™ wide, and 0.4™™ high, and were placed closely side by side in rows and gummed
to the leaf. They hatclied June 27. The larvz would not readily eat leaves of Ribes,
but ate, in order of preference, leaves of Betula alba, of Acer, and of apple. One pu-
pated August 2, 1883, and the imago appeared August 19, 1883; the second pupation
occurred August 6, 1883, but the imago did not appear until June 3, 1884; two more
pupated August 17, 1883, both of which produced imagos about June 7, 1884. In
this case, of the four larvee which succeeded in producing imagos, all were subjected
as nearly as possible to equal conditions, being reared in the same jar, upon the same
plants, which were kept fresh with their stems in water, yet one of the imagos ap-
peared the same fall, only seventeen days after pupation, while the three others
remained about ten months in the pupal state. Those reared by Mr, Saunders hiber-
nated as pupe.

53. Paraphia subatomaria Guenée.

The caterpillar of this species appears to be a general feeder, not
only living on the pine but also on the birch, according to Mrs. Dim-
mock, whose historical notes we copy:

Paraphia subatomaria Guenée (Hist. Nat. d. Ins., 1857, vo]. 9; Uran. et Phal., vol.
i, p. 272). Alarva taken on Betula alba, at Belmont, Mass., August 12, 1882, pupated
September 19, and a male imago emerged October 8, 1882. This larva was mistaken
for a young larva of Cymatophora crepuscularia. Another larva, taken on the same
species of plant, at Cambridge, Mass., September 10, 1882, pupated September 27,
and produced a female imago October 28, 1882. A third larva taken in Cambridge,
on the same plant in the fall of 1883, pupated, and would have hibernated as pupa
had it not been kept ina warm room; the moth emerged during the winter. Packard
(Mon. Geom. moths U. S. 1876, p. 418) writes: ‘‘The moth has been raised by Mr.
W. Saunders, of London, Canada, from a ‘brown geometric larva on the pine, the
imago appearing June 24.’” (Psyche, iv, p. 272.)

54, Ephyra pendulinaria Guenée.

According to the following notes of Mrs. Dimmock this caterpillar
appears to occur on the birch as well as the sweet fern.

‘¢ When about to transform,” says Mr. Scudder, ‘ it slings itself in a
thread which crosses its body between the sixth and seventh segments,
and closes its anal prolegs tightly in a mass of silk spun at this point,

502 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

and on the 17th of July changed to a pupa. On the 12th I found a
chrysalis just ready to turn; it was fastened to the midrib of a leaf
near the middle, with the threads of the swing well separated and well
pushed under.”

Ephyra pendulinaria Guenée (Hist. Nat. d. Ins., 1857, v. 9, Uran. et Phal., ‘v. 1, p-
414), Packard (Mon. Geom. Moths U.S., 1876, pp. 363-364) gives a description, by
S. H. Scudder, of the larva and pupa of this species; the larva fed on Comptonia
asplenifolia. A larva of this species, taken on Betula alba, at Wachusett, Mass.,
August 26, 1882, pupated August 28, and the imago appeared May 14, 1883. (Dim-
mock).

Larva.—Light green, with longitudinal white lines, and dotted with white spots.
A dorsal and three subdorsai lines; the dorsal straight, but the others broken and
irregular, the stigmatal edge wrinkled, the white spots irregularly scattered. Body
beneath with the white lines interrupted. The last segment, with the anal prolegs
and tip of the first pair of prolegs, slightly reddish. Thoracic legs pale greenish,
black at the tips. A few scattered hairs on the body. Head faint reddish, marbled
with whitish, with two white stripes. Length, 0.40; thickness, 0.12 inch.

Pupa.—Light green, a black stripe broken twice towards the end on each side,
along the hinder margin of the wing. Two protuberances, one at the base of each
wing, white brownish at base; tail piece almost colorless, tip red. Abdominal seg-
ments of a lighter color than the rest, with dots of a lighter tint; anterior half of
each abdominal segment punctate ; posterior half minutely striate; a thread crosses
the body, upon which it rests suspended ; the thread splits in two, being fastened by
four points. It is slightly roofed on the back. (Scudder.)

Moth.—Antennex of male moderately pectinated. Body and wings white, speckled
with dark gray or blackish. It differs from H. myrtaria in being white, with four
lines on the fore-wings and by the large discal ringlets, and the mesial shade. Ex-
panse of wings, 25™™ (1 inch).

55. Boarmia crepuscularia Treitschke.

Mrs. Dimmock, as will be seen by the following statements, has
reared the larva of this species from the white birch.

Cymatophora crepuscularia Treitsch. (Schmett. v. Europa, 1827, v. 6, pt. 1, p. 190).
Goodell (Can. Entom., Apr., 1878, v. 10, p. 67) has described the larva of this species
from a single specimen taken on plum, May 30; pupation took place June 6, and the
imago emerged June 19. In Europe this very variable larva has often been reared.
Herr (Anleitung d. Schmett, u.Raupen * * * 1833, pt. 2, p. 272) gives a good
description of the larva, and states that its food-plants are Aquilegia, Salix, Populus,
Alnus, Ulmus, Spartium, and Sambucus. Kaltenbach (Pflanzenfeinde, 1872, p. 614-
615) writes: ‘‘A very common geometrid, whose larva is very differently marked
according to itsfood-plant. On Salix Borkhausen found it brownish green, on Italian
poplar gray green, on Alnus brownish gray, on Ulmus lighter green than on Salix, on
Sambucus gray brown, etc. Treitschke’s specimens, reared on plum, were yellowish.
Pupation takes place under the ground; the moth appears in two generations, in
spring from hybernated pup and again in July. The larve appear in June and in
September.” Kaltenbach (op. cit., pp. 110, 234, 302, and 435) adds the following to
previously mentioned food-plants: Betula alba, Gensta, Quercus, Rubus, Lonicera,
and Ligustrum. The larva of this species is common on Betula alba in eastern Massa-
chusetts, where it is found ready for pupation as early as the middle of June. Of
three larve taken August 12, 1882, one pupated August 29 and hibernated as pupa,
developing an imago the next spring; another pupated September 2 and died later,
and the third pupated September 2 and the imago appeared September 28 of the same
year. Two annual broods of larve are therefore probable in New England, as in

BIRCH CATERPILLARS. 503

Germany, but part of the second brood apparently emerge and oviposit in late autumn,
while the rest hibernate as pup. (Psyche, iv, p. 271.)

Moth.—This is our most common species, 24. may be known by its large size, the
simply pubescent male antenne, its pale color, and the outer dentate line, that on
the fore wings being less sinuous than the corresponding line in B. umbrosaria. The
wings expand 1.50 to 1.60 inches.

56. Rheumaptera hastata (Linn.).

The following notes are by Mrs. Anna K. Dimmock (Psyche, iv):

Rheumaptera hastata, Linn. (Syst. Nat., 1758, ed. 10, p. 527.)

Schmiedlein (Naturges. deutsch. Schmett., 1805, pp. 101, 102) describes the larve of
this species, which he states live socially upon birch between the leaves, which they
spin together. Packard (Mon. Geom. Moths, 1876, pp. 165-166) quotes Newman’s de-
scription of the larva, in which it is stated to feed upon Betula alba and Myrica gale.
Kaltenbach (Pflanzenfeinde, 1872, pp. 413 and 599) compiles authorities for the follow-
ing additional food-plants of this species: Rhododendron hirsutum, Salix, and Vaccin-
ium uliginosum. A larvaof this species, taken on Betula alba, at Belmont, Mass., Aug.
4, 1883, pupated August 14, and appeared as imago May 17, 1884. This is one of the
species of Lepidoptera seen in swarms in parts of the White Mountains, New Hamp-
shire, where specimens were taken from July 8-14, 1874, in the greatest abundance.

The description of the American larva has not yet been published.*
57. Geometrid larva.

Larva.—Body cylindrical, moderately slender. ‘Head large, as wide as the body,
vertex deeply cleft, the tubercles large, conical, pointed. Prothoracic segment
broader than the body behind, swollen on each side in front. Segments transversely
wrinkled. On metathoracic segment a pair of very large and very rough lateral
tubercles, which are swollen, very prominent and minutely spiny, and a little darker
than the rest of the body. The penultimate segment, with alow, rough dorsal hump,
marked with two white conspicuous spots. Surface of the supra-anal plate rough,
with flattened tubercles on the edge, which is thickened. Anal legs large and broad,
the two spines large but obtuse. Body covered with fine sharp granules.

Color dull brick-red, front part of the segments dull whitish-gray, giving the body
« checkered appearance. Head reddish in front, the tubercles washed with grayish-
white and blackish. Length, 20™™, Brunswick, August 16.

It may be recognized by its checkered, dull, birch-red body, and very large pro-
truding rough lateral tubercles on the hinder third of the body, and by the very
large head.

58. Geometrid larva.

Larva.—Like the foregoing, but the body smooth, not granulated, and head with a
hollow cleft, and body not checkered. Head as wide as prothorax, with a shallow
cleft; the conical tubercles low and broad. Prothorax broad, square in front,
swollen on each side into a tubercle. Body cylindrical, smooth, slightly wrinkled,
but not granulated. On fifth abdominal segment a pair of small lateral smooth
tubercles. A low slight rough dorsal hump on penultimate segment, but no other
tubercles; supra-anal plate large and long, moderately smooth, conical edge thick-
ened a little. Anal legs short and broad, posterior spines broad, obtuse. Brick-red,

*Operophtera boreata Hiibn. Kaltenbach (Pflanzenfeinde, 1872, p. 599) gives Betula
and Fagus as food-plants of this species. Packard (Mon. Geom. Moths, 1876, p. 199)
quotes Newman’s description of the larva of this species. (Dimmock.) This species
has not yet been found in the larva state in America, and hence I do not agree with
Mrs. Dimmock in ineluding it in a list of American birch insects.

504 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

not checkered, with a greenish tinge, reddish above and beneath, front edge of
prothorax pale. Length, 16™™. Brunswick, Me., August.

59. Geometrid larva.

Larva.—Head deeply cleft; the conical tubercles acute, scarcely as wide as the
body, which is cylindrical, Banter

On the side of the fifth abdominal segment, low down, is a small Heer red
smooth tubercle. On the penultimate segment. a dorsal rust-red irregular low tu-
bercle. Supra-anal plate conical, surface rough with small hair-bearing warts.

Anal legs very large on the sides and with two iarge spines above. Reddish rust-

red above, like the stem of a beech leaf; greenish beneath. Length 15™™, Bruns-
wick, Me., August 11-14.

60. Geometrid larva.

Larva.—A Geometrid like a small dead and dry twig. Head broad and somewhat
flattened. Antenne very large. Head wider than the body, swollen on the sides
opposite the middle of the clypeus.

Near the end of the second abdominal ring are two transversely oblong smooth
tubercles connected by a ridge; these are the most prominent tubercles; on the fourth
segment before the last near the hinder edge is a pair of high, slender, sharp, dark,
rough points or tubercles; the pair in front of the first pair of abdominal legs is the
largest, and there are numerous smaller scattered fine tubercles, giving a rough ap-
pearance to the slender body. Supra-anal plate short and rough on the surface, the
anal legs very broad on thesides. The twospinesunusually large. General color dark
purplish brown, like a dead dry birch twig; head concolorous with the rest of
the body. Length, 25™™. Brunswick, Me.

61. Pyralid larva.

This caterpillar was observed on the white birch at Providence, Sep-
tember 25, making a large loose tent of white silk open at each end.

Larva.—Body thick and fleshy. Head not so wide as the prothoracic segment,
which is much narrower than the second segment. Thehead is dull amber, the body
pale pink, with four very conspicuous subdorsal lunate black spots, the pair on the
third thoracic segment larger than those on the second. The dorsal hairs are short,
those on the side and the end of the body much longer. Length, 20™™,

62. Teras ferrugana (Schiffermiiller. )

In Europe this insect feeds on the birch, poplar, and alder, as well as
the oak. In this country Walsh has found it to be inquilinous in galls
of Cynips salices-strobiloides. We have bred it from the white pine.
(See Pine Insects.) *

* Teras niveana(Fabr. ) is also found in this country ; in Europe lives on the birch, and
is to be looked for on that tree.

Lozotenia musculana Hiibn. This species, which in Europe feeds on the birch,
willow, and numerous other plants, is reckoned among American birch-insects, though
no one in this country has yet reared it.

Penthina capreana Hiibn, which in Europe feeds on birch and willow, has not yet
been reared in this country. The same may be said of P. dimidiana Sodoffsky, which
belongs to the same category as the three foregoing species, to which may be added
Sericoris urticana Hitbn, and Pedisca similana Hiibn (Mrs. Dimmock, Psyche, iv, p.
241).

BIRCH LEAF-ROLLERS. 505
63. Eecopsis zelleriana Fernald.

According to Professor Fernald this insect feeds on the leaves of Betula
populifolia (Trans. Amer. Ent., Soc., 1882, x, 29).

64. Eccopsis? var. of permundana Clemens.

This has been reared by Mrs. Dimmock from two larve taken in
Cambridge, Mass., June 17, on the white birch. It pupated about June
30, the imagines emerging July 10 and 15. Clemens says of £. per-
mundana :

Larva.—The larva binds together the terminal leaves of Spirea. It is pale green,
touched with yellowish at the junction of the segments; head and shield black. The
larva may be taken in the middle of June.

65. Penthina albeolana Zeller.

The larva of this Tortricid taken by Mrs. Dimmock September 4, at
Cambridge, Mass., on the white birch, pupated September 6, the moth
appearing on the 24th of the following May. That it is probably double-
brooded is indicated by the fact that Mr. Burgess captured a moth
(from which Zeller described the species) August 15.

66. Pedisca solicitana Walk.

Fernald states that the food-plant of this species is the poplar-leaved
birch. (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., x, p.-40.) ©

67. Pedisca transmissana Walk.

Mrs. Dimmock remarks that the larva of this species is common
during October, about Cambridge, Mass., ‘‘ when it eats out the inside
of the sterile catkins of Betula alba. It hybernates as pupa.” (Psyche,
iv, p. 241).

68. Cacecia rosaceana Harris.

-

This well-known caterpillar was found feeding on the leaves of the
poplar-leaved birch in July and August, the moth appearing the first
week in September. Coquillétt (Papilio, May, June, 1883, iii, pp. 100, 101)
describes the larva carefully and gives the names of twenty-four species
of food-plants, to which Mrs. Dimmock adds Viburnum dentatum and
Philadelphus coronarius. (Psyche, iv, p. 242.)

69. Cacoecia cerasivorana Fitch.

Professor Fernald states that this leaf-roller lives on the cherry and
Betula populifolia. Dr. D. S. Kellicott states that this insect was,
during the summer of 1882, too abundant in certain ornamental birches
in Buffalo. (Bull. Nat. Field Club, 1883, p. 44.)

The four following species of leaf-rolling caterpillars (Tortricidz) also
occurred on the leaves at Brunswick, Me., in August and September.

506 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

70. Tortrix sp.

Larva.—Body slender, tapering quite regularly towards each end ; head jet black ;
prothorax brown black; body behind alittle lighter, with three dorsal whitish lines,
the median the narrowest, the outer including the black warts ; a lateral interrupted
pale line, and below a brown whitish raised line, with a black dot on each segment ;
body warted much as usual. Length 11™™, Brunswick, August 11-14.

71. Tortrix sp.

Larva.—Pale pea-green, dotted with white, larger and stouter than the black
Tortrix, of the usual form; head and prothorax clear pea-green of the same color as
the rest of the body ; the warts arranged as usual, but pale green and very distinct,
and appearing as whitish green spots; the hairs on the end of the body very long.
Length 12™™, Eats holes irregularly. Pupa in a folded leaf August 28.

The moth appeared September 2.

Two Tachine came out August 29.

72. Tortrix sp.

This was found eating the upper surface off a folded and curled leaf,
leaving a great blotch. Brunswick, Maine, September 14.

Larva.—Head reddish, broad, and much flattened; on each side in front a broad
conspicuous white line continuous with the front edge of the clypeus; below the line
on the side is a black line; antennz white at base.

Cervical shield large and broad, green like the rest of the body, with a lateral
* black line; body rather flattened, pea-green, a little dusky along the back; the
suture quite distinct, paler green than the rest of the body. Length 18™™,

73. Tortrix sp.

This insect folds and crumples the leaf, much as does the Aphis on
the same tree, forming a thin silken cocoon in the bottom of the fold.
It avoids the light when the leaf is unfolded and
is very active in its habits.

Larva.—Body tapering a little before, and especially pos-
teriorly ; head not quite so wide as the body; like the pro-
thoracic shield, dusky umber color; body pale amber, with
large conspicuous black piliferous warts; sutures distinct,
buat the segments are not prominently wrinkled; only one
posterior distinct wrinkle. The warts are situated ina
very short broad trapezoid and one lateral wart is seen
from above. Thoracic feet black. Length 5™™,

74. Tortrix sp. (Fig. 177.)

Feeding on the leaves, folding over a leaf longi-
tudinally in the middle, September 18, at Provi-
dence, the following Tortricid caterpillar was
fies, 177.2 Lea at, Polak: found. It appears to hybernate as a larva, and,

leaved Birch folded by after repeated attempts, I have been unable to

leaf-roller. No. 74. it
rear it:

Larva.—Body very narrow, slender cylindrical; head narrow and small, honey-yel-
low ; body tapering to the tail from behind the middle. The segments quite convex,
with four dorsal large fleshy tubercles close together on the back of each segment, and
two on each side, giving rise to slight hairs. The body is of a very dark olive-green.
Length, 11™™,

Or

BIRCH LEAF-ROLLERS. 507

Figures 178, 179, and 180 represent the work of three leaf-rollers not
yet identified.
75. Argyresthia gedartella (Linn.).

The histories of this and the next Tineid have been sketched as fol-
lows by Mrs. Dimmock :

Argyresthia gaedartella Linn. (Syst. Nat., 1758, ed. 10, p. 897.) Fabricius (Syst.
Entom., 1775, p. 664) writes of this species ‘‘ Habitat in Aluetis, in betule geminis,”
and Kaltenbach (Pflanzenfinde, 1872, pp. 604-605) states that the larve of this species
live in the catkins of Betula and Alnus. Chambers (Can. Entom., August 1875, v. 7,
pp. 144-145) notes the discovery of this species in North America, and, after describing

7, the imago, adds: ‘‘The larva feeds under the bark and in the
“ young shoots of the birch in March and April.” A. Balding
(Entom. Monthly Mag., February 1885, v. 21, pp. 203-206) de-
scribes the larva, which he found feeding in catkins of Betulaand
Alnus. (Psyche, iv, 241.)

Fic. 179. — White Birch leaf
rolled at the end. August 12.

Fic. 178.—Leaf of Yellow Birch rolled Fic. 180.— Leaf of White Birch
lengthwise. folded.

76. Cryptolechia confertella Walker.

Cryptolechia confertella Walk. (List Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus., 1864, pt. 29, p. 563). The
larve of this species are common upon Betula alba during August and the early part
of September. he larva feeds in a rolled portion of the margin of the leaf, where
pupation takes place, lasting from three weeks to a month. (Psyche, iv, p. 241.)

/

77. Bucculatrix canadensisella Chambers.

Regarding this Tineid, Prof. J. A. Lintner writes me as follows:

As you liave published on Bucculatrix, it will interest you to hear that Iam breed-
ing B. canadensisella Chambers (Can. Ent., vii, p. 146) from the yellow birch (Betula
lutea).

Professor Lintner has kindly sent me the following account of this
insect in advance of his report contained in the Report of the Regents of

508 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

the University of the State of New York in 41st report N. Y. State
Museum Nat. Hist. for 1887.

Mr. Shelby Reed, of Scottsville, Monroe County, N. Y., sends leaves of the yellow
birch, Betula lutea, infested with a small caterpillar, which are very numerous (forty-
eight had been counted on a single leaf) and eat the upper and lower surfaces of the
leaves, leaving only the transparent inner tissue. ‘‘The trees infested with them
have a brown and scorched appearance, and light comes down through the thickest
foliage as through a softened skylight.”

The caterpillar is 0. 18 to 0. 22 long, slender, deeply incised at the joints, tapering
at the extremities, and subcylindrical; head pale brown, slightly bilobed, ocelli and
mandibles black, mouth-parts projecting: body dull, pale green, bearing a few short
hairs on the usual spots and longer ones on the first segment; terminal pair of pro-
legs projecting. Walks slowly and hangs by a thread when it falls.

A few of the larve had spun cocoons on the surface of the leaf when received. On
the following day nearly all had made or were engaged in making their cocoons.

The moth.—The ornamentation of this species differs from that of any other yet found
in this country, and though allied to B. eidarella of Europe, it is still quite distinct.

Head white, tuft tipped with dark reddish brown, and the face faintly tinged with
purplish fuscous. Upper surface of the thorax brown, margined all around by white.
Base of the fore wings white, followed by an oblique brown fascia, which is nearest
the base on the costal margin, and is followed by an oblique parallel white fascia ;
all of these are placed before the middle, and are followed by a large brown patch
which occupies the entire wing to the ciliw, except that it contains 4 white spot on
the middle of the costal margin. The brown patch is margined before on the dorsal
margin of the wing by 2 small tuft of raised brown scales. At the beginning of the
dorsal ciliae is a white spot placed a little before, but becomes almost confluent with
a longer white costal streak. Behind these streaks to the apex the wing is pale
brown, witha darker velvety-brown apical spot. Ciliz pale yellowish, with a darker
brown hinder marginal line before their middle, not extending into the costal cilia.
Hind wings pale fuscous. Expanse of wings, #inch. (Chambers.)

78. Tineid larva.

The white silken round cocoons of this Tineid were noticed during
the first week in September at Brunswick, Me., on the upper surface
of the leaf of the white birch, the larva previously feeding exposed on
the upper surface and eating little patches on the upper side.

Larva.—Body cylindrical, pale greenish; head pointed in front, much narrower
than the first thoracic segment; five pairs of abdominal legs, the last pair long and
slender, directed backwards. The hairs sparse, and about two-thirds as long as the
body is thick, arising from whitish, distinct, piliferous warts. The segments are
quite convex, the sutures well marked. Length, 5-6™™.

Cocoon.—Orbicular, 2 to 3™™ in diameter, of white silk, inclosing the larva, which is
eurled up within.

79. Leaf-blotch miner.

The blotch mines of this Tineid were observed July 6 to 10 at Bruns-
wick, Me., on the yellow birch. Usually the larva makes one or two
mines on the under side of the leaf between the secondary veins, either
near the midrib or nearer the edge of the leaf. They are irregularly

‘oval, rounded at each end, forming a brown patch about 10™ Jong by
4-5™™wide: On the upper side of the leaf the mine is outlined by a
whitish oval line. July 10 most had left the mine, leaving a small mass
of black “frass.” In some cases the edge of the leaf was turned over
or folded over at the apex.

—————————— ee

BIRCH SAW-FLIES. 509

Larva.—Head small, pointed in front, half as wide as the body, jet black. Body
tapering a little from the prothoracic segment, slightly flattened; prothoracic seg-
ment large, nearly as long as wide, with a dark central patch; the second segment
slightly larger than the third. Body white, with spare whitish hairs. Three pairs
of dusky legs, short, and extended out laterally. Length, 4™™,

80. Hylotoma dulciaria Say.
Order HYMENOPTERA; family TENTHREDINIDZ.

Rev. T. W. Fyles found the larve of tbis species to be injurious to
the birches in the vicinity of Quebec during the autumns of 1885 and
1886. The perfect insects which he bred from the larve appeared in
July, but they probably lay their eggs in August, as it was not until
that mooth that he found the saw-flies in their natural haunts, when
they were so numerous as to be “trodden under foot by the passers-by”
(Can. Ent., Feb., 1886, Mar., 1887).

Imago.—Pale rufous; head, wings, and feet violaceous black. Female: antennze
black, with a violaceous tinge; nasus emarginate, short; head, a spot on pectus and
ovipositor-sheaths blue-black; rest of the body testaceous or yellowish red; legs
steel blue; spines of the same color; wings, violaceous, subhyaline, less obscure at
apex, a larger darker spot below the stigma covering the marginal and the upper half
of all the submarginal cells; hind wings with but one middle cell. Wings expand

about one inch. (Say.)
81. Nematus sp.

Order HYMENOPTERA; family TENTHREDINIDZ.

This feeds upon the leaves late in September at Providence. It is
a large saw-fly larva of the following appearance :
Larva.—Head black, body pale yellowish green with two subdorsal rows of eleven

large black spots. Tip of body also black, two lateral rows of black spots, the lower
one the smaller. Length 22™™,

82. Selandria sp.

I have found the larva described below feeding on the leaves of the
poplar-leafed birch in August and September at Brunswick, Me.

Larva,—Body flattened ; lateral ridge very large and prominent, spreading out on
the sides, the edges scalloped. Head honey-yellow, with two large patches behind

on the vertex; eyes and jaws black. Body pale honey-yellow, with a d:rsal green
patch on the thoracic segments. Length 10™™,

83. Vematus ? sp.
(Larva, Pl. IV, fig. 11.)

The gregarious larva of this unknown saw-fly occurs in abundance on
the white birch at Brunswick, Me., in August. As yet I have been
unable to rear it, though one spun a cocoon September 2. The body is
yellowish, with five or six rows of large conspicuous black spots.

The following notes on the beetles found living on the leaves of the
birch are taken bodily from Mrs. Dimmock’s “Insects of Betula in
North America,” published in Psyche, iv, pp. 283-285. It should be

510 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

mentioned, however, that Gonioctena pallida has not yet been found on
the birch in this country, though living at the expense of that tree in
Europe; and the fungus-eating species* as well as the Elateridst and
the species of Ips, t which may feed on the sap of any deciduous trees,
are referred to below as not being, properly speaking, birch insects:

* Bolitotherus bifurcus Fabr. (Entom. Syst., Suppl., 1794, p. 40). The larvae, pupae,
and imagos of this species are found in Polyporus betulinus, which grows on dead
birch trees. Larva, pupa, and a male imago are figured by Packard (Guide Study
Ins., 1869, p. 474). Kirby, as quoted by Bethune (Can, Entom., Nov., 1873, v.5, p.
211), says that this species is found in a boletus of the birch. Some habits of this
beetle are mentioned by Harrington (Can. Entom., Dec., 1882, v. 12, p. 260-261). Can-
deze (Mém. Soe. Sci. Liége, 1861, v. 16, p. 365-368, pl. 3, fig. 9) gives a detailed de-
scription of thelarva, with figure; and Hayward (Bull. Bost. Zool. Soc., July, 1882, v.
1, p. 35-36) briefly describes the larva and pupa.

Hoplocephala bicornis Fabr. (Gen. Ins. Mant., 1777, p. 215). Thisinsect feeds upon
different kinds of fungi, some of them parasitic on decaying wood of Betula. Kirby’s
description of the imago is quoted by Bethune (Can, Entom., Nov., 1873, v. 5, p. 210,
211). Harrington (J. ¢., Dec. 1880, v. 12, p. 261) mentions its fungivorous habits.

Diaperis hydni Fabr. (Syst. Eleuth., 1801, v. 2, p. 585). This species, both as larva
and imago, feeds upon Polyporus betulinus, a fungus that grows on dead trees of Betula
alba, and the beetles, according to G. Dimmock, are often'very abundant about the
first of July. Harrington (Can. Entom., Dec., 1880, v. 12, p. 261) briefly describes the
imago.

Phellopsis sbcordata Kirby (Fauna Bor. Amer., 1837, pt. 4, p. 236). The larva of this
species has been found by G. Dimmock, on Mount Washington, New Hampshire, in
Polyporus bdetulinus, the large white fungus common on dead trees of Betula alba.
‘The imago frequents the same fungus during June, July, and August.

Thymalus fulgidus Erichson (Germar Zeits., 1844, bd. 5, p. 458). G. Dimmock (Di-
rect. Collect. Coleopt., 1872, p. 19, 20) writes: ‘‘The larve feed upon a fungus ( Poly-
porus betulinus) whichis parasitic upon the trunks of white birch trees.” This beetle
is common in New England, and its larva agrees very closely with the description
and figure of the larva of 7. limbatus from Europe, as given by Chapuis and Candéze
(Mem. Soc. Sci. Liége, 1855, v. 8, p. 417-419, pl. 2, fig. 6). A large number of larva,
taken in Belmont, Mass., produced beetles after a short period of pupation, on or
about June 27, 1878.

+ Melanotus? parumpunctatus Melsh. (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., Nov., 1844, v. 2, p.
151,152). A Melanotus, probably this species, was taken in the same cavity with its
pupal skin, in decaying wood of Betula alba, at Milton, Mass., Oct. 17, 1884.

Melanotus? communis Gyllenhal (Schénh., Syn. Ins., v. 1, pt. 3: App. 1817, p. 138,
139). A Melanotus, probably this species, was taken in decaying wood of Betula alba,
at Milton, Mass., Oct. 17, 1884.

Elater protervus Le Conte (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1853, s. 2, v. 10. p. 471). Two
specimens of this beetle were taken Oct. 17, 1884, at Milton, Mass., in decaying wood
of Betula alba, under circumstances that left no doubt that they bred in the wood.

Elater nigricollis Herbst (Natur. Syst * * * * ins.; Kafer, 1806, v. 10, p. 73, pl.
164, fig. 7). Coquillett (Can. Entom., June, 1883, v. 15, p. 101) briefly describes the
larva which he obtained from decayed wood of Quercus. Reared from decayed wood of
Betula alba, the beetle emerging May 3, 1883, from wood collected the preceding
April, in Cambridge, Mass.

t Ips sanguinolentus Oliv. (Entom., 1780, v. 2, no. 12, p. 8; pl. 2, fig. 14). G. Dim-
mock (Can. Entom., April 1871, v. 3, p. 15) notes that he found this species ‘‘about
fresh-cut maple and birch stumps where the sap was flowing.”

Ips fasciatus Oliv. (Entom., 1780, v. 2, no. 12, p. 7-8; pl. 2, fig. 13). G. Dimmock.
(Can. entom., April 1871, v. 3, p. 15) mentions that this species is found about fresh-
cut stumps of Betula where the sap is flowing.

BIRCH BEETLES. 511
84. Chlamys plicata Fabr.

Chlamys plicata Fabr. (Entom. Syst., Suppl., 1794, p. 111). This species is some-
times found feeding, as imago, on Betula alba. The larvex feed on Quercus, Platanus,
Rubus, and Comptonia asplenifolia. Riley (6th Ann. Rept. State Entom. Mo., 1874, p.
128-129) describes egg, larva, and pupa; and Packard (Guide to the Study of Insects,
1869, p. 510) describes and figures the larva and its case.

85. Telephorus bilineatus Say.

Telephorus bilineatus Say (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1823, v. 3, p. 182). Packard
(ist Ann. Rept. Inj. and Benefic. Ins. Mass., 1871, p. 26-28, pl. 1, fig. 7-8) describes and
figures larva and imago and writes that the pupa of this species ‘“‘early in May
becomes a beetle, when it eats the newly expanded leaves of the birch.” Riley (4th
Ann. Rept. State Entom. Mo., 1872, p. 29--30) describes and figures the larva and imago,
stating that the larva has been found to eat larve of Carpocapsa pomonella.

86. Aphrastus teniatus Gyll.

Aphrasius teniatus Gyll. (Schénh., Synon. Insectorum, Gen. et Spec. Curcul.,
1834, t. 2, p. 460). Good description in Le Conte and Horn’s Rhynchophora of Amer,
north of Mex. (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1876, v. 15), p. 99. This species is not rare
in Cambridge, Mass., on Betula alba.

87. THE ROSE CHAFER.

Macrodactylus subspinosus Fabr. (Syst. Entom., 1775, p. 39). This beetle devours
the leaves of Betula alba. Its metamorphoses were described by Harris (Mass. Agric.
Repos. and Journ., 1827, v. 10, p. 1-12). and many subsequent descriptions and figures
have been given, among which may be mentioned Fitch (1st and 2nd Rept. Ins. N.
Y., 1856, p. 245-252), Packard (Guide Study Ins., 1869, p. 454), Riley (5th Ann. Rept.
State Entom. Mo., 1873, p. 108-110), Thomas (6th Rept. State Entom. II1l., 1877, p. 103)
and Lintner (lst Ann. Rept. State Entom. N. Y., 1882, p. 227-232).

88. Dichelonycha elongatula Schonh.

Dichelonycha elongatula Sch6nh. (Synon. insectorum, 1817, t. 1, theil 3, p. 210).
Packard (Guide Study Ins., 1869, p. 454) says this species ‘‘is found in June on the
leaves of the birch.”

89. Lonchea? polita Say.

Reared in Cambridge, Mass., from decaying Polyporus betulinus, a fungus parasitic
on dead trunks of Betula alba (Mrs. Dimmock, Psyche iv, p. 241).

90. THE TRIPLE-ROWED SYNETA.
Syneta tripla Say.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CHRYSOMELIDZ.

In May and the forepart of June, eating the leaves of this and various other trees,
an oblong chestnut-brown and closely punctured beetle, with wing-covers usually
pale dull yellowish except on their suture, and their punctures forming about three
rows between each of the three raised lines; its length 0.25 and about a third as wide.
A common insect in New York. (Fitch.)

512 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

91. THE VARIABLE LEAF-HOPPER.
Athysanus variabilis Fitch.
Order HeMIpTERA; family CERCOPIDZ.

Puncturing the leaves and succulent shoots and extracting their juices, from the
middle of June till the middle of July, an oblong oval leaf-hopper of a sulphur yellow
color, its wing-covers commonly with an oblique black stripe, their tips hyaline;
its thorax and scutel often tawny yellow or black; its length 0.20. (Fitch.)

This insect may every year be met with in numbers upon birch trees
and also upon alders. It was once found literally swarming upon a
white birch standing apart from other trees. (Fitch.)

92. 'THE SMALLER LEAF-HOPPER.
Athysanus minor Fitch.

From the middle of June till the middle of August, a similar leaf-hopper to the pre-
ceding, but of a cinnamon color, including its face, and having a colorless hyaline
spot on the middle of its wing-covers and a larger one on their tips; its length 0.18
to 0.20. (Fitch.)
93. THE WINDOWED LEAF-HOPPER.

Athysanus fenestratus Fitch.

From the middle of June till the last of July, a leaf-hopper resembling the forego-
jng species, but with blackish wing-covers with similar hyaline spots and a small
third one placed on the middle of the inner margin, and its forehead black with
pale yellow band between its eyes; its length 0.20 inch. (Fitch.)

94. Athysanus abietis Fitch.
Order HEMIPTERA; family TETTIGONIID.

Puncturing their leaves and extracting their juices the latter part of May and
during the month of June, an oblong black shining leaf-hopper 0.20 long, tapering
posteriorly, and broadest across the base of the thorax, with a light-yellow head,
having the mouth black and also two bands upon the crown, the ends of which are
often united, and commonly with a white streak on the middle of the inner edge of
the wing-covers, its legs being pale yellowish varied more or less with black.

‘“‘T first met with several specimens of this insect eleven years since,
upon the black spruce and fir balsam, on the summit of the Green
Mountains, in an excursion hither with that martyr of science, the late
Prof. C. B. Adams. Since then I have repeatedly captured this same
insect upon birch trees, distant from any spruces, and it is possible it
might have been accidentally present on these latter trees in theinstance
first mentioned, there being numerous birch trees in the same vicinity.”
(Fitch.)
95. Enchenopa binotata Say.

The following note is by Mrs. Dimmock (Psyche, iv, p. 241):

Enchenopa binotata Say (Appendix Long’s Exped., 1824, p. 301, 302). Common on
twigs of Betula alba. Riley (Amer. Entom., Aug., 1869, v. 1, p. 248) says its favorite
home is Ptelea trifolium, but gives grape (vitis) and red-bud (Cercis) as food-plants.
Its age is described in Amer. Entom., Oct., 1880, v. 3, p. 254. Lintner (1st Apn. Rept.
State Entom., N. Y., 1882, p. 281-288) gives an excellent general account of imago
and eggs, both of which are figured. As food-plants he adds Celastrus scandens and,
upon the authority of others, Juglans and Robinia.

BIRCH APHIDS. 513

96. Bythoscopus seminudus Say.

Mrs. Dimmock’s note on this insect (Psyche, iv, p. 241) is as follows:

Bythoscopus seminudus Say (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., 1829 [Mch. 1&31], v. 6, p.
307). Fitch (4th Ann. Rept. [N. Y.] State Cat. Nat. Hist., 1851, p. 58) writes, ‘‘ found
on birch trees.”

97. Callaphis betulella Walsh.

Tke notes on the following five insects are by Mrs. K. Dimmock
(Psyche, iv, p. 240):

Callaphis betulella Walsh (Proc. Entom. Soc., Phil., Dec. 1862, v. 1, p. 301, 302).
Walsh (I. ¢., p. 302) says this species is abundant in Illinois on Betula nigra.

98. Callipterus betulecolens (Fitch).

Callipterus betulecoleus Riley and Monell (Bull U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr.
1879, v. 5, p. 30,31) [?—Aphis betulecoleus Fitch (4th Ann. Rept. [N. Y.] State Cat.
Nat. Hist., 1851, p. 66)], said by Fitch and Monell to feed on birch leaves.

99. Eriosoma tessellata Fitch.

Eriosoma tessellata Fitch (4th Ann. Rept. [N. Y.] State Cat. Nat. Hist., 1851, p. 68).
According to Glover (Rept. U. 8. Commiss. Agric., 1876, p. 39) this species has been
found in Maryland upon twigs of Betula. i

100. Hormaphis papyracee Oestlund.

Found on the paper birch, corrugating them between the veins, forming long foids.
(Oestlund.)

101. THE KATYDID.

Phaneroptera curvicauda De Geer.

Phaneroptera curvicauda De Geer (Mém. Hist. Ins., 1773, v. 3, p. 446, pl. 38, fig. 3).
This species has been figured, together with the structure of its ovipositor, by Riley
(6th Rept. State Entom. Mo., 1874, p. 164-166), who also gives descriptions of the
younger stages andeggs. Miss Murtfeldt (J. c.) describes the mode of oviposition ; the
eggs are laid in the margin of leaves—often of oak—between the upper and lower
epidermis. Although Riley writes (1. c.), ‘I have had as many as five of these eggs
deposited in a single leaf, in one contiguous row, yet they are more often single,” yet
a single tender leaf of Betula alba, taken at Belmont, Mass., measuring about 8 cen-
timeters in length, had the entire margin filled with eggs, presumably of this spe-
cies. Only two or three leaves were found thus ee eai and the one of which the
size is given above contained 102 eggs. (Mrs. Dimmock.)

102. THE RED-LEGGED LOCUST.

Caloptenus femur-rubrum De Geer.

Caloptenus femur-rubrum De Geer (Mém. Hist. Ins. 1773, v. 3, p. 498, pl. 42, fig. 5)
often strips the leaves from low bushes of Betula alba about Cambridge, Mass. (Mrs.
Dimmock.)

5 ENT——33

514 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The following insects also occur more or less constantly on different
species of birch :

LEPIDOPTERA.

103. Grapta faunus Edwards.

104. Vanessa antiopa (Linn.).

105. Papilio glaucus Linn.

106. Limenitis arthemis (Drury). On white birch (Scudder).

107. Lithacodes fasciola H. Sch. (S. L. Elliot.)

108. Adoneta spinuloides Clemens. (S. L. Elliot.)

109. Datana ministra (Drury). (Mrs. Dimmock, Psyche, iv, p. 279;
Riley’s MS. notes.)

110. Platysamia cecropia (Linn). (Pergande in Riley’s MS. notes.) W.
Brodie.

111. Hyperchiria io Fabr. Brunswick, Me.

112. Hacles imperialis (Drury). On Betula alba and populifolia. (W.
Beutenmiiller. )

113. Orgyia antiqua (Linn.). See p. 447.

114. Clisiocampa disstria (Hiibner). See p. 119.

115. Selenia kentaria Grote. (G. D. Hulst, Ent. Amer., 11, 162, 1886.)
See Maple Insects, p. 405. ,

116. An unknown ¢aterpillar. (See Can. Ent., xviii, pp. 124-5.)

HEMIPTERA.

117. Tingis juglandis Fitch. (See p. 342.)

Cuapter VIII.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BEECH.
Fagus ferruginea.

The beech tree in this country seems to be remarkably favored; a
fewer number of insects living at its expense than can be said of any
other kind of tree so useful as this is for timber, for fire-wood, for
furniture, or as a shade tree. In Europe Kaltenbach records one hun-
dred and fifty-four species of beech insects, of which sixty-seven are
Coleoptera (six of these, however, are not vegetable feeders, being
species of Tenebrio, Mordella, etc.,and should not have been mentioned
as peculiar to the tree) ; of Lepidoptera eighty-one species are enumer-
ated; of Hymenoptera but a single saw-fly occurs on the tree, while
there are two European species of Cecidomyia and two Aphide.

AFFECTING THE TRUNK.

1. Goes pulverulentus Haldeman.

‘The insect,” Dr. Horn says, ‘is very destructive to living beech
trees. It bores into those branches which are about 3 inches in
diameter. The length of the channel is about 8 inches.” Mr. Har-
rington thinks that it probably also bores in hickory, as he has taken
several specimens on the bitter hickory in July and August.

The beetle.—The chief point of distinction between this species and tigrinus appears
to be in the vestiture of the elytra and the length of the antenne. Their size and
general color are about the same, but the elytra of pulverulentus are uniformly clad
with short hairs, and have no appearance of dark bands. The antenne (at least in
some specimens) are slightly longer than the body. (Harrivgton.)

2. Tremex columba Linn.

Mr. Harrington records finding December 8 a living pupa of this
insect in the heart of a green beech log over ten inches in diameter.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
3. Smerinthus.

A species evidently of Smerinthus and thought by Mr. Saunders to
be S. exceecatus has been found by Mr. E. B. Reed in September on the
beech in Canada. He observed that it produced a singing noise when
handled or disturbed. (Can. Ent.,i, p. 40.) ¢

515

516 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Larva.—Head large, triangular, of a deep shining green, with lateral yellow
stripes; a reddish spot at the apex, paler green and granulated on the back of the
head behind the stripes. Body apple green, thickly covered with small greenish-
yellow granulations; the anterior segments semi-transparent; on each side seven
faint greenish-yellow oblique stripes edged anteriorly with large granulations,
the central stripes having a reddish tinge; the last stripe wider than the rest and
terminating at the base of the caudal horn; the latter recurved backwards at an an-
gle of 20°, purplish red and thickly granulated; the anal plate with a central elon-
gated black patch with a larger granulation on each side. Stigmata small, round,
and dull red. Under surface slightly paler than the upper, with a darker central
line. Feet pale green, spotted with red; prolegs greenish, semi-transparent.
Length, 14 inches.

4, Noctuid larva.

Several specimens of this caterpillar were found on the beech at
Brunswick, Me., the middle and last of August.

Larva.—Body Hadena-like in shape. Head brown, marbled with black, smooth,
rounded, rather small, not quite so wide as the prothoracic segment; each thoracic
segment successively larger than the others, the body increasing in width towards
the middle, and gradually tapering to the end of the body. Surface of the body
rough and granulated; abdominal segments 1 to 8 with a double dorsal and a lateral
row of rough tubercles; a high, narrow double dorsal tubercle on the eighth abdom-
inalsegment. Color, reddish snuff-brown, with a black dorsal line widest on the pro-
thoracic segment, and ending on the mesothoracic, followed by a series of seven V-
shaped black dorsal median marks en echelon; the apex directed backwards from the
double tubercle on the back. Length, 15™™,

5. THE BEERKCH SPAN-WORM.
Hyperetis nyssaria (Abbot and Smith).

Although the alder is one of the food trees of this not uncommon
inch-worm, it is known to live onthe beech. The specimen reared from
the alder by us is described below.

I have reared this moth from a large span-worm found on the alder
September 6, at Brunswick, Me., which exactly resembled a small twig
of the same shrub. It pupated September 20, in a broad flattened oval
cocoon spun between the leaves, aud the moth appeared at Providence
in the breeding cage May 15 of the following year.

Larva.—Head rather small, much narrower than the body, somewhat flattened in
front. First thoracic considerably narrower than the second thoracic segment; sec-
ond and third thoracic segments with lateral slight swellings; the black spiracles are
situated on dusky swellings; on the fifth abdominal segment is a dusky dorsal hump,
edged in front with white, consisting of two rounded conical tubercles. Supra-anal
plate rounded with two stiff terminal sete; anal legs rather broad, with a setiferous
fleshy conical tubercle on the upper edge. General color of head and body lilac-brown ;
head slightly more reddish, and on the back of each segment is a pair of whitish spots,
especially distinct on the second thoracic, but wanting on the first segment. Supra-
anal plate and anal legs sea-green, mottled with dusky spots. Length, 28™™.

Pupa.—Body rather thick; mahogany-brown, ends of wings and legs reaching to
the posterior edge of the third abdominal segment. Terminal spine of the abdomen
(cremaster) large, flattened beneath, broad, triangular; the upper and under surface
with fine irregular wavy longitudinal ridges. Four lateral curved bristles and a ter-
minal pair about twice as thick and long as the others. On the under side at the base
of the spine are two orbicular areas like flattened tubercles. Length, 12™™.

BEECH CATERPILLARS. 517

Moth.—Moths of this genus have long, rather narrow fore-wings, with the apex
acute, the outer edge much bent and sinuous. Fore-wings pale whitish, with fine
cross specks as usual; the basal cross line is heavy on the costa and bent sharply
outwards on the subcostal, with a smaller angle on the median vein and a larger
angle on the submedian vein. The great but obtuse angle made by the outer line
extends quite near the outer edge of the wing. Half way botween the apex and the
outer line two brown costal patches; two unequal black patches near the internal
angle. Beneath, the lines and cross specks are reddish brown. Expanse of wings,
33™m, The specimen does not agree with either of the four figures in my Monograph
of Geometrid Moths, differing especially in the shape and direction of the outer line.

According to Mr. W. Saunders, two larve were found by him on the
beech the 10th of September, in London, Canada. Two of them entered
the chrysalis state on the 19th of September, having formed a rude case
in which to secrete themselves by binding two leaves together with
threads of silk. -One of them, he says, produced the imago on the
18th, the other on the 21st of May following.

6. Geometrid larva.

This caterpillar was found on the beech on an island in Casco Bay,
Maine, July 30.

Larva.—Body slender, cylindrical, smaller in the middle than at either end. Head
broader than the body, full and rounded; the lateral ridge distinct. Anal legs large
and broad. Supra-anal plate broad, with two horizontal bristles arising from two
fleshy tubercles. The body is pale yellowish green, with no other markings. Length,

11™™,
7. Geometrid larva.

This caterpillar occurred on the beech at Providence, May 30.

Larva.—Head large, broad, smooth, as wide as the body; pale green, slightly
spotted with reddish. Body somewhat flattened, plain; no tubercles. Anal legs
very broad and large; supra-anal plate large, broad, rounded behind, surface con-
yex, full; prothoracic segment broad, flaring on the front edge, slightly wider than
the head. Body purplish; three double blackish lines, forming a broad dorsal stripe.
Behind each spiracle is au oblique raised ridge, with a black speck on it behind and
below each spiracle. Supra-anal plate and anal legs greenish. Length, 13™™,

8. Cryptolechia faginella Chambers.

The larva sews together the leaves of the beech in August and early
in the autumn. We copy the following description from Mr. Chambers:

The close resemblance of some allied species makes a more detailed description of
this species than that heretofore given necessary.

Moth.—The palpi are ocherous, with a blackish line along the under surface of the
second joint, continued on to the apex of the third, and another on the outer and
one on the inner surface of the third joint. Cryptolechia (Psilocorsis) quercicella
Clem., according to Dr. Clemens, has the third joint black, with two yellowish-
white stripes in front. I, however, have not seen the species, and I know from
experience how easy it is to make a mistake as to the number and position of these
lines. A species from Texas which I formerly (Can. Ent., vi, p. 231) identified with
Saginella, but which I now consider distinct (vid. post), and an undescribed species,
of which a single specimen is before me, have the palpi exactly as I have described
them in faginella —that is, the upper surface of the third joint is ocherous instead of
black, as Dr. Clemens’ account would make it. C. faginella has the head ocherous-
yellow, and the thorax of the same color, only darker, as if tinged with fuscous. In

,

518 FFITH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLCGICAL COMMISSION.

this the Texan species agrees with it. The undescriked species above mentioned,
which is from Missouri, and has been bred by Professor Riley and Miss Murt-
feldt from a larva feeding on Ambrosia, has the head darker than in faginella, and
of the same color with the thorax. C. quercicella, according to Dr. Clemens, has the
head and thorax yellowish-brown (as in the Missouri specimen). P. reflera, as
described by Dr. Clemens, has the paipi as in faginella, as to ornamentation; but
from the fact that Dr. Clemens separates it from quercicella as a distinct section,
characterized by the great length of the palpi, it is not necessary to refer to it further
in this connection. C. faginella has the basal joint of the antenne yellowish ocher-
ous, except a wide blackist line, extending along its upper surface; quercicella has
“two black stripes in front;” and the species from Texas and that from Missouri
agree in this respect with quercicella. C. faginella and also the Texas and Missouri
specimens have the stalk of the antenne ocherous-yellow, with two blackish
lines extending along the upper side of the basal half, and the remainder of the stalk
has each alternate joint blackish; quercicella has simply ‘‘a black line above, ter-
minating in black spots.” In quercicella the fore-wings are yellowish-brown, varied
with blackish irregular striw, chiefly from the costa, with a black dot on the end of
the disk; faginella agrees with this description, except that I should cali the
ground-color of the wings dull yellowish ocherous, as they are likewise in the Mis-
souri specimen, while in the Texas species the ground color is paler, while the trans-
verse stripes are more distinct, showing also a tendency to become more confluent,
especially about the end of the disk, where they present to the naked eye some-
thing like a faint dark fascia; faginetla has a more silky luster than the other species,
though this may, be owing to the fact that the specimens are newer. .

In the Texan specimens and in that from Missouri there is no spot at the end of the
disk, and it is notdistinct in faginella. In quercicella ‘‘ the posterior margin is tipped
with blackish, and the cilia are yellowish-brown, containing two dark fuscous
hinder marginal lines ;” in faginella there is a row of blackish spots around the apex
and a single faint brownish hinder marginal line in the cilia (which in the single
specimen before me are a little injured). In the Missouri specimen there are five
very distinct blackish spots around the apex, and behind them in the cilia are two
distinct brownish hinder marginal lines. Indeed, the cilia may be called brown,
with a median, paler, hinder marginal line. Besides the five distinct spots, there are
other very faint ones and the brownish cilia are paler than the spots, The speci-
nens from Texas agree in this respect with that from Missouri. One of these I sent
to Mr. Cresson for comparison with Dr. Clemens’s type of quercicella in the collection
of the entomological section of the Philadeiphia Academy of Science (formerly
American Ent. Soc.). After comparing them, Mr. Cresson informs me that it ‘‘is not
Psilocorsis quercicella Clem., which differs by having a rather broad distinct dusky
border on the apical margin of the anterior wings ; otherwise they look very much
alike.”

The species are all of very nearly the same size—about eight to nine lines in
expanse of wings. Professor Zeller (Bei. z. Kennt., 1873, p. 40) identifies specimens
received by him from Ohio and Texas with quercicella Clem. His Texan specimens
were collected in the same region of the State from which I have received mine, and
as in two collections that I have received from that region there is only one species,
I think the probability is that quercicella Zell. (nee Clem.) is the same species that I
have referred to above, and which I formerly identified with faginella, but which I
now incline to consider distinct, and for which I suggest the name of cressonella. I,
however do this with some hesitation, for while, with the material before me, I con-
sider the species distinct, I recognize the probability that, with fuller collections of
bred specimens of all the supposed species, it is not improbable that they will be
deemed at most only phytophagic varieties of a single species. 1am not sure but
that the species described by me as Gelechia dubitella is properly referable to this
genus. (Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., iv, 1, p. 89.)

BEECH LEAF-MINERS. 519

9. THE BEECH LEAF-MINER.

Brachys eruginosa Gory.

Order COLEOPTERA; family BUPRESTIDZ.

Dr. Harris has given in his “Treatise” an account of the larva of
Hispa which mines the leaf of the apple tree, eating the pulpy substance
between the upper and under surface of the leaf. The in-
sect of which we now treat belongs to the family of Bup-
restids, several species of which, as we have seen, do much
injury to our fruit and shade trees in the grub state. They
are footless grubs and recognized by the broad, rounded,
flattened segment just behind and partially inclosing the
head. The young of Brachys, etc., depart somewhat from
this typical form, owing to their peculiar leaf-mining habits.
The first of these is the young of Brachys cruginosa, which
has been found by V. T. Chambers, esq., of Covington, Ky.,
mining the leaves of the beech tree, and I am indebted to
him for a specimen of the larva here figured (Fig. 181).

I may remark here that a closely allied beetle (B. termi- Fic. 181.--The
nans) is often to be seen in Maine resting on the leaves of — Preeh Teak
the oak and beech. The beetles of this genus are flattened, enlarged.—
angular ovate, and less than a quarter of aninchinlength, From Pack-
and the scutellum is small, as Leconte observes, while the ne
shanks (tibia) are linear. In the succeeding genus, Metonius, Leconte
says that the body is triangular, while the scutellum is large, and the
shanks are dilated.

Larva.—The body of the larva is rather long, with the segments very deeply cut,
being flattened, and produced laterally into a triangular projection, giving a serrate
outline to the body, the teeth being obtusely rounded. The segment next behind
the head is the widest, the succeeding segments gradually decreasing in width and
increasing slightly in length to theend. The terminal segment is about half as wide
as the body in its widest portion, and is somewhat triangular, with the sides parallel,
and the tip obtusely pointed. The prothoracic segment or the one next the head is
broader than long, and has a fleshy projection on each side at the base of the head.
On the upper side of this segment is a large, square, slightly horny area. The head
is anteriorly pale honey yellow, with two dark longitudinal parallel lines; the horny
portion is about as long as broad, much flattened, subtriangular. The antenne are
very minute, slender, three-jointed, with the joints nearly equal in length. The jaws
and palpi are so minute that a description will be of no practical use here. The body
is finely shagreened, with a few fine scattered hairs. It is whitish, with a slight
greenish tinge, and a quarter (.25) of an inch long, and less than a tenth (.07) of an
inch broad. It was sent to me alive in September.

The following insects also occur on the beech:

Order COLEOPTERA.

10. Dicerca divaricata Say. (Fitch; and Schaupp in letter; observed
by Mr. George Hunt laying itseggs in the bark in July. See
also Fitch, Third Report, 48.)

-

520 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

11. Chrysobothris femorata Lec. (Riley, Seventh Report, p. 72.)

12. Chrysobothris sex-signata Say. One specimen cut from a beech tree
in which it had bred. (Chittenden, Ent. Amer., v, p. 219.)

13. Scolytus fagi Walsh. (Pract. Ent., ii, p. 58.)

14. Parandra brunnea Fabr. (Schaupp in letter.)

15. Osmoderma scabra Beauv. (Schaupp in letter.)

16. Smodicum cucujiforme Say. (See p. 28.)

17. Dryobius 6-fasciatus Say. (C. G. Siewers Can. Ent. xii, p. 139.)

18. Acanthoderes 4-gibbus Say. Bores in dead twigs of beech. (Schwarz.)

19. Hoplosia nubila Leconte. ‘‘Larva boring in dry beech twigs. De-
troit, Mich., Schwarz.” (Riley.)

20. Monarthrum fasciatum (Say). Boring in living tree.

21. Xyleborus obesus Lec. Boring in living tree.

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

22. Clisiocampa disstria Hiibn. See p. 119;

23. Actias luna (Linn.). (Saunders Can. Ent. vii, p. 33.)

24. Telea polyphemus (Linn.). Providence, R. I., September 12.

25. Hyperchiria io Fabr. Jackson, N. H., September 10.

26. Gidemasia concinna Abbot-Smith. Providence, R. I., September 12.

27. Datana integerrima Gr. and Rob. (Beutenmiiller, Can. Ent., xx, p.
134.)

28. Datana ministra (Drury). Beutenmiiller. (Can, Ent. xx, p. 17).
29. Eccopsis fagigemmeana Chamb. The larva lives in a case made of
the outer envelope of the leaf-buds. (Chambers in letter.)

30. Incurvaria acerifoliella (Fitch). See p. 409.

Order HEMIPTERA.

31. Schizoneura imbricator Fitch. Beech-tree blight.
32. Schizoneura fagi (Linn.).
33. Aspidiotus ancylus Putnam.
The following notes have been received from Mr. F. H. Chittenden:

Cyrtophorus verrucosus (Oliv.). Bred from wood.

Acoptus suturalis Lec. Imagos taken from wood.

Stenoscelis brevis (Boh.). Breeds in wood.

Phleophagus minor Horn. Breeds in wood.

Phloeophagus apionides Horn. Probably breeds in wood; beetle taken
on trunks infested with S. brevis, P. minor, Acoptus suturalis, et al.

Leptostylus macula (Say). From the same tree as above; many speci-
mens, in copula, on trunk.

Pandeletejus hilaris Herbst. Common on trees.

Ithycerus noveboracensis (Forst.). Common on trees.

Cryptorhynchus bisignatus Say. Taken on the trunk; probably breeds
under bark.

Also Clavicorus, Melandryids, ete. Under bark.

ea an erp be

CuapTer IX.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE WILD CHERRY, WILD PLUM, THE
THORN, CRAB APPLE, AND MOUNTAIN ASH.

Although only comparatively few species of insects have as yet been
found to prey upon the wild cherry, on the wild plum, on the thorn and
wild apple, so that they are not subject to very considerable injury,
yet these trees are the original food-plants of a large proportion of
those which ravage our orchards, and particularly infest the apple,
cherry, pear, etc. We have paid but littie attention to the insects
feeding on these trees, since they are of little consequence as shade or
ornamental shrubs or trees, and the lists here given will doubtless be
at least doubled, and it is possible that a number of well-known spe-
cies have by oversight been left vut of our enumeration.

The European (German) species of thorn (Cratzegus) afford food to
one hundred and four species of insects, including one species of mite.
Of these there are twelve species of beetles, seventy-two of Lepi-
doptera, while there are six species of saw-flies, the remainder being
Diptera and Hemiptera.

INSECTS AFFECTING THE WILD CHERRY.
Prunus virginiana, P. serotina, ete.
AFFECTING THE TRUNK.

1. Cystophorus verrucosus Oliv.
Order COLEOPTERA: family CERAMBYCID.

Mr. Harrington records the discovery of this longicorn in the wood
of the wild red cherry, and “he also found a large number of larve
which I think were of the same species, as they occupied similar cavi-
ties to that of the beetle.” (17th Rep. Ent. Soc. Ontario, 1887, 17).

This beetle resembles Huderces, but the elytra are without ivory-like
spots, and the eyes are oblique, emarginate.

2, THE CHERRY-TREE BORER.

Ageria exitiosa Say.

Mr. W. L. Devereaux, of Clyde, N. Y., writes me that he has observed
this borer in the trunk near the ground and in the bark of the roots of

521

522 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

young wild cherry trees. This was undoubtedly the native food-plant
of this insect before the importation of peach trees.

3. THE CHERRY SLUG OR PEAR SLUG.

Selandria cerasi Peck.

Order HYMENOPTERA; family TENTHREDINID®.

Fic. 182.—Cherry or pear slug; a, larva, enlarged three times.—From Packard.

Saw-fly larvee, exactly like the pear-slug, occurred on the common
thorn at Brunswick, Me., August 1, in company with two other species
of Selandria. It also was observed in the same locality on the wild
cherry August 25. The following remarks by Professor Forbes in his
First Report on the Injurious Insects of Illinois for 1882, p. 98, will
prove of interest in this connection:

Although this species was carefully studied and fully described by Professor Peck
in 1790, and also discussed at length by Dr. Harris in his Insects Injurious to Vege-
tation in Massachusetts, I judge from numerous inquiries received this summer that
it is not as well known to horticulturists in Illinois as it should be. As it has not
yet been treated in the reports of the State entomologists either of Illinois or Mis-
souri, a brief account of it and of the methods of meeting its ravages will not be
without value.

This insect was quite abundant and destructive to the cherry throughout the
northern third of the State during the past summer, although I neither saw nor
heard of any especial injury to other fruit trees. At Elgin, on the 18th of July, sev-
eral cherry trees were seen with their leaves completely denuded; and smaller num-
bers of the larve were found on the cherry at Rockford, and on the pear and cherry
at Waukegan. It was also reported destructive to cherries at Montgomery, in Kane
County, and was sent me by a correspondent from Aurora, on the 22d of July, where
it was said to have completely defoliated the Richmond cherry, and to have some-
what injured sweet cherries, pears, and the mountain ash. The effect of this destruc-
tion of the leaves in midsummer is to compel the tree to put forth new foliage, thus
taxing its vitality in a way to endanger the crop of the following year. As the larvie
return again for a second attack upon the trees in autumn, the consequences may
easily become serious.

Description and life history.—The larve, or slugs, as they are improperly called, are
white at first, but soon become covered with an olive slime, which gives them some-
thing of the appearance of the naked snail, to which the name slug properly belongs.
They are further easily distinguished from any other larve feeding upon the leaf by
the fact that they are much thicker in front than behind, tapering gradually pos-
teriorly. They have twenty very short legs, the first three pairs jointed, the remain-
der fleshy prominences, commonly known as prolegs. The head is of adark chestnut
color, small, and usually concealed under the forepart of the body. They live mostly
on the upper side of the leaves of the trees, eating away all the parenchyma, leaving
only the veins and epidermis of the under side. The slugs shed their skins five
times, and after the last molt they lose their slimy covering and olive color, and are

THE PEAR SLUG. 523

then yellow and free from mucus. From the first of July to the middle of August,
having gained their growth, they leave the trees and burrow to the depth of 1 to
4 inches, forming an oval cavity in the earth, where the change to pupa occurs.
From these cells they escape in the form of saw-flies from the middle of July to the
last of August. The winged insect is about one-fifth of an inch in length, and is of
a glossy black color, excepting the first two pairs of legs, which are a dirty yellow
or clay color, with blackish thighs, and the lind legs, which are dull black with
clay-colored knees. The wings are transparent, iridescent, with brownish veins, and
with a smoky cloud or band across the middle of the third pair. These saw-flies may
be found on the leaves of the trees in early morning or in the cool of the evening, at
which time they are sluggish and not easily disturbed. Their eggs are laid singly
within little semi-circular incisions through the skin of the leaf. From these a
second brood of the slugs soon hatch, which get their growth and go into the ground
again in September and October, remaining there until the following spring, when
most of them are changed to flies and leave their winter quarters. Some of them,
however, commonly remain unchanged in the ground until the following year, so as
to continue the species if any complete destruction should overtake the remainder of
the brood. These spring flies lay their eggs as already described, usually in June,
the minute worms appearing in about a fortnight afterwards.

Remedies.—Various substances have been suggested for the destruction of this pest,
but unfortunately some of those most generally recommended have really little
effect. Among these remedies of doubtful efficiency I may mention fine sand, and
dust and ashes. Some experiments made with these substances by Mr. William
Saunders, of Ontario, Canada, are worth quoting entire:

‘As soon as the slugs were observed at work in the spring, they were treated to a
plentiful suppiy of dry sand, thrown up into the higher branches with a shovel, and
shaken over the lower ones with a sieve, which stuck thickly to their slimy skins,
completely covering them up. Thinking we must have mastered them by so free a
use of this long trusted remedy, we took no further heed of them for some days,
when, to our surprise, they were fonnd as numerous asever. The next step was to
test this sand remedy accurately to see what virtue there was in it. Several small
branches of pear trees were selected and marked, on which there were six slugs, and
these were well powdered over—entirely covered with dry sand. On examining
them the next morning it was found that they had shed the sand-covered skin and
crawled out free and slimy again. The sand was applied a second and third time
on the same insects with similar results, and now being convinced that this remedy
was of little value, they were treated to a dose of hellebore and water, which soon
finished them. Ashes were now tried on another lot, the same way as the sand had
been, with very similar results. It was also intended to try fresh air-slacked lime,
which we believe would be effectual, but having none on hand just then, the experi-
ment was postponed and the opportunity of testing it lost for the season.”

A far more serviceable remedy is powdered hellebore, and an experiment with this
by the same entomologist is equally conclusive:

“On the 13th of August, at 8 a. m., a branch of acherry tree was plucked, on
which there were sixty-four slugs; the branch had only nine leaves, so that it may
be readily imagined that they were thickly inhabited. A dose of hellebore and
water was showered or them about the usual strength, an ounce to the pailful, when
they soon manifested symptoms of uneasiness, twisting and jerking about in a curious
manner; many died during the day, and only six poor, sickly-looking specimens
remained alive the following morning, and these soon after died.”

Unquestionably, Paris green or other arsenical poisons would be equally effective
if applied to either brood of the worms; but if the trees were bearing, its use would
of course be inadmissible except for the second brood. Some have also recommended
shaking the flies down from the trees early in the morning, or late in the evening,
catching them on cloths and taking care to destroy them before they can escape.

524 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

4. Nematus ventralis Say.

‘From my friend, Dr. E. R. Boardman, of Elmira, Stark County, I

learned,” says Professor Forbes, ‘on the 9th June that the common’

willow slug (Nematus ventralis Say) had almost completely defoliated a
fine tree of wild cherry on his grounds. The species has long been
known as an enemy of the willow, but has not been heretofore reported
as injurious to any fruit tree.”

5. Lyda fasciata Norton.

Miss Murtfeldt reports in Bulletin No. 13 of the Division of Ento-
mology, p. 59, the occurrence near St. Louis of the larve of a Lyda
marked in MS. by Professor Riley, who has often taken it around St.
Louis, as Lyda cerasi, but which, he informs me, is in all probability L.
JSasciata Norton.

This is a gregarious web-worm, and its
colonies covered quite large branches
with their brown, viscid webs, in which
were mingled the castings and exuvie,
forming altogether unsightly and dis-
gusting masses, which greatly disfigure
the trees.

Whether it is this or another
species we do not know, but Mr.
Howard L. Clark has presented

me with several specimens of a
Fic. 183.—Lyda larva on wildcherry. a, frontview JLyda larva (Fig. 183), which he

Sciee b, side, and c, upper side of end of the collected from the wild cherry at

ody. Bridgham del.

Warwick, R. I. The body is short
and thick, pale yellowish horn color; head and prothoracic shield black-
ish, as also the last segment of the body, including the slender 3-jointed
caudal appendages; thoracic feet blackish. Length 11™™.

6. Smerinthus myops A. and 8.
(Larva, Plate ITI, fig. 4.)

As observed by G. D. Hulst, the eggs were laid on the wild cherry
in New York May 24; the larve hatched May 30; they molted June
1, second molt June 6, third molt June 11, fourth molt June 16, the
caterpillar leaving its food-plant June 24. The moth emerged July 8,
so that probably owing to the great heat of the season the whole life
history of the moth was comprised in about six weeks.

I have received specimens from Miss Morton of Newburgh, N. Y.,
some of which in confinement at Brunswick, molted for the last
time July 25, and others began to pupate, while August 3 and 6
two moths emerged after being between two and three weeks in the
chrysalis state. From one of them emerged a very large ichneumon

ee Se

CHERRY CATERPILLARS. 525

larva. The figure on PI. IIL is after a colored drawing by Maj. John E.
Le Conte, which I owe to the kindness of his son, the late Dr. J. L. Le
Conte. He also figured the unspotted form; in Georgia, according to
Le Conte’s notes, it feeds on Cerasus virginianus, Crategus, and another
plant of doubtful species ( “‘ Quercus ?” ).

Larva before the last molt.—Head produced above; body pale glaucous green; two
minute red-subdorsal spots on the mesothoracic segment; two large subdorsal round-
ish deep-red spots edged with yellow above and beneath (being situated between
the yellow lateral bands) on the second and third and seventh abdominal segments ;
seven oblique lateral yellow lines, that one extending to and upon the horn being the
most distinct; thoracic feet red. Length 30™™.

Full-grown larva.—With the same marks when present as in the preceding stages,
but they are smaller; in two specimens there are no spots on the mesothoracic and
third abdominal segments, and in another there are no red spots at all. Length 45™™.

7. Adoneta spinuloides Herrich-Schaeffer.

This has been reared by Hy. Edwards and Elliot from the wild
cherry.

Larva.—Whole lateral region bright apple green. The dorsal is chestnut brown,
narrow on the second segment, widened on third, and still wider on fourth, fifth, and
sixth. The seventh is yellowish green, thus breaking the line of the chestnut color.
On segment 8 the brown markings again widen out, extending over 9, and nar-
rowing on 10 and1l. On the sides of the back isa row of orange-red tubercles,
eleven on each side, bearing very short spines, those of the posterior segments
being the largest. There is also a series of non-spinous tubercles above the spiracles.
Length 0.40 inch. (Papilio, iii, p. 129.)

8. THE PROMETHEA SILK-WORM.

Callosamia promethea Drury.

This silk-worm is not uncommon on the wild cherry, as well as the
cultivated species; its cocoons we have observed late in the autumn,
hoth in Cambridge, Mass., and Providence. The following historical
notice is copied from Mrs. Dimmock’s article in Psyche, iv, p. 276:

Attacus promethea Drury (Illus. Nat. Hist. - - . 1770, v. 2, pl. 11,12). Harris
(Rept. Ins. Injur. Veg., 1841, p. 280-281) describes larva, cocoon, and imago of this
species, giving Sassafras, wild cherry, Azalea, and Cephalanthus as food-plants; later
(Treatise Ins. Injur. Veg., 1862, p. 390,391) he repeats these descriptions, adding fig-
ures of the male and female imagos. Morris (Synop. Lepid. N. A., 1862, p. 224, 225)
describes larva, cocoon, and imago, and adds Laurus benzoin to the food-plants.
Trouvelot (Amer. Nat., Mar. 1867, v. 1, p. 31) gives a note on the cocoon, and adds
Syringa to the food-plants. Minot (Can. Entom., May 1870, v. 2, p. 100) compiles a
list of the food-plants of the larva, adding to those mentioned above, Berberis, Betula,
Acer, Quercus, sometimes Thuja, and Pinus, Fagus, apple, peach, plum, silver-bell
[ Halesia]. Riley (4th Ann. Rept. State Entom. Mo., 1872, p. 121-123) describes the
egg, five larval stages, and the cocoon, and figures larva, cocoon, and male and female
imagos; he adds Liriodendron to the food-plants. Lintner (Entom. Contrib., No. 3,
1874, p. 126) describes egg and young larva. W. H. Edwards (Psyche, Jan. [27 June}
1881, v. 3, p. 161, 171-174) discusses’the variability in the number of molts of 4.
promethea, showing that it molts in West Virginia only three times, thus having

526 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

four stages. Brodie (Papilio, May 1882, v. 2, p. 83) gives a note on times of emergence,
copulation, and oviposition of this species. Saunders (Can. Entom., Dec. 1883, yv.
15, p. 231-233) uses Riley’s figures of larva, cocoon, and male and female imagos, and
adds Populus to the food-plents of the larva.

9. Apatela lobelie Guenée.

Two caterpillars of this moth have been found by Prof. G. H. French
in southern Illinois feeding on the wild cherry, September 19.

They pupated October 1, producing two imagines May 10 and May
19. These are interesting larve in both of their last larval stages, as
the colors are bright. The cherry upon which they fed is the common
wild black cherry, Prunus serotina, tne larve resting, when found, on
the upper side of the leaf.

Larva. —Nearly cylindrical, the body somewhat elevated in the middle, from which
it tapers a little both ways; the dorsum of joint 12 with a slight elevation ; eight low
tubercles on each joint, from each of which arise a few spreading white hairs. Color
green; a dorsal stripe that is mostly red on joints 3 and 4, and on the elevated por-
tion of joint 12, the rest of the stripe yellow with a reddish blotch to each joint;
the anterior part of dorsum of joint 2, red, separated by green in the middle, yellow-
ish round the edges. Head slightly bilobed; the lower part reddish green, the up-
per part more red. Length, .80 of an inch.

September 24, they molted when they were 1 inch long, the same shape as before.
Color, dark blackish brown, with a magenta dorsal line bordered each side with
black, and a patch of the same color on the top of each lobe of the head. The dor-
sum of joint 2 is pale instead of magenta. Each joint has twelve small orange
tubercles, each supporting a spreading tuft of gray hairs.

10. Lithophane laticinerea Grote.

The caterpillar of this moth was reared from the wild cherry by Mr.
S. Lowell Elliot.

Larva.—Pale bluish green, whitish behind. Head bluish green, narrower than the
second segment, with a lateral line of very minute black spots. A faint whitish
dorsal line. The segments are slightly corrugated, with numerous striw, and very
minute tubercles on each. The spiracles are jet black, with a broad bright lemon-
yellow band below them. Feet and legs bluish green. Length, 1.40 inches (Hy.
Edwards and Elliot).

11. Azelina hiibneraria Guenée.

The caterpillar of this common moth has been raised in abundance
by Miss Emily L. Morton from the wild cherry; while, as she writes
me, those fed with maple leaves, said to be the usual food plant, died:

Moth.—Male antennez simple, thickened, slightly ciliated ; thorax pilose and the
wings finely toothed. Reddish or umber brown, a band in the middle of the fore-
wings, but slightly darker than the rest of the wing. Discal dots large, black. Ex-
panse of wings 1.70-1.80 inches.

12. Hydria undulata.

(Larva, Pl. v, fig. 9.)

We have observed numbers of the caterpillars of this species on the
wild cherry, which had tied the leaves together into a rounded bundle

- ee

CHERRY LEAF-MINERS. 527

a foot in length, as late as October 12, at Providence. Some of the
leaves were dead and dry, others had been freshly tied October 5.
Two or three larve inhabit the same leaf; the leaves are cut off at the
base of the stalk, and the edges are sewed together here and there,
the silk extending along the seam. October 12 several chrysalids were
found in slight web like cocoons at the bottom of the breeding box.

Larva.—Head as wide as the body, smooth and rounded, shining, bright cherry-red ;
distinctly bilobed. Body smooth, scarcely wrinkled, dull black, with four equidis-
tant much broken yellow hair-lines, being so many rows of fine dots. Lower and
under side bright straw-yellow, with broken interrupted dusky lines, and including
the spiracles. A longitudinal black band along the base of the legs. The yellow
band above includes three black shining warts on the sides of each segment. Anal
plate broad, obtuse, and black. Anal legs black above. Length, 12-13™™,

Moth.—Body and wings pale fawn-brown. Forewings with about twelve well
marked, white, scalloped, parallel, approximate lines, becoming more deeply scal-
loped beyond the discal spot, which is large, black, with one of the dark lines run-
ning through it; the brown lines alternating with the white ones become blackish
toward the base of the wing; the submarginal white line is more zigzag than the
others, and situated half way between the edge of the wing and the next white line.
On the hind wings are about six light lines, becoming whitish toward the outer edge
of the wing, as well as more zigzag; the lines are heavier than on the forewings;
beneath, the wings are clearer, with the lines more or less obsolete, and the discal
dots large and distinct. Length of body, male, 0.50, female, 0.50 ; expanse of wings,
1.55 inches.

13. Hupithecia? sp.

The caterpillar described below was found feeding on the wild cherry
at Berlin Falls, N. H., September 13, 1887.

Larva.—Eupithecia-like in shape, the body being very slender, increasing in width
behind. Head as broad asthe body in front, somewhat bilobed, but smooth and
rounded.. Body pale dull amber, with a dark square dorsal patch on each segment,
and one on each side alternatirg in position with the dorsal ones. Two lateral
linear dusky lines. Body beneath pale, with no ventral line, Length, 12™™.

14. Nepticula? prunifoliella Clem.

Mines resembling those of the Nepticule may be found in the leaves
of the wild cherry, Prunus serotina, during the latter part of July and
early in August. It is more or less blotchy in the beginning, with frass
dispersed and towards the end gathered into a rather broad line, with
the grains distinct. I have never found them tenanted, and it is quite
possible that they are the work of Dipterous larve. The mines are
reddish-brown after the larve leave them. (Clemens.)

15. Aspidisca saliciella Clem.

A larva of this genus mines the leaves of wild cherry in July. The
mines are usually near the base of the leaf, and are more elongated than
any others Ihave found. The mine is a short tract, not broader than
the short diameter of the disk, which is cut out from the end of the

528 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

mine, the hole occupying its entire breadth. If the species is distinct,
and this I am disposed to doubt, it may be called A. pruniella.
(Clemens.)

16. Lithocolletis crategella Clem.

This insect is found on the apple and wild cherry (P. serotina), with-
out undergoing any variation which I can detect. I thought beyoud
doubt that that in the leaf of wild cherry must be a distinct species, for
the larva has a habit unusual to larve of this group, and which I have
not noticed in those on the thorn and apple, although, doubtless, they
correspond. The habit I refer to, in wild cherry miners, consists in de-
serting an old mine to form a new one—reminding one strongly of the
early habits of the Ornix larve. The larva enters along the midrib to
form a new mine, which I have found in various stages of advance-
ment, besides the old and tenantless mine in another portion of the
leaf. (Clemens.)

17. Coleophora pruniella Clem.

The larva mines the leaves of the wild cherry early in October, when
it is more than half grown.

The case is flattened, having a notch on the upper edge about one-
third from the mouth, whence it is curved regularly to the hinder end,
and the under edge is nearly straight from the mouth to about one-
third of the length from the hinder end, where it is deeply notched and
curved towards the upper edge, thus forming a tail-like appendage.
On the upper edge, from the mouth of the case to the anterior notch,
the edge is regularly curved. (Clemens.)

18. Tineid larva.

The three following larv were found at Berlin Falls, N. H., on the
wild cherry, September 13, 1887. The present species lives in a loose
white web in a folded leaf.

Larva.—Body tapering towards each end; the sutures rather deep. Head small,
amber-colored; body uniformly deep pea-green, with four black piliferous warts on
each segment, from which arise pale hairs one-half as long as the body is thick.
Length, 9 to 10™™,

19. Tineid larva.

This caterpillar lines a crumpled leaf with white silk.

Larva.—Body tapering towards each end; head small, much narrower than the
prothoracic segment, deep amber-color. Prothoracic segment paler green than the
rest of the body, with an angular black spot on each side; rest of the body dark dull
bottle-green ; four large swollen dorsal tubercles arranged in a regular trapezoid, and
three lateral warts, one of them bearing a large brown bristle, so that there is a lat-
eral row of large hairs on each side. TLoracic legs blackish; abdominal legs bottle-
greenish. Length, 13™™,

CHERRY BEETLES. 529
20. Tineid larva.

This species crumples the leaf on one side of the under side of a leaf,
eating the parenchyma, and leaving a bare dead spot, lining the tent
with a white silken web.

Larva.—Closely similar to the foregoing, and perhaps a pale variety of the same
species, or in the penultimate molt. Body tapering towards each end. The head
pale amber, and the body pale pea-green; the tubercles a little larger, but arranged
in much the same way as the preceding species. The black spots on the prothoracic
segment very distinct, while the dorsal hairs are as distinct as the lateral ones.
Length, 10™™.,

21. Crepidodera violacea.

Mr. W. L. Devereaux, of Clyde, N. Y., writes me that this beetle is
‘very plenty on new forming foliage in spring, feeding extensively on
the leaves and pairing; the larva is difficult to find, but I have bred
them on cherry leaves ina cage. I think this species is distinet from
the willow flea-beetle C. helxines.”

22. Galeruca sanguinea.

We observed this leaf-beetle in great abundance at Berlin Falls,
N. H., September 13, eating holes in the leaves.
The beetle.—This species differs from G. marginella, which is figured in all its stages

in our Guide to the Study of Insects, p. 505, by its deeper, brick-red color; the antennz
and legs are black, and the wing-covers are coarsely punctured. Length5™™,

The following species also occur on the wild cherry :—

23. Papilio turnus Linn. On choke cherry, Scudder.

24, Limenitis archippus Cram. On wild cherry, Providence, May 11.

25. Limenitis anthemis (Drury). On Amelanchier (Scudder).

26. Cyaniris pseudargiolus Bd. and Lec. On Amelanchier (Scudder).

27. Thecla liparops. On Amelanchier (Scudder).

28. Clisiocampa disstria Hiibn. See p. 118.

29. Apaletodes torrefacta A. and S.

30. Hyperchiria io (Fabr.).

31. Sisyrosea inornata Grote. (Can. Ent. XXt, p. 77.)

32. Platysamia columbia Smith. (Can. Ent. x, p. 42.)

33. Utetheisa bella (Linn.). Beutenmiiller.

34, Datana ministra (Drury.) Beutenmiiller, Can, Ent. xx, p. 17,

35. Huclea ferruginea Pack. It is probably this species which has been
found living on the wild cherry by Mr. S. Lowell Elliot.

36. Euclea sp. perhaps delphinii. Mr. H. Edwards does not know the
species (S. Lowell Elliot).

37. Phobetrum pithecium (Abbott and Smith.) S. Lowell Elliot.

38. Parasa fraterna Grote. (Reared by Mr. S. Lowell Elliot.)

39. P. chloris H. Sch.

40. Lithacodes fasciola H. Sch. (S. Lowell Elliot.)

41. Phobetrum hyalinus (Walsh). (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ix, p. 299.)
5 ENT——34

530 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

42. Cerura borealis Boisd. (G. H. French in Can. Ent., p. 145, 1881.)

43. Telea polyphemus (Cram.). (Riley’s MS. notes.)

44. Apatela furcifera Guen. (Thaxter, Papilio iii, p. 17. No descrip-
tion of the larva.)

45. Apatela radcliffei Harvey.

46. Iodia rufimargo Hiibn. Seep. 172.

47. Scopelosoma sidus Guen. See p. 116.

48. Cacecia cerasivorana (Fitch). (Coquillett’s description of the larva,
Papilio, iii, p. 102.)

49. Teras logiana (Schiff.) Wild cherry. (Clem.).

50. Penthina dimidiana (Sodoff). Wild black cherry. (Miss Murtfeldt.)

51. Cacecia argyrospila Walk. See p. 192.

The following notes have been contributed by Mr. F. H. Chittenden:

COLEOPTERA.

52. Rhyncholus brunneus Mannh. From stumps of Prunus serotina.

53. Phleophagus apionides Horn. Occurs with the above.

54. Phleotribus liminaris (Harris). Cut from trunk of living tree.

55. Dicerca divaricata (Say). Cut from wood.

56. Parandrabrunnea(Fabr.). Found under bark of domestic cherry, are
very common, and there can be little doubt that, as they are both
’¢ veneral feeders,” they will attack wild cherry trees as well.

INSECTS AFFECTING THE WILD PLUM.

Prunus americana, ete.
FEEDING ON THE LEAVES.

1. Adoneta spinuloides H.-Sch.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family COCHLIOPODID.
This Cochliopod, according to Mr. S. Lowell Elliot, feeds on the wild
plum as well as the oak, birch, and cherry.
2. Lithacodes fasciola H.-Sch.
This Cochliopod also, according to Mr. Elliot, feeds on the wild plum
in the vicinity of the city of New York.
3. Parasa fraterna Grote.

This slug-caterpillar or Cochliopod has likewise been found by Mr.
Elliot near New York feeding on the wild plum.

FEEDING ON THE FRUIT.
4. Thecla henrici Grote.

This butterfly, says Mr. W. H. Edwards, lays its eggs fifteen in a
bunch at the base of a flower stalk, on the upper side; its caterpillar
feeds on the small green plums, excavating tke inside leaving the

INSECTS OF THE SERVICE-BERRY. 531

skin entire except at the entrance. The caterpillar hatches at just the
right time for them to prey upon the newly formed plums. They grow
with the plums, and when the caterpillars are matured the plums are
of large size. The butterfly occurs in April.
The following species also occur on the wild plum:
5. Strymon titus (Fabr.).
6. Incisalia trus (Godart.).
7. Thecla liparops.
8. Papilio glaucus Linn.
9. Papilio troilus Linn.
10. Chlorippe clyton B. and Lee.
11. Basilarchia archippus (Cram.).
12. Basilarchia astyanax (Fabr.).
13. Smerinthus myops Abbot and Smith. On Prunus virginiana. (J. E.
Le Conte, MS.)
14. Halesidota carye Harris. (Beutenmiiller).
15. Phobetron pithecitum (Abbot and Smith) on Pyrus sp. (Abbot’s MS.
paintings in library Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.).
16. Platysamia cecropia (Linn.).
17. Clisiocampa americana Harris (“Castrensis,” Abbot’s MS. painting,
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.) on Pyrus coronaria in Georgia.
18. Schizura unicornis Abbot and Smith. Prunus virginiana (Lintner,
Ent. Contr., iii).

Order Coleoptera.

19. Calligrapha scalaris Lec. ‘* Whole swarms along with their larve.”
(Walsh, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., 1864, p. 403).

HEMIPTERA.

0. Aphis cerasicolens Fitch. On Prunus serotina,
. Aphis cerasifolie Fitch. On choke cherry.

bo bo
—

INSECTS AFFECTING THE SERVICE-BERRY OR JUNE-BERRY.

Amelanchier canadensis.
1. Nepticula amelanchierella Clem.

This is found in the leaves of the service-berry or June-berry, Amelan-
chier canadensis, in June and July. The mine is a rather broad tract,
sometimes much contorted, with rather irregular edges, placed most
often towards the base of the leaf and having a rather broad ‘ frass”
line of a dark-brown color. (Clemens.)

2. Ornix quadripunctella Clem.

Early in August the larva may be found in the leaves of June-berry
or service-berry making Lithocolletiform mines on the under surface.
Towards the middle of the month, it abandons its mine and feeds under

532 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

a turned-down portion of the leaf. It weaves its cocoon, which is
reddish brown, during the latter part of the month.

Larva.—The larva is dirty greenish, with four black dots on the head and four on
the dorsum of the second segment. (Clemens.)

The following insects also occur on this tree:

/

Order Lepidoptera.

3. Telea polyphemus (Cram.).
4, Platysamia cecropia (Linn.).

Order Coleoptera.
5. Galeruca vittata (Fabr). Squash beetle. Maine in April and May.

INSECTS AFFECTING THE WILD THORN.
Crategus tomentosa, etc.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.

1. Catocala crategi Saunders.

The caterpillar occur in Canada on the thorn in June.

Larva.—Head flat, medium sized, slighty hairy, grayish, with a few blackish streaks
and dots; bilobed, each lobe tipped with reddish, mixed with white; these colors m:r-
gined before and behind with blackish brown, in which are dots of a paler hue; sides
of head pale greenish white, with a faint net-work of brownish lines. Body above
greenish ash color, with many minute dots of brownish black, some of them forming
indistinct and imperfect lateral streaks; dorsal line very slightly paler than the gen-
eral color. Second and terminal segments with a number of small whitish dots, each
emitting a single hair. On each side of the dorsal line is a row of small tubercles,
those on the third segment whitish tipped with black, on fourth reddish tipped with
dull white; on the remaining segments they are a little larger and decidedly red
tipped with whitish. Between each of these, and running in the same direction, isa
small whitish dot or minute tubercle; each and all of these tubercles emit a single
brownish hair. The upper portion of the ninth segment is raised, and on its center
there arises a thick, fleshy horn about one-tenth of an inch long, slightly curved back-
wards, of a dull dark reddish color, thickly dotted with black about the base. The
usual dark patch on ninth and tenth segments is wanting, except close to the under
surface, where it is faintly visible. Twefth segment scarcely raised, with no black
streak behind, but having a faint line formed by a row of black dots extending ob-
liquely down the sides towards the front. Terminal segment flattened ; lateral fringe
of a decided rosy pink hue; spiracles whitish, encircled with black. Body beneath
whitish-green, with a tinge of blue; a central row of brownish-black spots larger
and deeper in color on seventh and eighth segments, decidedly paler on second, third,
and fourth, and of a reddish-brown on segments from ninth to thirteenth inclusive.
Feet pale greenish, faintly marked with brown; prolegs bluish green, hinder three
pairs streaked and dotted with black.

Occasionally specimens not full-grown have been met with of a darker shade arising
from their being more thickly dotted with black ; in these the tubercles have been
less decidedly red, while the fleshy horn approached the general color, but was
thickly covered with blackish dots. Length about 14 inches (Saunders).

INSECTS OF THE THORN. 533

Moth.—A small species; forewings sordid white, the lines distinct; basal space
reddish or blackish; subterminal space somewhat darker than the median; much
darker along the inner margin; transverse posterior line with lower tooth of Yj small;
a heavy dark shading from [ of transverse posterior to below the apex; little or
no reddish beyond transverse posterior line. Hind wings deep yellow; median band
heavy, returning to the base; margin generally slightly interrupted. Expands
40 to 50™™,

Lintner’s C. pretiosa is a variety of this species. It has the basal space black, the
lines not coalescing near the inner margin.

2. Catocala blandula Hulst.

The caterpillar was found by Mr. Saunders, of London, Canada,
feeding on the thorn about the middle of June. It has also been
reared by Rev. G. D. Hulst.

Larva.—Like that of C. crategi, but without the prominence on the protuberance
on the eighth segment, and with one on the eleventh. (Hulst.)

Head flat, sprinkled with fine, brownish hairs; bilobed, each lobe tipped with
whitish ; color ashy gray, with a wide black band above extending obliquely down
the sides, in which are several dull faint reddish streaks. Body above greenish
gray, dotted with very minute blackish dots; on the anterior portion of the
second and third segments are a few whitish dots, each emitting a single hair; a
broken dorsal stripe of a paler hue imperfectly margined with black, the stripe be-
coming whiter on hinder portion of fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, and tenth seg-
ments. On fifth and sixth segments are two whitish patches similar in form, almost
pointed anteriorly, posteriorly enlarging with the hinder edge concave, thus giving
the widened portion a bilobed appearance; posterior portion of fifth segment rather
darker than the general color, with a slight purplish tint; hinder portion of ninth
segment slightly raised and of a deeper color, the dark patch covering the an-
terior portion of tenth segment and extending down the sides close to the under
surface. Posterior portion of twelfth segment slightly raised and margined behind
with black, the same color extending obliquely down the sides towards the front.
On each segment there is a small tubercle on each side the dorsal line, of a grayish
hue, but so small as to be scarcely visible, excepting those on twelfth segment,
which are somewhat larger. Terminal segment flattened and spreading, with a few
whitish dots on its hinder portion and two reddish-brown tubercles on the anterior
portion. Lateral fringe close to the under surface of a delicate, pinkish tint;
spiracles blackish. (Saunders, Can. Ent., viii, 74.)

Moth.—This species is C. polygama of Grote, butnotof Guenée. It is the same as C.
crategi, except that on the forewings the base is always reddish ; the Mf of the trans-
verse posterior line with teeth nearly equal; the transverse anterior and transverse
posterior lines coalescing posteriorly, and the transverse posterior line edged out-
wardly with reddish; also somewhat larger. (Hulst.)

3. Noctuid larva.

This caterpillar was found on the thorn at Brunswick, Maine, Sep-
tember 3 and 4.

Larva.—Five pairs of abdominal legs. Head very large and broad; flattened
above and much wider than the body, which tapers from the middle to the anal legs,
and is slightly contracted in front of the middle. The head is light pea-green, of
the same color as the body, the anteune very large, the long third joint whitish; the
deeply-cleft labrum whitish. Along the body are two subdorsal bright straw-yellow
lines, rather broad and distinct. Length 16™™,

534 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.
4. Nepticula crategifoliella Clem.

The larva may be found in the leaves of the dwarf thorn, Crataegus
parvifolia, from the middle to the latter part of July. The mine is
rather a wide tract, not long, most often tortuous, sometimes turned
back on itself, and when nearly straight, with irregular edges, having
a narrow, contorted line of frass running through the middle of it. The
latter half of the mine will average at least a line in width.

One larva which I especially observed mined a space of five lines in
three days, at the end of which time it was full-grown. Previously it
was not more than half-grown, and the distance mined while under
observation forms nearly one-half the length of the entire mine. The
larva enters the pupa state during the latter part of July. (Clemens.)

Larva.—The larva is rather thick, bright green. (Clomens.)

5. Lithocolletis crategella Clem.

The larva mines the underside of blackthorn* during September
and October. The mine is usually limited by two veins of the 1s
The imago appears in April and May.

Larva.—The larva is cylindrical with a very pale brown head}; the body yellow-
ish, colored dark green by the ingesta.

Moth.—Antenne, front and tuft dark silvery gray ; forewings rather deep brownish
golden, with a broad silvery basal streak, black margined toward the costa, ex-
tending to the tegule in front and pointed behind, with the point black-margined
on both sides and with the costa black. Four costal silvery streaks, the first oblique
but rounded beneath and black-margined on both sides, the others toward the base
alone. Three silvery dorsal streaks, the first rather broad, oblique, nearly touching
the first costal, and black-margined on both sides, as also the second ; the third only
toward the base. A streak of black scales in the middle of the wing at the apex, ex-
tended backwards between the streaks to the second dorsal and costal. Hinder-
marginal line blackish, with a violet metallic hue; cilia dark fulvous. (Clemens.)

6. Ornix crategifoliella Clem.

The larva mines the leaves of Crategus tomentosa (blackthorn) in
September, and becomes a pupa early in October, weaving a reddish-
brown cocoon in a turned-down edge of the leaf. The pupa case is
thrust from the end of the cocoon at maturity, the imago appearing
early in May. There is, doubtless, a summer brood, but I have not
sought for it.

Larva.—The head of the larva is brown, the body greenish-white, with the dorsum
reddish-brown.

Moth.—Labia] palpi whitish. Head dark brown and gray intermixed. Antennz
dark brown, faintly annulated with whitish. Forewings dark brown, with a pur-
plish hue. Along the inner margin, from the base to the anal angle, whitish, dusted
with dark brownish. In the fold at the base is a dark-brown streak, and asmall blotch
of the same hue beyond the middle, nearly reaching to the inner margin. Toward

*In Asa Gray’s Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States the name of
“black or pear thorn” is assigned to Crategus tomentosa.—H. T. Stainton.

INSECTS OF THE THORN. 535

the tip are a few whitish, costal streaks, and at the apex a smail, round, dark-brown
spot, in a whitish patch, with a circular, dark-brown apical line behind it; cilia,
blackish-gray. Hindwings blackish-gray; cilia, rather paler. Abdomen blackish,
tipped with dull yellow.

7. Conotrachelus crategi Walsh.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CURCULIONID&.

The late B. D. Walsh found this weevil abundant near Rock Island,
Il]., on the hawthorn, also plentifully on the same kind of shrub, near
Chicago. (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ix, 311.)

The beetle.—Of the size, shape, and sculpture of anaglypticus Say, but differs in the
elytra being of a uniform color, mottled with ocher-yellow and white, and in the
upper surface of the thorax being whitish, except a large and conspicuous triangular
spot at its base, and the anterior margin, which, as well as the inferior surface, is
brown. The second tooth on the femora is obsolete.

8. THE BUFFALO LEAF-HOPPER.
Ceresa bubalus Fabr.

This singular but very common leaf-hopper, according to Fitch, fre-
quents the wild thorn, and has been found by Mr. John G. Jack to be
positively injurious to young apple and pear trees, as they cut the
bark when depositing theireggs. ‘‘ These incisions and the eggs in
them were so numerous that in many cases it was impossible to raise
the bark for the purpose of budding the trees. The incisions and eggs
are usually most abundant on the south and upper side of the limbs,
comparatively few being found on the shady or under sides.” They
begin depositing their eggs, adds Mr. Jack, at Chateauguay, Quebec,
August 12, the process going on until the close of October.

The eggs, in batches of from five or six to a dozen (rarely more), are deposited
obliquely in the bark, and often the incision continues into the wood, if the bark is
thin. In this way the bark and wood become fastened together, and will not sepa-
rate at any season, and the dark spots in the wood and the rough knotty bark bear
evidences of the injuries for many years.

The eggs are of a dirty transparent white, about 1.5™™ in length, smooth, slightly
tapering, and sharply rounded towards the interior end, but tapering much more
gradually at the exterior end. Although normally round, the sides are generally
found to be more or less flattened by pressure from the tissues of the wood and bark
of the tree. So numerous were these eggs on some trees that a careful estimate
shows that there must be at least from six to eight hundred eggs in a section of the
branches not more than an inch long and half an inch in diameter.

They hatch during the first week in June.

A small dipterous egg-parasite has been raised from the eggs by Mr.
Jack.

The following insects also live on the thorn:

9. Basilarchia astyanax (Fabr.).

10. Basilarchia arthemis (Drury).
11. Uranoles melinus, on C. coccinea and C. apifolia (Scudder).

536 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

38.

39,

40,

. Thecla liparops.

. Thecla calanus Hiibn.

. Papilio turnus Linn. Larva, September 5, at Brunswick, Me.

. Thecla falacer Godart. Harris Ins. Mass., 276.

. Thyreus abbotii Swains. Said in Abbot’s MS. paintings to feed on

Orategus tomentosa in Georgia. (Library Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.)

. Smerinthus myops A. and 8. See p. 525.
. Schizura unicornis (A. and §.). On thorn-bush at Brunswick, Me.,

September 5.

. Schizura sp. On thorn-bush at Brunswick, Me., September 5.

. Gdemasia concinna A. and 8. (Sanders, Can. Ent., xiii, 139.)

. Clisiocampa disstria (Hiibn.). See p. 119.

. Datana integerrima G. & R.

. Spilosoma virginica Fabr. On buckthorn, middle of September,

Maine.

. Orgyia antiqua Linn. Injurious to thorn hedges in Rhode Island,

Miss Dix, Amer. Journ. Sc., xix, p. 62; also observed at Bruns-
wick, Me.

. Platysamia cecropia (Linn.). W. Brodie.

. Telea polyphemus(Cram.). (Riley’s unpublished notes.) W. Brodie.
. Amphipyra pyramidoides Guen. See p. 171.

. Eubyja quernaria (A. and 8.) On Crategus australis. See p. 188.

. Nematocampa filamentaria Guen. On OC. australis.

. Grapholitha prunivora Walsh. Living in the fruit, J. Hamilton

(Can. Ent., xxi, 34).

. Aspidisca splendoriferella Clem. Larva and mine as in P. serotina.

(Chambers.)

. Tischeria malifoliella Clem. Marva in a flat, trumpet-shaped, yel-

lowish mine in upper surface of leaves. (Chambers.)

. Ornix inusitatumella Chamb. Larva in white, flat mine, speckled
with “ frass” in upper surface; pupatesinthe mine. (Chambers.)

Order COLEOPTERA.

. Saperda bivittata Say. On hawthorn.

. Anthonomus crategi Walsh. (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vi, 1866, p. 266.)
. Saperda fayt Bland. J. Hamilton, (Can. Ent., xx, p. 6, 1888).

. Xylotrechus convergens Le Conte. Bred from branch of an unde-

termined Crataegus, locally known as Red Haw, Iowa. (Le Conte,
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soce., viii, p. xxiv.)

Gaurotes cyanipennis Say. In spring on thorn blossoms and later
in the season pairing and ovipositing on the butternut. (Caul-
field, Can. Ent., 1881, p. 60.)

Conotrachelus naso Lec. This and the next species bred from the
fruit of the haw. J. Hamilton. (Can. Ent., xxi, p. 34, 1889.)

Conotrachelus posticatus Say.

=

INSECTS OF THE MOUNTAIN ASH, 537

Order HYMENOPTERA.

41. Crepidodera helxines (Linn.). Eating leaves of Crategus coccinea
(Townsend, MS. notes).

42. Selandria cerasi Peck. Observed on the thorn late in summer at
Brunswick, Me.

Order HEMIPTERA.

43, Aphis crategifolii Fitch. On leaves of C. punctata. (Fitch.)
44, Siphonophora crategi Monell. July, St. Louis. (Monell.)
45. Schizoneura crategi Céstlund.

Class ARACHNIDA; order ACARINA.

46. Acarus? crategi-vermiculus Walsh MS. Occurs abundantly both on
Crategus tomentosa and crus-galli. (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vi, p.
227.)

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CRAB-APPLE.
Pyrus coronaria Linn.
AFFECTING THE LEAVES.

1. Catocala grynea (Cramer).

The caterpillar of this moth has been found by Mr. Koebele to feed
on the crab-apple.

Larva.—General color silvery gray with a reddish cast. Eyes marked at summit
with a lunule of yellowish white, and this lined behind with rust-red extending
nearly to the mouth. Body more reddish towards the head. There is a very promi-
nent protuberance of a rust red color at the summit of the twelfth segment. The
red is very pronounced at the summit of the legs on the ninth and tenth segments.
(Koebele, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., iv, p. 22.)

2. Basilarchia archippus on wild plum. (Seudder.)

3. Basilarchia astyanax on wild plum, (Scudder.)

4, Aphis mali Fabr.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MOUNTAIN ASH.
Pyrus americana.
AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
1. THE SCURFY BARK LOUSE.
Chionaspis furfurus (Fitch).

The following account is copied from Professor Comstock’s Report
for 1880, p. 315:

Harris described it on apple and pear in Massachusetts ; Dr. Fitch
found it on pear and choke cherry in New York; Walsh observed it on

538 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

apple, crab, and the European mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia) in Illi-
nois; and I have found it common in apple and pear in New York,
Maryland, and southern California, and upon black cherry in western
New York.

Although this insect has been well known for many years, compara-
tively little has been written respecting it. This is probably due to the
fact that there is another species (Mytilaspis pomorum Bouché) which,
like this, infests the apple, and which is more common and much more
destructive. The scurfy bark-louse was first described, but not named,
by Harris in his “ Insects Injurious to Vegetation” (Flint edition, p. 254).
In this description both the scale formed by the male and that formed
by the female are well characterized ; but the insects themselves were
not studied by Dr. Harris. The description of the scales is remarkable
as containing an explanation of their nature and probable mode of for-
mation as follows: The minute oval dark colored scales on one of the
ends of these white cases are the skins of the lice while they were in the
young or larva state, and the white shells are probably formed in the
same way as the down which exudes from the bodies of other bark lice,
but which in these assume a regular shape, varying according to the sex
and becoming membranous after it is formed.” This statement must
have been overlooked by Dr. Fitch, who many years afterwards, in his
first report as State entomologist of New York, p. 739 (35), in writing
of the oyster-shell bark louse of the apple, states that ‘‘ these scales are
the relics of the bodies of the gravid females, covering and protecting
their eggs.” Andin his second report, p. 489 (257), Dr. Fitch, in describ-
ing the pine-leaf scale (Mytilaspis pinifolie) states that the three parts
of the scale represent seemingly the head, thorax, and abdomen of the
living insect.

Through the kindness of Mr. Lintner and the officers of the New
York State Agricultural Society I have had the opportunity of studying
the Coccide in the collection of that society. The specimens were ail
labeled by Dr. Fitch, and by a very careful study of both the scale and
the last segment of the female, of the specimen labeled Aspidiotus cerasi,
I have been unable to find any character which will separate it from the
specimens labeled Aspidiotus furfurus, and all of these specimens belong
to the same species as the very common pest of the apple and pear, which
has been commonly known as Aspidiotus harrisit.

The statement made by Sig noret* that this species is the same as that
described by Curtis under the name of Aspidiotus (Diaspis) ostreefor-
mis is evidently a mistake. M. Signoret has kindly sent me specimens
of D. ostreceformis, from which I have prepared the description of that
species in this report.

Scale of female.—The scale of the female is flat, irregular in outline, many bending

abruptly to the right or left immediately posterior to the second larval skin, others
straight; in all the scale suddenly widens near the posterior end of the second larval

*Annales de la Société Entom. de France, 1876, p. 604.

vO ee
oe

INSECTS OF THE MOUNTAIN ASH. 539

skin, thus presenting the form characteristic of the genus; length, 2™™ to 3™™ (,08 to 12
inch); color grayish white with the first skin light gray and second skin usually
brown, sometimes dark gray.

Described from many isolated individuals occurring on smooth bark of a small
branch. On the rough bark of the trunk the scales are much more irregular in form,
and are so massed as to appear like a layer of dandruff.

Female.—The body of the female is red, with the last segment light yellow; this

_ segment presents the following characters:

The anterior group of spinnerets consists of from eight to thirteen, usually ten; the
anterior laterals are from twenty to thirty ; and the posterior laterals are from eight-
een to thirty-one.

There are three pairs of lobes. The median lobes are well developed; the second
lobes are smaller, the third are still smaller, being sometimes obsolete; the lobes of
the second and third pairs are deeply incised. There are conspicuous elongated pores
upon the margin; one laterad of each of the first, second, third, and fourth plates;
one cephalad of the incision of third lobe; and one midway between the third and
fourth plates.

The spines upon the ventral surface are inconspicuous; the first pair obsolete; the
second, third, and fourth pairs at or near the bases of the second, third, and fourth
plates. Those upon the dorsal surface are quite long; the first spine of each side is
between the bases of the first lobe and the first plate; the second and third spines
are upon the lateral lobule of the second and third lobes; and the fourth spine is sit-
uated about two thirds distance from the third to the fourth plates.

Eggs.—The eggs are purplish red.

Scale of male.—The scale of the male is very small, being only .75™™ (.03 inch) in
length, narrow, usually straight and tricarinated ; larval skin brownish yellow, re-
mainder of scale snowy-white.

Male.--Yellow marked with irregular reddish-brown spots; thoracic band reddish
brown, sometimes darker than the other markings. Length of body including style,
.62™™ (.02 inch) ; length of style, .18™™ (.006 inch). On each side of the anterior part.
of the thorax there is a black spot which resembles an eye.

2. Dynastes grantii Horn.

A beetle supposed by Dr. Horn to be this species has been found
by Mr. J. Doll to occur in September on the mountain ash in Colorado.
‘“‘ They are always found near the tips of branches, where by means of
their projecting thoracic horn they scrape through the soft bark to
cause a flow of sap which is very sweet, and of this consists their food.”
(Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soe., vii, pp. 120, 151.)

The following insects also occur on the mountain ash:

3. Apatela occidentalis G. and R.
4. Chrysobothris femorata Fabr. (Harris Correspondence, 311.) See
also Bethune (Can. Ent., v, p. 140).
5. Saperda bivittata Say. Apple-tree borer.
6. An unknown longicorn borer taken from a tree on Bake Kennebago,
Maine, September 4, 1887.
. Mytilaspis pomicorticis flees

~

CHAPTER X.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ASH.
Fraxinus americana, ete.

Although only about forty-six species are as yet known to prey
upon our native species of ash, the number is probably at least as great
as that given by Kaltenbach as affecting the ash in Europe,viz, fifty-one.
Thus far no species of dipterous gall flies or of Psyllids has been de-
tected on our native species. My own opportunities for observing this
tree have been limited, but during September, 1887, I was able to dis-
cover seven species new to the tree, living on young bushes on the
northern shore of Rangeley Lake, Maine. When used as ornamental
or shade trees the different species of ash appear to be in general quite
free from insect pests.

Ash lumber does not seem, so far as we know, to be commonly attacked
by borers, the only case known to us being that of Hburia quadrigeminata,
described below by Mr. McNeil. Ash wood is used for carriages, furni-
ture, as well as fence rails, and is a most valuable tree, besides being a
beautiful, clean, shade tree.

AFFECTING THE TRUNK AND BRANCHES.

1. THE ASH SESIAN.

Fatua denudata (Harris).

The following account of the habits of this borer has been communi-
cated to me by Mr. W. L. Devereaux, of Clyde, N. Y.:

The Ageria denudatum certainly does great injury; it is more abundant in some
swamps than others. It channels its cylindrical burrow from the tap-rovt di-
rectly up the trunk sometimes to a height of 3 or4 feet, before turning and cut-
ting its way out. The perpendicular burrow is never situated in the center of the
tree, but is generally nearer the bark than the heart. The upright or vertical part of
the channel is as perfectly made as with a brace and bit. Through this initial inva-
sion, wood ants, members of the Rhynchophora, Cerambycidz, Lamellicorns and Ser-
ricorns, obtain a foot-hold, and ere many years we have a hollow ash tree. Some of
the Capricorn larve are channeling up the heart while certain Xylophage are
boring into the same decaying sap-wood, and even into living healthy wood, until
the merest shell remains to support the still vigorous branches above. The Osmo-
dermas, Diaperidii, Tenebrionii, Elateridx, etc., follow on till the fatal storm-blast
gives them the whole remaining trunk and top for larder and shelter, lasting many
future broods.

540

ASH-TREE BORERS. HAT

I think the alder must be considered the favorite host of the Ageria (Fatua) denu-
data, as ash trees in swamps not containing alder are almost exempt from their at-
tacks, while no clump of alder is without evidence of their work.

2. Eburia quadrigeminata Say.

Order COLEOPTERA ; family CERAMBYCID&.

Under the heading “A remarkable case of longevity in a longicorn
beetle, Hburia quadrigeminata (American Naturalist, xx, p. 1055), Mr. J.
MeNeil writes as follows: .

On the 11th of July, 1886, I caught at sugar, which had been placed upon apple
trees for the purpose of attracting moths, a light brown long-horned beetle, marked
with ivory-yellow spots on the elytra. My attention was particularly attracted at
this time to the insect on account of a peculiar creaking sound which it began as soon
asI picked it up. I had no difficulty in finding that the sound was produced by the
rubbing of the posterior margin of the prothorax upon the anterior margin of the
mesothorax. The same sound could be made after the insect was dead, by working
backward and forward its head and prothorax. Several days after this occurrence
I captured a specimen, similar to the first, upon the clothes of a friend, but it disap-
peared before I reached home. On the 17th of July I found a third specimen on a
tree but a few feet distant from that upon which I discovered the first specimen;
this individual was also evidently attracted by the sugar. Five days later, July 22,
1886, another specimen came into my possession under much more remarkable cir-
cumstances. Dr. Boyd, of Dublin, Wayne County, Ind., called my attention as I was
walking along the street, and at once proceeded to remove two small corks with
which he had closed two openings in the door-sill of his office. He then requested
me to explain what had made the tunnels that evidently extended some distance into
the sill. In reply to my questions, he stated that his attention had been called to
the freshly made openings early in the morning; at that time the holes were much
smaller, and were ragged around the edges. These rough edges he had smoothed
with a knife so he could stop them tightly with corks. A short time after he
made the discovery mentioned, his attention was attracted by a buzzing noise which
came from oneof the tunnels. This he put an end to by pouring chloroform into the
opening, and then plugging itup with a cork. There had been no sound of life from
the other tunnel, but he had closed it in the same manner. Upon hearing this I re-
moved the cork from the tunnel where the sound had been heard, and in a moment
dragged out by its antenne a beetle, similar to those whose capture I have already
described. This beetle is Lburia quadrigeminata Say.

A closer examination of the tunnels in Dr. Boyd’s door-step showed that the exter-
nal openings were in the middle of the length and breadth of an ash door-sill and
about 4 inches distant from each other. The size of the tunnels increased rapidly
within until the diameter was three or more times as great as at the exit. They ex-
tended downward and backward, respectively, 3 and 4 inches. The sill was of
painted ash and it as well as the whole building rested directly upon a solid brick
foundation. After having completed the above observations, I did not hesitate long
in coming to the conclusion that the eggs which had produced this beetle and its
fellow that had made good its escape were laid in the green wood in the tree. In
response to my questions, Dr. Boyd made the statement that the building was erected
in the spring of 1867. This would make these insects not less than nineteen, and
probably twenty or more, years old, since the timber was dry when put into the
house.

Professor Thomas states that its larva lives and bores in the honey-locust (Gledit-
schia triacanthus Linn.), and from this fact it gets its name of the honey-locust borer.

The beetle.—Body entirely pale yellowish brown; antennx hardly more obviously
hairy on the basal joints than on the others; thorax with two black tubercles above,

542 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

rather before the middle, placed transversely, and a short spine each side on the
middle of the length of the thorax; elytra rather paler than thorax, each with two
double, some what elevated, bright-yellow, abbreviated very short lines; the two
members of the basal spot equal, the other spot is placed on the middle, the inner
member is shorter than the exterior one; tip two-spined, the exterior spine the long-
est; intermediate and posterior thighs two-spined at tip, the inner spine rather
the longest. Length .75 to 1 inch. (Thomas, ‘‘Sixth report of the Illinois State
Entomologist.”)
3. Carmenta fraxini H. Edwards.

No account of the habits of this Sesian borer has been published so
far as wecan learn. It cccurred at Washington, D.C. (C. V. Riley.)

Moth.—Wholly bronze-black. Fore-wings with a very small vitreous dash near the
base and a bright orange discal dot at extremity of cell. Costal margin greenish-
black, a purplish tint on the posterior margin. Hind wings vitreous, rather narrowly
margined, with a bunch of whitish hairs at their base. Under side of wings a little
more golden than the upper. Antenne, palpi, femora, tibiz, and tarsi brownish-
black. Abdomen with no trace of bands, except on posterior margin of fourth seg-
ment, beneath which is pale yellow. Caudal tuft small, brownish beneath, black
above. Expanse of wings, 16™™. (Edwards.)

4. THE SYRINGA BORER.
Podosesia syringe (Harris).
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family SESIADZ.

This borer has been found by Mr. Hulst to be a pest to ash trees in
Brooklyn, and by Mr. H. Osborn it has been observed boring in the
young shoots of a species of ash, in Ames, Iowa. The larva, according
to Harris, usually bores into the Syringa. In Buffalo Dr. Kellicott
finds that it lives under the bark of the old trees. ‘‘He has observed
a number of the trees, has seen the pupa cases projecting, and has
watched twenty or more [issue] from a single tree in a single day
Often one hundred or more were ina single tree.” (Ent. Am., i, p. 177.)

Larva.—Yellowish-white. Head about two-thirds the width of the prothoracic
segment, chestnut-brown, with the mouth-parts pitchy above, whitish beneath, very
shiny, and with a deep triangular depression in front. Second segment yellowish,
with a waved brownish line posteriorly. Each of the segments bears about eight
short brownish hairs. The third segment is slightly broader than the rest, swollen, as
it were, at the sides. The spiracles are small, brown, those of the second and twelfth
segments being larger than the rest. The anal segment is slightly yellow, with
many short brownish hairs. All the feet and legs pale pitchy. Length, .80 inch.
(H. Edwards.)

Moth.—Brown; fore-wings with a transparent line at base; hind wings trans-
parent, with a brown border, fringe, and subcostal spot. Antenne, palpi, collar,
first and second pairs of tarsi, and middle of the intermediate tibiw, rust-red; middle
of the tibiew and the tarsi of the hind legs, yellow. Expands 1.20 inches. (Harris.)

5. Gortyna nitela Guenée.
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family NOCTUIDA.

The caterpillar of this moth, which often bores into the stalks of the
dahlia and aster,has been observed by Mr. Osborn boring in young
twigs of ash, causing the death of many twigs, but he failed to rear

ASH-TREE BORERS. 543

the moth on account of parasites. Miss Murtfeldt has observed the
same Caterpillar in the twigs of the maple (Acer dasycarpum). It seems
to bore indifferently into any plant with a soft stem or twig. (Can.
Ent., xv, p. 174.)

6. THE ASH TREE CLYTUS.
Neoclytus caprea Say.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CERAMBYCID.

Under the name of ash-tree borer Mr. C. Thomas, besides stating
that the larva of this species bores in the ash, adds that it is “ quite
common in southern Illinois.”

Mr. Shelby Reed, of Scottsville, N. Y., in 1880, refers briefly, in the
American Entomologist, to ‘‘ the wide-spread destruction of the black
ash forests” in his vicinity, and speaks of the web-worm (Hyphantria
cunea) and a root-borer as affecting them. Professor Riley, the editor
of the journal, in commenting on his letter suggests that the injury
was due rather to the root-borer (probably Neoclytus caprea Say) than
to the web-worm.

Beetle.—Dark brownish-purple head; and thorax darkest; eyes nearly circular,
behind them a narrow yellow border; thorax barrel-shaped, deep purple, surrounded
by three very narrow yellow lines, one at each end and one in the middle; scutel
yellow ; wing-cases crossed by three yellow bands; first, a semi-circular band from the
scutel running backwards and round up to each shoulder; then another of similar
shape about the middle, with the circle reversed; then astraight band, and a strong
spine at the tip of each; length, half an inch; width one-seventh of an inch.

7. Tylonotus bimaculatus (Hald.).

Order COLEOPTERA ; family CERAMBYCIDA.

This beetle was by its original describer, Haldemann, said to in-
habit the ash, and Mr. A. 8S. Fuller, according to Riley, also reports it
as living in the black ash. Mr. Bland (Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil., i, p. 59)
records it as “ found under the bark of the tulip-poplar.”

Beetle.—The genus Tylonotus is allied to Elaphidion, but differs according to Le
Conte in the femora being strongly club-shaped, and the antenne bisulcate.

8. THE ASH TIMBER-BEETLE.

Hylesinus aculeatus Say.

Order COLEOPTERA ; family SCOLYTID.

Ash posts in Kansas have been found by Mr. W. Knaus to be ten-
anted by this borer, though no growing trees were found which had
been attacked, those only having been selected which were already iu
a decaying condition.

“The burrows of this insect were almost fac-similes in every particu-
lar, consisting of a large central channel from 25 to 100™™ in length and
1™™ in width, made by the female, the young larva eating its way out-

544 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ward from this channel, the larval channels constantly enlarging dur-
ing the larval life, and sinking a little deeper in the wood as the pupa
state is reached. These larval channels are from 5 to 45™™ in length,
and from one-third to 1™™ in width. The central channel is usually
slightly sinuous, being governed to some extent by the surface of the
wood and the number of beetles at work, they never coming in contact.
At about midway of the central channel there is in every instance a
change of direction—a curve sometimes hardly perceptible, at other
times and usually very marked. The lateral larval channels extend
outward at right angles from the central channel, and are about one-
third the length of the former, that varying from one to three inches
in length.

‘In November, 1885, live specimens of this insect were taken from
ash trees in the western part of Davis County. The bark of these
trees had apparently been abraded about a month previous, and had
been at once attacked by Hylesinus aculeatus. Large numbers of these
had eaten their way from one-fourth to one inch under the bark from the
point of entrance and had gone into similar quarters.” (Ent. Amer., ii,
1886, p. 76.) Mr. W. L. Devereaux, of Clyde, N. Y., writes me regard-
ing this beetle as follows:

Hylesinus aculeatus does not operate on living trees in its larval state, but the
beetles do, and of course the more ash trees cut for rails, etc., the more rapidly will
the beetles increase.

Beetle.—In Hylesinus the tibize are serrate; the antennal club elongate-oval,
pointed, not compresed; in H. aculeatus the club of the antenne& is elongate-fusiform,
the bands of the elytra oblique, while the sides of the prothorax are smooth (not
muricate, as in the closely allied H. imperialis of Dakota and Arizona). Length, 2.2
to 3.4™™ (.09 to .13 inch). It ranges from Massachusetts to Texas, Kansas, and
Oregon. (Le Conte.)

9. Hylesinus opaculus Le Conte.

This timber borer has been found by Mr. E. A. Schwarz, living
under the dry bark of elm and ash trees. See fig. 72, p. 227.

Beetle.—Body elongate, clothed with short, erect yellow hair without scales. Length,
2 to 2.5™™ (.08to.10inch). (le Conte). According to Riley it differs from the clover
beetle (H. trifolii) in the shape of the antenne, the visible labrum, and other points
shown in Fig. 72.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.

10. THE ASH SAW-FLY.
Selandria barda (Say.)

The larve of this saw-fly are said by Mr. H. Osborn to at times injure
the ash in Iowa. The adults have not been reared, but he feels sure
that the larve were of the above species. The eggs are deposited in
rows along the sides of the petioles just beneath the outer bark, and
so neatly that it is almost impossible to detect any break in the epi-
dermis. Usually there are from six to ten on a leaf. They evidently
increase much in size before hatching, pushing the bark up in a Dlister-

ASH SAW-FLIES. 545

like elevation, and if cut out of their covering are found to be very
soft, the outer membrane being exceedingly delicate and easily ruptured.
The larve are evidently hatched within two or three days after the eggs
are deposited, and are at first slender, whitish worms, with black heads
and thoracic legs. They crawl at once to the leaflets and appear to se-
lect the more tender ones for the commencement of their work. They
grow quite rapidly and reach the first molt on the third or fourth day.
They are mostly found adhering to the under surface of the leaves and
forming a coil, though sometimes extended, especially when feeding,
and as they eat away the entire leaf, cutting away at the edges or at
the holes entirely through the leaf, they eat any poisonous substance
sprinkled or dusted on the upper surface. When young they usually
keep pretty well clustered together or on the same leaf, but afterwards
scatter quite generally, the early clustering being due no doubt to the
eggs being laid near together and on the same leaf. The worms molt
at least three or four times before reaching maturity. They leave the
trees before pupating, which is probably done under ground, pass-
ing the winter in the pupa condition. The fly has been observed
in abundance from April 15 until June. Tachina and Ichneumon flies
prey upon the false-caterpillars.

Larva.—Head polished jet-black, as are the thoracic legs, otherwise the body is
clear green, with a slightly darker dorsal line. Eight pairs of abdominal legs. The
skin somewhat wrinkled, but neither hairy nor slimy. (Osborn.)

Saw-fly.—Body black throughout, except the upper part of the thorax, which is
honey-yellow or sometimes orange or reddish, the amount, as well as the shade, dif-
fering somewhat in different individuals. The males are more slender and shorter

than the females. In some specimens the front legs are partially yellowish. (Os-
born, Bull. Iowa Ag. College, 1884, p. 80.)

11. Selandria sp.

Miss Murtfeldt describes, in a report to the Agricultural Department,
a saw-fly larva which seems to differ from the preceding species in
having a double row of short black spines on each segment. She re-
fers to them as follows:

Early in the summer the foliage of the ash trees (Fraxinus americana) was much
eaten by a Tenthredinid that I have not yet been able to rear, although I have ob-
served it for several successive years. The slug is about the size of, and very similar
in appearance to, Selandria vitis, being pale-green, with small, immaculate black
head and a double transverse row of short black spines on each segment. It inhabits
the under surfaces of the leaves, and in feeding perforates them with round holes, of
sizes corresponding with its stage of growth. It enters the ground about the last of
May and incloses itself in a frail earthen cell. It seems to be but single-brooded,
and in the rearing-cage either dries up or molds, without changing to pupa, in the
course of the summer.

12. Selandria? larva, No. 1.

This and the following saw-fly larve occurred frequently on young
ash shrubs at Rangeley Lake. They resemble the larve of Nematus,
but differ in having eight instead of seven pairs of abdominal legs.

5 ENT——35

os

546 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Larva.—Body curled up helix-like; with eight pairs of abdominal legs. Head am-
ber colored ; eyes black. Body livid greenish; on each abdominal segment a series
of straw-yellow spots inclosing three sides of a hollow square, with a few orange
spots at the end of the body. A few minute sharp tubercles on each segment.
Thoracic as well as abdominal legs pale livid greenish. Length, 15™™.

13. Selandria? larva, No. 2.

Larva.—Larger than the preceding species; with eight pairs of abdominal legs.
Head, body, and legs pale amber, with a dark dorsal stripe from which twelve
oblique bands pass down and unite with a broad diffuse lateral band. Length,
18™m,

14. Geometrid caterpillar.

This larva, of which a description is subjoined, I found September 5,
on low ash bushes on the shores of Rangeley Lake, Maine.

Larva.—Head broad and flat, as wide as the body ; a greenish horn-colored triangu-
lar area in front, with a pale brownish transverse stripe across the front between the
antenne. Body slender, cylindrical, with a few transverse dorsal wrinkles. At the
end of the first abdominal are two pale, light, small tubercles, situated on a transverse
ridge; a similar pair, but larger, on the end of the fifth abdominal segment. On
each segment are two minute dark tubercles. Supra-anal plate long, triangular, with
large terminal piliferous warts; those on the upper side of the anal legs large.
The third pair of thoracic feet larger than the others. Anal legs short and broad.
General color of the body dark brown, resembling that of the bark of a twig of the
food-tree. Length, 24™™.

15. Sphinx cinerea Harris.

While the caterpillar feeds on the lilac, becoming fully grown early
in September, it has been taken by Mr. W. H. Edwards on the white
ash.

Larva.—Three to 3.25 inches long ; cylindrical, greenish white, shading into white
dorsally. Head semi-oval, flat, green, with yellow lateral lines. The thoracic seg-
ments transparent, more tinged with green; a fewsmall granulations on the annula-

tions of the segments, which are yellowish green laterally and white dorsally. The
' geven lateral bands pale yellow, edged with darker green anteriorly, traversing the
entire segment above the stigma and continued over six-eighths of the following, in
white, edged with pale green above. Stigmata linear, bordered with white. Caudal
horn rose color, long, curved, with a prominent base, sometimes tipped with blue.
Caudal shield edged with light green. Legs rose color. (Lintner. )

Pupa.—Two inches long, .60 broad. Chestnut brown. Head-case depressed, pro-
jecting by nearly the length of the first segment beyond it. Tongue-case—its base
anteriorly advanced nearly to the vertex of the head-case, regularly ridged trans-
versely, with a medial impressed line having moderately elevated margins—its trunk
raised by one-half its diameter from the breast, the tip applied to the breast and
slightly bulbous; the buried portion of the tongue-case smooth, extending to the
tips of the wing-cases, which are also smooth. Anterior leg case with a prominence
over the femur. First segment with a smooth dorsal spot, from which wrinkles
radiate. Second segment moderately rounded, with interrupted transverse wrinkles
dorsally. Third segment with a dark brown central transverse fold, interrupted
dorsally. Central segments broader than the thoracic region, moderately punctu-
ated, with dorsal wrinkles and depressions. Eleventh segment with a small dorsal
protuberance. Terminal segment quite tapering. Spine sbort, blunt, wrinkled, and
bifid. (Lintner. )

ASH SPHINGES. HAT
16. Sphinx gordius Cramer.

Usually feeding on the apple, the caterpillar of this species has been
found on the ash, as well as on Myrica gale and M. cerifera.

Larva.—Of a bright apple-green color, with a brownish vertical stripe on each
side of the head, and seven oblique stripes on each side of the body, which are white
and margined above with violet. The caudal horn is reddish brown. Length, 24
inches.

Pupa.—With a very short, detached tongue case.

Moth.—Palpi reddish brown except the apex, which, with the head, sides, and
sometimes central part of the thorax, is gray. The rest of the thorax is blackish
brown with black metathoracic tufts. The abdomen is ashy gray with a cen-
tral black line and a broad tapering black band on each side, broken by four or five
dull whitish cross-stripes. Under side of thorax and abdomen gray. The forewings
are gray, clouded with brownish. The discal spot is small, white and triangular,
and from it two fine black lines extend in along the cell and finally unite. The
median vein and veins 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are marked with black, and there are black
dashes between all the veins below the apex, the last forming the oblique apical
streak. A curved ashy-brown shade crosses the wing at the basal fourth; another,
from the costa a little beyond the middle, ends at the middie of the hinder margin,
and a third, crossing a little beyond and parailel to the last, is somewhat toothed on
the veins. Outside of this a blackish shade line, bordered on each side with gray,
is visible only on the hinder half of the wing. An ashy-brown spot rests on the
costa a little before the apex, leaving a gray shade on the upper side of the oblique
streak. Fringes brown at the ends of the veins and white between. The hind
wings are sordid white, with a central and broad terminal band nearly black.
Fringes pure white. The under side of the forewings is brownish gray, and the
fringes are as above. The under side of the hind wings is gray, with a narrow cen-
tral and broad terminal band of dark brownish gray. (Fernald.)

17. Daremma undulosa Walker.

This species feeds on the leaves of the white and black ash, lilac,
and privet (Ligustrum vulgare,) and, according to Rev. W. J. Holland,
occasionally on the white and red oak. (Can. Ent., June, 1886.)

Egg.—Pale green or aqua marine in color, spheroidal in form, the vertical
diameter is four-fifths of a millimeter, one lateral diameter is two millimeters, and the
other is one and two-fifths millimeters. The surface is very finely granulated and
has pearly reflections. The eggs hatch in eight days.

Larva.—The young larva is one-fifth of an inch long, of a very pale greenish yel-
low color with fine hairs scattered over the surface. The caudal horn is large,
straight, and pointed obliquely up and back at an angle of forty-five degrees with the
line of the body, and is covered with a fine pubescence. It is smoky brown at the
tip only, but before the first molt the brown extends nearly over the whole surface
of the horn.

The first molt occurs in from four to six days, after which the larva is one-third of
an inch long, of a pale green color, the head being a little lighter than the body and
having the surface granulated and a pale vertical stripe on each side. There are
seven oblique stripes on each side of the body, and a longitudinal stripe of a whitish
color but not plainly visible.

The second molt is made in from three to five days, after which the larva is three-
fifths of an inch long, of a pale green color and with the stripes as before the molt
but plainer, and there is added a series of reddish spots on the forward side of the
oblique stripes where they cross the longitudinal stripe. The caudal horn is of a

548 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

pale watery pink color, and covered with short, blunt spines, from which arise short
fine hairs. The surface of the body is somewhat granulated, especially on the for-
ward segments and behind the caudal horn.

The third molt is made in from four to six days, after which the larva is about 1
inch long, of a light green color, rather lighter than the under side of the lilac leaf
on which it feeds. There is some variation of the ground color at this stage ; some
are yellowish green while others incline to a bluish green. The longitudinal stripes
are now obliterated and the oblique stripes are as in the preceling molt. The legs
and caudal horn are pink or pale vinous red, the latter beset with short stout spines
as before. The head and three following segments have whitish granulations above,
while the last segment has black granulations on the upper side. The head has a
broad vertical stripe of a dull whitish color on each side. The spiracles are pale
pink with a white dot at each extremity.

The fourth and last molt is made in from seven to ten days, after which the larva
is about one inch and three-fourths in length and of the same color as in the preced-
ing molt. The stripes on the side of the face, the caudal horn, and the legs are pale
pink or flesh color. The last segment is sprinkled with black granulations on the
upper side, and the spiracles are bright vermillion with a vertical white slit in the
middle. The oblique stripes are greenish white. The larva reaches maturity in
from eight to twelve days from the fourth molt, and is nearly 3 inches long. It
now changes to a dull brownish color which somewhat obscures the markings, when
it descends to the ground, and working its way down into the soil, transforms into a
dark brown pupa one inch and three-fourths long, with the tongue-case sunken to a
level witb the surface.

Moth.—Expanse of wings, 34 inches. Head and palpi brownish gray, the latter
being darker on the middle joints, and the head darker above and lighter on the
sides. The thorax is gray with two black lines edged with yellowish crossing the
prothorax. These lines meet two similar ones on each side, which run backwards,
one on each edge of the patagiz and meeting behind where the patagia is tipped with
white. There is also a curved black line preceded by white and followed by yellow-
ish across the hinder part of the thorax. The abdomen is gray with a dark brown
line along the middle and two stripes of the same color on each side and the seg-
ments are edged with yellowish scales. The whole under side is gray with the breast
of a pale coftee-brown color.

The forewings are gray, mixed with yellowish scales and crossed by four pairs of
wavy or angulated dark brown lines more or less distinct, which start from the costa
at about equal distances apart, and divide it into five nearly equal parts. The pair
nearest the base of the costa runs obliquely as far as the cell, giving off one tooth,
then it takes a somewhat wavy course to the hinder margin nearly at right angles
withit. The second pair is distinct on the costa but crosses the wing a little within
the discal spot, as a dark brown shade. The third pair starts at right angles with
the costa, and curving around the end of the cell, ends near the middle of the hinder
margin. The inner of these two lines is slightly angulated while the outer one gives
off quite long and sharp teeth, and the space between them is filled in somewhat
with ocher-yellow scales. Between this and the outer pair of lines the space is filled
in somewhat with whitish. The outer pair of lines starts at right angles with the
costa, curves evenly around to vein 2, and then runs straight to the hinder margin.
The outer one of this pair is the darkest and most prominent of all, and is neither
undulated nor toothed, while the inner one gives off acute angies on each vein. A
black shade line, starting from the apex obliquely, extends into the third pair of
cross-lines. A parallel dash crosses the outer pair just below, and there are two
parallel black dashes near the middle of the wing extending from the median vein
out to the outer pair of lines between the veins. The fringes are white, marked on
the veins with dark-brown spots from which brown dashes extend nearly half-way
across the terminal space.

“ 7

ASH CATERPILLARS. 549

The hind wings are dark smoky brown, lighter on the hinder margin, and crossed
by three parallel darker brown wavy lines. The fringes are white and marked with
brown on the veins. The under side of the wings is gray. The forewing is crossed
on the outer part by a dentate line and the oblique apical line is partly reproduced.
The hind wings, which are somewhat lighter, are crossed by two dentate yellowish
brown lines, one a little before the middle, the other a little beyond. (Fernald.)

18. Sphinx larva.

A sphinx larva was not uncommon on the ash at Rangeley Lake,
Maine, September 5 to 10, 1887. It seems to differ from any of the
preceding species, and I therefore add the following description from
a living specimen which died in confinement:

Larva.—Head large, of the usual sphinx shape, green, with a broad black lateral
very conspicuous band, bordered in front with whitish green. The seven oblique
lateral lines are bright straw-yellow, bordered above with black, the latter stripe
edged below (between it and the yellow stripe) with white; the first six bands are
united at the lower end by a broad distinct whitish band. The horn is rather large
and long, rough, with numerous black stout conical spines. The skin is smooth, the
body deep pea-green; on the anal legs and supra-anal plate are black dots of unequal
size. The spiracles are orange, with a broad paler border; the first seven are embayed
in the lower end of the lateral bands. From the last oblique band a pale yellowish-
white band connects the upper end of the oblique line with the base of the horn.
The thoracic legs black, with two white rings at the joints; abdominal legs green,
with a black patch at base. Length, 30™™; length of horn, 8™™,

With the preceding species was associated
a young larva, which may possibly be an
earlier stage of the same species. The fol-
lowing description is from life:

Larva.— Head narrowing towards the apex; edge
square, with conical spines, on a pale yellowish band.
Head and body pale green, with yellowish spots on
the thickened portions, either arranged in short lines
or scattered irregularly. Seven short broad oval,
or elongate-oval, pale, oblique purple spots situated Fig. 184.._Ash a fe atheatatee:
near the lower end of the pale yellowish, rather in- a, young? of 164 Bridghain del.
distinct lateral lines. Horn long and slender, pale
reddish, with black spines. All the feet pale, the thoracic ones tipped with roseate.
Length,15™™.

19. Apateledes angelica Grote.

According to Mr. Lintner, “eight or ten of the larvze were collected
at Bath (near Albany) during the early part of September, feeding on
ash (Hraxinus); also by Mr. Meske, at Sharon Springs, on lilac (Syringa
vulgaris). When not eating they usually occurred resting on and closel y
appressed to a twig. The first transformation to a pupa was on Sep-
tember 14. The larva has a marked gastropachan aspect. It is now
for the first time described.

Larva.—Head subrotund, dark brown, the clypeus and two lines on the front
lighter brown. Body with the thoracic segments tapering ; terminal segments taper-

ing and flattened posteriorly ; ventral region flattened; the anal legs projecting be-
hind. Color of the body, gray; numerous fine black linings, anong which may be

550 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

traced two forming a vascular stripe, and two similar lateral stripes on each side.
On segment 1, anteriorly, are four dorsal white lines, posteriorly black ; segment 2
is black anteriorly, behind which are irregular black linings; segment 3 as the pre-
ceding one; on segments 5 and 10 the dorsal black linings assume a V-shape, the
apex resting on the suture and inclosing centrally two yellow-green subelliptical
spots, with a similar spot exterior to each within tbe superior lateral stripe. From
the first segment long whitish-brown hairs project over the head, nearly concealing
it; from the middle of the second and third segments whitish hairs project forward,
of which those on the latter segments are shorter and arranged somewhat in tufts, be-
neath which, when extended, some short stiff red hairs are seen; laterally, below
the stigmata are two rows of fascicles of white hairs of unequal length, mingled with
a few longer brown ones, extended rectangularly with the body until to its middle,
whence the remainder are directed backward; from the terminal segment white and
brown hairs, of greater length than elsewhere on the body, project horizontally,
brush-like, backward; short whitish hairs are scattered sparsely over the body.

(The larva escaped before its description could be completed, and the remainder is
from memory.) On the vascular line on each segment is a tuft of black hairs about
0.06 inch long, the ends of which converge to a point. The prolegs project laterally,
almost hidden by the hairs. Ventrally is a broad fuscous stripe. (Lintner, Ent.
Contr., iii, p. 130.)

20. Gastropacha americana Harris.

While the singular lappet caterpillar is found at times on the apple,
its native food plant is the oak and ash. It may be found on the trees in
September, when it spins its cocoon, the moth appearing in New England
early in the succeeding summer. In Georgia, according to Abbot, it
spins its cocoon in May, the moth appearing the following February.

Larva.—Body large, broad, and flat, with hairs on the side spreading out so as nearly
to conceal the feet, the hairs arising from large lappets hanging from the side of
each segment, the first pair the largest ; upper side of the body gray, variegated with
irregular white spots and sprinkled with fine, black dots; in front are two trans-
verse velvet-like bands of a rich scarlet color, with three black dots on each band ;
under side of the body orange-colored with a row of diamond-shaped black spots ;
length 24 inches.—Harris.

Moth.—When at rest it would be mistaken for a dry, brown, crumpled leaf, the
edges of the hind wings being much notched as are the outer and inner edges of the
fore wings; reddish-brown; beyond the middle of each of the wings is a pale band
edged with zigzag, dark-brown lines; there are also two or three short, irregular,
brown lines running backward from the front edge of the fore wings, besides a min-
ute pale crescent edged with dark-brown, near the middle of thesame. In the female
the pale bands and dark lines are sometimes wanting, the wings being almost
entirely of a red-brown color. The wings expand from 1} to 2 inches. (Harris.)

21. Tischeria quercivorella Cham.

Mr. V. T. Chambers describes this moth (? T. quercitella, Frey, nec
T. quercitella, Clem.) as follows:

I have not seen the specimens from which Frey described his species, nor the single
imperfect one from which Clemens prepared his description. Frey thought his speci-
mens belonged to Clemens’ species, but Frey’s description applies sufficiently well
to the four males and two females before me, and which I can not reconcile with
Clemens’ account of his species. In quercivorella, the face, palpi, and antennz are
very pale lemon-yellow, the vertex being darker, as dark as the forewings. Clemens

DYNASTES TITYUS. 551

says of quercitella, ‘‘antenne, head, labial palpi, dark orange-yellow.” In quercivo-
rella the thorax and forewings are lemon-yellow, with the costal margin more red-
dish, and becoming more so toward the apex, which is reddish-orange and somewhat
dusted with darker scales. Ciemens says of quercitella, ‘‘forewings orange-yellow,
apical portion reddish-brown, dusted with dark brown,” and does not mention the
reddish-orange hue of the costal margin. In quercivorella (both sexes) the dorso-
apical cilia are paler than those of the apex, which, like those of the hind wings
and the entire hind wings themselves, except a fuscous patch at the base, are paie
silvery yellow; this fuscous patch and a similar one on the under side of the fore-
wings are peculiar to the male. In quercitella, Clemens says the hind wings are
‘pale yellowish, becoming reddish-brown toward the apex, and the apical cilia dark
brownish.” This does not appiy to quercivorella at all. Ihave quoted the whole of
Dr. Clemens’ brief description.

In quercivorella the under side of the wings is paler than the upper, and does not
become darker toward the apex, but has the costal margin stained with fuscous on
the forewings. The thorax, abdomen, and legs are pale yellow, as also is the anal
tuft; the front surface of the legs and the under side of the abdomen dusted with
fuscous. Alar expansion scant three-eighths ofaninch. Kenutuckyand Texas. (Bull.
U.S. Geol. Surv., iv, i, p. 97.)

22. Dynasies tityus (Linn.).

The following correspondence shows that this gigantic beetle is at
times destructive to ash leaves.

Its detestable odor and its habits are also described by Mr. Lugger in
Entomologica Americana, ii, 163.

Editors COUNTRY GENTLEMAN:

Isend by mail to-day a box containing several specimens of a hideous and most
offensive beetle which has recently begun its ravages on the ash trees on my lawn,
which I ask the favor of you to submit to Professor Lintner, that through him their
name and character may be learned, and how to free our trees of their presence.
Their odor is so offensive at night that it is disagreeable to sit in the open air.

I learn from my son since writing the above that they are on the forest trees also.

J. W.M.
PERROWVILLE, Va., August 2.

[Answer by Prof. J. A. Lintner, State Entomologist. ]

The above communication is of special interest to me, from its presenting more
strongly than has ever before been brought to my notice the offensive odor given
off by the beetle above noticed—the Dynastes tityus. It belongs to the family of Sca-
rabeidx, which contains’ many species having quite a disagreeable odor, but very
few, if any, have the penetration and pungency of this. Where a large number are
congregated, I can well imagine that the atmosphere in their vicinity may become
quite unpleasant to the nostrils, for even the dead bodies of half a dozen sent me,
although occupying a place, as I am writing upon an open piazza, at a distance of
several yards from me, and after having been exposed to the air throughout the
night, have rendered their vicinage quite intolerable to some of the unscientific
members of my family who had been sitting with me.

The beetle, although horrid in the eyes of the gentleman communicating it, is to
the entomologist, from its size, form, and ornamentation, a beautiful and attractive
specimen of the Coleoptera. The largest male before me (I have seen larger exam-
ples) is 2.5 inches long (3.5 with leys extended), 1.1 inches across the wing-covers,
and 0.8 of an inch in thickness of body. The shape of the female is nearly that of
the common grapevine beetle, the Pelidnota punctata, but the male is armed anteri-
orly with two black horns, a half-inch or more in length, the upper one being a hori-

552 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

zontal projection of the front part of the thorax, and the lower curving upward from
the crown of the head. Beneath the color is black, while the thorax and wing-covers
are of a pale olive-brown, the latter
dotted irregularly with black spots of
various sizes, of which some of the
largest are ocellated. The legs are
shining black, and are armed with
horns and spines.

The grub which produces the beetle
fortunately is not to be numbered
among our insect pests, as it only at-
tacks, so far as my knowledge of its
habits extends, decaying trees. It is
of not infrequent occurrence in the
State from which these examples were
sent, and in other Southern States. It
is rarely met with in Pennsylvania,
and has never, I believe, been found
in the State of New York. Dr. Fitch
includes the species among those affect-
ing the cherry tree. The beetles feed
upon the leaves of various trees, to
which from their voraciousness, when
numerous, they prove very destruc-
tive. When they attack our shade and ornamental trees their ravages may be
checked by applications of Paris green or London purple to the leaves by a force
pump, or by jarring them from the branches and destroying them when they fall.

Fic. 185.—Dynastes tityus.—After Riley.

23. Thysanocnemis fraxini Le Conte.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CURCULIONID.

All that we know of the habits of this weevil is Dr. Le Conte’s remark:
‘Several females collected by Mr. Pettit on ash trees in Canada.”
(Rhynchophora, 214.) He states that Thysanocnemis is “a singular
genus somewhat resembling Anthonomus in appearance, but known at
once by the front tibiz of the male being broader than usual, sinuate,
and densely fringed on the inner side with long hair.” He describes the
species as follows:

Beetle.—Ferruginous, clothed with yellow hair. Beak finely punctured, obso-
letely striate. Prothorax densely punctured. Elytra with punctured striw, and
slightly convex, nearly smooth interspaces; with a broad transverse band occupying
the middle third, and dilated at the margin, less densely pubescent, and of a darker
color. Length, 3.7™™ (,15 inch).,

24. THE ASH GALL-LOUSE.

Pemphigus fraxinifolii Thomas.
Order HEMIPTERA; family APHIDS.
Dr. Bundy, from whom the specimens were obtained, says Professor
Thomas in his third annual report, 1879, p. 146, furnishes the following
note in reference to them, made at the time they were discovered :

On ash, June, Sauk City, Wis. On the under surface of much deformed, crumpled
leaves. Female; abdomen dirty green, somewhat darker at the base, sprinkled with

ASH SCALE-INSECTS. 553

mealy-white grains at the apex; head, thorax, eyes, antenn, and legs dingy black;
wings pale, unmarked. The particular species of ash (Fraxinus) which it inhabits
Dr. Bundy has not informed me.

Since the above was written Professor Bundy has furnished the following item:
“Found on F. quadrangulata, Mx. Leaves much twisted and deformed, especially at
the end of infested twigs, but no gall proper.”

Winged individuals.—Anterior wings with the third discoidal vein simple, arising
from the second vein, a short distance from the base of the latter, rnnning almost.
directly outward toward the apex of the wing; second vein also very oblique and
arising very close to the first vein; first vein somewhat dim, subobsolete, slightly
curving outward as it approaches the margin of the wing; fourth vein curves very
slightly near the base, the remainder being almost straight. Stigma semi-opaque,
elongate-rhomboidal, sides nearly parallel, ends with about the same slope; length
about three times the width. Subcostal vein quite prominent, somewhat distant.
from the costa, curving slightly inward or backward where the two branch veins
arise. Antenne short, reaching but slightly beyond the end of the thorax; third
joint longest, nearly equal tofourth and fifth; fourth slightly shorter than the sixth ;
sixth with a small spur at the tip. Posterior wings with two discoidal veins which
arise from the same point. Color of winged specimen after long immersion in
alcohol: head dark, prothorax pale, thoracic lobes dark; abdomen pale dull yellow,
with marginal sutures dark in some specimens; wings transparent, with a slight
tinge of milky white; veins very delicate and generally pale. Length of body
about .07 inch.

Wingless specimen.— Very broadly ovate, length in some scarcely exceeding the
widest point ; antennz very short; eyes quite small; dark. (Thomas.)

25. Aspidiotus ancylus Putnam.

This species is said by Professor Comstock to infest many plants;
he has found it upon the ash, beech, bladder nut, hackberry, linden,
maple, oak, osage orange, peach, and water-locust. The following
account is taken from Professor Comstock’s report as U.S. Entomoi-
ogist, for 1880:

Scale of female.—The scale of the female is usually slightly wider than long, al-
though nearly circular, with the exuvie laterad of the center, and covered with a
thin layer of excretion. This film is white, but it is easily removed, leaving the
brick-red exuvize exposed. That part of the scale immediately surrounding the
exuvie is dark gray, almost black ; the margin of the scale is light gray ; the whole
scale has a reddish tinge. It measures about 1.4™™ in length and 1.3™™ in width.
Ventral scale white and very delicate.

Female.—The female is pale yellowish or pale orange in color, marked with trans-
lucent spots. The outline of the body before oviposition is ovate, but becomes more
or less circular after the insect begins to oviposit. The last segment presents the
following characters:

There are four or five groups of spinnerets. The anterior group, when present,
varies from a single spinneret to six, but it rarely consists of more than three; the
anterior laterals vary from six to fourteen; the posterior laterals vary from five to
eight.

Only one pair of lobes present, these are large; each is notched at about the middle
of the lateral margin ; occasionally there is a small notch near the end of the lobe on
the mesal margin.

There are two incisions of the margin of the ventral surface on each side of the
meson, one just laterad of the lobe, and one laterad of the second spine. The part of
the body wall bounding these incisions is conspicuously thickened.

554 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

There are two plates caudad of each incision; these plates are usually simple, but
are sometimes toothed; occasionally there is a third plate in one or more of these
places. There are three to four irregular slender plates between the third and fourth
pairs of spines. The first, second, and third pairs of spines are situated as in allied
species ; the fourth pair is at two-thirds the distance from the lobes to the penulti-
mate segment. Described from five specimens from maple, two from peach, seven
from osage orange, twelve from hackberry, fifteen from ash, and eleven from Staphyllea
trifoliata.

Variety.—A form of Aspidiotus was found, the scales of which I am unable to dis-
tinguish from those of A. ancylus; but the last segment of the female presents the
following difference from the typical form of this species: There are no plates be-
tween the third and fourth pairs of spines; and the vaginal opening is mesad the
anterior spinnerets of the posterior lateral groups, instead of the posterior members
of the same groups. The variation in the number of the spinnerets is greater in my
specimens of the variety than in those of the typical form, there being 1n some cases
seventeen on the anterior laterals, and nine in the posterior laterals. Described
from twenty-one specimens from linden, eleven from beech, eighteen from oak, and
four from water-locust.

Scale of male.-—The scale of the male resembles that of the female in color, but is
smaller and more elongated. Length 1.2™™, width 0.6™™,

Male.—The male is easily distinguished from all other species known to us by the
small size of its wings. We have bred numerous specimens from seven species of
plants: Maple, Staphyllea, hackberry, ash, osage orange, peach, and water-locust.
These males show considerable variation, and for a time I believed that I had two
species. In each the color of the body is orange yellow; in the former, which was
bred from peach, the thoracic band is dark brown, and the distal joints of the antennz
are not enlarged; in the latter, which was bred from ash, the thoracic band is of the
same color as the remainder of the body, and the distal joints of the antenne are con-
spicuously enlarged. These two forms shade into each other, and each was bred
from plants which were infested by the typical females only.

Habitat.—Davenport, Iowa (Putnam), Washington, and western New York, Dis-
trict of Columbia. (Comstock.)

26. THE ASH GALL-MITE,

Phytoptus fraxini Garman.

Class ARACHNIDA; order ACARINA.

In Mr. S. A. Forbes’ twelfth report as State Entomologist of Illinois,
Mr. H. Garman describes two gall-mites found on the ash, the first of
which produces galls on the leaves of the green ash, Fravinus viridis,
Michx.

The light-green color of these galls so strongly contrasts with the dark leaves that
the latter appear at a little distance to be spotted with light. It is a depressed wart-
like gall. The center of its cavity is about in the
plane of the leaf, as the projection above and be-
low is nearly equal. The outer surface is vari-
ously indented, in some cases as if with the finger-
nail. The outline seen from above is elongate,
circular, or quite irregular. The opening beneath
is a slit, surrounded by a raised lip clothed with
white hairs. One or more folds with many-

S

Fic. 186.—Vertical section of a Phy-
toptus gall from a leaf of the green ash 5 ‘ ; ’
(Fraxinus viridis). After Garman. celled hairs at their free edges project into the

interior, dividing it into more or less perfect com-
partments. The median of these folds is usually largest, and sometimes reaches the

ASH GALL-MITES. 555

bottom of the cavity just over the opening. Side folds may be formed from the
primary ones. The largest gall measured was .13 inch in diameter and .13 inch in
height, measuring the projection on both sides of the leaf. Dr. F. A. W. Thomas
describes a still more peculiar gall from a European Fraxinus. This gali was
abundant in central Illinois during the summer of 1880 and 1881.

The Mite.—This is a very finely striate species, the strie# numbering from 73 to 81.
In one example 70 strie were counted, but as in others the number was so uniformly
above 70, a mistake may have been made in counting. The feather-like appendage
has two pairs of widely divergent prongs. An example mounted in glycerine meas-
ures .048™™ in length. Eggs and young occur in June.

27. Phytoptus sp.

This species produces galls on the leaves of the white ash, Fraxinus
americana Linn.

The gall resembles very closely that on Fraxinus viridis. Like that
it projects equally above and below the leaf. The upper and under
surfaces have a slight clothing of white hairs. The walls are thick and
are produced into the cavity. The height, measuring that above and
below the leaf, is about .085 inch, and the diameter is about the same.

A very peculiar cecidium, quite different in character from the above,
was also found on the white ash, but no Phytoptus was foundinit. It
consisted of innumerable small, deformed leaves and twigs which had
been prevented from developing by the mites. The whole mass dries
up and remains on the trees during the winter, at that time resembling
a fungoid growth. ‘

Both of these Cecidii occurred at Bloomington, IIl., in June, 1881.

Strie from 53 to 58. Feather-like appendage with two pairs of prongs. Length

.007 inch. The hairs on the underside of the cephalothorax are easily seen in this
species. (H. Garman.)

The following insects also occur on the ash:

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

28. Papilio turnus Linn. (Miss C. G. Soule, Can. Ent. xviii, p. 139.)

29. Papilis glaucus Linn., on Fraxinus of all species.

30. Sphinx kalmie Abbot and Smith. (Lintner, Ent. Contr. i, p. 188.)

31. Smerinthus geminatus Say. (Psyche, ii, p. 72.)

32. Callimorpha suffusa Smith (Marlatt, Trans. Kans. Acad. Se., 1887-88,
p. 113.)

33. Spilosoma virginica Fabr. (Riley’s MS. notes.)

34. Halesidota maculata Harris. (Harris’ Correspondence, p. 290.)

35. Halesidota carye Harris. (Ohio, Pilate.)

36. Platysamia cecropia (Linn.) (Riley’s MS. notes.)

37. Telea polyphemus (Cram.). (W. Brodie, Canada.)

38. Callosamia promethea (Drury).

39. Hyperchiria io (Fabr.).

556 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

40.

41.
42,
43.

44,

45.

46.

Clisiocampa sylvatica Harris. (Can. Ent., ix, p. 159; Riley, Third
Missouri Rt., p. 126.)

Apatela americana Harris. (Thaxter, Papilio, iii, p. 17.)

Apatela luteicoma G. and R. (Thaxter, Papilio, iii, p. 17.)

Paleacrita vernata (Peck). (On black ash, John Sears, in Packard’s
Monog. of Geometrid Moths, p. 404.)

Order DIPTERA.

Cecidomyia pellex O. Sacken. (Monogr., i, p. 199. Galls on leaves
of American ash, F. americana.)

Order HEMIPTERA.

Neoforus petitii Uhler. This bug occurred in different stages of
development on the leaves of the white ash at Rangeley, Maine,
September 5and 6. The specimens were submitted to Dr. Uhler,
who writes that there were three varieties among those sent, and
that the species has not yet been described, though it is a com-
mon Canadian insect.

Order COLEOPTERA.

Cryphalus asperulus Sec. Proc. Brit. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiv, 206..

CHAPTER XI.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE WILLOW.
Salix of different species.

The willows harbor a very large insect population, and form the
original food-plant of a number of the species at present living at the
expense of our fruit trees.

The number of species in Europe which live upon the willow
is said by Kaltenbach to amount to 396. Of this number 94 are Cole-
optera, 214 are Lepidoptera, of Hymenoptera there are 40 species, all
of them saw-flies eating the leaves; of flies (Diptera) there are 21
species, all with three exceptions gall-flies (Cecidomyiz), while the re-
mainder consists of Hemiptera, of which 27 kinds are enumerated,
nearly all of these being Aphids and bark lice.

It is to be observed that in Europe, as in this country, the number
of borers is rather small, willows perhaps ordinarily not being exposed
to their attacks, though this may be the result of imperfect observa-
tion. Out of 94 kinds of beetles Kaltenbach enumerates about 12
Cerambycide or wood-borers, and only two or three bark-borers, while
the greater number of the beetles he enumerates are leaf-beetles. In-
deed, the large number of leaf-beetles and saw-flies which prey upon
the foliage of willows, both in the old and new World, is a noteworthy
fact.

The number of species of willow insects we enumerate amounts to
186, and there is little doubt but that. the number will be greatly in-
creased by future observations.

AFFECTING THE TRUNK.
1. Xylotrechus annosus (Say).

In the month of April Mr. Coquillett cut down a willow tree and di-
vided it up into “sled-lengths,” when no traces of borers could be
seen; but early in March of the following year, while cutting this wood

557

558 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

for the stove, he found it to be infested with the larvee of some species
of longicorn beetle, and placing some of the sticks in one of his breed-
ing cages, where it remained undisturbed until the 7th of May following,
he found that nearly all the grubs had assumed the pupa state; two
weeks later none but perfect beetles were found. From
this he inferred that this species requires only one year
to complete its transformations.

Beetle.—Black, with short gray hairs; a triangular carina between
the eyes. Body black, covered with short, gray, prostrate hairs;
head with a grooved prominence between the eyes, terminating in
a short carina; antenne but little longer than the thorax; the
latter with a naked dorsal stripe; elytra with the hair more densely
arranged in some parts, so as to exhibit the appearance of small
spots, which are arranged in two bands, in each of which are two
spots on each side; the second band is on the middle; near the tip
are one or two common spots; tip entire. Length nearly half an
inch. (Say.)

Fic. 187.—Xylotre- 2. Pogonocherus mixtus Haldeman.
chus annosus.— _

Seana That this lougicorn bores in the willow has been ob-

served by Mr. F. B. Caulfield (Can. Ent., xiii, 1881, p. 60), as will be
seen by the following extract:

In June, 1873, while collecting in a small swamp on Montreal Mountain, I caught
a specimen of Pogonocherus mixtus Hald. on my coat-sleeve, and as the insect was
new to me, I commenced a search for others. Upon examining a dead branch of a
small willow growing close by, I found that it had been extensively bored by some
smallinsect. The part attacked was about three feet from the trunk, and at this
place the branch for about 12 inches was full of holes, from which the insects
had escaped. Not finding them, I searched further along the branch, and near its
extremity, where it was reduced to the thickness of a twig, I found a number of the
above-named species. They were lying on the branch with their bodies pressed
closely against it, and in this position could with difficulty be distinguished from
the withered buds. I observed several pairs in coitu, but none of the females were
ovipositing. Tey appeared to be very sluggish, lying almost motionless, although
the sun was shining brightly. Having bottled all that were to be seen, I cut off the
branch where it had been perforated, and found a number of the beetles in it, but
neither larva nor pupa.

3. SAPERDA ON THE WILLOW.

Plates X XI, Fig. 4; X XII, Fig. 4, represent a larva found by Dr. Wat-
son in the willow. It is 16™™ in length; prothoracic segment 3™™ wide.
A pair of prothoracic spiracles and the usual eight pairs of abdominal
ones. Antenne 4-jointed; labrum as long as broad; maxille with
the lobe very large, extending far beyond the palpi, which are small
and 3-jointed. Labium broad and short; palpi short, 3-jointed. Man-
dibles rounded at tip.

WILLOW CATERPILLARS. 559

4. Buprestis fasciata Fabr.

Mr. George Hunt informs us that he has
found an elytron of this beautiful beetle under
the bark of the willow in Northern New York
in July.

INJURING THE LEAVES.
5. Thecla? sp.

The larva lives in an oval chamber between
two leaves, the upper leaf being concave over
the site of the caterpillar.

A caterpillar of a Thecla ? occurred on the
willow September 3, at Brunswick, Me.

Larva.—Head deeply divided on the vertex, much
narrower than the body; pale horn color, with short Fic. 188.—Buprestis fasciata.
hairs; black around the eyes and mouth-parts, also on Smith del.
the occiput, this black stripe usually concealed by the
prothoracic segment. Body broad oval cylindrical, pale pea-green, with a slightly
frosted appearance, due to numerous fine close white dots; two whitish subdorsal
lines, fading out on the supra-anal plate. On the under side of the body are white,
short, unequal hairs. Thoracic feet greenish, amber at tip. Length 17 to 18™™.

6. Thanaos sp.

This Hesperian caterpillar occurred on the willow at Brunswick,
Me., August 20. (See p. 459.)

Larva.—Like that on the aspen, but the head is not so wide and is rather fuller,
and entirely dull black. Otherwise the body, the color, the widely-separated sub-
dorsal white lines, and the white granulations are the same. Length, 13™™.

7. Sphinx luscitiosa Clemens.

Rey. Mr. Hulst states, according to Professor Fernald, that this rare
species has been bred from the willow, but the larva has not yet been
described, and nothing, more is known of its habits.

Moth.—Head and sides of thorax gray. Back part of the head above and the upper
part of the thorax black, the latter with a few blue and gray scales on the back part.
A broad brown stripe extends from the middle of the palpi back under the wings.
The abdomen is dull ocher-yellow (gray in the females), with a black line along the
middle and a black band broken by dull yellowish white on the edges of the seg-
ments along each side. The under side of thorax and abdomen is pale gray. The
forewings are pale brown, with the margins sooty black. The band on the outer
margin is narrower towards the apex, and has the inner edge wavy. More or less of
the veins are black, and a black line extends in along the middle of the cell from
the whitish discal dot. This line is double at first, but the two parts unite inwardly.
A short black dash rests on the intervenular spaces as far as the apex, the last form-
ing the oblique apical streak. Fringes black. The hind wings are bright ocher-
yellow (grayish in the females), with a broad black terminal border and a faint

560 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

indication of a central band. Fringes yellowish. The under side of all the wings is
dull ocher-yellow, with broad terminal black bands. In the female all the yellow is
replaced by dull gray. Expanse of wings, from 2} to 3 inches.

8. Smerinthus excecatus (Abbot and Smith).

This hawk-moth we have found in the egg and different larval stages
on the willow at Brunswick through July and August. Some indi-
viduals became much belated. A specimen found at Providence, Sep-
tember 28, pupated October 1, and the moth appeared during the last
week of the following June.

Larva.—Head conical, granulated, with a yellow (sometimes a white) line meeting at
the apex; seven oblique lateral yellowish lines on each side, from the middle of the first
one (which is fainter than the others) a line passes forward to the front edge of the
prothoracic segment, converging towards its oppo-
site line; the last line is broadest and most dis-
tinct, reaching to the base of the caudal horn,
which is lilac green ; spiracles deep lilac or black ;
thoracic feet’ lilac and reddish. Length, .45™™,

In the stage before the last, length, 25™™,—The
body is more closely granulated; the lateral
stripes less distinct; the thoracic segments not
so small in proportion to the head, and there is a
subdorsal double row of reddish spots; the apex
of the head is discolored with reddish, while the
coarsely granulated caudal horn is yellowish in the
middle and reddish at the end. On the side near the base of the abdominal legs is a
dark reddish-brown spot.

Fic. 189—Smerinthus excecatus — Le
Conte del.

9. Halesidota agassizii Packard.

Mr. Stretch has in California reared this species (now believed by Mr.
Henry Edwards to be the same as H. maculata Harris) from the willow.
I copy his description of the larva, as it appears to differ from our larva
in being usually black. What he describes as a variety is like a larva
of H. maculata we have found on the sycamore.

The cocoon is obtusely oval, tolerably compact and composed chiefly
of the hairs from the body of the caterpillar, with but a smail amount
of silk in its composition. The larva is double-brooded, and feeds on
the willow; the first brood appears on the wing in June, the second
being full-fed about the middle of October, and disclosed from the
pupa early in the spring.

H. agassizii differs from the other species of the genus found in the
United States, in the absence of all tendency to semi-transparency in
the anterior wings, such as appears in the thinly scaled tessellaris and
edwardsii ; or to silvery markings, as in the case of carye and argen-
tata ; the costa is also less rounded at the apex than in any of the
species mentioned, but the larval characters clearly retain it in the

genus.
Larva.—Head, body, and prolegs entirely black. Abdominal legs pale dirty yel-

WILLOW CATERPILLARS. 561

low. Body slightly depressed, densely clothed with evenly cut velvety black hairs,
except on the seventh and eighth segments which are bright lemon yellow, with a
small black dorsal lozenge-shaped patch of black on each. The caputal and anal
segments have numerous slender pencils of pale yellow hairs, much longer than the
general clothing of the body, in this respect resembling the larva of H. tessellaris but
differing from that of H. edwardsii, where these pencils do not occur.

Variety.—In some instances the black hairs are confined to the two anal and two
caputal segments, all the remainder of the body being yellow, with black dorsal
patches as in the type.

10. Halesidota maculata (Harris).

The eastern H. maculata occurred on the willow at Brunswick, Me.,
August 30. Some had four black pencils on the front of the body, in-
stead of two as Harris describes.

11. THE WILLOW TUSSOCK MOTH.

Orgyia definita Packard.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family Bombycide.

Mr. Otto Seifert has reared this moth, and kindly given me his notes,
which are presented below. The original specimen from which my de-
scription was drawn up was somewhat rubbed, hence the description is
imperfect. Mr. R. Thaxter has bred the insect and given me fresh
specimens, and I am also indebted to Mr. Seifert for two very well
preserved males and a female.

£ggs found September 10 on willow, Catskills, Big Indian Valley. They are apple-
shaped, opaque, smooth, of cream color, glued together in a cluster about one-half
inch long and seven-tenths inch broad. Eggs commenced to hatch May 19.

Young larve are greenish, much laced (on account of developing protuberances),
head yellowish or pinkish white with a black, eye-like sput on each side, mouth-parts
light brown.

First molt, May 26; second, May 31; third, June 2 and 3; fourth, June 8; fifth,
(2); transforming June 18. Imagines from July 1 to 8.

They molt five times, are very voracious, and feed only on different species of willow
(fed in New York with weeping willow).

Full-grown larva.—Length from 2 to 2.5 centimeters. Ground color whitish-green,
head whitish-yellow with two black spots. A deep black dorsal band, on three first
segments only indicated by black spots, from fourth to eleventh segments uninter-
rupted. Legsand head hairy, the hair tufts are sulphur-yellow, arranged fan-like.
Two long black ornamented hair-brushes on first segment and a dense black tuft on
eleventh segment dorsally.

Cocoon of the same delicate sulphur-yellow color, and is made of a large outer one
and a more dense inner one.

Pupa light sulphur-yellow, retaining the eye-like black spots on the head. This
insect shows wonderfully the development of the imago in the almost transparent
shell.

There is in the middle of the black band on the dorsum of the ninth and tenth
segments each a yellowish white knob-like excrescence.

The young larva, when hatched, stay for a few days on the egg-shells, eating every
trace left of the glue and egg-shells, only leaving the web.

5 ENT——36

562 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The arrangement of warts and tufts is like all the other species, of which this
seems to be the most delicate and the larva the plainest in color, having no other
color than the greenish-yellow ground color, the sulphur-yellow vestiture and black
dorsal band and brushes.

The moth.—Male. Differs from O. leucostigma by the more rounded, less angular
subcostal bend of the extradiscal line; while the same line towards the inner edge
of the wing is more angular. The two blackish costal slashes are much longer in
definita and these are succeeded by two or three long slashes pointed inwards, and
these by a series of pointed dots in the median interspaces. The submarginal white
sinuous and wavy line, sometimes so distinct in leucostigma, is obscure in definita, but
the white lunule is equally distinct in both species. In other respects the two species
are much alike, and are of the same size. Expanse of wings 30 to 31™™,

12. Ichthyura palla French,

The caterpillars of this moth were found feeding on willows in south-
ern Illinois through the most of September, resting in an inclosure
formed of several leaves fastened together at the ends of the twigs,
but no more than half a dozen occurred in a nest. Those put in breed-
ing cages pupated before the middle of October; the moths appeared
in the following April and May.

The moth is related to J. inclusa Hiibn. and J. ornata G. and R.; more
nearly to the latter in size and coloration, but differs from both in
several particulars. Besides size and color, it differs from J. inclusa in
the coloring of its larva. It differs from J. ornata in the color of the
scales sprinkled over the forewings, the color of the spots outside the
fourth line, and the continuation of that line, as it is set here partially
obsolete opposite the disc, as well as in some other points. The apices
are no more produced than in J. inclusa, nor is the costa more bent
(French). We would add that judging from two specimens received
from Professor French we are inclined to think that this is a variety of
I. inelusa Hiibner.

Larva.--Length 1.25 inches when crawling; body nearly cylindrical, two black
tubercles, close together, on the top of third and eleventh segments. On the back are
four bright but narrow yellow lines alternating with narrow black ones. Thestigmatal
line is black; above this, or the subdorsal space, an irregular alternation of black
and white. Below the stigmata a narrow yellow line; below this, or the substig-
matal space, the body is flesh-colored. Head shining black. A few gray hairs scat-
tered over the body. (French.)

The moth.—Length of body .56; expanse of wings 1.10 inches. General color of
body and forewings pale gray, the latter rather sparsely sprinkled with dark brown
scales. Palpi brown above, scarcely projecting beyond the head, third joint con-
cealed by the hairs of the others. Front slightly brownish, a tuft of pale gray scales
at the base of each antenna, the usual deep brown mark from the antenne to the top
of the thoracic crest. Forewings with the usual transverse lines almost white. The
basal line makes a bend outward on the median vein ; from this it goes in a straight
course to the submedian vein; from this to the posterior or inner margin it curves a
little outward. A second line extends from the costa about one-fourth of the distance
from the base obliquely to the posterior margin, near the posterior angle. A third
line passes straight across the wing from the posterior margin to the second, a little
below the median vein, The fourth begins as a white spot on the costa a little more
than two-thirds of the distance from the base, and joins the second on the posterior

- WILLOW CATERPILLARS. 563

margin, making the usual ‘* ” asin theallied species. The fourth line is slightly
- S-shaped initscostal third. Outside the fourth line is a subterminal, somewhat zigzag
row of black spots, some of which are often faint or obsolete. In the discal cell there
is usually a faint oblique line that seems to be a continuation of the third line, though
it does not reach the costa, and the end of the cell sometimes appears like a short
line. There are three oblique shades of bruwnish olive, more or less distinct, that
cross the wing parallel to the second line; the first, beginning on the costa inside
the basal line, faintly borders that line to the submedian vein, and is seen below that
vein on the third line; the second, outside the second line through its whole course,
is darkest next the line; the third from both sides of the fourth line to the middle of
the outer border faint, except along the line. Just outside the S-part of the fourth
line are three grayish-yellow spots with a few reddish-brown scales. Hind wings
pale smoky gray with a faint whitish line from the fourth of the forewings to the
anal angle. Beneath, the forewings are about the color of the hind wings above,
pale along the costa and terminally; the hind wings are paler with a dark transverse
line. (French, Can. Ent., xiv, p. 33.)

13. Euclea penulata (Clemens).

This caterpillar has been found feeding on the willow September 19,
by Professor French, who states that it pupated September 30 in the
manner usual to the genus, the moth appearing June 17.

Larva.—In general outline somewhat elliptical, the sides and the back tapering
from the middle to both ends. Length when fuil grown, .56 inch; width and
height, in the middle, nearly .25 inch. Back dull purplish brown. A fine dorsal
line and a broader one on each side, which alternately expands and contracts, of dull
purplish orange. On each joint, except the twelfth, is a pair of impressed spots,
which appear whitish when seen in certain lights. A subdorsal orange ridge with
spiny tubercles which are concolorous with the ridges, except that between the
last two there is a shorter black tubercle without spines; the second and third from
each end of the body are larger than the others. A similar tubercled ridge is found
in the region of the stigmata, except that it does not contain any black tubercles.
Subdorsal space dull purplish orange, bordered above and below with purplish
brown, each joint containing two whitish impressed spots similar to those on the
dorsal space ; below the lower line of tubercles dull orange. (French.)

Moth.—Body dark reddish brown. Forewings dark reddish brown along all the
borders, with a large, central pea-green patch, extending from the base of the wing
to the subterminal portion, bordered narrowly on the inner side and behind with
white, and deeply indented opposite the middle of the inner margin, where there
is a bright brown patch in the reddish-brown border. Hind wings yellowish brown.
(Clemens. )

14. Notodonta stragula Grote.
(Larva, Pl. v, fig. 1.)

This singular caterpillar was found August 25, at Brunswick, Me.,
by Mr. H. H. Wilder. It has the peculiarity of raising and depressing
the two large dorsal horns in the middle of the body; when at rest
they are depressed, appearing simply as humps; when erect they are
somewhat larger and evaginated, with their pseudojoints like those of
a telescope; probably they serve to frighten away ichneumons. My
Specimens molted for the last time August 31.

564 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Larva before last molt.—Head large oval, flattened in front, narrowing towards the
vertex, which is slightly bilobed ; the head is wider than the thoracic segments ; the
body is thickest on the second and third abdominal segments, on each of which is a
thick fleshy conical soft tubercle, the apex falling over backwards; they may be
elevated and somewhat enlarged or depressed, the anterior tubercle the larger of the
two; the body is much humped dorsally on the eighth segment; supra-anal plate
smooth, much rounded; the anal legs slender, not nearly so thick as the other
abdominal legs. General color pearly glaucous whitish gray, somewhat marbled
with brown; head of the same color, marbled with brown; a broad faint lateral band
shaded behind with white. A brown dorsal line extends from behind the head to
apex of second tubercle on third abdominal segment; thence a faint vascular line
extends to end of supra-anal plate. The hump on eighth segment pale rust yellow-
ish-red on sides, deeper above in the middle. A pale pinkish stigmatal line.
Length, 20™™.

Mature larva.—Does not differ except in size from previous stage. Under side of
body dusky; the pale lilac lateral line sends a branch down the middle of the feet
on the sixth abdominal segment. Length, 40™™. For description of the moth see
p. 456.

15. Schizura unicornis (Abbot and Smith).

This species is common both on the willow and thorn late in August
in Maine. August 28 one had spun a slight cocoon, but up to Septem-
ber 4 had not pupated.

The dorsal hump is not so soft and retractile or sensitive as in the
larva of the following species :

Larva.—Has a shorter smaller dorsal retractile than in Celodasys. Thoracic seg-
ments pea-green; the dorsal -shaped mark on the seventh segment is prolonged to

the front edge of the sixth segment, this part really forming a separate narrow V, in’

front of the apex, of which on each fourth and fifth segments isa dusky brown patch,
between the reddish-brown piliferous warts. Length, 25™™,
Before the last molt the larva is the same as mature form. Length, 15 to 18™™,

16, Schizura larva.
(livastiowas)

Several caterpillars of this species were found on the willow at Bruns-
wick, August 25, by Mr. H. H. Wilder. This caterpillar has a retractile
horn (much more slender and retractile than in the one on thorn bush)
on the first abdominal segment, which may be partially telescoped in-
wards or invaginated, forming three false joints, and the fork at the
end is composed of two movable piliferous slender tubercles which
slightly diverge more or less.

Larva.—Head very large, high, narrowing and bilobed above; on first abdominay
segment an unusually high horn or soft tubercle, forked at the end, the horn
itself being extensible; on the eighth abdominal segment a high double conical tu-
bercle; anal legs slender, as usual in the genus; abdominal segments 2 to 7 with two
dorsal piliferous warts, those on fourth and fifth segments much larger than the
others. Body rust-red, pale green on the side of the three thoracic segments and
edged above with white; on the back, between the first and third, there is a broad
diffuse whitish lilac band; a distinct large V-shaped yellowish-white mark on the
seventh abdominal segment; and two concolorous dots below the seventh pair of
abdominal spiracles. Length, 20™™,

a a ee

np WILLOW CATERPILLARS, 565

17. Cerura occidentalis Lintner.
(Larva, Pl. x1, fig. 7.)

The caterpillars of this moth were found feeding on willows (Salix
nigra) by Prof. G. H. French, at Carbondale, Il., from September 9 to
‘October 5. The moths began to appear the following season from April
30 to June 3.

Larva.—Length when fully grown, 1.25 to the fork of the tail. Body slightly en-
larged in front and somewhat compressed. In about the middle of the prothoracic
segment is a prominent projection on each side, the body sloping from these down to
the rather small head; there is but little sloping from the back to segment 9;
from this there is a rapid sloping to the anal segment, this ending in the two usual
caudal filaments; when withdrawn these are a little more than a quarter of an inch
long, but may be extended to three-quarters. Clear bright green, sides spotted with
clear purple brown, the spots round the stigmata and at the base of the thoracic and
abdominal legs the largest. The back is marked with lilac, varying in shade, and
arranged as follows: From the two small contiguous tubercles on the back of joint
2to the head is asomewhat diamond-shaped space, the broadest part at the sub-
dorsal tubercles on the prothoracic segment. From the tubercles on this segment to
those on the next, the lilac is bordered by bright brownish purple with a white line;
outside of this, in the middle of this diamond, is a little green shading. From the
tubercles on the second joint from the head to the end of the body is another parti-
colored space, lighter than the anterior one. This gradually expands so as to in-
clude the stigmata on segment 7, then decreases in width to the anterior part of the
anal segment, expanding a little in the middle of this, but contracting again at its
posterior part. The lilac of this is like the first, considerably suffused with green on
the back, and is bordered with brownish purple and white, though the colors are a
little lighter posteriorly. These two dorsal patches are not continuous, but are sep-
arated on the second segment by a distinct though small patch of green. The pos-
terior projections are mostly brownish purple, though with somewhat greenish an-
nulations, and when extended a ring of white near the extremity. Head dark lilac.
Previous to the last molt the tubercles on the prothoracic segment (‘‘ joint 1”) were
covered with little spines. (French, Can. Ent., xiii, p. 144.)

18. Cerura cinerea Walker.

This species has been found feeding on the willow by Mr. Elliot, of
New York.

Larva.—Pale apple green; head brown; second and third segment also with a
brown triangular patch not united to the brown dorsal patch. On the second seg-
ment are two raised rough processes, like horns, brown in color. Commencing on
the fourth and continuing to the last segment is a brown patch, a mere point on seg-
ment 4, spreading out diagonally on 6 and 7, narrowing on 8, a little wider on 9,
narrowing again on 10, and wider on 11 and 12. The anal segment is furnished with
long filaments alternately brown and green. The lateral green spaces have a number
of rather small reddish spots, and on the dorsal brown patch are some small rough-
ened tubercles. Length, 1.30 inches. The younger stages are of a paler color in all
parts, without any perceptible difference in the markings. (Edwards and Elliot,
Papilio, iii, p. 130.)

Moth.—Forewings and thorax more ashy and dusky than in any of the other
species; the broad median ashy band not being so distinct as in the other species,
since it is but little darker than on both sides of it; the outer margin, also, instead
of being clear white or nearly so, is of the same dull ashy hue as the median band.

566 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Hind wings white, with a distinct discal dot, and a series of marginal intervenular
dots. Abdomen ashy, not ringed with white as in multisciipta. Expanse of wings,
a4mm,

19. Cerura multiscripta Riley.

The eggs are said by Professor Riley to be hemispherical and pale
yellowish green, while those of C. borealis differ in being jet-black.
The caterpillar is closely similar to that of C. borealis. (Riley.)

Mr. F. Tepper found the larva of this fine
moth on the willow July 30; a male imago
emerged August 30 and a female September
30. (Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soce., i, p. 4.) No
description of the larva was published.

Moth.—Without the broad median band of C.

— borealis, occidentalis, and albicoma. Forewings
Fic. 190.—Oerura multiscripta. Atter crossed by eight usually well-defined lines; the
Riley. third and fourth lines so meet as to form five more

or less complete ringlets; all the lines are scalloped,
the outer three being nearly parallel. There is a large well-marked discal ringlet.
Hind wings of the females dusky, those of the male white; in both sexes the black
spots on the edge of the hind wings are distinct; in this respect the species differs
from Walker’s scitiscripta, of which I have two specimens from Florida. It is not
improbable, however, that the two species will be eventually united. Expanse of
wings, 27 to 32™™ (1-14 inches).

20. Cerura-like larva.

Late in August this caterpillar was found on the willow at Bruns-
wick, Me.

Larva.—Body somewhat flattened in‘front ; head very large and broad, flattened in
front and wider than the body; prothoracic segment very wide, with two fronto-
lateral spines, bearing thick short spinules. The body ends in two long filaments,
broadly ringed with brown; they are as long as the body behind the head, and
spinulated. Two supra-anal tubercles ending in hairs. A short, broad trapezoid
of four rounded tubercles. Body yellowish green; head, prothoracic segment above,
and seven abdominal segments reddish brown.

21. Apatela felina Grote.

Prof. G. H. French has bred this moth from the willow, the eggs
having been sent him by Mr. McGlashan, of Truckee, Cal. They were
deposited July 6, the larve emerging six days later. From the egg to
the moth required two hundred and ninety-six days. The cocoon was
thin, firm, and tough.

‘Young larva.—Length .10 inch. Body cylindrical; head broader than the body,

oblique. Color of the upper parts and sides of segments 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, and 13,
reddish purple; the rest of the upper part, and sides and the venter dull whitish ;

six rows of tubercles from which proceed small clusters of brown hairs, the four-

rows of dorsal clusters longer than the body; head black; feet purplish. Duration
of this period four days,

a

WILLOW CATERPILLARS. 567

After first molt.—Length .22 inch; shape about as before. The segments that were
reddish purple during the first stage are now black; the others white, the tubercles
_ small, black; head black; hairs from the dorsal tubercles dark gray, the others

white. Duration of this period, three days.

After second molt.—Length .35 inch.

After third molt.—Length .60 inch. Three dorsal stripes, a broad gray one in the
middle.

After fourth molt.—Length 1 inch when at rest. Color of body yellowish green,
with a gray dorsal stripe; under parts grayish brown; the whole body covered with
fine yellow hairs that spring from the general surface as well as from the tubercles;
the tubercles scarcely distinguishable from the general surface save that from these
the hairs are more in clusters; a few black hairs in place of the former black pencils.
Head black, the front with the usual pale inverted A; the sides mottled with black
and pale brown. Duration four to five days.

Mature larva.—Length when crawling 1.60 inches, when at rest 1.40. inches.
(French. )

Pupa.—Cylindrical, tapering gradually from segment 5 back, the tongue-case ex-
tending only to the anterior part of segment 5; the anterior part of the abdominal
segments finely punctured; head rounded, mahogany-brown, the wing-cases and
outer anterior parts darker. Cremaster a series of short hooks extending out later-
ally. Duration of the period two hundred and sixty-nine to two hundredand seventy-
five days. Length .80 inch; to end of wing-cases .40, these extending almost to the

‘posterior part of segment 5. (French.)

22. Apatela oblinita (Abb.-Sm.).

Abbot states that the larva feeds in Georgia on the willow and cot-
ton, the moth appearing in April. Grote mentions the willow as its
food-plant (Papilio, ii, p. 99), while Thaxter states that it feeds on the
button bush and various meadow plants.

In his third report as State
Entomologist of Illinois, Prof.
S. A. Forbes states that the
leaves of the willow at Nor-
mal. were generally infested
both in 1883 and 1884 by the
larve of Apatela oblinita, those
collected July 6 pupating on
the 11th and emerging on the
29th.

‘This insect hibernates in
the cocoon, and seems to be
either single or double
brooded, according to lati-
tude. In Missouri there are
two broods in a year, by Pro-
fessor Riley’s account, the
moths of the first brood escaping from the cocoons in May (the larve
resulting appearing chiefly in J une); and the second brood of moths
occurring in July and the larve late in the fall. In the N ortheast, the

moth. Riley del.

568 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

moths escape from the hibernating cocoons in June, as reported by
observers in Canada* and Massachusetts,t and the larve are reported
only in September and October, during which months the pup# are
found. Previous to the pupation the larve spin a cocoon of silk
within a bunch of leaves, or sometimes attached to a twig.” (Forbes.)

Larva.—Prevailing color, black. Each joint with a transverse, dorsal, crimson-red
band across the middle from stigmata to stigmata, and containing six warts, each
furnishing ten or twelve or more stiff yellow or fulvous bristles, and the two dorsal
ones being farthest apart. A subdorsal, longitudinal, yellow line, interrupted by
this transverse band and at incisures in such a manner that the black dorsum ap-
pears somewhat diamond-shaped on each joint. A broad, wavy, bright-yellow stig-
matal line, containing a yellow bristle-bearing wart in the middle of each joint.
Lateral space occupied with different sized pale yellow spots, largest towards dor-
sum. Head chestnut-brown. Venter crimson-black, with bristle-bearing warts of
the same color. Stigmata oblong-oval and pale. Thoracic legs black; prolegs with
black extremities. Such is the normal appearance of this larva, but it is very vari-
able. In some the yellow seems to predominate over the black, and there is a more
or less distinct dorsal line. In soine this dorsal line forms a mere speck at the in-
cisures of the middle joints. The transverse crimson band is often entirely obsolete,
and the warts distinctly separated, while in others, whers this band is distinct, the
warts frequently coalesce. (Riley.)

Pupa.—Almost black, and shagreened with the exception of asmooth and polished
rim, at posterior border of joints, which become reddish, especially ventrally, on the
three joints immediately below the wing-sheaths. Terminal joint horizontally com-
pressed, squarely cut off, and furnished with a little brush of short, evenly-shorn,
stiff, rufous bristles, (Forbes’ Second Rep. Ins. Illinois).

The moth.—Front wings oblong; apex more or less prolonged ; posterior margin
sometimes rounded, sometimes straight; color ash-gray, caused by numerous dark-
brown atoms more or less suffused on a white ground, from which the ordinary lines
are barely discernible in the better marked individuals; a row of distinct black dots
along the posterior border; the ordinary spots represented by blurred marks or en-
tirely obsolete; the undulate line across posterior fourth of wing distinct, and re-
lieved inside by a pale coincident shade, with the teeth quite aciculate and with the
psi-spot so characteristic of the genus, but rarely traceable; fringe narrow and gen-
erally entire. Hind wings pure white, with a faint row of dark spots around the
posterior border. Under side of both wings white, with a faint fulvous tint and
faint irrorations; each wing showing the brown discal spot and the row of points
at the posterior border. Head and thorax speckled gray ; abdomen whitish-gray ;
antennz short, simple in both sexes, gray above and brown below; palpi small.
Two specimens with the front wings very dark, showing the ordinary lines and
spots conspicuously, and with the antenn brown above as well as below. Average
length, 0.75; expanse, 1.75 inches. (Riley.)

23. Apatela.

Mr. H. H. Wilder kindly presented me with two larve of this species
found at Brunswick, Me., August 20.

Larva.—Rather large, of the usual shape, regularly tapering towards each end;
head all black except the larval antennal joints. Body dull livid green with a broad

* Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1872, p. 23.
+t The Canadian Entomologist, vol. x (1878, p. 66). Psyche, vol. ii, p. 34 (May and
June, 1877.)

WILLOW CATERPILLARS. 569

dorsal black stripe, with fascicles of straw-yellow hairs, which seem to be finely
spinulated ; there are ten warts on a segment in the middle of the body; the stiff
yellow hairs are of nearly the same length and radiate quite regularly from the
wart; a few of the hairs are black, from one to three in a fascicle; there are also
a few slenderer hairs one-fourth to one-third as long as the body. Length, 40™™,
Before the last molt the head is green behind, and in front is a pale V-shaped
mark, and the hairs are a little longer in proportion to the thickness of the body.

24. THE HERALD.
Scoliopteryx libatrix (Linn. ).
(Larva. Plate v, fig. 4.)

This fine moth, common to the New and Old World, is in England
called ‘the Herald.” Here, as well as in Europe, it feeds as a general
rule upon the willow, but we are told by Mr. H. L. Clark that he has
bred it from the wild cherry in Rhode Island.

Its habits so far as they have been noticed are nearly the same as
observed in Europe. Mr. Lintner, the State entomologist of New York,
says that the caterpillar feeds on and pupates among some of the leaves
drawn together by silken threads to which the pupa is attached by an anal
spine. The fall brood remains in the pupa state from fifteen to twenty
days. He bred a moth which emerged August 3, hence he thinks that
there are probably two annual broods of this species, since he has taken
it in the early partof May. In Illinois Mr. Coquillett bred a larva which
spun its cocoon August 23, while the moth appeared September 7.

Professor Riley’s notes show that he found the larve at Kirkwood,
Mo., in May, 1872; that they began to spin their cocoons May 29; and
that the moths began to emerge June 11. On June 17 eggs were
found.

' We have found the larva on the willow at Brunswick, Me., August
26, when it was nearly full grown. Itis easily recognized, since it is one
of the few Noctuid caterpillars to be found on the willow, and may be
known by its pale green hue and the yellow lateral line, as well as by
the yellowish sutures between the body-segments. A chrysalis beaten
out of a willow tree during the last week in August disclosed the moth
- about the 12th of September. Another chrysalis was found at Jackson,
N. H., during the second week in September, the moth appearing Sep-
tember 14. The iarva had sewed together four or five willow leaves at
the end of a terminal shoot, and the cavity thus formed was lined with
athin but dense whitish cocoon in which the pupa was situated with
the head upwards, and firmly held in place by the hooks on the abdom-
inal spine. The moth hibernates, appearing in May as soon as the
leaves are unfolded, and we see no grounds for supposing that there
is more than a single brood of caterpillars or of moths. The chrysalis
is quite unlike that of most Noctuidz which transform in the earth, and
have a simple blunt spine.

The cremaster or spine of the present apes is much like that of
those Geometrids which spina cocoon. We have thus an interesting ~

570 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

departure from the usual structure and habits of a numerous family of
moths, the end of the pupa being specially adapted for a residence in a
cocoon to prevent its being shaken out of its exposed pupal abode.
Like all tree-feeding Noctuid, the caterpillar is well protected from
observation by its style of coloration, in the present case the pale
green assimilating it to the leaves among which it feeds.

25. Catocala parta Guen.

The caterpillar has been reared from the willow by Mr. A. W. P.
Cramer and described in Papilio (iii, p. 24) by Mr. Henry Edwards.

Mr. Hulst states that it feeds on the poplar, but on whose authority
is not stated. Mr. Thaxter, however, has bred it from the willow.

Larva.—Dull fawn color. Head, as in all the genus, flattened on the top, with a
deep frontal sinus. A black line surrounds the head, except at the junction with
the second segment. There is a pale brownish dorsal line, and a subdorsal one,
slightly waved, on each segment, and inclosing a darker space. These lines are
most apparent at the junction of the segments. A rather broad, brownish lateral
line, slightly waved, incloses the spiracles, which are brown. Feet and legs con-
colorous with the body. At the extreme iateral edge is a row of short sharp ciliz.
Length, 2.80 inch. (H. Edwards.)

Moth.—Forewings close smooth even bluish gray, with basal, apical, and sinus
shadings; lines fine, but distinct ; M of transverse posterior line produced, a white
band from within reniform, extending obliquely outward, including the subreni-
form, not reaching the inner margin. Hind wings rather dull red, median band
even, curved, not reaching the inner margin. Expands 80 to85™™. Eastern United
States.

Var. perplexa is slightly more shaded with blue and lighter.

Var. petulans Hulst has yellow hind wings, with just a shading of reddish along
the anal margin. (Hulst.)

26. Catocala concumbens Walker.

This has been bred by Mr. Saunders from the willow; Hulst adds
the poplar as also forming its food-plant.

Larva.—Head flat, dark grayish intermixed with red. Upper surface dirty brown
with a lightish chain-like dorsal stripe and a very small fleshy protuberance on each
side of this stripe on each segment. On the ninth segment is a small protuberance
of a brownish color and on the eleventh a mark resembling an oblique incision, A
thick lateral fringe of short hair close to the under surface ; the latter pinkish with
a central row of round black spots which are larger about thé middle of the body
and much smaller towards the extremities. (Saunders.) Lengtl, 2 to 2.50 inches.

Moth.—Forewings pale violaceous brown, mixed with gray, lightest towards the
costa; lines fine, but distinct; reniform vague, whitish, pale brown within. Hind
wings bright pink; median band very broad, rapidly narrowing towards the anal
margin, which it does not reach; the submarginal pink space even through its whole
length. Expands 75 to 85™™, Northern States. C. diana has the abdomen partly
pink. C. hillii Grote has yellow hind wings in place of pink. (Hulst.)

27. Catocala babayaga Strecker.

The caterpillar of this Arizonian species, according to Mr. Doll,
feeds on the willow. The moth is like C. junctura, except that the fore-
- wings are of a rich velvety reddish brown. The wings expand 100™.

*

WILLOW CATERPILLARS, 571
28. Catocala carissima Hulst.

The larva of this moth has been described by Mr. A. Koebele in the
Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society (iv, 22).

The larva is considerably smaller than that of ilia when full grown,
though the imago is one of the largest, if not the largest, of all Cato-
cale. It feeds on the willow.

Larva.—Head gray brown. Protuberance on summits of eyes prominent. Body,
ground colorgray, very heavily marked and striated with rust-brown, which towards
the head almost covers the body. There is a brown lunule on the eleventh segment
with horns forward. Underneath clear red brown between third and sixth segments.
The sixth and seventh segments between and anterior to the legs have each a large
nearly round spot. (Koebele.)

29. Noctuid larva.

This brightly painted caterpillar occurred on the willow in Maine
the first and second weeks in September.

Larva.—Head broad and large, wider than the body, which is smooth and of the
usual Noctuid shape, the end being smooth and tapering. Head pale carneous, with
four longitudinal reddish bands, the two middle ones diverging from each other in
front. Body rich dark brown, with a broad subdorsal bright yellow band; a nar-
rower yellow spiracular line, and between it and the subdorsal band a narrow linear
whitish line; the spiracular line is edged below with pale lilac. Body beneath and
legs pale whitish flesh-colored. Length, 12™™,

30. Noctuid larva.

This caterpillar occurred on the willow at Brunswick, Me., late in
August and through September.

Larva.—Body thick and fleshy, rather short, otherwise of the usual Noctuid shape.
Head large and full, nearly as broad as the body, pale reddish brown, mottled and
watered with a paler hue. General color of body snuft-yellow ; a dorsal row of eleven
dark brown diffuse spots; a subdorsal row of short oblique marks, extending ante-
riorly down the sutures. Spiracles ringed with black. Supra-anal plate and anal
legs above, brown. All the feet flesh-colored. Length, 22 to 25™™,

31. Cymatophora pampinaria Guenée.

The caterpillar has been found feeding on the willow by Professor
French, who observed that in Illinois it pupated September 16 and
October 2, the moth appearing April 17. From a specimen raised by
Mr. L. W. Goodell, which, after spinning a few threads on itself,
pupated, the moth appeared in confinement November 14. It feeds
on the pear, willow, and cultivated geraniums.

Larva.—Pale yellowish-green (sometimes gray or brown), with a broad reddish-
brown stripe, edged with black on the back, and on each ents of the fifth segment.
is a small black spot. Length, 1 inch.

Pupa. —Light brown. Length, .50 inch.

Moth.—This is now our most common species of the genus, and may be known by
the very distinct line at the base of the abdomen, the basal ring beyond being unusu-
ally white, and by the under side of the wings having a broad marginal shade, while

572 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

the third line on the fore wing is deeply but quite regularly sinuate, and near the
costa acutely dentate. It varies a good deal, especially in the tint of the brown shade
accompanying the third line. Expanse of wings, 1.40 to 1.55 inches.

32. THE PINK-STRIPED WILLOW SPAN-WORM.

Deilinia variolaria Guen.
(Larva, Plate v, fig. 6.)

The caterpillar of this pretty moth is one of the commonest inch
worms to be found on the willow.

The genus to which this caterpillar belongs was founded by Huebner
for a moth referred by Guenée to Cabera. The species of Deilinia are
distinguished from those of Corycia by the pectinated antenne, the two
common lines, and the generally ocherous tint, though the females of
D. variolaria are with difficulty separated from those of Corycia. From
Acidalia the species differ in having pectinated antenne, in the want of
a decided band on the hind wing, and in the larger palpi. The species
is figured on Pl. 10, fig. 26, of Packard’s Monograph of Geometrid
Moths. ;

The caterpillar occurred August 10 on the willow at Brunswick, Me.
It pupated August 14, and the moth emerged from May 20 till June 6.
The moths are seen flying among willows in June and July. We have
also found the larve July 24, and from that date till the first week in
September.

Larva.—Body smooth, cylindrical. Head as wide as the body, flattened from
above, especially in front; antenne pinkish. Green with a pinkish tinge; on the
side of the head a lateral distinct deep pink line, sutures and upper side of the seg-
ments pinkish. There are eight dorsal median spots along the abdominal segments,
a central dark brown dot flanked on each side by a pale lilac patch. First pair of
abdominal feet deep lilac; anal legs with a vertical anterior lilac line. Supra-anal
plate large, triangular, with two minute tubercles. Length, 22™™,

Pupa.—Thorax moderately stout, at first greenish, finally becoming like the abdo-
men, mahogany-brown; terminal spine (cremaster) rather stout and blunt, ending
suddenly in two large curved bristles with three minute slender much curved ones on
each side; the basal pair situated about half-way between the base and the middle of
thespine. Length, 10™™,

Moth.—Front of head deep reddish-ocherous ; white on the front edge; palpi deep
ocherous; antenne# white. Fore wings with the costal edge ratber full. Both wings
strigated more or less thickly with brown; sometimes the wings are pure white. In
the male, the strigz (or short lines) are arranged in two parallel lines on both wings.
Beneath, pure white, sometimes a complete black discal dot oneach wing. Fore and
middle legs ocherous, Expanse of wings, 26™™. This species differs from D. erythe-
maria (Guen.), also common in the Atlantic States, by its white wings, which are
often without lines, and by the deep reddish-ocherous front of the head,

33. Hydria undulata (Linn.)
(Larva, Pl. v, fig. 9.)
The larvee were found on the willow at Brunswick, August 5, and for

the colored figures on Pl. v I am indebted to Mr. H. H. Wilder. The
moth issued May 19, but as the specimen flew away before I pinned it,

WILLOW CATERPILLARS. 573

though recognizing it in the breeding box, I give the following descrip-
tion of the larva, which differs somewhat from that on p. 527 (wild cherry
insects).

Larva.—Head smaller than usual, rounded; not so wide as the prothoracic segment ;
body broad, somewhat flattened ; somewhat resembling the figures of Hibernia; in-
creasing in thickness to the middle, and thence decreasing to the anal legs, which are
small; supra-anal plate small, much bent down; with six piliferous warts at the end.
Head amber colored; body deep flesh, somewhat livid, with a slight broken dorsal
median dark line and two broad lateral dark reddish brown supraspiracular lines.
Nc other markings, and the piliferous warts very small ; beneath reddish flesh-colored-
Length, 20™™.

34. Geometrid larva.
(Larva, Pl. v, fig. 8, a, b.)
Found August 5, on the willow at Brunswick.

Larva.—Head broad and flat, square on the sides; as wide as the prothorax; the
body very slender, long, cylindrical; remarkably like a slender willow twig, stained
irregularly with lilac-gray and reddish brown; a lateral slight swelling on side of
mesothoracic segment; two twin dorsal tubercles on end of sixth segment, and a
large pair on the succeeding ring; supra-anal plate short, rounded, with two dis-
tinct piliferous nipple-like warts on the end. Length, 25™™.

35. Geometrid larva.
(Young larva, Pl. v, fig. 7, a, 0.)

Several caterpillars of this species occurred in Maine on the willow
August 6, becoming mature and pupating from the first week in Sep-
tember to the middle of the month.

Larva before penultimate molt.—Head large, flattened, as broad as the body, which
is rather slender, with a pair of subacute mostly blackish warts on the end of each
abdominal segment, and a much smaller less conspicuous pair on the front edge ;
lateral ridge sharp and well marked, especially posteriorly. Head and body
curiously marbled and stained with pale gray and black-brown; head marbled with
a dark diffuse stripe on each side, extending back upon the prothoracic segment ;
from the sides broad triangular blackish patches extend up, their apices nearly
meeting on the back at the dark tubercles; these patches connect with an irregular
‘blackish lateral line extending from the base of the thoracic feet along the front edge
of the anal feet, which are of moderate size and width. Six piliferous warts in a
straight line across the front edge of the supra-anal plate, which is broad, rounded
triangular, the surface rough, and the end washed with black-brown. A dorsal dark
median line on the front and hinder end of the body, interrupted in the middle.
Length, 15™™,

Mature larva.—With essentially the same characteristics as in the previous stage,
but more like a dried willow twig; the piliferous warts are large and end in a short
stiff hair; they are mostly black, pale around the base; the spiracles are ringed
with black. Length, 40™™,

36. Eupithecia sp.
This caterpillar occurred on the willow at Brunswick, in August,

and made a slight silken cocoon between the leaves September 3.

Larva.—Much like that of the Eupithecia on the spruce, the body being of the same
size and shape; the surface granulated, and with short stiff hairs; reddish carneous ;

~

574 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

a dorsal row of dusky diamond-shaped spots on the abdominal region ; on the thoracic

segments three obscure parallel dusky lines, and on the supra-anal plate a dusky me-
diaa band extends forward to the last diamond-shaped spot, Length, 12™™,

37. Eupithecia-like Geometrid larva.

Occurring on the willow at Brunswick, Me., late in August and early
in September.

Larva.—Body small, somewhat flattened as in Eupithecia, the surface granulated ;

the lateral ridge unusually well developed ; body tapering towards each end; the
head rather small, not so wide as the prothoracic segment; dull green, with a dull
lilac patch near and including the eyes and occipital region. Lateral ridge deep
lilac, extending to both edges of the supra-anal plate; a broad, dorsal dull green
longitudinal band; the set are short and stiff, erect. Length, 12™™.

38. Geometrid larva.

This is a common loopworm on the willow in August and early Sep-
tember; it rolls the leaves somewhat, hiding in the rude tent thus
formed. It seems to have the habits of the Pyralids, and reminds one
of their larve by its well-marked prothoracic shield.

Larva.—Body rather broad and somewhat flattened ; head smooth, small, not so
wide as the body, shining, deep amber-colored ; general color dusky livid lilac and
greenish, marbled and banded with these colors, with no definite markings; spira-
cles black; supra-anal plate rounded, smooth; a short, dark, shining prothoracic
shield. Length, 20™™.

39. Geometrid larva.

This caterpillar began to pupate September 2 at Brunswick, Me.

Larva.—Head small, rounded, not so wide as the body. Supra-anal plate moderate,
rounded, no stripes, spots, or humps. Greenish, with a reddish tinge.

40. THE GREEN-STRIPED PHYCID WORM.
Meroptera pravella Gr.
(Larva, Pl. v3 fig..10; a, 1b.")

This is a common insect on the willow, occurring at Brunswick, Me.,
August 20, and through the month. It spins a web on the under side
of the leaf, and pupates from the 15th to 20th of September, the moth
in confinement appearing (in the breeding cage at Providence) the end
of May (the 25th-31st). The caterpillar, which is longitudinally striped
with light and dark green, with black slashes on each side of the head,
varies somewhat; in some there are only four slashes on the head, with
no other markings. The moth differs from Phycis rubrifasciella on the

hickory in having no cross band of raised scales, while the insect is

* Like all the other figures on the plate, the lithographer’s work has been very poorly
done, and the printing is also very poor, the red and brown lines are too bright in
the plate.

Se

ee

——

WILLOW CATERPILLARS. 575

much darker, and the palpi are twice as broad. The moth was kindly
identified by Prof. C. H. Fernald.

Larva.—Body of the usual form, tapering from near the head to the end. Head of
the usual size, not quite so broad as the prothoracic segment; green, slashed vertic-
ally, and mottled with large and small brown or jet-black spots.
Prothoracic segment a little swollen; the shield not striped like the
rest of the body. Body with narrow alternating light and dark green
stripes; brown along the back, and inclosing a large round green spot
on each segment; the brown portion with three interrupted green
lines, one median and two lateral. Piliferous dots minute, not con-
spicuous. Length, 15™™,

Pupa.—Of the usual Phycid shape; mahogany-brown; end of the
terminal abdominal spine smooth, shining, convex, and ending in a
stout curved lateral spine on each side. Length, 10™™.

Moth.—Body and fore wings dark gray, with brick-red scales and
bands. Palpi very broad, especially the second joint; dark gray;
vertex of head light gray, with dark scales; antenne blackish. Pro-
thoracic scales and shoulder tippets (patagia) dull brick red; middle
(disk) of thorax gray. Fore wings dark dusky gray, with scattered
pale-gray scales; base of wings dull brick-red; a broad, diffuse band
of the same aloe crosses the basal fourth of the wing; on the outer
fourth of the wings is a similar broad, diffuse, dull brick-red band,
sending a diffuse longitudinal stripe towards the basal band; an
incomplete transverse pale-gray line, curved outward in the middle
of the wing, borders the inside of the outerreddish band. Costal edge
dusky, the reddish bands not reaching it. Fringe of the same dull
slate color as the hind wings. Expanse of wings, 20™™,

41. Deltoid larva. Fic. 192 —Wil-

low leaves

This pretty caterpillar occurred on the willow at Jack- _ sewedtogeth-
son, N. H., September 10. er by Merop-

tera pravella.
Larva.—Body slender, tapering toward both ends, with two pairs of | Wilder del.
abdominal legs besides the anal pair, and situated on the fifth and
sixth abdominal segments. Head and body pea-green, with two double, more or less
broken, whitish yellow lines, each double line becoming single on the thoracic seg-
ments. A concolorous slender spiracular line. Thoracic feet pale amber, almost
greenish; abdominal feet green. Length, 16™™,

42. Deltoid larva.

This caterpillar occurred on the willow August 15 at Brunswick, Me.

Larva.—Body slender; four pairs of abdominal legs, the first pair smaller than the
others, grass-green; a broad dorsal dark band edged with a yellow line. The setif-
erous tubercles large, black. Head with twelve conspicuous black dots, one pair of
which are larger than the others. Length, 15™™,

43. Teras permutana Duponchel.

This moth, which is common to both Europe and the United States,
has been found by Mr. Coquillett to feed on the willow, living between
two or three leaves which are fastened together with silken threads.

576 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Two spun their cocoons about June 13, producing the moths June 27;
otifers occurred July 2.

Larva.—Body green, the sutures yellowish when the caterpillar is in motion; no
well marked cervical shield; a dark-colored dorsal line; an indistinct light-colored
stigmatal line; head and body beneath pale green ; spiracles ringed with pale brown.
Length, 19™™, .76 inch. (Coquillett.)

Moth.—Head and palpi chocolate brown. Thorax varying from cream color to-
ocherous, and sometimes stained with brownish. Collar and tips of the crest of a
brownish color. The fore wings are of the same color as the thorax from the base
out to the oblique band across the middle of the wing, except the portion below
the fold, which is clouded with dark fuscous and brown, and a tuft of dark brown
scales on the basal third of the fold. The oblique band which starts from the middle
of the costa and terminates within the anal angle is of a light reddish brown color,
and has a row of scale-tafts along its inner edge. The apical portion of the wing is
of the same color as the band, though sometimes clouded with brown, while the
space between issomewhat paler than the band, especially on the costa, where it
approaches the color of the basal part of the costa. The fringes are of the same
color as the outer part of the wing, except at the anal angle, where they are of a dull
smoky color. The hind wings are pale yellowish, tinged with fuscous towards the
apex. The fringes are lighter than the wings, but with a somewhat darker basal
line. Abdomen, pale fuscous. The under side of the fore wings is pale ocherous,
mottled or clouded with fuscous. Under side of the hind wings colored as above,
but with a few fuscous sprinkles towards the apex. Expanse of wings, from 16 to
18™m, (Fernald, manuscript.)

44. THE WILLOW TERAS.
Teras viburnana Clemens.

The caterpillar of this common species is of the ordinary shape and
green in color, occurring on the willow in Maine during August. The
specimen we reared changed to a chrysalis August 19; remained in that
condition a little over two weeks, namely, until September 7. The moth
has been determined by Professor Fernald.

Larva.—Greenish.

Pupa.—Body slender; end of the abdomen flattened and excavated, with two large
lateral hooks before the tip. Length, 8™™.

Moth.—Head, thorax and fore wings rust-red. Head above and front of thorax
deep rust-red, hinder edge of the thorax bright red. Fore wings rust-red, deeper on
the costa; a dusky patch at the base; beyond, on the inner third of the costa, is a
broad, paler, square spot, succeeded by a long, dark, deep reddish-brown patch,
which extends to near the apex. The rest of the wing is clearer and paler, ash-col-
ored, mixed with brick-red scales. In the middle of the wing on the inner third are
two distinct, twin, fine black dots. Beyond are three black dots, forming an oblique
line, extending from the median vein to a little beyond the middle of the hinder
edge of the wing; a few scattered, black, fine dots near the outer edge of the wing.
Fringe broad, reddish externally, dark on the basal half, and grayish on the inner
angle of the wing; hind wings uniformly gray slate-colored; abdomen dark brown,
paler at the tip. Expanse of wings, 18™™ (.70 inch.)

45. Grapholitha galle-saliciana Riley.

In the Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Science for 1881
(p. 320) Professor Riley described this gall-inhabiting caterpillar from
two specimens which emerged June 17, from galls on willow twigs, at

WILLOW LEAF-ROLLERS. 57

St. Louis, Mo. ‘The larva was not described. The moth is at once
distinguished from the European campoliliana Tr. by its pure silvery or
satiny-white coloration, untinged with yellow. Its general color is
that of the European Boarmia roboraria Schiff, but it is much smaller
and is very differently marked.

The moth.—Male. ‘Thorax olivaceous ; primaries olivaceous with a pale ochraceous
tinge ; an oblique streak from the middle of the costa connecting with a broad some-
what wavy stripe which extends through the middle of the wing to just before the
apex ; two spots on inner border, one near base, the other (which is larger and more
elongate) toward anal angle, and sone costal and apical streaks brown-olivaceous ;
ocellated spot silvery, the center ochraceous, with two black stripes ; a silvery streak
extending obliquely from the costa to the posterior margin; fringes ochraceous,
tinged with fuscous at apex; secondaries gray, fuscous towafus tip; fringes white,
dusky at base; under surface of primaries fuscous; the fringes, except at apex, and
some costal spots ochraceous; secondaries gray. Expanse, 18™™,

46. Tortrix larva.

This caterpillar occurred August 11 and 12, at Brunswick, Me. It
lives between two leaves, the tent or cavity being lined by a slight
web.

Larva.—Head jet black with black cervical shield. Body stout, broader than the
head and shield, gradually tapering behind. Pea-green, color of the leaves; seg-
ments yellowish on the hind edge. Body with alternate light and dark green stripes.
Length, 17™™., 7

47. Tortrix larva.

This caterpillar was found feeding on the willow August 15, at
Brunswick, Me.

Larva.—Body thick in the middle, tapering towards each end. Head small, much
narrower than the prothoracic segment. Body and head pale grass-green; clypeus
and mouth parts amber-colored. Setiferous tubercles small, inconspicuous, the hairs
minute. Length, 15™™,

43. THE PURPLE WILLOW GRACILARIA.

Gracilaria purpuriella Chambers.

Late in August (the 20th) we found the caterpillar of this beautiful
moth, which had turned over obliquely the tip of the willow leaf and
securely fastened it to the under side of the leaf, thus making a trian-
gular fold. The worm had eaten the parenchyma from the under (i. é.,
inner) side, leaving a mass of black castings. The worm soon trans-
formed, remaining about two weeks in the pupa state, and the moth
appeared September 19. The moth is a very beautiful creature, with
a delicate body, wings, and legs. Our example was perfect, and agreed
in all respects with Mr. Chambers’ description, which is copied below.
He did not, however, describe the caterpillar. He remarks that it is
closely allied to the European G. stigmatella.

5 ENT——37

578 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Hestates (Canadian Entomologist, iv, p. 28) that “ the larva mines the
leaves of the willow (Salix longifolia) for a very short time; then, leav-
ing the mine it rolls the leaves from the tip upwards into various
forms (usually a cone or helix of three spirals).
* * * It frequently leaves one roll and makes
another, and, when ready to pupate, makes a
dense, semi-transparent web over it, upon the
ground, not on the leaf, as in many species. The
imago emerges in the fall, and most probably
hibernates.” He again remarks (I. ¢., v. 46) :

The cone sometimes occupies an entire leaf; the apex of
the leaf is bent over, so that the left edge touches the right
one, to which it is fastened; then the leaf is rolled spi-
rally to the base, and the tip is used to close one end and the
base the other, so that the whole leaf is utilized. Many of
the mines, however, are by no means so perfect.

Chambers has also bred it from larve feeding
on the silver-leaf poplar, but, though not occurring
on the weeping willow, it is common enough on
many of our native willows.

Larva.—Body of the usual cylindrical shape; no cervical
shield. Head small, considerably narrower than the pro-
thoracie segment. Head and body uniformly greenish yel-
low. Only four pairs of abdominal legs, and these, with
the thoracic feet, are of the same colorasthe body. Length,
Gitqy7e

Pupa.—Very long and slender, so delicate as to scarcely
i retain its shape when the moth has left it.

Fic. 193.—Willow leaf Moth.—Violaceous, reddish, or brownish purple, accord-
folded by Gracilaria. ing tothe light. Face pale violaceous, flecked with brown-
Wilder del. ish purple. Antenne brown, tinged with purplish, faintly

annulate with white at the base of each joint; palpi pale
purplish. The triangular white spot at about the middle of the costa is nearly
equilateral; its anterior margin is a little concave, the apex reaching the fold, and it
has four small spots of the general hue situated in it upon the costa. Fringe bluish

fuscous. Posterior femora white at the tip and with a white band around the mid-

dle, and their under surface entirely white. Posterior tibie and inner surface of

intermediate tibia white. Tarsi pale grayish fuscous, faintly annulate, with white
at the joints. Abdomen purplish fuscous, on a white ground. Expanse of the
wings, half an inch (12.5™™), (Chambers. )

49. Tineid larva.

This larva is common on the willow at Brunswick, late in August,
fastening the leaves together.

Larva.—Body a little thicker than that of Gracilaria purpuriella, being quite
thick, with large flattened setiferous tubercles, four in a line across the thoracic
segments, and two large ones on the abduminal segments. Head small, very dark
amber-colored; prothoracic shield black-brown. Body dull olive green; supra-anal
plate and anal legs darker. Long pale hairs along the sides of the body. Length,

~
qmm,

WILLOW LEAF-MINERS. 519

50. Gracilaria larva.

Associated with the foregoing species and Gracilaria purpuriella,
August 20, at Brunswick, Me. It fastens two leaves together, lining
the cavity thus formed with white silk. It also turns a whole leaf over,
inside out, joining the edges together completely, and making a long
irregular pod-like tube.

Larva.—Much like that of Gracilaria purpuriella, but the segments are fuller, with
distinct piliferous warts which are concolorous with the body, the latter being uni-
formly yellowish green. Head small, much narrower than the prothoracic segment,

pale yellowish amber, with a small dark dot on each side; prothoracic segment con-

colorous with the other segment, but with two brown dots, one on each side. Length,
gmm, 2

51. Lithocolletis salicifoliella Clem.

‘‘ During the latter part of June or early in July the leaves of the
yellow willow, Salix vitellina var. alba, should be searched for this in-
sect. The mine is on the under surface, usually near the base of the
leaf and along the edge. I found these mines for the first time on the
23d of July of the present year, but they were untenanted, and the
imagos had escaped, so that I am unable to furnish any further par-
ticulars respecting the species.” (Clemens.)

52. Lithocoiletis sp.

The larva of this minute moth is abundant on the willow. It was
observed July 10, and probably is to be found by the end of June.
The leaf is folded and rolled inward from near the base to the outer
third, and the larva eats holes in parts adjacent on the other side of
the mid-rib and on the inside of its case. The moth emerges as early
as July 20, leaving the pupa case sticking part way out of the folded
leaf. July 10 we found the larva of a small Braconid? larva which had
spun a loose silken cocoon, closing the opening of the fold.

Larva.—Body pale green ; head rounded, jet-black, as wide as the body. Segments
of the body coarsely wrinkled transversely. On the three last segments of the hind

body are black spots forming two irregular transverse conspicuous lines, and at the
end are four black pointed tubercles or spines. Length, 6™™,

53. Cemiostoma albella Chambers.

The larva of this Tineid are said by Chambers to live in large black-
ish blotch mines.

54. Aspidisca saliciella Clem.

‘‘ From the beginning to the middle of July the larva may be taken
on the leaves of yellow willow. The mine is very small, the excised
portion, with which the disk is formed, taking up the greater portion
of it. I noticed in this larva a habit. which may be generic, but if so it

580 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

has escaped my observation. The larva, after cutting out of its disk,
lets itself down by a thread, and in the middle of July the disks may
be found suspended under willows, as the larva lets itself down to the
surface of the ground. My specimens were taken on July 23, when
the mines were generally deserted.” (Clemens.)

55. Nepticula fuscotibielta Clem.

Though the food-plant and metamorphosis of this Tineid were not
mentioned by Clemens (Tineina, p. 182), Mr. Chambers stated that the
larva lives in a linear mine bent back on itself.

Moth.—Antenne dark fuscous; basal joint silvery white. Head reddish yellow.
Fore wings purplish fuscous, with a rather broad, slightly oblique silvery band
exterior to the middle of the wing. On the costa of the wing the band is rather
nearer to the base than on the inner margin; cilia pale grayish. Hind wings pale
gray, with pale-gray cilia. Thorax dark fuscous, with a purplish hue. Legs and
abdomen beneath yellowish, with a brassy luster; the hind tibiz fuscous.

56. Gelechia fungivorella Clem.*

The following account of this moth is from Clemens’ Tineina:

My friend Mr. Benj. D. Walsh, of Rock Island, III., writes to me that “the larva
mines a cabbage-like gall, brassicoides peculiar to Salix longifolia, and a pine-cone-
like gall on Salix cordata named strobiloides by Osten Sacken.” The ornamentation of
the imago is similar to that of G. roseosuffusella, the larva of which inhabits the
fruit panicles of sumach. Imago occurs August 1 to 15. Bred by Mr. B. D. Walsh,
Rock Island, Il.

Moth.—Fore wings roseate-white, freely dusted with testaceous-brown along the
inner margin from the base to the tip of the wing, the costal half of the wing being
banded with alternate roseate-white dusted with brownish, and testaceous-brown
bands; near the base of the wing is an oblique testaceous band extended a little be-
yond the middle of the wing, margined externally by a roseate-white band, haying a
ceutral line of brownish atoms. Another testaceous band, placed about the basal
third of the costa, is oblique, and extends a little beyond the middle of the wing ; its
dorsal edge is convex and the costal edge concave; it is broadest in the middle of the
wing and terminates in a point, just beneath which is a black or dark brown dot en-
circled with white or roseate-white. Towards the apex of the wing is a semi-circular
testaceous, costal patch margined with white or roseate-white. *The apical portion
of the wing is dusted freely with testaceous, and at the base of the cilia, near the
anal angle, are one or two black dots. Cilia testaceous, with a white patch beneath
the tip having a central dark-brownish cilial line, and a white or roseate-white patch
at the anal angle.

Antenne dark brown, slightly annulated with shining white. Head whitish tinted
with fuscous. Labial palpi white; second joint with three blackish rings, one at the
base, one in the middle and one near the tip; terminal joint with four blackish rings,
one at the base, two in the middle, and one at the extreme tip.

57. Gelechia salicifungiella Clemens.

‘“‘The larva,” says Clemens (Tineina, p. 262), mines the same gall,
brassicoides, as G. fungivorella. Mr. Walsh bred six specimens, of which
he was kind enough to send me three. Although fungivorella is tinged

*Of this I received two specimens from Mr. B. D. Walsh. The exp. al. is 54x6
lines.—H. T. S.

ats

WILLOW LEAF-MINERS. 581

with roseate in the white markings, I can perceive no tendency in the
eight specimens of this imago, that Mr. Walsh has so iiberally sent me,
to merge into the ornamentation of salicifungiella. Certainly the char-
acter of the markings is the same in each, and it is possible that we have
here but a single species. The imago occurs August 3-13. Bred by
Mr. B. D. Walsh.”

Moth.—Fore wings red, irregularly marked with whitish. Near the base is a
whitish band, powdered with dark fuscous, which curves across the fold, including
the inner margin, and reaches the middle of the wing; the part beneath the fold is
tinged with reddish and sometimes with pale brownish. Adjoining this band exteri-
orily is a dark brownish-red, curved band, which does not cross the fold. On the
costa are three small white spots, one near the tip, one about the middle and one ex-
terior to the brownish-red band. ‘The margin of the wing is powdered with dark
fuscous cilia red. Hind wings dark gray; cilia grayish-fuscous.

Head reddish. Antenne black, annulated with white. Labial palpi pale red;
second joint with two blackish rings; terminal joint with three black rings and a
black dot at the base, extreme tip black. (Clemens.)

58. Gelechia, undescribed species (Chambers).

Imago unknown. The larva sews together willow leaves at great
elevations in the Rocky Mountains.

59. Marmara salictella Clem.*

The following account of this moth is copied from Clemens’s posthu-
mous work on the Tineina: ;
The larva mines the young branches of the yellow willow tree. I

*It leaves its mine at maturity to weave a white semi-transparent cocoon within
some crevice of the bark of the tree on which it feeds or upon the ground. The ex-
terior of the cocoon is covered with little froth-like globules, which resemble minute
pearls.

The imago rests with the front part of the body elevated. and, I believe, the fore-
feet applied to the breast, like the members of the genus Tischeria. The antenn:e
are held extended at the side of the head, and have a constant trembling motion.

Larva.—The larva is much flattened, and the segments separated by deep incis-
ions, particularly on the sides. The head is extremely thin, circular, with a peculiar
appendage in front of the mandibles similar to that found in the larva of Lithocolletis
of the second group, which it likewise resembles in form. Like these it has three
feet and three abdominal prolegs and one terminal pair, all very short.

Moth.—Hind wings setiform. The subcostal vein is faint, attenuated, and simple.
The discal vein free, central and two-branched. The median vein simple. Fore-
wings narrowly lanceolate. The disk long, narrow,and closed. The subcostal vein
is well detined from the base to the first marginal branch, which appears to be a con-
tinuation of it. But from the origin of the first marginal branch the vein is greatly
attenuated, and is deflected towards the middle of the wing and subdivides into two
branches opposite the point at which the first marginal branch attains the costa.
The two branches into which the subcostal divides are delivered one to the costa
just behind the tip and the other midway between this and the costal end of the first
marginal branch. The median vein is two-branched. and is well defined from the
base to its branches, all of which are attenuated. The posterior branch is short,

582 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

have always found it in those that spring from the trunk. Its mine is
extremely long and very narrow, being only a track beneath the young
and delicate cuticle of the branches sufficiently wide to accommodate
the body of the miner. At first it is difficult to detect the same, but
atter some months it is easily traced by the elevated line of reddish-
brown matter that marks the course of it. Thus it is easily found in
early spring before the buds have expanded, and the larva may be
sought in April, and is easily reared. In the spring the larva is of a
dark lemon-yellow color without markings, and at this time the larva
can be seen through the cuticle of the branch. About the middle of
May, or rather about the 10th of the month, the larva will be found
banded alternately with red and yellow, with two black dorsal dashes
on the second segment. (I regard the head as the first.) This is the
indication that it has reached its maturity, and in a day or two it cuts
the cuticle and leaves the mine to weave its cocoon, sometimes in the
angle of a bud on the branch of which it has been feeding, and some-
times on adjacent substances.

In rearing this insect it is simply necessary to thrust the branches of
the willow into wet sand contained in some convenient vessel and to
protect them so that the larve can not wander after leaving their
mines.

The perfect insect appears after a pupation of about a month, or, as
is the case of one specimen specially observed, in twenty-six days. It
may be found as an imago, therefore, about the middle of June.

Moth.—Forewings dark fuscous, with a silvery white band at the basal third of
the wing, and a slightly oblique one of the same hue in the middle, inclined towards
the inner angle. Near the tip of the wing are dorsal and costal silvery white spots
opposite each other. Behind the dorsal spot is a narrow, somewhat curved white
streak, extending from the apical cilia to the middle of the wing. Cilia silvery
grayish at the tips. Hind wings grayishfuscous. Antenne grayish fuscous. Head
silvery white. Labial palpi silvery, the hairs of the second joint touched with fus-
cous. Maxillary palpi dark fuscous. (From Clemens’s Tineina. )

60. Batrachedra salicipomonella Clem.

The following account is copied from Clemens :

This is a very interesting ‘“‘micro,” not only in consequence of the
specific resemblance it bears to the European Batrachedra preangusta,
but of the discovery of its larva by one of our most gifted and promis-
ing entomologists, Mr. Benjamin D. Walsh, of Rock Island, Ill.

In the note which accompanied the perfect insects, Mr. Walsh writes:

I inclose herewith several specimens of a moth bred from the Tenthredinidous gall,
salicis-pomum Walsh mauuscript, and a single one from the Cecidomyidous gall, 8S.

and the next is delivered to the tip of the wing, and receives an oblique discal vein
from the last branch of the subcostal, which closes the disk. The submedian vein
is simple. Head smooth, with appressed scales. Ocelli, ————? Antenne one-
third less long than the forewings. Labial palpi slender, ascending, not higher than
the vertex; the second joint is scaly, the third smooth. Beneath the labial palpi
are small, ascending maxillary palpi. Tongue naked, as long as the fore coxe and
femora.

j : WILLOW-GALL TINEIDS. 583

rhodoides Walsh. This is the insect that I think | mentioned to you as being very
prettily marked in the larval state, each segment having a broad black band, and
the ground color being whitish. I had a single one come out last summer, but the
great bulk of them hybernated either in the larva or pupa state and came out May 8 to
20. They vary but little. I have beaten larve of very similar appearance off oak
trees.

So far as I am informed the larva is unknown to European Lepidop-
terists, although it is recorded that the perfect insect, preangusta, is
very common among willows and poplars in July, and may frequently
be observed sitting on the trunks of those trees with the anterior feet
put back like Bdellia and the head raised a little.

Mr. Walsh has the honor of having made an interesting discovery
that puts an end to all uncertainty respecting the larva and its food-
plant.

This larva occurred in abundance August 23, and subsequently in the Tenthredi-
nidous gall, S. pomum, Walsh manuscript, which grows on the leaves of Salix cor-
data. Each gall contained but asingle larva, unaccompanied by the larva of the
Nematus which makes the gall, which it must consequently have destroyed or starved
out, either in the egg or in the larva state.

A single imago came out in the autumn of the same year, but the great bulk of
them came out next spring, May 8 to 20, from galls kept through the winter. There
can be no doubt of the correlation of larva and imago, because no other Lepidopterous
larva or imago occurred in the gall S. pomum, though I had three or four hundred of
them in my breeding vase. The insect must hibernate normally in the larva state,
for I noticed numbers of them in the spring crawling about among the galls. Ina
state of confinement it generally retires to the inside of the gall to assume the pupa
state, though I noticed one or two cocoons spun among the galls. Probably in a
state of nature it hybernates in the gall, comes out of it in the spring, and spins its
cocoons among dry leaves and rubbish.

Ialso bred a single imago of this same species, May 11, from the Cecidomyidous
gall, S. rhodoides, Walsh, from galls kept through the winter, and I found in the
spring a denuded imago of what was apparently the same species, dead and dry
amongst a lot of Tenthredinidous galls, S. desmodiodes, Walsh manuscript, which is
closely allied to S. pomum, but occurs on the leaves of a very distinct species of willow.
Thus we have three different willow galls inhabited by the same moth, two of them
made by saw-flies and one by a gall-gnat.

I have several times beaten off black-oak trees larve apparently very similar to
this Batrachedra, and with the same harlequin-like markings, but whether the two
are specifically identical I can not say.

In a subsequent letter Mr. Walsh kindly supplied me with the fol-
lowing description of the larva:

Larva.—Length, .20 inch. Body tapering at each end, opaque, milky-whitish,
with a few short, whitish hairs. The first segment behind the head with an obsemi-
circular, shining, glabrous, brown dorsal shield; second segment with an interrupted
opaque brown dorsal band on its anterior edge, the interruption occupying about
one-third of the band; segments 3 to 12 with an interrupted opaque brown dorsal
band on the anterior edge, and segment 11 with a similar band at its tip also.
Head yellowish. Legs and venter immaculate whitish. Legs six, prolegs ten, nor-
mally arranged. Spins a thread, wriggles much when disturbed, and runs backward
with great agility. (Clemens’ Tineina. Edited by H. T. Stainton.)

Moth.—Forewings fuscous, with a rather broad whitish stripe, freely dusted with
fuscous, running through the middle of the wing from the base and along the apical

584 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

margin tothe tip. Near the basal third of the wing on the dorsal edge of the whitish
stripe is an elongate blackish brown spot, and from the middle of the wing towards.
the tip it is edged on its costal side by a blackish brown line, which contains some-
times a spot of the same hue. The apical portion of the stripe is more freely dusted
with fuscous than the other portions. Cilia fuscous. Hind wings fuscous, cilia
paler.

Antenne dark fuscous, without white annulations except near the tip. Head fus-
cous above, face white. Labial palpi dark fuscous; second joint with a white ring
at the extreme tip, sometimes white at the base, with a broad fuscous ring near the:
tip; terminal joint fuscous, with a more or less distinct whitish central ring, and the
extreme tip whitish. _(Clemens’ Tineina. )

61. Batrachedra preangusta (Haworth. )
62. Batrachedra siholata Zeller.

Chambers remarks that “the specific distinctness of these three
species seems to me not sufficiently established. B. salicipomella was.
bred from galls made by other insects on willows. The mode of feed-
ing of the others is not satisfactorily determined.”

63. THE AMERICAN Ci1MBEX.
Cimbex americana Leach.

Order HYMENOPTERA; family TENTHREDINID&.

The following account of this insect is copied from Professor Riley’s.
report as U. S. Entomologist for 1884 :

During the latter part of May last, Admiral Ammen, who is noted in Washington
for his devotion to horticulture and arboriculture, brought us specimens of this large
saw-fly, with an account of its injuries to his imported willows, not as usual by the
larva, but by the gnawing of the perfect fly, the plantation being described as look-
ing as if a fire had run over it, or asif it had suffered by a severe frost. As this habit
was new, so far as we have any records, and as nothing was known of the mode of
oviposition in the species, we had the matter investigated. The tips of many of the
plants were found to be dark brown and dead; the dried-up portion extended 2 to.
4 inches from the tip. Upon investigation it was plain that the cause of the trouble
was a very fine but deep transverse incision just below the dead portion of the willow,
the incision often extending more than half way around the twig, or there being a
number of smaller incisions, one above the other. (Fig. 194, 6.) All these incisions
were so narrow that they could hardly be supposed to have been made for feeding
purposes; but in many instances a number of larger marks, usually of an oblong
shape, were visible, and looked as though they had been made for food.

According to Admiral Ammen this injury had been done by the saw-flies in the
latter part of May; but on the 5th of June the flies had for the most part disap-
peared, and Mr. Schwarz, who made examination after our departure for Europe,
found at that date but a single female, sitting on a branch of about 5™™ in diameter,
and just in the act of cutting one of the incisures referred to above. The insect
worked its mandibles in a very slow and deliberate manner, and made but little.
headway in cutting during the three or four minutes he watched its workings.
Upon examination the twig was found to contain three such incisures, each reaching:
more than half way around.

The eggs and mode of oviposition.—Whether or not the cutting of the tips is made for
feeding purposes, it is evident that it has nothing to do with oviposition, as no trace

THE WILLOW CIMBEX. 585.

of the eggs could be found either on the dead part of the twig or in the living por-
tion just beneath. The eggs are deposited between the epidermis and paranchyma
of the leaf. When looking over the plants from above, the place of oviposition is
hardly perceptible, appearing as a very slight blister-like swelling, accompanied on
one side by a faint ferruginous line, but otherwise not differing in color from the rest
of the leaf. On the under side, however, these blisters were very plainly visible,
being much paler than the rest of the leaf, and having, in the more developed con-
dition, a reddish tinge. These blisters closely resemble those of other saw-flies,

Fic. 194.—Cimbex of the willow: a, leaf containing the eggs; b, willow twig with incisions; c, egg;
d, young larva; e, mature larva; f, coccon; g, the same cut away to show the pupa, hk; k, saw of the
fly, i. After Riley.

which insert their eggs in leaves and are usually nearly circular in outline (some-
times nearly oval), and distinctly elevated above the general surface of the leaf,
though otherwise quite flat. They are always on the face of the leaf, usually nearer
to the outer margin than to the midrib, never on or near the midrib and rarely
extending across one of the side ribs. Their number varies from one to nine or more
on a single leaf. Where there are several they are generally situated in a longitudi-
nal row, the individual blisters being then always separated by the intervening side

586 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ribs. Sometimes two rows of these blisters are found on the same leaf. The place
of insertion of the ovipositor is always plainly visible, as a nearly straight slit
(usually closed) of ferruginous or brownish color at or near that edge of the blister
which is nearest to the margin of the leaf, thus indicating that while ovipositing
the female fly grasps the edge of the leaf with her fore legs. (Fig. 194, a.)

Leaves infested with eggs, although not rare, were by no means so abundant as
should have been expected from the extent of the injury inflicted by the imagos. A
great many plants (and among them many with their tops cut off) were not infested,
while occasionally a plant could be found with four or five infested leaves, mostly
about the middle or near the top of the plant.

The egg, when about ready to hatch, is oblong oval, somewhat flattened, and with
its shell so thin and pliable that it not only loses its regular shape by the slightest
pressure, but even by the position or movements of the embryo larva within. The
shell is perfectly hyaline, with no visible sculpture besides some fine, irregular, and
variable wrinkles. Its surface is very sticky. At an earlier stage the egg is elon-
gate and nearly cylindrical. Through the whitish epidermis of the blister the shape
of the egg is always readily perceptible as a transverse (i. e., parallel or nearly
parallel to the margin of the leaf) object of a decided green color. (Fig. 194, c.)

The young larva, after hatching remains for some time within the blister, but
finally leaves it through an irregular slit at the middle of the epidermis. Its color
is bluish gray. (Fig. 194, d.)

The recently excluded larve are uniformly curled up on the under side of the leaf.

Three varieties of cultivated willows were found to be injured by the perfect saw-
fiy, while egg blisters could only be found on two varieties.

The willows affected were the American green ozier, the Welsh, and the Golden.

Remedies.—It would be quite practicable, considering the small area to be pro-
tected and the conspicuous size of the insect and its clumsy movements, to catch the
perfect flies by means of a net; but the application of arsenical poisons would be
surer, and would also rid the willows of many other enemies.

‘For some years” says Mr. Bruner ‘‘the large saw-fly (Cimbex americana) has at-
tracted my attention at various points in Nebraska, by its habit of frequenting
hedges of white willow in preference to the various species of the native willow.
During the summer its large, green, slug-like larve would be met with from time to
time, but not until the present summer have I learned that it appeared in such great
numbers as to completely defoliate the trees.

“About three weeks age (August 31) I visited Mr. G. M. Dodge, of Glencoe, Dodge
County, and while driving across the country observed that nearly every hedge of
this willow had been more or less injured by some insect which had stripped the
trees of most of their leaves. I at once attributed the work to the striped cotton-
wood beetle (Plagiodera scripta), which, as you have shown, has been known to injure
various species of willow, as well as the poplars and cottonwood in this and other
sections of the country. Upon speaking to Mr. Dodge in reference to the subject, he
informed me that the work was that of the above named saw-fly. He also stated
that the larve had been so numerous on many of the hedges in his immediate neigh-
borhood as to completely defoliate the trees before they (the larvz) had attained full
growth, and that they had therefore proved the cause of their own destruction.

‘“ At other points, however, where the larve were less numerous, they have matured,
and will evidently make their appearance in force next season, provided no unfore-
seen providence intervenes.

‘Mr. Dodge also informed me that this saw-fly has been steadily on the increase for
the past three or four years—always working on the white willow in preference to
the native species.”

A Cimbex-like saw-fly larva occurred on the willow at Brunswick, Me.,
August 6, 1886, September 3, 1885. It is represented by the very poor
sketch in Pl. v, fig. 11.

WILLOW SAW-FLIES. 587

Larva.—Head large, as wide as the body, rounded, pale yellowish ; eyes black, con-
spicuous; legs pale whitish green; eight pairs of abdominal legs; abdomen closely
rolled up when at rest like a Helix. All the segments finely wrinkled; the ridges
bearing small flattened warts. Spiracles black. Body glaucous-green. Length
iste

64. Galeruca decora Say.

The most numerous and most dangerous of the enemies of the willow referred to
by Professor Riley is, beyond question, the willow Galeruca (Galeruca decora Say),
of which young larve and imagos were met with everywhere on the leaves. The
character of its injury and its natural history do not appear to differ from those of
the imported elm leaf-beetle (G. xanthomelena). Its eggs are a little larger, brighter
colored, and less acuminate, and the young larve of darker color, but not otherwise
different. Full-grown larve were not found early in June and only a few egg-
clusters.

65. Colaspis tristis Olivier.

Next in importance, says Riley, comes Colaspis tristis, which in the imago state
preferably feeds upon the very young, not yet fully developed, leaves. Its larva,
which no doubt has subterranean habits, was not met with, and it probably feeds on
the roots of some other plant.

66. THE WILLOW DOLERUS.
Dolerus arvensis Say.
Order HYMENOPTERA; family TENTHREDINID®.

The following account of this insect is copied verbatim from Professor
Forbes’ third report on the injurious insects of Illinois:

From one of the most intelligent and observant fruit growers of my acquaintance,
I have heard from time to time of a ‘‘steel-blue fly” which clustered in spring upon
the buds and blossoms of the pear, either eating them or blighting them and causing
them to drop. On the 30th March he sent me specimens from his pear trees, and I
found them to be the adults of the above two species which are known as willow saw-
flies,—so called because their green, many-footed larve feed on the leaves of willows.
‘The evidence against these saw-flies lay in the fact that they were abundant and
busy upon the opening buds and fresh blossoms of the pear and of some other trees,
for many days in succession, and that the blossoms afterwards fell without setting
fruit. Afterwards a similar but more positive charge against these insects appeared
in the correspondence of the Western Rural, of Chicago, for May 17, 1884, as fol-
lows:

‘‘Inclosed you will find a couple of bugs that are working on fruit trees here.
They ruin many blossom buds by sucking the sap out of them, sometimes causing
them to fall off just before opening. They make their appearance as soon as the
trees begin to grow. You will notice there arc two colors of *bugs—red and black.
Is there any way to get rid of them? Poison won’t do it, for I have tried London pur-
ple. They suck the sap mostly, although I think later in the season they eat the
leaves some, but I am not sure of it. They work on pear worse than others.”

The first of these species, Dolerus arvensis, was originally described by Thomas Say
in 1824, and the second, less common but still abundant, by Beauvois in 1805.
Although the larve of the former, at least, have been known for a long time to feed
upon the leaves of willow, they have not otherwise, so far as I am aware, been sus-
pected of any injury to vegetation of economic importance, all the references to them
in the literature of entomology being of a strictly technical character. From other
insects occurring in similar situations, with which they are at all likely to be con-

588 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

founded, they may be distinguished by the following characters in addition to those
of the family Tenthredinide to which these insects belong:

The first, Dolerus arvensis, is alittle more than one-third of an inch in length by
about one-third as wide, and measures not far from two-thirds of an inch across the
extended wings. The head and body are dark steel blue except the thorax, which is
variegated with yellow and black.

67. Dolerus bicolor Beauv.

Referring to the second species of Dolerus, Forbes continues his
account as follows:

The other species, Dolerus bicolor, is a trifle smaller than the first, brownish yellow
except the wings, the head, the middle of the thorax, and the legs, all of which are
black.

Both these insects are abundant everywhere in early spring, and the larve of both,
similar in appearance to green caterpillars, but distinguished by the possession of
eleven pairs of legs, feed upon the leaves of the willow a little later in the season.

Careful watching in the field soon convinced me that these saw-flies were neither
biting nor piercing the buds or flowers, but that they were merely licking off the
semi-fluid exudation from the surface of the bud scales. Dissecting the specimens
and examining the contents of their stomachs with the microscope, I found only a
clear fluid, without a trace of solid matter except occasional spheres consisting of
clusters of threads of fungous parasites Critically searching the surface of a bud
scale which these flies had but just worked over, I saw that no injury whatever had
been done to the tissues of the plant, even the slender hairs with which the scales
were covered being wholly undisturbed. Watching the flies with a glass, I could
see that their biting jaws remained all the time closed, but that their flap-like max-
ille were continually employed in mopping up the moisture from the viscid surface,
and as they have no mouth-parts capable of piercing the substance of a plant, it was.
clear that no injury was being done. Finally, I confined a lot of the saw-flies in a
breeding cage with pear buds not yet open. The insects industriously worked over
the surfaces of the unopened buds and even entered the flowers as they expanded,
but did neither any visible injury whatever. The buds afterwards all opened out in
abundant bloom, and remained fresh for several days, while the poor saw-flies, hav-
ing lapped up all the sirup available, starved to death in the midst of the uninjured
blossoms. A little experiment showed that they were especially susceptible to the
influence of pyrethrum, and that a single thorough application to a tree would kill
all upon it at the time.

The above brief account of these insects is given merely to set at rest the fears of
those who, like my correspondents, may be led to attribute to them serious mischief
really due te quite other causes. (Forbes.)

68. Nematus ventralis Say.

The larve of this saw-fly were found by Dr. Harris on leaves of the
willow June 22; they spun their cocoons June 24, the flies appearing
from July 15 onward. A second brood of these occurred on the nar-
row-leafed dwarf willow September 5, and on the same shrub a pair
of flies apparently recently transformed. The cocoons were made Sep-
tember 20. A swarm of larve was also found October 17. (Harris’
Corr., p. 270.)

Larva.—Six-tenths inch long, greenish black, and with ten heart-shaped ocher-yel-.
low spots on each side, beginning on the second ring. Prolegs fourteen; viz, twelve

ventral and two very short retractile ones to the last ring, all of a whitish color;
the first pair on the fifth ring, and the rest (except the anal pair) on the following

| WILLOW SAW-FLIES. 589

rings. Body transversely wrinkled, but smooth. Head polished, jet black. Anal
segment (just above the flap) with two minute black warts, or truncated, slender
tubercles. Curls its tai] when at rest. (Harris’ Corr.. p. 270.)

Saw-fly.—Black ; venter and feet pale. Male: Hypostoma, palpi, and mandibles
at base whitish ; orbits above and behind piceous ; thorax dilated, triangular line
before the wing, and wing-scale whitish; wiugs slightly dusky, nervures fuscous ;
feet honey-yellow, posterior tarsi black-brown ; tergum black, segments each with a
yellow band of which the four terminal ones are interrupted in the middle; venter
pale honey-yellow. Length, one-fourth inch. Female: Orbits all round, whitish ;
white line or spot before the wings with about three obsolete black spots before ;
feet white, thighs black in the middle, posterior tarsi blackish, tergum black, the
bands obsolete; venter white and segments blackish. Length, .3inch. (Say.)

69. Selandria? sp.

This species was observed August 20, at Brunswick, Me., eating irreg-
ular round holes in the edge of the leaves and spinning a cocoon.

Larva.—Body slender, cylindrical, slightly compressed. Head small, round, amber
colored, as wide as the body. The body pea-green ; the heart very distinct, forming
a dark line with a pale yellowish-green line on each side. The thoracic feet rather
long. Seven pairs of abdominal legs; the last (anal) pair modified, being very short,
aud like the tip of the body, pale lilac; the first two pairs of abdominal legs larger
than those succeeding; the sixth pair rudimentary. The spiracles connected by a
hair line of yellowish green. Length, 8 to 9™™,

70. Selandria sp.

The larva of this species folds the leaves of different species of wil-
low longitudinally on one side of the midrib. It spins a cocoon of the
usual shape August 28 to 31.

Larva.—Head large, round, full, amber colored. Body cylindrical, pale, flesh col-
ored, tapering towards the end, where are two jet-black acute spines, with a broad
base extending anteriorly. Body covered with short hairs, and transversely wrinkled.
Length, 6™™.

71. Nematus sp.?

Nematus? congeneric with one occurring on Betula populifolia, Bruns-
wick, September 6.

Larva.—Head small, round, black, body with a lateral ridge; scalloped; each seg-
ment with three transverse rows of black warts; the scallops on the lateral ridges
black. Thoracie and abdominal false legs, except last pair, blackish. Length, 20™™.

72. UNKNOWN SAW-FLY LARVA.
This species occurred on the willow at Brunswick, Me., spinning a
cocoon July 17.

Larva.—Seven pairs of abdominal legs. Head glaucous green; eyes black. Body
pale glaucous green, including the thoracic and abdominal legs; the body frosted,
with a double dorsal whitish line, and one on each side below.

73. Nematus? larva.

Observed at Jackson, N. H., on the willow.

Larva.—Body long and slender ; anal plate peculiar, being broad and square, with
two lateral projections. Seven pairs of abdominal legs, the last pair short and
thick. Head pale greenish amber, with a broad black median straight band extend-

590 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ing from the occiput to the labrum; also a lateral, rather paler, band extending to
the black eyes. Body speckled irregularly, especially on the sides, with brown. A
dark dorsal vascular line, inclosed by two slender fine yellowish lines. Length, 17™™.

74, LARGE NEMATUS? LARVA.

This false caterpillar occurred frequently on the willow at Bruns-
wick, Me., late in August.

Larva.—Eight pairs of abdominal legs. Body rather thick, long, not usually curled
up much at the extremity, with no markings, warts, or spines. Head small, round,
amber, greenish in front, eyes distinct and black. Body wrinkled, much as in Cim-
bex, which it approaches in size, pale green throughout; with a dorsal pair of lines
composed of obscure diffuse irregular faint yellowish patches on each side of the
vascular line; and a similar lateral line, also obscure. Length, 26™™,

75. Chrysomela bigsbyana Kirby.

Mr. Coquillett has reared this leaf-beetle from the willow, on which it
feeds. He found in Illinois two larve August 13, which shortly after-
wards pupated, the beetles appearing September 5. The species was
determined by Dr. Horn. (Can. Ent., xv, p. 22.) 1t is not uncommon on
willows in Maine late in June.

Larva.— Body white, tinged with yellow ; spiracles black with a white dot in the
center of each; on each side of segments 2 and 3 is a curved black dash, the curve
downwards; cervical shield concolorous, marked with a blackish spot in the middle
of each outer edge: head yellowish brown, ocelli black, in two clusters. Length,
lees

The beetle.—Body green, palpi, antenne, and legs rufous; anterior margin and sides of
the prothorax reddish ; elytra pale red witha sutural stripe, a humeral broken bilobed
spot, and several dots black or dark green. Color and sculpture of the body like
those of the preceding species, from which C. bigsbyana differs principally in having
the sides and anterior margin of the prothorax reddish yellow ; the elytra are of the
same color, but the suture itself, especially at the base, a stripe parallel to it, a large
humeral bilobed spot, the interior lobe of which is obtusangular or broken, and
several irregular dots and spots on the elytra are black-green. Length of the body
4lines. (Kirby.)

76. Chrysomela spiree Say.

I have found this species on willows in Maine late in June.

The beetle.—Head dark green, tinged with brassy; antenne and palpi rufous;
thorax dark green, tinged with brassy; elytra pale yellow, sometimes tinged with
rufous; each with about seventeen unequal small green spots; a larger lunate one
originating on the humerus; a common green sutural line, which sends off a lateral
short branch on each side near the base; beneath blackish green; feet rufous.
Length, + inch.

It is very closely allied to the C. philadelphica Fabr., but is smaller, and the sutural
line is always common, whereas in the philadelphica there is a slender subsutural line
on each elytron always insulated from the suture throughout its whole length.

77. Chrysomela philadelphica Linn.

While this species feeds on the pine, according to Fitch, he also has
observed it commonly on the willow.

The beetle.—A very convex broad-oval beetle about 0.30 long, of a dark bottle-
green color, with white wing-covers sometimes tinged with yellow and having on

” 1

WILLOW LEAF-BEETLES. 591

them numerous spots and dots of dark green witha black line on the suture widened
anteriorly and a second line parallel with this on each side, the antennz and legs.
rusty red. (Fitch.)

78. Crepidodera helxines (Linn).

The adult Crepidodera helxines L. was found repeatedly throughout.
May in central and southeastern Illinois, devouring the leaves of wil-
lows, and scarcely less commonly upon the Lombardy poplar and the
balm of Gilead, doing decided injury to young trees in the nurseries.
(Forbes’s Rep. Ins. IIl., 1883.)

This is also said by Mr. W. L. Devereaux to be very abundant on the
leaves at Clyde, N. Y.

79. Phyllodecta vitelline (Linn),

The beetle.—Second and third joints of the antenne of usual length. Body oblong,
a little inclining to ovate, glossy ; underneath black-bronzed, scarcely punctured ;
above bronzed with a copper tint, minutely punctured. First and second joints of
the antenna rufous; scutellum impunctured; elytra punctured in rows, with the inter-
stices indistinctly punctured ; tarsi piceous with the first joint rufous.

80. Galerucella sagittarie Gy)l.

The beetle.—Body brown, a little downy, not glossy. Mouth dirty yellow; pro-
thorax transverse, impressed, reddish-yellow, with three black nearly confluent spots ;.
scutellum subquadrangular, truncated at the apex; elytra grossly but not thickly
punctured ; suture and lateral margin paler than the rest of the elytron; anus and
legs reddish yellow; tarsi darker. Variety B: With the base of the antennz yellow-
ish underneath, the black spots on the prothorax distinct, and the elytra entirely of
a brownish yellow.

81. Lina ( Plagiodera) lapponica (Linn.).

Larve of Plagiodera lapponica L., taken on the willow at Normal,
June 24, commenced to pupate July 1, and to emerge on the 3d, the
last of about sixty appearing on the 8th. (Forbes’s Rep. Ins. II1.. 1883.)

82. Lina (Plagiodera) scripta Fabr.

Mr. D. W. Coquillett writes me that he has observed this beetle on
the willow in Illinois.

83. THE SNOWY TREE-CRICKET.
Ccanthus niveus Serville.

This common tree-cricket has been quite frequent, congregating in
raspberry and blackberry patches, as well as on white willow hedges,
where it often causes much injury by filling the stems and twigs of these
plants with itseggs. Several species of Helianthus and one Solidago
are, however, its chief food-plants in Nebraska. Scarcely a single one of
these weeds escapes without the eggs of one or more of the crickets
being thrust into its pithy substance. (L. Bruner in Riley’s Rep. Inj.
Ins., U.S. Ag. Dpt., 1884, p. 399.)

592 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.
84. Lachnus salicicola Uhler (Aphis salicti Harr.).

Mr. Monell has described an aphid under the name of Chaitophorus
salicicola which Professor Thomas (Eighth Rep. Ins. I1., p. 105) questions
whether it may not be Lachnus salicicola Uhler. We copy Harris’
‘description of his salicti.

Stylo nullo, corniculis brevibus fulvis, corpore nigro, immaculato, alarum venis pedibusque
Sulvis.

Black, immaculate; wings hyaline, the veins, the antenn, cornicule, and legs ful-
vous. Body black, immaculate; first and second joints of the antenne black, third
fulvous at base, remainder fuscous; cornicul# short, fulvous; legs fulvous, tibiz at
apex and tarsi fuscous. Length, about 1 line. Expanse of wings, above 4 lines.

Inhabits the willow, living on the under side of the extremities of the branches.
October 1, 1837.

This species can not be identical with 4. salicis Linn., which has the body spotted
with white. (Harris’ Corr.)

85. Chaitophorus viminalis Thomas.

This aphid occurs on the young twigs and leaves of Salix lucida and
S. babylonica in Ilinois.

Apterous individuals.—Varying from pale green to light yellow, with two darker
vittz on the abdomen which are often obsolete. Entire insect covered with long
white hair.

Winged individuals.—Head and thorax black ; abdomen black, except the margins
and style, which are yellow. Nectaries a little longer than thick, yellowish, often
slightly fuscous. Antenne hairy; seventh joint filiform, almost as long as the three
preceding taken together. Wings hyaline. Length, 1.52™™; to tip of wings, 2.54™™.

86. Chaitophorus smithiae Thomas.

This aphid lives on the leaves of Salix alba, from May to June, at
Peoria, Ill. (Miss E. A. Smith.)

Winged form.—General color dusky reddish. Wings hyaline; venation very vari-
able. Nectaries two-thirds as long as the tarsi, vasiform, contracted at the base,
expanding in the middle and again contracted at the apex; the mouth flaring.
Antenne a little over half as long as the body, the third joint the longest, the
fourth and fifth subequal, and the sixth joint two-thirds as long as the preceding.
Seventh joint slender, very little longer than the preceding. Rostrum reaching the
third pair of cops. Length, 2.28™™; to tip of wings, 4.56™™.

87. Lachnus dentatus Le Baron.

Dr. Le Baron describes this species in his second Report on the
Insects of Illinois, p. 138. It occurs in great numbers in October and
November on the under sides of the branches of the gray willow, and
also occurs on small nursery apple trees.

Moth.—Black; abdomen dark ash-colored, with six transverse rows of black dots.
Antenne filiform, as long as the head and thorax ; two basal joints, short and stout,
the third as long as the three terminal ones united; these three equal. Proboscis

greenish yellow at base. Forewings with the usual stout subcostal vein, and a
very elongate stigma; three discoidal veins (exclusive of the stigmatic vein), much

WILLOW APHIDES. 593

wider apart at their tips than at their bases; third vein two-forked ; hind wings
with a subcostal and two discoidal veins, the latter very closely approximate at
base and divergent at tip. Thighs dark honey-yel-
low, broadly tipped with black ; tibize dusky, red-
dish at the base.

The honey-tubes are subobsolete. The dots on the
abdomen are very distinct, especially on the fully
grown, wingless individuals. In the intermediate
rows the dots are six in number, the two middle
ones being smaller than the others. Just behind the
middle of the abdomen, and occupying the place of
the two middle dots in the fourth row, is asomewhat
conspicuous black, conical protuberance, varying in
size in different individuals, and sometimes considerably more prominent than it is
representedin the figure. Length, two-twelftls of an inch; expanse of the wings,
six-tenths.

Fic. 195.—Lachnus dentatus; en-
larged. After Forbes.

88. Chaitophorus nigre Oestlund.

Found by Mr. Oestlund on the leaves of Salix nigra as late as Octo-
ber 26.

Winged form.—Similar to Aphis in general appearance. Entire insect with long
white hairs. Head black, rather straight in front. Antenne about as long as the
body, black except base of 111; 1 and 11 as usual and subequal, 111 longest, Iv a little
shorter, Vv a little shorter than Iv, vI about one-half of v, v1 as long as IV, setaceous ;
lI to V moderately cicatrized. Eyes dark reddish-brown, with a prominent tubercle.
Beak rather short, hardly reaching second coxe, pointed. Thorax all black, pro-
thorax well developed, pronotum not narrowed in the middle. Wings as usual.
Legs with the femora more or less blackish, and the tibie pale. Abdomen wholly
black or slightly pale, brown along the sides. Honey-tubes tuberculiform, not longer
than broad, thickest at base, usually paler than the body. Style tubercle-like, or
even knobbed as jn Callipterus. Length of body .06; to tip of wings .10.

Wingless form.—General color a dull blackish-brown. Body flat, obovate or oblong,
quite hairy and tubercular in young specimens, becoming smooth in full-grown.
Antenne about one-half the body or a little longer, pale at base, dusky towards the
apex; relative length of the joints as in winged form; joints with long white hairs,
not very numerous. Abdomen usually with the middle and the margins slightly
paler. Honey-tubes as in the above form. Length of body .06. (Oestlund.)*

89. Rhopalosiphum salicis Monell.

This aphid occurs on the under side of leaves of Salix lucida, S. nigra,
and S. babylonica.

Winged individwals.—Head and thorax dusky ; abdomen green, with various irregu-
lar, darker green markings. Antenne about half as long as the body, not mounted
on frontal tubercle; the third and fourth joints somewhat dentate; apical joint half
as long again as the preceding; third and fourth joints often aentinehs Nectaries
light green, reaching to the tip; the basal portion slender, expanding at the middle
to twice its former diameter, and again suddenly contracted at the mouth, which is.
furnished with the usual annulus. Tail yellowish, about one-third as long as the
nectaries. Length 1.52™™; to tip of wings, 3.04™™, Apterous individuals entirely
pale green, with two darker dorsal vitte.

90. Chionaspis salicis (Linn.).

Specimens of Chionaspis fraxini received from England, states Pro-

fessor Comstock (Ag. Rt., 1880), are identical with (. salicis received

* Fourteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Minnesota, 1886, p. 49.
5 ENT——38

594 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

from M. Signoret. Professor Comstock has also received this species
from Ithaca, N. Y., and from St. Louis, Mo., in each case occurring
upon willow.

Scale of female.—The scale of the female is of the form characteristic of the genus,
being long, narrow at the anterior end, and broadly widened posteriorly. Exuvize
dark yellow, normally covered by a thin layer of white excretion; this, however, is
easily removed. Scale, snowy white. Length, 3 to 4™ (.13 inch); width near pos-
terior end, 1.6™™ (.06 inch).

Female.—The body of the female is reddish. The last segment differs from that
of C. ortholobis as follows: The median lobes are joined at the base, and are widely
separated at their distal extremities; between the first plate and the second lobe
and mesad of the third lobe are prolongations of the body wall, which extend caudad
as far as the lobes, and bear elongated pores. Immediately laterad of the third group
of plates is a prominent prolongation of the body bearing an elongated pore, while
in the case of C. ortholobis this is situated at one-third the distance from the third to
the fourth group of plates. In C. salicis the two lateral groups of plates often con-
sist of three instead of two, and the penultimate segment bears at least six plates;
the antepenultimate three or four, and the one anterior to this, one or two.

Scale of male.—The scale of the male is long, narrow, with the sides nearly paral-
lel. It is tricarinated and snowy white, with the exuvise yellowish. (Comstock. )

91. Chionaspis ortholobis Comstock.

According to Professor Comstock (Ag. Rt., 1880), this scale insect
occurs on the willow at San Bernardino, Cal. It infests chiefly the
bark of the small whip-like limbs which spring from the trunks of the
trees. Many of these sprouts were dead and white with the scales of
this species. The eygs were observed September 12.

Scale of female.—The scale of the female very closely resembles that of C. salicis ;
it is, however, smaller and narrower. Length, 2 to 2.5™™ (about .68 inch).

Female.—The body of the female is dark purple. The last segment presents the
following characters:

The anterior groups of spinnerets consist of from ten to sixteen; the anterior lat-
erals of eighteen to thirty, and the posterior laterals of sixteen to twenty.

The median lobes are almost contiguous; their mesal margins are parallel for more
than half their length; the distal margin of each is rounded.

Each of the second and third lobes is deeply incised; the lateral lobule in each
case is very small, often obsolete; the mesal lobule is large and rounded ; the distal
margins of all the lobes are distinctly crenate.

The plates are as follows: One laterad of first lobe; one or two laterad of second
lobe; two laterad of third lobe, and two quite large ones quite near the penultimate
segment. The penultimate segment usually bears four and the antepenultimate one.

The spines on the dorsal surface are as follows: The first on the base of the lateral
part of first lobe; the second and third on the lateral lobule of the second and third
lobes, respectively, and the fourth a short distance mesad of the lateral pair of plates.
On the ventrad surface there are also four on each side; each spine is laterad of the
corresponding spine of the dorsal surface, and cephalad of the base of the corre-
sponding plate or group of plates.

E£ggs.—The eggs are dark purple.

Scale of male.—The scale of the male differs from all other specimens of this genus
known to me in not being carinated. It is an elongated oval in outline, being
slightly broadest at the middle, and tapering towards both ends almost equally.
The larval skin is light yellow; the scale is snowy white.

Described from thirteen males and many scales of each sex. (Comstock, Ag. Rt.,
1880. )

WILLOW MITES. 595

92. Aspidiotus convexus Comstock.
THE CONVEX WILLOW SCALE.

The following account is copied from Professor Comstock’s report in
U.S. Agricultural Report for 1880:

This species, which is very common on the bark of the trunk and limbs of the
native willows in California, very closely resembles Aspidiotus rapax in the shape
and color of its scale. The resemblance of the two species is so great that at first I
considered them identical, and concluded that A. rapax had spread to the cultivated
trees in California from the native willows of that State. But a careful study of
the structure of the two forms show them to be specifically distinct. The most
striking differences are those presented by the last abdominal segment of the female.
In this species there are four groups of spinnerets; the superior laterals consisting
of about seven, and the inferior laterals of about four. In 4. rapax the groups of
spinnerets are wanting.

In this species the plates are very much shorter than in 4. rapax, and very closely
resemble the plates in 4. ancylus. But A. convexus differs greatly from A. ancylus in
the shape and color of the scale and in the wings of the male being long. Described
from seven females, two males, and very many scales.

93. Phytoptus salicicola Garman.
Order ACARINA.

Produces galls on the leaves of the long-leaved willow, Salix longifolia Muhl.
Strie of abdomen 46. Feather-like tarsal appendage with three pairs of prongs.
Length, .0075 inch. Abundant in the gallsin June.

This gall is one of the most remarkable deformations I have seen.
It consists of a narrow longitudiual upward fold extending sometimes
the entire length of the leaf. Usually there are two of these folds
on each leaf, one on each side of the midrib. They may be close to the
midrib, midway between it and the margin, or at the margin itself. In
cases where the fold begins next the midrib at the base of the leaf, it
may gradually leave it so as eventually to form a mere fold of the mar-
gin. The opening is a narrow slit running along the under side of the
leaf. Color, as seen in the latter part of June, brown. My attention
was drawn to this gall by the peculiar appearance of the willow leaves
due to the lessening of their widths by the fold. A clump of shrubby
willows growing in the margin of a shallow pool of water in the
vicinity of Normal, Ill., was badly infested by the galls. (Garman).

94. Phytontus sp.

Produces galls on the leaves of the heart-leaved willow, Salix cordata Muhl.

The mite has sixty-three transverse abdominal striz.

The gall is a wart-like excrescence sometimes projecting above the
leaf, sometimes below, and again equally above and below. In some
examples the leaf is folded up around the gall, forming a more or less
complete rim. Many of the galls are produced above into nipple-
shaped prominences. The color may be purple or pale green. A

596 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

specimen measured was .083 inch in depth, and .065 inch in diameter.
(Garman).
The following insects also occur on the willow:

107.
108.
109.
110.

111.
112.
113:

114,
115.
116.
1 bi
118.
119.
120.

121;

122

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

. Limenitis ursula (Fabr.) See p. 128.

. Limenitis arthemis (Drury.) W. H. Edwards.

. Limenitis misippus (Fabr.). Lintner Ent. Contr., ii.

. Vanessa antiopa (Linn.). Maine and Rhode Island. Larva fully

grown in Maine September 5.

. Grapta faunus Edw. on S. humilis (Scudder).
100.
. Aglais milbertit Godt.
102.
103.
. Cyaniris pseudargiolus Bd. and Lec.
. Thanaos persius Scudder.

106.

Hugonia J. album B. and Lee.

Thecla liparops.
Thecla acadica Edwards.

Nisoniades icelus Lintner. Feeds on different species of willows
and poplars. (S. Lowell Elliot.) See p. 450.

Papilio turnus Linn. W. H. Edwards, Can. Ent., xviii, p. 139.

Papilio glaucus Linn.

Smerinthus geminatus var. Jamaicensis (Drury). Ohio (Pilate).

Sesia hospes Walsh. Proce. Ent. Soc. Phila., vi, 1866, p. 270. Bred
from coleopterous pseudogall on S. tnornata (Walsh).

Hyphantria cunea (Drury).

Edemasia concinna Abbot and Smith. Brunswick, Me., August 14.

Ichthyura inclusa Hiibn. Feeds on all kinds of willow (S. Lowell
Elliot). Ohio (Pilate).

Ichthyura albosigma Fitch.

Datana integerrima G. and R. See p. 150.

Apatelodes torrefacta Abb._Sm. Eats leaves of willow in confine-
ment (Harris’s Corr., p. 307).

Pheosia rimosa Pack. On willow (Tepper, Bull. Brooklyn Ent.
‘Soce., ii, p. 3; Lintner, Ent. Contr., iv, p. 76).

Orgyia antiqua Linn. Brunswick, Me., August 8-15.

Schizura sp. (Lintner, Ent. Contr., iii, p. 151).

Orgyia leucostigma Abb.-Sm., was rather abundant on the willow
in the University grounds at Normal. (Forbes.) (Riley’s notes.)

Luclea penulata Clem. (French, Papilio, i, p. 144.)

. Actias luna Linn.
123.
124,
125.
126.

Platysamia cecropia (Linn.). (Riley’s Note Book, I.)

Platysamia gloverti Strecker. On willows about Salt Lake City.

Telea polyphemus Linn. (W. Brodie, Canada.)

Samia cynthia (Linn.). ‘Feeding voluntarily in freedom.” P. E.
Nostrand (Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soce., ii, p. 77).

A

WILLOW INSECTS. 59F

. Eacles imperialis Hiibner. G. D. Hulst (Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc.,

ii, p. 77).

. Hyperchiria io (Fabr.). (L. W. Goodell, Can. Ent., ix, p. 180.)
. Cerura borealis (Boisd.). (August and September, New York.

Lintner, Contr., iii, p. 151.)

. Hemileuca maia (Fabr.). (Wescott, Can. Ent., 1877, p. 220; C.

E. Worthington, Can. Ent., x, p. 16; W.G. Wright, Can. Ent.,
xx, pp. 30, 32.)

. Prionoxystus robinie (Harris). (Kellicott, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Se.,

iv, p. 30, 1881.)

. Hepialus argenteomaculatus Harris. (J. B. Smith, Can. Ent., xx,

p. 233.)

. Apatela americana Harris. (Lintner, Ent. Contr., iii, p. 136.)

. Apatela connecta Grote. Ohio (Pilate).

. Apatela dactylina Grote.

). Apatela brumosa Guen.

. Acronycta salicis Harris. (August, Harris, Corr., p. 315.)

. Catocala vidua Abbot and Smith.

. Catocala relicta Walk. All the stages fully described by H. L.

Clark (Can. Ent., xx, p. 17).

. Catocala briseis Edw.
. Homoptera salicis Behr. (On willows ® California. Behr. Trans.

Amer. Ent. Soc., iii, p. 28.)

. Hutrapela clemataria (Abbot and Smith).
. Metrocampa perlaria Guenée. (Saunders, Can. Ent., iii, p. 226.)
. Amphidasys cognataria Guen. Maine, August and September (in

larval state).

. Botis oscitalis Grote. See p. 467.
. Teras scabrana (Curt.). (Miss Murtteldt, Fernald’s Cat. Tortri-

cide.)

. Teras ferrugana (Schiff.). Galls of Cecidomyia salicis-strobiloides

Walsh.

. Dichelia sulfureana (Clem.). Inquiline in the willow galls of C.

salicis-strobiloides and S. brassicoides (Walsh).

. Steganoptycha saliciana Clem. Willow galls. (Galls of (@. salicis

brassicoides and S. strobiloides) Walsh.

. Steganoptycha salicicolana (Clem.).. Willow galls. {(C. salicis-rho-

doides Walsh.)

. Coleophora castipennella Chambers. Larva.in a pistol-shaped case.

(Chambers. )
Order HYMENOPTERA.

. Euura s.-gemma Walsh. Proc. Ent. Soe. Phila., vi, 1866., p. 250.
. Euura s.-ovum Walsh. Tbid., p. 252.

. Luura s.nodus Walsh. TI bid., p. 253.

. Huura perturbans Walsh. Tbid., p. 254.

598 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

156. Nematus s.-pomum Walsh. Ibid., p. 255.

157. Nematus s.-desmodioides Walsh.

158. Nematus s.-pisum Walsh. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vi, 1866, p. 250.

159. Nematus trilineatas Norton. On weeping willow. Packard’s
Guide to Study of Insects, p. 220; foot note.

The following inquilines or guest-gall saw-flies occur in willow galls:

160. Nematus inquilinus Walsh. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vi, 1866., p. 260.
161. Nematus hospes Walsh. Ibid., p. 261.

162. Nematus mendicus Walsh. Ibid., p. 261.

163. Nematus fur Walsh. Tbid., p. 263.

164. Pristiphora sycophanta Walsh. Tbid., p. 263.

Order DIPTERA.

165. Cecidomyia salicis-brassicoides Walsh. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vi,
1866., p. 577.

166. Cecidomyia s.-strobiloides Walsh. Ibid., p. 582.

167. Cecidomyia s.-strobiliscus Walsh. Ibid., p.582. ‘Gallonly known).

168. Cecidomyia s.-gnaphalioides Walsh. IJbid., p. 585.

169. Cecidomyia s.-rhodoides Walsh. Ibid., p. 587.

170. Cecidomyia s.-coryloides Walsh. Ibid., p.588. (Gall only known.)

171. Cecidomyia s.-cornu Walsh. Tbid., p. 590. (Gall only known.)

172. Cecidomyia s.-siliqua Walsh. Tbid., p. 594.

173. Cecidomyia s.-triticoides Walsh. Ibid., p. 599.

174. Cecidomyia s.-batatas Walsh. TIbid., 606.

175. Cecidomyia s.-verruca Walsh.

176. Cecidomyia s.-hordeoides Walsh. Ibid.,p.599. (Gallonly known.)

177. Cecidomyia albovittata Walsh. Ibid., p.620; vi, p. 227. Inquiline
in willow galls.

178. Cecidomyia cornuta Walsh. TIbid., p. 625. Inquiline in willow
galls.

179. Cecidomyia orbitalis Walsh.

180. Cecidomyia s.-nodulus Walsh. Jbid., p. 601-604. .

181. Cecidomyia salicis Fitch (= rigide O. S.) Maine. Ibid., p. 598.

182. Diplosis atrocularis Walsh. Ibid., p. 626.

183. Diplosis atricornis Walsh. TIbid., p. 628.

184. Diplosis annulipes Walsh. Ibid., p. 629.

185. Diplosis 10-maculata Walsh. TJbid., p. 631.

186. Diplosis 7-maculata Walsh. Ibid., p.630; vi, p. 228.

187. Lonchea? sp. 1 have observed the larva, pupa-case, and fly of
this species, which was referred with doubt by Baron Osten-
Sacken to the genus Lonchea. The larva was common at Bruns-
wick, Me., raising large blisters on the twigs of the willow. It
was figured and briefly described in my Guide to the Study of
Insects, p. 412.

~ =

WILLOW INSECTS. 599

Order COLEOPTERA.

Saperda calearata Say. (D. W. Coquillett in litt.)

Saperda concolor Say. Hamilton (Can. Ent. xx, p. 66.)

Mecas inornata Say. See Cottonwood Insects, p. 427.

Buprestis fasciata Fabr. Mr. George Hunt informs me that he
found an elytron of this beetle under the bark of the willow in
northern New York.

. Litargus 4-spilotus Lec. A single specimen, bred August 30 from

the Acaridous? gall 8S. enigma Walsh. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila.,
vi, 1866, 265.

. Anthonomus sycophanta Walsh. Proc. Ent. Sec. Phil., vi, 1866,

p. 265. Bred by Walsh from the galls made by saw-fly larve.

. Anthonomus tessellatus Walsh. Ibid. Lives in saw-fly galls.
. Erirhinus ephippiatus Say. Bred by Walsh from Cecidomyidous

galls (S. brassicoides) l. ¢., p. 269.

. Rhynchites eratus Say. Brunswick, Me., June.
. Rhyncolus angularis LeC. Under willow bark at New River, Colo-

rado Desert. LeConte (Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Phila., March,
1858, p. 81.)

. Apion lanuginosum Walsh. Proce. Ent. Soe. Phila., vi, 1866, p. 269.

Bred from dipterous galls.

. Apion signipes Say. ‘Not rare upon willows, especially when in

flower.” W. Hague Harrington, Ottawa. (Can. Ent., xvi, p. 117.)
Cryptorhynchus lapathi (Linn.) Juelich Ent. Amer., iii, p. 123).

. Orchestes niger Horn. ‘A small black hopping beetle, abundant

in spring upon the willows.” W. Hague Harrington, Ottawa.
(Can. Ent., xvi, p. 117.)

. Orchestes subhistus Horn. This is a pretty species with white

bands across the elytra, on willows in bloom. W. Hague Har-
rington, Ottawa. (Can. Ent., xvi, p. 117.)

. Chlamys sp. (S. Lowell Elliot.)
. Haltica alternata MIlliger. Bred from dipterous galls. Walsh, (I. c.,

p. 270).

. Paria 6-notata Say. Bred from dipterous galls. Walsh, (I. ¢.,-

p. 270.)

. Cotalpa lanigera (Linn). Maine, June 23.

. Hoplia trifasciata Say. Maine, June 23.

. Dichelonycha elongatula Schonh. Maine, June 23.

. Chrysomela spiree Say. Maine, June 23.

. Phyllodecta vulgatissima (Linn). Maine, June 23.

. Galerucella sagittarie Gyllenh. Maine, June 23.

. Plectrodera scalator Fabr. On small swamp willows in August, in.

Illinois. (McBride, Can. Ent., xii, p. 107.)

. Pachybrachys livens LeConte. Colorado River, California. (Lec.)

600 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.
”

Order HEMIPTERA.

213. Lachnus salicelis Fitch. .

214. Mytilaspis sp. (Comstock’s Rep. for 1880, p. 355.)
215. Anthocoris insidiosus (Say).

216. Tingis ciliata Say (T. hyalina, H.-Sch.). Maine.

217. Capsus sp. Maine.

218. Evacanthus orbitalis Fitch. Maine, July 22.

219. Bythoscopus sp. Maine.

220. Siphonophora? salicicola Thomas. (Highth Rep., 63.)

|
.

Order PLATYPTERA.

221. Psocus rufus Walsh, (l. ¢.), p.270. Bred from dipterous gall. (8.
brassicoides Walsh.)

Class ARACHNIDA; Order ACARINA.

22. Acarus? s. semen Walsh. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., 1866, 226.
23. Acarus? enigma Walsh. Ibid, 227.

+
ee
oe
|
. :

CHAPTER XII.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE HACKBERRY.

By CalVs RILEY.

The Hackberry is one of the most characteristic trees in our American
silva. What is said of the forms growing in Missouri in my sixth report
on the insects of Missouri (1874, p. 137) wil] apply to other parts of the
country in the same latitudes—in fact, throughout its range.

Two tolerably constant forms are easily recognizable: 1. (occidentalis Linn.) with
broad, roughish, sharply serrate leaves, purple-black drupes, and rather pale bark,
which on the trunk is rough and strongly cleft so as to look as if hacked, 2. (missis-
sippiensis Bosc.) with smaller, narrower, darker leaves, less serrate and often entire
yellow drupes, and darker bark, the trunk appearing knotty. A third form (crassi-
folia Lamk.), having more the aspect of Wlmus, occurs less frequently. It is much
like occidentalis, but with more supple limbs and rougher, thicker leaves, which,
when plucked, wilt more rapidly than do those of other forms. Botanists differ as
to whether these forms are specific or varietal. Dr. Gray refers them all to occident
alis, and, as intermediate varieties are found and the seedlings from the same tree are
exceedingly variable, this seems the proper course. But Professor Planchon, who
has monographed the genus, considers 1 and 2 good species, and the third doubtful.

In the report already alluded to (pp. 136 et seq.) under the head of
‘“‘ Hackberry butterflies,” original accounts, with illustrations, will be
found of the life-histories of two of our handsomest North American
butterflies, which, so far, have been found to feed in the larval state
exclusively on Hackberry. They are there treated of under the names,
“Eyed Emperor” ( Apatura lycaon), and “Tawny Emperor” (A. herse
Fabr.), and the synonymy of the species is fully discussed and the
reasons given for preferring the names of Boisduval and Le Conte
(Apatura celtis and Apatura clyton). As the reasoning there has since
been confirmed by the adoption of the latter names, both by Mr. W.
H. Edwards and Mr. S. H. Scudder in their catalogues, these names will
be used in the present instance.*

* Led by Mr. Scudder’s previous writings to adopt the Fabrician names, I never-
theless took some pains to get at the real facts, and concluded, after considerable
correspondence, that there was no cause to change the conclusions which I had pre-
viously expressed, that we have but two species of Apatura in the United States, viz:
A. lycaon Fabr. = celtis Boisd. = alicia Edw.; and A. herse Fabr. = clyton Boisd. = pro-
serpina Scudd. But I admitted that there would ever hang a certain doubt about
herse, and that had I the paper to write over again I would use the Boisduval names,
because I believe that science is better advanced by the use of names based upon
descriptions of the living animals rather than by unearthing such as are drawn from
pencil (and often faulty) imitations, and which admit of doubt and dispute. ‘‘In

601

60Z FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

It will be unnecessary in this connection to give more than a brief
recapitulation of the results of my studies on these insects, quoting,
where it may seem advisable, the more important facts from the article

referred to.
1. Tort EvED EMPEROR.

Apatura cellis Bd. and LeC.

A green caterpillar, with a series of pale, medio-dorsal spots and pale longitudinal
jines, with two anal projections and two antlers on the head, usually found singly on
the under side of the leaf, transforming to a pale green chrysalis with a serrate back.
Two generations annually, the second hibernating in the second or third larval
stage upon the fallen leaf. Butterfly of a russety-gray shaded with dark brown, and
with eye-like spots on the wings, the female laying eggs singly or in small groups on
the under surface of the leaf.

i

Fic. 196. Apatura celtis: a, eggs; b, larva, dorsal view ; ¢,
d, chrysalis, dorsal and lateral views; e, imago, male, dotted
line showing form of female—all natural size. After Riley.

The larve of this species are found on the various species of Celtis
during May. When at rest they are found on the under side of the
leaf, usually on a carpet of silk, and often with a portion of the leaf bent
around it, and they reach full maturity by the end of the month.

‘In preparing for the chrysalis state the larva spins on the under
side of a leaf a little bunch of silk in which to entangle its prolegs.
Sometimes, but not often, it partially covers itself with a curled leaf or
with two leaves drawn together. Here it rests for about two days,
when the larval head and skin split open, and the soft and unformed
chrysalis works them back to the extremity of its body. It then secures
itself, knocks off the shrunken skin, and soon assumes the delicate
green color, marked with cream yellow, and the elegant form (Fig. 196,
c, d) which nature has imposed upon it.”

other words, the ‘ law of priority’ becomes a nuisance and a positive injury to the sci-
ence when pushed to the unnecessary extreme of attempting to solve inexplicable rid-
dies.” Mr. A. G. Butler, of the British Museum, admitted (letter, June 15, 1874) that
he was all wrong in what he had published on the subject, and. concurred in my
judgment. Mr. Scudder (May 29, 1874) wrote that upon examining Hiibner’s
Doxocopa idyia, it proved to be the same as a species which he had from Guate-
mala, and that it is barely possible that this may be herse Fabr.; while Mr. Edwards
also wrote (July 12, 1874) that he believed herse not American. In his recent work,
Seudder states that idyia [pars] Herr.-Schaeff is clyton, but not idyia Hiibn., while
he concludes that celtis is not lycaon Fabr., a conclusion in which I should hardly fol-
low him, so far as the original drawings justify conclusion.

HACKBERRY BUTTERFLIES. 603

In the latitude of St. Lonis it is not until the middle of June that
the first butterflies begin to appear, and by the end of the month the
globular, delicate, longitudinally ribbed eggs may be found on the
under side of a leaf, either singly or in small clusters.

The young larva in hatching pushes open the crown, which lifts like
-aecap. The first summer brood of worms feeds for rather less than a
month, when they transform and give out the second brood of butter-
flies during August.

The eggs laid by these in due time hatch, and the young larva is
more lethargic than that of the first brood, feeds with less vigor, devel-
ops much more slowly, and, after passing through the second or third
molt, ceases to eat, shrinks in size, and remains stationary on the under
side of the leaf. It also changes from its fresh green color to a dingy
grayish-brown, and eventually, with its dying support, falls to the
ground and there hibernates.

Fic. 197. Apatura celtis: f, egg, magnified; g, larva, lateral
view ; hk, imago, underside—natural size; 1%, j, k, l, m, the five
different larval heads; 7, 0, dorsal and lateral views of larval
joint—enlarged. After Riley.

The accompanying figures will so fully illustrate the different stages
and transformations that no repetition of description is necessary.

Parasites.—The only parasite published as attacking this species is
the Ophionid, Limneria fugitiva Say, reared by Mr. W. H. Edwards in
West Virginia, and recorded by Mr. L. O. Howard, in Scudder’s But-
terflies of New England, page 1883.

In 1874 I found a larva in the third stage being devoured by Eulo-
phus larvee, some of which issued and formed their pup under my eye,
the perfect flies, an undescribed species, issuing on July 13, of that
year. I have reared quite abundantly from the chrysailis of this species
the large Chalcis flavipes Fabr. and an undescrib:d Tachinid, while one
of my old correspondents, Mr. George W. Letterman, of Allentown,
Missouri, once brought me specimens of Podisus spinosus which he had
found piercing the larva and sucking its juices.

The egg-parasite and the other parasites reared from Aptura clyton

and presently referred to will doubtless be found preying on A. celtis
also,

604 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

2. THE TAWNY EMPEROR.
Apatura clyton Bd. LeC.

This butterfly is a larger and more showy one than the Eyed Empe-
ror and it extends farther north and east, Its habits are similar and I
have frequently found the larve of both species feeding together on the
Same tree. :

Fic. 198.—Apatura clyton: a, eggs; b, larva; ¢, chrysalis; d,
imago, male, the dotted line showing form of female—all natural
size. After Riley.

It is less common than A. celtis and Boisduval gives Prunus as the
food-plant of the species; but no one since has recorded it as occurring
on trees of that genus, and, as I have already recorded, young larve
refused to feed on Plum leaves and died rather than eat them.

The eggs of this species are similar to those of celtis, and differ mainly
in being narrower on the crown, but they are “invariably deposited in
dense patches of from 300 to 500, and two, or more often three, tiers
deep.”

The structural differences between the young larve of the two species
are fully set forth in the article alluded to.

“The larve are more or less gregarious up to the third molt, after
which they scatter. The habit, after they scatter, of hiding within
leaves drawn around them, is more determined thanin A. celtis; andthe
young of the second brood fall with the leaf, and hibernate huddled to-
gether in companies of five and upwards (Fig. 199, q). They have a
habit, before separating, of feeding side by side, eating the leaf from the
tip downward, but leaving the stouter ribs. Spinning a thread wher-
ever they go, they often, in traveling from leaf to leaf, make quite a
pathway of silk; and if the branch be suddenly jarred, they will drop
and hang suspended in mid-air, and, after re-assurance, climb up again
with the thoracic legs.”

Parasites.—My notes would indicate that there were two parasites
affecting the eggs of this butterfly, one of them not preserved, and re-
ferred to the Trichogrammide in my fifth Missouri report. The other,
since bred in numbers, proves to be a Proctotrupid belonging to the

HACKBERRY BUTTERFLIES. 605

genus Telenomus and described recently by Mr. Howard, in Mr. Scud-
der’s Butterflies of New England, under the name Telenomus rileyi.
Besides this egg-parasite I have reared from the pupa, Chalcis flavi-

PBR Rad
F ak i

Fic. 199.—Apatura clyton: g, larva, half grown, dorsal view ;
h, imago, male, underside—natural size; i,j, k,l, m, the five
different heads of larva; 7, 0, dorsal and lateral views of larval -
joint; p, egg—enlarged; g, larvw as when hibernating—nat-
ural size. After Riley.

pes Fabr. and Pimpla annulipes Brullé, while Limneria fugitiva Say
was reared from the larva by Mr. A. H. Mundt in Illinois, all recorded
in Mr. Scudder’s work.

3. THE INTERROGATION BUTTERFLY.

Grapta interrogationis Fabr.

A spiny, reddish-brown caterpillar, more or less speckled with white, feeding on the
leaves in July.

The very full life-history and bibliography of this species in Scudder’s
recent elaborate work, “ Butterflies of New England,” leaves very little,
if anything, to be recorded.

The species is by no means rare in Missouri, where it first came under
my observation, and while common on the Elm and Hop, is more rarely,
yet not infrequently, met with on the Hackberry, as I have frequently
observed it on this tree.

The following facts are extracted from notes made in 1870:

The egg with its nine vertical ribs is at first dull bluish-green, after-
ward becoming grayish-green with silvery reflections. It is laid singly
or in chains, one above another, either on the upper or lower portion of
a leaf.

The duration in the egg state isfour days. Two eggs which I saw a
female lay on a leaf May 19, hatched May 23, and the spines on the
young larva could be distinctly discerned through the delicate egg-shell
before hatching. The length of the egg was .95™"; width .7™™.

The full-grown caterpillar has the body black, covered with light yellow papilli-
form points, which are thickest and of a deeper yellow toward the head. It is also

606 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

covered with compound spines; two on each side of the second segment black, pro-
ceeding from ared wart; two on each side of the third segment, the main stem being
red at base, yellow at extremity, and those proceeding from it being black. On all the
other segments but the last two (on each sideof which there are two compound black
spines) there are seven, three on each side and one on the back. Thaton the back is
yellow and smaller than the rest; those nearest this are also yellow, but with black
extremities, particularly toward the head; those below these last have a red stalk
with black spines proceeding from it, and those along the stigmatal line (which line
is very light yellow) are of the same color as that line and very small. Two lines run
along the back, closest together near the spines and having the appearance of a
succession of links. There are also other lines running parallel with these, but not
so distinct, along the sides. Head perpendicular, free, larger than the body, very
dark purple-brown, and covered sparsely with small white points from which proceed
fine white bristles; on the top it has two black compound spines. Thoracic legs same
color as head, the prolegs of a lighter brown. Length, 14 inches; diameter, one-fifth
inch.

It hangs by the cremaster and anal prolegs* to a small bunch of
flesh-colored silk, and changes to a chrysalis similar in form to others
of its group, of a fleshy-brown coloreshaded with bluish-black. It has
a crescent-shaped projection on the thorax, with four golden spots just
below. The wing-sheaths are faintly green, having a slight resem-
blance to a leaf.

Some specimens of the larva are much brighter than others, being
speckled or mottled all over with white, and the chrysalis, instead of
having four golden, has often four brilliant, silvery, metallic spots,
while the whole body may be tinted with gold and green, particularly
along the stigmata.

Mr. Scudder says:

Judging from the dates given by Harris’s correspondence, the chrysalis state lasts
from eleven to seventeen days. Grosse (Canada) says eleven days. Edwards (in
West Virginia), seven to eleven. Braun, in Bangor, had them hang twenty days at
the end of July.

My specimens at St. Louis remained nine days, on the average, in
the chrsyalis state, which is most frequent in July, while the butter-
flies are most numerous in August. The butterfly, therefore, appears
in Missouri about the same time asin the New England States, viz,
from the last of July to the middle of August, and is probably but
two-brooded.

Parasites —Two parasites are found in the eggs, Telenomus grapte
Howard, reared at Washington, and Trichogramma intermedium How-
ard, reared by Mr. Seudder at Cambridge. Au undescribed Apanteles
and Pteromalus vanesse Harris are quite frequently reared, the one from
the larva, the other from the chrysalis. Tetrastichus modestus Howard
is a secondary parasite on the Apanteles, while a large Ichneumonid,
Hoplismenus morulus Say, was once reared from it by Miss Pierce at
Cambridge, all recorded in Mr. Scudder’s work.

*See a paper by the author on the “‘ Philosophy of the pupation of Butterflies,” Prov.
Am. Ass. Ady. Sc., for 1879, vol. 28, pp. 455-463.

4
——

HACKBERRY BUTTERFLIES. 607

4, BACHMANN’S LIBYTHEA.
Libythea bachmanni Kirtland.

‘This remarkable looking diurnal, appearing as if snouted, from the
very long porrect palpi, so far as we now know, feeds exclusively upon
Celtis in its larval state. The butterfly expands about lZinches. Itis
brownish-black above, the apex of front wings quadrate, the margin
slightly sinuate. There are three white spots on the apical third of the
wing, the basal spot the largest and oblique. At the base of the wing
are three large reddish or fulvous blotches, one of which occupies most
of the discal cell. Beneath, the wings are brownish, the apex tinted
with lilac, the apical white spots repeated as well as the fulvous blotch
in the cell. The hind wings have a fulvous band behind the middle,
and are lilaceous beneath.

Its life history was partially worked up by Mr. W. H. Edwards in
Butterflies of North America (Vol. 11, Part I, 1874), and subsequently
more fully, by the same author, in the Canadian Entomologist (Vol. X11,
1881, page 226), and from these the following abstract is largely drawn.

It is quite common in the Atlantic States, where its food-plant is
abundant, and specimens have been captured in Canada.

It is more rare in the Mississippi Valley, but occurs as far west as
Arizona. I have found it, as has also Mr. Schwarz, tolerably abundant
' in Texas, the larva feeding on the leaves of Celtis.

The oblate-spheroid, pale-green egg has eighteen or twenty narrow
but prominent ribs, terminating before reaching the summit and crossed
by many striz.

Mr. Edwards says:

The eggs seem to be nearly always laid on the tender terminal leaves of the branch.
Usually one egg is laid at the end of a branch, in one of the forks on the leaf stem,
but I have seen two eggs on same stem, and occasionally an egg laid on the under
side and middle of a leaf. The young larve on hatching ascend to the extremity of
one of the leaves and remain there stripping the sides, leaving the midrib untouched,
whence it is easy to find them. They eat their way out of the egg a little below the
tip, but do not eat the egg-shell after emerging, and the empty shell has often guided
me to the whereabouts of the young caterpillar.

It will be unnecessary to repeat here Mr. Edwards’s description of the
larval changes, but I reproduce his description of the full-grown larva
and chrysalis:

Mature larva.—Seven-tenths to nine-tenths inch; cylindrical, thickened at seg-
ments 3 and 4, the dorsum of last segment abruptly curved down to the end; color
dark green, the lower side and also feet and legs pale green; each segment four times
creased transversely, and on the flat ridges so caused are rows, one to each, of small
tubercular flattened points, pale or whitish yellow; from 2 to 13 a white stripe along
base, just over the spiracles, and above this the ground is yellowish for a little way ;
a medio-dorsal yellow line and sometimes a fine line on middle of side; yellow tuber-
culated points over the legs, in ares of from 3 to 6; on foremost ridge of third seg-

608 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ment, high on the side, a dead black tubercle, a little raised and rounded in yellow
ring; spiracles in black ovals; surface covered with a fine short down; head obovoid,
green, smooth, sparsely pilose; the ocelli brown. Occasionally the larve in later
stages are differently colored. One had the dorsum dark green, edged on either side
by a gray line, and successively by a band of yellow, a gray line, and a black band;
the third segment is wholly and the fifth partly black. Two others of the same brood
were green with a black band along base of body and black patches on 3 and 11.

Chrysalis.—Length, .5 inch ; helmet-shaped ; compressed laterally, the abdomen
somewhat carinated; mesonotom high rounded, sloping abruptly to top of head-
case, much compressed and sharply carinated; followed by a deep excavation ; head-
case not prominent, square or nearly so at top, a little excavated, the corners sub-
pyramidal and scarcely at all produced; along carina of abdomen a yellow line
which forks and passes round mesonotum to top of head-case ; a slight yellow lateral
line on abdomen ; color green, either deep or with a blue or yellow tint; the abdo-
men much sprinkled with pale yellow flat: points or small spots, a few of these about
the head-case. Duration of this stage five days in July, seven days in August.

Mr. Edwards is of the opinion that there are several successive gen-
erations, “ probably four, that the latter butterflies hibernate, and the
survivors are on the wing early in May, and probably in favorable sea-
sons in April. The first generation in descent from the hibernating
females are on the wing in June, the second generation in July, the
third in August, and late butterflies emerge from chrysalis in Septem-
ber, and these would be of the fourth genmration in descent from the
hibernating PGT 5

5. THE HACKBERRY DAGGER.
(Acronycta rubricoma Guen.)
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family Nocrurp2.

This is a widely distributed species and doubtless coincident with its
food-plant, the different species of Celtis, on which, according to my
own observations as well as those of others (French, 6th Rept. Il.
State Norm. Univ., p. 45, and J. Marten, Trans. Dept. Agr., IIl., Vol. 18,
Append., p. 182), it feeds exclusively. It will, in fact, perish rather than
partake of any other food that I have so far offered. The species has
been represented in the U.S. National Museum from the following
States: Texas, Missouri, Illinois, South Carolina, Virginia, and even
from Canada, in all of which localities it is probably double-brooded.
In its southern range the first brood of larve appear during the early
part of May, being full grown by about the end of June. The moths
from these appear during July and the early part of August, whilst the
larvie of the second brood are full grown from the middle of September
to the middle of October, this last brood being, however, very generally
parasitized. The second generation of moths (with the exception of a
few premature specimens which issue the same fall) makes its appear-
ance the ensuing spring from about the 10th of April till May. Capt-
ured specimens in the National collection bear the following dates:
By myself, April 20, 1874, July 10, 1874, and September 3, 1874; by
Belfrage, Texas, April 11, 21, 29; by S. H. Saunders, Canada, July 10,
1886. The full-grown larve are rather handsome insects, which, like

HACKBERRY MOTHS. 609

so many of the Acronyctas, are in the habit of resting in a curved
position. The chief peculiarity of the larva is that it changes the color
of its tufts and hairs at the last larval molt.

OTHER LEPIDOPTERA.

Some other Lepidoptera occur on the Hackberry, but none of them are
peculiar to it except, perhaps, the Tortricid and the Tineids. It will
suffice therefore, in closing this brief chapter, to indicate some of the
species which occur on Celtis, and which also occur on other trees and
have been already treated of by Dr. Packard in other chapters of this
report.

6. Peedisca celtisana Riley (Trans. Ac. Se. St. Louis, 1882.)

7. Lagoa opercularis Abbott and Smith.—Never very common, but
widespread and a general feeder. My notes show that it occurs also on
Oak, Orange, Apple, Pear, Plum, Viburnum, Poplar, Willow, Sassafras,
English Ivy, and one has even been found on Ailanthus—a tree affected
by so very few insects.

8. Sphinx drupiferarum Abbott and Smith.—This is also a not very
common but widely distributed species occurring from Florida to Canada
and from the Atlantic States to the Mississippi, while varieties are
found in the extreme Western States, in California, and even, in Van-
couver. Whileits principal food-plant seems to be Prunus, Abbott and
Smith give also Celtis. Miss N. Middleton (10th Ills. Rept.on Noxious
and Beneficial Insects, p. 104) also gives Celtis as one of it food-plants,
while Professor Fernald, in his “Sphingide of New England,” adds
Apple and Lilae. ;

9. Mamestra sp.?—A larva quite closely resembling that of Mamestra
subjuncta has been found on the Hackberry, but unfortunately not
reared. The same species has also been found on Polygonum, Plantain,
and Clover.

10. An unbred Geometrid larva resembling somewhat that of Aletia
vylina Say has also been found on Celtis at St. Catherine’s Island,
Georgia, by Mr. Schwarz.

11. Proteoteras wesculana Riley.—This species, which commonly feeds
on the Buckeye, has been sent to me by Mr. L. Bruner from West
Point, Nebr., on the short twigs of Celtis occidentalis. What is, with-
out mueh doubt, the same species, has also been found upon the young
' shoots of Maple (Acer dasycarpum) as also of Box Elder (Negundo ace-
rotdes).

12. Lithocolletis celtifoliella Chambers.—This is recorded by Cham-
bers as making a tentiform mine on the underside of the leaves of Celtis
occidentalis.

13. Lithocolletis celtisella Chambers.—This species, first recorded by
Chambers in 1871 (Canadian Entomologist, Vol. III, p. 129), i have also
reared plentifully from mines on the leaves of Celtis collected in Vir-
ginia in 1884,

' 5 ENT——39

610 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

14. THE CELTIS GRAPHISURUS.
Graphisurus triangulifer (Hald.),

Larva burrowing under the old bark of Celtis texana, partly in the bark and partly
in the wood; issuing, in July, as a long-horned beetle.

Fic. 200.—The Hackberry Graphisurus: a, larva; b, pupa, ventral view; c, female beetle—
enlarged; d, mouth-parts of larva from beneath—still more enlarged. (Original.)

This insect is not uncommon in the Southwestern States, but was
described by Haldeman in 1847 (Trans. Am. Phila. Soc., vol. x, p. 45)
from specimens obtained in Alabama. It is a rather pretty beetle,
about half an inch long, clothed with fine pubescence and mottled with
brown and yellow, the legs and feelers annulate with yellow. Its food-
habits and early states have uot, I believe, heretofore been recorded.
My notes of the insects obtained during the cotton-worm investigation
show that it was not uncommon under the bark of the Hackberry, affect-
ing diseased or partly dead trees, so that it injures chiefly in hastening
the decay of such timber. Larve and pupe were found by Mr. Schwarz
at Columbus, Tex., under the bark of Celtis texana, June 15, 1879, and
the adult insects were obtained about the end of July.

The larva and also the pupa are very similar to the like states of allied
wood-borers, and any description of these states, to be of value, should
be based on a comparative study of related forms. Our knowledge is

too fragmentary at present to allow of such comparison and the follow-—

ing brief description is based merely on the species under treatment.

Larva.—Average length 22™™, General color yellowish-white. Mandibles and
ring about the head connecting with the base of the mandibles, reddish-brown ; head
alittle more than one-half the width of the prothoracic joint; mandibles strongly
tapering from the base, tip slightly excavated or bidentate—the lower tooth project-
ing somewhat beyond the upper; clypeus trapezoidal, more than twice as wideas
long, marked with six deeply impressed lines; labrum rounded, tip truncated,
densely clothed on exterior edge with yellowish hairs; antenn light-colored, three-
jointed ; two basal joints subequal, tip of second joint truncated, armed with hairs
and bearing the minute apical joint near its outer margin; labrum and maxille
clothed with yellowish hairs; maxillary palpi apparently three-jointed, first joint

HACKBERRY BEETLES. 611

one-half longer than wide, apical joint minute; labial palpi apparently two-jointed,
basal twice as long as wide, apical minute. The body tapers from the large pro-
thoracic joint to the ninth, the last three joints slightly enlarged; tip of abdomen
rounded and subtruncate; horny areas on dorsum, and venter of each joint as in
other allied larve; prothoracic joint thickly armed with yellowish hairs, especially
about the anterior and lateral portions; following joints sparsely armed with hairs
on the lateral portions; thoracic legs wanting.

Pupa.—Female. Length, 15™™; diameter, 8™™, Color, yellowish-white. Viewed
from above, the first thoracic joint is widest and the second narrowest. The abdo-
men tapers regularly to the truncate tip; abdominal joints 1 to 6 narrow, subequal;
seventh as long as wide and nearly as long as the three preceding together. Dor-
sum of joints armed with minute brownish points; femora at tips armed with five
or six minute spines tipped with yellowish hairs. The wing-cases extend to the tip
of the fourth abdominal joint, posterior feet to tip of the seventh joint. The antenne
pass back of the femora of the two anterior pair of legs, turn at the tip of the wing-
cases, and reach in front to the base of the middle pair of legs,

15. THE EYED ELATER OF THE HACKBERRY.
Alaus lusciosus Hope.

Order COLEOPTERA; family ELATERID#.

This insect is hardly distinct from the common Eyed Elater (Alaus
oculatus Linn.), and the larve and pupz of the two species are practi-
cally identical. Some very slight differences occur in the armature of
the last segment of the larve, but these may be variable, and at any
rate are so slight as to beof no value in separating the two species.

The common species is known to pass its growing stages in the
decaying wood of various trees and is mentioned by Dr. Packard on
page 424, -

On May 26, 1879, Mr. Schwarz found a larva of an Alaus under the
bark of Celtis terana at Columbus, Tex., which may be referred with
little doubt to A. lusciosus, as a perfect insect of this species was found
at the same place in July and August.

16. THE CELTIS BARK-BORER.
Scolytus fagi Walsh.
Order COLEOPTERA; family SCOLYTID&.

A whitish, thickened grub one-fourth inch long, occurring under the bark of
Celtis texana, boring partly in the wood and changing in July intoa shining black
beetle about three-sixteenths of an inch long.

This beetle was described by B. D. Walsh in the Practical Entomol-
ogist, vol. 2, p. 58, February, 1867, and the following statement was
made coneerning its habits: ‘‘I obtained many specimens from south
Illinois from what I believe was a beech.”

Dr. Le Conte, in Rhynchophora of America, north of Mexico, gives
it, on the authority of Walsh, as depredating on the Beech, but the
above reference shows that this food habit can not be positively
asserted of it.

i have examined the work of this insect under the bark of Celtis texana
in Texas, and Mr. Schwarz has collected it in large numbers at Colum-

612 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

bus and made careful notes for me. It is found boring partly in the
solid woodin all stages. So numerous were the insects that the pattern
of the larval burrow, which is usually very characteristic in the Scoly-
tids, was confused and undecipherable. The insect is very destructive

to the tree by hastening decay, although it was not observed to at- |

tack perfectly healthy trees. The adolescent states show little that is
specificially characteristic, the larva having the normal form and lack-
ing legs.

This insect has a persistent enemy in a small predaceous beetle (Clerus
ichneumoneus) which attacks and destroys the Scolytid when the latter
emerges from its gallery and the larva of which, there is every reason
to believe, also destroys the Scolytid larva.

The following additional Coleoptera are also known to affect Celtis,
but are not peculiar to it, the most injurious being No. 20:

CERAMBYCIDA.

17. Mallodon melanopus Linn.
18. Mallodon serrulatus Lec.

19. Smodicum cucujiforme Say.
20. Romaleum atomarium Drury.
21. Liopus crassulus Lec.

22, Atawxia crypta Say.

SCOLYTID &.

23. Micracis rudis Lec.
24. Scolytus muticus Say.
25. Phloeotribus frontalis Oliv.
The following species of Cucujide are found under the decaying
bark:

26. Catagenus rufus Fabr.

27. Scalidia linearis Lec.

28. Ino reclusa Lec.

29. Lemophleus hornii Casey.

CECIDOMYIDOUS HACKBERRY GALLS.

The Cecidomyidous galls occurring on twigs and leaves of Celtis
often assume a close resemblance to those produced by the Psyllids and
are almost aS numerous in species as the latter. They have not yet
been thoroughly studied, and a full description is not here intended, nor
a characterization of the insects which make them and which are very
difficult to rear. Buta short account of a few of the more striking galls
which are liable to be mistaken for those made by Psyllids will be ap-
propriate. i

30. Cecidomyidous galls on the tender twigs, either singly or placed
in rows of two or more specimens; occurring also singly on the petiole
or on the lower surface of the leaf. Gall usually resembling somewhat

7

.

ae
n c . ‘

i

HACKBERRY GALLS. 613

- a large egg of some diurnal Lepidopteron; short, conical, or subglobu-

lar in outline, arising from a circular, truncate base, rounded off at tip
where it is furnished with a short spine or nipple; surface dark green,
opaque, granulose, usually with faint and shallow longitudinal furrows
and usually hirsute with short stout hairs; sides at the base with more
or less distinct, irregular protuberances. The gall is not entirely sessile,
but only connected with the twig at the central part of its base. A
vertical section shows a single spherical cell (rarely two) having a
thick whitish-yellow, hard and woody wall. Average height of gall 4™™
(excluding the apical spine); average diameter at base 3.4™". The gall
varies in shape, some specimens being more conical, others nearly glob-
ular or even slightly depressed at tip, while others are not hairy and
less opaque, the surface being covered with little pustules. The latter
form possibly constitutes a distinct species.

31. Cecidomyidous galls on the tender twigs occurring either singly
or in groups of two, three, four or more specimens; rarely, also, singly on

-the under side or even the upper side of the leaf. The gall bears a close

resemblance to the winged seed-capsule (achenium) of a Rumex, but the
wings vary in number from three to five and are often irregularly devel-
oped, while the tip always ends in a long curved spine. The wings termi-
nate in a sharp ridge which is sometimes double. Gall opaque, not
hairy, sculpture consisting of faint and irregular transverse strie; color
pale yellowish-green, at apical third usually of a more decided green
and darker. A longitudinal section reveals a single large, regularly
ovoid cell surrounded by a thin hard wall. Average height of gall 4.5™™,
excluding the apical spine; generally as wide as high; length of apical
spine variable, but usually a little more than half the height of the gall.

This gall is easily recognized from its peculiar form.

32. Cecidomyidous ‘galls on the under side of the leaf, always arising
from one of the principal leaf-veins, occurring usually singly, rarely in
pairs. In form, sculpture, and pubescence the gall bears a most strik-
ing resemblance to that produced by Pachypsylla celtidis-pubescens (see
p. 619) but itis much larger, more globular, and at once distinguished by
the absence of the cupuliform depression on the upper side of the leaf
which is so characteristic of many Pachypsylla galls. <A vertical cut
through the gall shows a relatively small ovoid cell surrounded by a
thick, hard yellowish-white wall. On detaching the gall the base is seen
to be truncate and attached to the rib of the leaf by an extremely short
conical style which is not visible from the sides. Average height 3.5™™;
diameter at middle, 3.5™™ to 4™™,

33. Cecidomyidous galls on the under side of the leaf arising from the
leaf-ribs, occurring either singly or in smaller or larger groups. Gall
rosette-shaped, resembling the seed-capsule of certain Malvaceous
plants of the genus Hibiscus, circular in outline, greatly flattened on
the top and here furnished with a short central spine or median nipple
(frequently broken off); sides sulcate, with from ten to twelve more or

614 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

less marked furrows, and with the corresponding interstices convex.
Surface of gall not shining, lighter or darker brown, speckled with
small irregular blackish pustules, and sparsely beset with moderately
jong whitish hairs, which are easily abraded. Average height of gall,
.75™"; diameter, 2 to 3™. Cell oblong oval, inclosed by thick, woody
side walls, but with a thin bottom, and at the roof (%. ¢, toward the
upper side of the leaf) covered with a thin soft layer. Gall on upper
side of leaf usually visible as a small circular pustule of brownish or
grayish color. The gall is also at once recognizable from its shape,
but might readily be mistaken for a Psyllid gall.

34, Cecidomyidous galls on the under side of the leaf, either singly
or in smaller or larger numbers, usually between the leaf-veins, rarely
crossing the large ribs. The gall is a more or less stout conical spine
arising from a circular base, and either gradually and regularly taper-
ing toward the tip or more suddenly narrowed a short distance from
the base, and then with the sides more vertical; tip more or less acute
and often slightly curved. Color pale yellowish, surface a little shin-
ing, either without distinct sculpture or with faint longitudinal fur-
rows, especially near the base. Average height, 4™™; average diame-
ter at base, 2.8""™. The walls of the gall are thin except near the base,
where they are thicker; the cell is elongate ovoid, and extends from the
base to the tip of the spine. On the upper side of the leaf the gall is
visible as a small circular slightly depressed spot of pale color and
furnished in the center with a small nipple. While issuing, the per-
fect insect pushes off the tip of the spine.

35. Cecidomyidous galls on the under side of the leaf arising from
the leaf-veins, either singly or in groups or in rows, either assuming a
vertical position or more or less reclining or even horizontally placed.
Gall cylindrical, or very slightly narrowed at base ; at tip always trun-
cate with a median nipple. Color pale yellow, surface opaque, faintly
longitudinally striate and usually beset with sparse, long, white hairs,
which, however, are easily lost. Average height of gall, 2.5™™; diame-
ter, 1.2™". The walls are thin, the cell elongate with the apical side
truncate, and the basal end conical. On the upper side of the leaf the
gall is barely visible as a small yellowish spot on the veins.

This often occurs in company with the preceding species, of which
it may possibly be an extreme but constant variety: at least a form
which combines the characters of the two is not infrequent. It is inter
mediate in size, short, conical, with truncate tip and either hairy or
glabrous.

HACKBERRY PsYLIID&,

The Hackberry is infested by a number of gall-producing Psyllide
which are all referable to the genus Pachypsylla Riley (Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., v, 2, 1889, p. 71). The imagos are stout-bodied insects
with the head vertically deflexed and rugosely punctate; vertex not
narrowing anteriorly; frontal cones more or less oval, well separated
from the vertex and at most half as long as the latter; antenne stout,

HACKBERRY PSYLLIDS. 615

and not longer than the width of the head; pronotum and dorsulum

strongly ascending and rugosely punctate; anterior wings of varying

form and consistency, but never hyaline; pterostigma present; tip of

wing between radius and fourth furcal; marginal cells unusually long
and narrow; genital plate of male more or less oval (when viewed
from the side) and not linear.

The genus belongs to the subfamily Psylline and has no equivalent
in the European fauna; but some allied, still undescribed, genera occur
in the New World.

The species of Pachypsylla are divisible into the following groups,
the table being reproduced from my “ Notes on North American Psyl-
lide”: (l.ie., 15):

Head anddorsum opaque; front wings submembranaceous or subhyaline, not rugose ;
pterostigma distinct; both marginal cells very long, narrow, and of about
equal size in length; anal style of full-grown larva and pupa long.

Dorsulum and mesonotum alutaceous, glabrous; front wings narrowly rounded
at tip, widest in basal half; genital segment of female longer than the rest
of the abdomen; anal style of full-grown larva and pupa notched at tip.

Type, venusta.

Dorsulum and mesonotum rugoso-punctate, with distinct but very short, sparse
pubescence ; front wings broadly rounded at tip, widest in terminal half;
genital segment of female shorter than the rest of the abdomen; anal style
of full-grown larva and pupa pointed at tip..........-.-..-Type, ¢.-mamma.

Head and dorsum shining, without pubescence ; front wings somewhat convex, basal
half not wider than terminal half, broadly rounded at tip, distinctly rugose;
pterostigma indistinct ; marginal cells less narrow, the first shorter and some-
what smaller than the second; genital segment of female shorter than the
rest of the body; anal style of full-grown larva and pupa very short, nicked
OH 9 1) Se Sat SoC Or Ce SOIL] SUCRE Sr Sates oo ACEO seC Se mbes Type, ¢.-gemma.

For P. c.-gemma I have suggested the subgeneric name Blastophysa,
but the yet undescribed species are all so closely allied to P. c.-mamma
that they can only be distinguished with difficulty.

The distinguishing characters of the pupa, which apply also to the
full-grown larva, have been alluded to in the above table, and aside
from these characters the following description, taken from the pupa
of the largest of our species will, in the most important points, also
apply to those of the others pecies:

Pupa.—Broadly oval in outline; widest at middle of abdomen: depressed anteriorly ;
abdomen more convex. General color faint bluish-green; upper surface with indis-
tinct rosaceous markings; antenn and legs pale yellow; wing-pads and tip of abdo-
men brownish; abdominal spines black. Sculpture not obvious, surface opaque,
thinly covered with long, soft, whitish and not clavate hairs, which are more numer-
ous on the abdomen, but which do not form a fringe as seen in other genera. Upper
and under sides of body somewhat sharply divided, but the sides everywhere rounded
off. Head (including eyes) as wide as the mesonotum at middle; much less inclined
than in the imago; anterior margin broadly rounded; frontal lobes not indicated ;
eyes very large, globular, finely granulated, reaching to the hind margin of the
head; ocelli barely visible from above, antennz thicker than in imago, and, there-
fore, apparently shorter, but otherwise not different ; pronotum separated from head
by a deep sulcus, not different in shape from that in imago; dorsulum much shorter
than in imago; mesonotum asin imago. Wing-pads smooth, very shining, slightly
diverging posteriorly, small and narrow in comparison with those of other genera,

\ - al =a ee” i ol

616 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL ‘COMMISSION. —

not quite attaining apex of second abdominal joint, those of under wings slightly
projecting internally and posteriorly. Abdomen composed of eight joints, widest at
middle, gradually narrowing anteriorly and very strongly posteriorly ; anal joint
drawn out in a horny process; first joint very short, second twice as long as the
first, the following three joints still longer, the fourth being the longest and widest ;
dorsal and ventral sides of joints 2 to 4 separated by a rounded lateral bulging;
dividing sutures of segments 1 to 5 very deeply impressed; last three joints much
less distinctly divided, more horny, and of darker color, rapidly narrowing posteri-
orly, and provided dorsally with a number of black, backwardly directed, triangular
teeth, arranged as follows: Sixth joint at middle of hind margin with two or three
very small teeth placed transversely and with no lateral teeth; seventh joint at
middle of hind margin, with a transverse row of four teeth, and on each side with
two or three (often obsolete) teeth or tubercles; anal joint with the horny process
about half as long as the joint, and nicked at the tip, while at base of process on
each side a lateral row of four small, closely placed teeth extends to the under
side, and finally on the disk of the joint three teeth triangularly placed, the poste-
rior being the largest; behind this group and just ab ove the base of the process is
another tooth nicked at tip.

The pupe of the other species differ mainly from the above descrip-
tion in the smaller size, the form and length of the anal process, and in
the number and arrangement of the abdominal teeth. That of P.
e.-gemma alone has some other distinguishing characters.

The young larve of all species are of a more uniform pale color with
less developed wing-pads and the segmentation of the abdominal jointa
much less evident; they are further distinguished by the smaller num-
ber of antennal joints and the weaker development of the abdominal
armature.

The galls produced by the species of Pachypsylla may be distin-
guished as follows:

Polythalamous (very rarely monothalamous) galls, never on the surface of the leaf,
always singly.
Large gall on petiole and involving the basal portion of the leaf; usually some-
what reniform in shape, and with an opening near the tip.
P. venusta O. S.
Smaller gall on the twig, bud-shaped, and without opening.
P. c.-gemma Riley.
Monothalamous gails, always on the leaf, usually occurring in great numbers.
Gall blister-like on both sides of the leaf and hardly raised above the surface of
Phe Weak ac Ski Se ea ic he ee P. c.-vesiculum n. sp.
Gall on the under side of the leaf, not blister-like, more or less raised above the
surface and assuming various shapes.
Gall on upper side of leaf, blister-like and not forming a depression; on
under side of leaf star-shaped or flower-shaped.. P.c.-asteriscus n. sp.
Gall on upper side of leaf represented by a depression.

Gall on upper side of leaf, with the outer rim alone depressed, the
central portion slightly raised and provided with a median spine;
on under side of leaf wart-like, much flattened, with a more or
less pronounced depression at middle ......-.. P. c.-umbilicus n. sp.

Gall on upper side of leaf represented by a cup-like depression, the outer
rim sometimes elevated,

Gall very large, mammiform without depression or rim on top,
usually not pubescent, sometimes with slight down at base.
P. c.-mamma Riley.

—— es

F

HACKBERRY PSYLLIDS. 617

Monothalamous galls—Continued.
Gall smaller, semi-globular, sessile, covered with long soft hair and

Mun Serie heey crcl) 30 5 Se P. c.-pubescens na. sp.
Gall smaller, globular, subsessile, with a small impression at top,
TO bal UI SSCOMb. cs cemten seen (tems een ine aioy = aie P.c-globulus un. sp.

Gall smaller, not pubescent, sessile, wider than high, very much flat-
tened on top, and here usually with two concentric elevated rims,
and provided with a central nipple.......----- P. c-.cucurbita n. sp.

Gall smaller, not pubescent, less sessile than the preceding, higher
than wide, around the sides near top with longitudinal sulci, the
top cup-like, depressed, and without central nipple.

P. c.-curcurbita var.? |

The following characteristics of the galls are condensed from more
elaborate descriptions, which I hope to publish in a more complete
paper on the biology of the North American Psyllide.

36. P. venusta Osten Sacken (Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1861, p. 422).—Gen-
erally globular, but often more or less irregularly ovoid, or even elong-
ate. Color varying from pale buff to brown ; surface opaque, with scat-
tered, small, flattened postules. Diameter of globular form varying
from 7 to 20™", The gall consists of an outer shell and an inner core,
which can easily be separated upon cutting the gall open. The outer

Fic. 201.—Gall of Pachypsylla venusta: a, gall fully
formed; b, same forming; c, same in section, natural size.
After Riley.

Shell is very hard and woody, varying in thickness from 1 to 3™™. The
apical portion of the gall has on one side a slit which is deepest and
widest at the tip and connects here with the funnel-like, twisted, basal
portion of the leaf. This slit exposes to view the.inner core, which con-
sists of the very thin and brittle walls of the irregular cells which fill

618 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

the entire cavity of the outer shell. The number of these cells varies
according to the size of the gall, but is rarely reduced to a single one.

The full-grown pupa always leaves the gall through the apieal open-

ing, and in doing so has to saw its way out through the top of the inner
core.
The gall usually occupies the entire petiole, but in rare instances a
small portion of the latter is visible between the gall and the twig.
37. P. (Blastophysa) celtidis-gemma Riley.—This gall is briefly re-

ferred to but not named by Osten Sacken (I. c., pp. 422, 423.) It is
much smaller than the preceding, very variable in size, and of irregu-
‘lar shape, but always bud-like, and looking as if formed by the con-
glomeration of a number of rounded nodules which are separated from
the adjoining ones by shallow furrows. Color varying from light red-
dish-brown to dark brown or the color of the twig; surface of the
young gall usually covered with a dense matting of white woolly hairs,
which in the more mature gall are more or less completely lost. As in
the preceding species, the gall is hard and woody, but entirely closed.
It is usually opaque, rarely a little shining, the surface indistinctly
sculptured, but occasionally roughened by adhering particles of the
scales of the original bud. It has no inner core, and the cavity is
entirely filled with the cells, which vary from one to eight in number.
The outer wall is never more than one millimeter thick, often less, while
the walls dividing the cells are sometimes very thin and sometimes even
thicker than the outer wall. The gall occurs only on one-year-old twigs,
and is formed by the young larve settling on and sinking into such
buds as would normally produce a new twig the ensuing year. Each
mature pupa saws its way through the wall of the gall in spring and
changes to imago immediately after issuing.

38. P. celtidis-vesiculum u. sp.—This gall appears upon the upper side

_of the leaf merely as a flat blister of yellowish or reddish-yellow color
and of irregular outline. It is generally rounded, but often influenced
and limited by the larger leaf nerves, which are rarely crossed by the
gall. On the under side of the leaf the gall is still less conspicuous,
and is visible only as a discolored spot with a small rounded nipple in
the center. The sculpture of the surface of the gall is the same as that
of the leaf, and the walls are not thickened.

This gall often occurs in very large numbers on one and the same
leaf, crowding one another, and often confluent. The full-grown pup
break through the wall of the gall either on the upper or lower side of
the leaf. The species is most readily recognized from the very incon-
spicuous appearance of the gall, and more especially from the fact that
it is the only one which is hardly developed on the under side of the
leaf, whereas all the other leaf-galls assume there a more or less con-
spicuous form.

39. P. celtidis-asteriscus n. sp.—This gall, on the upper side of the leaf,
is very similar to the foregoing species, ¢. e., represented only by a barely
raised, blister-like spot, distinguished from the surface of the leaf mainly

HACKBERRY PSYLLIDS. 619

by its lighter color but furnished in the middle with a moderately long
spine which is sometimes clavate but readily broken off and often
lost when the galls attain maturity or in dried specimens. In this
case there is a more or less conspicuous nipple left in the center of the
gall. The gall is normally circular in outline, but often irregular and
limited by the leaf-nervules. Average diameter, 5™".; sculpture coarser
than, but of the same nature as, that of the leaf. On the under side of
leaf it is barely distinguishable as a slightly discolored spot, but the
center rises from a thin base and, spreading out, assumes the form of a
small flower (resembling some what that of a Convolvulus) or a star, and
this resemblance to a flower is increased by the presence of a small,
rounded, median nipple, which is often surrounded by a circular rim,
Average height of this flower shaped excrescence, 1.25""; diameter at
top, 2.50", The walls of these galls are a little thicker than the leaf
itself, and, as in the preceding species, the cell is a low chamber with a
straight roof (i. e., toward the upper surface of the leaf) and the bottom
a little convex.

The mature pupa makes its way out through an oval slit always on
one side of the roof of the gall.

40 P. celtidis-umbilicus n. sp.—This gall occurs on the upper side of
the leaf, is regularly circular in outline and abruptly depressed at its
outer margin beneath the surface of the leaf. From this outer margin
toward the center the gall gradually rises again to about the level of
the surface or even above it, the center being furnished with an elon-
gate nipple (frequently broken off). The color in fresh specimens is a
little lighter than that of the leaf, but fully developed and dried speci-
mens are more yellow. Surface opaque, either without any decided
sculpture, or rugose and with the venation of the leaf still preserved.
On the under side of the leaf it is distinctly elevated, averaging 2™™ in
height and 5™ wide, circular in outline, the sides not abruptly ele-
vated but gradually rising, with a larger or smaller shallow depres-
sion at top which is often furnished with a small central nipple. Color,
yellowish-green in fresh, and more yellow in dried specimens; surface
opaque, rugose. Gall woody and hard, the wall at the bottom about
1™™ jn thickness; that of the roof about $™™. Cell formed as in the
preceding species, but much larger; mode of issuing of mature pupa
also as in the preceding.

There is no difficulty in recognizing this gall, especially from its
appearance on the upper side of a leaf.

41. P. celtidis-mamma Riley (Johnson’s Universal Cyclopedia, 1876,
p. 425; Canad. Ent., v, 15, 1883, p. 158; J. Fletcher in Rep. Ent. Soe.
Ont. for 1882 [1883], pp. 79, 80).—This gall, on upper side of leaf, is
represented by a very regular cup-shaped impression, measuring on
the average 4.5™™ across, with the upper, outer rim always regularly
circular, and not, or but slightly, elevated above the surface of the
leaf; at the bottom of the cup a small median nipple (often obso-
lete); walls of the impression greenish, the bottom more yellowish.

te ad

620 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

On the under side of the leaf it is much larger than in any of the
other leaf-galls, conical, either slightly narrowing apically or, more fre-
quently, slightly enlarged. The sides are vertical or nearly so; the
top broadly rounded without median depression or central nipple.
Size very variable; averaging in height 6 to 7™™, and in diameter at
base 4 to 5™", Color pale greenish yellow, with the tip more brownish ;
surface opaque, rugosely reticulate; at base often covered with a
whitish pruinescence, rarely with a few scattered hairs near the top.
(Fig. 202, a.)

Fic. 202.—Gall of Pachypsylla c.-mamma: a, leaf with
galls from underside—natural size; b, section of gall
showing cup-like depression, and insect in cavity; ¢,
pupa—enlarged. (After Riley.)

The walls of the gall are hard and woody, at the bottom averaging
1.75”™, at the roof 0.75™™ in thickness. The cell (Fig. 202, b) is large, and
in cross-section much more
crescent-shaped than in the
preceding species. The ma-
ture pupa issues through an
oval slit sawed through the
roof, always near the side
-where the wall is less thick.

42. P. celtidis-pubescens n.
sp.—This gall on the upper
side of the leaf is represented
by a small circular cup-shaped
impression, surrounded by a rather wide, thickened, and elevated
margin, and furnished at the bottom with a small, usually star-
shaped, median nipple. The bottom and sides of the impression are

Fic. 203.—Pachypsylla c.-mamma: adult—enlarged.
(Original.)

——

HACKBERRY PSYLLIDS. , 621

smooth and shining, and occasionally beset with a few scattered hairs;
the elevated margin is coarsely rugose-plicate, and usually also shining.
Average diameter of gall, including elevated rim, about 3"™; without
the latter, nearly 2™™. On the under side of leaf it is usually semi-
globular, entirely sessile, sometimes more flattened, rarely more globu-
lar and then less sessile. Surface more or less rugose, not shining,
and covered with long but not densely placed white woolly hairs.
There is sometimes a small apical nipple surrounded by a slight de-
pression. Average diameter, 3™™. Color pale greenish-yellow. The
walls are very thin, but much thicker than the leaf itself; the roof is
straight and the cell comparatively large and crescent-shaped in a cross-
cut. Mode of issuing of mature pupa as in the preceding.

43. P. celtidis-globulus np. sp.—A gall on the upper side of the leaf
represented by a very circular hole with vertical walls near the top
and widening internally; the rim is not thickened, but is vertically
elevated above the leaf surface around the opening. The wails and
bottom of the excavation are without decided sculpture and of a lighter
color than the leaf; the elevated rim is of tie same color as and not
thicker than the leaf. Average diameter 1.75"™, On the under side of
the leaf the gall is globular or slightly more pyriform and almost stylate,
or slightly more flattened and more sessile. There is a larger or sinaller
shallow apical depression without central nipple, but sometimes limited
by a raised rim. Surface a little shining, finely rugose and not pubes-
cent, rarely furnished with a solitary hair. Average diameter 3.3™™,

I have only a single leaf covered with these galls received from
Columbia, 8. C., collected in the month of September. Noimago has
been reared therefrom.

This is at once distinguished from the preceding species by the very
deep vertical impression on the upper side of the leaf and its globular
smooth form on the under side of the leaf.

44, P. celtidis-cucurbita n. sp.—This gall, on the upper side of the
leaf, forms a cup-shaped impression, deeper than in P. ¢.-mamma, but
less deep and with the walls less vertical than in P. c.-globulus ; the
cavity is also not widened internally. The outer rim is not sharply
limited and not elevated exce pt in one specimen, where it is thickened
and bulging asin P. ¢.-pubescens. The walls and the bottom of the cup
are not distinctly sculptured and of a greenish-yellow color (in dried
specimens), the rim being reddish yellow and rugose. Average diam-
eter, 1.75™™, On the under side of the leaf it arises from a rather slen-
der, but not stylate, base and widens gradually to the middle, thence
gradually narrowing toward apex. When viewed from the side the
outline of the gall is therefore oval, but the top is always truncate.
The sides near the top are furnished with short ribs, which are sepa-
rated from each other by wide shallow depressions; the apex is formed
by an acute rim, which surrounds a cup-shaped depression varying in
size and depth according tospecimens. Surface neither pubescent nor
_ shining, but finely and indistinctly strigose. Color (dried specimen)

622 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

rather bright yellow, brownish near center. Average height of gall,
4mm; diameter, 3.3", Cell as in P. c..mamma, the bottom wall at cen-
ter much less thick than at sides.

P. celtidis-cucurbita var.?—Gall as seen on the upper side of leaf
either as in P. c.-cucurbita, or more often as in P. c.-globulus, i. e., the
impression is vertical and widening internally, but the upper rim is
either barely or not at all elevated. On the under side of the leaf
it is always sessile, not oval in outline, but depressed and _ button-
shaped; the disk being greatly flattened and witha shallow depression
having a small central nipple and surrounded by two concentrical rims,
the inner one often obsolete, the outer one rarely so. The sides of the
gall have either faint longitudinal furrows or are irregularly rugose.
Size very variable ; average height, 1.75™™; width, 3™™.

Whether or not this form is specifically distinct from the typical P.
c.-cucurbita can not yet be decided. Of the latter I have not many
specimens, all from Missouri; while of the variety I have numerous
specimens from Missouri and Texas. No specimens strictly inter-
mediate have yet been found.

Besides the galls just described I possess single specimens which
apparently represent other species, but their description is postponed
until more complete material can be obtained.

The life-history of these Pachypsyllas varies somewhat with the spe-
cies, but the following summary from my notes gives the essential
facts:

Most of the imagos issue in the fall of the year and hibernate in the
cracks or under the bark of the tree. The sexes pair in early spring,
and as soon as the young leaves put forth, the eggs are deposited singly
either on the upper or under sides of the leaf. The young larva settles
on the upper side of the leaf and inserts its beak in one of the pores.
The irritation from the puncture causes an abnormal growth of the
leaf substance, swells around the insect, so that this last appears to
sink into the leaf and is gradually carried with the growing gall to the
under side. The gall in all Pachypsyllas is due to the action of the
young larva, and not to the insertion of the egg. The gall itself soon
becomes quite perceptible, but the growth of the larva is very slow in
the early part of the season. After the month of July the larva de-
velopes more rapidly, and toward the end of September or in October
the full-grown pupa with its abdominal] spines saws an oval or slightly
crescent-shaped opening through one side of the roof of the gall, issues
therefrom, and changes to imago immediately afterwards. Many pupe
remain in the galls and fall to the ground with the leaves, where they
mostly perish, but some succeed in hibernating and change to imago
in early spring.

OTHER HACKBERRY INSECTS.

Some few other insects occur on Celtis, but they are not important
and I have so far found no time to work at them.

CuaPTer XIII.

INSECTS PREYING UPON THE ALDER.

Alnus serrulata and A. incana.

Although the alder is a useless shrub, it harbors a number of borers
and other insects which prey on other forest and fruit trees. The fol-
lowing list is by no means a perfect one, and will doubtless be greatly
extended by future observations. Alder insects are numerous in Eu-
rope: Kaltenbach enumerating 120 species, comprising 33 species of
Coleoptera; 63 Lepidoptera; 11 Hymenoptera (Tenthredinid), and
13 Hemiptera.

BORING IN THE TRUNK.
1. Fatua denudata (Harris. )

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family SESIID.

Mr. Devereaux writes me that in New York the alder is very badly
infested by this borer, giving as an instance
‘tas many as four holes in a tree 5 inches in
diameter.” He adds:

I think the alder must be considered as the favorite
host of Ageria denudatum, as ash trees in swamps not
containing alders are almost exempt from their attacks,
\ . while no clump of alders is without evidence of their
y ework.

2. Saperda obliqua Say.
This beetle has been taken from the alder.
3. Hepialus argenteomaculatus Harris.

(Cossus alni Kellicott.)

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family HEPIALID®.

Fic. 204.—Saperda obliqua.

Peta. Dr. Kellicott* has described the prepara-

tory stages of this borer, which he at first sup-
posed to be an undetermined Cossus. See Ent. Amer,, Iv, p. 153, 1888;
also p. 346.

* On the preparatory stages of an undetermined Cossus, Entomologica Americana,
i, 1885, p. 173.
623

624 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The discovery of the borer was accidental. Passing along the border of a brook,
came upon some alders, A. incana, which had been drawn out root and branch upon
dry ground; one stem had been broken off near the root, disclosing the cylindrical
gallery of an insect borer very different from those made by a beetle larva common
in the same stems. An examination brought to light numerous examples of a Cossus
larva in the roots and stems of the alders in the vicinity. The facts in its history
were partially made out.

Larve of two distinct sizes were about equally abundant; the larger ones at the
time, June 29, were molting. As the imagos probably had escaped, it seems pretty
certain that the preparatory stage lasts three years, 7. e., the smaller larvz were one
year old, the larger two, and these transform next May or June. Several pupa shells
(all broken) were found in the openings in the bark, and one pupa, which was dead
but in perfect condition. The larva, it seems, bores principally in the roots until the
second year, when it begins to work upward in the trunk, and before pupating in
the spring of the third year bores out to the surface a few inches above the ground.
The pupa cell, a mere enlargement of the burrow a little below the external opening,
is not stopped or plugged with chips as is the case in the cell of C. centerensis ; none
were found in the roots and no evidence was obtained that the larva bores in the
trunks save towards the end of its period, when it moves upward to prepare a way
for the moth to escape wkere it is out of the way of danger of water, as the alder
grows in wet places. This moth escapes as others of its kind do by the pupa worm-
ing its way out of the cell so that part of its body protrudes from the tree when the
moth emerges, leaving the skin in the opening.

I will describe the larger of the larve and compare the smaller one as it may
differ.

Length, 1.5 to 1.8 inches. Subcylindrical, tapering very slightly at extremities,
slender, width of body .25 inch. Length of smaller ones .8inch. The head is light
yellowish brown above, black about the mouth parts, hemispherical, smooth, or
slightly roughened, with a few dark dots from which arise dark hairs, usually worn
off the vertex of the larger examples. The second ring is smooth, lighter colored
than the head; above the spiracle on either side there are three black spots situated
at the corners of a right-angled triangle; the upper one at the right angle bears a
coarse brown hair, the other two have finer, lighter-colored hairs; the top of the third
ring is likewise smooth and brownish ; the remaining body surface except the yellow-
ish piliferous spots and top of ring 13 is white; the longer hairs on the posterior rings
are black. The body rings are strongly folded transversely ; the yellowish dorsal
spots bear brownish hairs; the anterior larger pair are situated rather near together
on the broadest transverse fold ; the smaller posterior pair are situated on a narrower
fold and much farther from the slight dorsal furrow. The stigmata are broadly
elliptical, the rings narrow, black scarcely raised above the surface, the color within
the ring light brown. ‘The legs are yellowish, hooks black; the prop legs with very
many hooklets. '

The pupa is slender, length 1.6 inches, width of thorax .33 inch, but slightly curved
and of unusually uniform diameter, smooth, under a lens transversely striate, the
three anterior rings black, shagreened; on the prothorax there are two conical pro-
tuberances which in profile under a strong lens prove to be double-pointed ; on the
clypeus are two gouge-shaped spines, shining black on outer half, and on the upper
roughened base of each of these there is a small conical tooth; on the under side of
the head-case, below the gouge-like spines, is a pointed spine directed forwards ;
back of this are two smaller cusps, one either side of ventral line, and still farther
back, apparently over the first tarsal joint of the forelegs, are two smaller points;
the transverse rows of dorso-abdominal teeth are as usual, but the teeth are exceed-
ingly fine, increasing in size but little posteriorly; the black, blunt, anal segment
bears several small black conical teeth on either side.

ALDER CATERPILLARS. 625

I have mentioned this insect above as an undetermined Cossus; that it is one of
the Cossidz there can be, I think, no doubt, and as I understand the descriptions of
the preparatory stages of the genus Cossus, it seems to me that it belongs to that
genus; therefore I will, for brevity of reference, call it provisionally Cossus alni.
It certainly is clearly distinct from C. centerensis, whose larva and pupa I have had
an opportunity to examine from poplars at Corunna, Mich.; in fact, it appears to be
distinct from any species whose history is known. It may prove to be one of the
doubtful or partially known species. I am aware that Mr. Lintner has referred to a
Cossus which bores in the trunk of white birch; I am also mindful that insects are
as a rule pretty good botanists, and that Betula and Alnus are closely related plants,
so this insect may prove to be the one discovered in the birch by Mr. Lintner. It
ought not to be a difficult matter to obtain the moth in May or June next.

INJURING THE LEAVES.
4. Papilio rutulus Boisduval.

An inhabitant of the Pacific coast, this caterpillar has been found by
Mr. Henry Edwards to feed upon the alder (Alnus viridis). Three cater-
pillars were obtained from eggs observed to be deposited by the female
July 8; the caterpillars hatched July 13, the first molt occurred July
15, the second July 18, and the third July 22; the fully grown cater-
pillars have not yet been observed. (Papilio, ii, 112.) Mr. W. H.
Edwards afterwards reported that the eggs are laid on the willow in
northern California (Papilio, iii, 65). The following description of the
early larval stages is by H. Edwards,

Larva on exclusion from egg.—Head very large, black, shining. Second segment
with two tubercles on the sides in front. Body brownish black. Segments 3, 4,5,
10, 11, 12 with two tubercles each, arranged subdorsally. Extending from the sev-
enth to the ninth segment is a small, but conspicuous, triangular white patch, the
vertex of which is directed posteriorly. Feet and legs black.

After first molt.—The head now becomes pitchy, the body streaked with shades of
brown, longitudinally ; the two tubercles on second segment are chestnut-brown, and
the whole of the processes brighter and more glossy. The white triangular patch is
larger and more distinct, and the posterior segments are delicately mottled with
brownish.

After second molt.—Head chestnut-brown, with pinkish tinge. The tubercles of
the second segment are larger than before, and have become yellowish-brown in color.
Between them is a yellowish corrugated fold, and on the dorsum, at the base of the
longer tubercles, are two smaller ones, also chestnut brown. Body brownish dor-
sally, with a green tint throughout; laterally it is pale apple-green. The third seg-
ment has six tubercles, the middle and lateral being exceedingly small. Fourth seg-
ment swollen, the body here attaining its greatest size, This segment has also six
tubercles, the two dorsal being the smallest. The fifth segment has four tubercles,
the smaller pair of which are placed anterior to the other. The triangular patch
has now become cream-yellow, and encroaches in a point posteriorly on the ninth
segment. Segments 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 have each two tubercles, which are directed
backward, and increase posteriorly in size, so that those of the thirteenth segment
are double the length of those of the ninth. Mouth parts, legs, as well as the whole
of the under side, pale bluish green.

After third molt.—The head is now pale bright chestnut, with a decidedly pinkish
tint, and the moath parts of a deeper and more decided green. The body has
assumed a pale apple-green color, the tubercles are brighter and more approaching
to brownish orange, and the triangular patch is buff, with some streaks of green run-

5 ENT 40

626 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ning through it. The tubercles of twelfth and thirteenth segments are now yellow, —
and at the base of those of 5, 9, 10, and 11 are some bluish dots. Upon being
touched, the young larva exhibited the usual retractile horns. These were situated
at the base of the head, between it and the second segment. They were pale orange,
much darker at the tips. I regret that I could not carry these larve farther than
this stage. I was called away from home, andonmy return foundthemdead. Three
larve were obtained from eggs observed to be deposited by the female upon Alnus
viridis. The following is the record of changes: Eggs deposted July 8, larva hatched
July 13, larva first molt July 15, larva second molt July 18, larva third molt July 22,
larva showed retractile horns July 24. (Papilio, ii, p. 114.)

5. Halesidota maculata (Harris).

The young larva of Halesidota with yellow and black tufts occurred
upon the alder September 1, 8 to 9™™ long. They must have just
molted, as in a previous younger stage the larva has much longer, more
irregular, scraggly hairs along the back.

Young larva.—It differs much from the full-grown larva in the body being cylin-
drical, the hairs long, uneven, and very sparse compared with the full-grown larva.
Head narrow, deeply lobed above, black. Segments 4 to 9 yellow above, elsewhere
white, and on the sides marked with black lines. On third thoracic and second and

seventh abdominal segments the double spike-like black tufts are, though high, not
so long as some of the dorsal hairs.

6. Halesidota carye (Harris).
This also occurred on the alder, with the preceding species.
7. Limacodes? sp.

The slug caterpillar described below occurred both on the hazel and
alder September 20, at Providence, R. I.

Larva.—In outline regularly oval cylindrical, with two subdorsal sharp ridges,
dividing the upper surface into a dorsal, and two somewhat wider concave latera]
areas. Pale pea-green, the two subdorsal ridges yellow, and with a broken yellow
line on each lateral acute ridge. In the median or dorsal area is a median row of
round straw-yellow spots, with a small central depression and a lateral row of small
rounded alternating dots. Two rows of similar yellow spots on the lateral area.
Length, 8™™; breadth, 5™™,

8. Apatela hastulifera (Abbot-Smith. )

This common hairy and tufted caterpillar occurs late in summer and
through the early autumn from Maine to Georgia, and is the larva so
often found ichneumonized, attached firmly to branches, and perforated
on the back and sides with holes out of which the flies have escaped.

We have found the larva on Betula populifolia in Maine August 28
to September 4.

Young larva 12™™ in length.—Differs from full-grown larva in the hairs on the upper
side of the body being much paler, contrasting less with the yellow on the sides and
ends of the body; the hairs are also less closely cropped; head more deeply cleft, the

lateral prominences more marked and head less rounded than in full-fed larva ob-
served Angust 28.

ALDER CATERPILLARS. 627

encnnspenncisnsasre MOM

\

pen eeormeraarm os nda

Heitftsnn water Sr

Ween Ae ne eee |

te

Fig. 205,—Larva of Apatela parasitized by Aleiodes: a, dorsal view; }, lateral, showing holes made
by the exit of parasites; c, the cocoons within the host.—Smith del.

Full-grown larva.—Head and body black, head large and full, a little wider than
the body. Body with pale yellow radiating hairs along the sides iow down, but

a

\

J

Fic. 206.—Rhogas letus Cress. from Apatela hastulifera on alder. After Riley.

above covered densely with umber-brown hairs, forming a slight dorsal crest. The
scattered hairs in front and at the end of the body pale yellowish and of unequal

628 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

length. A high stiff spike like black double tuft as long as the body is thick on the
first and third abdominal segments, and a double spike on the eighth. Length 26 to
97mm |

9. Apatela dactylina Grote.

This species is said by Mr. Thaxter (Papilio, iii, p. 17) to feed on

the alder and willow.
10. Apatela sp.

This Apatela, allied to A. oblinita, occurred on the alder September 4.

This is in form closely similar to A. oblinita, but it has no transverse
‘‘crimson-red bands,” and the lateral line is not “bright yellow,” as
described in A. oblinita by Riley. The moth emerged May 31.

Larva.—Head of moderate size, not so wide as the body, black chestnut brown on
the vertex. Body blackish brown but the setiferous tubercles and hairs reddish chest-
nut brown; the tubercles large and bearing often as many as twenty five sets which
are uneven in length, but not much over half as long as the body is thick, and under a
lensseem to bespinulate. The raised lateral line is reddish chestnut, concolorous with
the setiferous tubercles; thoracic legs dark brown; under side of the body dark livid
brown, including the abdominal legs. Length 26-27™™,

11. Eupithecia? sp.

This span-worm occurred on the alder at Brunswick, Me., late in the
season.

Larva.—Body slender, tapering towards the hinder end, somewhat flattened. Head
small, scarcely as wide as the prothorax ; reddish-brownish-yellow, like the rest of
the body, which is yellowish, mixed with reddish-brown, with six well marked
lozenge-shaped brown patches along the back, the last one succeeded by a brown
line ending on the supra-anal plate, the latter moderately large, with two fleshy
cylindrical tubercles beneath. The surface of the body is granulated, with a few
scattered stiff hairs along the sides and back; the lateral ridge prominent and irreg-
ular.

12. Antepione depontanata Grote.
(Larva, Plate Iv, fig. 9.)

A fine large geometrid caterpillar, dark brown, with two silver V-
shaped spots behind the middle of the body, was observed July 23, at
Brunswick, Me. It molted about July 29 to 30, and began to pupate
August 12 in a rolled-up leaf of the alder, becoming a pupa August 15.
The moth appeared May 18 of the year following.

Larva before last molt.—Head small, flattened, scarcely as wide as the succeeding
segment, the body gradually enlarging towards the eighth abdominal segment; sec-
ond thoracic segment with a large hump on each side; four blackish small dorsal
tubercles on each segment; towards the end of fifth abdominal segment a large
double hump, forming a high transverse ridge; supra-anal plate large, rounded, with
six large piliferous tubercles on the hinder edge; below two large piliferous tuber-
cles at the base of the anal legs; anal legs large and broad. Body dark brown, color
of a twig of the alder, with a distinct V-shaped silver spot, the base situated on the
hump on the fifth segment; another similar V-shaped mark on the sixth segment ;
from its apex a row of silver-white dots extends to the hump on the fifth segment;
along the back of the three first segments are two parallel silver-white lines. Lat-
eral ridge prominent, and swollen at each segment with a lateral wart. Length, 30™™.

Fully grown larva.—Length, 40™™, Color and appearance the same as in the pre-
vious molt, but the markings are rather more distinct.

' ALDER CATERPILLARS. 629

Moth.—Forewings rather broad and short, apex acute, as is the angle in the middle
of the outer edge of the wing; the corresponding angle in the hind wings well
marked. Body and wings ocherous-yellow. Forewings with a broad dark basal
broken band, bent at aright angle behind the subcostal vein; a similar outer or
extra-discal band, interrupted on the first and second median interspaces, and bent
at right angles on the last subcostal branch. A marginal
band, strongly marked on the costa, and succeeded by
a row uf about five dark spots, the fifth beings ituated
near the internal angle. Hind wings covered by a sin-
gle diffuse broad median line, curved or bent outward in
the middle of the wing. The wings beneath more heavily
banded than above, and more strigated than above. Ex-

3S S panse of wings, 32™™ (1.10 inches. )
Fic. 207.—Antepione deponta-
pata, Ratural size. —Bridg- It differs from the specimen figured in my
monograph in having the inner and extra discal
lines and marginal spots well marked, while the borders of both pairs

of wings are without the usual broad, dark shading.

. 13. Geometrid larva.

Found on the alder at Brunswick, Me., July 23. This larva began to
pupate August 6.

Larva.—Head rounded, slightly bilobed, not quite so wide as prothoraciv segment,
surface marbled with brown. Body rather thick, without humps, but with rather
sharp prominent piliferous warts, with four dark warts arranged in a transversely
oblong square on top of each abdominal segment, those on the thoracic segments
arranged in a transverse line. Anal legs rather short and broad; supra-anal plate
rather small, subtriangular, at the end six piliferous warts; general color greenish
purple. Length, 17™™.

14. Geometrid larva.

This caterpillar was first observed frequently on the alder at Bruns-
wick, Me., July 23.

Larva.—Head small, no wider than the body, smooth, of the same color as the
body; the body slender, cylindrical, with no warts; pea-green, the color of the alder
leaf; two narrow dorsal thread-like yellowish lines; two wider dorsal lines outside
of the median ones; two lateral yellow lines, the lower on the lateral ridge and some-
what broken; the segments wrinkled; anal legs rather small. Length, 13™™,

15. Geometrid larva.
(Pl. rv, fig. 5.)

This unusual form of caterpillar occurred on the alder through Au-
gust 1 to 18 at Brunswick, Me.

Larva.—Body broad and flattened, ringed with brick-red. Head broad and flat,
as wide as the body; amber-colored, speckled with brown, in a wide median band
on the sides; segments brick-red between the yellowish sutures with interrupted
dark red lines, so that the surface of each segment is somewhat checkered. The
piliferous warts are large and distinct, while the spiracles are black, those on the
prothoracic and eighth abdominal segment being larger than the others. Supra-anal
plate and anal legs amber-yellow, spotted with brown; anal legs short but very
broad; supra-anal plate rather large, surface shining with six marginal piliferous
warts. Thoracic legs dark towards the claws; the abdominal legs amber yellow.
Length, 10™™

630 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

16, THE ALDER LEAF-ROLLER.
Gelechia oronella Walsingham.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family TINEID&.

While the leaves of the alder are variously folded and rolled by
caterpillars, perhaps the most striking leaf-roller is the above species,
which occurred in Maine late in the summer, in August and the early
part of September.

The little worm is amber-colored, the body rather thick and cylindri-
cal, but with no distinctive markings. One was observed which had
sewed a portion of the edge of the leaf for half an inch in extent with
_ four or five large white silk stitches. The moth, which appeared in the
breeding cage May 4 of the following year, is described below.

In another example, probably of this species, the end of the leaf was
rolled up one and a half turns, and sewed with three broad strong silk
stitches. On unrolling it the end of the leaf was found to be more or
less eaten, the roll being gradually drawn in and made more perfect as
the caterpillar consumes the tip of the leaf. It pupated September 18.

I am indebted to Professor Fernald for the identification of this
species.

Larva.—Body rather thick, cylindrical; body and head delicate amber-colored;
end of the body with quite long hairs, longer than the body is wide. Length, 6™™,

Pupa.—Rather thick; mahogany-brown; length, 7™™.

Moth.—Palpi with the second joint moderately broad, scarcely more than twice as
wide as the third joint, which is moderately broad and two-thirds as long as the sec-
ond joint. Head and palpi whitish-gray ; second joint black externally; third joint
white with two black rings. Fore wings of the usual shape; white-gray; at the
base a black streak parallel to the costa; on the basal fourth of the wing is a pair
of converging black spots; beyond is a similar but thicker pair of black spots, and
still beyond another pair, one of the spots being situated on the costa; four black
costal spots towards the apex of the wing. Hind wings pale glistening gray. Ex-
panse of wings, 18™™,

17. Tineid larva.

This larva was observed feeding between the :eaves of the alder dur-
ing the first two weeks of August (August 1 to 13), at Brunswick, Me.

Larva.—Body slender, tapering towards each end; head pale whitish amber; con-
siderably narrower than the prothoracic segment. On the last segment from four to
six long dark hairs. Color, pale grass-green. Length, 7™™.

18. THE ALDER FLEA-BEETLE.
Haltica alni Harris (H. bimarginata Say).
In the correspondence of the late Dr. Harris the following mention is
made of this beetle:

In traveling from Center Harbor, N. H., to Conway, on the 2d of August, 1854,
and from Conway to Upper Bartlett, and subsequently to Jackson, we saw the alders
(Alnus serrulata) everywhere ravaged by insects which had destroyed their leaves in

ALDER LEAF-INSECTS. 631

the manner of cavker worms. Upon examination the spoilers were found not
to be all dispersed, and several were seen upon the leaves still continuing their
work ; at the same time were found in Conway numerous beetles, which proved to
be a species of Haltica, eating the leaves off the same alders. The larve which have
ravaged the shrubs were doubtless those of the Haltica before named.

We have reared the beetles from the grubs during the past season.
At Merepoint, near Brunswick, Me., during the middle of August,
1886, we noticed clumps of alders standing in dry soil partly defoliated,
or with skeletonized, brown, or blackish leaves, on which, as well as
the still remaining green leaves, were black grubs, sometimes seven or
eight on a leaf. All the alders in the region were not molested, the
grubs occurring locally. On placing a number of leaves with the
grubs in a tin box we found, August 15, a single beetle. We found a
white pupa lying loosely on the bottom of the box August 20; soon
more pup appeared, and the beetles began to appear in considerable
numbers the last week of August. It is evident that in nature the
larva falls to the ground to transform, the pup entering the earth.

Afterwards, September 10, we found whole clumps of alders at the
base of Iron Mountain, Jackson, N. H., stripped by the grubs, nearly
all the riddled, brown, dead leaves having fallen off and thickly cover-
ing the ground under the bushes. Such a wholesale devastation of
alders we never witnessed. By this time the beetles had become very
abundant, and were apparently feeding on the few leaves still attached
to the tree. We again noticed the work of this beetle in September,
1887, at the Glen House, White Mountains, the alders by the river side
in front of the hotel having been extensively defoliated. The alder is
the source of some of our destructive forest and fruit insects, and should
this grub ever spread to other food trees it will be very annoying,
though it can be subdued by proper spraying. There seems to be a
periodicity in the appearance of this beetle in unusual numbers,
Harris having seen the same grubs in great abundance in 1854 in the
same region. We have never observed it so common and destructive
before in Maine. It is most probable that the beetles hibernate under
the leaves and, soon after the leaves expand in May, lay their eggs in
masses on them, the grubs scarcely stirring from the leaf on which
they are born, until ready to pupate. The grubs are probably distaste-
ful to birds, otherwise they would fall an easy prey to them and be
kept within due limits.

Larva.—Body somewhat flattened ; head scarcely two-thirds as wide as the body
in the middle; black, becoming brown in front near the jaws. Body livid brown
above; the tubercles black; paler beneath; with three pairs of black jointed tho-
racic legs; no abdominal legs, but an anal prop-leg. The abdominal segments each
with a transverse, oval-rounded, ventral, rough space forming a series of creeping
tubercles, and in front on each segment is a transverse, oval, crescentic chitinous
area bearing two piliferous tubercles; the back of each segment divided into two
ridges, each bearing a row of six sharp tubercles, bearing short hairs; a single ven-
tral row on each side of the ventral plate. Length 7 to 10™™,

Pupa.—Body rather thick, white. Antenne passing around the bent knees (femero-

632 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

tibial joints) of the first and second pair of legs, the end scarcely going beyond the
middle of the body. Elytra with five or six rather deep longitudinal creases. The

Fic. 208.—Haltica albvi—Marx del.; a, larva; b, pupa.—Bridgham del.

salient points of the body armed with piliferous warts. Abdominal tip square at the
end, with a stout black spine projecting from each side. Length, 6™™,

Beetle.—Uniformly deep prussian blue, with greenish reflections on the head.
Antennal flagellum with fine whitish pubescence; tibiz clothed with tawny hairs.
Length, 5 to 6™™,

19. Attelabus rhois Boheman.

The singular thimble-like rolls of this weevil may be found in June
and July on the alder, and also occur on the hazel, according to Le
Conte. When about to lay her eggs, the female begins to eat a slit
near the base of the leaf on each side of the midrib, and at right
angles to it, so that the leaf may be folded together. Before beginning
to roll up the leaf she gnaws the stem nearly off,
so that after the roll is made, and has dried for
perhaps a day, it is easily detached by the wind
and falls to the ground. When folding the leaf,
she tightly rolls it up, neatly tucking in the ends,
until a compact, cylindrical solid mass of vegeta-
tion is formed. Before the leaf is entirely rolled Fic. 209.—Alder leat rolled
she deposits a single egg, rarely two, in the mid- le ere ae See
dle next to the midrib, where it lies loosely in a
little cavity. While all this is going on her consort stands near by,
and she occasionally runs to him to receive his caresses, to again
resume her work. These rolls remain on the bushes sometimes for
several days, but probably drop by the time the larva escapes from
the egg, and it seems probable that the grub uses the roll for a shelter
until it matures and is ready to enter on its transformation to a beetle.
From the time of egg laying to the hatching of the larva requires about
a week.

£gg.—Nearly spherical, though a little longer than thick, .04 inch long and .03
in diameter; the chorion is thin, smooth, and very transparent.

The beetle.—In this species the body is pubescent, the front femora are not toothed.
Body and limbs dull reddish, with short yellow down. Length about one-fifth inch.

ws

ALDER SAW-FLIES. 633

20. Cimbex americana Leach.

This Cimbex occurred on the alder at Brunswick, September 3.

Larva.—Head not so wide as the body, somewhat excavated in front; pale amber
with a whitish bloom; eyes large, black; body moderately thick; eight pairs of
abdominal legs; the segments with coarse wrinkles, about five to each segment. A
black conspicuous narrow dorsal line, fading out before reaching the end of the body.
Across each segment two rows of prominent raised white warts, which become more
numerous down on the side. Tail curved up to one side. Length, 19 to 20™™,

21. Selandria-like larva.
(Plate 1v; fig. 13, 13a.)

This false caterpillar occurred on the alder September 3.

Larva.—Body flat; thoracic legs spreading out; body bottle-green above, with
obscure, paler warts; much paler low down on the sides and beneath ; body serrated;
it differs from the species common on the oak and poplar, in the head being rust-
brown above, paler in front, not red on each side. Supra-anal plate small, clouded
above. Length, 13™™.

22. Nematus? sp.

This is the most common saw-fly larva observed on the alder. It
first appears early in July and remains on the bushes until early in
September. The eggs are laid in pairs, twenty to forty pairs on the
under side of the midrib of the leaf. In one example there were about
forty pairs of gashes, which are slightly semicircular, opposite to each
other, and sometimes so near as to run together. I have found two
broods on two leaves, July 23; the leaf had been two-thirds skeleton-
ized. The larve apparently, on hatching, walking to the end of the leaf,
and beginning at the end, gradually eat out the parenchym between
the secondary and smaller veins. At first the larvz have yellow heads,
and two faint lateral double rows of black spots ; the adults have black
heads, and a distinct lateral black line, the abdomen being curled up
snail-like. (Figs. 210, 211.)

Larva after first molt.—Length, 4™™, Head wider than the body, deep gamboge yel-
low, with black eyes; bristly ; body greenish; papillated, with a double lateral
row of dark elongated flattened tubercles.

Larva fully grown.—Head jet-black, with short scattered hairs, not quite so wide as
the body, which is long and narrow, the end curled up or raised over the back; sur-
face wrinkled and rough, with small piliferous warts, the hairs short; a distinct

lateral black line, below which is a double row of black elongated tubercles. Length,
spam:

23. Nematus sp.

This saw-fly larva was observed on the alder in September, in Maine.

Larva.—Head full and rounded, red, black in the middle above. Two large and
one small fleshy prothoracic granulated acute tubercles; four black very sharp fleshy

634 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

tubercles on the end of the body, and two paler less prominent ones on the segments ic
in front. Body dull dark olive-green, with a blackish broad lateral stripe. Length, ‘

!
Fic. 210.—Alder leaves skeletonized by saw-fly.—Bridgham, del.

Fic. 211.—Larva of alder saw-fly.

24. Nematus sp.

_ A second, little larger, larva also occurred with the preceding species
in September.

Larva.—Like the preceding, but larger, without the tubercles; color olive-brown
above, paler on the sides. Head brown, with a large vertical black patch and a
smaller oval lateral black one. Length, 13™™.

ALDER INSECTS. 635
25. Calligrapha scalaris Le Conte.

This beetle is a common frequenter of alders, feeding on the leaves,
in Maine, through the summer in both the larval and beetle states.
Whether the subjoined description applies to this species or not we do
not feel sure. It occurred on the alder September 3.

Larva.—Body long, flattened, the prothoracic segment nearly as broad as the mid-
dle segments of the body. Head reddish, about one-half as wide as the prothoracic
segment. Body whitish-green, along the back a row of transverse black spots, two
to each segment, and oval-lanceolate in shape ; those on the prothoracic segment much
larger than the others, together forming a patch longer than broad. On the meso
and meta segments isa lateral narrow sublunate black mark. Spiracles black. Length
§™4m to 8mm,

26. Chlamys plicata Oliv.

This singular little beetle was observed on the leaves of the alder, in
Maine, September 19. The larva and its case have been figured in my
Guide to the study of Insects, p. 510.

The beetle.—Body obscure, bronzed. Head impressed posteriorly between the eyes,
rhinarium, antennez, and an elevated space adjoining the eyes anteriorly, rufous;
nose distinctly punctured; prothorax very finely and concentrically scored, with
some scattered indistinct punctures; posteriorls considerably elevated; elevation
bifid; behind this elevation the prothorax is producted and emarginate; scutellum
obtriangular; elytra tuberculated with several acute, compressed tubercles, the an-
terior ones carinated; interstices with some scattered deep punctures; space between
the four posterior legs punctured with large shallow punctures. Length of body 2
lines. (Kirby.) ;

27. Gelechia coryliella Chambers.

Whether the larva which we describe below is the same or congene-
ric with that of Pcedisca transmissana, said by Mrs. Dimmock to be
common about Cambridge, Mass., eating the inside of the sterile
catkins of the white birch, and hibernating
as a pupa—we do not know. The worm in
question occurs at Providence through Oc-
tober (and we have found belated individ-
uals as late as November 10) eating the in-
terior of the catkins of both the alder and
the hazel. It devours the interior some-
times at the base and sometimes at the
apex; it sews together two or three cat-
kins, throwing out a mass of castings
which remain in the web. November 10a
larva left the catkin and spun a cocoon
lined with silk, and covered on the outside
with bits of catkins. The larva appeared
to me to be, from its shape and general ap-

Fic. 212.—Mine in catkins of the hazel
enlarged.*—Marx del.

*The hole made for the exit of the insect is not clearly shown in the cut. It isin
the middle of the central catkin.

636 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

pearance, a Tineid rather than a Tortricid, and we refer it with doubt to
Chamber's Gelechia coryliella.

Larva.—The body tapers a little towards each end. Head small and narrow; the
cervical shield nut-brown. Dull livid whitish; with dark conspicuous piliferous
dots arranged on the abdominal segments in a broad trapezoid area. Length 6™™,

The following insects also live on the alder:

37.

38.

39.
40.

Al.

42,

43,

A4,

45.

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

. Papilio turnus Linn. In Maine the young larva, 20™™ long, was ob-

served on the alder.

. Telea polyphemus (Cram.) Providence, R. I., July 23.
. Eacles imperialis Hiibner. (Hulst, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., ii, p. 77.)
. Orgyia leucostigma (Abbot and Smith.). July 23 in Maine before

and after the last molt.

. Apatela acericola Guénee. Feeds on birch and alder. (Riley, Rt. ii,

p. 121.)

. Hyperetis nyssaria A. and 8. See p. 516.

. Phycis rubrifasciella (Pack.). See p. 309.

. Lithocolletis alnivorella Chamb.

. Lithocolletis alnicolella (Walsingham, Insect Life, ii, p. 80, 1889.)

Mining the upper side of leaves of Alnus incana. Siskiyou
County, Cal., August.

Lithocolletis auronitens Frey and Boll. The larve of these three
species live in tentiform mines in the under side of the leaves.
(Chambers, l. ¢.)

Lithocolletis incanella (Walsingham, Ins. Life, ii, p. 81, 1889). Mines
the under side of alder leaves. Colusia County and Shasta
County, Cal.

Gracilaria alnicolella Chamb.

Gracilaria alnivorella Chamb. When very young the larve of
these two species mine the leaves; when older, they roll them
downward; alnicolella from the tip, alnivorella from the side.
(Chambers l. ¢.)

Lyonetia alniella Chamb. The larva makes a large, brownish
blotch mine in the leaves. (Chambers l. ¢.)

Order DIPTERA.

Cecidomyia servulate O. Sacken. District of Columbia, on Alnus
serrulata: (O. Sacken, monogr., i, p. 198.)

Order COLEOPTERA.

Dichelonycha elongatula (Schénh.) Coupling on the leaves June 10,
Maine.

Saperda lateralis Fabr. Mr. George Hunt has found this borer in
the alder at Providence, R. I.

Macrodactylus subspinosus (Fabr.). Riley (Insect Life, April, 1890,
p. 299).

HAZEL CATERPILLARS. 637

Order HEMIPTERA.

46. Clastoptera sp.

47. Lachnus alnifolie Fitch.

48. Schizoneura tessellata Fitch. Alder blight; common from Maine
southwards.

49. Lygus monachus (Uhler.) See. p. 420.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE HAZEL.

Corylus americana.

Little attention has been given to hazel insects in this country, as the
shrub is not of economic importance. Kaltenbach enumerates ninety-
eight species of insects (including one mite) which occur on the Euro-
pean hazel ; of these twenty-four are beetles ; fifty-nine are Lepidoptera,
and the remainder Diptera and Hemiptera, with the exception of a
single saw-fly.

1. Apatela falcula Grote.

The caterpillar has been found on the hazel by Mr. Coquillett Septem-
ber 25; it entered the earth and spun a thin cocoon September 29, the
moth appearing May 25 of the same year.

Larva.—Body dark brown, mottled with pale greenish; a dark dorsal line, on each
side of which are two rows of prickles, most distinct on the anterior part of the
body; the four prickles on top of segment 11 are larger and placed closer together
than those on the segments anterior to it; from each of these prickles proceeds one
or two short black hairs. Body beneath greenish white. Side of the head pale
greenish, the face brownish; length, 1.25 inches. (Coquellett, Papilio, i, p. 6.)

Moth.—Alilied to A. tritona and grisea. The external margin is sinuate, not straight,
sweeping inwardly below the apices and bulging opposite the median nervules.
Forewings dark purple gray, very like tritona. A black basal dash, lined above with
pale, furcate. Internal margin at base, with a patch of light brown scales. Ordi-
nary spots concolorous, faintly outlined; orbicular spot larger than in tritona. Me-
dian shade obsolete; median space very wide. Transverse anterior line evident
above the basal dash (which slightly exceeds the line) and here blackish ; beneath
the dash, obsolete. Transverse posterior line shaped as in tritona, but without the
discal incision; blackish, subdentate, edged outwardly with brown, inwardly with
whitish. Black dash on submedian fold not extending within the line. Hind wings
whitish at base, outwardly vague and largely blackish. Forewings beneath, fus-
cous; hind wings whitish, with a faint discal spot and external sinuate macular
band. Thorax like the forewings, edged on the sides and behind with light brown.
Body beneath, whitish; abdomen above, light gray. Expanse of wings, 35™™, Il-
linois. (Grote, Can. Ent., ix, p. 86.)

2. Amphypyra pyramidoides var. conspersa Riley.

The following account, copied from his note-book, has been given
me by Professor Riley :
Found the forepart of July, 1867, by Bolter, on hazel-nut. Length, 1.3 to 1.5

inches. Color, beautiful emerald green, the palpitations visible, but no particular
markings either on head, body or foot other than the stigmata formed by a black

638 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ring and pale center. Spun up July 4; in a leaf, July 31. The moth emerged and
proved to be Amphipyra pyramidoides, August 31, 1868. It seems to be different from
the truepyramoidovdes. ;

January 31, 1871. I have described it as A. conspersa, (Third. Rep., p. 75, Riley,
note-book III, p: 67; No. 168=49=380 L.)

3. Anagoga pulveraria (Linn.).

Mr. L. W. Goodell writes me that he found the larva on the hazel-
nut October 4. It became a pupa October 6, after spinning a thin
cocoon within a folded leaf. The pupa is 0.40 inch long, is light brown,
tinged with greenish on the thorax.

Full grown larva.—Light gray, variegated obscurely with darker gray and a few
black points. On the back of the eighth ring was a small hump.

The moth.—Body and wings uniform rust-ash, with the broad darker mesial band
sending the three attenuated teeth along the venules and by the irregular lilac band
on the under side of the wing.

The following note is from Mrs. Dimmock’s Birch Insects:

Anagoga pulveraria Linn. (Syst. Nat., 1758, ed. 10, p. 521.) Herr (Anleitung d.
Raupen d. deutsch. Schmett., 1833, p. 284) describes larva and pupa, and gives Salix
caprea as food-plant of this species. Kaltenbach (Pflanzenfeinde, 1872, pp. 571 and
598) gives Salix and Betula as food-plants. Packard (Mon. Geom. Moths, 1876, pp.
483, 489) quotes Merryfield’s description of the larva, and states, on authority of
Goodell, that the larva is found on Corylus.

4. Amphidasys cognataria Guen?

Larva.—Head not so wide as the body, deeply cleft, angular, the sides forming
large tubercles; body cylindrical, not humped, except two elevations partly receiv-
ing the head tubercles; smooth, finely speckled with black, and with irregular scat-
tered paler spots like those on the hazel twigs; general color like that of hazel twigs.
The second and third thoracic segments are a little swollen. When captured it held
itself out straight like a stick. Length, 40™™; thickness, 6™™. It began to pupate
September 20.

5. Geometrid larva.

This and the following measuring worms occurred Septembr 20, at
Providence, on the hazel bushes near the city; both mimic the shape
and coloration of hazel twigs, though belonging to very different
genera:

Larva.—Closely resembling a twig of the hazel, even to the pale spots, similar to
those on the hazel stem. Body cylindrical, smooth, with a few transverse wrinkles,
brown, like that of the branches of the hazel. Head not so wide as the body, smooth
and rounded, not notched or angular. On the fifth abdominal segment is a conspic-
uous transverse hump, marbled with pale olive green. Two subdorsal rows of small
pale olive whitish-green spots like the pale spots on the twigs of the hazel. Length,
20™™; thickness, 2.5™™,

6. Geometrid larva.

This species occurred June 3 to 25, at Providence, on the hazel; it
molted June 13, again June 16, and again June 24 or 25, but did not
live to finish its transformations.

Larva.— Length, 17™™, Body rather slender, of uniform thickness. Head not

quite so wide as the prothoracic segment; dark livid, spotted and striped with black;
body dull, dark livid, longitudinally striped with black wavy irregular fine lines.

4

HAZEL CATERPILLARS. 639

Supra-anal plate very short and broad, rough on the surface, with four fine terminal
hairs. Prothoracic segment edged in front with bright yellow, succeeded by five
yellow transverse interrupted lines, consisting of two transverse elongated dorsal
spots and two placed obliquely on the side. A broken yellow line on the side of the
prothoracic segment.

Larva after another molt.—Length, 24 to 25™™, Body as before, but deep lilac.

After final molt.—With the same markings; pale lilac, with the head very large,
rounded, and much wider than the body. Length, 35™™,

7. Nepticula corylifoliella Clem.

The larva makes a long, winding, narrow track in the leaves of
hazel in the latter part of July and the beginning of August, and the
fall brood may be found early in October. The frass or excrement of
the larva is deposited along the middle of the track, forming a minute
central black line. The edges of the mine are smooth and but little
broader throughout its extent than the width of the miner. The
mine is left transparent by the larva from the beginning to the end.

There is another miner in thisleaf that I suspect tobe a Dipteron. It
makes a rather broad, tortuous track, much broader than the preced-
ing, and the “ frass” is scattered in separated grains along the middle
of the track.

8. Coleophora corylifoliella Clem.

The larva mines the leaves of hazel in September and October. The
case is three lines long, dark brown, irregularly cylindrical, compressed
or flattened at its hinder end, with two teeth about the middle of the
upper edge, separated from each other about one-third of the length of the
case, and dilated somewhat or rounded on the lower edge between the
teeth. Mouth of case not deflected. The mine of the larvais nearly
circular.

Larva.—It is pale brown with dark brown thoracic, dorsal spots.

9, Depressaria grotella Robinson.

The caterpillar lives on the hazel in Illinois, ‘in a leaf rolled from
the apex toward the base, or in a nest formed by fastening several
leaves together with silken threads.” Of two found May 27, one
pupated June 7, and the moth issued June 28; another pupated June
20 and the moth issued July 9.

Larva.—Body green, darkest dorsally; cervical shield green, unmarked, head

green, with a black dot on each side above the jaws, and sometimes with one or two
black spots on each side near the top. Length, 17™™. (Coquillett, Papilio, iii, p. 98.)

10. Gelechia tristrigella Walsingham.

The caterpillar of this moth lives on the hazel in a tube formed by
rolling a leaf from the apex toward the base, the tube being closed
at each end, as if done by pinching the upper and lower part of the
tube together with the thumb and finger. The excrements of the larva
are retained in the tube, and when about to pupate the larva crawls into
this excrementitious mass and forms an oblong cavity, which it lines

640 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

with a very thin layer of silk. Two pupated June 21, and the moths
issued July 5. (Thaxter, Papilio, iii, p. 99.)

Larva.—Like that of G. agrimoniella Clem. (which is pale greenish-white, the setif-
erous spots polished black; cervical shield yellowish green, with two dorsal black
spots near the posterior edge), but the thoracic legs are black, with whitish joints;
the spiracles situated on the lower edge of third setiferous spots on the abdominal
segments. Length, 15™™(.60 inch). (Thaxter.)

11. Nothris trinotella Coquillett.

The caterpillar lives in a folded leaf on the hazel; one found June
28 pupated July 4, and the moth issued July 21, in Illinois. (Coquillet.)

Larva.—Eody dark purplish brown, that below the spiracles pale greenish brown;
two broken indistinct white dorsal lines, and two similar stigmatal ones, the one
below the spiracles the most distinct; piliferous spots black, usually situated on
white spots; spiracles black; head and cervical shield yellowish brown; anal plate
unmarked. Length, 18™™(.72 inch). (Coquillet.)

Fic. 213.—Blotch mines of the hazel Lithocolletis. Marx del.

Moth.—Reddish brown, with three white dots near the center of each forewing, the
outermost dot crossed by a black dash; hind wings dull leaden, unmarked. Under
side of forewings deep brown, the costal and apical margins marked with pale yellow.
Abdomen brown, marked with pale yellow, which on the ventral surface forms two
lines; legs brown, the points marked with pale yellow. (Coquillett.)

an

HAZEL INSECTS. 641
12. Lithocolletis coryliella (Chambers. )

According to the Chambers, the larva makes a nearly circular blotch
mine in the upper surface of the leaf. Our figure represents what we
suppose to be the blotch mines of this worm, frequently observed at
Providence, R. I., in September and October. (Fig. 213.)

13. Chrysomela multiguttis Stol.

Mr. D. W. Coquillett, has bred this beetle, which feeds on the hazel,
in Illinois. The beetles appeared the middle of June, when they were
seen pairing on the leaves.

The beetle.—Body dull white; a dark colored dorsal line on which is a row of brown
spots; on each side of the body are two rows of brown spots; head yellowish brown,
marked with a black spot on each side. Length, 10™™.

AFFECTING THE NUTS.

14. Balaninus obtusus Blanchard. Beaten from hazel-nut. New Hamp-
shire to Texas. (Blanchard, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soce., vii, p. 107,
1884.)

15. Balaninus nasicus Say. Hating the nuts. (Harris, p. 74.)

The following insects also occur on the hazel :
Order LEPIDOPTERA.

16. Apatela oblinita (Abb.-Sm.). (Coquillett, Thomas’s Tenth Rep. Illi-
nois. )

17. Nematocampa filamentaria Guen. (Forbes’s Second illinois Rep.)

18. Thanaos icelus Lintner.

19. Platysamia cecropia (Linn.) (Riley’s notes.)

20. Telea polyphemus (Cram.) Providence, September.

21. Anisota senatoria (Abb. and Sm.). Found at Providence feeding on
the hazel, wanderers from the oaks near by; also on wild rose.

22. Lithacodes flecuosa Grote. Raised from the hazel by S. Lowell
Elliot, esq.

23. Schizura unicornis (A. & 8S.) Lintner (Ent. Contr. 111, p. 131).

24, Datana ministra (Drury.) Beutenmiiller. (Can. Ent., xx, p. 17.)

25. Amphipyra pyramidoides Guen. See p. 171.

26. Apatela brumosa Guenée. (August, Il]. Coquillett, Papilio, i, p. 56.)

27. Zerene catenaria (Drury).* July, Aug., Ill., Coquillett (Papilio, i,
p. 56.)

* REMARKABLE FLIGHT OF ZERENE CATENARIA GUENKE.—An Associated Press dis-
patch, reading as follows, appeared in the papers of October —, 1880, Lackawaren,
Pa.: ‘‘Immense numbers of large white butterflies have made their appearance, to
the alarm of the farmers. The mass is so dense in some places that it appears like a
snow-storm. Their destruction would probably avert the ravages of the army worm.”
Through the kindness of Mr. C. W. Shannon, postmaster at Lackawaxen, specimens
of this so-called butterfly were received at the Department. They proved to be the
quite common geometrid moth known scientifially as Zerene catenaria Guenée. The

‘5 ENT 41

642 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Eccopsis permundana Clem. Fernald’s Cat. Tortricidx, p. 29.

9. Hccopsis corylana Fern. Cat. Tortricide, p. 30.

30. Nepticula corylifoliella Clem. Imago unknown. Larva in a linear,
crooked mine in the upper surface.

31. Gelechia coryliella Chamb. Imago unknown. Larva in the male
catkins in autumn. See p. 634 and Fig. 212.

32. Hyale coryliella Chamb. Larva in a web on the under surface of

the leaves. (Chambers, l. ¢.)

bo bo
Sid

Order COLEOPTERA.

35. Attelabus rhois Bohemann.
34. Monocesta coryli (Say). See p. 238.

geographical range of the species is extensive, being found from Maine to Colorado.
The larva is one of the ‘‘ measuring worms,”’ is yellow in color, and when full-grown
measures 1} inches in length. The alarm caused by the unusual swarming of the
moths was entirely uncalled for, since the larva has never been known to attack a
cultivated crop. The only food-plants known so far are the wild indigo (Baptisia
tinctoria?), wood wax (?), wild blackberry, and several of the sedges, notably Carex
pennsylvanica. (Report of U. 8. Entomologist for 1880, p. 274.) See also Plate XxxII,
fig. 3, 3a, 3b, 8c.

CHapPrer XIV.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE SYCAMORE.

Platanus occidentalis.

Of the insects that we have noticed by far the most injurious is the
rather large Pyralid caterpillar mentioned on p. 644, and which we have
been unable to raise. With these exceptions the sycamore is rather
free from attack. The European Platanus has but a few enemies,
only five species being enumerated by Kaltenbach.

1. Chalcophora campestris Say.

While as arule the species of Chalcophora feed on evergreens, the
present species, thus far the only one known to live at the expense of
deciduous trees, has been found by Messrs. Schwarz and J.B. Smith on
the sycamore, which it attacks when dead and dry. Mr. Smith states:

It is likely that C. fulleri, which resembles C. campestris very strongly in form, will
bo found to have similar habits. (Ent. Amer., ii, 1836, 71.)

The beetle.—Head rugous, with large confluent punctures; front concave, antennz
purple-black, the first and second joints greenish cupreous; thorax unequal, with
large confluent punctures each side, and canaliculate along the middle; posterior
angles acute; scutel very small, transverse-suborbicular, indented on the middle;
elytra with four distant somewhat elevated lines, and one or two near the suture; in
the interstitial spaces are irregular, slightly elevated, transverse lines, hardly vis-
ibie to the unassisted eye; before the middle of each elytrum isa large, very slightly
impressed spot, and another similar one is rather behind the middle ; thereis also a very
small common indented spot on thesuture, opposite to the former spot; exterior edge
serrated from near the middle to the tip; tip simple, somewhat acute; beneath cup-
reous polished ; a brilliant dilated coppery line extends from the mouth to the pectus; a
large groove originates on the anterior part of the pectus, and terminates on the
second segment of the venter; tarsi dusky biuish. (Say.)

2. UNKNOWN LONGICORN LARVA IN THE SYCAMORE.
(PYxx; figs 25 xo, fig. '8.,)

Larva.—Body rather flattened, broader behind than usual, the penultimate seg-
ment being much wider than usual. Head large and prominent, square and flat,
somewhat as in Monohammus, being one-half as wide as the prothoracic segment.
Mandibles acute, unequally two-toothed, the terminal tooth much the larger.
Antenne very short and thick; two-jointed ; second joint extremely small, with two
outer spines on the first joint. Near the antennz on the head are five long bristles.
Labrum much rounded in front, as long as broad. Labium broad, with two-jointed
palpi; second joint acute, as long as the first is thick. Maxillary lobe narrow, reach-

643

644 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ing to the end of second joint; third joint about as long as second, rather blunt.
No thoracic feet. Prothoracic segment about one-third as long as broad, with a
roughened spur on the posterior half, the front edge quite hirsute. The markings or
callosities on the back are difficult to describe, but are as figured by Dr. Gissler.

Length, 15™™; width of prothoracic segment, 4™™; length, 1.6™™; average
width of the body, 3.8"™; length from tips of mandibles to base of head, 1.6™™,

Larva found under bark of sycamore tree in Brooklyn, N. Y. Received from Dr.
C. F. Gissler.

Pupa.—Plate XXIV, fig. 8, represents a Longicorn chrysalis, taken from under the
bark of the same sycamore tree as the larva above described, and which may possibly
belong to the same species.

3. Halesidota tessellaris Abbot-Smith.
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family BOMBYCIDZ.

Found on the sycamore at Providence, R. I., September 20 to 30. It
spun a cocoon the 26th, but died in confinement. Harris states that
the cocoon is oblong-oval, composed of the hairs interwoven with a
very little silk. The moth appears after the middle of June.

Larva.—Body of the shape usual in Halesidota, hairs of the body delicate buff-
yellow; four dorsal pencils in front light sienna brown, with two pairs of shorter
lateral white tufts; a pair of whitish tufts near the end of the body. Head yellow-
ish brown. A row of lateral black spots above the base of the abdominal legs.
Length, 30™™,

4. Heterocampa unicolor (Pack.).

Mr. Pilot has bred this moth from the sycamore in Ohio. He says
the larve are common on the sycamore, but hard to rear. (Papilio,
ii, p. 67.) Professor Riley has also raised it from the sycamore.

5. Nepticula platanella Clem.

From the beginving to the middle of July the blotches produced by
these larve may be found on the leaves of the button-wood tree or
sycamore. The blotch is often extended over the early portion of the
mine, so as to obliterate it, and again the early portion is present, being
a Slender line from which the blotch is formed. Imago during the lat-
ter part of July.

Larva.—The larva is pale green and the head pale brown, and it weaves a cocoon
of a reddish-brown color during the latter days of July.

Moth.—Antennex dark fuscous, eye-caps large, silvery. Head reddish-ocherous.
Forewings dark brown, with a small white, slightly silvery spot on the middle of the
inner margin and a very short costal streak of the same hue opposite to it. The cilia
very pale yellowish, and the scales behind the cilia of the same hue, tipped with
dark brown. Hind wings yellowish-fuscous; cilia fuscous.

The following account is taken from Clemens’ Tineina :

I ascertained, during the fall of 1861, that there is more than one species of Nepticula
that mines the leaves of the sycamore tree, and that all of them are double-brooded.
The first brood may be taken early in June and July, and the second during the latter
part of September and early in October.

The mine and larva of one species are described in the November and December
number of the present work for 1861, page 83, and the imago in the January and

SYCAMORE INSECTS. 645

February number for 1862, page 133; but it may be well to repeat here, for the pur-
pose of comparison, a more circumstantial description of the mine of the species to
which allusion is made.

The mine of Nepticula platanella begins as a very slender track, the entire length of
which is filled with frass. This is very soon expanded into a round, conspicuous, blis-
ter-like blotch, on the upper surface of the leaves, which sometimes obliterates the
early portion.of the mine; but in this event it is still perceptible on the separated
epidermis as aslender, dark-brown line. After the blotch has been formed, the “frass”

. is diffused over the floor of the mine, discoloring its surface.

6. SYCAMORE MINER, NO. 2.

Mines in quite a straight line, when its course is along a vein of the leaf, other-
wise it is slightly winding. The mine begins as an extremely minute tract, and is
gradually enlarged towards the extremity. A day or two before leaving its mine the
larva enlarges the end into a small blotch which has attached to it a long linear track,
with a central line of blackish frass. In the enlarged portion of the mine the frass-line
changes into one of scattered and separated grains.

The imago of this species is undescribed, and although I secured cocoonets last
fall, which may produce imagos in the spring, I shall be glad if some new observer
rears imagos in the coming summer and records a description of them.

Larva.—The larva is of a lively or bright green color, with a dark green central
line of intestinal matters. Head pale brownish. The body tapers somewhat from
the thoracic rings. The larva was not taken from the mine for description. (Clemens. )

7. SYCAMORE MINER, NO. 3.

Mines at first in a very narrow, transparent track, having a blackish central line
of frass, the track being usually much contorted. At this stage of its larval life,
which is its earliest period, the miner can scarcely be detected by the naked eye.
Three or four days before pupation the larva begins to enlarge the linear mine into
a blotch. This enlargement takes place most often over the course of the old linear
mine, the latter half of which furnishes the basis of the blotch, and hence leaves
within it a blackish frass-line. The edges of the blotch are irregular; in the mine
of Platanella the blotch is circular or nearly so, and the early portion of the mine is
filled with frass, while the blotch is formed by dilating the linear track after it
becomes five or six lines long.

Larva.—The larva, when young, is transparent; color white, tinged with greenish,
with the thoracic segments swollen, giving it a fusiform appearance. Subsequently
it becomes of a pale-green color, retaining, however, the swollen thoracic rings.
(Clemens. )

8, THE SYCAMORE LEAF-FOLDER.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PYRALID ?

A eaterpillar, very active in its movements when disturbed, was
observed folding a leaf of the sycamore (September 15 to 30, at Provi-
dence) and spinning a large whitish web in the crease. It eats the
inside of the leaf. In the autumn of 1885 this caterpillar was very
abundant, often three tentiform webs on the under side of a leaf, and
at least every other leaf contained a worm. September 25 to October 1
it made an oval, broad, thick, somewhat reddish silk cocoon between
the leaves and attached the mass to the bottom of the box, the cocoon
being rather tough and dense, with bits of leaves fastened to the out-
side.

646 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Larva.—Body of the usual form, tapering towards the head and tail, Head not so
wide as the prothoracic segment, pale whitish green. Body pale whitish green ; ‘two
dusky subdorsal longitudinal lines, with faint lateral dusky lines beginning on the
side of the prothoracic segment. Spiracles large, conspicuous and dark. Each seg.
ment with one large transverse dorsal wrinkle a little behind the middle. Ten ab-
dominal legs. Length, 20™™.

9. Tineid larva.

The sycamore trees in and about Providence have for several years
been much infested by this caterpillar, one or two of which are to be
found in nearly every leaf. It makes one or two large folds in the leaf,
living within a web in the crease. At the end of September (the 25th)
it forms an irregular oval cocoon amoug the leaves preparatory to
pupating. The cocoon is broad and flat, formed of reddish silk.

Larva.—Of the usual cylindrical shape, tapering a little towards each end. Head
not so wide as the first segment behind, somewhat pointed; amber-colored, with
two distinct black spots on each side. Body pale straw yellow, with sparse pale
hairs, one-third as long as the body is thick. Thoracic feet dark, abdominal ones
concolorous with the body. Length, 10™™,

A larger larva.—Straw-yellow, with two subdorsal dark-brown lines, and behind

the head a supra-spiracular lineextending as far as the third pair of spiracles. Spira-
cles black. Length, 20™™,

10. THE SYCAMORE BLOTCH-MINER.

This miner forms on the upper side of the leaf in October a broad
mine doubled on itself and meeting so as to form a long, irregular round
blotch one-half inch in diameter.

The following species also occur on the sycamore :

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

11. Hacles imperialis Hiibner. Raised by Abbot in Georgia. (Manu-
Script plate in library Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.) Illinois (Walsh).

12. Halesidota carye (Horr.). Beutenmiiller. .

13. Nepticula maximella Chamb.

14. Nepticula clemensella Chamb. The larva of these two species and
N. platea live in the upper surfaces of the leaves. (Can. Ent., v,
p. 125. Chambers.)

15. Cirrha platanella Chamb. The larva feeds on the under side of
the leaves, and pupates in a tube composed of silk and the down
from the leaves. (Chambers.)

Order COLEOPTERA.

16. Cyllene crinicornis Chevr. On Platanus in Texas. Dr. Brous. (Le
Conte in Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe., viii, p. xxiv.)

17. Chlamys plicata (Fabr.) Kansas, Marlatt (Industrialist, Mar. 3,
1888).

Order HEMIPTERA.

18. Corythuca ciliata (Say).

19. Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathvon.

20. Lachnus platanicola Riley. D. C.

INSECTS OF THE HOP HORNBEAM. 647

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE HOP-HORNBEAM OR IRON-WOOD.
Ostrya virginica.

This tree doubtless affords food and shelter to a much greater assem-
blage of insects than that whose names are here recorded, for little
attention has as yet been given to finding them.

1. Apatelodes torrefacta (Abb. and Sm.).

According to Abbot and Smith the interesting caterpillar of this fine
moth in Georgia ‘feeds on the iron-wood [or hop-hornbeam], gall-
berry, sassafras, etc. It went into the ground June 20; came out the
14th of July. Another went in the 17th of October and came out on
the 25th of April.”

Dr. Harris describes the larva, and his description, which we copy,
agrees almost exactly with Abbot’s figure. Harris refers to the moth
under the name “Astasia torrefacta? Sm.-Abb.,” but apparently there
is little doubt that his larva was of the same species as the one figured
by Abbot. He found it on the burdock July 23, 1828, and says it “eats
leaves of willow well.” Another larva was found on a leaf of Prunus
virginiana.

Larva.—Body cylindrical, above pale yellow, beneath greenish black. Segments
very distinct, almost annulose, sides and incisures greenish-yellow, head of same
color, tips of mandibles black; no tubercles, but the body is covered with lanugi-

-nous hairs, flexuous backwards, of a pale sulphur color; second segment above, with
along plume of ferruginous hairs, directed a little forwards; the same segment has
a conspicuous, transverse, oval spot each side; third segment with a black spot on
each side; fourth to ninth, inclusive, with an interrupted black line or on each a
linear, dorsal, black spot, furnishing a short fascicle of a few erect black hairs; legs
blackish; pro-legs thick at base, pyriform or tapering at tip, and furnished with a
semicircular, unguiferous, red plate. The hairs are all simple or unbearded.

July 24, A. M.—Cast its skin. The wool which now covers it is of a beautiful white
color, the hairs being all directed backwards except those of the first segment, which
curve forwards; second and third segments each side, with a dorsal plume of erect
hairs, nodding backwards, blackish at tip; penultimate segment with a tuft separat-
ing into two depressed plumes; dorsal segments each with a short tuft of erect black
hairs; sides with an arrow-shaped, blackish spot, not furnishing hairs.

August 3.—Divested itself of its long hairs, and appeared only thinly covered with
short ones; length, nearly 1} inches.

August 6.—Became a pupa without a cocoon. It would probably have entered the
earth if permitted.

August 4, 1838.—Found on a leaf of Prunus virginiana, a caterpillar with the body
pale yellow, covered with flexuous yellow hairs, and an orange-colored pencil, tipped
with black, on the anterior part of the eleventh segment.

August 7.—Changed its skin; the hairs became white, a pencil on the second, third,
and eleventh segments black, and very short black tufts on each of the intervening
segments. Body beneath ash-colored; prolegs with deep orange-colored cushions.

648 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.
2. Noctuid larva.

The larva here described occurred June 10 at Providence.

Larva.—Head large, as wide as the body, deep shining amber-red. Body smooth,
rather thick, of a rich velvety reddish brown above, bounded low down on the sides
by a white line, below which the sides are reddish flesh-colored. The three anterior
pairs of abdominal legs are livid, while the anal and thoracic legs are reddish.
Length, 17™™,

3. Acidalia? sp.

This caterpillar occurred at Providence June 10, both on the pig-
hickory and hop-hornbean. Though they were abundant, they did not
live in confinement.

Larva.—Body very slender; head large, flattened in front, otherwise full, rounded,
and wider than the body, which is very slender, of uniform thickness, with no tuber-
cles; smooth, with a prominent lateral ridge. Anal legs large and broad ; supra-anal
plate large, equilaterally triangular. Head, body, and legs yellowish green, with
no spots. Length, 12™™.

4. Coleophora ostrye Clem.

The larva, according to Clemens, mines the leaves of iron-wood (Ostrya
virginica) in October and during spring.

The case is flat, rather wide, and the edges nearly parallel except
near its mouth. The upper edge is slightly curved, and almost at the
hinder end is a slight notch, which is sometimes wanting, and the
hinder end is squarely excised. Color of the case pale reddish-brown.

5. Aspidisca ostrya@foliella Clem.

The larve may be found on the leaves of iron-wood during the latter
part of September and early in October.

About the 10th of October all the mines are untenanted. There may
be a spring brood in the leaves of the Ostrya, but I have not observed
any.

The mine is large when compared with those found in the leaves of
other plants, and the hole left by cutting out the disk is out of propor-
tion to the size of the mined portion. (Clemens.)

6. Nepticula ostryefoliella Clem.

The larva in July and August makes a rather wide, most frequently
much contorted, transparent mine, with a narrow, central, black line
of ‘‘ frass;” sometimes the early portion of the mine is filled up with
“frass,” and in others the line of “ frass” is distinct from the beginning.
From the middle to the end of the mine whence the larva escapes it will
average nearly a line in width. (Clemens.)

7. Nepticula virginiella Clem.

In the leaf of iron-wood, Ostrya, it makes a very narrow long track,
not broader than the width of the larva, the interior of which is filled

—

——eEE Sl

INSECTS OF THE HOP HORNBEAM. 649

up with dispersed grains of frass, and which is dark brown whilst the
larva is mining.

Larva.—Very slender, of nearly uniform diameter, terminal segments pointed, pale
green, with a darker green central line; head pale brown.

It should be sought early in September.

On the 14th of the month it is nearly full-fed. (Clemens.)

8. Lithocolletis ostryefoliella Clem.

The larva mines the under side of the leaves of Ostrya, and may be
found early in July and October. The mine is usually near the margin
of the leaf, is flat at first, but is gradually thrown into a fold, the sep-
arated epidermis corrugated. When completed the epidermis has
changed to a pale brown color. The larva undergoes its transforma-
tion in a cocoon composed of ‘‘frass” and silk, in the form of a small -
ovoid ball suspended within the mine. The imago appears in August
and May. (Clemens.)

Larva.—The larva is cylindrical, with the body pale yellow, colored on the dorsum
beyond the third segment dark green by the ingesta.

Moth.—Antenne silvery. Front silvery, tuft fuscous and silvery mixed. Thorax
silvery, with the basal part of tegule pale golden. Forewings pale golden, with an
unmargined, median, silvery basal stripe, and a silvery streak along the basal portion
of the inner margin. Forewings pale golden, with four silvery costal streaks, all
except the last black-margined internally; with two dorsal streaks of the same hue,
black-margined internally. The first costal and first dorsal streaks opposite, quite
oblique and broad at their bases, the second dorsal opposite the second costal streak.
The basal streak is moderately broad, and extends quite to the middle of the wing.
Apical spot black; hinder marginal line blackish; ciliafulvous gray. Hind wings
gray, cilia fulvous gray. Abdomen pale fulvous. (Clemens.)

The following insects also occur on this tree:

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

9. Smerinthus juglandis Abb.-Sm. Sept. 5, N. Y. Lintner.

10. Telea polyphemus (Cram.) W. Brodie (Can. Ent.).

11. Anisopteryx pometaria (Harris.) Providence, R. I., May and June.

12. Lithocolletis coryliella Chambers. a

13. Lithocolletis tritenicella Chamb. Larva in a roundish blotch mine
in the upper surface of the leaves.

14. Mea ostryeella Chamb. Larva in a flat mine between two ribs,
with a row of * frass” on each side.

15. Gracilaria ostryeella Chamb. Imago unknown. The larva when
very small makes a linear, whitish mine in the upper surface of
the leaves. (Chambers.)

Order COLEOPTERA.

16. Weevil. The late Mr. Chambers once wrote me that a Curculionid
larva makes a tentiform or biadder-like mine in the tips of the
leaves of the iron-wood.

Order HEMIPTERA.
17. Psylla carpini Fitch.

650 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

INSECTS INFESTING THE WATER BEECH, HORNBEAM.
Carpinus americana.
Order LEPIDOPTERA.

1. Basilarchia astyanax Scudder.

2. Heterocampa pulverea G. and R.

3. Halesidota carye (Harris.) Beutenmiiller.
4, Lithocolletis coryliella Chamb.

Order DIPTERA.

5. Cecidomyia pudibunda O. Sacken. On the leaves, District of Colum_
bia. (Osten Sacken.)

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE SASSAFRAS.

Sassafras officinale.
1. Papilio troilus Linn.

The caterpillars feed during June and July on the leaves of sassa-
fras and prickly ash, partially folding them into a slight web. Harris
has figured and described the early stages of this butterfly, which
appears from the middle of June to the early part of July; the cater.
pillars occur in August and September, pupating in the latter month.
Pilate reports it as feeding on sassafras in Ohio.

Young larva.—When small the caterpillars are blackish, with a white line on the
side. After first molt olive or green on the back; two black ocelli on the third seg-
ment, four small orange-colored spots placed two and two, with a central blue dot in
each, the two anterior between the black ocelli and adjoining them, and the others
behind them. Back with about eight blue dots, two and two; sides and tail whit-
ish; head pea-green; a more dilated white spot behind each side of the enlargement
of the anterior part of the body.

Full-grown larva.—Back pea-green, sides yellowish, head and under side pink;
across black line on the first segment; two orange-colored spots on the third and
fourth segments, those on the third with black centers. Length about 2 inches.

2. Lagoa opercularis (Abbot and Smith).
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCID.

This moth inhabits the Southern States. The caterpillar is thus re-
ferred to by Abbot and Smith (Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia, p. 105):

The caterpillar feeds on the black haws, sassafras, plum, etc. It spun on the 21st
of September, and the moth appeared July 13. This species always shapes its web
or cocoon as in the figure, fastening it toa twig. The flat end opens and shuts like
a door, and is fitted with the greatest exactness. The insect continues in this web
all winter in the worm state, not changing to a chrysalis till within a short time of
its final transformation into a fly. The caterpillar is shaped like the roof of a house,
the hairs rising on each side gradually to a ridge down the middle of its back.

INSECTS OF THE SASSAFRAS. 651

The moth.—Tawny yellow, thorax with darker patches. Basal two-thirds of costa
dark, below deeper tawny, with wrinkled white and blackish hairs in lines. Tibize
provided externally with long white hairs, while the denser tarsal hairs are mostly

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Fic. 214.—Lagoa opereularis, after Riley. Larva and cocoon, after Hubbard.

black. Abdomen with rather long, dense, evenly cut coarse hairs, forming a short,
broad anal tuft. Length of body, .65; expanse of wings, 1.90 inches. North Caro-
lina to Texas.

3. Lagoa pyxidifera (Abbot and Smith).

The caterpillar of this species, according to Abbot and Smith, feeds on
the winter whortleberry, sassafras, red root, oak, ete. ‘“ When taken
the caterpillar was entirely clothed with long white hairs. On the
26th of July it shed its skin, and then appeared as in the figure. It
has fourteen holders, and the head is retractile. The web was formed
on the 7th of August, and the moth came out May 18, following. Like
the former, it does not change to a chrysalis till the spring, but it has
not, like that, a door to its web. Many individuals of this species do
not spin till late in autumn. The moth is closely similar to the fore-
going, but we have never seen it.

The following species also occur on the sassafras:

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

4. Papilio glaucus (Linn.).
5. Apatelodes torrefacta (Abb.-Sm.)
6. Callosamia promethea (Drury.)
7. Samia cynthia Hiibner. S. D. Hulst (Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., i,
p. 91.)
8. Hyperchiria io (Fabr.)
9. Teniocampa incerta (Hiibn.). See p. 172.
10. Hutrapela clemetaria (Sm.-Abb.)
11. Platynota flavedana Clem. Miss Murtfeldt in Fernald’s Cat. Tor-
tricide, p. 22.
12. Hudemis botrana (Schiff.) Clemens (see Fernald’s Cat. Tortricidx,
p. 28.)
13. Sericoris niveiguttana (Grote.) Miss Murtfeldt (Fernald’s Cat. Tor-
tricide, p. 36.)
14. Gracilaria sassafrasella Chamb. The larva, when very young, mines
; the leaves; when older, rolls them downwards. (Chambers.)

652 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION,

INSECTS INJURING THE HONEY-LOCUST.
Gleditschia triacanthos.
AFFECTING THE LEAVES.

1. Sphingicampa bicolor (Harris).

The habits and transformations of this fine moth have been studied
by Dr. H. 8. Jewett at Dayton, Ohio. (Papilio, ii, 38.) He says the
larvee change only in size during the last molt, and are from 2 to 24
inches long when fully grown. They began to quit feeding on the 20th
of June, entering the ground within a few hours after ceasing to eat.
There they pupated within an oval cell lined with a thin cocoon of
silk, the first casting its skin on the 24th. The moths began to appear
July 3 and had nearly all emerged by July 10. The insect is three-
brooded in Ohio, hibernating in the pupa state. Besides feeding on
the Gleditschia, they also devour the leaves of the Kentucky coffee
tree (Gymnocladus canadensis). Mr. Pilate has also bred it from the
honey-locust.

£gg.—Smooth, pale green.

2. Pempelia gleditschiella Fernald.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PYRALIDZ&.

The following account of this insect is taken from Professor Com-
stock’s Report for 1879.

A large number of larve, in different stages of growth, were found August 12,
drawing together and feeding on the leaves of the honey-locust (Gleditschia triacan-
thos) on the department grounds. The general color was greenish yellow, though
there was considerable variation among them. These larve transformed to pupx
trom the 3d to the 15th of September. When full-grown they descend to the surface
of the ground, where they spin a loose cocoon of coarse gray silk, which is com-
pletely covered with fragments of dried grass, leaves, or other substances, which so
conceals them that they are difficult to be found. Two of these moths emerged in
the latter part of September, but the most of them during the last half of the fol-
lowing May and early part of June, so that it is more than probable they pass the
winter in the pupa state on the ground under the trees.

We give below a description of the species by Prof. C. H. Fernald:

Head, palpi, antennz, thorax above and beneath, legs and forewings light ashy
gray. . Most of the examples have a purplish tint on all these parts, deepest on the
thorax above and basal portion of the forewings. A black dash broken in the middle
crosses the thorax behind the middle, starting from under the patagiz on either
side. Forewing with a broad black band crossing it at the basal third, which con-
sists of three or more lines of raised black scales, the outer one curving obliquely
across from the costa to the median vein, sometimes a little beyond, then inward to
vein 1, where it forms an obtuse angle, the apex pointing towards the base of the
wing; then outwardly, taking the same general course as the first part of the line,
to the inner border; within this, and separated by a very narrow line of the general
color of the wing, are two diffuse black lines of raised scales; the inner one seems
to fuse with the one beyond before reaching the costa. This band is followed by a

awe

INSECTS OF THE HONEY-LOCUST. ; 653

lighter shade, which extends as far as the discal dots, of which there are two of jet-
black raised scales on each angle of the cell, the lower one being a little more remote
from the base of the wing. Outer line scarcely visible in most of the examples, of
the general color of the wing, dentate throughout its course, and bordered on each
side with a very pale shade of brown, which is darker, and broadens on the costa,
A row of terminal black dots, The middle of the wing sparingly sprinkled with
black scales. Fringes concolorous with the wing. All the wings beneath, hind
wings above, and abdomen light brown. All the tibiz# and joints of the tarsi with
whitish. Expanse, 19 to 22™™,

Habitat.—District of Columbia. Described from fifteen males and eleven females.
(C. H. Fernald.)

Larva.—When full-grown, 16™™ in length, greenish yellow, with three longitudinal
brown stripes on each side of the dorsal line, extending from the thoracic to the
anal plates, and alternating with narrow lemon-yellow stripes, the last one being on
the line of the spiracles. Head, thoracic and anal plates with more or less brown
marks and blotches. There is a great variation in these larve in the intensity of
the brown markings, but they can readily be recognized by a black lunate spot on
the under side of the subdorsal tubercle of the third segment, behind the thoracic
plate.

Pupa.—Length, 10™™ ; dark brown, rounded anteriorly ; posterior end with a small
spine on each side, extending obliquely out and backward, the end curving back.
ward. Ina line between these stand four fine hooks, much longer than the lateral
spines. Abdominal segments, except the last, covered with coarse punctures, except.
on the posterior edge. Wing-covers reaching to the fourth abdominal segment.

3. THE ASH-GRAY BLISTER BEETLE.
Lytla cinerea.

This beetle, Mr. L. Bruner says, in Bulletin 13, Division of Entomol-
ogy, p. 34, “has been observed several localities in northern Nebraska
to entirely defoliate young hedges of honey-locust. Until the present
summer I have not observed this insect attacking the honey-locust
since the summer of 1876 or 1877. At that time a nursery of small
trees of this kind was entirely stripped of leaves by them, as were
also several larger ones standing alone.”

The following species also occur at times on this tree, which, so far
as I have observed it, is rather free from insect pests:

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

4, Eudamus tityrus Fabr.

5. Euclea quercicola H. Sch: Ohio, Pilate, Pap. ii, p. 67.
6. Adoneta spinuloides Clemens. Ohio. Ibid.

7. Schizura unicornis (Abb.-Sm.). Ibid.

8. Schizura biguttata (Abb.-Sm.). Ibid.

9. Heteropacha rileyana Harvey. Ibid.

10. Anisota bisecta Lintner-Harvey. Ibid.

11. Datana integerrima G. & R.

12. Amphidasys cognataria Guen. Ibid.

13. Spilosoma lunilinea Harvey. Ibid.

14. Catocala innubens Guen. French, Can. Ent., xx, 1888, p. 170.

654 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

15. Boarmia pampinaria Guen. Ibid.

16. Heterogenea shurtleffii Pack. Ibid.

17. Anisopteryx vernata Peck. Providénce, May and June.

18. Laverna? gleditschiwella Chamb. Larva burrows in the thorns.
(Chambers.)

19. Helice pallidochrella Chamb.

20. Agnippe biscolorella Chamb.

Order COLEOPTERA.

21. Hburia 4-geminata (Say).
22. Spermophagus robinie Sch. In seeds.

INSECTS INJURING THE HORSE CHESTNUT, OR BUCKEYE.
Asculus glabra.

BORING IN THE TERMINAL TWIGS.

1. BUCKEYE STEM-BORER.
Steganoptycha clatjpoleana Fernald.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family ToRTRICID2.

The following account is by Prof. E. W. Claypole in Psyche (iii, p. 463):

Several years ago I noticed, in the early part of May, that many of the leaves of
the Ohio buckeye, Asculus glabra, drooped and withered very soon after they had
unfolded from the bud. For two or three years these drooping leaves caught my
attention. On gathering them I uniformly found a small hole in the leaf-stalk, from
which a tunnel, sometimes 12™™ in length, ran along thestalk. Above this hole the
leaf was dying, below it the stalk was still alive. In some few instances I found in
the tunnel a small yellowish caterpillar, evidently the author of the mischief.
Wherever the hole in the stalk was closed with droppings the caterpillar was present,
but whenever the hole was open the caterpillar was Bone, leading to the inference
that it had escaped through the opening.

In the early part of May, usually about the 2d or 3d, I found the drooping leaves
of the buckeye in great numbers. I gathered, May 8, a quantity of the leaves, and
among them, a single specimen in which the caterpillar was in the main stem of the
young shoot and not in the leaf-stalk—the only instance of the kind that I have met
with. Taking the specimens home, I placed them under a bell glass in order to
determine the first point in doubt, the destination of the caterpillars after leaving
the leaf-stalk. Two days afterwards, on May 10, I found that the leaf-stalks were all
empty, and the caterpillars hidden in the faded leaf at the top of the stem, in which
they had previously burrowed. On May 15, five days later, the caterpillars were
still in the dead leaves, and I went to the trees to try and find some more specimens,
but was unsuccessful. However, on May 21, I found a few rolled-up leaves contain-
ing caterpillars, brought them home, and placed them with the others.

On May 23, the surviving caterpillars were still feeding, but there were many dead
ones.

On May 25 I found the first chrysalis among the leaves. It was light red in color.
with eight rings on the abdomen. The rolled-up leaf was lined inside with silk.
These facts show nothing in any way peculiar, and the same description would apply
to thousands of other chrysalids.

INSECTS OF THE HORSE CHESTNUT. 655

A caterpillar examined on May 13, 1881, was 1 centimeter long, semi-transparent,
yellowish in color, with a yellow head, and this appearance was retained, except
that the caterpillar became a little darker, until it went into the pupal state, about
May 20.

It was difficult to see what the caterpiliars lived upon, as the fresh leaves that I
put with them were not attacked. I have noted this point for several years and have
come to the conclusion that the food of the larva is the dead dry leaf in whichit is
rolled up. I have looked carefully on the trees and can find no eaten or nibbled leaves
near those containing the caterpillars, so, apparently, its habit is the same, in this
respect, both in captivity and in its native habitat.

On June Y, fifteen days after entering the pupal state, the first moth emerged. It
was small, with a peculiar hopping flight, the forewing mottled black and white,
and the hind wing more uniform in color, dusky, and slightly spotted with black
near the tip.

It appears as if the second stage in the life of this insect is that in which it most
frequently falls a prey to its foes. During its earliest existence it is sheltered in the
tunnel it has bored in the stalk, and there seems no cause but the want of room to
prevent its remaining there and burrowing down the whole length of the stem.
But these quarters soon become too small for it, it leaves the tunnel by the hole at
which it entered, and betakes itself to the dead and curled leaf. Here it is easily
found by other insects, and, from the difficulty of obtaining specimens in this stage, —
I infer that a very large number are destroyed by their enemies.

Specimens of the perfect insect were sent to Dr. C. V. Riley and were referred by
him to Prof. C. H. Fernald. Though the specimens were somewhat rubbed and the
peculiar markings consequently faint, both these entomologists inclined to refer them
to Proteoteras cesculanum, a hew genus and species described by Dr. Riley in 1881,*
though at first there was a suspicion that the insect was Sericoris instrutana Clem.,t
the larval state of which was not then fully known. Specimens, however, raised
during the present season from Jarvze obtained in Ohio ¢ have thrown doubt on this
identification, but no specimen has been obtained sufficiently perfect to decide the
question. Dr. Riley, however, informs me that the study of a specimen bred in 1873
from the blossom of the buckeye, which specimen he finds specifically identical with
miue, renders it certain that the insect is not Proteoteras esculanum.

Dr. Riley has very kindly allowed me tosee his notes on and figures of P, esculanum,
which show several points in which that species markedly differs from the species
which I reared. These points are as follows:

(1) The larva here described bores the leaf-stalk of the buckeye and only once have
I found a specimen in the terminal twig. P. ewsculanum bores the terminal twig as
well as the leaf-stalk.

(2) P. wsculanum bores the terminal twigs of maple (Acer dasycarpum). I have
never seen a specimen of this insect here described on a maple, nor have I seen a ma-
ple twig or leaf showing indications of its presence.

(3) P. esculanum often forms a swelling or pseudogall on the stem. The species
here alluded to never forms a gall.

(4) P. esculanum lives in the gall apparently through almost its whole larval stage.
The insect here described, however, quits the leaf-stalk at the end of two or three
days and lives in a rolled-up leaf.

(5) P. esculanum bores the stem to a depth of from 13™™ to 50™™, The insect here
alluded to seldom or never exceeds 13™™ in its boring.

*See Trans. Acad. Science St. Louis, v. 4.

tSee Proc. Amer. Assoc. Advane. Sci., 1881.

tIt is perhaps worthy of notice that among these few specimens (in 1882), a
single Loxotenia rosaceana Harris, made its appearance. Also that although the
buckeye is commonly planted at my present residence, in Perry County, Pa., yet I
have never seen asign of the presence of this insect upon it.

656 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

In the mean while Professor Fernald has referred the insect provisionally to the
genus Steganoplycha Stephens (1634), under the name of S. claypoleana.

In Papilio (iii, 191) Professor Riley remarks: ‘‘ Through the courtesy of Prof. E. W.
Claypole we received this spring from Mrs. L. H. Lewis some larve of the buckeye
stem-borer noticed in November, 1882, issue of the American Naturalist (p. 914), and
have obtained therefrom a number of perfect moths.” The reference by Professor
Fernald, he adds, to Steganoptycha is evidetly correct. He then states: ‘None of
the larvee we received were boring in the leaf-stem, but rolled themselves up in the
green leaves upon which they fed. It is doubtless more of a blossom and leaf feeder
than a stem-borer. The larvee were feeding during the first half of May, and the
moths issued during the first week in June.”

Moth.—The general resemblance of some of the specimens to others of Proteoteras
esculana is great, but with the perfect specimens the differences upon close inspec-
tion become quite marked. S. claypoleana lacks the notch in the posterior borders
of the forewings, the tufts of raised scales on the disk of the same, and the peculiar
tufts or pencils of hairs on the upper surface of the hind wings in the male, between
the margin and the costal vein. It is a shorter, broader-winged species; the ocellate
spot is less distinctly relieved, the median oblique band more broken, the basal-costal
portion paler and contrasted along the median vein with a darker shade, which may
be almost black, and which broadens posteriorly till near the middle of the wing,
where it is abruptly relieved by a pale space obliquing basally. By these characters
the species is easily distinguished from @sculana, and it is withal a grayer species
with the pale and dark shades more highly and abruptly contrasted. (Riley /.c.)

2. Proteoteras esculana Riley.

Professor Riley’s account of this worm is to be found in the Transac-
tions of the St. Louis Academy of Sciences, iv, p.321. He bred it from
larve boring in the tender terminal twigs of the buckeye and maple in
Missouri.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
3. Apatela hamamelis.

According to Mr. R. Thaxter (Psyche, ii, p. 35) this species lives upon

the horse-chestnut, but he gives no description of the caterpillar.

4. Tortricid larva.
Several tortricid larve occurred on the leaves of the horse-chestnut
at Salem, Mass., August 20 to 27, of which the following is a brief
description :

Larva.—Pale reddish brown, curiously mottled with pale green, forming much in-
terrupted, very irregularly edged brown lines. Beneath grass-green. Head greenish,
irregularly speckled with brown. A dark green dorsal line. It spun a cocoon of silk,
with very fine bits of leaves woven in.

The following also prey on the buckeye:
Order LEPIDOPTERA.

5. Orgyia leucostigma (Abb. and Sm.) Riley (MS. notes).

6. Cacecia argyrospila Walker. Californiaon Asculus californica. (See
p. 192.)

7. Sericoris inscrutana Clem. Claypole. (Fernald’s Cat. Tortricide, p.
35.)

8. Lithocolletis guttifinitella Clem. Var. esculisella Chamb. Larvain a
flat, blotch mine in the upper surface of the leaves. (Chambers.)

INSECTS OF THE SOUR GUM. 657

INSECTS OF THE SWEET GUM.

Liquidambar styraciflua.

1. Ingura prepilata Grote.
The moth has been reared on sweet gum leaves by Mr. S. Lowell
Elliot.

Larva.—Yellowish apple-green. Second segment with yellow line infront. All
the segments have about fifteen to eighteen yellow spots irregularly disposed. Most
of these spots are lozenge-shaped, those of the subdorsal region being somewhat
linear. Spiracles dull orange, with bright lemon-yellow stigmatal line. Length,
16™™ (.64 inch). (Hy. Edwards and Elliot.)

2. Hyphantria cunea (Abbot and Smith).

A large brood of the caterpillars was observed, April 7 and 8, on the
sweet gum trees at Enterprise, Fla., in the stage of growth preceding
the last molt. The caterpillars were very much lighter than I had
ever before seen in the Northern States, and I supposed they might be
a different species, but the moths on emerging at Providence were of
the textor, or unspotted form.

Larva before the last molt.—Body pale greenish yellow, with black dots, which con-
trast more with the very light colored body than usual. After the last molt the
body is much darker, especially above.

The following insects also occur on the sweet gum:

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

3. Gluphisia trilineata Pack. (S. Lowell Elliot.)

4. Telea polyphemus (Cram). Riley (MS. notes).

5. Platysamia cecropia (Linn.). Riley (MS. notes).

6. Actias luna (Linn.).

7. Callosamia promethea (Drury).

8. Hacles imperialis (Drury).

9. Phyllocnistis liquidambarisella Chambers. Larva in a long winding
linear mine in the upper surface of the leaf. (Chambers.)

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE SOUR GUM TREE.
(Nyssa multiflora.)
AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
1. Everyx cherilus Cramer.

This sphinx, besides feeding on the leaves of the sour gum (Nyssa
multiflora), feeds on those of the grape, Virginian creeper (Ampelopsis
quinquefolia), sheep-berry (Viburnum lentago), arrow-wood (Viburnum
dentatum), cranberry tree (Viburnum opulus), clammy azalea (Azalea
viscosa), and purple azalea (Azalea midiflora).

Larva.—Head very small, as in all the genus, pale yellow green, with a darker
median line; second segment yellow green with numerous irrorations. The spiracles
in this segment are orange in the center, pale yellow above and below. In the other

5 ENT 42

658 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

segments they are orange, white above and below. Segments 3, 4, and 5 are also pale
yellow green, the two latter swollen into a hump. The remaining segments are all
bluish green, covered with white dots, and with a darker dorsal line. On segments
5, 6, 7, and 8 are oblique whitish bands, but on the posterior segments these are lost
in a continuous line to the base of the caudal horn, which is bluish at the base, pale
vreen at the tip, and white in the center. The anal segment is yellow green, as also
are the abdominal legs. The thoracic feet are green, with the sides orange red.
Previous to change the caterpiliar assumes a purplish leaden hue, the dorsal and
lateral lines becoming blackish. One specimen is pinkish, with the four anterior
and the anal segment of a brownish cast, and with a dark dorsal stripe. The lateral
jiue is also brown.

Pupa.—The pupa is purplish brown, with the pink tint over the whole surface
slightly mottled. Wing-cases also mottled with black, spaces between the segments
pitchy brown. (H. Edwards and Elliot.)

Moth.—Expanse of wings from 24 to 3 inches. The upper side of the head and
thorax is of a rust-red color, varying to a brownish red, with the tips of the patagize
and a spot on the side of the thorax at the base of the forewings pale gray. The
abdomen is fawn-colored, and the segments are narrowly edged with pale yellowish.
The forewings are reddish brown with purplish reflections. The basal half is sprinkled
with grayish scales and crossed by four curved brownish lines, and there is a discal
dot of the same color. The outer part of the wing is of a darker reddish-brown
color and crossed by several indistinct paler lines, the inner edge being oblique and
straight. The terminal space is colored like the base of the wing. The hind wings
are rusty brown. The entire under side is pale rusty brown with indistinct terminal
bands on the wings and two faint cross lines on each. (Fernald.)

2. Antispila nyssefoliella Clem.

The larva mines the leaves of Nyssa multiflorain September. When
full fed the larva weaves an oval cocoon within the mine, and cutting
the two skins of the leaf into a corresponding form, permits it to fall
to the ground. There is thus left an oval hole in the deserted mine.
The imagos appear during the following May.

Larva.—The head is dark brown; first segment dark brownish ; body very pale
greea, with dark atoms along the dorsum; ventral surface with a line of two black
spots. After the last molting the first segment is black, and the dorsal spots become
a black vascular line.

Moth.—Head above dark brown. Face, labial palpi and forefeet shining yellowish
ocherous. Antenne dark brown; basal joint yellowish ocherous. Forewings dark
brown with a greenish reflection, and the base with a bright coppery hue. Near the
base is a rather broad, bright golden band, broadest on the inner margin, where it
is nearest the base, and constricted at the fold of the wing; a spot of the same hue
on the costa, at the apical third of the wing, and one on the inner margin, midway
between this and the band; cilia somewhat coppery, and rather grayish at the inner
angle. Hind wings purple brown; cilia grayish ocherous. (Clemens).

The habits of this larva are like those of A. cornifoliella. (Chambers.)
3. Nepticula nysswella Clem.

The larva makes a narrow tortuous mine in the leaves. Imago un-

known. (Chambers.)
4, THE SOUR GUM SCALE.

Chionaspis nysse Comstock.

The following description is taken from Professor Comstock’s Report
for 1880, p. 316. It is figured on his pl. xvii, f. 4.

INSECTS OF THE PRICKLY ASH. 659

Scale of the female.—The scale of the female is snowy white, with the exuviz yel-
lowish. It is flat, quite delicate in texture, and varies greatly in shape; it widens
suddenly near the posterior end of the second skin, often becoming as wide as long ;.
some specimens are straight, others are bent to the right or left. Length, 1,5™™
(.05 inch).

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PRICKLY ASH.
Zanthoxylum americanum.
AFFECTING THE TRUNKS AND LIMBS.

1. THE PRICKLY ASH BORER.

Liopus xanthoxyli Shimer.

Order COLEOPTERA ; family CERAMBYCID&.

This borer was discovered May 25, in Illinois, by Dr. Shimer, in trunks
of the prickly ash, which had been barked during the previous July.
In the burrows were several pink-orange pups, invariably lying with
their heads outward ; from these he bred an undescribed species related
to L. alpha. The beetle appeared on the tree about the middle of June.
He sent one specimen from which the following descriptions have been
drawn up:

Larva.—(For figs. see my first Rep. Inj. Ins. Mass.) Is very much like that of Lio-
pus facetus. The head is a little more than half as wide as the prothoracie ring.
The basal (occipito-epicranial) region is transversely oblong, the basal piece (occi-
put) being very short, and transversely almost linear, and separated by a well-marked

Fic. 215.—1. Liopus xanthozyli. Fic. 216.—2. Liopus facetus.

suture from the middle portion (epicranium) of the head, the latter being nearly
four times as broad as long, with the front edge straight; it is white, with the front
edge pitchy black. The clypeus is smooth, trapezoidal in form, and three times as
wide as long. The upper lip (labrum) is thin, hairy, transversely elliptical, a little
less than one-half as long as broad. The basal chin piece (submentum) is a large
transversely oblong area, with the front edge piceous, and very slightly hollowed,
while the posterior edge is very deeply hollowed out. The chin (mentum) is nearly
square, widening at the base, which is continuous with the base of the maxille, the
whole posterior edge being well rounded. The labial palpi are three-jointed, the
basal joints of each palpus being large, and no longer than broad, and touching each
other; the second joint is much slenderer, and about half as thick as the basal joint;

660 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

the third joint is not quite so long, and is scarcely half as thick as the second; its tip
is acute, and reaches out as far as the end of the second joint of the maxillary palpi.
‘The maxillary palpi are four-jointed, very broad at the base; the first joint is scarcely
half as long as broad; the third is a little longer than the second, while the fourth is
much slenderer than the others and about the length of the second joint. The man-
dibles are large and powerful, when closed not reaching as far as the end of the max-
illary palpi; the ends are truncated, gouge-like. On the prothorax is a large, ob-
scurely marked, squarish, very slightly horny (chitinous) area, scattered over with
hairs, especially on the anterior edge. On the upper side of each segment of the body
is a broad oval area, with a series of oval gatherings or folds on each side of the
transverse mesial main fold; those on the three rings succeeding the head (thoracic)
are the same, but broader. There are no rudimentary thoracic legs. The end of the
abdomen is blunt, well rounded, with the extreme tip forming a rounded portion. It
is .35 of an inch in length. ;

Pupa.—White, and in the single specimen observed was quite far advanced, the
body being covered with hairs. The wings were quite free from the body, and the
antennsx curved around outside the wing-covers, their tips meeting at the base of
the head. The first and second pairs of legs are folded at right angles to the body,
the third pair being oblique to the body. The tips of the first pair of tarsi reach to
the base of the second pair of tarsi; the tips of the second pair of tarsi do not reach
to the base of the third pair of tarsi, the third tarsi not reaching to the tip of the
abdomen by a distance equal to nearly their length. The prothorax is full and
convex, the hinder portion being larger in proportion to the rest of the body than
in the adult beetle. It is a quarter of an inch in length.

The beetle. —The beetle is characterized by four raised lines on each wing-cover,
with five or six black dots on each line or rib. An oblique black line diverges from
each side of the scutellum. Just in front of the middle is a triangular pale space,
bounded behind by an oblique dark line. In color it resembles the bark of the ash; it
isa quarter of aninchinlength. Gray, with bands and spots of blackish pubescence.
Antenne about one and one-half the length of the body, joints blackish at the articu-
lations; hoary, mottled with cinereous and light brown between. Elytra hoary-cin-
ereous, or slightly shaded with light brown, marked with an imperfect broad trans-
verse band before the middle and with two oblique bands and many smaller spots of
blackish behind the middle; in somespecimens the gray predominates, in others black,
in a few the bands are almost obsolete, being merely spotted with black. Thorax with
two broad longitudinal lines converging to a point in form of the letter V; each side
behind the middle with an angular spine-like projection. Head depressed between
the antenne, gray, with some small black spots; on the occiput a posterior median
half-line and many small black spots, not equally well defined in all specimens.
Beneath cinereous, incisures blackish; legs gray, somewhat spotted with black.
Length, about .25 inch. (Shimer.)

2. Micracis suturalis Le Conte.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family SCOLYTID&.

Observing a small round hole, like a pin hoie, in a dead prickly ash
bush, Dr. Shimer cut out two specimens of this timber beetle, and
afterwards obtained more by cutting in the dead wood, ‘‘ where the
bark was adherent and where the Liopus larve had not worked. They
are only found in imago now, and in this state appear to have entered ;
their holes are entirely free from chips and I usually found them with
their heads inward ; their holes frequently intersect and wind in various
directions; sometimes they have several e ‘ternal openings, and when

INSECTS OF THE PRICKLY ASH. 661

approached they usually go deeper in, if possible. I never took one
by beating on the bushes. I saw one on the trunk of a prickly ash,
but it escaped by falling to the ground.

The beetle.—In the genus Micracis the funicle is six-jointed; club pubescent and

annulated on both sides, outer joints of funicle slighter broader, not fringed ; elytra
aculeate at tip.

In this species the club of the antennz is more than one-half longer than wide ;
the gular space between the eyes is wide; the punctures of the elytra are fine and
arranged in numerous distinct rows; there area few short hairs near the tip in some
specimens, but in others even these are wanting. Length, 2.5™™ (.10 inch).

3. THE HOG CATERPILLAR OF THE ORANGE.
Papilio cresphontes Fabr.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PAPILIONIDZ

The following account of this caterpillar, which is said by Mr. Barnes
(Psyche, iii, p. 162) to feed on the hop tree, is taken from Professor
Comstock’s report for 1880, also Mr. Hubbard’s report on Orange
Insects, who states that it “is found commonly in the swamps of
Florida, feeding upon the tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.) and upon the
red bay (Persea carolinensis Nees.) It seems, however, to prefer the
orange and its relatives to all other plants.” Besides the prickly ash,
according to Mr. Saunders, it lives on Dictammus fraxinella in Canada
West (Rept. Ent. Sov. Ontario, 1880). In Texas it feeds on Zan-
thoxylum carolinianum (Boll, Psyche, ii, p. 289). In southern Illinois the
prickly ash is its usual food (French). There are two broods in south-
ern Illinois.

‘In speaking of the caterpillar of this butterfly in his report on orange
insects (Patent Office Report, Agriculture, 1858, p. 265), Mr. Glover
stated that it was very injurious to the foliage of the orange. Boisduval
and Le Conte (Histoire des Lépidopteres et des Chenilles de Amérique
Septentrionale 1833) say concerning this caterpillar that it lives upon
all the trees of the genus Citrus, and is in some parts of America in a
measure a scourge to the orange growers. I, myself, found several of
the chrysalides upon orange trees in my recent visit to Florida, and
since my return specimens of the caterpillars have been sent to the
department by Mr. G. W. Means, of Micopany, Fla.; Mr. H.S. Will-
iams, Rock Ledge, Fla.; and Mrs. Rebecca A. Minor, of Houma, La.,
all reporting them as doing more or less damage to orange foliage. Mr.
A. T. Harvey, of Lake Griffin P.O., Sumter County, Fla., informs
me that he has had many orange seedlings completely defoliated by
these larve—‘ orange dogs,’ as they call them in that part of the
country.” r

The eggs.—Deposited singly upon the leaves; are subglobular in form, some-
what flattened on the side of attachment, and yellowish white in color after hatch-

ing. What their color is before hatching we are unable to say, as the only specimen
received at the Department hatched on the journey. They were sent by Dr. Turner

662 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

from Fort George, Fla. In confinement the larve occupied thirty days in attaining
their full growth, and remained two weeks in the chrysalis state before giving forth
the butterfly.

The young caterpillars are almost precisely like the full grown ones in form and
color, except that the gray markings are darker and the white blotches not so exten-
sive as at a later stage of growth.

Larva.—The full-grown larva is something over 24 inches in length, and is very
peculiarly marked. The belly and legs are brownish; the first four segments have
upon each side a longitudinal white band; between these two bands above, the
body is brownish, with large spots of a darker color; upon the middle segments,
beginning with the fourth and ending with the eighth, there is a large white space
shaped like a lozenge, one of its corners reaching to the first pair of prolegs on each
side ; several brownish dots are to be seen upon this band; another similar white or
cream colored blotch covers the posterior part of the body ; this blotch also contains
some brownish dots; the sides of the body between these white spots are of a uni-
form dull brown. One of the most striking points connected with these larvz is one
which they hold in common with other members of the genus, namely the possession
of two long red fleshy filaments or ‘‘ tentacles” upon the first thoracic segment, and
the power to withdraw or extrude them at will. Upon being disturbed the larva
always protrudes these organs, which, by the way, have a very disagreeable odor,
and directs them towards the place of disturbance. It is considered that these organs
are a protection to the caterpillars against the attacks of ichneumon flies and other
parasitic and predaceous insects.

Pupa.—The chrysalis of this insect affords one of the most marked instances of pro-
tective resemblance which it has ever been our good fortune to see. It is nearly an
inch and a half in length, is irregularly forked at its upper end, has a prominent
point upon its breast, and is suspended by a loop of silk around its middle, its tail
being also fastened to the supporting twig or leaf. Its color (I have only examined
the hibernating chrysalides) is of varying shades of gray and brownish, so exactly of
the color of the orange bark that it is extremely difficult tosee it. The irregular
projections of the head and breast, and sundry markings resembling cracks in the
bark, and even minute lichens growing upon it, bear out the striking likeness to a
bit of a knotty orange branch most perfectly. It is worthy of remark that Mr.
Glover states that the chrysalis is greenish in color, but this discrepancy may be
explained by the probability that he was describing the chrysalis of one of the sum-
mer broods, or one which had just transformed.

Butterfly.—The adult insect is one of the handsomest of the southern butterflies. Its
spread of wing is from4to5inches. The ground colorabove is black, and an irreg-
ular triangle of broad yellow spots includes a large part of the wings. The under
side of the wings is yellowish with black nervures and a row of crescent-shaped
blue spots on the secondaries.

There are usually four broods of the butterflies in the course of a
season, the last brood wintering in the chrysalis state, and the adults
making their appearance the ensuing April.

From what we have been able to learn these caterpillars have not
been abundant enough of late years to do much damage, yet from the
statements of Boisduval and Le Conte, and of Glover, referred to before,
they have undoubtedly been so in years past. This being the case, the
obstacle to free development which has kept them in check is liable at
any time to be removed, and we may have them abundantly any year.

That the scent organs have not succeeded in making them free from
the attacks of parasitic insects is shown by the fact that from chrysalides
collected at. Jacksonville, Fla., in January, were bred several specimens

INSECTS OF THE TULIP TREE. 663

> of a Tachina fly. It is possible, however, that the eggs of the parasite
were deposited after the caterpillar had transformed to the chrysalis.
As to remedies, it will not be difficult to keep these insects in check
by hand-picking, as they are easily seen on account of their size. The
butterflies being so conspicuous can without much trouble be caught
in hand-nets.* (Comstock.)
Mr. Hubbard states that it has a single parasite (Chalcis robusta
Cresson) which preys upon it, though rare.
The following Lepidoptera also feed on this tree:
4, Papilio troilus Linn.
5. Chrysophanus the Bd. and Lec.

INSECTS OF THE TULIP TREE.
Liriodendron tuliptfera.
1. Phyllocnistis liriodendronella Clem.

The larva mines the small terminal leaves of the branches of the tulip
tree. It is without feet. The body tapers from the head, the terminal
portion being slender and pointed, deeply incised, almost moniliform.
Head thin and flat. It makes a broader linear mine on the under side
of the leaves, leaving a brownish “‘frass” line. The mine is much con-
torted and very long, so as often, if not always, to take up the entire
under surface of the leaf, winding over it so as to detach nearly all the
under epidermis. This is extremely delicate, of bluish-white color,
and often the greater portion of it is detached by abrasions.

The larva may be taken from the beginning to the latter part of
July. Myown specimens were found on the 22d of July, at which time
they were nearly full-fed. Taken in the latter part of the month, it is
very easy to rear the larva and obtain the most perfect imagos.

Moth.—Forewings silvery white, the posterior portion of the wing pale golden,
with a broad pale golden streak along the middle of the wing above the fold, arising
at its base. About the middle of the costa is a pale golden, oblique costal streak
black-margined on both sides, which coalesces with the posterior end of the median
streak, The costal ciliasilvery, containing three diverging black streaks. The apical
spot black with a silvery scale or two before and behind it, and at the extreme apex
two black lines on the cilia, diverging from the apical spot. Inthe cilia of the hinder
margin is a black curved line, and at the beginning of the cilia of the hinder margin

is a dorsal silvery spot. Hind wings silvery gray; cilia the same. Antenne, head,
labial palpi, silvery white. (Clemens).

The following insects also occur on the tulip tree:
Order LEPIDOPTERA.
2. Papilio glaucus Linn.
3.

Callosamia promethea, var. anguifera Walker. (Akhurst in Riley,
Bull., vi, p. 55.)

*Of other insects belonging to this genus which feed upon orange, Boisd. and Le C.
mention P. epius in the East Indies, P. demoleus in western Africa, P. lysithous in
Brazil, and state that there are several others which they could cite.

664 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

4. Samia cynthia Hiibner. (G. D. Hulst, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., i,

p. 91.)
5. Bronchelia hortaria Guenée. (Abbot manuscript in Guenée.)

Order COLEOPTERA.

6. Acanthoderes monisii Uhler. (Leconte, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., viii,
p. XXiv.)
Order HEMIPTERA.

7. Siphonophora liriodendri Monell. (St. Louis, June and July, Monell.)
8. Lecanium tulipifere Cook. (American Naturalist, xiii, p. 324.)

Order DIPTERA.

9. Cecidomyia liriodendri O. Sacken. (Monogr., i, p. 204, on leaves.)
See also Garden and Forest, ii, p. 605.
10. Cecidomyia tulipiferce O. Sacken. (Monogr., i, p. 202.)

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE SUMACH.
Rhus glabra.
1. Gelechia rhoifructella Clem.*

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family TINEID.

The larve may be found in April, or early in May, in the fruit spikes of
sumach (Rhus typhina), where they feed on the crimson hairs and ex-
terior envelope of the drupes, without, however, eating the drupes them-
selves. The larve‘are concealed in galleries formed in the fruit spikes,
and their presence is indicated by strings of “frass” clinging to the ex-
terior. The cocoon is a slight silken web woven among the “frass”
near the surface. The imago appears about the middle of June.

Larva.—The larva is immaculate, and varies in color, from dark reddish-brown to
a pale brown, dotted with rows of darker-colored dots, each giving rise to a hair;
the head is brown and the shield blackish.

Moth.—Head, face and thorax grayish-fuscous. Labial palpi rather dark ocherous.
Autenns ocherous, annulated with black. Forewings grayish-fuscous, dusted with
dark brown, and with four dark fuscous dots, one near the base of the fold, two near
the middle of the wing (one on the fold and one above it), and one on the end of the
disk. Near the end of the wing is an indistinct grayish band. Hind wings fuscous,
cilia the same. (Clemens.) .

* Of this I received three specimens from Dr. Clemens; it has considerable resem-
blance with our G. populella, but the anterior wings are broader and blunter, and
the anterior segments of the abdomen are not pale. The exp. al. is8 lines. H. T.
Stainton.

Py +

INSECTS OF THE POISON IVY. 665

2. Chrysocorys erythriella Clem.*
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family TINEIDZ.

The larva feeds on the fruit racemes of sumach.

‘“Frass” scarlet. The cocoon was woven on the outside of the
racemes. It was ovoid and appeared to consist of coarse silk and but
a single thread, being woven so as to leave large meshes, enabling one
to see the pupa through it distinctly. At maturity the pupa case is
thrust forth. The pupa is pale green, with the head-case distinctly
separated from the case of the thorax. The length of the larva is
about two lines, of the pupa about one and a half.

Larva.—lt tapers anteriorly and posteriorly, incisures deep, segments elevated in
the middle with a single row of transversely arranged epidermis joints on each ring,
each one giving rise to one or two rather stiff hairs; abdominal legs very slender and
short, terminal placed posteriorly. Head with a few hairs, ellipsoidal, pointed, rather
small, and pale brown. The body is uniform dark green.

Moth.—Head, fave, and thorax fuscous, with a greenish-brassy hue. Labial palpi
ocherous, terminal joint fuscous. Antenne bronzy-yellowish fuscous. Forewings
reddish-fuscous, with a greenish-brassy hue; cilia fuscous. Hind wings reddish-
fuscous, cilia the same.

3. SUMACH LEAF-ROLLER.

This leaf-roller rolls the leaves from the tip a quarter to a half way
to the stalk, or it ties the leaves together in various ways; and some-
times simply turns over the edge of a single leaf. Before pupating it
makes a long, slender spindle-shaped delicate thin cocoon.

Larva.—Congeneric with the smaller larva on the sycamore; thoracic feet pale yel-
low like the body, with two lateral conspicuous black prothoracic spots.

4, Datana perspicua G. and R.

This notodontian has been bred from the sumach in New York City
by S. Lowell Elliot.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE POISON IVY.
Rhus toxicodendron.
Lithocolletis guttifinitella Clem.

The larva may be taken in August and September in the leaf of Rhus
toxicodendron (Poison Oak), mining the upper surface in a rather broad,
tortuous track, and there are ordinarily several in the same leaf. The
larva belongs to the second larval group. The cocoon is circular,
formed within the mine as usual in this group in a little circular
depression. (Clemens.)

Larva.—The head is a fine pale brown; the body yellowish posteriorly, becoming
brownish above, with a dorsal] and ventral dark macula.

* Of this I received two specimens from Dr. Clemens; it is closely allied to our
C. festaliella. The exp. al. is 4}—5 lines. H. T. Stainton.

666 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Moth.—Front silvery, with a reddish hue. Tuft and thorax reddish-orange. An-
tenn blackish-brown. Forewings rather deep reddish-orange, with two silvery
bands black-margined behind, one in the middle of the wing and nearly straight, the
other midway between this and the base of the wing and obliquely placed. Before
the costo-apical cilia is a costal silvery spot, black-margined on both sides, with an
opposite dorsal spot, black-m..-gined behind. The apical portion of the wing is dusted
with blackish, dispersed scales, with a white spot near the tip above the middle of
the wing. There are two hinder-marginal lines, one the margin of the dispersed
svales, the other dark brownish in the cilia. (Clemens.)

INSECTS AFFECTING THE CATALPA.
Catalpa bignonioides.
AFFECTING THE LEAVES.

1. THE CATALPA SPHINX.

(Plate XX XVIII).

Sphinx catalpe Boisd.

Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family SPHINGID®.

An account of this sphinx by Prof. Riley (with an excellent plate)
which we are kindly allowed to reproduce, appeared in his report as U.
S. Entomologist for 1882, p. 189.

The caterpillar frequently defoliates the Catalpa, though usually a
very rare insect. It differs from others of the family in laying its eggs,
sometimes 1,000 in number, in a mass on the leaves or stemsor branches ;
the larve being at first gregarious. At Atlanta, Ga., there are three
or four broods during the summer; the last brood hibernating in the
pupa state beneath the ground, the moth appearing in March. Insum-
mer it is six weeks from the time the egg is laid till the moth appears.

AFFECTING THE PODS.
2. THE CATALPA-POD DIPLOSIS.
Diplosis catalpe Comstock.

The following account is taken from Professor Comstock’s report for
1880:

In the early part of August the unripe and normally green pods of the Indian bean
(Catalpa bignonoides) upon the Department grounds were noticed in many cases to
have partly turned brown in a strange manner, one-half or more of the pod remain-
ing green, while the remainder appeared to be dry and of the color which it usually
has when ripe. Upon opening one of these abnormal pods the mass of seeds was
found to be fairly filled with active, footless little yellow maggots, none of them
more than 3.25™™ long. When disturbed they wriggled from the pod and fell to the
ground, or bringing the two ends of the body together and suddenly straightening

CATALPA INSECTS. 667

with a sudden jerk, they would jump to a distance of several inches.* The seeds
themselves and the whole contents of the pod were in every case in a decaying con-
dition. The larvew were of very different sizes, some apparently being nearly full-
grown, while others were evidently very young.

Some ten days after the pods had been placed in a breeding jar the adult flies
began to appear—winute yellow midges with dusky wings. From that time on
through the fall occasional examinations of the pods showed larva of all sizes still
at work, many of the pods becoming entirely brown and dry before the middle of
September. It was often a puzzling thing, in examining these pods, to find the
points where the larve made their exit, for the pupa state is passed under ground.
Usually one, two, or three small orifices would be found, through which all the in-
habitants of the pod must have issued. The manner in which this hole is made is a
mystery. Examined from the inside, it shows marks of gnawings around its edge,
and frequently spots are found where attempts to pierce the pod have evidently been
made, but unsuccessfully. Yet as cecidomyid larvz have no horny masticating
jaws, how have they made these orifices? In pods which had evidently been attacked
earlier in the season, while younger and tenderer, the holes were much larger and
more abundant. Occasionally the pod will have become so dry that it will have
cracked, and in such cases of course no other hole would be necessary.

Larva.—Length, 3.25™™; greatest breadth (at middle of body), 0.7™™. Color vary-
ing from pale whitish to orange. Breast bone bright honey-yellow, .21™™ long, and
.06™™ wide at the fork. Integument very smooth, transverse ridges barely percep-
tible, with a high power near the juncture of the segments. Sides of the body show
the dividing line of the segments only as a slight notch, the junctures between the
head and first thoracic segment and the eighth and ninth abdominal segments being
most marked. Body apparently with fourteen segments. Antennze apparently 4-
jointed; first joint short and broad; second joint short, much narrower than joint 1;
third joint three times as long as joint 2, but of same diameter; joint 4 a mere point
at tip of 3, apparently the continuation of a tube which can be seen in joint 3. Stig-
mata very small, at the summit of almost imperceptible tubercles, the prothoracic
tubercles and those upon the eighth abdominal segment bein, larger, more dorsal,
and situated, the prothoracic at the front and the eighth abdominal at the hind border
of its segment. The anal segment is very convex anteriorly, and almost truncate
posteriorly, four or more small posterior projections being present.

Adult male.—Length of body, 1.3™™; length of wing, 1.8™™; length of antennae,
25mm, Antenne, 26-jointed (2x 24); joints pediceled, alternately single and double;
single joints each with a whorl of: long hairs; double joints with a whorl of delicate
short hairs preceding the long one. Head slightly gibbous above, the eyes meeting
upon the summit. Cross vein given off at one-half the length of the subcostal, not
very oblique; second longitudinal vein nearly straight for three-fourths of its length,
when it curves downward and reaches the margin of the wing somewhat beyond the
apex; third longitudinal vein straight for one-half of the wing-length, when it forks,
the branches forming a right angle first, which is, however, lost by the almost imme-
diate downward bend of the upper branch. General color, light yellow; antennz
fuscous, except basal joints, which are. yellowish; legs somewhat shaded with fus-
cous, and furnished with quite long whitish hairs upon the femora; thorax above,
with a long longitudinal dusky stripe on each side, also faintly dusky toward head ;
abdomen light yellow, with many short whitish hairs; balancers and claspers yel-
low, the latter dusky at tip; wings dusky, with a bluish iridescent appearance.

*This habit is mentioned by Osten Sacken (Monogs. Dipt., i, p. 183) in the following
words: ‘‘ The larve of several species, for instance, Cee. loti, Cec. pisi, and Cecid. rumi-
cis, have the power of leaping. Dr. Loew remarks that all such larve belong to the
subgenus Diplosis. Cec. populi Duf. performed its leaps by straining the horny
hooks at the tip of its abdomen against the uader side of the thoracic segments.” (Du-
four’s Ann. Se. Nat., 2d ser., Xvi, p. 257.)

668 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Female.--Length of body, 1.6™™; length of wing, 2.3™™; length of antenna, 1.3™™,
Antenne 14-jointed (2 x 12); joints pediceled, subcylindrical, and subequal, each
joint with two whorls of short and delicate hairs, a whorl at each end of the joint,
the hairs of the posterior whorl being somewhat longer than those of the anterior.
Color as with the male, a little more dusky perhaps on the thorax. In other respects,
except in generative organs, resembles the male.

Described from four male and nine female specimens. (Comstock Ag. Rt., 1880.)

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE WITCH HAZEL.
Hamamelis virginica.
1. Gracilaria superbifrontella Clem.

The larva (says Clemens) may be found in the middle of July, in
cones, on the leaves of Hamamelis virginica (witch hazel), and the imago
appears early in August. This insect must approach very closely the
European swederella.

Larva.—The head of the larva is pale green; body pale green, darker-colored by
the ingesta, with the tenth ring whitish, and the cervical shield pale brown.

Moth.—Labial palpi yellow, tipped with brownish. Antenne dull yellow, with
very faint brownish rings. Head stramineous, tinged with reddish-violet on the fore-
head. Thorax stramineous, with teguiw externally striped with reddish-violet.
Forewings beautiful reddish-violet, with a shining stramineous patch on the inner
margin at the base, and a large costal triangle of the same hue, reaching almost
across the wing, and extending along the costa from the basal third, nearly to the
apex. Hind wings blackish gray; cilia dark fuscous. (Clemens.)

2. Catastega hamameliella Clem.

The larva constructs a little, short tube of frass along the midrib of
the leaf of witch hazel, Hamamelis virginica, during the latter part of
September. The tube is begun in the angie made by a vein and the
midrib, and the triangular space between them is covered with a thin
web of silk, having beneath it the tube. (Clemens.)

Larva.—The larva is nearly cylindrical, slender, with the head pointed. It is of a
uniform, rather pale-green color. (Clemens.)

The following insects also occur on the witch hazel:

3. Halesidota carye (Harris). Beutenmiiller (Ent. Amer., vi, p. 16).

4, Eccopsis footiana Fernald. Kellicott, Bull. Buffalo Soc., iv, 1882.
Fernald’s Cat. Tortricide, p. 36.

5. Sericoris niveiguttana Grote. Kellicott, Bull. Buffalo Soc., iv, 1882.
Fernald’s Cat. Tortricide, p. 36.

6. Semasia argutana (Clem.) Clemens in Fernald’s Cat. Tortricide,
p. 45.

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INSECTS INJURING THE MAGNOLIA, ETC. 669

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MAGNOLIA.

Magnolia umbrella, acuminata, ete.
Order LEPIDOPTERA.

. Papilio turnus Linn. Abundant on Magnolia acuminata, London, Can-

ada (Saunders, Can. Ent., xv, p. 204).

. Papilio troilus Linn.
. Callosamia promethea (Devereaux in letter) on M. acuminata.
. The larva of Phyllocnistis magnolicella Chambers makes a long,

winding linear mine on either surface of the leaves. The imago is
unknown, and it may prove to be P. liriodendronella Clem.
(Chamb. Bull., Hayden’s U.S. Geol. Surv., 1878, iv, p. 108.)

. Psylla magnoliec Ashmead. (Can. Ent., Nov. 1581, p. 224.)

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PAPAW.
Asimina triloba.

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

. Papilio ajax, telamon, and marcellus. Obio. Pilate (Pap., ii, p. 65).
. Sphinx hyleus Drury. (Proc. Amer. Ent. Soc., iii, p. 434.) Ohio (Pi-

late), (W. J. Holland, Can. Ent., June, 1886).

. Parasa chloris H. Sch. Ohio. Pilate (Pap., ii, p. 67).
. Apatelodes torrefacta A. and 8. Ohio. Pilate.
. Amphalocera cariosa Lederer. (Larva described by French, Rep.

Curator S. Illinois Normal Univ., 1880, p. 46.)

. A Lithosian i all its stages is represented in Abbot’s MS. drawings,

Pl. 54 (the Gimler copy, with Harris’ notes), preserved in the
library of the Boston Society of Natural History.

Order COLEOPTERA.

. Aphrastus teniatus (Say). (Riley, Amer. Nat., Nov. 82.)

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE TREE OF HEAVEN.
— Ailanthus glandulosus.

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

. Samia cynthia Hiibner. (Imported.)
. Oeta compta Clemens. (Riley’s First Report.)

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BOX ELDER.
Negundo aceroides.
1. Phytoptus sp.
Class ARACHNIDA; order ACARINA.

Mr. H. Garman (Forbes’ First Rep. Ins. I!linois) mentions this insect

which gives rise to growths of hairs on the leaves of the box elder,
Negundo aceroides Meench.

670 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Few specimens of this Phytoptus have been seen, though the growths
have been carefully searched for them. One of those examined had 45
transverse strie, and was .005 inch long.

The galls or cecidii consist of mats of tangled white hairs on the
under side of the leaves, situated in slight concavities; on the upper
side of the leaves the cecidii are seen as correspondingly slight convex-
ities on the surface. The younger leaves and those of shoots at the
base of trees are sometimes almost entirely converted into cecidii, the
peculiar hairs appearing even on the upper side of the leaves. Such
leaves never expand, but curl up and seem, from the abundance of the
hairs, to be clothed with a fine mealy substance. These growths are
similar to cecidii of certain oaks.

The growths are very abundant on box elders planted for shade on
the streets of Normal, Ill., and have been seen on young trees in the
nurseries of the neighborhood.

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

. Amphipyra pyramidoides Guen. See p. 171.

. Platysamia cecropia (Linn.) (Riley’s MS. notes.)

. Lithophane cinerosa Grote. Thaxter (Psyche, p. ii, p. 35).

. Gracilaria negundellaChamb. Larva curls down the edge of a leaf.
. Cacecia semiferana (Walk.)

o> Or OO bo

Order HEMIPTERA.

7. Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathvon. (Comstock, N. Amer. Ent., i,
p. 25.)

8. Chaitophorus negundinis Thomas. (In Illinois in June, Miss Smith,
Thomas’ Eighth Rept. Ill., p. 103.)

9. Lecanium acericola Walsh and Riley. See p. 425.

Order COLEOPTERA.
10. Chrysobothris femorata Lec. (Riley’s 7th Rep. Ins. Mo.)

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MESQUITE.
Prosopis.
Order COLEOPTERA.

1. Chrysobothris octocola Le Conte. Texas, Arizona, and Colorado
River, of California; lives in species of Prosopis. (Le Conte,
Rev. of Buprestide of U.S. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 1859, p. 230.)

2. Cyllene antennatus White. ‘Lives in the mesquite wood,” Arizona.
Horn (Trans. Am. Ent. Soce., viii, p. 135).

3. Bruchus uniformis Le Conte. Gelnrado desert ; abundant in the
pods of Prosopis and Strombocarpus. (Le ante. )

4, B. prosopis Le Conte. Found withthe preceding. (Le Conte.)

INSECTS INJURING THE PERSIMMON, ETC. 671

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PERSIMMON.
Diospyrus virginiana.
Order LEPIDOPTERA.

1. Spilosoma virginica Fabr. Riley (MS. notes).

2. Orgyia leucographa Walker. Larva described by French (Rep.,
Curator S. I. Normal Univ., 1880, p. 44).

3. Gidemasia concinna (Abb.-Sm.). Riley (MS. notes).

4, Cenopis reticulatana (Clem.). Miss Murtfeldt (Fernald’s Cat. Tortri-
cid, p. 20).

5. Tolype velleda (Stoll). See p. 165.

6. Aspidisca diospyriella Chamb. Larva in a minute blotch mine, from
which it cuts out a case in which it pupates. (Chambers, l.c.)

Order HEMIPTERA.

7. Aphis diospyri Thomas (Eighth Rep. IIL, p. 5).
8. Psylla diospyri Ashmead (Can. Ent., Nov. 1881, p. 222).

Order COLEOPTERA.

9. Brachystylus acutus Riley (Amer. Nat., Nov., ’82).

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CALIFORNIA BAY OR LAUREL.
Laurus.

1. Ptilinus basalis Le Conte. (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., viii, p. xxiii.)
2. Micracis hirtella Le Conte.

INSECTS AFFECTING THE CHINA TREE.

The China tree (Melia azedarach) has always been considered as per-
fectly free from any insect attacks whatever. No caterpillar of any
kind has ever been found feeding on its foliage; no Buprestid or
Scolytid beetles bore in its trunk or branches, and no gall insects
disfigure its leaves or twigs. This tree, with its beautiful dense foliage,
is, in fact, to be highly recommended as a shade tree in the South, and
especially in those cities which are so badly infested with the bag-
worm (Thyridopteryx ephemereformis). This immunity enjoyed by the
China tree from the attacks of insects is not perfect, however, as we
have recently received from Alabama some twigs and leaves infested
with the scales of a Coccid belonging to the genus Lecanium; but,
what is more interesting, the twigs are covered with the waxy scales
of a Ceroplastes of really beautiful appearante and new to science.
The leaf-cutting ant (Atta fervens) shows a decided partiality for the
leaves of this tree in Texas. (Riley.)

672 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE DOGWOOD.
Cornus florida.
1. Antispila cornifoliella Clem.
Order LepipopTERa; family TrxEIpZ.

The larva lives in a blotch mine, from which it cuts out a case in which
it pupates on the ground.

The larva mines the leaves of Cornus florida in September. It may
possibly be a variation of nysseefoliella. The larve of the insects are
very like each other, but I do not know whether that of cornifoliella
undergoes the same change of coloration after the last molting as that
of nyssefoliella. Its mode of preparing for pupation is the same as
the previous species, but whilst the individuals of nyss@foliella on a
single tree are almost innumerable, those of cornifoliella are not abun-
dant. (Clemens.)

Larva.—The head and shield dark brown; body nearly white, with seven minute
black points along the dorsum, and eight on the central surface, somewhat larger
and more distinct.

Moth.—Head, face, labial palpi, and forefeet dark brown. Antenne dark brown;
basal joint somewhat ocherous. Forewings rather dull dark brown, with a coppery
hue. Near the base is a rather narrow golden band, not constricted on the fold, and
rather indistinct toward the costa, where it is somewhat suffused with a coppery
hue, and nearest the base on the inner margin. At the apical third of the wing isa
small golden spot, and nearly opposite, on the inner margin, another of the same
hue, with the hinder portion of the wing tinged with a bright reddish coppery hue,
cilia dark grayish. Hind wings purplish brown; cilia somewhat paler, with a cop-
pery hue. (Clemens. )

2. Coleophora cornella Walshingham. Lives in curiously shaped case
on leaves of Cornus pubescens, in California.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BOX.
Buxus sempervirens.
1, THE EUROPEAN BOX PSYLLA.
Psylla buxi Linn.

While making some observations for the Bureau, Mr. Koebele found
toward the end of May, in the garden of Mr. James Angus, near New
York City, large numbers ef a tlea-louse infesting box. The insects (at
that time mostly larve or pupe and a few imagos) thickly crowded the
young growth of the plants, and the whole hedge showed at the first
glance a sickly appearance, the tender shoots being more or less yel-
lowish in color and evidently dying. In our breeding cages the imagos
continued to develop throughout the month of June, but outdoors no
further observation on the life-history of the insect could be made.
The species proved to be identical with the European Box Psylla,

INSECTS INJURING THE BLACK ALDER AND COFFEE TREE. 673

(Psylla buxi Linn.), a species hitherto not known to occur in America.
It is of a pale-green color with hyaline wings, the anterior and middle
portions of the thorax (pronotum and dorsulum) having brownish,
longitudinal markings, the larva and pupa being of still paler, uniform,
greenish color, and not deviating in form from the larve of other species
of the same genus. The winged insect bears a deceptive resemblance
to our native Hornbeam Psylla (Psylla carpini Fitch), and can only be
distinguished from this upon close examination, the most obvious dif-
ference being the absence of a distinct pterostigma in the Box Psylla.

Mr. Angus attempted to brush the Psylla off with a stiff broom, but
this is a remedy of very questionable value, and a much simpler and
doubtless more effective way of getting rid of this pest would be the
application of diluted kerosene emulsion in a very fine spray.

There is no danger that this newly imported Psylla will infest any
other plant besides the box, but, if not kept in check, it is liable to
spread and to do serious damage to the plant in all those sections of
the country where it is grown and esteemed as an evergreen ornament.
(Report of Professor Riley for 1881, p. 410.)

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BLACK ALDER.
Prinos verticillata.
1. Hyperchiria io Fabr. (L. W. Goodell, Can. Ent., 1879, xi, p. 79.)
KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE.
Gymnocladus canadensis.

This tree is perhaps as abundant in this part of Kentucky as any-
where else, but the only Lepidopteron that I have ever found feeding
on it is an undescribed Psylla, of which f have sent all my specimens
to Mr. C. V. Riley. (Chambers, in letter.)

5 ENT——43

CHAPTER XV.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE.
Pinus strobus, P. rigida, ete.

The number of spevies here recorded as living on the pines alone
amounts to from 165 to 170, while the total number will probably prove
to be nearly double that given. Kaltenbach in his work on Plant
Insect-enemies does not separate those of the pine from those of the
spruce, fir, and larch, but “ lumps” them all together under one head,
whether peculiar to the pine, the fir, or the larch. This is a mistake,
although, as is well known, a large proportion of the insects which are
known in this country to prey upon the pine also occur on the spruce
and fir, as well as the hemlock and larch; yet a goodly number of spe-
cies live exclusively on one kind of tree, notably some of those found
on the hackmatack or larch. We have, therefore, been careful to record
the insects of each tree separately.

Kaltenbach in his “ pine” insects enumerates two hundred and
ninety-nine species, of which there are one hundred and thirty Cole-
optera, but of these about twenty species are carnivorous beetles, which
for the most part prey on the borers, or are scavengers, and should not
have been placed among the plant-eaters, but in a separate note or
appendix by themselves. A large proportion of the borers are Scoly-
tids, over twenty species being enumerated, besides about forty species
of the weevil family. Of longicorn borers there are in Europe about
twenty species. The Buprestids are less numerous apparently than in
North America, only five species being mentioned, while as in this coun-
try few species of leaf-beetles prey on coniferous trees, their leaves
being hard and apparently lacking in nourishment for such beetles,
which prefer the more succulent leaves of hard-wood trees.

Of European pine-caterpillars Kaltenbach enumerates seventy-one
species, none of them being those of butterflies; the proportion of silk-
worms (Bombyces), span-worms, or Geometrids, and of leaf-rollers is
much as in North America; of the Tineids only twelve species are re-
ported as feeding on these conifers, and we have called attention to
the very small number which occur on coniferous trees in the United
States.

The species of saw-flies which infest the coniferous trees of Europe,
as on this continent, form a numerous company, Kaltenbach enumer-
ating thirty-eight. Only six flies (Diptera) are mentioned; while the

674

‘PINE BORERS. 675

bugs (Hemiptera) which gather on these trees are the representatives
of fifty-four species, of which twenty kinds are plant and bark lice.

In his excellent works devoted to the insects of the maritime pine of
France, M. Edouard Perris in the volume on beetles alone enumerates
about one hundred species which live at the expense of this single
species of pine.

Of the pine insects which are described in the following pages per-
haps the Pine moth of Nantucket has occasioned locally the most direct
and perceptible injury; but upon the whole the most insidious and
widely destructive kinds are the timber-borers, and of these the grub
or larva of Monohammus confusor, called in the Southern pine districts
“the sawyer,” does the most damage.

Next to this borer, the white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi) does most
injury to timber, since it deforms the trees, causing the growth of
gnarled, many-headed trees, which, were it not for their attacks, might
have grown into tall straight trees fitted to make masts or to be sawed
into the best lumber.

Attention has been called to the longevity of these borers, which, as
beetles, may live for years in articles of furniture or timbers of houses, if
from some cause prevented from pairing and laying their eggs. It is
not outside of the range of possibilities that the timbers of bridges and
other structures may be weakened by the unseen mines or tunnels of
longicorn borers and of timber beetles. Mr. W.H. Harrington is respon-
sible for the following statement which bears on this point:

A number of years ago, a train of passenger-cars crashed through a high bridge,
built of timber and comparatively new, and many lives were lost. The accident was
caused by the rapid decay of the timber, and a celebrated entomologist on examining

them found that the exterior had been bored by myriads of these little beetles, and
water filtering into their tunnels had rotted the wood.” *

AFFECTING THE ROOTS.
1. THE WHITE GRUB.
Lachnosterna fusca Frohling.
Order COLEOPTERA; family SCARABHZID&.

We have been told by Henry G. Russell, esq., that on his plantations
of evergreen trees at East Greenwich, R. I., the common white grub,
presumably the young of the May beetle, attacks the roots of seedling
larches, white pine, and Douglass’ pine and has at times done them so
much injury that he has had to replant them four times. I am also
told by Prof. C. E. Sargent, director of the Arnold Arboretum at
Brookline, Mass., that this grub has at times attacked and killed his
young larches and any delicately rooted plants, such as Azaleas. They
do the most injury in August, when they are large. In wet seasons

* Transactions of the Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club, No. 2, p. 31, 1881.

676 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

their work is not so apparent, since the roots grow rapidly, but in dry
seasons they become most destructive and annoying.

a
Fic. 217.—May beetle and its transformations—2, larva
1, pupa.— After Riley.

AFFECTING THE TRUNK.
2. THE LARGE PINE FLAT-HEADED I.ORER.
Chalcophora virginiensis (Drury).
Order COLEOPTERA ; family BUPRESTID&.

Boring in the sap-wood and girdling the tree, a flat-headed, white grub; the track
beginning as narrow and shallow groves on the surface of the wood, forming irregu-
lar wavy or serpentine tracks, which gradually increase in width as the larva grows,
ending in a large hole where the grub pupates; the beetle occurring on the leaves in
spring and autumn.

The habits of this beetle in its preparatory stages are probably much
like those of Chrysobothris femorata, which infests the oak, and the
galleries which it makes under the bark are much like those of the
oak buprestid. No thorough observations have been made upon the
natural history of this interesting beetle. It appears in the Northern
States toward the end of May, and through the month
of June, as Harris states, while we have observed it
in Maine on pine trees the middle of July, and Fitch
states that it occurs upon the leaves of the pine in
autumn. Harris says that in the larva state it bores
into the trunks of the different kinds of pines, and is
Fig. 218—_Chale. Oftentimes very injurious to these trees.

phora virginien- Beetle.—Oblong vval, brassy or copper-colored, sometimes al-

sis.—Marx del. most black, with hardly any metallic reflections. The upper side
of the body is roughly punctured; the top of the head is deeply indented; on the

PINE BORERS. 677

thorax are three polished, black elevated lines; on each wing-cover are two small
square impressed spots, a long elevated smooth black line near the outer, and another
near the inner margin, with several short lines of the same kind between them;
under side of the hody sparingly covered with short, whitish down. Length 0.8 to
1.10 inch.* (Harris.)

3. Chalcophora, probably C. virginiensis.
(Larva, Pl. xvi, fig. 1.)

I have little doubt but that the following description is that of the
larva of the foregoing species, and that at any rate it is a true Chalcop-
hora.

Compared with Loew’s figure of the larva of Chalcophora (Ent. Zeit-
ung, Stettin, 2ter Jahrgang, 1841, Tab. I, figs. 1-8) our species differs
mainly in the larger chitinous prothoracic disk, though the V-shaped
mark is the same. In the shape of the body, in the form of the meso-
thoracic and metathoracic segments, and the end of the abdomen, our
larva appears to be a Chalcophora. The first abdominal ring is longer
and narrower than in Loew’s figure. The labrum is peculiar in this
genus, on account of the lateral lobes; in this respect it resembles the
figure of Loew; while the antenne, maxilla, and labiui are nearly as
he figures them. Under these circumstances we think there is no rea-
sonable doubt but that this larva is a Chalcophora, and probably, from
its large size, C. virginica, which, according to Harris, bores in the pine.

The two specimens described were taken from under the bark of the
pitch pine, May 26, Providence, R. I.

Larva.—Compared with Dicerca the head is much larger and better developed,
while the prothorax is of the same size, and the abdomen is fully as thick, but rather
longer. Prothorax and the V-shaped mark one half narrower than in Chrysobothris
Jfemorata, and with no markings around the apex, as in Dicerca. The prothoracic
disk has very large, coarse, transverse, raised linear chitinous points, which are more
or less confluent, forming irregular transverse wavy ridges. The disk on the under
side has similar markings, and a single narrow deeply impressed median line, which
extends from the front to the hinder edge.

No roughened area on the succeeding segments, but on the mesothoracic are two

remote converging curved lines, and on the metathoracic segment are similar lines,
which extend nearer the front edge; the curved lines inclose a subtrapezoidal space.

* Chalcophora virginiensis is stated by Fitch to be always an inch or more in length,
but I have measured a great many specimens and find that few exceed an inch in
length, the rest varying from seven-eighths of an inch up to the maximum of slightly
over an inch. This species is duller in color than the preceding species, and the
raised lines on the elytra are less sharply defined. It can be further distinguished
by two impressed spots on each elytron interrupting the second line. This species
has been found by me almost invariably crawling, or at rest, upon the sunny side of
the trunk or limbs, instead of among the leaf clusters. Its color tones so well with
the bark of young trees that it is not easily seen, until this habit of frequenting the
sunny side of the tree is known, when it can be more readily found. We have
already noticed that liberta closely resembles the young cones and thus have in these
beetles two very good instances of protective coloring and habits. C. virginiensis
is not so abundant as C. liberta, but is by no means rare and is not unfrequently
found about the city on the sidewalks or crawling on houses or fences.—W. Hague
Harrington in Trans. Ottawa Field Naturalist’s Club, No. 2. a

a

678 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Antenn large and well developed, compared with those of Dicerca and Chryso-
bothris; 3-jointed; the basal joint membranous, third joint nearly as long as the
second, and blunt at tip. Labrum rounded on the edge, fuller than in Dicerca.
Maxilla large and well developed; maxillary lobe smaller in proportion to the base
of the maxilla than in Dicerca or Chrysobothris. Palpus two-jointed; basal joint
much larger than the maxillary lobe (in Dicerea and Chrysobothris it is much
smaller); second joint one-fourth as large as first, being proportionally much smaller
than in the above mentioned genera. Labium much as in the said genera, being
rounded in front.

Total length of body, 41™™; length of prothorax, 5™™; breadth, 8™™; length of
the three thoracic segments together, 8™™ ; breadth of fourth abdominal segment, 4™™,

The hairs on the body are much coarser than in the other genera mentioned.

This larva may be distinguished by the large head, the well-developed antenna,
the large maxille, with the lower joint of maxillary palpus small; by the very cvarse
and linear markings on the prothoracic disk above and beneath: by the absence of
roughened areas or callosities on the meso- and metathoracic segments, and by th
long, thick abdomen.

The mesothoracic segment is shorter and the metathoracic is as long as in Dicerca.

4. THE LESSER CHALCOPHORA.
Chalcophora liberta Germar.

Very similar to the Virginian Buprestis, but always smaller sized, measuring from
0.75 to 0.90 in length, with the second raised line of the wing-covers broader than the
first or inner line, and totally obliterated where it is crossed by the posterior impressed
spot, its middle portion between the two impressed spots usually showing a few
scattered punctures. (Fitch.)

‘This species is much more common in eastern New York than the
Virginian Buprestis, the beetles appearing upon the leaves of pines
throughout the summer and autumn. From a small grove of young
pines only a few rods in extent upwards of a hundred specimens were
taken the middle of last September, one or two being found upon
almost every tree and bush; whilst only four individuals of the pre-
ceding and two of the following species were found in company with
them. They had probably been bred in the numerous stumps of larger
trees which had been cut down the year before by the side of this grove.
They stationed themselves at the tips of the limbs, clinging to the leaves
with their feet, with their heads inwards, their position, shape, and
size giving them a close resemblance to the young aments or fruit
cones which were growing from the same points on several of thelimbs ;
and they appeared to be eating the young buds, which are probably
the food on which all these beetles subsist after arriving at their per-
fect state.” (Fitch.) This Buprestid is also found in Maine, but after
several years’ attempts we have not been able to clear up the habits of
either species of Chalcophora, or to detect the larve.

““Chalecophora liberta very closely resembles the last species in its
markings, and might readily be mistaken therefor by those not
familiar with both. It is smaller, however, being only from three-
quarters of an inch to an inch long and is somewhat different in color.
Itis generally of a bright coppery-red, but varies greatly in this respect,

PINE BORERS. 679

specimens being found of all shades from brassy black or purple to
orange-bronze. This beetle, like the preceding one, is frequently found
(especially upon saplings) in the center of a cluster of leaves, head
inwards, and in this position would, by the inexperienced
observer, be probably taken fora young cone. [t appears
to feed upon young cones and leaves at such times, and
these are probably the food of all the pine-investing Bu-
prestians after reaching the perfect state, as I have found
nearly all the species thus situated in the leaf clusters.
This beetle, C. liberta, is quite abundant, as will be seen é
when I mention that Mr. Fletcher and Mr. Gresta (a die: ae eee
former member of this club) collected with me in one j,_ Marx act
afternoon (September 21, 1878), in a small grove of sap-

lings and young trees, over one hundred specimens, and that a couple
of days afterwards we collected in the same place over half as many.
On the 23d September, 1880, I captured in about an hour twenty-eight
‘(thirteen males and fifteen females) and could easily have obtained
more. The larve of these beetles had probably bred in trees, or
stumps and logs in the neighborhood,and had resorted to these sap-
lings to feed and pair.” (W. Hague Harrington in Trans. Ottawa Field
Naturalists’ Club, No. 2.)

5. THE OREGON BUPRESTIS.
Chalcophora angulicollis Le Conte.

A beetle intimately related to the preceding species I met with in a
collection ofinsects, made at The Dalles, on Columbia River, many years
since, by Rev. George Gary, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and
presented to me by the late Dr. Skilton, of Troy. Its close relationship
to the species above described renders it altogether probable that its
larva is similarly pernicious to the pine timber of the region where it
abounds. And as no insect of this genus has hitherto been recorded
as an inhabitant of that vicinity, that I am able to discover, I herewith
submit a short account of its distinctive marks. (Fitch.)

The beetle slightly exceeds an inch in length, with the elevated smooth lines and
spots, black and for the most part broader than the rough intervals between them,
which are burnished brassy, tinged with coppery red. Its sculpture is very similar
to that of the species last. described above. The elevated line on the middle of the
thorax is here twice as broad as in that species, and at each end is rapidly but not
abruptly widened to double the breadth which it has in the remainder of its length,
these widened portions having a few scattered punctures. Both at the apex and the
base this widened portion is confluent with the irregular elevated stripes which are
placed upon each side of the middle. The smooth pyramidal spots on the base oppo-
site the middle of the anterior end of each wing-cover are here larger and more promi-
nent than in either of the foregoing species and each of these spots has the shape of
a right-angled triangle, the line bounding its outer side running directly forward
instead of obliquely inward and forward, each spot being also more broad than long.
The rough depression which extends forward from these spots to the anterior angles

680 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

of the thorax hasin its middle a well marked, elevated, smooth spot, which is oblong
and placed obliquely, with an oblique groove on its outer side separating it from a
smooth and somewhat triangular spot on the outer margin, which is more distinct in
this than in either of the preceding species, and produces a slight undulation of the

outer edge, this edge being almost rectilinear with the opposite sides, parallel with

each other two-thirds of their length, and then abruptly or angularly inclining
inwards to the anterior angles. The wing-covers have the elevated lines much
broken and irregular, resembling those of the preceding species, though on a partic-
ular examination several differences will be noticed. (Fitch.)

This insect has also been found by Dr. Le Conte, at Sacramento, Cal.

6. Chalcophora fortis Le Conte.

This beetle has been observed by Mr. W. Hague Harrington on the
pine. I extract his account of it from the transactions of the Ottawa
Field Naturalist’s Club, No. 2, p. 28.

The largest species is Chalcophora fortis, a remarkable fine beetle, varying from one
to one and two-tenths inches in length, and being about three-tenths of an inch wide.
Their color is a coppery brown, but newly emerged specimens have often a golden-
greenish burnish, or a powdery appearance caused by very minute particles of wood
scattered in the indentations of the elytra and thorax. The brilliancy of their ap-
pearance is increased by raised lines and patches on the thorax and elytra, which
are polished and show off against the remaining surface as work of burnished metal
does against a grained or frosted ground. This beetle is comparatively rare, but
perhaps as common in this locality as in most parts of the country.

7. THE TOOTH-LEGGED BUPRESTID. °
Chrysobothris dentipes (Germar).

Though usually occurring in oak trees, occasionally living under the bark of the
white pine, where it makes a flat, shallow burrow, sometimes half an inch broad and
ending in an oval cell, in which the larva occurs in autumn, winter, and early spring.

We have already noticed this Buprestid among oak borers. We have
found, May 20, at Providence, R. I., the dead beetle in its burrow under
the bark of a white pine stump.

8. HARRIS’S BUPRESTIS.

Chrysobothris harristi Hentz.
Order COLEOPTERA; family BUPRESTIDA.

Appearing ou the trees in May and becoming
most common about the middle of June, a small
beetle 0.32 long, of a brilliant blue-green color
with black antennze and feet, and in the male
the sides of the thorax and the thighs copper-
colored, its surface punctured, with a groove on
the middle of the thorax and two indentations
near the base of each wing-cover, slightly sepa-
rated by araised line, the inner one running into
EOE Les PR a eg & groove which extends along the suture to its

Stin Henn eONE D.Laat casle acpient: tip. Its larva living under the bark of young

c, do. female; d, firstleg.—After Horn. trees and small limbs. (Fitch.)

—_

PINE BORERS. 681

According to Le Conte this beetle inhabits the twigs of the white
pine. Mr. George Hunt also informs us that it inhabits the white pine
in Rhode Island, where he has collected it late in June and during July.

9. Chrysobothris trinervia Kirby.

Fic. 222.—Ohrysobothris triner-

Fig. 221. — Chryso- via; a, head seen in front; 8,
bothris trinervia. last male ventral segment;
—From Packard. c, do. female; d, first leg of

male.—After Horn.

As this beetle occurs in the pine forests of Colorado, it is most prob-
able that it bores in pine trees. It is a rather small, short, broad
species, dull blackish, with faint metallic reflections. Surface of the
body, especially the wing-covers, with irregular ridges, the inner one
parallel to the inner edge of the wing-cover; wing-covers with smooth,
elevated areas, between which the surface is minutely pitted with dense
golden punctures. Body clothed beneath with short, coarse hairs.
Length, 0.45 inch. (Le Conte.) We collected a specimen on the Divide,
Colorado, July 12. Prof. F. H. Snow has taken it at Santa Fé, N. Mex.

10. THE GOLDEN BUPRESTIS.
Buprestis striata (Fabr.)

Order COLEOPTERA; family BUPRESTIDA.

Appearing upon pine and spruce trees in May and June, a brilliant and sparkling
copper-red beetle, 0.55 to 0.70 long, its wing-covers marked with a broad brilliant
bluish-green stripe on each and with four elevated smooth lines in which are several
deep punctures, the two outer lines nearly or quite united at their hind ends and
the exterior middle one a fourth shorter, the depressed spaces between these lines
twice as wide as the lines and rough from coarse confluent punctures; its thorax
with a wide shallow groove along the middle, which is sometimes very slight, the
surface covered with coarse punctures which become dense and confluent along the
sides, as they are upon the head also, which has a slender elevated line along its
middle; the under side brilliant coppery. (Fitch.)

‘“‘ Like most of the other insect borers in the pine, it appears to be the
dead wood of logs and stumps which this species prefers to living trees.

682 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

T. B. Ashton informs me that he once found the fragments of one of
these beetles in the interior of a pine log. I have met with it, in two
instances, stationed at the tips of the limbs of young spruce trees in
my yard, and it is probable that in its perfect state it feeds upon the
tender young buds of the pine and the spruce.” (Fitch.)

Mr. George Hunt tells us that it occurs on
the white pine and yellow pine (P. rigida) in
northern New York.

Le Conte states that it inhabits the Mid-
dle States, Canada, and the Lake Superior
region. It varies in brilliancy of color; the
male is narrower than the female, and has
the tip of the abdomen more distinctly trun-
cate, or, rather, more broadly rounded.

Allied to this species is Buprestis lauta
(Le Conte), which is abundant in Washing-
ton and Oregon; while we have received it
from Utah, through Mr. J. L. Barfoot, cura.
tor of the Salt Lake Museum. It has also
fo been detected by Prof. F. H. Snow at Santa
? Fé, N. Mex. The male is a little narrower,
Fig. 223—Buprestis striata— Says Le Conte, than the female, but the tip

See of the abdomen is somewhat truncate in both.

Buprestis radians (Le Conte) also inhabits Oregon. It is shaped like
the male of B. lauta, but may be known by the very hairy front and
prosternum. The tip of the abdomen is somewhat truncate.

Nearly allied to the two last named is B. adjecta (Le Conte) from
Oregon. It is said by Le Conte to be broader even than the female of
B. lauta, with intermediate elevated ridges on the elytra; the tip of
the latter is distinctly bidentate, while the abdomen is less strongly
punctured and scarcely truncate.

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11. THE ULTRAMARINE BUPRESTIs.

Buprestis ultramarina Say.

This species has been found by Fitch in the middle of July in a forest
of pines and other trees, and is probably a pine insect. [t is said by
Le Conte to be a broader form than B. decora Fabricius, to which it is
allied, with the intervals of the elytra less irregularly punctured, espe-
cially towards the suture, with the tips rounded, or hardly truncate,
not bidentate as in that species. The abdomen is broadly rounded at
the apex. The following description is quoted from Fitch’s Fourth
Report :

The Ultramarine Buprestis is half an inch long and of a brilliant green color tinged

with golden yellow, the sides of the thorax being pure golden, with also a stripe ©

along the middle, where is a very slight wide groove, scarcely obvious. The wing-

9

-7
‘

PINE BORERS. 683

covers are brilliant blue, which color is margined on each side and at the base with
golden yellow tinged with green, the suture and outer margin being burnished cop-
pery red. On each wing-cover are about eight rows of large deep punctures placed
closely together, and some of them united or confluent, and between each of these
rows is a series of smaller round punctures. Their tips are cut off transversely, and
on the side next to the suture is a minute projecting tooth. The scutel is circular,
deeply concave, and green, with its sides blue. The thorax is covered with close,
deep, coarse punctures, which are more dense and confluent on each side. The head
is rough from similar confluent punctures, with a slender, smooth, elevated line in its
middle. The antenne are black with the basal joints coppery red. The under side
is burnished coppery with the sutures of the abdomen green. (Fitch.)

12. SPOTTED-WINGED BUPRESTIS.
Buprestis lineata Fabricius.

A shining brassy-black beetle, sometimes blue-black or dark bottle-green, of the
same shape with the preceding and .45 to .65 long, each wing-cover with from three
to six pale tawny yellow spots of irregular shape and very variable, the mouth and
throat often and sometimes the face of same color, and also a spot on each side of the
last segment of the abdomen beneath; the wing-covers with several impressed lines
and a row of punctures on each of the interstices between them, the thorax with
coarser close punctures and a single large one on the middle of its hind edge. (Fitch.)

‘‘T have met with this beetle, in July, on pines growing at a distance
from any other trees,an evidence that it had been bred from them.
The spots on its wing-covers are extremely variable, being alike in no
two specimens.

‘““The more usual form is slightly larger, measuring .60 to .75in length,
and the wing-covers with two tawny orange stripes on each, the inner
one of which is widest at its base and does not reach to the tip. Here
also the last segment of the abdomen beneath has a tawny orange spot
on each side, and the throat, mouth, and face, and a stripe on each
side of the thorax are yellow, varied in places with red.” (Fitch.) It
occurs not infrequently in the Middle and Southern States according
to Le Conte. I have found, in company with Mr. Calder, the elytra
of this beetle under the bark of the white and pitch pine, in Provi-
dence, R. I.

13. Buprestis maculiventris Say.

Mr. W. Hague Harrington, of Ottawa, gives the following account of
this beetle in the Transactions of the Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club,
No. 2,\—p. 30:

Buprestis maculiventris is a brassy-brown species, from five-eighths to six-eighths
of an inch long, common upon both old and young trees in June and July. I am
inclined to think it feeds also upon spruce, as while in Cape Breton last August I
noticed a couple of these beetles in a section wooded almost entirely with spruce,
pines being rarely met with. It is easily distinguished by the yellowish-red spots
on each side of the segments of the abdomen beneath, and by smaller spots of the
same color upon the shoulders of the thorax and upon the face. Its wing-covers are
thinner and softer than those of precediug species, and often have a rumpled appear-
ance as if bent in two or three places. It is inferior in beauty to our other Bupres-
tide. I have found several of the beetles emerging from the pine timbers of the
Maria street bridge about the end of June.

684 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

14, Buprestis rusticorum Kirby.

This is an abundant insect in the pine woods of Oregon and Wash-
ington, and appears to range eastward into British America. We
have found it in pine woods at Manitou, Colo., July 16, while it is not
uncommon in New England, Mr. George Hunt finding it at Providence,
R. I. The body is brown, with an olive-green tint. Head and thorax
punctured. Each wing-cover with five ridges, four of them well
marked and smooth, the interspaces with scattered punctures. On the
head between the eyes are five yellow spots; two simple
dots, two long spots on the orbits, sending two projections
outward, and a line in front sends three projections up-
wards.- Two unequal yeliow spots under the eyes. Lab-
rum and labium yellow. Fine orange- yellow spots on each
side of the end of the abdomen beneath. Length, 0.65
to 0.92 inch. Le Conte also adds that this species is
Fic. 224.—Bup- nearly allied to Buprestis maculiventris, which occurs in

aint the northeast from Pennsylvania to Newfoundland.
Packani: Regarding this beetle, Mr. W. H. Harrington remarks
in the Transactions of the Ottawa Field Naturalist’s Club,

No. 2, p. 30:

The last of the Buprestians which I have to describe is, in my opinion, the gem of
them all, so brilliant is it, especially in the sunlight. It is also the smallest, the
males only averaging four-sixteenths of an inch in length, and the females five six-
teenths. The larv inhabit young saplings and the small limbs of larger trees. The
beetles are found on the trees during June and July, seeming to delight in the hottest
and brightest days of these months, and displaying in such weather great activity
whereas on a cool, cloudy day they are much less alert. When among the leaves
they are, from their color, very difficult to see, and if shaken off upon a beating-net
they take wing with such swiftness as very frequently to escape capture. The
instant they drop upon the net they are off like a flash of emerald light. The color
of the female is a uniform vivid green or blue-green, with the exception of the
antenne and feet, which are black, but the male has the thighs and sides of the
thorax coppery or bronzed, and is thus easily distiguished, as well as by his smaller
size.

15. YELLOW-DOTTED BUPRESTIS.
Melanophila fulvoguttata (Harris).

Appearing upon pines in June, a more flattened beetle than the foregoing, 0.30
to 0.43 long, of a brassy black color with three pale yellow dots on each wing-cover
placed towards the hind part and equidistant from each other, the hindmost ones
nearest the suture and the middle ones farthest from it; the fore ends of the wing-
covers moderately rounded and fitting into corresponding concavities in the base of
the thorax; the whole surface covered with shallow rough punctures running
together transversely and somewhat resembling the grained side of morocco leather,
and the thorax having an indentation on the middle of its base like the impression
of the head of a pin. (Harris’s Treatise, p. 44.)

PINE BORERS. 685

16. DRUMMOND’S BUPRESTIS.
Melanophila drummondi Kirby.

This species, with Buprestis rusticorum, and Chrysobothris trinervia,
we have collected in the pine timber of the mountains of
Utah in the American Fork Caiion, late in July, and it is
probable that all will be found to inhabit the trunks ot
coniferous trees. It also inhabits Oregon and Washing-
ton as well as Alaska and New Mexico. (Santa Fé, Snow.)
Le Conte describes it as being densely punctured, sha-
greened, with shining, metallic colors, especially on the TF ee
prothorax, with three bright yellow spots on the poste- mona’s Me.
rior two-thirds of each wing-cover, the anterior spot being = !«”ophila.—
the larger. Length, 0.40 inch. . . cd ae

17. THE PITTED BUPRESTIS.
Dicerca punctulata Schénherr.

Occurring mostly upon the pitch pine ( Pinus rigida), an obscure coppery or black
beetle, half an inch long, convex above with the tips of its wing-covers tapering,
anc this narrowed portion more lengthened than in any of the foregoing species, their
surface occupied with close fine punctures and double rows of coarse ones, the nar-
row spaces between these rows often elevated in places, the elevations forming smooth
oblong spots or irregularly interrupted ribs; the thorax with coarser confluent punct-
ures and with four elevated smooth stripes, the outer ones narrower and interrupted
by a slight depression in the surface back of their middle; and finally, a smooth
transverse elevation upon its front, extending from one eye to the other, isa mark
whereby this species may be readily distinguished from most of those related to it.
(Fitch. ) .

I have found a dead beetle under the bark of the pitch pine in the

same stump with Buprestis lineata in May, 1881, at Providence, R. I.

18. THE TUBERCULATED BUPRESTIS.

Dicerca tuberculata Laporte.

This is another beetle which is met with upon the pitch pine, and
resembles an individual of the preceeding species of a more brassy
tint and having all its marks more coarse, rough, and irregular; but
the rows of coarse punctures on its wing-covers are at equal distances
from each other instead of being in pairs, the intervening spaces hav-
ing many irregular elevated black polished spots,and the elevated trans-
verse line upon the front is interrupted and less prominent, and its size
is rather larger, being about 0.60 inch long. (Fitch.)

19, THE PINE DICERCA.
Dicerca tenebrosa Kirby.
Mining under the bark of the white pine, the beetle occurring in October. (G.
Hunt.)
Le Conte describes this beetle as follows:

Ashy bronze or obscurely bronze, the prothorax dilated on the sides, which are
rounded in front, sinuous behind, coarsely punctured ; behind broadly excavated on
each side, with apical and basal shining smooth rugosities; a definite dorsal deep

686 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

furrow with smooth sides, somewhat interrupted in the middle; elytra densely punct-
ured, with alternate oblong, raised, shining interstitial spaces, prolonged entire to
the apex ; length, .57 to .75 inch. Male with the pectus broadly sulcate, villose ;
the inte mediate tibia armed with an internal acute tooth; the last ventral segment
truncate-emarginate. Female with the pectus smoother, less sulcate; the last ven-
tral segment tridentate ; the intermediate tooth obtuse, defined by minute incisions.

Abundant at Lake Superior; according to Kirby found in latitude
65° and in the Rocky Mountains. In addition to the characters given
above, Le Conte adds:

The under surface is copper-colored, coarsely and densely punctured on the sides,
abdomen and prosternum, less densely on the metasternum and middle of the first
segment of the abdomen; the divided portions of the mesosternum are coarsely and
tolerably densely punctured. The outer cost of the thorax are interrupted so as to.
form on each side an apical and basal callosity. A female from Newfoundland
differs by the epipleure being green, the under surface of the prolonged extremity
of the elytra blue, and by the incisures between the anal teeth being more widely
separated.

Mr. George Hunt has found this beetle under the bark of the white
pine in the Adirondack Mountains, New York, in October.

20. THE COMMON LONGICORN PINE-BORER,
Monohammus confusor Kirby.

Order COLEOPTERA ; family CERAMBYCIDZ.

Boring a hole, in outline round and regular, deep in the wood of sound, though
usually in decaying trees, and doing much injury to pine timber ; a large, soft, white,
fleshy, nearly cylindrical grub, the segment next the head larger than the others,
flattened, horny, and inclined obliquely downward and forward, the succeeding rings
very short, with a transverse oval rough space on the middle above and below ; pupat-
ing inside in the wood, the beetle emerging from a round hole half an inch in diameter ;
the beetle one of our largest longicorns, with very long antennze; the body brownish-
gray, the wing-covers spotted with black and white; length, 1.20 inch.

Nothing was known of the habits of this borer by Harris, in the third
edition of whose treatise the beetle is well figured. In 1860 Dr. Fitch
gave an excellent account of the habits, and a brief description of the
larva and pupa and adult, in his Fourth Report on the Noxious Insects -
of New York. The following description of the larva and pupa is based
on specimens obtained at Brunswick, Me., and compared with some
received from Mr. F.C. Bowditch, who published in the American Nat-
uralist, August, 1873 (p. 498), an account of the habits and transforma-
tions. He sent me a block of pine wood split off, containing the ter-
minal portiov of the cell, stuffed with large chips arranged quite regu-
larly. In the museum of the Peabody Academy of Science, at Salem,
is a piece of planed plank, which had been sawed so as to uncover part
of the hole, with the beetle within, as seen in Fig. 227. Fitch states that
this and Monohammus scutellatus and marmoratus are the most common
and pernicious borers which occur in the pine timber of New York.
On a still summer’s night as well as in the day-time the peculiar grating
or crunching noise which the larve make in gnawing the wood may be

THE PINE BORER OR ‘‘ SAWYER.” 687

distinctly heard at a distance of eight or ten rods. ‘That the insect
does not open a passage out of the wood, whereby to make its exit,
until it attains its perfect state, I infer from the fact that several of
these beetles gnawed their way out of one of the pillars of the portico
of a newly-built house in my neighborhood some years since, the noise
being heard several days before they emerged, and while they were
still some distance in the interior of the wood.” (Fitch.)

Mr. Bowditch found, June 9, at Brookline, Mass., this species in
Pinus mitis, the yellow pine, in which were several holes about the size
of a pencil. He makes the following statement in regard to its habits:

On removing the bark I found an adult insect already free—the heads of several
others appearing through the wood. On further investigation during the next few
weeks I obtained from the tree no less than eighty of these beetles in all stages of
development, which, considering the size of the tree, wasalargenumber. Iobserved
that the largest beetles were near the foot of the tree. * * * After remaining in
the pupa state during a space of time, which varies according to circumstances, it is
transformed to a beetle, and after a short time gnaws its way out, appearing from
the first of June to the middle of July.

T have found numbers, at least twenty, of these larve under the bark
of the white pine (Pinus strobus), at Brunswick, Me.,* in the early part
of June, but no pup or beetles, though most of the larve were fully
grown. Some were one-half an inch long and had, without much doubt,
hatched from eggs laid in the preceding June or July, so that the larve
must live nearly two years before transforming. My attention was
called to their presence in the tree by the creaking sound made by the
larvee, the noise being heard a rod from the tree. Some of the larve
were molting. In this process the entire head of the tegument about
to be cast is pushed off anteriorly, while the thin skin of the rest of
the body peels off from the prothorax backwards.

Mr. A. C. Goodell, of Salem, Mass., presented the museum of the
Peabody Academy with an adult of this species which came from a pine
bureau about the year 1875. The bureau had been in his house for
about fifteen years previous, being newly made when purchased. The
family had heard the creaking noise for some time before the insect
appeared ; and, after inquiring into the circumstances, I have no doubt
but that the insect had lived in the bureau for fully fifteen years.

This longevity is probably due to the fact that the insect had not
coupled, it being well known that continence in insects leads to the
prolongation of life far beyond their natural term of existence. Fur-
ther observations and experiments on this point are greatly needed.

Apropos of this interesting subject I quote the following observa-
tions of Dr. Fitch:

The wood of the apple tree was formerly highly valued for cabinet work in this
country. In 1786 ason of General Israel Putnam, residing in Williamstown, Mass.,
had a table made from one of his apple trees. Many years afterward the gnawing

* I have also found the cells under the bark of the white pine at Providence, R. I.

688 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

of an insect was heard in one of the leaves of this table, which noise continued for a
year or two, when a large long-horned beetle made its exit therefrom. Subsequently
the same noise was heard again, and another insect, and afterwards a third, all of
the same kind, issued from this table-leaf, the first one coming out twenty and the

Fic. 226.—Larva of Monohammus confu- , Fic. 227.—Monohammus confu-
sor; a top, b side view, nat. size; d sor, the beetle in its cellina
upper, c under side of the head, enlarged, piece of planed plank.—A fter
e side, and f under side of pupa.—From Packard.

Packard in Hayden’s Survey.

last twenty-eight years after the trunk was cut down. These facts are stated more
fully in the History of the County of Berkshire, published at Pittsfield in 1829, p.
39. This, I believe, is the longest period of an insect remaining alive in timber of
which we have any record, and it is desirable to ascertain, if possible, what insect
this was. John J. Putnam, esq., of White Creek, N. Y., was a young man residing
at his father’s when these remarkable incidents occurred. On showing to him speci-
mens of all the larger long-horned beetles of this vicinity, he points to Cerasphorus
balteatus as being the same insect, according to the best of his recollection, but is
not certain but it might have been the Callidium agreste.

‘‘ This testimony, in connection with what President Fitch, of Will-
iams College, says of the insect in the notice above referred to—‘ its
color dark glistening brown, with tints of yellow ’—releases us from all
doubts upon this subject, as the agreste is of a uniform brown, whilst
the balteatus commonly presents traces, more or less distinct, of an
oblique yellowish spot or band near the middle of the wing-covers.”

Mr. Sereno Watson adds the following case in a letter dated Her-

Dte Chie eee

THE PINE BORER OR ‘‘ SAWYER.” 689

barium of Harvard University, Botanic Garden, Cambridge, Mass.,
April 3, 1882:

I have been looking over the copy of your insect ‘‘ Bulletin No. 7,” sent to Dr.
Gray, and have been much interested in it.

I think that I can add an instance of the longevity of insects to those given on
page 154, though there may be more of doubt attached to it. My grandfather in 17£0
built a house at East Windsor Hill, Conn., the back porch of which was supported by
large turned pillars upon bases some 15 inches square and 2 feet high, the whole,
I presume, from a single piece of timber, and resting upon the hewn-stone under-
pinning, and well painted. Now, in my boyhood, some forty-five years afterward at
least, our attention was for a long time attracted to a gnawing sound in the base of
one of these pillars, and at length there escaped a large brown beetle, if I remember
rightly. The hole, as large as my little finger, is probably to be seen there yet.
The pillars I suppose to be of our common “ yellow pine,” Pinus rigida.

Although this borer is destructive to the white pine, I have not yet
met with an instance where a living pine tree has been killed outright
by it. In Maine, however, wherever the fir abounds, this insect is very
destructive. While the fir is the least valuable of our timber trees, it
is a beautiful shade and ornamental tree, though short-lived. It is
especially liable to attack from this borer. In passing along any road
in Cumberland County, particularly near the sea-coast, and also on the
islands in Casco Bay, great numbers of dead firs are to be seen perfo-
rated with the round holes, large enough to admit a lead-pencil, made
by this borer for the exit of the beetle.

I have already given instances in Bulletin 7, United States Entomo-
logical Commission, pp. 220, 236, of living fir trees killed by this borer.
During the past summer I have observed several, at least four or five,
living firs in which these borers were at work. The trees were either
wholly fresh and alive or some.ot the branches were dead, as well as a
part of the bark on one side. A large number of fully grown worms
were taken out of a fir on Frenchman’s Island, which was dead on one
side, the other half of the tree being alive, and the leaves all fresh and
green. There seems no reasonable doubt but that this tree, then, is
attacked while in a perfectly healthy state by this borer, and killed
after one or two years.

How thoroughly one or two females of this beetle may stock a single
tree with young borers may be seen by reading the following account of
observations made by us in the summer of 1884. It should be stated in
this connection that we have been told by an intelligent lumberman near
Rangely Lake, Maine, that large masses of living firs in that region
have been killed outright by the borer, which is undoubtedly this species
of beetle.

This beetle is a member of the family of long-horned beetles ; its anten-
ne or feelers being about twice as long as the body. Its body is nearly
as thick as one’s little finger, and it is of a mottled gray color, marbled
with white and dark-brown irregular patches. Thus marked it is, while
resting on the bark of a moss-grown and lichen-covered fir, spruce, or

o> ENT——44

690 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

pine tree, protected from the observation of birds, its colors being so
assimilated to those of the bark of either of those trees that it readily
escapes observation. The beetle appears early in June, and is to be
found throngh the summer until early in September; and at any time
in July and August, as well as the first week in September, it lays its
eggs in the manner to be described.

The exact mode of the deposition of their eggs by the Longicorn bee-
tles is imperfectly known so far as we are aware.

Professor Riley has described in detail in the New York Weekly
Tribune, February 20, 1878, the mode of oviposition of the Round-headed
Apple-tree borer (Saperda bivittata), and his account has since been
confirmed in the Rural New Yorker for January 12, 1884, by Mr. C. G.
Atkins. The beetle makesastraightslitinthe bark. Perris,in his Insects
du Pin Maritime, describes the mode of oviposition of Hrgates faber and
Criocephalus rusticus, but not of Monohammus. We have been fortu-
nate enough to observe the female beetle while at work making the in-
cision with her jaws, though we have not observed the final act itself
of deposition of theeggs. While examining the fir trees on the western
shore of Birch Island, Casco Bay, Maine, on a warm, sunny afternoon of
August 30, I saw a male Monohammus confusor standing on the bark of
a living fir about 9 inches in diameter, within the distance of 2 inches
from a female, whose jaws were buried in the bark of the tree on the
western side of the trunk, which was exposed to the full rays of the sun.

On beginning to make the incision, each of the large, sharp, strong
jaws of this beetle is pushed directly into the bark; they are then ap-
parently brought together, and the result is a slight curvilinear gash
which descends obliquely in the bark. . It is probable that the beetle
pries up the pad thus formed, so that the freshly cut edges are exposed,
and an opening is thus formed into which the egg is thrust. While
watching the female at work the male dropped to the ground, and his
consort becoming alarmed withdrew her jaws from the incomplete in-
cision, when I seized her. To the end of her ab-
domen were attached a few fragments of the red-
dish bark of the fir, and two or three small green
pellets, probably excrement; but this showed that
she had already deposited at least one egg, and
that the labor was slight, the end of the abdomen
Fic. 228.—a, egg; and b, probably being simply extended and thrust into

tetas ewe the gap of the incision. The Longicorns, like

most other beetles, have no true ovipositor, but the

end of the abdomen is a simple, flattened, horny tube, in which the

oviduct terminates; the end of this sheath or tube is probably thrust
into the gash made by the jaws.

By prying up the pad formed by the jaws a shallow but roomy cell
or chamber is made for the egg, which lies nearly or quite horizontally,
not vertically.

—

THE PINE BORER OR ‘‘ SAWYER.” 691

The egg (Fig. 228, a) is very large, ovo-cylindrical, well-rounded, but
but tapering somewhat at each end, of a dirty-white color, and in
length is 44™.

On visiting the tree a week later and removing a portion of the bark
and examining it, September 6-8, the eggs had in some cases hatched
and the larve had begun to descend slightly into the bark. On hatch-
ing they begin at once to gnaw a mine, throwing their castings out
through the gash originally made by the female, so that it was easy to
ascertain without disturbing the bark whether the eggs had hatched or
not. The larve indifferently lie with either side, dorsal or ventral, pre-
sented outwards. Three days after (September 12) several had bored
through the pieces of bark, making the usual flattened oval hole, but
probably in nature the larva remains hidden in the bark through the
winter, not beginning to penetrate the wood until the following spring.

The length of the larva when freshly hatched was 5-6™™, and the
body was rather stouter than in the fully-grown larva. (Fig. 228, b.)

How many eggs are laid by tie female is not known, but, probably,
judging by their large size, comparatively few.

Another female was found on the same tree. Over a hundred gashes
had been made on the western side of this fir tree over a space 4 feet
long; the gashes were so fresh that they must have been made on that
and the previous days. They were quite conspicuous, and could, after
one had become familiar with their appearance, be detected at the dis-
tance of 5 or 6 feet from the tree. I suspect that the sexes couple
frequently during the operation of egg-laying, as the male was stand-
ing so near his mate with his antenne outstretched and intently
watching the female while at work. The males are also probably
polygamous.

The industry of the female is well shown by the number of gashes
made (Fig. 229 a, b), some of which did not, however, contain any eggs.
In the space of a square inch there were three gashes, while in the region
where they were thickest forty were counted in half a square foot. Of
course when they hatch all do not live to pass through their transforma-
tion. Whether the woodpeckers seek for and discover the larve
ensconced in the bark is doubtful, and yet it would be easy for them or
other birds to pick the grubs out of their hiding places. So far as my
observations have gone the holes made by the woodpeckers in forest
trees are for the purpose of getting at the inner bark rather than for
insects. But a careful examination of woodpeckers shot in coniferous
forests would throw light on this subject.

In regions where the white pine grows it is infested by the Mono-
hammus. The spruce is also often infested, but I have not seen clear
cases where either of those trees have been killed outright by this de-
structive borer. But during the past summer (1885) I have seen on the
islands in Casco Bay and taken out the full-grown iarve from at least
six or seven living firs, which must have been killed by the attack

692 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

of this borer, and which has been the evident cause of the death of
many firs in Maine.

I have seen hundreds, perhaps nearly a thousand, dead firs whose
trunks were riddled with the holes of these borers. The spruce is less
frequently killed, but I have taken from a dead tree two pieces of
spruce bark, each about 6 inches square, one containing sixteen and
the other eighteen holes through which the beetle had escaped. Fig. 230
represents one of these specimens of natural size.

enews’

ae

7

/

@
RE:

ali aed AG
—— = SS u

ft
——

D Wi: SE reise
Car AN eaten

Fic. 229.—Oviposition of Monohammus confusor; a, a, a, jaw
punctures; b, one of them laid open to show position of
egg—natural size. (Original.)

That the larva is not less than two years in attaining its growth is
‘proved by the fact that on examining the same tree in which we saw
the female ovipositing, August 30, 1884, the next season, June 26, 1885,
I took from under the bark a larva 14™™ in length, or about one-third
as long as the mature worm.

Larva.—Body soft, white, long, nearly cylindrical, being but slightly flattened,
entirely footless, all the abdominal segments of the same width, except the minute
small one. From the first abdominal segment (or fourth from the head), the body
increases in width, being widest on the prothoracic segment (or the one next to the

a

THE PINE BORER OR “ SAWYER.” 693

head). This segment is transversely oblong, being as wide in front as behind ; itis
a little more than twice as wide as long. The head is large and square, not narrow-
ing in front, but as wide anteriorly as posteriorly. When the head is forcibly pulled
out it is found to be as long as broad; anterior one-fourth of head, deep mahogany
red, becoming blackish on the edge. Clypeus very short and broad, about four times
as broad as long. Labrum rather wide, not much contracted at base, rounded in
front, with very stout bristles on the margin. Mandibles gouge-like, the ends
oblique, hollowed out, with the outer edge produced into a point. Antenne very
minute, three-jointed, the second and third joints about as long as the basal. The

Fic, 230.—Monohamiuis confusor, bark showing exit perforations of
mature beetles. (Original.)

maxille form a basal joint, throwing off a three-jointed palpus, and an inner lobe
armed with stiff bristles, reaching to the end of the second joint of the palpus. The
2-jointed labial palpi reach to as far as the middle of the brush-like lobe of the max-
ille ; the second joint is about as long, but half as wide, as the basal. The middle
of each segment, especially the third to the seventh above and below, with a trans-
verse callous spot. The upper side of the first abdominal segment has a very narrow
oblong square area impressed upon it. The callous spot is best marked on the fifth
segment, consisting of an area about one-third as long as broad, with a square, shal-

694 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

low sinus posteriorly, and with the sides projected inwards; it consists of two series
of callous spots, the outer forming the limits of the area as above described, and the
inner series forming a simple transverse, narrow, lanceolate, oval spot. The callous
spot on the under side has a sinus in front, but slightly rounded behind. The one
on the seventh segment (below) is but little more than one-half as wide, with a
broad sinus on the hind edge, and with the sides directed obliquely inwards. Ter-
minal segment very small, half as wide, and one-fourth as long as penultimate
segment. Nine spiracles, the first on front edge of second thoracic (mesothoracic)
segment. Length when fully grown, 14 inches.

This larva may be known from that of Rhagium lineatum by its lack of any thoracic
feet and by its much longer, more cylindrical body, and differs at once by the
long, square head, that of Rhagiuwm rounding in front; by the wider clypeus, and
proportionately wider and shorter labrum. The palpi and antennz do not differ
much. The callous spots on the abdominal segments are smaller and otherwise
different from those in Ihagium.

Pupa.—The pupa is far advanced, being nearly ready to change to a beetle, the
body becoming dusky and horn-colored, while the characteristic dark spots have al-
ready appeared on the wing-covers. The antenne are coiled up three and a half
times at the end between the fore and the middle pairs of legs, and the genus may
be recognized by their great length and the deep excavation in the head between
them, as well as by the lateral short spine on the prothorax.

The wing-covers in my single specimen reach to the third abdominal segment, and
are pressed obliquely to the side of the body. The salient portions of the upper side
of the abdominal rings are provided with fine spines. End of the body sinuate.

In the absence of another pupa of this genus for comparison, additional character-
istics can not now be given. Length, three-fourths of an inch.

Mr. George Hunt has taken both this species and M. scutellatus
‘‘coming out of the white pine” in July in northern New York and in
Rhode Island. Prof. F. H. Snow records it in the seventh volume of
the Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science as occurring in
the Baptist church in Lawrence, Kans., “‘ where repairs had been made
with pine lumber.”

Although I have seen no specimens of the larva or of the beetle from
the Southern States, I have no doubt but that it is the larva of this
species which from North Carolina southwards is called the “ sawyer.”
Mr. Thomas C. Harris, of Raleigh, N. C., has informed me that a larva
of this description has killed many pines in that State. In June, 1884,
he sent me the following extract from a local paper, which bears on
this subject:

We were informed by Maj. C. W. McClammy, of Scott’s Hill, Pender County, that
the pine trees are dying in his own and other sections of Pender and New Hanover
Counties. It is supposed that it is the “‘ bore-worm” or ‘‘ sawyers,” which played
such havoc with the pines something over thirty years ago, that are operating upon

them now. Their ravages are not confined to the old trees, the young ones dying
just as rapidly and numerously.

The following extract from the Scientific American refers to what is
with little doubt the species we are now considering :
A correspondent of the Northwestern Lumberman says: It isnot generally known,

yet a fact, that extensive and valuable forests of yellow pine in the Southern States
are destroyed by a worm, commonly called here at the South a “sawyer,” or flat

PINE BORERS. 695

head. It is the opinion of a majority of the people in the South that the worm fol-
lows the death of the yellow pine, but close investigation has proved that although
they never attack a forest or body of timber without first having a dead tree to
start upon, they do not adhere to the rule after once getting a start. For instance,
should a tree from any cause be felled or lodged against other timber, where
the two are standing very close together, the worm will enter the adjacent timber
though it be green and alive, and in this manner continue to spread until the entire
forest is destroyed. Indeed, I have known instances where only a small sapling
lodged against other timber caused considerable injury to the timber by souring, and
thus attracting the parent worm or saw-fly, and after accomplishing their work on
the sapling they lose no time in removing their forces and attacking any of the tim-
ber that may be next closest; and in this way continue to spread until vast forests
are denuded of their timber.

The parent fly, or rather bug, is 14 inches long, and of an iron-gray color. It has two
feelers, or indicators, projecting from the head, from 2 to 24 inches long, about the
size of a very coarse horse-hair. They arealso provided with two teeth, operated by
them similar to a pair of pincers, which are used in cutting through the pine bark
to deposit theireggs. They attack the trunk of the tree first, and at any time dur-
_ ing the summer season, but they seem to be more numerous and destructive during
the mouths of June and July. The bug begins by eating numerous small holes
through the bark, and very dexterously it deposits from four to six eggs in the edge
of the sap, at the bottom of the hole thus made. From two to three days after the
eggs are deposited in the sap, they hatch and produce a worm one-fourth of an inch
long, which immediately begins eating the sap, and steadily continues until the sap
of the entire tree is consumed. A full grown worm is 14 inches long, and is at any
age a clear, white color, excepting the head, whichis dark red. They have nolegs,
but are seemingly jointed, and perfectly powerless to get about or travel, unless they
are in their hole, where they utilize those joints to answer them the purpose of legs,
and travel with astonishing rapidity.

As the worms become full grown and the sap scarce, they enter the sappy portion of
the timber, and cutting and forming a hole as they go of sufficient size to admit
them, they thus wind about through it and render it worthless, even before it has
been damaged by decay. So prevalent and sure are they in the summer months that
the mill men of the South dare not keep a supply of logs longer than a few weeksin
advance, unless they are provided with a boom or body of water of some sort to
place them in, which is the only means of effectually preventing the logs from being
eaten.

21. THE MARBLED PINE-BORER.

Monohammus marmoratus Randall.

A large white grub very similar to the last preceding one, and boring in the interior
of the wood, often in the same trees ana logs with it. The beetle coming abroad in
July and very similar to the preceding, but always smaller, measuring 0.75 to 6.90 in
length, and distinguished irom it by having the short hairs coating the base of the
spine on each side of the thorax of an ocher-yellow color instead of white, the thorax
with numerous confluent punctures across its middle, its wing-covers ash-gray mar-
bled with tawny brown cloud-like spots, and punctured like the preceding species,
but the punctures here becoming much more dense towards the base and running
into each other, the antennz in the females with an ash-gray band at the base of
each joint, their length in the two sexes as in the preceding species. (Fitch.)

This is not a particularly common insect, though more closely allied
to the foregoing species than the following better known one.

696 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

22. THE WHITE-SCUTELED PINE-BORER.

Monohammus scutellatus Say.

A large white grub, closely like the foregoing, and boring in the wood ina similar
manuer, in the month of June producing a beetle of similar form but of a shining
black color, its wing-covers having small patches
of short hairs here and there resembling spots of
white mold, their surface rough from coarse con-
fluent punctures and the thorax similarly punct-
ured across its middle, its base and apex with
irregular transverse wrinkles, and its sides with
a conical spine, which is not clothed with hairs ;
the scutel coated over with white hairs, and the
antenne double the length of the body in the
males, and in the females with a gray band on
the base of each joint, its length varying from
0.60 to 0.75. (Fitch.)

This is a common and sometimes abun-
dant beetle in Maine and northern New
England geuerally, and especially in the
lumber regions of Lake Superior, whence
I have received it in large numbers. It
also occurs in the pine forests of British
America and in Washington and Oregon
along the Pacific coast. Though I have
taken it on the white pine, in Maine, in
July, I can not relate more concerning its
Fie. 232.—Monohammus scutellatus.— habits and larval eas we ua contained

Smith det. in Dr. Fitch’s brief account given above.

SEAL EAA LTR

gs
a

"sc emamaet

23. THE PINE-EATING GAY-BEARD.
Eupogonius pinivora Fitch.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CERAMBYCID.

A small grub resembling a young apple-tree borer, mining the wood of the pine, ana
in July becoming a small cylindrical long-horned beetle, which is found upon the
leaves, 0.25 long and about a third as broad, clothed with numerous erect black hairs
on the body and antennz, and gray ones on the legs ; its color shining pale chestnut,
with irregular and oblique and transverse spots and streaks of gray on the wing-covers,
which are coarsely punctured, the punctures dense on the base and fine on the apex;
its thorax narrower, slightly darker colored, closely punctured, having a very small
tooth-like point on each side and along its middle a gray line which is widely inter-
rupted in the center, the sides and also the head with thin gray pubescence; its
antenn shorter than the body, coarse, and the joints becoming suddenly shorter after
the fourth ; its under side blackish brown, the legs pale chestnut.

This species is of the same color with H. tomentosus of Haldeman,
which, however, is larger, with gray hairs instead of black, and the
wing-covers with ocher-yellow spots and streaks. (Fitch.)

$3 PINE BORERS. 697

24. THE COMMIXED LEPTOSTYLUS.
Leptostylus commixtus Haldeman.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCIDZ.

A small long-horned beetle occurring ontheleavesof Za
the pine in July, its appearance and shape closely like Nn
that of the prickly Leptostylus, and its larva proba- \
bly having similar habits and the same form; the
beetle 0.25 to 0.36 long, its thorax closely punctured,
blackish obscurely varied with ash-gray and with
elevated black dots placed symmetrically, the sides
convex and with a small angular tooth back of their
middle ; its wing-covers coarsely and closely punct-
ured, dull and gray varied with paler gray and with
black clouds and dots, two faintly elevated ribs on
each wing-cover of a slightly paler gray tint alter-
nated with black dots, the inner rib having an elon-
gated black spot near its base, another beyond the
middle, and a third one farther back, formed by ob-
scure dusky transverse clouds which cross the ribs at
these places; the sides black, alternated with a whit-
ish cloud-like spot near the base, and a smaller one
near the middle. (Fitch.)

Fig. 233.—Leptostylus commix-
tus.—Smith del.

25. THE LESSER PINE-BORER.

Asemum mestum Haldeman.
(Larva, Pl. x1x, Fig. 1.)

Order COLEOPTERA ; family CERAMBYCID.

Perforating the trunk of the white pine in all directions and sinking into the heart
of the tree, making a flattened cylindrical hole or mine when seen in outline; a rather
small larva, which emerges late in May through oval holes in the bark, especially
around the base of the trunk ; the beetle blackish brown with short antenne and
legs.

The transformations of this common borer, which apparently attacks
the tree in health as well as in disease, like the species of Monohammus,
were first briefly described and figured in our “Guide to the Study of
Insects” from specimens found in all stages under the bark of the oak
early in May at Salem, Mass. I have also received a larva of this
species from Dr. Shimer, which was found by him boring in the grape-
vine. Since then Mr. Riley has bred it from the Scotch pine, and Mr.
Schwarz has found the pupa under the bark of pine stumps in Florida
in March. During the past May I have found, in company with Mr.
Calder, at Providence, the perfect beetles, and also the pupa in deep
burrows or mines in white-pine stumps. I have heretofore regarded

698 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION. ,

the holes made by this borer as probably those of Chalcophora vir-
giniensis, but they are regularly oval cylindrical, less flattened oval
than those made by a Buprestid, and exactly like those of other flat-
bodied longicorns. The openings, usually most abundant on the south
side of the tree or stump, in the base of the trunk of the white pine,
are at times very numerous, as many as ten in a space of 5 square
inches. They are, on the average, 6™™ wide by 3™™ deep, or half as
deep as wide. The sides are smooth, but the orifice is often partially
concealed by projecting portions of the bark. The holes are deep, ex-
tending 6 or 8 inches towards the heart of the tree. Seen longitudi-
nally the “mine” or tunnel is about a quarter of an inch (6™™) wide,
sometimes wider, and ends in an elongate oval cell, wherein the pupa
rests. Some extend up and down under the bark, while most of them
plunge deep into the wood.

Larva.—Prothorax inclined downwards
towards the head; quite long and not very
wide, being no wider than the mesotho-
racic and metathoracic segments, the
squarish area being very long, naked on
the basal third, the front margin pale
brown, chitinous. Mesothoracic and met-
athoracic segments as wide as the protho-
racic; the metathoracic slightly longer
and fully as broad as the mesothoracicseg-
ment. Abdominal segments rather broad,
the second the shortest and the seventh
the longest; the eighth two-thirds as long
as the seventh and considerably narrower; the ninth one-quarter as long as the eighth
and three-fourths as wide; the tenth only seen from beneath, and about two-thirds
as wide as the ninth, and bilobed at the end. On the two hinder thoracic and the
first abdominal segment are transverse regular oblong areas bounded by impressed
lines ; on segments 2 to 4 the callosities are narrower, and the anterior side is pointed ;
on the sixth and seventh they are a little longer than broad and contracted poste-
riorly. Beneath are similar callosities, but the anterior edge is feebly indicated, the
sides being most distinct. Thoracic feet minute, 3-jointed, small and rather short:
third joint one-half as thick as the second. Head: Clypeus very small, membran-
ous; labrum small, narrow, though longer than wide, and well rounded in front;
mandibles solid, thick, rounded at tip; antennw 4-jointed, rather slender; second
joint about one-half as long as the first and about one-quarter shorter than the third;
the fourth minute, slender, about two-thirds as long as the third is wide. Mavxille
with the lobe rather broad, not very hairy, extending as far as the end of the muaxil-
lary and labial palpi; maxillary palpus 4-jointed; first joint much shorter than long,
flattened, spherical; second subspherical ; third one-half as long as the second ; fourth
longer than the third, but only about one-half as thick. Mentum narrow, about one-
third as long as wide; ligula long and varrow; labial palpi 3-jointed; first joint a
little longer than thick; second very short, spheroidal, a little less than one-third as
long as first; third conical, considerably longer than the second and one-half as
thick. Length, 12™™; length of prothoracic segment, 2™™; breadth, 3™™; breadth
of eighth abdominal segment, 2.5™™,

The pupa is .44 inch long. It is flattened and rather broad, and may be readily
identified from the other pupz of the genus, as it has the characters of the species,
viz, by the short antennz, which do not extend quite as far as the hinder edge of the

Fic. 234—a, Larva; b, pupa and beetle (enlarged
twice) of the lesser pine-borer.—From Packard.
c, the beetle, after Leng.

PINE BORERS. 699

metathorax, the joints composing it being much shorter than in the other species.

It may also be recognized by the two raised longitudinal lines on the wing-covers
- corresponding to those on the wing-covers of the beetle; the wing-covers extend to
near the middle of the second abdominal segment, and the tips of the hind legs reach
nearly to the posterior edge of the third abdominal segment. The end of the abdo-
men is square, and ends in two sharp, slender incurved hooks, which are dark red at
tip. Length, .44 inch.

The beetle differs from two larger common beetles ( Criocephalus agrestis and obsoletus)
with which it associates, by its much smaller size, which, however, is very variable,
and by the much shorter antennz, the joints being much shorter and thicker and
more coarsely pitted than in the two species above named. It is brown-black, with
a rounded, flattened prothorax, and two longitudinal ridges along the wing-covers.

I have taken this beetle at Nederland, in Colorado, June 30; it
undoubtedly preys upon coniferous trees in the Rocky Mountain region.
It is also said by Le Conte to occur in Russian America (Alaska).

26. Criocephalus agrestis Kirby.
(Pupa, Pl. xvul, fig. 3, 3a.)

Boring into pines from Maine to Colorado and the Pacific coast, a rather large white
longicorn larva; assuming the pupa state in May and the beetle state in June and
July.

This large beetle closely resembles Asemum moestum, but is about
twice as large, with much longer and slenderer antennx; it is also
characterized by the three large irregular pits on the top of the pro-
thorax; these pits are also seen in the pupa, and by them the pupa
noted below was identified as belonging to this species. In color and
the two high ridges on each wing-cover it closely resembles the more
abundant Asemum moestum.

I found what I regard as the pupa of this species under the bark of
the pitch-pine at Providence, May 20,1881. From its close resemblance
to the pupa of Asemum moestum, from the form of the prothorax and
the three pits which correspond so closely to the beetle, I do not doubt
but that the pupa should be referred to C. agrestis.

The antenne of the pupa are long and reach to
the basal sixth of the wing-covers; they thence re-
curve, so that the tip touches the basal third of the
fore tibia. The end of the abdomen has two spines,
much as in the pupa of Asemum moestum ; the wing-
covers have each two longitudinal parallel straight
raised lines, while the body in general is flat and
rather broad, as in the beetle. The pupa is 25™™
in length; breadth of body ’ Ce ae Fic. 235.--Criocephalus pro-

Criocephalus productus Le Conte I have taken @tws.—From Packard.
in Colorado and in Utah, and I have received it % ‘™’ me after Lens:
from Tacoma, Wash., on the shores of Puget Sound. It undoubtedly
inhabits pine trees, and represents the Eastern C. agrestis.

700 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.
27. Adilis nodosus Fabricius.

Found under the bark of the pine from June to September. The
specimens collected about Philadelphia are quite small compared with
those found in the pine forests of New Jersey. (Bland, Proc. Ent. Soe.
Phil; 1, p.'97.)

28. Atdilis obsoletus Olivier.

Taken under the bark of pine stumps at and near Philadelphia. Not
common. (Bland, l. c.)

29. THE PINE EUDERCES.

Euderces pini Olivier.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID.

To distinguish this beetle from Psenocerus supernotatus it is only
necessary, says Dr. John Hamilton, to remember that the prothorax of
E. pini, instead of being pitted, is longitudinally rugose, and that there
is on the elytra anterior to the middle a smooth, ivory white, obliquely
transverse line, which is vanuns in P. supernotatus. (Can. Ent., xvi.,
p. 36.)

A small cylindrical long-horned beetle, having a wide separation between its
thorax and abdomen, giving it some resemblance to an ant, 0.23 to 0.30 long, of a
bright chestnut color, with its abdomen and the posterior third of its wing-covers
black, the wing-covers crossed obliquely forward of their middle by a silvery white
line which does not reach to the suture, and posteriorly on the fore part of their black
portion a gray band, which is placed in a shallow groove running obliquely and par-
allel with the silvery line; the thorax covered with fine impressed lines running
lengthwise.

This is said by Olivier to have been found on pines around the city
of New York, but it is probably a Southern insect. (Fitch.)

30. BLACK-HORNED CALLIDIUM.
Callidium antennatum Newman.
i Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCIDA.

A flattened long-horned beetle, appearing in May and June, about
0.52 long, of a deep Prussian blue color, often with shades of green in
j places, its antenn and legs black, its thorax hairy, and as broad as
y the wing-covers, with the sides strongly rounded and above on each
side of the middle a little round hollow spot, and its wing-covers rough

from close shallow punctures. (Fitch.)

Fic. 236.— : . ‘ . .
Callid;n m Dr. Harris regarded this as identical with the European C.

antenna- violaceum, deeming the latter to have been probably intro-
aoe duced into Europe from this country. (Treatise, p. 88.) But
entomologists now consider the insects of the two continents

to be distinct species. Ours, doubtless, has the same habits with that

PINE BORERS. 701

of Europe, the larva living in the trunks of pines, excavating a wavy
shallow track under the bark, which is packed full of sawdust, and
when almost fully grown sinking itself obliquely downwards several
inches into the wood, to repose during its pupa state.

Specimens occur in which the thorax is plainly narrower than the
wing-covers, more distinctly punctured, and destitute of the two im-
pressed spots. These are the violet-colored Callidium, C. janthinum of
Dr. Le Conte and of Dejean’s Catalogue. But individuals appear to
occur of all intermediate varieties, and I am therefore inclined to think
they can scarcely be regarded as constituting two distinct species.
(Fitch.)

We have observed this beetle in considerable numbers under pine
boards, and also flying, at Brunswick, Me.,in the middle of May. Mr.
George Hunt has observed it in pine trees at Providence, R. I. We found
at Providence, May 14, adozen or more individuals under the bark of a
dead Juniperus virginiana. The track made by the larva, as we sup-
posed it must have been of this insect, was irregularly wavy, like that
of other longicorn grubs, and filled its castings compactly with a fine
dust; it was shallow and 4 or 5 inches long. Whether it was made
before the death of the tree is unknown, but the work of this and its
fellows had loosened the bark, several larvee having been at work
together.

Regarding the confusion existing between this beetle avd Pseno-
cerus supernotatus Dr. John Hamilton writes as follows (Can. Ent.) :

Five times this has appeared on the lists of some of the more accurate of my cor-
respondents, and as many times, instead, have I been sent Psenocerus supernotatus
Say. I could scarcely account for this, and for the great demand for so common and
so widely distributed an insect as P. supernotatus, till an appeal for the correctness
of the determination pini was made to the Journal of the Acad. Nat. Sci., ser. 2, v.
2, p. 158, the writer stating that Dr. Le Conte had several years ago so named his
insect. Reference to the place cited shows that Dr. Le Conte then regarded the Cal-
lidium pini Oliv. and the Clytus supernotatus Say as one species, which he placed in
the genus Psenocerus. Subsequent investigation proved that pini (which had been
unknown in nature to Dr. Le Conte) was different from supernotatus, both as to spe-
cies and genus. ‘The error was corrected in the books, but it has given rise to a great
mistake in the tradition of the insect. I have not yet seen pini, but from the descrip-
tion of Dr. Le Conte (Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 1873, vol. vi, p. 202), it certainly
resembles P. supernotatus. To distinguish them at a glance, it is only necessary to
remember that the thorax of the former, instead of being pitted, is longitudinally
rugose, and that there is on the elytra anterior to the middle a smooth, ivory white,
obliquely transverse line which is wanting on the latter. £. piniseemsrare. P. super-
notatus is one of the few Cerambycids that occasionally hybernate. In February of

the present year I found three in the folds of a Cecropia cocoon taken from some
currant bushes.

702 FiFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

31. THE PORTER HYLOTRUPES.
Hylotrupes bajulus Linneus.

Order COLEOPTERA ; family CERAMBYCIDZ.

A beetle very similar to the preceding in its shape and habits, ap-
pearing in July and August, .45 to .75 long, of a black color, its
thorax nearly circular and ciothed with white hairs, with a smooth
polished black line in its center, and a callous-like spot on each side
of it, and its wing-covers with very coarse, shallow confluent punct-
ures and some downy whitish spots, forming two irregular bands near
the middle.

Fig. 237.—Hylo- This species is supposed to have been introduced in its
ype larva state in timber from Europe, and is found in our
country only near the sea-coast. (Harris’ Treatise, p. 88.)

32. THE LESSER PRIONUS.
Orthosoma brunneum De Geer.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CERAMBYCID#.

A flattened long-horned beetle, 1.00 to 1.30 long, and
less than a third as broad, with its opposite sides paral-
lel, its thorax twice as broad as long, and with three
sharp teeth on each side, its wing-covers withtwo or three
slight elevated lines, its antenne scarcely as long as the
body, and its color chestnut red, darker anteriorly

Two dozen or more of the grubs were taken,
May 26, by Mr. Calder and myself from a very
soft, rotten pine stump; up to June 24 they
had not pupated in confinement, but by the 5th ;

i Fic. 238.—The lesser Prionus.
to the 8th of July one of them became a pupa. — Natural size.— After Riley.
Mr. Calder has also found the fully grown
larve in August in maple logs at Warwick, R.I., and in the rotten
wood of another deciduous tree. So that it appears that this beetle
lives indifferently in the soft, decayed logs or stumps both of hard and
coniferous trees.

Larva.—Described while alive. Body cylindrical, nut flattened, the segments very
distinct, as the sutures are deeper than usual; head moderately broad ; prothorax
large and broad and rather long, being 9™™ broad and 44™™ long; surface rough on
the posterior two-thirds. On each of the first to seventh abdominal segments is a
transverse oval cylindrical fleshy area, each with three transverse folds, the area on
the seventh ring being nearly twice as long (antero-posteriorly) as that on the first,
the areas becoming longer and narrower, i. e., more rounded, going backward towards
the seventh segment; the end of the abdomen smooth and shining; each thoracic
segment with a pair of slender three-jointed feet. Length, 35™™ (13 inches).

In addition to the description on p. 161 of Bulletin 7 , the following
characters may be noted :

Head about one-half as wide as the prothorax. Front edge of epicranium rough,
vlack, with a spine on each side below, projecting over the clypeus (‘‘ epistoma” of

PINE BORERS. 703

Perris); upper edge overhanging and irregularly denticulated. Clypeus subchiti-
nous. Labrum much broader than long, well rounded in front, with numerous stiff
bristles. Antennx three-jointed ; basal joint partly covered by a projection from
the epicranium ; second joint one-half as long and about three-fourths as thick as
the first ; third joint nearly three times as long as the second, somewhat barrel-
shaped, being contracted at base and obtusely conical at the distalend. Maxille
with the lobe well developed, the lobe not being very broad, abundantly bristled,
and extending as far as the end of the third palpal joint. Maxillary palpus 4-jointed ;
third joint but slightly longer than the second, the fourth as long as the third, but
one-half as thick, conical, pointed at the end, and extending well beyond the closed
mandibles. Labium: mentum short and very broad ; ligula nearly as long as broad,
front edge well rounded. Palpi 2-jointed; basal joint thick and short, globose ;
second joint conical, contracted in the middle as if subsegmented. Mandibles acute,
slightly bidentate. Feet moderately stout, three-jointed, the two basal joints nearly
alike, the third conical, and bearing a single claw. Length of the specimen, 75™™ ;
width of prothorax, 11.5™™; of prothoracic disk, 10™™; length of prothorax, 8™™;
length from base of head to tip of labrum, 4™™; width of head, 6™™; length of
antenne, .8™™; of leg, .6™™; width of mesothoracic segment, 12.5™™; of first abdomi-
nal segment, 11.5™™; of fourth abdominal segment, 10™™; length of eighth abdomi-
nal segment, 4™™; of ninth, 8™™.

Pupa.—Antenne bent near their end at right angles and laid across the end of the
elytra, the latter reaching to the middle of the hind tarsi. End of the avdomen ter-
minates in a singular ruffle-like expansion, armed on the edges with sto.t spines.
Hind tarsi reaching to the middle of the fifth abdominal segment. The body consid-
erably curved. Maxillary palpi extended well beyond the end of the mandibles.
Prothorax with a broad-based spine on the side. The projecting parts of the abdomi-
nal segments with fine spines, and segments 3 to 5 with a pair of transverse, thin,
dark-brown chitinous patches. Length, 30™™.

Beetle.—In this genus the hind femora are not deeply furrowed ; there are several
short elevated ridges on the inner surface, while the antenn are filiform. The pro-
thorax is tridentate, and the body is throughout light brown. The fifth ventral seg-
ment is rounded in the female, but broadly truncate in the male, leaving the sixth
visible. Length, .90 to 1.75 inches.

33. Prionus emarginatus Say.

Probably injuring shade or timber trees in Utah, a
dark-brown beetle of the following appearance:

Body castaneous; head, thorax, and breast covered with long
yellowish ferruginous hair; antenne fourteen-jointed, glabrous,
perfoliate, imbricate ; the imbrications emarginate beneath ; man-
dibles black at tip; thorax but slightly margined, one-toothed
on the middle of the lateral edge ; angles obtusely rounded ; elytra
somewhat unequal, punctured; feet and venter subglabrous.
Length, nearly seven-tenths of an inch. Female glabrous; anten-
ne simple. Length, four-fifthsofaninch. Thisspecies exhibits the
general form of brevicornis, but the thorax is proportionally much
narrowed, and the characters above detailed prove it to be very
distinct from that species. The lepaceous processes of the antenn® yy¢. 39 Privnus
are so profoundly emarginate beneath as to appear each bilobate. emarginatus.—
I obtained it on the Arkansas River near the mountains. (Say.) From Packard.

704 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

34. Ergates spiculatus Le Conte.

Bores in Pinus ponderosa in Colorado. (A.S.
Fuller. Amer. Ent., iii, p. 238.)

35. Criocephalus nubilus Le Conte.

The larva bores in roots of yellow pine (Tampa,
Fla.), the beetle appearing in April. (EK. A.
Schwarz. Amer. Ent., ili, p. 238.)

36. HARRIS’ PRIONUS.

Tragosoma harrisii Le Conte.

Fic. 240 —Ergates spicu- ;
latus.—After Leng. Order COLEOPTERA ; family CERAMBYCID&.

A beetle closely resembling Prionus, but with much shorter
antenn, only one tooth on each side of the thorax, and several raised lines op the
wing-covers.

This rare insect, which has only been found hitherto in
New England and Newfoundland, inhabits New York also,
and I infer it to be bred in the pine, having in one instance
met with the beetle, dead, under the loose bark of one of
these trees. (Fitch.)

‘“‘A specimen of this species was found by Mr. Gibbs east
of Fort Colville [Oregon]. It probably extends its range
across the continent in more northern latitudes.” (Le Conte,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Phil., Nov., 1861, p. 354.) Rig. 241-0:

Mr. George Hunt has collected it among the pine forests —-gosema_ har-

of the Adirondacks, northern New York. ee

37. THE RIBBED RHAGIUM.
Rhagium lineatum Olivier.
(Larva, Pl. xx1, figs. 1, 2.)
Order CoLRoPTERA ; family CERAMBYCIDG.

Common in the pitch pine, several often in the trunk of the same tree, excavating
a broad irregular patch in the outer surface of the sap-wood, the cavity being mostly
filled with sawdust, a yellowish white grub about an inch long, divided into seg-
ments of nearly equal length and width, except the second which is the broadest, and
the last which is narrowest with its end rounded; surrounding itself with a broad
oval ring of woody fibers, like short threads, placed between the bark and the wood,
in which to pass its pupa state; changing to a beetle, which lies in the same cell
through the winter and comes abroad in the spring; the beetle 0.40 to 0.70 long,

PINE BORERS. 105

long and narrowish, its head and thorax much narrower than the wing-covers,
cylindric, clothed with soft gray hairs upon a black ground)
the thorax with a black stripe above and one on each
side, where is also a stout spine; the antennz only reach-
ing the base of the wine-covers, which are dull yellowish
gray variegated with black, each with three elevated lines,
the outer two uniting at their tips. (Harris’ Treatise,
p. 102.)

We have found the beetles and pupe of this
beetle under the bark of a white pine log at Salem,
Mass., in abundance in October, and have also
detected it frequently in Maine in the same situa-
tions in the spring, April 24, both in the larval Sy ict eS en eo
and adult state. twm.—Marx del.

This larva is very common under the bark of
pines which have been cut down for a year or more, so that the larva
evidently gets its growth ina year. It may be easily recognized by
its large size, the broad, flattened head and body, the latter not nar-
rowing behind; the prothorax is small in proportion to the head, while
the antenne are minute, two-jointed. The form of the body, and espe-
cially of the hard, corneous head admirably adapts it for its work of
loosening the bark, and thus forwarding the decay of stumps and fallen
trees.

Larva.—Body long and narrow, head remarkably large, as wide and as large as
the prothoracic segment.

Head behind with a triangular incision; the apex of the incision is met by a
curved line passing back from the outside of the antenne, dividing the epicranium
into two areas. Clypeus more solid than usual. Labrum about twice as wide as
long, and moderately rounded in front. Antennz minute, very short, two-jointed,
the joints much shorter than broad (when retracted), and the second joint blunt at
tip. Mandibles large, with three teeth on the cutting edge. Maxille composed of
two broad segments and a third narrower one bearing the maxillary lobe and palpus;
the lobe long and narrow, curved inward, reaching to the middle of the third palpal
joings palpus three-jointed, the basal joint somewhat swollen at the end; second as
long as the first, tapering toward the distal end; third small, conical, as long as the
-second is thick. Mentum wider than long, square; ligula square, but slightly con-
vex on front edge; labial palpi three-jointed, second joint a little slenderer than
first, but of the same length; third joint slender and as long as the second is thick.

Prothoracic segment not so much wider than the rest of the body as in the Longi-
corn larve in general ; sides straight, retreating posteriorly ; surface flat and chiti-
nous; meso and metathoracic segments as wide as the prothoracic, but a little more
than one-half as long as the first abdominal segment. Thoracic feet long and slender,
four-jointed, the fourth joint minute, corneous, second and third joints of the same
length, the third two-thirds as thick as the second.

Abdominal segments increasing very slightly in length to the eighth, which is
slightly longer than the preceding ones, but a little narrower than the seventh; the
ninth shorter and nearly one-quarter narrower than the eighth; the tenth scarcely
visible from above, one-quarter to one-fifth as wide as the ninth, and deeply cleft
posteriorly. Callosities very large, soft, not well defined, being elongate, trans-
versely-oval areas, bounded laterally by curvilinear impressed lines. Beneath, the
callosities are a little more distinctly marked, with a transverse deeply impressed
straight median line, into which short curved lines pass, the whole area being oval-
cylindrical, compressed in the middle. The hairs on the body rather long.

5 ENT 45

706 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Length of the body, 26 to 30™™; in one 30™™ in length the head is 3 to 4™™ long
and 6™™ broad ; prothorax 2.3™™ long and 6™™ broad; breadth of eighth abdominal
segment, 5™™,

The cell in which the larva rests during the winter, and in which the pup and
beetles reside, is irregularly oval, about 2 inches long and one-third as wide, very
shallow, and partly surrounded by a wide border of closely packed chips gnawed off
from the wood, and partly by the excrement or reddish sawdust-like closely packed

material, derived originally from the inner part of the bark. The entire cavity is
thus qbant 4 inches long and 2 wide, and very irregularly oval in outline. It seems
probable that this larva does not make a regular wavy burrow, but remains in one
spot, eating out in all directions from a comparatively fixed point ; in this respect it
differs from many other Cerambycid larve.

38. WOOD-ENGRAVER BARK-BEETLE.
Xyleborus celatus Eichhoft. (X. xylographus of Fitch.)
Order COLEOPTERA ; family SCOLYTID.

(Plate xxIv; figs. 2, 2b, larva; 3, 3a, pupa.)

In the outer surface of the sap-wood and inner layers of the bark, mining a loug
slender thread-like track, usually straight, lengthwise, 4 to 8 inches long, from which
numerous smaller short tracks branch off mostly at right angles, a small bark-beetle
0.12 long, which comes abroad mostly in May, of a chestnut color, the declivity at
the tip of its wing-covers having four or five minute projecting teeth upon each side.
(Fitch.)

This, like other bark beetles, has a compact evlindticat body at least
three times as long as broad, with the thorax forming almost half of
the entire length, and having the head deeply sunk in its anterior end
and almost hid. The antennw are quite small, and are composed of a
long basal joint, which becomes thicker towards its tip, and is followed
by five very small joints surmounted by a large, round, flattened club,
which is divided by sutures into three or four segments.

This species is glossy and bearded with fine hairs. Its thorax is
shagreened anteriorly with minute elevated points, which further back-
become less dense, and the basal half is covered with fine punctures,
with a smooth line above along the middle from the center backwards.
The wing-covers have rows of coarse punctures and minute ones on the
interstices between these rows, and their tips are abruptly declined as
though cut or gnawed off, the outer margin of this declivity having
four or five small projecting teeth upon each side. It is usually chest-
nut colored, with the antenne and legs paler, but individuals may be
met with of the varieties mentioned below : Cid

*Mr, one ar Gomes En Mane li, p. 41): F glance at Fitch’s Aecpentign fine
shows that he was mistaken in the idenkification of the species and that he had be-
fore him what is now known as X. celatus Eichh. Moreover, X.xylographus belongs
to a group of species which do not live under the bark, but enter the solid wood. X.
saxeseni Ratz. is said by Eichhoff (I. ¢., p. 280) to occur in North America, and this
could only be identical with X. zylographus. Say’s name, however, would have
priority.

Variety a, nigricollis. Thorax black.

b, niger. Thorax and wing-covers black.
e, fulvus. Thorax and wing-covers pale yellowish.

PINE BARK-BEETLES. 707

“The wood-engraver bark-beetle is the most common and probably the
most pernicious of all the insects infesting the forests of white pine in
the State of New York, and of yellow pine (P. variabilis) in the States
south of us. Whilst it is old and decaying or dead trees that most of
the larger borers which we have described above attack, this small in-
sect is liable to invade trees that are in full health and vigor, those that
are young as well as old, mining beneath the bark and loosening it from
the wood, so completely separating it that it breaks off in large pieces.
Frequently, on elevating this loosened bark, its inner layers and the
whole outer surface of the wood are found plowed in every direction, and
the furrows are so intricate and confused that it is impossible to follow
the track which any one individual has traveled. But in places where
they have been less numerous, the work which each insect has per-
formed is distinctly marked and is so regular and artistic in its appear-
ance as to have suggested to Mr. Say the name of the wood-engraver
as a most appropriate designation for this beetle. The cut on the fol-
lowing page is an exact copy of the tracks made by one of these beetles
and its young, their natural size.* It will be seen to consist of a main
central track running nearly straight, trom which numerous smaller
short ones branch off at nearly right angles. Though I have not ob-
served the habits of these insects sufficiently to be perfectly certain
respecting all the points in their operations, the course they pursue in
forming these tracks appears to be as follows: The temale having
selected a situation which will furnish suitable sustenance to her young,
bores through the bark to the outer surface of the wood, and then mines
a passage between the bark and the wood, in a straight line lengthwise
of the tree or limb where no obstructions occur to cause her to deviate

‘from her course. The male probably accompanies her and shares with
her in this labor, each working by turns. Thus a long slender ecylin-
drical gallery is formed, which is excavated about equally in the outer
surface of the wood and in the inner layers of the bark. In some in-
stances, two, three, or even six tracks will be seen to start from one
point, running in opposite directions, but always lengthwise of the tree
or limb, and with lateral branches so similar to those in the figure that
I am in doubt whether they are the work of this or one of the other
species which belong to this tree. Upon each side of the main track
little notches are excavated at intervals, whilst the work is in progress,
similar to those represented in our figure of the tracks of the pine bark
beetle on the succeeding page, though larger than those, being about
equal to the width of the track in their length, but less in their width,
and having their outer ends evenly rounded. In each of these notches
from one to four eggs are placed. And as the beetles mine their way
onwards, the fine dust which they form probably becomes strewed along
the track behind them. Then, as they travel backwards and forwards
in the burrow from time to time, the little stiff hairs with which their

*The cut is not reproduced.

a

708 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

bodies are bearded serve as a brush to sweep this dust into these lateral
openings. Thus the mouths of these notches become filled and the eggs
therein covered and concealed from any predaceous insect which may
enter the burrow after the parent has completed her work and before
the eggs have hatched and the young have mined their way beyond
the reach of such enemies.- The female continues her operations until
her stock of eggs is exhausted, forming a burrow from ¢ to 8 inches or
more in length.

“ The eggs of this beetle are about 0.025 long, of a broad, oval shape,
and a watery white color. They may be met with in their newly formed
burrows beneath the bark the forepart of June. They probably hatch
in ten to twenty days, according to the temperature of the atmosphere
at this time. The infantile larva is invariably found lying with its back
towards the sawdust with which the notch in which it is bred is filled,
its mouth being thus brought in contact with the soft innermost layer
of the bark at the extremity of the notech—the elastic nature of the saw-
dust probably aiding in pressing its mouth against its destined nourish-
ment. Thus it has only to part its jaws and close them together again
to fill its mouth with food. And by repetitions of this motion a cavity
is gradually formed between the bark and the wood, into which its head
sinks, and afterwards its body. This cavity consequently takes a direc-
tion outwards at right angles with the central burrow. And thus the
larva eats its way onward until it has obtained its growth, forming
hereby a gallery varying in its length from about 1 to 3 inches,
as the material consumed has been’of a quality more or less nutritious,
and winding and turning where impediments have been encountered or
the track of another larva has been approached. Many of these lateral
galleries, however, end abruptly before they are half completed, the
worm having been destroyed by insect enemies or some other casualty.
And it is curious to notice how these little creatures respect the terri-
tory which is already in possession of another, changing their course to
avoid any encroachment thereon; and if one of them finds himself so
surrounded and hemmed in by other tracks that it becomes impossible
for him to refrain from encountering them, he so shapes his course as
to cross his neighbor’s road as nearly as possible at right angles instead
of obliquely, thus intruding thereon as little and for as short a time as
possible. Sometimes also two females happen to excavate their galle-
ries parallel with each other, and so near that no adequate space remains
between them for their young to mine their burrows, the beetles having
been: unaware of their proximity, no doubt, until too much labor had
been expended to admit either one to abandon the ground and go else-
where. In such cases the eggs are all placed along the outer side of
each gallery, and thus the larve all mine their way outward in opposite
directions to each other.

The larva is a plump soft white worm, broadest anteriorly, and with
its body bent into an arch or having its tail turned partially inward

—

PINE BARK-BEETLES. 709

under the breast. By transverse impressed lines it is divided into
thirteen segments, the head being counted as one. Its head is polished
and white, at least during the first periods of its life, with its mandibles
chestnut brown, and no indications of eyes, and no feet, but with their
places supplied by two small round retractile teat-like protuberances on
the under side of each of the three segments next to the head. Having
completed their growth, they sink themselves into the wood to repose
during their pupa state. The small round hole which they perforate
in the wood for this purpose is seen at or near the outer end of each
burrow in which the worm has lived to reach maturity.

The pupa resembles the perfect insect in its size and shape, with the
rudimentary legs and Wings inclosed in sheaths and appressed to the
outer surface of its body in front. After taking on its perfect form it
perforates a small round hole through the bark and comes out from the
tree.” (Fitch.)

Bark-borers of this genus are said by Le Conte to have the body stout,
cylindrical, with the slope of the elytra oblique, scarcely flattened ; the
funicle of the antenne with four distinct joints, and the sensitive sur-
face of the antenne concentrically annulated. In the present species
along the slope of the elytra are two prominent tubercles and some
smailer marginal ones, the elytra are strongly punctured in rows, the
interspaces with rows of distant punctures, while the tibiz are strongly
serrate.

From eight hundred to a thousand specimens of this bark-borer, with
hundreds of larve and many pup, were found in July and August at
Brunswick, Me., under the back of a white pine stump about 22 inches
in diameter, the tree having been cut down the preceding November.
The bark was honey-combed with its holes, the pup resting in cells in
the bark. The mines usually run obliquely through the thick bark, not
sinking into the sap-wood, so that no regular mine was formed, and itis
difficult to give a good description of it. The diameter of the track and
of the hole for the exit of the beetle is slightly larger than that of Xylo-
terus bivittatus. It is often two-striped, but this is due to the fact that
it begins to turn dark in the middle of the elytra after transforming.
It also occurred in abundance under the bark of the spruce, in the
same place, associated with X. bivittatus.

Two Scolytid or bark-boring beetles were observed in abundance,
May 30, 1882, near Providence, under the bark of white pines (Pinus
strobus), engaged in reproduction and egg-laying. The larger of these
was Hylurgops pinifer Fitch, the smaller Xyleborus celatus Hich.
Bringing specimens to my house, the next day I was able to observe
their habits more closely. The following notes refer entirely to X.
celatus. The female was in her hole, the end of her abdomen extend-
ing straight up out of the perpendicular hole or “ mine;” a male ap-
proached her and rubbed the end of her body with his fore pair of feet,

710 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

the female apparently responding by moving back and forth in her
mine. After a moment or two the male visited another female in her
hole and caressed her in the same manner, then returned to the first
female and inserted his intromittent organ in the female, the end of
whose body was depressed, so as to leave a space between it and the
end of the elytra. Union continued for six minutes, during which time
the hindermost pair of feet of the male kept stroking the end of the
abdomen of its mate, while its antenne were vigorously moving. At
the end of this time it immediately withdrew and disappeared down
another hole, the female descending her mine. From these facts we
infer that the male of this species is polygamous.

While boring, at least in con-
finement, the borings or dust are
thrown out around the mouth of
the mine in a heap. The mine
or tunnel is from an inch to an
inch and a quarter long ; at close
intervals on one side there are
lateral deep notches in which two
Fic. 243.—a, mine of Hylurgops pinifex, with eggs; to three or four esses are irregu-

b, mine with young larve; c, mine of Xyleborus larly laid ; Or the eggs are Care-

Gee ee reetiaaes idee deh fully deposited side by side ; the
Jateral notches are then filled with borings or dust by the movements
of the-female in her main tunnel, the eggs being inclosed in the mass
of borings. (Fig. 243.)

Hylurgops does not make lateral notches, but places her eggs side
by side in a single recess on one side of the mine.*

This and the other bark-beetles of the pine have numerous insect
enemies which wage incessant war upon them. Various species of
smail beetles pertaining to the families Staphylinide, Histeride, ete.,
are always to be met with under the loose worm-eaten bark of pines,
and M. Perris has ascertained that these insects resort to this situation
for the purpose of rearing their young, their larve being predaceous
and subsisting upon the larve and pup of the bark-beetles. (Fitch.)
We have found this species common under the bark of pines in Maine,
the beetles flying in April and May.

39. Xyleborus pubescens Zimmerman.

‘“‘Among a large colony,” remarks Mr. Schwarz (I. ¢., p. 41), ‘of this
beetle which I found boring into Pinus inops near Washington, I dis-
covered two specimens of the male.” The difference in general appear-
ance between the two sexes is very striking.

* See Third Report U. S. Entomological Commission, Chapter X, p. 280, 1883. Com-
pare also Schwarz in Proc. Entomological Society of Washington, I, p. 47.

in

PINE BARK-BEETLES. T1129

The beetle, male.—It is only one-third the size of the largest female; the elytral
strie are finer, the tubercles at the declivity smaller, the thorax much shorter, not
longer than wide, anteriorly much more suddenly rounded and distinctly depressed.

The female (or one supposed to be the subject of its description) is said by Le Conte
to be closely allied to X. xylographus, but differs by the punctures of the elytra being
larger, and the hairs longer; the small punctures of the hind part of the thorax are
also more evident, and the denticles of the posterior declivity of the elytra are fewer,
being scarcely more than two on each of the alternate intervals. Length, 1 line.
(Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., ii, p. 145.)

40. THE COARSE-WRITING BARK-BEETLE.
Tomicus calligraphus Germar.

Under the bark of the pitch pine and other species of pine, mining long and often
zigzag tracks lengthwise of the tree, these tracks having short, coarse, irregular
branches, a chestnut-brown bark-beetle 0.18 to 0.22 long, clothed with numerous
yellowish gray hairs, its thorax rough anteriorly from close elevated points, and
punctured posteriorly, its wing-covers with rows of coarse punctures, their tip
broadly excavated as though with a gouge-chisel, the surface of this excavation
rough from coarsish punctures, and its margin on each side with five or six small
unequal teeth. Appearing mostly in the month of May. (Fitch.)

“This species was originally named exesus, or the excavated bark-
beetle, in allusion to the tips of its wing-covers, in the old Catalogue
of Rev. F. V. Melsheimer, under which name a short account of it was
published by Mr. Say in the year 1826. Germar, however, had de-
scribed 1t two years before, under the name calligraphus, meaning ele-
gant writer, which name it must retain, although not happily chosen,
the tracks which this beetle forms under the bark being coarse, irreg-
ular, confused, and far less beautiful than those of many of the species
of this genus.

‘‘It is in the pitch pine that this beetle mostly occurs in the State of
New York, but I have also met with it in the limb of aged white pines,
and farther south it is common in the yellow pine. Its burrow is some-
what like that of Xyleborus celatus, consisting of a single long fur-
row extending lengthwise of the tree or limb, from 6 to 12 inches in
length, but it is less straight in this species, being usually curved more
or less, and according to accounts it is often perfectly zigzag. The
same notches are formed along its sides as noticed in the foregoing
species, in which the eggs are deposited; but the lateral burrows which
branch from the central one have no regularity whatever to them, being
given off sometimes obliquely and sometimes at right angles, sometimes
abruptly widening into a broad, irregular, flat cavity, and sometimes
continuing of the same width through their whole length, either straight,
irregularly wavy, or tortuous, turning here and there wherever an unoc-
cupied space occurs into which they can be extended. These branches
are usually of the same width with the central gallery, and like it are
furrowed equally deep in the outer surface of the wood and the inner
surface of the bark. The pupa state is passed in a cell excavated in
the bark, and not in the wood, as in the foregoing species, and when

712 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

changed into a beetle this cell is extended onwards through the bark

for the escape of the insect.

Being a larger species than the preced-

ing, the galleries which it excavates, and the holes it perforates through

Fic. 244.—Mine of Tomicus calligraphus in
southern pitch pine, Houston, Tex.—
Packard del.

the bark, are proportionally larger.

- Several dead individuals may usually be

found in the galleries of this as of the
other species.” (Fitch.)

I have found the “mines” or galleries
of this bark-borer under the bark of the
southern pitch pine at Houston, Tex.,
where it seemed to be abundant. Beetles
taken from the mines were sent to Dr. G.
H. Horn, who kindly identified them as
T. calligraphus. Fig. 244 represents a
typical mine. It consists of a primary
or main gallery or mine which is 3§™™
wide; the holes for the exit of the beetle,
of which two are represented in the en-
graving, being 2™™ in diameter. The
primary gallery is nearly straight, with,
in the cases noticed by us, only one set
of secondary galleries arising on one
side, as represented in the figure. The
secondary galleries are
from 1 to nearly 2
inches in length, and
at the end a little over
half as wide as the
main gallery. At one
end the main gallery

opens into a broad irregular cell, where the worm |:rob-
ably transforms into the pupa, connecting with the
hole for the exit of the beetle.

Another form of cell without any lateral or second-
ary galleries is represented at Fig. 245. The arrow
indicates a point in the gallery made when the larva
was small. A specimen taken trom this mine was
also submitted to Dr. Horn for identification. It oc-
curred under the bark of the southern or yellow pine
at Atlanta, Ga., where I collected it in April, 1881.

Fic. 245.—Primary mine
of Zomicus calligra-
phus in yellow pine,
Georgia. Packard
del.

PINE BARK-BEETLES. 713

41. THE SOUTHERN TOMICUS.
Tomicus cacographus Le Conte.

Injuring the pines of North Carolina and southward even more than T. pini in the
north; a very similar beetle, with similar habits.

This is the Bostrichus pini of Zimmermann, but not the one so named
by Say. It inhabits, according to Le Conte, the Southern and Western
States. It is said by Le Conte to be similar to Tomicus calligraphus,
but is usually of smaller size (3.5 to 4"™™, .14 to .16 inch); the cusp of
the second interspace is very small, and that of the third is wanting ;
that of the fifth is compressed and scarcely more prominent than that
of the fourth interspace, and is somewhat connected with it; there are
but two teeth between the tooth of the fifth interspace and the terminal
acutely elevated margin, and these teeth are all of them less prominent
than in 7. calligraphus in some specimens (male), but equally prominent
in others (female), though less acute than in 7. calligraphus. The inter-
spaces from the third outward are marked each with a regular series
“of punctures behind the middle, whereby it differs
from the next species (7. confusus Le Conte, of south-
ern California and Arizona). The club of the antenne
is quite similar to that of T. calligraphus.*

The mine made by this species has been found under
the bark of the southern pine at Atlanta, Ga., the
beetle from it having been labeled by Dr. Horn.
The mine is like that of C. calligraphus, but the
main burrow is narrower, being 24™™ wide, and the
holes are smaller, the beetle itself being smaller.
Living beetles were taken from the mine March 28,
1881.

is al

Fic, 246.—Tomicus ca-
cographus.—Marx del.

42. THE PINE BARK-BEETLE.
Tomicus pini Say.

From a common center excavating several broad shortish galleries lengthwise of
the trunk in opposite directions, resembling the spread fingers of a hand, a bark-
beetle very similar to the preceding, but of smaller size, measuring only .15 in length,
and with but four small teeth on each side of the concave declivity at the tips of its
wipg-covers, and usually showing more or less distinctly an impressed line along the
middle of the hind part of its thorax. (Fitch.)

‘The tracks fermed by this insect are so different from those of the
other species that they are recognized at a glance. They occur under
the bark of old trees of the white pine, and have some resemblance to

* A number of other Scolytids which probably infest the pine are described by Le
Conte in his work on the Rhynchophora of America north of Mexico, where all the
species are characterized, and to which the reader is referred.

714 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

the fingers of a hand spread apart or to the track of a bird. From a
common center they run off in opposite directions up and down the tree,
lengthwise of the grain, moderately diverging or nearly parallel with
each other, appearing when the bark is stripped off like linear grooves
in the outer surface of the wood and inner surface of the bark. They
are about .10 wide and 1.50 to 2.00 long, all
those belonging to the same cluster being of
nearly equal length. Along the sides of these
grooves several short sinuous excavations or
notches appear, in which the eggs have been
placed, where they would remain undisturbed
by the beetle as it crawled backwards and forth
through the gallery. The accompanying figure*
is a representation of one of the clusters of these
tracks, copied from the surface of the wood.
In this intsance the commencement of some of
the galleries, and the principal part of the lower one on the right hand,
had been excavated wholly in the bark, and thus made no mark upon
the wood.

‘““M. Perris has ascertained that with the European Tomicus laricis,
which excavates several galleries from a common center like the insect
now before us, a male beetle is found in each of the galleries, whilst
only one female is associated with them, she being stationed sometimes
alone, in the center, and at other times in one of the galleries in com-
pany with the male. And from his observations it appears that these
galleries are excavated by the males, each of them being the work of
one individual, whilst the female supplies the whole of them with eggs.

‘‘As there are no lateral galleries branching off from these main ones,
I infer that the young of this insect move and feed along the sides of
the galleries in which they are born, and that thus these galleries be-
come widened and broad as we find them, their width being much
greater than those of the other species, although the insect is but the
usual size.” (Fitch.)

We have little to add to the foregoing account as to the habits of
this bark-borer. It is common in the pine woods of Maine, making
burrows under the bark, not always so regular as Fitch’s figures.

This timber beetle is common in the timber region of the Rocky
Mountains of Colorado, boring irregularly into the inner bark of Abies
menziesit. The burrows are like those made by the same insect in the
white pines from Maine to North Carolina. On the Atlantic coast the
more regular burrows radiate from a common center. Those observed
on Gray’s Peak were .08 inch in diameter.

In the pupa the body ends in two long, pointed, horn-like appendages
arising from each side beneath. The ends of the hind tarsi extend to

Fic. 247.—Pine bark-borer and
pupa.—From Packard.

* Not here reproduced.

LITTLE BARK-BEETLES. 715

the terminal third of the wings. The antennz are clavate, not extend-
ing beyond the coxe of the first legs. It is larger, more bulky than the
adult. Length, 0.22 inch.

The beetle (Fig. 247) is cylindrical, with the head and prothorax to-
gether three fourths as long as the rest of the body; end of the abdo-
men suddenly truncated, slanting, forming a scoop, the declivity smooth,
concave, and bounded by high walls, which are four-toothed on each
side, the third from the top the largest. On each wing-cover are eight
lines of fine, raised tubercles; prothorax with concentric rows of fine
tubercles, but smooth on the posterior third. Seen from beneath, the
wing-covers project well beyond the end of the abdomen. Color, pale
tan-brown, a little paler on the thorax than on the wing-covers. Body
covered with stiff, dense hairs. Length, 0.20 ineh.

43. THE LITTLE BARK-BEETLE.

Pityophthorus annectens? LeC.*

Under the bark of small sapling pines, mining exceedingly fine slender wavy bur-
rows running in every direction, a cylindrical chestnut-brown bark-beetle much
smaller than any of our other species, measuring only 0.06 in length, its surface shin-
ing and pierced with small deep punctures which on the wing-covers are placed in
close rows, the thorax but half as long as the wing-covers and rough anteriorly from
dense minute elevated points, the middle of the outer edge of the wing-covers show-
ing a slight concavity, the declivity at their tips with a moderate excavation formed
by a smooth longitudinal groove upon each side of the suture, the suture itself being
elevated and having on each side of it an impressed line in which are minute punct-
ures, the outer margin of the declivity with numerous fine bristles, but without any
projecting teeth, and the tips of the wing-covers drawn out into a very small acute
point.

‘¢ This beetle very closely resembles the 7. ramulorum of Perris, which
mines the small twigs of European pines, but it is evidently a distinct
species. It was described by Dr. Harris in the Transactions of the
Natural History Society of Hartford, Conn., vol. i, p. 82, from a speci-
men imperfectly displayed, which he met with in the collection of Mr.
Halsey, but he had no knowledge of its habits. And this I believe is
the only notice of this insect which has hitherto appeared. Its minute
size has probably caused it to be overlooked by collectors, although it
is so common that the bark of dead young pines which are 2 inches
in diameter or less can seldom.be broken away without coming upon
its tracks, with some of the dead insects in them. Its tracks are readily

* Le Conte states that this is not the Tomicus pusillus of Harris, as Fitch supposed,
‘‘but is quite different, and is closely allied to T. ramulorum Perris, which is consid-
ered by Eichhoff as the same with typographus Ratzeburg.” Le Conte adds in a letter
that this is most probably P. puberulus. He also in the same letter adds: ‘‘ P. annec-
tens Le C., found in Florida in yellow pine, resembles in sculpture ramulorum, and
agrees with Fitch’s description of 34 [of Packard’s Bulletin] in having the elytral
punctures arranged in rows, and the sutural angle acute. It may really be the same
as your 34, but as the localities are so widely apart, and the food tree different, I am
unwilling to express a positive opinion until I can compare the specimens.”

716 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

distinguished from those of other species by their extreme slenderness,
and being packed with fine white sawdust they resemble a tangled mass
of small threads lying upon the surface of the wood. On coming to
inspect them particularly, small irregular cavities will be noticed, one
of which is represented by a knot-like appearance. This cavity is ap-
propriately termed the nuptial chamber by French and German writers.
From it there are usually four galleries leading off in opposite direc-
tions and running obliquely to the grain of the wood, but curving, com-
mouly, till they obtain a longitudinal direction. And from these numer-
ous smaller and irregular wavy galleries branch off, at right angles or
nearly so, and overspread the whole surface with a seemingly confused
multitude of little furrows. The bark being quite thin in the young
trees to which these beetles resort, their galleries are excavated mostly
in the wood, the surface of which is deeply grooved whilst only a shal-
low impression is made on the inner surface of the bark. But at the
end of each of the lateral galleries a deep cavity will be noticed, sunk
in the bark, in which cavities the insects repose during their pupa state.

“The accompanying figure of the tracks of these beetles handsomely
illustrates some of the facts which have already been stated above un-
der the Wood-engraver bark-beetle, and it may interest the reader to
notice some of the habits of these insects as shown by this figure.* In its
upper half two leading galleries are seen running parallel with each other
and so near together that no adequate space exists between them for
any young larvee to form their burrows there without encroaching upon
each other or crossing the tracks already made. The parent beetles ap-
pear to have been aware of this, and accordingly so disposed of their
eggs that all their young witb but two or three exceptions mined out-
wards, traveling away from each other. Again, on the outer side of the
left gallery two notches are observed, in which no eggs appear to have
been placed, the parent beetle probably perceiving, what the figure in-
dicates, that there was not suitable room to the left of these notches to
duly accommodate all of the other larve that would traverse that spot.
Furthermore, it will be noticed that of the burrows leading off to the
right, above the large knot or nuptial chamber, the worm which exca-
vated the fourth one, soon after commencing his journey, perceived that
the course he was pursuing would run his track into that of the third
one. He hereupon abruptly alters his course, bearing directly away from
the track of this neighbor until he has attained a suitable distance
therefrom, and he then travels forward again, keeping at this exact dis-
tance from his neighbor’s path. But this soon brings him into prox-
imity with another neighbor upon the other side; and he now becomes
aware of the fact that he is between two paths that are approaching
each other, and that will consequently come so near together forward of
him that he can not proceed onward without running into one or the
other of them. In this dilemma, to encroach the least that is possible

* Not reproduced.

PINE BARK-BEETI ES, Che

upon his neighbors, he makes an abrupt turn so as to go square across
one of these tracks. But this only serves to bring him into similar
proximity with another track, and after this comes another and another ;
and now he reaches a fifth one, running in a different direction, requir-
ing another alteration of his course to cross it at right angles. But we
need not follow this subject further. Others also of these galleries,
when carefully inspected, will be found scarcely less curious. How
wonderful is nature, that thus presents an interesting subject for our
study in each particular track an inch or two in length which a family
of little worms make as they eat their way along in the bark of a tree,
the parenchyma of a leaf, or elsewhere. How marvelous, that in such
minute and seemingly unimportant and insignificant operations we
invariably meet with so much to admire! (Fitch.)

Your No. 34, asI see by reference to Fitch’s report, is quoted textually from that
author, and, if my opinion be well founded, is not different from your 35, unless it be
annectens. If there are any types to be seen, please have them sought for, and send
meone. I have forgotten what became of Fitch’s collection. (Le Conte in letter. )

This may possibly be the insect which Dr. Fitch has regarded as the
Tomicus pusilius of Harris. We have found the mines in abundance
under the bark of the white pine at Providence, R. I., sometimes four
or five occurring in the space of 6 or 7 square inches. They vary a
good deal in irregularity, and we will select the one here figured for
description as being one of the more regular mines. The main gallery
is slightly sinuous, from 14 to 2 inches long, originally notched alter-
nately on the _ sides, the
notches where the eggs are
laid being the starting point
for the secondary galleries
where the larve have hatched
and lived. About fifteen sec-
ondary galleries arise from
each side of the primary mine,
the longest being about two-
thirds as long as the primary
gallery; all end in a slight
enlargement in which the
larva transforms, or connect
with the hole through the
bark for the exit of the insect.
(The figure, as engraved,
makes the main gallery and
branches somewhat wider .
than in nature, and wider
than in my original draw- Fic. 248.—Mine of least white-pine bark-borer, Provi-
ing.) The width of the main dence, R. I.—Packard del.
gallery is 14™™; of the secondary gallery,1™™. In some cases two

718 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

main galleries cross each other, while-in another case two unite to
make a figure 8, but in such a case the secondary galleries do not
cross the main ones, and in examples where two main galleries run
parallel and somewhat near each other, they do not send secondary
galleries into the narrow interspaces between the two main galleries.

On submitting specimens of the beetle to Dr. Le Conte for identifica-
tion, he writes us thatit is a species of Pityophthorus, not described. Dr.
Le Conte adds: “ Blanchard writes that Hypophleus tenuis depredates
on this species.” (Le Conte afterwards identifies it as probably P.
puberulus.)

44, Xyleborus impressus Eichhoff.

Le Conte states that this species occurs in Georgia under pine bark.

45. PINE TIMBER-BEETLE.
Gnathotrichus materiarius (Fitch).
Order COLEOPTERA; family SCOLYTID&.

In the interior of the sap-wood, mining slender straight cylindrical burrows in a
transverse direction, parallel with the outer surface, from which very short straight
lateral galleries branch off at right angles above and below, a rather slender cylin-
drical black shining bark-beetle, 0.15 long, with pale dull yellow legs and antenne,
the forepart of its thorax and of its wing-covers tinged with reddish yellow; the
thorax equaling two-thirds the length of the wing-covers with a small elevated
tubercle in the middle, forward of which it is rough from minute elevated points:
the wing-covers with rows of minute punctures, their tips rounded, the upper part of
the declivity with a shallow longitudinal depression or groove along the suture,
forming a slight notch.

‘‘ The insects belonging to the genus Tomicus and kindred genera of the
same family by their habits divide themselves into two distinct groups.
The larger portion of them reside in or immediately beneath the bark
of different trees, and are currently termed bark-beetles. But this
designation is inappropriate for another portion of them which dwell in
the interior of the wood, and there excavate their galleries. The name
timber-beetles appears to be the most appropriate for these. Another
point in which, from the observations of M. Perris, these two groups
appear to differ in a remarkable manner is the relative numbers of the
two sexes. With the bark-beetles there are commonly several males in
company with but one female, and the former appear to perform the
chief part of the labor in the excavation of their galleries. | With the
timber-beetles, on the other hand, the females are much the most numer-
ous, and probably mine their galleries without any assistance from the
other sex. M. Perris states of one of the species that upwards of fifty
females were met with in the burrows they had excavated without a
single male being found there.

THE PINE TIMBER-BEEILE. 719

“Tt is the habit of these timber-beetles to penetrate the tree in a
straight line, passing inwards through the bark and into the sap-wood
to a depth of from half an inch to 2 inches, and
then abruptly turning they extend their burrow
in another straight line parallel with the outer
surface and at right angles with the fibers of the
wood, for a length of 2 to6 inches. The only in-
stance in which the burrow of the species now
under consideration has come under my notice
was recently in a billet of stove wood, which un-
fortunately did not contain the extreme end of
the gallery. The annexed cut* is an exact repre-
sentation of this burrow, in which a live and a
dead beetle were found, both of them females, and
the only specimens of this species which have |. oi, Gnathotrichus
come under my observation. The transverse bur- aabar aris Maes de?
row was excavated in the sap-wood at the depth
of half an inch from its outer surface. Near its middle it was crossed
by another perforation extending from the outside directly towards
the heart of the tree, which is indicated by a black dot in the figure;
and at this point the burrow curved slightly outwards towards the
exterior surface, as represented in the section above the principal
figure in the cut; and at its end on the left, where it passed out of the
billet of wood, it commenced curving inwards towards the heart of the
tree. Twelve lateral burrows of the same diameter as the transverse
one extended upwards and two downwards, as shown in the figure, all
of the same length, each one having been excavated probably by a
single larva. The gallery of our insect thus differs widely from that of
the European species (7. ewrygaster Erichson) which mines in the inte-
rior of the pine, which has no lateral burrows branching off from it.

‘The presence of these timber- beetles in the wood can be distinguished
from those which mine under the bark by the little piles of sawdust
which they throw out at the mouth of their burrows, this dust being so
much more white and clean, and not composed in part of the brown or
rust colored particles of gnawed bark which are intermixed with the
dust produced by the bark-beetles. (Fitch.)

The beetle.—In addition to the short description of this beetle which is given above,
it may be observed that the head is finely punctured, the punctures on the face giving
out small pale yellowish hairs, while those on the vertex or crown are destitute of
hairs, and there is a slight transverse elevation of the surface between the face and
the vertex, from which an elevated smooth line extends backwards along the middle
of the vertex. Thorax, when viewed from above, with its base transverse and rec-
tilinear, its basal angles rectangular, its opposite sides parallel for a distance equal-
ing the length of the base, and from thence rounded in a semicircle at its anterior
end; its surface anteriorly with minute asperities, which, viewed vertically, appear
like fine transverse wrinkles; its basal half with very minute punctures, and in its
center a small transverse tubercle. Wing-covers with fine shallow punctures in

* Not reproduced.

720 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

rows; the upper part of the apical declivity moderately depressed in the middle,
producing a slight concavity in its outline when viewed from above anteriorly, the
suture not elevated in this depression, but showing a slightly impressed line along
each side; the hind end bearded with hairs similar to those upon the front. Under
side black, the legs and antenne pale dull yellow. (Fitch.)

We have found this beetle in the pine woods of Maine; it was kindly
identified for us by Dr. Le Conte. It bores deep into the sap-wood of
Pinus strobus in long nearly straight burrows; the beetles may be found
in them in March, their heads pointing towards the center of the tree.

46. Gnathotrichus asperulus LeC.

Mr. Schwarz remarks that this beetle is perhaps not rare, but not
easily recognized. ‘It bears a close resemblance to the smaller and
rubbed specimens of Pityophthorus minutissimus, from which it differs
mainly by the vestiture of the antennal stub. I beat two specimens
from Pinus tnops near Washington in May. In this tree it will prob-
ably be found boring in the same manner as G. materarius. Le Conte
gives its length as 1.5™™ (.06 inch.) ”

Mr. W. H. Harrington states that about the middle of May pine sap-
lings may often be seen with drops of balsam oozing out of the bark and
standing like beads of amber all over the trunk and limbs. Each of these
drops show where one of these minute beetles has perforated the bark.
On examination, many will be found still in their tiny burrows beneath
the bark, usually in groups of three or four, and others will be found
boring their way through the bark to deposit eggs.

47. Pityophthorus sparsus LeConte.

The late Dr. Le Conte wrote on October 18, 1881, as follows regard-
ing this beetle:

The species found by Blanchard (to me No. 36) under white pine bark is P. sparsus
and is easily known by the prothorax having a smooth spot each side behind the
middle, and by the very shining luster. The elytra are feebly and sparsely punct-
ured, the declivity is deeply suleate near the suture, and on the outer limit of the

groove are two or three acute cusps. This species is depredated on by Hypophleus
tenuis.

48. Xyleborus sparsus LeConte.

A number or beetles from the bark of a dead white pine (Pinus
strobus) received from the Peabody Academy, Salem, Mass., were re-
ferred to this species by Dr. Horn.

49, THE SPRUCE TIMBER BEETLE.
Xyloterus bivittatus Mannheim.
(Larva and pupa, Plate xxv, figs. 1, 1%.)

This insect, though common under the bark of the white pine in
Maine, is especially destructive to the spruce and fir, and for a further
account the reader is referred to spruce insects.

~~

——

PINE BARK-BEETLES. . Cat

Occurring under the bark of the pine in Alaska, Canada, and Virginia, a bark-borer
closely allied to Xyleborus, with the prothorax strongly punctured, not roughened in
front; length, 4.4™™ (0.17 inch). (Le Conte.)

50. THE BORING DENDROCTONUS.

Dendroctonus terebrans (Olivier).
Order COLEOPTERA; family SCOLYTIDZ.

Perforating larger holes in the bark than any of the preceding bark-beetles, and
mining curved galleries in every direction in the inner layers ofthe bark, and slightly
grooving the outer surface of the wood, a cylindrical light chestnut-red or yellowish
fox-colored beetle 0.23 to 0.33 long, bluntly rounded at each end, thinly clothed with
yellowish hairs, its thorax narrowed anteriorly and with coarsish shallow punctures
and aslightly raised line along the middle, at least on the posterior half, a faint black-
ish line along the middle of the upper part of the head, and its wing-covers rough,
with rather shallow furrows, in which are coarse indistinct punctures. Appearing
abroad early in May, numerous in pine forests, and in lum-
ber and mill yards. Its larve common under the thick
bark of pine logs and stumps; a yellowish-white footless
grub thinly clothed with yeliowish hairs, and divided into
thirteen segments, its head polished and horny, of atawny
yellow color, with the mouth black, and the neck having
on each side, above, a large polished spot tinged with
tawny yellow. (Harris’s Treatise, page 75.)

With this account, taken from Harris, our
own observations agree. The cells are smaller
than those of Pissodes strobi. We have found
the larve and immature beetles in abundance
in Brunswick, Me., in the middle of March. The
burrrows are very irregular, winding about under — yy¢. 950.— Dendroctonus tere.
the bark, while the very irregular cells are from —"as.—Smith and Miss
half an inch toan inch long, and nearlya quarter 9°"
of an inch wide, and surrounded with the white woody chips made by the
larva before pupating.

Le Conte states that in this species the prothorax is very densely and
coarsely punctured ; the hairs of the elytra not being very long. It
has been collected in Canada, Georgia, Oregon, and California, as well
as the pine woods of New England and northern New York. ‘The
specimens from the Pacific slope are larger, and the punctures of the
prothorax are rather smaller-and more dense, but these differences do
not seem to me worthy of specific distinction. Some specimens from
New Hampshire and Canada have the prothorax more sparsely punct-
ured, almost as in the next species (D. similis), from which they are
only distinguished by the shorter hairs of the elytra. Length 5.2 to
8™m™ (.2 to 3.2 inch).

51. THE RED POLYGRAPHUS. -

Polygraphus rufipennis Kirby.

Boring irregular galleries under the bark of the pitch pine, somewhat like those of

Tomicus pini, but much less regular and twice as wide and deep, a reddish brown
bark-borer.

5 ENT——46

722 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

This beetle, abundant in the New England States, is not uncommon
in Colorado. I met with it at Blackhawk and at Manitou. It prob-
ably bores in the pines and spruces of the Rocky Mountains. It is
short and stout, reddish brown, the head and prothorax smooth and
shining, though finely punctured, while the wing-covers are coarsely
punctured and dull-colored, being a little
darker than the rest of the body. Length,
0.35 inch.

Le Conte states that he has received speci-
mens from Alaska, Canada, and Anticosti. I
have a specimen from Tacoma, Wash., identi-
fied by Dr. Horn. It is a common northern
species. It is only to bedistinguished from D.
similis, says Le Conte, by the declivity of the
elytra being smoother and more shining, and
almost without asperities; and by a slight
difference in the punctures of the prothorax,
which are of unequal size. The dorsal line of

Fic. 251.—Polygraphus rufipen-
nis.—Smith and Miss Sullivan the prothorax is sometimes narrow and ele-

del. vated, sometimes obsolete. Length, 6™™ (.24

inch). The distinctive characters given by Le Conte are these: Pro-
thorax punctured, with smaller punctures intermixed; hairs of elytra
long. We have found it at Providence, R. I., in its burrows under the
bark of the white pine.

Allied to these bark-borers, and undoubtedly infesting coniferous
trees, are the following:

Dendroctonus similis Le Conte, Colorado. ‘A smaller and somewhat more elongate
form occurs in Canada, Texas, and Colorado, but I do not think it capable of being
separated as a distinct species.”

Dendroctonus punctatus Le C, New York.

Dendroctonus simplex Le C. Canada.

Dendroctonus brevicornis Le C. Middle California.

Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman. Lake Superior to Georgia.

52. THE PINE HYLURGOPS.

Hylurgops pinifex (Fitch).

(Larva, Plate xx1n, fig. 4.)
Order COLEOPTERA ; family SCOLYTID.

‘A beetle which closely resembles the preceding, and is frequently
met with in company with it upon pine lumber in mill yards early in
May, requires to be noticed in this place. I am unable to find any
description of this species, although it is so common it can scarcely
have been overlooked by authors till this time. Itis the Hylastes pini-
fex, or the pine-destroying Hylastes of my cabinet. Its habits are

mo
;

PINE BARK-BEETLES. a

doubtless very similar to those of the boring Hylurgus, but the beetle
ig always slightly smaller, measuring 0.20 in length, and is darker col-
ored, being deep chestnut red or sometimes black, tinged with chest-
nut. It moreover is destitute of the hairiness of that species, having
only a thin fine short beard on the hind part of its wing-covers. Its
thorax and wing-covers have the same sculpture with that. Its head
shows no line along the middle, except upon the upper lip, where is a
slender short elevated one, which ends before it reaches a slight trans.
verse depression which crosses
the lower part of the face. Its
body beneath is black, the legs
dark chestnut, with the thighs
commonly black. It moreover
differs generically from the
preceding in having seven, in-
stead of but four, small joints
in its antennze, between the
long club-shaped basal joint
and the knob at the tip, which
knob is shaped like an egg,
and is divided by transverse Fic. 253.--Mineof Hy-
lines into four short joints. Its = _™“99P8 pinvfex, with
eggs along the lower
shanks also haveonly fineden- _giae.—Gissler del.
ticulations along their outer
edge near the tip, in place of the coarse saw-like teeth, which are seen
in the foregoing insect. It thus pertains to the genus Hylastes of
Erichson.” (Fitch.)

Fia. 252.—Aylurgops pinifex.—
Smith and Miss Sullivan del.

I have found several beetles of
this species (identified by Dr.
Horn) under the bark of a white
pine stump, at Brunswick, Me.,
August 15 to 20,1881. The tree
was felled in November, 1880.
The beetles had evidently re-
cently transformed from the
pupa state, as they were with
one exception pale red, the color
of the fully mature beetle being
black-brown. According to Hich-

S: hoff this beetle is the same as

Fro, 2 Mvaranns vinifen, a area immediately Frylastes gladratus Zetterstedt.
of body; i, intestine; 7, rectum; as,anal sucker; ASO See p. 708.

orang floras atgate: ots fees abien” Fig, 254 represents a froshily-

hatched Hylurgops, which is

1.5™™ in length. The head is very large, while the spiracles are distinct,

and the stomach (st), intestines (i), and rectum (r) are distinctly visible.

724 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

It will be seen that the rudimentary feet of the early embryo have dis-
appeared. When the larva hatch, as soon as they are free from the shell,
according to Dr. Gissler’s observations, they attach themselves to the
surface of the bark in the manner seen at Fig. 254 a, and turn around
for half an hour before beginning to feed. Fig. 254 b represents one of
these larve at this time. Fig. 254 ¢, was drawn by Dr. Gissler to repre-
sent the end of the body of one of these larve, to show the form of the
infra-anal sucker-like extremity of the last abdominal segment, which
is produced and soft at the end, with perhaps temporary dermal glands
to secrete an adhesive fluid. The anus is seen to project above and
beyond this sucker, r representing the rectum, % the intestine, and st
the pyloric end of the stomach.*

53. THE COAL-BLACK HYLASTES.

Hylastes porculus Er. (carbonarius Fitch).

A beetle so closely like the preceding that it merits to be noticed in
connection therewith is the Hylastes carbonarius of my cabinet. It is
0.20 long, of a pure black color, except its feet and antenne, which are
chestnut red. Its face shows no transverse depression inferiorly, but
has an elevated line along the middle, reaching a third of its length.
The smooth line along the middle of the thorax is less distinct than in
the foregoing species, being slightly if at all elevated, and the punct-
ures of this part are more coarse. Its wing-covers are not bearded
posteriorly, and its general form is plainly more narrow and slender
than that of the Pine Hylastes. The only specimen I have seen was
captured the middle of July in the yard in front of my dwelling. (Fitch.)

04. THE PALES WEEVIL.
Hylobius pales Herbst.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CURCULIONID.

A large dark-chestnut colored or black weevil, 0.30 to 0.40 long, sprinkled over
more or less with dots, whereof one on the middle of the outer side of the wing-covers
is more bright, these dots being formed by fine short yellowish gray-hairs. Quite
common in May and June among pine trees, and in mill yards, and on piles of pine
lumber; with its long cylindrical snout perforating the bark and crowding an egg
into the hole, the larva from which, similar in its appearance to that of the white-
pine weevil, burrows beneath the bark, loosening it from the wood. (Harris’s Trea-
tise, p. 61.)

This is a very common pine insect, which ranges from Maine and
Lake Superior to Florida. LeConte states that the head is very
densely, though not coarsely, punctured, and is nearly opaque; the

*Third Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm., 280, 1883.

PINE BARK-BEETLES. 725

prothorax is coarsely and rugosely punctured. The pubescence of the
clypeal spots is sometimes yellow, sometimes gray. Length, 6.8™™ to
10.2™"; .27 to .4inch. There are several closely allied species which
probably will be found to depredate on the pine.

Our own observations on this borer were made many years ago at
Brunswick, Me. The burrows run under the bark of the trunk of the
white pine; they extend irregularly over the inner surface of the bark,
sinking down into the sap-wood, where in the autumn the larva makes
a cell nearly a quarter of an inch deep, arched over at the top with a
thick roof of sawdust” or chips it had bitten off from the wood; over
a surface of four square inches were eight or ten cells. Each cell in
the middle of March contains a yellowish-white footless grub, half an
inch long. Two weeks later we found two pupx and two perfect bee-
tles, one apparently haviny just thrown off its pupa skin.

The history of the pales weevil seems, then, to be somewhat as fol-
lows: In May and June the beetle bores its way out from the cell, par-
tially creeping out of the old larval burrow; flies about on sunny, warm
days in April and May, then lays its eggs either on the sides of the
opening of its old: burrow, or in the crevices of the bark. Early in
summer the young worm hatches, and burrows under the bark through-
out the summer, until it matures in the autumn, and makes the cell
deep in the sap-wood, where it hybernates, and about the first of April
changes to a pupa.

The cycle of its life is completed when the beetles fly forth early in
May, and seek their mates, preparatory to laying the eggs from which
a third generation is born. We have found the weevils flying about
in Providence, R. I., during the middle of May.

55. THE TWO-FORKED SOUTHERN TIMBER-BEETLE.
Carphoborus bifurcus Eichhoff.

Inhabiting the southern pine; mine consisting of a long, sinuous, narrow, primary
gallery, from which rather short secondary galleries run out at nearly right angles;
the beetle being minute.

Le Conte states that the species of this genus are next allied to Den-
droctonus, but are minute in size and with long bodies. The elytra are
striate with large approximate punctures. The funicle of the antennze
is five-jointed ; first joint large and rounded, the others closely united,
forming a short, conical mass, as in Phleosinus; club large, slightly
pubescent, moderately compressed ; rounded, obtuse at tip, and divided
by two straight sutures; the first joint of the club is more shining than
the others. There are three species of the genus, C. simplex inhabiting
the Mohave Desert, California. C. bifurcus differs from C. bicristatus
in having the first and third interspaces of the elytra all moderately
elevated, the second not much narrowed on the declivity or inclined
end of the elytra. The punctures of the elytral strie are also larger.

726 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Le Conte seems to suggest that the two eastern species may eventually
be united. Length, 1.5™™ (.06 inch).

The mine of this beetle I found under the
bark of the southern pine at Montgomery,
Ala., the beetles taken therefrom having
been submitted to Dr. Horn for identifica-
tion. The figure well represents an average
mine. The primary galleryisnearly 4inches
long, very narrow, Somewhat sinuous, end-
ing at one end in a broad cell from which
three or four secondary galleries pass off.
About twenty secondary galleries pass off
on each side at right angles to the main gal-
lery, but not all in the same plane, as the
figure shows; they are rather short, less
than an inch in length, and sometimes end
in a broad, irregular cell; the round dark
spots in the figure indicate the holes in the
bark for the exit of the insect. It appears
to be a common pest in the Gulf States.

56. THE TWO-CRESTED SOUTHERN TIMBER-BEETLE.

Carphoborus bicristatus Chapuis.

re In Georgia occurring under pine bark, ac-
1 ee ieee tea anand Sh cording to Le Coute. Length, 1.8™™ (.07
inch).
The five following Scolytids also occur on the pine. The notes are
taken from Le Conte’s essay on the Rhynchophora, or weevils of the
United States.

57. Hypomolyx pinicola Le Conte.

This species was originally described by Couper (Trans. Lit. and clis-
torical Society of Quebec, 1864), under the name of Hylobius pinicola.
The body is elongate, ovate, broader behind, the eyes small, elytra
oval, convex; the beak is as long as the prothorax, rather stout, slightly
curved; the prothorax is rather small, subserrate on the sides, very
coarsely punctured, thinly clothed with coarse hair, carinate in front;
the elytra are densely punctured, mottled with small spots of yellow
hair; striz composed of large elongate deep punctures. Length,
13.5™™ (.5 to .3 inch).

58. Hilipus squamosus Le Conte.

The genus Hilipus, says Le Conte, largely developed in tropical
America, is represented by a single rare species found in Georgia and
Florida, where it occurs under pine bark. It differs from Hylobius in

——

THE PINE SESIAN. 727

the body being ornamented with small scales instead of spots of fine
pubescence. It is a beautiful black insect, with a broad white lateral
vitta on the prothorax, and a very irregular one on the elytra, with
many scattered small spots, densely clothed with depressed, very small,
round, chalky white scales. Punctures of elytra very large, distant; in-
terspaces smooth, shining, except where covered with scales. Length,
14.4™™ (.57 inch).
59. Crypturgus atomus Le Conte.

(larva, Plate xxiv, Fig. 4, 5, 5a, 5b; Pupa, Fig. 5c.)

Canada, Massachusetts, and New York; under bark of
dead pine branches. Length, 1™™ (.04 inch).

This species, though common in white pine bark, is
especially destructive to the spruce, and is more fully
described under the head of spruce insects. It occurred
in abundance at Brunswick, Me., in all stages of develop-
ment, from the fully-grown larve to the beetle, under
the bark of white pine stumps (the trees having been
felled the previous November), from the middle of July 7 pica meee
until the 1st of September, and probably still later. Smith del.

60. Ernobius tenuicornis Le Conte.

Order COLEOPTERA ; family PTINID&.

According to Le Conte this beetle has been detected in the boughs
of Pinus rigida in Massachusetts by Mr. Blanchard. (Trans. Amer.
Ent. Soe., viii, p. xxiii, 1880.)

61. THE PITCH-EATING WEEVIL.
Pachylobius picivorus (Germar).

A black weevil very similar to Hylobius pales, but destitute of any spots or dots»
and having the same habits. This occurs in the southern part of our State, and
becomes common farther south, but I have never met with it to the north of Albany.
(Fitch. )

Le Conte separates as a distinct genus from Hylobius, H. picivorus,
which differs greatly from the other allied species of Hylobius by the
tibiz being much shorter and stouter and expanding at the tip. It is
abundant under pine bark, adds Le Conte, in the Southern States, less
frequent in the Middle States.

62. THE PINE SESIAN.

Harmonia pint Kellicott.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family AXGERIAD&.

Boring in autumn under the bark and into the superficial layers of wood, usually
just below a branch, a white smooth caterpillar an inch long, transforming to chrys-
alids late in May, the moth appearing from the middle to the end of June. (Kellicott.)

Mr. Kellicott gives the following account of this insect:

When studying the larval habits of Pinipestis zimmermani in 187879, I met with
the larva and pupa skins of two moths evidently different from the pine pest, yet

728 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

having quite similar larval habits. During the past summer I succeeded in getting
the moth of one of them; it is an Aigerian, as I think, undescribed, but I would not
venture upon describing it had I only the imago; but as I amable to give mainly its
history, and having done so much tramping and climbing for its sake, that I have
come to feel a proprietary right, I undertake to name and describe it as new. As its
proposed name implies, the larva inhabits the pine, boring under the bark and into
the superficial layersof the wood. From the wounds thus made pitch exudes, which,
through the action of the larva and the warmth of the sun, forms hemispherical
masses over its burrows; in these masses the pupa cells are finally prepared and the
inactive stage passed. The larva occurs more frequently than elsewhere just below
a branch; sometimes about the border of a wound made by the axe, or where a limb
has been wrenched off by the wind; rarely in the axil of the branch. It appears to
attack larger trees than the Zimmerman’s pine pest, and more frequently occurs at
considerable altitude. I have taken them 30 to 40 feet from the ground. While
they sometimes, perhaps as a rule, take advantage of the broken cortex, I have
found them where it appeared that they had worked through the same into the soft
layer.

I have found the larva in the following localities: Hastings Center, N. Y.; Portage,
N. Y.; Buffalo, N. Y. (?); Point Abino, Ontario. At the first-named place they were
found in several instances numerous enough to seriously injure trees of moderate
growth. I have taken the larve in autumn from 0.25 to 0.75 of an inch in length;
they finally attain a length of 1 to 1.1 inch; diameter quite uniform, 0.18 of an inch.
Color white; head light brown, flattened; first thoracic ring slightly clouded with
brown, smooth; no trace of an anal shield; true legs scarcely colored, prolegs promi-
nent, crowned with two rows of about eight hooks each. The brown hairs arise from
papillz, the base of each hair being surrounded by a brown annulation. The spira-
cles are but slightly elliptical, last pair large, placed subdorsally.

Before transforming they prepare a cell in the extruded pitch mingled with their
débris; this they line with silk, but spin no other cocoon. While in their burrows
they move through the soft pitch with impunity, but if removed from the same they
soon die from the incumbrance of the hardening pitch adhering to them.

I have found the pupa the last of May; the moth appears from the middle to the
end of June. It may be that others come in July and August, for I have found larvz
apparently full grown in July. On the 15th of July I brought to my rooms, devoted
to the rearing of insects, some blocks of wood containing such apparently mature
larve, expecting them to complete their transformations in a few weeks at most;
they are still in the pitch celis unchanged (November). Is it a case of retarded
development, due to the drying of the bark and wood ?

The pupa has a length of 0.73 of an inch. Color light brown with the extremities
dark. Over the dorsal portion of the abdominal rings are the usual rows of teeth;
those on the anterior margins scarcely extend below the spiracles. The clypeus is
without a pointed process ; the medio-dorsal ridge of the thorax is unusually promi-
nent.

When about to transform it bores through the pitch wall and escapes, leaving the
pupa skin protruding.

The moth (female) expands 1.2 inch. Forewings opaque; hind wings transparent.
Color blue-black, as follows: forewings, the clothed portions of hind wings, head,
palpi, thorax, upper part of abdomen, antenne, and legs. The neck fringe and the
sides of the collar are orange, also the ventral side of the abdomen and the tail
fringes, as well as a band on the fourth abdominal ring. The antennez are long,
slightly enlarged toward the end; there is a decided orange line on the under side of
the antennz for one-third their length; the tarsi aresmoky. The male is smaller,
but marked the same as in the female. (Canadian Entomologist, xiii, pp. 5-7, 157,
1881.)

—————— ——

THE PINE SESIAN. 729

* Dr. Kellicott has added the following observations on this Aigerian
borer:

On the larval period of Harmonia pini, and a parasite of same.—The original descrip-
tion of this moth, together with the facts, so far as known, in its history, were pub-
lished in the Canadian Entomologist, vol. xiii, 1885. The last week in June of this
year I had an opportunity to visit the ‘‘old homestead” in Oswego County, N. Y.,
where I obtained a limited number of imagines and certain additional facts pertain-
ing to its preparatory stages; these I present for the consideration of this club,
together with specimens of the moth, the pitch masses in which the pup form, with
pupa shells protruding, and a dipterous fly parasite of the species.

I have elsewhere (Canadian Entomologist xiii, 157) shown that the larva does not
transform until at least two years old; I think now that I have evidence that it
does not change until the third year. The facts are these: In June, 1883, two pitch
exudations on a small pine were marked; these were fresh and were supposed to con-
tain larve one year old and which would probably give moths in June 1884. Accerd-
ingly, I made arrangements for having the same cut out and sent to me at Buffalo in
May, 1884. The plan failed, however, and, as it turned out, the oversight led to good
results. On revisiting the spot in June of this year I at once identified the pitch
cocoons marked in June, 1883, then one year old, and on examining them I could find
no reason for thinking that moths escaped from them in 1884. On opening one of them
a live chrysalid was found within; the other was cut out with an axe and on July 6th
gave a moth, now in my collection.

These facts do not amount to demonstration, although to me they indicate a high
degree of probability that the life-period of this Hgerian is completed the third year.
For, by way of application, the fully formed pitch masses of June, 1883, were caused
by larvz hatched in 1882, since the imagos of 1883 were just appearing, and had moths
issued in 1884 the opening, pupa shell, and pupa cell would have been easily seen until
1885. It is scarcely possible that eggs were laid in 1883 from which larve occupied
these masses formed by a previous generation or by some other animal. On examina-
tion of scores of examples I have failed to find traces of any other insect in the pitch,
at least such as could cause the exudation. Pinipestis zimmermanni causes somewhat
similar formations, bat they are readily separated from those of the Agerian.

The egg and the very young larve have not been seen by me; the former is evi-
dently deposited near a wound in the tree, the young not being able to penetrate
the outer bark of the pine trunk. They rarely occupy branches and have not been
found in small trunks, i. e., from three to five years’ growth ; on the other hand they
prefer young pines from 6 inches to a foot in diameter, especially such as have
grown up when the original pine forests have been mostly removed.

For obvious reasons larve boring into woody stems or the roots of trees or shrubs
are well protected from insect parasites. A few references occur, however, to in-
stances of hymenopterous parasites of our wood-boring Agerian larve; one, Phwogenes
ater, parasitic in Podosesia syringe, has been noticed by G. H. French, Papilio i, 106,
and another, an Ichnewmon, in the same, by Herbert Osborn, Papilio ii, 71. Thus far
I have found no mention of a dipterous parasite of any of our species of the group.
The two-winged fly exhibited with the examples of Harmonia pini escaped from a
pupa of the same and is a parasite of the same. May 30, 1885, at Portage, N. Y., I
removed a mass of pitch that proved to contain a pupa; it was kept in a proper box
when it soon lost its motion and the puparium of the fly was observed within its shell.
The fly appeared June 20. It has been sent to Dr. C. V. Riley for identification,
but it was not in his collection and it was not specifically identified ; it is a species
of Tachina. I amat a loss to understand, knowing the larval habits imperfectly, how
the fly can possibly deposit its egg upon the moth larva, as it lives continuously, as
I suppose, within the pitch. There must be some means of obtaining air, and possi-

* Entomologica Americana, vol. i, 1885.

730 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

bly there are are openings left for that purpose. I have not been successful in finding
out how the matter is managed. The pupa cell is covered at the outer extremity by
a thin layer of rather brittle pitch; it may be a fact that this is sometimes destroyed
when the temporarily exposed inhabitant is victimized. Had the parasite occupied
the body of the host since the previous summer, it seems that the latter would have
been too much exhausted to have completed its transformations. But why guess out
the history of this parasite and its relations to the host? Now that its existence is
known of, the facts of its history may be readily determined.

Professor Riley remarked that he had been very much interested in the paper. He
could not recollect any instance when the larval life had been so long, and the #ge-
ride as a rule are supposed to require only one year to undergo their transformations.
As to the manner in which the Tachina reaches the Ageria larva, it is probable that
the latter must come to the surface rather often to expel the excrement from its bur-
row and the Tachina could take advantage of that. Once fastened the egg is very
secure.

Professor Lintner asked whether the larva feeds on the pitch. Dr. Kellicott said
that the excrement is mixed with pitch, but the larva makes regular burrows in the
wood and undoubtedly feeds upon the wood. He said the larva is always more or
less coated with pitch, and when removed from its burrow dies in a short time from
the stiffening of thissubstance. He assumed that the larva must come out some-
times for air, but did not see that there is any arrangement similar to that of Pedisca
scudderiana, which has a little trap-door arrangement which it can open at will.

Larva.—When fully grown, 16™™ to 18™™ in length. The head is shining chestnut
brown, the mandibles black. The body is livid or blackish green, naked, with a
seties of black dots, each dot giving rise to a single, rather stout bristle. The pro-
thoracic shield is blackish. The larva has three pairs of thoracic or true-jointed
feet, and four pairs of abdominal or false feet, besides anal claspers.* (Grote.)

Chrysalis.—Cylindrical, smooth, narrow, blackish brown, about 16™™ in length.
The head is pointed, there being a pronounced clypeal protuberance; the segments
are unarmed; the anal plate is provided with a row of four spines, and two others,
more slender, on either side of the mesial line, below the first. (Grote.)

Moth.—The wings expand 30™™, Blackish-gray, shaded with reddish on the basal
and terminal fields of the forewings. There are patches or lines of raised scales on
the basal field and on the anterior and darker portion of the median space. The
median lines are prominent, consisting of double black lines inclosing pale bands.
The inner line at the basal third is perpendicular, W-shaped or dentate. The outer
line at the apical fourth is once more strongly indented below the costa. The black
component lines do not seem to be more distinct on one side than on the other of the
pale included bands or spaces. The median field is blackish, becoming pale towards
the outer line; it shows a pale, sometimes whitish cellular spot, surmounted with
raised scales. The terminal edge of the wing is again pale or ruddy before the ter-
minal blackline. Wings blackish. The hind wings are pale yellowish white, shaded
with fuscous on the costal region and more or less terminally before the blackish
terminal black line; fringe dusky. Beneath, the forewings are blackish, marked
with pale on the costa; hind wings as on the upper surface. Body blackish gray,
with often a reddish cast on the thorax above and on the vertex. The eyes are
naked, the labial palpi long, ascending, with a moderate terminal joint. Tongue
rather long. The gray abdomen is ringed with dirty white; the legs are dotted
with pale. The species differs from the European abietella by the raised scale tufts
on the wings, and Zeller declares it to be distinct from any European species. (Grote.)

* Mr. Kellicott found that the larva hybernates, as April 12 he found the caterpillars
of various sizes from .25 to .7 inch in length. ‘‘ None of those taken were ‘livid or
blackish green,’ but dull white; nor do the hairs arise from a ‘series of black dots,’
but from light-brown ones. I take it to be a case where a naked hybernating larva
is lighter than during the warm summer. Otherwise the caterpillars were as de-
scribed by Mr. Grote.”

THE PITCH-DROP WORM. TSE

63. Ageria pinorum Behrens, MS.

‘‘ Mr. Behrens sends me a colored drawing and description of an
insect to which he gives the above name. It comes from Monterey, in
Pinus insignis, from which larve have been obtained. From these
larve he bred one specimen from which the drawing was made. He
says the larva lives under the bark of the tree, feeding on the inner
bark and perhaps outer wood. From the wound made by the larva
there is quite a flow of resin, the pupa being formed in the inner flakes
of this resin. By detaching such flakes of resin, 5 or 6 inches long,
about as wide, and more than an inch in thickness, pupe and larve
have been discovered nicely ensconced in rounded holes next to the
bark.

‘“‘The wings are vitreous with golden scales scattered over the sur-
face, the veins dark; legs dark and golden; body steel blue with six
golden bands, the last the terminal tuft.

‘“‘Mr,. Behrens did not state whether the specimen was a male or a
female, but I think from the drawing it was a male.” (G.H. French in
Can. Ent., xxi, 163, Sept., 1889.)

64. THE PITCH-DROP WORM.
Nephopteryx (Pinipestis) zimmermanni Grote.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PYRALID&.

In June and July wounding the trunk of the red and white pine
below the insertion of the branches, the presence of the larva being
detected by the exuding pitch; the larva livid or blackish green, eat-
ing on the inner side of the bark and making furrows in the wood ; in
July spinning a papery cocoon, the moth appearing from ten to four-
teen days afterwards. .

Mr. A. R. Grote has called attention in the Canadian Entomologist
(vol. ix, p. 161) to this pest of the red pine (Pinus resinosa) and white
pine (Pinus strobus). The caterpillar occurs in the months of June and
July, when the trees affected show by the exuding pitch that they are
suffering from the attacks of this insect. The wound occurs on the
main stem below the insertion of the branch. The worm in July spins
a whitish, thin, papery cocoon in the mass of exuding pitch, which
seems to act as a protection to both the larva and the chrysalis. The
moth appears in ten to fourteen days after the cocoon is spun.

Mr. Grote adds that the worm usually infests the main stem at the
insertion of the branches; and from the fact that the pitch of the trees
protects the caterpillars no wash would injure the insect; hence exter-
mination with the knife is the only remedy.

In vol. x of the same journal (p. 20) Mr. C. D. Zimmerman, the origi-
nal discoverer of this pest, gives some further account of it. He writes

732 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

that there is scarcely a pine more than 4 feet high on his grounds
which is not more or less affected by this borer. ‘I have found it on
Pinus strobus, P. rubra or resinosa, P. austriaca, P. sylvestris, P. cembra,
Corsican, lofty Bothan and Russian pines. P. sylvestris seems to suffer
most, as the limbs, and often the main stems, are constantly breaking
off. Only a few days ago one of our finest specimens of P. strobus (a
tree over 30 feet in height and almost perfect in shape) had about 6 feet
of the top broken off—the effects of this borer. Iam in hopes the small
parasitic flies I found in the larva will soon get the upper hand, so as
to keep them in check.”

Additional observations have also been made by Mr. D. 8. Kellicott,
_who states* that the moth is pretty widely spread, as it occurs not only
in foreign and native pines in and about Buffalo, but that he has “found
it quite abundant in small white pines of the forest at Cheektowaga, Erie
County, N. Y. At this place I found many plants had been dwarfed
and ruined by their ravages. It also occurs, to what extent I am
unable to say, at Hamburg and Clarence Center, in the same county.
I recently visited a portion of this State, Oswego County, formerly
clad to some considerable extent with white pine, and there are yet
standing some virgin forests of this splendid tree. Jn divers places in
that county I found our borer; it is so abundant, in one locality at least,
that it proves a grave enemy to the young pines of second growth where
the primitive trees have been removed by the lumbermen. There is
near Hastings Center an old slash in which at least one-half of the
many such small pines have been injured; indeed, in one neglected
corner, among scores scarcely one tree had escaped. In this instance,
also, many pines were stunted, while some thus weakened had been
broken off by the wind.” * * * ‘Inaclump of pines, whose trunks
were from 6 inches to 1 foot in diameter, many of the larger ones had
been ‘boxed,’ 7. e., inclined incisions had been cut by the axe through
the sap-wood in order to catch the pitch exuding from the wound.
Around the borders of these ‘ boxes’ the galleries with both pupa
skins and living larve were plentiful. It appears that the larva can not
penetrate the outer bark of other than quite tender trees; nor could I
find evidence of their attacking the branches of larger trees, although
I had opportunity to examine such that had been felled during the
winter just past. Since the larva so readily takes advantage of a
wound, may it not stand related as a messmate to other borers?” * * *
“‘] have found the moth’s galleries in both trunk and branch, both
above and below the whorls (usually below), sometimes completely
girdling the stem, thus killing the portion above; in one instance I
found a gallery passing from one whorl to the one above.”

This larva, observes Dr. Kellicott (Ent. Americana, i, 1885, p. 173),
does not produce so large an excrescence as Ageria pini. “The
excrescences are also more irregular, often a mere line or track of

“Canadian Entomologist, xi, p. 114, 1879.

PINE BORERS. te

pitchy exudation marking the track of the larva from whorl to whorl
‘or twig to twig. This larva also when removed from its burrow lives
but a short time, owing to the hardening of the pitch.”

65. THE WHITE-HORNED UROCERUS.
Urocerus albicornis Fabricius.
Order HYMENOPTERA ; family UROCERID®.

A large black four-winged fly an inch long, having some resemblance to a wasp,
but with a stout cylindrical body having the head and abdomen closely joined to the
thorax, the base of the shanks and of the feet white, and also the antenne except at
their ends, and a spot behind each eye and another on each side of the abdomen, the
wings smoky transparent. The abdomen ends in a point shaped like the head of a
spear, below which is a straight awl-like ovipositor about .40 long, with which it
bores into the tree to deposit its eggs, the worm from which forms winding burrows
in the wood, and is of a thick cylindrical form, divided into thirteen nearly equal
segments, including the head, which is small, polished and horny, the last segment
being largest of all and ending in a conical horn-like point, and the under side with
three pairs of very small legs anteriorly.

These insects vary considerably in their colors and marks, and the
two sexes are very dissimilar. The male, according to Dr. Harris, is
black, with a white spot behind each eye, and a flattened rust-colored
abdomen. (Harris’s Treatise, p. 427.)

66, THE YELLOW-BANDED UROCERUS.
Urocerus abdominalis Hartis.

A four-winged fly similar to the foregoing, about 0.80 long, of a blue-black color
with from two to four of the middle segments of its abdomen bright orange yellow,
and also a broad band on the antenne and the four forward legs except at their bases,
its wings hyaline, tinged at the tips with asmoky color. There is sometimesa yellow
spot behind each eye, and the hind knees and some or all of the joints of the hind feet
are usually yellow. My specimens are males, nor has any female answering to this
been found, and I am forced to entertain suspicions that it is the true male of the
preceding species. These insects are notcommon. (Harris’s Treatise, p. 428.)

67. Bembecia sequoie Hy. Edw.

Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family AXGERIAD.

In 1881 Mr. Henry Edwards wrote us that this gerian was devas-
tating the pine forests of Mendocino County, California, and was partic-
ularly destructive to Sequoia sempervirens, Pinus ponderosa, and Pinus
lambertiana. The eggs appear to be laid in the axils of the branches,
the young caterpillar boring in a tortuous manner about its retreat,
thus diverting the flow of the sap, and causing large resinous nodules
to form at the place of its workings. These gradually harden, the
branch beyond them dies, and the tree at last succumbs to its insig-
nificant enemies. Hundreds of fine trees in the forests of the region
indicated are to be seen in various stages of decay. A similar habit

734 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

seems to prevail in the life-history of Sciapteron pini Kellicott, a species
described by its author in the Can. Entom., 1881. (See p. 726.)
Moth.—Male. Forewings with the margins all black, the costal edge rather broad.
Hind wings, with the costal and base of the abdominal margin, pale yellow. Beneath,
the forewings have the margins lemon yellow, as far as the discal mark, beyond
this, black. Hind wings as on the upper side. Head and antennz jet black. Palpi
lemon yellow, black at the sides. Fore femora, orbits of eyes and base of wings
beneath lemon yellow. Middle and hind femora black. Tibizw lemon yellow, bor-
dered with black. Thorax with collar, tegule, the two narrow dorsal lines, and a
basal line lemon yellow. Abdomen, with all the segments except the fourth, narrowly
bordered with rich lemon yellow. Caudal tuft yellow below, blackish above.
Female similar, but a little larger and more robust, the abdominal band broader and
better defined. Expanse of wings, male, 24™™; female, 30™™,. (H. Edwards.)

68. THE PINE BLIGHT.
Coccus pinicorticis Fitch.
Order HEMIPTERA ; family CoccIDz.

Externally, upon the smooth bark of young trees, patches of white flocculent down-
like matter, covering exceedingly minute lice, invisible to the naked eye. (Trans.
N. Y. State Ag. Soc., 1854, p. 871. Compare also an article by Dr. H. Shimer in
Trans. Amer. Soc., ii, pp. 383-383. )

AFFECTING THE TWIGS.

69. THE WHITE-PINE WEEVIL.
Pissodes strobi Peck.
(Larva, Plate xx; Fig. 5; pupa, fig. 6; also Plate xxvii.)

Order COLEOPTERA ; family CURCULIONIDA.

In May, depositing numerous eggs in the bark of the topmost shoot of young trees,
the larve from which mine in the woodand pith, causing the shoot to wither and die,
thereby occasioning a crook or fork in the body of the tree at this point; an oblong
oval and rather narrow weevil about a quarter of an inch long, of a dull dark chest-
nut-brown color, with two dots on the thorax ; the scutel and a short irregular band
back of the middle of the wing-covers milk white, the wing-covers also variegated
with a few patches of tawny yellow.

For many years past our attention has been drawn to the deformities
produced in forest trees by this beetle, as well as the injury it commits
in plantations and to ornamental trees on lawns and about houses.

Dr. Fitch has already outlined the natural history ofthe insect in his
fourth report. We have not yet been able to detect the beetle in the
act of egg-laying. Fitch says that the weevil deposits her eggs in the
bark of the topmost shoot of the tree, dropping one in a place at irreg-
ular intervals through its whole length. ‘The worm which hatches
from these eggs eats its way inwards and obliquely downwards till it
reaches the pith, in which it mines its burrow onwards a short distance
farther, the whole length of its track being only about half an inch.

THE WHITE-PINE WEEVIL. 735

But such a number of young weevils are usually placed in the affected
shoots that many of them are cramped and discommoded for want of
room. The worm on approaching the pith often finds there is another
worm there, occupying the very spot to which he wished to penetrate.
He thereupon, to avoid intrusion upon his neighbor, turns downward,
and completes his burrow in the wood outside of the pith. Those, also,
which enter the pith, are often unable to extend their galleries so far as
is their custom without running into those of others. Whenits onward
course is thus arrested, the worm feeds upon the walls of its burrow
until it obtains the amount of nutriment it requires and is grown to its
full size.”

The eggs of this species are probably similar in shape, but consider-
ably larger than those deposited by the timber beetles, whose eggs and
larval development are figured and described in the third report of
the United States Entomological Commission (p. 280, Plate xx1l, figs.
1, 8,9,10. See also p. 722.) According to Ratzeburg, the European P.
notatus lays its eggs in the lower internodes of young plants, boring
into the sap-wood with {ts beak. Its habits thus differ much from our
species, and it does not seem to affect the terminal shoot. The grub or
larva does not differ from those of other borers found in the pine, as
there is a great persistence of form in boring grubs, both of the weevil
family and the bark-borers or Scolytids. The grub of Pissodes strobi
(Plate xxu1, fig. 5) is rather slenderer than those of Hylurgus, Dendroc-
tonus, or Hylurgops pinifex. Compared with the latter very common
borer the body is 8™™ in length, while that of H. pinifex is only 5 to 6™™
in length.

While from their similar tunnel-making habits the larve of the two
families mentioned are, owing to adaptation to their surroundings, very
similar, the pups are very unlike, those of the white-pine weevil being
at a glance distinguishable by their long snout, which is folded on the
breast, and the beetle, as seen in the figure, has a long, slender snout,
while the body is reddish brown, with two irregular white spots, one
behind the middle of each wing-cover. When engaged in laying their
eggs at the reddish-brown extremity of a pine twig, near the buds,
these weevils are undoubtedly protected by their shape and color from
the observation of birds, some kinds of which are constantly on the
search for such beetles.

While living in their “‘ mines” or tunnels, the grubs are exposed to
manifold dangers from carnivorous grubs, particularly the young of
beetles of the family Tenebrionide, etc. We have not detected any Ich-
neumon or Chalcid larve or flies in their burrows, but these are not
uncommon in those of the Scolytid bark-borers. At all events these
insect enemies keep the larval pine weevils within due limits, otherwise
their injurious effects in forests would be more marked.

The presence of the grub of the white-pine weevil in a branch or
twig or under the bark of a young or old tree, may be atonce known by
its peculiar cells. When the grub is full-fed and ready to change to the

736 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

chrysalis state, it either transforms within a small branch in the pith or
under the bark. In the latter case it sinks an oval cylindrical hole in
the pith wood, and builds up over it, in the space between the loosened
bark and the wood itself a white covering, composed of the long chips
or fibers of the pith wood, the little fibers being closely interwoven and
matted together, so as to form a cocoon of a tolerably firm consistence,
which contrasts in its white color with the under side of the bark. The
cocoon thus made is not usually, ifever, lined with silk. Thelength of
the entire cell is 12™™; its breadth is 5™™, Hylurgus terebrans con-
structs similar cells, but they are much smaller. Most of the bark-
borers, however, do not transform in such cells, but in their tunnels.

While the insect is especially abundant in Maine, I have also found
it in abundance in September on the ornamental white pine bushes on
the grounds of the State Agricultural College, at Amherst, Mass. When
the white pine is set out on plantations it has thus far been tolerably
free from the attacks of this pest. On the extensive plantation of Henry
G. Russell, esq., at Greenwich, R. L, who has planted trees ona larger
scale than any one else in New England, only scattered trees have been
affected. Fig. 2, Plate xxvu, has been drawn from a terminal twig on
one of these trees. Part of the twig was mined under the bark, the
tunnels ran close together, there being seven or eight on one side of a
twig about a third of an inch in diameter. They run up and down
the twig, more or less parallel, beginning small, when the larvz hatched
and becoming slightly larger as the grub grew, until at the end of 4
or 5 inches they sink into the cell, the grub having become full-fed
and making its cell designed for its final transformation.

When the pith is mined, the cells form enlargements of the tunnel,
and in the case before us the cells are so thick as to touch each other,
there being six cells in alength of not over twoinches. When the cells
are made exteriorly, but under the bark, they are usually about an
inch apart, and as we have said, at once by their light color and convex
surface, attract attention when the bark is torn off.

While this weevil does much injury to the young white pine trees, it
is by no means restricted to such growths, but lays its eggs in the bark
and mines the sap-wood of large pines and other coniferous trees.

Thus I have found the beetles more commonly, and in different stages
of growth, in the white pine April 24; at this date the beetles begin
to appear; and the beetles do not all make their exit from under
the bark and fly about by the end of spring, but I have found the beetles
under the bark May 30, and even as late as the 11th of August, when
a pupa and beetle occurred, the latter somewhat pale and immature.

This weevil is of common occurrence in the bark of spruce trees 6 to
10 inches in diameter, where I have found them duriug the middle of
August at Brunswick, Me. The grub and pupa occurred near the Glen
House, White Mountain, New Hampshire, at the end of July in the fir;
on the 30th of July I took five mature beetles from under the bark of
a hemlock tree. I have never noticed, however, spruce, fir or hemlock

THE WHITE-PINE WEEVIL. 737

trees which had been deformed, as is not uncommonly the case with the
white pine.

The life-history of this weevil, then, in brief, is as follows: The eggs
are laid early in summer, at intervals, on the terminal shoots of the
white pine, or sometimes in the bark of old trees; the grub on hatching
bores into the pith, or simply mines the sap-wood ; it becomes full-grown
at the end of summer, hibernates, and transforms in the spring to the
pupa, most of the beetles appearing through May, when they pair and
the eggs are laid, but some delay their appearance till June, July, and
even August.

Thus far we have said nothing as to the remarkable effects produced
by the grubs upon the young trees. When the terminal shoot of a small
tree, say 4 or 5 feet high, is filled in midsummer with these grubs, per-
haps fifteen or twenty, or more, gouging or tunneling the inner bark
and sap-wood, and for a part of the way eating the pith, the shoot, with
the lateral oues next to it, as well as the stock immediately below the
terminal shoot, will wilt and gradually die; the bark will loosen, the
pitch will ooze out, and by September the shoot will be nearly dead,
black, and the bark covered externally with white masses of dry pitch.

The tree thus pruned will fail for one and probably several succeed-
ing summers to send out a new terminal shoot; the result will be that
the adjoining lateral shoots will continue to grow, their direction will
be changed to a nearly upright one, and instead of a tall shapely young
tree, destined to be the pride of the forest—and there is no finer orna-
mental evergreen tree in our lawns or parks than the white pine—it be-
comes distorted, prematurely bent, or its noble shaft becomes replaced
by one, two, or half a dozen or more stunted, shriveled aspirants for
leadership.

In walking through any forest of white pines of secondary growth in
New England or northern New York, one’s attention is drawn to these
’ deformed trees. They are not necessarily dwarfed, as some are among
the largest and noblest trees of the wood. They may occur singly, but
often there are several, differently affected, growiug near each other,
though not in clumps... Some have but a single bend, a single shoot
growing up, the original, and perhaps several, lateral shoots, having
been destroyed ; one, we well remember, consists of two shafts which
separate about 6 feet from the ground (see Plate xxvil, fig. 3).

The most remarkable example which we have seen in the Maine woods
stood in a wood southwest of Bowdoin College, but which has since
been cutdown. Fortunately, shortly before the destruction of the tree,
we requested Prof. G. L. Vose, then of Bowdoin College, to make a
drawing of the tree. He kindly sent us the accompanying excellent
sketch (see also Plate xxvu, fig. 4), in part reproduced, with the fol-
lowing letter, giving the measurements of the tree:

BRUNSWICK, ME., September 5, 1881.

I send you a sketch of the tree, not, as you will see, in any way as a work of art,
as I make no pretense in that line, but as a botanic specimen. The arrangement of

5 ENT 47

738 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

branches is according to nature. I took a point aboué 150 feet southwest of the tree,
so as to separate all of the branches. The height is about 100 feet; the height of
trunk before it begins to branch, 12 feet ; circumference at 4 feet above ground, 10
feet ; at 2 feet above ground, 10 feet 9 inches. The spread of the top is 35 or 40 feet.

Nii MIN
Cif
lilt

Ma MW

Fic. 257.—A giant pine, deformed by the weevil. Vose del.

Looked at sideways the tree is not so symmetrical. The sketch is just as I made it
on the ground. I thought I would not work over it at home, as I might change it
by so doing.

Very truly, as ever,
Gro. L. VOSE.

THE WHITE-PINE WEEVIL. 139

Fig. 5, Plate xxvu, is from a photograph of a white pine tree in Kast
Providence, R. I., which is of the same general shape, but a smaller
and shorter tree, still growing in a thick wood, its fellows, however,
much smaller. The tree is about 70 feet in height and 32 inches thick
before it branches, the trunk sending out nine branches, the lowermost
being about 3 feet from the ground.

In these two examples we should judge that the terminal shoot only
was destroyed by the weevil, while the lateral shoots survived, but
grew more vertically than they would have done if the terminal shoot
had not been injured, while their size became unnaturally large.

It is comparatively easy to prevent this deformation of small young
trees in lawns and about houses or even on large plantations if the dis-
ease is combated in time; the wilting terminal twig should be exam-
ined and the grubs cut out. If a wash of Paris green were applied or
a block of carbolic acid soap securely placed in the crotch the grubs
would be destroyed or driven off. The time to apply the remedies is at
the middle or end of July.

We add Fitch’s account of this weevil:

This is a cominon insect in New York, and specimens of it may be found around
and upon pine trees at all times of the year,
but it is in the month of May that they are
abroad in the greatest numbers, and it is
chiefly at that time that their eggs are depos-
ited. Young thrifty-growing pines are its fa-
vorite resort, and among these it selects those
that are most vigorous, and whose topmost
shoot has made the greatest advance the pre-
ceding year. But I have seen it so numerous
that not only the topmost shoots of every F'6. 358.—White-pine weevil; a, larva; 0,
tree in the grove, but many of the lateral ones _—- PUP, enlarged nearly three times.—From

: : Packard.
also, were invaded and destroyed by it.

It is in consequence of its smooth straight growth to such a lofty height that the
pine has been prized beyond any other timber for large buildings and bridges, and
is especially valua>le for the masts of ships. -So very highly were the American
pines esteemed for this last purpose, at an early day, that they were ranked with the
precious metals, and a large portion of the lands of the State of New York were
originally granted by the British crown, with an explicit resérvation of ‘‘All mines
of Gold and Silver, and also all White and other sorts of Pine trees fit for Masts, of
the growth of twenty-four inches diameter and upwards at twelve inches from the
earth, for Masts for the Royal Navy of us, our heirs and successors,” under the strin-
gent condition that ‘‘ If they, our said grantees or any of them, their or any of their
heirs or assigns, or any other person or persons by their or any of their privity, con-
sent or procurement shall fell, cut down or otherwise destroy any of the Pine trees.
by these presents reserved to us, our heirs and successors, or hereby intended so to:
be, without the Royal Licence of us, our heirs or successors for so doing first had and
obtained, that then, and in any of these cases, this our present grant, and every thing
therein contained, shall cease and be absolutely void, and the lands and premises
hereby granted shall revert to and vest in us, our heirs and successors, as if this our
present grant had not been made, any thing herein before contained to the contrary
in any wise notwithstanding.” Now the perfect straightness of the pine, which has
adapted it so eminently for this important use, and has caused it to be thus valued,

740 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

depends upon the healthy growth of its leading shoot for a long succession of years.
If this leading shoot is destroyed the onward growth of the tree is checked until
one of the lateral shoots starts upward and becomes the leading shoot. But this
causes a crook in the body of the tree at the place where this latter shoot originally
arose, and thus the main value of the tree is destroyed. And it would appear to be
a spirit of pure malevolence that instigates the white-pine weevil to select the lead-
ing shoot of this tree in which to deposit its eggs, when its young can be nourished
equally well in the lateral shoots, where they would do little injury, or perhaps
would be a direct benefit to the tree by cutting off the ends of the branches, and
thus promoting the upward growth of the main trunk.

The tree that is attacked continues its growth upward during the fore part of the
season as usual, sending out from the summit of the shoot that is infested a leading
shoot, with a number of lateral branches around its base. But the growth of these
new succulent twigs is arrested, and they begin to wilt and wither about the middle
of July, the worms having by this time become so large and mined and wounded the
stalk below to such an extent that its juices are exhausted, and it fails to transmit
any nourishment to these tender green shoots at the summit, which consequently dry
up and perish.

If the affected shoot be now examined, little oval cells about 0.30 long, placed
lengthwise of the stalk, will be discovered all along its center, so close in some places
that their ends are in contact, and in other places more or less widely separated,
with the intervening space stuffed with sawdust, whilst here and there in the wood
on each side of the pith similar cells show themselves. In each of these cavities lies
a white glos y worm, its body soft, plump, and curved into an arch, 0.30 long, and
not quite a third as broad at its anterior part where it is broadest.

This larva is divided by transverse constrictions into thirteen segments, including
the head, with the breathing pores forming a row of small round tawny yellow dots
along each side. Its head is about half the width of the body, round, flattened, pol-
ished and horn like, tawny yellow, with an impressed line along its middle, a faint
whitish line on each side parallel with this, and a more distinct transverse arched
white line anteriorly, and a minute black dot on each side representing the eye; the
mouth darker colored, with the points of the mandibles slightly projecting, these
organs being black, triangular, and with exceedingly minute sharp teeth along their
inner edge. The neck has two smooth pale tawny-yellow spots above. It has no
feet, but their places are supplied by roundish elevations of the skin on the under
side of the three segments next to the head. The surface shows a few very fine short
hairs, particularly on the ends.

These larve change to pupz and to perfect insects in their cells, the latter coming
abroad mostly early in the spring. The short description at the commencement of
this account will suffice to distinguish this weevil from all our otherspecies. It varies
in its length from 0.20 to 0.30. Dr. Harris thinks they are more than a year in
obtaining their growth, but I am quite confident the eggs deposited in the spring
become mature beetles by the following spring or earlier.

In midsummer, as soon as the shoot in which these insects are nestling becomes with-
ered and dry, the thin bark covering it is commonly seen to be broken and peeled off
in spots, or allits lower part is torn away, and newly perforated holes, larger than the
mouths of the burrows of this insect, may be observed here and there in the wood. This
is the work of small birds, which are very efficient and serviceable in ferreting out
and devouring the larve and pupe of this weevil. And, in addition to these, it has
several insect enemies which aid in restraining it from becoming excessively numer-
ous. But notwithstanding the great inroads which are hereby made upon its ranks,
this is quite a common insect in every part of our State and country where the pine
abounds, deforming these valuable trees and retarding their growth. The proprietor
of every grove of young pines should therefore make it a rule to examine them every
year, in August or September, and cut or break off the top of every tree that is

PINE INSECTS. 741

blighted by these weevils and commit it to the flames. With every shoot that is
thus treated, from ten to fifty or more of these weevils will be destroyed, which
otherwise will come abroad the following year to dwarf and deform a number of the
other trees in the same manner. No one, on casting this subject over in his mind for
a moment or two, will doubt but that a few hours devoted to such work, or a whole
day, should it be required, will be time well spent, and labor that will be amply
rewarded.”

To the foregoing account, copied from Fitch’s Fourth Report, we will
add that we have observed the weevil in all its stages of growth at
Brunswick, Me., under the bark of white pine shrubs, the last of April,
the larve at this date being more numerous than the pups or beetles.
Our larve were .32 inch long. The pupa is white, the tip of the abdo-
men being square, with a sharp spine on each side.. It is .30 inch in
length. There are often to be seen in the forests of Maine trees, from
2 to 4 feet in diameter, variously distorted by the attacks in early life
of this weevil.

70. THE WHITE-PINE APHIS.
Lachnus strobi Fitch.

Order HOMOPTERA; family APHID.

Colouies of plant-lice on the ends of the branches, puncturing them and extracting
their juices, the bark of the infested trees having a peculiar black appearance; num-
bers of ants in company with them, and traveling up and down the trunks of the
trees which they inhabit. The winged individuals 0.20 long to the tips of their
wings, black, hairy, and sometimes slightly dusted over with a white meal-like pow-
der, with a row of white spots along the middle of the abdomen, the thighs dull
pale-yellow at their bases, and the forewings hyaline, with black veins, of which
the forked one is exceedingly fine and slender. The wingless individuals far more
numerous, 0.12 long, brownish black with a white line along the middle of the thorax
and white spots along each side of the abdomen, which are sometimes faint or want-
ing, the antenne pale, with their tips black.

71. THE PARALLEL SPITTLE-INSECT.
Aphrophora parallella Say.
Order HeMIPTERA (Homoptera); family CERCoPID2&.

In June, a spot of white froth, resembling spittle, appearing upon the bark near
the ends of the branches, hiding within it a small white wingless insect having six
legs, which punctures and sucks the fluids of the bark, and grows to about a quarter
of an inch in length by the last of that month, and then becomes a pupa of a similar
appearance, but varied more or less with dusky or black, and with rudimentary
wings resembling a vest drawn closely around the middle of its body ; the latter part
of July changing to its perfect form, with wings fully grown, and then no longer
covering itself with foam, but continuing to the end of the season, puncturing and
drawing its nourishment from the bark as before. The perfect insect a flattened
oval tree-hopper, 0.40 long, with its wing-covers held in form of a roof, its color
brown from numberless blackish punctures upon a pale ground, a smooth whitish
line along the middle of its back, and a small smooth whitish spot in the center of
each wing-cover, its abdomen beneath rusty brown. (Fitch.)

742 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The reasons why I regard this species as pertaining to the genus
Aphrophora, to which Say had assigned it, instead of the genera in
which it has recently been placed, will be found stated under a kindred
species in my Third Report, No. 98. (Fitch.)

What I suppose to be this insect is also very common on the pitch
pine at Brunswick, Me. The pup are common late in July, but early
in August the insects acquire their wings.

72. THE SARATOGA SPITTLE-INSECT.
Aphrophora saratogensis Fitch.

A similar insect with the same habits with the preceding, but differing from it in
having the punctures uncolored, and the head above with its anterior and posterior
margins parallel. It is of a lighter color than the foregoing, being pale tawny-yellow
varied with white. It is much more attached to the pitch-pine than to the white
pine, and is very common upon the small trees of that kind growing upon the sandy
plains of Saratoga County. (Fitch.)

73. THE PITCH-PINE TWIG TORTRIX.
Retinia comstockiana Fernald.

Boring into the twigs and small branches of the pitch-pine (Pinus rigida), causing
an exudation of resin; yellow-brown larve, about 10™™ (.39 inch) long, transforming
within the burrow, and giving forth small brown and gray moths. (Comstock. )

An examination of the pitch-pines in the vicinity of Ithaca, N. Y., in
the early part of the past summer,* revealed the fact that they were
infested to a considerable extent by a heretofore undescribed pest.
Upon the smallest twigs and limbs and upon the terminal shoots of the
trees were observed exuding at intervals masses of pitch, mixed with
the excremental pellets of some larva. In most cases there were two
distinct layers of the resin to be seen, the lower dry, hard, whitish,
weather-beaten, having evidently been exposed during the winter, while
the upper mass was fresh, softer, and of a hoary, bluish color on the
surface, yellowish beneath, having the appearance of a comparatively
recent exudation. These resinous lumps, when occurring upon twigs
or limbs, were, in the great majority of cases, upon the upper side, and
were seldom found upon a larger limb than the one represented in the
cut.

A longitudinal section through one of these lumps showed a channel
of greater or less size leading directly to the heart of the twig, and
extending along toward its base for a distance of from 25 to 50™™ (1 to
2 inches). In this burrow was found a rather stout, yellowish-brown
larva, apparently nearly full grown, and measuring about 10™™ (.29
inch) in length. In other burrows the short, stout, brown pupz were
found. They were quite active, and retreated to the bottom of the

*The account is copied textually from Professor Comstock’s Report, 1879.

ee

THE PITCH-PINE TWIG TORTRIX. 743

mine when the resin was cut into. A ring of strong spines surrounded
the posterior border of each segment and enabled them to move about

Fic. 259.—Retinia comstockiana Fernald, larva, pupa, adult
and work.—From Comstock.

in the mine with considerable rapidity. From other lumps the empty
pupa skin was protruding for half its length, the pupa having worked
itself to that position before giving forth the moth.

Some of the burrows examined extended in both directions from the
point of entrance. Occasionally, also, the twig at the point where the
resin exuded was completely girdled, and in other cases eaten out to
such an extent that a very slight force would suffice to break it off. The
larve were in some cases found with their heads at the mouth of the
burrow, but in the majority of instances the opposite was the case.

The moth which issues from the burrows is quite small and soberly
colored. In the figure it is represented natural size; the darker shades
are dark rust color, and the lighter light gray. It belongs to the family
Tortricidz, the larve of which are usually leaf-rollers.

744 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

From what we have been able to learn, we conclude that there are
two broods of this insect in a year, and that the second brood hiber-
nates in the larva state. May 25, burrows were found from which the
moths had already issued. In the breeding cages at Washington the
moths issued until June 20, when the last one made its exit. August
23, larvae were received which were nearly full grown, and were pre-
sumably of the second brood. In the following January nearly all the
larvee found were only about half grown; none were more than two-
thirds grown.

At the approach of winter the larve prepare their burrows for hiber-
nation by lining them with delicate layers of white silk, which often
form tubes closed at the lower end. The larva remains through the
winter with its head at the posterior end of the mine. Before the
change to the chrysalis state, however, this position is reversed and the
head is towards the opening.

Wherever a twig is pierced and bored by one of these larve the leaves
begin to turn yellowish and the twig often dies. In many cases, how-
ever, more than one of the larve are to be found in a single twig, and
this of course more certainly insures its death. It seems probable that
the principal damage done is the disfiguring of the shape of the tree by
the destruction of the terminal shoots.

The moths bred from the burrows were submitted to Professor Fer-
nald, who decided that they represented a new species, probably be-
longing to the genus Retinia. This species he describes in the Cana-
dian Entomologist, vol. xi, p. 157. We quote Professor Fernald’s de-
scription of the moth, and append descriptions of the larva and pupa
so that the insect may be recognized in whatever stage it is found.

Itis probably this caterpillar which in the summers of 187374 proved
very destructive to the pitch-pine bushes in and about Brunswick,
Me., causing the upper part of the bush to turn yellow and die.

April 2, 1883, we found a larva in a burrow situated partly in pitch,
head downwards. We also noticed that the new growth of leaves at
the end of the twig infested were about one-third as long as the normal
needles.

The moth.—Head in front, basal joints of antenne and palpi white; last joint of
palpi and a few scales upon the outside of the middle joint dark gray. Eyes black,
vertex light sulphur yellow to straw yellow, antennze dark brown, annulated with
whitish. Thorax above white, with a few scattered gray scales; beneath silvery
white. Abdomen above light brown, with a silvery luster; lighter at the end of
each segment; beneath lighter; last segment in the females darker brown above and
beneath, and without the silvery luster. Anal tuft in the males light straw color.
Fore and middle legs light brown, femora and tibize of hind legs white, tarsi of all
the legs brown, ringed with white. Forewings ferruginous brown, the extreme
costal edge from base to near the apex dark brown. A number of small white spots
rest upon the costa, four hairs beyond the middle, from all of which stripes composed
of white and leaden-hued scales extend, more or less irregularly, across the wing at

nearly right angles with the costa, and having something of a wavy appearance in
some specimens, with some indication of a basal patch, a central and subterminal

THE NANTUCKET PINE MOTH. T45

band composed of the leaden and white scales. Fringes light brown above and be-
neath ; forewings light brown beneath; ferruginous apically, with the white spots
of the costa well indicated. Hind wings above and beneath grayish brown, with a
tinge of ferruginous in some specimens and with darker irrorations on the costa
and outwardly; fringes long at the anal angle, somewhat lighter and with a darker
line near the base. Expanse of female, 18-20™™; male 18-20™™. Habitat.—Ithaca,
N.Y. Described from two males aud three females.

I have provisionally referred this species to the genus fetinia, for
although it agrees with the definition of the genus as given by Heine-
main in other respects, the venation of the forewing differs in the
origin of veins four and five, which are not from the same point, but a
little remote from each other; the distance between veins five aud six
at their origin is about twice the distance between veins four and five.

The moth has also been taken by Mr. Otto Lugger at Baltimore, Md.

Larva.—Length, when full-grown, 12™™, cylindrical, tapering very slightly at the
ends. General color yellowish; head, thoracic plate, and piliferous spots brown and
highly polished; anal plate dusky and somewhat polished, under a high power cov-
ered with shallow pits. The piliferous warts are large and quite prominent, each
bearing a stiff hair. Their arrangement is normal. The anal shield is furnished
with two transverse rows of four hairs each; the posterior row, from a dorsal view,
appearing to fringe the end of the body. The stigmata are light colored, surrounded
by a dark-brown chitinous ring. Thoracic legs and bases of prolegs brownish.

The young larve differ in being darker colored. The head and thoracic shield are
lighter; the piliferous spots are hardly discernible ; the stigmata are much larger in
proportion to the size of the larva, and their dark circumference is very strongly
marked. :

Pupa.—Length,7™™. General color dark shining brown, darkest on dorsum of
thorax and head; wing-sheaths broad, extending to third abdominal segment. The
posterior border of each abdominal segment dorsally elevated to a spiny ridge, bear-
ing many strong backward-directed spines. Anal segment somewhat truncate, with
a number of slender hooked filaments. Eyes very black and prominent. Between the
eyes two pairs of the hooked filaments, having their origins close together and
spreading. (Comstock.)

Two species of Ichneumonid parasites have been bred from the larve,
both furnished with long ovipositors to pierce the resinous mass. One
is a species of Agathis; the other is Hphialtes comstockii Cresson, de-
scribed in Mr. Comstock’s Report.

74. THE PINE MOTH OF NANTUCKET.

Retinia frustrana Scudder.
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family TORTRICID.

(Plate vil.)

Infesting the new growth of the pitch-pine (P. rigida) and Pinus inops (and perhaps
of other species), spinning a delicate web around the terminal bud, and mining both
the twigs and the bases of the leaves; one or several small yellowish larve which
transform within grayish cocoons, either in their burrows or fastened to the twigs,
and become small copper-colored moths, with wing expanse of 12™™ (.47 inch).

746 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

We reproduce, with the author’s permission, the greater part of Mr.
Seudder’s pamphlet with the above title, published by the Massachu-
setts Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Boston, 1883:

The pines on the island of Nantucket (Pinus rigida Miller), set out some twenty or
thirty years ago, are fast dying in large numbers from a cause hitherto unknown.
A great many have already perished, and most of the living trees look sickly. On
the ‘‘ Old South Road,” from Nantucket to Siasconset, all the trees on one side of the
road are quite dead, or fast dying, while upon the opposite they are comparatively
healthy looking, although seriously affected.

On September 19, 1876, I went to this spot to discover, if possible, the difficulty.
I chose first a dead tree on Mr. Crosby’s land, and cut it down, carefully examining
the trunk, boughs, twigs, bark, and roots; there was no sign of the work of any
insect sufficient to have caused the death of the tree—none more than would be
found on any healthy tree. Next I selected a tree that was nearly dead, the upper-
most boughs only being in leaf, and a few bunches of needles appearing at different
points on the trunk. I cut this down and examined the trunk, boughs, bark, and
roots as before, with negative results ; but when I searched the living twigs I found,
always at the extreme tips, a great many recently dead needles, and in connection
with them a small lepidopterous insect, and in such numbers, both here and on hun-
dreds of trees afterwards examined, as to leave no room for doubt that this insect
is the sole cause of the trouble. The only other insect at all common was the larva
of a geometrid moth, which had nibbled the leaves extensively, but not enough to
cause serious damage, or to strike at all at the life of the tree; wherever the mark
of the blight was found upon living trees the first-mentioned insect was present in
vast numbers, and very nearly all the damage that had been inflicted was directly
traceable to its devastations. It is a minute moth of the family of Tortricide, refer-
able to the genus Retinia (or Coccyx of some authors), and may be described as fol-
lows: :

Head covered, especially above, with hoary tipped, smoky-brown scales, giving it
a speckled appearance ; palpi rather longer than the head, the middle joint expand-
ing into a compressed disk-like plate, half as large as the head, and covered with
silvery gray scales, which are dusky towards the base, the apical joint minute, slen-
der, dusky ; antenne equally and narrowly annulated.with dark brown and white.
Thorax and patagia of much the same color as the summit of the head, but the front
portion of each tinged with pale umber, while the hinder portion inclines to silvery
gray, sometimes to a decided degree.

The ground color of the front wings is divided between a dull yellowish umber
and a deep reddish umber, deepening at points to a bright ferruginous. The former
prevails in the lower half of the outer two-thirds of the wing, and in an oblique sub-
apical band, subparallel to the outer margin. The latter elsewhere, but becoming
subinfascated in the basal third of the wing; the brightest parts of this tint are
found in a large quadrate patch depending from the middle of the costa, and an
oblique, slightly arcuate streak, directed inward from the apex, and often continued
a little out of line over the lower half of the wing, breaking the lower paie patch in
the middle of the outer half of the wing. Both of these umber tints are overlaid
by frequent transverse, perfect or broken stripes of lustrous pearly gray, which, with
the diversity of the ground color, give the insect a very variegated appearance.
Nearly all of these pearly stripes run at right angles to the costa, and are distributed
as follows: The most important and persistent are the two broadest, which divide
the wing into nearly equal thirds, the outer striking the inner angle of the wing
where the fringe terminates; another, nearly as constant, crosses the wing a little
beyond the middle, is slightly bowed outward, and united at the middle with the
outer of the two already mentioned, forming with it an H, with one straight and
one bowed leg; often, on the left wing, it more nearly resembles a K; besides these

es

THE NANTUCKET PINE MOTH. 147

there are numerous, often partially confluent, short bars or stripes on the upper half
ofthe wing, and, next the inner margin, very brief similar bars, increasing in size
toward the base, and on the basal third forming a dull pearly patch. The whole of
the basal third or fourth of the wing is traversed irregularly by transverse pearly
lines, often nearly or quite confluent ; and in some individuals the whole basal half
is of nearly uniform pearly hue. Many of these pearly scales appear to have fuligin-
ous bases, so that where the patches are broadest the color is usually duller. The
outer edge of the wing is marked by scattered black scales, edged within and some-
times without by a delicate white line ; and the fringe, which is very long, especially
below, is pearly fuliginous, often deepening apically to black, and with all the
scales minutely white tipped, forming transverse lines of white upon the darker
ground. Hind wings very pale silvery gray, slightly infuscated, the fringe infus-
cated only at base, outside of a silvery hue. Legs silvery gray, the tarsi infuscated
above at the base of all the joints. Abdomen silvery gray, more or less infuscated
above, or sprinkled with brownish fuscous scales.

Expanse of wings, 12 to 14™™; length of body, 4.75 to 5.75™™; length of antenna,
3.5™™, Described from twenty specimens.

- There seems to be no colorational distinction between the male and the female,
but considerable general variation, both in the markings and in the tints of this
beautiful but destructive insect. Some individuals occur in which the deeper colors
are intense, while at the other extreme the pearly scales have spread so widely, and
at the same time the more brilliant tints have become so subdued, as to give the
whole insect a drab appearance. The two shades of umber also grade into each
other in all cases, being seldom sharply separated. The markings as above described
are those most prevalent.

The eggs seen were not described.

Larva (fig. 4).—Slender, cylindrical, slightly depressed, of a pale-brow.. color
above, the thoracic segments slightly darker, with a faint pale mediodorsal line
which broadens and becomes somewhat yellowish on the two hinder segments, on
the last occupying nearly the whole breadth of the segment; the lower part of the
sides and the under surface are dirty luteous. The head varies from castaneous to
pitchy castaneous, is broader than long, obscurely subcordate, the lateral hemis-
pheres being tumid above, and separated by a deep and narrow groove; the antenns
and most of the mouth-parts are pale luteous, the ocelli black. The prothoracio
shield is of the color of the head, transversely obovate, more than twice as broad as
long, and divided by apale mediodorsal stripe ; the hinder margin is broadly rounded,
the front margin nearly straight, and the lateral margins rounded subangular, poste-
riorly melting into the hind margin. The anal plate is scarcely darker than the body,
small, almost semicircular, but less than twice as broad as long, and slightly tumid.
The legs are of the color of the under surface of the body, but are marked with fus-
cous, the claws reddish; the prolegs are also fuscous, and the spiracles edged with
piceous. The body is uniformly but rather sparsely clothed with microscopic hairs,
scarcely perceptible with a good lens; and besides these has longer and stouter, but
still delicate pale hairs, about as long as the width of the body, scattered over the
upper surface, arising one each from minute piceous warts, which are definitely
arranged on both sides of the body; two on a segment in a dorsal-pleural row, two
on a segment in a ventro-pleural row, and one on a segment in a stigmatal row.
There are similar hairs scattered more irregularly on the head and prothoracic
shield. Length, 13™™; breadth, 2™™.

Chrysalis (figs. 2, 2a, 3, 3a).—Almost uniformly castaneous, with wing-cases,
eye-covers, antennz, and sometimes some of the hinder edges of the dorsal scuta of the
abdomendusky. The rostrate prolongation of the anterior extremity of the body (fig.
2) is bent downward at a slight angle, preserving above the curve of the head, pretty
strongly and uniformly compressed, docked apically, triangular as viewed laterally,
the sides hollowed, and the upper surface slightly sulcate, its lateral edges a little

748 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

elevated or margined, and all the ridges marked with black. The pronotum is de-
pressed below the surface of the head, but bounded posteriorly by a sharp, elevated
backward directed ridge, higher than the mesosternum. All the abdominal segments
behind the first (fig. 2a) are furnished with anterior and posterior dorsal transverse
rows of minute, sharp, conical tubercles or points, the rows nearly equidistant, those
of the movable segments longer than the others, and with the points directed backward.
The anterior row is a little more extended than the other, and is formed on most of
the segments of larger and more distant points; in advance of it, at the line to which
the posterior edge of the preceding segment reaches, is a shorter, delicate, fine-edged
ridge, and asimilar but blunter ridge continues the posterior row of tubercles around
the body. The very tip of the abdomen (fig. 3a), which is truncated and blunt, bears
a slight coronet of points similar to those of the transverse rows. Length, 6™™;
breadth, 1.25™™,

The moth appears to be most nearly allied to the European species R. duplana
Hiibn. and R. sylvestrana Curtis. From specimens of the former, which Professor
Zeller was kind encugh to-send me from Germany, it differs by its much smaller size,
and the much greater irregularity of its markings, these being almost always clus-
tered into four or five narrow, equidistant, transverse belts in R. duplana; a tendency
to such a transverse disposition of the markings exists also in R. frustrana, as indi-
cated above, but mostly confined to two comparatively broad belts. From R. sylves-
trana, as far as I can judge by descriptions, and by a pair of English specimens sent
me for comparison by Professor Fernald, it differs by its slightly lesser size, the color
of the head and palpi, the different disposition of the markings of the wing, and
their more brilliant and more highly variegated tints; in R. sylvestrana the stripes
are numerous, very slender, and tend toward confluence on the basal half of the
wing, giving it a somewhat hoary appearance, in which respect it resembles £&.
duplana rather than R. frustrana. The pupa of R. frustrana also agrees with that of
R. duplana, and is distinguished from that of other Retinie (that of KR. sylvestrana is
not known) in the rostrate prolongation of the anterior extremity of the body (see
figs. 2, 3); the close affinity of R. frustrana to the two above-mentioned species will
therefore be readily granted.

Although I have not been able to follow the history of this insect completely, it is
probably double-brooded, and differs therein from the European species, which it
most resembles. &. duplana flies in Germany once a year only, appearing by the end
of March or the beginning of April, and living some time into. May; the larva is full
grown by the end of June or the beginning of July, when it changes to pupa, and in
this condition continues eight months in the year. AR. sylvestrana is said to appear
on the wing in England in June and July, and has a similar history to the preced-
ing, excepting in its later changes. fk. frustrana appears in Nantucket between
these two periods, or toward the end of April,* and flies at least during May; prob-
ably most of the brood has emerged by the end of the first week in May. Eggs were
seen in one instance May 15, and a nearly grown larva on June 18. Caterpillars may
be found fully grown, together with an occasional chrysalid, in the middle of July;
a little later chrysalids only can be found; and again, several years ago, I found
larve in great abundance, with an occasional chrysalid, about the middle of Septem-
ber. Soon after that all change to chrysalids, for, in a subsequent year, Mr. 8. Hen-
shaw, who visited the island September 17 to 19, and examined the trees carefully,
found not more than one-sixth in the larval state, the rest in chrysalis. In all proba-

*The earliest specimens obtained one year from chrysalids only a week or two in
confinement in a warm room appeared on April 25; the earliest of those kept the
same year ina cellar appeared May 8. Asingle living moth, and another just dying,
were discovered among the twigs confined in a box as late as June 23; how long
they had been out of chrysalis there were no means of judging, but possibly several
weeks.

es

THE NANTUCKET PINE MOTH. 749

bility, then, the insect is double-brooded, flying in May and August, and wintering
in chrysalis.

Curious as this difference in the number of broods between these allied species in
Europe and America may seem, it is quite in accordance with what occurs in other
Lepidoptera, where analogous species are found upon the two continents. I have
not studied this subject in the nocturnal Lepidoptera, but among butterflies I have
found that nearly all the species which are identical, or very closely allied, on the
two continents have at least one brood per annum more in North America than in
Europe. Specifications of half a dozen of these cases will be found in the American
Naturalist, Vol. X, pp. 603, 604. This seems to be largely due to climatic causes,
and it naturally follows that, when an injurious insect is imported from Europe to
America, its ravages here are likely to surpass any thing charged to it in its proper
home—a point which should be taken into account by students of economic ento-
mology.*

Retinia, the genus into which this insect falls, is represented in Europe by no less
than eleven species, four or five of which are common, and four were found by Ratze-
burg more than forty years ago doing extensive injury.t They all feed upon conif-
erous trees, perhaps exclusively upon pines, and all live upon the twigs; according to
Ratzeburg again, all are single-brooded witha single exception (2. resinella), where a
generation of moths appears only once in two years. When I first observed the injury
at Nantucket, no species of this genus had been found in this country; but since
then one or two have been found in this section, and doing a considerable amount of
injury to pines.t{ Now that attention has beendrawn to them, no doubt other notices
will follow, showing that we have to deal with a whole group of insects, specially
destructive to pines, both in Europe and America; but our Nantucket species proves
much more dangerous than the European R. duplana and R. sylvestrana.§

The different species of this genus attack the trees in somewhat different methods,
but they all agree in selecting the tenderest growing shoots for their ravages, and in
destroying this sensitive and essential part by boring into the heart and devouring
the sappiest and pulpiest portion at the base of the needles. Some, like a species
recently found by Mr. Comstock of the Agricultural Department in Washington upon
Pinus inops,|| live a part of the time, at any rate, outside of the twig, for their webs

* Mr. C. V. Riley (2d Rep. Entom. Missouri) asserts that destructive insects intro-
duced from America into Europe make no headway against their more ‘‘ highly
developed” allies on that continent, while the reverse is true of European pests
introduced here, ‘‘ the stronger and more favorably organized species overpowering
and starving out from Lime to time their less vigorous and less favorably organized
competitors.” Unfortunately he gives no facts to support this highly organized
theory. [The facts in support of Riley’s assertion are, it seems to us, very patent.
We have always regarded such introduced species as prepotent, like weeds intro-
duced from Europe, which overpower and drive out native plants. The Phylloxera
of the vine, however, has multiplied in Europe as rapidly, if not much more so, than
in its native country.—A. S. P.]

t Three of these four have now been found on the Pacific coast of the United
States.

{A brief notice of these will be found in the appendix.

§ Fernald’s Catalogue of Tortricidz (1882) gives eight species, of which, however,
only three, including &. frustrana, are found in the eastern United States. Of the
five found on the Pacific slope, where the insect fauna has, as is known, a decidedly
European aspect, four are believed to be identical with European species, and among
them F&. duplana and R. sylvestrana occur.

|| Since this was written Mr. Comstock has published his notices of this species
(Rep. U. S. Dept. Agric., 1879, pp. 236, 237, pl. 5, fig. 2), which he considers, on Pro-
fessor Fernald’s authority, to be the same as that here described. There can be no

\

750 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

may be seen inclosing the base of the bud and the surrounding new leaflets; but
most of them, like R. frustrana, live entirely within the shoot from the moment they
have bored their way into it, and undergo therein their transformations.

The injury done by R&. frustrana to the pitch pine (Pinus rigida) of Nantucket is
soon detected in the ménths between May and September by noticing the dead nee-
dles at the very tip of a shoot otherwise of a fresh green color, or only partially with-
ered near the dead needles. The egg must be laid, as Ratzeburg presumes it to be
in the European species, between the scales of the bursting bud, from whence the
caterpillar eats its way at birth into the very heart of the bud near the extreme tip;
for to this part are the youngest caterpillars confined. From this point the growing
caterpillar burrows down the stem, often for from 4 to 6 centimeters, and thus eats
the very life out of the tree; for with one of these insects at nearly every bud, as was
the case in the tree I cut down, and in the accessible branches of many others exam-
ined at different times, the tree must speedily perish. As the caterpillar works
downward, one by ono the needles find their supply of nourishment cut off, cease their
further growth, lose their color, and wither—the change in coloration of the needles
showing the progress of the pest. Fig. 6 shows the appearance of one of these twigs
in which the caterpillar has bored a couple of centimeters. Some of the terminal
needles, as may be seen by comparison with fig. 5, which represents an unharmed
twig of the same tree, have scarcely had a chance to grow at all before being robbed
of their means of support, and have turned quite yellow; further down the stem,
where also they are wholly withered, they are a little longer; still further they are
longer yet, and only partially withered, showing more recent attack; and it is not
until the wholly green and fresh needles are reached that they are of the normal
lengtn. The difference between an uninjured twig and one that has been attacked
is really greater than appears by comparison of figs. 5 and 6; for, as will be seen on
comparing the lower nermal needles of each, fig. 5 represents a shoot with much
shorter needles than fig. 6 would normally have had throughout. The dome-shaped
contour of the needle tips in the healthy shoots is well represented in fig. 5, and the
contrast to this which fig. 6 exhibits is very marked, and tells the story of the dam-
age done. The specimen represented in fig. 6 was chosen rather to exhibit this point |
being perhaps more marked than usual. Generally the whole shoot is unnaturally
swollen and disfigured by the pitch that has exuded from the injuries caused by
the caterpillars, as may be seen on removing the needles; this appears in fig. 9 of the
plate, to compare with which a healthy shoot with the needles removed is shown in
fig. 7.

As the insect is probably double-brooded, the second generation has to attack
shoots already grown or nearly grown, in which case, of course, the change of con-
tour of the tip, seen on comparing fig. 6 with fig. 5, does not ensue; but the withered
needles are all of nearly the full length, as shown in fig. 8. In this figure the stem
has been cut longitudinally, to show the nature and extent of the borings of the
caterpillar. The middle of the stem is found pierced by a slender cylindrical passage
as far as the dead needles continue; the passage is lined with silk and foul with ex-
crement, which has been removed from the specimen drawn. As far as the boring
has been carried the withered needles fall from their position on being touched, hav-
ing nothing but a shell for their support.

When the caterpillar is fully grown it selects a place within its burrow wherein to
change to chrysalis; this is usually at the bottom of the burrow, but in a thick

doubt of their very close relationship, but the difference in the habits of the larve
in the two localities, both during active life and when about to undergo metamor-
phosis, would be very singular if they belong to the same species. The specimens
carefully studied by him, also, were found on a different species of pine. I have
made no comparison, but only desire here to call the attention of those who may
hereafter study this insect to this fact. For further account of Mr. Comstock’s
observations see the close of this paper.

+

THE NANTUCKET PINE MOTH. (51

shoot may be in any part, even toward the tip, where it can push a lateral passage
obliquely toward the base of oneof the needles. Such a burrow, vertical in this case
and not oblique, may be seen in fig. 8 on the right hand of the regular burrow at the
tip of the shoot. Several indeed may occupy different parts of the same shoot; the
place selected is slightly enlarged tu form a longitudinal cell, at the upper or outer
end of which a passage is eaten into the open air, which may generally be seen with-
out difficulty from the outside, if looked for near the base ef the needles while the
nest is uninjured. The holes left by the fallen needles must not be taken for these
outlets; these never seem to be taken advantage of, for from them usually exudes
more or less pitch, closing the opening. To find on emergence from chrysalis that
the means of egress of the moth was gone would prove disastrous to its life. Half
through tke eaten opening the chrysalis forces its way when about to change to the
imago.

It appears then that this insect, by selecting for its food in the larval state
the point where the greatest amount of nourishment exists, has chosen well for
itself but ill for the tree. The very richness of the nourishment of whicb it robs the
tree tends to the immense abundance of the insect, which, attacking the tree at
every growing point, effectually puts an eud to its life. The nearly dead tree I cut
down was not more than 74 centimeters in diameter and perhaps 4 meters high ; all
but the very topmost boughs were dead, and here the foliage was extremely scanty,
yet I could certainly have obtained forty or fifty caterpillars and chrysalids from this
one tree.

At first sight, certainly, there seems nothing to prevent this insect from con-
tinuing its ravages and destroying every pine on the island. The only encourage-
ment in this view is that then for want of pines the moth must die. In the hope of
finding some natural means of its destruction, I have sought for parasites which
might atleast keep itin check. Onesuch I found the first day, feeding upona larva;
and by inclosing many infested twigs in a tight box I have obtained three kinds of
hymenopterous parasites—one a species of Bracon proper, another a minute Peri-
lampus, both apparently undescribed. The latter is far the more abundant, but
neither appears to be sufficiently common for us to place much reliance upon them,
although they unquestionably serve to a certain extent to reduce the numbers of the
moth. The only possible method of combating this evil is directly to destroy the
Retinia in some one of its stages. Bonfires every day a+ dusk in the vicinity of the
woods during the last week in April and the first week in May would doubtless
destroy great numbers of moth laden with eggs, and would give healthy employ-
ment and no small delight to the small boys of theisland. But apparently the only
effectual means of destruction is one indicated by the history of the insect, but which
would be useless on the main land or without concerted action on the part of the
inhabitants of the island. As already stated, the affected are speedily distinguished
from the uninjured shoots soon after the caterpillar has commenced its work, by the
presence of dead needles at the apex of an otherwise green shoot; the presence of
the enemy is thus infallibly disclosed. Tke month of June then is the time for
operation and the work to be done can be done once for all by breaking or cutting
from every pine tree on the island every affected shoot.

To be of any radical use this must be done during asingle year, to leave none for
propagation ; for the same reason it must be done to every tree, great or small, from
the topmost boughs of the tallest trees to seedlings just springing-from the ground;
every scattered tree or seedling upon the island must be searched. I examined one
isolated tree, about a meter high, growing a kilometer or thereabouts from the woods
on the south shore, and it was thoroughly infested. To leave such a tree would be
to have the labor and expense of the proposed assault in vain. The work must be
completed within the mooth of June, since it is af this time that the cateryillar is
only partly grown in its; burrow, and will infallibly die if the shoot is removed from
the tree; its sustenance will be gone and it can not crawl about sufficiently to find

752 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

and enter another tree. This is not a part of its accustomed line of action, and it
could not recover from so rude a shock as robbery of its home. There would be
no absolute need of burning the broken shoots, but this might be done where there
is any danger of their falling near seedlings, which it is possible the wandering out-
casts might enter; and it should certainly be done if the operation has to extend into
July, when the caterpillar might be ready to change to chrysalis, which it could do
in its burrow whether the shoot were attached to the tree or fallen to the ground.
Since some more advanced caterpillars might as early as June undergo such trans-
formation, doubtless the most thorough way would be to have the work finished
before the end of June and to burn every broken shoot; to cut off any suspected
shoot rather than to leave one affected, or even to remove every growing shoot.*
But anything less radical than the means here suggested would be wasted labor.
Leave them alone and the pine woods of Nantucket are doomed to destruction ; to
plant new trees would be to add fuel to flames. There is no possible escape but in
some radical and concerted action such as is here suggested; and this is possible
only because of the isolation of Nantucket and the comparatively small extent of
its little forest. Ten men, each armed with a pair of hedge shears and ladders of
some sort, ought to accomplish it in the month. Whether it will ‘‘ pay” is for the
Nantucket people to decide. But if they will not do it, their next best plan is to cut
down the entire forest, sell the wood, and burn the brush, leaving not even a seed-
ling anywhere ; then to pasture the sheep upon the spot for two years, and carefully
destroy every seedling that springs up outside the fences which confine the sheep.
After that it would be safe to plant again by seed.

We add Professor Comstock’s notes on this insect:

‘‘About the middle of May, 1879, the scrub-pines (Pinus inops) in Vir-
ginia, near Washington, were found to be greatly injured by small
lepidopterous larve. On many trees there was scarcely a new shoot
to be found which was not infested at its tip by from one to four yel-
lowish black-headed caterpillars. They were so completely concealed
while at work that their presence would scarcely be noticed, and the
effect of their work was hardly visible until the twig was almost com-
pletely destroyed. Upon close examination a delicate web was seen
inclosing the base of the bud and the surrounding new leaflets, resem-
bling much the nest of a small spider. When this web was removed
one or several little yellow caterpillars were seen retreating into a mine

*I am told by good botanists that the tree would probably recover from this |
Cesarian operation, and it might be easier and more rapid than to select the affected
shoots. It certainly would be safer. Dr. G. L. Goodale has called my attention to
the following passage, which seems to him to indicate that the tree would survive:
‘The pitch pine,” says Sinith, ‘‘differs from other trees of this family, itsstump throw-
ing up sprouts the spring after the stem has been felled, but these do not attain any
considerable height. The fallen trunk throws out sproutsin the succeeding summer ;
and the bundles of leaves of both are remarkable for issuing from the axil of a single
leaf in the same manner as in the young plant.”—Michaux, N. Amer. Sylva, vol. iii,
pp. 89, 90, note (1853).

Mr. George B. Emerson also says of the same tree: ‘‘ Its stump throws up sprouts
the spring after the stem has been felled. These continue to flourish, with apparent
vigor, for several years; but I have never seen them attain any considerable height. |
The fallen trunk itself throws out sprouts in the succeeding summer; and the
bundles of leaves of both are remarkable for issuing from the axil of a single leaf, in
the same manner as is observed in the young plant.”—Emerson, Trees and Shrubs of
Mass., State ed., p. 73, 8vo, Boston, 1846.

’ THE NANTUCKET PINE MOTH. 138

in the bud or into the bases of the leaves, which were also mined; or
not infrequently they dropped from the twig, suspending themselves
by a silken thread, The bud was often so
hollowed that it dropped to pieces almost at a
touch.

‘At the time when they were first noticed
larve of almost all sizes were to be found.
Some were apparently almost full-grown,
while others had evidently not been long
hatched. The nearly full-grown specimens
measured 8™™ (0.31 inch) in length. The
first pupz were obtained early in June.
Most of ‘he larve transformed within the
burrows which they had made, first spinning
more or less of a silken envelope about them-
selves. Others, however, issued from their
mines and spun rather tough grayish cocoons Fic. 260.—Retinia frustrana Seud-
between the leaves. The pup were short, — et: Larva, pupa, adultand work.

: : —From Comstock.
stout, and brown in color, with each seg-
ment furnished dorsally with two serrated lines, one consisting of large
and the other of fine teeth.

“The first moths issued June 13, the pupe haying previously worked
their way, by means of the spines just mentioned, into such positions
that they could give forth the moths without injury to the latter, and a
few weeks later almost every shoot had one or more of the empty pupa
skins protruding from it. Specimens of the moths were sent to Pro-
fessor Fernald, who determined them as identical with Mr. Scudder’s
manuscript species Retinia frustrana.

‘‘In the latter part of July specimens of the twigs of Pinus rigida
were received from Mr. S. H. Gage, of Ithaca, which had evidently
been infested by the same insect, although no living inhabitants were
to be found. In September other specimens were received from the
same gentleman, and this time pups and one larva were found. <Ac-
cording to Mr. Gage the insect is not very common in that locality.

“In the latter part of August individuals of the second brood were
very abundant in the scrub-pine in the vicinity of Washington. As
before, they were found in almost every stage of growth, and the dif-
ference was even more marked. In one instance five larve of greatly
differing sizes were found in one shoot. The smaller ones were boring
into the bases of the ieaves, and the larger ones into the twig proper.
The largest of the five had made quite a long channel from the
tip of the bud down into the heart of the twig. Pupz were also
found at this time, which did not give forth the moth until late in the
winter.

“The usual mode of hibernation is in the pupa state. A thorough
search in January in the field showed only pup. The pup collected

' 5 ENT——48

754 ¥IFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL VCOMMISSION.

in August and September did not begin to give forth the moths in the
breeding cages before early January, February, and March, and were
greatly hastened without doubt by the heat of the room. On February
15, however, a few twigs were collected, from one of which, on Febru-
ary 28, a full-grown larva had emerged and was found crawling about
the cage. This would seem to indicate occasional larval hibernation.

‘‘As to remedies, the only one which I can suggest at present is that
involving the somewhat arduous task of picking off the infested twigs
in early winter and burning them. Whether the salvation of the trees
will be worth this labor in greatly infested regions will depend entirely
upon their value to those interested.”

75. THE PITCH-PINE RETINIA.
Retinia rigidana Fernald.
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family TORTRICIDA.

Inhabiting terminal shoots of Pinus rigida, and of similar habits to the Frustrating
Retinia, a gray, brown, or blackish larva 8™™ (4 inch) in length, which in its perfect
form becomes a small moth with dingy white wings, marked with dark red and sil-
very gray. (Comstock.)

“In the summer and fali of 1879 Mr.S. H. Gage, of Ithaca, N. Y., sent
to the department specimens of the pitch-pine containing Tortricid
larvee and pup, which in their work resemble Retinia frustrana, but
differ from that insect in coloration and in being slightly larger. These
developed into a moth intermediate in characters between FR. frustrana
and FR. comstockiana, and which has been described by Prof. C. H.
Fernald as follows:

The moth.—Head sordid white, with a yellowish tinge ; front and palpi inclining
more to ashy ; antenne brown, annulated with white ; thorax above very light gray,
washed with dull ocherous; deepening to a coppery tint on the front of the patagiz.
Thorax beneath, abdomen, and hind wings above and beneath, and fore wings be-
neath light gray with a silky luster; fringes of the hind wings lighter, with a line
near the base concolorous with the wings.

Fore wings above sordid white, with a basal patch occupying the basal fourth of
the wing, composed of about four irregular cross streaks of dark red, alternating
with similar streaks of silvery gray, the outer red streak sending ont a tooth on the
fold. The light space following the basal patch has several small gray costal spots,
from which light ocherous streaks extend across the wing. A dark-red band extends
across the wing beyond the middle, divided on the costa by a geminate white spot.
Below the cell the basal half of the red band is replaced by stripes of light ocher
yellow and silver white; the remaining portion of the red band below the cell is
curved outwardly, making this part convex on the outside and concave on the side
towards the base. The apical portion of the wing is dark red, changing to bright
ocher yellow inwardly, and towards the anal angle divided by a subterminal gemi-
nate broken line of silvery scales, extending from the custa to the anal angle. Fringe
reddish purple. The costa from the basal patch to the terminal band is marked with
geminate white spots alternating with gray. Posterior femora and tibie very light

PINE SAW-FLIES. (55

silky gray ; fore and middle femora and tibiw gray, with coppery reflections, the
tibie banded with white. All the tarsi gray, with whitish tips.

Expanse.—Female, 18™™, Habitat.—Ithaca, N. Y. Described from two females, one
in the collection of the Department of Agriculture, the other in my collection.” —
(Comstock.)

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
76. ABBOT’S WHITE-PINE SAW-FLY.

Lophyrus abbotii Leach.
. Order HYMENOPTERA ; family TENTHREDINID&.

From midsummer until October, and sometimes as late as November, clustering on
the twigs and smaller branches of the white pine, soft, smvoth-bodied, yellowish-
white worms about an inch long, with three, and posteriorly four, longitudinal rows
of large black dorsal spots; late in the autumn transforming in tough brown pod-
like cocoons attached to the twigs, within which they hybernate, changing to pupa
(in Illinois) about the middle of May, the four-winged fly with broad pectinated
antenn® appearing about the Ist of June. (Riley.)

By far the most destructive insects to the foliage of the pine and fir
are the different species of false caterpillars or larve of the pine saw-
fly or Lophyrus. When present at all these larve exist in colonies,
keeping together until they are ready to undergo the chrysalis state ;
and after stripping the leaves of one twig or small branch, pass on to
adjoining twigs until a large branch or nearly one side of a tree will
be denuded of leaves. Such effects we have often seen in isolated pitch-
pine trees in the woods of Maine. “Still more destructive are these
larve to plantations of young pines on Cape Cod, where, if not pre-
vented, they may strip tree after tree of a young growth of seedling
pines. Moreover, an allied species (L. lecontei) is annoying to the orna-
mental Austrian pines and
Scotch firs on lawns and in
shrubberies, so that we have
placed these insects at the
head of those destructive to
the leaves of coniferous trees.

Mr. W. C. Fish writes me
that worms which I have
identified as being of this
species do “much mischief
among the pines on Cape
Cod. These pines are small,
having been growing but
from six to twelve years Fe. 261.—Abbot’s white-pine saw-fly ; 1, female, enlarged;
from seed planted by the 2 and 3, pupa, enlarged; 4, larve, natural size; 5, co-
farmers in order to renew coon, natural size; 6, male, 7, female, antenna enlarged.

—After Riley.
the soil on their poorer
lands. Whole acres of these small pines are (1868) being destroyed

756 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

by this insect. Their habits are very similar to those of the fir saw-
fly, Lophyrus abictis of Harris, though they are more gregarious than
he describes that species to be. They eat the needles down to their
insertion, thus stripping one twig after another. The larve spin their
cocoons among the leaves, and the flies appeared about the middle of
August. Out of thirty one individuals but one was a male.”

Professor Riley, in his Ninth Report, states that this saw-fly in its
larval state is destructive in Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin. He
- states that the perfect insects are quite irregular in coming out of the
ground, many of them issuing in May, but others not until toward the
end of summer. ‘On opening cocoons that had passed the winter I
have found many yet containing the larva the latter part of June, while
others of the same brood had become flies six weeks before. * * *
In ovipositing the female saws beneath the epidermis on one of the flat
sides of the leaflets, and pushes into the slit an egg, which is whitish,
ovoid, .08"™ long on an average. As the egg swells it forms a con-
spicuous bulging of the epidermis, and the mouth of the slit opens and
exposes more and more a portion of the egg.” It is preyed upon by an
ichneumon fly (Limneria lophyri Riley).

Dr. F. W. Goding, of Rutland, Ill., sent me some of these worms,
September 23, 1884, with the remark that they had been defoliating
the white pine. ‘ Over a quart was destroyed beneath one tree by
kerosene.”

Larva.—Average length, .80 inch, though many will measure an inch. A soft,
dingy-white worm, having often a greenish or bluish line superiorly, On all joints
but the first, which is entirely white, two oblong square black spots along the back,
and another somewhat rounder spot each side; these become somewhat diffused on
the three latter joints, forming on the last asingle black patch. Three black thoracic
legs, fourteen abdominal and two caudal prolegs. Thoracic joints largest; the three
lastsmallest and tapering. Some are marked very regularly, while in others the white
space on the back between the spots on segments 5, 6,7, and 8 is much wider than
between the others. This is probably a sexual difference, since those thus marked
are shorter, thicker, and of a yellower white than those regularly marked. After
each change of skin the head is at first white like the rest of the body, with the usual
eye-spots black. No markings while young.

A cluster of about twenty larve probably of this species occurred on a
twig of the white pine August 9, at Brunswick, Me. These molted for
the last time August 11, the epicranium splitting apart on each side of
the clypeus. They spun cocoons, but the flies did not appear.

L. abietis, with regular but faint bands, is evidently the primitive
form, and JZ. abbotii and the other spotted larve the secondary and later
forms. How did the double dorsal line originate?

Larva.—Head black, body flesh-white, the black spots contrasting very much with
the pallid ground-color of the body. A dorsal row of eleven pairs of black spots,
each spot oblong and about one-third as wide as long. A row of eleven lateral black
nearly square spots, which are a little longer than broad. Supra-anal area black.
Thoracic feet black; eight pairs of abdominal pale feet. Length 22™™.

PINE SAW-FLIES. _ 757

77. THE FIR SAW-FLY.
Lophyrus abietis Harris.

Defoliating the leaves of the fir, spruce, as well as the pitch-pine; larve similar to
the foregoing, the flies appearing late in July and also early in May. (Harris.)

The following account of the fir saw-fly is taken from Harris’
Treatise :

For some years past many of the fir trees cultivated for ornament in this vicinity
have been attacked by swarms of false caterpillars, and in some instances that have
fallen under my notice have been nearly stripped of their leaves every summer, and
in consequence thereof have been checked in their growth and now seem to be in a
sickly condition. My specimens of this kind of saw-fly, which were raised from the
caterpillars in the summer of 1838, came out of their cocoons towards the end of July
in the same year; but I have also found them on pines and firs early in May.

To this account Dr. Fitch makes the following comments:

I suspect Dr. Harris’s observations upon this species were not full, and that like
the analogous saw-fly which we have noticed on the pine, No. 273, there are two
generations of this species annually; for we are informed that the perfect insect
appears in May, producing a crop of worms in June and July, from the cocoons of
which the perfect insects come out the last of the latter month. But Dr. Harris sup-
poses that most of these cocoons remain unhatched through all the hot weather of
August and September and the winter succeeding, to give out the flies which appear
in May. It is much more probable, however, that the flies all come out of their
cocoons about the beginning of August, and, like the species we have seen on the
pines, produce another brood of worms in autumn, which has escaped the notice of
Dr. Harris; and it is these which lie in their cocoons through the winter and give
out the flies which are met with in May.*

Young larva half grown.—Pale yellowish green, with a black head, no spots.

Larger ones ready to pupate on pitch pine. Head black. Body a little duller green
than pine needles, with a broad paler longitudinal line. A diffuse paler subdorsal
line, a broad pale green lateral line, and a dark line of scollops at base of abdominal
legs. Thoracic feet black, interrupted with green at the joints, the abdominal feet
pale green. The body not spotted. Head black, green near and above the labrum.
Length 13™™, The end of body curled up like a Nematus. August 8, they made
pale cocoons between the leaves.

The male saw-fly is smaller than the female, with broadly pectinated antennz, and
is one-fourth of an inch in length ; body black above and brown beneath, legs dirty
leather-yellow color.

The female is about three-tenths of an inch long; body yellowish brown above,
with a short blackish stripe on each side of the middle of the thorax; body beneath
and legs paler, of a dirty leather-yellow color; antenne short, tapering to a point
consisting of nineteen joints, and toothed on one side like a saw. (Harris.)

78. Lophyrus (neither abietis nor abbotii!).

Body of the shape usual in the genus. Head pale behind, with fine dark dots,
and a dark median line connecting in front with a large black area between the
eyes, inclosing asubtriangular pale spot. Labrum, jaws, and palpi black; eye large,
distinct, black; antenn distinct, black. Body dark olive green, with a paler green
dorsal stripe; a subdorsal stripe of the same hue, below which isa broad even lateral
olive-green stripe. Below this line and beneath, the body is greenish yellow. A

* Lophyrus abietis? on pitch pine, August 1, 1880.

758 FIFTH REPORT OF TINE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

broken dark olive line along the side at base of the abdominal legs, the latter pale
greenish yellow; thoracic feet black, pale green at the articulations. Length, 13™™,
On the pitch pine, Brunswick, Me., August 16, 1883.

79. LE CONTE’S SAW-FLY.
Lophyrus lecontei Fitch.

Clusters of dirty yellowish, black-spotted false caterpillars on the outer branches
of ornamental pines and firs on lawns, stripping the leaves and disfiguring the
shrubs.

Dr. Fitch described under the above name this saw-fly, but did not
rear it from the larva, though inferring that it was the parent of certain
false caterpillars, of which he found two broods on “ pines, particularly
those set in our yards for ornaments, stripping the limbs which they
invade of their leaves.” He further says:

When nearly mature these worms are so large that the end of a single leaf of the
pine probably furnishes them a very insufficient mouthful, hence two worms often
unite, standing face to face, and thus hold the five leaves which grow from each
sheath on the white pine pressed together in a bundle as they eat them, commencing
at the tip and gradually stepping backwards as the leaves become shorter. Itis
only the old leaves of the previous year’s growth which these worms consume,
never touching the new ones at the outer end of the limb; hence they injure
the tree much less than they would were they to strip the limbs they invade
of the whole of their foliage. At least two broods of these worms appear annu-
ally, the one in July, the other in September and October, the latter often
remaining on the trees after frosty nights have occurred. Having finished feeding,
they leave the tree and inclose themselves in cocoons under fallen leaves or other
shelter on the surface of the ground, in which they remain during their pupa state.

The female.—Length, 0.38 inch to the tip of the abdomen, and 0.48 inch to the end
ofthe wings. It may at once be distinguished from all our other described species by
the joints of its antennz, which are twenty-one in number. It is shining dull, tawny
yellow, with the antennz black, and also the abdomen and base of the thorax. The
under side is paler yellow, with two broad black stripes on the abdomen. The wings
are smoky hyaline, their veins black. Captured the middle of May. (Fitch.)

Riley states that this saw-fly has been found feeding on the Scotch and
Austrian pines in New Jersey. The larva he describes as an inch long,
_dirty or yellowish white, with dorsal black marks wider before than
behind, and usually broken transversely in the full-grown individuals.
They are further apart than in ZL. abbotit. The lateral spots are some-
what square, with an additional row of smaller black marks below
them, and the last segment is entirely black above.

The antennz of the male fly are twenty-one jointed, and have on one
side seventeen large and on the other seventeen small branches, there
being eighteen on one side and fifteen on the other in Z. abbotii. The
female may at once be distinguished from ZL. abbotii by her abdomen
being jet black above, with a small brown patch at the end and a trans-
verse line of the same color just below the thorax.

Kemedy.—These saw-flies, living as they do,in societies in large masses
of coarse castings like sawdust, are easily detected by the eye, and can
readily be removed by hand, especially in the case of ornamen tal shrubs.
Also shower and jar the trees.

PINE SAW-FLIES. 759
80. Lophyrus pinetum Norton.

Besides the species of Lophyrus above mentioned, there are four other
species of this genus, which probably live on coniferous trees, and also
the following species known to infest the pine: Lophyrus pinetim Nor-
ton, female, with nineteen antennal joints, on pine (Norton in Packard’s
Guide, p. 226).

81. THE PITCH-PINE SAW-FLY.
Lophyrus pini-rigide Norton.

With the general habits and appearance of the preceding species, but so far as yet
known confined to the pitch-pine.

This saw-fly was described by Mr. Norton in our ‘Guide to the Study
of Insects.” The larve are allied to those of Lophyrus abietis, and
during one summer ravaged the young pitch-pines, which had been
raised from the seed on a plantation at Eastham, Mass., on Cape Cod.
The female lays her eggs singly in one side of a “‘needle” of the pine,
though sometimes an egg is inserted on each side of the leaf.

Female.—Length, 0.30; expanse of wings, 0.65 of an inch; antennz 17-jointed,
short, brown; color lyteous brown, with a black line joining the ocelli; a black
stripe down each of the lobes of the thorax above and the sutures behind; body
paler beneath; the trochanters and base of the tibize waxen; claws with an inner
tooth near the middle; wings very slightly clouded; cross nervure of the lanceolate
cell straight.

Male.—Length, 0.25; expanse of wings, 0.55 of an inch; antenne 15-jointed,
black, quite short, with twelve branches on each side, those at the base nearly as
long as the sixth and seventh; apical joint simple, enlarged at base; color of insect
black, with the abdomen at apex and beneath yellow-brown; legs the same color at
base; below the knees whitish. The male looks precisely like that of L. abietis, but
the form of the antennz is different, being much shorter. The female looks much
like L. abdominalis Say, taken on the pine near New York. (Norton.)

Mr. W.C. Fish wrote me some years ago from Eastham, Mass., as
follows regarding this insect and the attacks upon it by the white-
winged crossbill:

In the fall of 1868 there was a second brood of the larvew of Lophyrus pini-rigide
Norton. On the 16th of September I noticed a few nearly grown, but the greater
part of those seen at that date were very small. On the 15th of October I noticed
large flocks of the white-winged crossbill hovering over and alighting upon the
young pines that were infested with these larve. There were certainly three or
four hundred birds in some cf these flocks. I soon learned that they were feeding
upon the larve, as I had many opportunities to watch them while feeding among
the trees. I also took numbers of the larvz from the stomachs of several individuals
that I shot.

I had one in confinement several days, feeding it with these larve. Those out of
doors seemed to discard the head and harder legs of the larve, but the one in con-
finement swallowed the insect entire. These birds were abundant through Novem-
ber and December, and more or less common all winter. Some of the larve were
found quite late in November, after we had experienced severe freezing weather. I
saw them frozen stiff several times.

On the 27th of November I took several into the house, where they spun their
cocoons and the saw-flies came out the next spring. So well did the crossbills do

"s

760 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION

their work that the Lophyrus was rare the next summer (1869). If this wholesale
destruction of the larvee had not occurred, there would have been acres of young
pines destroyed.

I did not meet with the red crossbill until January, when I met a flock at Sand-
wich; in February I met a flock here (Eastham). Neither of these birds are com-
mon visitors to the Cape. I have not known of any visiting us the past winter. I
never met with one until 1868, but residents of Eastham informed me that the white-
winged species was with them in the fall of 1867. An old lady in East Falmouth
informed me that a number of years ago they visited her orchard and damaged her
apples by cutting them off to get the seeds.

82. THE LYDA SAW-FLY.

Infesting the Austrian pine, tying the needles together with a silken web filled
with castings, forming a mass about 6 inches in diameter, with the needles of the
pine scattered through the mass, the leaves being separated by the faise-caterpillars
from the branch.

We have noticed this false-caterpillar on but a single occasion, and
then failed to rear the worms to the winged state. The following ac-
count is taken from our article entitled ‘“‘Injurious Insects, New and
Little Known,” in the Report of the Massachusetts Board of Agricult-
ure for 1870:

Late in September of 1869, Dr. William Mack, of Salem, Mass., brought into the
museum of the Peabody Academy of Science some singular false-caterpillars which
had assembled on a single branch of an Austrian pine, on his place, and had tied the
needles together with a fine silken web filled with castings, forming a mass of cast-
ings about 6 inches in diameter, with the needles of the pine among them, the
leaves being separated by the larvee from the branch.

The larva is that of a species of Lyda, and while doing little injury to the tree, so
far as known, yet merits a short description. Dr. Ratzburg figures a similar species
in his work on forest insects, and states that the Lyda
campestris of Europe, to which our species seems closely
allied, is sporadic in its attacks on the pine and never
proves very destructive.

The larva.—The body is cylindrical, a little flattened,
and thickest in the middle, with small thoracic slen-
der legs, which are not used much in walking, the
larva wriggling along when placed on asmooth surface.
The bead is pale reddish with a black spot between the
antenne ; the prothorax is black above and the body
reddish olive-green, with a rather broad purplish line
along the middle of the back. There are no abdominal
legs, and the end of the body is somewhat flattened,
with a black round spot on each side of the anal!
plate; beneath is a broad transverse incision. Below,
and arising from each side, is a long, corneous, three-
nig. 0a.2 iva aewiliy Ieeain jointed, slender out-stretched appendage of the size
Austrian pine, enlarged._From ®2d form of the antennz. The under side of the
Packard. body is mottled with greenish and reddish as above,

with a reddish median line. On the side of the thorax
are two rows of dots, and two rows along the middle on the ventral side of the
three thoracic wings.

.*

PINE SAW-FLIES 761

The two following species also occurred on the white pine:
83. Lyda sp.

Larva.—Body green all over, including the head; the latter small, round, shining
green, with a slight amber tint; antennze and mouth-parts and labrum darker.
Body thickest in the middle, tapering towards the head and tail. The segments
regularly wrinkled transversely, four wrinkles to a segment; anal legs three-jointed ;
basal joint amber-colored, the two others blackish. Thoracic legs greenish, with a
slight amber tint. Supra-anal plate much as usual. Length,17™™. On white pine,
August 8 to 10, 1883, Brunswick, Me.

84. Lyda sp.

Immature larva.—Head and body of a uniform pale horn-brown; head of the same
color as the body, finely spotted with pale brown; antennz pale brown, seven-jointed.
Caudal, antennzeform appendages pale-brown, three-jointed ; first joint about three
times as long as the second, the third slightly shorter than the second, darker than
the rest of the appendage, acute and slender. The segments have no markings, but
are wrinkled above. Supra-anal plate rounded, edge somewhat thickened. Length,
15™™, Allied tothe European ZL. campestris. On P. strobus, October 2.

85. Lyda sp.
(Plate x, fig. 6.)

This larva was found on the pitch-pine at Providence, September 27,
forming a very slight loose black web around the extremity of the
branch of a young tree, the web inclosing the stumps of the partially
eaten leaves. It is nearly related to the European Lyda pratensis.

The nature of the three-jointed abdominal appendages is curious.
Are they the homologues of the legs or special structures? They do
not seem to be used during actual locomotion as prolegs, but may be
of use in moving about between the pine needles and in the loose web.

Larva.—Body rather thick, cylindrical, the segments moderately convex, the sutures
moderately distinct ; the segments wrinkled, there being four well marked wrinkles
on top of each segment. The head is narrower than the prothoracic segment, round,
deep brownish honey-yellow, paler in front and inclosing the two diverging oval
patches ; a single prominent black eye on each side. Antenne very long and slender,
seven-jointed. The three pairs of thoracic feet long and slender, much attenuated,
six-jointed, the terminal joints long and slender. The abdominal segments with not
the least sign of feet, but transversely wrinkled much as above. The only abdomi-
nal appendage is oue of a very singular nature ; a pair of long slender three-jointed
lateral appendages arising from the end of the lateral ridge of the body, which is
situated below the spiracles. The appendages, which are black, with white articu-
lations, apparently arise from the end of the penultimate segment of the body. They
curve and project out laterally so that most of their length is seen from above. The
basal joint is longer and larger than the others ; the second, as long as the first, is
thick ; the third a little longer than the second and acute, the point much attenuated.
On top of the end of the body is a triangular area, the apex ending near the end of
the broad, rounded, flattened supra-anal plate. Body pale shining brick-red ; a broad
diffuse red dorsal line; a lateral line of large red patches, one on each segment ;
ground colordeep salmon or flesh color. Prothorax chitinous, pale shining brick-red ;
A series of lateral, vertical, lanceolate-oval reddish raised spots between the spira -
cles. Length, 22™™,

762 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

86. THE PINE PIERIS.
Pieris menapia Felder,

The following account of this destructive insect is copied from Mr.
Stretch’s article, contributed to Papilio (ii, 103-110).

While in company with Professor Hagen and Mr. Samuel Henshaw, of the North
Transcontinental Survey, during the present summer, it was my fortune to find this
delicate butterfly in excessive profusion, and as it must now take rank among our
injurious insects, it is thought that the following notes may be worthy of publication.

Distribution.—The species was first seen by our party at Spokane Falls, in Wash-
ington Territory, near the Idaho line, on July 22, the altitude above the sea being
about 1,900 feet. The few specimens captured were all males and much worn, A
number of others were seen, but their peculiar habit of flitting around the tops of the
larger trees prevented capture. On July 23 I found the larve and pups in great
numbers on the trunk of a yellow pine, at a point on the Colville road, about ten
miles north of the crossing of the Little Spokane River, and about ten miles south of
Loon Lake, but did not notice the insect on the wing. At Loon Lake a few worn
specimens were seen (all males), and I again found the larve and pup on the trunks
of pine trees in immense numbers, say not less than from 200 to 300 within six feet
of the ground. Between Loon Lake and Brown’s, the latter place being fifty-four
miles from Spokane Falls, the same phenomena were again noticed, but with the
difference that the imago was emerging in great numbers. I took probably seventy
specimens, both male and female, in a few minutes, and over one hundred and fifty
in the course of the day. It would easily have been possible to make the number 1,500.
Most of those taken were picked off the trunks of the trees, just fresh from the pupa,
having never been on the wing. At Brown’s both larve, pupx, and imago were
equally common, though not many of the latter were on the wing until towards eve-
ning, as the day was cloudy. Towards evening the sun shone out for a few minutes,
and instantly the air was alive with butterflies, flitting round the pines in countless
numbers, and glistening against the dark green of the young timber like the most
delicate snow-flakes. Some idea of the immense numbers of the insect may be gath-
ered from the fact that in the infected district near Brown’s, on every little pine,
though not more than two feet high, on each terminal bunch of needles, from one to
twelve larve or pup could be counted, and every weed could show its quota of
pup. Our trip did not extend northward beyond this point, but the appearance of
the forest showed that we had not reached the limit of the plague. On July 25 we
returned to Loon Lake, finding the insect in all stages, from full grown larva to
imago, excessively abundant, with eggs, larve, and pups on both the fir (Abies bal-
samii) and tamarack (Pinus contorta), as well as on the pines. Returning south, the
insect was common for eight miles; in the next three it grew gradually rarer, and
then we lost it altogether, though this may be partly the result of the greater rarity
of yellow pine timber (Pinus ponderosa) and the predominance of fir and tamarack
along the line of travel. On July 27 we saw a few sporadic butterflies as we ap-
proached Spokane Falls, say five miles from town. Round the latter place it did
not seem to be abundant, but occurred on the 28th in greater numbers, as we ap-
proached Cheney by rail, and was seen about ten miles west of that place, or about
twenty-five miles southwest of Spokane Falls, near the edge of the timber.

What the extension of this affected area may be it is impossible to say, as there are
no accessible dataat hand; but as the insect is found in California, in Plumas County
about Lake Tahoe and elsewhere, more than 630 miles to the southward, and also in
Colorado and Vancouver’s Island, it is evidently of very wide distribution, latitude
in the north taking the place of altitude in the south; and consequently the same
phenomena which we are here called to note may occur in localities where the tim-

ee

PINE BUTTERFLIES. 763

ber is both denser and more valuable than in that under consideration. Whether it
occurs in the Coast Range in Washington Territory I do not yet know, although we
might expect its presence, as the Cascades offer a similar vegetation, as well as from
the general similarity of the Rhopalocerous fauna on both sides of the great Colum-
bia Plateau, as evidenced by the occurrence of the same species of Pieris, Colias,
Argynnis, Satyrus, and Papilio. The area actually visited where serious damage has
been already committed extends about twenty-five miles north and south, with an
unknown width, and in this region all the yellow pines have been nearly or totally
stripped of their foliage, as well as many of the smaller species of Conifere.

The appearance of the forest is peculiar. The first impression was that fire had
scorched the tops of the trees, so brown and withered did they look in their clothing
of dark, blackish moss; and before the cause of this effect was discovered, it was only
by persistently remembering that all the large fir trees were green that the idea
could be kept out of the mind.

Life history.—Unfortunately we were only able to study the insect for about seven
days, or from July 22 to 28, inclusive. During this period we witnessed the pupa-
tion of the first brood, the emergence of the imago from this brood, and the deposition
of the eggs. Whether these eggs will hatch this season or remain as eggs until next
spring we do not know. If they do hatch, as is probable, the larvz will be innumera-
ble and produce wide-spread devastation. Neither do we know at what period the
butterflies appeared in the spring, or whether they appeared at all. From analogy
there ought to have been a spring brood, of which we found the descendants; but if
so, they do not appear to have specially attracted the notice of the scattered settlers,
although they observed great numbers last year during the summer. It is therefore
evident that, so far as observations in this part of the country are concerned, there is
yet much to be learned. All parties, however, who were questioned on the subject
agree that the season of 1881 was the first in which the abundance of the pests was
such as to cause general comment, the opinion being often expressed that it was not
previously known, although this is evidently erroneous.. As the winter of 1880-81
was exceptionally severe and peculiar in some of its meteorological phenomena, it be-
comes of importance to solve the query whether the sudden increase of this species
was due to peculiar climatic conditions which destroyed great numbers of its para-
sitic or other enemies without impairing its own vitality. Certain it is that the
silence of the forest was most remarkable, the absence of birds being specially noticea-
ble, while bats were more than rare throughout the whole region traversed by our
party, on both sides of the great plateau.

Habits of the imago.—The perfect butterfly, when just out of the chrysalis, is one
of the most beautiful but at the same time most delicate of its race. It is fragilein
the extreme, and soon loses its freshness from its habit of creeping into and between
the pine needles in search of the female, or for the purpose of laying its eggs. Great
numbers must perish accidentally in high winds; indeed, dead or damaged ones were
plentiful in the dust of the roads. Copulation takes place almost directly after
emergence, often before the wings are fairly dried; sometimes the male being as fresh
as the female, sometimes old and worn. The average duration of life is probably
very short, and in this connection it would be interesting to ascertain whether the
worn males first seen were relics of the first brood or exceptionally early stragglers
of the second.

The egg.—Examination of the abdomen of a female just after copulation disclosed
49 well-formed eggs. Search for eggs on the terminal neelles disclosed them in
groups ranging from 3 to 22 in number, deposited in a row on the needles, the eggs
not being set upright, but at an angle of about forty-five degrees, overlapping each
other like shingles, and apparently thoroughly cemented together. Those found
were on young trees which had not been touched by the first brood of caterpillars.
A female found in copula in the morning was imprisoned about 2 o’clock on a pine
fascicle, and by six o’clock had laid 16 eggs in,a continuous row. These were pale

764 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

green, ovate, with a small white coronet or raised circular ridge at the top, and some-
what flattened on the sides that touched each other. ‘

“The larva.—The earlier stages did not pass under review, but there is no reason to
suppose that they differ materially from those about to pupate, which alone came
under our observation. Just as the eggs were not laid on the extreme terminal nee-
dles, so the larva does not commence feeding on the youngest and supposedly the
most succulent needles, but on those which form the base of each terminal fascicle,
continuing its devastation towards the tip ; but even in cases where all the needles
have been denuded, in no case was the terminal bud touched; indeed, the needles
are only devoured down to the dry sheath which encases their base. On many trees
all the needles were gone; on many others there yet remained a few of the terminal
ones, and such trees, as Dr. Hagen suggested, conveyed the idea of immense candela-
bra. It is evident that many of the larve pupate on the few remaining needles,
where such exist, invariably with the head uppermost; but many forsake the parent
tree, and these are probably such as have consumed all the food in their immediate
vicinity. While many larve were found ascending the trunks of the larger trees, but
very few were found descending them, while a large number were seen hanging at
the end of long silken threads, swaying to and fro in the wind. Experiments on
these by Mr. Henshaw and myself fully proved the fact that the larva lets itself
down from high trees by means of this thread to the ground, abnormal as the
habit is among the butterflies. In one case, where the thread was fully 50 feet in
length, I passed my hand beneath the larva to satisfy myself that it was not descend-
ing a spider thread already woven (of which I had a suspicion on account of the
great number of threads over the bark of the larger trees), and found no connection
with the ground. I then caught the thread above and the larva descended gently,
while swaying in the wind, but detached itself directly it touched the first object.
Mr. Henshaw obtained the same resuits. Among the larve which thus reach the
ground it is evident that many attempt to regain the upper limbs, for T have found
several trees which had been girdled by stripping off the bark over a length of some
four feet, and on such trees several hundred larve had been caught on the sticky,
resinous surface thus exposed. Perhaps the most extraordinary circumstance con-
nected with the change to the pupa was the occurrence of many pups suspended on
their threads, in which case the larval skin is shriveled up round the last segment
of the pupa.

While the favorite food plant appears to be the yellow pine ( Pinus ponderosa), both
Pinus contorta and Abies balsamii were slightly affected, the latter much the least,
and itis not unlikely that these two trees will form the staple food of the next brood
in the districts where the yellow pines have been denuded, should it hatch during
the present season, as is probable.

Enemies.—The absence of birds has already been noted. May it not be that the
larva is distasteful to them? Asis well known it generally happens in the case of
native insects that while they may gain a temporary ascendency they are ultimately
checked by an overwhelming army of parasites, which relegate them to their normal
position in nature. We might thus expect such a thing to occur in this ease.
Whether this natural check may come into play this year or be delayed for several
years we are not in a position to say. The search for parasitic insects was not pro-
ductive of either species or numbers. IJchneumonide were particularly scarce on the
wing, both round the trees and on adjacent flowers. Indeed, the only conspicuous
enemy was a large heteropterous insect allied to Penlatoma, which was not uncom-
mon and certainly lived on the larve, having been taken by myself in the act of
sucking out the nearly empty flaccid skin. Many such skins were found upon the
needles and on the ground around the base of infected trees. The numbers of this
insect, however, were apparently not sufficient to produce any appreciable result.

Whatever hope is based on relief from parasitic insects, so far as we know at
present, must rest on the large number of parasitical pup, although even here the

PINE BUTTERFLIES. 765

percentage does not appear to be very large, although they are numerically numer-
ous, at least I judge so from the following observations. The normal color of the
pupa is pale green. All those pupating on the needles of the young pines or shrubby
plants in the underbrush were of this color, a close search tailing to reveal an excep-
tion, while the larger proportion of those on the bark of the large trees were blackish
brown. An examination of a number of these makes it probable that they are all
diseased, not a few containing a larva either dipterous or hymeuopterous, certainly
the latter in one case at least (one pupa contained a large ichneumon nearly ready to
emerge, which was accidentally killed). It is somewhat strange that all these dark
pupz-should oveur on the bark of large trees. May it not be that their diseased con-
dition had prevented the secretion of silk, and that being thus prevented from drop-
ping to the ground in the usual way they had wandered part of the way down the
tree before the final change, their restlessness being due to the same cause ?

Probable damage to the forest.—While the aftected trees, at a casual glance, look
dead and are evidently considered by the settler to be killed, it is still an open ques-
tion whether they are really so. It is true the foliage is gone and the tree must have
an impaired vitality, but as long as the terminal bud remains untouched the tree
would partially recover itself in the ensuing spring unless again stripped of its
scanty covering. In this case it is probable death would ensue. -What remedial
measures can be adopted it is too soon to say. Observations should be carried on for
the balance of the season, and I have suggested the propriety or this course to Pro-
fessor Pumpelly, who is at the head of the North Transcontinental Survey.

That such an increase of this butterfly is extremely rare, or that if it does occur
frequently it is not fatal to the trees, is proved by the otherwise healthy condition of
the timber. The number of trees which may be put down as absolutely dead, but
yet standing, is very small, and tbe fallen trees are practically absent, even in the
worst districts. I am therefore in hopes that the plague is only temporary and the
damage more imaginary than actual.

(Unfortunately my pup were killed in transit by the breakage of a bottle of chlo-
roform, so that I have failed to raise their parasitic contents. )

Technical notes.—Mr. Henry Edwards has given a good description ofthe pupa in the
Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, but was not acquainted with
the larva. I therefore add a description of the mature form. I have not Mr. W. H.
Edwards’s figure of the male forreference, but know that it must be good. .

Mr. Strecker’s figure of the female reminds me of specimens I have seen from Cali-
fornia, though it is roughly drawn, but it does not resemble a single female among
those taken on this trip. Indeed, when I first took the female I made the suggestion
that we had found a new species, as there was no trace of red on the secondaries
beneath, and the predominant color was black. Not having types before me for
comparison, I am unable to determine whether or not the insect now under considera-
tion is worthy of a special name, and I therefore add a full description of both sexes
for future reference.

Description of imago.—Head and body black above, with white hairs, the latter
white beneath. Palpi yellowish, with fringe of black hairs; antennz black.

Male.—Primaries pure white, with jet-black markings as follows: Fringes white ;
a black costal streak, narrowest at the base, extending to the discal vein, at which
point it is suddenly bent inwards and extends over the discal vein to the median nervy-
ules. A black apical patch deeply three-notched inwardly, and cut square off on
the second median nervule, containing five white spots; the costal one small, the
second long and ovate, the third and fifth about the size of that on the costa, the
fourth minute.

Secondaries pure white, with a few black scales at the base of the median vein;
and sometimes in specimens which are very dark beneath there are visible portions
of the submarginal band, as seen beneath.

Beneath, the primaries show the same general markings, but the white spots in

766 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

the apical black patch are much larger, with more diffuse margins, and are increased
to six in number by the addition of one between the first and second at the extreme
tip of the wing.

Secondaries pure white; all the veins black, with a narrow submarginal band,
most remote from the margin about the middle of the outer edge. Occasionally the
veins are intensely black, with the scales spreading more or less over the disk of the
wing, in which case there are many powdery black scales, most concentrated along
the outer and inner margins, the former in this case having a narrow terminal black
line. Fringes white.

In occasional specimens there are traces along the costa and on the outer margin
between the nervules of the red markings so characteristic of the female.

Female.—The primaries differ from the male by the extension of the black apical
patch to the inner angle, it gradually narrowing thereto from the second median
nervule, and containing a small white spot between the first and second median
nervules. The same ornamentation is repeated beneath.

The secondaries above are white, with a marginal and submarginal narrow black
band; the nervules, black between these bands, dividing the inclosed space into

rie #-9

Fic. 263.—Pieris menapia. After H. Edwards.

six unequal lunules, as in the male beneath ; the outer band sometimes faintly inter-
rupted between the veins with a few orange or brick-red scales.

Beneath, all the veins are broadly black, as are both the outer bands, reducing
the white spaces to a series of narrow intervenular patches and six reduced outer
lunules, giving the wing a very gray appearance. On many specimens there is no
red at all; on others the whitish costal openings and a small patch in the terminal
black band between each of the nervules are of a brick-red.

Habitat.—Country round Spokane Falls, Washington, July 26.

Alar. expanse, male and female, 2. to 2.20 inches.

Mr. Strecker’s figure very fairly represents the upper side of the females here
described, but the under side is totally unlike, so far as the secondaries are concerned.
In all I have seen from the locality quoted there is more black than white on the

soe

PINE BUTTERFLIES. 7167

secondaries beneath. None of them have so much red; many none at all, and not
one shows any trace of the streak near the inner margin. As I have not access to the
description of the female by Felder, I forward a series to the editor of Papilio. Should
he find them to differ largely from Felder’s description, I would suggest the name of
*«suffusa” for this variety, as it is very constant.
Description of larva.—General color green. Head green, covered with small white
points; mouth-parts dusky; low down on each side a curved row of four black dots.
Body clear green, tinged with purplish, and with two lateral yellowish-white
stripes. In the dorsal green stripe the purplish tint shows itself as a faint dorsal
line, and on the edge of the upper lateral line, leaving clear green between. The
upper edge of the upper lateral stripe is clean cut ; the lower edge more diffuse, shading
into green, and that color being tinged with purplish along the upper edge of the
lower lateral stripe, which is somewhat broader than the upper one and better
defined. Anal segment somewhat horny, narrow, and slightly notched at the tip.
Venter dusky green. Prolegs black. Abdominal legs dusky green. Length, 1 inch.
Note.—I have in this paper assumed that all the damage done to the yellow pines
was caused by P. menapia. It is only fair to state that on the edge of the timber,
north of Spokane Falls some 4 or 5 miles, I came across a large Bombycid larva
which denudes the foliage in a similar manner. From one small pine, not more than
12 feet high, I took some thirty specimens and might have taken a hundred. These
were in a district where P. menapia was uncommon. We did not have time to make
any extended search on other trees, but it may be possible that a portion of the dam-
age has been done by these insects. It could not have been common, however, in the
affected district, as a close watch on the habit of menapia did not reveal its presence,
I have a number of cocoons of this insect, from which I hope to raise the imago,
which is probably allied to the genus Parorgyia. If I succeed, I will put the obser-
vations on record.—[San Fransisco, August 9, 1882.

87. THE PINE THECLA.
Thecla niphon (Hiibner).
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family LycZNID&.

Feeding upon the leaves in summer, a flattened oval worm, .75 long when full-
grown, of the same deep green color as the leaves, with a light yellow stripe along
the middle of its back and a white one on each side, and a brown head ; changing
to a short thick grayish pupa with two rows of small blackish spots, and outside of
these a row of more conspicuous rust-red ones, which is attached by its tail and bya
thread around its middle in form of a loop; giving out a smallish butterfly which
comes abroad in April and the fore part of May; 1 to 1.15 in width across its
wings, which are of a dusty rust color and without spots above, paler grayish be-
neath, the fore ones with a dislocated black band beyond the middle, edged on its
hind side with snow white, and beyond this a row of black crescents, each with a
white spot in its concavity, and the hind wings similarly but more complexly varie-
gated. (Fitch.)

Boisduval says :

This insect lives in Georgia and Florida, on several species of pine, and is very
rare and seldom seen in collections.

It is, however, a common species in the State of New York, in all
our forests where pine trees abound, coming out with the first warm
days of spring, before collectors are much abroad in search of insects,
and continuing but a short time. (Fitch.)

763 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

88. THE SOUTHERN PINE SPHINX.
Ellema coniferarum (Abb.-Sm.).
(Young Larva, Plate xxxIv, figs 1, la-1j, details.)

The following account of the transformations of this moth is copied
from Mr. A. Koebele in Bulletin Brooklyn Entomological Society
(iv, p. 20). A manuscript plate by Abbot in the library of the Boston
Society of Natural History gives an excellent co’ored figure of the
larva, which is represented as feeding on Pinus rigida.

Mature larva.—The larva of this insect was originally figured by Abbot and Smith,
and is by them represented as being checkered with light and dark-gray squares.
This form was found by me at Tallahassee, on Pinus palustris, but infested by para-
sites, and another in the jaws of Pasimachus subsulcatus, but as feeding indiscrimi-
nately on all kinds of pine. The pink color occurs in the larva only after the third
molt. The most remarkable part of the history of the insect is the extraordinary
change which takes place in the shape of the head of the larva at different periods
of its growth. Immediately after birth it is round. With the first molt it becomes
angular and Smerinthus-like. This is very much increased with the second and
third molts, so that in these it is fully four or five times its width, running up to a
sharp point at the summit. When disturbed at this age the larva thrusts down the
extremity of its head so it lies straight in a line with the body. Ordinarily it car-
ries the point erect. There is very much variation in the imagines. Front wings
broader or narrower, many uniform ash-gray in color, many have the,two black
dashes near the middle of the fore wing, some have only one. Some have a band of
lighter gray across the wings, and some have dark lines and markings. Some, apart
from the color of the abdomen, which remains uniform, exactly resemble Sphinx
pinastri of Europe.

The egg.—It is very dark green and hatches in eight days. The larva develops to

full size in about six weeks. It goes into the ground to pupate and remains in the .

pupal state a month or mora. There are at least two broods each year.

Larva.—The much more common form is light yellowish green in color with three
white lines on each side, one just below the dorsal line, a second stigmatal, and the
third half way between these. The back stigmatal spaces and the under part of the
body are strongly marked with red. The body is cylindrical, hardly varying in size
from one end to the other. There is no caudal horn through all its history. The
head is of medium size, light yellowish green, edged along the collar with a blue
line. There is a black line running from each corner of the mouth to the summit of
the head and there they meet one another. ‘The head is rounded, somewhat conical,
flattened in front. The length of the full-grown larva is 23 to 3 inehes.

89. HARRIS’S PINE HAWK-MOTH.
Ellema harrisii (Clemens).
(Larva, Plate x1, fig. 5.)

A grass-green caterpillar with no caudal horn, but a caudal plate granulated and
edged with white, with yellow subdorsal and lateral bands, and a white stripe bor-
dering the stigmata; becoming fully fed and leaving the white pine about the mid-
dle of September, the pupa subterranean, and the moth appearing about the middle
of June in New York. (Lintner.)

=

PINE SPHINGES. 769

The different pine hawk-moths are of little economic importance, as
they are of great rarity both in the caterpillar and moth states ; but
from a scientific point of view these moths present much interest.
Beside the pines, we have found the young larve on the spruce, late in
August, at Brunswick, Me.

ay

Fic. 264.—Ellema harrisii ; a, male; b, puisles (ite left wings represent the under side). After
intuer.

I found on Pinus strobus, October 2, at Providence, a caterpillar which
I refer to this species, as the green checks on the back are obsolete and
the face is red, not green as in #. pinewm, according to Lintner, and yet
the back is checkered on segments 2 to 4 behind the head. The eater-
pillar feeds stretched out like other pine larve, the yellowish-white
lines resembling the under side of a reversed needle of the tree in a
bunch, which have yellow and white reflections. ‘Ellema harrisii,”
writes Mr. Lintner, “is distinct from Ellema bombycoides of Walker.”
I have an example of the latter, and there can be no doubt in the case.
Even the antenne& are quite different.

Young larva.—Head very large, vertex high, ending in a large cone. Supra-anal .
plate large, long, triangular, ending in two blunt conical tubercles. Head pale green,
tipped with red on the point of the vertex, from which two faint white bands pass
down by the eyes. Clypeus and labrum honey-
yellow, black on the sides. Two dorsal and two
lateral continuous linear white lines. A broken
substigmatal broad snow-white line. Thoracic
feet pale green ; abdominal feet tipped with red.
Molted August 30. Length, 20™™. For numer-
ous interesting details, drawn by Dr. Gissler, see
Plate Xxxrv.

Larva before the last molt.—Body thick and
stout, head triangular, conical, the vertex pro-
duced above, green on the sides; in front red-
dish, edged with a Y-shaped dark red and ex-
ternally a dull yellow band. Labrum pale.
Body green, with two dorsal and two lateral
distinct whitish-yellow longitudinal stripes. On
posterior half of body a broad median dull brick-
red band, broken up in front into three reddish
We spots. Low down, just below the spiracles, a

Ae Fr broad white line nearly interrupted at the

Fic. Se eee larva; >, sutures, with a reddish short stripe, one to each
a ak ’ segment and inclosing a distinct black spiracle.

Feet pale reddish. Along under side of abdomen a broad dull reddish median band.

5 ENT——49

770 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Supra-anal plate triangular, acute at apex. Anal legs large, reddish on the edges.
Length, 30™™,

Full-grown larva.—Body tapering a little towards the head and decidedly towards
the end. Head not so wide as the prothoracic segment, acutely triangular, conical
seen in front, ending on the vertex in a subacute point and slightly notched. Face
dull brick-red, at the point above towards the apex darker; the front is widely bor-
dered with straw-yellow ; head behind green. Body green, of the same hue as that
of the pine leaves; along the back is a broad dull brick-red dorsal stripe, wanting
on the prothoracic segment, and represented by isolated patches on the two follow-
jng segments and ending before the end of the supra-anal plate. This band is bor-
dered with a whitish-yellow line. Half way between this and the spiracular line is
a straw-yellow even line, becoming white on the terminal second and third segments ;
it ends on the apex of the supra-anal plate, making its two sides white. The green
spaces between the lines and along the under side of the body are dotted with white.
A lateral infra-spiracular broad white line, interrupted at the sutures, becoming yel-
low towards the head. Above this line, along the posterior two-thirds of the body,
is on each segment an elongated lilac patch inclosing the black spiracles of the
latter, edged with white. Thoracic feet green ; under side of the body behind the
thoracic feet with a broad dull median lilac band, including the abdominal feet.
Supra-anal plate narrow, acutely conical, the tip lilac. The anal legs broad, angu-
lar, and edged with lilac. Length, 45™™, Lintner does not, in his description, refer
to the stigmatal lilac patches.

Pupa.—Chestnut-brown, with a rough, not produced head-case. Tongue-case
buried, parting the leg-cases, but terminating just before reaching the tips of the
wing-cases. Incisures rounded. Posterior segments tapering. Stigmata black; ter-
minal spine black, contracted at base, minutely bifid. Length, .95 to 1.10 inches.
(Lintner. )

90. THE CHECKERED PINE SPHINX CATERPILLAR.
Ellema pineum Lintner.

A caterpillar like the foregoing, but with a dorsal row ot squares, and transforming
to a moth, which is readily distinguished from Ellema harrisii by the darker ground-
color of its wings, the absence of the gray shades, and its much less distinct mark-
ings. (Lintner.)

Fic. 266.—Ellema pineum.—a, male; b, female. (The left wings represent the under side.) After
Lintner.

Mr. Lintner, in his Entomological Contributions contained in the
Twenty-third Report of the New York State Cabinet, describes the
male and female of this pine sphinx, and also describes the larva as
follows:

Larva.—Length, 2 inches. Color, grass green. Head subtriangular, green, bor-
dered with bright yellow, within which, at the apex, is a A of black. Body subcyl-

=

PINE CATERPILLARS. viviis

indrical, tapering at the extremities, and without a caudal horn. Dorsally, a red-
dish-brown line interrupted on the hinder portion of each segment by a square of
green traversed by diagonal lines; a subdorsal yellow line borders the above; lateral
stripe yellow; substigmatal stripe white, interrupted at the sutures by light green;
ventral stripe and prolegs rose-red. Feeds on the white pine, and matures about
the middle of September, when it enters the ground and forms a cell, where it
becomes a chrysalis.

91. THE IMPERIAL SPINY CATERPILLAR.
Eacles imperialis (Drury).
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCID&.
(Larva, Plate v1, figs. la, 1b.)

Among the leaves of the white pine in the Northern States, late in August and
through September, a large, thick, pale-green caterpillar between 3 and 4 inches
long, with the head and legs pale orange, with six thorny, yellow knobs behind the
head; pupating in the ground and changing late in June to a large, handsume, yellow
moth, speckled with brown, and with a very light purple-brown band across the
outer margin of each wing.

The transformations of this moth were first described by Harris, but
the earlier stages have more recently been fully described by Mr. Lint-
ner, in his Entomological Contributions, No. II. Though usually feed-
ing on the white pine in the New England States, where we have seen
it in the breeding-cages of entomological friends, it also feeds on the
oak, button-wood, ete., and will eat the leaves of the chestnut. It is
too rare to be of any economical importance, but will always attract
the attention of lovers of fine, rare insects. The moth lays its eggs
late in June, hatching in about a week or ten days; the larva, accord-
ing to Lintner, molting at least four, if not five times.

Larva.—Three or 4 inches long and more than half an inch in diameter, and tor
the most part of a green color, slightly tinged with red on the back, but many of
them become more or less tanned or swarthy, and are sometimes found entirely
brown. There are a few very short hairs thinly scattered over the body ; the head and
the legs are pale orange-colored ; the oval spiracles are large and white, encircled
with green; on each of the rings, except the first, there are six thorny knobs or hard
and pointed warts of a yellow color, covered with short black prickles; the two
uppermost of these warts.on the top of the second and of the third rings are a quar-
ter of an inch or more in length, curved backwards like horns, and are of a deeper
yellow color than the rest ; the three triangular pieces on the posterior extremity of
the body are brown, with yellow margins, and are covered with raised orange-colored
dots. (Harris.)

Pupa.—Subterranean, not contained in a coceon, about 2 inches long, of a dark
chestnut-brown color, rough, with little elevated points, especially in front; the end
of the body with a long forked spine, and surrounded, on each ring, with a notched
ridge, the little teeth of which point towards the tail. Three of the grooves or incis-
ions between the rings are very deep, thus allowing a great extent of motion to the
joints, and these, with the notched ridges and the long spine at the end of the body,
enable the chrysalis to work its way upward in the earth, above the surface of which
it pushes the fore part of its body just before the moth makes its escape. (Harris.)

Moth.—Ocher-yellow, spotted with purple-brown, with a large patch at the base,
a small round spot near the middle, and a broad, wavy, light purple-brown band

772 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

toward the outer edge of each wing; in the males there is another purple-brown spot
covering nearly the whole of the outer hind margin of the fore wings, and united to
the band near that part; the body is yellow, washed with purple-brown along the
back. It expands from 44 to over 5inches. (Harris.)

92. Citheronia sepulchralis Grote and Robinson.

Closely allied to C. regalis is the above named species whose cater-
pillar feeds on the pitch-pine. It is closely allied to the larva of C.
regalis, but the horns on the three thoracic segments are paler, slen-
derer, and unicolorous. It ranges from Maine to Georgia.

I have found a nearly full-grown caterpillar of this rare moth on the
pitch-pine at Brunswick, Me., August 5, which lived in confinement
until the 17th of the month. The following year a younger one oc-
curred on the white pine during the second week in August.

Young larva.—Length, 11™™. Head large, pale brick-red. Body pale green, tuber-
cles straw-yellow, green at base. The dorsal tubercles all nearly the same size ex-
cept the prothoracic ones, which are nearly one-half as large as the mesothoracic ;
those on mesothoracic, metathoracic, and first abdominal segments of equal size and
only a little larger than those on the other abdominal segments. Eighth pair of ab-
dominal ones larger than the others and nearly as large as the thoracic ones. The
long slender spines on the thoracic segments black, those on the abdominal in part
black, especially the inner ones.

Larva, probably before the last molt.—Head full, rounded, retractile in the protho-
rax, nearly concolorous with the body, being corneous. Body uniformly horn-brown,
the color of old dark parchment, with no green shade about it. On each thoracic
segment a long slender warted subdorsal spine, the prothoracic pair projecting a
little in front and smaller and one-third shorter than the other four, which are re-
curved. The six long thoracic spines are succeeded by a dorsal row of short stout
smooth acute spines with a dull orange-red tint. Each spine has two or three small
slender dark spinules and about three terminal unequal spinules. On the side of
each thoracic segment are two short conical tubercles with a few stiff spinules. On
the abdomen above the spiracles is a row of dull orange-reddish smooth spines, and
below a row of much slenderer spines, which are spinulated much like the dorsal
thoracic ones. These spines are situated on the folds of the lateral ridge of the body.
Below this subspiracular row of spines is a subventral row of small spines on the
three thoracic segments, and which are large and long on the first and second abdom-
inal segments and on the last three segments. On the middle of the eighth segment
is a large straight dorsal stiff spine nearly as large as the larger thoracic ones. At its
base behind are two minute spines. On the segment behind (ninth) is a median
stout spine, making the middle one of a transverse row of seven spines on that seg-
ment. Supra-anal plate flat, obtuse, variously and obtusely tuberculated, especially
around the edges, as are the sides of the large anal legs and the sides of the prolegs,
which are very retractile. The spiracles are large, black, and very conspicuous, the
last pair larger than the others. There are also scattered smoky-black blotches, a
row on the front edge of each segment and one at the base of the dorsal spines.
Length, 50™™ (2 inches). The larva of sepulcralis (of which Professor Riley, has
blown larve of four stages) differs from that of C. regalis in the stage before the last
molt in having only six spines on the anterior end and two pairs of straight spines
on the end, those on the prothoracic segment longer in proportion than in C. regalia,
and all ending in bulbous enlargements. In the mature larva all the spines are
shorter, and the spinules have shorter spines. Length, 100™™ (4 inches).

PINE CATERPILLARS. 173
93. Tolype laricis Fitch.

Mr. A. R. Gilbert, of Rochester, N. Y., reports fisiding six cocoons of
this moth on the white pine (Papilio, iii, p. 25). Mr. R. Bunker also has
found sixteen cocoons on the white pine. (Can. Ent., xv, p. 160.) It
seems, however, to be more common on the spruce and larch. (See
Larch Insects.)

94. Halesidota argentata Packard.

This moth has been raised by Dr. Behr from larve found feeding on
pine leaves in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, near Grass Valley. No
description was made, but Mr. Stretch says they were dark brown,
somewhat resembling that of H. edwardsii.

Moth.—Head and thorax pale buft yellow; base and sides of the front walnut
brown; center of prothoracic pieces brown. Patagia margined with brown, within
very broadly so. Fore wings walnut brown with five rows of large irregular round
or ovate silver white spots, except the costal spots, which are buff yellow; two basal
spots yellow ; inner margin of the wing buff as far as the first line, which is slightly
curved, the middle dot of which last is much smaller than the others. In the second
line, which is straight, the submedian spot is transversely broad, oblong; costal
spot largest. The third row does not extend to the inner margin. The spots making
up the marginal and last row are uniformly round. Fringe and termination of
nervules pale buff. Hind wings white; middle of the costa, the apex, and discal dot
brown; beneath much as above, a little paler. Legs buff, base of femora and tips
of tibiz and tarsi broadly annulated with brown. Abdomen buff above, beneath
brown. Expanse of wings, 2.05 inches.

95. THE YELLOW BEAR.
Spilosoma virginica Fabr.

I have found this omnivorous caterpillar feeding on the pitch pine in
Maine the first of September. .

96. THE PINE PARORGYIA.
Parorgyia parallela G. & R.
(Larva, Plate xxxv; fig. 3.)

This fine moth was first bred from larve on the pine in June and also
in October, by Mr. Lintner, who reared the larva from eggs laid July
25 by the moth in confinement. His caterpillar developed fully by the
first week in November. This species has also been reared by Mr.
Seifert, of New York City, and we also have it from eggs received
from Miss Morton, of Newburg, N. Y., and also from eggs sent us by
Prof. R. Thaxter, from Aiken, S.C. We fed our larve on oak leaves,
which they freely ate, thriving well in confinement.

The moth.—Female. Is a large thick-bodied moth, with short, broad wings and
heavily pectinated antenne. It is named from the dark parallel longitudinal stripes

on the upper surface of the fore wings. The fore wings are pale olive-ash, much
clouded with brown and with scattered dark scales. The basal half of the front

774 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

edge of the wing is olive-ash; the median vein is dark; below a broad black longi-
tudinal stripe runs from the base of the wing out towards the outer edge. The inner
median line is dentate, while the outer is distinct, black, and scalloped. Marginal
line brown. Expanse of wings, 2 inches. (See Figs. 42, 43, p. 136.)

97. THE PINE TUSSOCK MOTH.
Orgyia sp.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family LIPARID&.

A larva quite different from Orgyia leucostigma occurs frequently on
coniferous trees, including pines, spruce, and fir. It differs from that
of O. leucostigma in having a pair of large prothoracic lateral black
pencils.

Larva.—Differs from 0. leucostigma in having a pair of large prothoracic lateral
black pencils, the posterior supra-anal tuft being as usual. The pair of lateral black
tufts are about half as long as the anterior pencils and project straight out from the
second abdominal segment, immediately in front of which is a pair of much slenderer
cream-colored pencils also projecting straight out. Of the four dorsal tufts, the two
anterior ones are smoky black, the two posterior ones dusky cream-colored. Behind
the dorsal tufts are three coral retractile warts, and a lateral row of coral warts. The
head is black. All the feet, both thoracic and abdominal, are yellowish. Length 20™™,

In another large Orgyia larva (whether of this species I am uncertain)
found August 30 on the pine or spruce, the four dorsal tufts are colored
alike, being tinged with reddish-brown, especially towards the end.
Behind the last dorsal tuft are six coral warts from which pale hairs
radiate, and there are three greenish median retractile warts, besides
the lateral row of coral warts extending along the body.

In the larva of O. antiqua as described by Harris, the back is yellow,
with four yellow tufts; the sides are dusky and spotted with red; there
are two long black prothoracic pencils but no lateral prothoracic ones ;
but a black pencil on each side of the fifth ring, and the usual one on
the top of the eleventh ring; the head is black, and there are two
retractile coral warts on top of the ninth and tenth rings.

98. THE WHITE PINE TUFTED CATERPILLAR.

Platycerura furcilla Packard.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family NOCTUIDZ.
(Larva, Plate x1, fig. 5).

Found in September usually on the white pine; a dull-red caterpillar, banded with
brighter red; a white lateral line, with reddish hairs in clusters, and on the first,
third, fourth, and eleventh segments two long pencils of red hairs; spinning a cocoon
among fallen leaves, the gray moth appearing about the middle of June.

This is another interesting caterpillar, whose history has been traced
by Mr. Lintner. The worm when in the attitude of feeding, with its
terminal pair of legs clasps the leaves at the sheath, and extends its
body along a leaf until it commences to bend, when, by detaching suc-
cessively the firstand following pairsof prolegs, it forces the leaf through

PINE CATERPILLARS. 775

its legs until its tip is held between them. The caterpillars spin their
cocoons beneath leaves lying in the bottom of the breeding-cage, the
moth emerging June 12. It is interesting to see that this, like several
other caterpillars of the pine in this country and Europe, are colored
red like the pine shoots, and are thus perfectly protected from their
enemies.

Though usually occurring on the white pine late in August and
through September, as observed in Maine and Rhode Island, it also
occurs on the hackmatack, where we have observed several half-grown
ones in Maine, August 20. It spins its cocoon about the middle of Sep-
tember; the moth appearing the following June.

The caterpillars are usually reddish, the color of the base of the pine
needles, but occasionally they occur without any trace of red.

Larva before the last molt.—Head large, rounded, reddish, not so wide as the pro-
thoracic segment, which is broad, swollen on the side; a pair of stiff spike-like tufts
of hair arise from the two dorsal tubercles, which are reddish at base and blackish at
the end. These two are succeeded by a pair one-third as long, and the tubercles be-
hind throw off erect as well as laterally radiating reddish hairs. The tufts and
tubercles are a little larger on the third segment from the end of the body. There
are two rows of lateral hairy warts and a row at the base of the legs. Body and hairs
pale rust-red, a lateral irregular whitish stripe sending prolongations upwards; an
interrupted dorsal median white line. Legs reddish. Adapted for protection by its
rust-red color, which is like thatof the terminal pine twigs. It may be known by the
pale rust-red color, the short thick hairy body, and the prothoracic stiff erect black
and red tufts. Length 15™™,

Larva after the last molt.—The body is black, with sparse, dull, light-yellow hairs
radiating from dark or pale mammille. A pair of long prothoracic straight tufts
projecting over the head, and a pair of long similar erect ones on the eighth segment.
All the legs reddish. Length, 28™™. Some mature ones at Providence turn black,
and in form are like the larva figured by Lintner, the spikes whitish, but the broken
lateral line still white.

Moth.—Antenne pectinated; fore wings rather triangular, ashen white, dusted
with fine dark scales. The fore wings are crossed by a twice-bent basal black line,
within which at the insertion of the wing is a short basal spot. A second straight
line crosses the wing just before its middle, and from it branches at nearly right
angles a line which becomes straight above the second median nervule and parallel
to the inner line, thus inclosing a large square area which is concolorous with the
rest of the wing. There is a submarginal obscure line, shaded externally with white,
which is irregularly zigzag, and runs down more than usual in the secone median
interspace towards the margin of the wing. Hind wings whitish, especially on the
outer border, with a broad obscure dusky submarginal line. Expanse of wings, 1.50
inches.

99. Apatela oblinita Abb. and Sm,

The caterpillar of this moth occurred on the pitch pine August 8 to
12. It began to spin a cocoon on the 12th by drawing needles together
and spinning a cocoon between them, and the moth appeared June 1
of the following year.

Larva.—Body cylindrical, short and thick, with large rounded tubercles from
which arise short tufts of radiating yellow hairs, often tipped with black. Body

dark green with a broad dorsal longitudinal band. Two lateral interrupted narrow
black lines. Head shining black.

776 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

100. THE PINE PHEOCYMA.
Pheocyma lunifera Hiibner.

The caterpillar of this noctuid moth is of frequent occurrence on pine
trees, especially the white pine and pitch pine in Maine, where I have
observed it for several years. In northern New England the larva
occurs through August into the first week of September, when it trans-
forms into a chrysalis, the moth appearing May 10. I am indebted to
Prof. John B. Smith for the identification of the species.

The caterpillar is, like nearly all those which live on trees, protected
from the observation of its enemies, such as birds, ichneumons, etc.,
by its similarity in color to the bark of the twigs on which it often
rests, while the reddish stripes are concolorous with the base of the
needles of the pine.

The caterpillars vary a good deal. Some are wood or horn brown,
or the body is decidedly reddish, with the longitudinal band more dis-
tinct than usual; some are green with white lines, but the warts and
head as in the more usual varieties. They are closely similar to the
larvee of Homoptera and Catocala.

Larva.—Body long and slender, tapering considerably behind the fourth pair of
abdominal legs. Head not so wide as the body, rather deeply bilobed, with a lateral
V-shaped white spot. A pair of small prominent tubercles on top of the eighth ab-
dominal segment, and in place of them on the segments is a pair of more widely
divergent short black dashes; on the segment next to the last is a transverse ridge.
Anal legs long and slender. General color of the body wood or horn brown, of the
shade of old twigs, sometimes reddish or greenish. Head marbled with a set of
tralsverse wavy whitish lines on each side of the median line. Body with a lateral
row of black dots; beneath much paler, glaucous green. Length, 35™™, The larve
are very variable; in some the body is reddish with longitudinal bands much more
distinct than usual; in some the body is pale pea-green, a little paler than the pine
leaves; there is a firm, quite wide medio-dorsal line, and on the sides a wider white
line next to the broader very conspicuous pale red spiracular line, which is similar
in color to the reddish sheath of the pine leaf. Head reddish, with the characteristic
oval white spots on each side. In others (as pitch pine) the body is beautifully mar-
bled with gray and whitish. A V-shaped white spot on the side of the head. On
the segment next to the last abdominal are two small inconspicuous warts. A
faint, broad, grayish-white dorsal band, broadly interrupted at the sutures of the
segments by an irregular transverse umber-brown stripe. A faint lateral broad band,
containing on the side of each segment a clear white point. Length, 42™™.

Pupa.—Of the usual rather slender Catocala shape, covered with a slight whitish
bloom. The abdominal tip rather blunt, the surface corrugated with irregular longi-
tudinal furrows above and on the sides; spine small, bearing at the end two very
large, long, stout bristles curved outwards at the ends, which are blunt; at their
base are two pairs of slender bristles. Length, 17™™.

Moth.—Body and wings dark ash-gray and reddish brown; thorax crested, dark
reddish brown, with two blackish transverse lines. Patagia with a white stripe be-
hind the middle and white scales at the tip; hinder part of the thorax dusted with
white. Fore wings black and reddish brown at base, with interrupted and broken
black and white lines. Within the middle of the wing is a broad, slightly sinuous
whitish-gray band. A large black mark forming a hollow square, the hollow gray-
ish, at the end of the discal space. Beyond this spot are two nearly parallel black

PINE CATERPILLARS. iW i

lines, the inner bent inwards at a right angle upon the costa, and sending an angle
jnto the extra-discal space ; the line is bent outwards on the first median vein, then
curving inwards and ending on the hind margin of the wing. The outer line curves
outwards on the costa towards the apex, is bent on the first median vein, and behind
is nearly parallel with the inner line. A fine black scalloped hair-line at the base of
the fringe, which is darker on the points of the scallops. Hind wings with a double
black curved band beyond the middle, the space within the lines filled in with black
towards the hinder edge of the wing. An indistinct broad diffuse shade passes across
the wing just within the middle. On the under side of both pairs of wings the
discal dots are present, and there is a diffuse dark line common to both wings. Ex-
panse of wings, 36™™,

101. Noctuid caterpillar.
(Plate v1; fig. 2.)

Among the leaves of the white pine at Providence was, October 2 to
14, a mimetic caterpillar of the following description :

It began to pupate October 4. One pupa found on the 4th. One of
the larve turned black, retaining the three dorsal white stripes, but with
a row of about ten black spots on each side above, and head large, with
two black lines, the head generally marbled with dark. This is, I think,
a state of the present species without doubt. Another one is green,,
with two subdorsal and a lateral row of black spots next both white
stripes.

Larva.—Of the usual noctuid form, the body tapering gradually towards both
euds. Color of the head and body a little paler green than the pine needles. Head
small, narrower than the prothorax, rounded; pale honey-yellow, greenish above.
Body smooth, with four distinct longitudinal white stripes. A median dorsal white
line and two subdorsal at nearly the same distance from the median as from the:
spiracular one, which is a little broader and more scalloped. Spiracles ringed
with black, all the feet green; the body of the same color beneath as above.
Length, 23™™,

102. Noctuid larva.

A white and red striped noctuid occurred on Pinus strobus at Brurs-
wick, August 5, and one on the hemlock August 14.

Larva.—Body thick, cylindrical, rapidly tapering towards and bending down
towards the short stout anal prolegs. Head round, green. Clypeus and antenne
whitish ; labrum reddish, head retractile in the prothorax. Body pea-green, color of
pine leaves. Three broad dorsal white conspicuous lines; a lateral similar spiracular
white line tinged with straw-yellow, lined with red on the upper edge, the white
line containing the spiracles. Below, near the base of feet, is a similar white line-
interrupted at the sutures. Thoracic feet reddish. Abdominal legs reddish at tip.
Length, 34™™,

103. THE PINE THERINA.

Therina seminudaria Walker.

We have reared this moth from a caterpillar found feeding on the
white pine at Providence, R. I., but failed to prepare a description of
the larva. It passed the winter in the chrysalis state, the moth emerg-
ing in May.

778 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Pupa.—Moderately slender, thorax spotted with brown, wings slashed and spotted
with brown; abdomen with a dorsal and two lateral rows of irregular spots, and the
segments also surrounded by a circle of spots. Terminal spine moderately large, not
corrugated below, above coarsely pitted with more or less confluent punctures, the
end bearing two long, straight, stout bristles, a pair of small bristles on the upperside
near the end of the spine; a small pair beneath, and a larger pair, one on each side.
Length, 13™™,

The moth.—Smoky hyaline ash color, often whitish ; head ocherous. Palpi rather
stout, ascending, passing a little beyond the front; third joint rather long, conical.
Antenne ocherous, ashen above, with long, delicate, fine, close-set, black pectina-
tions. Body pale cinereous, with an almost imperceptible ocherous tinge. Fore
wings with a basal, slightly curved, dark, diffuse line, which is especially marked
‘on the veins; discal dot distinct but diffuse, rather larger than in T. fiscellaria;
an outer, not very oblique, slightly sinuate, dusky line, sometimes angulated on the
first median venule in both wings; it is thickened on the venules, curving inward a
little toward the base; the wings are rather thickly flaked with smoky strigz, espe-
cially on the costa and outeredge. Hind wings without any discal dot; the single
line a little curved, not reaching to the costa; wings very transparent at the base.
Beneath, whitish, very transparent; the lines faintly appear; no discal dot; costa
tinged slightly with ocherous. Hind wings scarcely angulated, the angle being
almost obsolete. Expanse of wings, 38™™.

This is a very variable species, in rubbed examples being unusually
pale transparent ashen, but dusky in fresh specimens. The lines are
arranged much as in #. fiscellaria, but where the wings are slightly
rubbed they are represented by a series of punctures on the venules.
The unusually long, filiform, closely set pectinations of the antenne, and
the granite-gray wings, with dusky lines, not tinged with ocherous,
will distinguish it from the other species. It varies greatly, the lines in
one female being twice as far apart as in another, and the outer line in
some being almost straight, in others a little bent. If I had had Mr.
Grote’s types alone of male LH. bibularia and female pellucidaria, I
should have regarded them as distinct; but, with the addition of other
specimens of both sexes, I have felt compelled to unite them, as the
species seems to be as variable as in 7. fiscellaria. One Kentucky
female expands only 30™.

104. THE PINE MEASURING WORM.
Paraphia subatomaria Guenée.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALZNIDZ.

Feeding on the pine, a brown measuring worm, the moth appearing June 24.
(Saunders. )

The caterpillar of this moth is not known farther than that its color
is brown.

The moth is a delicate species with deeply serrated and angulated wings. The
present species differs from the others of the genus by its whitish color, being rarely
somewhat ocherous, while the base and outer edge of tbe forewings are as pale as
the middle portion; the under side of the wings are rather pale. The wings expand
1.30 to 1.70 inches.

PINE CATERPILLARS. 179

105. Caripeta angustiorata Walker.

The caterpillar of this Geometrid moth is common on the white pine
in August and September in Maine and Rhode Island, where I have ob-
served it, and is protected from observation by its resemblance to the
smaller twigs of the pine. It is quite variable in its coloration. Au-
gust 8 to 9, at Brunswick, Me., it spun a white web with minute meshes,
the cocoon not being a loose one, and on the 9th it assumed the pupa
state. The moths issued in May in the breeding boxes.

Larva.—lt is rather large and thick-bodied, the body being somewhat thickened
at the first pair of abdominal legs. The head is slightly angular above, as wide as
the segment next to it, the latter being rather small and not angular in front, but
provided with small warts. On the metathoracic and abdominal (except second and
third from the end) segments is a prominent transverse saddle-shaped ridge, ending
on each side in a dark warty tubercle. On the penultimate segment are two dark,
rather high dorsal tubercles, situated near together. Behind these two tubercles,
and situated on a transverse wrinkle, are two small dark warts, and on a succeeding
wrinkle are six warts; on the supra-anal plate are four warts, while on the edge,
which is obtuse, are four small warts from which project four hairs. There are simi-
lar hairs on the edge of the anal legs, which have a deep crease parallel to the front
edge, and two large spines. Lateral ridge rather prominent, interrupted at the
sutures between the segments. In color this larva is pale lilac, with whitish gray
specks, being of a slate color or decidedly reddish, like a twig of the trees, and vari-
ously marbled with dark brown, or sometimes with greenish livid white. The head
is marbled with transverse parallel waved lines. Length, 30 to 32™™,*

Pupa.—The chrysalis is brown, sometimes green on the head and thorax, inelud-
ing the limbs and wings; with an obscure dorsal row of irregular spots, forming a
nearly continuous line or band; and a lateral row of large obscure spots. On the
second segment from the end of the legs are two warts. The spiracles are unusually
distinct. Length, 15™™,

The moth.—This fine moth differs remarkably from any other of our Geometrids in
the opake, rich velvety ocherous forewings, with the three broad silvery lines and
large oblong discal dot. Antenne well pectinated. Forewings opake, deep ocherous
and paler at base; on the inner fourth is a white line forming a single, large, acute
angle on the median vein, along which it is prolonged beyond the basal third of the
wing, extending out nearly to the discal dot, which is silvery- white; just beyond the
latter is a broad silvery line, diffuse on the outside, which curves inward just below
the median vein, and slightly inward opposite the discal dot. Half way between this
line and the outer edge of the wing is a row of irregular white spots, from which
sometimes run whitish streaks to the fringe, which, between the white spots, is
ocherous brown. Hind wings pale whitish ocherous. Expanse of wings, 1.60 inches.

*Another larva was described in my notes as follows:

Larva.—Body gradually increasing in width from head to anal legs. Head much
flattened, not so wide as the prothoracic segment, the latter narrower than mesotho-
racic segment. A large lateral tubercle on each side of mesothoracic segment, blunt
and irregular in form. A rather prominent transverse ridge on the segment behind
the middle. There are four scattered tubercles on the other segments, but they are
much smaller than in the species on the Pinus strobi, and not in pairs connected by ele-
vated ridges. On the second segment from the end are two high dorsal acute tubercles
close together, and behind them a transverse row of eight small acute warts. Supra-
anal plate obtuse, ending in two small acute tubercles. An acute spine-like wart on
each anal leg. Anal legs of moderate size. Deep brown, with a dull reddish tinge;
body not mottled nor so variegated as in white pine genus. Color of a dark twig,
but nof so much mimicking a pitch-pine twig. Length, 40™™, Brunswick, Me.

780 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

106. THE RED-HEAD INCH-WORM.
Semiothisa bisignata (Walker).

(Larva, Plate v1, fig. 3.)

This is one of the most common of the inch or span worms which live
at the expense of our coniferous trees. It occurs abundantly on the
white pine in the neighborhood of Providence as late as October, and
in Maine, at Brunswick, occurs in July, August, and September. Its
green body is of the hue of the leaves among which it lives, while the
reddish sides of the head, and the reddish thoracic legs are in harmony
with the tints of the reddish sheaths of the pine needles; the white
lines are Jike the white lines on the needles; hence it would be difficult
we imagine for an insectivorous bird to detect such a caterpillar. It is
to be found in Maine not only on the white and pitch pine, but on the
spruce and fir. It transforms into a chrysalis in August, and through
September as late as the 20th, and appears the following June, not
spinning a cocoon, but entering the earth to pupate. I have found it
difficult to keep the pup over winter, and was fortunate after several
unsuccessful attempts at hibernating the pupa, to have one moth issue,
November 15, and to find that it belonged to a well-known species,
which flies commonly in pine woods throughout New England in June.

In the neighborhood of Providence I have noticed that the caterpillar
is often without the reddish patches on the sides of the head.

Larva.—The body is of the width and length of a fir leaf, being rather thick and uni-
formly so. Head green in the middle, bright reddish on the sides, mottled with red-
brown, and with two converging, narrow oval, pale red spots in front just below the
vertex; clypeus tinged with red. Body pale green; a broad dorsal whitish green
band of the same color as the under side of a fir leaf, and containing a median darker
dorsal stripe. The band is whitish on the edges, next below which are two very
narrow dark-brown hair lines. A whitish line below the stigmata, and still farther
below a narrow whitish line, and two parallel dark subventral lines. The thoracic
legs reddish ; the abdominal legs green. Length 18-20™™,

Pupa.—Body of the usual shape, and mahogany-brown color, and of the usual pro-
portions, with the surface rather coarsely pitted. The cremaster is a rather broad
stout spine, ending in a rather long slender cylindrical spine; there are no curved
spinules on the sides, as in the species which spin a cocoon. Length 11 to 12™™,

The moth.—Antenne of male flattened, serrate, ciliated. Forewings as falcate as
in S. preatomata; hind wings very much angulated, more so than in S. preatomata,
the angle being very marked. Head, antennx, and palpi bright reddish-ocherous.
Body and wings whitish-ocherous, gray, densely speckled with brown, being much
paler than usual. Forewings crossed by three brown lines, arising from moderately
sized costal spots. The inner line much curved, somewhat angular below the costa,
but not enlarged on the costa. Second line arising from a rather large light-brown
costal spot; it is not curved and is rather diffuse. Outer line tremulous, curved oat-
ward between the costa and median vein, darker on costa. A reddish-brown, oblong,
broad costo-apical spot nearly touches the line; this spot is continued across the wing
by a faint reddish shade, especially marked between the first and second median
venules. Below this spot, in the middle of the wing, the marginal brown line, else-
where not interrupted, is continuous and well marked in the apical sinus. No discal

PINE CATERPILLARS. 781

dot. Fringe pale and concolorous on both wings. Hind wings with a broad doubled
shade about midway between the faint discal dot and the outer edge of the wing
(sometimes wanting). Beneath, whitish, with a decided ocherous tint, speckled
thickly with brown. Aninner and outer ocherous-brown line common to both wings;
the outer line broad on the costa, and on the hind wings accompanied by an outer
shade. Discal dots on both wings dark, distinct. Legsocherous. Expanse of wings,
1,20 inches.

107. THE EVERGREEN CLEORA.

Cleora pulchraria Minot.

The caterpillar of this pretty moth is of common occurrence on the
pine as well as the spruce, fir, and hemlock. In certain years it is
quite common, and was observed in greater abundance on spruce and
firs along the road from the Glen House, White Mountains, to Jackson,
N. H., than elsewhere. It is so common on these trees as to merit
especial attention.

The caterpillars were observed in the White Mountains during the
first week in July. They began July 18 to spin a loose, thin, open,
slight yellowish cocoon among the leaves, the pupa state lasting about
three weeks, the moths appearing August 14. On the coast of Maine
it occurs on the hemlock, some of the caterpillars being without the
usual black spots on the sides of the body. The moths are found flying
in the woods through September. The caterpillars are also found on
the Maine coast in July and early in August, pupating August 5 to 8,
and the moths appearing during the last week in August, remaining in
the pupastate about fourteen days. At Providence we have beaten the
chrysalides out of hemlocks early in October, the moths appearing soon
after. The green chrysalides, which are striped with white, are very
pretty objects. They rest among the leaves in a loose network of yellow
silk threads, retaining their hold by the curved hooks on the large
spine (cremaster) at the end of the body. The caterpillar is a very
pretty one, being yellowish, spotted with black on the head and body.
It is somewhat similar to the larva of Zerene catenaria, but less con-
spicuously marked.

Larva.—Body moderately thick, of the same diameter throughout, smooth, with
no warts, but somewhat wrinkled. Head of the same width as body, slightly wider
than the prothoracic segment, and above slightly swollen on each side of the deep
median suture; pale whitish, sometimes reddish brown, with five or six large black
spots and smaller minute dots. Body whitish horn (testaceous, often reddish) with
a yellowish tint. On the first segment are four dorsal black dots arranged in a square ;
on the second and third segments a single transverse row of four unequal black dots,
as also on the abdominal segments. A lateral band, yellow except near the sutures,
below which, on the sides of the body, are four narrow, wavy, broken, dark hair-lines,
arranged in two sets. Supra-anal plate with four black spots; anal legs of moderate
size, flesh red, spotted with black-brown. Thoracic feet pale flesh color, or banded
with brown and dark at the tips. Body beneath pale flesh, with two dark, faint lines.
Often on each side of the clear, reddish-brown back is a row of long, narrow, lanceo-

late, oval, snow-white spots, edged narrowly, but distinctly, with brown. The lateral
band is sometimes very distinct, and incloses on the upper edge the black, distinct

782 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

spiracles; the band is irregularly edged above and below with dark brown. Some-
times a narrow white medio-ventral hair line is present, narrowly edged on each side
with dark brown, and inclosed by the same reddish-brown tint as along the back.
Length, 24 to 30™™,

Pupa.—Body green, becoming usually brown; thorax green above, spotted with
brown, the wings and legs pea-green, with two subdorsal white stripes along the abdo-
men, and a lateral white stripe; beneath, four longitudinal brown stripes. The pupa
often becomes brown, and the wings slashed with light brown, the antennz and fore-
legs of the same color, while the middle and hind legs are white. The terminal spine
is rather slender, long, ending in two long, large, excurved hooks; a pair of much
smaller ones at their base, and two pairs on the sides, i. e. one pair on the sides near the
base, and the other farther underneath. Length, 11 to 15™™,

Moth.—With unusually broad, transparent wings, which are white or pale ash.
Head deep yellow. Forewings crossed by two black lines, the inner with four scal-
lops, the outer line sinuous, scalloped, with a great curve outward between the sub-
costal and the third median venule. Opposite the discal dots are three acute, smaller
scallops, all of equal size. Fringe whitish, distinctly checkered with black on the
ends of the venules. Hind wings with a scalloped outer line, often obsolete toward
the costal edge, varying in its distance from the outer edge; beyond this line the
wing is darker than at the base. Expanse of wings, 33™™, Its range, so far as
known, is from Maine and Canada to the Middle States.

108. Eufidonia notataria (Walk.).

This moth is common in the Northern States in dry pine woods and
open fields with scattered pine bushes, in June and early in July. Its
flight is rather weak and vacillating, as in many geometrid moths.
The genus differs from both Ematurga and Fidonia in the presence of
six instead of five subcostal venules, the first being long and free. It
also differs in the long, somewhat swollen hind tibiz, and the unusually
short, rather stout tarsi. The moth is white, with brown spots and
bands, and with feathery antenne. Mr. L. W. Goodell has reared it
at Amherst, Mass., from caterpillars found on the white pine. He has
since sent me the following notes on this moth:

I got the eggs of F. notataria, from a moth confined in a box. They were laid
July 3, hatched August 11 and 12, and pupated September 17 to 24. No cocoon was
made. The moths appeared May 25 to June 4, I have often found the larve in dif-
ferent stages of growth from the first of August to October. The larve closely re-
semble the leaves of the pine on which they feed, and are difficult to find, but are
easily captured by beating the branches. I think it must be double brooded, though
I have never found the larve of the first brood. JI did not preserve any of the larve,
which I much regret.

Egg.—Oblong, covered with hexagonal depressions and bright green in color.
Length, 0.6™™; width, 0.3™™,. Duration of egg-stage, twelve days.

Young larva. —Length, 2™™; head twice as wide as the body, round and deep ocher
yellow ; body dull yellowish green, with a faint paler stigmatal stripe.

Mature larva.—Body of uniform thickness, deep green, with a narrow subdorsal and
stigmatal white stripe, and a dorsal greenish-white hair line ; dorsal space pale green ;
ventral space yellowish green. Head brownish green, with a lateral white stripe,
which is a continuation of the spiracular stripe of the body. Length at rest, 25 to
26™™ ; when crawling, 26 to 27™™; duration of larval stage thirty-five to forty days.

Pupa.—Brown, the spaces between the segments and a dorsal line darker; wings
dark green. Subterranean. (L. W. Goodell.)

PINE CATERPILLARS. (85°.

Moth.—Body and wings white, tinged on the veins with ocherous, speckled and
banded with rust red. Fore wings whitish at base; beyond, a broad diffuse brown.
band as wide as the thorax; beyond, an equally broad, white band, with scattered
brown specks, and inclosing the large round discal spot. A broad, extradiscal band,
separated by a white band or line of varying width from the brown margin of the
wing. Hind wings white, less densely speckled and banded than the fore pair, with
a large, round discal dot. Fringe smoky-brown, with narrow, white checks. Hind
wings white, usually less densely speckled and banded than the anterior pair, some-
times with three irregular brown bands, two beyond the large round discal dot; a
marginal brown line, which is sometimes wanting. Abdomen and legs whitish
Length of body, .36 to .40 inch ; expanse of forewings, .95 to 1.15 inches.

109. Zerene catenaria (Drury).
(Larva, Plate xxx11; figs. 3, 3a, 3b, 3c.)

What was without much doubt a belated caterpillar of this species
was found on the white pine October 5, but the body was not so
clear a yellow, and the two black spots on the side of each segment
were not well defined. A chrysalis was also beaten out of a pitch pine
August 31; another out of a hackmatack August 30. The moths from
these chrysalids appeared September 15 and 16. From these facts I
think this caterpillar occasionally at least feeds upon different conifer-
ous trees. Its food plants, however, are the blackberry, woodwax, and
wild indigo, though in Maine I have found it most abundant on Carex

pennsylvanica.

Larva.—Head as wide as the prothorax, full, rounded, distinctly bilobed, ash-brown,
finely dotted with dark, and with six to seven large black dots on each side.

Body a little thicker at first abdominal feet than elsewhere; the body slightly
widening towards this point; it is cylindrical, the segments wrinkled above.

Fic. 267.—Zerene catenaria.—c, male; d, female; a, larva; b, pupa—all natural size. From Riley.

The body is above and as a ground color a light yellowish ocher-brown, with
yellow-ocher patches here and there; with broken, fine lines, one pair on each
side dilating on the back of each segment into a minute black dot, one behind the

784 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

other. A broad lateral flesh-colored band containing the large black conspicuous
spiracles, four to five broken black lines, the uppermost black lines being heaviest.

Beneath greenish yellow, with six brown hair lines. Supra-anal plate broad, trian-
gular, apex pointed, but somewhat obtuse.

Length, 30™™.

Pupa.—Head and thorax very pale green, spotted with scattered black spots.
Abdomen white, with a yellowish tint, especially at the sutures. Body rather stout,
apex of the abdomen produced into a pair of large long spines, with three pairs of
smaller ones curved at the end.

Moth.—It is easily recognized by its large size and plumose male antennz, the snow-
white thin semi-transparent wings, with a black narrow zigzag line on the inner
third of the wing, often obsolete. A distinct discal spot. A scalloped black line
half way between the discal dot and the outer edge. Expanse of wings, 1.10 to 1.80

inches.
110. Geometrid caterpillar.

In some of the caterpillars the head is a little reddish on the sides,
but the distinct white stripes indicate that it is a different species from
Semiothisa bisignata, and the legs are green. It is common on the
pitch pine in Providence in September and October. October 4 it began
to pupate, not cocooning. Undoubtedly the chrysalids enter the
ground.

Larva.—Head as wide as the prothoracic segment,. but not so wide as the body;
head moderately full and rounded, but not so much so as usual. Body rather slen-
der, tapering very slightly towards the head, and rather more so towards the end.
Head and body green, exact color of the needles of the pine, with white stripes of the
same tint (glaucous white) as the white in the hollow of the three-cornered leaves.
Two parallel straight rather broad lines on the front of the head are continuations of
two much broader dorsal median white longitudinal bands, separated by a thread-
like median green stripe. These two white bands are whiter on the sides than
within. The lateral ridge is twisted with white, forming a lateral white line. The
two dorsal white lines are continued upon the supra-anal plate which is not acutely
triangular; the two spines of the anal legs are rather prominent. Thoracic and ab-
dominal legs green, like the rest of the body. Length 23™™,

111. GEOMETRID CATERPILLAR. s
e

This harlequin geometrid larva is found on the pitch pine, July 25 to
August 2, in Brunswick, Me.

Larva.—Body thick, of uniform width, slightly flattened. Head not so wide as the
body. Head reddish, smooth, deeply bilobed on the vertex, each lobe boss-like, red-
dish and shiny. Body and head reddish brown, of the general color of the red sheath
of the needle, curiously checkered. On the hinder edge of each segment a small
prominent tubercle, each connected by a transverse pale line. A lateral tubercle low
down on each side, in fron+ of each of which is a bent whitish line, forming an inter-
rupted lateral band. Above, behind each pair of tubercles is a large, dull, dusky,
smoky, square patch, each patch alternating with a similar pale-brown area. The
body besides is marbled and variously marked with brown and pale and darker
points. The segments beneath have a transverse tuberculated ridge, and the cater-
pillar altogether is a very singular and unusual form. Length 25™™,

112. GEOMETRID CATERPILLAR.

Larva.—Mimics a dark old twig. Head as wide as the body, which is moderately
thick, rounded but slightly tuberculated, somewhat as in Caripeta. No dorsal tuber-
cles, the four minute inconspicuous dorsal warts are situated in a trapezoid, the two

—i

PINE CATERPILLARS. 785

anterior nearer together; all dark. The segments (5-6) are wrinkled dorsally, the
high large folds very prominent on the side, so that it appears rough and tubercu-
lated and is thus assimilated to the rough, older, dark part of a twig. Color, dull
wood-brown, exactly like that of the twig on which it rests at base ofleaves. Length
22mm,

113. THE 10-LINED PINE SPAN-WORM.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALASNID®.

Larva.—Body three-fourths of an inch in length, dull green, darker than the leaves;
body very slender; head large, considerably wider than the body, deeply divided by
the median line, pale greenish yellow. Body on the upper side with ten narrow
linear wavy dark purplish lines, which disappear before reaching the supra-anal
plate, which is small, flattened, not prominent; it is subtriangular in form, the apex
not sharp. Similar purplish lines on the under side of the body. Thoracic and
first pair of proplegs purplish; the last pair greenish. This though not a strictly
mimetic form, is sufficiently so to escape ordinary detection, not being much darker
than the leaves. Observed August 17, on leaves of the pitch-pine at Brunswick, Me.

114. THE RED AND YELLOW STRIPED PINE SPAN-WORM.

Feeding in September on the leaves of the pitch-pine, a stout reddish brown
measuring worm, striped with straw-yellow ; the moth unknown.

This is another reddish caterpillar which is somewhat assimilated in
color to the pine twigs among which it feeds. Unfortunately the moth
is unknown. We have found it the Ist of September, at Brunswick,
Me., and aiso September 20, at Amherst, Mass.

The caterpillar is thick-bodied and rather short. Head large and smooth, not
tuberculated above, but swollen somewhat on both sides. The sides of the body are
swollen, and there is a lateral tubercle on the side of each segment; the, anal lateral
plates are large and spreading ; the dorsal anal plate large, rounded at the end, and
semi-elliptical rather than rounded. It is reddish brown, with minute straw-yellow
lines; a pale straw-yellow median dorsal line dilating on each wing; a pair of dark
brown dots on the hind margin of each segment; on the sides an irregular deep yellow
line. Head reddish, dusted with yellow and dark brown speckles. Length not quite
.70 inch.

115. THE PINE-NEEDLE SPAN WORM.

Feeding on the leaves, a small measuring worm, closely mimicking the form of a
dead red-pine needle.

This is the most striking case of mimicry we have seen on the pine;
the caterpillar, as it stands out stiff, holding on to the twig with its hind
feet, after the manner of measuring or span worms, would easily be
mistaken for a dead, dry, red pitch-pine needle! We have found one
specimen on the pitch-pine at Brunswick, Me., September 1. On the
5th it made a slight silken white cocoon and assumed the semi-pupa
condition.

The caterpillar is slender and unusually flattened, tapering more than is common
towardseach end of the body. The head is small and narrow, but rather full. The
color and form of the body is surprisingly like a dead red needle of the tree; it
could readily be mistaken for it, since the end of the body suddenly tapers like the
pine-needle itself. Color rust red, a darker dorsal line.

5 ENT 50

786 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

116. GEOMETRID CATERPILLAR.

This caterpillar, which occurred on the white pine at Brunswick,
August 5, differs from a similar allied genus on the pitch pine in the
body having a pair of tubercles on each abdominal segment, and in be-
ing generally more variegated.

Larva.—Body large, gradually increasing in width from the head to the anal legs,
and much warted. Head small, not quite so wide as the prothoracic segment, which
latter is narrower than the metathoracic. Head slightly bilobed, hemisphere well
rounded. On each side of each segment a transverse ridge, ending on each side in a
small black tubercle. On the third ring from the end the tubercles are near together.
Lateral line rough and with small warts. On top of metathorax is a transverse row
of seven small warts. General color, wood-brown, slightly darker than the twig of
the pine, but tuberculated like one. Mottled prettily with dark and light flecks.

It is a genuine mimetic caterpillar. A sharp spineon hinder part of each analleg.
Length, 40™™,

117. GEOMETRID CATERPILLAR.

Larva.—Head bilobed, each lobe rounded, front flat, with a broad transverse whit-
ish band, including the clypeus, and tinged on the edge with reddish below; above
this band the front is dark. Body rather slender, smooth, not wrinkled ; a large lat-
eral, smooth, rounded tubercle, low down on the side of second abdominal segment ;
the tubercle is dark brown, smooth, and white in front. Eighth abdominal segment
slightly humped dorsally. A pair of white dorsal dots on front edge of each abdom-
inal segment; obsolete, however, on posterior part of body. Four dark piliferous
dots on tip of each abdominal segment, the two in front more remote from the pos-
terior pair than usual. Spiracles forming a black ring. In appearance and color it
mimics a smooth light brown pine twig. Length, 25™™,

118. PHYCID CATERPII LAR.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHYCID.

This caterpillar forms at the base of the terminal leaves of the pitch-
pine, in Maine and Rhode Island, through September into October, a
large mass of castings, sometimes 3 inches long, enveloped in a thin
light. web. October 20 one was observed making a loose, thin, slight
web over the end of a branch, leaving its nest and crawling over it.
The larva also resides in a long, slender, twisted tube made of its cast-
ings lined with silk. Several attempts to carry the larve through the
winter proved unsuccessful.

Larva.—The body rather thick, a little flattened, not tapering rapidly towards the
end. The head large, but not quite so wide as the prothorax, in which it can retract.
Head pale chestnut-brown, with jet black patches behind and on the sides; two
elongate black marks on the middle of the vertex. Cervical shield concolorous, with
the head broad and crescent-shaped. Each abdominal segment is divided transversely
behind the spiracle by a deep impressed line, while each portion of the segment thus
divided is finely wrinkled.

The ground color isa pale chestnut with a broad dark subdorsal longitudinal
band which extends down the sides to just above the spiracles. The terminal tenth
segment is clear pale chestnut. Under side of the body and feet pale chestnut with
scattered black dots. No dorsal tubercles, although the hairs are present. Length,
16 to 17mm,

ie By

—_—

7

PINE CATERPILLARS. 787

119. THE SNOUT-MOTH CATERPILLAR.
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family PYRALID.

Larva.—Body with ten pairs of proplegs; body pale green, concolorous with the
leaves on which it feeds; head small, much narrower than the body, of a very pale
amber color; a faint dorsal and two subdorsal linear pale lines. Lateral ridge pale
yellow. Each segment above with four black minute papille arranged in a trapezoid,
and two on the side. All the legs concolorous with the body. Occurred August 17,
on pitch-pine at Brunswick, Me.

120. Tetralopha diluculella Grote.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PYRALIDAE.

Feeding upon the leaves of the terminal twigs of pine, which they draw together
loosely with silk, and in which they deposit their excrements, the whole forming an
irregular mass nearly 3 inches long and 2 in thickness, stout, dull, greenish-yellow,
or drab-colored larve, transforming into brownish pup, from each of which emerges
a moth, with dark brown and gray markings.

“« Some of the terminal twigs of pine (Pinus taeda) infested by the larvze
of this insect were collected by myself in January, 1880, near Jackson-
ville, Fla. The appearance of these infested twigs is somewhat strik-
ing; the leaves around the end are loosely held by threads of silk,
which also hold the excrements of the larva in a more or less irregu-
lar mass, varying from 1 to3 inches in length, and from 1 to 2 inches in
thickness.

‘The larva is about eight-tenths of an inch in length, rather stout, of
a greenish yellow or drab color, with two very distinct, quite broad
black dorsal stripes, and a narrow one on each side.

‘“‘ When mature the larva descends to the ground, where it spins a
loose cocoon of yellowish brown silk, to which is attached a covering
of grains of sand or other loose materials, and within which it trans-
forms to a pupa, in which state it passes the winter.

‘‘The moths from the larve mentioned above emerged during the fol-
lowing April. They have anexpanseof about aninch. The fore wings
are dark brown, nearly black on the basal third, beyond which is a
broad, light gray band crossing the wing, while the portion beyond the
band is dark brown followed by gray. Hind wings dark ashy, with a
silky luster. The colors are not as clear in the males.

‘Mr. Grote described this insect from examples taken in New York,
and stated as follows:

The species recalls the figure of Hemimatia scortealis Led., but the wings are larger,
and it does not seem possible that Lederer should have overlooked the strong generic
characters.

“Tt certainly does agree closely with Lederer’s description and figure,
and may yet prove to be that species, but Lederer’s types must be ex-
amined to make sureof this, for it is possible that he made a mistake
in locating his species. A species of Microgaster was found parasitic

on this insect.” (Comstock.)

788 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

We add the following description of the larva and pupa:

Larva.—Length when full-grown 20™™, cylindrical, slightly tapering posteriorly,
and quite stout, of a dull greenish yellow color, somewhat paler beneath, with a nar-
row black stripe on each side about twice the width of the last, and equally distant
from it and the middle of the dorsum. This stripe extends from the thoracic to the
anal plate. The head, thoracic, and anal plates are of the same ground color as the
body. Eyes and end of mandibles black; several irregular black bands on each
side of the head, extending from the posterior side forward to about the middle;
thoracic and anal plates with a few scattered brown dots, the latter with an irregu-
lar row of black points across the anterior side.

Pupa.—Length 11™™, robust, light brown, rounded at both ends, the posterior
armed with a cluster of fine hooks; the abdominal segments are covered with coarse
punctures, except on the posterior edge. Wing-covers extend to the end of the fourth
abdominal segment. (Comstock, Ag. Rept. for 1880.)

121. THE SILVER-PINE TORTRICID.
Grapholitha bracteatana Fernald.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family TORTRICIDAE.

Infesting the cones of Abies bracteata, a small Tortricid larva. After transforming,
the pupa protrudes itself nearly two-thirds of its length, and from this emerges a
small dark-colored moth with white and metallic markings.

“On the 14th of August, 1880, cones of the Abies bracteata were sent
to this department by Mr. George R. Vasey, from Jolon, Cal., one of
which was infested with Tortricid larve. Three of the moths emerged
on the 13th of September, 1880, one on the 15th, and another on the
20th.

“The seeds of this cone, as well as those of others sent at the same
time, were infested with Cecidomyid larve. The Tortricid larve
worked only in the scales of the cone, while the Cecidomyids were con-
fined to the seeds.

‘‘Mr. Vasey, who sent the cones, states that ‘the Abies bracteata Nutt.,
locally called silver pine, extends from the northern boundary of San
Luis Obispo County 40 miles northward, in canons on both sides of
the Santa Luca range. It is a handsome and striking tree, 100 to 150
feet high, in shape pyramidal, with an elongated peak. The white
under surface of the leaves produces a silvery sheen when the sun shines
upon them at the right angle.’ ”

‘¢The following description of this moth has been written for this re-
port by Prof. C. H. Fernald:

Head, palpi, thorax above, and basal third of forewings dull ocher yellow, inclin-
ing to cinereous on the thorax and base of the wings in certain lights; last joint of
palpi very small, somewhat darker; legs, thorax, and abdomen beneath straw-yellow ;
outer side of the tibiae and the basal portion of each joint of the tarsi pale cinereous.

Forewings externally ocher yellow, overlaid with dark-brown scales. Costa marked
with fine geminate white spots, from which are continued metallic blue stripes. The
first costal spot begins a little before the middle, the second a little beyond the mid-
dle, the others following at about equal distances from each other towards the apex,
alternating with and cut by dark brown, the third and fourth not geminate in some

PINE CATERPILLARS. 789

examples. A triangular white spot rests upon the middle of the hinder border of the
wing, divided at the base by light brown, extending obliquely up and outward to the
middle of the wing, where it meets the metallic stripe from the first costal spot. The
metallic stripe from the second costal spot extends obliquely for a short distance
towards the anal angle, where it is joined with the one from the third costal spot, then
curving downward they extend as one stripe nearly across the wing, forming the
inner boundary of the ocellus. The metallic stripes from the two outer costal spots
also unite a little below the costa and extend across the wiug parallel with the last,
forming the outer boundary of the ocellus and, curving inward, unite with the
other beneath the ocellus, and just above the anal angle. The dark brown between
the costal spots extends down between the metallic stripes, suffusing more or less the
ocher yellow of the wing. Ocellus straw-yellow, with three parallel dark-brown
dashes, sometimes only represented by one or more dots. The basal portion of the
wing forms an acute angle near the middle of the cell, and is somewhat suffused with
brown where it rests against the first oblique stripe and the white spot of the inner
border. Fringe metallic blue or purple, according to the light, with a basal dark-brown
line and a few white scales below the apex.

Hind wing and abdomen above, and under side of all the wings, fuscous; fringes
of hind wings a little lighter. Costal spots of the forewings reproduced beneath.
Expanse, female, 12™™; male, 9-10™™, Habitat, California. Described from three
males and two females, one male and one female in my collection, the rest in the col-
lection of the Department of Agriculture. (Comstock.)

122. THE SULPHUR-LEAF ROLLER MOTH.
Dichelia sulphureana Clemens.

This leaf-roller is common on Pinus strobi at Brunswick, Me., and
was also found on P. rigida the first week in August.

August 5 it began to make a slight cocoon by drawing together the
leaves into a rude tube and spinning a slight cocoon between them.
The pupa was found between the leaves August 7th. The moth ap-
peared August 16 to 17.

Says Mr. Forbes (3d Report Ins., Illinois):

Professor Comstock believes this leaf-roller to be at least three-brooded, the larve
of the first brood occurring in May; of the second, in June, and of the third, in
August.

Larve coliected by him May 13 pupated in part on the 19th, and emerged as moths
from the 19th of May to the 3d of June. Those collected June 20 pupated July 1,
and emerged July 5 to 14; and those taken August 15 pupated September 1, and
emerged September 1 to 16. Later larvee were found October 21.

In Illinois there seem also to be several broods, as indicated by the following facts
from our breeding-cage records, but it is not possible to fix their number or to assign
them limitations of time.

Larve collected May 17, this year, began to pupate on the 30th, and to emerge
June 7. Those obtained May 23 pupated June 11 to 21, and commenced to emerge
June 19. Others taken June 7 emerged June 26 to 28. Those pupating July 6
emerged July 11 (Coquillett), and those taken August 18 pupated on the 20th, and
completed their transformations on the 31st of the same month. Hence, without
actually breeding from the egg, we can only say that the insect breeds all summer,
and that it apparently hibernates in the larval stage as indicated by the late date of
Professor Comstock’s larve mentioned above.

It agrees well with Robinson’s Pl. V., fig. 37, though differing in
some respects. According to Fernald’s Catalogue of Tortricide, this

790 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

common species feeds on the clover, Vitis, Ranunculus acris, and is an
inquiline in willow galls. Forbes has found it to be destructive to corn.

Larva.—Body tapering towards each end. The head is honey-yellow, considerably
narrower thanthe body. The body is pale livid green with a corneous hue. There are
no lines or any distinctive markings, except the four usual warts or smaJl tubercles
which are arranged as usual in this family in a trapezoid. From these warts arise
hairs one-half as long as the body 1s thick. At the end of the supra-anal plate is a
flattened tubercle with spines. Length 15™™,

Pupa.—Length 8™™, Color, dark shining brown, lighter at the end of the wing-
covers and the parts covering the palpi and base of the antenne. Front rounded
and smooth. Abdominal segments on the dorsal side armed with two transverse
rows of small spines inclined backward, those on the posterior edge of each segment
finer and closer than those of the other row. Abdomen terminated by a protu-
berance, flattened above, rounded at the end, hollowed out underneath the base,
and armed with two fine hooks on each side, and four from the end. (Comstock,
Rep., 1881).

Moth.—This insect may be described in general terms as a brownish yellow moth,
the fore wings of which are marked by two V-shaped brown bands (the apex of the
angle pointing backwards), so placed that when the wings are closed these markings
forman X.

The palpi are long, nearly or quite twice the length of the head, yellow above,
deep red laterally and beneath. The antenne are reddish brown; the head and
thorax are yellow above, tinged with red or purple at the sides; the patagia red in
front, yellow beyond. Anterior wings golden yellow, finely reticulated with red or
purplish (sometimes the reticulations are wanting), costa tinged with purple at base.
A purple spot on the middle of the internal margin throws out two diverging lines, one
of which attains the costa at the basal third, the other ending just below a similarly
colored subapical costalspot. The internal margins more or less tinged with purple,
somewhat constant, and deepest towards the base; fringes yellow. Posterior wings
above and beneath varying from pale yellowish fuscous to dark fuscous or blackish.
Under surface of anterior wings clouded centrally with fuscous; the margins paler,
sometimes yellow. Abdomen brownish, legs pale silvery brown, anterior ones dark-
est. Expanse, female, 14 to 17™™; female, 17 to 19™™, (Forbes.)

123. Teras ferrugana S. V.

The larva was beaten from the white pine (P. strobi) at Providence,

October 5.

Larva.—The body is rather large, 20™™ in length, broad and flat. Head flattened,
held out horizontally, reddish above, with a dark broad line around the edge. The
body is green, with areddish tint. The cervical shield is concolorous with the body,
aud edged behind with dark black-brown, forming a curved line. Over the body
above are scattered pale flecks.

The caterpillar pupated in the bottom of the breeding-box without
making any cocoon.

Pupa-—Slender, 7 to 8™™ in length, of the usual pale horn-brown color. Each ab-
dominal segment is provided with two dorsal transverse rows of close-set spines.

The tip of the abdomen is suddenly truncated, compressed from above downwards,
the edge is hollowed within, the edge itself curvilinear, with a small spine on each
side. It differs from that of 7. viburnana in the end being broad, square, and flat-
tened vertically, while the hooks are almost obsolete. ;

The moth appeared October 20 or 21. I am indebted to Prof. C. H.
Fernald for kindly identifying it. According to his Catalogue of Tor-

PINE TUBE-WORM. 791

tricide of North America, this common European species feeds in
Europe on the beech, birch and oak (Heinemann), and according to
Walsh, is in this country an inquiline in galls of C. salicis-strobiloides.
It could not have been mixed with other Tortricids in my breeding tin
box, as it was the only Tortricid in the little box, hence I think there
is no doubt but that it at least occasionally feeds on the white pine.
The larva is very characteristic and easily recognizable.

Moth.—Costs full near the base; slightly excavated before the faleate apex; outer
margin full and rounded below the apex. Ground color flesh-red brown, with scat-
tered leaden scales; a median white spot, beyond which are a number of lead-colored
scales; an oblique row of leaden scales goes from this spot to the costa at a point
beyond the inner third of the costa, and the other to a point half way between the
costal end of the first line and the apex; a few white scales on the first line. Hind
wings lead-gray. Length of body 6™™; expanse of wings 14 to 16™™,

124. THE PINE AMORBIA.

Amorbia humerosana Clemens.

This leaf-rolling moth was bred from the white pine in Maine, the
moth appearing in May. Itis a large species of Tortricidw, the fore
wings with the costal edge full. The head, thorax, and forewings are
whitish ash, with dark specks, but with no distinct lines and markings.
There are two whitish patches in the middle of the forewings, on each
side of which are a few fine black specks; in the middle of the outer
fourth of the wing is a whitish patch. There is a marginal row of fine
black points. The fringe is pale; the hind wings are pale gray slate
color. Expanse of wing, 24™™. The larva was not described. It has
been bred from the benzoin bush and the poison ivy by Mr. L. W.
Goodell. The species ranges from Canada and Maine to Pennsylvania.

125. THE PINE TUPE-BUILDER.

Tortrix politana Haworth.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family TORTRICID».

Cutting off the ends of white pine needles, and spinning together a tube of the
stumps, in September, and also to be met with probably early in summer, a pale-green
leaf-roller, pupating late in September.

About ten years ago I found, in September, on the young white pines
in the grounds of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, at Amherst,
Mass., numerous pretty tubes such as are figured in the adjoining en-
graving. Thelarva, probably in August and early in September, gathers
together about fifteen needles of the white pine, tying them into a bundle
by silken threads; then, usually eating off about one-third of the ends,
forms a tube, within which the worm lives. Some full-grown larve
were found September 22 which had gathered the leaves together with-
out cutting them off, the tube extending the whole length of the leaves.
It is possible that the larvee of the first brood early in summer cut off
the ends of the tube, while the approach of cold late in September pre-

792 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

vents those of the second brood from giving the finishing character-
istic touches to their tubular domiciles.

Fic. 268.—Tubes of the pine tube-building leaf-roller ; natural size.—After Packard.

The larva is .30 inch long, pale green, a little paler than the pine
leaves; darker over the region of the digestive canal. Body with
minute warts of the same color as the body, from which arise short,
slender, pale hairs. Head pale horn color, with a darker somewhat red-
dish patch on each side of the head; on the clypeus just behind the
labrum a triangular spot; labrum reddish horn color. It is very active,
climbing out of its tube and letting itself down by a thread when dis-
turbed. The worms found at the end of September were about fully
grown. There must be two broods of worms, as the dead chrysalids
were found in some of the tubes. When about to pupate the worm
spins a slight web within its tube. One larva pupated in confinement
September 21. In Providence two pupated as late as the first or second
week in November. Mr. Emerton informs us that he raised the moth,
which we failed to do, but the specimen was unfortunately lost.

We have found the young larve one-quarter grown on the white pine
at Brunswick, Me., in August. They had not cut off the ends, but had
merely drawn the leaves together with silken threads.

We also add Professor Comstock’s account published in the U.S.
Agricultura) Report for 1880.

On the 15th of October the Department received from Professor Gage, of Ithaca,
N. Y., a number of the tips of branches of white pine (Pinus strobus) which were in-
fested with the larve of a species of Tortricid. From six to ten of the terminal
leaves were drawn together lengthwise, forming a kind of tube, which was lined in-
side with delicate white silk. Sometimes the leaves of one fascicle were drawn
together, but more frequently those which were near each other from different
fascicles, The tube is open at each end, the outer being cut off squarely or obliquely,
very often leaving two or more of the leaves untouched.

This tube seems to serve as a protection to the larva, from which it comes out to
feed upon the ends of the very leaves of which the tube is composed. In this way

THE PINE LEAF-MINER. | 793

the leaves are shortened, the larva feeding upon one after another only at the end,
thus shortening them gradually until the larva is fully grown, when there are some-
times one or more of the leaves left untouched. Those first attacked gradually become
dry and yellow, loosening from their bases, and are only held in place by the green
ones.

The full-grown larva is three-eighths of an inch long, of a yellowish green color,
with dark or blackish head and olive-green thoracic plate.

The moths emerged from the 26th of December to the 30th of January, and have
the head, thorax, and fore wings of a dull rust-red color, with two oblique paler
bands, one a little before the middle, the other beyond, parallel to it, crossing the
fore wings. Hind wings and upper side of the abdomen silky gray. Expanse of
wings, half an inch.

These moths are not easily disturbed, and if the branches upon which they are
sitting be shaken they drop to the ground, feigning death, not even moving when
touched.

Specimens were sent to Professor Fernald for determination, who replied as fol-
lows:

‘This species has been determined for me by Professor Zeller as Tortrix politana
Haw. It feeds here on white pine as you describe, but Wilkinson gives Myrica gale
as the food plant in England, and Heinemann gives Ranunculus acris and Centaurea
jacea as food plants in Germany. If our species is really identical with the European
T. politana it must be very polyphagus.”

He further says:

“‘T am not able to learn that it ever has been observed feeding upon any of the Coni-
Sere in Europe.”

As Professor Fernald thinks there is still a chance that this is not identical with
the European Tortrix politana Haw., he has prepared the following description for
this report:

Imago of Tortrix (Lophoderus) politana Haw.—Alar expanse, 13-14™™, Head, palpi,
thorax above, and upper side of forewings, yellowish-red. Thoracic tuft, basal patch,
oblique and apical bands dark rust-red. The space between the basal patch and
central oblique band is narrow, scarcely lighter than the basal patch, and indicated
by a lighter edging on each side of the space which begins at the basal third of the
costa and extends obliquely across the wing to the middle of the hinder margin.
The space beyond the central band is similar to the last, beginning near the outer
third of the costa and extending obliquely across the wing to the anal angle. The
outer margin in some specimens is of the same color as the interspaces, and the costa
is more or less flecked with-light yellow. Fringe yellowish, with grayish scales at
the anal angle. Hind wings and abdomen above, silky gray or slate color; under
side and fringes lighter. Under side of fore wings light fuscous, with lighter yellow-
ish diffused spots along the costa and outer border. Under side of abdomen and
thorax light straw yellow, as are also the legs. Fore and middle legs annulated with
brown.

126. THE PINE LEAF-MINER.

Gelechia pinifoliella Chambers.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family TINEID&.

Mining the leaves of different species of pine, a minute, brown, narrow, cylindrical
larva.

‘“‘ For several years the leaves of the common pitch pine (Pinus rigida)
in the vicinity of Ithaca, N. Y., have been seen to be extensively mined
by the larvee of a Tineid, the life history of which we have first studied
the present season. The end of the leaf, and in many cases the entire

794 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

leaf above its base, becomes dead and brown, and when opened it is
found to be entirely eaten out, and to contain, in the proper season, the
larva or pupa of the above-mentioned insect.

Fic. 269.—The pine leaf: miner, larva, pupa, adult, and work.—After Comstock.

‘¢ What are in all probability the eggs of this insect have been found
deposited singly near the base of the leaves. They are nearly round,
flattened on the side of attachment, and slightly so on the opposite side.
Their average diameter is 1.4™™ (.05inch). The general color is reddish
brown, differing in intensity with the stage of development. The sur-
face of each egg is marked with numerous delicate carine, which meet
at the center, somewhat resembling those of the cotton and boll worms
figured in the article on cotton insects. We have not proof positive
that these are the eggs of this leaf miner, but their size, appearance,
and place of deposit seem to indicate that they are.

“The work of the growing larve is well shown in the plate, and also
the larva itself, highly magnified. From astudy of the mines, the larva
appears to burrow towards the end of the leaf first. Should it arrive
at the end of the leaf (and it almost invariably does) before attaining
full growth, it reverses its position and mines towards the base. The
hole of entrance and of future exit is apparently in all cases enlarged
and the excrement pushed through, as there is but little frass to be dis-
covered in the mine, while it can always be found in a greater or less
quantity at the opening or on the leaves below. No instance has been
observed in which one larva has injured more than a single leaf of P.
rigida ; but a specimen of this insect was found in Virginia upon the
common scrub pine (P. inops), the leaves of which are shorter and more

THE PINE LEAF-MINER. 795

slender than those of the pitch pine, and, from observations made upon
it, it would seem that one leaf, if small, does not afford all of the food
needed by a larva.

‘‘When found on the Ist of January this specimen was hibernating,
the mouth of its burrow being covered with a thin silken curtain. Six
days after, being transferred to a warm room, it was found that this
curtain had been broken and the insect had left its mine. It was soon |
found on another leaf, and the same day formed a new burrow, where
it continued to eat until January 23, at which time it had completely
_ excavated the leaf. After this date all operations appear to have been
suspended, and there were no signs of life in the burrow until March 3,
when a Proctotrupid parasite issued.

‘‘ Leaves of P. rigida are frequently observed to be completely mined
out, and nearly full-grown larve are occasionally found crawling about
ovef the leaves and twigs; so it seems probable that with this species
of pine also two leaves may sometimes be successively mined by the
same larva. ;

“The full-grown larva is nearly 5™™ in length (.19 inch). Its coloris
light brown, with the head and prothoracic shield and the anal plate
black. The body is clothed with a few delicate hairs. The form of the
larva is shown in the figure. Upon reaching full growth the larva spins
a slight covering to the mouth of the mine and retreats a short distance
above it (from 10™™ to 15™™), There, after spinning a few supporting
lines of silk, it transforms to a long and slender chrysalis, light-brown
at first but afterwards nearly black. When removed from the mine the
pupa is very active, jerking the short end of the abdomen (which ex-
tends below the wing cases) from side toside with rapidity. The dura-
tion of the pupa state is from ten to fourteen days. The moth makes
its exit from the pupa shell without disturbing the position of the latter,
leaving it attached by its threads some distance up the mine, and works
its own way to the entrance.

‘‘There are certainly two broods of this insect each year, probably
three, and possibly more in exceptional seasons. Of the general hiber-
nating habits of the genus, Stainton says: ‘ Of a few species the young
larve live through the winter, but I believe the greater number pass
the winter in the egg and pupa state.’ With the present species the
nearly full grown larve have been found during the winter,-but not in
great numbers. What we consider to be the egg of this species has
also been found in apparently healthy condition in midwinter, and
the insect, without much doubt, hibernates in both of these forms, and
possibly in either of the others. The moths of the first brood issue
during the entire month of June, the difference between the earlier
and later ones probably depending upon the form in which they hiber-
nate.

‘‘As we have stated before, larve almost identical in appearance
with those found ou Pinus rigida in New York have been discovered on

796 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

the scrub pines (P. inops) around Washington. These larvee were bred
to the perfect state and proved to be the same species.
‘‘A leaf-miner of precisely the same habits and of almost the same
appearance was found the past winter in the leaves of the southern
pine (P. australis) at Macon, Ga., a point where, owing to a sudden fall
of some 400 feet in altitude, the northern and southern floras meet in
‘a remarkable manner. Progressing southward, a careful search was
made for additional specimens of this leat-miner, but none were found
except in this one locality. Assuming the identity of the two forms
(they have since been bred and proved identieal), it puzzled us for some
time to discover how the species could have reached P. australis, since
the southernmost limit of P. inops is South Carolina, and P. rigida is
essentially northern. It was not until we discovered the same miner
in leaves of the yellow pine (P. mitis) that we were able to solve the
problem. The yellow pine is not only found north, but also extends
south until at Macon, Ga., we can see it mingling with the northern-
most specimens of P. australis.” (Comstock.)

Moth.—Palpi simple; hind wings excised beneath the tips. Head white, flecked
with scales of the general hue of the insect, which may be called a brownish-yellow.
Palpi white; the second joint longer than the third, brownish-yellow flecked with
fuscous scales on the outer side; third joint white, with a brownish-yellow annulus
about its middle, and another near the tip; antennze white, each joint crossed by a
brownish band. Thorax and forewings of the general hue above mentioned, flecked
with fuscous scales. On the forewings are three white fascia, placed respectively
at about the basal, middle, and apical fourths of the wing length; the apex is densely
dusted with fuscous on a white ground, and the dorsal margin is sparsely flecked
with brown. The fasciz also are more or less margined with brown scales, and the
third one is sometimes interrupted in the middle; and the fuscous scales which mar-
gin the first and second fasciw (especially along the second, near the fold) form
minute tufts of raised scales. Cilia grayish, with interspersed black scales, which
are tipped with white. Under side of the forewings brownish. Hind wings pale
grayish with white cilia; abdomen brown above, whitish toward the apex beneath.
Expanse of wings three-eighths inch. (Chambers, in Comstock’s Report.)

Egg.—Seen from above, appears globular, with a diameter of 14™™; seen from the
side, appears so compressed that its long diameter is nearly twice the length of the
short. Colorreddish brown. Surface marked with delicate, close, meridional carine,
meeting at the center above and below. (Comstock.)

Larva.—Length when full grown, 4.2™™; average width, .58™™, Sub-cylindrical ;
all segments except head and anal segment nearly equal in diameter, the exceptions
smaller. Color yellowish brown; head, prothoracic and anal plates dark brown;
mouth-parts yellowish ; prothoracic shield strong, completely divided longitudinally
in the middle by a moderately wide suture. (Comstock.)

Pupa.—Length, 4.4™™; average width, .71™™. Head obtusely rounded; wing-
sheaths extending to sixth abdominal segment; antennal sheaths reaching nearly
to end of wing-sheaths, all compactly soldered. General form very nearly cylin-
drical; sixth and seventh abdominal segments spreading at posterior borders; dor-
sal side of anal segment furnished with a cluster of from 10 to 15 delicate tentacu-
lar or hook-formed filaments. Color, when first transformed, light yellow brown,
soon changing to very dark brown, almost black, on head, thorax, wings, and crural
sheaths; abdomen of a lighter brown, growing still lighter towards the anus.

Parasites.—A minute chalcid parasite was bred from the specimeus found in P,
vigida. From 8 to 12 of the larve of this parasite are usually found within the

THE PITCH MIDGE. 197

body of one of the leaf-mining larve. They are pale milk-white in color, and the
alimentary canal blackish; they are long and slender in form. A very small Ta-
china fly was also bred, both from the northern and southern specimens. (Comstock
in Agricultural Report for 1879.)

We have found at Brunswick, Me., young pitch-pine trees the leaves.
of which had been attacked by this larva; the injury was quite local,
not general. We found larve April 4, 1883, on the outside of the leaves
of P. rigida, on leaves affected last year, boring in the needles near the
middle. Thisis the only Tineid recorded, as far as we know, as living on
the pine, which seems remarkably free from the attacks of this family.

127. THE PITCH-INHABITING MIDGE.
Diplosis resinicola Osten-Sacken.
Order DIPTERA ; family CECIDOMYID#.

Feeding early in May, and again towards the middle of June, in companies of
thirty or forty, in the pitch exuding from wounds in the bark of the pitch-pine,
small, slender, footless, orange larve, changing to two-winged midges or gall-flies
late in May and the middle of June. (Comstock.)

The following account of this interesting fly is taken from Professor
Comstock’s Report for 1879:

In 1868, Mr. Sanborn exhibited before the Boston Society of Natural History speci-
mens of a ‘‘ Cecidomyious larva,” which he had found feeding in companies of thirty
or forty in the pitch exuding from wounds in the bark of Pinus rigida. ‘ Whether
they were the prime cause of the injury to the tree was not plainly apparent.” (See
Proceedings Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xii, p. 93.) In the Proceedings of the Entomological
Society of Philadelphia, 1871, p. 345, Osten-Sacken records the discovery of similar
larve in the exuding resin of Pinus inops at Tarrytown, N. Y. These he reared to
the perfect state, and gave the species the name of Diplosis resinicola.

Early in May the two-or-three-year-old branches of Pinus inops in the vicinity of
Washington were observed to be quite extensively infested by these insects, which
were then in the larva state and actively feeding. They shortly turned to pup, and
the first midge emerged May 26. On June 11 larvee of the same species were found
upon the twigs of Pinus rigida at Ithaca, N. Y. Pupz were also found in the same
twigs, and June 13 the first midge issued. In February, 1880, I collected specimens
of similar larve at Orange Lake, Florida, on twigs of Pinus teda, which, upon the
appearance of the adults on March 1, were found to be of the same species.

Fig. 87 (from Comstock) shows well the work of this insect. The lumps of exuding
resin may contain from two to thirty of the larve, which, when full-grown, measure
on an average 6™™ (about one-quarter of an inch) in length. While still feeding they
are pale-orange in color, but after ceasing they become of a bright orange. The
spiracles of the anal segment are at the summit of two protruding tubercles, and
around each is a small whorl of four fleshy papille. The other spiracles are small
and black. The larve are much elongated, and are widest at the 6th segment; the
undersides of segments 1 to 7 are furnished each with two transverse rows of short
black or brown spines, probably for locomotive purposes. While burrowing in the
bark and resin the anal tubercles are always at the surface. When, however, the
larva contracts to pupate, the end of the body is drawn in, but an open channel is
left so that the air has free access. When about to give out the adult, the pupa
works its way to the surface of the resin and protrudes half its body, so that there is
no danger of the midge becoming fastened in the sticky gum. Dried lumps of resin,

798 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

fairly bristling with protruding pupa skins, are a common sight on trees affected by
these insects. The adult insect is large, measuring 9™™ (.354 inch) in wing-expanse.
The head is blackish, the thorax gray, and the abdomen dark red. The male antennzx
are 26-jointed, with alternate single and double joints, all pediceled; the female, 14-

Fig. 270.—The pitch inhabiting midge.—A fter Comstock.

jointed. The main peculiarity of the adult form is in the remarkable gibbosity of the
head, the eyes joining together at the summit and covering nearly the whole head.
The wing-venation and other points are shown in the figure. The resin exuding from
the wounds in P. inops is perfectly clear, and permits one to count the number of the
larvee and to watch their every motion.

‘¢ We have as yet no data upon which to state definitely whether the
eggs of the midge are laid upon the uninjured bark, and it is the work
of the larvee in the bark which causes the resin to exude, or whether it
is only in resinous exudations, caused by a bruise or by the work of
some other insects that the eggs are laid. In the clear lumps on Pinus
inops the larve are always observed with their heads applied to the
abraded bark.

“ Somewhat similar, though evidently distinct larvee were found feed-
ing in the resin exuding from the wounds made by the larva of Retinia
comstockiana in the twigs of Pinus rigida. It is probable that they may
be Osten-Sacken’s Cecidomyia pini-inopis, but it is difficult to say posi-
tively as his description of this species is so very indefinite.” (Comstock.)

Upon the loblolly pine (P. teda), however, it is milky, and the presence of the in-
sect can not be ascertained without opening the mass.

We have noticed the work of this gall-fly at Providence, the cast
pupa skins being found protruding from the masses of pitch June 28.
We have also observed it for many years past at Brunswick, Me.

128. THE PITCH-PINE NEEDLE GALL FLY.
Diplosis pini-rigide Packard,

Shortening and deforming the needles of the pitch pine, in Maine, early in May,
orange-colored larve, which spin a cocoon toward theendof May; the fly appearing
probably in June, as the second brood of lary occur late in September.

>

THE PITCH-PINE LEAF GALL-FLY. 199

*In the year 1862 or ‘63 I observed in an isolated young pitch-pine
(Pinus rigida) at Brunswick, Me., that many of the leaves or needles
were less than half as long as usual, and much swollen at their base, as
seen in the adjoining cut. These deformed needles were quite numer-
ous on the tree, and, so far as I am aware, have not been previously
noticed.

The larva is situated at the base between the
inner two of the three needles, which grow from
one-third to one-half of their normal length, and
by the irritation set up by the worm the united
base of the leaves swells into a bulbous expan-
sion about the size of a pea, or four times the nes
original thickness of the needle, while the third yg. 271_Piteh-pine needles
or outer needle is sometimes not altered in size, shortened and deformed by
but simply shortened and aborted. The bud. - ee ee gall:
scales of the primary leaves are burst and hang
down in shreds about the bulbous swelling of the secondary leaves or
needles. The larva, which was found in the autumn of the same year
(September 22), does not apparently bore into leaves, as it has no means
of making its exit unless it works its way out of its prison through an
oval hole between two of the leaves. It has to do so in some way, how-
ever, for when fully fed it makes its exit, ascends to the terminal buds,
and pupates on one of them, exposed to the air. Sometimes there are
two larve, one on each side of a leaf.

The cocoons are pale, oval, and covered with the pitch which exudes
from the buds of the tree, and were found May 20. When the fly issues
from the cocoon it creeps half way out of its cocoon, leaving its pupa-
skin partially remaining, with the old pupal integument of the antenne,
wings, and legs separate.

On the 10th of June I opened the cocoon and found the pupe of 4
chalcid fly, and afterwards found specimens of the adult, which, on
making their exit, bore small holes through the sides of the cocoon.

The history of the species is apparently somewhat as follows: The
eggs are probably laid at the base of the needle early in May, or pos-
sibly in the preceding autumn, or possibly the larva winters in its gall,
though thisisnotprobable. At any rate the worms pupate within spun
silken cocoons about the middle or the third week in May, and the
fly probably appears in the early part or about the middle of June,
when the eggs are laid for the second brood of worms, which we have
found September 22. A large percentage are destroyed by the chalcid
fly.

These deformed needles were observed on the pines of the campus of
Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, August 4, 1882, though no larve

* The following account and figure are taken from Hayden’s Tenth Annual Report
of the U. 8. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Territories for 1876. Wash-
ington, 1878, p. 527.

800 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

were detected, but I found the larve September 27, 1882, at Providence,
R. I.

Larva.—Deep orange in color, with the ‘‘ breast-bone ” retractile. The lateral swol-
len region of the body is well marked, convex, and the segments are short, quite
convex.

Female described from life.—Antenne 14-jointed, about half as long as the body,
brown, with sparse, irregular verticils of gray hairs, the ten terminal joints twice as
long as broad, and pedicellate. Clypeus and epicranium testaceous brown, the cly-
peus (hypostoma) having a few long gray hairs curving overand downward. Palpi
concolorous with the ends of the antenne.

Thorax shining black, with four lines of white hairs, asin C. pini DeGeer ; the sides
including the prothorax, reddish; scutellum reddish-brown, while the trochanters
are much darker, the first pair being nearly black, the two posterior pairs reddish-
brown. Legs brown, paler beneath, with gray hairs, the tarsal joints darker at the
articulations, covered with fine silvery hairs.

Wings rather short and broad, with searcely any pubescence ; fringe long, veins
dark brown; the subcostal (first longitudinal) vein terminates at the middle of the
wing (in C. salicis it terminates much beyond this point); the median vein terminates
at or perhaps a little below the apex ; it curves around rapidly, following the curve of
the margin ; cross-vein very minute, very oblique, almost obsolete, situated a little
before the middle of the first longitudinal vein; third longitudinal vein straight, but
turning down to the inner margin at nearly a right angle. The venule which, in
continuation of the main vein, is bent upward at its origin, thence goes straight to
the outer edge, inclosing a triangular space. The halteres are pale flesh-colored.

Abdomen blood-red, with slight sparse hairs. The segments on the terminal half
of the abdomen are edged with black, and the tip of the abdomen is blackish, while
the genital armature is flesh-colored. Length, .10 inch.

This species differs decidedly from Diplosis pint Loew, 2, in that the
basal joints of the antenne are not yellow, but pale brown. The cly-
peus (hypostoma) is reddish-brown, not reddish-yellow, The abdomen
is blood-red, and the hairs are too few to give a silvery reflection; the
legs do not seem whiter beneath than above; the wings are not densely
pubescent as in Loew’s description of D. pini, but are sparingly so.
The cross-vein is difficult to find, and then is only seen in certain posi-
tions. It is smaller, being only a tenth ofan inch long.

In its habits it seems to differ frum Osten-Sacken’s Diplosis pini-inopis
in that the apparently similar pale, oval, resinous, pitchy cocoons are
placed on the buds of the pine-needles, which were somewhat deformed,
and could thus be easily distinguished from others not affected ; as well
as by the resinous pitchy exudation covering them. (This was observed
May 20.) The food-plant is also different, Diplosis pini-inopis living on
the Jersey or scrub pine (Pinus inops), which does not extend so far
north as New England, particularly Maine.

129. THE PINE SAWFLY (Lophyrus sp.).
Order HYMENOPTERA; family TENTHREDINID®.

Body pale yellowish-green, segments with numerous fine transverse wrinkles ; head
black; thoracic legs black. Observed August 17 on pitch pine at Brunswick, Me.

THE WHITE-NECKED PINE-BEETLE. 801

130. THE PHILADELPHIA CHRYSOMELA.
Chrysomela philadelphica Linneus.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CHRYSOMELID.

Feeding upon the leaves from May till September, a very convex broad-oval beetle
about 0.30 long, of a dark bottle-green color with white wing-covers sometimes tinged
with yellow and having on them numerous spots and dots of dark green with a black
line on the suture widened anteriorly and a second line parallel with this on each side,
the antennw and legsrusty red. ‘This is also common upon willows, with other species
closely similar to it. (Fitch.)

131. THE PINE CHRYSOMELA.

Glyptoscelis hirtus Olivier.

Order COLEOPTERA; family CHRYSOMELID.

Feeding on the leaves in May and June, a thick cylindrical beetle resembling the
Cloaked Chrysomela, No. 27, but with the pubescence much thinner than in that and
the other American species of this genus. Its color is brassy, more brilliant on the
under side and tinged with coppery. The male is usually 0.28 and the female 0,35
long. (Fitch.)

132. THE SARATOGA LEAF-HOPPER.

Aphrophora saratogensis Fh. var.
Order HemipTERA ; family CERCOPID®.

The larve form masses of froth on the leaves of the white pine in June, acquiring
wings the last of July and in Augustin Maine. Common. (Named by Dr. Uhler.)

133. THE WHITE-NECKED PINE-BEETLE.

Dichelonycha albicollis Burmeister.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family SCARABAIDA.

A small beetle half an inch long or somewhat less and resembling the Rose bug, No
50, in its shape but with wing-covers of a shining brilliaut green, becomes quite com
mon upon pines about the middle of May, eating the leaves, and continues about a
month. It may be distinguished from the several other species of the genus to which
it belongs by its thorax having a more distinct but a very shallow groove along its
middle. (Fitch.)

The beetle.—This species has a black head with its fore part dull pale yellow. Its
thorax is black and is covered with incumbent ash gray or yellowish hairs, but not
so close as to hide the ground beneath, whilst the scutel is densely coated with white
hairs. The bright green wing-covers are dull pale yellow along their outer margin
an@ also on their inner edge. They are rough from confluent punctures and show
three smooth raised lines ou each, running lengthwise. The legs are pale yellow with
the hind feet and inner side of the hind shanks black or blackish, and the fore shanks
have at their outer tips two projecting teeth with asmall tubercle indicating the place
of a third tooth. Its length varies from 0.40 to 0.50. (Fitch.)

5 ENT 51

> rd J . -

802 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

\
adeks tail -

134. THE PINE ANOMALA.
Anomala pinicola Melsheimer.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family SCARABHIDE.

Feeding on the leaves in June and July, beetles resembling the common May beetle,
No. 76, but of a much smaller size, being only 0.35 long, black, shining, their wing-
covers slightly tinged with chestnut with the suture and outer margin broadly black,
their antenne pale dull yellowish, and their feet pitchy black. I only know this
species from specimens from the South, but as it occurs in Pennsylvaniait will proba-
bly be found also in our own State. (Fitch.)

135. THE PINE CLASTOPTERA.
Clastoptera pini Fitch.
Order HEMIPTERA; family CERCOPID.
Puncturing the leaves and sucking their juices, in July, a small shining broad oval

tree-hopper 0.14 long, of a black color, its head pale yellow with a black band on its
anterior margin, its thorax prettily sculptured with fine tranverse lines and with a

Fig. 272.—Larva of Olastoptera on pine; a, side view.

pale yellow band anteriorly, its wing-covers with a broad hyaline white margin on
the outer side, interrupted with black back of the middle and having a shining black
dot near the tip, its under side and legs pale yellow. (Fitch.)

136. THE TESTACEOUS CLASTOPTERA.
Clastoptera testacea Fitch.

A similar insect to the preceding, but of a pale yellow color, 0.20 long, its scutel
darker tawny red or yellow, its wing-covers with a shining black dot near the tip,
and often with a black dot upon each side of the breast. Appearing upon pines and
also on oaks the latter part of July and in August. (Fitch.)

137. THE WHITE-PINE LEAF-HOPPER.
Bythoscopus strobi Fitch.
Order Hemiptera; family CERCOPID®.

Puncturing the leaves and sucking their juices in May, an oblong tawny yellow or
yellowish brown leaf-hopper, 0.20 long, its wing-covers inscribed with numerous
blackish lines and dots, witha few small spots mostly on the outer margin, and crossed
by three broad bluish-white bands, its legs pale yellowish with numerous black dots
from which arise small spines. (Fitch. )

PINE BUGS. 803
1388. THE PINE-LOUSE MIMIC.
Camaranotus confusus Hirschl. var. occidentalis?

This bug closely resembles the pine Lachnus, or even a dark ant,
and is common running about the terminal twigs of the pine. I have
observed it in abundance in Maine. (Named by Mr. Ubler.)

139. THE GREEN PINE TETTIGONIA.
Order HEMIPTERA; family CERCOPID.

Occurring in August in Maine on the pitch pine, a pretty, delicate green Tettigo-
nia-like form, exactly of the color of the pine leaves. Pupa with some faint yellow
markings.

140. THE PINE CIXIUS.
Cixius pint Fitch.
Order HEMIPTERA; family FULGORIDZ.

Puncturing the leaves and sucking their juices in May and June, a brownish black
four-winged fly, 0.23 long, its thorax diamond-shaped, with three elevated longitu-
dinal lines, its forewings transparent but not clear and glassy, stained with smoky
yellow, forming a few transverse spots, their veins white, alternated with numerous
black dots, its legs pale with the thighs brown. (Fitch.)

141. THE VERNAL DIRAPHIA.
Diraphia vernalis Fitch.
Order HEMIPTERA; family PSYLLIDA.

Upon the leaves, puncturing them and sucking their juices, a small orange yellow
four-winged fly, 0.15 long, with a square flattened head concave on its upper side and
with a slight impressed line along the middle of its whole length and a small notch
in the middle of the anterior edge; the antenne projecting forward from the anterior
corners of the head, short and thread-like, of the same length with the head, their
basal joint largest and forming one-fourth part of their total length, their tips black
and ending in two short fine bristles of unequal length; the forewings thick and
leathery, feebly transparent, dull pale brownish yellow; the breast and hind breast
coal black, and the legs dull whitish. (Fitch.)

142. THE COMMON PINE APHID.

Lachnus strobi.

This is the most common aphid on the white pine, and is at times
very destructive to young trees. It has been for several years a great
pest on the pines on the estate of H. G. Russell, esq., at East Green-
wich, R. I. The best remedy is spraying the bushes with insecticides.

804 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Fic. 273.—Pine Lachnus. A head and beak, lb labrum, m mandibles; a, larva, male; b, female, body
filled with eggs; c, pupa (yellowish) ; g, odoriferous gland; h, orifice of the ‘‘ honey-tube ’"—Gissler del.

143. THE WHITE PINE SCHIZONEURA.
Schizoneura pinicola Thomas.
Order HEMIPTERA; family APHID.

Feeding on the tender shoots of the young white pines in Illinois, their presence
indicated by slender snow-white silky webs, and usually covered with a clear white,
cottony secretion which appears to shoot out from the body in little ribbon-like flakes;
the insects pale green. (Thomas.)

a ee

PINE SCALE-INSECTS. 805

144. Psylla tripuncta Riley.

A pretty reddish or pale brown species; spun on leaves April 4, 1883; wings with
three broad brown stripes; an oblique stripe in middle of wing.

Professor Riley states that Psylla tripuncta is ‘‘very common on pine
trees from Canada to Florida” (Amer. Ent., fig. 17, p. 62).

145. PINE-LEAF CUERMES.
Chermes pinifolie Fitch.
Order HEMIPTERA; family APHID &.

Stationary upon the leaves, usually towards their ends, puncturing them and snck-
ing their juices, a very small black fly 0.08 long to the tip of its abdomen, and 0.12
to the end of its wings, which are dusky gray, its abdomen dusky red and slightly
covered with fine cottony down. (Fitch.)

‘‘The females of these insects do not extrude their eggs. Clinging
closely te the leaf with their heads towards its base, they die, their
distended abdomens appearing like a little bag filled with eggs. The
outer skin of the abdomen soon perishes and disappears, leaving the
mass of eggs adhering to the side of the leaf, but completely covered
over and protected by the closed wings of the dead fly. I have met
with the dead females thus adhering to the leaves the first of July, and
have noticed the same insects on the leaves in full life and vigor the
middle of May.”

The rib vein of the forewings runs straight to the outer margin forward of the tip,
and gives off from its middle on the outer side a very oblique branch which runs to
the outer margin, its tip producing a slight angular projection of the edge of the
wing, and the whole space on the outer side of the rib vein beyond this branch is more
opaque than the rest of the wing and of asmoky yellowishcolor. From its inner side the
rib vein sends off three simple oblique
veins, the last one of which ends in
the extreme tip of the wing. The
hind wings have an angular point
on their outer side beyond the middle,
and a longitudinal rib vein, which,
forward of its middle sends off a
branch almost transversely inward,
its tip curved backward. | The an-
tenne are short, thread-like, and com-
posed of four or five small joints. It
will hence be seen that this insect
is a true Chermes—the first species of
this genus that has been discovered
in this country. (Fitch.)

\

146. THE PINE-LEAF SCALE-INSECT.
Mytilaspis pinifolie (Fitch. )

Order HEMIPTERA; family Coccipa.

Fixed upon the sides of the leaves
of young trees, exhausting them of
their juices and causing them to turn yellow; small oblong flattish white scales, with
a pale yellow spot upon their pointed end. (Fitch.)

leaf; b, male; c, d, female scale. After Riley

806 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

This insect is injurious in the Western States, according to Riley,
who describes and figures it in his Fifth Missouri Report. The disease
to which it gives rise is sometimes called the “white malady.” Riley
states that it produces two broods a year in Missouri, ¢. ¢., one in July
and again in October. It occurs on the white pine, red pine, Bhotan
pine, yellow pine, and Cembra pine, and sparsely on different species
of imported pines. I have also noticed it at Brunswick, Me.

147. THE PINE INHABITING APHIS.
Aphis pinicolens Fitch.

Found solitary on the pine. Straw yellow, densely covered with white
powder; antennz black, bases pale, with a dusky ring; fore wings with
a fuscous spot on the tip of each vein; t. veins brown, hyaline at their
bases, the costal one straw yellow; honey-tubes very short. Length to
tips of wings 0.25 inch.

This probably belongs to another genus, but I am unable to place it
from the short description given by Dr. Fitch. Such is also the case
with reference to the preceding species, which possibly belongs to Chaito-
phorus, and may be identical with my Ch. populicula. I give them as I
find them, with the hope that some one into whose hands this report falls
may be able to settle this point satisfactorily by finding the species.
(Thomas, 3d. Rt. Ins. Il.)

148. Lachnus australis Ashmead.

This plant louse, according to Mr. William H. Ashmead, in Florida
clusters upon the new and tender branches of the southern pine (Pinus
australis), which they puncture with their remarkably long beaks,
causing the sap to exude, and the branch upon which they exist to
become gummy and sticky. Mr. Ashmead has bred from it three
species of ichneumons, two of them allied to Aphidius, and the third a
Chalcid parasite.

Wingless female.—Length .08 to .16 inch. Uniform light brown; head small; eyes
large and round, bulging out on each side; beak extremely long and slender, reach-
ing to the last ventral segment ; antennz 6-jointed, reaching to the hinder part of the
thorax ; joints 1 and 2 bead-like; third longest, widest at apex; thorax twice as wide
at hinder part as the head; abdomen very broad, wider than long, with numerous
black spots on top, arranged in transverse rows; nectaries (honey-tubes) black,
tuberculous, nearly obsolete; legs very long, setaceous, and black, excepting basal
third of tibizw, which is yellowish.

Winged male.—Blackish. Length .08 to .10 inch. Expanse of wings about .35
inch. Head black, punctate, outer margin pale yellowish; prothorax dark brown
or blackish, greenish yellow along the suture next the head ; antenne short, reaching
below the middle of the thorax; mesothorax beautifully marked with pruinose bands,
starting from each corner of the scutellum, which is transverse and pruinose; they
curve inwards and meet on top of the mesothorax, forming one band, which runs
straight forwards, dividing again obliquely into two bands, to the juncture with the
prothorax ; two pruinose dots on each side of this band; wings hyaline, front pair with
a very long, thick stigma, with the third vein remarkably thin and three-branched ;
hind wings with two oblique veins; abdomen with a dorsal row of whitish or pruinose

PINE SCALE-INSECTS. 807

spots on five abdominal segments, also along each side, and twelve brownish sub-
dorsal round spots; under surface uniformly pruinose; legs black, excepting tibizx,
which are partly yellowish; beak long, reaching to the last ventral segment, pale in
color to near the tip, which is black. (Ashmead Can. Ent., x11, 67).

149. THE PINE-LEAF SCALE INSECT.
Chionaspis pinifolie (Fitch).
(Plate xxxu ; figs. 2, 2a, 2d.)

Scale of female.—The scale of the female is snowy white in color, with the exuvixz
light yellow; it is usually long and narrow, as represented at Fig. 2b; sometimes,
however, it is broad, as represented at Fig.2c. (Scale from leaf of Pinus pallasiana.)
The shape of the scale apparently depends on that of the leaf to which it is attached.
Thus on the broader-leaved pines the broad scales are more common. Length of scale,
about 3™™ (.1 inch).

Female.—The body of the female is purplish red; the last segment presents the fol-
lowing characters:

The anterior groups of spinnerets consists of from seven to ten; the anterior later-
als of twelve to twenty; and the posterior laterals of fourteen to eighteen.

The median lobes are somewhat circular in outline, with their distal ends diverging
slightly ; there is an arched thickening of the body wall connecting the anterior ends
of the lobes. The second and third lobes are each deeply incised; the mesal lobule
is in each case the larger.

The plates are long, simple, tapering to a point; there is one laterad of each of the
three lobes of each side, and one midway between the third lobe and the penulti-
mate segment. There are elongated marginal pores in the following situations: One
laterad of each of the first and second plates: one at the base of the mesal lobule of
the third lobe; two between third and fourth plates; and two between the fourth and
the penultimate segment.

The spines on the ventral surface are so delicate as to be almost invisible; their
bases, however, are easily seen; they are situated on mesad of the base of each of
the first, second, third, and fourth plates. The spines on the dorsal surface are quite
long; the first is near the base of the first lobe, the second between the lobules of the
second lobe, the third on lateral lobule of third lobe, and the fourth a short distance
mesad of the fourth plate.

Scale of male.—White and carinated, as in other species of this genus.

Male.—Uniformly orange-red; eyes black. (Comstock Ag. Rt., 1880.)

150. Aspidiotus? pini, new species.

Scale of female.—The scale of the female is much elongated, with its sides paralle
and ends rounded. The exuviz are nearly central, and are covered with secretion.
The color of the scale is dark gray, often approaching black, with the margin lighter,
and sometimes with a bluish, brownish, or purplish tinge. In many specimens of the
fully formed scale the part covering the exuvie is more or less distinct, appearing
like a small scale with a light margin superimposed upon a larger scale. Length of
Scale, 2™™-3™m (,08-.12 inch); width, .4™™—-]mm,

Female.—The last segment of the female presents the following characters:

The spinnerets are more or less elongated, and are arranged in two groups, which
occupy the position of anterior laterals 1 in other species. Each group consists of from
eleven to sixteen spinnerets.

The lobes are quite small; the first and second of each side are abruptly narrowed
near the distal extremity ; the third lobe is notched once or twice. About one-third
of the distance from the third lobe to the penultimate segment is a lobe of the lateral
margin of the body of about the size of the third lobe.

808 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The plates are short and irregular; there are two with distal extremities fringed
between the median lobes: two similar to these between first and second lobe of each
side; the lateral member of this pair of plates is much wider than the mesal one;
between the second and third lobes are usually four plates, each with its lateral mar-
gin fringed ; between the third lobe and the lobe on the lateral margin of the seg-
ment are four or five plates similar in form to those between the second and third
lobes; two of these plates are usually very small. The segment is narrowed caudad
by a succession of notches.

151. THE NORFOLK-ISLAND-PINE Coccus.
Rhizococcus araucariw (Maskell).*
(Plate xx1x, Figs. 1, la—1g).

“The genus Rhizococcus was erected by Signoret to receive an insect
(&. gniditi) which he fonnd on the roots of Daphne gnidium, and which
differs, according to his description, from the species of Hriococcus in
no important anatomical character, except in the antenne of the female.
being 7-jointed. The specimens (female only) which Signoret studied
were naked ; but he had not sufficient material to ascertain if the
insect makes a sac or not in its most advanced stage.

“ During the past year I have studied two bark-lice which agree with
the characters given for Hriococcus, except that the females have 7-
jointed antenne, and remained naked until they are fully grown. These
species I place provisionally in the genus Rhizococcus, and submit the
following characters, drawn from the species described here, for that
genus.

Antenne of larva and of the adult female 7-jointed ; ano-genital ring with eight
hairs; tarsi of both male and female each with four digitales; margin of body of
young and of female in all stages fringed with tubular spinnerets, which are covered
with a waxy excretion ; adult male with single ocellus behind each eye, and a pair
of bristles on each side of penultimate abdominal segment, each pair supporting a
long white filament excreted by numerous pores at its base. The fully developed
female makes a dense sac of waxy matter within which the eggs are laid and the
shriveled body of the insect remains; the full-grown male larva makes a similar sac
within which it undergoes its metamorphoses.

* During the summer of 1880, I found very common on the Norfolk
Island pine (Araucaria excelsior), growing in open air in southern Cali-
fornia, a bark-louse, which is probably the species that was described
in New Zealand by Mr. Maskell the year previous under the above
name.

‘* Whenatreeis badly infested with this pestit becomes blackened with
a black fungus, which I presume is Fumago salicina, which accompanies
coccids on orange and other trees. This is often the first indication of
the presence of the insect which is observed. But when an infested tree
is carefully examined, numerous white. cocoon-like sacs containing the

full-grown insects may be seen closely applied to the sides or bases of .

the leaves. Frequently tlese sacs are so massed at the ends of the

* Eriococcus araucarice Maskell. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand
Institute, vol. xi, p. 218.

PINE INSECTS. R 809.

twigs that the bases of the leaves are completely covered. The imma-
ture insects are not so easily seen with the unaided eye, as they differ
but little in color from the tree. They are greenish yellow, and are
usually to be found in the angles formed by the bases of the leaves.
The larve of both sexes and the adult females are similar in form (see
Plate X, Fig. 1b). The posterior end of the body is furnished with two.
prominent lobes, each terminated by a long hair. Between these lobes
there is a conical mass of white waxy matter projecting backwards.
The margin of the body is fringed with a row of tubular spinnerets.
These spinnerets are more numerous on the adult female than on the
larva; in both stages each one is covered with waxy matter, which
often extends beyond the end of the spinneret. Excepting these filaments
and the caudal tuft, but little excretory matter is to be seen; so that al-
though the insect resembles a mealy bug in the form of its body it differs
greatly in appearance. The female when full grown measures 2.3™™
(.09 inch) in length. When the female is ready to lay her eggs she ex-
cretes a cocoon-like covering to the body, composed of white waxen
threads (Fig. 1). This sac is dense like felt, but easily torn; it is open
on the middle line of the ventral surface or very much more delicate on
that part. It adheres to the tree quite firmly, remaining where excreted
after the death of the insect. As the eggs are laid, the body of the
female shrinks away, making room for them, and finally it becomes a
very small pellet in the anterior end of the sac, the remainder of the
space being filled with eggs. These are light yellow in color. When
the male larva is ready to undergo his metamorphoses, he secretes a
covering to his body resembling the sac excreted by the female, except
that it is very much smaller, measuring only 1.33™™ (.05 inch) in length
(Fig. 1). From this sac the adult insect emerges as a delicate fly-like
creature, with two large wings and a pair of long waxen filaments pro-
jecting from posterior part of the abdomen; these filaments are very
conspicuous, being white and longer than the body of the insect. (See
Plate X, Fig. 1a.)

‘** Color of body white with many irregular brown markings.

**T have not sufficient data to ascertain the number of generations of
this insect each year. August 27, I found specimens in all stages of de-
velopment.” (Comstock.)

The following insects also occur on the pine (W. H. Harrington, Trans.
Ottawa Field Nat. Club, No. 2, p. 33):

Order COLEOPTERA.

152. Buprestis consularis Gory.
153, Asemum atrum Mannh.

154. Callidium janthinum Le C.
155. Atimia confusa Say.

156. Cryptocephalus notatus Fabr.

810 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

157. Glyptoscelis hirtus Oliv.

158. Scythropus elegans Couper.

159. Hylobius stupidus Schonh.

160. Pissodes affinis"Rand.

161. Dorytomus mucidus Say.

162. Tomicus semicastaneus Mannh.

163. Podapion galicola. (In galls on small limbs (4-3? inch in diame-
ter) of Pinus resinosa. June 25. (W. H. Harrington in letter.)

164. Dryocetes affaber. Mannh.) June 25, the cones of Pinus resinosa
were found frequently inhabited by Dryocetes affaber (?), both beetle
and larva. Their attacks were readily noticed by the small aborted
cones. The terminal shoots of branches seemed also sometimes infested
by the same beetle. I inclose a specimen of the beetle for your deter-
mination. It seems larger than a beetle which I found a few years
ago boring the terminal shoots of white pine, and which you deter-
mined as D. affaber. (W. H. Harrington in letter.)

165. Cryptocephalus schreibersii. (W.H. Harrington in letter.)

166. Pytho americanus. In shallow cells under back of old logs and
Stumps. (Harrington in letter.)

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

167. Another span worm, living on the moss on pine trees, and found
alive in Cambridge, Mass., in January, by Mr. Hill, is closely assimi.
lated in color to the moss itself.

168. Also a handsome noctuid caterpillar we have found on the pitch-
pine at Salem, Mass., which is red, marked with yellow, and would be
readily overlooked from its mimicry of the red twigs of the pine. It may
be the larva of a species of Trachea, and may represent the Trachea pin-
aperda of Europe.

169. Dr. Hagen has observed pine needles hollowed by an unknown
Tineid. (Can. Ent. xii, 121, 1880.)

Order HEM{PTERA.

170. Chermes pinicorticis H. Osborn, Iowa Ag. Report, p. 96, 1881.

CHAPTER XVI.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE SPRUCE.

Abies nigra and alba.

Although most of the insects of the spruce also occur on the fir and
those of the latter tree may, with very few exceptions, occur on the
spruce, yet for the sake of clearness we will treat of them separately.

The spruce, owing to the rarity of the pine, is the most valuable soft-
wood timber tree of New England. It still abounds in the northern
parts of Maine, New Hampshire, and New York, and with judicious
treatment on the part of lumber owners will remain a perennial source
of profit. Locally the most deadly foe of spruce and fir is the Bud
Worm, while both trees have for some years and still are being deci-
mated by the attacks of timber beetles, as set forth in the following
pages.

AFFECTING THE TRUNK AND BRANCHES.

TIMBER OR BARK BEETLES.
Species of Scolytide.

The destruction of spruce and firs in northern New England in 1878—87,
(see map, Plate x11.)—The forests of spruce and fir in Maine, northern
New Hampshire, and New York began about the year 1874 to be de-
Stroyed by the wholesale.

The main cause of destruction of the spruce and fir in northern New
England and adjacent. parts of Canada and New Brunswick we now
believe to be due to the attacks of bark-borers of different species.

The agent in the local destruction of the spruce and fir along the
Maine coast from Portland to Thomaston was without doubt a caterpil-
lar, the larva of Tortrix fumiferana, described in succeeding pages.
The following remarks will therefore apply to the damage wrought in
northern New England, away from the coast :

In the summer of 1880, during a hasty visit to Brunswick, Me.,
and the shores of Casco Bay, I noticed the great destruction that had
been effected in the spruce growths on Merepoint and on some of the
adjacent islands of Casco Bay, but failed to detect the cause of the
disease, supposing that it was too extensive to be attributed to the
attacks of insects, and that some meteorological cause, as severe winters

811

812 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

or the attacks of some fungus, would better account for a destruction so
widespread and apparently sudden.

During the last half of the summer of 1881 and subsequent summers,
spent in Maine, I was enabled to make a more careful examination into
the causes of the disease, and think that without much doubt it was
wholly due to the attacks of the caterpillar above mentioned.

About the middle of July I went from Brunswick, Me., to the White
Mountains, and observed a good many dead spruces and firs in the woods
on either side of the road from Gorham to the Halfway House upon
Mount Washington. The dead spruces and firs were in nearly all cases,
especially those which had evidently been cut down during the preced-
ing winter (1880-’81), riddled by the mines or burrows of the bark-borer
(Xyloterus bivittatus).

The spruces were also infested by the common longicorn borer, Mono-
hammus confusor, the larve being found to have bored the tree in all
directions.

Living hemlock trees, 15 to 20 inches in diameter, were infested by
large unknown longicorn borers under the bark, while the bark itself
was mined in all directions by Hadrotrymus, whose burrows were very
abundant in logs cut down during the past winter near the Glen House,
and in barks stripped from the logs; and the mines also occurred in the
bark of living trees.

About the Ist of August, during a visit to Peak’s Island, in Portland
Harbor, large numbers, sometimes entire clumps or groups, of dead
spruces were found to have been perforated by small bark-borers; not
only the trunks but the larger and smaller branches, the beetles being
stillat work. Some of the spruces were partly killed, the upper branches
retaining their leaves.

At Brunswick, Me., the dead spruce trees were found to be infested with
myriads of three common borers (Xyloterus bivittatus, Xyleborus celatus,
and Pityophthorus puberulus), the bark being mined in every direction,
the beetles occurring in the larva and pupa, as well as adult or beetle
condition. Some of the trees, only partly dead, had the bark of the
trunk and branches filled, so to speak, with these mischievous borers,
and the results of their united labors were equivalent to barking or
girdling the tree not only in one spot, but the entire tree; the deadly
nature of the attacks of such a host of bark-borers mining and feeding
upon the inner bark and sap-wood, the most vital part of the tree, was
sufficiently obvious. The stumps of firs and spruces, as well as of white
pines, which had been cut down the previous November, were swarm-
ing with these small Tomici in all stages of development, their numbers
being astounding. In two hours I took 1,000 specimens of Xyleborus
celatus from one pine stump.

But if there had been any doubt as to the nature of the disease which
carried off the spruces at Brunswick, in the woods southeast of the col-
lege grounds, in the course apparently of a single year, several seasons,

DESTRUCTION OF SPRUCE FORESTS. a

mostly spent in Maine, demonstrated satisfactorily to my own mind that
large, healthy firs, a foot in diameter, may be killed by the attacks of
longicorn borers (Monohammus dentatus), assisted by the smaller and far
more numerous bark-borers, and aided, perhaps, by caterpillars, with
the final assistance of the common longicorn, Rhagium lineatum. Several
living firs with only the lower branches dead were observed with the
bark perforated with the holes made by the common longicorn pine-borer
(see p. 685) and a Buprestid borer, while the boughs were tenanted by
bark-beetles and their young. Fir trees along the road to Harpswell
from Brunswick were also observed to be perforated in the same manner;
and if a dozen longicorn borers can not only injure but kill outright
large, healthy sugar maples, as has been observed in Brunswick, Me.
(see p. 374), there is no reason why firs from 6 inches to 1 foot in dia-
meter should not perish from a similar cause; or if multitudes of small
timber beeiles or bark-borers girdle the tree from top to bottom with
their mines, we do not see why this is not an efficient cause of rapid decay
and death.

A. G. Teuney, esq., has kindly handed us the following extract from
the Home Farm, for July 14, 1881, published at Augusta, Me. :

Some time ago two or three articles appeared in our journal concerning the injury
to the spruce timber in the northern portions of our State, caused by a minute little
insect about whose history little seems to be known. Since then we have received
much information concerning them from a most intelligent gentleman resident in
northern Somerset, who has been extensively engaged in lumbering for many years,
and who has visited the spruce forests summer and winter, and observed the working
of this very destructive insect.

The gentleman informs us that the first appearance of the insect was in 1874, and
he has reason to believe it is now much on the increase, as he thinks on some town-
ships there are now thirty dead trees from this cause, where two years ago, on adjoin-
ing townships, there was but one. The insect appears about the first of June, and on
landings and jambs of spruce; the air is full of them. They are about as large asa
black fly, and are of a brownish, or dark snuff-color, the head half the size or length
of the body. They are very tenacious of life, being hard and horny, and it is almost
impossible to crush one between the thumb and finger. They are seen for about two
or three weeks, during which time the logs and standing trees in the wood are bored
full of holes about the size of a timothy straw, in which the eggs are laid, the larva
of which appear the next summer. In felling trees in winter, thousands of these
grubs drop out, from one-sixth to one-eighth of an inch long. The chickadees are
very fond of them, and may constantly be seen following the lumbermen and picking
up their food. If the spruce are cut the first year they are attacked, they make very
good lumber, but the second year, or after the sap-wood has turned black, they are
quite worthless, unless the tree is 24 feet through, in which case the heart-wood
is worth something for lumber, after the sap-wood is dead. The rapidity with
which the wood of standing trees that have been punctured by these insects decays
is noticeable from the statement that in autumn, when parties are exploring,
the blazing of an apparently sound tree with the axe reveals the fact that the sap-
wood is thoroughly gone.

We have previously stated that Dr. Franklin B. Hough, the United States Commis-
sioner of Forestry, visited this State last autumn and made an exploration of our
northern forests, for the purpose of gathering information as to the extent of the
ravages of this insect. In a letter to us, under date of May 6, 1881, he writes:

‘*T am well informed as to the extent of damages being done to the spruce timber in

814 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Maine and some places, and have been collecting information by circulars, correspond-
ence, and personal inquiry for two or three years. Thesame mortality has been going
on in the ‘ North Woods’ of New York for five or six years, and has been made a special
study under State authority. In 1868 there was published a report by the French
Government upon the injuries done to spruce forests in that country, the principal
part of which I have translated for use in my next report. Iam under the impression
that so far as the ravages of the insect are concerned, the worst is over—at least such
is the opinion of lumbermen with whom I have corresponded—although the reality is
sad enough. It has not been relatively greater in your State than in New York, but
the losses reach to a fearfully great amount in your State on account of the great
abundance of spruce in your forests. As for the remedies employed in Europe to check
the ravages of insects in the spruce, they are altogether too expensive for us. We
can only save what is dead, and the lumbermen are doing this as fast as possible ; but
notwithstanding this, a great deal will be lost. I have facts showing that like mor-
tality has occurred long ago in other sections of the country, lasting a few years and
then disappearing—as this will—perhaps being succeeded by a different growth of
timber, as is observed in New York. The replies to circulars sent out last fall, indi-
cate that the local extent of its duration will not last so long as apprehended.”

Portions of the Adirondack region were, in 1876, visited by Mr. C. H.
Peck, State botanist of New York, who thus reports on the evil in the
Thirtieth Annual Report of the New York State Museum of Natural
History for 1877 (Albany, 1879, pp. 23, 26) :

While on a collecting trip in the Adirondack region, in July and August, my atten-
tion was repeatedly arrested by the extensive ravages of the spruce-destroying beetle,
Hylurgus rufipennis Kirby, of which a partial account was given in the twenty-eighth
report. The green slopes of Mount Emmons, commonly called Blue Mountain, and of
several mountains to the north of it, had their beauty, and their value too, greatly
impaired by the abundant intermixture of the brown tops of dead spruces. The
destruction was also visible along the road between Newcomb and Long Lake, and on
the mountain slopes far to the north of this road. Again, on the trail from Adiron-
dack to Calamity Pond, there was sad evidence that the little destroyer had invaded
also the forests of Essex County. From what I have seen at Lake Pleasant, in the
southern part, and from information concerning the Cedar River region, in the cen-
tral part of Hamilton County, there is reason to believe that much of the spruce tim-
ber of this county has already been invaded by the beetle. How much farther this
destructive work has extended or will extend, it is impossible to say ; but one thing
is certain—it is stillin progress. For the purpose of gaining more knowledge of the
insect, I cut down, at South Pond, a tree that had recently been attacked by it. It
was about 20 inches in diameter at the base; the foliage was still fresh and green, and
there was nothing, except the perforations in the bark, to indicate that it was at all
affected. The bark peeled from the trunk without much difficulty, the sap-wood was
perfectly sound, and the heart-wood also, except a small portion in which there was
a slight appearance of incipient decay. Longitudinal furrows, varying from 1 to 6
inches in length, were found under the bark, and each furrow was occupied by one or
two beetles. The furrows are excavated from below upwards. In theshort ones but
one beetle was found, and but one perforation communicating with the external air.
In the longer ones two beetles (probably the two sexes) were usually found, and from
two to four perforations afforded means of ingress and egress. The lowest perforation,
which is the one by which the beetle first enters and commences its furrow, is often
found closed or “blocked up” by the dust and debris thrown down by the excavator
in the progress of the work. The second perforation is generally 1 or 2 inches above
the first. I failed to discover whether it is made by the second beetle for the purpose
of ingress or by the first beetle. The third and fourth perforations are in a nearly
direct line above the other two, and are probably made from within outwardly, but

DESTRUCTION OF SPRUCE FORESTS. $15

for what purpose is uncertain. In one instance the two beetles were found at work

making these perforations, boring through from the inner surface of the bark. In one

instance the third was less than half an inch above the second, so that there would
.seem to be no particular necessity for it.

The eggs of the insect are deposited along both sides of the upper part of the fur-
row. They lie close together, almost or quite in contact with each other. When the
larve emerge from the eggs they begin to feed upon the soft cambium and to work
their way under the bark at right angles to the main furrow. They are at first so
minute and work so close together that they make no distinct furrows, but seem rather
to devour entirely a very thin layerof the cambium; batas they increase in size they
begin gradually to form distinct furrows and to take directions more divergent from
each other, and from their original course. In this way colonies from contiguous fur-
rows at length run together, and in time the whole is surrounded by their multitu-
dinous pathways, and the death of the tree is accomplished. Great care is taken by
the parent beetles to keep their furrows separate. No instance was observed in
which they ran together. In one instance the course of a furrow was changed to
avoid running into the lateral furrows of a colony of larve just above. No furrows
were found in the tree more than 10 or 12 feet from its base, thus indicating that the
attacks are made upon the lower partof the trunk. The attacks are not made simul-
taneously. Some of the furrows in this tree were scarcely more than an inch long, and,
evidently had been just commenced. Others were fully excavated and contained eggs,
and in others still the larve had hatched and commenced their work, but in none were
they fully grown. In another tree, a few rods distant from the first, the attack had
evidently been made earlier in the season, for the larvz were further advanced in size
and the bark on one side of the tree was well loosened, though, strange to say, the
other side of the trunk was comparatively unharmed. I was unable to discover why,
in this instance, the attack was limited to one side of the trunk. Itis pretty evident,
therefure, that the trees are attacked all along during the months of June and July,
and possibly as late as August. I suspect, also, that the parent beetle, after having
established a colony in one place, may emerge from her furrow to repeat the opera-
tion in another place, either in the same trunk or in a different one, but this I was
not able to ascertain definitely.

A whitish fungus, Polyporus volvatus Pk., scarcely larger than a hickory nut, occurs
in considerable abundance on the trunks of spruces killed by this beetle. The myce-
lium of the fungus grows beneath the bark, and the external plant is connected with
it through the perforations made by the insect. Hence this fungus becomes a con-
spicuous indicator of the track of the beetle and tells the tale of its destructive power.

In a subsequent report, the thirty-first, Mr. Peck thus refers to the
injuries by bark-borers of the balsam fir:

The wood of the balsam is of little value for lumber, owing to the small size of the
tree. It contains resin and burns freely, but with a crackling noise. The smoke is
very penetrating and irritating to the eyes. Near thesummits of the mountains, how-
ever, it is almost the only available wood for camps and camp-fires. The bark of this
tree furnishes the well-known “ Canada balsam,” a clear viscid resin of considerable
repute in medicine and much used in mounting objects forthe microscope. The resin
is obtained from small vesicles or ‘‘ blisters” in the bark.

It is generally more abundant in the thrifty, smooth-barked trees of low damp
lands, than in the stunted growths of the mountains. Because of the value of this
tree as a producer of balsam, and because of its beauty and fitness to adorn parks and
pleasure grounds, it ought to be cherished and preserved. But like its companion,
the spruce, it has its insect and fungoid foes. While at Summit, in Schoharie County,
in September, I noticed in a small grove of balsams that a dozen or more of the trees
had recently been killed or were then dying. The leaves had nearly all changed their
color, but for the most part yet remained on the trees.

816 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

An investigation showed pretty conclusively that an insect was the cause of the
death ofthe trees. A minute bark-mining beetle, both in its mature and in its larval
‘state, was found between the bark and the wood. The beetle perforates the bark,
excavates its furrow along the inner surface in a horizonal direction, and deposits its
egys along the sides of the furrow, which is less than one-sixteenth of an inch in diam-
eter. As soon as the eggs are hatched, the larv begin to mine furrows of their own
at right angles to the original gallery, one part eating their way upward and another
‘downward between the bark and the wood. ‘These larval galleries are nearly parallel
to each other, and are at their beginning so minute that they are scarcely visible to the
naked eye; but as the larva advances in its course it increases in size and the diam-
eter of its furrow increases in like manner. The larve were found (in some instances
transformed to the mature beetle ) each in the larger end of its own furrow. It will be
observed from the direction of the original furrow how powerful an agent for mischief
thisminute beetle is. Its work is carried on in the most vital part ofthe tree. Three
or four beetles attacking the trunk at or about the same height and on different sides
of the tree would completely and effectually girdle it and destroy its life. Even a
single beetle, by extending its furrow entirely around the trunk, would accomplish
the same result, but no furrows were found thus extended. The length of the origi-
nal furrows appeared to be less than 4 inches. The beetle itselfis scarcely more than
one line long, and belongs to the genus Tomicus. The species is probably undescribed.
In the case of the spruce-destroying beetle more workers are necessary to kill the tree
because the main furrows are excavated longitudinally or parallel tothe axis of the
trunk, while in the case of the balsam-destroying beetle the original furrow is exca-
vated at right angles to this axis, and therefore cuts off or destroys the vital action
‘Over a much broader space.

The destruction of the balsams was not limited to the single grove in which it was
first observed. In several places along the road between Summit and Jefferson dead
and dying balsams were noticed; but the affected trees were not very numerous, and
it would not be a difficult matter, with prompt and united action, to arrest the prog-
ress of the mischief. 1f each man, on whose land the balsams grow, would, as soon
as sigus of the presence of the trouble are manifest, cut the affected trees, strip off the
bark and burn it, he would, by so doing, destroy the colonies of larve and prevent
the further spread of the mischief. It isnot atall probable that trees once attacked
and showing signs of death can be saved, and it would be far better to cut them im-
mediately than to allow them to remain as nurseries for these tiny marauders.

The spruce and firs in the Adirondacks, however, seem in general
less affected than in Maine. Mr. John H. Sears, an observing botanist
of Salem, Mass., who made a trip there late in the summer of 1881,
writes me that ‘ the spruce and other coniferous trees are remarkably
healthy, noticeably so from Ticonderoga, Essex County, through Clin-
ton County to Rouse’s Point; and in Canada northward to Montreal,
from Lyon Mountain to Chateaugay, there are large and handsome
specimens over three feet in diameter.

A writer also called attention in 1883 to the death of spruces, in a
letter to the Nation, under the heading ‘* Decay of Spruce in the Adir-
ondacks,” which we copy :

To the EDITOR OF THE NATION:

Sir: Apropos of your recent article on ‘‘ The Adirondack Forest,’ there is a dan-
ger now menacing, and even upon, the Adirondack forests much more serious than
the lumbering you fear (though that has been going on in a large way for certainly
thirty years past), in the gradual dying out, from some unexplained cause, of ths
sprucetimber. In one of the large untouched tracts in Essex county, where the pro-

DESTRUCTION OF SPRUCE FORESTS. 817

portion of spruce is great to the other timber, I was unable last summer to find one
tree in twenty alive, and what few there were not dead showed promise of speedy dis-
solution. I wastold by men familiar with the county that this state of things existed,
in a somewhat modified form, throughout a greater part of the Adirondack region.
This dead spruce will, in the course of a year or two, become worthless, commer-
cially, through the attacks of the worms; andif the dying out isas general as I sup-
pose, the region will be bereft of its timber through natural causes much sooner than
if a much larger rate of lumbering than the present was begun.
D. SAGE.
BROOKLYN, December 7, 1883.

Similar destruction of spruces in Maine in 1818.—The following letter
from Hon. R. H. Gardiner, of Oakwoods, near Gardiner, Me., written
to Mr. A. G. Tenney, editor of the Brunswick Telegraph, will corrob-
orate the idea that the visitations of bark-beetles are in a degree period-
ical ;

Oakwoops, August 27, 1881.

DeEaAR Sir: You requested in the last number of the Telegraph information about
dying spruces, for the purpose of aiding Professor Packard in his investigation of the
enemies of the spruce. I can render no aid in the matter, but would remind you of a
fact that may be forgotten, that in the year 1818 every spruce tree west of the Penob-
scot was killed by an insect. I cannot remember this, but have often heard my father
speak of it. From 1833 to 1836 I was interested in the lumber business on the Kenne-
bec, and no spruce were ever seen among the rafts of logs, though spruce from the
Penobscot was sold in Boston. Now, little else than spruce is cut on the upper waters
of the Kennebec, but every spruce tree has grown since 1818.

I would have written direct to Professor Packard, but thought it probable the fact
_I speak of was known to him, and I only mention it now to you in case it may have
been forgotten.
Yours, very truly,
R. H. GARDINER.

Similar destruction of forests in Germany and in Scandinavia.—W ide-
spread devastations in spruce forests have occurred at intervals within
the past century in Europe, and this has been generally attributed by
entomologists and foresters to the operations of these timber beetles or,
more properly, bark-borers. As bearing on this point we quote from an
article which appeared in Nature, for October 14, 1880:

In an article in Danish, entitled ‘‘Om Grantérken og Barkbillen,” by J. B. Barth,
the author, who is one of the first authorities in Norway on questions of forestry aud
arboriculture generally, explains his reasons for differing from the opinion, commonly
received, that the desiccation and ultimate death of the Norwegian spruce (Abies
excelsa) are due to the attacks of Tomicus typographus (Bostrychus typographus), which
is usually regarded as the most pernicious of all the insect enemies of the Coniferz,
Herr Barth does not dispute the fact that this beetle is to be found often in large
numbers on trees affected by abnormal drying up, whether still standing or cut down;
but, in his opinion, although disease in the tree may be the cause, it is not the result
of the presence of the Tomicus, which he believes to have absolutely no effect on the
condition of the bark. According to this view the numerous agents employed in
Germany and elsewhere to eradicate this beetle have no result but waste of labor
and money, the only remedy against the drying up of the bark being a more scien-
tific mode of clearing forests, in which the trees often perish either through over-
crowding, or, more frequently, through reckless felling by which cold blasts are

.§ ENT——52

818 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

allowed to fall directly on the interior. Herr Barth’s views are in opposition to those
of the majority of the working foresters of Germany and Scandinavia, but his exten-
sive acquaintance with home and foreign forests, his great practical experience, and
his reputation as a naturalist, entitle them to all possible respect, although it is not
to be supposed that his plea for the innocuousness of the Bostrychus typographus will
be admitted without much sifting of the evidence, seeing that this insect is generally
believed by German foresters to have been the cause of the destruction of the forests
of the Harz Mountains, when between 1780 and 1790 two million trees died of desicca-
tion.

In pursuance of the work of the last season, I visited the Adirondack
region of New York in June and July of the present season, and then
made an extended journey through Aroostook County, Me., visiting
the Moosehead Lake region, and spent the remainder of the suinmer at
Brunswick, Me., and on the shores of Casco Bay. My object in visit-
ing northern New York and Maine in the latter part of June and early
in July was to ascertain whether the Spruce-bud Worm described in
my last report was concerned in the widespread destruction of spruce
and fir in those important lumbering regions. The result showed that
this caterpillar, which has in former years been so destructive to the
spruce and fir in Cumberland and adjoining counties, has not been at
work to any appreciable extent in the northern forests. Indeed, not a
caterpillar of this species (Tortrix fumiferana) was to be found after
diligent search in the Adirondacks nor in Aroostook, and at Moosehead
Lake but a single specimen was captured, early in July (the 7th), show-
ing that it was much less common this year than at the Rangely Lakes
last season. Here it may be remarked that the same caterpillar was
found late in June (the 22d) to be less common about the shores of Casco
Bay than in 1883. This shows that this destructive insect is gradually
becoming scarce. During 1884, 1885, and 1886 the young trees were ob-
served to be growing up, and to have already, in some degree, effaced
the desolate appearance of the tracts which had been destroyed and
from which the dead timber had been cut. In 1885, 1886, and 1887 not
a single specimen either of the caterpillar or moth could be found on
the shores or on some of the islands of Casco Bay.

The destruction of spruces in northern New York in 1884.—I spent
about two weeks in the middle part of June in the Adirondacks, pass-
ing through the more mountainous portions, from the Ausable Chasm
to Schroon Lake, spending most of the time at Keene Flats, at Beede’s.
Hotel, in the heart of the forest region. Mr. Beede, who was formerly
a lumberman and guide through these forests, informed me that the
spruce had been dying for the past fifteen years, and that on the mount-
ains surrounding the hotel about one spruce in ten had died; and from
our observations and those of George Hunt, esq., of Providence, who
kindly accompanied me on this journey and who has visited these woods.
for many years past, we should judge this to be a moderate estimate.
The trees had not died in masses or clumps, but simply individually,
and in places only were the dead trees especially thick. That they had

DESTRUCTION OF SPRUCE FORESTS. 819

not died from the attacks of caterpillars was also evident from the
appearance of the trees, particularly the terminal branches, which
showed no traces of having been eaten back by worms, such as is the
case on the coast of Maine; moreover, no traces of the bud-worms were
to be found either on the young trees bordering open fields or road-
ways or in the forests.

Mr. Beede, like others, attributed the death of these to drought, but
it was observed that the trees were dying in damp, protected places as
well as in situations where severe drought might injuriously affect them,
and that the pines and maples, as well as other trees, were in a healthy
condition. The path up to the summit of the ‘Giant of the Valley”
led through spruce woods, in which there were numerous dead and dying
spruces. None or scarcely any dead spruces or firs were observed which
did not have the bark filled with bark-borers, species ot Dendroctonus
and Tomicus, or allied genera.

Two large living spruces, the wood full of sap and the leaves fre:
and green, were examined, and in the bark were numerous beetles .
the genus Hylurgops, both in the worm or grub state and in the beetle
stage. These beetles, while in the young or worm condition, run their
galleries into the sap-wood and partially girdle the tree. There were
enough worms in these trees to ultimately kill them, and there was no
doubt but that these two trees were doomed to death by this cause. We
mention these cases especially, as it is doubted by some entomologists
in Europe whether living, healthy trees are attacked by borers.

The destruction of spruces in northern Maine.—Passing into Aroostook
County by railroad by way of New Brunswick, we learned that the
spruces were still dying in portions of that province in great numbers.
For example, we were told that Mr. Gibson, of Fredericton, in the
winter of 1882~’83 sent parties up the Nashwaka River, a branch of the
St. John, with the expectation of cutting 40,000,000 feet of spruce
lumber; but half of it was found to be dead. An examination of the
spruces in the vicinity of Presque Isle, Ashland, and Patten showed
that the bud-worm had not been at work in those parts of Aroostook,
nor along the road from Patten to Mattawamkeag.

In townships 8 and 9 (range 7 or 8 ?), on the headwaters of the St.
Croix and Mattawamkeag, I was informed by a lumberman of unusual
powers of close observation that the spruce trees had only been affected
during the past five years. When he first went into the woods he
found the trees dying, and then advised the owners to fell them; this
was the best possible advice, but it was not taken. He said the trees
would make good lumber for the second year after they showed signs
of dying, as it takes two years for them to become wholly dead. He
estimated that over the region he lumbered in, about one in eight trees
had died; in some localities two-thirds had been killed. He was the
only lumberman we have met who unhesitatingly attributed the disease
to borers, though we have been told by heavy owners of lumbering

820 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

regions that the borers were the cause of the disease. This man re-
peatedly removed the bark, and, as he said, ‘found it full of little white
worms.” He also assured me that he found similar worms in living
spruce trees, and that the result of their work was to girdle the tree.

From conversations with different lumbermen it appears that a spruce
tree a foot in diameter gets its growth in from forty to fifty years. The
larger trees can be culled out of the same lumbering region every ten
years. Lumbermen have the impression that a spruce tree grows rap-
idly. This of course depends on the soil, position, and climate. We
have found the past season that spruce saplings about 4 feet high get
their growth in three years; it is easy to ascertain this by the difference
in the color and appearance of the bark. Whether the spruce grows more
rapidly than hard-wood trees remains to be ascertained. Standingina
yard of a bouse in Maine, a sugar-maple, which had been a rapid grower,

ind which we know to be about forty-eight years old, measured, in

sptember, 1884, 1 foot from the ground, 24% inches in diameter. The

horndike oak, on the campus of Bowdoin College, raised from an
acorn planted on the first commencement day of the college, on the first
Wednesday of September, 1806, now measures (1885), at 1 foot from the
ground, 30 inches in diameter, having therefore attained its present
dimensions in seventy-eight years.

From Mattawamkeag we went to Moosehead Lake. Throughout the
great range of forests to be seen from the lake at and south of Mount
Kineo no dead spruces were to be observed ; though a single bud-worm
(Tortrix fumiferana) was beaten from a young spruce July 6. Here,
however, as everywhere else, dead spruces occasionally occurred whose
bark was filled with Scolytid beetles.

From E. 8. Coe, esq., of Bangor, to whom we are indebted for infor-
mation regarding the destruction of spruce timber in Maine, we learned
that large tracts of spruce timber near Kennebago Lake, on the height
of land between the Androscoggin and Forks of the Kennebec, had been
destroyed.

Mr. Coe also informed us that he learned from General Smith, of
Norridgewock, that the spruce growth about that town and Waterville
early in this century had been diseased, and died very much as in the
past few years.

From various persons we learned that the evil is now abating, and
without doubt if the tracts of dead spruce, at least those near settle-
ments or villages, could be cut down and removed, leaving, however,
the spruce undergrowth, a new growth of spruce would spring up,
which in forty or fifty years could be profitably lumbered.

The disease due to bark and timber beetles.—From the foregoing state-
ments the reader will justly infer that the great destruction of spruce
and forest trees throughout northern New England in 1879, and four or
five years following, was due to the attacks of beetles, chiefly the small
cylindrical bark-borers, belonging to the coleopterous family Scolytide;

DESTRUCTION OF SPRUCE FORESTS. 821

three species, Pityophthorus puberulus, Xyloterus bivittatus, and Xyleborus
celatus, being the principal aggressors.

That the disease was not due to fungi has been shown by a thor-
oughly competent botanist, Prof. Charles H. Peck, of Albany, N. Y.
That it was not due to extremely cold weather in winter is probably cer-
tain, from the fact generally observed by us that spruce and fir forests,
over any given area, are not universally killed, as among groves of dead
spruces and firs many living perfectiy healthy trees exist, while the pines
and hemlocks have been unharmed. By cutting down portions of for-
ests and thus letting in cold, severe winter blasts, general and wide-
spread destruction of entire forests may ensue, as has been shown to
have been the casein France. Why pine trees should have, in general,
escaped the ravages of these beetles, all of which we have found in
greater or less abundance under the bark of dead pines, and especially
in dead stumps, we can not explain, except from the well-known fact
that most vegetable-eating insects prefer one species of tree and retain
that preference for successive generations.

Our experience teaches us that not only spruces, firs, and pines are
attacked and killed by boring beetles, but the experience of others,
notably that of Dr. C. Hart Merriam, shows that entire groves of sugar-
maple saplings in northern New York have been killed outright by a
little bark-borer (p. 389). The following extract will show the.nature
of the attack and the result to Eculthy, living trees:

About the 1st of last August (1882), I noticed that a large percentage of the under-
growth of the sugar-maple in Lewis County, northeastern New York, seemed to be
dying. The leaves drooped and withered, and finally shriveled and dried, but still
clung to the branches. The majority of the plants affected were bushes a centimeter
or two in thickness, and averaging from 1 to 2 meters in height, though a few
exceeded these dimensions. On attempting to pull them up they uniformly, and
almost without exception, broke off at the level of the ground, leaving the root
disturbed. A glance at the broken end sufficed to reveal the mystery, for it was
perforated, both vertically and horizontally, by the tubular excavations of a little
Scolytid beetle which, in most instances, was found still engaged in his work of
destruction.

At this time the wood immediately above the part actually invaded by the insect
was still sound, but in a couple of months it was generally found to be rotten.
During September and October I dug up and examined a large number of apparently
healthy young maples of about the size of those already mentioned, and was some-
what surprised to discover that fully 10 per cent. of them were infested with the
same beetles, though the excavations had not as yet been sufficiently extensive to
affect the outward appearance of the bush. They must all die during the coming
winter, and next spring will show that in Lewis County alone hundreds of thousands
of young sugar-maples perished from the ravages of this Scolytid during the summer
of 1882.

As has been stated in our Bulletin on Forest-tree Insects, it is well-
known that healthy, large sugar-maples are often attacked and killed
outright by the borer which attacks that valuable shade tree. The in-
stances of the death of healthy trees of various kinds from the attacks
of internal pests or of bark-boring beetles are so numerous that we

822 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

are now inclined to believe that the death of the spruces in northern
New York and New England is almost wholly due to this cause. It
is the belief among some lumbermen that the spruces are dying of old
age. There is undoubtedly a natural limit to the life of any tree, but
why should this cause have been confined to the spruce only within
the last ten or fifteen years? Spruces, like other trees, have died of cld
age since the world began! Again,summer droughts and winter storms
and severe cold weather should not affect the spruce more than any other
tree of our forest, especially the pine and the hemlock. On the con-
trary, the spruce is our hardiest tree. It lives farthest up on mountain
summits; it is the northernmost of our evergreen trees, living nearer
the Arctic circle than even the larch. It can withstand severe drought,
flourishing on rocky ground where the soil is thinnest; it grows luxuri-
antly in swamps where the ground remains frozen later than elsewhere,
and the arrangement of its branches enables it to withstand heavy
snows and winter storms as well, if not much better, than any other tree
of our northern forests. The adverse forces of nature, winds, gales,
frost, snow, sudden heat, and drought have acted for ages upon the
spruce, and by the processes of natural selection the weak qualities of
other evergreen trees have apparently been eliminated from it; it has
survived and persisted by reason of its unusual powers of endurance,
its toughness, and insensibility to the rigors of a northern and subarctic
climate. It has, however, of late years, and perhaps periodically, been
the special prey of boring insects, species which also attack its allies
and the pines, but which seem, in regions from which the pine has been
eliminated by the ax of the lumberman, to concentrate their forces on
this tree.

Remedies.—W hen a growth of these trees is invaded by insects boring
in or under the bark, the loosened bark should at once be stripped off
. and burnt. If the tree is dead it should be cut down and the bark

stripped off and at once used for firewood, even if the wood is kept for
future use as fuel. Trees infested by caterpillars may leave out again
and gradually assume nearly their original health and vigor. But the
best remedies are those of a preventive nature. In the present case,
though the evil is apparently diminishing in Maine, our observations
have taught us that the dead firs and spruces wherever examined are
teeming with thousands and even millions of small bark-beetles in all
stages of growth. It would therefore be wise to prevent any further
spread of the evil by cutting down dead spruce and fir timber and sell-
ing it off for fuel. Forests should be thoroughly cleared, and even pine
stumps should be barked and the bark burned, for, as already stated
(p. 175), we have taken thousands of these spruce beetles from under
the bark of white-pine stumps. In fact, stumps, in the summer succeed-
ing the falling of the tree, are a general resort for all sorts of destruc-
tive boring insects; and should it be too expensive a matter to pull up
such stumps, if the bark is torn off, the naked stump will be much less
frequented by noxious insects.

SPRUCE BARK-BEETLES. 823

1. THE UNARMED SPRUCE BARK-BORER.

Xyloteres bivitiatus Kirby.
Order COLEOPTERA; family SCOLYTID.
(Larva, Plate xx1v; fig. 1; pupa, 1a.)

This is the most destructive pest of the spruce, the beetle most con-
cerned in the ravages of spruce forests in northern New England from
1878 to 1881. We first observed it July 22, 1881, in spruce stumps near
the Glen House, in the White Mountains, N. H., the tree having evi-
dently been cut down within a few months; the beetles were very
abundant, and though there were no perforations in the bark, there
were small holes between the bark and the wood on the top of the
stump, the beetles having availed themselves of the shrinkage of the
bark due to drying of the wood, to effect an entrance between it and the
wood itself; here they were congregated in abundance and were appar-
ently engaged in making the primary galleries of their mines and lay-
ing their eggs. It was also found under the bark of dead standing or
fallen spruces. Afterwards (July 27) this bark-borer was found in
abundance, many larve, a few pupe, and beetles in great numbers,
under the bark of partly living and dead spruces at Brunswick. The
burrows made were small and irregular, slightly larger than the size of
the beetle, and were much like those made by Xyleborus celatus, with
which it was commonly associated. It was also found at Merepoint.
The trees at Brunswick teemed with them, and many fewer beetles than
those observed would suffice to completely girdle and kill the tree.

This beetle has its insect enemy; we observed a green chalcid fly un-
der the bark, July 27, and a month later, August 25, chalcid larve
nearly fully grown were found under the bark so near the larve of this
beetle, that we feel justified in supposing that it must have been feed-
ing on them. (See Plate xxiv; figs. 6, 6a.)

In the genus Xyloteres, according to Le-
conte (Rhynchophora, p. 357), the club of
the antennz is oval, compressed, and solid,
without articulations; the shining corne-
ous part extends forwards in a narrow band
as far as the middle, except in X. politus,
where it is entirely basal, and the club is
indistinctly divided by one round suture ;
the rest of the surface is opaque, finely
pubescent, and sensitive. The funicle is :
composed of two parts as in the two preced- Fic. 276.—Xyloteres bivittatus—a, an-
ing genera; the first joint is large, and stout Sole inc ate pant ctl
as usual, the remaining part is about equal
in length, forming a pedicel to the club, and is divided by two not well
marked transverse sutures, thus causing the funicle to be 4-jointed.

824 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The eyes are moderately finely granulated and completely divided.
The head is large, exserted, and in the ¢ is deeply concave. The pro-
thorax is broader than long, and strongly asperate in front in the @ , less
in the 6. The tibiz are dilated, finely serrate on the outer edge, rounded
at tip, and very feebly mucronate at the inner angle; the tarsi have the
joints 1-3 rather stout, nearly equal in length; fourth very small, fifth
slender, as long as the second and third united, with simple divergent
claws. The hairs are not serrate or verticillate, as in Pityopthorus, but
slender and smooth.
The four species in our fauna are easily recognized :
Elytra with well defined striz of punctures, interspaces nearly smooth.........-.. 2.
Elytra with ill-defined distant rows of punctures, interspaces equally strongly punc-

cured, pubescenceverect, abundante-.- ssceigs = see ese ten tee eee 4, politus
Prothorax finely and sparsely punctured at the See towards the base...-.. 1, retusus
Prothorax finely but less sparsely punctured at the sides towards the base.2, bivittatus.
Prothorax scabrous and granulate behind the middle........--..-.---. 3, scabricollis.
X. bivittatus Mannh., Bull. Mosc. 1858, 236; Apate biv., Kirby, Faun-Bor. Am. Iv,

192, Pl. 8, Fig. 5; Bostrichus cavifrons Mannh., Bull. Mose. 1843, 297 (¢); ibid,

1852, 359 ; Xyloterus cav., Mannh., ibid, 1852, 385.

Maine, Canada, Alaska, Vancouver's Island ; length 3-3.3™™, 12-13
inch. Varies greatly in color. Usually the front part of the prothorax,
the suture and the margin of the elytra are black; sometimes only a
short, pale stripe is seen on each elytron. (Identified by Dr. Horn.)

Mr. Schwarz remarks that Hichhoff cites this species as a synonym of
the European X. lineatus Oliv., and adds “I think he is right. His X,
vittiger described from California, is undoubtedly only a color variety
of the same species.” (Ent. Amer., II, p. 41.)

2. THE SPINY SPRUCE BARK-BORER.

Ayleborus celatus Zimmerman.

Order COLEOPTERA ; family SCOLYTID.
(Larva, Plate xxiv; figs. 2, 2b; pupa, 3, 3a.)

As the foregoing species has smoothed unarmed elytra, we have named
it the “unarmed spruce bark-borer,” while the present species, which is
also destructive to spruce, though abundant in pine trees (p. 175), being
gouge-shaped at the end of the body with two prominent teeth on side
we would name “the spiny spruce bark-borer.” Its habits and mines
are apparently like those of the foregoing species, but the mines are
a little larger, as is the beetle itself. We noticed the beetles in great
numbers with several pup under the bark of the spruce at Brunswick,
August 22, and under another tree, observed August 27, there were
many pup, and numerous pale beetles which had only recently cast off
their pupal skins. There were all stages between very pale beetles and
the dark, black-brown fully mature beetles; some with a short, broad
dark stripe on each wing-cover; this might be thought at first sight a

SPRUCE BARK-BEETLES. 825.

different species, and indeed it is probable that from variations in age
and size, too many species of these bark-borers have been described.
Leconte states that the genus Yyleborus has “the body stout, cylin-
drical; declivity of elytra oblique, scarcely flattened; funicle of an-
tenne with four distinct joints; tibiz finely serrate on the discal half

Fic. 277.—c, mine, with eggs, of Xyleborus celatus. 278.—Xyleborus ceelatus.
Gissler del. J. B. Smith and Miss
Sullivan del.

of their length and rounded at tip.” X. celatus ranges from Canada to:
Texas and California. In this species ‘‘ the declivities of the elytra at
the end of the body are with two prominent tubercles, and some smaller
marginal ones; elytra strongly punctured in rows: interspaces with
rows of distant punctures.” (Identified by Dr. Horn.) See also p. 709..

3. THE LEAST SPRUCE BARK-BORER

Crypturgus atomus Le Conte.
(Larva, Plate xxiv; figs. 4, 5, 5a, 5b; pupa 5c.)
Order COLEOPTERA; family SCOLYTIDZ.

This minute bark-borer, though often occurring in white-pine bark,
must not be confounded with Pityophthorus puberulus of the white pine
(p. 715), as its burrow is very different. The present species is 13™™
long, and 2™™ in diameter. The mine consists of a short sinuous pri-
mary gallery about one-half inch long, which gives off at intervals about
ten short secondary galleries from each side, but they are not made in
the same plane, next to the sap- wood, as in P. puberulus, but penetrate
only the bark itself in all directions, so that no regular pattern is formed.
The beetle is extremely numerous, a great many mines being densely
situated within a square inch of surface. They were observed in great
profusion in the larva, pupa, and beetle states at Brunswick, Me., dur-
ing August; in standing dead trees as well as spruce stumps; also in
white-pine stumps. Many of our observations on this and the fore-
going species, as well as the Rhagium, were made by the side of Maquoit

826 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

street, Brunswick, on land from which timber was felled, as we were
informed, in November, 1880, so that the period during which the in-
sects had been at work was known quite exactly.

Fic. 279.—Orypturgus atomus.

This species has been kindly identified for us by Dr. John L. Le
Conte, of Philadelphia, who has also prepared the following descrip-
tion, which is much more complete than the original description in the
Transactions of the American Entomological Society. (Vol. II.)

This beetle is said by Eichhoff (Eur. Borkenkafer, 166) to be a syno-
nym of Crypturgus pusillus Gyllenhal.

The beetle.—Slender, dark, piceous, shining, prothorax distinctly longer than wide,
sparsely and coarsely punctured; elytra very finely not densely pubescent, striz: com-
posed of shallow punctures, interspaces as well as the stri# without distinct punctu-
lations. Length, 1™™-+. Head with a bread short beak, slightly convex, finely not
densely punctulate. Prothorax distinctly longer than wide, slightly rounded on the
sides, gradually narrowed from the middle to the tip; disk transversely convex, not
polished, but very imperceptibly granulate, sparsely and strongly punctured. Elytra
cylindrical, not wider than the prothorax, convexly declivous behind; sparsely
clothed with very short and fine yellowish pubescence; strize composed of rather
large shallow punctures, interspaces not narrower than the striz, almost impercep-
tibly punctulate. Beneath nearly smooth, sides of metasternum with a row of punc-
tures, sides of ventral segments feebly punctured. Legs piceous, front tibis with
five distinct acute teeth on the outer edge, which is also sparsely fringed with long
yellowish hairs, with a fine apical spine at inner angle; tarsi yellow, narrow, third
joint not dilated. Antenne with the scape long, the first joint of the funicle large,
rounded; second indistinct, closely connected with the club, which is large, oval,
not pointed, solid, polished, and corneous, except along the apical margin, where
there is a spongy sensitive band.

4, THE PINE-TIMBER BEETLE.
Pityophthorus materarius (Fitch).

This bark-borer has been noticed on p. 718. We found numbers of
them at Brunswick in August, 1881, which were identified as such by
Dr. Horn, under the bark of a spruce, which had been cut down the
preceding November; a few larve occurred with these.

5. Hylurgops pinifex Fitch.

This species, noticed on p. 722, as occurring in pine stumps, was also
found mining under the bark of spruce stumps of trees felled in No-

SPRUCE BORERS. 827

vember, 1880. The track was made at the beginning of the roots, and
is slightly sinuous, 2 or 3 inches long; 3™™ wide, while the diameter of
the hole for the exit of the beetle is 24 to 3™™ in diameter.

6. Cupes concolor Westwood.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CUPESID®.

This beetle has been found by Mr. G. Hunt upon or among spruce
boards in a tannery in northern New York; hence he thinks it may be
a spruce insect.

7. THE PINE LONGICORN BORER.

Monohammus confusor Kirby.

Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID®.

This common and pernicious borer has been described and figured on
pages 685-694. It occurred under the bark of dead spruces at Bruns-
wick, August 3 and 27. At the latter date three sets of the larve
occurred—one measuring about 6™, another 9™™, and a third from 16
to 20™™ in length. There were no fully grown worms. It is possible
that the eggs from which these came were laid in the early summer;
but it is more likely that they were deposited by the female during the
previous summer, as the beetle is not to be seen except from June to
early September.

8. THE LONG-LEGGED MELANOPHILA.

Melanophila longipes.
Order COLEOPTERA; family BUPRESTIDZ.

This beetle is thought by Mr. George Hunt to bore into the wood of
the spruce, as he has found it on charred spruce timber under such cir-
cumstances as to lead him to believe that it depredates on this tree.
Nothing is known of the habits of the larva.

The beetle.—Body deep black, immaculate; thorax with an ob-
solete indented line; scutel small, subangulated; elytra finely
granulated; an obtuse, obsolete, elevated line from the shoulder
to the tip; tip abruptly terminated by a small spine in the center;
beneath polished, slightly tinged with violaceous, Tarsi of the
intermediate and posterior feet clongated, as long or longerthan 7
the tibia; first joint equal to tho three following ones conjointly ; |
fourth joint bilobate, very short. Found in Pennsylvania and |
the Western States. (Say.)

Le Conte states that it inhabits Pennsylvania,
Kansas, and the Lake Superior region; that it is very
closely related to the European M. appendiculata, but Fis. 280.—Melano-
on comparison the thorax is less rounded on the sides, 2." 0" 9'P°8—
which are less sinuate posteriorly. As in that species,
the sculpture is very indistinct at the middle and the small carina at the
basal angles nearly parallel with the margin. The elytra are more grad-

828 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ually narrowed behind, and the apex is rectilinearly attenuated from the
suture, while in M. appendiculata the inner outline of the tip is concave,
though not so much so as in UM. atropurpurea. The tip of the abdomen,
as in the others of this group, is slightly emarginate, with the angles
acute.

Rather long and slender larve, with the segment next behind the
head much narrower than in Chrysobothris, occurred in abundance
under the bark of a dead spruce at Brunswick, August 27. They were
nearly fully grown. The larve of either this or an allied species also
occurred under the bark of a spruce near the Glen House, near Gor-
ham, N. H., July 22.

9. Melanophila sp.
(Pl. xvu, Fig. 4; xxu, Fig. 1.)

Head of moderate size. Antenne very short, 3-jointed; second joint much shorter
than long; third very short and blunt, much more so than the unknown (spruce)
genus, or in Chrysobothris or Dicerca. Labrum much asin the other genera men-
tioned; rather narrow, and moderately full on the front edge. Maxillary lobe well
developed, with a spine pointing inwards; maxillary palpi with the second joint as
long as the first. Labium slightly indented in the middle, but so slightly so that it
can not be represented in a figure. Mandibles tridentate. Prothorax unusually
short, about half as long as broad, the sides well rounded; the roughened chitinous
disk is very small, not much over one-third as wide as the entire segment; it is round,
slightly longer than broad, inclosing a narrow inverted Y, which extends the whole
length of the disk. On the under side the disk is subtrapezoidal, widening at base,
the sides hollowed out, and narrower than long. The meso and metathoracic seg-
ments unusually long, and of the same size, being about two-thirds as wide as the
prothorax. First abdominal a little shorter than the second abdominal segment;
segments 2 and 8 of the same size, and very full and rounded on the sides. The
ninth segment somewhat narrower than the eighth, and the tenth is one-thira to
ore-half as wide as the ninth. Length, 12 to 19™™; in one 12™™ long the prothorax
is 1™™ long and 2.5™™ broad; the eighth abdominal segment about 1.5™™ broad.

This is evidently a species of Melanophila, and differs from the other
genera mentioned in the short and wide prothoracic segment, in the
very small disk inclosing a narrow Y, and being trapezoidal beneath,
while the abdominal segments are very convex, and broad in propor-
tion to the prothorax. It may also be identified by the very slightly
bilobed labium and well-developed maxille.

This is No. 2 ‘unknown Buprestid larva,” on the spruce, p. 228 of
Bulletin 7, and No. 4, p. 241, on the hemlock.

10. FLAT-HEADED SPRUCE BORER.
Melanophila sp.

In the form and size of the head, prothorax, and body, including the
tenth segment, closely like Dicerca, but the sculpturing is decidedly
different. The description of the proportions of the prothorax and suc-
ceeding segments of the body in Dicerea will apply to this species. The
prothoracic disk is, however, very different; it is transversely rounded-
oval, very regular in shape, and smaller than the disk of Dicerca; it is

THE WHITE PINE BEETLE. 829

considerably wider than long, and the sides are well rounded ; the sur-
face of the disk is slightly convex and covered with short linear chiti-
nous raised markings, which do not, however, form curvilinear lines,
except in a slight degree on the hinder edge, especially in the inverted
V. The V-shaped mark is much asin Chrysobothris. The raised mark-
ings on the disk differ decidedly from those of Chrysobothris in not
being round dots, but transversely linear in form. The apex of the VY
is not inclosed in a square area, as in Dicerca, and the V is much nar-
rower. The disk on the under side of the prothoracic segment is much
as on the upper, the Y being represented by a simple median line. A
pair of mesothoracic stigmata, and eight abdominal pairs. Head of the
Same size as in Dicerca. Labrum much rounded on the front edge, and
much more contracted at the insertion in the fleshy clypeus than in
Chrysobothris. Antenne with the second joint a little longer than in
Dicerca, the third joint about one-third as long as the second joint,
tomentose and rounded at tip. Labium longer, fuller, more rounded
on the front edge, and a little narrower than in Dicerca, the edge not
being notched. It is more contracted at base than in Dicerca, and the
rudimentary palpi are more distinct than in Chrysobothris or Dicerca.
Maxille a little slenderer than in Dicerca and Chrysobothris, three-
jointed ; maxillary lobe much narrower, one-third less so than in Dicerea,
but not reaching beyond the distal end of the second palpal joint. The
two palpal joints are a little longer and slenderer than in Dicerca; first
joint much narrower than in Dicerca, the second joint conical at tip,
and as long as the first is thick.

Entire length, 20™™; length of prothorax, 3™"; breadth, 5""; breadth
of eighth abdominal segment, 2.5".

This is not an Ancylocheira nor Anthaxia, according to Perris’ figures,
but is related to Melanophila. Unlike the larve of this genus, how-
ever, it has no “ unguiform spine,” but three equal radiating spines on
the tip of the lobe, while the lingula is entire. It can not be a Buprestis
(B. maculiventris) as it differs from Buprestis (Ancylocheira) as de-
scribed by Perris, in the entire labium and the much longer labrum, as
well as the much shorter lobe of the maxilla and in the marking of the
prothorax.

It occurred on the spruce at the Glen, White Mts., N. H., and under
the bark of spruce, at Brunswick, Me., August 27.

11. Asemum moestum.

We cut out from a spruce at Keene Flats, Adirondacks, a dead speci-
men of this species ; it probably not infrequently bores into this tree.

12. THE WHITE-PINE WEEVIL.
Pissodes strobi Peck.

This common weevil, which is described and figured on p. 734, we have
found the past season from the 10th to the 15th August, at Brunswick,

830 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

under the bark of the spruce. The cells, like those found in the pine
branches, were situated under the bark of the trunk of spruces 6-12
inches in diameter, and contained the pupa or more commonly the
imago. The beetles were also found flying about at this date.

13. THE RIBBED RHAGIUM.
RKhaginm lineatum Olivier.

Already described on p. 704, this insect occurred in the larva state in
abundance under the bark of spruce stumps and standing trees, loosen-
ing the bark, but never doing any mischief, as far as we are aware, to
the living tree. Small larve, only 4 or 5™™ in length, occurred in
spruce stumps August 25, while others were 14™ long. Fully grown
ones occurred in neighboring pine stumps, and: one, after having been
kept in confinement until the last of September went into the pupa

state. The eggs from which the smaller

£2 ones hatched were probably laid in the

y early suinmer ; the trees containing these

grubs were cut down in November, 1880,

so that it is not probable that the larva
lives more than one year.

14. Xylotrechus undulatus Say.

ze

ALN TRL ON Sy,
%

This longicorn is with little doubt a borer
in the spruce (see Lintner Ent. Contr. IV,
96), and I have beaten it out of spruce
trees at the end of July. I have also re-
ceived it from Tacoma, Wash., and it
occurs in Northern New York according
to Mr. Hunt.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.

15. THE SPRUCE-BUD WORM.
Tortrix fumiferana Clemens.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family TORTRICID.

(Plate VIII, moth, figs. 1, la; larva, figs. 1b, le,
1d; pupa, le, 1f. Map, Pl. XII; also, for rav-
ages, Pls. XIII and XIV.)

The most destructive enemy of the
spruce and fir in Lincoln, Sagadahoc, and
Cumberland Counties, Me., is the Spruce-
bud worm.

The habits of this insect while in confinement have been studied by
Prof. C. H. Fernald, formerly of the Maine State Agricultural Col-
lege, Orono, Me., and his account published in the American Naturalist

Fig. 281.—Xylotrechus undulatus.

THE SPRUCE BUD-WORM. 831

for January, 1881. In the account of the ravages of a caterpillar on
the spruces on the coast of Maine in Bulletin 7 of the United States
Entomological Commission, we refer to this insect, which we were unable
to identify, as, after repeated search in the latter part of the summer,
we failed to discover any traces of the insect in any stages. In our
account we gave greater prominence to the operations of borers and
bark beetles than to those of this caterpillar; and while considerable
damage was undoubtedly done to spruces and firs in Sagadahoc and
Cumberland Counties by those beetles, from further inquiries and
field-work carried on in June and July, 1883, in different parts of
Maine, we now have little doubt but that the destruction of spruces
and firs along the coast of the State was mainly due to the attacks of
this insect.

The different climatic causes alleged to destroy forest trees in gen-
eral, would, in the present case, have injured pines and hard-wood
trees as well as spruces and firs, and the destruction would have been
general; whereas the trees have been killed by a caterpillar which is
not known to live upon pines nor any trees but spruce, fir, and occa-
sionally the hemlock and larch. Individual trees, or clumps of trees,
were attacked, whether in high and exposed situations or in hollows;
occasionally from such centers the worms seem to have increased and
spread from year to year, until all the trees in localities several square
miles in extent were killed. Moreover, as we have seen in the case of
the attacks of the larch worm, the defoliation of spruces and firs re-
peated two and perhaps three summers is sufficient to either kill the
tree outright, or so weaken it that bark-boring beetles can complete
the work of destruction. We are now inclined to the opinion, then,
that the Bud Tortrix is the sole or at least main cause of the destruc-
tion of spruces and firs in Cumberland, Sagadahoc and Lincoln Coun-
ties, Me., and that by their attacks they render the trees liable to
invasion by hosts of bark beetles.

We next visited Harpswell Neck, and found from our own observa-
tion and by inquiry from others that a large proportion of the spruces
and firs for a distance of about 10 miles have died within about four
years. The pleasure of driving over this picturesque road, with its
striking northern harsh and wild scenery and frequent glimpses of
Casco Bay, in former years greatly enhanced by riding through bits of
deep, dark spruce forests, has been not a little marred by the acres and
even square miles of dead spruces, stripped of their dark sea-green foli-
age, reduced to skeletons, and presenting a ghastly, saddening, and de-
pressing sight, which border the road. And, indeed, one may travel
through the spruce forests of the coast from Portland to Rockland and
meet with similar sights.

We visited late in August, in company with A. G. Tenney, esq., the
farm of Mr. William Alexander, passing, before reaching the road lead-
ing to his house, an area of several acres from which the spruce growth

832 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

had been cut off in consequence of their widespread destruction by in-
sects. Mr. Aiexander informed us that the spruce trees were, in his
opinion, killed by small caterpillars which have been at work for five
years, but which were most destructive in 1879. These caterpillars he
described as being the young of a small brown moth which laid its
eggs in autumn; the caterpillars hatching from them were not inch-
worms, but when fully grown the body tapered towards both ends, and
were about three-quarters of an inch long, and were most destructive
June 20, when they are seen among the buds at the ends of the
branches, where they draw the leaves together, eating the buds and
not the leaves. He had also seen borers in the trees, but he thought
the death of the tree should be attributed to the bud-worms rather
than to the borers. As will be seen further on, a number of caterpil-
lars were found by us late this summer feeding upon the leaves of the
spruce and fir, but the worm observed by Mr. Alexander was probably
one of the leaf-rolling caterpillars, a species of the family Tortricidae.
A number of spruces and firs with their leaves still on but of a bright
red, were observed scattered along the roadside; but no signs of leaf-
worms or borers were observed in such trees, although the dead, leaf-
less trees were infested with bark-borers.

I was informed by the late C. J. Noyes, esq., of Brunswick, who was
a summer resident at Merepoint, that in June and the first week in July,
1878, the spruces and firs were attacked by great numbers of ‘little
measuring worms, like the currant worm in shape,” which eat the buds
at the ends of the branches; since 1878 they had mostly disappeared,
and in the summer of 1881 he had noticed only four or five.

From Harpswell Neck we traced dead spruces and firs around to West
Bath, where extensive forests had been destroyed and numbers of dead
hemlocks were observed, while the wood was attacked and the bark
undermined and perforated by Buprestid borers, bark-borers, and the
pine-weevil (Pissodes strobi). We have nowhere seen hemlock trees,
which are more exempt than any other coniferous trees from the attacks
of insects, so much infested.

The death and destruction of spruce forests were reported to us at
Rockland, Me., and at Calais, Me., the destruction having been observed
by Mr. Sewall at the latter town in 1879. From these facts there is
good reason to suppose that perhaps a third of the spruce and fir for-
ests from near Portland to Calais have been destroyed by insects, most
of the work of destruction having been accomplished four or five years
ago, during 1878~79.

Similar damage has been done at points ten or twelve miles from the
sea and in the interior of the State. The injury was especially noticed
in North Topsham, near the Bowdoinham line. According to the state-
ments of Mr. Willis, the agent of the Feldspar works in North Tops-
ham, forwarded by Dr. C. A. Packard, of Bath, Me., the spruces were
in 1879 attacked by borers and also by small caterpillars, ‘“‘not measur-

THE SPRUCE BUD-WORM. 833

ing worms” (probably like those observed by Mr. Alexander at Harps-
well). The trees thus defoliated leaved out, becoming green again; and
in 1880 and 1881 the evil seemed to be diminishing, as has been noticed
at other places.

Further facts regarding the extent of the ravages of the spruce bud-worm
in Maine.—The following facts regarding.the extent of the ravages of
this caterpillar ou the coast of Maine were gathered during the summer
of 1883, and for want of space omitted from the report published in that
of the Entomologist of the Department of Agriculture.

The westernmost locality at which the spruce bud-worm was observed
was on Peak’s and other islands in Portland Harbor, the spruce not
extending in any great quantity west of that city. The spruces about
Sebago Lake were also destroyed by this worm or a similar caterpillar,
in 1878, as we are informed by Rev. Mr. Kellogg, a Mr. Townsend be-
ing his authority. Around the shores of Casco Bay and on many of
the islands, especially Birch Island, Orr’s Island, Jewell’s Island, and
Great or Harpswell Island, also on Harpswell Neck, Mere Point, Prince’s
Point, as well as other peninsulas extending into Casco Bay, wherever
the spruces and firs grow thickly, extensive areas of these trees were.
observed ; also similar masses of dead spruce were observed along the
Maine Central Railroad, from Portland to Brunswick, and thence to
Bath; also on the shores of Cathance River, at and near Bowdoinham,
Me. Wherever the fiords or narrow bays and reaches extend inland,
in Cumberland and Sagadahock as well as Lincoln Counties, the spruce
and fir forests clothing their shores had been invaded by this destruc-
tive caterpillar. Wherever the spruces were abundant on the Kenne-
bee River, below Bath, particularly on the eastern side, at and near
Parker’s Point, and also at and west of Fort Popham, there were ex-
tensive patches of dead spruces. Similar but smaller masses of dead
spruce were observed along the steamer route from Bath to Boothbay
Harbor, at and to the eastward of Southport; none were observed on
Mouse or Squirrel Islands. In the course of a journey, at the end of
July, from Brunswick along the coast to Eastport, we were able to ascer-
tain the eastern limits of the ravages of this worm. Several clumps of
spruces which had just'died were seen on the Knox and Lincoln Railroad
before reaching the Wiscasset Station. At Waldoboro, southeast from
the station, was an extensive area of dead spruces which presented the
same characteristic appearance as in Cumberland County, and for two
or three miles beyond Waldoboro there were to be seen large masses of
dead spruces and firs. Beyond Warren no dead spruces were to beseen;
none were observed about Rockland, Camden, Blue Hill, or the islands
of Penobscot Bay; none on Mount Desert, or on the islands from Mount
Desert to East Machias, nor on the road from East Machias to Lubec,
although the predominant growth is spruce. No dead spruces were to
be seen about Eastport, nor along the St. Croix River, to Calais, and
none along the railroad from St. Stephen’s to Vanceborough and thence

_5 ENT——53

834 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

to Bangor. From personal observation and inquiry it is safe for us to
report that east of the Penobscot River, in eastern Maine, south of
Aroostook County, there are no areas of dead spruce. Returning to
Brunswick from Bangor, the characteristic patches or large clumps of
dead spruce and fir were not seen until we reached a point south of
Richmond, and near Bowdoinham, on and near tide-water on the Cat-
hance River. The generalabsenceof any extensive areas of dead spruces
around the Rangeley Lakes and the White Mountains has already been
referred toin our report. It thus appears that the injury from this worm
has been confined, at least south of Aroostook County, to an area on
the coast extending from Portland to Warren, and extending but a few
miles inland from the sea or tide-water. (See map, Plate x11.)

The injury.resulting from the attacks of the bud-caterpillar are char-
acteristic, as we have stated, the trees dying in masses or clumps of
greater or less extent, as if the moths had spread out from different cen-
ters before laying their egys and the caterpillars, hatching, had eaten the
buds and leaves, and caused the trees to locally perish. From all we
have learned the past season we are now convinced that the spruce bud-
worm (Tortrix fumiferana) is the primary cause of the disease on the
coast. Asremarked to us by the Rev. Elijah Kellogg, of Harpswell, Me.,
who has observed the habits of these caterpillars more closely than any
one else we have met, where the worms have once devoured the buds
the tree is doomed. This, as Mr. Kellogg remarked, is due to the fact
that there are in the spruce but a few buds, usually two or three at the
end of a twig; if the caterpillars destroy these the tree does not repro-
duce them until the year following. If any one will examine the buds
of the spruce and fir they will see that this must be the case. Hence
the ease with which the attacks of this caterpillar, when sufficiently
abundant, destroy the tree. We have not noticed that the spruce and
fir throw out new buds in July and August after such an invasion, the
worm disappearing in June. On the other hand, the hackmatack or
larch when wholly or partly defoliated by the saw-fly worm (Nematus)
soon sends out new leaves. By the end of August we have observed
such leaves about a quarter of an inch long. In the following spring a
larch which has been stripped of its leaves the summer previous will
leave out again freely, although the leaves are always considerably,
sometimes one-half, shorter. Now, if any one will examine the leaf buds
of the larch it will be seen that they are far more numerous than in the
spruce and fir or other species of the genus Abies, being scattered along
the twig at intervals of from a line to half an inch apart. Hence the
superior vitality of the larch, at least as regards its power of overcom-
ing or recuperating from the effects of the loss of its leaves in midsum-
mer. Besides this, the bud-worm of the spruce and fir is most active
and destructive in June, at the time the tree is putting forth its buds,
while the hackmatack, which drops its leaves in the autumn, has become
wholly leaved out some weeks before the saw-fly worms appear. For

THE SPRUCE BUD-WORM. 835

these reasons, while the spruce and fir usually die if most of the leaves
and buds are eaten after the first season’s attack, the larch may usually
survive the loss of leaves for two seasons in succession.

In addition to the facts regarding the great abundance of the bud-
worm we may cite information given us by Prof. L. A. Lee, of Bowdoin
College, who observed the bud-worms in June, 1880, upon the spruces
at Prince’s Point, Brunswick, and had no doubt but that they were suf-
ficient to cause the death en masse of these trees. In 1883 we visited
the locality, and many of the trees had been cut down for fuel.

Professor Carmichael of Bowdoin College informs me that he noticed
the ravages of these worms, or similar ones, on Jewell’s Island in 1876,

From Rev. Mr. Kellogg we learned the following interesting facts re-
garding the appearance of a similar, most probably the same, species
of caterpillar, even upon the same farm that was ravaged in 1878, early
in this century. According to Capt. James Sinnett and Mr. John Jor-
dan, of Harpswell, the spruces of Harpswell and Orr’s Islands were de-
stroyed in 1807. Captain Bishops, whose son made the statement to
Mr. Kellogg, cut down the dead spruces on these islands and worked
six weeks boiling the sea-water with fuel thus obtained, in order to
make salt. This was during the embargo which led to the war of 1812
with Great Britain. Itis interesting to note that the bud-worm in 1878
appeared on the same farm on which the spruces had been destroyed
by a worm in 1807, or about eighty years previous.

During the season of 1886 and 1887, as in 1885, no traces of the cater-
pillar or moth of Tortrix fumiferana, formerly so destructive to firs and
spruces, were discovered. The moths must be now as rare as before
1878. Great progress has also been made by the younger growth of
these coniferous trees in repairing the desolation caused by the attacks
of this worm.

Its Habits and Transformations.—The spruce-bud worm, as we ob-
served in Cumberland County, also at Phillips, and near the Rangeley
Lakes, on the road from Phillips to Rangeley, where the trees by the
roadside, as well as in the woods, were attacked by them, so that they
looked as if a light fire had passed through them, feeds upon the leaves
or needles of the terminal shoots, both the first and previous year’s
growth. The worm gnaws the base of the needles, separating them
from the twig, meanwhile spinning a silken thread by which the needles
and bud-scales are loosely attached to the twig; the worm moving
about in the space between the twig and the loosened needles and bud-
scales, and not, like many leaf-rolling caterpillars, living in a regular
tube.

The caterpillar sometimes draws together two adjacent shoots, but
this is rarely done; hence while it is at work it scarcely alters the ap-
pearance of the tree, and its presence is only known when the worms
are abundant enough to partly defoliate the trees.

The worms in June, 1883, were in Cumberland County most abundant

836 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

where the dead or partially dead spruces abounded; but individual
worms could be obtained by beating any spruce or fir in any locality,
showing that in years of immunity from its attaeks the insect is a wide-
spread and at times common species. We found the worms most abundant
in spruces, firs, and even hemlocks, July 1 and 2, between Phillips and
Rangeley, but after passing through all the Rangeley Lakes, and going
from Errol, N. H., to Berlin, Gorham, Jackson, and Conway, N. H., we
found that the spruces and firs throughout Northwestern Maine and the
White Mountain regions had suffered no widespread damage. One and
perhaps two rather extensive tracts of dead spruces were observed at
a distance from the stage road near Rangeley, but throughout the vast
spruce-clad forests observable from the lakes themselves no such tracts
of dead trees were to be seen. On the contrary, the spruce forests of
the Rangeley Lake region appeared to be as green and fresh as any
forest we have ever seen. The dead spruces at the water’s edge of the
middle lakes were evidently due to the high water held in by the
middle and lower dams’ during the last two years. As in any forest,
taere were individual dead trees, sometimes small clumps of them,
where the trees had died as the results of tornadoes or of borers. The
persons living by the lakes, lumbermen and others, informed us that
there had been no extensive destruction of evergreen trees in this
region.

The spruce-bud worm attains its full size and stops feeding, ready to
transform to a chrysalis, in Cumberland County, by the 20th to 30th of
June, and about the Rangeley Lakes and in the White Mountain region
a few days or nearly a week later.

When about to change to a pupa it remains in its rude shelter or
hiding place under the loosened leaves of the shoot, where it turns to
a chrysalis, without spinning a regular, even, thin cocoon. It remains
in the chrysalis state about six days. Those pupating at Brunswick,
Me., June 28 and 29, issued as moths July 4 and 5. When the moth is
ready to break forth from the pupa, the latter wriggles part way out of
its hiding place, and the moth issues, leaving the rent pupa skin pro-
jecting half way out of the end of the shoot. The moths then appear
from the first to the middle of July. July 16, after our return from an
absence of two weeks, we found that the moths of both sexes had issued
and that the females had laid their eggs in curious little patches on the
sides of the breeding-box. They must have issued about the 5th to 7th
of July, and immediately laid their eggs, as in one patch the shells were
empty, with a small orifice in the shell, out of which the larve had crept.
Another patch was found with a dark spot in each egg showing the
head of the embryo caterpillar; these hatched July 18, 19. It thus ap-
pears that the embryo develops, and the caterpillar hatches, in about
ten days after the eggs are laid.

The eggs are very curious and very unlike those of most moths. They
are pale green, scale-like, broad, flat beneath, moderately convex above,

THE SPRUCE: BUD-WORM. 837

oval cylindrical, a little longer than broad, and in all those which I ex-
amined, both those containing the embryos and those which were empty,
the surface, contrary to Professor Fernald’s statement, was under a lens
seen to be finely but irregularly granulated. The shell is thin, and at
first unusually soft. Length, 0.9 to 1.4™; breadth, 0.8 to 1™™. The
patches were about 3™™ in diameter, and composed of as many as thirty
eggs. The eggs overlapped each other irregularly, leaving about a
third or fourth of the surface of each egg exposed.

From the form and size of the egg-mass itis evidently attached by the
moth to a terminal twig. The caterpillars on hatching, as Fernald ob-
serves, do not eat the shell. They hatch about or soon after the middle
of July, and it is most probable that the caterpillars become partly, per-
haps almost wholly, grown before the end of autumn, and pass the winter
among the terminal shoots of the tree, to finish their transformations the
following June and July. Itis certain that there is but a single brood of
caterpillars. Professor Fernald, in his article in the American Naturalist,
describes the process of egg-laying. He has bred from: the worms an
ichneumon (Pimpla conquisitor), several dipterous parasites and a hair-
snake. We have found the insect to be remarkably free from parasites,
having bred about twenty-five of the moths without rearing any para-
sites.

Larva, first stage.—When first hatched the young caterpillar is uniformly pale pea-
green, with a yellowish tint. Head dark brown, but the cervical shield pale amber,
with two dark dots on the hinder edge; hairs nearly half as long as the body is thick;
length 2.5™™. At this time the young worms are very active, letting themselves
down by a thread as readily as when fully grown.

Larva before last molt.—Body not quite so thick as full-fed worm; more uniformly
rust-red brown; the piliferous warts duller in color, sometimes not much paler than
the rest of the body towards the head, though higher and more distinct towards the
end of the body. Head black and prothoracic shield black, the latter pale on front
margin ; no well-marked, broad, lateral, yellowish-brown band such as characterizes
the adult. Length 12 to 13™™,

Larva (full-fed).—Body unusually thick and stout, tapering gradually from the
middle to the end, and slightly flattened from above, as usual; head not quite so wide
as the body, of the usual form, dark, almost black-brown, but lighter than before the
last molt; mouth-parts dark, with paler membranous rings at the articulations;
antenne with the terminal joint black.

Prothoracic shield pale brown, paler than the body, with a pair of dark blotches on
the hinder edge in the middle, and other scattered, smaller, dark, irregular blotches,
of which two are situated in the middle of the front edge, the latter pale whitish.
Body rich umber-brown, diffused with olive-green, especially on the sutures; with
very conspicuous and showy, large, whitish-yellow, piliferous warts, forming flat-
tened minute tubercles, with a dark center from which the hair arises. On the top
of the second and third thoracic segments is a transverse row of four such warts on
each segment; on the upper side of the abdominal segments are four warts arranged
in a short trapezoid; they are far apart transversely, but unusually near together
antero-posterior to the body ; on the penultimate segment is a median, broad, light-
yellowish spot on the hinder edge of the segment; a large, round, convex area, form-
ing the supra-anal plate, from which arise about six fine, long, pale-brown hairs.
Anal legs spreading, with two or three piliferous callosities ; the terminal segment and
anal legs concolorous, with an irregular, broad, pale-yellowish, lateral band reaching

«

838 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

to the prothoracic segment, and slightly tinged with ferruginous. In this band, on
the side of each segment, is a pale-whitish, flattened wart, directly in front of and
adjoining the spiracle ; along the narrow, lateral, fleshy ridge on each segment is a
long, narrow, pale-yellowish wart. Beneath dull, livid greenish, with (on each seg-
ment) a transverse row of four bright-yellowish warts, concolorous with those above;
the two inner ones are minute, the outer ones much larger. Thoracie legs black-
brown; the four pairs of abdominal median legs are pale, almost whitish; all the
hairs are fine and light-brown in color, and one-half as long as the body is broad.
Length 19™™,

Pupa.—Body very thick, the thorax especially unusually swollen; the body, soon
after changing, pale horn-colored, striped with brown; antenn# and legs dark horn-
color or dull tan-brown; wings pale, with the veins dark; the thorax pale horn,
spotted with dark tan-brown, with three irregular, dark, dorsal stripes; meso-scutel-
lum and metanotum dark; abdominal segments above, with two rows of stout spines;
a lateral row of dark spots, and a median spot on the two basal segments; similar
spots on the succeeding segments lengthened and connecting the lateral spots. Be-
neath are two irregular rows of diffuse spots; the hinder edge of the segments dark-
ened; the terminal segment uniform dark, shining, tan-brown, ending in a long, stout
point, on each side of which are two tightly-curled spines, and two stouter but less
curled larger ones at the end, arising from a common base. Length 12™™,

Moth.—A large species, with a stout body and large broad, oblong fore wings;
the costa not excavated towards the apex, but full and regularly though slightly
curved, the apex being rectangular; head and body umber-brown. Palpi very stout;
terminal jointshort. Fore wings umber-brown, the brown sometimes replaced by rust-
red; ground-color bluish-slate; on the inner fourth of the costal edge are four unequal,
triangular, brown spots, the second and fourth connecting with an elongated trans-
verse brown patch in the middle of the wing. From a point at or just within the
middle of the costa a very oblique, distinct, broad, brown band crosses the wing ina
zigzag course, ending at or near the outer third of the internal edge of the wing. This
broad band extends out towards or connects with a preapical brown patch on the
costa; it alsosends an angle inwards behind the median vein, and again another angle
outward opposite the inwardly-directed angle. There are often two distinct, costal,
whitish dots (sometimes wanting) just before the apex, while the apex itself is brown.
There is also a large brown patch in the middle of the wings near the outer edge.
There are numerous fine, short, transverse, brown lines dividing the wing into squares
or checks, bordered with brown. The bands and short lines are more or less confluent
or separate, varying much in this respect. Some females differ in the umber-brown,
being bright rust-red, and the clay-blue pale ferruginous brown, while the broad,
median, zigzag band is umber-brown on the edges and bright rust-red in the middle,
and the wing is covered with an irregular net-work made by the short transverse and
longitudinal dark-brown lines inclosing rust-red or smoky-red patches,

Legs, body, and hind wings glistening umber-brown ; tarsi ringed with pale brown.
The abdomen of the female is very stout, that of the male ending in a long, distinct,
hairy tuft. Described from perfectly fresh specimens, five males, eight females.
Length of body, 9 to 10™™; of fore wing, 10 to 12™™; expanse of wings, 19 to 22™™.

16, THE SPRUCE NEMATUS.

Nematus integer Say.
Order HYMENOPTERA ; family TENTHREDINID®.
(Plate XXVII, figs. 6, 6a, 6b, 6c.)

Although this insect is not, so far as known, especially destructive to
evergreen trees, yet it is common over the Northern States and may at
times prove obnoxious. It occurs on the spruce in Maine in the latter

SPRUCE SAW-FLIES. 839

part of summer, and feeds separately, not being gregarious as in most
species of Lophyrus or the Larch Nematus. It is possible that the fly
escapes from the cocoon in the autumn, but as a rule it without doubt
passes the winter in the cocoon, the fly making its appearance in the
late spring and early part of June, specimens having been found dead
in the breeding-box in the middle of May.

Larva.—The body is long, broader than the head; pale pea-green ; of the color of
the leaves of the spruce among which it feeds. The head is smooth, of the same
color.as the body, with a dark patch extending upward behind each eye. Body not
spotted, but with a dorsal dark-green stripe, bordered on each side with whitish
glaucous green. Along the body is a lateral conspicuous broad white stripe, the
stripe much scalloped below. Body beneath and abdominal legs uniformly green;
thoracic legs pale honey-yellow, except at base. Length, 17™™,

Cocoon.—Of the usual oval cylindrical form; of a pale horn color, of the usual
density, the walls being opaque. Length, 13™™; diameter, 4™™,

Saw-fly (imago) [two females].—Antenn nine-jointed ; flagellum minutely hir-
sute, seven-jointed, the two basal joints of flagellum equal in length; head and body
dull amber yellow (testaceous) ; eyes black ; ocelli situated in a dark-brown patch;
a black irregularly triangular spot above the insertion of each antenna, being situ-
ated in a pit between the eyes and the inner edge of the broad orbits. A single
minute triangular black spot between the antennx; clypeus, labrum, and palpi pale
dull amber (testaceous), concolorous with the head; the mandibles dark at tips.

Prothorax above not spotted. Mesonotum with three longitudinal, dark, broad
stripes; prescutum dusky reddish brown, pale on the sides; on the middle of each
half of the scutum a broad blackish band reaching the front edge, but not extending
posteriorly behind a point parallel with the apex of the scutellum. Behind and be-
tween the ends of these dark bands are two small dark spots. Scutellum on the
posterior half dark brown; the metascutum is black. Sides of the thorax and beneath
pale faded amber (testaceous), with a triangular black spot on the sides of the pro-
thorax below and in front of the wings.

Abdomen of the same color as the rest of the body, but on the sides and beneath
with a greenish tinge; above black, especially towards the base, next to the thorax ;
the segments above being banded transversely with black on segments 1 to 8, the
bands growing shorter (transversely) behind, until on the eighth segment the dark
band is scarcely wider than long; the black bands extend on each side of the front
edge of each segment, forming a point on each side. Under side of meso- and meta-
thorax a little dusky.

Fore and middle pair of legs testaceous; extreme tips of tibie and tarsal joints
with a very narrow black ring; last tarsal joint with the pad (pulvillus) and end of
claws dark. Hind*legs:, femora in color testaceous; tibie a little dusky, paler
towards the femora; all the tarsal joints equally dusky. Ovipositor at base reddish
horn color, tip blackish. Wings with the veins blackisk brown ; costal edge paler;
stigma dark testaceous ; four subcostal cells, the first or innermost four-sided, sub-
quadrate. Length of antenna, 5™™; length of body without antennz, 8™™; length
of a fore wing, 8™™,

This agrees in all respects with Mr. Norton’s description of Nematus
integer Say, var. a (Trans. Amer. Ent., i, p. 216). It is recorded from
Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, and In-
diana. It thus seems to be a widely distributed species. It is closely
allied to Say’s N. vertebratus and to Norton’s N. trilineatus, but the pale
fore and middle tarsi and the greenish tint distinguish it. The descrip-
tion of the larva is taken from Bulletin 7, U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 234,
No. 20.

840 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

17. THE FIR HARLEQUIN CATERPILLAR. -

Olygia versicolor Grote.
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family NOCTUID.

Late in summer in Maine, feeding on the leaves of the fir and spruce,
is to be found a singularly humped and spotted caterpillar, with four
pairs of abdominal legs.*

Professor Riley writes me as follows regarding this insect:

The same species was also found in Virginia July 5, feeding on birch, walnut, and
one also on dead oak leaves, on which later all were feeding.

The Virginia specimens were all parasitized except one, from which the moth
issued July 22.

Fic. 282.—Olygia versicolor: a, from blown specimen, Marx del; b, from alcoholic, Brigham del.

Larva.—Body short, much swollen on the second ring behind the head and the
first abdominal segment, and humped between the last and the penultimate abdomi-
nal legs. Head very small, striped with black. Ground tint a wood color mottled
with gray and black, with scattered white spots. An irregular lilac dorsal band.
A pair of conspicuous white dots on the hump behind the head, and another pair on
the posterior hump. Body very much variegated in tints and it is difficult to describe
briefly all the details of the markings. Length, 12 to 14™™.

Pupa.—Body short and thick; the end of the abdomen unusually blunt, and
rounded. Cremaster (or terminal spine) rudimentary, minute, with two outwardly
curved divergent long slender spines. Length, 10™™,

18. Noctuid larva.

This Noctuid larva occurred on the spruce in Maine.

Larva.—Body a little higher than wide, especially posteriorly. Head small,
rounded, somewhat bilobed, not quite so wide as the prothoracic segment, which is
narrower than the two succeeding segments and narrower than the metathoracic
segment. The body is thickest and highest in the middle. On the third segment
from the end is a conspicuous hump somewhat divided, with a pair of lesser tubercles
behind. Anal legs oblique and rather long and large. Body velvety brown, but
with somewhat of a reddish tinge. On each segmenta large triangular area, the
apex directed backwards. Also on each segment a transverse row of black warts
and two in front, so that the four dorsal warts are in a trapezoid. The side of the
hump near the end of the body is paler and in front isa lateral conspicuous yellowish
streak. Length, 11™™.

19. Noctuid larva.

This caterpillar oceurred in the Adirondacks at Keene Flats, in June.

Larva.—It was pale green, the color of the spruce leaves, of the usual smooth form,
with five white distinct lines. Head shining and green. Length, 15™™,

*Described by Grote in Can. Ent., vii, Pl. 1, fig. 4. See also Smith, Ent. Amer.,
Aug., 1859, p. 119.

SPRUCE SPAN-WORMS. 841

20. THE SPRUCE THERINA.
Therina fervidaria Hiibner.

This common insect feeds in Maine on the spruce, as the pupa was
found early in August, and the moth was disclosed August 21. The
larva was unfortunately not described. Abbot bred it in Georgia from
the Halesia diptera, and from his manuscript sketches, preserved in the
library of the Boston Society of Natural History, we prepared the fol-
lowing description. The pupa is described from our own specimen.

Larva.—Body cylindrical, smooth; head of the same width as the body, which is
yellowish green above, pale purplish below. Two fine, blackish, lateral lines, with
a pale line above.

Pupa.—Rather slender, whitish gray, slashed and spotted with brown on the side,
but much less so than in Th. seminudaria; head, thorax, and wings nearly unspotted ;
terminal spine and bristles as in Th. seminudaria. Length, 12™™,

Moth.—Pale ocherous, more so than usual, head and front of the thorax and
antenne deep ocherous. Wings dusky, speckled with smoky spots (though varying
in degree of irroration). Wings well angulated, the angle of .he fore wings often
acute, on the hind wings forming a slight tail. Outer line dark brown, bordered
externally with ocherous. Innerline situated either on ora little within the inner third
of the wing, a little curved. Discal dot dark, distinct, sometimes wanting on the
hind wings. Outer line sinuate, or zigzag, varying greatly, the angle on the first
median venule being slight or very marked on both wings; on the hind wings a
single line only. Beneath, much paler; the lines re-appear, but are diffuse and
smoky. Legs, tibie, and tarsi of the two pairs of fore legs brown, hind legs pale
ocherous. Expanse of wings, .38 inch.

21. Tephrosia cribrataria Guen.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALZ NIDA.

The caterpillar of this geometrid moth occurred on the spruce at
Brunswick, Me., June 5. The specimen was sent to the office of the
Entomologist at Washington and there bred, while it is stated in the
Department note-book that the pupa rested on the ground and was not
attached to any leaves, etc., and the structure of the cremaster agrees
with its subterranean habits.

Larva.—Not described.

Pupa.—Body rather thick and stout; color light brown (but not so light as that of
Caripeta divisata); surface coarsely pitted. Cremaster large, stout, and long, rough
and tuberculated above at the base, and with no spines at the base or end, the point
being long, smooth, and acute.

22. THE EVERGREEN SPAN-WORM.
Thera contractata Packard.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALZNID.

A very common caterpillar on various evergreen trees, such as the
spruce, white pine, hackmatack, and the bush or common Juniper, is a
little green caterpillar, striped with white, which is so assimilated in
color to the glaucous green leaves with their whitish under side as to
enable the caterpillar to escape ordinary observation.

842 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

During the past summer (1887) I have found this caterpillar most fre-
quently on the common bush juniper in Maine, but in former years have
beaten the chrysalids out of the trees already mentioned.

The caterpillar is found in July, but becomes fully grown from the
1st to the 15th of August. Before transforming, it spins the leaves
together with a few coarse silk threads and remains in the tree. Those
reared on the juniper became chrysalids by the 19th or 20th of August,
and the moths appeared by the 9th of September, so that the pupa
state lasts about three weeks. The moths continue to appear until the
middle or last of September. Those found on the spruce appeared Sep.
tember 15, and a pupa found on the white pine disclosed the moth Sep-
tember 13. Probably by the middle of September all the moths have
appeared. Whether they hibernate and lay their eggs in spring, or
whether their eggs are laid in the autumn on the terminal twigs, and
the species is alone represented during the winter by the eggs, remains
to be ascertained.

The moth is easily recognized by the sharp fore wings with the nar-
row, dark, mesial band, which is black and very narrow on the inner
edge, and by the pale zigzag line re-appearing beneath, also by the
black streak near the apex and a snialler apical black dot. It is closely
related to the European T. juniperata, which feeds on the common
juniper.

Larva.—Body smooth, cylindrical; head smooth, slightly bilobed, not quite so
wide as the body. Head and body green, the color of the upper side of the juniper
leaves on which it feeds. A broad pale glaucous white dorsal band, on each side of
which is a yellowish-white line, which extends along the sides of the supra-anal plate,
but not meeting its fellow at the apex. Anal legs broad and large, green, with two
tubercles which are large and rounded conical. Thoracic legs pink. Length, 16™™,

Pupa.—Of the usual family shape; green, with a white lateral stripe from the head
to the tip of the abdomen, and another lower down along the abdomen, as well as
two parallel dorsal whitish stripes. Abdominal spine larger and longer than usual,
flattened vertically, acute, surface corrugated ; two stout terminal bristles excurved
at the ends, a much smaller pair at base of these and along the sides of the spines two
additional pairs. Length, 6™™.

Moth.—Pale ash, base of fore wings with two bent parallel black lines, the outer
heavier, and marked with longitudinal stripes on the veinlets. Beyond is a broad
pale band slightly bent on the median vein. Still beyond is a median band margined
with black, narrowing more than usual on the inner margin of the wing, where the
two black margins meet, forming two contiguous black patches; in front the band
incloses obscure ashen ringlets. A black discal dot; beyond, an obscure pale patch-
A white zigzag marginal line, the sharp scallops inclosing dark dots. Hind wings
uniformly pale ash color, crossed by two dusky lines. Expanse of wings, 25™™ (one
inch).

23. Hupithecia larva.

This caterpillar was beaten from spruce trees June 11, at Beede’s,
Adirondacks.
Larva.—Body very slender. Head much flattened, as wide as the body in front,

the latter widening a little towards the first pair of abdominal legs. Supra-anal plate
ending in two large long spines; lateral ridges distinct, narrow; below it a little

SPRUCE CATERPILLARS. 843

lighter than above, but similarly marked. Head and body pale lilac, reddish brown ;
four black fine dots on each sideabove. Surface of the body with fine but obscure
lines; two fine parallel dorsal lines on the last three abdominal segments. Length,
26™™, Thisis not a mimetic form, while No. 22 mimics the shape of a twig.

24. Geometrid larva.

This species occurred with No. 21.

Larva.—Pale ash-gray, with black spots, resembling a bit of spruce twig. Head
smal], much narrower than the body, square, somewhat bilobed. Body narrowing
towards each end, with the segments a little swollen behind; third abdominal seg-
ment with a prominent black lateral tubercle; smaller but similar tubercles on the
other segments. At each suture isa transverse, short, pale ash line flanked by a dark
patch. Each thoracic and first abdominal segment with a triangular or V-shaped
black spot, with the apex prolonged behind; the marks are less distinct on the
hinder part of the body. Body beneath nearly as above. Length, 24 to 25™™,

25. Geometrid larva.

This caterpillar occurred on the spruce August 11, at Brunswick, Me.

Larva.—Body thick, tapering a little towards both ends. Head rounded, not
bilobed, as wide as prothoracic segment. Body with no spines or humps. Ground
color pale light horn color, with a reddish tint, almost pale salmon, with four dark
distinct, hair-bearing small warts above and one low down on each side. Five dor-
sal slender wavy dark lines, the outer line embracing the dark small warts. On the
sides of the body and beneath are similar dark wavy lines onasalmon ground. The
head has six longitudinal diffuse lines. Length, 20™™,

26, THE SPRUCE EPIZEUXIS.

Epizeuxis emula Hiibner.
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family PYRALID.

While in the Adirondacks, in June, 1884, at Beede’s hotel, Keene
Flats, I beat from the spruce near the hotel two caterpillars, which I
considered to be without doubt leaf-rollers of the family Tortricide.
They were in general appearance much like the Spruce Bud-worm (Tor-
trix fumiferana), though a little smaller, but with a well-marked dorsal
and lateral line, which are more characteristic of Pyralid than Tortricid
larve.

Soon after, June 14 or 15, one of the caterpillars spun in the tin
breeding box a cocoon covered with black scurf from the terminal twigs
of the spruce.

During the past season, in Maine, I collected another caterpillar on
the spruce, June 9, but failed to make a description of it or to notice -
the number of abdominal feet; the moth appeared June 24. From
this it would appear that the normal food-plant of the caterpillar is the
spruce.

There are four species of this genus of moths in this country, the bet-
ter known one besides the present species being H. americalis (or Helia
americalis). But their habits are strangely dissimilar, since Prof. C.
V. Riley has stated in the American Naturalist for October, 1883 (p.

844 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

1070), that H. americalis teeds in the larva state in the nests of an ant
(Formica rufa). He also stated that so far as he knew this was the first
lepidopterous insect known to develop in ants’ nests. This statement,
however, elicited from Lord Walsingham the following statements, pub-
lished in the same magazine (January, 1884, p. 81): “Noticing your
mention of Helia americalis as a myrmicophilous lepidopteron, I would
remind you of Myrmicocela ochraceella Tgstr., which is found also in
ants’ nests. It is allied to the true Tine.”

According to Guenée, however, the larva of £. americalis “lives on
leguminous plants, as Hedysarum, Melilotus, Pisum ete., and even on
corn, and is very destructive.” He adds that the chrysalis is contained
in a cocoon spun between leaves.

Fic. 283.—Helia emula Smith del.

Larva.—Body moderately thick, slightly tapering towards each end, dull brown,
with a well-marked dorsal and lateral line; the piliferous warts arranged much as in
Tortrix fumiferana, which the larva somewhat resembles, but the warts not so con-
spicuous. The head is slightly paler than the body.

Pupa.—Body short and thick, rather fuller than usual, color pale horn-brown. Ab-
dominal spine broad and thick, subconical, rounded; vertically flattened above and
beneath, the surfaces being somewhat convex, and the sides ridged above and below.
At the extreme end of the spine are two long slender bristles curved at the end; on
the upper side of the spine are two bristles which converge and are closely connected
with the two at the tip. Length, 8 to 9™™,

Moth.—Fore wings ash-gray, darker on the outer haif, crossed by three black lines.
The first line, situated at the base of the wing, is short, and represented by a black
costal mark, succeeded by a curved black line ending just behind the median vein,
not crossing the wing. Second line zigzag, situated on the basal fourth of the wing ;
it begins as an oblique mark on the costa, edged within with white; behind, the line
makes two sharp teeth ; on the median vein it points inwards, and again outwards in
the submedian space. The third line is much broader and less wavy; it curves
inward on the discal space, partly inclosing a large diffuse, discal, ocherous patch.
Above this patch on the costa is a black mark bordered on each side with white; a
submarginal, fine, wavy, white line. At the base of the fringe is a black interrupted
line. Hind wings ocherous gray, crossed by three diffuse wavy blackish lines. Ex-
panse of wings, 20 to 22™™,

27. THE PITCH-DROP WORM.
Pinipestis Zimmermanni Grote.

This is said by Mr. Zimmerman to be destructive to young spruces in
New York. (Can. Ent., x11, 59. See p. 731.)

et
ee

SPRUCE BUD-WORMS. 845

28. THE REDDISH-YELLOW SPRUCE-BUD WORM.

Steganoptycha ratzeburgiana Sax.

A caterpillar not before observed by us was found to be very injurious
to the white spruce, and in a less degree to the black spruce on Squirrel
Island, Booth Bay Harbor, Maine. July 11 the white spruce shoots par-
ticularly were found to have been, in many cases, stripped bare of their
leaves, especially the terminal fresh shoots. The shoots had been
stripped either wholly or only on one side, some of the young trees being
badly injured, and as they were used as ornamental shrubs around the
summer cottages on that island, their beauty was seriously marred.
They also affected the white-spruce trees growing wild among the rocks
on the shore, while but a few black spruces had been injured. The
shoots and branches were fairly alive with the moths, which, on being
disturbed would rise up in great numbers and then settle down upon
the leaves. Upon sending a specimen to Prof. C. H. Fernald, of the
Maine State College, who is the leading authority on the Tortricidae, a
family of leaf-rolling moths, he kindly informs me that it is a new dep-
redator, only recently detected in this country. His letter to me reads
as follows:

MAINE STATE COLLEGE,
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL HISTORY,
Orono, Me., October 4, 1884.

My DEAR PRoFEssor: Your card and the insect have come to hand. I have taken
this insect at Mount Desert in the latter part of July, 1882, in abundance around
spruces in which the terminal twigs were destroyed. This was presumptive—though
not positive—evidence that they were the ones that caused the destruction of the twigs.
I found them again this summer, early in July, on Islesborough, around spruces in the
same way as described above. I have also received the insect for determination from
New Hampshire. This, I believe, is the entire history of the insect in this country,
for it has never been sent to me except as above, and it is not in any of the collections
of the country to my knowledge.

I at once determined it to be a Steganoptycha, and as it agreed with nothing in my
American collection, I turned to the foreign species and found that it was near, if not
identical with, the European S. ratzeburgiana Sax. Ihave threeexamples from Germany
which vary somewhat, as do the specimens of this country. I have now given them
a critical examination and comparison, and believe them to be identical. I made a
microscopical examination of the genitalia of the males, and find them alike. So far as
any studies which can be made on the imagos go they would be regarded as identical.

If you found the larve and made any studiéson them, I would be glad to have you
compare them with what the following authors say, and let me know whether they agree
or whether the early stages differ. See the following works, which I think comprise
the entire history of the literature of the subject: Ratzeburg, Forest Insects, Vol. I,
p. 227, Plate 12; Fig. 3, Imago; 3L., larva; and Plate 13, Figs. 3 and 4, twigs destroyed
by the larve: Zeller, Isis (not in my library), 1846, 242: Herrich-Schaeffer, Schmett-
erlinge von Europa, Vol. V, p. 208: Heinemann, Wickler, p. 212, who states that the
larve live in spring in the young shoots of Pinus abies. Duponchel describes it on
page 568, and gives a fair figure on Plate 266 under the name tenerana, mistaking it
for Hiibner’s tenerana, which belongs to another genus. Stainton’s Manual, Vol. 2, p.

846 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

238, under tenerana, says, ‘‘ not scarce among fir trees.” Wilkinson, British Tortrices,
p. 186, under tenerana ; Freyer (not in my library) ; Guenée, Index methodicus, 26, under
the name errana : Westwood, British Moths (notin my library), pinetana; Kaltenbach,
Die Pflanzenfeinde, p, 698—you may get some help from this; Frey, Die Lepidopteren
der Schweiz, p. 325.
Yours, truly,
C. H. FERNALD.

Dr. A. S. PACKARD.

Like the dark olive-brown bud-worm (Tortrix fumiferana) this worm
eats around the bud in June, gnawing off the leaves and thus loosen-
ing them, so that they remain attached by a loose, slight web filled with
the castings, and under this mass the caterpiller lives concealed from
the prying gaze of insectivorous birds.

As it was late for the caterpillars, nearly or quite all having trans-
formed into moths, only a single belated worm was found, which, there
is the strongest presumptive evidence for believing, is the young of the
moth in question. It is much smaller, nearly one-half as large and en-
tirely different from the caterpillar of the common spruce-bud worm
(Tortrix fumiferana) and is of a general reddish-yellowish hue.

The body is flattened, the head of a deep reddish honey-yellow, while
the body is pale rust-red, with a darker dorsal stripe and a paler band
on each side. The piliferous warts are paler than the ground color.
The body low down on the sides and beneath is yellowish. All the legs,
both thoracic and abdominal, are pale honey-yellow. Length, 7™".

Without doubt the caterpiller hibernates when nearly full-grown, at-
tacks the shoots in June when the new leaves are growing out, and goes
into the chrysalis state by the end of the month, the moths appearing
during the first and second weeks of July. Of course itis desirable that
the caterpillar be reared, so as to leave no doubt as to its identity with
the moth in question.

When the young trees and shrubs are found to be affected, they
should be sprayed with Paris Green or London purple in soneer

Moth.—General color carneous and light brown. Palpi very broad at end of second
joint, the tip, including the last joint, dusky. Head with a large flattened vertical
tuft, hanging ‘‘bang”-like over the forehead. Fore wings dotted with black along
the costa. From the inner third of the costa a fine, narrow black line extends ob-
liquely to the middle of the wing, then making a sharp angle on the median vein, and
thence going to the inner edge of the wing opposite the point of origin on the costa;
between this line and the base of the wing are two fine broken irregularly curved black
lines. In the middle of the wing from the costal black spots, three black lines con-
verge to a number of black scales in the middle of the wing, opposite but outside ot
the point of the bent line; below these black scales isa darker brown patch. On the
outer fourth of the wing a large, conspicuous triangular flesh-colored patch extends
to near the internal angle. In the middle, on the costa, is a black speck, as also along
the sides, and the apex of the patch is seen under a good lens to be edged with white.
Beyond the patch, in the middle of the wing, are a few black scales and a short white
line. A black apical spot. Fringe blackish. Hind wings dark slate color; legs
branded with blackish. Expanse of wings, 14™™.

SPRUCE BUD-WORMS. 847

29. THE BLACK-HEADED SPRUCE BUD-WORM.*

Teras variana Fernald.

This caterpillar is so commonly met with on the spruce and fir that we
have given it the above English name, though there are other species
which have green bodies and black heads. We first met with it on the
terminal shoots of the black spruce on Peaks Island, in Portland Har-
bor, June 22, 1881, and also at Brunswick and Harpswell on the day
following, where it was associated with the caterpillars of the Spruce
Bud-worm (Tortrix fumiferana). Unlike that species it does not, so far
as we have observed, cause any decided alteration in the appearance
of the shoots of the tree, not being social or abundant enough to strip
the leaves from a single shoot, as in the case of the Spruce Bud-worm,
or the Reddish-yellow Spruce Bud-worm (Steganoptycha ratzeburgiana)
found on the white spruce last season.

The egg-laying habits are not yet known, as none of the moths on
issuing from the chrysalis mated or proceeded to deposit eggs.

The caterpillars usually live near the ends of the shoots, feeding on
the new leaves, which begin to grow out early in June; cutting off the
tender leaves they make a passage way between them and the shoot,
which they line with white silk. When disturbed they rapidly crawl
out of their silken retreat and let themselves down to the ground by a
silken thread. They are very active in their habits and in confinement
in tin boxes will squeeze through the narrow space between the box and
the cover, so that only an unusually tightly closed box will confine
them. Sometimes, at least in two instances, the caterpillars constructed
a case of the Jeaves which they had cut off at the end of a fresh bud.

The caterpillars were very abundant in 1881 in spruce and firs on
the shores and islands of Casco Bay, from June 10 until July 20. As
full-grown larve are abundant during the early part of June, it seems
that it hibernates among the shoots of the tree during the winter, and
that as in the case of the Spruce Bud-worm (Tortrix fumiferana) it
hatches in August, or at least late in the summer, and becomes nearly
fully grown before cold weather sets in.

The caterpillar when fully grown is of the usual shape of a leaf-roller,
deep green, with a dark reddish head and cervical shield; before the
last molt the head and prothoracice or cervical shield are black.

From the 14th to the 16th of June the caterpillars change to chrys-
alids within the slight white cocoon they spin among the bases of the
leaves next to the shoot. The moths begin to issue early in August,
and continue to appear until the middle of the month. In one case the
insect pupated from July 6th to the 10th, the moth issuing on the 19th;
hence the pupal period lasts about two weeks. Others which pupated
July 14 to 16 appeared three weeks later. None of the insects lingered

* Extracted from U. 8. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, Bulle-
tin No, 12, p. 17.

848 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

in the pupa state beyond the 14th of August. The moths are subject
to great variation, the details of which are given in the description.
In their color they are assimilated to the moss-covered bark of the
larger branches of the trees on which they rest.

The caterpillars are sometimes preyed upon by ichneumons, two
small Ichneumonide having been bred from pup in confinement. No
Chalcid parasites have yet been observed to prey upon this species.

Should the worms attack shade or ornamental firs and spruces, they
can be subdued by spraying and striking the branches and shoots so as
to dislodge the worms.

Larva before the last molt.—Body pale green, nearly of the color of the fresh leaves,
with the head and cervical or prothoracie shield black. Length, 10-11™™,

Full-grown larva.—Body pale pea-green, moderately thick, gradually tapering from
the middle to the end of the body. Head of the usual shape, somewhat bilobed, not
so wide as the body ; dull reddish amber, or greenish-yellow amber-colored in sont
partly brownish-black behind and on the sides, the black forming two patches on
the vertex. Prothoracic or cervical shield black ou a greenish ground; varying to
greenish-amber edged behind with blackish ; sutures and lateral ridge slightly tinged
with yellowish. On the body-segments the piliferous warts green, not distinct;
arranged as usualin a trapezoid. Thoracic legs greenish amber-colored, first pair
larger and darker than the others; abdominal legs pale green, concolorous with the
body. Length, 12-14™™,

Pupa.—Body rather slender, the double rows of dorsal spines as usual, but the
spines are smaller and not so sharp as usual. End of the abdomen broad, square, and
much flattened vertically, with a small down-curved spine on each side; on the
square edge of the tip are from four to six slender, small, curved, stiff bristles. There
are two similar bristles on the under side within the edge of the square tip. Length,
8-9mm_,

Moth.—Head white or subocherous; palpi dull gray, with white scales. Thorax
either white and black or reddish ocherous with white scales. Fore wings with the
basal third either black, gray, or snow white ; usually dark gray ; on the outer edge
of the dark portion are two groups of sharply raised scales. Beyond is an irregular
white band, the white sometimes obscured by gray scales; this band is very irregu-
lar in width, being narrow on the costa, widening towards the middle of the wing;
it is indented on the inner side at the second tuft of raised scales; where the band is
widest, viz, on the outer edge behind the middle of the wing, is a deep sinus, very
distinct in those specimens where the band is white; on each side of the mouth of
the sinus is a sharp tuft of raised black scales, and within (one near the costa) are
the smaller tufts. In those specimens in which the rest of the wing is whitish there
is a large triangular dark spot, with the base resting on the costa; usually, however,
the outer third of the wing is dusky or clear gray, with dark specks and clouds, and
the triangular patch is obscured. Sometimes when the wing is clear gray the veins
on the outer third are hardly clouded with a darker shade of gray. Hind wings and
abdomen slate gray. Expanse of wings, 12-15™™.

This is a very variable moth, but the four or five raised tufts are nearly always
present. Some striking varieties are here noted:

(a) Fore wings gray, with a broad whitish-gray band just before the middle of the
wing; the large dark triangular spot not present.

(db) ‘The outer third of the wing concolorous with the band, thus leaving a large
distinct triangular spot.

(c) Fore wings snow white at base, with a snow-white band near the base, in the
outer edge of which the sinus is very distinct; the outer third of the wing is either
white or blackish.

SPRUCE BUD-WORMS. 849

(d) The base of the fore wings clear, deep ocherous, and ocherous streaks on the
thorax.

(e) The most aberrant form, and which would readily be referred to a distinct spe-
cies if it had not been reared from the same kind of caterpillar. It has a dark gray-
ish-white head, and two black bands on the thorax. The fore wings are dark gray,
finely lined and mottled with black, but interrupted by a broad, very conspicuous,
clear ocherous band extending from the base of the wing to the apex, inclosing the
median vein and submedian fold. There is only a single high black tuft on the lower
edge of the basal third of the wing. One appeared July 30, and another August 20.
Hind wings dark slate gray, with an obscure ocherous slash at the apex.

The following description was prepared by Professor Fernald from
five specimens sent him:

Head and palpi ashy gray, the latter a little darker on the outside.

The thorax is dark ashy gray with a few blackish cross-streaks on the forward part
of it, and there is a stout thoracic tuft tipped with reddish brown on the posterior
part.

The fore wings are ashy gray, variegated with black and white, with a few yellow-
ish scales intermingled. The basal pitch is black, more or less broken with whitish,
and has three black tufts of scales on the outer edge—one on the fold, another on
the cell, and the third between this last and the costa. An oblique band, white
on the costa, but suffused below, starts from the basal third of the costa and crosses
the wing outside of the basal patch. The inner margin of this band is slightly an-
gulated, the most prominent angle being on the fold. The outer side of the band
gives off a prominent angle on the cell, which ends at a large tuft of black scales
near the end of the cell, and there are several other tufts along the outer margin
of this band. The surface of the outer part of the wing is of a somewhat leaden
blue color, especially when worn, and mottled with black, white, and yellow scales,
but the black is mostly in coarse streaks containing several small tufts. The costa
beyond the middle is blackish, with three small white spots at nearly equal dis-
tances apart. The fringes of the fore wings, of the upper side of the hind wings, and
of the abdomen are darker gray with a silky luster. The under side of the hind wings
is lighter, with darker cross-streaks or reticulations, which are much brighter towards
the apex. The under side of the fore wings is dark gray, except along the costal
border, where the markings of the upper side are dimly reproduced. The legs are
brown on the outside, but pale yellowish within and on the end of the joints. This
seems to be a very variable species, and at first sight one might think that there
were more than one species.

One variety has the top of the head yellowish, and the oblique band and outer
part of the wing dull whitish and slightly touched with yellowish. Another va-
riety is quite dark, and has a broad bright ocher-yellow —_— through the middle of
the fore wing from the base to the apex.

A third variety, in very poor condition and bred on white spruce in Ashland, Me.,
has the head white and the basal part of the fore wings white with only slight traces
of the black tufts and markings. Expanse of wings, 14™™ (Fernald).

30. THE FIR TORTRIX.

Toririx packardiana Fernald.

This moth was bred from the fir on Peaks Island, Casco Bay, Maine,
and sent to Professor Fernald, who regarded it as new and sent us the
following description:

Head whitish; palpi and thorax ashy gray; fore wings with a whitish ground
color and marked with black, which is more or less overlaid with pale bluish or
whitish scales. The black basal patch has an obtuse angle pointing out on the mid-

5 ENT——54

850 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

dle of the wings. An oblique black band broken in the cell crosses the middle of the
wing. A black patch rests on the costa before the apex, marked with one or two
white costal spots; a similarly colored patch within and above the anal angle, and
still another on the outer border inclosing the apex, sends in a square projection to-
wards the end of the cell. All the black markings are overlaid more or less with
white scales, and the white portions of the wings are somewhat stained with gray.
The fringes are dark smoky-brown.

The hind wings and abdomen above are ashy gray. Fringes lighter. Under side
of the fore wings ashy gray, with the white costal marks reproduced. Under side of
the hind wings whitish, irrorate with gray. Expanse of wings, 16 to 18™™,

Bred from the fir by Dr. A. 8. Packard, for whom I name this species in recognition
of his extensive and valuable work on North American insects. (Fernald.)

31. THE RED SPRUCE BUD-WORM.

Gelechia obliquisirigella Chambers.

Associated with the preceding bud worm there occurred in abundance,
both on the terminal shoots of the spruce and fir, a little reddish cylin-
drical caterpillar, about two-thirds as large as the larva of Teras vari-
ana, and very active in its habits. It occurred as early as the 10th of
June, but it disappeared earlier than the caterpillar of Teras variana,
and the moths, which were common, flying in spruce at and soon after
the middle of July, were not seen after the first week in August.

The caterpillars were beaten from the
trees from June 10 to July 17; after that it
was impossible to find any of them. The
moths began to appear July 16-19, and
continued to emerge in the breeding boxes
until August 1. The duration of the pupa
state is about one week.

It is evident that the species is single-
brooded and that the caterpillar is hatched
in August, and becomes nearly full-grown in the early autumn,
hibernating when nearly full-fed, since the fully grown caterpillars
are abundant by the first week of June. The species has been identi-
fied for me by Professor Fernald. It was described from Kentucky
by Mr. Chambers, but the larva and food-plant have been hitherto un-
known.

When about to pupate it spins a small, thin, delicate cocoon, being a
tubular case of silk covered with bits of the scales of the spruce or fir
buds. It is placed next to the shoot in the débris made by the larva at
the base of the leaves. Length, 6™™; diameter, 2™™.

Larva.—Body cylindrical, of the usual form, reddish brown in color, and about
6 to7™™ in length.

Pupa.—Body rather thick, of the usual pale mahogany brown color, the antenne
and tips of the wings on the under side reaching to the middle of the fifth abdominal
segment. Endof the abdomen full and rounded, with about ten unequal, irregularly

situated slender bristles, which are slightly curved at the end; besides these there
are several fine bristles along the side of the body near the tip. Length, 5™™.

Fic. 284. Gelechia obliquistrigella.

SPRUCE WORMS. 851

Moth.—Head cream-white; antennz with the basal (second) joint white, beyond
ringed with white and black. Palpi white, first and second joint speckled with
black, second (longest) joint ocherous at the end; third (last) joint with two black
rings of unequal size, the outer the longer; the tip white. Fore wings moderately
wide, oblong ovate. Ground color ocherous whitish gray; costal region blackish,
base black. A broad oblique band proceeds from the costal edge to the middle of the
submedian space, ending in two white spots; there are some whitish scales on the
outer edge of the band. Just before the middle of the wing is a broad irregular black
band, and beyond it in the submedian space a black spot. A third broad black band
crosses the wing, ending on the hind margin and breaking up into three black spots
on the hind margin; the band incloses near them two twinned white dots. Near the
outer fourth of the wing is a conspicuous white line, sharply bent outwards just be-
hind the middle of the wing; beyond the apex of the angle of the line are several
white scales. At the base of the tringe is an oblique line of black scales, The fringe,
like the adjoining part of the wing, is of mixed gray ocherous, with black scales.
Hind wings rather broad, pointed, pearly slate gray. Legs, including tarsi, banded
with black. Expanse of wings, 13™™,

When rubbed the green color of the fore wings becomes paler, and the three oblique
black bands are more distinct.

32. THE SPRUCE PLUME-MOTH.
Oxyptilus nigrociliatus Zeller.

The chrysalis of this Plume-moth was beaten from the branches of the
spruce June 23, at Brunswick, Me., under such circumstances as to lead
me to believe that the larva feeds on this tree. In Europe no mem-
ber of the family to which it belongs (Pterophoride) is stated, so far as we
have been able to ascertain, to feed on coniferous trees, so it is worthy
of mention, though too infrequent to be of much significance. The
moth issued July 10, and has been named for me by Professor Fernald.

The larval skin occurred with the chrysalis; the head is of the nor-
mal form, pale in color, while the cast skin showed that the body was
covered with long, dense hairs.

Pupa.—Like that of Pt. periscelidactylus, the thorax being obliquely truncated, and
the body somewhat compressed. Thorax in front with six pairs of long, curved,
stiff hairs, those of the abdomen in two dorsal rows of five pairs, and a lateral row
of short, stout spines; from each of the dorsal spines radiate four slender hairs; from
the spines of the lateral row arise two hairs which are curled and parallel with the
longitudinal axis of the body. The wings extend to near the middle of the sixth ab-
dominal segment. Color, pale green; wings and body whitish green. Length, 7™™,

Moth—Uniform dark brown, fore wings forked with four white costal spots, the
third the largest and widest, the fourth linear, oblique, and extending on the second
or hinder division of the wing ; the latter with a white spot near the base. Scallops
of the fringe white, a black patch at the internal angle; hinder edge of the wing
white, apex blackish. Expanse of wings, 16™™.

33. Lophyrus abietis Harris.

This species is common on the spruce. From July 1-30, 1884, it was
abundant, spinning its cocoon July 30. Following is a description of
the larve we found:

Larva.—Head black; eight pairs of abdominal legs; body dark green, the color of
a fir leaf; no median dark stripe; a broad lateral conspicuous dark stripe, and below
a second dark broken stripe along the lateral ridge.

852 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

34. Lophyrus sp.

On spruce September 11, 1887; a Lophyrus larva, with the head red-
dish ; the body pale yellow, with the dark stripes unusually distinct,
especially a broad lateral dark brown stripe. An allied species is rep-
resented on Pl. VII, figs. 5, 5a.

35. Lyda sp.
(Plate X; fig. 7, 7a.)
Order HYMENOPTERA; family TENTHREDINIDA.

A Lyda larva, new to me, occurred on the spruce July 1 to7, 1886, at
Brunswick, Me., making a mass of castings 14 inches in diameter, near
the end of the branch, and forming galleries among the castings. The
worms, on being placed in another branch, soon spun a large web,
within which they glided about. They
were kept for a number of weeks in
confinement under the best possible
conditions, but finally died.

Larva.—Body rather long and slender, but
moderately thick; head and prothorax of the
same thickness. Head black, prothoracic seg-
ment jet black, with adorsalshield and a lateral
rounded boss. Thoracic feet black. Subanal
abdominal legs 3-jointed, black, basal joint
paler at base. Body dull livid olive green,
stained with faint purplish. A dorsal and a
vertical median dark diffuse line. Body much

* wrinkled, with purplish warts on the wrinkles.
A distinct lateral raised line. Supraanal plate
large, with a V-shaped raised area and lateral
ridges, the sunken spaces between the raised
ridges dark. Length, 23™™,

36. Lyda sp.
AN / This species appears to be different
\) A from the preceding species; it occurred
: on the spruce at Brunswick, Me., Sep-
b az, tember 18, 1884.

Fic. 285.—Lyda, on spruce; a, head, front Larva.—Body of the usual shape. Head dark,
and side; b, end of body seen from above; pitchy-brown; the prothoracic shield small and
¢, from side. Brigham, del. of the same color asthe head. Body pale, flesh-

reddish-brown.

pre's

SPRUCE PLANT LICE. — 853

37. THE SPRUCE BUD-LOUSE.
Adelges abieticolens Thomas.
Order HEMIPTERA; family APHIDZ.

Deforming the terminal shoots of the spruce, producing large swellings, which
would be readily mistaken for the cones of the same tree.

We take the following account and illustration from our Guide to
the Study of Insects:

The genus Adelges was proposed by Vallot for certain broad, flattened plant-
lice which attack coniferous trees, often raising swellings on twigs like pine and
spruce cones. The antennz are short, 5-jointed and slender; there are three straight
veinlets arising from the main sub-
costal vein and directed outwards,
and there are no honey tubes; other-
wise these insects closely resemble
the Aphides. A species closely re-
lated to the European Adelges
(Chermes) coccineus of Ratzeburg, =
and the 4. strobilobius of Kaltenbach,
which have similar habits, we have Fig. 286.—The Spruce louse.—From Packard.
found in abundance on the spruce in
Maine, where it produces swellings at the ends of the twigs resembling in size and
form the cones of the same tree. We would add that each leaf-bud is enlarged,
having an Adelges under it. As those nearest the base mature first and leave their
domicile, the deformed leaf-bud stands out from the axis of the shoot, thus giving
the cone-like appearance to the end of the shoot.

This has since been described by Prof. Cyrus Thomas in his Third
Report on the Injurious Insects of Illinois, p. 156.

38. THE EUROPEAN SPRUCE BUD-LOUSE.
Adelges abietis Linn.

We observed this species in considerable numbers on the Norway
spruces on the grounds of the Peabody Academy of Science at Salem,
in August, 1881. The deformation produced in the terminal buds and
twigs were like those figured in Ratzeburg’s Die Waldverderbniss, Bd.
ok 28, es. te:

39. SPRUCE-TREE PLANT-LOUSE.
Lachnus abietis Fitch.

Occurring on Abies nigra; the wingless females pubescent, broadly
oval, blackish, clouded with brown, with a faint ashy stripe on the
back; under side mealy, with a black spot near the tip; antenne dull
white, with a black ring at the tip of each joint. Length to the tip of
the abdomen 0.15 inch. (Fitch.)

It is probably this species which we have found in abundance on the
terminal branches of spruces at Brunswick, Me., in July and August.

854 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

40. THE SPRUCE-TREE LEAF-HOPPER.
Athysanus abietis Fitch.
Order HEMIPTERA; family TETTIGONUD2.

Puncturing their leaves and extracting their juices the latter part of May and dur-
ing the month of June, an oblong black shining leaf-hopper 0.20 long, tapering pos-
teriorly, and broadest across the base of the thorax, with a light-yellow head, having
the mouth black, and also two bands upon the crown, the ends of which are often
united, and commonly with a white streak on the middle of the inner edge of the
wing-covers, its legs being pale yellowish varied more or less with black.

‘“‘T first met with several specimens of this insect eleven years since,
upon the black spruce and fir balsam, on the summit of the Green
Mountains, in an excursion hither with that martyr of science, the late
Prof. C. B. Adams. Since then I have repeatedly captured this same
insect upon birch trees, distant from any spruces, and it is possible it
might have been accidentally present on these latter trees in the in-
stance first mentioned, there being numerous birch trees in the same
vicinity.” (Fitch.)

AFFECTING THE CONES.

41. THE SPRUCE CONE-WORM.*
Pinipestis reniculella Grote.

This is the first occurrence, so far as we know, of a caterpillar preying
upon the terminal fresh young cones of the Spruce. We have pre-
viously t called attention to the Spruce Bud-louse (Adelges abieticolens)
which deforms the terminal shoots of the spruce, producing large swell-
ings which would be readily mistaken for the cones of the same tree.
Another species of Bud-louse (Adelges abietis Linn.), which appears to
be the same as the European insect of that name, we observed several
years since (August, 1881) in considerable numbers on the Norway
Spruces on the grounds of the Peabody Academy of Sciences at Salem.

The species of caterpillar in question was observed, August 24, in
considerable numbers on a young spruce 10 to 20 feet in height at Mere-
point on Casco Bay, Maine. The cones on the terminal shoot as well
as the lateral upper branches, which when healthy and unaffected were
purplish green and about 14 inches long, were for the most part mined
by a rather large Phycid caterpillar. The worm was of the usual shape
and color, especially resembling a Phycid caterpillar not uncommon in
certain seasons on the twigs of the Pitch Pine, on which it produces
large unsightly masses of castings within which the worms hide.

* Reprinted from Bulletin U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology,
No 13, 1887.
+ Guide to the Study of Insects, p. 523, and Bulletin 7, U.S. Ent. Comm., p. 234.

es

INSECTS INJURING SPRUCE. 855

The Spruce Cone-worm is usually confined to the young cones, into
which it bores and mines in different directions, eating
galleries passing partly around the interior, separating
the scales from the axis of the cones (Fig. 287). After
mining one cone the caterpillar passes into an adjoin-
ing one, spinning a rude silken passage connecting the
two cones. Sometimes a bunch of three or four cones
is tied together with silken strands; while the castings
or excrement thrown out of the holes form a large, con-
spicuous light mass, sometimes half as large as one’s
fist, out of which the tips of the cones are seen to pro- _‘Fic. 287.—Single
ject (Fig. 288). Besides these unsightly masses of cast- ne ae y=
ings, the presence of the caterpillars causes an exuda- .
tion of pitch, whicb clings in large
drops or tears to the outside of the
adjacent more or less healthy cones.
Where much affected the young
cones turn brown and sere.

The same worms had also attacked
the terminal branches and twigs of
the same tree, eating off the leaves
and leaving a mass of excrement on
one side of the twig, within which
they had spun a silken gallery in
which the worm lived.

On removing the bunches of dis-
eased cones to Providence, one cater-
pillar transformed in a warm chamn-
ber into a moth, which appeared the
end of October; its metamorphosis
was probably accelerated by the un-
usually warm autumnal weather.
All the others had by the 1st of
November spun within the mass of
a castings a loose, thin, but firm, oval
“ cocoon, about half an inch long and

Fic. 288.--Mass of infested cones (original). a quarter of an inch wide, but the

larve had not yet begun to change

to chrysalids. Whether in a state of nature they winter over in the

larval state within their cocoons, or, as is more likely, change to pup

in the autumn, appearing as moths by the end of spring, remains to be
seen.

The chrysalis is of the usual Phycid appearance, rather slender, but
with the abdominal tip blunt, with no well-marked cremaster or spine,
though ending in the usual six curved stiff bristles, by means of which
it hooks on to the walls of its cocoon, thus maintaining itself in its nat-
ural position.

856 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

I found only one tree next to the house thus affected by this worm.
It is probable that in a dense spruce growth the trees would be less
exposed to the attacks of what may prove a
serious enemy of shade spruces. The obvious
remedy is, to burn the affected cones and mass
of castings late in summer.

Fic. 289.—Spruce Fic. 290.—Moth of Spruce Cone-worm

Cone-worm (en- (enlarged, original).
larged, original).

Larva.—Of the usual Phycid form; the head and prothoracic shield deep amber
brown; the body reddish carneous or amber-brown, with a livid hue; a faint, dark,
dorsal, and a broader, subdorsal line; piliferous warts distinct; each segment divided
into a longer anterior and shorter, narrower, posterior section, bearing two dorsal
piliferous warts, besides a lateral one. Length 16™™.

Pupa.—Of the usual Phycid appearance; rather slender, the abdominal tip blunt,
with six long slender up-curved bristles. Length 9™™.

Moth.—_1 male. Forewings long and narrow, stone-gray, with no reddish or brown-
ish tints. Head, palpi, and body dark gray with white scales intermixed. Fore-
wings dark and light gray; a broad basal light pitch; before the middle of the
wing a white zigzag line composed of a costal and median scallop. A square whitish
distal patch, and half way between it and the outer margin is a narrow white zigzag
line inclosed on each side by a dark border, the line being deeply angulated three
times. Edge of the wing next to the base of the fringe deep black, interrupted by
narrow pale gray spots. Fringe dusky, with fine white scales. Legs banded with
black and gray. Hind wings pale gray. Expanse of wings 22™™; length of body
10™™, (Identified by Prof. C. H. Fernald.)

In “A note on Dioryctria decuriella and its allies,” in the Entomol-
ogists’ Monthly Magazine for March, 1888, E. L. Ragonot remarks:
“The North American Pinipestis reniculella Grote and P. abietivorella
Grote I consider only dark forms of decuriella Hb., and, of course, the
generic name of Pinipestis Grote is simply synonymous with Dioryctria
Z.” He states that D. decuriella Hiibn. (abietella S. V.), feeds both on
firs and pines, and that the larva “lives in the cones, young shoots,
and decayed wood of the conifers.”

42. THE PINE NEPHOPTERYX.

Pinipestis Zimmermanni Grote.

This is said by Mr. Zimmermann to be destructive to young spruces
in New York. (Can. Ent., XII, p. 59.)

INSECTS BORING IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPRUCE. 857
The following insects also occur on the spruce:
Order LEPIDOPTERA.

43. Eacles imperialis Hiibner. This caterpi!lar is reported by Mr. Hulst
to feed on the spruce. (Bulletin Brooklyn Ent. Soc., ii, p. 77.)

44, Grapholitha bracteatana Fernald, Comstock’s 1880 Rep. Dept. Ag.,
p. 265. Affecting Abies bracteata.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPRUCE AND
DOUGLASS SPRUCE.

Abies menziesti and A. douglasit.
e AFFECTING THE TRUNK.
1, THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPRUCE TIMBER-BEETLE.
Dryocetes affaber Mannh.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family SCOLYTID&.

This beetle occurred (July 7, 1875) in abundance in all stages in a
growth of Abies menziesii,* the common spruce of the Rocky Mountains,
at Kelso’s Cabin, 11,200 feet elevation, on the road to Gray’s Peak.
It bores into the bark and near the sap-wood in all directions, its bur-
rows resembling those of Tomicus pini, with which it is associated,
being irregular but much smaller.

The larva is ot the usual form of those of the family, being cylindrical and of the

same thickness throughout, with the end of the body full and suddenly rounded ;
segments convex, especially the thoracic ones, and slightly hairy. Head two-thirds
as wide as the body, rounded, honey-yellow. Length, 0.15 inch.
The pupa is much like that of T. pini, with two anal
soft, sharp tubercles. As my specimens are further <
advanced than those of T. pini, the wings being free KS
from the body, and the abdomen longer, it is impossi-
ble for me to draw up a good description. In one ex- = I ’
ample the pupa had retained the larval head, but it = 3 |
was split behind so as not to interfere, probably, with SS W y ve
the development of the adult beetle. rv

The beetle differs from Tomicus pini in its much Fic. 291.—a, larva; b, pupa; ¢, bee-
smaller and slightly slenderer body. The head and #leof the Rocky Mountain spruce
prothorax are two-thirds as long as the rest of the EE eae
body. The abdomen is not scooped out at the end as in 7. pini, but truncated,
moderately rounded, and the end of the abdomen reaches to the end of the wing-
covers, which are square at the end instead of excavated as in T. pint. Color red-
dish brown, much as in 7. pini. The body is covered with fine, stiff, straight hairs.
Length, 0.14. (Packard in Hayden’s Report for 1875.)

This insect is said by Le Conte to occur in the Lake Superior region,
British Columbia, and Alaska.

* This tree was kindly identified for me by Mr. Sereno Watson, from specimens of
the leaves and cones sent him for identification.

858 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

2. THE PINE TIMBER BEETLE.
Tomicus pini Say.

This insect, already described on page 168, is common in the timber
region of the Rocky Mountains, boring irregularly into the inner bark
of Abies menziesii. The burrows are like those made by the same insect
in the white pines of New England. The main burrows of the mines
observed in Colorado were .08 inch in diameter.

3. THE COMMON LARGE RED TIMBER BEETLE.
Polygraphus rufipennis Kirby.

This beetle, so common in Maine and British America, is also common
in the coniferous trees of the mountains of Colorado, where I have met
with it at Blackhawk and at Manitou. (See p. 721.)

4. THE LARGE TIMBER BEETLE. *
Dendroctonus terebrans (Olivier).

This common eastern form, which occurs from Maine to Georgia, and
in California and Oregon, also probably infests the pine and spruce of
elevated regions. I have a specimen from Tacoma, Wash., on Puget
Sound, a lumbering town, which was identified by Dr. G. H. Horn.
(See p. 721.)

5. THE WESTERN SPRUCE LONGICORN BORER.
Anthophilax mirificus Bland.

Order COLEOPTERA ; family CERAMBYCIDZ.
This beautiful beetle I found June 16, 1877, under the bark of a large
fir-like spruce, probably Abies menziesii, on the side of a high hill near

if

ih

a
Fic. 292.—Anthophilaz mirificus. Smith del.

Virginia City, Mont. The small male was sexually united with the
black female, and there were several other females near by. From

wee

INSECTS BORING IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPRUCE. 859

these circumstances I have little doubt but that it bores into this tree.
There is a great disparity in size and color between the sexes, and the
male is much the smaller and is blue-black, with most of the elytra deep
brick-red, the ends of the elytra being blue-black, as well as an oblong
oval spot at the base of the united elytra; the terminal two-thirds of
the abdomen is reddish; it is 16™™ long; the female is 21™ long, and
entirely blue-black. It was identified by Dr. Horn.

6. Scolytus unispinosus Lec.

Mr. J. B. Smith gives the following account of this borer in Entomo-
logica Americana, I, 1886, p. 125.

A few days since (July 12, 1886) Mr. L. E. Ricksecker, of Sylvania, Occidental P. O.,
Cal., sent me a section of Douglass spruce (Abies douglassii) infested by a Scolytid,
about which he writes as follows: ‘‘The wood is asmall section from the upper limb
of a Douglass spruce, which was cut down on April 9, 1886. Many species of Coleop-
tera attacked the tree on the same evening in a perfectswarm. Next day and there-
after but few of these were seen. Other species, however, made their appearance,
and among these were numbers of Scolytus wnispinosus Lec. For a week I could see
them moving hurriedly up and down the limbs of the prostrate tree. Then they be-
came less, and by May 6 only a few stragglers could be found.

Noticing that something was boring in these limbs and throwing out little piles of
dust, I cut out patches of bark, and found in every case two Scolytus occupying a
straight gallery; one, presumably the male, being at the opening, and the other at
the farend. At that date, May 6 to 10, the burrows were about an inch long; now
(July 4), the main burrow is two to three inches long, with about twenty-six side
galleries on each side diverging therefrom. The parent beetles are gone, but at the
end of each side gallery is a larva, working farther and farther away from the main
gallery. They work only in the layer of bark nearest the wood, leaving a slight im-
pression of their galleries on the wood. When full-grown they turn towards the
surface and there await their transformations.”

To this interesting account of Mr. Ricksecker a few notes based on the specimen
(now in the National Museum) and on the literature may be not uninteresting.

The specimen shows two complete main galleries with the larval galleries—about
30™™—a length of 13 inches—at irregular intervals on each side. These extend at first
at right angles with the main gallery, but become sinuous almost immediately, and the
larve change their direction, working upwards above and downwards below the mid-
dleofthemain burrow. Those larve nearest to the center work longer at right angles,
but eventually turn either upward or downward, and sometimes change the course of
the gallery. One gallery shows a larva that first worked at right angles for adistance,
and then started downward until it came very close to another gallery. Rather than
enter this it changed its course; went obliquely upward for a distance, and then again
turned downwards at right angles. Two larval galleries from the same main gal-
lery rarely cross each other, but sometimes two main galleries are close together, and
then the larval galleries cross and recross in the wil. est confusion. The main galleries
are sunken about as deeply into the wood asin the bark; but the larval galleries
are deeper in the bark. At the point of entrance there is an enlargement of the
gallery, of a size sufficient to permit the beetle to turn.

There are also, in the specimen, five main galleries, with either no larval galleries
at all or just started. One of these galleries is interesting, for here the beetle came
in, formed a small cell, and started downward for half an inch, then changed its
mind, and turning, started upward for about an inch. In the main galleries no eggs
seem to be laid within 4™™ of the entrance. Before the parent beetle has finished

860 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

its burrow the eggs laid nearest the entrance have hatched, and the larval galleries
will be from 3 to 4™™ in length at the entrance before the last eggs are deposited.

In general appearance the galleries of unispinosus resemble most nearly those of
the European Sc. intricatus. But the most interesting point in Mr. Ricksecker’s
communication is the food-tree. No other species of Scolytus whose food-habits are
recorded lives on conifers. All attack deciduous trees. So striking a departure
from the general habits of the genus is rather remarkable, and furnishes another in-
stance of the dangers of reasoning from analogy.

Mr. E, A. Schwarz has furnished me with a list of food plants of the European
and American species, which is as follows:

Se.amygdali. Feeds on Amygdalus.

Sc. ratzeburgi. Feeds on Betula.

Se. carpini. Feeds on Carpinus.

Se. pruni and rugulosus. Feeds on Pyrus, Prunus,
Crategus.

Se. intricatus. Feeds on Quercus.

Se. geoffroyi, pygmeus, kirschi, multistriatus. Feeds
on Ulmus.

The American species, of which the food habits are known,
are the following:

Sc. quadrispinosus : Carya.

Sc. fagi: Celtis, Fagus (?).

Sc. muticus : Celtis.

Se. rugulosus: Prunus, Pyrus. (Imported from Eu-
rope.)

Sc. unispinosus : Abies douglassi.

Of the remaining five species Sc. californicus is tolerably
common in collections, but the others appear to be exceed-
ingly rare; in fact, it is questionable whether any but the
typical specimens are known. The second food plant of Se.
fagi (Fagus) is somewhat in doubt. Dr. Le Conte (Rhynch,

Fic. 293. Mineof Scolytue 2 372) says: “Depredates on beech trees, according to Mr.
unispinosus.—After J. B. Walsh;” but, on referring to Mr. Walsh’s original article
Smith. (Pract. Ent. 11, p. 58), we find the following statement: “I

obtained many specimens in South Illinois, from what I
believe was a beech.” Thus it still remains somewhat doubtful whether the species
really infests the beech.

Dr. Hamilton states (Can. Ent. XVII, 1885, p. 48) that Scolytus rugulosus breeds in
hickory twigs, but Mr. Schwarz (Proc. Ent. Soc., Washington, 1, No. 1, p. 30) main-
tains that this hickory species is different from rugulosus, and apparently undescribed.

CuapTer XVII.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE FIR TREE.

Abies balsamea.

AFFECTING THE TRUNK.

1. THE PINE LONGICORN BORER.
Monohammus confusor Kirby.

Fully grown larve, very large and long, and evidently ready to pu-
pate, occurred under the bark of a dead fir near the Glen House, White
Mountains, July 22. A fir tree was without doubt killed by these
borers at Merepoint, Brunswick, Me., as from the freshly cut stump a
fully grown dead larva and beetle were taken from the holes, several of
which were in the tree. The holes were round and 7™™ in diameter.
Other trees were observed here and also on the Harpswell road with
jarge round holes in the bark, evidently the work of this borer. In
1882 I saw a fir at Phipsburg basin which had plainly been nearly
killed by this larva; the tree was mostly dead, some of the branches
with red leaves; a number of holes were in the trunk. We have also
called attention (p. 688) to the fact that living firs are often killed by a
borer answering to this species in the forests about the Rangeley Lakes.

2. Xyloteres bivittatus (Kirby).
This beetle occurred, though not commonly, under the bark of the
fir near the Glen House, July 22.
3. Xylebores celatus Zimmermann.
This beetle occurred in abundance in a fir stump, with the larve,
August 27, at Brunswick.
4. Crypturgus atomus Leconte.
This minute species occurred frequently under the bark of a fir stump
at Brunswick late in August.
5. THE WHITE PINE WEEVIL.
Pissodes strobi Peck.

This weevil, with the larva and pupa, was found under the bark of a
fir tree on the Mount Washington carriage road, near the Glen House,

July 22.
861

862 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIOAL COMMISSION.
6. Rhagiwm lineatum Olivier.

Larve of this beetle, one-half grown, occurred August 27, at Bruns-
wick, in a fir stump.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
7. THE FIR-TREE SAW-FLY.
Lophyrus abietis Harris.

Order HYMENOPTERA ; family TENTHREDINID.

This pest of the fir which also infests pines has been described on
page 757.

The specimens I found of this species, the females of which I raised
from the larva and submitted to Mr. E. Norton for identification, had
larve, of which the following description is taken from my notes. Much
like that on the cedar and juniper, but darker green, with a black head
and thoracic feet. Median dorsal stripe pale instead of dusky, and be-
sides a pale subdorsal stripe, with a whitish green lateral firm stripe.
Beneath paler green than above. Of the same size. It spun a light
silk cocoon August 23. The imago was found dead in the breeding box
September 14, 1881, and must have left the cocoon during the first week
in September. The antenne are black, serrated. Body dull horn-
yellow; abdomen a little paler, more amber colored ; legs concolorous
with the body. Wingssmoky, with black veins. Length 7™™. Cocoon
regularly oval-cylindrical; of a pale silken brown; length 8™".

8. THE TUSSOCK MOIH.

Orgyia leucostigma Abbot-Smith.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCIDS.

Feeding on the leaves of the fir in July and August in Maine, a hairy caterpillar
with two black pencils of hairs in front, one median, one behind; four medio-dorsal
short thick yellow tufts, succeeded by three dorsal coral-red tubercles, on the back.

Fic. 294.—The tussock caterpillar, nat. size.—After Riley.

The hairs of this caterpillar are quite poisonous, and if they get through
or into the skin prove very annoying. I once crushed one of these

Hie

CATERPILLARS OF THE FIR. 863

pretty caterpillars in endeavoring to brush off one which was crawling
on the back of my neck ; the hairs were thus foreed into the skin and

Fic. 295.—The tussock moth; a, female; e, male; ¢, female pupa; d, male pupa;
b, freshly-hatched larva. Nat. size.—After Riley.

caused, as the result, the skin to smart severely for forty-eight hours.
The female was first seen flying at Brunswick, Maine, Aug. 29.

9. Olygia versicolor Grote.

This species occurred on the fir, Aug. 28-31, at Brunswich, Maine.

Larva.—Head rather large, as wide as prothorax, blackish, not striped but marbled
with black. Seen from above the body is of nearly uniform thickness. Along the
the back aseries of broad triangular black patches, lined on each side with silver, the
silver streaks making a series of sets of oblique streaks. The hump at the end of the
body is high, and lined with silver on each side. The ground coloris a rich black-
brown. Length, 13™™,

10. THE WHITE-LINED CATERPILLAR.
»
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family NOCTUID&.

Feeding on the leaves of the fir in August in Maine, a larva of the usual Noctuid
form. Head nearly as wide as the body, smooth; body rather thick, smooth, pale
pea-green. A dorsal somewhat broken snow-white line, and two wider subdorsal
ones. A broken bright-red lateral line, edged below with white and yellowish. Ends
of all the legs reddish. Length 22™™.,

11. A NOCTUID LARVA.

Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family NOCTUIDZ.

Feeding on the leaves in August in Maine, a cylindrical noctuid larva with ten
pairs of abdominal legs. Head of moderate size, as wide as the prothorax ; body
thicker just in front of the middle. Segments of the body rather convex ; prevailing
color pale horn-brown, mottled with yellowish or reddish brown; with four black
rounded button-like tubercles arranged in a trapezoid on the top of each segment.
Length, 18™™,

12. THE FIR PARAPHIA.
Paraphia deplanaria Guenée.

We have three species of Paraphia, two of which feed in the larval
state on coniferous trees, Mr. William Saunders having bred P. subato-
maria from the pine, on which it feeds in early summer, the moth ap-

A

864 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

pearing late in June; the larva is not, however, known farther than
that its color is brown.

The caterpillar of the present species was found June 23, at Bruns-
wick, Me., on the fir; on the 27th it became a chrysalis, and the moth
escaped about a week or ten days later.

Larva.—Body cylindrical ; in color and appearance like a fir twig. Head rounded,
somewhat bilobed; body with no humps. Supra-anal plate rounded, not pointed at
the tip, with six hairs. Color reddish brown with a greenish tint. Head greenish,
mottled, and finely spotted, especially on each side of the vertex, with reddish brown;
a row of lateral irregular dark blotches. Length, 22™™.

Pupa.—Of the usual shape, but rather stout; dark tan-brown in color. Terminal
spine (cremaster) large and stout, the surface corrugated at the base, ending in a
fork, each branch of which ends in two excurved hooks. Length 12™™,

Moth.—Forewings subocherous, with a median whitish band, beneath ocherous.
The male may be distinguished by its smaller size, by the wings being more ocherous,
by the distinct discal dots, and by the rather distinct median white band on the fore
wings. The female differs greatly from the male, being much larger and with the
wings more serrate, the two inner lines more or less obsolete, the border of both
wings being much darker than the inside of the wing, the border sometimes having
a lilac tinge. From the female of P. swhatomaria it differs in its still smaller size, in
having usually but one subapical spot instead of three, as is usually the case in the
other species, and in the outer border of the wings being darker or more decidedly
ocherous. The wings of the female are more deeply serrated than in the other species.
Expanse of wings, 22 to 35™™,

13. Aplodes coniferaria Pack.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALENID.

The following account was published by us in the American Natur-
alist :

We have reared six moths from curious 14-flapped larve found feeding in August
on the fir and hemlock, and described in Bulletin vir, U. 8S. Ent. Comm., p. 238, and
referred by us to Aplodes. The caterpillar is dull, brick-red, with seven pairs of
broad dorsally-situated flat flaps on each side. It bears a striking resemblance to the
small reddish twigs of the fir with the leaf scars.

From the 4th to the middle of September the caterpillars made between the twigs
a loose, slight, open cocoon of bits of small twigs and leaves, held together by silk,
within which the pupa rested through the winter.

Walsh’s description of the larva of Aplodes mimosaria, which he bred from the oak,
is too brief for comparison, but our specimens do not disagree with his diagnosis,
though we have never found it on the oak, but frequently on the coniferous trees
mentioned. .

On sending specimens to Mr. J. A. Lintner, to compare with his types of the species
in his possession, he kindly writes as follows:

‘‘ Differs from mimosaria in the outer line of front wings being nearer to the margin
and the inner line being angulated on the submedian instead of curved. The outer
line of secondaries is nearer to the margin than in mimusaria and is more regular.

‘Tt approaches nearer to latiaria, but the two lines are more approximate, and the
inner line is more angulated on the submedian. It also has an inner line on tke
secondaries which latiaria has not.”

Larva.—It bears a striking resemblance to the small reddish twigs of the fir with
the leaf-scars. Body dull brick-red, with seven pairs of broad flat flaps on each side,
those in the middle of the body being the largest. Head angular on the sides, deeply

CATERPILLARS OF THE FIR. 865

incised; when at rest retracted partly under the projecting prothoracic segment.
The last segment with a large triangular thick lateral flap. Two dorsal dull yellow-
ish sinuous lines, separated by a narrow median reddish line. Body beneath with
dull obscure sinuous, somewhat broken, coarse yellowish lines. On the last segment
are two high sharp tubercles. Supra-anal plate rounded. Body roughly granulated.
A light dull whitish yellow lateral stripe, extending down on the anallegs. Length,
iam:

Some of the caterpillars occurring on the fir have a smoother body, less wrinkled,
and the head is not red, but pale green. There is a conspicuous white spiracular
line; and two subdorsal pale yellowish indistinct lines; the sutures are distinctly
yellow.

Pupa.—Of the usual form, rather slender, brown, the abdomen bright brick-red
above between the wing-covers; the end horn-brown and mottled; there is a blackish
dorsal line and a dark stripe along the antenne and veins of the wing, the branches
being spotted with black. In another specimen the wing-covers were red and the
body, including the abdomen, horn-colored ; the terminal spine is short, moderately
stout, with eight unequal curved slender spinules. Length, 9 to 10™™,

Moth.—Six specimens, two of them males, issued from the chrysalids in the breeding
box, in Providence, between April 20 and 25. They were all of uniform size, the
wings expanding about 25™", They differed but slightly from A. mimosaria, though
much smaller; compared with one of the latter the hind wings are more angulated,
while the outer white line on the same wings is less bent in the middle. The lines
on the fore wings are as in 4. mimosaria, but vary in distance apart. The head and
abdomen are marked as in A. mimosaria ; the male hind tibiw are as in that species.
It differs decidedly from the two other species of its size, A. approximaria and latiaria.

14. Semiothisa bisignata (Walker).
(Larva, Plate xxx11; fig. 1, la-1h.)

Though more common on the pine, the figures on Plate xxxII were
drawn from a specimen collected*on the fir, at Brunswick, Me., August
27-30. For details see Explanations of the Plates.

It also occurred on the pitch pine July 15 to August 3, at Bruns-
wick, Maine.

15. THE FIR-NEEDLE INCH-WORM.
Eupithecia luteata Pack.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALENID#.
(Larva, Plate x; fig. 4.)

This is a common caterpillar on evergreen trees, excepting the pine,
and was described in Bulletin 7, U.S. Entomological Commission, p. 237;
No. 8 also, p. 206, No. 83. The caterpillar is rather flat, the surface
granulated, the body reddish and bearing a remarkable resemblauce to
a red, dead fir-leaf. It tarns toa chrysalis late in August and early in
September in Maine, and the moth appears the following May and June.

This is one of the most remarkable cases of mimicry yet noticed among
those feeding on coniferous trees. Often on beating them into an um-
brella, which I used in collecting caterpillars, have I hesitated to pick

5 ENT——55

866 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

them up, waiting to see whether or not they were simply dead fir-leaves ;
in Some cases the caterpillars themselves answered the question by
walking off at their peculiar measuring gait.

The caterpillar changed to a chrysalis August 25; the pupa appearing
September 7, at first greenish, became pale mahogany brown. Length
6™™", It was frequently observed on Pinus strobus in August.

Larva.—Feeding in August on the leaves of the fir and very closely mimicking the
reddish partly dead leaves or needles; a measuring or inch worm, with the body flat-
tened from above downward and tapering at both ends, thus closely approximating
the form of the fir-leaf. Head small, narrower than the body; smooth, pale, mottled
and spotted with reddish. Body reddish, covered with fine whitish papillx ; a faint
blackish, somewhat broken narrow dorsal line; a fine pale whitish subdorsal line.
Lateral line yellowish in partly grown caterpillars, obsolete in larger ones, becoming
distinct on the sides of the not large sharply acute supra-anal plate; two large acute
spines below the plate. Body beneath of a peculiar glaucous greenish white, with a
median reddish line. Thoracic and abdominal legs dull livid reddish. Length 20™™,
Observed not unfrequently at Brunswick, Me., late in August; also found feeding at
Brunswick on the low-bush common juniper (Juniperus communis) August 26-29, 1881.

Moth.—Differs from Eupithecia miserulata in the much longer, more pointed fore
wings. The palpi are also larger, acute, and black. It has four regularly curved
parallel black lines on both wings; it is also characterized by the broad, clear, flesh-
yellow or luteous band situated between the discal dot and the extradiscal line.
Expanse of wings, 22™™,

16. THE ANGULAR-HEADED, MARBLED FIR INCH-WORM.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALZ NID.
(Plate x, fig. 2.)

Feeding on the leaves in Maine, late in August, also on cedar, August 30, 1883, a
very slender inch-worm; the body tuberculated, blackish brown. Head angular;
the vertex angulated above on each side. Body with five pairs of well marked small
prominent lateral tubercles ; sutures between the segments not well marked, so that it
is difficult to tell on which segment the tubercles are situated. Body wood-colored, it
is the shade of the bark of the tree, mottled with black-brown, reddish gray and gray
markings. Head marbled or mottled like the body, with a whitish line along the
top of each side, and continued along the prothoracic segment, and in the form of two
broken white faint lines along the sides towards the end of the body. Anal legs
much larger than the other abdominal legs. Length about 20™™,

This caterpillar is not specially mimetic, though it is probably pro-
tected from the search of birds by its general resemblance to a dry fir
twig. It may be recognized by its angular head, dark marbled body,
colored like the bark of the branches on which it rests, and by the five
pair of sharp, prominent small tubercles. It closely resembles in color-
ation the caterpillar, Olygia versicolor. _Plate XxxIIl, figs. 1, 1a-1h, also
represent the caterpillar.

17. THE TEN-LINED PINE SPAN-WORM.

Feeding on the leaves of the fir, hemlock, and spruce, an inch-worm with a very slen-
der body, with minute prominent tubercles, and a large, full, rounded head; the latter
deeply divided in the middle, and much wider than the body. The general color a

CATERPILLARS OF THE FIR. 867

flesh tint, with 8-10 blackish-brown lines on top of the body. Head reddish, mottled
with dark brown. On the side of nearly each segment a pair of dark acute tubercles
and below the bright straw-yellow lateral ridge (the line is broken in fully grown
larve) is a black irregular flattened broad eminence. Supra-anal plate large, project-
ing far behind and, like the pair of anal legs, flesh red. Body beneath deep flesh-
colored, with dark linear stripes. Length of body 20™™,

This caterpillar, which may be recognized by its slender body, with
8-10 dark lines, the broken lateral straw-yellow line, and the large
rounded deeply incised head, is common not only on the fir, but also on
the spruce and hemlock late in August and early in September in
Maine. In fully grown caterpillars on each segment of the body are two
high rounded subdorsal and two larger lateral tubercles, which are
reddish flesh-colored tipped with black, and there are two rounded
supra-anal tubercles. This caterpillar is infested by a Microgaster, a
Single one of these small ichneumon larve issuing from the body and
spinning a cocoon during the last week of August. The same cater-
pillar is described under Pine insects No. 112, p. 784.

18. GEOMETRID CATERPILLAR.

This caterpillar occurred on the fir, June 27 to 29, 1885. It pupated
about July 6. Pupa quite different from that of Thera:

Larva.—Body rather full and thick. Head smooth, somewhat bilobed, well rounded,
not quite so wide as the body. Head and body green, a deeper tint than the upper
side of a fir leaf. Two linear subdorsal pale yellow lines, and a broader lateral deeper
straw-yellow line. Anal legs no larger than the pair in front. Length, 18™™,

19. GEOMETRID CATERPILLAR.

This caterpillar occurred on the fir, July 1 to 12, 1887. It pupated
July 30-31:

Larva.— Head flattened; slightly bilobed, as wide asthe body. Body slender, thick-
ening a little towards the eighth abdominal segment. On end of fourth abdominal
segment two large tubercles with a regularly curved whitish line in front. A pair
of similar piliferous dorsal swollen tubercles on eighth abdominal segment. Other
abdominal segments with four minute dark dorsal tubercles. Color of head and body
like a small dead fir twig, marbled and lined with gray and black-brown. Supra-anal
plate light-colored, with six piliferous tubercles and supra-anal tubercles of the legs
large and swollen, conspicuous. Anal legs rather large. Length, 35™™

20. GEOMETRID CATERPILLAR.

This caterpillar has the head rounded, is like a twig, and is quite un-
like any other species. It occurred at Brunswick, August 30 to 31, on
the fir:

Larva.—Head moderately large, not quite so wide as the body, which is moderately
thick. Head rounded, somewhat bilobed, the lobes well rounded, marbled with red-
dish. Body smooth, a small double hump on the penultimate segment, and the
mesothoracic segment is somewhat swollen on each side, while the lateral line is
rather prominent. General color is dark wood-brown, the head reddish and the body

868 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

marked with black and here and there dashed with reddish. Supra-anal plate
small and obtusely pointed, and concealing the small dorsal spines. A dorsal inter-
rupted dark stripe and lateral obscure, more or less dark lines. The body is
crossed in front of the middle by a curved blackish line, curving anteriorly and form-
ing a conspicuous line, being oblique on the sides of the body. The slight hump is
black, inclosing a white area infront. An oblique silvery line on each side of the first
abdominal legs, and the lateral line is touched with silvery.

The minor markings are too complicated to describe, but it mimics in appearance
and color a twig of the fir. Length 15™™,

21. THE RED AND YELLOW STRIPED PINE SPAN-WORM.
(Plate x, fig. 3; Plate xxx, fig. 2, 2a-2f.)

The larva, described on p. 784, also occurred on the fir on the grounds
of Bowdoin College, Aug. 28-31, but I have been unable to carry it
through its transformations. The figure on Plate x has been very
poorly reproduced by the lithographer; and fig. 2a, in Plate XXXII,
represents the body as narrowing too much at the end.

22. THER FIR TORTRIX.
Tortrix packardiana Fernald.*

This moth was bred from the fir on Peaks Island, Casco Bay, Maine,
and sent to Professor Fernald for identification (see p. 849).

23. TORTRIX CATERPILLAR.

This caterpillar occurred on the fir June 26’ to 28, at Brunswick,
Maine. It began to pupate June 29, making a slight silk cocoon among
the leaves at the end of the season’s growth. Ichneumoned and died.

Larva.—Body of the usual shape, full, cylindrical, and soft, with five pairs of ab-
dominal legs. Head small, pale greenish amber, with a short black stripe on the
side, much narrower than the prothorax which is narrower than the rest of the body.
Length, 12™™,

24, THE PINE LEAF-MINER.
Gelechia pinifoliella Chambers.

The leaves of the fir were found at Brunswick, Me., to be affected
by this miner much as in the pitch pine (p. 792), the terminal third of
the leaf being paler than the rest. A dead pupa skin was found July
15.

25. THE FIR SCALE-INSECT.

Lecanium sp.

On the upper side of a fir leaf a single specimen of Lecanium was
found at Brunswick, which was low, flat, broad, oval, blackish, almost
as broad as the leaf.

* This description first appeared in U. S. Aa gg ee of Agriculture, Division of
Entomology, Bulletin No. 12, p. 19

CATERPILLARS OF THE FIR. 869

26. THE FIR MITE.

Order ARACHNIDA; suborder ACARINA.

Quite prevalent on the fir, working at the base of the leaves at the

ends of the twigs, in summer and early
autumn, in Maine; little dark mites, with
rounded bodies, and quite active in their
movements, causing the leaves of the fir
especially to curl up, and to show the light
under side. These little active mites spin
a slight web in the axils at the end of the
shoots. They aré dark brown, with a yel-
lowish head and thoracic region, while the
legs and under side are of the same yellow-
ish tint. They were observed from the
middle of July until the 1st of September
at Brunswick, Me., and occurred on the
white pine as well as on the fir trees.

The following species are also said to oc-
cur on the fir:

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

27. Loxotenia afflictana (Walk.). Fernald’s
Cat. Tortricidz, p. 13.

28. Lophoderus velutinana (Walk.). Miss
Murtfeldt in Fernald, 1. c., p. 16.

29. Gelechia obliquistrigella Chambers.

Fic, 296. —Work of a mite on fir.

Cuaprer XVIII.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE HEMLOCK AND LARCH.

Abies canadensis.

Dr. Fitch refers to the remarkable immunity of the hemlock from the
attack of insects, yet it will be seen in the following pages that a num-
ber of pests attack both the trunk and leaves; still this tree is much
freer from insect enemies than the spruce and fir. He states, however,
that the porter Hylotrupes ( H. bajulus Linn. ) is reported to sometimes
attack this fortunate tree, and that the larva of Hacles imperialis is
said to occasionally feed on it, as well as a bug.

INJURING THE TRUNK.

1. THE CANADIAN LEPTURA.

Leptura canadensis Fabricius.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID.

Probably mining the trunk of the hemlock, a longicorn larva changing to a rather
large handsome black beetle, with the black wing-cases deep red at the base, and an-
tenn broadly ringed with reddish.

Mr. George Hunt, of Providence, tells me that he has found the pupa
of Leptura canadensis in the stumps of the hem-
lock in July in the Adirondacks, New York.
The beetle is rather a large one and is black, the
surface coarsely and densely punctured. It may
readily be identified by the base of the wing-
covers being deep red, while the antenne are
broadly ringed with paler red, the joints in the
middle being alternately red and black. It is
three-quarters of an inch in length.

2. A LARGE LONGICORN BORER.

Order COLEOPTERA ; family CERAMBYCID.

Mining under and loosening the bark of fallen hemlock
logs near the Glen House, White Mountains, N. H., a large
longicorn borer with the general appearance of Monoham-
mus, but belonging to a different genus. Lengthof the ye, 997, Leptwra canadensis.
different specimens from 7 to 17™™, Smith del.

; 871

-872 ‘FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Plate x11, Fig. 5, represents the Longicorn larva mentioned on p. 241
of Bulletin 7 (No. 2), as foundin abundance under the bark of the hem-
lock at the Glen, N. H., July 22. It is 19™™ in length; width of the
prothoracic segment, 4.5™™,

3. A SHORT, THICK LONGICORN BORER.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CERAMBYCIDZ.

Found underthe bark of dead hemlocks at Bath, Me., July 30, a short, thick unknown
longicorn borer.

Plate xu, Fig. 6, represents a Longicorn larva found under the bark
of the hemlock, and mentioned on p. 241, Bulletin 7 (No. 3), as having
occurred at Bath, Me., July 30.

The body is remarkably short and thick; as wide near the end as
across the prothoracic segment. It is 20™" in length. Mandibles
rounded; antenne long and slender, 4-jointed; maxille with the lobe
long, extending as far as the endof the 4-jointed palpi. Labium nar-
row; palpi large, 3-jointed. Jiabrum small and narrow.

4. A BUPRESTID BORER.

Order COLEOPTERA; family BUPRESTIDZ.

Found under the bark of dead hemlocks at Bath, Me., July 30, a Buprestid larva
of different sizes, perhaps a species of Dicerca.

Plate vi, Fig. 5, represents a Buprestid larva, mentioned in Bulletin
7, p. 241 (No. 4). It is 20™™ in length, and Dr. Gissler’s figures so well
represent the larva that a longer description will not at this time be
needed.

5, THE WHITE PINE WEEVIL.

Pissodes strobi Peck.

This weevil and its cells were found in hemlocks among a number of
small standing dead spruces, which had, like them, been killed by the
attacks of Longicorn borers, and by the following species of bark-borer :

6. Crypturgus atomus Le Conte.

This minute bark-borer was observed in considerable numbers in
standing dead hemlocks at Bath, Me., July 30.

7. THE HEMLOCK BARK-BORER.
Hadrobregmus foveatus (Kirby).
Order COLEOPTERA ; family PTINIDZE.

The bark of hemlock trees and of hemlock logs, as well as the sepa-
rated bark piled up by the roadside near the Glen House, in the White
Mountains, last summer, was found to be perforated in all directions

HEMLOCK CATERPILLARS. 873

by this beetle, which has been obligingly identified by Dr. G. H. Horn,
of Philadelphia. Not only the bark of dead trees, but that of healthy
large trees had harbored great numbers of these beetles. They, how-
ever, had disappeared from the holes at the date (July 22) I was at the
White Mountains, and but a single dead specimen was found. Similar
mines were found in a hemlock at Brunswick, Me.

8. THE BROWN PRIONUS BEETLE.
Orthosoma brunneum (Forster).
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CERAMBYCIDZ

Mr. F. G. Schaupp writes me as follows concerning this beetle, which
is not harmful to the tree, attacking it usually when in the last stages
of decay:

In a hemlock tree I found, July 20, in New York, hundreds of the larve of all
sizes from 5-50™™ in length, the wood being exceedingly hard and tough, but although
the new developed imagines (suft) were very abundant, and although I found some
moldy dead pupe, I could not find a live pupa.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
9. Tolype laricis. (Fitch).

Aug. 30, I beat a freshly evolved specimen of this moth from a hem-
lock tree at Brunswick, Me., so that I have no doubt it lives on this tree
as well as the larch and white pine.

10. Tetracis lorata Grote.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALZ NIDA.

The moth was bred from a large twig-like caterpillar found on the
hemlock at Brunswick, Maine, August 25. The moth appeared in the
breeding-box April 25. Tetracis crocallata feeds on the sumac, accord-
ing to Mr. Saunders.

Larva.—Head flattened, square in front but not notched, slightly full on each side
of aslight median impressed line. Pale gray, with a diffuse straight vertical band
on each side, the middle being clear whitish gray. These dark latero-frontal bands
and the pale gray median band are continued on to the prothoracic segment. The
median whitish band is continued on to the meso-thoracic segment, but forms there
two linear parallel white thread-like lines inclosing a linear brown median line; on
each side of this ring, directly behind the prothoracic spiracle, is a large rough
tubercle ; the granulations coarse and prominent; white on the sides, above tawny-
brown. On the first and second abdominal segments is a pair of swollen infra-spirac-
ular rounded tubercles, concolorous with the body. The body is dull reddish brown.
The two piliferous warts are connected and converted into a transverse tubercle,
becoming larger towards the fifth abdominal segment; the tubercles behind rather
large but not connected. From the fifth abdominal segment to the end of the supra-
anal plate extends a black median line. Along the sides of the abdomen, on seg-
ments 2-5, is a lateral raised short brown line edged below with pale gray; these are
situated in front of the spiracles. Below are three large tubercles on each segment,

874 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

and there is a tubercle beneath. Hence the caterpillar represents a large rough
twig, with leaf-scar-like tubercles. Anal plate sharp, triangular, tuberculated.
Anal legs large. Length 38™™,

Pupa is rather thick; the body in front, including the wings, horn-brown,
speckled with blackish ; abdomen reddish brown. Spiracles distinct black. Termi-
nal spine large, ending in two long straight acute spinules. Length 17™™,

Moth.— Body and wings uniformly cream-white; wings unspotted, with a single
dull, ocherous, oblique, straight line extending from just beyond the middle of
the inner edge to the costa, ending just before the apex; hind wings with no line,
immaculate. No discal dots on either wings. Beneath immaculate, the band not
re-appearing on the fore wing. Expanse of wings 1.75 inches.

It differs from T. crocallata by the cream-white wings, the dull ocherous line on
the fore wing, while the apex of the fore wing is not so pointed as in 7. crocallata or
aspilates, and there is no line reproduced beneath, and no traces of a discal dot
beneath. The hind wings are much more obtuse than in 7. crocallata.

11. Caripeta divisata Walker.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALZNIDZ.

One larva of this species was found September 15, 1884, feeding on
hemlock. It changed to a pupa October 11, and gave out the moth
July 2, 1885, having been sent as a larva to the office of the United
States entomologist at Washington, where it was reared.

Larva.—Head pale grayish-brown, with darker, transverse, fine, wavy lines.
Dorsum grayish yellow with a medio-dorsal pale dusky arrow-like mark, its point di-
rected forward, on each segment. Piliferous warts black. Lateral line yellow,
around the stigmata orange.

Pupa.—Body very thick and stout, pale brown, somewhat frosted over on the head
and thorax, the body becoming mahogany brown towards the tip of the abdomen.
Surface coriaceous, rough, with elongated pits. Cremaster flattened, very rough
at base, ending in two large down-curved hooks and two pairs of very small curved
lateral bristles. Length, 14™™,

Moth.—This fine moth may be recognized by the nearly white ground-color of
the wings, with the broad, mesial, blackish, mottled band, darker on the edges, bor-
dered on each side with a broad white band, and inclosing a large oblong, ovai, white
discal spot. It differs so much from C. angustioraria that it would scarcely be re-
ferred to the same genus. Expanse of wings 1.55 inches.

12. EHupithecia luteata Pack.
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family PHALZNIDA.
(Larva, Plate x; Fig. 4.)

Feeding on the leaves late in August in Maine, a slender-bodied
measuring inch-worm of the general color of the terminal twigs, and
not quite so wide as a hemlock leaf. Head not so wide as the body,
with a moderately deeply impressed median line; pale flesh-colored,
mottled, with pale reddish brown spots, and with long brown hairs.
Body mostly greenish yellow, the tints pale and delicate. A dorsal
row of diffuse elongated spots, extending backward from the transverse
blackish stripes on the sutures between the segments. On each of the
three thoracic segments is a transverse row of black warts and hairs, sit-

HEMLOCK CATERPILLARS. 875

uated on the hinder edges of the second and third segments from the
head; but nearer the middle in the segment next to the head. All the
abdominal segments covered with fine whitish warts, giving a sha-
greened appearance to the skin. The lateral raised line very promi-
nent; the body not being thick, but appearing as if partly shriveled
below a dusky lateral stripe. Supra-anal plate large, broad, flat, sub-
triangular. On the underside of the body a median dusky linear stripe,
on each side of which the hody is whitish. Two faint dusky subdorsal
lines, one on each side. This caterpillar, as it occurs on the hemlock,
varies a good deal; some examples being transversely banded with
brownish-red, giving them a checkered appearance.

13. Eupithecia sp.
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family PHALENID.

This caterpillar was beaten from the hemlock at Providence, Septem-
ber 19.

Larva.—Head rounded, slightly bilobed ; as wide as the body, which is smooth, not
granulated, the segments distinctly wrinkled ; lateral ridge quite distinct. Head and
body yellowish green, next to the sutures straw yellow; no distinctive markings.
Length 16™™,

14. THE 10-LINED PINE INCH-WORM.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALEZNIDZ.

This was also found on the hemlock at Brunswick, August 27.

Head rounded, bilobed, the lobes a little prominent above, but
scarcely angular; fully as wide as the body; reddish brown, with a
dark transverse diffuse band across the vertex, and fine wavy dull
brick-red transverse stripes.

Body moderately thick, with no humps or tubercles, but transversely
wrinkled; general color dull brick-red brown, with lighter lilac and
whitish markings. ‘'lhis larva may at once be recognized by a series of
large dorsal lozenge-shaped whitish-lilac spots, behind each of which is
a pair of black dots inclosing a conspicuous white one. The fourth of
these lozenge-shaped pale lilac spots enlarges into a pale patch sur-
rounding the body. Beneath, pale lilac passing in the middle into a
livid greenish tint. Supra-anal plate rounded, rough with piliferous
tubercles ; anal legs broad and long. Length 18™™.

Feeding on the hemlock in the grounds of the Butler Asylum, Provi-
dence, Rhode Island, September 18, 1883.

Bull. p. 206, no. 83.

15. THE RED AND YELLOW STRIPED PINE SPAN-WORM.

We have observed a caterpillar on the hemlock September 29, which
_ belonged to this species, but was larger than any I had before observed,
The body is provided with seven lozenge-shaped pale patches centered
with dark. Length 37™™,

876 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

16. GEOMETRID LARVA.

This caterpillar occurred on the hemlock September 11, 1882, at
Brunswick, Me.

Larva.—Head deep honey-yellow with a reddish tint. Body greenish, marked with
red. Head rounded, slightly bilobed, as wide as the prothorax. Each segment
checkered with a blackish dark patch. Three parallel linear longitudinal dorsal
blackish lines, which are broken. A lateral rather broad black broken line. Anal
legs rather broad but short; supra-anal plate moderate, apex rounded, rather short,
probably beginning to pupate. Length, 10 to 12™™,

17. GEOMETRID LARVA.

This caterpillar, fully grown, was beaten from a hemlock June 11 to
15, at Beede’s, Keene Flats, Adirondacks. It mimics a twig, being red-
dish, with yellowish markings.

Larva.—Head as wide as the body; slightly bilobed, the lobes smooth; yellowish
brown, with two sinuous reddish brown lines in front. Body transversely wrinkled,
rather thick; lateral ridges moderately developed. Reddish brown marked with
darker tints, and a blackish irregular spot on the side of each segment. Above is a
well-marked dorsal broad pale yellowish line, dilating on the middle of each segment,
and on the first abdominal, extending to the black dotson theside. Anal legs stout,
concolorous with the fore legs, which are of the same color as the body. Body
beneath much as above and on the sides, though a little paler; but with no median
line. Length, 20™™,

18. TORTRICID CATERPILLAR.
Family ToRTRICIDZ; order LEPIDOPTERA.

Larva.—Body slender, of uniform width, suddenly tapering towards the end. Head
as broad as the body, black ; prothoracic shield black, as broad as the body, which
is somewhat flattened, more so than usual; color livid greenish, whitish; segments
somewhat wrinkled, piliferous, rather large, full, whitish; concolorous with the body;
hairs one-third to one half as long as the body. First pair of thoracic feet black,
the others concolorous with the rest of the body and the abdominal legs; the last
segments paler and concolorous with the body beneath. Length, 7™™,

19. THE HEMLOCK GELECHIA.
Gelechia abietisella Pack.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family TINEIDA.

(Plate rx, fig. 2, 2a; Plate xxvI, figs. 7, 7a, 7b.)

During the spring of 1883, the hemlock trees, large and small, in the
vicinity of Providence, R. I., were observed to be much disfigured by
the attacks of a small Tineid worm, causing sear and dead patches of
leaves on the smaller branches and twigs of both large and small trees.

The small pale-green caterpillars bite off from six to eight leaves,
constructing a broad flat irregular case; the leaves on being separated
from the twig turn red or yellowish, thus forming a conspicuous patch.

THE HEMLOCK GELECHIA. 877

This rude case is held together with silk, the worm living in a rude
silken tube, and feeding upon the inside of the leaves. The length of
this tube, within which the little caterpillar finally changes to a chrys-
alis, is from 8 to 10™™ in length.

The worms are found from the Ist of May through the month of June.
One changed to a pupa in its tube about the 20th to 25th of May, and
the moth (in confinement) appeared June 1. Other chrysalids were
found in the tubes from June 20 to 30, the moths making their appear-
ance early in July.

The moth is beautifully marked, and probably examples occur
throughout the summer. Without doubt the eggs are laid on the twigs
or leaves in the summer, and the caterpillars become almost full-fed
before the winter, hibernating in their cases, becoming active in the
spring. The worms are preyed upon by an ichneumon, the oval cocoon
with one pupa which had recently transformed, and another ready to
imaginate occurring in the cases June 9.

The full-grown larva.—Body slender, cylindrical, not flattened. Head of the normal
form, not modified in shape as in leaf-mining larve; not so wide as the body, smooth,
amber colored. Body tapering slightly towards both ends, pale green, of the same
hue as the under side of the leaves of the hemlock. Cervical shield well marked,
greenish amber. Each segment is dorsally divided by a transverse suture into two
slight folds, on the anterior and larger of which are four dark green piliferous warts,
arranged in a straight line, and two on the hinder division or fold. There are simi-
lar warts on the sides and beneath. Legs 6+ 8: the thoracic feet are pale, blackish
at tip. The four pairs of abdominal legs are concolorous with the body. The supra-
anal plate amber-green, with a few long sete, as long as the body is thick. Length,
ee,

Pupa (alive).—In form slender, spindle-shaped, the head considerably narrower than
the body, which gradually tapers from the thorax to the end of the body; antennze
and wings reaching to the hinder edge of the fifth abdominal segment. End of the
abdomen rather blunt and rounded, with a few very fine hairs. Along the side of the
abdomen a row of short, thick spinules, one on the side of each segment, none on the
back; a pair of such spines on the under side of the sixth segment. Eyes reddish;
body pale amber, with a greenish tint on the thorax. The two terminal segments
darker than the rest of the abdomen, and concolorous with the head. Length, 4 to 5™™,
less connected on the extreme costal edge; three equidistant black points on the sub-
median vein, the first situated opposite a point half way between the two basal costal
spots; the second opposite the end of the second costal spot, and the third opposite
the third costal spot; the third spot is sublinear and ends on the edge of the wing
at the internal angle. On the costal part of the apex of the wing is a curved row of
four black spots, the fourth situated at the extreme apex of the wing, and on the
outer and hinder edge are two or three minute black dots, between which and the
fringe is a white patch, the fringe being also streaked with white. All the black
spots are more or less edged on one side with white scales. The fringe on the outer
costal half is lead color with minute black scales at the apex of the wing. Below
and within, the long silky fringe ismuch paler. Hind wings very narrow, almost
linear at tip, and with the fringe concolorous with the fringe of fore wings below and
within the apex. Body and legs pale glistening buff-yellow. Hind tibix long, with
a wide fringe; first pair of tibial spines twice as long and about one-half as thick as
second pair; the tarsi ringed with black and white. Length of body, 5™™; of fore
wing, 5™™; expanse of wings, 11™™,

s

878 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.
20. Tortrix sp.

This isin general form and markings of the body like Tortrix fumiferana, but the
head and prothoracic shield are entirely different. Head flattened, a double dark
lateral line, the two connecting with the dark lower edge of the prothoracic shield,
which forms a conspicuous lateral line. Head and prothoracic shield copal-brown;
front edge of the clypeus whitish, the white extending around the side of the head
above the eyes. Each abdominal segment with four dorsal and three lateral pale-
green piliferous warts, which are conspicuous on the reddish-brown body. Supra-anal
plate and anal legs dull greenish. Length, 18™™, On leaves of the hemlock August
20 to 30. The larva before pupating spins a thin silken cocoon among the leaves.

21. THE HEMLOCK LEAF-SCALE.
Aspidiotus abietis Comstock.

At Ithaca, N. Y., Professor Comstock
found this scale quite common on the lower
surface of the leaves of the hemlock.

Scale of female.—The scale of the female very
closely resembles that of Aspidiotus pini, except
that it is usually more nearly circular. This is
probably due to the difference in the shape of the
leaves which the two species infest. The color
of the scale is dark gray, often approaching black,
with the margin lighter, and sometimes with a
bluish, brownish, or purplish tinge. As with A.
pini, in many specimens of the fully-formed scale
the part covering the exuvia is more or less dis-
tinct, appearing like a small scale witb a light
margin superimposed upon a larger scale. Length
2 of scale, 1.3 to 2™™ (.05 to .08 inch); width about
Fic. 298.~ Hemlock leaf-scale, much ninesent bs or ine lene

enlarged. Packard del, Female.—The last segment of the female pre-
sents the following characters: The groups of
spinnerets are wanting. The mesal and second lobes are well developed; their
distal extremities are rounded; the third lobe of each side is small and acutely
pointed. The plates are rather short and irregularly fringed; there are two between
the mesal lobes; two between each mesal and second Jobe; three between each second
and third lobe, and usually three laterad of each third lobe. The spines of the dorsal
surface are as follows: One laterad of each mesal lobe; one upon each second and
’ third lobe, and one laterad of the most lateral plate. Each ventral spine, with the
exception of the first, which is wanting, is situated laterad of the corresponding dor-
sal spine.

Scale of male.—The scale of the male is as wide as that of the female and a little
longer. It resembles that of the female in color.

Male.—The male is of bright orange color, with the thoracic band. very dark
brown, nearly black. Described from many specimens of each sex. (Comstock.)

I have found this species not infrequently on the leaves of the hem-
lock at Brunswick, Maine, in May. Fig. 298 is from camera drawings.

Besides the foregoing, the following geometrids were common on the
hemlock August 14, p. 867, Nos. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20.

Also the following:
22. Parogyia parallela.

THE LARCH WORM. 879

23. Semiothisa bisignata (Walk.) Observed Aug. 4, Brunswick, Me.
24. Aplodes coniferaria Pack.

25. Cleora sp.

26. 10-lined pine-span worm, No. 82, Bulletin No. 7.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE LARCH OR TAMARACE.

Larix americana.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.

In Bulletin 7 of the United States Entomological Commission we
enumerated all the insects known to affect or in any way to prey upon
the larch or hackmatack. There were none then known to abound upon
or to seriously injure this tree, which has heretofore been supposed to
be as free as even the hemlock from insect pests. The hackmatack, as
is well known, is one of the most important lumber trees in Maine, as it
sends down a single large root, which grows laterally, forming a bend
at right-angles to the trunk, so that it is used for ‘“‘ knees” in building
vessels, the smaller trees being used for the same purpose in boat-build-
ing. It is also used for railroad ties.

The larch grows in wet swamps, or standing water, where the spruce
or hemlock as well as pines would not flourish, hence its growth en-
hances the value of extensive swampy tracts in Maine, where the water
often stands ali summer, even through the severest droughts.

1, THE LARCH SAW-FLY WORM.

Nematus erichsonii Hartig.
Order HYMENOPTERA; family TENTHREDINID.
(Plate 1x, Fig. 1, 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, and Plate xxv, Figs. 1, la, 2, 3, 4, 6.)

Its devastations in Maine.—Our attention was first called to this in-
sect late in August, 1882, and we first saw the effects of its ravages at
Brunswick, Me., where it had partly or entirely stripped the hackma-
tacks in a very wet swamp on the banks of the Androscoggin River, on
the farm of Hon. C. J. Gilman, who called our attention to the ravages
which had been committed earlier in the season. On examining the
growth in company with him, we found that most of the trees, both
large ones, 6 to 10 inches in diameter,,and small saplings, 6 to 15 feet
in height, had been attacked; some of the trees were stripped, others
partially so, while others had wholly escaped. The trees in the middle
of the swamp appeared to have suffered most, while the smaller ones
on the edge or on higher land were less injured.

By jarring the trees a few young, half-grown worms of the second
brood which had not yet undergone their last molt, and a single fully-
grown larva were collected, while the cocoons from which the saw-flies

880 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

had escaped earlier in the season were found lying upon the ground or
in the moss under the trees. No cocoons with the pupa within, or any
other fully grown worms, were to be found.

On the same day (August 30) we examined a noble larch on Mr. Gil-
man’s ground, which had been nearly killed, as he informs us, by these
or similar worms.

On September 6 we found that the hackmatacks in cold, boggy, wet
land on the crown of Rocky Hill, near Brunswick, had suffered more
than elsewhere. Many of the trees were wholly or partially defoliated.
According to Mr. Simpson, the injury was here done “about haying
time,” July, 1881, but the worms had been at work in June and July of
the present year. The trees at the time of my visit (September 6) were
putting out a new set of leaves on the terminal shoots, the needles or
leaflets being from one-third to one-half an inch in length. We also
noticed from the railroad train in going from Brunswick to Boston,
about the middle of September, that the hackmatacks had been stripped
near Portland and Saco; no trees being observed west of Saco, along
the line of the Eastern Railroad.

Our attention, however, had previously been called to this insect by
its ravages near Augusta, Me., where it first, perhaps, attracted general
attention.

The following notice appeared in the Daily Kennebec Journal for July
25, 1882:

A white worm about three-fourths of an inch long is destroying the foliage of the
hackmatack and fir trees in certain sections in this vicinity. The trees appear all bare
and brown, as though scorched by fire.

On applying for-specimens and further information to the editors, we
received the following note from Mr. W. A. Newcomb, of the Journal,
under date of July 31:

I send you to-day some of those worms that are eating the hackmatack trees. I
could not find any of the large, full-grown worms, and I think they have gone into the
chrysalis state. These that I send are just batched out, and were all the specimens
T could find.

Mr. Newcomb afterwards (August 21) sent me the fully grown worms
of this brood, which were then at work on the trees.

The following correspondence and extracts will give an idea of the
extent of the ravages of this worm in Maine. The “juniper” is evi-
dently a local name for the hackmatack:

Another destructive pest has put in its appearance in the shape of a green worm.
It preys on the juniper trees. All t e*juniper trees in the swamps, and the shade

trees, look as though fire had scorched them; the entire foliage is eaten in a few days
by millions of these worms.—Dover Corr. Bangor Commercial, July 28, 1882.

FOXCROFT, August 17, 1882.
Your card to the Commercial is before me, The worms which destroyed the juniper
foliage came like a shower, and lasted about a week; they eat the trees clean, and
departed all at once, no one knows where or when. I have tried to find one to-day,
but could not. The worms were green, smooth, about three-fourths of an inch long,

THE LARCH WORM. 881

clustered together on a branch, and they ate continually, [should think, by the quick
work they did in stripping the trees. No juniper escaped destruction. The lower
limbs of some trees were left untouched.

CS Hrnr

We are especially obliged to Charles G. Atkins, esq., Fish Commis-
sioner, and who traveled extensively during the last summer, for infor-
mation and specimens. He writes as follows:

MANCHESTER, ME., August 25, 1882.

The editor of the Kennebec Journal wrote me that he had sent you one batch of
hackmatack worms, and was about to send you another. Doubtless you have all you
need. I did not come upon-specimens until too late, though now that I have once
found them, I marvel that the affected trees did not sooner attract my attention.
They are all about here.

I have just returned from a trip to Grand Lake Stream, Washington County, and
will give you the results of my observations on hackmatack insects.

From Grand Lake Stream to Princeton, and thence to Forest Station, by stage, a
distance of 40 miles, the hackmatacks (there called juniper) had been attacked by
some insect that had shorn off the foliage of the upper part of each large tree. In
all that distance I did not see a dozen trees less than 25 feet high that had been
touched, but of those of 30 feet and upward in height 90 per cent. or more had been
attacked at the top and denuded (almost completely) down on an average, say 8 feet
or 10 feet from the top. The terminal shoots of the main stem and branches did not
appear to have been eaten off, but the side whorls of leaves were mostly gone. In
some cases the outer extremities of large limbs below the region generally denuded
had been attacked near their extremities. There were no worms to be seen on the
trees. I climbed one tree and searched it carefully, bat found nothing. On descend-
ing, however, I found a larva crawling on my coat-sleeve, a greenish slate color, some
three-fourths of an inch long, with black head, which I send youin vial. In Hinkley
Township I noticed some sphinx larve on hackmatack tips, and inclose one. I sup-
pose it was feeding, but did not verify supposition.

From Forest to Bangor, wherever I saw large hackmatacks they had been gener-
ally denuded to a greater extent than on the first part of the route, and the work was
worse as I approached Bangor, and a smaller class of trees had been attacked than
in Washington County.

I ascertained by inquiry that the devastations extended eastward as far as Orland
in that direction, beyond which I know nothing.

From Bangor westward the depredations every where aes (I came by rail to
Readfield), and on going to a remote part of my farm where hackmatacks grow, I
find they have generally suffered, but I notice here that trees under 10 feetin height
have generally escaped. Here I find that the dormant buds on the sides of the twigs
have begun to push out a new growth, which is now one-fourth of an inch long.

I find lots of empty pupa cases in the turf under one of the trees, and send some
in a vial; possibly some of them may contain pup. No worms to be seen now.

Mr. A. P. Buck, of Foxcroft (postal messenger on E. & N. A. Railroad) told me
that they were at work in his vicinity, and had committed more havoc than any where
on the E. & N. A. Railroad, and even small trees had been completely stripped.

Hon. Z. A. Gilbert, of East Turner (post-office), (his farm is in the northwest cor-
ner of Greene and southwest corner of Leeds, or near the Androscoggin River), says
the hackmatack worms have been operating in his vicinity for three years. After
the first attack the trees all leafed out. After the second some died, and now, after
the third, many appear likely to die.

I showed the larva I got in Washington County to both Buck and Gilbert, and they
thought it might be the same that they had seen in their sections, except that Mr. G.
thought his worms were more positively greenin color. He said it was characteristic
of them to work first at the top of the tree, as I had observed in Washington County.

‘ §) ENT—-56

882 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Mr. G. is secretary of the Maine Board of Agriculture. It looks as though our hack-
matack forests might be totally destroyed by this insect.

I inclose some clippings from the Home Farm referring to this insect.

I also send you some terminal shoots of white pine, in which you may find living
specimens of a borer in three stages; [ suppose it is Pissodes strobi. In one grove of
white pine on my farm it has taken 10 per cent. of the leading shoots.

CHARLES G. ATKINS.

GRAND LAKE STREAM, ME., February 27, 1883.

In September, after receiving your request to send the cocoons to Providence, I ex-
amined them (hurriedly), and finding some defective ones concluded the whole lot was
worthless. I went out once afterwards to get some more, but did not find them. I
now think the cocoons I had were mostly sound in September or October, and possibly
may be now, but my keeping them dry and generally warm all this time may have de-
stroyed their vitality. Such as they are I mail them to you herewith.

I learned from E. C. Smith, of New Sharon, Franklin County, that the worm in
question infested the hackmatacks in that town last year. Also from Z. A. Gilbert,
secretary Board Agriculture, thatin August, 1882, he made a trip to Aroostook County,
and, my inquiries having called his attention to the matter, he looked for indications
of the presence of the hackmatack worm and saw none. He was acquainted with
them at home, in Androscoggin County.

Very truly yours, Cuas G. ATKINS.

The hackmatack in the region near to and south and southeast of the
Rangeley lakes, and near Phillips, Me., were also defoliated in the early
part of the summer of 1882, as we have been informed by Dr. H. G.
Miller, of Providence, R.1., who went to the lakes in August.

In the summer of 1883 we found the females laying eggs, and young
hatched out late in June and early in July, from Brunswick to Phillips,
about Lake Umbagog, especially at Errol, N. H., and by the middle and
last of July the trees were nearly stripped of their leaves throughout
Maine, and many trees were fatally injured.

Its ravages in New Hampshire.—In Franconia, as we have been in-
formed by Prof. W. W. Bailey, of Brown University, Providence, the
hackmatacks were stripped of their leaves about the middle of July,
1882, the smaller trees suffering most. The trees were observed by him
August 10. We noticed at Errol, on Umbagog Lake, numerous trees
which had been killed by the worms, and from the number of worms
seen July 4th do not doubt that many trees in that section were at least
partly stripped a week or two later.

Its appearance in Massachusetts—We learn from Mr. Andrew Nichols
that the European larches were, in 1882, attacked by ‘“‘ worms” in the
vicinity of Danvers, Mass. In July, 1883, the worms abounded on the
same trees, specimens being sent us by Mr. Nichols. We observed worms
at work in July, 1883, on the European larch at Lawrence, Mass., and
they were also destructive at Danvers, Mass. Prof. C. 8S. Sargent, di-
rector of the Arnold Arboretum, Brookline, Mass., and special agent of
the United States Census, Forestry Division, writes us as follows:

Ihave not heard of any injury to our native hackmatacks. Three or four years ago,
however, I noticed that specimens of the European larch in this immediate neigh-
borhood were suffering from the attacks of a larva, which I gathered and submitted
to Dr. Hagen. ITinclose his note upon the subject.

THE LARCH WORM. 883

A copy of Professor Hagen’s letter is bere inserted :

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,
Cambridge, Mass., July 7, 1881.

The larvz belong to the Tenthredinide (Hymenoptera), to Nematus erichsonii Hart.
In the Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XIII, No. 2, p. 37, 1881, I have given a short no-
tice concerning the same, sent last year from the Arboretum. The museum is very
rich in Nematus, but does not possess this species, which is very rare in Europe, and
has only twice before 1840 been observed to be very obnoxious to the larch in Hol-
stein by Tischbein and in the Harz by Saxesen. Ratzeburg, in his last work, remarked
only that it israre, but may prove to be rather obnoxious. The species is, so far as I
know, not described among the United States species, surely not under its original
name.

The following note by Dr. Hagen, extracted from the Canadian Ento-
mologist, is the one referred to in the foregoing letter:

Nematus erichsonti on Larix europea.—A large number of larve, very young to nearly
full-grown, some probably full-grown, were sent living, with the twigs. The larve
agree perfectly with description and figure in Ratzeburg’s Forst-Insecten, Tom. III,
Pl. 3, Fig. 4. The species is not represented in the collection here, neitherin the larva
nor in theimago state. It isnot mentioned in Mr. Norton’s catalogue of N. Am. Ten-
thredinide. I have to remark that the larve of the three other species living in Eu-
rope on Larix, viz, Lyda laricis, Nematus soleus, and compressus, from their description,
do not agree with those sent to me. I am indebted to the Harvard Arboretum and
its director, Mr. Charles 8S. Sargent, for these specimens.—Canadian Entomologist,
Vol. XIII, No. 2, p. 37, 1881.

Its appearance in northern New York.—Mr. George Hunt, of Provi-
dence, who is a close observer of plant and insect life, and who annually
visits the Adirondack region in the vicinity of Scroon Lake, informs us
that about July 25 and early in August the hackmatacks were seen to
be entirely defoliated, no leaves being left on the trees by the 1st of
August; he observed the effects of the worms at Horicon, Warren
County, and Scroon Lake, in Essex County, as well as at Pottersville.
The region affected was very extensive, covering many square miles in
different swamps. No worms were observed in 1881. He has presented
us with some of the worms, which are of full size, and do not differ from
Maine specimens. They were fully grown July 28.

Notwithstanding the efforts made to rear the larve of this species
last summer, no perfect insects were obtained, the cocoons furnished us
by Mr. Atkins having been all parasitized by a species of Pteromalus,
a parasite of the hymenopterous family Chalcidide ; while of two false
caterpillars which spun cocoons, neither had hatched up to the time of
writing.

On referring to the great work of Ratzeburg on forest insects, the
admirable colored figure of the larva of Nematus erichsonii which he
gives exactly represents the peculiar style of coloration of our-worms;
we had identified it as perhaps this species, or as the young of one
representing it in this country.

It appears by the foregoing extracts that Professor Hagen had exam-
ined the larva and had identified it as Nematus erichsonii. We are
unable to find any differences in the larve from the figure of the Euro-

884 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

pean species, and the cocoons are of the size and form as figured by
Ratzeburg. A description of the fully grown larva is not given by

Ratzeburg. The eggs are described by Ratzeburg (after Tischbein) as

about one-half a line (3/’) long, white, transparent, laid in a row upon
and within the young larch shoots. The following is a free translation
of his description of the saw-fly, which he calls the large larch saw-fly,
and figures in Theil III, Pl. III; Fig. 4.

4 to 5’” long and wings expanding 10 to 11’”. In seulpturing and coloring so great
a similarity with N. septentrionalis g that it would be mistaken for it were it not
for the tarsal scoop-like dilatation in latter species; but there is in place of the wing-
band only a light shade in the largest cubital cell; both the femoral hooks and apoph-
yses are almost clear, the wing-angle of the prothorax brownish white; the whitish
femoral rings are only clear on the hinder legs, and on the abdomen at most the four
middle rings are reddish-brown. The punctures are finer than in N. septentrionalis,
especially dn the scutellum and on the rather shining mesosternum.

Ratzeburg states that he himself has not observed this insect, which
occurs in Germany and other parts of Europe. It appeared on the
larch in the Harz Mountains as well as on the plains of Holstein. The
larve are social, but do not occur in such thick, crowded clusters as do
those of Lophyrus. The flies make their appearance toward the mid-
dle of June. The eggs are laid usually in a single row on the upper
end of the young shoots, two or three sometimes being placed together
along the shoot. The eggs are inserted in a little slit made by the
ovipositor under the epidermis. They hatch at the end of June and early
in July, and the larvee stop eating, becoming fully grown, toward the
middle of August. They then fall from the trees and spin their cocoons
under the moss ; here they pass the winter, and in the following May
enter the chrysalis state within the cocoon, to appear as four-winged
flilesin June. From a forestry point of view, adds Ratzeburg, the insect
might become injurious since the larve have already in certain seasons
abounded on the larches in sufficient numbers to attract the attention
of forestry officers in Holstein.

The habits of the American worm are evidently like those of the
European species; and it is very probable that the insect is common to
both Europe and Northeastern America. At any rate our species could
not have been introduced with European larches, since its ravages have
been committed in the wilder, less frequented portions of Maine, New
Hampshire, and New York, as well as on the sea-board in towns long
settled. In brief, the habits of our species are as follows: The eggs are
laid in the terminal young shoots of the larch from about the middle
of June, in Massachusetts, to the early part of July in Northern Maine,
the larve feeding on the leaves late in June and in July and early
August. By the last of July to the first week in August, according to
the latitude, the worms are nearly fully grown, while a few half-grown
ones occur on the trees in Maine in the last week of August and the
early days of September. It is very doubtful whether there are two
broods. We will now give a more detailed account of its habits.

—

THE LARCH WORM. 885

The eggs had all hatched by June 23 to 28; few were to be found at
Brunswick, although the incisions made by the female were commonly
observed. The female saw-fly makes about a dozen incisions in the ter-
minal young, fresh, green shoot, sometimes in one of the side shoots
next to the terminal one; judging by the shape of the hole, the eggs
are of the shape described by Ratzeburg, 7. e., oval cylindrical and
about 1.5™™ in length. The eggs are placed in two rows, alternating,
not exactly parallel, one being placed a little in advance of the other.
The eggs are inserted at the base of the fresh, soft, young, partly-devel-
oped leaves of the new shoot, which is usually by June 20-30, only
about an inch or an inch and a half in length. The presence of the
eggs causes a deformation of the shoot, which curls over, the incisions
being in all cases observed on one (the inner) side of the shoot. In
maby cases a last year’s shoot was observed with the sears of the
incisions on the concavity of the shoot. That the incisions were made
by the saw-fly was proved by finding a freshly hatched but dead larva
in one of the holes. Sometimes one or two of the leaves die in conse-
quence of the wounds made at their base.

After the foregoing lines were written we fortunately observed a
female in confinement, June 29, while engaged in the process of oviposit-
ing; we should judge that the operation of sawing theslit and depositing
the egg required not less than tive minutes, and perhaps not much more
than that length of time. The fly had been evidently at work for some
time previous, as a number of eggs had been laid along the shoot; she
had begun at the farther end and worked down to the base of the new,
fresh, green shoot. She stood head downward while engaged in making
the puncture, and was not disturbed by our removing the larch twig
from the glass jar and holding it in our hand while watching the move-
ments of the ovipositor under a Tolles triplet. The two sets of serrated
blades of the ovipositor were thrust obliquely into the shoot by a saw-
ing movement; the lower set of blades was most active, sliding in and
out alternately, the general motion being like that of a hand-saw. After
the incision is sufficiently deep, the egg evidently passes through the
inner blades of the ovipositor, forced out of the oviduct by an evident
expulsive movement of the muscles at the base of the ovipositor. The
slit or opening of the incision after the egg has passed into it is quite
narrow and about 12"" in length. While engaged in the process the
antenne are motionless, but immediately after the ovipositor is with- .
drawn they begin to vibrate actively, the insect being then in search
of a site for a fresh incision.

After making the foregoing observations we found at Phillips, Me.,
July 1, and Errol, N. H., July 4, numerous twigs containing eggs, and
the flies were also observed upon the trees ovipositing. Although the
slit is at first closed, as soon as the embryo increases in size the twigs
swell where they have been incised by the ovipositor, and the slits en-
large and gape more or less, becoming much larger and more conspicuous

886 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

than when the eggs are first deposited. It would thus appear that
oviposition takes place about a week later in the vicinity of Brunswick,
Me,, than in Essex County, Mass., and about a week later in north-
ern Maine and New Hampshire than on the coast at Brunswick.

When the larva hatches, the incision gaps open, leaving an oval hole.
Out of this gap the larva creeps, and it rarely eats the terminal shoot,
but crawls upon the leaves of the whorls next to the terminal shoot.
At first it nibbles one side of the needle or leaf, leaving it half eaten
and rough, serrate, and partly withered along the edge. The half-
eaten, withered leaves of unequal length in a whorl on the end of the
smaller branches enable one to detect the presence of the young worms
on the tree.

Usually after the young larve have shed their first skin, they collect
on the verticils of the larch and almost invariably begin to eat the
needles, one after another, beginning at the distal end and eating the
leaf obliquely until only a short stump is left; in this way one verticil
after another is eaten, and when the worms are half-grown they occa-
sionally collect around the main stem of the twig in singular clumps or
clusters, the hinder part of the body curled over their backs, and, owing
to their oblique posture in reference to one another, appearing like a
ball of worms. This singular appearance was briefly noticed by Ratze-
burg. The castings, or excrement, are long, cylindrical, more or less trun-
cated ateach end. Our saw-fly differs slightly, as has been described,
from the German in the eggs being laid at the base of the leaves on
the newly-grown shoots, rather than on or just under the epidermis of
the last year’s shoots, where we have repeatedly and in vain searched
for them. The larvze were observed to hatch out from June 20 to 30 at
Brunswick, Me.

The larve appear to attain their full size in about five to seven days
after hatching; certainly less than or not more than ten days. There
appear to be but three molts or changes of skin, ?. e., four stages of the
larve. In casting the skin, the head splits open along the median line
of the vertex, and the epicranium or sides of the head split apart on each
side, leaving the clypeus and labrum in place; then the body is drawn
out of the rent, the skin adhering to the needle or leaf.

The egg.—Slender, cylindrical, tapering rapidly towards each end. Length, 1.2™™.

Larva at the time of hatching.—The head very large, much wider and higher than the
body before the latter falls out from eating; dusky or smoky green, not black, darker
in front on the clypeus and labrum than elsewhere; eyes black ; thoracic legs smoky
green. Body uniformly pea-green: the head and thoracic legs soon become darker,
and the body fills out and becomes a little larger after the larva has taken food.
Length, 3-3.5™™.

Larva after the first molt.—Body pale green, without the glaucous pearly bloom of
the two later stages; head and thoracic feet black; the segments wrinkled as in the
adult; but the short black spines of the two later stages are not to beseen. Length,
5-7mm,

Larva after the second molt.—It now has the peculiar glaucous green bloom of the
adult on the upper part of the body, the body being pale pea-green beneath and low

THE LARCH WORM. 887

down on the side, while the black spines on the abdominal segments are distinct and
arranged as in the full-fed worm. Length, 12™™,

Larva of fourth and last stage (Pl. IX, Fig. 1b). Length at first, 14-16™™. Body
with three pairs of black thoracic and seven pairs of abdominal legs, the color of the
under side of the body. (The larva may be distinguished from Lophyrus worms by
having one pair less of abdominal legs, the latter having eight pairs.) Body rather
long and slender; less plump than in Lophyrus abietis. Head round, jet black (it is
usually reddish in Lophyrus); seen from in front, 1egularly circular, mandibles
4-toothed; maxille 4-jointed, the joints longer than in Lophyrus; the mala or inner-
most lobe broad and large at the end, with about ten stiff long set (in Lophyrus the
mala is much smaller, with only three very short sete or stiff spines). The body is
of a peculiar glaucous-green color, like that of the under side of the leaves; the glau-
cous-green dorsal region is plainly separated from the paler under side of the body by
a detinite line. There are no lateral stripes or spots. The first three (thoracic) seg-
ments behind the head are plain, with no minute warts; but around each abdominal
segment except the last run two parallel double rows of minute dark dots or warts.

The worm is at once distingnished from any other saw-fly larve, on pines, spruce,
and firs, by its larger size, its color, and by its jet-black head and its seven pairs of
abdominal legs.

Cocoon.—Larger an.| darker than that of Lophyrus abietis. Length, 10™™; diam-
eter, 5™™, r

The imago or saw-fly (5 females).—A very large, thick-bodied, black species, with
abdominal segments 2 to 5, and part of the sixth, bright resin-red.

Head black; maxillary and labial palpi pale whitish flesh-color. Antenne tapering
to the end, black, 9-jointed ; the scape with two small short joints, the second shorter
than the first ; the flagellum 7-jointed, the second joint considerably shorter than the
first, and slightly longer than the third ; the two terminal joints of equal length and
slightly paler than the rest of the antenn. The clypeus and especially the labrum
covered with white, stiff, short hairs, as also the genw in front. Head and thorax
uniformly black, under the triplet seen to be pilose. Basal segment of the abdomen
black, segments 2 to 5 bright resinous red, including the basal third of the 6th, this
segment beneath being entirely red.

First and second pair of legs, including the trochanters, pale flesh color, the femora,
however, somewhat reddish and tipped at the distal end above with black; the third
pair of femora red, like the abdomen, black at tip; tibize pale, black on the outer
third; tarsi black, the under spines pale, including the base of the claws. End of
abdomen and ovipositor black. Wings with the costa as far as the stigma reddish ;
stigma and veins black. Only three subcostal cells, the basal squarish one not being
completed, a short obsolete vein projecting from near the stigma.

Length of body, 11™™; of antenna, 6.5™™; of forewing, 9™™ ; expanse of wings, 20-
21mm, One specimen considerably smaller than the others.

Remedies.—It is obvious that in swamps in the remoter parts of the
country these worms can not be subdued; they will run their course
for a term of years. To prevent their killing shade trees, particularly
small ones, jarring the trees will prove a good remedy, the worms once
shaken off the tree can not ascend the trunk, as they do not, like canker
worms, climb trees or let themselves down by a thread. Small trees
may also be showered with solutions of Paris green, or the various
fluid insecticides recommended in the recent reports of the Entomolo-
gist of the Department of Agriculture and in the Introduction to this
report.

Parasites.—A number of cocoons sent us in 1882 by Mr. Atkins were

888 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

found to be in every case tenanted by a minute chalcid parasite, be-
longing to the genus Pteromalus. If new it may be called Pteromalus
nematicida (Plate xxvi, Fig. 5). About a hundred of these issued
from the cocoons in the breeding-box during May, 1883. This parasite
must therefore be a most destructive enemy of the larch worm.

We also noticed several bugs, a species of Podisus, near the common
spinosus, preying upon the fully-grown worms; it ascends the trees. and
pierces the worm with its beak, carrying it down the tree, and sucking
its blood, rendering it lifeless.

Further data regarding the hackmatack or larch worm.—The following
facts were gathered during the summer of 1883 in Maine and New
Hampshire, and other points in New England and New York, and are
here put upon permanent record.

We have already stated in the Entomologist’s report that the larch
saw-fly (Nematus erichsonii?) begins to deposit its eggs at Brunswick
about the 20th of June. During a journey to the Rangeley Lakes and
the White Mountains this saw-fly was observed depositing its eggs, July
1, at Phillips, where it was observed to be abundant. It was also ob-
served on the 2d at the Mountain View House, Rangeley Lake; also on
the larches along the Five Mile Carry from the middle Dam to Umbagog.
It was also observed depositing eggs in trees at Errol, N. H.; and
along the route from Errol to Berlin, N. H., it was observed at work
July 4, while a number of dead trees were noticed which had died
from the effects of their attacks during the preceding season. We
learned that they had been destructive last year in Cambridge, N. H.

Early in July these worms were also observed by us on the European
larch in Lawrence, Mass., and they were abundant on the European
larch on the grounds of Andrew Nichols, esq., of Danvers, Mass. July
16, the larches along the track of the Eastern Railroad from Saco to
Portland were observed to be brown, having been partly defoliated by
the Nematus larva; some of the trees were almost entirely stripped.

During the last week in July we went from Brunswick to Rockland,
and thence along the coast to Kastport, returning to Brunswick by way
of Calais and Bangor. The larch is a very common tree in the eastern
portion of Maine, especially along the coast, on the islands, and in the
northeastern and northern part of the State. It is comparatively rare
west of the Kennebec River. It appears, then, that throughout the State
the larch was this summer partly stripped, and a small proportion of
the trees was killed. The growths and forests of larch at this time as-
suined a peculiar light yellowish brown appearance, as if a light fire
had passed through the trees, scorching them and causing them to
change their color. This singular tint was characteristic of the larches
wherever we went. We noticed this appearance in the larehes from
Brunswick to Rockland, at Camden and Blue Hill; also on Deer Isle
and adjacent islands ; also at and about Southwest and Bar Harbors, and
other points ou Mount Desert Island and the islands eastward ; also at

ws

THE LARCH WORM. 889

Machiasport ; but along the road from this town to Lubec the larches had
suffered less than at other points in the eastern part of the State. At
Saint Stephens injured larches were observed as well as at Vanceborough
and the counties west of Mattawamkeag, thence to Orono and about
Bangor, and between that city and Waterville.

From Mr. C. G. Atkins, United States assistant fish commissioner,
we learn that the larch worm was abundant, stripping the trees, at
Bucksport, and also at Cherryfield, Machias, and New Sharon.

General C. F. Walcott, of Boston, who, in September, 1883, spent sev-
eral weeks at and about the Forks of the Kennebec, informs us that he
noticed numerous dead hackmatacks in masses on Wood stream, which
enters Wood pond, which is a part of Moose River. He did not, how-
ever, see any dead spruce in this region in clumps or masses, although
his guide, an experienced boss lumberman, informed him that a great
many spruce trees were dying in that region.

In the Adirondack region, from Scroon Lake to North Elba and
about Mount Marcy, the larches were universally attacked by this worm,
as we are informed by George Hunt, esq., of Providence, R. I., who
made a journey of about 100 miles through this region in July.

Condition of the hackmatack in 1884 and 1885.—In last year’s report
I thus summed up the condition of our larches or hackmatacks in 1884:

On the whole, then, while a small proportion. of larcbes have been killed by this
worm, this vigerous tree, though defoliated for two successive summers, seems, in the
majority of cases, to survive the loss of its leaves, though it threw out much shorter
ones the present summer. Possibly 10 per cent. of our northern larches died from
the attacks of this worm. Very probably the numbers of this insect will diminish
during the next year, and the species may ultimately become as rare as it has always
been in Europe, until a decrease in its natural insect parasites and favorable climatic
causes again induce its undue multiplication.

The foregoing prediction has been almost fully verified during the
past summer, as the insect has been much scarcer than in 1884. A
few were seen on the larch in Brunswick, Me., in July, 1885, but they
were not numerous enough to do any harm, and I have not heard of
their devastations in any part of Maine. The same appears to have
been the case in the Adirondack region of New York. Mr. George
Hunt, who passed the summer at Scroon Lake, tells me that he saw
very few of the worms during the past summer, and he judged that
they had not been generally so destructive as the year preceding. As
the result of their ravages during the preceding years, he thought that
about one-third of the larch trees had died. It would seem as if the
visitations of the worm were over, and that for some years to come it
would be a rare insect, existing within its usual or normal limits.

The larch saw-fly was, in 1886, found to be still not uncommon. It
was observed July 1 at Brunswick, Me., locally, the worm having freshly
hatched upon a few trees, but it did not do any more harm than the
previous year.

During the early part of September, however, it was observed in

890 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

abundance along the Cherry Mountain road from Fabyan’s to Jefferson,
N. H., a few miles north of the White Mountain house. The larches
had been ravaged rather severely and many of the worms were still
lingering on the branches, feeding upon the leaves; while many young

trees had been stripped, wholly or in part, of their leaves. Some dead ©

larches were also to be seen.

In this year (1885), Mr. John G. Jack reports that the larches at and
around Chateauguay, Quebec, were ‘all attacked,” and were more
abundant than in former years. Mr. Jack further remarks:

My father has told me that about thirty years ago the tamarack woods were en-
tirely defoliated, and looked as though scorched by fire, and he thinks that the saw-
fly larvie were probably the cause. It was more noticeable at that time, as there
were large tracts of land covered with tamarack forest that have now entirely dis-
appeared. (Rep. Ent. Soc. Ontario, 1887, p. 17.)

Tts devastations in Canada.—Mr. Fletcher remarks in the Canadian
Entomologist, November, 1884, that during the summer of 1884 he had
observed enormous damage done by the larch saw-fly; “he had first
noticed it near Quebec, and had traced it all down the Intercolonial
Railway, wherever any larch trees occurred, as far as Dalhousie, where
he found it abundant.” He found a small bug (Podisus modestus) de-
stroying the larve at Brome, P. Q.

Rev. T. W. Fyles in the same journal stated that this saw-fly had ex-
tended its ravages along the Beauce Valley to the neighborhood of
Quebec, where it had stripped the larches bare. A second growth of
leaves had appeared and this probably would save the trees.

2. SPHINX CATERPILLAR.

This fine caterpillar, which I have as yet been unable to identify, was
found by Mr. C. G. Atkins at Hinckley, Washington County, Me.,
August 22, 1882. The following description was drawn up from a
freshly preserved alcoholic specimen, with the colors still fresh.

Larva.—Head elevated a little towards the vertex, which, however, is not conical,
the sides of the head slightly square, with a dark purple line bordered in front with
white; head flat in front, greenish yellow; body green, sprinkled with minute dark
rings with a clear center; seven lateral, oblique, dark purple bands becoming paler
behind, and then white; the seventh connects above with the black purple conspic-
uous band on each side of the long slender horn, Supra-anal plate edged with white ;
thoracic feet reddish, abdominal feet concolorous with the body. Length, 37™™,

3. Platysamia columbia Smith.

This fine moth in its early state feeds upon the larch, where it has
been found by the late Mr. Anson Allen as well as Mr. Charles Fish,
of Orono, Me. The species was described by Prof. S. I. Smith, who

found the cocoons alone “‘ mostly attached to Nemopanthes canadensis and

Rhodora canadensis; a few were found upon Kalmia angustifolia and
maple, and one upon the larch.” The following descriptions of the early

THE COLUMBIA SILK WORM. SOL

stages were published by Prof. C. H. Fernald, in the Canadian Entu-
mologist, X, p. 44:

Egg.—Subglobose, slightly compressed, the compression being least upon the side
from which the young escapes; cream-colored, clouded with reddish brown, and
attached to the object upon which the female deposits by means of a dark brown
adhesive substance, which appears to be the same as that which is clouded over the
surface of the egg, but the greater abundance of it at the point of attachment pro-
duces a much darker color. Greatest diameter, 2™™.; medium, 14™™; least diame-
ter, 13™™, The eggs hatched in fourteen and fifteen days after they were deposited.

Young larva.—Length immediately after escaping from the egg shell, 4™™, Color
black; some of the individuals show a greenish tinge around the base of the tubercles.
Body cylindrical, slightly tapering towards the posterior extremity; head large,
rounded, sparsely clothed with long hairs. The second (first after the head), third,
fourth, fifth, and sixth segments each with eight tubercles, the lowest one on each side
much smallerthan the others. Theseventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventhsegments
have each six tubercles, rather smaller than the corresponding ones on the preceding
segments. The twelfth segment has five tubercles, two on each side corresponding
with those on the preceding segment in size, and one on the middle of the dorsum
of the same size as the upper ones on the third segment. The thirteenth segment has
four tubercles on the anterior edge, and one at the base of each anal proleg. The
tubercles are smooth, cylindrical, gradually enlarging towards the base and at the
summit, the least diameter being about two-thirds the way up; length equal to about
three times the least diameter, surmounted with from two (on the smallest) to six
finely serrated, radiating bristles, which are about twice the length of the tubercles.
Duration of this stage, eight to nine days.

After the first molt.—Lenvgth (taken a short time before the second molt), 15™™.
Color, pea-green. Tubercles and bristles, mandibles, palpi and antenne, a spot about
the eyes, a stripe on each side of the clypeus, the legs and a spot on the outside of
the prolegs black, second, third, and fourth segments each with four biack spots on
the posterior edge, and a row of black spots on each segment after the head, on the
line of and behind the stigmatz. Duration of this stage, five to seven days.

After the second molt. - Length (taken soon after the second molt), 20™™, Color,
pea-green, with a bluish tint upon the dorsum. Black markings as in preceding
stage. Duration of this stage, four to five days.

After the third molt.—Length, 35™™, Color, pea-green, lighter on the dorsum.
Marked with biack as in the two preceding stages. All the tubercles with the basal
portions blue, except those on the second segment, and the lower one on each side of
the third to the sixth segment inclusive. Duration of this stage, six to nine days.

After the fourth molt.—Length, 50™™. The head at the time the larva escaped
from the egg-shell was proportionally large, but during the succeeding stages it did
not grow so fast as the other parts of the larva, and at the beginning of this stage,
but more especially at its close, it was proportionally small. Duration of this stage,
ten to twelve days.

Mature larva.—Length, 76™™ (about 3 inches). Thickness between the segments,
13™™; of largest part of segment, 15™™. Head pea-green, sparsely clothed with fine
yellowish hairs. Mandibles and outer joints of antennx, and palpi, spot about the
eyes, two spots on the gular (these may have occurred in the previous stages, but were
not observed), and a stripe on each side of the clypeus, black, the latter sometimes
wanting. Basal joints of antenne and palpi and the labrum greenish blue. General
color of the body pea-green, rather lighter than the head, and lighter above than on
the sides, with the faintest tinge of blue between the segments. Last joint of the
legs and claw black. Stigmata oval, white, surrounded by a fine black line.

The tubercles were greatly changed at the fourth molt, both in form and color.
The first and lowest on the second segment is small, conical, black, and surmounted

6

892 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

by a few, short, stout, black spines. The second is more rounded at the top, shining
black at the base, and resembling white glazed porcelain at the apex, with four
black spines. The next two are smaller, about 24™™ apart on the front edge of the
segment, the lower of which is about 5™™ from No. 2. These are very small and
black, the upper one having a trace of greenish white at the apex, and both are sur-
mounted with several short black spines. The lowest tubercles on segments 3 to 6,
inclusive, are small, with black bases, apices resembling white glazed porcelain, and
generally two black spines. The tubercles of the next row above, extending from
the third to the last segments, inclusive, are very similar in form and color, but
larger; those of the row above this are slightly pear-shaped, a very little thickened
towards the outer end, of the same color as the preceding, and surmounted with from
four to six short stout black spines. Those of the next row on the third, fourth, and
fifth segments, and the corresponding ones on the opposite side of the dorsum—by far
the largest on the larva—are pear-shaped, largest outwardly, porcelain-white at the
base, with a band of shining black above, and a bright coral-red top, with from
six to eight stout black spines. The tubercles of this row on the sixth to the
eleventh segments, inclusive, are nearly astall, but slimmer than those preceding,
slightly curving backward, porcelain white at the base, a very light straw color
above and armed with two black spines at the top. The dorsal tubercle of the
twelfth segment is very similar, but larger, and armed with several black spines.
The tubercle at the base of the anal proleg is smaller than those before it, of a light
bluish color, with black at the base outside.

The most striking differences observed between P. columbia and P. cecropiain a
brood of the latter raised by the side of the former are, first, the smaller size of
columbia at each of the stages; the mature larva of columbia is about 3 inches in
length, that of cecropia about 4. Secondly, columbia is of a clear light pea-green
color, cecropia a dull bluish green, giving a much darker aspect to this larva. This
distinction of color is so marked that, if once observed, the one can never be mis-
taken for the other. Thirdly, columbia has three pairs of coral-red tubercles, one
pair each on the third, fourth, and fifth segments; cecropia has two pairs, one pair
each on the third and fourth segments. Then the color of these differ; those of
columbia are a true coral or vermilion-red, while all the cecropias 1 have seen have
these tubercles a color somewhat approximating thatof resin. Theremaining dorsal
pairs of tubercles to the twelfth segment and the central one on the twelfth are lemon-
yellow, while in columbia they are white at base and a very light straw color above.
The remaining tubercles of cecropia are black at the base, but with the look of white
glazed porcelain above. The distinctive characters show no tendency to run into
each other in any of the examples I haveseen. As perhaps having a bearing upon
the question whether columbia is a hybrid between cecropia and promethea, I will say
that in six years of careful collecting at this place I have never taken a promethea,
nor has one ever been taken here to my knowledge, yet the empty cocoons of colum-
bia have occasionally been found, mostly in larch trees, in one instance about 40 feet
from the ground. I am therefore convinved that columbia is a good species, but
whether distinct from gloveri I am not prepared to express an opinion.

4, THE RED TUSSOCK-MOTH.
Orgyia antiqua (Linn).

This tussock caterpillar occurred frequently on the larch at Bruns-
wick, in the early part to the middle of September.

5. THE WHITE SPOTTED TUSSOCK-MOTH.
Orgyia leucostigma (Abb. & Smith).

We have found the caterpillar of this moth late in Augustin Maine
spinning its cocoon and preparing to transform into tbe chrysalis state.

— a

iss
ow
‘

THE LARCH LAPPET MOTH. 893

6. THE IMPERIAL SPINY CATERPILLAR.
Eacles imperialis Hiibner.

Noticed on the tamarack by G. D. Hulst (Bulletin Brooklyn Ento-
mological Society, p. 77).

7. Platycerura furcilla Packard.

The caterpillar of this moth occurs frequently in Maine on the larch;
usually of its normal style of coloration; one occurred with the ground
color reddish, frosted over with silvery white, while another was very
striking in coloration, the ground color being deep black, with large
pure white patches and a dorsal row of large white heart-shaped spots.

8. THE LARCH LAPPET MOTH.
Tolype laricis (Fitch).

Though a rare insect, and probably never destined to prove specially
injurious to coniferous trees, its habits, as worked out by Mr. Fitch,
and more fully by Mr. Lintner, are of unusual interest. It is confined,
so far as yet known, to New England and New York, while its congener,
T. velleda, ranges over the eastern and southern United States. The
following account is taken from Mr. Lintner’s first annual report of the
State Entomologist of New York :

The larva is wonderfully adapted to elude the gaze of its enemies, its body being
flattened, as observed by Fitch, ‘‘ somewhat like that of a leech, and on each side of
each segment projects a little lappet or flat lobe. These lappets are pressed down
upon the surface of the limb on which the worm is at rest. The sides of the body
are also fringed with hairs which are similarly appressed to the limb. Thus all
appearance of an abrupt elevation or an interstice to indicate the ends and sides of
the worm is obliterated, and it resembles merely a slight swell of the natural bark,
the deception being made complete by the color, which is commonly identical in its
hue with the bark. And when there are spots or marks upon the caterpillar, they
imitate the glandular dois, scars, and other discolorations which will be seen upon
the bark around it. Even upon the closest scrutiny the eye fails to detect anything
by which we can be assured that this elevation is not a tumor which has grown in the
bark. The cocoons which they construct upon the limbs are equally exact counter-
feits of the bush. One of these upon a limb of the wild black cherryis * * *
placed longitudinally in the slight angle formed exteriorly where one limb branches
from another, and a piece of putty could not be more perfectly molded into this angle
and smoothed off so as to leave no inequality. The bark of the cherry is blackish
with transverse whitish streaks, and this cocoon presents the same colors, and of
tints almost the same ; and what is most remarkable, it in one place shows a whitish
streak continued from the bark upon the surface of the cocoon. And finally, in their
perfect state, the moths imitate appearances which are common upon the particular
trees on which they dwell; those upon deciduous trees, in the colors and scalloped
margins of their wings, resembling a tuft of withered leaves, those upon evergreens
resembling a scar where the turpentine has exuded and concreted into a whitish
mass.”

There are, says Lintner, two annual broods. From the eggs laid the
previous autumn the caterpillars hatch late in April, which become

° ‘

894 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

moths in June and July; these at once deposit eggs which give the
second brood of moths in September. The female lays about fifty eggs,
and those observed by Mr. Lintner hatched from April 5 to 30.

Eqg.—Glossy reddish brown, broadly oval, somewhat flattened upon its attached
side, about 0.05 inch long by 0.04 inch broad; the surface, under a magnifying power
of fifty diameters, shows irregular hexagonal reticulations, of which the elevated
lines are divided by a fine impressed line. The shell is moderately thick. The larva
eats an opening in one end of sufficient size for its escape, but in some instances a
large portion of the shell is subsequently eaten. The eggs laid under my observa-
tion have been so covered with the anal hairs of the moth as almost entirely to hide
them from sight. Fig. 15 * represents a cluster of them.

Larva, first stage.—The larva, on emerging from the egg, measures one-tenth of an
inch in length, is of a dull green color, with a black dorsal line. ‘The head shown in
Fig. 16, enlarged to six diameters, is brown, crossed centrally by a white horizontal
line, another shorter one beneath parallel to it, just above the mouth-parts, and two
nearly perpendicular ones on the superior front of the head, obsoletely united below
by a curved line. Rows of tubercles traverse the body, from which long hairs pro-
ceed, of which those of the first segment are longer than the body, and those on
the terminal segment are as long as the body. The legs are long and project later-
ally—more conspicuously so when the caterpillar is walking. Twelve of the larve

died during this stage before attaining their first molting. ‘Their greatest length _

was one-fourth of an inch. This stage was of varying duration, extending from
sixteen to thirty-three days,

Larva, second stage.—The first molting commenced on April 21st, and terminated on
the 8th May, extending over seventeen days—a considerable less range than that
shown in the hatching of the eggs (17:25). The following is the record of the
observed moltings:

Larvee A Larve
PATTI IIOUeS settee tee sheets ane tec es 2 A May Qe. 5 2502s Sea ee ee 3
Aprile ones Seo So eans Asoo SSoginos conic OA May Sethi acs 2o2 2g Be See eos 1
AMTIN ZIG cee teces se etelelo cece omensies S| MMayo22e OSes Se re DET ieee 2
April-24-..2 2.2 Sosa totresianete cere toes OM Maly: 7 isthe horse. cates tease ieaeeer 2
ADIT OS eee Ree re See ae eee | Maiyr8s Sei tee 0a RES Seow oteses 1
PREGA CO cities pita sersewet. gee eae can 1 Toth er a ee ee 33

On emerging from its first molt the larva measured 0.3 inch. The frontal lines of
the head, before nearly perpendicular and parallel, now converge below, resembling
the letter Uj ; the brown portions, under a lens, show indistinct mottlings (see Fig.
17). The body tapers regularly from the first to the last segment. The dorsal line
is brown, with pale borders. On the summit of the third segment is a fuscous patch,
behind which extending over the incisure, is a pale patch, convex in front and
straight behind, bounded by the four tubercles of the fourth segment. On the sey-
enth segment is a small pale petch. The sides of the body are gray, with irregular
linings; a sub-dorsal row of black tubercles bear several long black hairs, beneath
which is a dull orange interrupted line. The tubercles of the substigmatal row bear
numerous shorter white hairs.

During their rests from feeding the larve resort to the stems, where, with flat-
tened body pressed to the surface and with head extended, they can scarcely be
discovered.

At the close of this stage, which ranged from seven to eighteen days, the larve
measured one-half an inch in length.

* Mr. Lintner’s figures are not reproduced.

‘
4

THE LARCH LAPPET MOTH.

895

Larva, third stage.— The second molting commenced seven days after the earliest of

the first, and continued until May 9, thus overlapping the first molt.

corded (eight not observed) are as follows:

The molts re-

Larve. Larve.
J NT Oe Ie ate en ea ep Miaty? GSsse -aeves ieee sie oe Sane eee 1
PP MERE ere eo aera, ao =~. L..|| May Btn 25. canes we eaten cen. cocks 1
STOP TUE Diels 52 ed ie ee al May: Dace te care cde nces oe acme erase 2
Misty laste Pe Pye ge cee ce 8 2 sim nas, 5 5 —
IVY poe ee crocs Seis le casera ona e ere/e Ss 6 Total’ sc 2icccuwsscaetsce seers 25
MEV aiectartaiic sicie oz cies Soeats sinc\s> oo 4

Immediately following this molting, the larva measures 0.55inch. The frontal white
lines of the head are more convergent, approaching a 7, and some confluent lateral
lines are seen resembling a B (not well shown in the figure), the brown portions are
distinctly mottled, and numerous white hairs are given out from beneath the white
transverse band (Fig. 18). The color and markings of the body are nearly as in the
preceding stage. The subdorsal tubercles are more prominent and are slate colored
apically ; two or three long black hairs proceed from each in a horizontal direction.
The short, gray lateral hairs are now so numerous that they form a fringe to the body,
which, as the larva rests on a leaf of the pine, were downward and inward, so that
some of the tips meet underneath. The subdorsal stripe is geminate, marked with
orange opposite each tubercle. The tubercles of the third segment are more promi-
nent than the others.

Larva, fourth stage-—The third molting, as in the second, commenced seven days
after the earliest of the preceding molt, on May 5th, when but about two-thirds of the
larve had undergone their second change. Of the duration of this molt, or of the
dates of molting, no record was kept.

The larve show the following dorsal markings: Resting on segments 3 and 4, a
sublenticular yellow spot, bordered with velvety black, and bisected by a narrow,
brown mesial line; on segment 7, a yellow spot, of which the anterior portion is split
by a wedge-shaped brown projection—its greatest breadth between the tubercles, ex-
tending on segment 8 and terminating in a point between the tubercles of this segment.
In some examples a somewhat similar shaped spot of paler yellow is seen on segment
9, extending a little on segment 10. The yellow lateral markings, which in the former
stage formed an interrupted line below the tubercles, are reduced to a series of indis-
tinct ochreous spots at the base of each tubercle. The cylindrical tubercles on seg-
ment 3 are quite projecting and rounded at the tip; the subdorsal tubercles present
the following ratio of size in the order of their occurrence: 1, 2,7, 9,6, 10,5, 4, 12, 11,
8,3, (that on segment 1 being the largest, and on segment 9 the smallest). The
subjoint of segment 12 has two elevated black points. The barbed gray hairs com-
posing the fringe have some barbless ones mingled with them. The legs are luteous,
marked with black exteriorly, and are nearly hidden by the overlapping fringe.

Beneath, on segment 2, are three small mesial spots; on segment 3 are two spots;
on the following segments an obscure, larger one mesially on each ring; the body
ventrally is marked with crinkled lines.

Previous to the fourth molting the larve measure 1.2 inch. The 8th tubercle in
the subdorsal row is conical; the 11th has a broad base, extending anteriorly to the
incisure. Upon the first five segments the barbed hairs of the fringe are more nu-
merous.

This stage, as was ascertained later, was the last larval stage of a portion of the
brood; a part entered upon a fifth stage. The head of these, taken from cast head-
cases at their fourth molting (enlarged to six diameters, as the preceding ones), is rep-
resented in Fig. 19.

Mature larva.—The largest attained a length of nearly one inch and a half. The
color is a dull brown, resembling that of the bark of the pinetwig. The head is cov-
ered with black hairs superiorly, and with gray hairs anteriorly. When extended, the

896 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

front of segment 1 is pale green, and the incisure of segments 2 and 3 is shining black.
The three dorsal spots are pale greenish-yellow ; the central spot, on segmeut 7, has
a fleur-de-lis form ; the following one, on segment 9, is small and geminate, and on seg-
ment 11, in a number of the larvee, is a fourth spot, usually smaller than the pre-
ceding. Of the tubercles, arranged in subdorsal rows, those on segment 8 are the
largest, exceeding in height and diameter of base those on segment 2, and are di-
rected somewhat backward. A lens shows short hairs over the body, and on the
summit of the tubercles are larger ones, curving inward; the body is lined with short
black streaks. From the tip of the lappets long black hairs of an unequal length
are given out, while their margins and intervening portions of the body bear numer-
ous shorter gray hairs, many of which are barbed ; these form a fringe directed down-
ward when tke larva is resting on a small branch, wholly concealing the legs and
nearly hiding the long prolegs. In addition to these lappets (a substigmatal row),
there is a single one of a little larger size on the first segment, in front of the first
spiracle, the hairs of which project along the side of the head. All the lappets are
margined with a black line which is more distinet upon the anterior one; the first
three point forward, the others backward. The larva has the power of elevating or
depressing one or more of the lappets at pleasure ; when in motion they are borne
horizontally ; at other times, all but the thoracic ones are depressed. The prolegs
are obscure greenish. The ventral region is of the same color, with a lenticular
blackish spot on the first five segments. ;

Cocoon.—The first cocoon was spun on the 17th of May, forty-three days after the
earliest hatching of the larve. Within two days seven cocoons were made; in all,
thirty-three were obtained. For the reason that the twigsupon which the larve had
been fed were of a small size, and without the branches at the giving off of which the
cocoons are usually placed, nearly all were spun upon the flat sides of the feeding
cage, where they presented the appearance shown in Fig. 20; none were placed in
the angles or corners. Their ground-work usually extended at some distance beyond
the cocoon proper, for while its average length was less than one inch, that of the
ground-work often exceeded one inch and a half. The cocoon is of a pale gray color,
elongate oval, quite flattened beneath, its elevation being but about one-half its
breadth, roughened externally, smooth interiorly, moderately firm and thick, but
diaphanous, composed of two layers of silk, which are usually more closely united
than represented in Fig. 21, which shows the under surface with the thin lower layer
forming the ground-work removed, disclosing the pupa-case from which the moth has
emerged through the ruptured upper part of the cocoon.

Pupa.—The pupa is dark brown, about 0.60 inch long, from 0.27 to 0.30 inch broad
across the wing-cases, and only about 0.18 inch thick, being much flattened beneath.
The incisures are deep and the segments well rounded, and continuing broad in the
female, as shown in the figure, until their abrupt termination. The anal segment
is tipped upon its upper side with two minute sharp teeth or by a bifid tubercle, hav-
ing a small granulation (shown under a lens) on each side. The male pupa is readily
recognizable by its narrower terminal segments, and the well-defined antennal cases
showing at the point of the antennal twist a sensible contraction, and above it a broad
lobe-like expansion outwardly beyond the regular curve of this portion of the pupa.
The features of the female pupa are essentially shown in the pupa case, represented
within its cocoon, in Fig. 21.

Pupation.—The pupation was quite brief—only twelve days, if three days be allowed
for the change within tke cocoon of the larva to the pupa. The first moth emerged
June |. The.following is the record of dates of emergence of the thirty-three exam-
ples obtained ; it is of interest in not showing the priority in the time of the male,
which is found in many lepidoptera, but a singular alternation between the sexes of
the first half of the brood

_

THE LARCH LAPPET MOTH. 897

Date. Male. Female.

i=)
=
S

Male. | Female.

June
June
June
June
June Leese.
SCTE SRT eee St ee eee (See ee | MN 19o3-— See ee eee AN eece eRe
325 Vie A ee ae Gessner Sri sun oO. aa. oe a eeeece see 1 1
URTION UL). ob sored oo jee: Sage kee 1 2 SS
PMN Aes ns sass out civcccosewas Dhl Se eee cleiwian Totals ao. 57 yc eee ee | 15 i8
PIII dt eet Gels odes seh tcaealsoteseet as 1 |

9. Apatela sp.

Observed near Fabyan’s, on the Cherry Mt. road, N. H., September 10.
It had been ichneumonized.

Larva.—Head large, wider than the thoracic segments; witha black curvilinear
stripe on each side, not meeting its mate on the vertex. Body tapering rapidly to
the anal legs, which are smaller than the other abdominal legs and held out backward.
Supra-anal plate moderately large, rounded, somewhat pointed at the apex. Body
white, with a very broad bright yellow dorsal band over half as wide as the body,
and inclosing on each segment a large transversely deep oblong pink spot; the pro-
thoracic segment stained on the front edge with pink. Length 4™™,

10. Noctuid caterpillar.

This larva occurred on the hackmatack in Maine June 16; it was a
young one, and died in confinement.

Larva.—Body moderately thick, (legs: 6 thoracic; 10abdominal), of the usual noctuid
form, but with no peculiar markings. Head full, of the usual shape, nearly as wide
as the body, yellowish green. Body of a delicate pale green, tinged with yellow.
A dorsal firm white stripe and two subdorsal rather narrower white stripes. On top
of each abdominal segment are four white warts arranged in an oblong (transversly)
square. Below the subdorsal line is a broken white line, and below this an infra-
stigmatal white line. All the feet concolorous with each other and the head, Length
]Qmm,

11. Amphidasys cognataria Guen.

A large Geometrid occurred on the hackmatack at Brunswick August
31. It began to pupate September 14. See also p. 405.

Larva.—Very large, body cylindrical, thick. Head rather deeply cleft, allied to
other cleft-head ones, but head not so deeply cleft, nor isthe body cleft, and it is two
to three times as large as the other species. Head pale brown, colored in front, dark be-
hind on the vertex, suture of apex of clypeus blackish. Head large, as wide as the
prothoracic segment, the latter turned up in front, the sides being angulated. Body
smooth, finely granulated with whitish and gray. A pair of small not very conspicu-
ous slender tubercles on the sides of the fifth abdominal segment. A little lighter
than the rest of body, aud concolorous withthe two diverging rough elongated warts
on the penultimatesegment. The body itself light mud-brown, with a slight red-
dish lilac tint, with two rows of small white subdorsal whitish spots, disappearing on
thoracic and two last segments. Supra-anal plate large, long, acute, granulated with
white on the surface. The two anal legs rather broad, the spine large and sharp.
Length 40™™ ; thickness 8™™,

D ENT 57

898 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.
12. Geometrid larva.

A large Geometrid was found on the hackmatack at Brunswick,
August 30, which died in the breeding box.

Larva.—Body large and thick cylindrical, marked exactly like a larch twig. Head
rather small, 3 as wide as the body, flattened, horizontal in position. Prothoracic
segment a little wider than the head, smooth, not enlarged, but meso-segment is
swollen in front,and especially on the sides,into a large rough lateral tubercle, which
is warted, between the lateral tubercles is a transverse row of black warts. On the
hinder end of each segment is a transverse ridge, ending on each side in a small wart.
These ridges become larger toward the end of the body, especially the sixth abdomi-
nal segment, on the succeeding segments the ridge is wanting, the lateral warts re-
maining. The large anal plate is not regularly triangular, butends in four tubercles
with two on top; the anal legs are not very wide, but the dorsal spines are very large,
acute,and prominent. The sides of thelegsare warted. The body isstone-gray,vari-
ably marbled and mottled with black and white or pale gray, so as to closely resemble
a light larch twig. The sides of the pro- and meso-rings are white ; above on meso- is
a short double white line; the folds of the lateral ridges are marked with black, and
there is a median black dorsal line extending from the third from the end to the end of
the supra-anal plate. Under side gray, asabove. Length 45™™ ; thickness of body 5™™,

13. Eupithecia sp.

This larva was taken from a hackmatack June 25.

Larva.—Much like the larva of E. palpata, but not so much flattened. Head rather
full, as wide as the body ; rounded. Body pale pea-green, a little paler than the
leaves on which it feeds. Suture and lateral line washed with straw (faint) yellow.
Supra-anal plate broad, rounded, segments somewhat wrinkled transversely. Abdom-
inal legs concolorous with the body. Thoracic legs greenish amber; hindermost pair
dark amber. A slender, delicate-colored species. Length 11™™.

14. Eupithecia sp.

Another larva of this genus, with the body more cylindrical, occurred
June 27 on the hackmatack. It also occurred June 23 on the spruce.
In the latter specimen the body is deeper yellow, with the markings a
little more distinct, but otherwise it agreed with the specimen described
below.

Larva.—The body is more cylindrical, but the head is shaped as in the larva of £.
palpata. Head yellowish. Body of even width throughout, alittle wider than head ;
surface finely but distinctly granulated; a broad, continuous, medio-dorsal brick
red stripe; a lateral narrow scalloped reddish-purple stripe. The space between the
dorsal and the subdorsal lines more or less suffused with purplish red and the sur-
face sprinkled with yellow granulations. Body elsewhere yellow ; under side livid ;
on each side a narrow pink-red stripe extending down the sides of the two pairs of
abdominal legs. Supra-anal plate regularly triangular, scutellate; beneath the apex

are two large piliferous conical warts. Anal legs as in EZ. palpata, broad and large.
Length 12™™,

15. Eupithecia sp.

This larva occurred July 10 to 25 in Maine; pupating August 2.
Several also occurred on the fir August 5 to 7, and were common on
Pinus strobus. It begins to eat the ends of the leaves August 5. One
of them on the latter tree spun a slight cocoon August 14. As unfortu-

THE LARCH LAPPET MOTH. 899

nately the larve died in confinement, the description is here given with a
view to future identification of the imago.

Larva.—Body smooth, of even thickness, cylindrical. Head and body uniformly
pale pea-green. Four broken dorsal white stripes, Sutures tinted straw-yellow. Tho-
racic feet greenish amber ; abdominal feet green. Spiracular line white and yellow, in-
closing the distinct reddish spiracles. Supra-anal plate broad triangular; as long as
broad and pointed ; surface roughened at the end. Length 20™™,

16. Geometrid caterpillar.

This larva occurred on the hackmatack in Brunswick August 30. By
September 25 it became fully grown, and commenced to pupate. The
fully-grown larva differed in being not so much humped as the young
larva described below. Unfortunately it did not live through the
winter.

Young Larva.—Length, 20™™. Body slender cylindrical, a little thickened on pre-
anal thoracic segments. Head very deeply cleft ; as wide as the body in the middle,
but not so wide at the prothoracic region. Prothoracic segment much enlarged, with
a hump on each side of the front edge. On fifth abdominal segment a pair of very
prominent lateral long tubercles and legs moderately large, the dorsal acute tuber-
cles of moderate size. Body dull brick-red, with a squarish patch on the front of each
segment marbled with black and whitish. There is a median black line on the thoracic
region. Body glaucous grayish, white under the last third of abdomen. It may be
recognized by its dull brick-red body checked with dark, the humped prothorax,
and two prominent tubercles on the fifth abdominal segment. No warts or papillzx;
the body a little wrinkled.

17. Geometrid larva.

This caterpillar occurred on the hackmatack, in Maine, June 27 to 28.

Larva.—Body very long and slender, exactly mimicking a slender dark twig. Head
very large, much wider than the body, being unusually large in proportion to the
body ; full, rcunded, but somewhat flattened ; in front black, with two short brown
stripes on each side of vertex ; antennz whitish flesh-color; sides of head mottled with
brown and black. Thoracic feet flesh-colored, mottled with black spots.

A high double transverse black tubercle on fifth abdominal segment. Two small
round black mamillx-like warts on penultimate segment. Last segment very large
and broad; pale horn-brown. Supra-anal plate five-sided with 6 piliferous warts on
the edge, 2 on the apex behind; 4 black small high rounded warts on back part of each
segment, arranged in a square; 2 fine, light, not distinct supra-stigmatal lines. Lateral
raised ridge distinct. Abdomen beneath reddish, with 7 to 8 black warts at the end
of each segment. From all the warts arise short, upright, stiff hairs. Length, 18™™.

18. Geometrid caterpillar.

This caterpillar occurred at Brunswick, July 19. Beginning to pu-
pate among leaves and becoming a pupa the 21st. Also found on the
hackmatack in a following year in the middle of July; it will feed on
the fir.

Larva.—Body smooth, of even thickness throughout. Head as wide as the body,
smooth; sides rounded; sutures well impressed. Head deep blood-red, black on

the sides, while the entire clypeus is bright green. Body bright green, exact color
of leaves, with a distinct dark, firm, almost black, stripe along the side, edged above

900 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

with an obscure stripe paler than the green in the middle of the back. Both the
thoracic and abdominal legs deep purple-red. Anal legs moderate, green on the sides.
Lateral ridge forms a white and yellowish line. Beneath, two subventral dark
stripes edged on each side with white. Length, 20™™,

19. Geometrid larva.

This caterpillar occurred on the hackmatack, in Maine, August 3.

Larva.—Head not so wide as the body, rather small, the front, especially towards
apex, much flattened. Second and third abdominal segments swollen on the sides,
and eighth slightly humped and black above. Supra-anal plate rough above, ending
in 3 stout, piliferous tubercles below. Surface rough. Body dark green, with vertex
of head, upper part of third thoracic segment, and of second and-third and rest of
abdominal segments blackish, as if scorched by a fire. Between these patches the
upper side is dull rust-red, as is the head in front. Sides of body dark green, tinged
with dark. All the thoracic and abdominal legs dark rust; sides of second and
third abdominal segments blackish. Length, 23™™,

20. Geometrid larva.

This caterpillar occurred on the hackmatack, at Brunswick, Me.,
August 30. It began to pupate September 25.

Larva.—Body slender, cylindrical, a little thickened on pre-anal, and thoracic seg-
ments. Head very deeply cleft; as wide as the body in the middle but not so wide
as the prothoracic region. Prothoracic segment much enlarged, with a hump
on each side on the front edge. On fifth abdominal segment a pair of very promi-
nent lateral long tubercles. Anal legs moderately large, the dorsal acute tubercle
moderate. Body dull brick-red, with a squarish patch on the front of each seg-
ment marbled with black and whitish. There is a median black line on the thoracic
region. Body glaucous, grayish white under the last one-third of abdomen. It
may be recognized by its dull, brick-red body, checkered with dark, by the humped
prothorax, and by the two prominent tubercles on fifth abdominal segment. No
warts or papillw, the body being a little wrinkled. Length 20™™,

September 25, fully grown larva.—Prothoracic segment notso much humped as when
young.

21. Geometrid larva.

This caterpillar occurred on the hackmatack, at Brunswick, August
4, 1882.

Larva.—Large, dark, twig-like, with deeply notched head. Head large, as wide as
the body, very deeply notched, each tubercle acutely conical. Prothoracic shield
square, with a flattened boss on each side of front edge. Body cylindrical, with a
lateral conical conspicuous tubercle on each side of the segment in front of the first
pair of abdominal feet. Lateral line not prominent. On top of segment in front
of supra-anal plate a transverse interrupted ridge, composed of two oblique, yellow-
ish brown tubercles. Skin somewhat roughened, twig-like, but darker than twigs
of hackmatack. Anal legs large and broad, each ending behind in aspine. Supra-
anal plate large, flat, triangular. Skin with raised black and white papille. Length,
29mm |

22. Geometrid larva.

This caterpillar occurred on the hackmatack August 18 to 23, 1883,
in Maine. It rests like Drepanodes varus, head down, and lengthwise
to the twig, which it resembles somewhat, especially the darker ones,
and is easily overlooked.

LARCH WORMS. 901

*

Larva.—Head rounded, as wide as the body, marbled with brown, elongated, mostly
crosswise dots. Body smooth, moderately thick, of the same color. Body dull
lilac gray, with darker irregular bands and spots. The most conspicuous and dis-
tinctive markings are a series of long, dark, diverging (posteriorly) lines (a pair on
each segment), forming a blackish V, of which there are abouteight. Segments with
one crease; a little convex, but with no tubercles or warts. Length, 15™™, ;

23. TORTRICID CATERPILLAR.

This and the following species were beaten from the leaves of the
hackmatack, at Brunswick, Me., June 23 to 26.

Larva.—Body tapering towards both ends; somewhat flattened: head rather small,
not so wide as the prothoracicsegment. Head and cervical shield amber-brown, and
the thoracic feet of nearly the same color, but rather darker. Body horn-colored,
with a slight reddish tinge. Prothoracic shield much narrower than the succeeding
segment. Piliferous warts dark, conspicuous; the trapezoid in which the dorsal ones
are arranged forms an almost oblong square; the fine hairs are very short, about one-
fourth as long as the body. Two rows of lateral warts. Supra-anal plate rounded,
concolorous with the head. Beneath alittle paler, witha greenish tint. Length, 6™™.

24. TORTRICID CATERPILLAR.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family TORTRICIDA.

Larva.—Body slender, of uniform width, suddenly tapering towards theend. Head
as broad as the body, black; prothoracic shield black, as broad as the body, which
is somewhat flattened, more so than usual; color livid greenish, whitish; segments
somewhat wrinkled, piliferous, rather large, full, whitish; concolorous with the
body; hairs one-third to one-half as long as the body. First pair of thoracic feet
black, the others concolorous with the rest of the body and the abdominal legs; the
last segments paler and concolorous with the body beneath. Length, 7™™.

25. THE LARCH SACK-BEARER.
Coleophora laricella Hiibner.

Dr. Hagen notices the occurrence of this European Tineid on the
European larch at Northampton, Mass. ‘In April they showed to a
large extent pale needles and many little larve of the well-known sac-
bearing form. In May numerous slate-colored moths appeared.” (Can.
Ent., 1889, p. 125.)

26. Selandria? sp.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family TENTHREDINIDZ.

This worm is common on the hackmatack through June, July, and
August in Maine, but is not gregarious.

Larva.—Three pairs of thoracic legs, seven abdominal pairs. Head small, pale
horn-red; eyes black, not so wide as the body, which is considerably swollen on the
second and third thoracic segments, much as in Selandria cerasi; body behind rather
long and slender, tapering gradually to the end; pale delicate green, with five or six
flattened folds crossing each segment. Two faint dark green narrow dorsal ones on
each side of the heart or middle of the body; a dark green prominent lateral supra-
stigmatal line; the main trachea makes a silvery lateral line. Thoracic feet green-
ish horn-yellow at tips; abdominal feet pale green, exactly concolorous with the
body: Length, 11 to 12™™,

902 KIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

27. THE FIR LOPHYRUS.
Lophyrus abietis Harris.

_ A Lophyrus-like false caterpillar, which may have been the larva of
Lophyrus abietis, in 1877 attacked a plantation of Scotch larches. The
following letter, written by Mr. B. M. Watson, proprietor of the Old
Colony Nurseries, Plymouth, Mass., under date of July 5, 1877, will
give the facts in the case:

I have a large plantation of Scotch larches, twenty-five years old, 40 to 50 feet
high, many hundred trees, which is attacked by a caterpillar (inclosed) which I
have at hand. Do you know it orits remedy? The trees are much riddled by them,
and the foliage more than two-thirds destroyed. The trees look bare and unsightly.
We have had them several years. They began at one end and have advanced to one-
fifth of the plantation ; the other four-fifths are not infested.

I have also observed the young at the end of August, at Brunswick, Maine, both
on the fir and larch.

The use of a fluid preparation of Paris green or London purple thrown
over the trees by a garden pump or modern spraying machine, figured
in the Introduction to this Report, would so reduce the number of these
caterpillars that a second year the trees would leave out again and not
show much marks of injury. The Lophyrus sawflies are sporadic and
periodical in their attacks, though occasionally doing great and wide-
spread injury.

28. THE LARCH APHIS.
Lachnus laricifex Fitch.
Order HEMIPTERA; family APHID.

Solitary upon the small twigs, stationed in the axils of the tufts of leaves, with its
beak sucking the juices that should go to the leaves, a wingless brown plant-louse
slightly tinged with coppery, 0.12 long, with a dull white line along the middle of its
back and a similar whitish band at the sutures of each of the abdominal segments,
in which bands on each side of the middle are three black punctures, the short tuber-
cles on each side of the tip deep black, the under side dull white and dusted with
white powder, the legs pale with the feet and knees black and also the apical half of
the hind thighs and shanks, and the antenne pale with black tips. (Fitch.)

Many of these lice were noticed on a particular tree the latter part of
May, but no winged ones were to be found. Ants, as usual, were guard-
ing them and drinking the honey dew which they ejected. Many of
them were accompanied with four or more young, huddled close around
the base of the sheath from which the leaves arise. These were scarcely
half the length of the parent, of a light dull yellow color with two brown
spots above on the base of the abdomen, the legs and antenne similarly
colored to those of the parent but more pale. (Fitch.)

Scattered individuals were observed at Brunswick, Me., in August.

s

Deed

LARCH INSECTS. 903

29. THE LARCH CHERMES.
Chermes laricifolie Fitch.
Order HEMIPTERA; family APHID.

Solitary and stationary upon the leaves, extracting their juices, small black shin-
ing flies 0.10 long, having the abdomen dark green, the legs obscure whitish, the
wings nearly hyaline with pale brown veins, and the large stigma-spot upon their
outer margin beyond the middle more opaque and pale green.

This is closely like the pine Chermes, but has the wings more clear,
and differs also in some of the details of its colors. (Fitch.)

Dr. Hagen notes its occurrence in the Arnold arboretum. (Can. Ent.,
1889, p. 126.)

30. THE RED MITE.

Tetranychus telarius Linn.

In June, the foliage of the larches in the grounds of the University
at Normal were seriously affected by the red mite (Tetranychus telarius
L.), some of the trees seeming likely to die. On one of those worst in-
fested we tried the effect of spraying with a kerosene emulsion made
with soap, and diluted to contain 24 per cent. of kerosene. The insects
were greatly reduced in number by a single application, but not all
killed. The tree soon revived appreciably as compared with those not
treated. (Forbes’s Third Rep. Ins. Ill.)

The following insects also occur on the larch:

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

31. In July and August troops of white caterpillars with black dots
and along their backs eight black tufts of hairs. The larve of the
hickory tussock moth (Lophocampa carye), are sometimes found
on this tree, nearly stripping the leaves from the limbs which
they occupy. (Fitch.)

32. In Labrador I have found the larva of what I suppose to be Arctia
quenselit feeding upon the larch in July. As this insect also in-
habits the summit of Mt. Washington, N. H.,it should be looked
for there on larches.

33. Pieris menapia. Injures the tamarack on the Pacific coast. (Amer.
Nat., Oct., 1882.)

Order COLEOPTERA.

34. Dendroctonus sp. In immense numbers under the bark of sickly
and dying trees. Harrington, Can. Ent., xvi, p. 218. See also
_ Proc. Ent. Soc., Wash., I, p. 175.
35. Hylesinus opaculus. Associated with the preceding beetle. Har-
rington, Can. Ent., xv1, p. 218.
36. Tomicus pini. Harris’s Treatise, etc., 88.

CHAPTER XIX.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE JUNIPER.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE TREE-JUNIPER.

Juniperus virginiana.

AFFECTING THE TRUNK.

1. THE JUNIPER BARK-BORER.

Phleosinus dentatus (Say).

Order COLEOPTERA; family SCOLYTIDZ.

Making ashort straight primary gallery, with about 15 to 50 longer secondary gal-
leries branching from it at nearlyright angles, often ending in round holes perforating
the bark; a small white curved grub, changing to a light brown cylindrical beetle.

We have observed the depredations of this common beetle on the
junipers about the city of Providence. The attacks were confined to
sickly or dead trees; whether the cause of death was due tothe attacks
of this beetle or not could not be ascertained. The beetles were found
May 2 and 13 alive inthe burrows, which also contained the fully grown
larve, but no pups were observed. In one fallen juniper tree, the
trunk of which was about 5 inches in diameter, the mines were unu-
sually close together and abundant, fifteen occurring on one side of the
‘trunk in a space about one foot long. Selecting a separate average
mine for description, such as is figured in the accompanying engraving,
the main or primary gallery is 18™™ to 25™" (14 to 24 inches) long and 3™™
wide, widening at one end into a trilobed chamber twice as wide as the
main gallery. Ina gallery 25" long, including the three-lobed cell, from
which no lateral or secondary galleries proceeded, there were forty-eight
secondary galleries on one side and fifty-one on the other, the mouths
of the opposing tunnels being alternately arranged. The secondary
galleries being a Jittle less than one-half millimeter in width; those
arising at each end of the primary gallery are 45™ long; those arising
near the middle from one-third to one-half and two-thirds as long; the
ends of the tunnels are about *.5"™" in width, and they often communi-
cate with the hole made by the insect for its exit through the bark,
which is 1.5™™ or a little less. These holes are indicated by the round

904

THE JUNIPER BARK-BORERS. 905.

black spots or large dots at the end of some of the galleries, as seen in
the engraving. The holes may open out straight through the bark
as usual, or sometimes obliquely. The galleries in May are closely
packed with the excrement or castings of the worms, which is tan
color or the color of the bark, showing that the insects, though sink-
ing their galleries a little way into the wood, as proved by the
shallow grooves they make in the wood, for the most part burrow
through the inner bark, thus loosening it from the wood and causing
it to peel off.

The secondary galleries of the
same cell rarely cross each other,
unless owing to a knot in the trunk
or to other irregularities in thewood ;
but, as seen on the right side of the
engraving, one may make a turn and
directly cross four or five others, or
one from an adjacent mine may cross
the galleries of another mine. As a
rule, however, the mines of the
juniper bark-borer are beautifully
regular, and the wood very prettily
sculptured.

I have little doubt but that this is
the beetle, as it agrees with it in color
and size, which I found in consider-
able numbers under the bark of the
cedar or Thuja occidentalis, in north-
ern Maine in 1861. The dead cedars
were much infested with these bee-
tles, while they were not noticed in
upright, healthy trees.

Mr. Warren Knaus states that in | \\
Kansas this bark-borer is very de- wih

SS
X

S
Ss

structive to junipers and arbor vite. yes
= Me ; 2 Fic. 299.—Mine of the juniper bark-borer.
This insect was first noticed in Salina Packard del.

in the summer and fall of 1884, attacking :
the junipers on the grounds of a number of the residents of the city. They were
then in great numbers, many trees having been entirely destroyed, and others badly
injured. The damage was done entirely by the perfect beetle, no larve having been
observed. The injury was almost invariably confined to the base of the lateral off-
shoots of the branches of the tree, the beetle burrowing under the bark, and eating
around the base of the twig, causing its destruction. Every twig from the trunk
outward would be attacked, and a few burrows were also observed on the stems or
trunks of the trees themselves. No primary gallery of the perfect insect has been
found to exceed three-quarters of an inch in length. I have found no secondary or
larval galleries.

Packard, in his “ Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees,” says he has observed

906 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

this insect as early as the lst of May. I have never observed it making attacks ear
lier than the 1st of September, continuing until the latter part of October.

The attacks of this insect are made on healthy trees, and I have seen no less than
fifteen cedars entirely killed in the public square of Clay Center, Kans., that would
average six inches in diameter at the base. This Scolytid is not a native, but has
been introduced in cedar posts brought to the lumber-yards from Michigan and Ar-
kansas. I have examined posts from Arkansas which contained the perfect beetle,
(but dead), larvee, and pupze. When these pup had completed their transforma-
tions, cedars in close proximity to the lumber-yard were at once liable to attack.

The primary gallery of this insect as examined in Arkansas cedars is short and
straight, being from 18 to 25™™ in length, and 3™™ in width. The gallery widens at
one end into a trilobed chamber twice as wide as the main gallery. The number of
lateral or secondary galleries on each side varies from 15 to 60. These secondary
galleries are from one-half to 1™™ in width, and those arising near the ends of the
main gallery are about 45™™ in length, those arising near the middle are about one-
half as long.

The burrows are about one half in the wood and one half inthe bark. The second-
ary galleries rarely cross each other, and when they do, it is owing to some inequality
in the surface of the wood, or the close proximity of the burrows.

This bark-borer is not without its enemies. I found fully one-half the pupz cases
examined contained nothing but the remains of a parasite that had destroyed the
pupa, and had itself failed to escape. The perfect fly was also seen passing over the
surface of the bark, seeking a favorable point to make an attack on his victim. Speci-
mens of this fly were sent to Mr. L. O. Howard, Assistant U. 8. Entomologist, who
pronounced it a Chaleid fly belonging to the genus Spathius.

Leconte states that it inhabits the Middle and Eastern States and
Canada, and gives the following description of it:

The beetle.—In the genus Phleosinus the funicle or stalk of the antennz is much
shorter than the club; the first joint is rounded; the remaining four joints are closely
united and gradually become broader; the club is large, oval, compressed, obtusely
rounded, and divided by straight well-marked sutures. P. dentatus is rather smaller
than the other species of the genus, except P. punctatus, with the declivity of the
elytra more abrupt and flattened, and less convex; the stri# are impressed and
scarcely punctured, the interspaces are wide, densely and strongly granulate and ru-
gose; the rugosities becoming acute tubercles on the declivity of the alternate inter-
spaces; second interspace not depressed on the declivity and furnished with a row
of smaller tubercles in some specimens, but not in others. This difference is probably
sexual. The head is granulate-punctate, and the front is not carinate.

2. THE PRUSSIAN BLUE PINE-BORER.
3 Callidium antennatum Newman.

In company with the juniper bark-borer, mining dying and dead juniper trees; its
mine a long, shallow, irregular sinuous gallery about 6™™ wide in the broadest part;
the beetles occurring under the bark early in May in southern New England.

This common borer has already been noticed as infesting the pine
(p. 700). It is nearly as common, perhaps, in the juniper; at least I
have found it so in the vicinity of Providence, R. I., where it mines dead
or dying juniper trees in company with Phleosinus dentatus. In one
small tree, three inches in diameter, nearly a dozen mines occurred, and
as many of the beetles were taken from under the bark on the 2d and

JUNIPER WORMS. 907

again the 13th of May,1881. It is probable that the beetles had hiber-
nated in their mines, having transformed into the pupa state the pre-
vious autumn. The mines may be recognized by their long sinuous
shape, beginning very small and gradually widening and ending ina
broader space or cell where the larva transforms into the beetle condi-
tion; just before the cell, at its widest part, it measures 6™ in width.
The larva, as it eats its way along under the bark, does not sink deeply
into the wood, simply scoring it, while the gallery is filled behind it with
the tan-brown castings of the worm, consisting of partly digested bark,
forming a fine paste which hardens and compactly fills the shallow
groove. In general appearance the mine of this borer does not essen-
tially differ from that of most of the superficial longicorn borers of other
trees. The beetle is entirely deep Prussian blue, and may be readily
identified by its color. It varies much in size.

3. THE BLUE-CLOUDED HYLOTRUPES.
Hylotrupes ligneus Fabricius.

We have not personally observed the habits of this borer, which is
said by Mr. George Hunt to bore under the bark of Juniperus virgini-
ana in Rhode Island. The beetle may easily be recognized by its
brown head, antenne, prothorax, and legs; while the wing-covers are
yellowish, with two large adjoining dark Prussian blue patches at the
base, the patches rounded behind and extending
to the middle of the wing-covers; the terminal ae
third of the wing-covers are also deep Prussian x

blue, so that only the edges and a transverse
copal-yellow band across the wing-covers are
left. It is from 9™™ to 12™™ in length.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
4, THE JUNIPER TWIG INCH-WORM.
Drepanodes varus Grote and Robinson.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALZNIDZ.

(Larva, Plate x, fig. 1.)

“Sd

Very closely resembling the smaller twigs of the juni- Fig, 800-—Hijloininee ties
per, arough-bodied span or measuring worm an inch and Smith del. ;
a half long, transforming to an ocher-brown moth.

The accompanying engraving well represents this singular mimetic
form, which so closely resembles in form and color the smaller twigs of
the juniper. Two of the caterpillars are represented, one holding itself

908 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

out from the stem by means of its two hinder pairs of feet, while the
other clings close to the stem. It is nearly an inch and a half long
and less than a line in thickness. Its body is quite rough, with a few
prominent tubercles, in size and form resembling the scales left by the
falling off of the leaves of the juniper.

The moth may be known by the falcate fore wings, by the three dark
spots at the inner angle of the fore wing, and the dark transverse lines;
in the females the inner line of the forewings is
much curved and sinuate.

The caterpillar was received from Norwich,
Conn., early in June, and on the 17th changed
into a beautiful pea-green chrysalis, the moth
appearing the 29th of the same month.

I have beaten the males and females of this

4 us moth out of white pine trees as late as October
ey 5, at Providence, and they probably lay their
eggs at that time; perhaps it is double-brooded.

The moth.—It has unusually faleate forewings. The
ground color of the upper side of the wings is a pale
fawn-brown, with a rusty but no purplish tinge, as in
some other species of the genus; but the body and
antenn are pale fawn-brown. The fore wings at the
base are fawn-brown, but with rather thick-set black
scales, especially towards the inner line. This line is.
curved zigzag, rusty fawn-brown, and is very distinct;
it begins at the basal third of the costa, and curving
around opposite the discal dot, in a generally oblique
direction, ends nearly as far from the base of the wing
on the inner edge as on the costa; below the median
vein the line is acutely zigzag, forming a tooth just
below the lowest median veinlet, followed by a curve
inwards on the submedian vein. The discal dot is
small, black, but distinct. Just beyond the dot the
wing inside of the outer line is rusty, becoming deeper
in tone next the line. The outer line is straight, white,
narrow, but sharply defined, and forms an acute angle
Fic. 301.—Moth, larva, and Opposite the apex, being reflected back on the costa.

chrysalis of the juniper twig The line is shaded externally with dense black scales,

inch-worm.—From Packard. becoming thinner towards the outer edge of the wing.
From the apex of the bend on the outer line starts

a black streak, which is interrupted in the middle, but ends on the lower side
of the hooked apex of the wing, which is unusually long and large. The fringe is
rust-colored, with the edge white. The outer edge of the wing is deeply hollowed
out just below the apex, but below is full and convex. The hind wings are like the
fore wings, but without the inner line. The discal dot is distinct, and the outer line
is straight, ending just before reaching the costa. There is a broad costal white area.
The legs and under side of the wings are fawn-colored, densely speckled with black,
giving it a peculiar silky, glossy appearance, suffused with a very slight wine-colored
tint. The surface of both wings is uniform; the discal dots are more diffuse than
above, being more distinct on the hind wings. The outer line is white, distinct,
broader than above, and bent at right angles upon the costa, but the line disappears.
before reaching the hind edge, which is whitish. The black stripe sent out from the

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THE JUNIPER BASKET-WORM. 909

angle of the line and re-appearing on the hinder edge of the apex of the wing is
“much as above. On the hind wings the line is straight, broader than on the fore

wings, and extends upon the costa. The body is half an inch (.50) in length, and a

fore wing measures .65 of an inch in length, both together expanding 1.30 inches.

5. THE JUNIPER BASKET-WORM.
Thyridopteryx ephemereformis (Haworth).
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family PSYCHID&.

Feeding sometimes in great numbers on the juniper and the white cedar, a worm
living in a large case, 1 to 2 inches long, covered with bits of twigs, the female wing-
less and worm-like; the male dark brown, with small hyaline wings.

The cases of this remarkable worm we have found on the juniper tree
in Virginia, and according to Harris it sometimes abounds so as to be
very destructive to the white cedar (Cupressus thujoides) inlawns. The
following brief account is taken from my “ Guide to the Study of In-
sects :”

The male of the basket-worm is stout-bodied, with broadly pectinated antenne
and a long abdomen, the anal forceps and the adjoining parts being capable of
unusual extension in order to reach the oviduct of the female, which is wingless,
cylindrical, and in its general form closely resembles its larva, and does not leave its
case. On being hatched from the eggs, which are, so far as known to us, not ex-
truded from its case by the parent, the yonng larve immediately build little elon-
gated basket-like shallow conical cases of bits of twigs of the cedar, and may then
be seen walking about, tail in the air, this tail or abdomen covered by the incipient
case, and presenting a comical sight. The case of the full-grown larva is elongated,
oval cylindrical, and the fleshy larva transforms within it, while it shelters the
female through life.

Mrs. King writes to Psyche (iii, p.241) that near Dallas, Tex., hundreds
of cedar trees may be seen stripped of all foliage and killed by this
insect, with their branches laden with its cases. It sometimes feeds on
the scrub oak. The female in Texas finishes her transformations from
the middle of March to the middle of May. The larve may be found
at all seasons and in various stages of growth. The eggs mature in
three, six, or eight weeks, according to the season, the young larve
appearing by the latter part of June. I have observed the cases of
(ceticus abbotii on the cypress at Enterprise, Fla.

As a remedy hand-picking is an easy and thorough means of getting
rid of these creatures if abundant enough to be annoying; or the trees
may be sprayed.

The following insects also occur on this juniper:

6. Incisalia niphon (Scudder).

7. Mitura damon (Scudder).

8. Papilio troilus Linn. On Juniperus sabiniana (Scudder).
9. Hacles imperialis (Drury). Gentry (Can. Ent., vi, 87.)

910 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE COMMON JUNIPER.

Juniperus communis.

1. THE LOW-BUSH JUNIPER INCH-WORM.

Eupithecia miserulata Grote

Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family PHALEZNIDZ.

Feeding on the common low spreading juniper bush, a small pea-green span-worm,
with a narrow thread-like subdorsal and a wider lateral white line, changing early
in June to a chrysalis contained in a thin white cocoon, the small moth appearing at
the end of the month and through the summer.

This small delicate common moth was reared by Mr. Cassino at Salem,
Mass., and like its European congeners lives on the bush juniper (not
on Taxus baccata, as stated in my monograph of geometrid moths).
The larva was found late in May, and June 4 began to spin, the pupa.
being inclosed in a slight white cocoon. It ranges from Maine to Texas.

Larva.—Of the characteristic form, being rather thick in the middle, the body seen
dorsally decreasing in thickness from the tail to the head. Supra-anal plate large,
triangular, not acutely pointed, deep red, white on the edges. Head small, not so
wide as the prothoracic ring, pea-green, color of the leaves on which it feeds, dorsal
line dark-green ; subdorsal white, and a wider lateral white line. Segments trans-
versely wrinkled. Body provided with short, black, scattered hairs. Length, 0.50
inch.

Pupa.—Four abdominal segments project beyond the ends of the wings, the thorax
and under side of the wings and limbs with a greenish tinge; the rest of the body
pale horn-brown, as usual. Head full, convex between the eyes. End of abdomen
with a long rounded spine, with three pairs of long hairs curved outwards at the
end. Length, 0.23 inch.

Moth.—This is our most common pug-moth, and may be distinguished by the pointed
fore wings, with the numerous transverse lines angulated sharply outward, the extra-
discal line forming a sharp angle opposite the discal dot, and notched inward on the
subcostal vein; by the distinct submarginal wavy white line ending in a large white
twin-spot at the inner angle; by the fine dark lines on the hind wings, and by the
heavy black costal spots and marginal lines on the under side. The fore wings ex-
pand 0.85 inch.

2. THE JUNIPER WEB-WORM.

Dapsilia rutilana Hiibner.
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family TORTRICID.

The following account is taken from Professor Riley’s report to the
Department ot Agriculture for 1878, with the accompanying illus-
tration :

“This leaf-roller has been found to seriously injure the imported
Irish and Swedish junipers (Juniperus communis var.) in nurseries on
Long Island, having first become known in this country in 1877; it has

THE JUNIPER WEB-WORM. 911

not yet been found on our native juniper. It is a well-known English
and German moth. There is one annual brood of worms. The insect
hybernates at different stages of larval development, and the chrysalis
is found throughout the spring months. The moths begin to appear
as early as April, but continue to issue during the summer. The worm
from birth webs the leaflets together, and lives within a more or less
perfect silken tube, this tube being more complete around the hyber-
nating individuals. The sprigs and branches affected by the worm
present a seared and brown appearance, and a tree badly affected may
be recognized at a great distance.” Riley adds, in a later report:

‘“‘A mong the insects to which I have given some attention during the
year is one which may be known by the above popular name. Mr. P.
H. Foster, of the Babylon nurseries,
Babylon, L. IL., had already corre-
sponded. with me about the ravages
of this worm in 1877, and, after rear-
ing the perfect moth and ascertain-
ing the principal facts in its natural
history, I had given no further atten-
tion to the matter until the following
letter was received :

BaBYLON, L. I., May 13, 1878.

DEAR Sir: I send you, by mail this day,
some specimens of diseased juniper. I find
avery small worm encased in a covering,
some of which, no doubt, can still be found
in the specimen sent. Also one perfect in-
sect and one pupa can be found. I have in
my nursery some 200 to 300 fine Irish and
Swedish junipers, and unless I can find a
remedy they will soon be worthless to me.

Yours, respectfully,
P. H. FOSTER.

‘The injuries of this insect had
never before been reported in this
country, but the species has long been
known to affect junipers in the south Fic. 302.—The juniper web-worm ; a, sprig of
of England and other parts of Europe. juniper, showing manner in which the larva
The probability is, therefore, that it ig WoT: >, larva, dorsal view; ¢, chrysalis,

- : Zé dorsal view; d, moth; 3), ¢, d, enlarged.—
a@ comparatively recent importation, After Riley.
though Mr. Foster can give me no in-
formation that satisfactorily bears upon the point, since he himself
never imported any junipers, but obtained his stock when quite small
of Messrs. Higgins, of Flushing.

“ Heine* cites this species as having but a limited distribution, reach-
ing in Germany to Mecklenburg. It is rare there, the moth appearing

* Schmetterlinge Deutschlands und der Schweiz.

912 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

in June and July. In England the moth is known to appear as late as
July and August.

“All the facts ascertained about the habits of the species would
indicate that there is great irregularity in development, though but
‘one annual brood. The insect hibernates at different stages of larval
development, and the chrysalis is found throughout the spring months.
The moths begin to appear as early as April, but continue to issue dur-
ing the summer.

“The eggs, which are not yet known, are doubtless laid singly upon
different parts of the tree during the summer months and the worms
begin to appear in autumn. I found no trace of them in July, and Mr.
Foster has often wondered what became of them during the summer.

“The worm from birth webs the leaflets together and lives within a
more or less perfect silken tube, this tube being more complete around
the hibernating individuals. The sprigs and branches affected by the
worm present a seared and brown appearance, and a tree badly affected
may be recognized at a great distance. The Irish and the Swedish
junipers (varieties of J. communis) are both badly affected, but I did not
find it on the Juniperus virginiana, which is indigenous to the island.

“Tt is difficult to reach this worm by any application that will kill it

_ by contact, and for that reason the only way of ridding the trees of it
is to use some poison, like Paris green or London purple, that will be
eaten when the worm issues from its web to feed.

‘In point of fact, Paris-green water proved effectual in some experi-
ments made with it at the department on living worms in confinement,
whereas gasoline, which Mr. Foster applied to the trees, seemed to
have little effect.

‘Another web-worm, Ypsolophus marginellus, feeds in a similar man- -
ner on juniper in England, but is not found in this country.”

Larva.—Normally constructed, carneous in color, the head and prothoracic shield
highly polished, deep gamboge-yellow. The head retractile, oblique. Ocelli and man-
dibles more dusky. Body wrinkled, tapering very gradually from the mesothoracic
joint to the end. Normal complement of legs. The piliferous spots extremely small
and indicated more by the short, pale, glistening setous hairs arising therefrom.
Wrinkles as in Fig. 302. Hind borders of abdominal joints slightly thickened dor-
sally.

Chrysalis.—Color honey-yellow, the skin so delicate that the colors of the imago
show clearly through it prior to emergence. Normally shaped, elongate, slender ;
the abdominal] joints having, superiorly, two transverse rows of rather minute spines;
the end blunt and unarmed; the venter with a few blunt, setous hairs; the anten-
nal sheaths reaching not quite to the tip of the wing-sheaths. Average length, 5™™.

Imago.—Average expanse, 12™™, Primaries bright glossy orange, crossed by four
reddish-brown bands. The second band from the costa is slightly angulate; the
third band has the form of a letter K, the top of the K being usually closed, though
occasionally open. The apical band is wedge-shaped, reaching nearly to inferior
angle. Frequently this coalesces with the inferior part of the third band. Indeed,
as Wilkinson states,* though constant in color and size, much variation is found in
the ornamentation of the fore wings. Hind wings dark gray, with cilia of same
color. (Riley.)

* British Tortrices, p. 318.

JUNIPER CA'TERPILLARS. j 913

3. THE SIX-SPOTTED METACHROMA.
Metachroma 6-notata Say.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CHRYSOMELIDZ.

Feeding on the leaves in July, an oblong pale shining beetle, .15
long, narrower anteriorly and punctured, the punctures in rows on the
wing-covers becoming very faint towards their tips, and on each wing-
cover three black spots, the forward one long and narrow, the other
two situated on the middle, parallel and almost in contact, the inner
one placed rather farther back.

4. THE APPLE LIOPUS.
Liopus facetus Say.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCIDS.

Feeding on the leaves in July, a small black long-horned beetle .18
long, with long slender hair-like tawny-yellow antenne, their basal
joint and the tips of two or three following joints black ; its thorax
with an ash-gray stripe on the middle and an oblique one on each side
of this, the hind ends of these stripes sometimes uniting and forming
a letter W ; its wing-covers with a large ash-gray spot forward of the
middle and almost reaching the suture, having in it an oblique trian-
gular black spot, and towards the tip an ash-gray band concave on its
hind side.

Mr. Say states that he obtained his specimens from the juniper, but
its occurrence thereon was perhaps accidental, as I have found it on
apple trees in a section of country where no juniper grows. (Fitch.)
We may add that the European Liopus nebulosus Linn., though usually
living in the apple and other fruit trees, also in Europe, mines the
Pinus abies and P. picea. (See p. 658; fig. 216).

5. THE JUNIPER SALMON-TINTED CATERPILLAR.
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family NocTUIDS.

Feeding on the leaves of the low-bush juniper, in August, in Maine, a small noctuid
caterpillar with five pairs of abdominal legs. Body thickest a little in front of the
middle. Head small, rounded, pale honey-yellow, as wide as the prothoracic seg-
ment. Body flesh colored, finely striped with alternating reddish flesh-colored and
whitish fine wavy lines; two subdorsal reddish lines on each side of the body. The
body of this caterpillar is short and thick but sharp at the end, somewhat as in
Leucania. When observed, August 27 to September 12, the caterpillar was about 6™™
long.

6. NocTuip Larva.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family NOCTUID2.

Beaten from the juniper, August 5, at Brunswick.

Larva.—Head honey-yellow, with two darker stripes on each side of the clypeus.
Body umber brown, with two broad conspicuous straw-yellow stripes, edged nar-
rowly above with blackish, and a similar lateral spiracular stripe. Body beneathand
all the feet pale blackish. Length, 27™™.

-5 ENT 58

914 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

7. THE JUNIPER TWIG INCH-WORM.
Drepanodes varus G. & R.

This caterpillar found on the tree-juniper, also appears to live on
the low-bush juniper, as we beat from a bush the last of August a
beautiful green chrysalis which agrees closely with that of Drepanodes
varus. This chrysalis is of the size and exact form represented in Fig.
301, is smooth bodied, pale pea-green, the exact color of a leaf of its
food plant. The body is paler than the wings, with two pale subdorsal
yellow stripes; the tip of the abdomen is red.

8. Caterva catenaria (Drury).

A specimen occurred on the juniper August 6, which pupated
August 10, 1883.

9. Thera contractata Packard.

I have had this moth from the juniper, on which it commonly occurs.
(See p. 841.)

10. THE FIR-NEEDLE INCH-WORM.

This caterpillar was found feeding on the juniper at Brunswick, Me.,
August 26-29, 1881.

11. THE JUNIPER PLANT-LOUSE.

Lachnus sp.

Common on the juniper at the ends of the branches.

12. THE JUNIPER WHITE-STRIPED INCH-WORM.
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family PHALENIDZ.

Feeding on the leaves of the low-bush juniper, late in summer, in Maine, a rather
short cylindrical inch-worm, pale pea-green, the color of a juniper leaf. Head full,
rounded, as wide as the body; segments a little wrinkled transversely. Lateral
ridge sharp, white, the white line extending along the side of the obtusely triangular
supra-anal. No other longitudinal stripes, nor any other markings.

13. Lophyrus sp.

The larva of this species closely resembles that of L. abietis, as it has
the same shape and eight pairs of legs, but it differs in the yellow head,
and the body has often a decidedly yellowish hue. Along the body is
a dorsal and lateral dark stripe, though frequently the stripes are obso-
lete. The thoracic feet are black. It is common through July, August,
and the early part of September. Unlike ZL. abietis it is very hard
to rear in confinement, the larve sickening and dying. It spins a
cocoon like that of Z. abietis in August and the early part of Septem-
ber, but in confinement the fly does not appear.

JUNIPER SCALE-INSECTS. 915

14. THE JUNIPER SCALE INSECT.
Diaspis carueli Targ. Tozz.

This scale insect is said by Professor Comstock to be. very common
at Washington, D. C., on various species of juniper and allied plants.
Its numbers are reduced by a chalcid parasite, Aphelinus mytilaspidis
Le Baron. The following account is by Comstock, and is copied from_
the U. S. Agricultural Report for 1880 :

Scale of female.—The scale of the female is circular, snowy white, with the exuvie
central or nearly so, naked, and yellow. Diameter of scale, 1 to 1.5™™ (.04 to .06
inch). Figs. 2, 2a, 2b.

Female.—The females are yellow, circular in outline, a little elongated posteriorly.
The last segment of the body presents the following characters :

The anterior group of spinnerets consists of about eight, the anterior laterals of
from ten to sixteen, and the posterior laterals of about eight.

There are four lobes which are nearly in a straight line, the end of the body being
truncate. These lobes are quite small, rounded posteriorly and are equidistant from
each other. The second lobe of each side
is deeply incised, but the lateral lobule is
very small and in many cases concealed by
the margin of the segment.

Each lateral margin of the segment is
divided into three subequal, more or less
distinct lobes, each lobe ends posteriorly
in one or two lobules, each of which bears
an elongated pore on its dorsal surface.

The plates are short and in some cases
subtruncate at extremities; they are sit-
uated as follows: two between median
lobes; two inconspicuous ones laterad of
first lobe of each side; two laterad ct
second lobe; usually one on the anterior
part of the first lobe of the laterat margin;
one or two near the middle of the second
lobe of the lateral margin, and two or
three on the third or anterior lobe of the
lateral margin.

The spines on the dorsal surface are sit-
uated as follows: one upon the first lobe
near its lateral margin; one on lateral
lobule of the second lobe; and one a short
distance mesad of the mesal plate of each
of the three lobes of the lateral margin.
On the ventral surface the spine accom-
panying the first and second lobes of each Fic. 303.—The juniper scale-insect.—From
side are obsolete. There is one at the base Comstock.
of the plate of the first lobe of the lateral
margin; one between the plates of the second lobe, and one near the middle of the
third or anterior lobe of the lateral margin.

Scale of male.—The male scale is white and very small, being only 1™™ (.04 inch)
in length; it is elongated, with a prominent median ridge; the larval skin is naked
and light yellow in color. See Fig. 2b.

916 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Male.—The color of the body is light orange yellow, with the thoracic band of the
same color. The terminal joints of the antenn» are enlarged.

Habitat.—This species is very common in Washington, where we have found it
infesting the following named species of juniper and arbor vite: Juniperus chinensis,
J. rigida, J. oxycedrus, J. japonica, J. communis, J. reresii, Biola orientalis, and Thuya
occidentalis. It was collected by Prof. Targioni Tozzetti, near Florence, Italy.
(Comstock. )

CHAPTER XX.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CEDAR, CYPRESS, ETC.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CEDAR.
Thuja occidentalis.
J]. THE CEDAR TINEID.
Bucculatrix thuiella Packard.
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family TINEIDZ.

Feeding on the leaves and spinning slender, small, conspicuous white cocoons at-
tached to the leaves, and transforming to a narrow-winged beautiful pearly-white
moth, dotted and marked with brown.

The following account is taken from my first report to the Massachu-
setts Board of Agriculture :

This is a little moth, of which the caterpillar is unknown, though I found the
moths and cocoons in abundance on a cedar tree in Brunswick. Me., July 10. It is
undoubtedly similar in its labits to a little moth which
lives not uncommonly on the apple tree, and has been
described by Dr. Clemens under the name of Bucculatrix
pomifoliella. Its long, slender, white cocoons may be
found, at any time after the leaves have fallen, on the
branches of apple trees.

Dr. Clemens says that ‘‘ the larva feeds externally on
the leaf of the apple, at least at the time it was taken, in
the latter part of September. It is cylindrical and sub-
moniliform; tapers anteriorly and posteriorly; with
punctiform points and isolated hairs; first segment with
rather abundant dorsal hairs; three pairs of thoracic
feet and five abdominal pairs. Head small, ellipsoidal,
brown; body dark yellowish green, tinged with red-
dish anteriorly; hairs blackish and short. Early in
October the larva enters the pupa state, wearing an Be eee coda tinbid en:

5 : larged ; a, cocoon, nat. size.—
elongated, dirty white, ribbed cocoon, and appears as ron! Packard,
an imago during the latter part of the following April,
or early in May.” The present species seems to be undescribed, and may be called
Bucculatrix thuiella. It belongs to the extensive Tineid family, and its general appear-
ance is sufficiently indicated by the drawing.

Moth.—The body and wings are pearly white, and the antennz are white, with
brown wings, while there is a low broad tuft of white scales between the antenne,
the crest being much flatter than in the species living on the apple. The forewings
are white, and crossed in the middle by a broad brown band, and beyond this band
by alternating white and brown stripes, crossing from the front edge (costa) of the
wing. On the end of the wing, and in the middle of the outer edge, is a conspicuous

917

918 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

black spot, like the eye in a peacock’s feather. To describe the wing and its mark-
ings more fully—the basal half of the wing is white, unspotted, except a short, trans-
verse brown band, extending from the inner edge, not quite to the middle of the
wing. On each side of this band is a row of two or three minute dots. The middle
band is broadest on the hind edge. Beyond and arising from the costa, where they
are broadest, and extending to the opposite side of the wing, are six brown lines,
alternating with white interspaces. These lines run together in the middle of the
wing, brown dots being added, but which end as distinct lines on the inner edge of
the wing. The three outermost lines are much curved, and, with the curve of the
fringe, form a circular area, in the middle of which, on the base of the fringe, is the
curvilinear, rather thick, dark brown spot. The long fringe on the end of the wing
is white at base and brown at the end. The hind wings are pale brown, acutely
pointed, with a long silvery fringe. The tibizw and tarsi of the fore legs are brown-
ish, while the hind legs are white, with a long fringe on the hindermost tibiz. The
length of one forewing is .18, and the length of the body is .13 inch.

The cocoon is white, tough, dense, slender cylindrical, and .20 inch in length. It
is fastened by one side to the leaf, and differs from that of the apple Bucculatrix in
not being ribbed longitudinally. A minute, beautifully brilliant green ichneumon
(Chalcis) fly seems to attack in considerable numbers the chrysalids of this insect, as
nearly half of those reared by me turned out one of these parasites. It is a species
of a genus allied to Eulophus, having the antennz pectinated, the terminal joints
throwing off five long branches. It differs, however, from Eulophus among other
characters by having a short, thick body, a small, conical abdomen, and short, thick
antenne. The forewings are broad, triangular.

We noticed these beautiful moths again in 1881, at Brunswick, flying
about a cedar hedge in considerable numbers from the middle of July
until early in August.

2. THE BAG-WORM.

Thyridopteryx ephemereformis, Haw.

Fic. 305.—The Bag-worm, (Zhyridopteryx ephemereformis Haw.)
a, Larva, fully grown; 0b, male chrysalis; c, female moth; d, male
moth; e, bag containing female chrysalis, with eggs; f, fully grown
larva carrying its bag; gy, young worms in their cases.

The general abundance of this pest upon cedars and some other trees
in southern Illinois calls for special mention. The small conical bags,

oer

CEDAR WORMS. 919

attached to the twigs of the tree, can not be mistaken for anything else.
Many of these contain the eggs, which remain throughout the winter
and hatch in the following May. They may consequently be removed
and destroyed by hand in the winter and spring, or the trees may be
protected by spraying with Paris green or other similar poison in June
or July, when the worms are eating the leaves. (Forbes’ First Report
Ins. Illinois.)
3. Eupithecia miserulata Grote.

We have found the caterpillar on the cedar August 30, 1883. It pu-
pated September 29 to October 1, and the moth appeared May 12 of the
following year.

Larva.—Body slender, sutures well marked. Head small rounded, not bilobed, not
so wide as the body. Uniformly pale green, being exactly concolorous with the
leaves. No humps or warts, the sutures marked with yellow, while the lateral
ridge is marked with greenish yellow, forming a prominent interrupted greenish
yellow lateral line. Supra-anal plate very short, smooth, obtuse at apex, the edges
marked with greenish yellow. Anal legs thick and short, not broad. No dorsal
spines. Length 12™™,

Pupa.—Body slender, of the usual form; green.

4. THE FIR SAW-FLY.
Lophyrus abietis Harris.

False caterpillars closely resembling those found on the fir, and iden-
tical with that found on the low-bush juniper, occurred on two cedar
hedges in Brunswick, from July 18 to the last of August. But a few
scattered individuals occurred. We will give a description of the variety
found on the cedar.

Body cylindrical, broadest on the thoracic segments; all the segments finely trans-
versely wrinkled. Head small round, deep, amber-colored; eyes black. Body pale
green with a broad diffuse dark green medio-dorsal and a lateral stripe. Body paler
beneath. Thoracic feet black. Eight pairs of abdominal feet green. Length 13™™,

One was found without the three dark stripes. This species differs
from the others in the caterpillar having no dark spots on the body as
seen in most Lophyrus larve.

5. THE PROMETHEA MOTH.
Callosamia promethea (Drury).
Said by Mr. Riley to feed on the arbor vite. (Fourth Rep., 123.)
6. Ematurga faxonii Minot.

Professor Riley has reared this moth from caterpillars found on the
arbor vite. It also occurs on the cranberry.

7. Noctwid? larva.

This caterpillar was observed at St. Augustine, Anastasia Islands,
on the common red cedar, April 14. The specimens were probably
immature.

920 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Larva.-—Body swollen on the thoracic segments, and also a little humped on the
eighth abdominal segment. Head held down in a sphinx-like attitude, smooth and

Fic. 306.—Phytoptus thuje (ventral view) ; a,
rostrum ; b, labium ; ¢, chelicerz ; d, appear-
ance of joints seen on the rostrum ; e, tarsal
claw; f, feather-like tarsal appendage; g,
one of the first pair of hairs on under side
of cephalothorax ; h, one of the second pair
of hairs on the under side of cephalothorax ;
i, genital plate ; 7, abdominal sucker.—After
Garman.

green. Body pale green, like a cedar leaf
in hue, and so mottled and marked with
yellowish green as to resemble the leaves
of the cedar with their yellow-lined scales,
A broken dorsal yellowish line, and a
latero-dorsal line of larger yellowish spots.
On each side of each segment are two longi-
tudinal yellow spots with a lateral one
between them. A lateral row of faint
yellowish patches. Length, 8™™.,

8. Phytoptus thuje Garman.

According to Mr. H. Garman (in
Forbes’s first report on the injurious
insects of Illinois) this mite occurs
on the leaves of the American arbor
vite, Thuja occidentalis Linn., in
summer, and in the buds and under
the leaves in winter.

‘Tn the latter part of the summer
of 1880 my attention was called by
Prof. S. A. Forbes to the diseased.
condition of arbor vite hedges in
and about Normal, Ill., and upon
searching the trees this Phytoptus.
was found creeping about the leaves.
I was inclined at the time to refer
the condition of the hedges to in-
juries inflicted by the mites earlier
in the season, for they were not suf-
ficiently abundant at the time the
examination was made to cause
serious inconvenience to the plants.
Since then the trees have regained
their usual thrifty appearance, and
the mites, although still present on
them at all times of the year, have
not been more abundant at any time
than they were when first discovered.
The Phytoptus of the arbor vitz
spends the winter in the buds and
under the margins of theleaves. It
can be secured in mid winter by bring-
ing infested twigs intoa warm room.”

Adults of this mite measure from .005 to .0065 inch in length, with the greatest
transverse diameter about .002 inch. They are whitish and semi-transparent. Of

CYPRESS INSECTS. 921

the three pairs of hairs attached to the dorsal surface the first pair is attached at the
posterior margin of the cephalothorax, the second between the last two abdominal
striz just before the terminal sucker, and between the hairs of this pair is the third
pair, consisting of two short and straight hairs. The hairs of the second pair are
abruptly bent at about the fourth of their length from the attachment. The first of
the three ventral pairs of hairs has twelve, and the second twenty-four, striz behind
the cephalothorax ; to the third pair are attached six strive in advance of the terminal
sucker. The legs are strongly compressed, project downwards, and the feather-like
tarsal appendage bears five pairs of prongs. The striz of the abdomen number
about 80.

The following larve also occurred in Maine, on the cedar, August 29,.
1883: p. 784, No. 112, and Semiothisa bisignata.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CYPRESS.

Taxodium distichum.

1. ABBOT’S SACK-BEARER.
Oiketicus abbotii Grote.

I have picked the deserted cases of this interesting sack-bearer from
the cypress at Enterprise, Fla., where it was abundant.

2. Hyloicus cupressi Baird ?

An excellent colored plate representing a fine species (perhaps Hy-
loicus cupressi Baird) is to be seen in the Oemler volume of Abbot’s
manuscript paintings in the library of the Boston Society of Natural
History.

3. Orgyia inornata Beutenmiiller.

Mr. Beutenmiiller has described the early stages of this moth, which
he has bred from the cypress and live oak. (Psyche, V, pp. 165, 300.)

4. Geometrid larva.

The span-worm described below occurred on the cypress at Enter-
prise, Fla., April 7 to 8.
Larva.—Body smooth, cylindrical, unarmed. Head smooth, no wider than the

body, and like the body, pale green. The body pale green, of the color of the cypress
leaves, with two slightly darker lines on each side of the body. Length, 29™™.

5. Cecidomyia cupressi-ananassa Riley.

Tennessee. (Riley, American Entomologist, ii, pp. 244and 273. Fig.
153, gall.)

922 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE SEQUOIA GIGANTEA.
1. Gonops fissunguis Leconte.

‘‘Three specimens from Big Trees, California.” (Leconte’s Rhyncho-
phora.)

2. A LONGICORN BORER.

While at the Big Trees of the Mariposa Grove, we observed that one
of them had been mined under the bark by what may have been a
longicorn borer, as the mine was broad and shallow, being about 4™
broad and about four inches long.

3. THE SEQUOIA AGERIAN.
Bembecia sequoie Hy. Edwards.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family AAGERIADZ.

Very destructive to Sequoia sempervirens, as well as to Pinus ponderosa
and P. lambertiana. H. Edwards. (Papilio, Vol. 1, p. 181.)

“« Bembecia sequoie Hy. Edw. is devastating the pine forests of Men-
docino County, California, and is particularly destructive to Sequoia
sempervirens, Pinus ponderosa, and Pinus lambertiana. The eggs appear
to be laid in the axils of the branches, the young caterpillar boring in a
tortuous manner about its retreat, thus diverting the flow of the sap,
and causing large resinous nodules to form at the place of its workings.
These gradually harden, the branch beyond them dies, and the tree at
last succumbs to its insignificant enemies. Hundreds of fine trees in
the forests of the region indicated:-are to be seen in various stages of
decay. A similar habit seems to prevail in the life-history of Sciapteron
pini Kellicott, a species described by its author in the Canadian Ento-
mologist, 1881.” (H. Edwards in Bull. U.S. Ent. Comm., No. 7, Appen-
dix.)

|
t

Fic.

Fic.

Fia.

Fic,

L

. Cossula magnifica.
. Cossula magnifica.
. Oossula magnifica.
. Cossus querciperda. Male.

. Cossus querciperda. Female.
. Cossus angrezi.

. Smerinthus myops.

. Adoneta spinuloides.

. Endropia sp.

. Datana ministra.

. Datana ministra.

EXPLANATIONS TO PLATES.

PLATE I.

Ooseus centerensis. Group of eggs as de-
posited, natural size.

. Egg magnified 9 diameters.
. Caterpiller from time of emerging to Oc-

tober 14—four months’ growth.
Caterpillar of one year and four months’
growth.

. Caterpillar of two years and four

months’ growth.

. Mature caterpillar, three years old;

ready to pupate.

. Pupal cell.

. Male pupa.

. Female pupa.

. Male Cossus, unspread.

. Female Cossus.

. Female Cussus, showing ovipositor. Bai-

ley del.
PLATE II.

Pupa case.
Male.
Female.

Female. Bailey del.

PLATE III.

. Sphinz chersis. On ash. John E. LeConte

del.

. Same.
. Deilephila lineata. Onelm. J. Bridgham

del.
John E. LeConte
del.

. Janassa lignicolor. Riley del.
. Hyparpax aurora. Miss Emily L. Mor-

ton del.
Miss Emily L.
Morton del.

. Metanema quercivoraria. John E. Le-

Conte del. (His No. 47).
John E. Leconte del.

(His No. 46).

PLATE IV.

Before the last
H. C. Bumpus del.
Full fed.

molt.
186 (8)
Bumpus del.

Fia.

Fig.

Fic.

13.

14.

om & bo

2.

3.

4.

. Geometrid larva on alder.

PLATE IV—Continued.

. Noctuid larva. H.C. Bumpus del.
. Noctuid larva on beech. H. H. Wilder

del.
H. H. Wilder
del.

. Same.
. Geometrid larva on red maple; 7a, nat.

size; 7b, head; 7c, end of body en-
larged. Wilder del.

. Geometrid larva on oak; a, end of body

enlarged. Wilder del.

. Antepione depontanata. Wilder del.

Pyralid larva on poplar; a, head and
prothoracic segment enlarged. Wilder
del.

. Nematus (?) larva on alder. Wilder del.
. Selandria (?) larva on alder; a, end of

body enlarged. Wilder del.

Selandria (?) larva on alder; a, end of
body enlarged. Wilder del.

Selandria (?) larva on birch; a, end of
body enlarged. Wilder del.

PLATE V.

Notodonta stragula, before the last molt.
Wilder del

. Cerura on willow. Wilder del.

. Schizura on willow. Wilder del.
. Scoliopteryx libatriz.
. Amphidasys cognataria, before the last

Wilder del.

molt. Wilder del.

. Deilinia variolaria. Miss L. Sullivan, del.
. Geometrid larva on willow; a, head; B,

endof body, enlarged. Wilder, del.

. Geometrid larva on willow; a, head; B,

end of body, enlarged. Wilder del.

. Hydria undulata, larva. Wilder del.
. Meroptera pravella; a, head; b, end of

body, enlarged. Wilder del.

. Cimbex americana before last mo‘t. Wil-

der del.
PLATE VI.

. Eacles imperialis; 1a, front view, with

head elevated. J. Bridgham del.
Noctuid larva on pine. H. Bumpus del.
Semiothisa bisignata Walk. Miss L. Sul-

livan del.

Wilder del.
923

Lyda sp. on pine.

924 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

PLATE VII.

The original drawings, both plain and colored,
were made by Mr. J. Henry Blake, of Cambridge.
Fic. 1. Retinia frustrana. The moth, enlarged

three diameters.

2. Side view of chrysalis, enlarged three di-
ameters. 2a. One of the abdominal joints
enlarged nine diameters, to show the
rows of spines and ridges.

. Front view of chrysalis, enlarged three di-
ameters. 3a. Theterminal joints of the
abdomen, enlarged nine diameters, to
show the arrangement of spines and
hairs at the tip of the body.

4. Full-grown caterpillar, enlarged four di

ameters.

5. Terminal shoot of the pine in an unin-
jured, natural condition.

6. Terminal shoot which has been attacked
by the insect when the apical leaves
were only partly grown; away from the
tip the needles have nearly or quite at-
tained their full growth before the
mining operations of the caterpillar had
sapped their supply of nourishment.

7. Terminal shoots in a healthy condition,
stripped of its needles, to contrast
with fig. 9.

8. An infested shoot cut open to lay bare the
mine of the caterpillarin its latest stage,
the refuse which nearly fills it has been
removed. The length of the terminal
needles shows this shoot to have been

it)

well advanced in its growth before it |

was attacked.

9. A shoot similar to that represented in
fig. 7, but which has been distorted by
the attacks of the insect.

PLATE VIII.

Fic. 1. Tortrix fumiferana: 1a, enlarged ; 1b, side ,
lc, dorsal view of caterpillar; 1d, the
same enlarged; le, pupa; Jf, the same,
enlarged. Miss J. Sanders del.

2. Tephrosia cribrataria. Miss L. Sullivan
del.

3. Lophyrus sp. on cedar. Bumpus del.

4. Lophyrus sp.on spruce. Wilder del.

5. Lophyrus sp. on spruce; a, endof body
enlarged. Wilder del.

6. Syrphus larva, on cedar. Bumpus del.

PLATE IX.

Fic. 1. Nematus erichsonii: 1a, natural size; 1b,
larva in different stages. 1d, twig of
larch defoliated, Miss Sullivan del.; 1e,
cocoon nat. size.

2. Gelechia abietisella: 2a, the rude cases of

dried hemlock leaves, Miss Sullivan del.

3. Geometrid larva on larch: a, head; b, end
of body, enlarged. Wilder del.

}

PLATE X.

Fic. 1. Drepanodes varus. Twocaterpillars closely
mimicking ajuniper twig. Emerton del.

. Geometrid larva. Miss Sullivan del.

. Geometrid larva. Miss Sullivan del.

. Eupithecia luteata. Miss Sullivan del.

. Geometridlarvaon pine. Miss Sullivan del.

. Lyda sp. on pine. Miss Sullivan del.

. Lyda sp. on spruce. Wilder del.

YAS oe wd

PLATE XI.*

Fic. 1. Ceratomia amyntor. J. A. Lintner del.

. Sphina kalmic. J. A. Lintner del.

. Smerinthus excecatus. J. A. Lintner del
. Smerinthus juglandis. J.A. Lintner del.
. Eliema harrisii. J. A. Lintner del.

. Nadata gibbosa. J. A. Lintner del.

. Oerurc occidentalis. J. A. Lintner del.

. Platycerura furcilla, J.A. Lintner del.

AaNawnrk oe DO =

PLATE XII.

Map of Maine, showing the regions known to
have been infested by bark-boring bee-
tles and other borers, and by the spruce-
bud worm. The red line indicates only
approximately the boundary line be-
tween the Canadian and Alleghanian
faunas, the line having been drawn by
Prof. C. H. Fernald and myself.

PLATE XIII.

Spruce woods devastated by the spruce bud-worm.
New wharf road, Brunswick, Me.

PLATE XIV.

Nearer view of spruce killed by the spruce bud-
worm ; same locality as on pl. XIII.

PLATE XV.

OVIPOSITOR OF CYNIPS Q. FOLII, EUROPEAN OAK
GALL-FLY.

Fic.1. Abdomen of Cynips, showing the great
dorsal segment, the peduncle, and the
disposition of the ovipositor within.

2. The whole ovipositor ; a, lateral scale; a’,
its valve; b, anal scale; b’, stylet; ce,
support of the stylet; e, base or sup-
port of sting, fi.

3. Profile, showing the relation of the genital
armature to the rest of the abdomen;
the sixth sternite has been drawn to
show its full size.

4. Anal scale (b) and stylet; e 7, supports
and body of the stylet; c, piece uniting
the two scales.

5. Lateral scale, a, and a! skeath ; d, support
of the sting f.

6. Transverse section of the body through
the sting (diagrammatic): R, internal
armature; 0, oviduct; a, lateral scale;
a’, its valve; e, support of the stylets 7;
b, anal scaJes; c, piece uniting two
scales; f, sting; d,its support.

* The green shades in this plate are too light, and the red in Fig. 7 is too bright.

f
4

>, =

EXPLANATION TO PLATES. 925

PLATE XV—Continued.

Fic. 7. A second section simpler and more theo-
retic than the first.
8. Diagrammatic. All the elements of the
sting have been reduced to pieces of the
same form. After Lacaze-Duthiers.

PLATE XVI.

Fic. 1. Ohaleophora virginica: ant, antenna; lbr,
labrum; md, mandible ; ma, 1st maxilla;
mz’, 2d maxilla (labium); lp, labial pal-
pus (this lettering the same for the
other figures on plates XVI-XXV; 1,
pal, labial palpus, enlarged; s, seta; ch,
chitinous support.

2. Dicerca divaricata, enlarged about twice;

b, head and three thoracic segments,
seen from beneath.
3. Unknown larva, sweet gum tree, Houston,

Tex.; v, ventral view; p, prothorax; |

m, mesothorax; m’, metathorax.
5. Buprestid larva from under hemlock bark ;
a, natural size; b, head and prothorax
from above; c, the same, drawn from
below.
All the figures and details drawn by Dr. C. F.
Gissler.
PLATE XVII.

Fig.l. Elaphidion parallelum: a, from above;
b, from beneath; J, ligula-like process
situated behind and not between the
labial palpi.

2. Unknown longicorn larva under bark of
pin oak, Houston, Tex. ; v, under side.

3. Criocephalus agrestis: pupa, dorsal view,
enlarged 2 times.

3a. Oriocephalus agrestis: pupa, ventral view.

4. Melanophila, under bark of spruce; v 8,
under side of prothoracic disc. (See,
also, pl. XXII, fig. 1.)

Gissler del.

PLATE XVIII.

Fie. 1. Unknown longicorn larva, trom under
bark of pitch pine, Atlanta, Ga., xX 2
times ; va, head and five succeeding seg-
ments, from beneath; vb, 4th abdominal
segment, from beneath; ve, 7th abdomi-
nal segment, from beneath; lat, lateral
view of head and four succeeding seg-
ments, with prothoracic and 1st abdom-
inal spiracle; md, two views of the man-
dibles. Length of larva, 37m; width of
Prothoracic segment, 10™,; length of
same, 4.5™™; width of mesothoracic,
9.5™"; of 1st abdominal segment, 9™,
Average width, 8.1™™,

2, Saperda tridentata. Length, 18™"; width
of prothoracic segment, 5™™; v, under
side of head and five succeeding seg-
ments; lat, lateral views of the same;
md, three views of the mandibles.

All the figures enlarged, and drawn by C.F.

Gissler, under the author’s directions.

PLATE XIX.

Fic. 1. Asemum mestum : v, under side of thora-
cic segments, showing the three pairs
of legs; with the three succeeding
segments; lat, lateral view of head, three
thoracic and 1st abdominal segments.

2. Longicora larva, under bark of oak, At-
lanta, Ga. Length 18™™; width of pro-
thoracic segment 5.2™™; ventral view
same asdorsal. Body narrowest in the
middle; prothoracic segment short and
very broad; the elevated areas or cal-
losities dark and prominent; antennz
long, 4-jointed; 2d joint much shorter
than the first ; 4th joint minute, half as
long as the 3d is thick; labrum rather
narrow ; 3 pairs of short, acute thoracic
feet.

3. Longicorn larva, under bark of Pinus stro-
bus, May 26. Length 14™™; zx, two
fleshy processes with horny tips, on the
median area of tergum of 9th abdominal
segment.

4. Longicorn larva, on sweet gum tree (log),
Houston, Tex. Length 10™™; e, end of
body, showing a curved spine on the
dor -al side of the 9th abdominal segment,
and on each side of the latter a fleshy
process with a terminal bristle.

C. F. Gissler del.

PLATE XxX.

Fic. 1. Orthosoma brunnewm; v, under side of
three thoracic (with feet) and first two
abdominal segments; lat, side of head
and four succeeding segments showing
the feet; lbr, labrum and clypeus with
front edge of epicranium.

2. Longicorn larva from sycamore: v, under
side of the three thoracic and four basal
abdominal segments.

3. Pupa of a longicorn beetle (Oncideres?)
found under bark of pin oak, April.
Length, 18™™; width of prothorax 4. 4m,

Gissler del.

PLATE XXI.

Fig. 1. Rhagium lineatum, dorsal view: v, under
side of head and pro- and mesothoracic
segments; ums, one of the middle ven-
tral segments, magnified six times; ml,
mala of the maxilla.

2. Rhagium lineatum, vertex, top of head;
ep, front of epicranium; oc, eyes; cly,
clypeus, membraneous on the edge; ch,
two chitinous supports of (lbr) the la-
brum; ml, mala or single lobe of the
maxilla mz; md, mandible.

3. Longicorn larva from oaklog, Providence,
May 20. v, under side of thoracic seg-
ments, showing the legs; ml, mala of
maxilla; mz’, labium; sm, submentum;
m, mentum ; lig, ligula.

4. Saperda larva from willow.

Gissler del

926 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

PLATE XXII.

Fig. 1. Melanophila: lbr, labrum and front of
head, with the antenns® (ant); 8’, pro-
thoracic stigma; s, one of the abdom-
inal stigmata.

2. Xylotrechus colonus: lat., side view of head
and 6 succeeding segments.

2a. Xylotrechus colonus, mouth parts: letter-
ing as in other figures.

3. Xylotrechus colonus?, under bark of black
birch, Providence, May 20.

4. Details of mouth-parts of Saperda larva
from willow trunk, represented at
Plate XXI, Fig 4.

5. Longicorn larva found under hemlock
bark, The Glen, N. H., July 22.

6. Longicorn larva found under bark of hem-
lock, Bath, Me., July 30. Enlarged; md,o,
outer; md,i, inner side of the mandible.

All the figuresenlarged. Gissler del.

PLATE XXIII

Fie. 1. Unknown larva from log of sweet gum
tree, Houston, Tex.

2. Pupa. Glen, N. H., July 22.

3. Xestobium afine, mouth-parts of larva.

4. Hylurgops pinifex, and mouth-parts.

5. Pissodes strobi, larva (9™™ long) and mouth-
parts.

6. Pissodes strobi, pupa: hd, front of head and
beak, with antennz; ab, end of abdo-
men, with the fleshy lateral processes.

Gissler del.

PLATE XXIV.

Fic. 1. Xyloteres bivittatus, larva.

15, Xyloteres bivittatus, pupa.

2. Xyleborus celatus, larva.

2». Xyleborus celatus, mandible.

3. Xyleborus celatus, pupa, dorsal view.

3°, Xyleborus celatus, pupa, end of abdomen
much enlarged.

4. Orypturgus atomus, larva.

5. Orypturgus atomus, larva: md, mandible;
mz’, labium.

53. Orypturgus atomus, larva: md, mandible.

5>. Orypturgus atomus, maxilla.

5°. Orypturgus atomus, pupa, end of body.

6. Chalcid parasite of X. celatus or Orypt-
urgus atomus; w, wing; ant, antenne.

6°. Chalcid parasite, larva, 2™™ in length.

7. Unknown larva, 4™™ in length, under
bark of pine, probably preying on
lignivorons scolytid larve. Maine.

8. Pupa of longicorn larva, under bark of
sycamore tree, Brooklyn, N. Y.: p,
end of abdomen seen from above.

9. Hylurgops pinifex, pupa.

All the figures enlarged. Gissler del.

PLATE XXV.

Fie. 1, Selandria larva, common on Oarya porcina,
with details of mouth-parts: leg, leg;
mx, maxilla; gal, galea (=mala ez-
terior); lac, lacinia (=mala interior).
Other letters ay heretofore.

PLATE XXV—Continued.

Fic. 2. Paleacrita vernata (before last molt), on
Oarya porcina and sometimes on oak,
May 25, June 20: n.s., larva of natural
size, head downward; p%, third leg; maz
and mz’, maxilla and labium (the dotted
line ends on the maxillary lobe or mala) ;
sp, spinneret at end of lingua; p, maxil-
lary palpus; cly, clypeus; lbr, labrum;
l, fleshy lobe.

3. Unknown larva, common under bark, prey-
ing on destructive scolytid beetles,

4. Unknown larva, yellowish, under bark;
8™™ in length; ab, end of abdomen.

5. Carabid larva, under bark of pine; length,
4um,

All the figures enlarged. Gissler del.

PLATE XXVI.

Fic. 1. Nematus erichsonit head of larva before
last molt.
la. Same, full-grown larva.

2. Maxilla of same, from above; g, galea;
lac, lacinia ; palp, palpus.

3. Same, underside; mz, maxilla; map, max-
illary palpus, mz’, labium ; ma’p, labial
palpus.

4. Mandible of same.

5. Pteromalus nematicida Pack., parasitic on
same. L.O. Howard, del.

6. Nematus integer, head and thorax; psc,
praescutum ; 8c, scutum; scl, scutellum.

6a. Same, ovipositor; 9, 10, 9th and 10th ab-
dominal segments; ov, ovipositor; c,
cercopod.

6b. Same, wing.

6c. Same, antenna.

7. Gelechia abietisella, larva enlarged (natu-
ral size indicated by hair line).

7a. Same, head and thoracic, and first abdomi-
nal joints more highly magnified.
7b. Same, terminal joints on same scale as last.
All the figures magnified.
(Packard—Gissler, del.)

PLATE XXVII.

Fic. 1. Pissodes strobi: a, larva; 6, pupa seen
from beneath.

2. Mines made by the larva: b, transforma-
tion cells.

3. White-pine trees at Brunswick, Me., de-
formed by killing the leading shoot
when young.

4. A large white-pine tree at Brunswick,
Me., supposed to have been deformed
by this weevil. Vose del.

5. A white-pine tree in East Providence, R.
I., deformed by this weevil. From a
photograph by A. A. Packard.

PLATE XXVIII.

Fic. 1. Kermes sp. G. Marx del. FromComstock.
2. Chionaspis pinifolit, Marx del. From
Comstock.

a a

: EXPLANATION TO PLATES.

PLATE XXV11I—Continued.

3. Ohionaspis quercus: 1c, legs. From Com-
stock.
4, Asterodiaspis quercicola. From Comstock.

PLATE XXIX.

Fic. 1. Rhizococeus on Araucarian pine: la, male
: j 1b, its tail; 1d, female; 1c, end of its
body; le and If, its legs; 1g, edge of its
body; 1h, antenna.
2. Rhizococcus quercus: 2a, edge of body;
2b, aleg. After Riley,

PLATE XXX.

Fic. 1. Pulvinaria innumerabilis: a, egg before
hatching; 6, egg after hatching; c¢,
newly-hatched larva, ventral view—
greatly enlarged, natural size indicated
in circles. After Riley.

. @, leaf with male scales—natural size: b,
single male scale; c, male dorsal view—
enlarged. After Riley.

3. a, female scales in fall—natural size: b,
do., dorsal view; c¢, do., ventral view—
enlarged. After Forbes.

4. a, b, females with egg-masses in late spring
on maple leaf and stem of Maclura—
natural size. After Riley.

i)

PLATE XXXII.

Fig. 1. Geometrid larva on pine. Length, 13™0 ;
la, dorsal view. Glissler del.

2. Geometrid larva on pine. Head, front
view: 2a, labium; 2b, the five simple
eyes and tactile hair between them; 2c,
a mandible; 2d, labium; p, labial pal-
pus, sp, spinneret ; 2e, supra-anal plate
and one of the anal legs. Gissler del.

3. Oaterva catenaria; 3a, dorsal view ; 3b,
front of head; 3c, side of a segment
Marx del.

4, Selandria larva on willow. Emerton, del.

5. Pityophthorus puberulus, antenna. Giss-
ler del.

PLATE XXXII,

Fig. 1. Semiothisa bisignata on fir: 1a, side view;
10, front view of head; 1c, labium; 1d,
Maxille (mx) and labium (1b) seen from
beneath; labial palpus (1p); gp, spin-
neret; le, antenna; 1/, mandible; lg, a
thoracic leg; 1h, supra anal plate and
anal legs. Gissler del.

2. Geometrid larva on hemlock, enlarged :
2a, end of body. Gissler del.

3. Dasylophia anguina? Emerton del.

4. Seirodonta bilineata. Emerton del.

5. Apatela pruni Harris. Emerton del.

PLATE XXXIII.

Fic. 1. Geometrid larva on fir, 10™™ in length, 1a,
the same side view: 1b, head seen from
in front; 1c, labium; 1d, antenna; le,
labium ; 1p, labial palpus; sp, spinneret;

927
PLATE XXXIII—Continued.

If, mandible; 1g, end of an abdominal
leg; 1h, supra-anal plate and anal legs.
Gissler del.

2, 2a, Geometrid larva (same species as pl. x,
fig. 3) x 7 times, and larva natural size
(the body tapers too much at the end) ;
2b, imbricated structure of the cuticle
on vertex of head; 2c, arrangement of
light brown pigment at the side of the
head, with rose-red pigment veins; 2d,
ocelli, the lens convex, hyaline, pigment
dark brown and directed downwards
towards the genae ; 2e, supra-anal plate ;
2f, side view of supra-anal plate and
anal legs (the plate is drawn too long).
(The labium, mandibles, maxille, 1a-
bium, and antenna the same as pl. xxxi,
fig. 2. Gissler del.

PLATE XXXIV.

Ellema harrisii, young, 15™™jn length. 1a, dorsal
view ; 1b, front view of the head, show-
ing position of the eyes, (b/) (la-
bium incorrectly drawn). 1e, labium ;
1d, antenna; le, maxille (map, max-
illary palpi), and labium; the latter
turned downward, showing along the
ventral margin glandular digitate, trans-
parent appendages (1p, labial palpi) ;
1f, portion of the head torn away to show
antenna (ant), mandible (md): lg=1g’'.
1h, mandible; 1i, ventral view of last
segment, with last pair of abdominal
legs; 1j,a thoracicleg. C. F. Gissler del.

PLATE XXXvV.

Fig. 1. Mallodon melanopus, larva, dorsal, ventral
and side view; a, head seen from above;
b, the same seen from below. Marx del.
2. Nola ovilla, dorsal and side view. J.
Bridgham del.
3. Parorgyia parallela ; dorsal and lateral
view; natural size. J. Bridgham del.

PLATE XXXVI.

Row of poplars on Fourteenth street, Washing-
ton, defoliated by the fall web worm:
From Bull. 10. Div. Entomology.

PLATE XXXVII.

Fic. 1. The European gipsy moth, male. After
Kirby.
2. The same, female.
3. Caterpillar, nat. size.
4, Pupa in loose cocoon.

After Ratzeburg.
After Ratzeburg.
After Ratzeburg,

PLATE XXXVIII.

Sciaraocellaris. 1, leafof Acer rubrum with galls ;
2, adult, male; 2a, tibial spurs and
brushes of same; 20, claspers of same;

\ 3, larva; 3a, head of larva; 3b, caudal
end of larva; 4, cocoon and pupa skin.
After Comstock.

928 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION,

PLATE XXXIX. PLATE XL—Continued.

Fic. 1. Sphinx catalpe. a, egg-mass; b, newly- | Fig. 2. Metallic hand-pipe with diagonal nozzle ;
hatched larve; c, a larva one-third Hose, hk ; metallic pipe, t ; diagonal eddy-
grown; d, dorsal view of one of its chamber nozzle, n ; its removable face,
joints; e, f,h, differently marked larve ; i; spray, s.

g, dorsal view of one of the joints of /;
i, do. of h; j, pupa; k, moth—nat. size;
l, egg—enlarged. Marx del.

3. Barrel rest or skid: Two coupling-cleats
bb; twoside rests, aa; chamfered con-

cave, cc.
4. Stirrer-pump with barrel and mixer-funnel
PLATE XL. in section: Funnel, wu; its cylindrical
' sides, gg; funnel base, tt; spout p (in
DEVICES FOR UNDERSPRAYING TREES WITH INSEC- bung-hole, k) ; gauzeseptum, d ; barrel,
TICIDES. kk; trunnions, 7; trunnion-eyes, e ;

wedge, v ; lever-fulcrum,/; pump-lever

77%; swing of thelever-head and piston-

Fic. 1. Parts of hose-pole device for spraying trees: top, abc; cylinder packing-cap, c;
Bamboo pole, bb; drip-washer, j ; hose, cylinder, q; itsswing, xy; stirrer-loop
haz ; side hook, v; eddy-cham ernozzle, or eye, h ; stirrer-bar, mn ; rope, ww ;
n,m; spray, 2, 8. bungs, 7, z.

[From Ann. Rept. U.S. Dept. Agr., 1883. ]

5%) Report U.S. Entomological Commission.

.
,

RRR ae

3

5th Report U.S. Entomological Commission. Plate Il.

oe — |
ITHO.& LIBERTY PRINTING CO.N.Y

31.2.3. COSSULA MAGNIFICA. Troe OSSsuUS OUERCIPERDA®
6.COSSUS ANGREZI.

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“5th Report U.S. Entomological Commission | Plate Ill.

LE CONTE. BRIDGHAM, RILEY. AND MISS MORTON, DEL GILES LITHO.& LIBERTY PRINTING 20 NY

ioe Ge honor ine OAM ELM, ASH exe.

o* Report U.S. Entomological Commission. Plate IV.

WILDER ano BUMPUS, DEL.

GILES LITHO.& LIBERTY PRINTING CO.NLY

INSECTS OF THE OAK,MAPLE,ALDER.eEtc.

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5% Report U.S. Entomological Commission. Plate V.

GILES LITHO.& LIBERTY PRINTING CORY

[WobCTS OF THE WILLOW.

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Fig. 2.

GILES LITHO.& LIBERTY PRINTING CO.I.Y.

INSECTS OF THE WHITE PINE.

j 5th Report U.S. Entomological Commission. Plate VII

/LHENRY BLAKE, AO.NAT SILES LiTHO.& LIBERTY PRINTING CUNY

LHe Pine MOTH OF NANTUCKET.

, 5t6 Report U.S. Entomological Commission. Plate VIII.

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—_——————_, — — — ~_ — el
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4 5th Report U.S. Entomological Commission. ae Plate IX.

LILLIE SULLIVAN, PIN .

THE‘ LARCH SAW-FLY, ere

F 5th Report U.S. Entomological Commission. Plate X.

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INSECTS OP EVERGREEN TREES:

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Plate XI.

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LINTNER, DEL.

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5th Report U.S. Entomological Commission.

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2

Plate XII.

MAP OF

LEGEND
| {Existing Pine {Pinus strobus)
| | and Spruce (Picea nigra}Forest,
largely cut over

i Pine, and ument Spruce Forest

| | {Re: Sion containing large bodies
==! | of Soattered Piné

Region fromwhich Merchantable
(Pine and Spruce have been removed

x] {Re gion containing alarge peqportion
| \of Hemlock (Tsuga Ganadensis }

——— al: ee

I> MAITN E

SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF
PINE AND SPRUCE FORESTS
COMPILED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF
C.S.SARGENT. SPECIAL AGENT
WITH REGIONS KNOWN TO HAVE BEEN
INFESTED BYINSECTS.

BY
: A.S. PACKARD.
NG | Region infested by the Sprnce_butiworm

Region infested by Spruce bark beetles

exmesma Northern limits of the Alleghanian fauna. _

ce*

&Lib Print. Ca NY.

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“ANIVIA, ‘MOIMSNOYG ‘avVOY JYVHAA MAN SHL NO ‘WHOM-GNG 3ONYdS JHL AP GALVLSVARG SGOOMA AONYdS

WX ALVId ‘UO|SSIWIWOD |eOIdO|OWOU ‘Ss ‘fF ‘A Poday

PLATE XIV.

Report V, U. S. Entomological Commission.

NEARER VIEW OF A PORTION OF THE SAME WOODS AS IN PLATE XIII.

From a photograph.

Report V, U. S. Entomological Commission. PLATE XV.

OVIPOSITOR OF CYNIPS, THE OAK GALL-FLY.

Report V, U. S. Entomological Commission. PLATE XVI.

1. Chalcophora virginica ? 2. Dicerca divaricata. 3, 5. Unknown.

ee ee P

¥
.
a

Report V, U. S. Entomological Commission. PLATE XVII.

1. Elaphidion parallelum . 3, 3a. Criocephalus agrestis.
2. Unknown Longicorn larva in oak. 4. Melanophila.

Report V, U. S. Entomological Commission. PLATE XVIII.

(LC
(TATA) +)

1. Longicorn larva, from pitch pine. 2. Saperda tridentata, boring in the elm.

ane Sa ae ee ee eg

Report V, U. S. Entomological Commission. PLATE XIX.

1. Asemum meoestum. 2. Longicorn larva, living in oak.
3. Larva, in white pine. 4. Longicorn larva, in sweet gum.

Raport V, U. S. Entomological Commission.

mx!

\

i)
my

1. Orthosoma brunnewmn.

2. Sycamore borer.

(i
ast |

Mh

PLATE XX.

3. Pupa, under oak bark.

Ay"

Report V, U. S. Entomological Commission. PLATE XXI.

~ &

jm \

1,2. -Rhagium lineatum, in pine. 3. Longicorn larva, in oak. 4. Saperda, from willow.

Report V, U. S. Entomological Commission.

1. Melanophila.
4. Details of Willow Saperda.

PLATE XXII.

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2, 2a, 3. Xylotrechus colonus.
5, 6. Hemlock borers.

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‘Report V, U, S. Entomological Commission,

1, 2, Unknown. 3. Xestobium affine.

4. Hylurgops pinifex.

PLATE XXIII.

5, 6. Pissodes strobi.

Report V, U. S. Entomological Commission,

PLATE XXIV.

1, la. Xyloteres. 2-80. Xyleborus ceelatus. 4-5e. Crypturgus atonus.

6-8. Miscellaneous.

9. Pupa of Hylurgops pinifex.

Report V, U. S. Entomological Commission.

PLATE XXV.

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1. Selandria, on hickory.
2. Paleacrita vernata, on hickory.

3-5. Coleopterous larvee, attacking
pine bark-borers.

Report V, U. S. Entomological Commission.

1-5. Larch saw-fly and its details.
5. Pteromalus nematicida.

PLATE XXVI.

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6, 6a-6e. Nematus integer.
7. Gelechia of hemlock.

AO Se Ain LE Ra it Sp eT, Nah Pl th yes, ORS ee oO

PLATE XXVII.

Report V, U. S. Entomological Commission.

————--

THE WHITE-PINE WEEVIL AND ITS WoRK.

Report V, U. S. Entomologica: Commission. PLATE XXVIII.

BARK-LICE OF OAK AND PINE.

1. Kermes sp. Quercus agrifolia. 3. Chionospis quercus.
2. Chionospis pinifolii. 4, Asterodiaspis quercicola.

Report V, U. S. Entomological Commission.

PLATE XXIX.
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BARK-LICE OF PINE AND Oak.
1. Rhizococcus, on Araucarian pine.

2. Rhizococcus quercus.

eport V, U. S. Entomological Commission. PLATE XXX.

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MAPLE BARK-LOUSE.

PLATE XXXlI.

PINE SPAN-WORM, ETC.

Report V, U. S. Entomological Commission.

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Report V, U. S. Entomological Commission. PLATE XXXII.

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SEMIOTHISA BISIGNATA, ETC.

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Report V, U. S. Entomological Commission. PLATE XXXIll.

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YOUNG CATERPILLAR OF ELLEMA HARRISII.

PLATE XXXIV.

Report V, U. S. Entomological Commission. ; PLATE XXXV.

1. Mallodon melanopus. 2. Nola ovilla. 3. Parorgyia parallela.

PLATE XXXVI.

Report V, U. S. Entomological Commission.

RAVAGES OF WEB-WORM ON POPLARS ON ONE SIDE OF A WASHINGTON STREET AND EXEMPTION OF MAPLES ON THE OTHER,

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PLATE XXXVII.

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THE Gypsy MOTH AND ITS TRANSFORMATIONS.

Report V, U. S. Entomological Commission. PLATE XXXVIII.

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SCIARA OCELLARIS.

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THe CATALPA SPHINX.

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PLATE XXXIX.

Report V, U. S. Entomological Commission.

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DEVICES FOR UNDERSPRAYING TREES.

PLATE XL.

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INDEX OF INSECTS *

Page
Abbot's sack-bearer.................----- 921
white pine saw-fly..............- 755
AG a pUEpPULICl aA 2s. <- 266 2--c-icse=n2 =~ 373
Acanthoderes morrisii.-.......-.--.-.. -.. 663
quadrigibbus............ 90, 221, 520
Acarus? crategi-vermiculus ....-....-... 537
TeOTDTIG Se B 55585 obser lessees 600
To GE PRET Sasa seecoesccse Hees 600
ENON ts 330.000 See aaa ee ese er aaa 647
LATTA OSES eee a a eee Soe 216
CORT, .540 s SRS esS0sSeese (oe nes 215
JT) OPS) Ce eee 328
PIONS =< aesave oe see racics 311, 334
PAPO MLNS |SUCMPEALISS 5.5.1.6 5-0/2 on ebamenss 297, 520
Aeraspis, species of.....-..-.....+..:--.- 106
Acronycta lithospila -....-...........-.- 302
Oh Dt eee Rene see ee eee 433

RED EACOM A soe aa 5 sca ne ola 608 |
SLU DT east. SEAR See eenos 597
Actias luna... ..----5- 300, 330, 342, 520, 596, 656
Adelges abieticolens .............-..-..-. 853
INGUIN eee = a2 os<-4 {oer atise= a: 853
Adoneta spinuloides ---....-.. 149, 514, 525, 530, 652
APE AOS GRY CUA aoc = 2~- <cscae--cscssnes - = 648
PAN IOROSIS eso" 5 2,2 = 2.) seo ases ems oo 700
obsoletus.-....-....... Peacbebosgaas 700
OCT COLI oe elas oa a a's a'=/n'a\n)= aa aia =m se 384
XCUIOS A becasue seebicedeesses s 521
PINGEMM seo n- 3552. eee eee 731
UREN ae C ASRS SEO DASH Ona a epee 444
HADEGIVRY A 4 6 acces SRO Sse DOOEBO Ook COD SeeEe 728
Aigilips? aciculatus................-..... 108
TLOVUNSUODD = .255--ssccceea= es 108
Agnippe biscolorella ..........-....-.. ae 653
PICT TLUN I DUINOAGIS) <)> ocnn'dnc'Sa aoc shines - 222
QaSTGR 2 oo BBB gee sores seesese 291, 372
PLANNIAGUS oo os cccsecseee she ese 443
CGS ls c5oct) 2 OP SOGn Erne Onaga aeeE 367
A OTOUS DIGCINAtA.. <<. 5-.<scc50. seeps 116, 173, 329
COUN. “ESE eee on cce sores 425
GOTT Se. Ce ROOR EOE SO - Se eas 173
ReaniMOnsiecanq\--— sb sacaekes =a ~ 173
PAIROOIN ALUN: «2 50:02 2 ve chs conn cea SSE 284, 481
RUDD ERUS ere aio 5 Som oc) m= sas ee 623
HISDS Od Cee er eee aes 630
ISTE Se aS eS Soe BSSee eSeteeee 630
AUonrodesiaCGris <<. 55-52... aeateteccess 422

|

Page.

Adorhina nifidar-~...caceaas sarees heen 329
American Cimbex.............-2 eee ee Bc 237
silk-worm..... 16, 300, 400, 488, 530, 532

Amilaphis triplipunctata...............-. 185
Amorbia humerosana .............--..--- 790
Awphalocera cariosa.......-....---..:<-- 668
Amphibolips, species of........ .......-. 104
Amphidasys cognataria..... 405, 597, 638, 652, 897

Amphipyra pyramidoides... 19% 1,473, 536, 637, 669

Amyot's Ofiocerus..c2<52.25es. sce ses cee 326
Anacharis subcompressa .......---.------ 108
Anagoga pulveraria. .-..-55-.chlcccceednn 638
| Anatis)15-punctata: .5-..<<)2..ciecccccens 415
AMNUTICUS: BPECIESIOfs 5552002205050. eee 105
Androchirus tuseipes!524-4s<--s2seeesee= 223
Anisopteryx pometaria ..........-----..--- 231,648
Vernata < 22s¢=a2.s22e5--5e = 230, 653

Anisota bisecta....6555555.scesess2-ceenee 652
pellucida. <<. 2252 522.2 secncneee 126, 127
SONALOLIA,/5.4.cceunccas ses e 1A, 353, 453

BU AMA ase oss 4a 55 Ree 125, 353
Anomea laticlavia .....2--.22..2-.22-.-.- 373
Anomala pinicols, 2anne.seee~ fase eee eee ees 801
Ant, white, American...............-.--- 354, 387
Antepione depontanata ................-. 628
|; Antiopa butters y sie 74.5 la. cece See eee 238
Antispila cornifoliella.................-.- 71
Anthaxia icyanella @5.20-<.2.5--0- 5 Oe 354
WATIGICOLNIS) 5-2 32 tees see es 293
Winidifcongy 2s + >= cone eee. 229. 292
Anthocoris insidiosus........-.....-..... 600
| Anthonomus crategi ......-..--......... 536
sycophanta-o.4222-26s.-2- 599

tessellatus. 4-00 ecsoeee ee 599

Anthophilax mirificus ................... 858
Antispila nyssefoliella -................. 656
ANUS. Js G0 jase eeigacat ELE. Seen eee coe 13
Apatoiliasillarist sse-cercecee teen ee 296
red-shonldered -:. 2. =¢: cc. saeeseee 296
Apastelac. a. -sckosseccsccc< Seer eres. 461, 498, 897
ALOHICO caso cntin Sok het ee ee 536

SINICIA Son cps cscs cacewe Ree aoe ee
americana. ...218, 336, 353, 397, 481, 494, 556

LUG) GT) saan ee ae a 495
Drumoasaneie oaks wok 169, 328, 494, 597, 597
CONNECCLA sece on sea oe ee 597
dactylingf.Soc. ee Te os 494, 597, 628

*When a common species of insect is specially described and frequently referred to on other pages,
he number referring to the page containing the fullest description and figure is put in heavy-faced

type.
5 ENT——59

929

930

Page.
Apatela falcula ..... ccs cscecceteuess oe. - 637
ROM e atta eat ala acta ele atte ite le lala 566
TUNOTAHE soosiecic sas ccceseeee arene 302 |
PVIBGW ae lecloweceaiaccldem seman seit 272 |
hamameliss-.2.- ssc cemeaaee « 218, 353, 656
hastulifera..... a BSCE OS SrIGaCODs 481, 626
LODelIN: sav e2k secs su Dedsdees see 168, 218
LUPOLCOMS socce ene tnincintas 218, 336, 425, 556
MOT Bee aioaisas aieloe oe aaeaicin sti 272
MOCUVAL Ara cesenaakiees eee sees 460
OD]INITA-<. wesecccae cearserce 410001, 110
occidentalis..........-..- 167, 282, 495, 539 |
OV BER ose cen emits siec cowie wee Cae, we 169, 353
VRCOMMOee oan sce abet eeiee sees 530
SPIMIPCLAsancaatens cesses se 495
ULI Le atten seeeaactcetre icine eels sce 273
WINN WS pa ace neers eine 273
WOLPING 250 sccnccaerccettacmecns 461, 495
KYLMIFOLMIS oo noa5 ec as eee 494
Apanteles glomeratus, intvodietion of... 17
Nyphantrizs <<. ecrrcen che: 254
Apatelodes angelica. ....:........--.----- 549
torrefacta........ 529, 596, 646, 650, 668
SAP ALUTA) COMIB (o- oate cameo earericea- 602
ClytOn= 5) .--5— jeacseadoetese 604
IND OG Sa ac concononnnedodeciatu cage dosed 13
Aphis aceris...-... Soconesdagcadcoc arco 425
GOFASICOLENS. .cacec==- sqeeeanse~ seit 531
Corasifolis..... 0... cscseewescenee 531
OLA ITOMT ora 5 agent sie-teeisie taticos <= 537
GIGSPYTie - oes wes FOC eee Roe Meo 670
MANS eames otecmaanecaeieniseae sie 537
PINICOlONS amine adem cine ae eee 806
POpuUlifoliss sece wie. sass cna na\aeeee ee 471
CEU tionaoeccociane aadod socsac2eseds 592
lion..... = nosone orantoneecies soncas 5 16
woolly Of 08k). .ccinumenee=eceeen= 212
Aphycus pulvinarie........----.- Seems 416
Apion lanuginosum..........-..-----+-- = 599
HGH soseeconcoos GMsscas soo 500. 367
CYarni aie) pserieciocn one so0Se SO Sa 555E 599
Aplodes; coniferaria..-. .---ecnaneccsae- S64, 879
MAMORALID emesis eee meee eee 189
Aphrastus teniatus..............---. 511, 668
Aphrophora parallela......... oobac og 3505 741
Saratogensis.....--.5-------- 742, 800
Apple Liopus............ Pono tran ne IeCES 913
AT CHAQUeNSEMI «se. cee ns = = anne nen ee as = 903
Argyresthia austerella............-..---- 283
poedartella oo on. jenna pence 507
Arhopalus fulminans............-.-..--. 221,343
Arma modesta.-....... Sone eetiossaccea pose 164
JATTHTOPOS. =... 55.65 ceetnncuececwsescccs 6
Artipus floridanus.............-.-......- 220
Asemum atrum............- SPR ORI OOS 809
WIGHSUIM = acacies hoe ele mame meee 697, 829
UNTDITN ) he sah ce Beenie ee a5 coeoccGas 541
gall-louse ......-.2--..20-eeeneeeneee 552
TON eae eo ser iee On aesonedacon 554
SAW oan c pcan psee eee “mine eee 544
Sesian .-. 2.6 -ccncne SGORCOSeSODOOOUE 540
timber-beetle ........... accabckonoce 543
tree Clytus......... Se cgsaconsnedel.— 543
Aspidiotus abietis ........-...--.---..--- 878
ancylus ..... AS an Sas 482, 520, 553

INDEX OF INSECTS.

Page.

Aspiodotus cerasi ..........-. iaane eae 538
CONVOXUS*s.c esp see e ncaa oenee 595

forforus’ 3... 52-ecescosiceeeee 538

NAUTIGI easels nee niet= nieeiale ee 538

GU PLANO IS oe ae eee ote sae 338

juglans regia ..............-- 335

GDSCIIMS: cc aas, coe rineen nent 5 101

Y PW o 32 sos omeenes Bene 807

TAPRXo- one a eaae see = ae 371
tenebricosus |. <....sscscs-eae 417

Aspidisca diospyriella ................--. 670
juglandiella <2 - 3-22 -0-aenecoune 335
ostrym@foliella - <<... access 647

Saliciolla <:cccescaccase ress eee 527, 579
splendoriferella ............... 473, 536

Aster. stalk-borer 2. s35,-<-s-.seseseese eee 391
Asterodiaspis quercicola........-...-..-- 102
Ataxia oryptaiii.25.-.59e.t scent ons caeeee 221, 612
Athysanus abietis >... ....02252...2c.ce06 512, 854
fonesiratus +. <-.-.ssevecseee 512

MINOM ss oth. Feo Sse eden 512

Variabilis ss 224s scqeaesests 512

Athous cucullatus -.... Gain siholuicln cloateeree “ 223
Atimia confusa ..-...... arse ORRCOO ESS 809
Atitacus lunas-s-<soseel sees teens aie 300
polyphemus! << - socceese mesa sce 488
Attelabus analisic.s..2 sc sscte ey eesmanee 335
bipustulatus .........-........ 203, 328

THOS soe ee! oeeceoe ae ee eeeeee 632, 641

Azelina hiibneraria ........--....-------. 526
Bactra? argutana........... doogsdcicsadoc 282
Bap Worm) 2a sen.cecicane oasis a ene ieee ae 258, 918
Balaninus caryatrypes.............-.---- 350
nasicus ........ Saccane 216, 220, 327, 641

ODGUBSUS! csc e seater eee 641

QUORCUS! s.--- =e o= eee eee 220

TOCtUS) Acs. onde tes werecitete 215, 327, 354

uniformis =. -<.cecseeeee ie eee 220

Bark beetle 35-2. co -cee ce eeeecesee eee eee 706
beetles, enemies of ................- 18
remedies against .........- 28

borer, hickory2- =. - 2-2 <te owes eee eee co

least spruc@ic.cccuweeseesses 825

QUerCItLOn= cece se Senet a 71

IGE ep torotmeeisted octets lets bictatals eee 14
louse; hickorysecesesceee nese eae 298
muscle-shaped butternut.... . 338

SCUIV Y= 2-5. bane eee eee 537

Basilarchia archippus.. -.
arthemis....

ae 128, 217, 449, 531, 537
------ 448, 535

astyanax.... 128, 217, 531, 535, 537, 649

Basket-worm, cylindrical ..............-. 142
Batrachedra preangusta.........-.-..... 473, 582
salicipomonella...... eoee sos 410,002
atriolata.<=......sssvesseee 584

IBCATFWOOLY <<~Lcenectncsecnsecoesceeeeeee 489
Yellow. ere. = == eeee meee emits eccus 773
Beech span-worm ..... Ga0s so So00% Aereees 516
TBGGG 56 chim aia intere aie etern ote lo elvistelo’etalsletters Sone 13
fertilizing maple ................... 13
Beetle, timber, American, silky.......... 81
DALE c.cone's aasanepe menos ceneeeetas 706
enemies of ..-.-..-..- SE oOnS 18

BPIUCE <cc cece nm ee ne enmcasten 811

blister, ash-gray................-. 652

——

INDEX OF INSECTS.

Page
Beetle, characterized ..................-- 7
coarse-writing bark .............. 711
POASMALIN 2 Secs c so cleSicmiersiencatcs 321
Nitto Dark & <2 cecec cermicccelui owes 713
IMI a) eis o are, arafalbfateisialalelae sisi simje’s'c Cis 22
MINCIAT Keen cis sc eenaublat me a6 713
3 RITA D OIE Soc aas donee ieee’ | 718
BPEHGEsUIINUOI oo. -o ee cosa cese se oe 720
thuimder holt es sis. wayessaae ois 74
timber, sugar maple............-.- 389
two-crested southern timber...... 726
two-forked southern timber ..----. 725
Bellamirascalaris)._...-F--< -sece-sceses - 387, 486
Belonocnematreat@.-.-...........-...-.-.- 104
LT ra) DD SS oe ee ee 287
Belvosia bifasciata.-.-...... A ee eee : 393
Bembecia sequoi® -.--..........-.--..--- 733, 922
AGT OIA, SPECIOS/ Oly 5 «s/o see casa ae 106
Birch leaf-blotch miner .................. 508
ANeraM aN ea, \ceige seer secs 508
INGOWUTESD eae ms vo enise aces Sesseu ws Boos 445
Blastobasis coccivorella.......-....-..... 219
Bhai pinOe seers osc c = sie hedeoseaane esse 774
Blister beetle, ash gray ...............-.. 652
Boarmia crepuscularia ...............--.- 502
PAM ATI ANS cee ae haces ese =e 425, 653
Bolitotherus bifurcus ..................-- 510
Bombycide, characterized .-.....--..--.. 8
BGTer Park: APIUCE) «. occec das accel vein ec = 811
GUBIMIOS OL. ono. ose eiiscasaer Raisateies 18
Mat NEWLONs - sconce e.cicijeratoeaesies's 64
flat-headed, apple........ sin chetate fatale 385
CHEEDY cere nenigasanies ae 386
flat-headed spruce...... 3858528 se 828
BIGK ORY re neces aces saan Aesimec sci 287
horn-tailed ......-..--- Reon YoneSe 79, 379
ANP ONOL A cccacic clean sacs eon so ccc ss aoe
iNUOMese Hees cee woes host, Sok "(474
HOGUBE GWE mem sae ea sae) 359
OL WOW so a-<522ssacecceke sss ocjes 557
OTD AD? Sat do ee iiooe ctesoccohecens 426
DEICH Ny Ash esas. a soe asec es seicaaee 656
sixteen-legged maple.............. 384
sugar-maple...... scgcosccedtencene 374
Bostrichus bicornis .--.................-- 92
BOIS ORCMANB re enine(e co asceameemnenenssce =< 467, 597
Brachys.-----......... aalsiie n= a)enie a= ia)a= 410
SOLON A aise clone seis sce el aiereeemaieeraicte 205, 469
TREES eRea" Gane acereecnn= 519
CONEMO) stoSss eres cdaccssocecceshce 205
Brachystylus acutus............-........ 670
Breeding, artificial, of insect-parasites. -.. 16
Brenthian, nomhern ..-.......--.........- 69, 389
IBTGNNOS Mian sees. 225. oae es oe sese oe 500
Brenchelia; hortaria .....<<\..2-s0,ceaacc= sae 663
IBZONTS CUDIGS\. cc ..52 <i sccseses caer csnanie 481
RENORS (OUANBOCUS.- =< 0c cease Scccinctewcs 19
Bruchus prosopis........-2.......0.-- 585 669
PUNTON MIS ic os aie<e see s\enjscie sens 669
Bucculatrix canadensisella............... 507
LDC) | Ee en Se ae a 917

*

CUIPASGION (= 515.00). 55 cn aye ewes 349
ISAO KGMOUhis se nea soi<n do cp sacdacsaxces 162
BUG WOM SPTUGE! 22 <-s.c0cwences cer es 830
Buffalo leaf-hopper ...................... 535

Page.

Bug ay heel tcc ctoci svc onnnaivoctut eee anes 251
Buprestida#, characterized.............--. 7
Buprestis adjecta .-.2..)..2-<:4--5. see 681
CODSWIAanIS S22 loses tee eae 809
Drammond’s)-..seaseeeee esse es 684

fascinates. coset 5-225 1-eoes 438, 559, 599

lautaes 9 ose cena. eee ee 681
maculiventris ..............--- 682

Oregon conse aap eee eeees 678

WACIANS =< 0c oes eee ce eee ee 681
RUSTICORMM, j 5-5 -.qe5 see eee 683

BUPIAte 2 sess S45 tc pees eee 680
tooth-legeed: 2-2. 2.55228. 60
mMivaMmaringd =. os o-cse nen eee 681
WinidiGornig. <-s4- 5-2 sss eee eee 229
yellow-dotted...............-.. 683

Barr-oak gall-mite’ ssac: ¢22552.s5 een ae 213
Butterflies, characterized ..........-..-.. 7
Butternut bark-louse ................... 338
scale insect. -actsecsccesees 338

tingis ...... aidaise eines somes aes 342
tree-hopper'c- <2) fuanceces eee 342

WOOLY: WOIm!-o2250.-seeee-s8 338

By thoOscopus: csc sao ses eee S Pee 60
SOMMUGUSS <4. 25 222c-e cee oee 513

StLODIs; . sane eee eee 801

Caceecia argyrospila....192, 195, 329, 425, 530, 655
COLlasivorana <5. 55 eo See nee 505, 530
fervidanal= sso cse ee eee ee ee 193

OTISCA eres seer areca ee 218
TOSACOSNA ace ae eee seen 505
BOMILCTANA . cases tose ee poe Seee 314, 669
Callaphis betulecolens...........-....-.- 513
Detulellat soe src oe scence eee 513
Callidium antenuatum ................... 700, 906
WROUM 222 sawed a cone eee eee 354
Janthimutne me sseseneee ee a= oe 809
Calligrapha scalaris...................... 531, 635
Callimorpha clymene........... _........ 217
SUMUS A eee tee cee aoe 555
Callipteruscaryw2-.---2 sees 329, 336
Castane 3. 30. 02.2 acc. cee 350

INCOlOT R= sosionee soe eee eee 210
fumipennellns: -c-4. 22256. ee- 324

iy alinus)y eas ce eoee hace tee 222
MacuiellUy,:ico--cs-scneescees 324
MACOINEM US. sone. coccanes 324
?punctatellus.-..........---- 323

PUNCUAGON: oon econ eease oe 210

qQuercifolit £22 .c-ces-ccoceeee 211, 212

Wimicolatsece tae occ 278
aiinifolite.. 2 ee 278

Callirh ytist22 oe ee ee ee 105
Calloidesmobilint==.22- ee ee 344
Callosamia promethea. .424, 525, 555, 650, 656, 662,
668, 919

Caloptenus femur rubrum..............-. 513
Calosoma scrutator ...................... 194
Camara notus confusus .... ........-.... 803
var. occidentalis........... 803

Campylus denticornis.................... 485
Canker worm, BPMN Gs Scoot See 230
Capsus):.2. 237.52 o.Yaeee he See See 600;
Caripeta angustiorata.................... 779.
Garmenta divisata........ .cvestiewce le cz 5. 874
fraxini cece secwnd eee ee 542

932

Page
Carpenter Moths. <2. ce cacees eweeaces ae 28, 373
WOOP smn oa naa Sameera ms tee 53, 58
Carphoborus bicristatus ................. 725
DIUNLCUS = -,<1ccjatteeket een 725
Sim plexcias scau-a'dere wena an 725
@stagenus rofas) 222-5 -bcandsie Bele ae 612
Catastega aceriella........--.-----2-cs0- 409
hamiameliella: (322122222225... 667
timidé@llaye.5.:222 3 ashe eee es 220
Caterpillar, forest tent .................. 117
NOMA Sse sels. sie ee Ree 660
in general, described ..-....-. 7,9
saddle-Dack -<.-2eee ease ceeee 146
Boose ctaeee cence bees oe 147
MMICOLN -bepiessecscece cae es 491
Caterva catenaria:: .... 222-66. essce-. ess 783, 914
Chtiocala dmasia. 2.0. ccs. octet aemem ce 175
AMAITIX =< each aaccscasanekoeaes 465
MIC Beers act neat os ecmee ees 174
Qe hy base S oan neeinnceSpeme 174
BUSUBM essere essence oes 305
babayaga......... .candssJasSaae 570
Iland@ulas: . css sesseceececee = 533
IDTISGIS™ ¢ cecc.coee oenscenemaetas ee 597
CBs 2 wae cpacins tacts cciqanes ance 464
CATISAIMNG oom asain tose eoeeceeceas 571
Chelidonea, ce. sic=ccenibieie caren 175
COCOMBtA Goa. cite ooaeee ease 179
Concumbens «<<... <5. <esce=cs a> 570
CYTOL Pio e ss ec sewminse sie eines Pace 532
Oya osc Sawa ceo beeas cmsauras 175
GESPOLAtA uscccec etapa ss aaee 329
GlOMVMIP WA trace easels seee eee ae 331
CEDIONG Sem. wa smacs cas sclera sees 178
fratercnla_cstessrecsa ss seeesnes 174
giynea.....-..-..-...----..--... 218, 537
Aabilig ss. -icncnsddeesSes cack 306
PLAN cote eaninld ac oecieeee ceacce 177
IND ONS ia desis ae nicscicieae esac er 332, 652
INS OIADINIG noon cuelane nee aaecoess 304
UMHS owen jsesewe costes sete =e 303
LACHRY MOS... ececias seareects 178, 336
MICHNOSR Aes wae core eeenee esses 304
MOS ROU cs oo snan cM aesesacoe. 462
MicronympNngy:s-cace swaeacessee 174
MOSS UWOSAsaisi vistas aiclineinin aie ws oc 333
MLC OMA Bit amiainiain sete Siem elese erie 332
ODSCULS =< s2'- - kawes ene ee eee 305
palwopama: fi. oc ccceceset ea 329, 332, 354
DALCA Gh eee meses «oe aseecee A045 500)
PIAUBL NS eee mapas eiacete danse oe 333
POI SAM Be. vee aa hse ac eee ae 179
PONCha a enets cmos okies 304, 463, 500, 597
FODINBONI a fe.0 ouyscl eeee nesses os 303
NOQONA eres e neces ees oses ss eee 303
AIMDTIS hae. adele beeen a eee noes 175
SUDA c <cic metre w unvicre Seaeee eee 332
VUKONIA 2 .\j2tsiew bose eee eee 176
MONS oes tas ae rece 463
Wertuliangzsaciccnsleee ee 176
widual.cace heen cb 178, 329, 336, 373, 597
Cecidomyia, galls on hackberry ......--.- 612
ACOTIB wires ITE oe See eae 425
albovittata..........--.----- 598
OAT YG a\aicielsiwine some water tslae aol 329

INDEX OF INSECTS.

Cecidomyia caryecolor ................-- 329
citvinas2. 234. eecoetee 482
BOrnutaswusdcen-esee aoe sae 598
CT neo en coreeacoes Scone 329
cupressi-ananassa..........- 921
CYUMPSCBrsascsctecseceuseeeee- 329
glatinosacec cee eee eee eae 329
liriodendrly.3.2/22 sees nese ee 663
nototricha:.< --ia-teeeseee ens 329
orbitalisy. 2). these eceeeeeee 598
pudibunda 2s .223.ssee2- eee 649
pelléx:: 2.2 es oe se eee 556
persicoides:..:-7-.S22cc ee a 329
PINi-inopis).2saes eee 797
pseudacacia.........-.--2..- 368
Q. ,Majalis..ncac sce eee 207
Qerpilullie (os. sce en see eee 206
VODINID +o ss ccea cone bee ee 368, 370
salicis.....002. 22324. 2s2ees 598
salicis-brassicoides.......... 598
Si-babtatus c= -ss0ne oer e eee 598
8.-COPNU Senate ane see eeee 598
8.-coryloides .......--.-..--. 598
s.-gnaphalioides.....-....... 598
s.-hordeoides.-........-..... 598
8.-nhodulus..5-.stesse= see ee 598
s.-rhodoides.....2- 22 .s-22-- 598
B--BUIQUa) uw. a2soseseneeeeeeee 598
8.-strobiliscus........-...s.- 598
s.-triticoides!..>.-.c2-. essere 598
Se-VOLUUCH =. a-ssoseee seen 598
sanguinolenta.........-....-- 329
serrulate ......-.....- Fescos 636
strobiloides2 vs.) sc----e-ceee 14
tulipifers ...... Satelite eae 663

Cecropia caterpillar......-....-..--..---- 401, 532

Cedar Dincidiis tee =-e- ee --s--e tee 917

Celtis, bark-borer-<-22- 52 Joss0e. neon eee 611

Graphisurus)=<- 3. fossa seca ee 610
Cemiostomayalbella:ssocc2-accce see eneceee 473, 579
Cenopis pettitana .-..............--..... 195

QUST CANA ae cons s ane eae 194
reticulatana)sosc--<26 acco 194, 425, 670
Centipedesss-<. sess ose a eee 6
Centronopus anthracinus .....-.......--. 221
calearatus ......--.--..----- 221

Cerambycide, characterized ........----- 7

Ceratomia amyntor --.........-.--.- ZA, 480, 486

Ceresa, brevicornis)=5.. dessa ee eee 325

babalusescweslssccees se saene eae 535

Ceroptres, species of. -......-.......-.--; 107

Gernchusipiteus: ---2-sseeace cose eee 223, 485

@értira borealisiteen-cane seem sree 434, 458, 530, 597

Cinereain = =e ===) eee 565
occidentalis... wooden stieee = oe 565

INN GSCripltasscccn-de ~~ ees se Hee 566
Chaitophorus candicans....-..-.--------- 474
negundinis ...... eases sar 669

WOT. coke cee Gee ee seee ee 593
populicola.........-..---:- 434, 474

quercicola .....2..2..-.-.-. 212

BINED ae aoa een ar 592

SPMOSUBLE womens cee aes 213

ViMINALIS} sccneeeceee ese eee 592
Chalcids=s-=-c~.-<---== eee aie eee ea 16

INDEX OF INSECTS.

62 |

Page.

Clastoptera:Obtusa::.<.. ces -cies< 2acresaaes 342

Ue conone sae cece Sek eceece 801

TORUACES ca - «os = 1s gece seems 801

Cleora:pulehrariaie=...220s0aese2s sae cen 781

Clisiocampa americana........-...------ 121, 531

califcrnicat.scdssceSce ee are 119, 459

CONSLTictase fs 25)s Jos eens 117

disstria .4117, 373, 481, 514, 520, 529, 536

BEOSSee eee oe eae eee ae 373

fragilis. s2s es 52Sessseeee sees 120

sylvatica....2-.-s=s= 117, 328, 402, 556

Clytanthus albofasciatus.-.....-.---.---- 292

Clycusborerswas. saccd oyekes Pease ee seeee 344

larvae. =< cassp eae au scjemecine sects 485

Oaks. see. aes ce acc eticeeees conor 77

Coccus, Norfolk Island pine ............- 808

Pink, Covrticiss.scs0--- se oeaeeee ene 734

Cock’s comb elm gall-louse ......-..----- 277

Celodasys biguttatus ...............---.. 155

Colaspis\tristis: 5.5 2<).ss-sacese-e caster one 587

le C@oleophora:-2 . 28s. scice ace tpecemencoatess 283, 354

caryefoliellancscccscmeascesen 316

castipennella............---.- 597

COrmellae 2. 26 o/s oe es eee eee 671

corylifolialla) = -.25-.-oseee= 639

discostviata (i... -stsc2gece ee soe 220

laricella® i): ovcierents ee 961

OStly@iiss 2 Face esa~ aes 647
prunicellalcs-cseaskeee ete s 52

querciella).< <= o)Jccieceweas ne 220

tilisfoliellaccs-= - 2seeona= 5. 478, 481

ofhickory..-c.0ss-e aeadtoce see 315

Of Oak st. fcaicnesoeecaeseetians 202

Colophaulmicolas. cc. .ces-eeanenee neces 277

Commixed Leptostylus .................. 697

Conotrachelus cratzgi -.-...--.......---- 535

elegans) iecicsccseceteoes 316

juglandis: -:2=-22--.e2- sce. 335

HEC Mgr eceesoeaneeceeteoceas 536

nenuphar = ...3s.scms\ces c= 316

posticatus..<...-.---..c.<- 536

Coriscium 32h aseec fo ot isioten = aieneene eee 219

albanotellas< 2 cates sees ce 220

| Corythuca arcuata..........-..--.--.---- 208, 342

ciliata vies -sasnssadacnemeesas 645

POlyeTapha ..- saa seaeeeR ee as. 354

Corthylus punctatissimus ................ 389

Coscinoptera dominicana ...............- 221

Cosniiay Oring. 2s-e ose acacies cee ee eect 6 173

Cossnlacmapniticdas.-- -oseseesemeceeeriee 59, 328

@OSSUS 23s a ameinn soc ee ese aaccee teens 485

BN eee nw aow aces oveenee eee cee 623

ANGTOA os. sce seaacan ccccewacsseene 442

reticulagus)... 2/2... es---ewenans 60

UNGOSUS se = amy n= eee eseeenes 473

Cotalpa laniperdic-sccsc-ce. 5.452 Snee 274, 321, 599

Cottonwood dagger-moth................. 433

root-borer ...... ce tiages peat 426

streaked leaf-beetle.......... 428

Cratoparis lunatus -.......... 22... ..see6 482

Crepidodera helxines.--............... 470, 537, 591

WlO1RCIS\ Sn. -aioe cncae ee meeees 529

Crieket. treGke ne cance ss ooh eae 230

BROW wccsc a caceneeeemoan ae 59

Criocephalus agrestis .................--. 699

Chalcis flavipes ........... Soasengosnacese 603
ONDE Ee oe ainioe ieee |sinieiniate eete tae 261
Chalcophora campestris -..-...---------- 642
angulicollis............. ates 678
PONISI oe eine le owieteel ale came wos 679
sents) sae am tacos tece 677
VITPIMICNSIS) cst onbie- o- 5 675
Charadra deridens ...--:---..-.----- 166, 282, 497
propinquilinea ......-.. 167, 336, 425, 496
Checkered pine sphinx ........---...---- 770 |
MHETMOEB esses oes accelacaussonsc}n qlee 100
EU RTS Seenscene babe oncaaense 100
LEO De a Beene CaSO poaeaS 903
PIAICOLUICIS Hee sae eee eetete! en 810
Tommie it) (oo sas eneecoene oeabenee 805
Cherry-tree borer ............-...-..----- 521
Chestnut beetle <2... <<. - 22.2... 20. cnene 343
[NYFEE 2 oe sass bom son sepccCaeee 343
RES AMIE SE QuNeaeeOCOne CSeaeeae 350
jaligyl Gg eS apoee score neanoee 350
BECC-HOR DOL oaeaien see eainpialsioe 350
WG! GS Ss easier eee eer tO 350
Chilocorus bivulnerus ...............-.-- 415
Chionaspis furfurus............-.-.------ 537
TRISH) Kenee Ss peocnecacncccesoge 656
ortholobis ........--.. Sec San02¢ 594
PUNO Lise ea aeeteem es eee ass 807
QUCTCUS) -.-.-. ce once wsenawesas 103
SHUTCIS is oinrcisiwyate wjeloiaaialeintateratate 593
SOI OM CINGHER ae so (cise s\snitan eee = emaciate 287 |
Chlamys plicata........-..... 205, 511, 599, 635, 645
MNIOTIPPE CLV LONG cee veiiceelsee sacs ce 531
(CRNAMERUS EOD oo ce telteele la els «ie nec a0 296
Chrysobothris chlorocephala.....-.--.--- 69
dentipesysss eee SS ee 60, 679
femorata..@4, 291, 385, 424, 481, 520,
539, 669
harnigiicss-35:22-75ces= 2s 679
lineata Tet cagessss cosas s 682
HEtGCcola Sowacelooste seen 669 |
OESTIGE (1 PR a et iy 485, 520 |
Sahentien: ac ste sce os ete ae
UEINOL VIS «os eecae'tote sees sc 680
Chrysocorys erythridella ................ 664
Chrysomela bigsbyana.........-........- 590
MEG SUG Sees senses emcee © 641
Mallidatesescens=senashessces 470
philadelphica.......... S0ecoe 590, 800
Gite Rg Repeseriopetsac dHans ae 237, 479
SPT ET a ooscisepeeceooeEcedeone 590, 599
Chysaphanite PHO: 525 - ac. cmicc neces om icc 662
Oicada pruingsa---..2.----..22----.....-- 96
SHO _ Ree Aaa seseseee 49,95
Seventeen-year..-.... -.ccenec---- 49,95
Cimbex americana. ...........--- 237, 474, S84, 633 |
SU TOE eM APANGU = <5. cec oc b wets eneaacinemi 645 |
Citheronia régalis..--.-.2 cn. <cseesecn=s: 301, 331
ROPUICTALIS. oh. aeclseesesctse 772
RG PETUS CHOU TECONS a2 <2 2a). oe scent ose gee. 325
GOUGTHbIpPOd.. <<< sje ~iseawns ose 326 -
COIS NE) 1a Se Se or 326
PAA CLG Go = nc min sie:nrelnis acme n\n 325
PLIES oc olaie'siclcie Jelecles matela'a)<0 803
Clastoptera........ SabHaS noo SHeeObob. - -aeN 637

934 INDEX OF
Page.
Criocephalus nubilus.....--..--.--.------ 704
productus ...........--.---- 699
Croesus latitarsus'.-.....2.csccccccc-sens- 485
Cryphalus asperulus ..-.... Soscaoneacnocs 556
Cryptarcha ampla ..........sees--02----- 330 |
Cryptocephalus notatus..........-------- 221, 809 |
schreibersii. .........---- 810
Cryptolechia confertella.......-......---- 507 |
PAINE Malas aa ocle seine ores ss 517
quervicellasse-ecceee= a 198, 220, 473 |
schlagenella...........-.--. 197
Cryptorhynchus bisignatus...,....-- 204, 354, 520
lapathitesese taceas tee oe 599
Parochus)---o4---- 7. - = 337, 342
Crypturgus atomus..-.....--. 727, S25, 861, 872
Oblate daceeoosbbehoocegorsooecaene: 14
Cucujus' clavipes-.<2.cs0.scc.scec-senes - 223, 481
WTIEs CONCOONa sass eee tae aaa cman) 827 |
Curculionidx, characterized .........--.. a
CutewOrmsy CuMbIN GY ..nces2ecnoe cee ee 173
Cyaniris pseudargiolus, ....-..-----.----- 529, 596 |
Cyllene antennatus ....................-- 669 |
Gunton MSs soacongsouhsocasesere 645 |
Pitas 28252 = .ce oss eee 287, 329, 342
MODINIG os anole ee eae eee ae a 355 |
Cymatophora crepuscularia......-...---- 371
pampinaria......-..--..--- 571 |
Cynipide, in general..............--..--- 10 |
Cynips, species of.-.......--.s0.eeseceee 106 |
quercus-aciculata..........--.--- 11
AGIs V)Is sabe sorescosodsocoosspecc 112
GbE GEO: Sean ooceeincosapoocsene 11,111
Qs CAUChG se. eel -etele ae admcd one 115
TEOMA ER Sop Such oc ooesesennosus 113
QuGOVMISCLA = sama aeiate ciate aa = 114
Qe decidua emesis esi Sac 115
q. duricaria......-.-- “cede soe 113 |
GROSSE coca accsnnososodscaosase 111
Ig} EO oecabpoopadno ede Geaoosoe 115
QutloccelOlare.sacesenss seme a eleleer 115 |
Qeclandwlug oe cese eee eeeeaee 113 |
Gh yal nlp Cine sobre oreocoonnosondac 111 |
Quoperator:s:-c-scceeesccescesese Pia
q. pedunculata................... 114
Ghrelin Ginn Cle nadenanoudcesdacesone 113
q. pezomachoides ..-...-.-------.- 113
Q. PruNuUS ...-...----22---------2-- 115
Gb mit oe eo Seco noncehedencsss 115
Qu DOL eee aes eee aie eee eee eel 112
GEHTS SSS occbecosbonsasecs: 114
GQeSeMINalOr apm ert eoae ee ial 112
GFSPONLTNCA cee =< los ee cea 11,115
Qusimobilanay cece tessaeee seer 113
ath DIC OLA eect ciate eee 115
OQAVEMtNICOSAeenicaso~ sles esas aes 114
Oa Oaaiil Ry tHi)<oopag 5 Scosos aC aacoee 290 5or 921
GeOMesIGese= a eeereaet eee eee 921
Cyrtinus pygmeus ................-...-. 328
Cyrtophorus verrucosus........-..-- 481, 520, 521
Dagger-moth, western .....-.......--.--- 167
Dakruma;coccidivora <= .....-.-eecccns---- 415
pallida ppeeeecnesss es ace= eee 218
Dapsilia rutilana.. 2. sees sone eewe 910
Daremma undulosa............-.---.- 181, 217, 547
Dasylophia anguina.........-...----. .-. 366
IDatang ANUS. 25 <n. css er one 218, BOL, 336, 473

INSECTS.
Page.
Datana contracta ......-.......--. 151, 266, 353
integerrima..... 150, 330, 520, 536, 596, 652
ministra . .-.218, 282, 302, 330, 342, 353, 476
481, 514, 520, 529
POVSPICUB sce ac sneeresteet ese seco 664
Metlephila nesta coos sce eee weer 271
Deilinia variolarige -s20 =2-.=eehe ees eeeee 572
Delopeia bella: 2 S52 s.ccecsscsceesecesoes 257
Deltoid lanvasce sr seactn cece sewes tee .ee-- 371,575
Dendroctonus boring ......-...-..--..--- 721
larch ace ses dee ee eeeeer 903
brevicornis....... Spor ishose 722
frontalis---.<=----= Sees 722
PUNCLAGUS seine alee aeeeee 722
psimiligs 226 eee eee 722
Simplex’ - /S2Jseseccssaccoee 722
terebrans sdveciaese arent aeiOOe
Dendroides canadensis ...............---- 223
| Dendrotettix quercus ..-.......-.-......- 214
Depressaria protella.-_.........-..------< 639
ropimiella, see sccosen eee eee 364
Diaperis hy dnises----osee-ceeseee eee 510
Diapheromera femorata ........----.----- 222, 317
Digspis'earvelinsc:acoe se emace eee eee 915
Dicerca:asperata>.-.-4 720208. te eee 221, 328
divaricata...........328, 386, 424, 519, 530
MUPIGa Nee ete oe cane eee eee 290
punctulata's-c..nceetecs see eee 684
TONGHLOSSH = a=/02> soar eee eee 684
tubercolata, sie. . css -s- sear 684
Dichelia sulphureana ............-..--- - 597, 789
Dichelonycha albicollis..........-.......- 800
Glon gata. ).<=t.2=2keas ec oeee 328, 511
elongatula::/:hccee een see 599, 636
Diedrocephala quadrivittata .........-... 324
Dilophogaster californica ............ -. 99
Dinoderus punctatus.............-..:...- 223
Diplodus Loriduss--o-- ees acess ee eee 194
Diplosis annnlipes|-a-c--=---ee- sees eee 598
atrocularist. = 2.2 2sseeeeer scenes 598
atPiCOrNIs 2s ='.'. deen saseiee see eee 598
catalpret..<.) 2: teschetees ee sche 665
catalpa-pod- <2) ene ceceicente as 665
decimmacnlata) 2-2 a-ce2 os. eo ees 598
PUN 22 SSP. S as Soe ee eee 799
PINI-INOPIS == ace see = eee eee 799
Pini-rigids 226 55 cease eee 797
Pesinicols) =< 22% 2+ s-saeeiseee secu 796
septemmaculata.............-..- 598
Diraphia vernalis’ . ..|. Ss. 272-<c.epee-eee- 803
Dolerus'arvensis!- -.-=~.-02-- + ssiesiemeee 587
DICOlOK 2:5 > sree ees e see 58g
Dorcaschema nigrum ..-..--.-..--..--.-. 293
Dorytémus mucidus.............-......- 427, 810
DLSPANGssceset sm ==! sleeiee mee eee ee eee 494
SPOuata + w= -scenie Geen see 493
Drepanodes VaruS .---<-....c000-----se-+-5 907
Drepanosiphum ? quercifolii ............. 209
tilt 8.02.22 eee 482
Drummond’s Buprestis ..............-.-- 684
Dryobius sex-fasciatus.........-..... -.. 227, 520
Dryocampa rabicunda ..................- 392
Dryocostes affabers:22-% §-cicec~esee sees 810, 857
Dryophanta, species of..............:...- 106
Dryopteris inornata .....-. .....2....-.-- 492
TOSUA w= cbsce cows eee 492

INDEX OF

Page
Dularius brevilineus.-....--.-.....--.---- 228
Dynastes tityus - -- <2... s0cnnscumaus cocce= 551
(TT Ot ahs 5 So aheebeedodeabsedne 539
Dysphaga tenuipes.-.................--... 291
Eacles imperialis. -... 218, 282, 396, 425, 481, 514, 636,
645, 656, 771, 857, 893, 909
Eburia quadrigemina ..........--... 293, S40, 653 |
MIECODNISH eee ene ssc cio cee <= os Be Seana 505
CD EIT Sa e aor ae eopoGes a: eerie 641
POOUAMR re fccs Societe nies a ote. Jaale 667
fagigemmeana........-.-. satis 520
NUDISM hs ols leis /<fc cist cis son's 3 © 219
POLMIUNGANA). see asec eee Sos 312, 641
WOLSICOLOPANG %...555scc- sacccc es. 313 |
POUOVIAN Daa wore aise cincjauec ese wees 505
Eecdytolopha insiticiana.........--....... 359
Meyrna'dasyCerus: - 0-5... cescmess---- ~~ 292
Haems albifronsi=-.5- 2... -s.- =. 152, 282, 402, 424
Elaphidion atomarium ......-............ 91
mucronatum ......--..-..---- 91
BYES TING Seats ono =<) 2 eam soe ve 290
parallelum <5 .. 22.) seasons 89
VIMOSUIMN Je os = acca aweeae sie 2 $3, 328
PU ALOE WUSCIOSUS= = = 5 - = 26 sane s es cuemem 611
manipularis...... ome woe eeeeeien 481 |
MHIPTICOIUS 26 << Ns -'s Sse seneeesacet 223, 510 |
PLOUOEVUA occ cca ese eceneeh ered 510 |
Ellema coniferarum...........--..--.---. 768
ROWED Sones oacabee csocen ne ocesce 768
SOOM Ta TEN cn late (wlat= oelnte ese allel 770
imypAnk-lOUG) en eeloce seaem ss ate wee celal «i= 280
[LOREM eas. aoe Esere uceeodseroee ore 224 |
Callipterus...-.....--.. daseosenadsoce 278
gall-louse, cock’s comb........-..--. 277
A IBLE CAE mee aa ints Sania ole was fataninicctaiaie ninis 237
PEGAOE ease cc eal wes oa a 238 |
leaf-beetle, imported................ 234 |
TGnse WOO ye cowecinse ccs eens occ. 227
SATU ONT ae = stays er eiotaicleissineie as a= = 232
Ematurga faxonii ...............-...-.--- 919
NA TOLOMNOVOU0. = - sose oe cia eceis ssi tee eas 602
WEN ALN ee S6e eo pecnod Josccbocnenece 604
Empretia stimulea ...............--.-.--. 146, 424
Enchenopa binotata..............-..-.-.. 341, 512
Endropia armataria..... e(oannesiacie ews sis 425, 501
bilinearia ..... Sade see tennarogsie 183
ORGS AE rte a ememineiie es eiaices 347
pectinaria...................... 184
COXMMINAPIG:. 5a. -\acecisseuaons ck 185
English walnut scale.....--.....-.------- 335 |
WNNOMOS AMMATID . sce. oa- ce ecreasie-=ncen- 425 |
Ephyra pendulinaria..........--........ 501
HEpirrita campricaria....-.--...........- 233. |
“lth. MIN SARA mS Gite St hale 233 |
Epizeuxis americalis.........-...---..--- 843 |
S(T Ss Se ee Sabo 843 |
Ergates spiculatus ............-.......--. 704 |
HII OSO MIA OME YS toe o acis ovis wnsioaseeiessl enim = 298
CIE Gatgecesedasaec crc ste sabe 98
MOSBONI ATR: 5a 9 5 aa/0 cc ae scaticmes =~ 513 |
WI Se eSB See eBSNe Soeemeeces 277
Erirhinus ephippiatus ............-.-.--. 599 |
Ernobius tenuicornis ............-...---- 727
EYVORICOCCINALUS. <<< --.5-<5ccnecs-oneceens 427
Hy MQ UCIHANIA: -- ..2.0ccsocc sme ye -~n. 188, 536

INSECTS. 935
Page.

IGE] Digan Sehiosccene SOneaC beset see 529
Weyer a aR re eae 529

Thal ES co cDec bes pEeropasecse 563
GQUGLCOMe-pessen=senae eee 144
Quercicolasen.22n-saecee=s seas 652
Eucoila impatiens.......-.-.--.--..------ 108
MOBLMIPCS seeateeae eo seen eee 108

TGR ees Sepnaceroaesecoasodocae 108

St PM Abe oe ower ele eee aes anise 108
Eudamus tityrus.-.......-...------------ 365, 652
Eudemis botrana ....-.----.--.---.-...... 650
Euderces picipes.-...--.-----------..---- 354
MAE Shanoebecteognos ssdes ssto8s 700
Eufidonia notataria ..-.......----.--..-.- 782
Eugnamptus angustatus......----...-..- 342
GOMaTISsee oases eee ees 342

Engonia alniaria.-..-...-...-..--. 307, 336, 344, 476
j-album --..-........--...-.-.-.- 472
subsignaria ......---- 232, 306, 329, 354, 481
Euschistus servus -.......--.------.----- 252
Eutrapela clemataria.........--........-. 179, 650
CISDSVCLARES ceewes essa 181, 404

UTD) orceeiatn oleie'a'e as cle etele'elclen oinalelelaimeieininns 13
8. GEMMA ..-.--.2222-00-----------e- 597
B.NOGUS! so-52 eee ce co tee = eee 597

8. OVUM. - 2-5 - s. 6 ee enone n enone n- 597

Se POrbur bans o—eaee ean 597
TREN EO Bye aAnscoa coe shige sseeceC 527, 578, 574, 898
(heehee COC SURAT ane nydCe COTE 628

eye Sac chic agesnetcaesosb soc 842

LUtea tae sae see een eee 865, 874

miserulata ..:....-.-----< 190, 910, 919

Euplexia lucipara........-.------.------- 497
Eupodes ........--.--------------.------- 416
Eupogonius pinivora--..-.-.------------- 696
WESELOUS). -caleeeee saan ee orins 292, 354

Eupsalis minuta ..-.---.------------- 69, 389, 481
Evacanthus orbitalis. .....-.--.---..----- 600
| Evergreen span-worm .......------------ 841
Everyx choerilus ......----------=-.-.... 656
Matuadenudata-o - sscose cee sense eee 540, 623
Widia...22--- cose ~- sens sane e-/-- =~ een 221
Figites ? chinquapin..-....-.--- .--.------ 108
Mi AO) Sep ooceonsesehoodesaec 108

Fir harlequin caterpillar......---.--..--. 840
MAitG ee) Sees <= ie mie mini aim aloe a's ais 869
Mhophyrws esses = ane a= e eee 902
needle inch-werm ......-..-.-..-...-- 914
RPA INy doce boss oa ceecodb scieeoecooee 757

UWA) (nih. < (eae See Cee Se ooacee ere oon 849
SCAIC-MSCO boa aoe ere ani inte eine ae 868
Fitch’s oak-leaf miner ........--...-..-.- 201
Flea-beetle, black-edged.......--..--..--- 316
| Forest tent caterpillar ........-........-. 402
Galeruca calmariensis--.....-----.--.---- 237
Gecorace=s ss.) 4s, anon 587

SAN PUIMOS —~ aoeiats sa ener 529

VUE SER SSS Ap canoe. se deneecac 532
xanthomelena -...-...-.....-.-.- 234
Galerucella sagittarie . .....----..--.-.-- 591
Gallflies- tee cers see ete ereere Cate wears 10, 104
guest ..--....------------------- 107
dipterous - -<..- 6.5... .0.ecene nen 14
Gall-louse, poplar-stem ......---.-.--.---- 471
Gastropacha americana.... 122, 425,494, 550

936

INDEX OF INSECTS.

Page.
Gaurotes cyanipennis................se.. 337, 536
Gay-louse, black-margined..............- 324
dotted-winged ................ 323
MIGK ONY Mt - wcies anoens deeaee 323
smoky-winged ...............- 324
spotted-winged ............... 324
Gelechia abietisella ...... 2.0.2. .cccscecee 876
CAT YO VOLEM SG Oo cce cs cvssceencee- 314
coryliellae x2. s)cce-c eee ns 635, 636, 641
fungivorellat: ssa. sccees + ct. oe 580
gallwgenitella .................- 220
obliquistrizelar-.---5--esasees 850, 869
Oronellat: 23ers Soh. sae sacs eee 630
Quercrellacccseccususe coaeaecees 220
(uercitolielipiecstnmelenesce meee se 220
quercinigrzella ................ 220
Quercivorella::--5-.ses.2<eee ae 220
pinitoliella. (os. .scsceie ses aseees 792, 868 |
pseudacaciclla-<../-5.20..-.-. 363, 373 |
EHOUTU CTEM a jee amiciaa scnieseise edie 468, 663 |
nabensellarc Sjccccssuscesecenee 220 |
palieiiunciella) <--->. .5m-ac--s0c6 580 |
tristripellate cst ac.csm=scetcece 639
Generations of insects.........-.--......- 19
Geometer, notched-winged -............- 344
IT POMMOUMLOS Pere ges aaaasaeisieles sea eee 546, 784, 786
Geometrid caterpillars ..............9, 274, 332, 899

larva, 308, 348, 374, 517, 573. 407, 467, 500,
504, 609, 629, 638, 843, 867, 876, 899, 921

138 |

(CORN 7 ROH soeaccoceganesecos SSSsner sce
Girdle: poplar’... cecnssece semen ose see 436 |

Gluphisia trilineata................. 27O, 452, 656
MMI ces cccemesecanes sae ee 270
Glycobius speciosus.-...-....-..... SaeRSe 374
Gly ptoscelisihintise. 2 scene ess—es5 ccs se. 800, 810
Groesidebilig ves es eet | genes oe paste ee 82, 286
POMAMNS sii oee one seee ccc cco eeeace 286
MUCH eects «ele neeeee esc 286
mulverulentass:..cesccc ssa nnee ee 515
USAR. aed S Abe SHU Age SE dace 82,285
Gold smighwoeoul@nss-cecmacicciesecies ooo o ae 274, 321
Gonops fissunguis .-.....-........ Ses 922
POUL MA NITC Al. = mee sre wena oroc oes sense 391, 542
Gracia minutes. geaeleciaisee daweese 486
PACH ATA asa ase or cu ces ca ce = ose 469, 579
BCOLMOMGL Bs oe cee aeleceie wince oe a 425
almicolella, eect weceaee ee seece 636
AINIVONBISS. neato ee 636
Dlandella 6 cose cca eee ee 329, 334
juglandinigreella ........-.... 334
MePundellay.oscc-eceeeec eee 669
packardellan <a cecece sneer 425
popublella ono. ona Somes ce 473
PULPULICL Aiea cm sede ae meee aie 473, 577
FODIMIGUA Dace s samiemjeasiocet ose 365
sassatvasella.: 2.22.02. <cesen.c 650
superbifrontella .........-..... 667
Graphisurus fasciatus............---..-.. 72,387
iia outers s=ce pice sees es 610
Grapholitha bracteatana ................. 788, 857
ALY Diese ance reine aetetarctete 342
CALVADS seco. sect cone soot 326
galle-saliciana.............. 576
MELON OA se dato ae os eae 536

GraptacOMPia yecrsch ak sacneu aeeneese cee

480

Page.

Graptafaunus >-5.. 2... secsee codes eaewes DIAS 500
interrogationis .........-... 2AO, 480, 605

DIOLNC aseais\ socal aa enaeeeaeee 242
Graptoderaicarinata .-.........:....---<- 276
chaly bea... cess<<cceceeesens 237

Greedy scale-insect .............--...--.- 371
Grabs jontsescetccwnt= varacase eee ene af
Grub, white tsc-s2mssccen eee aocnt eiereieeas 674
Guest gall-flies, on oak..........-....---. 107
Gnathotrichus asperulus.............---- 720
materiarius.............-. 718

Hackberry cecidomyian galls aaa 612
Gageers cot aseh wastes cee eee 608

alls 3 totect ae ae nner 612

Psyllid@is css... oases aes 614
Hadrobregmus foveatus ...............-- 872
Halesidota agassizii......-..-.....-.... a 560
argentata) <2. 5255... 52sseee 773

carye...217, 282, 299, 336, 342, 481, 489,
531, 555, 626, 645, 649, 667, 903

edwardsil.-< cos -csse46 ese 133
maculata.... 133, 336, 353, 555, 561, 626
tessellarissss--oeaee-= 217, 265, 481, 643
tessellata tis 2. J.ss-e- eee 134, 328, 336
Halticaralniea' 2.2 -cescsheecee eee nee 630
altemata*=s:h2cs2nitee.. cose 599
bimarginata=<---.s-sshe oss eee 630
chaly beaicii: sc -=s-conseceseenee 237
| Hamadryas bassettella................-.. 220
Harmoniaipimi (222.2 .esss--<ssse4 seek mae
Hapithus agitatoneccs- = lay=cies= eee oe 280
Harris’s pine hawk moth .......--....... 768
IPLIONUS:saeclsnciacicieesiae Sane ceeiee 704
Heliatamerioalis:= =.=. ca-s0esesseneeoeee 843
Helice pallidochrella..................--- 653
Hemileniea Mala-cess 2 -eseecee ape = eee 162
Hemirhipus fascicularis..........-. ..... 19
Hemiteles thyridopterigis .......-.......-. 261
Mtilis “so. cioc eects. sesso see 261
Hepialusargenteomaculatus.217, $46, 394,473,623
silver spotted .--. 5. - 22220 2-22 346
13 e ii gee A See Sa eee coeds Bes Mae stent 569
Heterachthes quadrimaculatus.-......-.. 293
Heterocampa guttivitta.......--...-..... 218, 424
marthesia:> =. -., s2<<se ose 160
pulverea.....- £59, 326, 328, 492. 649
subalbicans......--2..-.-.- 158
WHICOLOI 2. eeeen ee ecee 424, 643
Heterogenea shurtleffii........-.......... 653
Heteropacha rileyana.........- anaes ae 652
Hibernia tiliaria........-.. veosee 218, 282, 328, 475
Hickory Aphis. .-..-. ~~~. .--- 5-2... nc 299
Darkelouse!is=~---neeee ee eee 298

blight ...--. Senecio Sessa = 298 |
DOPE COMMON sense cane ce eee 285
ICCOPSIS, -os sesso etal eet 312
leaf weevil: 5.22 22222 seer 316
leaf WitheCrer =. .sccee see eine se 322
NUWE-WOOVIAL co ocaee cease onoee oseoe 327
pig, slug-worms.......---.....--- 317
VORNO Cay pep te ciae esterase 322
Sack-heareré sccs.2oansaeeeeees 315
shuck-worm...-... nee e temimseas 326
slup:caterpillar =. ---<---. «eee 299
SPM seal essen ee oe eee ets 322

1

INDEX OF INSECTS.

Hickory stem gall-louse.........-..----.- 322
LHS STO) Re Sees secioee 299
‘ LD ROE ee nectar soamereos =< 288
WORN a lOUSO) er. ne cisae no = 5, 322
white-heart Gelechia...........-. 314
IpNS HOUSMOSIS) --s-2-.0 <s---ece -- cans 726
GSP A Oat MININT. So see seenenscweccccee 480
JEG MSS Be Seb eae enorone honbenoES 481
ROUNLAIS Mace ein taterniaeccceecSc<s 367
Holeaspis, species of .-...........--..--.- 106
Holeocera glandulella.............----- x 216
Homohadena badistriga.............----. 173
Homoptera lunata. -..--#...-.-......--.. 218, 402
BIG DEY ity NOE eee a eee eee 599
RRUIGIS ees de ceisccsecias -oe <<< 597
Hoplismenus morulus..... Bae -Lis Seceeeeae 606
Hoplocephala bicornis.-.-...--...-------- 481,510
LER ht bt Eo Se eS 520
Hormaphis papyrace® .......---..----..- 513
OMn-tarlepOrer .2-5 <<< <<< - 32 Seccc nese ss 0s 379
iivalejcoryliela,<. 02. <-22+cs-sece--ses- 641
vane nna wate... <= ge\seen ears =s\- 526, 572
Hvlastes; coal-plack. ..<.% <<sicjcomcocces sas 724
PARDTANNS: — saamiaaya seis sce ees oe 723
PURE KE = so sae see ake ot = 722
TOOT ORR SSS*6e sass see edaeeons 724
Hylecetus americanus..........-...----. 81
EMVeRINGS ACUWIEAtOS. ~. sce ccnesccee----2< 543
ARIAT Gi-5- einem oem neteee sso 5 227
OPACUIUS 5.55 s5sesceoc55- 227, 544, 903
PIMINOLO As scones atince =< ace. 20
ivlOD MA AGN ee ~ ajencn coe e soe =acoc ss n= 724
SUTEDIM IEG SSSee oS 55555 Fe asa 810
iv IPICUS CU PLOSSli. << o~) Sct senses. = 921
Hylotoma dulciaria ..................---. 509 |
Hylotripes bajulus .......s.s2---0e0.---- 702 |
ligneus...... Be npniemenion nic 2 or 907
Hylurgops, pine .......-.-- Shppaed aes ae 722
{rints) eke eee oe eoeodoe 709, 72, 826
Hv Inreng Ti fipONniS ;-.- 4s-ceccicacemesacssa 814 |
Hymenoruscommunis........--..-------- 223
ype PAX AUPOLA -=- -.<c- ces nn-see ccces - 156
US ERDD) sosecodsoueseee: Ges Saeco Sesee ae 408 |
Dallimoralis. os 22 ssceceen nas. =5< 407
Hyperaspis bigeminata .........-.....--- 415
SIPMIASA 6a. a see ee Se ate oe 415
Hyperchiria io...218, 282, 373, 394, 451, 514, 520, 529,
555, 650, 672
Hyperetis nyssaria..........-........ ---- 516, 636
Hyperplatys aspersus.-......-..-- .... 354, 426, 473
Hyphantria cunea .-........ ZA4AA, 328, 342, 473, 656
punctatissima............. <ee 247
"2b 910) SP ey 217, S44, 326, 425
Hypomolyx pimicola.-.........-..--.------ 726
Hypophloeus tenuis ...---.-..-..--------. 718, 720
Hypothenemus dissimilis ........-.-.---- 221)
: OLCQUUNK eae ace eee 221
EUS SALON. << 5-- samen wie cesses = 223
DINEIIE GIST US) Sees Ge See nee SReCCre eee ae 108
NRO MERE oleae cc cimicicicieje me Slave Seis 108
maculipennis-......----. meson a aaoe 108, 383
LT See SSeS PRE eee ac 108
SMM BOR Ee nae Seana aise meine Ate ates 108
“TOUR ASRS Goatees oee e 14, 729
mode of oviposition of....... 15

Ichthyura albosigma ..... .......--..-.- 454
americana........-..... See sooe 282

inclusa ..... Oe Stcpeaepdaecse 434, 452

Ee eer et arccees Set edeornse 562

SUPP OSA). <<. esos cas a cee 453

et ea ee SE S555S0sse aoe Soci 454

Imperial spiny caterpillar.............-.. 771
| Inch-worm, angular-headed, marbled. -.. 866
ten-lined, pine...-... See Soa 866, 875

InCh=WOrMms). 22-52 saan ane ease nce eecneee 9
Hngisaliaingse -s<<'.c.-ssenoee 4 Soteen eter 531
Miphon\ .cccice canes t ee eae 909
Incurvaria acerifoliella .........-.....--- 408, 520
JO Shit: een SaaS R ea meee Ob Oncol Ss 218
pre plata 2o2 sac ceo6 aio ee ce os 656

Imo Teclusa; 3-5-6 Siete awe n'e ooseeeeee tes 612
kn quilinw, oni0ak 2-54: 4555ceneneacece cee 107
MnReCticid@S ==. 25 a-nc2 2 som sieges eee 31
apparatus .......-.--...-.... 38

Insects, broods)0f =... .- aaa aoe eee 19
generations of .-...-.-....=.--... 19

forest, remedies against .....--.- 27
hibernation of...... Bae a wiefteanimes 23
homosothermal’s-<. .-= -sece 5 ae 21
influence of temperature on --..- 19

in: fenerall). s2= see<e essa ae 6
INSCCLLVOLOUS) oa. sea> coe sees 14
metamorphoses of .........------ 6
OldersiOf sss---.-aepeiesenee oe 6
parasitic 2. 3... .-ccomsctnas-as<a 14
poikilothermic ............-.-..- 21
Interrogation butterfly --..-....... <sec6 240, 605
Todiatufavers << ces-s6 co segecasshemet- = <2 172
PHNMARS Of see tases ess oem ee 530
Mveiuinl = 3S SE aS escticeaoc si tassce 373, 394, 451
Tips fasciatus... wcs-: e255 siceneeeenet eeciee 510
sanguinolentus -....-....---...-<.--- 510
Ithycerus noveboracensis.-.......--. «cece, O4S9520
Janassalignicolor.<.-2.- 2.0 ccc. se sone acne 157, 353
Jassus inornatus -.-..---..-:--.20-----.. 324
Juniper bark-borer .--..---- a Ieee 904
basket-worm ~~. 642-2 ee-c age =~ 909

ICH -WOLM see oa as ase ea 910

twig inch-worm ...............-. 907, 914
WOD-WOED oa. «sacs -cl-cemseene ase 910
plant-louse). << 225 ---see=eee=e 5 =e 914
salmon-tinted caterpillar .-....-.. 913
scale-insect. ...-..---- wasecaee ee 915
white-striped inch-worm .....-..- 914
wood-borer.....-.-.--. eos ose ee 906

GG 0G | Soe Se soe coe asencosser a ae RS ae = 513
Kleidotoma vagabunda ........-...-.--.- 108
M@di6 sb UE ees Mec nee CE IOC CO a 150, 353
Eachus abienshsss--.s-sc—=—-— = seen 853
SINMONID: ooo cntoee Soe oak eee 637

BISLLALIS: ssesenee ce -eeechaeeees 806

CALS Slo ace means cat oes ee eee 299, 323

Gentatus:.-. ca one ewsaseenoe 592

PiviCUlGxX scene anaeee == eee 902
lonpistioma. os. .<.cccces-wesane 482
platanicola ......-.-.-.-.----..-. 645
QMercicolens. —.--.5s<0secnems-=- 208
quercifolia ........-...0..--.<66 222

BAliCetih se. «ees << hae ibe sewers 600
BSliCICOlA wep cekoreceeeaduse =e 592

938

Page.
Lachnus strobi............. Leet ware eens 741, 808
Lachnosterna fusca ..-....---....-....--- 674
OUCTOINESAsons mens aoe el 221
acosoma chirodota, 522.2. --<den--=--<0 141
Ladder Chrysomela....-..-.-.....00---: 237
Hemophicwus hornil 4.2.5. a0. nsecec>-e 612
TGASOA CLIS PALA << sac > alee clan sete nice 139
OPCLOWATIA] ssacie sees oe ater 140, 609, 649, 650
DYXIGMCTAiscaecelccce tae acer eer 650
Maron Aphis ioc 22 cashes ocices ees co des ces 902
Ghermest-ces vsces caawcowsne celeste 903 |
MILO Re afoete soe cee aelo ae fas Nae ale 903
Sayetliy Worm oe a= 9 cpese aeeee se 879
Sphurxe eset a -cecesee eee nee 890
Laverna ? gleditschiwella .....-..-....-. 653 |
Leaf-hopper, hickory, freckled ...... .-.- 324
three-banded..-......-...-.. 281 |
eat-rollerjlocust2-<.|\2s-se. seen cee be 361
obliquely-banded..-.........- 408
red-banded! j---cseceoee ee <= 195
Sulphur iss soccer ec. seoeeet ee sat 362, 789
Becanium:acericola -2:-+.-+5..--..2--< <6 425, 669
aceEricorticis . 222010. ects tee 425
GET sane snbde\sBoASabsoonsccure 298
Tif Rese se ero ans epee pas hd TL 868 |
jMelandifexe sees ae sso csee cece 338
OlOS) Sacnissensicioseh ess access < 98
quercifox:=i2 28 so Te eee 98
quercitronis ...........-... mane 98
Gulipifers::22.hs<aecce fee ee ae 663
Lepidoptera, in general, described ......- 8
Leptostylus commixtus ............-..-.. 697
MACWAs a6) wieteetes oe 328, 337, 354, 520
Meptura WALANG). sa20c oe seceacercaeee cea 486
eptareesquercis.< ..=2-34.0css¢2eenescs 328
Leptura canadensis . .......-.----.-..... 871
ZODU Bs cias wate waeiste womens se ae seew ee 91
Libythea bachmanni...-............ 607
MAIMACOGES 5 sess css eoscnccenseee ses 626
biguttatas<3:css.4250e22es-- 147
CippUss 2 Sok cccces ees eee 144
Scaphaierccccces as 147, 328, 336, 424, 490
VITIGIS = case cee esac eee 348
PMO INCH=WOLM: snj.-c<csce aes emeek eet 475
Limenitis archippus.........-.. -........ 472, 529
arthemis -..........242, 448, 480, 514, 529
disippus)s--csesees-s eee 128,449
MISIPPUS) sot st Eee 596
WISH ss camscs ot cose coe ea. 128 |
Teimneniactacitivaren.caece eee eee 164, 603 |
pallipes\csa. ¢ssesesn ee aaacsee ee 255 |
Lina lapponicasss22.-ss0< ee csee se ceo ee 591
SCLUP UA amin tas one elielel= sinrsle se renee 428, 591
PANE’ DOLET eeaitacin'aetesifo sees eet eee 474
Lallemibo\ssseus cacuits tae ees 480 |
leaf-beetle. jce0<s2s5sos5 se sees. - 479
HAGPUSIGINGLOUS sco ce coc eseces ces ce ee 291, 373
CYassulUs s252s0t50505.c8seee Sones: 612
TACOLUSs és sae cascsasssactseete secs 913
CUCTOL £3 Laas. as a5 eae teeoe vate eae me 73
varie gatos! 2. a-<,105:5.'see seaeeaics 354
KAR GEO VLLcrs opat dennis oe ntetats iat el 656
Litargus 4-spilotus............-...... Petes 599
Lithacodes fasciola ..-........ 217, 399, 514, 529, 530
HOXUOsA ssw sadssoMeGes ete 641

|

|
}

INDEX OF INSECTS.

Page.

Lithocolletis\=.=-- =... <2. ese ricOnease tee ae 354, 579
ACHPICIA:<s2.er- separ eset 409
sriferélla s.28ee-2 eee 220
albanotella). 22525..cioeefeees 220
alnicoléllajrse eect ene see 636
argentifimbriella............ 220
argentinotella.:........--... 282
AULOMIGONG (2525520 senses 636
basistrigella.-.2--ccseseemcs: 220
bethuneolla ;..22seen see cece 219
bicolorella.. 2 eee eee eee 219
bifasciella.. 2... 22s5ee2 soe 219
caryzalbella -.-..-:222..-2- 315
caryzfoliella .....-.........- 315, 342
castaneeella.........-... 219, 350, 354
celtifoliella. 2: c.esieees se 609
celtisella = 2...325.2aiGeaverece 609
cincinnatiella -....2.5...2.22 219
clemensella ..............--. 425
coryliella. --;--.i06.sssseeee 641, 648, 649
crategella -.........s..-6 219, 528, 533
fitchella........... eeaz ontdutere 201, 220
fuscocostella 42-22 -seeeseee 220
guttifinitella ................ 655, 664
Havent 21% 1c Geen eee 220
hamadryadella ...:..---.2... 199
incanella... 22202. cseeese sere 636
intermedia..=-.2scceecnaeces 220
juglandiella:-2.5-525-oees=e" 334
lucetiella::22-:cc2a22eeseeee- 478, 481
lucidicostella -.-.........<.. 410, 478
mirifl ca.:s..scctises oe eee 220
obstrictella ....2292es08eese 220
ornatellat.coss> sdesesees vlenee 373
ostryfoliella .........-....- 648
populiella.= =<. 2 22eeeonne 473
robiniella ==. <2 ace eens 363
quercialbella .......:....-- 220
quercipulchella .........-..- 220
Quercitorum: ~S27sseeaneeenes 220
salicifoliella: 2S222eese sen eee 579
tilimellac..oco1.eec8 aoe eeeee 481
tritznivella ........... aes 648
tubiferella <<. 22 cee eneeeees 200, 220
ulmella ou: 2S See sees 282
unifasciellay=-2-24--eseeseece 219
popultella:: 3-2 .2cct.e=eeeeee 468
Withosian 2s... 52.-isis So ccsc oe emene eee eee 668
Lithophane cinerosa ......-...----------- 669
laticinerea: sci ttaaeee eee 526
ive-oak Thecla!: f:<. 2... eee eee eee eee + 129
Lochmeus:cc sia. feces ee eee ee 270, 492
‘cinereus’. 232 ser eee 398
manteos<astocs hore ese eee eenee 158, 481
OlIVatOS ok See eee 397
tessellar- 2-022. see na ceeeeee 160
Locust Depressaria..............---esce< 364
Higpaiscte scec-scceseheas ee emeite 367
leaf Gelechia, greater ............ 363
lesser si2issa.8es eee 363

leafminer :22 2222 i55 Source eeene ee 365
autumnal. soc... eecece 363
leaf-rolleriss222accce ces tect oem 361
midge; black s-22-2-c2-=> eases 368
saw-fly 22.5 eek eens ones 369

ne

{INDEX OF INSECTS.

Page.
ocwst, Ted-lepged...s.----c0=ccceeess cess 513
seventeen-year.............-.---- 49,95
Cal) 7 2.0 SSS Oboe SOSC ROD Ore TS 5oo0 365
wie=DOLONR cease eeane! ccs anon « 359
BIONIC Weea is sonoma aintcls cians su eee coe Rec 598
Molitaeecess eee. chon Sense 511
Longicorn pine-borer, common ...-..-.-.- 685
Lophocampa carve -.-.-...----- set eeeesiy 903
Lophoderus juglandana.-.-.......---..--- 312
MMATIANG, Hoa stiee Gon saies esac 219
BLIPETARUS 2252565. sees = 195, 282, 425
velutinana, 5: .s.2.2s2055: 196, 425, 869
Lophodonta angulosa ..........-.. SIRES 154
LLG LINING 5 con SoduESaeeasSS Leese ras 757, 799, 852, 914
TCIM CE eeacenricc eu serossae 75
ADIOuISe oasckscce ne 957, 851, 862, 902, 919
TOCONGOI =a osictseeaelae 2 =e 3 758
[DUNG | MOT SS pS ncoospe ce reseoodoee 759
PINs oso oe as sccataeee caked sas. 20
PUNTO: hs) vorsieceree ee 759
Loxotenia afflictana .-.............-.-..-. 869
ennamonheeester.s..5055<50-c80 300, 330, 342, 656
ASV CUUS StNIAtUS)<-- 62s. Sees. eee 8S 223
Lydasaw-fly .-....-...-..--- sees iel.2 760, 761, 852
PASCIALAR (see oso hss sae scsce esse lesen 524
Rtquatwre sans 3-355 sGcasaetaoe eae. = 21
PSV EUS IWINACUS sacs ccimcici ac ecaciee css e- see 419
monachus..-........ Soe Ree ES wos ms 420, 637
Lymexylon sericeum .........-...-....-- 81
iyonetia alniella....co.30=-cca.scsstsesece 636
MGV LGA CIMeTOR 3555.45 255-5 ia25-s-500s-500- 652
Machimia tentoriferella.................- 220
Macrobasis unicolor ..-......--.-------.- 371
Macrodactylus subspinosus -...........- 636
Magdalis armicollis -..............-- 225, 228, 229
PALM cosas) acomcu tse see eS cee 297
OLViA saa eada fo cee eee eaces 80, 297, 328
SACI s. os cateee ee cee cee 2 342
INET V0) 7 Oe on ee ee ee eee 162
Mallodon dasystomus.............--..--. 79
melanopus ..-..---:.-.-------- 50, 612
Sera BN ee aoaseo ce sooSceBaee 612
IMIAMESUPAL nec ccsn=ns.sic SHO Se SSO 609
detracts, 32. 2csseeenee ces sas- ne 116
Mantis Carolina) sco.o---t0- 2s eeteeernocs =< 251
Maple bark-borers =.-.20s-cescescuteaces's 391 |
borer, 16-legged...........-.- vadidg 384
BUOEDCOUO csc cs ot eee oe wee 392
COLLONYNCBIO.e noc eaes ns eepeace 412
GaP Ger mote cesses oe 397
large span-worm..........--...-.- 404
N@St-COLLOR: sacs cae dnceecaee ces — == 408
lesser.span-worm ........--......- 404
ocellate, leaf-gall................-- 411
SEMEOOPerse = .s-ccc ee eese sas. 403
SMS WONM tesco se cainloisineieeelies a= 399
AMAT DOLED 2 2 caacacto acs a\e'seecelo 374
OVE DOLGUA ease lein ela <'s\emeeminves cmc 391
With DUN ospeepesocecabISdo0e5 392
Marmara salictella...-........-..--.-.-.- 581
HVS VeRO ie eel San(2 22.2 Lin's Siac <(aara,0 <\e sacle ore = 22, 26
IMG CASMMOTMA GA 52%.) 2:0 <.2:scicie iain Se sein ol eiess 427
ECP ACH TI GIONULVG 6.2 aan\--.nic ccc cise ctaatectoc 410
Melanophila drummondi...........-.--.. 684
fulvoguttata....... ---..-.. 683

Page.

Melanophila longipes ............---.---- 827
Melanotus ? communis. ............-.-.-. 510
parumpunctatus ...... ....... 510

MelJliopus latiferreana .-.............-.2- 219
Melsheimer’s sack-bearer.........--..--- 142
Meroptera pravellaicc.c. -.22:scsaeecees se 574
Metachroma 6-notata .......-......------ 913
Metanema quercivoraria..........-.- 182, 282, 473
Meteorus hyphantrig#.........--...-.-.-- 253
Metrocampa perlaria........--..--.-«.--6 597
Micracis hirtella jo t.26 sec aeecicesm sate 670
DUGISi aa secs ccceeea Se omaeeee aa 612
AutUrAalisis<co5s-ssseeeeeaeeeee 656, 670
Microclytus gazellula ............-..--.. 81
MN GTO PAST ace. ences ee eee 14, 16
Microlepidopterai. cscs eases eee ee 9
Midge; black locust2<-.n-c--2-----22es-== 367
pitch-inhabiting.-..-....-......... 796

yellow locust: jces5-cee cn ee eee ence 368

MRTG, arvestne sae aetna nae elamtome 416
fir leaf soso so sescn scence ate ee ee 920

POC aqle sds sssest eee see Sates 903

Mites 2 scssiseksacsiedas <ossesessaeeaeces 6
Mitura damon.......--...-... SsoSanes=soS 5506 909
Molorchus bimaculatus..-...-.........-- 293, 424
IMonolenGar as2s ses oases eee sete 328
Monarthrum fasciatum ..........-...-.-- 328, 520
malic. -Sseeesies sweet 94

Monella caryella..-..-.-- 2. . 2. --- 5. -2---- 323
Monocesta COry sce mcer aiclere ne seein se 238, 641
Monohammus confusor.....-.-...---. 685, 827, 861
marmoratus........--..--. 694
scutellatus.-.-252. --sec..s 696

Mordella 8-punctata......----seceeeseneee 223
Moths, characterized... 2... ecaceess--s0-- th
Wh RHE) Seeecocesecue sesesous Aste coiscn 600
My tilaspis) pinitoliss= conse — neem seen 805
pomicorticis ..-.-............ 539

WOMONGM yee tee sete eee ae 280
Miyzocallis)bellartaanntaceesetse = acninae ee 209
Nadata gibbos@............2....2se000--- 153, 424
Nantucket, pine moth of.........-.-..-.-. 745
| (NematOS ne csceeemieree seer eeo css OCU) GdenGoe
ofbirchssic..ce<sscesee tapes 509
Orichsoullass. sachet eeaiseele aise 879

EOP be oeive wwe wise a ee eee eee 598

ROS POS ie teetatetela etait ee eet eerie 598
INQuINNUslaosec owas see eee 598

Gt) WSS Re Ge neriom nas noboConas 838
MENCICUS oa scm Sete arene 598

s. desmodioides ..........-.----. 598

RPT cae tage Somcano an dace 598

Si POMUM so sesancese ete ese 598

SUS pets eeie sao aisle clelesiaters iste 369
trilingatosecees.)-s-cesewententoens 598

VODEL ALIS jaca eee aero sees 524, 588
Nematocampa filamentaria ........- 182, 328, 329,
425, 536, 641

Neoclytus caprex...................--.-- 229, 543
erythrocephalus........--. 228, 273, 373

Neoforns pettlie=-.- aaa ye ee 556
Neoptochus adspersus....-..---.-------- 222
Nephopteryx? ulmi-arrororrella......... 282
undulatella ................ 282
zimmermanni .......-...-..- 731

940

Page.
Nepticula amelanchierella ............-.- 531
an oninella llc xaiem sm towwinan ces 219
castaneefoliella......... .-.-. 354
clemensella +... cco umeseeet sac 645
Conylifoliella)-e—cmeccconan se mee 639, 641
erate gitoliellars ac. ste. ae nt ase 534
fuscotibiella:« - 2. pcsrs.aemcmoas > 580
juglandifoliella: .-.<.s..je-e6-cce 334 |
latifasciella\.. << .)c<= eu eu<s= 349
maximella:.. 2.222038 ce=eemeas 645
MYVSSL6l laoseoc ens we aenedeener 656
Ostryeoliella;-o. 4 ecossn teenies 647
platanella:: <2. -.ss-thccsce5e 643
platea.<cca- acamseatisnecanecan 219
prunifoliella ..............-.- 527 |
quercicastanella 222... acase n= 219
quercipulchella -.............- 219
Saginella iss. <..c.5 6 ieccieiee ces 219
WAT PANIC A) soins: n'seetdee oem a 647
Nerice hidentatance... se. stiscscoecseeees 267 |
Neuroterus, species of ......-......-....- 107
NTROMIRCOS COMES! = wis 15 ots ee elclnieis elem 450
IN OCR Sots stone mts etalon ee as cia ect etoe 777

caterpillar -..309, 354, 449, 500, 516, 533, 570,
647, 840, 863, 897, 913, 919

OM PINO~ 6 52sec sce ss tonne cisems 810
Noctuids, characterized...............-- 8, 9, 10
IN OlM OVS). > sa canntn a ccsice cadsgmccesies 132
Nothrisitrinotella :<. 5 << cscnccs-sbeeecnes 640
Notodonta stragula..-......2-ccnecew--- 456, 563
NOLO OMA oe sais co wan « Semen oaecta areas 348, 353
NOLO On tran TaN aise oe aie aeimeic ass eie aise 459
Wovember moth) <<< sai .cceswecie cccinisccts 233
Nyctobates pensylvanicus ............... 223, 485
Mak park weOvilece\.<cate cesea-aomieckiac oe 80

DPN ie saan oss cca-tecieaaeccins ee ime 98, 212
lyre rhe ee oaconc se asoccee an 213
Garpenter-WwOrMm =.=. ocvcacs scmsisaeices od
GherMes <2). fo. 2s. cawace vedeeeeemvccte 100
Pals osae scsi acnisec an oca weapons ante 104
forked-tail--. <6. n-ce0.sosene maw emiaie 160
leaf Cryptolechia ..... :.....--...+.- 197
leaf-miner, white blotch............. 199
leatiphylloxerati =m tecaneuewooe cane 208
MOAT TOMO cxcas tas sce nset cemcdiatecisie 191
TGP son es cee oe og Soak scaereseeaems 173
IiVG TOOL-DOLET) =. 22 aarsecenctaecoe ences 50
MOSt MOCUSt eS a0) funn oases ous ss 214
PAPE SOE S ce OUCOSOUHOSORIC + Hasorae 83
SACK-PEATEL. o-s-- bom aan -eoeoeeEls c 202 |
ACHIOUNSCCH .occo5 cea cadawescwewae xe = 98
tussock-caterpillar ...... -....----.- 133
WOIM, -VOSy, Striped |. 27 = -s-sosace wee 127
orange, Striped: =. --ssssseees- 124
= SPI ya's eine ee 125
@herea mandarinasc .s.5. cess = gos eeoeeee 426

ACOAUM LU oc camen sce sa esse meee a 426
Ocellatepleaf-call 22... s2ee~cacaencdsacces 411
Wenenia Gis par ies <n. cs cqeenaceacoonaesee 138
Odontotawubra:. - 2.5 25s-\sssecucsist eee’ = - 202, 480

scutellaris. <6 oe. ele es = bette as 367
Gicanthus niveus .. ...~.5-sseseceaner 222, 230, 591
(Edemasia concinna .218, 301, 373, 437 ,520, 536, 670
Gta comptac. <<... tas memetheeeaance 668
Oiketious abbotii << <cccjc accu ccewontee. cei 921

i -

INDEX OF INSECTS.

Page.

Olygia versicolor... -.cere-sncecccecs- 840, 863
Oncideres cingulatus........... ecccecess+ 202, 288
Onychisiarmata ..2.<: 222.225 faaeeee ae 108
quinquelineata, -..05. 20: sueemecce 108
Ophiderma Merajics sens eats sos cens coeees 342
Ophion ‘purgator i c.-clesccesenase ese eee 269
Ophiusa; bistrianis:/.-. wsedsaseeeenescetee 403
Orange sawyer :-te.-cc---2-saeseoeaeaee 290
Orchesia, castanea: .. .oscadusinen eneeeee 481
Orchestes subhirtus><..<-<.sseses= neeeeen 599
Oregon ‘Buprestisi<<-.--.< secs eeesae 678
Orgyia s2ce <-)cSaantjccmnce aeons 353, 774
antiqual ss :ses,225- 1. deeee ee 447, 514, 536, 892
definite. .24:5 5-52 sma anseesaeeets 135, 561

Gulos8 2. <- scan onscaestaeseeeeees 134
inormMatars. fade se 5a55ucee ee eEeeee 217, 921
leucostigma 217, 262, 336, 342, 373, 486, 636,

655, 670, 862, 892

Ormix cratmgifoliella.--....c-sa=--meeeeee 534
inusitatumella .........--... Ho asee 536
quadripunctella ..-<.2es2-- "esse 531
quercifoliella..-.--- nso. -sscnmeeele 220
Orthosiainstabilis.. 2..4.a00-ss.asbeereree 172, 494
| Orthosoma brunneum........-......-.. 82, 702, 873
OLYSS8US; SAY Veeco n< on Sones. a aee eee 383
terminalis: . cscjos<5cesaaceeeeeee 383
Osmoderma eremicola. ...-....-.--.--- 223, 283, 298
SCALA <= cs-ccccceeeeeaaeeee 223, 283

Otiocerus amyotii.................. reorise 326
Oxyptilus nigrociliatus ................-. 851
Ozognathus cornutus..........----- eweeca'l GU ge22
Pachylobius picivornus .......<--<-sse«-- 727
| Pedisca celtisana.-.<.....-cecassadesaeee 609
solicitama << <ssc-<escumiewene sees 505
transmissana.........--.--s.-.-- 505
Pachnaus distans..<- 5... <..0---<sese=n- 6 222
Pachybrachys livens.....,.<52=20-as=essacs 600
Pachypsylla, c. asteriscus ....-..--.--.--- 616
G.CUuCHIE Dita as necinieenteciees 617, 621

C,2OMMA.. = coals -tteweeer ase 615

ce globulus) ~~ -geeeceeeeeeees 617, 621

CoMamMMa «<..ciesbeese eee 615, 620

c. pubescens .............-- 617

c umbilicus). ->) seccseeeeer 616, 619
MENUSta~ ose eae eee 615

¢: vesicnlum(...< 2ossseeeser 616

Packardia nigripunctata.......--......., 149
Palederitavernata ..-..j 2 cane ae eee ZZBO, 556
Palthisasopialis..<<. .=.as0-2=es——-=c—eee 218
Pandeletius hilaris......-co.2sesseuss 71, 520
Pandemis lamprosana......-..--... ee 408
limitata,sccnanoneeese eta 219

Paniscus cephalotes, mode of egg-laying of 15
Panopoda carneicosta. -..- Bmospose aonoc 172
TOSCICOStS en ne ene= aaa ee 173

TOAMALL OW. on nainens2 seers 172
Pantagrapha limata-- .--<).c--csss=5-seeee 477
Papilio Bj 8X sec ne sce erncseeaee aoe 668
cresphontes'; <o207...----en— seater 472, 660
glaucms ......22--- 217, 328, 472, 480, 531, 555,

650, 662

MaArLcellus\ so esse sees ee eee 668
EUW ane ee oe oats mecemeieenes 625
telamon 3-22. ssc waseeceeese aoeee 668
troils)=.>o... 5 .ceeeeeees 649, 662, 668, 909

Page. |
Papilio turnus...... 217, 472, 480, 486, 529, 521, 536,
555, 668
Peeanandra prannéas...5<:.555 225020005 <6 223, 530 |
Paraphia deplanaria -...<s..00-ccse..ssee 329, 863 |
Substomaria:.2..5250. 5252 S522. 501, 778
ROIPUNCLATIA = sscse.5 ssae se Sse 185, 282
Parasa CHIOLIS =... 6schsmc 144, 282, 353, 529, 668
fraterniat= 2.25 '5 2252 145, 328, 353, 529, 530
Parasites, insect, artificial breeding of. - .- 16 |
ata BUCLTUMGL own wia)ssscuslsccs cccice'cielelts 341
GYANOMMSE Soe scet sc wceencsseessase 342
TO i RSS HORUS OCIS HES ae 599
Parorgyia achatina ..-....-..-.-..------. 135, 328
cinnamomesa ..........---.---- 356
ehintonils 22" eeecesse sess 282
lewcophwas - 2s 2ssa-cessecesc a2 137 |
parallela ............ Dea i 135, 773
PARINGHOS PM ONISeccces ene caso css ce 370 |
Pelidnota punctata.......-......--.------ 223
Pempelia contatella .......-..-..-...----- 361
lemtschiell a 226 2sc—5: sans as 651 |
quinque punctella.............. 361
Pemphigus acerifolii ...........-.--..--- 417
PGhN) Gee Searetse mecsbeecoots 417
fraemntOly << = scmse sce seescas 552 |
MPPULATIUS! 02 s5c06cccse ees 472 |
populicaulis -.-.............. 434, 471 |
populi-globuli.......-.......- 472
populi-monilis..............-- 434
populi-ramulorum..-.......--. 434 |
populi-transversus ....-...--. 434 |
POPUli-Venwras-—5- 2-6. sees —s 472 |
pseudobyrsa ........- Sast eee 434 |
(HT Gi lemaperpeechos, Hoeased 283
Warabundus=a-sac2ssces cess 434
Penthina albeolana ...... .........-...--- 505
CUNT PET peed opeeooepencooag 530
Periclistis, species of-........--.---.----- 107
Perwibas COMMUNIS sac menwel- <n se = ieee 254
’ Perophora melsheimerii.........-...----- 142 |
Petrophora diversilineata--...........--.- 189, 282 |
Phalenide, characterized, ....-...--..--. 8 |
Phaneroptera curvicauda -....--..-...--. 222, 513 |
Phellopsis obcordata..-.-....------.------ 510
PNeGOCyMaAlUNMera.- 52. 2c-l-seeascieeetaas 776
Le LGD sb) TP) Bee eS Seon asec 455
Philadelphia Chrysomela. .-..-- mite se a6. 800 |
Phlewophagus apionides............--.--- 530 |
Meh) Pe Seen. cocooses sesabc 284 |
Phle@osinus dentatus........--------.---- 904 |
Phiceotribus frontalis:+:=--- 2-2. 2----2-. 612 |
Mimimarighes 222) uees st sstiose 530 |
Phobetrum hyalinum .-.-...........--..-- 529
pithecium .-.-...--.. 143, 353, 490, 529, 531
Phoeogenes ater..-...........-.---..--.-- 729
BY TUTO es fas eisjteee eee ce 729 |
Phoxopteris burgessiana .-....- ........-- 197 |
murtfeldtiana ............--. 196
Phryganidia californica.......--..--..--- 122
Phycis rubrifasciella.........---..-- 309, 636
Phycid caterpillar ........-.....--..----- 786
worm, green-striped........-..--- 574 |
Phyllaphis niger: <<. ...-..:-.5.+csseasses 208
Phyllocnistis liquidambarisella.......--. 656 |
liriodendronella ..--. .--.-. 662 |
macnolivella ..........--.- 668

INDEX OF INSECTS.

Page.

Phyllodecta vitellinea ..... -...ccesesecee- 591
vulgatissima ........-..0.--- 599

Phylloxera caryecaulis ..............-.-- 322
caryrmtallax: 2). ac: osu ecleses ce 323

Cary wfoliw:-\ 25.0 csee oeew ese 322
caryeglobosa ..-........-.-.- 329
caryx-globuli ........-..-..-- 322
cary@-semen . .-...<..-...:..- 322
Caryxe-septa sso... sce coca Sai 322

CALYDVCNS,- : sos <c-cecee tae ene 322
carye-gummosa..-........... 323

CALYeB-TOMe aelaaaie= wleisis'raerss =e 323

Castanos csccciser scenes eee 350

COMMON: ss eck ctecnswceteeeteas 323

depressa, .2553.02522..82 25282 323

forcatay.= 2.2 -sscse ewe ence 322

THO YTS sese ee et eee eee 208

SPINOSAs Seas daa See ema ees 322

| Phymatodes of grape .................... 75
Wariabilisus.- 3322252522 see 74, 328

varius..... Ae send ndoaooReS 76
white-banded.-....---....... 76

Bh yton pallidum <2.1-acseseeveeat ener as 294
it Blty toptus'sce-.wescsiescvsccecccesesassen 555, 668
AbNOLMIS is s=-s sores seer ees 480
ACOLiCOlafss-saritacekvemete sees 424

PPAR eames os ee semcener eee. 554

On WillOW i255 «dea ucceocceaneses 595
QUADTIPOS co cscaa el cies oe astee 422

OUOWO TEE conccsgsorsons eee eet 213
SAlicicolae.cssa2<2-s tee sees 595

CLT fe Sees inte Sires Ae 920

Wimi ss oe ao eee eee 281
Picnishmenaplare cies, --nce cee sine oe ate 762, 903
| Pip pomlithemexnsseo ae ease eaeaact eae 79
Pimpla/conquisitor. <2. 24 0-snesse sence 194, 261
INQuISILOL) << <sc cace eee cue = seme 261, 265

Pine: AMmOrbDiaigecoce sons 25h aecesee eas 790
Anomala ssa: So263eesccess nce 802
beetle, white-necked.......-....-.... 800
blighti.t sss ccckacucn seme ceeaerecee 734
borer, common longicorn .....-....-- 685
white-scuteled .....-.........- 696

MOSSOUi Ss aea'n-i Rise seee wae ose 697
Chrysomelasesnc {sere eset Slate ae 800
Cixias cele. aes oS ee ae etee cee 803
Clastopterass 7c sot cescacsee cena 801
(DIGENOR Rennes. scence. <ccere ee 684
eating gay-beard .-......-5.-s.225-0- 696
Mad CF GiSs 3/50. c2050elewes 22226 eee 700
hawk-mothii....0.: ssc ans see ese-ss 768

leaf, Chermoeseak< <u. ct Se oeeoctees oe 805
IMINO R/C SRE c= Seas ea 792, 868
scalegnsecti. .. csi. se soe 805, 807

lOUBE;, MIMIGK Ses ose ss os cSSe see ees 803
measuring-Worm .....---....- ..-.-- 178
Nephopteryx:s-— 00-25.) an em sk 844
Parotmyideccers eae eter eee ce eee eee 773
IPheCoCyMpee- cen one eee ae ee eee 776
Pierisess cose sodden s. a csaeeneenc nen 762, 903
RGtinidiacecceaS2ceeee eee ee ene aceite 754
pitch, twig) Vortex. ..2525.5-4----.e— 742

RON ON CRAB SS 6 is an Sanaa se 799
Sphinx, Southern ........ gadowenee He 768
sulphur leaf-roller.............-.---- 789
SUNG Fee ee eco gc doar Sune asooea. 767

942 INDEX OF
Page. |

Pine, ? Therina oneccncamcince Renee re ae 7717
MilverMorinic1d\..senuwelmdabewana te 788 |
Tokie= res aera eens aint esiarste 790 |
TUSSOGK MOG. sas ano - 2 rls mnie e Ae 774 |

WLC) eA DHS ea ete cee eee eee 741

WACHNUS = 2 <2 esciceenasp endo as 741

leatshopper:-2 seme decor a awa 801

Schizoneura,.c<e=siemcesaacoe 804

tufted caterpillar ............- 774

WEVA) aa neaaancinm Seat sie 734
Pinipestis reniculella....... Vist euaareeaes 854. |
ZIMMETMANUL + ..2/<isae eine ee so 844, 856
Pissodesiafinid .<..05ce'>c'0-- acueneeeree 810 |

Rano DY eestor aac tanta 7 3A, 829, 861, 872
Pitch-inhabiting midge...........--.---.- 796 |
pine-necdle gall-fly................- 797 |
Pityophthorus annectens .....-....-.----- 715
SPSTSUS) sence cee ean ole 720 |

MMALALALVIS:, «ae miaeicieies ota 826
minutissimus ........--.-- 221 |

puberulos.. <<. cecteee eset 812

MuUbIpeNnnisi.s--paseo sees 93
querciperds <5 --2-eeeecn= 93 |
Plagiodera lapponica...............--.--- 591 |

BCUIPID came aie ne eerie mine 591

LE EGP Set Sapeaeanoce GsapCotede - BaGebEle 13
Platoeceticus ploveril------...----=2<s.--- 142 |

Elstycernmraturcille. = 95-52-40 774, 893
Platycerus quercus.......-.---.----.-=-- 392 |
Platyeasterlecanit. - <<). < <3. .-9a--eeee(min'- 98 |
Platynota flavidena-- --. /.<ss-6 tes scale. 425 |
Platypus compositus...............--.--- 18 |
Platysamia columbia........... sed SAS: 529, 890 |

cecropia. ...218, 282, 328, 342, 400, 514,
531, 532, 536, 555, 596, 656, 669

INSECTS.
Page. —

| Prionus ealifornicus (?)........----+- abe 221
| emargingdtusl: 5..:c2secseueneene 703
laticollisk< no. Sccac.ceeeemereee 52, 437
IeBS ORY 535 ce atie sae 702
Pristiphora sycophanta .................. 598
Prodenia cammelin®..........--..--...-- 329
Progne butterntly.-)...--22-0.95</c0sesemee 241
Promethea moth... .424, 525, 555, 656, 662, 668, 919
Proteoteras zsculana’...-...---- :<.-:+-- 609, 655
Pruner ORK jose) cs. ho asean os eee 83
Psenide\ 5.2. 2205 32-5)-55 2525s ence eee 104
Psenocerus supernotatus .....-.......... 701
Pseudacoceus/aceris,---..n-- ses peeeteees 418
Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides -.....-.. 167
Psilocorsis quercicella ........ Aoecees eoee 198, 219
Paocus LNf0S 2-52-3525 5~ o-oo eeeeweeeee 600
Psyche confederata.. ...<.05.--ssseedeeee 142, 353
Psylla. annulate. 3i< <.j<..2-sa0 ceaseeeeeee 417
DUIS aoc fee) ae aero ee 671
CaEPMUS Jae se, -6 =o ee eee 648
dlOS PY Tso... choco = eee ener 670
Huropean box: 2sicacvons 4 ae see 671
MAPNOMD)s-oenkee= soe eae 668
tripuncisier. 3 ee-oee- eae 805

sy Widesye-ec ee ecsseee= eee eee ee i
Pteromalus |: - os <2 se ceicie ce eetesaemeeeeae 265
pupatam =. hee see eee 16
VANGSS20: => octane ae ae 606
Bislinus:basaliss*= 3. -ssctcesce eee 670
TUL COMMIS! 2. 2)e1 emoaeesicee ae 3838
Pulvinaria innumerabilis........ 277, 412,645, 669
Pyralidax, characterized.........--...---. 8
IByralid latvaccecccises. ccl-en=<aeeeeeeeeee 468, 504
Pyrophila pyramidoides ....-...-...-.--- 328, 353
Pytho/americanus) <c.. << sacs ss eeeeee er 810
Quercitron bark-borer ......-...-....--. 71, 387
Raphia frater .......... -- See aera Reerer 462
Raphigaster pensylvanicus .......-.--.-- 326
Red-head inch-worm... .......--..----.- 780
Regal walnut caterpillar. .......-....-... 301
Retinia comstockiana..................-- 742
Guplanasecsss=--= 44 ee eee 749
frustran ayes 2s. cos sneer eae 745
rigidana ss: 22sec a sae sh oce eee 754
SYlvestian assis <ncisecrasne see 749
Rhagium lineatum .-... Seebomewarembies 704, 830, 862
Rheumaptera hastata ..-........-.....---- 503
Rhogas ltus 22 -.0s2c. ome aeeeeeee 627
Rhizococcus araucari@..-...-..---------- 808
QUONCHSi onan s—s cee 103
' Rhopalosiphum salicis ..........---.----- 593.
Rhynchites wratus............cec-cccccns 599
Rhyncolus angularis............---.----- 599
| DHUNNEUS ss wisee cee omeetaaa eer 530
Rhyssa atratass..2-..2-4-<o2. ee eeeaee ee 380-
VOM SHOT Ss ea 3<5 sive mio cee mere ala 380
Ribbed sRhsrgiuniss.o. 2. SSs-seceans sae 704
| Romaleum atomarium. .-..--. ayes Seales 612
Rone-cliafer set 85.455 yeneee eee eee 511
Sack-bearer, Melsheimer’s........--...-. 142
Salebria contatella ..........-...--.2...-- 361
Samia Cynthia s-sc0)0sasa=i ace eee 596, 663, 668
Saperdaiof willow. <2-<..c.-2ccesnesieeeata 558
DIVICEATA Seecee sass ecceeeee 536, 539
bivittata, oviposition of ..-.....- “689

PIOVEN >< aoc 2a eee eee 596
Plectrodera scalator -........--./.---..... 426, 599
Podapiony pe allicolaj...accemcaqee dees sees 810
IPOdISUSISPINOSUS: .an5-2 ssa > eee 194, 252, 603 —
Podosesia Syringe ..........-.-2200--0--- 542
Peecilocapsus goniphorus........-------- 420 |
Peciloptera pruinosa.-.......-....------ 281, 425
Pogonocherus mixtus.........----- --.-- 558

TH DUE eeeeen eeeecece ace 475 |
ROLvorAp MIs, NeGe cos. seer eee nice =eeeeelss 721, 858
MU PORMIS) sees niece ces 721. 858
Polyphemus caterpillar.......-- wa sleerecias 7
(Poplarborer, acc. --2-25 55-66 see se sees 426,435
POMATLONSE Hi inentsics << e aesmateeeee 472
Pond WG eens Se noeecosne Sosa sane 436
SORG-IMOUN. vee cise sella ca eee 439
leat aphis’. csc .sce~ snes meeewewess 471
IGG 8 seegscaon eee a eeeeS 436
Lombardy, borer ..........-.-...- 443
SPAN-WOIM...... 2.0.20. -sccccscceas 445
HOMer VECh sss ae oss eee = e ees teeta Seco 702
HiVvIOII ONS sone ea aacssshentae ee 702
Post-oak locust -.....-..-----------+----- 214
PRONG DUINCAAL owners esos as oo ae eee 493
Prionidus cristatus)....0.---...-22---2s6 251, 265
Prionoxystus querciperda .......--..-..- 58
TOMI) 21. ose cee O38, 353, 378, 597

PeriONUs fon cere oe ce eee eee 221 |

broad-necked .....-..--..--.---- 52, 437 |

PLOW == cc) sos ase benh anes wees

INDEX OF
Page.
Saperda calcarata..............-.... 426, 435, 599 |
concolor: ....cscceces Gabe twine ea 436, 599
@iRGOIdeAL. so. 4-6 -coe soc eens 287 |
1h ee eae sstsetwemenabeden ce 536
UBTGh et Tes eo aeeee rec See pees 226, 636
MTOR SA se ese cane ees = oiseea wate 436 |
OULGHAR ance aan. set eet ’ 623 |
spurred ........ Bonn ee Losocoesos 455
TMM otter Hecate ores cece ees 224, 424
WeStitaesca. ss dan owe acwne ae alee 226, 474
Sapholytus gemman®...............----- 108 |
Saratoga leaf-hopper .-................--- 800 |
SS WeGS en ccec ect ccc ccensew cece eacce = 12 |
RACIOOCUSE \ 26. scrme weak cenciou: 370
Wimibexrsot. = oso occas awake soe ee 237 |
Pia Gates atts clans sae cae iesanacam ae 685
SETS (GG al Seas See ee Se ee rea 367 |
Seale insect (black, of California)....... 98
gloomy, maple..-......--..-.. 417 |
hemispherical, butternut .--- 338
GBSCUTO Ns scan on emamae eae 101 |
quercitron) .=25s-p5s--bh ees 98 |
EApAClousy.5----1s5-eeeesose 371 |
NEDO! OD Ki. = 2 oars ae tee == 98 |
SOME UM = 5-/ = sass soe 656 |
MPAMEIAMINGATISG.:. ost Secon se 612 |
Scalloped-winged geometer.-.........--.. 187 |
Schizoneura americana. .-......-...--..--- 279 |
CALVO coos ann tes meee 329, 336 |
Ge ty at Bee epeianecisdc SAbcoe 537
DINICOlA. 33-2025 - acne ssn as 804 |
(Tn Mee thbtscds eee se 212
WHO Vilis cise s ons sop see's lacie kr 277 |
ROSSBU ALA cos. comes oe 677 |
Soniznranee tee. ccs cs Toss cos 491, 536, 564, 596 |
LRU ec re eee es 652
HDs) sSooe ssesscecseee 155, 282, 424, 491
leptinoidesy os. eocscriso == (pg 330 |
unicornis. .218, 269, 491, 531, 536, 564, 652 |
Sciapteron robiniz.......--. --.-..-.---. 360
Selara OCelaris’..2-.<'.-=-<cs-cnc2e=2ssSain's 411
Scolecocampa liburna..........-....-.--- 218
Scoliopteryx libatrix....................- 569
Sr Byint bys 555 6 - pegged ease Cn Onae 811
characterized =-.--<-2.c=cese=-- 7
Scolytus sp ------------------------------ 296
(Dig Sea np RS eae ee eeeee 611, 860
Quadxvi-spinosus: ....---5--2~-5-= 294
MUPMCUS.. Ago Ses css mame ees 612, 860
MTT RYE) gacieiensceaaeoeu aber 860
MNMISPINOSUS o-22- pe n= aoe es $59, 860 |
Scopelosoma morrisoni........-...------- 170 |
| GOT Easaesoee pence 116, 329, 530
Scythropus elegans ..-....-...--...-.-.-. 810 |
piraRAta GOROs-6 2 =o) «cis «,secsineee tees cee 133
Seirodonta bilineata .-........--.....--.- 268
SINT odd EEE Ce se 545, 589, 633, 901
DAROS S22 oo awa choce enw os 544
CATY®..--.-.--00-------------- 338
MOUS oc csins a ujnnexneteeees 205, B22, 537
MICS oon ae or ace medeaechasee te 2°00
¢*juglandis ..-..-.--... Shee sieaet 339 |
quercus-alba ....--.-.-..-....- 205 |
(MES) Soe an eeaan eee. aaene 480
GE DINChE.-s-S2ctsaese-clat oa. 509 |

INSECTS. 943
Page.

Selandria of hickory .........2..00seeus< 317
\Selenia kentaria:2.52. 2... a2 sess 405, 514
Semasia argutana). 2.22505 -scssaeaeeeee 667
Semiothisa bisignata.................. 780, 865, 879
Sequoia, Atroetian....2-vers-22 se asee ae eee 922
horer-2e5 ee sosetee See dilasaktater 922
Sericoris niveiguttana’............-.----- 667
INGGVULANA So. <osemeeeea fesse 655

Sesia: Hospes2. coe: 2se-ee testa ee 217, 328, 596
QUCRCW need aoc ee ass sees Oe ee 217
Nesiane Pines. 6.3200 Seca eee 727
| Silk-worm, American ....... 161, 400, 491, 530, 532
| Silvanus' bidentatuss....- \-202-es.2-5 Sor 344
two-toothed ................ Poids 344
Sinoxylon\basilare =.2-s..-5.--2-2 0 eee 296
Siphonophora cratewgi ............-...-.. 537
liriodendris-2=-52--2se0ceee 663
Usalicicolacee.:,.spesenstese 600

Sisyrosea inornata ................ 147, 328, 399, 529
Slug- worm, eight-flapped ................ 143
WiSmerinthus he Gees. ss ee ee 515
excecatus _.... 131, 217, 243, 450, 487,

488, 560

geminatus........... 257, 488, 555, 596
juglandis--.) =). .- se ese 3208499

modestus:. 2c-.-s see 434, 450
MYOPS-4...\sscinse eee eee 524, 531, 536

Smilia castanews-s5sec.< 53 eee, 350
inornatat Jat setetecst eee eS 350
Smodicum cucujiforme................... 79, 612
Snout-moth caterpillar.............2..... 787
Span: wormsss"ss.2 es. ssseeee eee 9
Gleft-headed 3(4.25.0.28 casted Oe “405

pine needlée: 4.55235 785

red and yellow striped pine......... 785, 875
ten-lined pine --............ 785, 868, 875, 879
Spermophagus robiniew................_.. 372, 653
Sphingicampa bicolor............ cee 651
| Sphingide, characterized................. 8
Sphinx 'catalpapos2 ose aeons oe 665
CiNETCA 23s ehanae este cee 546
drupiferarum®. .-2.:/..c.<0.ee eee 609
four-horned'-; -.<<.ce2 neck eo oceee 242

Bording tse sense Oe eee 547

nylaas':-)5 3555 ae 668

alm) 2 aac == ps sacle pees 555

larch. o 3. hon seniceneeen ae eee 890

Vata tcc ona ee ee ee 549
LUSCIMOSS 2 ee sacn chins mcatasoe eee 559

piney s sais.) scmaes eee a eee 768, 769
Spilosoma lunilinea......-............... 652
virginica. ....- 217, 340, 489, 536, 555, 670

Spittle insect, parallel.........-..... -... 741
Barators 02. 3 «sce eae ecene 742

Spruce bark-beetles....................0- 811
bud -lonse <2-32..255<s0n eos 853
Kuropean...-<2..2<ccs~ 853

WOLD 2) cten naa eee aes 830
black-headed....-...... 847

POO =: 2isssc- sana suet 850

reddish-yellow ..-..--. 845

cone-WOrm ......5...-: 854

Opizenxis e222) ocseencon oe eeeee 843
leaf-hopper .--22. .252----cceeeese 854

least. bark- borer. ..<:<.<<s-2-+ sees 825

944

: Page.
Spruce Nematus...........00.cccnesenee- 838
pPlant-lousGsscaseacse ene scence es 853
plume-moth Pass ocsoe eda acelaret stots 851

Rocky Mountain timber-beetle. - - 857
Stegania pustularia ............5.----.--- 404
Steganoptycha claypoleana .......-.-.-.- 655
ratzeburgiana..........-- 845
saliciana...23...80sissae see 597
Salicicolana’...2...--.2--- 597

Stenoscelis brevis......-..---..------ 284, 342, 391
Stenosphenus notatus ....... ..---.----- 288
Stenotrachelys approximaria .-. .....--- 187
Strongylium tenuicolle........-.-...----- 19
terminatum) 5-2. 222-s.¢scs.- 223

SUMVINOM CLUS = joann ene ca ss ental et Seereac 531
Sycamore leaf-folder..-.-.......---.--..- 644
TOUNOUS ce pies case e emesis cena 644

Synchroa punctata.......-..-..------.--- 222, 229
Synergus, species of.......--.....--.----- 107, 108
Syneta tripla....... Egaie ceeneee are site 511
SMC Pa DOLOE sss fae se occa sce ene = = 542
Systens DANS so eee coca mien = 222
MAC OAR eee ae see el as csee se 316
Tachind 552... Oia drain Hoaaonrd wioae ee oe 16, 256, 729
Priasciatan-asssessenes cece ae 393
Teniocampa incerta.............-------- 172, 328
Molamong fasciata: = ----s=ccecse-2 aaeee-- 325
MMLCOLORS = ere aaes a ase eerie 325

Telea polyphemus ..-. 7, 161, 282, 300, 336, 342, 353,
400, 491, 520, 532, 536, 555, 596, 636, 648, 656

MSlENOMUS .s o-co~ seuss ae eee ee seas cee 265
LytiG lS R ee osect pccuccaeseneocs 253

TAPCO once ~ nea ss ee cele wleiele elt 606
Telepkorus bilineatus.....-...-..-..----- 511
Tephrosia cribrataria.....-......-.--...- 841
RETASMOLUH CANS -1..20 son gacesec ene ons eetes 504, 597
NO PiaANAe en sche eemeenmee eee ees 530
TPGR A USES Se ce Short Gocosonooase 575
VATA -2 =<. o5 matteo amet ances 847
VIPUPNANS osc avcnametecceanee acters 576
FROTTIOS HAVIPES: a. -ueceacuennieewsissen ee 283, 387
frontalis..: 252. -- 5-12 Seteeccee cess 354
Tetracis crocallata....<...co<-< sec see eee - 347
NOTAGA) - eile am cee cole eeMeniee 873
Tetralopha diluculella ..........-.-....-- 787
MeiraneCuNatlnk cee. .cicce nce cite cnceee eee 283
Pefranychus, telarius ...-.--<.cesccecocce 903
Tetrastichus modestus.....-...--......-- 606
NE PONIaLpPING. = ec. open eke ee eee PSEE 803
HUONG Kyat Sap at ee noose Sona BeS ee soonE aan 459, 559
DYIZOs eccsecccsnas nce Saeoseee ss 131, 217
JUVeNaALIS: Cio ccc so eee sete mse 131

DOLBLUS -oicerciececesou eee 472, 596

TBNGOlA cae cece see as ceive oie dee teas aicie. 559
BOMMECR).\c-.-.<.c1omenicic woon eee eele ke 596
SULMLY.CUS. —. .2c sass Ree eee 130
calanus.......- 129, 130, 217, 299, 336, 353, 536
GUWALTABUE 222 0s shanicbe- setae ee 130
falacer: ¢. 52 baseoet sea secteneons 536
fAVONIUS So. 2 core oeroseees set oae n= 129
HONTICN S. Haircare eee oe eee ee 530
liparops’...\..2.<esecseecte 217, 353, 529, 536, 596
MIPHOM a. snc woos ewtane= soe ee eee 767, 909
SUVILOSRA. - cnc mecwics = soeta ene cries 217

Thelia wnivittata.-..~. bs Ceuvedecc cece 98

INDEX OF INSECTS.

Page.

| Chera contractata........-..... Rabe aepscric 841, 914
Therina endropiaria...... ...... --...--. 186
foridaria...2--0--e- 0 2s ee 186, 841
SONUNUGATIS haces seasca eee T77
Thunderbo)t *heetlé:25--22: 02 te2.ceesseee 74
Thymalus fulpidus=s-.2saseerees- te eens 510
Thyreus abbott”. :-5.222se2-2e4seeu. 536
Thyridopteryx ephemerformis -. .217, 258, 425
909, 918

Thysanocneniis fraxini...... ............ 552
Thysanoes fimbricornis.................. 293
Timber beetle, Rocky Mountain spruce.. 857
remedies against......... 28

Tineidz, characterized..........--.--2--. 8,9
Tineid, larva. 22. -s2e'scae 528, 529, 578, 630, 645
Tingis arcuata..... Pee OdeS Ban eseeec ck 208
Cinta [focos/sdscecasccreeseeeee 600
juglandis: sot vs2eehe rt ocee eee 342, 514
Tillomorpha geminata..................- 294
Lischeria: badiiellato5. tesecsseeceee eos 219
castanemella:...06 s.cacccce wee 219, 354
citrenipennella. ...........-..-. 219
complanoides...-.. ..--.-.cccee 219

CoOnCOlOr: -:.. ses2es seus sacle see ne 219
malifoliella: 2/2: 224csee oases eee 536
pruinoseelia.--5:.i25525.c6%eere 219
quereitellas 322. esse ee eaeee 219
quercivorella..-.-. 2.222. csccs 219, 550
tinctoriella:.2:<.22.20 Se we 219
zeleriella. -5<.<0nsccseeeeeetmes 219
Tmetocera ocellana...... .:-.cssceseee ea. 219
Tolype laricis!s- 25-7 weeanse eee 773, 873, 893
Velledaicsiasicccsaecocse meee: 165, 282, 670
Tomicus cacographus.................... 713
calligraphus........ Some anaes 711

pint. 2 eat es. oe eee 13, 858, 903

PUSS. Reson sees oes 717
semicastaneus .....--..-..2..00- 810

southern. [224.2026 cent onecees 713
typographusss--sscs-eee eee 22, 29
Tomocera californica. ..-... .2..2<.-.-25e0 99
Tortricide, characterized...... aie Sees 8
Tortricid larva............ isdaee Moe eee 655, 901
NOntTix ot ooe eae Tee . ...354, 327, 349, 806, 878
albicomana...<<.-.csses seeeeeees 219
flaccidana.-. =. .).0.5-6 <cance-oeee 192

ji) Seer Chere Seeones snc coe eoteee 868
fumiforana. +272 2eeR te eee 820, S30
juglandana.. <2. .cntecesoesscee 312

LAE VA cocnmesaceds acon ceeeeetemes 577
paludana .<~<se> ses coee ees eee 194
packardiana ................-.... 849, 868
pitch-pine twig..................- 742
politana---. =e eenctt acemee heme 720
quercifoliana..................-.- 191

THO YANA. 0252. caicice ata waeeaseee 312, 336
EOSACEANG 210% (cninis/re ele ule cise cinta riarele 218
SUlfUTERUA 4-2 eee wee eee eae 362
Tragidion ful\ipenne.....-.. ........---- 91, 221
Tragosoma harrisii -.........-...---2.s- 704
Tree-bug, large green..-....-.-. veSdokis EF 326
hopper, banded.........J0. ie..cee- 325
DHLttOERUt- hope eck nen|cuaastenas ese 342
short-horned.-............. 325

two-marked .............. 341

INDEX OF INSECTS.

Page
‘Tree, butternut, white-lined...-.......--- 98
OlOMe -seccac ss oe he 325
Tremex columba -....... 79, 283, 298, 399, 484, 515
Trichogramma? fraterna .........--- ae 265
intermedium ..........- 606
SRrOPOsIA(COTUICALIS. <- 2... So-~5- 2-5 485
Trogoxylon parallelopipedum ........---. 223
Tussock moth, white-spotted -.. .262, 373, 862, 892
WROLM HICKOLY:. os << -ss-si- <5 ecie = 489
‘Tylonotus bimaculatus .......--..---..-- 485, 543
atyphiocyba tricincta ..-.g5.--...2...°..- 281
Typocerus zebratus...--.....-...---. -- 80
MOTTE OLIN free nec) fee Sino wai emysiee sees 269
Wranotesmelinus .....5--..2-.----.-6..6- 5385
- Urocerus, white-horned .......-.-...----- 733
yellow-banded.....-..--.------ 733
abdominalis ..............---- 733
PAIDLOONNIS = en neat Spe eas 733
Wrocraphisfasciatus .-2-5.----42.--.+5-- 354
TTOXINNUS CAL: --20-s2° s-s0 4 see ~= = 324
DIGGER: 13) LD) ee a 529
Vanessa antiopa-....--- Lis sees 238, 448, 514, 596
VST U9 1) NE eae ee a ee 803
Wareinia ticer-moth....-2222-. 22+. .2.2-- 340
Womarked GaccwCia.-.=.--.5...-<--<s/+-2. 192
AAVELNRTETSS 11) Soe ea a ee 317
IWalnnt, black, Sphinx ....<...:..=5.-5:<- 330
Case -DOATOR <6 <5 cc ec anjseitosa'oe 31i
LOTRSIES hig Ce eee 335
Heateroier-2s-20 5 Seance obese 312
FEN AEYRE LS ee Re 324
Weevil, iron-wood leaf .........-.......-- 648
CGHESUUMED Hoes aisasic oc ese cee hei 350
PLANES ed Oak | x2 252 -a<52 ~\5'- ss. 71
ICO MEIGS see eaten oa aisiniare'= 327
Neaierowine. Sancens'ac) os econae se 203
OAIGDALG se 2 52 esas Fes Syeiciaw' oie os 80
DROS eae e ake nei wenn cece se 724
RLGHCOMUII ae woot ace aie ait s\n 727
SAIN eee ost min cee eee ae 367
THUONG) coe Spo Seeccenecnessoce 734, 829
Witte lin Deere cs cela tal scacica eee = 251
NCOP MU Se eee cna e nein sie e cin cseic so 674

5 ENT——60

Page.

SWalloW=DOLOR -s.0 5250 So sees ee 557
Cimbex: ttc) ee ee ee 584
Dolerup: 22sec eee eee 587
Gracilaria, purple.............- : 577
Saporda). << oes 560 oan ieee 558
span-worm, pink striped .. ..... 572
tussock-moth? <>. cx -eaee-.ese=- 561
Wollastonia quercicola........--......-.. 427
Wood-engraver bark-beetle ............-. 706
Woolly elm-tree louse.......-..........-. 277
Worm, piteh-drop2s-.<.-s8ee--5- See 731
Xanthonia stevensii-.--..... -. eo ee eee 328
Willosula) 2.25.2 tesa Serajaeetine 328
Xestobium affine .......-..-.---....- tas 391
Xiphidria albicornis| 425... =-seese-eeeee 381
attenuata 2st sscc5--2 eee es 483
white-homed). .<;.----=s5-4. 92 381
Xyleborus bivittatus .................--. 720
GOISUB Sane nc ccc ie Soccer 92, 297, 706

Gel atisiocassomse nse S12, S24, 861
TASCALUS 3 2-58. Sees es eee 93
AMPTOsSUs! ees = seo e Serra 718
PULDCSCODS 2ekce—s. | See 710
retusicollis .....- tas tig AE 93
SAXESCNL. 365s Jec52 Sense cee 706
SDARESUS a wlan ne ont lee eee 720
xylographus.......... BS 706

Xylesthia clemensella........-- tings eee 373
Xvleutes| Populliis ssmecyscc oes ees ee 438
ROD esos She oes See eoe 373
Xyloteres bivittatus ............. S12, S23, 861
politus:<2 285 s2ee-2 ee ase ooieoL
Xylotrechus colonus ................- '7'7, 328, 424
CORVEFSENS)- cane eee 536
undulatus tehe2.4-25-osoes 830
Mellow bear seiccs.c-2 sat nesee ash seemeace 773
Ypsolophus caryefoliella ....-..-- ...--- 316
querciella 23 22205-- ee 220
quercipomonella --........--. 202, 220
Zanclognatha minivalis...........--...-. 218
Zerene catenaria..-..--..-.--ss2--5----2- 783
Zeuzera} PSCUlls 5c. - <2 -aescces sas sce : 282

INDEX OF NAMES OF PLANTS.*

Abies balsamea, 761, 859.
bracteata, 787.
canadensis, 871,
douglassii, 835, 857.
excelsa, 396.
menziesii, 713, 855.
Acacia, 371.
Acer, 119, 192, 447, 484, 489, 494, 497, 500, 501, 525.
dasycarpum, 250, 391, 396,407, 413, 417, 420,
422, 425, 543, 609.
glabrum, 425.
pennsylvanica, 425.
pseudoplatanus, 396.
rubrum, 250, 374, 375, 396, 417.
saccharinum, 249, 374,396, 409, 410, 418, 424,
490. 5
spicatum, 394.
var. nigrum, 409.
Zisculus californica, 119, 192.
flava, 250.
glabra, 250, 633.
hippocastanum, 249, 396, 447,
Ailanthus, 261, 609.
glandulosus, 249, 608.
Alder, 249, 269, 279, 495, 512, 516, 541, 623.
black, 672.
European, 2.
hoary, 396.
smooth, 396.
speckled, 396.
Almond, 371.
Alnus, 402, 487, 495, 507.
incana, 148, 396, 401, 623, 624.
maritima, 249.
serrulata, 396, 401, 623.
viridis, 625.
Ambrosia artemisiefolia, 391.
Amelanchier, 402.
canadensis, 249, 401, 529, 531.
Amorpha fruticosa, 395.
Ampelopsis, 402.
quinquefolia, 249, 490.
veitchii, 414,
Apios tuberosa, 490.
Apple,49, 64, 66, 94, 95, 116, 117, 118, 119, 143, 150, 165,
167, 173, 189, 192, 231, 243, 248, 257, 269, 271,
299, 301, 302, 395, 401, 437, 447, 450, 457, 476,
487, 488, 489, 490, 494, 525, 528, 535, 537, 538
547, 550, 699.

Apple, crab, Siberian, 312, 490.

Apricot, 149, 249.

Arbor vite, 261, 917.

Arbutus menziesii, 119.

Ash, 119, 138, 257, 299, 391, 395, 429, 540.

black, 556.

European, 248.

green, 554,

mountain, 64, 233, 537.
prickly, 250, 649, 658.
white, 248, 555.

Asimina triloba, 249, 668.

Aspen, 198, 199, 406, 435, 447, 450, 451, 459.
American, 248, 488.
large-toothed, 488.

Azalea, 525, 674.

Balm of Gilead, 52, 433, 448, 452, 455, 591.

Baptisia, 395.

tinctoria, 367.
Bark, nine, 488.
Basswood, 158, 302, 437, 4'9 4, 477.
white, 302.

Bay, Californian, 670.

Bean, 195.

Beech, 64, 79, 138, 250, 291, 381, 401, 402, 413, 515,

611, 858.

American, 396.

blue. 396.

common, 396.

copper, 302.

cut-leaved, 302.

European, 2.

wood, 302.

purple, 302.

red, 302.

water, 396.

wood, 396.
Benzoin bush, 790.
Berberis, 402, 525.

canadensis, 249.

Betula, 300, 308, 402, 476, 487, 494, 525.

alba, 119, 124, 247, 249, 302, 346, 395, 396, 401,

406, 457, 476, 483, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491
513.

excelsa, 401.

lenta, 401, 406, 449, 486, 494.
lutea, 346, 486, 495, 508.
nigra, 249, 483, 513.
papyracea, 302, 401, 480.

* The number of the page on which the plant or tree is most fully referred to is putin heavy-faced

type.

947

=>

948

Betula, populifolia, 169, 302, 396, 483, 485, 488, 491,
626.
Biola orientalis, 916.
Birch, 138, 149, 155, 158, 160, 166, 167, 169, 342, 395, 405,
449, 457, 483, 489, 490, 491, 636.
black, 308, 345, 4833, 495, 513.
European, 2.
paper, 302, 485, 500.
poplar leaved, 447, 485.
white, 238, 242, 249, 302, 396, 406, 463, 485, 489
495, 500, 501, 502, 503, 505, 508, 513, 574.
yellow, 484, 485, 486, 508.
Blackberry, 116, 119, 155, 269, 274, 312, 457, 494, 782.
Bladder nut, 553.
Box, 671.
Box elder, 413, 425, 609, 668.
Buckeye, 609, 653.
Ohio, 250.
sweet. 250.
Buckthorn, 340, 536.
Buckwheat, 271.
Butternut, 299, 301, 302, 337, 536.
Button bush, 249, 567.
Buttonwood, 266, 643.
Buxus sempervirens, 249, 67 1.
Carex pennsylvanica, 782.
Carya, 119, 249, 401, 402, 447, 476, 858.
alba, 2835, 302, 305, 323, 328, 339.
amara, 292, 302, 309, 326.
glabra, 309, 316, 322, 323.
microcarpa, 302.
oliveformis, 294.
porcina, 285, 300, 302, 307, 311, 315, 321,
328.
squamosa, 339.
sulcata, 302.
tomentosa, 285,291, 296, 312, 313, 314.
Carpinus, 402.
americana, 128, 160, 249, 302, 396, 401, 488.
Castanea americana, 249, 349.
pumila, 249, 302, 396.
vesca, 300, 302, 207, 396, 401, 406, 476.
vesca, v. americana, 302.
Castor-oil plant, 250.
Catalpa bignonioides, 249, 665.
speciosa, 249.
Ceanothus, 402.
Cedar, 905, 906, 917.
red, 261, 396, 919.
white, 396, 909.
Celastrus scandens, 512.
Celtis, 50, 447, 858.
crassifolia, 601.
mississippiensis, 604.
occidentalis, 249, 601.
texana, 610, 611.
Cephalanthus, 402, 525.
occidentalis, 249,
Cerasus virginiana, 395, 525.
Cercis, 512.
canadensis, 171, 249.

Cherry, 64, 95, 117, 143, 144, 148, 149, 172, 173, 189, 194, |

248, 301, 336, 406, 457, 476, 487, 495, 505, 522
529, 538, 552. ;
choke, 396, 488, 529, 531, 537.
common garden, 302.

INDEX OF NAMES OF PLANTS.

Cherry, wild, 116, 117, 118, 128, 143, 145, 147, 148, 149,
163, 176, 192, 484, 450, 487, 489, 490, SSH.
569.
wild, black, 396, 488.
Chestnut, 74, 143, 145, 149, 150, 169, 307, 396, 401, 437,
494,
American, 302.
European, 302.
horse, 396, 447.
Chickweed, 271.
China tree, 670.
Chinquapin, 302, 396.
Chionanthus virginicus, 250.
Choke cherry, 529.
Citrus, 660.
Clematis, 249.
rosea, 180.
Clethra alnifolia, 181, 490.
Clover, 195, 362, 371, 609, 789.
Coffee tree, Kentucky, 250.
Comptonia aspenifolia, 310, 395.
Conifers, 248, 502, 511.
Convolvulus, 249, 490.
Corn, 195.
Indian, 146.
Cornus, 395.
alternifolia, 249.
florida, 249, 395, 671.
Corylus, 401, 402, 476.
americana, 249, 302, 401, 488, 490, 491,637.
avellana, 302, 395.
rostrata, 401.
Cotton, 249, 567.
Cottonwood, 248, 426.
angled, 488.
Crab apple, 537.
siberian, 312.
Cranberry, 195.
Crategus, 119, 249, 401, 402, 457, 476, 487, 489, 491,522.
australis, 188, 536.
coccinea, 401, 536.
erus-galli, 401.
parvifolia, 534.
tomentosa, 401, S32.
Crotalaria, 257.
Cupressus thujoides, 396, 909.
Currant, 181, 182, 281, 241, 271, 340, 395, 402, 413.
Missouri, 406.
Cydonia vulgaris, 249, 302.
Cypress, 921.
American bald, 396.
Datura meteloides, 490.
Diospyros kaki, 249.
virginiana, 249, 670.
Dog-wood, 144, 176, 269,671.
Dock, bitter, 271.
Elder, 248.
box, 64, 248, 396, 413, 425.

| Elm, 138, 144, 166, 167, 185, 189, 192, 195, 221, 244, 293

299, 316, 380, 395, 401, 402, 406, 413, 447, 476,
484, 491, 494, 495, 497, 544.

American, 396, 488.

American, white, 249.

English, field, 396.

European, 2

cork-barked, 396.

INDEX OF NAMES OF PLANTS.

Elm, red, 238, 396, 488.
slippery, 224, 238, 243, 249, 396, 488.
whahoo, 396, 488.
white, 277, 396.
wild, 488.
winged, 243, 396, 488.
Eucalyptus, 371.
Euonymus, 413.
atropurpureus, 249.
japonicus, 372.

Fagus, 110, 300. 402, 476, 484, 525, 553, 858.
ferruginea 250, 302, 396, 401 515.
sylvatica, L., 302, 396.

var. cuprea, 302.
var. laciniata, 302.
var. purpurea, 302.

Fern, sweet, 310, 501,

Ficus carica, 250.

Fig, 250, 371.

Fir, 138, 196, 512, 688, 754, 773, 780, 859, 898
European, as changed by insects, 25.
diseases of, produced by insects, 25.
Norway spruce, 396.

Fraxinus, 119, 395, 402, 494, 495.

americanus, 248, 540.
excelsior, 248.

£ platycarpa, 487.
quadrangula, 553.
sambucifolia, 487.
trifoliata, 487.

viridis, 554.

Fringe tree, 250.

Fuchsia fulgens, 490.

Galactia glabella, 131.

Gall berry, 646.

Geranium, 249, 490.

Gilead, balm of, 433, 439, 448.

Gleditschia, 402, 406, 541.

triacanthos, 250, 301, 396, 401, 651.

Glycine, 331.

Golden rod, 355.

Gooseberry, 271, 340.

Gossypium, 395, 490.

album 249.

Gramineae, 489.

Grape, 75, 171, 248, 271, 281, 340, 362, 413, 437, 512.

Grass, 489.

Grasses, 340.

Gum, sour, 250, 656.

sweet, 250, 274, 396, 656.

Gymnocladus canadensis, 250, 651, 672.

Hackberry, 50, 79,249,280, 281,291,413, 447, 553,601. |

Halesia, 525.
diptera, 186.
Hamamelis virginica, 249, 401, 409, 667.
Haw, 249, 536.
black, 649.
red, 536.
Hawthorn, 158, 535.
Hazel, 126, 138, 163, 169, 171, 313, 327, 402, 626, 635,
637.
“American, 302.
European, 2, 302.
nut, wild, 488.
witch, 282.
Heaven, tree of, 668.

949

Helianthus, 249, 490,
annuus, 490.
Hemlock, 485, 780, 865, 867, S71.
Hibiscus syriacus, 249.
Hickory, 88, 89, 116, 117, 130, 134, 135, 147, 160, 172,
178, 192, 195, 228, 229, 269, 274, 285, 333,
334, 339, 356, 447, 489, 491, 858.
bitter, 292, 294, 337.
bitter, nut, 302.
pig-nut, 286, 299, 301, 312, 306, 316, 647.
shagbark, 286, 289, 292, 305.
shell bark, 302.
small fruited, 302.
western shell bark, 302.
Holly, 248.
Honey locust, 406, 541,651.
suckle, tartarean, 144.
| Hop vine, 240, 241.
Hornbeam, 138, 302, 348, 396, 448.
European, 2.
hop, 396, 488, 646.
Horse chestnut, 467, 633.
Californian, 192.
Huckleberry, 457.
Humulus, 395.
Tlex, 248.
Impatiens noli-me-tangere, 347.
Indigo, wild, 367, 782.
Ipomea purpurea, 490.
Iron wood, 339, 646.
Ivy, English, 609.
poison, 664, 790.
Jasminum, sp., 249.
Juglans, 118, 130, 249, 491, 495, 497, 512.
cinerea, 300, 301, 302, 336, 337, 401, 490.
nigra, 302, 307, 312, 329, 401, 476.
regia, 336.
June berry, 531.
Juniper, 220, 700, 881, 904.
common, 191, 396, 910.
European, 2.
low-bush, 910.
Juniperus chinensis, 916.
communis, 910.
japonica, 916.
oxycedrus, 916.
reresii, 916.
rigida, 916.
virginiana, 396, 700, 904.
Kalmia, 250.
angustifolia, 890.
Kentucky coffee tree, 651,672.
Kélreuteria paniculata, 396.
panicle-flowered, 396.
Lappa officinalis, 490.
Larch, 138, 299, 406, 674, $79, 890.
American, 396.
black, 396.
European, 901.
Scotch, 902.
Larix, 249, 299.
americana, 396, S79.
europa, 883.
Laurel, 250.
Californian, 670.
mountain, 371, 372.

950 | INDEX OF NAMES OF PLANTS.

Laurus, 670.
benzoin, 525.
Lespedeza, 257, 395.
Leverwood, 396.
Ligustrum vulgare, 250, 547
Lilac, 248, 546, 547, 609.
Lime, 474.
Linden, 64, 138, 158, 240, 272, 299, 412, 413,448, 494.
487, 489, 553.
American, 249.
European, 249, 302.
white, 302.
Lindera benzoin, 396.
Liquidambar, 300.
styraciflua, 250, 396, 656.
Liriodendron, 395, 402, 525.
tulipifera, 487, 662.
Locust, 117, 178, 250, 299, 336, 335, 395, 413.
black, 56.
honey, 150, 250, 301, 396, 651.
water, 553.
Lonicera spec., 249.
Maclura, 249.
M gnolia, 250.
acuminata, 487, 668.
umbrella, 668.
Maple, 152, 154, 155, 167, 181, 182, 194, 195, 196, 262,
374, 489, 494, 501, 543, 526, 553, 609, 890.
Maple, red, 250, 374, 391,396, 404, 407, 409, 411, 417.
rock, 78, 79, 407.
seene of,rendered fertile by insects,

soft, 64, 192, 374, 416, 417, 422, 425,
silver, 250, 396, 403, 413, 425, 447.
spiked, 394.
sugar, 396, 424,514.
swamp, 374, 396, 417.
white, 250, 376.
Martynia proboscidea, 490.
Melia azedarach, 670.
Mesquite, 669.
Morus rubra, 250.
Moulds, inducing disease in plants, 27.
Mountain ash, 537.
European, 538.

_ Mulberry, red, 250.

Myrica cerifera, 144, 257.
Myrtle, wax, 144.
Negundo aceroides, 248, 396, 402, 609, 668.
Nemapanthes canadensis, 890.
Nicotiana tabacum, 490.
Nyssa multiflora, 250, 656.
Oak, 29, 48, 266, 269, 299, 314, 335, 344, 395, 397, 401,
402, 413, 437, 447, 469, 476, 487, 490, 494, 497,
511, 519, 525, 550, 553, 609, 650.
bear, 125.
black, 110, 117, 125.
black jack, 109, 110, 161.
burr, 109, 110, 153, 168, 174, 209, 213, 218, 396.
chestnut, 53, 109, 110, 354.
enceno, 109.
European, 2.
English, 205, 302.
ground, 133.
Hind's, 110.
laurel, 109, 117, 134, 189, 205.

Oak, live, 60, 65, 79, 93, 129, 137, 174, 176, 187, 191, 208

217, 218, 401.

mossy cup, 302.

obtuse-leaved, 302.

over-cup, 109.

pin, 110, 207, 302, 396, 488.

post, 110, 117, 214, 221.

red, 80, 110, 125, 127, 131, 168, 169, 211, 217, 21£,
297 302, 396, 495, 497, 511.

scarlet, 109, 302, 396, 488.

scrub, 125, 126.

sessil-flowered, 302.

Sonoma, 121.

swamp, 488.
chestnut, 109, 396.

white, 109.

Turkey, 302, 396.

water, 109.

white, 109, 125, 131, 169, 218, 302, 396.

willow, 109, 110, 165.
(nothera biennis, 271.
Olive, 371, 372.
Orange, 140, 290, 362, 609, 660.

osage, 194, 242, 413, 553.

Ostrya virginica, 249, 300, 308, 339, 348, 396, 401, 488,

646.
Papaw, 668.

Paulownia imperialis, 249.

Peach, 64, 116, 119, 391, 525, 553.

Pear, 64, 119, 144, 173, 189, 194, 274, 336, 406, 484, 490,
535, 537, 538, 609.

cultivated, 248.
Pecan, 79, 294.

Pelargonium, 490,
Persica vulgaris, 249.
Persimmon, 133, 137, 158, 165, 171, 194, 288, 301, 333,

670.
Petunia, 490.

Phaseolus, 489.
Phatinia arbutifolia, 119.
Philadelphus coronarius, 505.
Pine, 250, 437, 438, 590, 673.
Austrian, 759,
Bothan, 396.
Corsican, 731.
Douglas, 674.
European, 2, 62.
pitch, 340, 676, 741, 758, 760.
red, 730.
Russian, 731.
scrub, 709, 744, 751.
silver, 787.
southern, 711, 724.
white, 396, 504, 674, 733, 755, 870.
yellow, 686, 703, 706, 710, 763.
Pinus, 250, 490, 525.
austriaca, 731.
cembra, 731.
contortus, 761.
excelsa, 396.
inops, 709, 744.
insignis, 730.
lam bertiana, 732, 922.
mitis, 686.
palustris, 767.
ponderosa, 703, 732, 761, 922.
resinosa, 730.

INDEX OF NAMES OF PLANTS.

Pinus, rigida, 673, 744, 752, 758.
rubra, 731. :
strobus, 396, 673, 719.
sylvestris, 731.
teda, 786.
variabilis, 706.
Pisum, 489.
Pitch-chains, 27.
Plane, American, 396.
oriental, 396.
Plantago, 489.
major, 490.
Plantain, 609.
Platanus, 300, 401, 485, 495, 511.
occidentalis, 249, 396, 642,
orientalis, 396.
Plum, 117, 119,143, 169,176, 243, 257, 269, 271, 300, 301,
401, 406, 447, 450, 457, 489, 490, 491, 495,502,525,
609, 649.
wild, 149.
wild red, 249. -
Polygonum, 490, 609.
persicaria, 490.
Poplar, 52, 138,171, 182, 184, 238, 292, 360, 402, 405, 428,
435, 448, 495.
balsam, 248, 449.
silver-leafed, 462, 463, 468, 473.
downy, 360.
white, 360.
European, 2.
Lombardy, 249, 443, 445, 591.
necklace, 488.
silver-leafed, 446.
tulip, 543.
white, European, 248, 274.
Populus, 402, 494, 500, 526, 570, 609,
alba, 248, 360, 489.
angulata, 434, 488.
balsamifera, 248, 395, 401, 434, 139, 449, 488,
489.
canescens, 360.
candicans, 444, 463, 473.
dilatata, 249, 472, 495.
fastigiata, 473.
grandidentata, 401, 433, 452, 465, 488.
monilifera, 248, 426, 488, 495.
tremuloides, 248, 435, 434, 439, 461, 488.
Portulaca oleracea, 271,
Post oak, 214, 221.
Prickly ash, 250, 649, 658.
Pride of India, 175.
Primrose, evening, 271.
Prinos verticillata, 491, 672.
Privet, 250, 547.
Prosopis, 669.
Prunus, 257, 402, 487, 858.
americana, 249, 530.
armeniaca, 249.
avium, 248.
cerasus, 248, 302.
pensylvanica, 489.
serotina, 395, 396, 490, 521, 526, 527.

virginiana, 249 396, 401, 487, 490, 521, 609, |

646.
Ptelea trifolium, 512.
Purslane, 271.

951

Pyrrhopappus carolinianus, 180.
Pyrus, 248, 402, 531, 858.
alba, 495.
americana, 495, 537.
coronaria, 537.
malus, 302, 488.
Quercitron, 72.
Quercus, 48, 395, 401, 402, 447, 476, 484.
alba, 249, 396.
coccinea, 249, 302, 396, 488.
cerris, 302.
cerris vulgaris, 396.
emoryi, 100.
ilicifolia, 131.
imbricarius, 131.
macrocarpa, 153, 213, 302, 396.
myrtifolia, 103.
obtusiloba, 131, 302.
palustris, 205, 302, 396, 488.
pedunculata, 302.
phellos, 249.
prinos, 210, 249.
robur, 205.
rubra, 249, 302, 396.
sessiliflora, 302.
virens, 187, 191, 208, 401.
Quince, 302, 371, 401.
Ranunculus acris, 789.
Raspberry, 124, 125, 139, 281, 312.
purple flowering, 488.
Red-bud, 512.
Red haw, 536.
Red root, 560.
Rhamnus, 249, 490.
Rhododendron, 250.
Rhodora canadensis 890.
Rhus cotinus, 250.
glabra, 396, 663.
toxicodendron, 664.
typhina, 663.
Ribes, 249, 402. .
aureum, 406, 490.
cynosbati, 401.
grossularia, 406, 489.
2nigrum, 406.
rubrum, 489.
Ricinus communis, 250, 490.
Robinia, 476, 512.
pseudacacia, 250, 355, 395.
viscosa, 365, 395.
Rosa, 119, 120, 146, 249, 401, 402, 413, 447, 457.
carolina, 488.
Rose, 192, 195, 249, 269, 299, 371.
Rubus, 119, 124, 249, 402, 494, 495, 511.
canadensis, 395.
villosus, 312, 395.
Rumex obtusifolius, 271.
Salix, 249, 300, 395, 401, 402, 406, 447, 489, 490, 494,
557.
alba, 401, 488, 592.
babylonica, 488, 592.
cordata, 488, 583, 595.
fragilis, 488.
humilis, 401, 596.
inornata, 596.
longifolia, 578, 595.

952 INDEX OF NAMES OF PLANTS.

Salix, lucida, 488, 592. : Tilia, 119, 402, 489, 494,
nigra, 565 593. alba, 302.
vitellina, 579. americana, 249, 302, 401, 448, 47 4, 476, 487.
Sambucus, 402. europea, 249, 302, 401.
canadensis, 248. heterophylla, 302.
Sassafras, 172, 219, 395, 396. Touch-me-not, 347.
officinale, 249, 396, 525, 609, 646,649. | Trees, diseases of, produced by insects, 24.
Service berry, 531. Tree of heaven, 668.
Sequoia gigantea, 922. Trifolium, 249, 489.
sempervirens, 732, 922. pratense, 395,
Silver bell, 525. | Tropzolum, 490.
tree, 186. majus, 490,

Silver poplar, 238. Tulip tree, 250, 662.

Sloe, 249. Turnip, 271.

Smilax laurifolia, 187. Ulmus, 224, 395, 401, 402, 406, 447, 484, 497,
rotundifolia, 187. - alata, 488.

Smoke tree, 250. americana, 224, 249, 396, 488, 490.

Solanum nigrum, 490. fulva, 224, 243, 249, 396, 488.

Solidago, 355. suberosa, 243, 396, 488.

Sorbus aucuparia, 538. campestris, 396,

Spice bush, 396. Umbellularia californica, 371, 372.

Spindle tree, 413. Vaccinium, 401, 402, 457,

Spirza, 249, 313, 402. Verbena, 490.
opulifolia, 488, Viburnum, 249, 497, 609.
salicifolia, 164. dentatum, 490, 505.
sorbifolia, 406, 490. Vitis, 409, 789.

? tomentosa, 406. labrusca, 490.

Spruce, 681, 708, 726, 756, 773, 780, 862, 867, 898. Walnut, 117, 130, 160, 167, 178, 286, 299, 494.
black, 512. black, 301, 302, 312, $329, 356.
Douglass, 855, 857, 858. English, 336.

Rocky Mountain, 855. Water locust, 553.
Norway, 860. Watermelon, 271.

Staphylea trifolia, 249. Whahoo, 243.

Stellaria, 271. Whortleberry, winter, 650.

Strawberry, 182, 195, 274, 362. Willow, 54, 64, 119, 128, 133, 138, 150, 165, 178, 217,

Strombocarpus, 669. 238, 248, 249, 257, 342, 371, 395, 401, 402,

Sumach, 282, 299, 301, 396, 413, 663, 873. 403, 405, 406, 413, 427, 429, 434, 447, 450,

Sweet gum, 274, 656. 455, 456, 461, 464, 467, 487, 489, 524, 557,

Sycamore, 249, 266, 268, 413, 484, 560, 642. 609, 628,

American, 396. brittle, 488.

Symphoricarpus, 395. European, 2.

racemosus, 249. heart-leaved, 488.
Syringa, 402, 490, 525, 542, 549. | shining, 488.
persica, 490. weeping, 488.
vulgaris, 248, 345, 490. | white, 488,

Tamarack, 299, 879. | Willow oak, 208.

Taraxacum dens-leonis, 489. Winterberry, 269.

Taxodium distichum, 396, 921. Wistaria, Chinese, 488.

Taxus, 250. | frutescens, 249.

Tecoma radicans, 249. sinensis, 249.

Thorn, 150, 171, 282, 447, 449, 457, 489, 522. Witch hazel, 282, 667.
black, 534. Woodbine, 414.
dwarf, 534. Woodwax, 782.
wild, 3:2, 564. Yew, 250.

Thuja, 525. Zanthoxylum americanum, 250, 658.

occidentalis, 905, 916, 917. Zea mays, 395, 489.

__—_——_ ses - — ———-

INDEX OF NAMES OF AUTHORS,

Abbot (John) and Smith (James Edward), 129,
133, 137, 144, 152, 153, 156, 161, 165, 178, 181,
182, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 218, 301, 424, 434,
488, 489, 494, 531, 536, 550, 567, 636, 645, 646,
649, 650, 768, 841, 921.

Adler, H., 11, 12.

Alexander, William, 831.

| Andreus, V. V., 450.

Angus, James, 151, 298, 303, 304, 305, 333, 671.

Ashmead, William H., 104, 208, 217, 806.

Atkins, Charles G., 689, 881, 889, 890.

Bailey, J.S., 54, 59, 442, 443.

Bailey, T. P., 439, 442.

Bailey, W. Whitman, 882.

Balding, A., 507.

Barnard, W.S., 31, 40, 44.

Barth, J. B., 817.

Bassett, H. F., 11, 12, 124.

Bean, T. E., 403.

Rehr, H. H., 597, 773.

Behrens, James, 123.

Belfrage, G. W., 58.

Beutenmiiller, William, 200, 217, 218, 223, 243, 282,
302, 328, 336, 342, 353, 396, 476, 481, 488, 514,
520, 529, 641, 645, 649, 667, 921.

Blanchard, F., 89, 641, 718.

Bland, J. H. B., 543, 700.

Boisduval, H., 767.

Bolter, A., 421.

Bowditch, F. C., 297, 685, 686.

Bowles, J. G., 406, 445, 446.

Bridgham, Joseph, 271.

Brodie, W., 218, 400, 401, 402, 473, 481, 526, 536, 555,
596, 599, 636, 648.

Bruce, David, 405.

Bruner, Lawrence, 214, 429, 586, 591, 652.

Bumpus, Hermon Carey, 3, 4.

Bundy, William, 211, 552.

Bunker, Robert, 300, 450, 462, 500, 773.

Burgess, Edward, 505.

Burrill, T J., 443.

Butler, Arthur G., 123.

Calder, Edwin C., 3, 74, 77, 682, 702.

Carney, J. P. R., 330.

Cassino, S. E., 421.

Caulfieid, F. B., 177, 337, 424, 536, 558.

Chambers, Victor Tousey, 205, 219, 220, 282. 283, 349,
354, 365, 373, 401, 410, 468, 473, 481, 507, 508,
517, 519,520, 536, 550, 577, 581, 584, 609, 636,
645, 648, 650, 668, €72.

Clark, Howard L., 240, 452, 524, 569, 597.

Clarkson, F., 52, 89, 446, 447.

Claypole, E. W., 124, 653, 655.

Clemens, Brackenridge, 146, 196, 198, 219, 315, 334,
349, 363, 365, 399, 410, 478, 505, 527, 528, 531,
532, 534, 579, 580, 581, 582, 641, 643, 647, 648,
667.

Cockerell, Theodore D. A., 474.

Coe, Eben S., 820.

Coleman, N., 447, 490.

Comstock, J. H., 5, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 158, 194, 201,
307, 313, 335, 354, 359, 361, 362, 369, 371, 372,
411, 415, 417, 418, 419, 537, 553, 593, 594, 600,
651, 657, 660, 662, 665, 669, 742, 749, 752, 787,
788, 792, 793, 797, 807, 808, 878, 915.

Coquillett, D. W., 4, 37, 38, 168, 174, 179, 217, 218, 311,
312, 328, 397, 467, 468, 470, 486, 495, 505, 510,
530, 557, 575, 590, 591, 599. 637, 639, 640, 641.

Couper, William, 726.

Cramer, A. W. P., 406, 570.

Devereaux, W. L., 276, 283, 341, 367, 389, 470, 480,
521, 529, 540, 544, 591, 623, 668.

Dimmock, Anna Katherine, 118, 124, 300, 394, 400,
401, 406, 425, 447, 448, 449, 457, 476, 483, 484,
485, 486, 487, 489, 490, 493, 494, 497, 500, 501,
502, 503, 504, 505, 507, 509, 513, 525, 635.

Dimmock, George, 485, 486, 493, 500, 502, 510, 514.

Dix, Dorothy L., 536.

Doll, Jacob, 175, 539, 570.

Drury, D. M., 424, 425.

Dyar, Harrison G., 328.

Edwards, Henry, 3, 119, 121, 122, 123, 134, 147, 217,
257, 282, 346, 360, 456, 459, 481, 497, 525, 570,
625, 657, 733, 765, 922.

Edwards, W. H., 241, 243, 525, 530, 546, 607, 625.

Eichhoff, W., 5, 28, 29.

Elliot, S. Lowell, 3, 144, 146, 147, 148, 218, 257, 272,
282, 302, 346, 424, 450, 456, 457, 492, 493, 497,
514, 525, 526, 529, 530, 565, 596, 599, 641, 656,
657, 664.

Emerson, George B., 752.

Fairmaire, Léon, 64.

Faxon, W., 282.

Fernald, Charles H., 138, 192, 243, 282, 312, 326, 477,
505, 547, 559, 575, 576, 630, 652, 744, 749, 753,
754, 788, 790, 793, 830, 837 845, 849, 850, 891.

Fischer, P., 450, 481, 489.

Fish, William U., 759.

Fitch, Asa, 1, 5, 50, 54, 59, 65, 68, 71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 84,
98, 111, 112, 118, 191, 224, 226, 287, 291, 298,
322, 324, 325, 326, 338, 341, 342, 344, 367, 368,
399, 406, 447, 471, 472, 511, 512, 513, 590, 675,
677, 678, 679, 681, 684, 685, 686, 694, 696, 697,
700, 704, 706, 710, 711, 713, 715, 719, 723, 724,
734, 739, 741, 742, 757, 758, 767, 801, 802, 803,
805, 853, 854, 871, 902, 903.

953

954

Fletcher, James, 117, 152, 409, 438, 439, 450, 489, 890.

Forbes, S. A., 1, 5, 195, 280, 329, 370, 371, 408, 416, 419,
421, 422, 443, 522, 524, 567, 587, 588, 591, 596,
789, 903, 919, 920.

Foster, P. H., 911.

French.G. H., 116, 128, 129, 180, 159, 268, 329, 354, 402,
464, 465, 466, 526, 530, 562, 565, 566, 571, 596,
608, 652, 670, 731.

Fuller, A.J., 543.

Fuller, A.S., 704.

Fyles, T. W., 409, 509, #90.

Gage, Simon H., 754.

Gardiner, Robert H., 817.

Garman, H., 213, 281, 422, 480, 554, 595, 668, 920.

Gentry, Thomas G., 300, 400, 401, 909.

Gissler, Carl. 724.

Gilbert, A. R., 773.

Gillette, C. P., 469.

Gilman, Charles J., 879.

Goding, F. W., 756.

Goodale, George Lincoln, 752.

Goodell, Abner C., 686.

Goodell, L. W., 149, 186, 307, 345, 347, 395, 404, 406,
487, 489, 496, 497, 502, 571, 597, 638, 672, 782,
791.

Goodhue, C. F., 455.

Gosse, Philip H., 242.

Graef, H. A., 135, 232, 462,

Grote, Augustus Radcliff, 132, 143, 150, 156, 169, 170,
174, 395, 400, 401, 462, 463, 476, 497, 567, 596,
731, 787.

Guenée, A., 166, 172, 498.

Hazen, Hermann H., 387, 883, 901, 903.

Haldeman, S.5S., 289, 350, 368, 486, 610.

Hall (Dr.), 50, 473, 474.

Hamilton, John, 88, 292, 296, 371, 536, 599, 700, 701,
860.

Harrington, W. Hague, 286, 291, 292, 293, 297, 298,
316, 327, 328, 337, 381, 383, 387, 388, 392, 394,
410, 424, 484, 510, 515, 521, 599, 674, 676, 677,
679, 682, 683, 720, 809, 810, 903.

Harris, D. S., 300, 330, 336.

Harris, Thaddeus William, 1,54, 64, 65, 69, 71, 81, 98,
118, 124, 131, 133, 147, 155, 165, 226, 242, 268,
269, 270, 273, 274, 287, 299, 300, 301, 323, 330,
331, 340, 345, 356, 365, 367, 370, 375, 379, 380,
386, 394, 400, 401, 419, 437, 441, 447, 448, 449,
457, 474, 476, 484, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 493,
494, 495, 500, 511, 519, 525, 539, 550, 555, 588,
592, 597, 630, 646, 675, 676, 683, 700, 702, 715,
721, 724, 733, 757, 771, 774.

Harris, Thomas C., 693.

Hill, ©., 403, 881.

Hodge, T., 286.

Holland, W.J., 131, 547.

Horn, George H., 1, 74,77, 79, 89, 91, 93, 221, 222, 228,
352, 358, 712, 713, 720, 722, 723, 726, 824, 825,
826, 858, 873.

Hough, Franklin B., 813.

Howard, L. O., 3, 11, 99, 416, 906.

Howe, George Allen, 4.

Hubbard, H. G., 36, 50, 51, 140, 143, 146, 222, 224, 228,
229, 290, 293, 414, 415, 660.

Hulst, George D., 135, 175, 176, 178, 303, 304, 332, 370,
405, 463, 464, 465, 500, 514, 524, 533, 542, 570,
597, 636, 650, 663, 857, 893.

/

INDEX OF NAMES OF AUTHORS.

Hunt, George, 3, 75, 78, 82, 228, 344, 355, 387, 424, 436,
559, 680, 683, 684, 693, 701, 704, 218, 827, 871,
883, 889, 907. -

} Jack, John G.., 535, 597, 598, 599, 890.

Jenett, H.S., 651.

Judeich, J. F., 5, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24.

Juelich, William, 599.

Kaltenbach, J. H., 2, 5, 48, 494, 502, 503, 557, 623, 673.

Kellicott, D. S., 304, 305, 306, 444, 445, 450, 463, 465,
473, 505, 597, 623, 667, 727, 729, 732.

Kellogg, Elijah, 833, 834, 835.

King, Mrs., 909.

Kite, William, 95.

Knaus, Warren, 427, 543, 905.

Koebele, Albert, 17, 37, 59, 155, 174, 180, 181, 491, 537,
571, 768.

Kollar, Vincent, 5.

Le Baron, William, 1, 229, 434, 592.

Le Conte, John E., 145, 525, 531, 599, 600.

Le Conte, John Lawrence, J, 4, 90, 92, 98, 94, 291, 293,
294, 352, 387, 391, 536, 544, 552, 611, 669, 679,
680, 681, 685, 699, 701, 704, 711, 713, 714, 717,
718, 720, 721, 722, 724, 725, 726, 727, 824, 825,
826, 827, 857, 922.

Lee, Lester A., 835.

Leng, Charles W.., 329.

Leonard, L. W.., 375, 378.

Leubner, ——, 403.

Lintner, J. A., 3, 5, 58, 59, 60, 124, 137, 140, 184, 164,
166, 222, 300, 328, 375, 380, 391, 399, 400, 401,
406, 425, 449, 450, 472, 480, 481, 485, 486, 487,
488, 489, 490, 491, 494, 495, 497, 507, 512, 525,
531, 546, 549, 551, 555, 597; 730, 768, 769, 770,
771, 773, 774, 830, 864, 893.

Lockwood, Samuel, 274.

Lugger, Otto, 13, 486, 551, 745.

Lyman, H. H., 494.

Mann, Benjamin Pickman, 277, 489, 490.

Marlatt, C. L., 268, 555, 645.

Marten, J., 608. —

Marx, George, 4.

Matteson, F , 457.

McBride, A. S., 92, 293, 427, 599.

MeNeil, J., 541.

Meske, O., 455.

Merriam, C. Hart, 389, 821.

Middleton, N., 609.

Minot, Charles Sedgwick, 300, 525.

Monell, J., 537.

Morris, John G., 124, 300, 395, 400, 401, 457, 487, 525.

Morris, Margaretta H., 49.

Morton, Emily L., 4, 135, 136, 146, 149, 156, 353, 366,
481, 526, 773.

Mundt, A. H., 442.

Murtfeldt, Mary, 173, 194, 196, 203, 218, 219, 314, 391,
399, 416, 420, 424, 477, 513, 524, 530, 543, 545,
597, 650, 869.

Mygatt, F. G., 56.

Nash, H. W., 459.

Neumoegen, B., 402.

Newcomb, W. A., 880.

Nichols, Andrew, 882, 888.

Nitsche, H., 5, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24.

Norton, Edward, 205, 339, 484, 759, 862.

Nostrand, P. E., 596.

Noyes, Charles J., 832.

INDEX

Oestlund, O. W., 213, 283, 593.

Ormerod, Eleanor A.., 28.

Osborn, H.., 391, 542, 544, 957.

Osten-Sacken, Charles Robert von, 208, 358, 412,
482, 598,636.

Packard, Charles Appleton, 832.

Patton, W. H., 483.

Payne, Emma, 491.

Peabody, Charles, 94.

Peck, C. H., 814, 821.

Peck, William Dandridge, 54, 83, 84, 231.

Pergande, Theodore, 514.

Perris, Edouard, 2, 5, 18, 61, 62, 674, 710, 718.

Pilate, G. R., 242, 282, 303, 329, 330, 384, 395, 406, 555,
596, 597, 643,651.

Poulton, Edward Bagnall, 10, 15.

Putnam, J. D., 413, 415, 416.

Ragonot, E. L., 856.

Rathvon, J.S., 95, 419.

Ratzeburg, J. T. C., 2, 5, 16, 20, 22, 61, 62, 735, 883.

Reakirt, T., 150, 482.

Reed, E. B., 282, 357, 375, 395, 400, 402, 484, 515.

Reed, Shelby, 543.

Reinecke, Ottomar, 81.

Reissig, Jacob, 62.

Richsecker, L. E., 859.

Riley, Charles Valentine, 1, 3, 11, 12, 17, 19, 31, 49,50,
56, 69, 72, 77, 91, 94, 96, 100, 108, 111, 112,
116, 117, 119, 124, 125, 130, 131, 134, 187, 141,
142, 148, 150, 153, 154, 158, 160, 162, 171, 172,
179, 180, 182, 188, 189, 193, 195, 196, 197, 200,
202, 206, 210, 216, 218, 221, 222, 223, 226, 229,
234, 238, 244, 258, 265, 266, 267, 269, 277, 279,
280, 281, 288, 294, 300, 312, 317, 327, 391, 393,
395, 399, 400, 401, 402, 412, 414, 424, 426, 428,
433, 434, 435, 447, 457, 476, 480, 481, 489, 490,
492, 495, 511, 512, 513, 520, 524, 525, 530, 536,
542, 543, 556, 566, 569, 576, 584, 587, 601, 637,
638, 643, 654, 655, 656, 665, 669, 670, 671, 689,
730, 749, 755, 756, 805, 806, 840, 843, 910, 921.

Rivers, J. J., 119, 120, 121.

Robert, Eugéne, 29.

Robinson, Coleman T., 192, 194, 195, 476.

Rogers, R. V., jr., 357, 596.

Russell, Henry G., 674, 736, 803.

Sage, D., 817.

Sanborn, Francis Gregory, 488.

Sanders, Julia E., 4.

Sargent, Charles E., 674.

Sargent, C. S., 882.

Saunders, S. H., 608.

Saunders, William, 119, 133, 171, 173, 176, 177, 183,
241, 301, 385, 400, 401, 404, 436, 447, 448, 457,
473, 487, 489, 495, 497, 501, 517, 520, 532, 533,
536, 570, 597, 668, 778, 863.

Say, Thomas, 419, 558, 589, 703, 827, 913.

Schaupp, F. G., 337, 481, 485, 519, 520, 873.

Schwarz, E. A., 4, 18,19, 79, 91, 93, 94, 220, 221, 291,
296, 520, 544, 611, 697, 706, 710, 720, 824, 860.

OF NAMES OF AUTHORS.

955

Samuel Hubbard, 128, 130, 131, 217, 308,

345, 448, 449, 487, 501, 514, 529, 537, 596, 602,

605, 616, 746, £09.

Sears, John H., 556, 816.

Seifert, Otto, 135, 561, 773.

Sharp, David, 17.

Sherman, John D., 93.

Shimer, Henry, 322, 326, 422, 423, 658, 659, 697, 734.

Shurtleff, C. A., 139.

Siewers, C. G., 490, 520.

Signoret, V., 418, 419.

Slosson, Anna Trumbull, 60. 138.

Smith, Gideon B., 49.

Smith, Emily, 418, 419.

Smith, Emma A., 192, 193, 194, 213, 414, 416, 592.

Smith, George D., 228.

Smith, John B., 4, 44, 169, 191, 217, 221, 282, 296, 473,
597, 642, 776, 859.

Smith, Sidney J , 437, 481, 890.

Snow, Frank H_, 430, 681, 684, 693.

Soule, Caroline G., 472, 555.

Sprague, P.S., 401.

Stainton, H. T., 410.

Stretch, R. H., 119, 123, 134, 560, 762, 773.

Stuart, Joseph A., 164.

Sullivan, Lillie, 4.

Tenney, Albert G., 813.

Tepper, F. O., 445, 456, 566, 596.

Thaxter, Roland, 135, 136, 167, 168, 172, 218, 272, 273,
300, 302, 336, 460, 461, 462, 464, 494, 495, 497,
530, 556, 628, 640, 655, 669, 773.

Thomas, Cyrus, 209, 211, 212, 278, 425, 484, 482, 553
804, 806.

Tiedemann, H., 29.

Tolman, Adams, 82.

Townsend, C. H. Tyler, 89, 298, 328, 481, 482, 537.

Trouvelot, L., 5, 138, 300, 401, 409, 525.

Uhler, Philip R., 3, 419, 421, 801, 803.

Verrill, Addison E., 437.

Vose, George L. 737.

Wailly, A., 400, 401, 402.

Walker, Charles A., 84.

Walker, James J., 186, 438, 455.

Walsh, Benjamin D., 1, 11, 14, 322, 328, 414, 427, 434,
491, 513, 531, 535, 583, 611.

Walsingham, Thomas Lord F., 192, 636, 844.

Watson, B. M., 96, 902.

Westcott, O. S., 489, 597.

Westwood, John Obediah, 61.

Wetherby, A.G., 144.

Wiebe, Edward, 232.

Wilder, H. H., 4, 563, 564, 568, 572.

Worthington, C. E., 401, 425, 434, 597.

Wright, W. G., 597.

Young, —, 401.

Zeller, P. C., 197.

Zesch, Frank, 81.

Zimmerman, C. D., 731, 844, 856.

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ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS,

Page 154, line 14 from bottom, for Larve read Larva.

Page 217, line 22, for Red read Bred.

Page 224, line 7, for about 80, read over 90.

Page 287, after line 13, aad, See also H. Osborn, in Garden and Forest, May 23,
1888, with good figures.

Page 500, transpose last paragraph and three first lines on next page (in brevier
type ) to end of description of No. 47.

Page 336, add Olygia versicolor. See p. 840.

Page 342, line 6 from bottom, for augustatus read angustatus.

Page 400, for Fig. 151, Maple slug worm, read Fig. 151. Larva of Lisyrosea wornata.

Page 426, add to title PoPpLAR AND LINDEN.

Page 471, line 1, from bottom, for observer read observed.

Page 483, line 16, for 105 species read 117 species.

Page 514, add Olygia versicolor. See p. 840.

Page 535, last line, for Melanoles read Melanotus.

Page 536, transpose No. 14, add also on Fraxinus trifoliata (Couper, Can. Ent. vi, 91.)

Page 536, line 11, for Sanders read Saunders.

Page 557, line 24, for 186 read 220.

Page 584, line 13, for siholata read striolata.

Page 597, add Thyridopteryx ephemereformis, ( Edwards’ Cat.)

Page 598, line 4, for trilineatas read trilineatus.

Page 639, at end of descriptions of Nepticula corylifoliella andof Coleophora coryli-
foliella add (Clemens).

Page 641, line 2, for the Chambers read Mr. Chambers.

Page 641, line 7, from bottom, for Lackawaren read Laxawaxen; also add the follow-
ing: (Coquillet in letter). Hyphantria textor, Harris, p. 641; Apatela falcula,
Grote ; Apatela parallela, Grote; Hibernia tiliaria, Harris; Chytolitis morbidalis,
Guen.; Loxotznia rosaceana, Harris; Exartema permundana, Clem.; Depres-
saria gratella, Robs.; Gelechia tristrigella, Wlsm.

Page 643, for Chapter XIII read Chapter XIV.

Page 644, line 24, for Pilot read Pilate.

Page 646, line 29, for ( Horr.) read ( Harr.)

Page 650, to Hornbeam insects add Datana ministra. (Beutenmiiller in Can. Ent.
2.0.65 Uy)

Page 654, to Honey locust insects add Parorgyia parallela.

Page 663, line 10, for the read thoe.

Page 6€6, add to Poison ivy insects Amorbia humerosana. (Bred by L. W. Goodell.)

Page 672, to Persimmon insects add Parorgyia parallela.

Page 674, for Chapter XIV read Chapter XV.

Page 7-5, the red and yellow striped pine spar-worm is represented on PI. X, fig.
3, and Pl, XXXII, fig. 2, 2a-2/.

Page 810, add Thyridopteryx ephemereformis ( Edwards’ Cat.)

Page 811, for Chapter XIV read Chapter XVI.

Page 840, line 5, for four read five.

Page 858, line 3, for page 168 read page 713.

Page 861, for Xyloterus read Xyloteres.

Page 861, for Xylebores, read Xyleborus.

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Dae? ha ro Ree
“a SF ast

Packard, Alpheus S.

Fifth report of the United
States Entomological Commis-—
Sion : being a revised and
enlarged edition of Bulletin
no. 7, on Insects injurious
to forest and shade trees.

a icin I